diff --git a/--Zi_cn4kPE.txt b/--Zi_cn4kPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffb527a0100450674df75b929f0401a7f8178917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/--Zi_cn4kPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+now we're all set to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're all set to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're all set to look at the
+spectrum of laser light for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of laser light for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of laser light for example is
+the spectrum is it a single frequency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is it a single frequency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is it a single frequency or
+is it multiple frequency or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it multiple frequency or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it multiple frequency or what
+happened in fact we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in fact we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in fact we're going to look at
+the spectrum of light from two lasers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of light from two lasers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of light from two lasers to
+helium neon laser we have this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser we have this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser we have this laser
+here with external mirrors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with external mirrors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with external mirrors and
+the one over here with internal mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over here with internal mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over here with internal mirrors
+and the way we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to look at the
+spectrum is by using the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is by using the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is by using the optical
+spectrum analyzer here so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer here so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer here so now let me
+turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the
+this laser with external mirrors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser with external mirrors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser with external mirrors and the
+light from the laser then is reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the laser then is reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the laser then is reflected
+by this mirror and this mirror and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this mirror and this mirror and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this mirror and this mirror and here
+it is going right into this optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is going right into this optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is going right into this optical
+spectrum analyzer which is a scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer which is a scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer which is a scanning
+fabry-perot cavity the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabry-perot cavity the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabry-perot cavity the output of
+the spectrum analyzer then goes to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum analyzer then goes to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum analyzer then goes to an
+oscilloscope over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we can see on the oscilloscope we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can see on the oscilloscope we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can see on the oscilloscope we
+have more than one frequency in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one frequency in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one frequency in fact we
+have several frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several frequencies
+sometimes three and sometimes even four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes three and sometimes even four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes three and sometimes even four
+the spacing of the modes here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing of the modes here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing of the modes here is
+about 270 megahertz which is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 270 megahertz which is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 270 megahertz which is consistent
+with the length of the of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the length of the of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the length of the of the laser
+cavity of 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity of 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity of 56
+centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the first thing I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing I'm going to do is
+see whether the polarization of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the polarization of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the polarization of all
+these laser frequencies is the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laser frequencies is the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laser frequencies is the same or
+not so what I'm going to do is insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so what I'm going to do is insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so what I'm going to do is insert
+the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer
+in the beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then rotate the the polarizer in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rotate the the polarizer in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rotate the the polarizer in fact
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+up the gain a little bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the gain a little bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the gain a little bit here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let me rotate the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me rotate the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me rotate the polarizer
+or the transmission axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the transmission axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the transmission axis of the
+polarizer to see whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer to see whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer to see whether the
+polarization is the same for all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is the same for all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is the same for all of them
+as you can see I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see I can
+extinguish all of them when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish all of them when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish all of them when the
+polarization is horizontal and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is horizontal and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is horizontal and bring
+them all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all up
+when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the
+polarization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is
+it's vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vertical
+and remember this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this is the this is the
+light that was claimed polarize so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that was claimed polarize so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that was claimed polarize so now
+we've shown that indeed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that indeed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that indeed all the
+frequencies that come out from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that come out from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that come out from this
+laser all of them are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser all of them are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser all of them are are
+have the same polarization polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same polarization polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same polarization polarization
+in the in the vertical plane so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the vertical plane so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the vertical plane so let me
+take the polarizer out and readjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the polarizer out and readjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the polarizer out and readjust the
+gain on the on the scope so back now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain on the on the scope so back now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain on the on the scope so back now to
+the to the three frequencies you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the three frequencies you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the three frequencies you can see
+that they move around because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they move around because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they move around because the the
+cavity is drifting in length due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity is drifting in length due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity is drifting in length due to the
+air currents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air currents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air currents or
+temperature effects or what-have-you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature effects or what-have-you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature effects or what-have-you and
+infant in fact as I speak you know as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant in fact as I speak you know as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant in fact as I speak you know as I
+tap on the cavity you can see that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap on the cavity you can see that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap on the cavity you can see that I can
+create a mess of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a mess of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a mess of the
+of the of the spectrum just by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the spectrum just by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the spectrum just by simply
+tapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping
+if I lean on the table you can see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I lean on the table you can see again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I lean on the table you can see again
+that I can make the frequencies wander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can make the frequencies wander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can make the frequencies wander
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the fact that I have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that I have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that I have more than one
+frequency means there is enough gain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency means there is enough gain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency means there is enough gain for
+several frequencies to to oscillate due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several frequencies to to oscillate due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several frequencies to to oscillate due
+to the fact that the gain medium has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that the gain medium has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that the gain medium has has
+some bandwidth not very huge but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bandwidth not very huge but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bandwidth not very huge but some
+bandwidth now I can make the laser go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth now I can make the laser go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth now I can make the laser go at
+one frequency by by introducing loss by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one frequency by by introducing loss by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one frequency by by introducing loss by
+simply misaligning the cavity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply misaligning the cavity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply misaligning the cavity to
+introduce loss so you can see here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce loss so you can see here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce loss so you can see here I've
+got only two frequencies and in fact I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got only two frequencies and in fact I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got only two frequencies and in fact I'm
+going to up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to up the
+sensitivity of the of the scope because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the of the scope because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the of the scope because
+the power goes down when I miss a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power goes down when I miss a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power goes down when I miss a line
+you can see here what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here what I have
+essentially two two frequency and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two two frequency and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two two frequency and if I
+add more loss I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more loss I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more loss I
+can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I
+can have only one frequency so in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have only one frequency so in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have only one frequency so in a way
+I can run this laser at one frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can run this laser at one frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can run this laser at one frequency
+but it's it's difficult to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's difficult to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's difficult to keep the
+other one out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can see that as I lean on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can see that as I lean on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can see that as I lean on
+the cavity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cavity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cavity I
+can make this frequency move around now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this frequency move around now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this frequency move around now
+generally that's not a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally that's not a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally that's not a good way of
+getting single frequency and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting single frequency and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting single frequency and we have
+other techniques for getting single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other techniques for getting single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other techniques for getting single
+frequency which we'll discuss later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which we'll discuss later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which we'll discuss later for
+this laser it's best to to align it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser it's best to to align it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser it's best to to align it for
+the highest power out and and this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest power out and and this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest power out and and this way
+will automatically get more than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will automatically get more than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will automatically get more than than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+more than one frequency and for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one frequency and for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one frequency and for a lot of
+applications this is this is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications this is this is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications this is this is fine
+alright so to summarize then this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so to summarize then this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so to summarize then this laser
+that that is 56 centimeters long or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is 56 centimeters long or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is 56 centimeters long or the
+cavity is 56 centimeters long then gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity is 56 centimeters long then gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity is 56 centimeters long then gives
+us about three modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about three modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about three modes
+and the spacing between each mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spacing between each mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spacing between each mode is
+about 270 megahertz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 270 megahertz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 270 megahertz and
+all the modes have the same polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the modes have the same polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the modes have the same polarization
+now we're ready to look at the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at the the other
+laser the the laser that has internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the the laser that has internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the the laser that has internal
+mirrors and also shorter in length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and also shorter in length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and also shorter in length so
+when we come back then we look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back then we look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back then we look at that
+lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lace
+now we're ready to look at the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to look at the spectrum
+of this laser here with internal mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this laser here with internal mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this laser here with internal mirrors
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+set up for looking at the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for looking at the spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for looking at the spectrum is
+the same as before but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as before but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as before but let me just
+remind you of it here's the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of it here's the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of it here's the output of
+the laser reflected by this mirror this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser reflected by this mirror this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser reflected by this mirror this
+mirror into the scanning fabry-perot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror into the scanning fabry-perot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror into the scanning fabry-perot
+cavity the output of the cavity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity the output of the cavity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity the output of the cavity then
+goes on to the oscilloscope over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to the oscilloscope over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to the oscilloscope over there
+now as you can see on the scope and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can see on the scope and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can see on the scope and let
+me adjust the center the scan as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me adjust the center the scan as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me adjust the center the scan as you can
+see we have two big modes and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have two big modes and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have two big modes and these are
+spaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by
+680 megahertz which is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+680 megahertz which is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+680 megahertz which is consistent with
+the length of the cavity of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the cavity of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the cavity of the laser
+cavity of 22 centimeters is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity of 22 centimeters is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity of 22 centimeters is given by the
+5600 80 megahertz is given by C over 2l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5600 80 megahertz is given by C over 2l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5600 80 megahertz is given by C over 2l
+the spacing between longitudinal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between longitudinal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between longitudinal modes
+so these are two longitudinal modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two longitudinal modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two longitudinal modes of
+the laser this little fellow here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser this little fellow here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser this little fellow here is a
+is a third mode that's coming in at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a third mode that's coming in at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a third mode that's coming in at an
+odd position because the free spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd position because the free spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd position because the free spectral
+range of the scanning fabric oral cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the scanning fabric oral cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the scanning fabric oral cavity
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not quite large enough so we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite large enough so we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite large enough so we're getting
+a wraparound from another another order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wraparound from another another order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wraparound from another another order
+so let's not worry about this one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not worry about this one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not worry about this one too
+much so let's look at essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so let's look at essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so let's look at essentially the
+the two main longitudinal modes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two main longitudinal modes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two main longitudinal modes of this
+laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's
+let's look at now the the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at now the the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at now the the polarization
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of these molds so now what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these molds so now what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these molds so now what I'm going to
+do is take polar Reiser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take polar Reiser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take polar Reiser and
+as we did with the other laser let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did with the other laser let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did with the other laser let's
+take the polarizer and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the polarizer and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the polarizer and look at
+the spectrum now if we look at the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum now if we look at the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum now if we look at the scope
+after I make a slight adjustment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I make a slight adjustment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I make a slight adjustment of the
+gain because of the loss in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain because of the loss in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain because of the loss in the in the
+polarizer now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer now what I'm going to do is
+look at the spectrum of the laser light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spectrum of the laser light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spectrum of the laser light
+on the scope as a function of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scope as a function of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scope as a function of of
+polarization so first you can see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization so first you can see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization so first you can see with
+the polarization set at this angle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization set at this angle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization set at this angle you
+see essentially we have predominantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see essentially we have predominantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see essentially we have predominantly
+one one mode and then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one mode and then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one mode and then if I
+rotate the transmission axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the transmission axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the transmission axis of the
+polarizer I can extinguish this mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer I can extinguish this mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer I can extinguish this mode and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bring up bring up the other one now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up bring up the other one now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up bring up the other one now let
+me just Center the mode on the scope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just Center the mode on the scope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just Center the mode on the scope so
+I can bring up the other one you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can bring up the other one you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can bring up the other one you can see
+indeed I have single frequency operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I have single frequency operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I have single frequency operation
+on just one mode so I either have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just one mode so I either have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just one mode so I either have this
+mode here or if I rotate the polarizer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode here or if I rotate the polarizer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode here or if I rotate the polarizer I
+can bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring up
+you can bring out the other one so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bring out the other one so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bring out the other one so again
+let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back
+the first one and then to the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one and then to the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one and then to the one over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+now this is different from what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is different from what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is different from what we had
+with a laser with the external mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a laser with the external mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a laser with the external mirrors
+and and and the Brewster windows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the Brewster windows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the Brewster windows where
+we found that all the modes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that all the modes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that all the modes were
+the same of the same polarization now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same of the same polarization now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same of the same polarization now
+here we find that one mode is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find that one mode is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find that one mode is one
+polarization and and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and and the other one is
+polarized orthogonal to the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized orthogonal to the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized orthogonal to the first one
+and in fact this this explains why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this this explains why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this this explains why the
+output of the laser wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the laser wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the laser wasn't
+wasn't plane polarized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't plane polarized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't plane polarized as
+as in the external mirror cavity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the external mirror cavity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the external mirror cavity now
+this is very interesting that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very interesting that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very interesting that because we
+have internal mirrors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have internal mirrors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have internal mirrors the
+the the the modes are have orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the modes are have orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the modes are have orthogonal
+polarizations at least adjacent modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations at least adjacent modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations at least adjacent modes
+have orthogonal polarizations and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orthogonal polarizations and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orthogonal polarizations and in
+fact this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is a very
+easy way of selecting single-frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way of selecting single-frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way of selecting single-frequency
+operation by simply placing a polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation by simply placing a polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation by simply placing a polarizer
+in the beam and then selecting selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beam and then selecting selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beam and then selecting selecting
+one one frequency now let's let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one frequency now let's let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one frequency now let's let's look
+at this single frequency behavior if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this single frequency behavior if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this single frequency behavior if I
+want to tune the laser frequency I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tune the laser frequency I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tune the laser frequency I
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+blow some air onto on to the laser -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow some air onto on to the laser -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow some air onto on to the laser -
+yeah I blew too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I blew too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I blew too much
+do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again
+so you can see that I can scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that I can scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that I can scan
+the laser frequency by simply changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser frequency by simply changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser frequency by simply changing
+the length of the cavity in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the cavity in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the cavity in this case
+I'm cooling off the the cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cooling off the the cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cooling off the the cavity
+now let me also point out that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me also point out that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me also point out that the line
+width that you see the line width that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width that you see the line width that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width that you see the line width that
+you see here is not the laser line width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is not the laser line width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is not the laser line width
+at all the line width that you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the line width that you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the line width that you see here
+is determined by the scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by the scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by the scanning
+fabry-perot cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabry-perot cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabry-perot cavity
+the line width the true line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line width the true line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line width the true line of the
+laser is is very narrow in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is is very narrow in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is is very narrow in fact in
+principle it's a fraction of a milli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it's a fraction of a milli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it's a fraction of a milli
+but because laser jitters and one have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because laser jitters and one have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because laser jitters and one have
+you will get a little broadening but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get a little broadening but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get a little broadening but
+certainly nowhere near as as wide as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly nowhere near as as wide as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly nowhere near as as wide as
+what you see what you see over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see what you see over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see what you see over here and
+again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let me
+bring up the Alamo the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up the Alamo the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up the Alamo the other
+polarization and again this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and again this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and again this one will
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+across the gain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the cavity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cavity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cavity I
+mean I gain curve of the of the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I gain curve of the of the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I gain curve of the of the medium
+of the of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in in summary then we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in summary then we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in summary then we've seen that
+for this laser here that's about 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this laser here that's about 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this laser here that's about 22
+centimeters apart that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters apart that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters apart that we get
+longitudinal modes of 680 megahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal modes of 680 megahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal modes of 680 megahertz
+apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and
+the polarization of each mode is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of each mode is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of each mode is is
+different in fact they have adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in fact they have adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in fact they have adjacent
+modes have orthogonal polarizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes have orthogonal polarizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes have orthogonal polarizations
+while with this longer laser of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while with this longer laser of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while with this longer laser of length
+56 centimeters we found that the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 centimeters we found that the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 centimeters we found that the mode
+spacing was 270 megahertz again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing was 270 megahertz again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing was 270 megahertz again it's
+consistent with the width the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the width the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the width the length of
+the of the laser and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the laser and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the laser and that the
+polarization of all the modes was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of all the modes was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of all the modes was was
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+now I want to leave you with with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to leave you with with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to leave you with with his
+puzzle why in this case here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle why in this case here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle why in this case here of the
+laser with internal mirrors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser with internal mirrors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser with internal mirrors the
+polarizations of the modes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations of the modes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations of the modes were
+different while the one here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different while the one here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different while the one here the
+polarization was the same well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization was the same well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization was the same well this is
+what the to answer this one he is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the to answer this one he is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the to answer this one he is easy
+because of the Brewster windows and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the Brewster windows and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the Brewster windows and the
+only polarization that can that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polarization that can that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polarization that can that can
+Lai's is the polarization set by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lai's is the polarization set by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lai's is the polarization set by the
+angular width brewster windows but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular width brewster windows but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular width brewster windows but in
+this case here we don't have any windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here we don't have any windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here we don't have any windows
+to set the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set the polarization
+we only have just two mirrors sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have just two mirrors sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have just two mirrors sealed
+onto the discharge tube and we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the discharge tube and we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the discharge tube and we saw that
+adjacent modes have orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent modes have orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent modes have orthogonal
+polarizations so here's a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations so here's a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations so here's a nice little
+puzzle for you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle for you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle for you to think about
+now we're not done yet with laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're not done yet with laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're not done yet with laser
+properties there are several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties there are several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties there are several other
+experiments that we have prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we have prepared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we have prepared for
+you some we will come back we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some we will come back we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some we will come back we'll show
+you other aspects of laser behavior
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-56G36H8BvY.txt b/-56G36H8BvY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..924709c742debbe2aaa00e23a8283af4d9acf870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-56G36H8BvY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the difference um between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference um between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference um between
+streamline courses and uh regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline courses and uh regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline courses and uh regular
+Chinese courses um I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese courses um I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese courses um I think in the
+beginning they said the Streamline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they said the Streamline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they said the Streamline is
+obvious is make it faster so um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious is make it faster so um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious is make it faster so um it
+turned out to be as uh it just happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be as uh it just happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be as uh it just happened
+this way and when I start teaching here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and when I start teaching here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and when I start teaching here
+it's already established so most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already established so most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already established so most uh
+student taking um uh stream L they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student taking um uh stream L they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student taking um uh stream L they are
+Heritage Learners you don't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage Learners you don't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage Learners you don't have to be a
+her Heritage Learners at all as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Heritage Learners at all as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Heritage Learners at all as long as
+your oral proficiency uh reach certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oral proficiency uh reach certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oral proficiency uh reach certain
+level so that means we don't start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so that means we don't start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so that means we don't start a
+class with you know how to pronounce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with you know how to pronounce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with you know how to pronounce the
+words because we assume you have basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because we assume you have basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because we assume you have basic
+conversation skills uh so versus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation skills uh so versus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation skills uh so versus um
+Regular class you started with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regular class you started with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regular class you started with all the
+language courses you started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language courses you started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language courses you started with a
+pronunciation you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation you start with the
+um um the alphabet that we call the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the alphabet that we call the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the alphabet that we call the P
+how to pronounce words and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to pronounce words and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to pronounce words and then you
+introduce everything just like from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce everything just like from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce everything just like from the
+start so for streamline uh courses we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so for streamline uh courses we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so for streamline uh courses we
+assume you have the um or skills already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have the um or skills already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have the um or skills already
+at a certain level so uh that's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain level so uh that's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain level so uh that's make it
+very different and uh I think we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and uh I think we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and uh I think we're very
+fortunate to have this program here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to have this program here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to have this program here
+because we got enough student group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got enough student group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got enough student group to
+attend this course so my goal for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend this course so my goal for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend this course so my goal for this
+course is literacy building and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is literacy building and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is literacy building and this is
+the main components and the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main components and the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main components and the second thing
+is to help them to um um Elevate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to help them to um um Elevate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to help them to um um Elevate their
+speaking uh proficiency so I assume by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh proficiency so I assume by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh proficiency so I assume by
+actual standard when they exit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual standard when they exit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual standard when they exit this
+course they could at least reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they could at least reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they could at least reach the
+intermediate High to advance low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate High to advance low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate High to advance low level
+in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+speaking so um they came in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking so um they came in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking so um they came in there
+usually at intermediate low which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at intermediate low which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at intermediate low which
+is uh even you think intermediate low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh even you think intermediate low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh even you think intermediate low
+intermediate high is not much but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate high is not much but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate high is not much but when
+when you try to push it to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to push it to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to push it to that
+direction it's harder and harder because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's harder and harder because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's harder and harder because
+they get withdrawn into their own little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get withdrawn into their own little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get withdrawn into their own little
+world they refuse to use new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they refuse to use new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they refuse to use new
+vocabulary um they will just speak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary um they will just speak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary um they will just speak in
+their comfort zone so need to push them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their comfort zone so need to push them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their comfort zone so need to push them
+it's really hard so my that's my goal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard so my that's my goal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard so my that's my goal to
+aim at the discour and the literacy as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim at the discour and the literacy as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim at the discour and the literacy as I
+said it uh some of them took Chinese uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it uh some of them took Chinese uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it uh some of them took Chinese uh
+class when they were at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when they were at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when they were at you know
+Elementary School some even and and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary School some even and and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary School some even and and high
+uh high school a lot of the um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high school a lot of the um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high school a lot of the um these
+kids they took so-called uh uh Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they took so-called uh uh Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they took so-called uh uh Sunday
+school once a week so um so some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school once a week so um so some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school once a week so um so some of them
+did have some um Foundation to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have some um Foundation to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have some um Foundation to have
+Chinese characters but some really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese characters but some really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese characters but some really don't
+so how do I start I make sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I start I make sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I start I make sure everybody
+learned same amount the characters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned same amount the characters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned same amount the characters in
+the beginning the first month we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning the first month we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning the first month we call
+just pure memorization it's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pure memorization it's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pure memorization it's nothing
+nothing tricky it just I I hate to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing tricky it just I I hate to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing tricky it just I I hate to say
+there's just the effort you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just the effort you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just the effort you need to
+memorize characters because that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize characters because that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize characters because that's how
+you learn to read there's no way other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn to read there's no way other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn to read there's no way other
+shortcut let's put it this way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut let's put it this way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut let's put it this way it's
+because Chinese character is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Chinese character is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Chinese character is not
+spelling it's a it's like a pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling it's a it's like a pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling it's a it's like a pictures you
+have to memorize There are rules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize There are rules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize There are rules in
+there so so after four weeks and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so so after four weeks and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so so after four weeks and people
+really struggle for those who never done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really struggle for those who never done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really struggle for those who never done
+it before and because I'm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before and because I'm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before and because I'm basically
+every class class I forc them three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class class I forc them three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class class I forc them three
+three uh three hours a week every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh three hours a week every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh three hours a week every every
+class we have quiz dictation so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we have quiz dictation so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we have quiz dictation so before
+the class they have to memorize 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class they have to memorize 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class they have to memorize 50
+characters at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters at
+least but as I said we're youi we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least but as I said we're youi we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least but as I said we're youi we're
+fortunate they're MIT students they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate they're MIT students they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate they're MIT students they're
+they're so used to hard workking they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so used to hard workking they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so used to hard workking they
+complained but they did anyway so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained but they did anyway so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained but they did anyway so after
+one month they everybody at least have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one month they everybody at least have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one month they everybody at least have
+250 characters some do have more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 characters some do have more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 characters some do have more because
+they learned this before but those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learned this before but those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learned this before but those who
+never attend Chinese schools now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never attend Chinese schools now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never attend Chinese schools now they
+have 250 characters so they can read now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 250 characters so they can read now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 250 characters so they can read now
+because they know these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know these characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know these characters
+individually they put in in a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually they put in in a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually they put in in a sentence
+now they can read a short paragraph So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can read a short paragraph So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can read a short paragraph So
+the moment they get to read the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment they get to read the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment they get to read the text
+they're just like so excited I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just like so excited I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just like so excited I can't
+read so um then it's writing part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so um then it's writing part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so um then it's writing part so
+that's very different from regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very different from regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very different from regular
+because regular we have to focus so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because regular we have to focus so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because regular we have to focus so much
+on four skills together because you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on four skills together because you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on four skills together because you for
+True
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True
+beginners if you ask them to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginners if you ask them to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginners if you ask them to memorize
+characters at same time how to pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters at same time how to pronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters at same time how to pronounce
+and speak is just too much so um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speak is just too much so um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speak is just too much so um for
+Heritage learner for streamline class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage learner for streamline class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage learner for streamline class we
+can do it all together so that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it all together so that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it all together so that's a huge
+difference and as I said I um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and as I said I um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and as I said I um we're
+unique uh we're able to do that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique uh we're able to do that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique uh we're able to do that and I
+don't think my model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think my model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think my model
+it's good for every University every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for every University every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for every University every
+high school because it all depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school because it all depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school because it all depends on
+your audience your student group I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your audience your student group I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your audience your student group I have
+U teachers from different universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U teachers from different universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U teachers from different universities
+that they can't have just Heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't have just Heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't have just Heritage
+learner or streamline classes they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner or streamline classes they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner or streamline classes they have
+to mixing up which is make the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mixing up which is make the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mixing up which is make the teaching
+very difficult because you some are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult because you some are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult because you some are here
+some are here how do you do make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are here how do you do make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are here how do you do make the
+balance so I said I'm fortunate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so I said I'm fortunate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so I said I'm fortunate you know
+I can't really give advice for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't really give advice for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't really give advice for those
+teacher who in the middle and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher who in the middle and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher who in the middle and because
+this totally different environment yeah
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-5XT0Mzl72E.txt b/-5XT0Mzl72E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c2dc1030adf70b39b2a4679bcc12ab17cc933db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-5XT0Mzl72E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3115 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today we are going to start
+by reviewing income and
+
+substitution effects.
+
+Because that's a pretty hard
+concept and pretty central to
+
+a lot of what we'll do for
+the rest of the semester.
+
+And then we're going to dive
+in and talk about an
+
+application, a more interesting
+application, of
+
+income and substitution effects
+which is the effects
+
+of wages on labor supply.
+
+So let's review.
+
+If you take the handout, grab
+the handout and look at the
+
+first figure, it's the same
+as the last figure of the
+
+previous lecture.
+
+To review, remember, whenever
+the price changes, a price
+
+change can be decomposed into
+two effects, the substitution
+
+effect and the income effect.
+
+The substitution effect is the
+change in the quantity
+
+demanded when the
+price changes,
+
+holding utility constant.
+
+And as we proved last
+time, that is always
+
+negative, 0 or negative.
+
+It is always non-positive.
+
+It's always true that when
+a price goes up, the
+
+substitution effect
+is negative.
+
+We proved that both
+mathematically and graphically
+
+last time showing that if you're
+going to hold utility
+
+constant, and the price of a
+good is going to go up, you're
+
+going to shift away
+from that good.
+
+OK.
+
+That's the substitution
+effect.
+
+In our example, we showed
+graphically how you measure a
+
+substitution effect.
+
+You draw a new imaginary budget
+constraint, BC3, which
+
+is parallel to the new budget
+constraint, BC2.
+
+So it's got the new price ratio
+but tangent to the old
+
+indifference curve.
+
+So the key thing to understand
+is the imaginary budget
+
+constraint, BC3, where
+it comes from.
+
+It's parallel to the new
+budget constraint.
+
+That is it's got the new
+marginal rate of
+
+transformation, the new slope,
+but it's tangent to the old
+
+indifference curve.
+
+That gets you to point B. And so
+the movement from A to B is
+
+the substitution effect.
+
+Then we have an income effect
+which is, in fact, utility
+
+isn't held constant when
+prices change.
+
+In fact, utility falls, because
+
+you're effectively poorer.
+
+You're effectively poorer.
+
+Utility is falling.
+
+And since you're effectively
+poorer, that further reduces
+
+demand if the good is normal.
+
+So if it's a normal good, if
+it's a good where lower income
+
+causes less consumption of
+it, the fact that you're
+
+effectively poorer further
+lowers the consumption from
+
+point B to point C.
+
+So the total price effect is the
+one we demonstrated at the
+
+beginning of the last lecture.
+
+We raised the price of movies
+from $8 to $12.
+
+And we saw the number
+of movies consumed
+
+fell from 6 to 4.
+
+But what we can see now to
+understand what's underneath
+
+that is two things, an effect of
+the fact that prices change
+
+holding utility constant,
+and the fact that you're
+
+effectively poorer.
+
+And that's the key thing.
+
+No, your income hasn't
+actually gone down.
+
+But that $96 your parents gave
+you can buy you less.
+
+Your opportunity set has
+been restricted.
+
+And that makes you effectively
+poorer.
+
+And so you buy less
+for that reason.
+
+And so you get the total
+movement from A to C.
+
+Now, as we emphasized last time,
+this will be the case if
+
+it's a normal good.
+
+So substitution effects
+are done.
+
+Substitute effects are
+always negative,
+
+nothing fun about that.
+
+Income effects are a little
+more interesting, because
+
+goods can be not normal
+but inferior.
+
+We have inferior goods which
+are ones such that they're
+
+crummy stuff that as your
+income goes up, you
+
+want less of it.
+
+And that can change
+the analysis.
+
+So if we look at Figure 7-2,
+now we're talking about the
+
+price change with an
+inferior good.
+
+And now imagine someone
+choosing
+
+between steak and potatoes.
+
+So now the choice is between
+steak and potatoes.
+
+And steak costs $5 a pound,
+initially, and potatoes cost
+
+$1 a pound.
+
+Initially, you have
+an income of $25.
+
+So someone has an income
+of y equals $25.
+
+The price of steak is $5, and
+the price of potatoes is $1.
+
+So your budget constraint, your
+original BC1, runs from
+
+you can either have 5 steak, or
+25 potatoes, or something
+
+in between.
+
+And so individuals choose
+point A where they're
+
+consuming 8.3 potatoes.
+
+They choose point A.
+
+I don't know what the
+number of steaks is.
+
+We probably also ought to label
+that, the number of
+
+steaks that comes from that.
+
+But whatever.
+
+It comes out of the
+utility function.
+
+So then we say, now let's
+imagine that the price of
+
+potatoes rises to $3 a pound.
+
+There's a blight on the potatoes
+like there was in
+
+Ireland in the 1800s.
+
+There's a potato blight, and
+that shifts in the supply
+
+curve for potatoes raising the
+price of potatoes from $1 a
+
+pound to $3 a pound.
+
+Now, what we know is that that
+will move consumers, given the
+
+utility function that we've
+chosen here, that will move
+
+consumers from point A to point
+C. Once again, that's
+
+not labeled, but some lower
+amount of potatoes.
+
+That will move them from point
+A to point C. So, ultimately,
+
+they'll choose fewer potatoes
+and fewer steaks.
+
+But, in fact, what we can see is
+that's the composition of a
+
+substitution effect which is
+negative, and an income effect
+
+which is positive.
+
+So if we do our standard
+decomposition, we draw a new
+
+monetary budget constraint
+BC3.
+
+It's parallel to the new budget
+constraint, BC2, so the
+
+same price ratio.
+
+It's parallel.
+
+But it's tangent to the old
+indifference curve at point B
+
+which is actually to the left
+of the ultimate choice at
+
+point C.
+
+So the substitution effect
+takes us from A to B. The
+
+income effect actually takes us
+back from B to C. That is
+
+as that budget constraint shifts
+from BC3 to BC2, as you
+
+get poorer, you choose
+more potatoes.
+
+So the substitution effect would
+say that from the price
+
+change of potatoes alone, we go
+all the way to point B. We
+
+massively reduce our consumption
+of potatoes.
+
+But because we're poorer,
+effectively, we now consume
+
+more potatoes.
+
+Because we're effectively
+poorer, we now
+
+consume more potatoes.
+
+And so, on net, you get
+a reduction in potato
+
+consumption.
+
+But it offsets the substitution
+effect.
+
+So that's when income effects
+can be a little more
+
+interesting.
+
+It's going to be a little more
+interesting exercise.
+
+When you think about substitute
+effects in the same
+
+way, it's not that
+interesting.
+
+It's just look, quantity fell.
+
+It doesn't really matter why.
+
+You don't see, in
+the real world,
+
+substitution income effects.
+
+What's interesting is when
+they're opposed to each other.
+
+That's when it gets
+more interesting.
+
+And so you see this small
+reduction you get from the
+
+substitution effect alone.
+
+By the way, there's
+two handouts.
+
+Right?
+
+Jessica, is there
+two handouts?
+
+There should be.
+
+There's tables as well.
+
+I didn't actually get it.
+
+Jessica, grab me one of those.
+
+There's tables as
+well as graphs.
+
+So make sure you have
+both handouts.
+
+Anyone else need tables?
+
+Am I the only one who
+didn't get it?
+
+OK, good.
+
+So, in principle, the income
+effect could be so large it
+
+could offset the substitution
+effect.
+
+There's no reason,
+theoretically,
+
+that couldn't happen.
+
+That is, in principle, you could
+derive preferences such
+
+that the income effect is
+so large it offsets the
+
+substitution effect--
+thank you--
+
+and the price increase actually
+leads to more
+
+potatoes being consumed.
+
+That is what we'd call
+a Giffen good as I
+
+talked about last time.
+
+So if you look at the table,
+the top table, this sort of
+
+lays out our possibilities.
+
+So look at the top table.
+
+It sort of maps out the possible
+sets of things that
+
+can happen.
+
+So if we have a normal good,
+and the price of that good
+
+rises, then we know that the
+
+substitution effect is negative.
+
+The income effect is negative.
+
+So the total effect
+is negative.
+
+Quantity falls.
+
+That's the law of demand.
+
+We talked about that
+last time, downward
+
+sloping demand curves.
+
+Likewise, if the price
+falls, the
+
+substitution effect is positive.
+
+The income effect is positive.
+
+You're now richer because the
+price of the good fell.
+
+And so, therefore,
+demand goes up.
+
+Quantity consumed goes up, once
+again, downward sloping
+
+demand curve.
+
+Price rises, you consume
+less of it.
+
+Price falls, you consume
+more of it.
+
+That's what we learned about
+in the first lecture.
+
+However, once goods are
+inferior, all bets are off.
+
+Because now the income effect
+is the opposite sign of the
+
+substitution effect.
+
+It's possible it could
+be larger.
+
+So the total effect
+is ambiguous.
+
+You could actually get an upward
+sloping demand curve.
+
+You could actually get that a
+price rise leads to more of a
+
+good, and a fall leads
+to less of a good.
+
+Now will you?
+
+Only if it's a Giffen good.
+
+And, in fact, there's a lot of
+controversy in economics about
+
+whether any good in the world
+has ever been a Giffen good.
+
+At most, there's maybe one or
+two examples people can find.
+
+Even then, it's controversial.
+
+So I think it's fine in life to
+assume that demand curves
+
+slope down.
+
+I think, in fact, I don't see
+convincing evidence that any
+
+subset or set of goods
+are Giffen goods.
+
+I think it's just generally fine
+it life to assume demand
+
+curves slope down.
+
+Nonetheless, it's important to
+understand this theoretical
+
+possibility even if it's
+just theoretical.
+
+Because it's important to
+understand income and
+
+substitution effects.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about that, either
+on substitution effect or
+
+price changes?
+
+OK.
+
+So now, armed with that, let's
+go onto the more interesting
+
+case which is labor supply.
+
+It's more interesting, because
+as I'll come to in a few
+
+minutes, we talk about labor
+supply, labor is typically
+
+going to be an inferior good.
+
+So things are going to get a
+little more interesting.
+
+So let's talk about that.
+
+So the question you want to ask
+here is how hard do folks
+
+decide to work?
+
+How many hours of labor do
+folks decide to provide?
+
+As we talked about when we
+talked about minimum wage,
+
+just as we all have to decide
+between consuming pizza and
+
+consuming movies, or consuming
+steak and consuming potatoes,
+
+we also have to decide between
+how much labor we're going to
+
+provide and how much we're
+going to consume.
+
+The more labor you provide to
+the market, the more you
+
+consume, but the less
+fun you get to have.
+
+Fun, we call leisure.
+
+The less labor you provide to
+the market, the more fun you
+
+get to have, the more leisure
+you get, but the less you get
+
+to consume, because you
+have less income.
+
+And that's the trade-off we
+talked about when we talked
+
+about the effect of
+minimum wage.
+
+Now let's come back and
+get underneath that
+
+labor supply curve.
+
+So we talked about
+the minimum wage.
+
+We talked about the labor supply
+curve which was how the
+
+hours you provide respond to
+the wage and a labor demand
+
+curve, which was how the
+hours that firms want
+
+respond to the wage.
+
+Now let's get underneath
+the supply curve.
+
+A minute ago, we were talking
+about the demand curves and
+
+getting underneath the demand
+curve for consumers.
+
+Well, now let's get underneath
+the supply curve for labor.
+
+Now, the key thing is that when
+we talk about labor, it's
+
+not a good, it's a bad.
+
+The typical person doesn't
+want to work.
+
+The typical person is
+not in this room.
+
+You guys like to work.
+
+The typically person actually
+doesn't like to work.
+
+Leisure is a normal good.
+
+For the typical person, leisure
+is a normal good.
+
+They like time off.
+
+Leisure is a good, which
+means labor is a bad.
+
+They don't like to work.
+
+The problem is we don't
+know how to
+
+model bads in economics.
+
+It's just we're used to
+trading off between
+
+two things you want.
+
+When I used to trade-off, we
+know how to model something
+
+you want to get something
+you don't want.
+
+Indifference curves wouldn't
+work, because
+
+more wouldn't be better.
+
+If you drew an indifference
+curve for labor, it would
+
+violate the more is
+better assumption.
+
+Because you wouldn't
+want more.
+
+You'd want less.
+
+So the modeling trick we're
+going to use whenever we're
+
+modeling bads, is to model the
+complementary good and then,
+
+in the end, solve for the bad.
+
+We're not going to
+model labor.
+
+We're going to model leisure.
+
+And given the total amount of
+hours you have to supply, the
+
+total hours minus the
+amount of leisure is
+
+the amount of labor.
+
+So we're going to
+model leisure.
+
+We're going to model the
+good and then solve for
+
+labor at the end.
+
+So, in other words, if you have
+24 hours a day you can
+
+work, then your amount of hours
+of work is 24 minus the
+
+amount of leisure N. Call it N
+or call it L. We'll call it N
+
+because L, typically, we
+think of as labor.
+
+Let's call leisure N for
+reasons I don't quite
+
+understand.
+
+Let's just use that.
+
+Basically the amount
+of hours you can
+
+work is 24 minus leisure.
+
+So if we solve for the optimal
+amount of leisure you want, we
+
+can obviously get the amount
+of labor you supply.
+
+So the trick when modeling a bad
+is not to model the bad.
+
+It's to model the complementary
+good.
+
+In this case, the complementary
+good is leisure.
+
+So we're going to model the
+trade-off between leisure and
+
+consumption and use the result
+of that to solve for the
+
+amount of labor you supply.
+
+So it's the general modeling
+trick you need to understand,
+
+which is turn a bad
+into a good.
+
+That's the modeling trick.
+
+Because we know how
+to model the
+
+trade-off between two goods.
+
+We don't know how to model
+the trade-off with a bad.
+
+So to think about that, let's
+go to Figure 7-3, and let's
+
+talk about what's underneath
+a labor supply curve.
+
+What's underneath a labor supply
+curve is the trade-off
+
+between how much leisure you
+want and how much consumption
+
+you can have. So you see here,
+here's a trade-off.
+
+On the y-axis is the amount
+of goods you can have. You
+
+earn a wage, w.
+
+The y-axis is the amount of
+goods you can have from a
+
+day's work.
+
+So you earn w per hour.
+
+That means the most goods
+you can have from a
+
+day's work is 24w.
+
+If you worked all 24 hours
+at that wage, you
+
+can have 24w goods.
+
+On the other hand, if you work
+not at all, then you take 24
+
+hours in leisure and have no
+consumption from that day.
+
+So we see as you move
+to the right on the
+
+x-axis, that's leisure.
+
+That's the good.
+
+As you move to the left,
+that's labor.
+
+That's the bad.
+
+OK?
+
+That's just illustrating.
+
+But we're going to
+model the good.
+
+We're going to model leisure.
+
+Your trade-off is between how
+much you want to consume and
+
+how much leisure you
+want to take.
+
+Now, here's what's
+interesting.
+
+In general, what determines
+the slope of a budget
+
+constraint?
+
+What determines the slope
+of a budget constraint?
+
+AUDIENCE: Marginal rate
+of transformation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Which is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Ratio between
+prices.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ratio
+between prices.
+
+Prices determine the slope
+of the budget constraint.
+
+But here's what's tricky.
+
+What's the price of leisure?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wage.
+
+PROFESSOR: The wage.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because for every hour
+you take having leisure,
+
+you are effectively using
+money that you
+
+could gain at work.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+The key is the economic concept
+of opportunity cost,
+
+which we've talked about and
+will continue to talk about
+
+this semester, opportunity cost.
+By not working, you are
+
+forgoing earning a wage.
+
+So that is the price
+of leisure.
+
+You may not think of it this
+way, but, once again, that's
+
+why we're the dismal science.
+
+When you go home today, and you
+sit on the couch, and you
+
+watch TV for an hour, you
+have just paid a price.
+
+And that price is what you
+could have earned by
+
+working that hour.
+
+Every action has a price.
+
+And the price of leisure is the
+wage you forgo, The wage
+
+you forgo by sitting around
+is the price of leisure.
+
+Let's assume here that the price
+of goods is $1, that the
+
+goods you're going
+to buy cost $1.
+
+Whatever your consumption,
+it costs $1.
+
+That's the trick we always
+use with modeling.
+
+Make as many things
+$1 as you can.
+
+That makes the model easy.
+
+So let's assume that the price
+of the goods you're going to
+
+buy are $1.
+
+So the slope of the budget
+constraint is minus w over 1.
+
+The slope of the budget
+constraint is just the price
+
+of leisure which is minus w .
+
+So the trade-off with the price
+of goods of $1, the
+
+trade-off between taking leisure
+and consuming is that
+
+if you take leisure,
+an hour of leisure,
+
+you get w fewer goods.
+
+And if you work an hour, you get
+w more goods, but you lose
+
+an hour of leisure.
+
+And that gives you the trade-off
+between how much you
+
+consume and how much leisure you
+take which determines how
+
+much you work.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Now let's take this framework
+and ask, what happens when the
+
+wage changes, Figure 7-4.
+
+So we have an original
+outcome with the
+
+budget constraint BC1.
+
+We have an original budget
+constraint, BC1.
+
+Now imagine the wage goes
+up, so we move to BC2.
+
+BC2 is a budget constraint
+with a higher wage.
+
+The wage goes up.
+
+So what we're going to see is
+you're going to move from
+
+point A where you work N1 hours
+to point C where you
+
+work N3 hours.
+
+That's where your indifference
+curves are tangent with the
+
+new budget constraint.
+
+Not work, take leisure.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+We take leisure of N1 hours
+to leisure of N3 hours.
+
+The wage going up
+has reduced your
+
+leisure which makes sense.
+
+If the wage goes up,
+you work harder.
+
+Right?
+
+So your wage going up, we always
+first take if there's a
+
+leisure and then convert
+to labor.
+
+Wage goes up, leisure falls
+from N1 to N3, which means
+
+labor goes up.
+
+But actually two things are
+happening here, the
+
+substitution and
+income effect.
+
+The substitution effect, which
+we see by drawing the
+
+imaginary budget constraint BC*
+which is parallel to BC2
+
+but tangent to the original
+difference curve, the
+
+substitution effect is a very
+large reduction in leisure.
+
+It moves all the way
+from N1 to N2.
+
+The substitution effect
+is a very large
+
+reduction in leisure.
+
+The income effect is that
+leisure is a normal good.
+
+I'm now richer, because
+my wage has gone up.
+
+So I want to buy more of it.
+
+So I buy more leisure.
+
+And that moves me
+from N2 to N3.
+
+So, basically, now the income
+effect offsets the
+
+substitution effect even with
+a normal good, or with a
+
+normal good.
+
+With a normal good, the income
+effect offsets that
+
+substitution effect.
+
+And that's because the money
+you're getting, you're using
+
+to buy leisure.
+
+So, in fact, if you flip to 7-5,
+you can see a case where
+
+the income effect dominates.
+
+And you actually get that a
+wage increase leads you to
+
+work less hard.
+
+Now, think about that.
+
+If I'd said to you--
+
+I probably should have
+started with this--
+
+if you increase the wage, will
+people work more or less hard?
+
+Your initial instinct would
+have been more hard.
+
+You would have thought, well,
+if your wage goes
+
+up, you work harder.
+
+But that's because your instinct
+was focused on the
+
+substitution effect.
+
+You're thinking about
+the income effect.
+
+Here's a case where
+I started at N1.
+
+The substitution effect
+leads me to N2.
+
+But I feel so much richer from
+that higher wage that I
+
+actually move all
+the way to N3.
+
+My leisure goes up, and
+I work less hard.
+
+Now, unlike a Giffen good, this
+is totally plausible.
+
+Why is it plausible?
+
+Well, let me do give you
+a simple intuition
+
+for why it's plausible.
+
+Let's say that you're someone
+who has a certain amount of
+
+things you want to
+buy every week.
+
+You don't save. You have a
+certain amount of things you
+
+want to buy every week.
+
+You have to pay your rent, you
+have to buy your food, you
+
+have to buy your other goodies,
+a certain budget.
+
+A lot of people live
+on a budget.
+
+You have a certain budget.
+
+And the truth is you're happy
+with that budget.
+
+That's kind of what
+you want to do.
+
+Now let's say I doubled
+your wage.
+
+Well, now to meet the budget you
+can work half as hard and
+
+still meet the same budget.
+
+So you'll work less hard.
+
+You could say, look, I can get
+more leisure and consume the
+
+same amount of goods
+as I did before.
+
+So I'll work less hard.
+
+That's a totally
+plausible case.
+
+That's a case of what we
+call target income.
+
+If someone has a target income,
+and their wage goes
+
+up, they'll work less.
+
+Now, that's not necessarily
+the truth.
+
+But it's, at least to me, sort
+of a plausible case of how
+
+people might behave. And that's
+a case where income
+
+effects can dominate.
+
+So if we, once again, go to the
+second chart on that page,
+
+now we see the income
+and substitution
+
+effects for labor supply.
+
+Once again, we're assuming
+leisure is a normal good.
+
+We're always going to assume
+leisure is a normal good.
+
+We're never going to assume
+people don't like leisure.
+
+Assuming leisure is a normal
+good, then as the wage rises,
+
+the substitution effect is
+you take less leisure.
+
+This table is a bit different
+than the other table.
+
+Instead of the first panel being
+normal and the second
+
+panel being inferior,
+the first panel is
+
+what happens to leisure.
+
+The second panel converts it
+to what happens to labor.
+
+So for instance, in the first
+cell, when the wage rises, the
+
+substitution effect on leisure
+is unambiguously negative.
+
+You clearly take less leisure
+when the wage rises.
+
+So, likewise, you
+have more labor.
+
+So on the bottom panel, labor
+is clearly greater than or
+
+less than 0.
+
+But the income effect is
+positive for leisure.
+
+You're rich, you take
+more leisure.
+
+Or, likewise, negative for
+labor, you're richer, so your
+
+work less hard.
+
+And, therefore, the
+net is ambiguous.
+
+So with goods consumption, we
+needed goods to be inferior
+
+for there to be a Giffen
+good type phenomena.
+
+Here, even with leisure being
+normal, you can have a Giffen
+
+good type phenomena.
+
+It's much less random.
+
+And, in some sense, this
+is why we learn income
+
+substitution effects.
+
+To be honest, they're just
+not that interesting for
+
+consumption.
+
+The book makes a big deal out
+of them and talks about
+
+consumer price indices
+and all that.
+
+It's just not that important
+for consumption.
+
+Because we know in consumption
+if prices goes
+
+up, you consume less.
+
+It's just not that
+interesting.
+
+It's much more interesting for
+things like labor supply.
+
+And we talk about savings
+in a number of lectures.
+
+It's the same thing.
+
+There, it's more interesting.
+
+Because now they can often
+offset each other in
+
+meaningful ways.
+
+And so now this is why the
+tools of income and
+
+substitution effects become
+much more important.
+
+OK?
+
+So if we put this together, if
+we go to Figure 7-6, we can
+
+now think about deriving where
+labor supply comes from.
+
+Where does labor supply
+come from?
+
+Well, first, you've got the
+consumer's decision of how
+
+hard to work.
+
+So here's a case.
+
+It's sort of small, but
+you can take a look.
+
+Here's a case where you've got
+someone initially working,
+
+taking 16 hours of leisure and,
+therefore, working eight
+
+hours, at a wage of W1.
+
+Now their wage goes up to W2.
+
+They choose to take 12 hours
+of leisure and, therefore,
+
+work 12 hours.
+
+This is someone who works harder
+when the wage goes up.
+
+That is, the income effect
+does not offset the
+
+substitution effect.
+
+Now, we can take that to draw
+a demand for leisure curve
+
+just like we drew any
+other demand curve.
+
+It's the same technique
+as last time.
+
+Just bring those point and say,
+look, at a wage of W1,
+
+leisure is 16.
+
+At a wage of W2,
+leisure is 12.
+
+We have a downward sloping
+demand for leisure, standard
+
+downward sloping demand
+for leisure.
+
+But we can convert that to a
+supply of labor, which is what
+
+we care about.
+
+Nobody cares about the demand
+for leisure curve.
+
+We care about the supply
+of labor curve.
+
+You just subtract
+these from 24.
+
+You use the supply of labor
+curve which is upward sloping.
+
+So as long as substitution
+effects dominate income
+
+effects, we'll get an upward
+sloping labor supply curve.
+
+But it's certainly possible
+that if income effects
+
+dominates substitution effects,
+you could get a
+
+downward sloping supply curve,
+if you will, what we call in
+
+labor economics, a
+backward-bending supply curve,
+
+a supply curve that goes
+the wrong way.
+
+Instead of sloping up like
+supply curves are supposed to,
+
+it goes the wrong way
+and slopes down.
+
+And we can see that's
+plausible.
+
+The target income case I
+just described to you
+
+would deliver that.
+
+The target income case I just
+described to you would deliver
+
+a downward sloping
+supply of labor.
+
+As the wage rose, people would
+work less and less.
+
+That's a totally
+plausible case.
+
+And that's why income and
+substitution effects are
+
+interesting.
+
+Because they can deliver
+this weird result.
+
+They can get the wrong
+signed supply curve.
+
+Questions about income
+and substitution
+
+effects or labor supply?
+
+So what I want to spend the
+rest of the lecture on is
+
+talking about well,
+what is the case?
+
+Do labor supply curves
+slope up or down?
+
+And what do we know
+about that?
+
+Well, this is probably the major
+focus of a field we call
+
+labor economics.
+
+And there's an excellent course
+on labor economics,
+
+14.64 taught by Josh Angrist,
+which goes into much detail in
+
+the entire field.
+
+But one of the main focuses of
+the field is understanding the
+
+elasticity of labor supply,
+and is it positive or
+
+negative, and how big is it.
+
+So, basically, measuring the
+slope of the labor supply
+
+curve is the focus of this
+literature, the elasticity of
+
+the labor supply.
+
+Now, what I want to do is start
+with a historical fact,
+
+and then I'll come to
+the modern age.
+
+Let's think about
+30 years ago.
+
+30 years ago, all men
+worked and less than
+
+half of women worked.
+
+It was more normal for women
+not to work than to work,
+
+married women.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Less than half of married
+women worked.
+
+Now, married women could work.
+
+I'm not talking 60 years ago
+or 80 years ago when there
+
+were marriage bars.
+
+Literally, firms wouldn't hire
+you if you were married.
+
+It's true.
+
+If you're interested in
+that, you can actually
+
+read Claudia Goldin.
+
+She's a labor historian who's
+written about the early 20th
+
+century when, literally,
+women could be
+
+fired for being married.
+
+We're not talking
+about that era.
+
+I'm talking about 30 years ago
+when you could work if you
+
+were married.
+
+It's no problem.
+
+But most women chose not to,
+maybe 40 years ago now.
+
+So, in that case, let's think
+about two groups.
+
+Let's think about married
+men, and let's think
+
+about married women.
+
+And let's just posit,
+hypothetically, how big we
+
+think their substitution and
+income effects would be.
+
+Let's start with substitution
+effect.
+
+Do we think the substitution
+effect would be bigger?
+
+This is the change in the wage
+holding utility constant.
+
+Do we think that would have a
+bigger effect on leisure and,
+
+therefore, labor for men
+or for women and why?
+
+Don't yell it out.
+
+Somebody, raise their
+hand and tell me.
+
+Do we think that the
+substitution effect would be
+
+bigger for men or
+women and why?
+
+Remember the name.
+
+It's the substitution effect.
+
+That's the key to the answer.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it would be
+the same, because they each
+
+have equal use for the goods.
+
+Maybe their income effect
+would be different.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+They each have equal
+use for the goods.
+
+Well let's deal with where
+the substitution
+
+effect comes from.
+
+Let's break it down.
+
+So you're someone
+who's deciding.
+
+You've got you and your wife,
+and you're each deciding how
+
+to respond to a change
+in the wage.
+
+Now, you both value the
+goods the same.
+
+But it's goods versus leisure.
+
+What's the other feature
+that you're going
+
+to be thinking about?
+
+Think about a married man
+40 years ago, and
+
+the wage goes down.
+
+AUDIENCE: They have
+to work more.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+We're just doing substitution
+effects.
+
+That's unambiguous.
+
+If the goes down,
+they work less.
+
+We're just doing substitution
+effects.
+
+That's ambiguous.
+
+The question is, if they work
+less, what do they do?
+
+Whereas think about a married
+women 40 years ago.
+
+If she works less,
+what does she do?
+
+What does a married man do?
+
+Nothing.
+
+There's nothing to do.
+
+Your friends are all at work.
+
+You can't go play golf.
+
+You can't do anything.
+
+You don't take care of kids,
+because men didn't take care
+
+of kids 40 years ago.
+
+What do you do?
+
+There's nothing to do.
+
+Whereas a woman, married woman,
+if the wage goes down
+
+40 years ago, you can take
+care of kids instead.
+
+You can hang out with other
+women who aren't working.
+
+There's plenty to do.
+
+Based on that, now change
+your answer.
+
+Where do you think
+the substitution
+
+effect would be bigger?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: In women,
+it would be bigger.
+
+Because men, there's less of
+a substitution effect.
+
+Because it's all about
+substitutability of options.
+
+There's no good alternative
+option to work for
+
+men 40 years ago.
+
+It's either work or nothing.
+
+Basically, everybody worked.
+
+So, basically, there's
+no good substitution
+
+effect option for men.
+
+For women, there's lots
+of outside options.
+
+There's sociability, there's
+child rearing, et cetera.
+
+The substitution effect will
+be larger the more things
+
+there are you can
+substitute to.
+
+Men don't have anything to
+substitute to from work.
+
+Women have options to substitute
+to from work.
+
+For men, this is going
+to be very small.
+
+For women, this will be big.
+
+We know the sign.
+
+The smallest this can be is 0.
+
+We know the sign.
+
+But it's going to be a very
+small substitution effect,
+
+because I don't have
+a lot else to do if
+
+my wage goes down.
+
+Women, if it's a low
+wage, why work?
+
+You can be much more effective
+taking care of the kids or
+
+hanging out with your friends.
+
+Why work for a low wage?
+
+Men, there's nothing
+else to do.
+
+So that's the relative size to
+the substitution effects.
+
+Now, the income effect, I think,
+is a little bit harder.
+
+And let's come back and
+think about what
+
+drives an income effect.
+
+We talked about the income
+effect as being delta q over
+
+delta y, how much a
+quantity changes
+
+when your income changes.
+
+But, in reality, what's going
+to matter for your income
+
+effect given when you start
+today, is going to be not only
+
+delta q over delta y, how your
+taste for work changed or
+
+income changes, but also how
+hard you worked to start.
+
+Think of it this way.
+
+The income effect is how much
+richer you feel if your wage
+
+goes up, or how much
+poorer you feel if
+
+your wage goes down.
+
+If you are working 0 hours,
+the income effect is 0.
+
+You don't feel any richer if the
+wage goes up, because you
+
+don't earn any money.
+
+The more hours you work the
+bigger the income effect is,
+
+because the bigger that
+shock is to you.
+
+So we can think of the income
+effect, a shorthand for the
+
+income effect, is going to be
+h times dh/dy, the hours you
+
+work times how your hours
+change with your income.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, to prove this it involves
+using complicated algebra.
+
+We're not going to get into
+it in this course.
+
+I worked hard last night to
+see if I could make the
+
+algebra less complicated,
+and I can't.
+
+I just have to try to work
+intuitively on this.
+
+The notion of the income effect
+is bigger the more
+
+you're in the market.
+
+You can think about
+it for goods too.
+
+Think about the income effect
+of a change in the price of
+
+something you buy a lot
+of for something you
+
+buy very little of.
+
+So let's say you're someone
+who's buying two Starbucks a
+
+day, and you very rarely
+go see a movie.
+
+Well, if the price of a movie
+goes up 10%, or the price of
+
+Starbucks goes up 10%,
+which is going to
+
+make you feel poorer?
+
+The price of Starbucks
+going up, because you
+
+buy a lot of Starbucks.
+
+So how much poorer you'll feel,
+or the income effect,
+
+will depend on your
+starting point.
+
+The more you're in a market,
+the more you'll feel the
+
+income effect.
+
+Now, based on that, who's going
+to have a bigger income
+
+effect, men or women?
+
+Same person, what
+do you think?
+
+The income effect is going to be
+stronger the more you're in
+
+the market.
+
+So who's going to have a
+bigger income effect?
+
+AUDIENCE: Married men would have
+a bigger income effect.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Married men would have a bigger
+income effect, because
+
+they're in the market.
+
+Married women, most of
+them don't work.
+
+So there's no income effect.
+
+So this is going to be big for
+men and small for women.
+
+There's another issue,
+which is does dh/dy
+
+differ for men and women?
+
+I'll leave that alone.
+
+Let's assume they both have
+the same underlying income
+
+elasticity.
+
+But, certainly, the initial
+hours are much bigger from men
+
+than for women.
+
+So what does this mean in terms
+of the labor supply
+
+curves you would see for married
+men and married women
+
+40 years ago?
+
+Based on these facts, what
+would you think?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: They would have
+opposite slopes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So, in particular, the female
+labor supply curve
+
+would look like what?
+
+It would slope up or down?
+
+AUDIENCE: It would slope up.
+
+PROFESSOR: It would slope up.
+
+You'd have an upward sloping
+curve, because you'd have
+
+these big substitution effects
+and small income effects.
+
+So it would look much more
+like Figure 7-4.
+
+You'd have the big substitution
+effect when the
+
+wage goes up and a small
+offsetting income effect.
+
+Think about the woman who
+is not working at all.
+
+She's now working at
+all at $8 an hour.
+
+You raise her wage
+to $12 an hour.
+
+She's like, hey, I wasn't
+working at all.
+
+So there's no income effect.
+
+But now I'm going to go to
+work and make some money.
+
+So it's upward sloping.
+
+But for men, it's going to look
+more potentially like
+
+Figure 7-5.
+
+There's a small substitution
+effect but a potentially big
+
+income effect or bigger
+than women.
+
+Now, how big it is,
+that's not clear.
+
+Because, once again, men
+have nothing to do
+
+if they don't work.
+
+So it could be this ends up
+being bigger and smaller.
+
+It's not clear how big
+this ends up being.
+
+But it's at least possible that
+you could have men having
+
+a backward-bending or downward
+sloping labor supply curve.
+
+Because the income effect could
+even more than offset
+
+the substitution effect.
+
+But, in reality, given the way
+I set up the example, you'd
+
+think men would basically
+have a pretty
+
+inelastic labor supply.
+
+You'd think, 40 years ago, these
+things would basically
+
+both be 0, both offset.
+
+And, basically, you'd have a
+situation where the change in
+
+the wages didn't matter
+much for men.
+
+And, in fact, that's
+what people found.
+
+This is a wonderful case of the
+convergence of truth with
+
+theory and a wonderful chance
+to see the power of some
+
+pretty simplistic theory.
+
+The intuition is exactly borne
+out in the data, which is
+
+males, 40 years ago,
+would have a very
+
+inelastic labor supply.
+
+Their labor supply curves were
+virtually vertical and maybe
+
+backward-bending.
+
+There's some controversy
+on that.
+
+Some estimates got
+backward-bending.
+
+Some didn't.
+
+But there were certainly
+not upward sloping.
+
+It was basically vertical.
+
+Women had a very few elastic
+labor supply.
+
+The elasticity is estimated
+to be around 1.
+
+That is every 1% change
+in the wage lead to
+
+1% more labor supply.
+
+So that's a fairly elastic
+labor supply for women.
+
+Where, for men, the estimate
+was basically 0.
+
+And that's kind of neat, because
+we're actually getting
+
+confirmation in the data
+of what the theory
+
+would have told us.
+
+Now, someone else tell me what
+do you think has happened over
+
+the last 40 years relative to
+these elasticities of married
+
+men and married women.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The elasticity of
+married women has gone down in
+
+the last 40 years--
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+Speak up so the class
+can hear you.
+
+Why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because women
+work more often now
+
+than they did before.
+
+PROFESSOR: Women work
+more often now.
+
+So the income effect is going to
+be getting bigger for them.
+
+So the income effect is going
+up, because their
+
+initial h is bigger.
+
+Plus there's actually now,
+in some sense, less good
+
+opportunities if you're
+not working.
+
+So when we had our first kid,
+and we lived in Brookline,
+
+which is sort of an urban city,
+and my wife decided to
+
+stay at home, she didn't have
+moms to hang out with.
+
+It was just nannies
+at the park.
+
+And it wasn't that much fun.
+
+And so, basically, the
+substitution effect is
+
+shrinking, because the outside
+options aren't quite as good
+
+as they were, as the norms
+shift towards work.
+
+Whereas for men, actually it's
+becoming more normal for men
+
+to be engaged in child care.
+
+My best friend is a
+stay-at-home dad.
+
+It's becoming more normal
+for that to happen.
+
+And so the substitution
+effect is rising.
+
+It's not implausible that if
+you cut a man's wage down,
+
+he'll just say forget it.
+
+My wife's going to work.
+
+I'm taking care of the kids.
+
+That would be socially
+ostracizing 40 years ago.
+
+But it's not that odd now.
+
+And, likewise, as men are less
+engaged in the labor force and
+
+spending more time at home,
+their income effects are
+
+falling, because their
+initial h is smaller.
+
+So you're getting a convergence
+in these labor
+
+supply elasticities.
+
+What really seems to be
+happening is mostly
+
+convergence down for women,
+not much up for men.
+
+So men are maybe going
+from 0 to 0.1.
+
+Women are coming from
+like 1 to 1/2.
+
+So what you're seeing is that
+men aren't actually working
+
+that much less.
+
+There's a few stay-at-home
+dads.
+
+But they're still not
+the majority.
+
+Women are working a lot
+more, and kids are in
+
+child care a lot more.
+
+So what you're seeing over
+time is you're seeing men
+
+being a little more responsive,
+but not that much
+
+more responsive.
+
+They're still, basically,
+working all the time.
+
+Women are working a lot
+more and being more
+
+responsive to wages.
+
+And there's a reduction coming
+in both women's leisure and
+
+production of child
+care at home.
+
+Now, that raises a very
+interesting question of is
+
+this is a good thing?
+
+Now this is a very deep
+and hard topic.
+
+In economics, we think if people
+do something it's good,
+
+or they wouldn't have done it.
+
+It is true that if you look
+at data on self-reported
+
+well-being or happiness data,
+married women report a general
+
+decline in happiness, over the
+last 40 years, as they've
+
+entered the labor force
+more and more.
+
+And the issue is, is this
+something which is a good way
+
+for society to spend
+its resources, to
+
+have everyone working?
+
+We're consuming more.
+
+Consumption has gone up.
+
+We're consuming more, but
+we're getting less
+
+leisure as a family.
+
+Because the men aren't working
+that much less.
+
+The women are working
+a lot more.
+
+So we're getting less
+leisure as a family.
+
+How do we feel about
+that outcome.
+
+That's an interesting
+question.
+
+And we'll talk about that some
+more later on in the semester.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about this?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a really
+good question.
+
+And let me talk about that
+for a couple of minutes.
+
+The definition of unemployment
+is those employed
+
+over looking for work.
+
+If the number of people employed
+does not change, and
+
+women suddenly want to work, and
+they report to surveyors
+
+that they're looking
+for work--
+
+that's the employment rate.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+The unemployment rate--
+
+I'm sorry--
+
+is going to be those looking
+over employed.
+
+My bad.
+
+The unemployment rate
+is going to be those
+
+looking over those employed.
+
+So the unemployment rate is how
+many people are looking
+
+for work over how many
+are employed.
+
+If women start suddenly looking
+for work, and there's
+
+no jobs to be had, that will
+raise the unemployment rate.
+
+So one thing that's been a focus
+of a lot of research has
+
+been do increases in the
+supply of labor lead to
+
+increases in unemployment?
+
+What you've expressed is what's
+often called the lump
+
+of labour view.
+
+The lump of labour view is
+basically the view that
+
+there's a fixed box of
+production in the economy.
+
+And as more workers come in to
+fill that box, there will be
+
+more unemployment.
+
+The alternative view is that
+the economy is dynamic.
+
+And as more women are working,
+and earning income, and buying
+
+stuff, that makes more jobs.
+
+So our standard of consumption
+is way higher
+
+than 40 years ago.
+
+We all have much cooler stuff
+than 40 years ago.
+
+You have no idea how bad life
+sucked 40 years ago.
+
+We have way better stuff.
+
+We have that stuff, because
+women are working and making
+
+the income to buy it, which
+means people have to make it
+
+which makes jobs.
+
+So, in fact, the existing
+evidence is labor supply
+
+shocks do not cause unemployment
+increases.
+
+This is something I've
+worked a lot on.
+
+What you see, a very interesting
+case is in Europe.
+
+In the US and all over the
+world, we have assistance of
+
+what we call Social Security,
+a term you've
+
+all heard, I'm sure.
+
+The Social Security program is
+a program which provides
+
+income when you're retired.
+
+So it provides income when
+you're retired to help you
+
+deal with the fact that you
+don't have a source of labor
+
+income anymore.
+
+And that's a program that
+virtually every country, and
+
+all developed countries
+have a very generous
+
+social security program.
+
+But they're different in the
+US than in other countries.
+
+In the US, the way the social
+security program works is when
+
+you hit 62, you get a choice.
+
+You can stop working and get
+your benefits from Social
+
+Security, and then you get them
+every year until you die.
+
+Or you can keep working, delay
+getting your benefits, but
+
+they'll increase what you
+get to offset the delay.
+
+So, in other words, if I retire
+at 63 rather than 62,
+
+given that I'm going to die at
+the same date, I'm going to
+
+get one fewer year of
+benefits in my life.
+
+But they raise them by 6.7%
+to compensate for that.
+
+So I get one fewer year of
+benefits, but every year it's
+
+6.7% higher.
+
+And it turns out, given life
+expectancy, that works out to
+
+be a roughly fair deal.
+
+So, basically, at 62, your
+choice is I can get one more
+
+year of benefits or I
+get higher benefits
+
+for one fewer years.
+
+And that's a choice that's
+a roughly fair deal.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Am I making sense of that?
+
+In Europe, it's not
+a fair deal.
+
+In Europe the way it works is
+they say, you can get one more
+
+year of benefits.
+
+But if you decide to work this
+year, we're not given you any
+
+more in the future.
+
+So let me describe how it works
+in the Netherlands.
+
+At age 55, the Netherlands says,
+if you decide to retire
+
+this year, we will replace 90%
+of your wages in social
+
+security payments to make sure
+your income doesn't suffer
+
+when you retire.
+
+If you don't retire and work,
+you're going to give up
+
+sitting at home earning
+90% of your wage.
+
+That is the opportunity
+cost of working.
+
+It's that you have forgone the
+ability to sit at home and get
+
+90% of your wage.
+
+So what is your net
+wage if you work?
+
+10% of what you would
+have earned.
+
+So if you're earning $20 an
+hour, then your choice is you
+
+can sit at home for $18 or
+work for $20 an hour.
+
+So your net wage for working
+is $2 an hour.
+
+The return to work, the
+opportunity cost of leisure is
+
+only $2 an hour.
+
+You're only forgoing $2 an
+hour by sitting at home.
+
+But wait, there's more.
+
+If you sit at home, you don't
+have to pay the payroll taxes
+
+of financing the system
+that are almost 50%.
+
+If you work, you have to
+pay the payroll taxes.
+
+Which means that if you
+work, you lose money.
+
+Because if you work, you forgo
+getting to sit at home at 90%
+
+of your wage, and you
+pay a tax that's
+
+about 40% of your wages.
+
+So, actually, you will lose 30%
+of your salary by working
+
+relative to sitting at home.
+
+Guess what people do in
+the Netherlands at 55?
+
+They sit at home.
+
+No one works after 55 in the
+Netherlands on the books.
+
+They work off the books
+painting houses
+
+and doing odd jobs.
+
+No one works on the
+books after 55.
+
+Economics works, guys.
+
+If you pay your guys to stay
+at home, they stay at home.
+
+Now, if you ask European
+politicians, why do you have
+
+this screwed up system?
+
+They'll say, well, it's easy.
+
+We want to get those old
+guys out to make jobs
+
+for the young guys.
+
+We need to pay those old guys
+to stay at home to make jobs
+
+for the young guys.
+
+And then you point out, have
+you noticed that Europe has
+
+higher unemployment than
+American, even though we don't
+
+do that and you do?
+
+And that's because
+you're wrong.
+
+It doesn't work that way.
+
+Because by paying the old guys
+to sit at home, you have to
+
+have such high taxes that no
+one makes new businesses.
+
+And so there's not jobs for
+the young guys to have.
+
+So it's true.
+
+In theory, you've made jobs for
+the young guys by leaving
+
+the old guys at home.
+
+But by imposing the 40% tax rate
+that you've had to impose
+
+to make it possible to pay the
+old guys to sit at home,
+
+you've killed job creation
+in your country.
+
+And, as a result, there's
+not the jobs for
+
+young guys to get.
+
+That's a very long-winded way
+of answering your question
+
+that supply, in substance,
+creates its own demand.
+
+So more labor supply will not
+necessarily cause more
+
+unemployment.
+
+And we're going to talk about
+one more thing before we stop.
+
+I've just talked about a vast
+empirical literature in how
+
+people understand the effects
+of wages on labor supply.
+
+Well, how do they do it?
+
+Well, you could say, look, we
+can just look at how you earn
+
+a higher wage than you do.
+
+And we'll ask, do you work
+harder than you?
+
+And we'll say, the guys who earn
+higher wages work harder.
+
+If guys who earn higher wages
+work harder, that means labor
+
+supply slopes up.
+
+If guys who earn higher wages
+don't work harder, that means
+
+labor supply slopes down.
+
+What's wrong with that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Those who are getting
+paid more probably are
+
+getting paid because they
+want to work harder.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Maybe you guys are different.
+
+Maybe you're talented,
+and you're not.
+
+And maybe because you're
+talented, maybe you're driven,
+
+and you're not.
+
+And because you're driven, you
+work harder and get paid a
+
+higher wage.
+
+So I'm not learning anything
+about the causal effect of the
+
+wage on your labor supply.
+
+I've just documented a
+correlation between wage and
+
+labor supply.
+
+How can we get the causal effect
+of your wage on your
+
+labor supply?
+
+Well, once again, ideally
+we'd run an experiment.
+
+We'd assign you a higher wage.
+
+We'd find someone
+just like you.
+
+Not you, you're not driven.
+
+We find someone just like you.
+
+No offense.
+
+You know I'm joking.
+
+We'd find someone just like you
+and, randomly, by a flip
+
+of a coin, assign them
+a lower wage.
+
+And we'd see how your labor
+supply differed.
+
+Now, it seems like you
+couldn't do that.
+
+But, in fact, the US did that.
+
+In the 1970s, we ran what was
+called the negative income tax
+
+experiment where we literally
+assigned people different wage
+
+rates through taxing them
+by different amounts.
+
+And that was part of what gave
+us this very convincing
+
+evidence from 40 years ago
+of these responses.
+
+So where we get this is from
+a real experiment we
+
+ran 40 years ago.
+
+The problem is that's a pretty
+hard experiment to run.
+
+It's pretty expensive, and
+there's some ethical issues.
+
+So what do you do today
+to estimate that?
+
+What you can do today is say,
+well, we can't run the
+
+experiment.
+
+But the government runs
+it for us every time
+
+they change tax rates.
+
+Because if you take two people
+that are identical--
+
+so let's say you and you
+were identical--
+
+and I change your tax rate
+because you live in
+
+Massachusetts.
+
+I don't change your tax rate
+because you live in New York.
+
+I can see what happens to
+you relative to you.
+
+Because I've now essentially
+run this experiment by the
+
+government changing
+someone's tax rate
+
+and not someone else's.
+
+That's the way we do it if we
+can't run a true, randomized
+
+experiment.
+
+And that gives very, very
+similar answers.
+
+Let me stop there.
+
+And we will come back.
+
+Next lecture we'll talk about
+applying this model.
+
+So I guess in section
+on Friday, we
+
+review for the exam.
+
+In section on Friday, we
+review for the exam.
+
+So show up to that.
+
+And the exam is next week.
+
+The exam will cover through
+my next lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-SHXUwpVgXU.txt b/-SHXUwpVgXU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a93af5802c63ce1a92c608cbc62a894c656bc83b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-SHXUwpVgXU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so before class today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so before class today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so before class today you
+should have turned in your statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have turned in your statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have turned in your statement and
+your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product
+backlogs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogs um
+Wednesday you should be turning in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday you should be turning in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday you should be turning in a
+copy of a Sprint task list and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a Sprint task list and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a Sprint task list and you
+should have a prototype ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a prototype ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a prototype ready for
+testing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing in
+class um remember that while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um remember that while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um remember that while we're
+offering you one in-class testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering you one in-class testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering you one in-class testing
+session for this project you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session for this project you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session for this project you need to do
+at least one more testing session out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one more testing session out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one more testing session out of
+class for the two Focus tests that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for the two Focus tests that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for the two Focus tests that are
+required for project 3 um and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for project 3 um and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for project 3 um and when we
+look over your focus test reports we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over your focus test reports we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over your focus test reports we're
+not going to be impressed with Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be impressed with Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be impressed with Focus
+tests that were done so late you clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that were done so late you clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that were done so late you clearly
+couldn't respond to them so the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't respond to them so the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't respond to them so the projects
+due Wednesday don't do a focus test on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due Wednesday don't do a focus test on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due Wednesday don't do a focus test on
+Tuesday because we know you couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday because we know you couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday because we know you couldn't do
+anything with that information so sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with that information so sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with that information so sort
+of plan out plan out when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plan out plan out when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plan out plan out when you're going
+to focus test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus test
+accordingly um so today in class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly um so today in class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly um so today in class um
+we're going to open with just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to open with just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to open with just a very
+quick two-minute presentation um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick two-minute presentation um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick two-minute presentation um from
+each of the groups um since you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the groups um since you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the groups um since you've
+turned in your product backlogs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in your product backlogs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in your product backlogs and
+hopefully you have finalized your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you have finalized your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you have finalized your vision
+statement you can come and tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you can come and tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you can come and tell us what
+is the goal of the game you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the goal of the game you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the goal of the game you're you're
+now going to make and what its major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to make and what its major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to make and what its major
+features are that's all you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are that's all you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are that's all you need to do
+for that um then we'll have a very a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that um then we'll have a very a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that um then we'll have a very a
+fairly brief project management check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly brief project management check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly brief project management check-in
+we I'll sit down I'll stand up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll sit down I'll stand up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll sit down I'll stand up here and
+we'll just do a little bit talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do a little bit talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do a little bit talking about
+what is your team doing for project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your team doing for project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your team doing for project
+management is it working should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is it working should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is it working should you
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+something um we'll then Philip will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um we'll then Philip will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um we'll then Philip will be
+giving the usability lecture um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the usability lecture um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the usability lecture um and
+after that we'll take a break if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we'll take a break if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we'll take a break if anybody
+has something that they would like play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something that they would like play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something that they would like play
+tested after the break we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested after the break we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested after the break we'll come back
+back and have an opportunity for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and have an opportunity for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and have an opportunity for some
+play testing and working on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing and working on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing and working on your
+projects in class if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in class if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in class if you don't have
+something to play test that's okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to play test that's okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to play test that's okay this
+is sort of a hey if you actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a hey if you actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a hey if you actually had
+your act together get a little extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your act together get a little extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your act together get a little extra
+play testing in um Wednesday is the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing in um Wednesday is the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing in um Wednesday is the day
+you have to have something that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have something that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have something that can be
+played and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played and
+tested uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested uh any
+questions all right then let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right then let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right then let's move on
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+presentations is that actually up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations is that actually up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations is that actually up there
+yay it is all right um first up we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay it is all right um first up we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay it is all right um first up we have
+o hardcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o hardcore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o hardcore
+Dragon okay um so I'm on the team for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon okay um so I'm on the team for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon okay um so I'm on the team for
+hardcore Dragon we've changed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore Dragon we've changed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore Dragon we've changed from
+Dragon's layer to hardcore Dragon um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon's layer to hardcore Dragon um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon's layer to hardcore Dragon um and
+the point of the change in the name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the change in the name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the change in the name is
+to reflect a slight change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect a slight change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect a slight change in the
+direction of the game um one of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the game um one of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the game um one of the new
+elements that we've added as a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we've added as a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we've added as a wind
+condition is collecting an entire set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is collecting an entire set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is collecting an entire set of
+Hardcore armor to be the hardest hardcor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardcore armor to be the hardest hardcor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardcore armor to be the hardest hardcor
+dragon in the land um and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon in the land um and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon in the land um and so we're
+intending on adding a little bit of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intending on adding a little bit of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intending on adding a little bit of a a
+cheeky funny dialogue flare to the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheeky funny dialogue flare to the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheeky funny dialogue flare to the game
+to make it a little less serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a little less serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a little less serious
+um outside of that the main concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outside of that the main concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outside of that the main concept of
+our game is that you're a dragon and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game is that you're a dragon and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game is that you're a dragon and you
+have a horde of gold that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a horde of gold that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a horde of gold that you are
+protecting and also trying to grow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting and also trying to grow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting and also trying to grow so
+the player can make decisions between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player can make decisions between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player can make decisions between um
+attacking other villages to gain more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking other villages to gain more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking other villages to gain more
+gold and also staying on their Lair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and also staying on their Lair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and also staying on their Lair to
+protect it and we're also adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it and we're also adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it and we're also adding
+elements of melee combat so that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of melee combat so that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of melee combat so that your
+the player is not only making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player is not only making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player is not only making these
+decisions cognitively but also has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions cognitively but also has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions cognitively but also has to
+act on them and actually go and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on them and actually go and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on them and actually go and um
+perform those actions rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform those actions rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform those actions rather than
+something that's like you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like you know just
+click oh I want to do this action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click oh I want to do this action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click oh I want to do this action
+something like that um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um so we're
+introducing elements of strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing elements of strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing elements of strategy and
+melee combat and also collectible fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melee combat and also collectible fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melee combat and also collectible fun of
+RPGs um and then the elements of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPGs um and then the elements of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPGs um and then the elements of our
+backlog um we have the player's desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog um we have the player's desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog um we have the player's desire
+such as the player wanting to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the player wanting to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the player wanting to be able to
+attack defend um and also uh stay alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack defend um and also uh stay alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack defend um and also uh stay alive
+to fight um despite the attacking armies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight um despite the attacking armies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight um despite the attacking armies
+and we we also have a lot of focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we also have a lot of focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we also have a lot of focus on
+making our game uh usable and easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making our game uh usable and easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making our game uh usable and easy to
+understand for the player thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for the player thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for the player thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you DNA hi so we probably should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you DNA hi so we probably should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you DNA hi so we probably should have
+written on the board the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board the project
+previously known as DNA because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously known as DNA because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously known as DNA because we've
+completely reskinned our game so it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely reskinned our game so it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely reskinned our game so it's no
+longer about like biology type thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer about like biology type thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer about like biology type thing
+it's about like exploring space so DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about like exploring space so DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about like exploring space so DNA
+is now the name of your Mothership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the name of your Mothership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the name of your Mothership and
+we're going to put you as a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put you as a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put you as a small
+spaceship Reena so r i n a basically RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship Reena so r i n a basically RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship Reena so r i n a basically RNA
+and your goal is to travel across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal is to travel across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal is to travel across
+different planets and eventually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planets and eventually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planets and eventually make it
+back to your Mothership before you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your Mothership before you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your Mothership before you know
+roll running out of fuel or exploding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll running out of fuel or exploding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll running out of fuel or exploding on
+a bunch of asteroids um so our game has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of asteroids um so our game has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of asteroids um so our game has
+two primary mechanics that we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two primary mechanics that we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two primary mechanics that we're working
+on first is like a menu type screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on first is like a menu type screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on first is like a menu type screen
+where you can see different planets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see different planets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see different planets that
+you can head towards on your W back back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can head towards on your W back back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can head towards on your W back back
+to your Mothership um and each planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your Mothership um and each planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your Mothership um and each planet
+would tell you like if you hover over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you like if you hover over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you like if you hover over
+each planet it'll tell you um at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each planet it'll tell you um at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each planet it'll tell you um at this
+planet you can pick up X fuel or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet you can pick up X fuel or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet you can pick up X fuel or you can
+get this that boost type thing um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this that boost type thing um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this that boost type thing um and so
+you can like the strategy comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like the strategy comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like the strategy comes from the
+planning for like which planet to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for like which planet to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for like which planet to go to
+relative to the other planets um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other planets um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the other planets um and the
+trade-offs also come with like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs also come with like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs also come with like which
+planet do you go to or what do you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet do you go to or what do you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet do you go to or what do you pick
+up at each planet um and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at each planet um and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at each planet um and the other
+mechanic is like actually getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic is like actually getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic is like actually getting to the
+Planet so using a stat boost and or fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planet so using a stat boost and or fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planet so using a stat boost and or fuel
+that you picked up from each planet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you picked up from each planet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you picked up from each planet you
+have to navigate through like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to navigate through like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to navigate through like a
+platformer not really platform more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platformer not really platform more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platformer not really platform more like
+Flappy Bird or um copter type level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flappy Bird or um copter type level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flappy Bird or um copter type level
+where you can where your stats increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can where your stats increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can where your stats increase
+like how fast you go through the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how fast you go through the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how fast you go through the level
+or how maneuverable you are and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how maneuverable you are and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how maneuverable you are and how you
+can like avoid obstacles so our game has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like avoid obstacles so our game has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like avoid obstacles so our game has
+two mechanics and that's what we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mechanics and that's what we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mechanics and that's what we're kind
+of working on right now we have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on right now we have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on right now we have like
+them moving from one level to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them moving from one level to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them moving from one level to the next
+motion part down so now we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion part down so now we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion part down so now we're working
+mainly on like balancing the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly on like balancing the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly on like balancing the game and
+seeing like what should the stat caps be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing like what should the stat caps be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing like what should the stat caps be
+or what should the starting cap 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what should the starting cap 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what should the starting cap 3 so
+it's not too boring at the beginning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too boring at the beginning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too boring at the beginning but
+it's also like not too hard at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also like not too hard at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also like not too hard at the very
+end um yeah and our backlog has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um yeah and our backlog has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um yeah and our backlog has a lot of
+art so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ghost
+M um so for ghost Maes our design uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um so for ghost Maes our design uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um so for ghost Maes our design uh for
+the game hasn't changed much we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game hasn't changed much we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game hasn't changed much we uh
+solidified our original idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidified our original idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidified our original idea is that
+you're going to start uh you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start uh you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start uh you're going to
+start off by uh in the middle of a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by uh in the middle of a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by uh in the middle of a dark
+maze and you have a very limited uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze and you have a very limited uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze and you have a very limited uh
+visibility you're going to explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility you're going to explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility you're going to explore the
+graph um or the Maze and uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um or the Maze and uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um or the Maze and uh basically
+find the exit that leads to you at of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the exit that leads to you at of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the exit that leads to you at of
+this dark uh scary place um you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dark uh scary place um you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dark uh scary place um you have a
+sanity bar that goes down um the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity bar that goes down um the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity bar that goes down um the more
+you are in the dark and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in the dark and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in the dark and you have the
+ability to um you have you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to um you have you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to um you have you have the
+ability to um increase the brightness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to um increase the brightness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to um increase the brightness of
+your Lantern which would give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lantern which would give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lantern which would give you a
+higher radius of visibility or decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher radius of visibility or decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher radius of visibility or decrease
+it which would make it lower but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which would make it lower but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which would make it lower but the
+higher it is the less uh your the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it is the less uh your the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it is the less uh your the less
+slowly your sanity goes out but the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly your sanity goes out but the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly your sanity goes out but the more
+faster that your battery dies so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that your battery dies so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that your battery dies so you
+want to optimize for that um how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to optimize for that um how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to optimize for that um how fast
+can I explore this maze um versus how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I explore this maze um versus how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I explore this maze um versus how um
+slowly do I need my sanity to drop uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly do I need my sanity to drop uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly do I need my sanity to drop uh
+and you can completely have it uh off if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can completely have it uh off if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can completely have it uh off if
+you want to conserve battery but uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to conserve battery but uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to conserve battery but uh that
+would be chipping away from your sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be chipping away from your sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be chipping away from your sanity
+uh much faster um there's there's ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much faster um there's there's ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much faster um there's there's ghost
+in the um in the Maze uh so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um in the Maze uh so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um in the Maze uh so you can't
+just do the uh bug around um um strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the uh bug around um um strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the uh bug around um um strategy
+which would always guarantee you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would always guarantee you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would always guarantee you to get
+out of a maze but there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a maze but there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a maze but there's going to be
+ghosts at uh strategic or uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghosts at uh strategic or uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghosts at uh strategic or uh random
+positions uh these ghosts are not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions uh these ghosts are not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions uh these ghosts are not uh
+they originally intended to have ai that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they originally intended to have ai that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they originally intended to have ai that
+would have them uh find you or attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have them uh find you or attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have them uh find you or attack
+you or whatever but we changed it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or whatever but we changed it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or whatever but we changed it so
+that they're just patrolling in a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're just patrolling in a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're just patrolling in a um
+predetermined pattern so that you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined pattern so that you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined pattern so that you can um
+you can focus on the the one mechanic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can focus on the the one mechanic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can focus on the the one mechanic of
+the game which is moving around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game which is moving around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game which is moving around and
+finding a good path as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a good path as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a good path as opposed to
+escaping from things chasing you um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping from things chasing you um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping from things chasing you um uh
+the one change we made uh the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one change we made uh the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one change we made uh the biggest
+change we made so far is we switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we made so far is we switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we made so far is we switched
+from flixel to Unity 2D because uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flixel to Unity 2D because uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flixel to Unity 2D because uh we
+couldn't get flixel running on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get flixel running on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get flixel running on some of
+most of the computers we had um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the computers we had um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the computers we had um and it
+just brought so many complications so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brought so many complications so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brought so many complications so uh
+we end up switching to un to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high so score high focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so score high focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so score high focused on
+simplifying our game we realized we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying our game we realized we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying our game we realized we were
+probably overextending ourselves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably overextending ourselves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably overextending ourselves with
+the number of features we wanted so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of features we wanted so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of features we wanted so even
+though our goal stayed the same we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though our goal stayed the same we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though our goal stayed the same we kind
+of simplified it and I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simplified it and I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simplified it and I'll talk about
+that in a minute so scor High's goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute so scor High's goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute so scor High's goal is
+to survive the week of school um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive the week of school um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive the week of school um if you
+can do well even better and that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do well even better and that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do well even better and that becomes
+difficult because as a player you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because as a player you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because as a player you have
+your stats to maintain you also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stats to maintain you also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stats to maintain you also you know
+you need sleep and you need food but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need sleep and you need food but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need sleep and you need food but you
+also need to not fail your classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to not fail your classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to not fail your classes and
+get kicked out so you need to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kicked out so you need to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kicked out so you need to do your
+work so the main features of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the main features of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the main features of the game
+are you player stats so how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you player stats so how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you player stats so how are you
+doing as a person your schedule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as a person your schedule which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as a person your schedule which is
+going to list your classes and what p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list your classes and what p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list your classes and what p
+sets are due and when they're due and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are due and when they're due and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are due and when they're due and
+then also the map you as a character go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the map you as a character go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the map you as a character go
+around the map and you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the map and you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the map and you have to go to
+certain buildings to do your work um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain buildings to do your work um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain buildings to do your work um and
+as I said the trade-offs are managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said the trade-offs are managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said the trade-offs are managing
+you internally so like you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you internally so like you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you internally so like you have to go to
+your dorm to sleep but your P set might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dorm to sleep but your P set might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dorm to sleep but your P set might
+be due in like two minutes and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due in like two minutes and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due in like two minutes and if you
+don't run across campus will you be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run across campus will you be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run across campus will you be able
+to get it done in past your class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it done in past your class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it done in past your class uh
+terms of updates I think that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of updates I think that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of updates I think that's about it
+thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you build a space car so originally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a space car so originally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a space car so originally we
+were buil a car but we decided that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buil a car but we decided that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were buil a car but we decided that the
+game would be better in space so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game would be better in space so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game would be better in space so now
+it's built a space car the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built a space car the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built a space car the idea is that
+you have some kind of spaceship that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some kind of spaceship that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some kind of spaceship that you
+need to add components to and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add components to and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add components to and then you
+send it out on the mission out on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it out on the mission out on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it out on the mission out on this
+Mission it'll run into random events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission it'll run into random events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission it'll run into random events and
+you'll get a report of what happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a report of what happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a report of what happened and
+then it'll come back and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll come back and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll come back and you need to
+iterate add more components to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate add more components to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate add more components to either
+make it faster or stronger or have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it faster or stronger or have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it faster or stronger or have more
+attack and then that way you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and then that way you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and then that way you'll be able
+to succeed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to succeed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to succeed on
+missions the trade-offs come in to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions the trade-offs come in to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions the trade-offs come in to what
+components do you add and what effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components do you add and what effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components do you add and what effect
+does that have on the stats of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that have on the stats of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that have on the stats of your
+spaceship and the fact that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship and the fact that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship and the fact that the more
+components you add to your spaceship the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you add to your spaceship the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you add to your spaceship the
+more it costs and the less money you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it costs and the less money you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it costs and the less money you're
+going to make from going out on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make from going out on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make from going out on that
+mission the main product yeah the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission the main product yeah the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission the main product yeah the main
+product backlog features that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog features that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog features that we have
+are the things like adding components to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things like adding components to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things like adding components to
+Ships coming up with stats for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ships coming up with stats for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ships coming up with stats for all the
+components that we have in the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that we have in the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that we have in the game and
+designing a system where the ship will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a system where the ship will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a system where the ship will
+go out on missions get some results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out on missions get some results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out on missions get some results from
+all of that and then loop back into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and then loop back into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and then loop back into this
+initial building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial building
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and MIT
+Sim all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim all
+right so the idea of our game is we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea of our game is we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea of our game is we play
+as unnamed Dean for Student Life at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as unnamed Dean for Student Life at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as unnamed Dean for Student Life at MIT
+and uh you make and manage the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you make and manage the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you make and manage the decisions
+at MIT and you have to trade off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and you have to trade off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and you have to trade off all
+these various resources you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various resources you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various resources you have like
+student happiness and the endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student happiness and the endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student happiness and the endowment
+whatnot and you have to please the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and you have to please the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and you have to please the MIT
+president above you and the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president above you and the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president above you and the MIT
+Corporation above them and then you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation above them and then you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation above them and then you also
+have to you know please the parents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know please the parents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know please the parents of
+students might hear of some crazy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students might hear of some crazy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students might hear of some crazy things
+happening and you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you know you have to
+respond to them so for example you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to them so for example you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to them so for example you might
+you know make shoes mandatory on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make shoes mandatory on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make shoes mandatory on campus
+and suddenly East Campus revolts and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly East Campus revolts and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly East Campus revolts and you
+know but maybe like it improves your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but maybe like it improves your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but maybe like it improves your
+standing with the parent or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing with the parent or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing with the parent or something so
+that's the general just for our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general just for our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general just for our game
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+thanks okay so it's good to hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay so it's good to hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay so it's good to hear that
+people are both refining and changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are both refining and changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are both refining and changing
+and scoping down and kind of figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scoping down and kind of figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scoping down and kind of figuring
+out what they're doing with their games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they're doing with their games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they're doing with their games
+that's a that's a good that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a good that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a good that's a good
+that's a good start um the next thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good start um the next thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good start um the next thing we
+wanted I wanted to talk about ever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted I wanted to talk about ever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted I wanted to talk about ever so
+briefly is um um I've been I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly is um um I've been I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly is um um I've been I've been
+reading through the project writeups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading through the project writeups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading through the project writeups
+from last from the last project haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last from the last project haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last from the last project haven't
+gotten all the way through them none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten all the way through them none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten all the way through them none of
+us have we're still we're still working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have we're still we're still working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have we're still we're still working
+through but a lot of people are like ug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but a lot of people are like ug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but a lot of people are like ug
+project management got inserted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management got inserted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management got inserted into the
+middle of the project and it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the project and it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the project and it was really
+hard and it made things clunky and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and it made things clunky and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and it made things clunky and more
+painful and yeah I bet it did and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and yeah I bet it did and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and yeah I bet it did and I
+apologize what I'm wondering however is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize what I'm wondering however is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize what I'm wondering however is
+how is it what are you doing for project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it what are you doing for project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it what are you doing for project
+management on this project and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management on this project and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management on this project and is it
+working better so far I realize we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working better so far I realize we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working better so far I realize we're
+only part way through through um but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only part way through through um but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only part way through through um but I'd
+kind of like to hear about how has your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like to hear about how has your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like to hear about how has your
+team decided to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team decided to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team decided to handle
+communication um I know that meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication um I know that meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication um I know that meetings
+were a big big problem in last time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a big big problem in last time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a big big problem in last time um
+are you using is the product backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you using is the product backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you using is the product backlog
+being a useful thing to sort of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a useful thing to sort of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a useful thing to sort of help
+Divine your design or are you doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divine your design or are you doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divine your design or are you doing it
+because we're making you turn one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're making you turn one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're making you turn one
+in um how are how are assigning tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um how are how are assigning tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um how are how are assigning tasks
+and sharing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sharing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sharing work
+going um so I can I can either do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going um so I can I can either do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going um so I can I can either do this
+as auss question or I can call sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as auss question or I can call sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as auss question or I can call sort of
+teams one by one um do you guys have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams one by one um do you guys have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams one by one um do you guys have an
+opinion as to how you'd like to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion as to how you'd like to run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion as to how you'd like to run it
+or should I go ahead and make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should I go ahead and make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should I go ahead and make an
+executive decision since I'm up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive decision since I'm up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive decision since I'm up
+here all right I'll call them people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right I'll call them people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right I'll call them people
+team by team and uh we can just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team by team and uh we can just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team by team and uh we can just sort of
+go through I'll start with MIT Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through I'll start with MIT Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through I'll start with MIT Sim
+because you went you went last last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you went you went last last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you went you went last last time
+so I guess you can go first this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess you can go first this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess you can go first this time
+you you don't have to come down here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't have to come down here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't have to come down here you
+can stay in the seats but okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay in the seats but okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay in the seats but okay the
+microphone okay the microphone might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone okay the microphone might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone okay the microphone might
+help I wasn't trying to make you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I wasn't trying to make you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I wasn't trying to make you do an
+extra forward I was hoping this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra forward I was hoping this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra forward I was hoping this would be
+sort of a class discussion where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a class discussion where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a class discussion where you're
+I'm already down here all right go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm already down here all right go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm already down here all right go ahead
+okay so I I think one interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I think one interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I think one interesting thing
+about project management for rcms 611
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project management for rcms 611
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project management for rcms 611
+teams is that like the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams is that like the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams is that like the driving
+difficulties of working on a team like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of working on a team like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of working on a team like
+here are very different from what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are very different from what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are very different from what might
+be in the industry so like we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the industry so like we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the industry so like we have to
+like adapt all these industry methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adapt all these industry methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adapt all these industry methods
+which like might work really well for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like might work really well for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like might work really well for a
+game company where like you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game company where like you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game company where like you have like
+your 8 hours a day working but here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 8 hours a day working but here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 8 hours a day working but here it's
+like much more sparse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much more sparse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much more sparse and
+uh not necessarily like it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not necessarily like it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not necessarily like it's not always
+one to one how you would like um manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one how you would like um manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one how you would like um manage
+a industry project versus this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a industry project versus this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a industry project versus this project
+so I think like yeah just like figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think like yeah just like figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think like yeah just like figuring
+out how to adapt these methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to adapt these methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to adapt these methods for
+students who are like really crunched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are like really crunched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are like really crunched
+for time is a challenge okay have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time is a challenge okay have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time is a challenge okay have you
+have you had any have you have you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you had any have you have you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you had any have you have you made
+any adaptations has your team made any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any adaptations has your team made any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any adaptations has your team made any
+adaptations or changes or are you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations or changes or are you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations or changes or are you just
+trying to do as little of it as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do as little of it as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do as little of it as possible
+to help keep things moving um probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help keep things moving um probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help keep things moving um probably
+the ladder yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder yeah
+okay um if you can think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um if you can think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um if you can think about what
+you're doing what if you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing what if you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing what if you can think about
+the adaptations you're making that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptations you're making that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptations you're making that are
+working for your team andure them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for your team andure them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for your team andure them that
+would actually be really helpful for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be really helpful for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be really helpful for us
+to hear um and for actually everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear um and for actually everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear um and for actually everyone to
+hear because everybody I think every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear because everybody I think every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear because everybody I think every
+team here is running into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team here is running into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team here is running into the same
+problems you are but the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you are but the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you are but the question is how
+do you take these and how do you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take these and how do you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take these and how do you make it
+work with the team you actually have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the team you actually have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the team you actually have and
+the reality you're actually working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality you're actually working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality you're actually working with
+as opposed to this is the way you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to this is the way you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to this is the way you should
+do it that's that's actually the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it that's that's actually the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it that's that's actually the really
+important thing here to try and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing here to try and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing here to try and figure
+out okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay thank
+you okay build a space space car do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay build a space space car do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay build a space space car do you
+have a sacrificial sacrificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sacrificial sacrificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sacrificial sacrificial
+victim scrub Master scrub Masters are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim scrub Master scrub Masters are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim scrub Master scrub Masters are a
+good person but at yeah it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good person but at yeah it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good person but at yeah it could be
+scrum Master could be could be any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum Master could be could be any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum Master could be could be any way
+uh our producer scrum Master is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our producer scrum Master is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our producer scrum Master is actually
+out of town so I guess I'll handle it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of town so I guess I'll handle it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of town so I guess I'll handle it of
+course but uh basically coming off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but uh basically coming off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but uh basically coming off of
+the last project we saw a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last project we saw a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last project we saw a lot of things
+that we weren't happy about and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't happy about and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't happy about and that we
+saw a lot of problems with the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a lot of problems with the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a lot of problems with the way that
+we communicated so this time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we communicated so this time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we communicated so this time we're
+trying to make sure to stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sure to stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sure to stay in
+communication as much as possible let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication as much as possible let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication as much as possible let
+people know what we've been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what we've been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what we've been working on
+and the problems that we see on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problems that we see on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problems that we see on this
+project we're also what tools are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we're also what tools are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we're also what tools are you
+using to stay in communication so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to stay in communication so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to stay in communication so we're
+using Trello for all of our tasks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Trello for all of our tasks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Trello for all of our tasks we
+have them there we have them colorcoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them there we have them colorcoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them there we have them colorcoded
+for like different I guess groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like different I guess groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like different I guess groups of
+coding or UI or testing things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or UI or testing things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or UI or testing things like that
+and we have a Google doc with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a Google doc with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a Google doc with sort of
+all of the the ideas that we've had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the the ideas that we've had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the the ideas that we've had and
+sort of the design decisions and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the design decisions and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the design decisions and things
+like that we're also all programmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we're also all programmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we're also all programmers
+which I think has been helpful so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think has been helpful so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think has been helpful so far
+and that we sort of all understand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we sort of all understand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we sort of all understand like
+what goes into the task and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes into the task and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes into the task and what's
+reasonable and things like that not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and things like that not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and things like that not to
+say that there isn't a place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there isn't a place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there isn't a place for
+non-coding people just that like it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-coding people just that like it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-coding people just that like it has
+definitely helped on such a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely helped on such a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely helped on such a Time
+constrained team yeah yeah when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained team yeah yeah when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained team yeah yeah when you when
+you're all talking the same language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all talking the same language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all talking the same language and
+you all come to the same estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all come to the same estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all come to the same estimate
+assumptions quickly that's pry helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions quickly that's pry helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions quickly that's pry helpful
+yeah okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+High um so I think one thing we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High um so I think one thing we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High um so I think one thing we realized
+right away was that meeting outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away was that meeting outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away was that meeting outside of
+class is pretty much impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is pretty much impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is pretty much impossible
+especially when you have seven people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have seven people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have seven people
+with completely different schedules um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with completely different schedules um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with completely different schedules um
+so having the product backlog and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having the product backlog and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having the product backlog and that
+list of things was really helpful but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things was really helpful but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of things was really helpful but at
+the same time a lot of the other project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time a lot of the other project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time a lot of the other project
+management stuff is more just kind of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management stuff is more just kind of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management stuff is more just kind of on
+the side so like for my team I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side so like for my team I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side so like for my team I've been
+taking care of it and kind of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of it and kind of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of it and kind of trying to
+let everybody else program um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let everybody else program um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let everybody else program um but the
+product backlog I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog I think is really
+helpful and just for and the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and just for and the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and just for and the vision
+statement having that breakdown of who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement having that breakdown of who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement having that breakdown of who's
+doing what it's been pretty useful thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what it's been pretty useful thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what it's been pretty useful thank
+you oh and we use an email thread just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh and we use an email thread just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh and we use an email thread just
+to keep everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep everyone in
+contact yep all right um ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maze two people can come down two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze two people can come down two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze two people can come down two people
+can come down that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine um yeah so like I guess say thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um yeah so like I guess say thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um yeah so like I guess say thing
+um it's been hard to like coordinate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's been hard to like coordinate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's been hard to like coordinate um
+meetings like in person uh we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings like in person uh we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings like in person uh we tried to
+have one on Saturday but um like only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one on Saturday but um like only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one on Saturday but um like only
+half of us could get together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of us could get together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of us could get together so
+definitely like we have to rely a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely like we have to rely a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely like we have to rely a little
+more on like online communication um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on like online communication um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on like online communication um and
+such and like people are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and like people are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and like people are working on
+different schedules so um I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schedules so um I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different schedules so um I think one
+thing we realize is like you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we realize is like you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we realize is like you have to
+budget how much people's time or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget how much people's time or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget how much people's time or like
+how much time people have at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time people have at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time people have at certain
+points in the project so if someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the project so if someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the project so if someone has
+like a lot more time you know like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot more time you know like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot more time you know like maybe
+they're more free on the weekend then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more free on the weekend then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more free on the weekend then
+they could get started on the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get started on the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get started on the earlier
+stuff or as if someone you know has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or as if someone you know has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or as if someone you know has a
+big project du like today then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big project du like today then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big project du like today then we would
+you know give them more stuff for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know give them more stuff for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know give them more stuff for like
+later in the game because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the game because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the game because when you
+develop a game like you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a game like you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a game like you can't do
+everything like right away like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything like right away like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything like right away like some
+other things are dependent on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are dependent on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are dependent on other
+things um I've been like taking the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um I've been like taking the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um I've been like taking the role
+of like yeah I guess like uh Team like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like yeah I guess like uh Team like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like yeah I guess like uh Team like
+project or like scrum Master project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or like scrum Master project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or like scrum Master project
+manager so um like figuring out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager so um like figuring out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager so um like figuring out like
+delegations and responsibilities so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegations and responsibilities so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegations and responsibilities so um I
+think it helps to have like one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it helps to have like one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it helps to have like one or two
+people point on that y okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people point on that y okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people point on that y okay thank you
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+much okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay um and
+DNA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space that actually was the other word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that actually was the other word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that actually was the other word
+title for a while it might become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title for a while it might become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title for a while it might become
+finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding
+Dina attct in space to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dina attct in space to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dina attct in space to something that
+becomes instantly better so oh I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes instantly better so oh I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes instantly better so oh I'll do
+that now though so yeah meetings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now though so yeah meetings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now though so yeah meetings are
+hard because people have lives but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because people have lives but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because people have lives but we do
+little meetings where we eat lunch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little meetings where we eat lunch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little meetings where we eat lunch with
+each other and only like two or three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and only like two or three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and only like two or three of
+us is there and then the lunch is tasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is there and then the lunch is tasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is there and then the lunch is tasty
+and we talk about cool stuff like game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about cool stuff like game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about cool stuff like game
+design and weird bugs and what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and weird bugs and what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and weird bugs and what exactly
+are we doing with our lives um as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing with our lives um as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing with our lives um as you
+may be able to tell from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to tell from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to tell from the fact that
+things have changed drastically from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have changed drastically from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have changed drastically from the
+pitch to now we kind of basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch to now we kind of basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch to now we kind of basically
+scrapped everything at one point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrapped everything at one point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrapped everything at one point and
+said Reb brainstormed shoot out all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Reb brainstormed shoot out all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Reb brainstormed shoot out all of
+the ideas but of course since we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas but of course since we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas but of course since we already
+said the word DNA everything kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the word DNA everything kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the word DNA everything kind of
+ended up DNA deep down inside at heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up DNA deep down inside at heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up DNA deep down inside at heart
+kind of sort of so I feel like we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sort of so I feel like we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sort of so I feel like we did a
+lot of email communication then and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of email communication then and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of email communication then and we
+still do a lot of email communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do a lot of email communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do a lot of email communication
+now it's just like like skew all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just like like skew all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just like like skew all of the
+things at each other and I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at each other and I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at each other and I feel like
+that's kind of nice there are times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of nice there are times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of nice there are times when
+it's like well I'm really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well I'm really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well I'm really really really
+busy until day x so until day x I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy until day x so until day x I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy until day x so until day x I will
+have nothing to say if we have a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to say if we have a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to say if we have a meeting
+and we're like okay then I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're like okay then I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're like okay then I guess we
+won't have a meeting until day x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a meeting until day x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a meeting until day x and
+it's like well day x is the day right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well day x is the day right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well day x is the day right
+before Monday or something so would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Monday or something so would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Monday or something so would we
+what was it really the best idea to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it really the best idea to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it really the best idea to put
+that off or should we have like done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off or should we have like done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off or should we have like done it
+anyways and had you just sit there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways and had you just sit there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways and had you just sit there and
+feel lame about yourself I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel lame about yourself I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel lame about yourself I don't know
+but we did what we did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did what we did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did what we did so
+okay and finally hardcore dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so looking up at that list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so looking up at that list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so looking up at that list the
+first thing on the list is team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing on the list is team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing on the list is team
+communication and um we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and um we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and um we actually have
+quite a few different things in place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few different things in place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few different things in place uh
+we're using um Trello so we do have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using um Trello so we do have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using um Trello so we do have that
+we're using a Google folder which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a Google folder which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a Google folder which is
+just shared between all of us and uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shared between all of us and uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shared between all of us and uh all
+of the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the documents
+um and we're also using a chat which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're also using a chat which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're also using a chat which I
+believe I I assume every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I I assume every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I I assume every single one of
+us just has open on our computer and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us just has open on our computer and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us just has open on our computer and is
+just sitting there um so so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there um so so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there um so so like
+everyone's looking in on it once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's looking in on it once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's looking in on it once in a
+while people are commenting on it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people are commenting on it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people are commenting on it once
+in a while um that that's how team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while um that that's how team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while um that that's how team
+communication is going uh design I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is going uh design I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is going uh design I think
+is probably the most solid Point yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the most solid Point yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the most solid Point yeah I
+think that we we came up with pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we we came up with pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we we came up with pretty
+solid ideas um the last time we met in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid ideas um the last time we met in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid ideas um the last time we met in
+person and since then we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and since then we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and since then we haven't really
+deviated from that it's been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated from that it's been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated from that it's been pretty
+straightforward that this is our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that this is our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that this is our goal
+and we might have to cut feat we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might have to cut feat we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might have to cut feat we we'll
+probably have to cut features eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to cut features eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to cut features eventually
+but for now it's pretty solid um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now it's pretty solid um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now it's pretty solid um I think
+we're fine without cutting features I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fine without cutting features I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fine without cutting features I
+think it'll actually fit right in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll actually fit right in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll actually fit right in with
+in the time we have um I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time we have um I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time we have um I don't think we
+can add features but we and uh I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add features but we and uh I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add features but we and uh I think I
+know exactly what the game is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what the game is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what the game is at this
+point and I think that everyone else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I think that everyone else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I think that everyone else is
+in the same place though I don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place though I don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place though I don't know um
+so I I really think that figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I really think that figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I really think that figuring out
+what our design is is like completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our design is is like completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our design is is like completely
+solid this at this point um as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid this at this point um as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid this at this point um as for
+assigning tasks sharing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning tasks sharing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning tasks sharing work
+um that stuff yeah is sort of a work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that stuff yeah is sort of a work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that stuff yeah is sort of a work in
+progress um so we have a Sprint task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress um so we have a Sprint task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress um so we have a Sprint task
+list already that we've been using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list already that we've been using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list already that we've been using to
+assign um estimates and people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign um estimates and people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign um estimates and people to
+certain things um so far it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things um so far it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things um so far it's kind of
+been a free-for-all but uh from looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a free-for-all but uh from looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a free-for-all but uh from looking
+at the task list the last time I saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the task list the last time I saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the task list the last time I saw it
+it looks like everyone's like completing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like everyone's like completing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like everyone's like completing
+things in a pretty good pace so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a pretty good pace so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a pretty good pace so I think
+that so far it's worked out nicely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so far it's worked out nicely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so far it's worked out nicely um
+well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there
+goes okay I guess guess you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes okay I guess guess you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes okay I guess guess you're done
+we're done all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done all
+right okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay thank
+you I think that's everybody and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think that's everybody and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think that's everybody and now
+philli okay so just a reminder that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philli okay so just a reminder that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philli okay so just a reminder that this
+is Project 3 digital Prototype 2 user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Project 3 digital Prototype 2 user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Project 3 digital Prototype 2 user
+into face so in addition to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into face so in addition to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into face so in addition to all of the
+project management stuff that we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management stuff that we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management stuff that we've just
+covered in the past half hour uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the past half hour uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the past half hour uh that's
+also the intent to maximize usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the intent to maximize usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the intent to maximize usability
+and we've already talked a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already talked a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already talked a little bit of
+usability when Sarah gave her last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability when Sarah gave her last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability when Sarah gave her last
+testing lecture now we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing lecture now we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing lecture now we're going to do a
+bit of a deep dive so uh so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a deep dive so uh so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a deep dive so uh so this this is
+going to take a bit of time but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a bit of time but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a bit of time but uh I
+hope you will uh that you will follow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will uh that you will follow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will uh that you will follow me
+through uh through through this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through through this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through through this you're
+supposed to use user feedback through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use user feedback through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use user feedback through
+user testing on your own which means not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user testing on your own which means not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user testing on your own which means not
+just relying to on the testing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just relying to on the testing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just relying to on the testing that's
+happening in class but also doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in class but also doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in class but also doing it
+outside so I'm going to talk talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so I'm going to talk talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so I'm going to talk talk a
+little bit about that but before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that but before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that but before that
+I'm going to walk you through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to walk you through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to walk you through an
+exercise about what's the intent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise about what's the intent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise about what's the intent of
+usability like the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability like the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability like the whole point of
+testing for usability and designing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for usability and designing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for usability and designing for
+usability is basically just to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability is basically just to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability is basically just to figure
+out whether someone can figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether someone can figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether someone can figure out how
+to play your game not so much whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your game not so much whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your game not so much whether
+they're having any fun doing it although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having any fun doing it although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having any fun doing it although
+you know obviously you don't want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obviously you don't want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obviously you don't want them
+to be frustrated or confused but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be frustrated or confused but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be frustrated or confused but you
+actually are just trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are just trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are just trying to figure out
+whether people can understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people can understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people can understand how to
+interact with your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with your game
+um you the the game could be improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you the the game could be improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you the the game could be improved
+you know through play testing to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know through play testing to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know through play testing to sort of
+say oh the challenge level might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh the challenge level might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh the challenge level might not be
+right for instance uh you can use Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for instance uh you can use Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for instance uh you can use Focus
+testing to be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing to be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing to be able to figure out
+specific uh design issues in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh design issues in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh design issues in in your
+game like for instance you know do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game like for instance you know do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game like for instance you know do these
+armor upgrades make sense you know to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armor upgrades make sense you know to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armor upgrades make sense you know to to
+to somebody who's not on our on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody who's not on our on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody who's not on our on our
+design team usability testing is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design team usability testing is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design team usability testing is we have
+this thing that we design with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we design with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we design with the
+intent of having it learnable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of having it learnable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent of having it learnable
+and do can people actually learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do can people actually learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do can people actually learn how to
+play this game now just straw PLL how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game now just straw PLL how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game now just straw PLL how
+many of you speak or read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you speak or read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you speak or read
+German okay uh how many of you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German okay uh how many of you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German okay uh how many of you have seen
+this game or played this game or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game or played this game or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game or played this game or have
+heard of this game okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this game okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this game okay all right
+um so just uh if you do speak or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just uh if you do speak or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just uh if you do speak or
+read German uh just just just uh hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read German uh just just just uh hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read German uh just just just uh hold
+your responses for a second and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your responses for a second and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your responses for a second and I'm
+going to start by just looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by just looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by just looking at this
+game and um this is this is a a a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and um this is this is a a a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and um this is this is a a a game
+that you'll find on a shelf you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find on a shelf you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find on a shelf you know
+maybe in a special in a speciality game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a special in a speciality game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a special in a speciality game
+store or Amazon shelf you know and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store or Amazon shelf you know and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store or Amazon shelf you know and um
+and just by looking at this what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by looking at this what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by looking at this what what
+can you in it from what this game is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you in it from what this game is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you in it from what this game is or
+who it's for or how it might be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it's for or how it might be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it's for or how it might be played
+any ideas throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas throw it
+out for kids where they stack shap each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for kids where they stack shap each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for kids where they stack shap each
+wow how do you figure that out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow how do you figure that out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow how do you figure that out it's
+bright and colorful and it has cuton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright and colorful and it has cuton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright and colorful and it has cuton
+stuff on it okay bright and colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on it okay bright and colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on it okay bright and colorful
+cuty color stuff fny motions implying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuty color stuff fny motions implying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuty color stuff fny motions implying
+that they are precarious balance also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are precarious balance also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are precarious balance also
+the alligator isn't eating anyone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alligator isn't eating anyone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alligator isn't eating anyone the
+alligator isn't eating anyone okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligator isn't eating anyone okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligator isn't eating anyone okay it's
+kind of like nonviolent bright color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like nonviolent bright color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like nonviolent bright color
+what else on this on on this stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else on this on on this stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else on this on on this stuff here
+assuming that you don't that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you don't that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you don't that you don't
+speak German tells you gives you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak German tells you gives you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak German tells you gives you any
+other Clues I thought I saw a hand over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Clues I thought I saw a hand over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Clues I thought I saw a hand over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+no uh yeah the type the the the the font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh yeah the type the the the the font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh yeah the type the the the the font
+or the the the sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the the sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the the sort of like
+cartoonish yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoonish yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoonish yep
+uh I think Matt you your hand I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think Matt you your hand I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think Matt you your hand I say
+something that like exclamation points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like exclamation points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like exclamation points
+oh yeah yeah yeah it's like it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah yeah it's like it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah yeah it's like it's like
+you can imagine there's something zany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there's something zany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there's something zany
+going on um anyone recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um anyone recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um anyone recognize the
+brand how about has anyone heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand how about has anyone heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand how about has anyone heard of this
+brand before no one has like like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand before no one has like like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand before no one has like like you
+know four-year-old todler um relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four-year-old todler um relatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four-year-old todler um relatives
+or anything because it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything because it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything because it's it's a it's a
+big kids brand um okay for folks who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big kids brand um okay for folks who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big kids brand um okay for folks who do
+speak German what what's on this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak German what what's on this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak German what what's on this box
+what's this box telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this box telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this box telling
+you um the title is animals on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the title is animals on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the title is animals on an
+animals on animals so yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals on animals so yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals on animals so yeah you know
+again you're putting animals on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're putting animals on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're putting animals on top of
+each other if you were to open the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other if you were to open the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other if you were to open the box
+and I've actually got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've actually got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've actually got the
+box just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box just one
+sec you see these kinds of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec you see these kinds of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec you see these kinds of pieces
+brightly colored wooden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces you know there is a crocodile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces you know there is a crocodile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces you know there is a crocodile
+um but there is also this bright red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is also this bright red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is also this bright red
+dye with these symbols on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye with these symbols on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye with these symbols on
+them any clues on how this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them any clues on how this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them any clues on how this game is
+supposed to be played I mean we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be played I mean we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be played I mean we already
+talked about putting animals on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about putting animals on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about putting animals on top of
+each other but here are the pieces if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but here are the pieces if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but here are the pieces if
+anybody actually wants a closer look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody actually wants a closer look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody actually wants a closer look you
+you you you you can come in and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you you can come in and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you you can come in and and and
+have a look I'll go back to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look I'll go back to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look I'll go back to the previous
+slide for you to to see any idea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide for you to to see any idea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide for you to to see any idea how
+this game is supposed to be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is supposed to be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is supposed to be played
+anything more specific then put animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more specific then put animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more specific then put animals
+on top of each of each other M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each of each other M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each of each other M
+prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob
+R based on okay and that's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R based on okay and that's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R based on okay and that's based on
+you're making that assumption based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making that assumption based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making that assumption based on
+the fact that there's D the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's D the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's D the fact that
+there is a d and you probably played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a d and you probably played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a d and you probably played
+games with dies before and um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with dies before and um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with dies before and um actually
+in the previous picture I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous picture I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous picture I think it
+actually said players is that a player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said players is that a player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said players is that a player
+number I I guess it's off in in the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I I guess it's off in in the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I I guess it's off in in the it
+is a multiplayer game uh and if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multiplayer game uh and if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multiplayer game uh and if you if
+you could see that corner you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see that corner you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see that corner you would have
+assumed yeah taking turns seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed yeah taking turns seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed yeah taking turns seems like a
+normal thing uh that's based on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal thing uh that's based on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal thing uh that's based on your own
+experience of having played board games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of having played board games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of having played board games
+uh what else any idea what these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else any idea what these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else any idea what these symbols
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yeah uh based on the hand symbol it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah uh based on the hand symbol it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah uh based on the hand symbol it
+seems might be um restricting which hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems might be um restricting which hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems might be um restricting which hand
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+to the animal okay so you I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the animal okay so you I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the animal okay so you I mean you
+we're already assuming that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already assuming that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already assuming that this is a
+fairly dextrous game right you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dextrous game right you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dextrous game right you know it's
+going to be it's going to require item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it's going to require item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it's going to require item
+ma manipulation the hand connect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma manipulation the hand connect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma manipulation the hand connect to that
+there is a picture of the crocodile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a picture of the crocodile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a picture of the crocodile
+there's a question mark um I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question mark um I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question mark um I'm sort of
+walking you through the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you through the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you through the process of
+somebody actually looking at this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually looking at this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually looking at this box
+for the first time and some sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and some sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time and some sometimes
+when you see this kind of game in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this kind of game in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this kind of game in the
+store you don't even get a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store you don't even get a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store you don't even get a chance to
+look inside the Box uh but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the Box uh but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the Box uh but you know if
+you were to if they had a display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to if they had a display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to if they had a display
+version you'll be trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you'll be trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you'll be trying to figure out
+the game based on these things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game based on these things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game based on these things that that
+you're seeing now there is a newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing now there is a newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing now there is a newer
+version of this box cover that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this box cover that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this box cover that makes the
+stacking on animals on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking on animals on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking on animals on top of each other
+really really obvious right you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really obvious right you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really obvious right you know and
+that's the same cover that I've got over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same cover that I've got over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same cover that I've got over
+here and this is the English version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the English version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the English version
+animal upon animal but if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal upon animal but if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal upon animal but if you wanted to
+figure out how to play a game and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to play a game and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to play a game and you
+couldn't look inside the Box what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't look inside the Box what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't look inside the Box what's the
+next thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing you do
+after seeing it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after seeing it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after seeing it on the
+Shelf you look at the back of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf you look at the back of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf you look at the back of the box
+and there you've got the everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you've got the everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you've got the everything that
+you've that that that that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've that that that that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've that that that that you've
+intuited from just like looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuited from just like looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuited from just like looking at the
+components and looking at you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and looking at you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and looking at you know the
+front of the box is made even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the box is made even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the box is made even more
+explicit at the back right now it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit at the back right now it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit at the back right now it's you
+know tiny little font but you got a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tiny little font but you got a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tiny little font but you got a p
+picture of you know two Charming kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of you know two Charming kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of you know two Charming kids
+with uh you know who are stacking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you know who are stacking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you know who are stacking things
+no no notice the stacking everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no notice the stacking everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no notice the stacking everything in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+plane there some pieces scattered around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there some pieces scattered around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there some pieces scattered around
+but the only things that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only things that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only things that are being
+stacked are kind of stacked within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked are kind of stacked within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked are kind of stacked within the
+single plane of the crocodile um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single plane of the crocodile um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single plane of the crocodile um and of
+course there there are indications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there there are indications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there there are indications of
+how long the game is supposed to be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the game is supposed to be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the game is supposed to be how
+many players it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many players it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many players it
+takes and of course if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes and of course if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes and of course if you were to
+actually buy the game you will look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually buy the game you will look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually buy the game you will look at a
+manual which happens to have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual which happens to have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual which happens to have six
+languages in it and it would explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in it and it would explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in it and it would explain
+things like what these icons on the DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like what these icons on the DI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like what these icons on the DI
+are supposed to be but ideally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be but ideally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to be but ideally you
+wouldn't even get to this point you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even get to this point you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even get to this point you know
+and the kid is not going to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kid is not going to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kid is not going to read this
+because uh I I believe this was targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I I believe this was targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I I believe this was targeted
+at kids four Age 4 to 99 right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kids four Age 4 to 99 right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kids four Age 4 to 99 right okay so
+you know if you're age four you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're age four you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're age four you're not
+reading this manual your parents going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this manual your parents going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this manual your parents going
+to be reading this manual or some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reading this manual or some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reading this manual or some some
+sort of of older sibling in having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of older sibling in having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of of older sibling in having to
+explain this to the kids so this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to the kids so this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to the kids so this isn't
+actually targeted at target audience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually targeted at target audience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually targeted at target audience of
+this game uh maybe it's targeted at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game uh maybe it's targeted at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game uh maybe it's targeted at the
+buyer of the game but certainly not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer of the game but certainly not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer of the game but certainly not at
+uh at the people who are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the people who are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the people who are going to have
+the most difficulty playing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most difficulty playing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most difficulty playing the game
+even though the game's intended for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the game's intended for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the game's intended for for
+them by the way this is a great game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by the way this is a great game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by the way this is a great game
+this is a whole lot of fun to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a whole lot of fun to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a whole lot of fun to play with
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+so a lot of what we're going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of what we're going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of what we're going to I'm
+going to discuss going forward is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss going forward is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss going forward is just
+kind of like a theoretical analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a theoretical analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a theoretical analysis of
+that process that we just went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process that we just went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process that we just went through
+we just used a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just used a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just used a whole bunch of different
+cues just looking at the box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues just looking at the box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues just looking at the box and the
+pieces um and uh the text on the box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um and uh the text on the box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um and uh the text on the box and
+the colors and cultural knowledge to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors and cultural knowledge to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors and cultural knowledge to be
+able to figure out how it is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out how it is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out how it is that you
+play this game now this is a game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game now this is a game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game now this is a game for
+kids it's not a very complex game if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids it's not a very complex game if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids it's not a very complex game if I
+gave you some sort of really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you some sort of really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you some sort of really really
+abstract German Bard game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract German Bard game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract German Bard game where
+everything in is are cubes and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in is are cubes and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in is are cubes and there are
+many many games just fitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many games just fitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many games just fitting that
+description you probably have to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you probably have to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you probably have to read
+the instructions just to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions just to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions just to be able to
+figure out uh uh how to play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh uh how to play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh uh how to play the game
+but ideally you want to experience to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ideally you want to experience to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ideally you want to experience to be
+about as easy as the process that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as easy as the process that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as easy as the process that we
+just walked through with this board game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked through with this board game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked through with this board game
+you look at this game you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this game you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this game you know you're
+presented with information upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with information upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with information upon
+launching it or even before you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching it or even before you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching it or even before you bought
+it and by the time you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and by the time you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and by the time you've actually
+started playing the game you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started playing the game you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started playing the game you already
+have a sense of what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense of what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense of what you're going to
+expect which sets people up uh to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect which sets people up uh to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect which sets people up uh to learn
+the things that you the more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you the more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you the more complex
+things that you need to teach them along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to teach them along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to teach them along
+the way now there's a book um which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way now there's a book um which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way now there's a book um which I
+should have brought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have brought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have brought up
+front that I uh this book I strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front that I uh this book I strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front that I uh this book I strongly
+recommend the design of every of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the design of every of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the design of every of
+everyday things which was previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things which was previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things which was previously
+titled the psychology of every of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled the psychology of every of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled the psychology of every of
+everyday things because that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things because that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things because that's really
+what this is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is all about
+usability if any designing for usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability if any designing for usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability if any designing for usability
+and you are testing usability you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are testing usability you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are testing usability you are
+asking questions about the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about the player
+psychology and you're trying to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and you're trying to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and you're trying to use that
+to your advantage to be able to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your advantage to be able to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your advantage to be able to help
+them understand how to manipulate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them understand how to manipulate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them understand how to manipulate your
+game and how to get the experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and how to get the experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and how to get the experience that
+you want uh out of it without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh out of it without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh out of it without being
+confused now there's this model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused now there's this model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused now there's this model that
+Donald Norman the the author of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Norman the the author of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Norman the the author of this
+book uh goes into great detail and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh goes into great detail and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh goes into great detail and it
+says you know there are uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know there are uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know there are uh there are
+goals there's an intention the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals there's an intention the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals there's an intention the the uh
+that that the the person using a HCI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the person using a HCI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the person using a HCI
+system a human computer in system um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a human computer in system um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a human computer in system um and
+that person has some sort of goal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has some sort of goal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has some sort of goal they
+are using Excel because they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using Excel because they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using Excel because they want to
+balance their budget or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance their budget or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance their budget or something like
+that they have an intention they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have an intention they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have an intention they're
+going to put numbers into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put numbers into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put numbers into this
+spreadsheet that reflect you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that reflect you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that reflect you know their
+actual uh spending they have a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh spending they have a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh spending they have a plan
+which is you know they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know they're going to
+collect all of their receipts together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all of their receipts together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all of their receipts together
+and look at those bottom lines and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at those bottom lines and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at those bottom lines and start
+typing them in and then they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing them in and then they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing them in and then they actually
+executed they actually all right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed they actually all right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed they actually all right I think
+this is the way how it works and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way how it works and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way how it works and then
+the computer Fe gives them some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer Fe gives them some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer Fe gives them some sort of
+feedback visual audio you know vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback visual audio you know vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback visual audio you know vibration
+if you're designing a game um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're designing a game um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're designing a game um the the
+person using the system has to perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person using the system has to perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person using the system has to perceive
+it and then figure out what that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then figure out what that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then figure out what that what
+that means right you know like okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means right you know like okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means right you know like okay a
+dialog box popped up on my screen what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box popped up on my screen what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box popped up on my screen what
+does you know I did something peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you know I did something peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you know I did something peculiar
+and I didn't expect that and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't expect that and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't expect that and then they
+have to evaluate did that get them any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to evaluate did that get them any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to evaluate did that get them any
+closer to the goals that they had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the goals that they had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the goals that they had and
+maybe then that go changes to maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then that go changes to maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then that go changes to maybe I
+should learn Excel before I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should learn Excel before I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should learn Excel before I try to
+balance my spreadsheet uh and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance my spreadsheet uh and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance my spreadsheet uh and then now
+they have a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a slightly different
+goal so you can translate that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so you can translate that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so you can translate that into
+games you know you start off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know you start off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know you start off with the
+goal how do I win this game how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal how do I win this game how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal how do I win this game how do I
+lose this game how do I avoid losing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose this game how do I avoid losing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose this game how do I avoid losing and
+how do I win this game or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I win this game or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I win this game or at least
+complete it and then the player decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it and then the player decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it and then the player decides
+what do I want to do and comes up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to do and comes up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to do and comes up with a
+plan which is how am I going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan which is how am I going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan which is how am I going to do that
+thing that I want to do and then try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to do and then try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to do and then try it
+the game reacts gives some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game reacts gives some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game reacts gives some sort of
+feedback audio sound vibration whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback audio sound vibration whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback audio sound vibration whatever
+uh and but the player still has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and but the player still has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and but the player still has to
+perceive it and the and this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive it and the and this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive it and the and this is a big
+point right there if the if you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right there if the if you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right there if the if you give the
+player feedback and the player doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player feedback and the player doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player feedback and the player doesn't
+perceive that feedback because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive that feedback because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive that feedback because they're
+too distracted by something else because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too distracted by something else because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too distracted by something else because
+it's the wrong color or it's off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the wrong color or it's off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the wrong color or it's off in the
+corner of off the screen where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of off the screen where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of off the screen where the
+player isn't looking um the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player isn't looking um the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player isn't looking um the player
+doesn't get that feedback the player has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get that feedback the player has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get that feedback the player has
+to perceive that feedback and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perceive that feedback and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perceive that feedback and then
+figure out what that means it's like ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what that means it's like ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what that means it's like ah
+big giant exclamation mark appeared on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big giant exclamation mark appeared on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big giant exclamation mark appeared on
+screen what does that mean I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen what does that mean I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen what does that mean I have no
+idea um but then and and even the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um but then and and even the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um but then and and even the player
+understands what that means has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what that means has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what that means has to
+figure out whether that's getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether that's getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether that's getting them
+any closer or further away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any closer or further away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any closer or further away from the
+goals so you know here's an example back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so you know here's an example back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so you know here's an example back
+to my Starcraft fandom uh you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my Starcraft fandom uh you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my Starcraft fandom uh you you are
+playing Starcraft you want a giant army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing Starcraft you want a giant army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing Starcraft you want a giant army
+to roll over your opponent and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll over your opponent and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll over your opponent and uh that's
+your that's that's the goal you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's that's the goal you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's that's the goal you know
+actually the the goal is just to to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the goal is just to to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the goal is just to to roll
+over your opponent and what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your opponent and what do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your opponent and what do I want to
+do I want to build a giant army to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to build a giant army to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to build a giant army to
+accomplish that goal how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that goal how do I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that goal how do I do that
+I'm going to build lots of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to build lots of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to build lots of buildings
+that are going that's going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going that's going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going that's going to create
+all of these Army units and those Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Army units and those Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Army units and those Army
+units are going to serve that purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are going to serve that purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are going to serve that purpose
+that I just described all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just described all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just described all right let's
+try it game reacts and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it game reacts and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it game reacts and you get this
+um what do I see here the computer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do I see here the computer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do I see here the computer's
+yelling at me is saying not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling at me is saying not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling at me is saying not enough
+minerals what does that mean I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals what does that mean I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals what does that mean I guess I
+have I need minerals and and is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I need minerals and and is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I need minerals and and is that
+what I want I uh I guess if that guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want I uh I guess if that guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want I uh I guess if that guess
+if I have minerals then I can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have minerals then I can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have minerals then I can build
+those things that will get me the army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that will get me the army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that will get me the army
+that I want the role of my opponent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want the role of my opponent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want the role of my opponent all
+right my goal hasn't changed at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my goal hasn't changed at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my goal hasn't changed at least
+longterm but my short-term goal has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm but my short-term goal has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm but my short-term goal has now
+I have to figure out how to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to figure out how to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to figure out how to get more
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+minerals so in the Design of Everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals so in the Design of Everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals so in the Design of Everyday
+Things Donald Norman introduces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things Donald Norman introduces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things Donald Norman introduces this
+concept called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called
+affordances and the idea is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordances and the idea is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordances and the idea is that there
+are certain kinds of interfaces things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain kinds of interfaces things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain kinds of interfaces things
+around in the world among the machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the world among the machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the world among the machines
+that you use every day but also within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use every day but also within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use every day but also within
+games that encourage you to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that encourage you to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that encourage you to interact
+with them in a certain way if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them in a certain way if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them in a certain way if you see
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+instance uh a glass wall and your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh a glass wall and your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh a glass wall and your goal
+is to vandalize it what is your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to vandalize it what is your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to vandalize it what is your first
+what what's the most natural thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the most natural thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the most natural thing to do
+to that glass wall you smash it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that glass wall you smash it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that glass wall you smash it all
+right whatever was made out of plywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever was made out of plywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever was made out of plywood
+and your goal is to vandalize it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal is to vandalize it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal is to vandalize it you
+want to write on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write on it
+right what else can you do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what else can you do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what else can you do with a
+plywood wall concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plywood wall concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plywood wall concrete
+wall huh you want to break it spray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall huh you want to break it spray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall huh you want to break it spray
+paint oh spray paint yeah yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint oh spray paint yeah yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint oh spray paint yeah yeah because
+because concrete hold holds pain pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because concrete hold holds pain pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because concrete hold holds pain pretty
+well so there are these materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so there are these materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so there are these materials that
+already suggest things that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suggest things that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suggest things that you can do
+with them and you can take that concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and you can take that concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and you can take that concept
+further in a more explicitly designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in a more explicitly designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in a more explicitly designed
+way so uh um let's look at door handles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh um let's look at door handles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh um let's look at door handles
+you know we've got some door handles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've got some door handles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've got some door handles
+around here I guess there are this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here I guess there are this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here I guess there are this kind
+of Crash bar you know you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crash bar you know you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crash bar you know you've got this
+sort of door handle and it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of door handle and it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of door handle and it's just the
+right size for your hand it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size for your hand it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size for your hand it's kind of
+curved in a pleasant way that affords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved in a pleasant way that affords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved in a pleasant way that affords
+gripping that affords turning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping that affords turning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping that affords turning because
+there is a hinge on one side and there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a hinge on one side and there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a hinge on one side and there a
+sort of a lever action so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a lever action so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a lever action so you can use
+less force to be able to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less force to be able to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less force to be able to turn this
+things so you're immediately encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you're immediately encouraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you're immediately encouraged
+and ging this thing but what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ging this thing but what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ging this thing but what does this
+door handle not tell you about the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door handle not tell you about the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door handle not tell you about the door
+it's very important if you were to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important if you were to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important if you were to open
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+door yeah do you push or do you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door yeah do you push or do you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door yeah do you push or do you pull
+this door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this door
+right so let's let's think of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's let's think of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's let's think of different
+kinds of door handles right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of door handles right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of door handles right you know
+this is something that you could grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you could grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you could grab
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+pull but what but but but the designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull but what but but but the designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull but what but but but the designers
+of these intended to to to um to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these intended to to to um to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these intended to to to um to use
+this for you to push because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you to push because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you to push because a lot
+easier for you to exert Force going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you to exert Force going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for you to exert Force going
+outwards than to exert Force going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards than to exert Force going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards than to exert Force going
+inwards using this the the the this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inwards using this the the the this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inwards using this the the the this this
+kind of bar that's why you see these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bar that's why you see these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bar that's why you see these on
+doors that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that open
+outwards however that's still a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards however that's still a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards however that's still a problem
+because there's a little Rod all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a little Rod all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a little Rod all the way
+through and your hand can go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and your hand can go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and your hand can go all the way
+around it and it's still tempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and it's still tempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and it's still tempting to
+just grab the thing and pull it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just grab the thing and pull it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just grab the thing and pull it which is
+a really really bad situation if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really bad situation if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really bad situation if it's a
+outward turning fire escape for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward turning fire escape for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward turning fire escape for instance
+you don't want people trying to pull a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want people trying to pull a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want people trying to pull a
+door open when they should be pushing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door open when they should be pushing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door open when they should be pushing it
+when they're in an emergency situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're in an emergency situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're in an emergency situation
+you don't want to have them do that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to have them do that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to have them do that kind
+of processing so that's where they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processing so that's where they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processing so that's where they came
+up with these crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these crash
+bars and eventually this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and eventually this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and eventually this one which is
+very similar to what we have on our door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we have on our door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we have on our door
+um they have these very wide bars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have these very wide bars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have these very wide bars that
+you can that you can push in you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that you can push in you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that you can push in you can put
+your hand around it but not comfortably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand around it but not comfortably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand around it but not comfortably
+it's much easier for you use the flat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier for you use the flat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier for you use the flat of
+your hand to be able to push it outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand to be able to push it outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand to be able to push it outwards
+and the version that we have on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the version that we have on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the version that we have on this
+door over there um the the part that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door over there um the the part that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door over there um the the part that you
+push is off to one side which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push is off to one side which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push is off to one side which tells you
+where you should be putting your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you should be putting your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you should be putting your hands
+so that you can get better leverage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can get better leverage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can get better leverage to
+open the door which way the door opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door which way the door opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door which way the door opens
+left or right and that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right and that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right and that's the kind of
+thing that automates this process of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that automates this process of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that automates this process of how
+do I open this door in an emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I open this door in an emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I open this door in an emergency
+situation these are affordances of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation these are affordances of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation these are affordances of the
+design itself the material is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design itself the material is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design itself the material is mostly
+metal although I guess the version that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal although I guess the version that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal although I guess the version that
+I've got up here has like a rubberized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got up here has like a rubberized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got up here has like a rubberized
+grip and the idea of rubberized grip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip and the idea of rubberized grip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip and the idea of rubberized grip is
+that well maybe you want to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well maybe you want to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well maybe you want to put your
+hand on the rubber part not on the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on the rubber part not on the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on the rubber part not on the metal
+part so you can design these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so you can design these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so you can design these things in
+your games these affordances to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your games these affordances to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your games these affordances to sort of
+encourage people to say click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to say click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to say click on
+something and you know you could design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you know you could design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you know you could design
+something that that's meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that's meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that's meant to be
+clicked on to look like a button for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on to look like a button for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on to look like a button for
+instance that's slightly raised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that's slightly raised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that's slightly raised and
+apple does this a lot uh especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple does this a lot uh especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple does this a lot uh especially if
+you look at the older iOS design every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the older iOS design every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the older iOS design every
+single little icon kind of had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single little icon kind of had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single little icon kind of had this
+little glossy bump uh it sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glossy bump uh it sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glossy bump uh it sort of make
+tried to give you this impression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to give you this impression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to give you this impression that
+this was something that was raised off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something that was raised off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something that was raised off
+the screen even though of course it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen even though of course it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen even though of course it was
+completely flat and try to encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat and try to encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat and try to encourage you
+that this was a thing that you can tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a thing that you can tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a thing that you can tap
+with your finger um I'll go into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your finger um I'll go into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your finger um I'll go into more
+examples of this later anyone can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this later anyone can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this later anyone can think
+of something that you've seen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that you've seen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that you've seen in a
+computer interface that encourages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer interface that encourages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer interface that encourages you
+you you to use it in that way it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you to use it in that way it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you to use it in that way it could
+be mechanical it could be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mechanical it could be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mechanical it could be on
+screen look at your computers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um it's not like this on Mac anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um it's not like this on Mac anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um it's not like this on Mac anymore
+but the scrollbar has a little I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the scrollbar has a little I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the scrollbar has a little I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+lines yeah it had a kind of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines yeah it had a kind of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines yeah it had a kind of almost
+texture sort of three little L that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture sort of three little L that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture sort of three little L that that
+sort of gave you the idea that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gave you the idea that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gave you the idea that this was
+kind of like a raised thing for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a raised thing for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a raised thing for for
+gripping right you know in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping right you know in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping right you know in the same way
+that a rubberized grip over a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a rubberized grip over a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a rubberized grip over a door
+handle encourages you to put your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle encourages you to put your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle encourages you to put your hand
+on it probably what make more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it probably what make more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it probably what make more sense
+nowadays actually given that um so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays actually given that um so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays actually given that um so much
+of it has gone into touch screens um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it has gone into touch screens um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it has gone into touch screens um the
+scroll wheel will be another one I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll wheel will be another one I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll wheel will be another one I just
+broke my mouth scroll wheel this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke my mouth scroll wheel this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke my mouth scroll wheel this morning
+so I so it's on my mind you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so it's on my mind you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so it's on my mind you know it's
+like you you kind now scroll wheels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you you kind now scroll wheels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you you kind now scroll wheels on
+mice actually do two different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice actually do two different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice actually do two different things
+you can click them and you can rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click them and you can rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click them and you can rotate
+them but they're kind of really designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they're kind of really designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they're kind of really designed
+to be rotated and that's why I broke my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rotated and that's why I broke my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rotated and that's why I broke my
+scroll wheel because I kept clicking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll wheel because I kept clicking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll wheel because I kept clicking it
+um you are encouraged to roll that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are encouraged to roll that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are encouraged to roll that thing
+up and down they're usually made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down they're usually made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down they're usually made out of
+some sort of rubberized material um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of rubberized material um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of rubberized material um and
+a place right where your finger uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place right where your finger uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place right where your finger uh has
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+reach you can flip that around and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach you can flip that around and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach you can flip that around and make
+things deliberately hard when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things deliberately hard when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things deliberately hard when you don't
+want someone to be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want someone to be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want someone to be doing something
+here's a uh early screenshot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a uh early screenshot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a uh early screenshot of what
+game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is
+this Plants versus Zombies yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Plants versus Zombies yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Plants versus Zombies yeah there
+are no zombies on screen just just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no zombies on screen just just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no zombies on screen just just um
+but but a lot it's very popular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but a lot it's very popular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but a lot it's very popular and
+early in the game this early the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the game this early the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the game this early the
+development of this game they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this game they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this game they had
+different values for uh these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values for uh these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values for uh these uh these
+early items that you'll get right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early items that you'll get right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early items that you'll get right at the
+beginning this is like I think the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning this is like I think the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning this is like I think the very
+first level in the entire game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first level in the entire game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first level in the entire game and
+they're just trying to get you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just trying to get you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just trying to get you to to
+play this game now this is a tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game now this is a tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game now this is a tower
+defense game you plant plants that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense game you plant plants that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense game you plant plants that do
+various kinds of offensive or defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of offensive or defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of offensive or defensive
+attacks against zombies who are invading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks against zombies who are invading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks against zombies who are invading
+your lawn and about and trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lawn and about and trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lawn and about and trying to get
+into your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your house
+um and there are there are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are there are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are there are things like
+sunflowers that actually create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunflowers that actually create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunflowers that actually create the
+energy that you need to be able to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you need to be able to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you need to be able to power
+the rest of your plants and to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your plants and to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your plants and to give you
+the resources to be able to put the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources to be able to put the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources to be able to put the rest
+of the plants down but if the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plants down but if the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plants down but if the game
+starts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts like
+this what this is what what is someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this is what what is someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this is what what is someone
+first a firsttime player who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a firsttime player who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a firsttime player who is
+encountering this game likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do put a plant in the dirt yeah put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do put a plant in the dirt yeah put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do put a plant in the dirt yeah put the
+plant in the dirt which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in the dirt which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in the dirt which
+plant sunflower do you think to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant sunflower do you think to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant sunflower do you think to put the
+sunflower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the
+peashooter right if they read from left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peashooter right if they read from left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peashooter right if they read from left
+to right then they'll probably start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right then they'll probably start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right then they'll probably start
+with the one on the left maybe that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the one on the left maybe that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the one on the left maybe that's a
+50/50 chance at least that they will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 chance at least that they will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 chance at least that they will put
+the peashooter first which is the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peashooter first which is the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peashooter first which is the little
+green guy and that's actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green guy and that's actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green guy and that's actually going to
+get the player into a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the player into a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the player into a lot of trouble
+real fast because once they put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fast because once they put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fast because once they put that
+that that that that plant down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that plant down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that plant down they
+can't do anything for a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything for a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything for a really really
+long time by which point they may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time by which point they may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time by which point they may have
+actually lost the game they need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lost the game they need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lost the game they need to put
+the sunflower down first so designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sunflower down first so designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sunflower down first so designers
+recognized oh okay so we could just flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized oh okay so we could just flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized oh okay so we could just flip
+things around but again there's a 50 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around but again there's a 50 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around but again there's a 50 50%
+chance that they'll just get it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they'll just get it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they'll just get it wrong
+and it's the first level of the game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the first level of the game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the first level of the game you
+don't want to turn somebody off the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to turn somebody off the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to turn somebody off the game
+that quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quickly
+so what they did was they reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they reduced the
+cost of the sunflower and started you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the sunflower and started you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the sunflower and started you
+off with just enough money to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with just enough money to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with just enough money to actually
+plant that sunflower they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that sunflower they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that sunflower they didn't
+actually flip the cards around because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flip the cards around because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flip the cards around because
+they figured that doesn't really solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured that doesn't really solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured that doesn't really solve
+the problem what they did was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem what they did was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem what they did was that they
+made it so that the only thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it so that the only thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it so that the only thing that you
+can do at the beginning of the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do at the beginning of the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do at the beginning of the game is
+plant that sunflower because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that sunflower because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that sunflower because that's
+pretty much always the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much always the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much always the right thing to do
+in in in this game now the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in this game now the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in this game now the cost
+reduction might have been also out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction might have been also out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction might have been also out of
+other game balance considerations maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other game balance considerations maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other game balance considerations maybe
+they decided while we really overpriced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided while we really overpriced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided while we really overpriced
+those sunflowers we should make them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sunflowers we should make them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sunflowers we should make them a
+little bit easier for you to get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier for you to get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier for you to get but
+this also serves a usability uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also serves a usability uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also serves a usability uh uh uh
+system they wanted people to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they wanted people to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they wanted people to understand
+first thing that you do on any level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that you do on any level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that you do on any level
+plant that sunflower now they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that sunflower now they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that sunflower now they could have
+told you that but they but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that but they but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that but they but this is a
+constraint they've made it impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint they've made it impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint they've made it impossible
+for a player to do the wrong thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a player to do the wrong thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a player to do the wrong thing right
+at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game however as the game goes on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game however as the game goes on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game however as the game goes on this
+and due to game balance issues they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and due to game balance issues they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and due to game balance issues they
+start to come up with other plants this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to come up with other plants this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to come up with other plants this
+is thing is called a walnut this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thing is called a walnut this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thing is called a walnut this this
+brown thing over there makes a wall it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown thing over there makes a wall it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown thing over there makes a wall it
+looks like a net um and they figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a net um and they figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a net um and they figured
+through game balance well it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through game balance well it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through game balance well it's pretty
+much got to be about 50 solar energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much got to be about 50 solar energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much got to be about 50 solar energy so
+we're going to have the price it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the price it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the price it the
+same as the sunflower but we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the sunflower but we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the sunflower but we don't want
+players putting down walls at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players putting down walls at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players putting down walls at the
+beginning of the game they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the game they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the game they don't
+actually need to they should still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to they should still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to they should still be
+putting sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting sun
+sunflowers so the solution that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunflowers so the solution that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunflowers so the solution that they had
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+they have these recharge meters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these recharge meters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these recharge meters that
+fill up from the bottom you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up from the bottom you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up from the bottom you can sort of
+see that this is right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is right at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is right at the beginning
+of the game when you've got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game when you've got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game when you've got a lot of
+different kind of plants that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of plants that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of plants that you can
+plant but only the sunflower is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant but only the sunflower is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant but only the sunflower is fully
+charged up and it's the only card that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged up and it's the only card that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged up and it's the only card that
+you can use the rest of them are slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the rest of them are slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the rest of them are slowly
+filling up over time right in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up over time right in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up over time right in the first
+maybe 5 Seconds of the game there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 5 Seconds of the game there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 5 Seconds of the game there is no
+other card that you can plant even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other card that you can plant even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other card that you can plant even
+though the costs may may imply that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the costs may may imply that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the costs may may imply that you
+can afford to plant a walnut right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to plant a walnut right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to plant a walnut right at
+the beginning of the game you can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the game you can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the game you can't you
+have to plant that sunflower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to plant that sunflower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to plant that sunflower so
+again theyve made it impossible for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again theyve made it impossible for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again theyve made it impossible for you
+to do the wrong thing there's also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the wrong thing there's also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the wrong thing there's also that
+shovel but you can't use the shovel on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel but you can't use the shovel on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel but you can't use the shovel on
+right the beginning of game the shovel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the beginning of game the shovel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the beginning of game the shovel
+right the beginning game has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the beginning game has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the beginning game has no
+effect because you haven't planted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because you haven't planted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because you haven't planted
+anything so that's a constraint that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so that's a constraint that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so that's a constraint that's
+preventing someone from doing the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing someone from doing the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing someone from doing the wrong
+thing um now if the decision of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um now if the decision of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um now if the decision of whether
+you do the right thing or wrong thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the right thing or wrong thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the right thing or wrong thing is
+a major gameplay issue uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major gameplay issue uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major gameplay issue uh and it's
+something that you want people to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want people to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want people to sort
+of agonize and to decide over then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of agonize and to decide over then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of agonize and to decide over then you
+don't want to constrain it you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to constrain it you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to constrain it you want to
+give them the option of making that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the option of making that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the option of making that that
+that mistake but if it's an issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake but if it's an issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake but if it's an issue of
+learnability if if if making the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learnability if if if making the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learnability if if if making the wrong
+decision makes your game hard to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makes your game hard to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makes your game hard to learn
+and hard to figure out how to even get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard to figure out how to even get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hard to figure out how to even get a
+hit and how to make progress in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit and how to make progress in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit and how to make progress in the game
+or even how understand how your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even how understand how your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even how understand how your game
+works then that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works then that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works then that's something that you
+should consider doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider doing things like
+constraints and use affordances to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and use affordances to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and use affordances to sort
+of suggest this is what you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suggest this is what you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suggest this is what you should do
+constraints to to to to to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to to to to to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to to to to to demonstrate
+what what you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you shouldn't
+do now that's affordances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now that's affordances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now that's affordances and
+constraints any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right there are other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right there are other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right there are other things
+that you can do in in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do in in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do in in addition to
+affordances and constraints to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordances and constraints to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordances and constraints to sort of
+suggest how something should be used so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest how something should be used so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest how something should be used so
+this is from Minecraft and how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from Minecraft and how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from Minecraft and how many of
+you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play
+Minecraft okay about uh a quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft okay about uh a quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft okay about uh a quarter of the
+class um this is something that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um this is something that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um this is something that you see
+really early on in the game by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really early on in the game by the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really early on in the game by the the
+way how Minecraft is played you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how Minecraft is played you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how Minecraft is played you are
+dropped off in a sort of wilderness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped off in a sort of wilderness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped off in a sort of wilderness
+environment everything's made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment everything's made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment everything's made out of
+blocks uh so it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks uh so it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks uh so it's kind of like a
+Wilderness environment made out of Legos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilderness environment made out of Legos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilderness environment made out of Legos
+and the only thing that you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that you can do is
+walk around and punch things so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around and punch things so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around and punch things so you
+start punching the ground and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start punching the ground and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start punching the ground and you get
+some dirt blocks out of it you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dirt blocks out of it you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dirt blocks out of it you start
+punching trees and you start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching trees and you start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching trees and you start getting
+some wood blocks out of them and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wood blocks out of them and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wood blocks out of them and they go
+into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+inventory what you very quickly discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory what you very quickly discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory what you very quickly discover
+um in the first I would say the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the first I would say the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the first I would say the first
+minute of game play is that if you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of game play is that if you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of game play is that if you went
+into your inventory and looked at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your inventory and looked at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your inventory and looked at those
+blocks you can move them into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you can move them into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you can move them into this
+little 4x4 Square just using your mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 4x4 Square just using your mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 4x4 Square just using your mouse
+and clicking and dragging them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clicking and dragging them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clicking and dragging them and and
+the square is Mark is named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square is Mark is named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square is Mark is named
+crafting so okay I I i' I've I've beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafting so okay I I i' I've I've beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafting so okay I I i' I've I've beat
+up 15 trees so now I got 15 blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 15 trees so now I got 15 blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 15 trees so now I got 15 blocks of
+wood what do I do with them well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood what do I do with them well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood what do I do with them well if I
+drag them into there I can turn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag them into there I can turn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag them into there I can turn them
+into planks so is it planks or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into planks so is it planks or yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into planks so is it planks or yeah
+planks um and uh just by dragging them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks um and uh just by dragging them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks um and uh just by dragging them
+up there okay by dragging things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there okay by dragging things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there okay by dragging things into
+the draft into the crafting box I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the draft into the crafting box I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the draft into the crafting box I can
+make other kinds of things that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make other kinds of things that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make other kinds of things that's the
+Craft part of Minecraft the mining part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Craft part of Minecraft the mining part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Craft part of Minecraft the mining part
+is the punching of of the world so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the punching of of the world so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the punching of of the world so you
+punch the world and you make planks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch the world and you make planks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch the world and you make planks you
+put planks into the crafting uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put planks into the crafting uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put planks into the crafting uh uh
+square and you get sticks and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and you get sticks and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and you get sticks and you can do
+all kinds of things things like sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things things like sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things things like sticks
+like make torches and make arrows and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make torches and make arrows and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make torches and make arrows and so
+on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so
+forth later in the game you encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth later in the game you encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth later in the game you encounter
+something you you discover that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you you discover that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you you discover that you can
+make a crafting table and you see a 9x9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a crafting table and you see a 9x9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a crafting table and you see a 9x9
+square instead of a 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square instead of a 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square instead of a 4x4
+Square this because you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this because you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this because you've already seen
+the first one you've already seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one you've already seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one you've already seen this
+4x4 Square the world crafting and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 Square the world crafting and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 Square the world crafting and the
+arrow which points to the right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow which points to the right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow which points to the right and now
+you're seeing this very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing this very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing this very very similar
+thing over here and your inventory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here and your inventory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here and your inventory is
+still visible there even though your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still visible there even though your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still visible there even though your
+it's not just you and was you and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just you and was you and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just you and was you and this
+crafting table the implication is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafting table the implication is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafting table the implication is that
+you should interact with this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should interact with this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should interact with this table
+pretty much in the same way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much in the same way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much in the same way that you
+interacted uh with objects back when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted uh with objects back when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted uh with objects back when you
+were examining your your inventory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were examining your your inventory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were examining your your inventory so
+there this context that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this context that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this context that has been
+established to the previous things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established to the previous things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established to the previous things that
+you've seen and the things that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen and the things that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen and the things that you see
+around it like The Arrow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it like The Arrow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it like The Arrow and the
+arrangement of the boxes you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of the boxes you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of the boxes you've
+establish and the word crafting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish and the word crafting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish and the word crafting that
+you're you're sort of telling the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're sort of telling the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're sort of telling the player
+treat this very much in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this very much in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this very much in the same way
+that you treat that you solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you treat that you solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you treat that you solve that
+previous problem and then eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem and then eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem and then eventually you
+get to make things like pickaxes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to make things like pickaxes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to make things like pickaxes for
+instance so giving some context to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so giving some context to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so giving some context to what
+the players are doing now there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players are doing now there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players are doing now there's one
+particularly powerful uh kind of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly powerful uh kind of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly powerful uh kind of context
+that you can set for any action that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can set for any action that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can set for any action that a
+player does in the game and some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player does in the game and some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player does in the game and some of your
+games already have this and that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games already have this and that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games already have this and that's some
+sort of storyline or setting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of storyline or setting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of storyline or setting or
+narrative some sort of fictional setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative some sort of fictional setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative some sort of fictional setting
+that your game is taking place in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your game is taking place in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your game is taking place in and
+often this is done very very poorly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this is done very very poorly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often this is done very very poorly in
+games you're being told your games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you're being told your games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you're being told your games are
+in space and you're being encouraged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and you're being encouraged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and you're being encouraged to
+walk outside this your spaceship without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk outside this your spaceship without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk outside this your spaceship without
+a spacit or something like that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spacit or something like that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spacit or something like that and uh
+in your game that's fine you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your game that's fine you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your game that's fine you have no
+expiation mechanic or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiation mechanic or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiation mechanic or something like
+that but players don't NE don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but players don't NE don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but players don't NE don't
+necessarily assume that they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily assume that they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily assume that they should be
+able to walk outside in space and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to walk outside in space and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to walk outside in space and not
+die um so when you choose your settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um so when you choose your settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um so when you choose your settings
+when you choose your uh when you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you choose your uh when you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you choose your uh when you choose
+your story lines you have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your story lines you have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your story lines you have to make sure
+that they are supporting those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are supporting those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are supporting those kinds of
+mechanics that you're coming with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that you're coming with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that you're coming with a lot
+of your games started off by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your games started off by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your games started off by what
+mechanic that you want to do make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that you want to do make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that you want to do make sure
+that you make sure make sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make sure make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make sure make sure that your
+story lines are actually supporting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story lines are actually supporting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story lines are actually supporting that
+can you think of any like games like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of any like games like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of any like games like
+commercial games for instance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial games for instance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial games for instance that
+you've played where the story line was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've played where the story line was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've played where the story line was
+really at odds with what you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at odds with what you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at odds with what you what the
+players were actually being asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players were actually being asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players were actually being asked to
+do I I I see some NDS some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I I I see some NDS some some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I I I see some NDS some some some
+hands some some let's let's call out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands some some let's let's call out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands some some let's let's call out a
+few bad ones well um one thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bad ones well um one thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bad ones well um one thing is that
+most uh like role playing games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh like role playing games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh like role playing games
+especially like Japanese ones tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like Japanese ones tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like Japanese ones tend to
+have battle systems that have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have battle systems that have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have battle systems that have basically
+to do with the story and have like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the story and have like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the story and have like a lot
+of strange mechanics that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange mechanics that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange mechanics that aren't
+actually related like for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related like for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related like for example in the
+Final Fantasy games your characters can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Fantasy games your characters can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Fantasy games your characters can
+summon these really powerful monsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summon these really powerful monsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summon these really powerful monsters
+but for some reason you never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some reason you never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some reason you never actually
+use those to solve your problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those to solve your problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those to solve your problems in the
+story line for some reason right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story line for some reason right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story line for some reason right right
+okay so it's like you uh and and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's like you uh and and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's like you uh and and I would
+say that is that that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that is that that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that is that that's actually the
+difference between the the the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the the the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the the the better
+and the worst Final Fantasy games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the worst Final Fantasy games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the worst Final Fantasy games and
+the worst and the better Final Fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst and the better Final Fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst and the better Final Fantasy
+games the reason why that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games the reason why that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games the reason why that they actually
+explain why why why that doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why why why that doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why why why that doesn't work
+and worst Final Fantasy Gates like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worst Final Fantasy Gates like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worst Final Fantasy Gates like you
+have all this power why aren't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all this power why aren't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all this power why aren't you just
+solving the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem in
+you know yeah that's that's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah that's that's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah that's that's a good one
+any others y well I feel like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others y well I feel like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others y well I feel like the
+classic example is probably Skyrim where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example is probably Skyrim where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example is probably Skyrim where
+like a warrior faded to this Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a warrior faded to this Grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a warrior faded to this Grand
+Destiny and probably just run around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destiny and probably just run around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destiny and probably just run around
+punching chickens for a while yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching chickens for a while yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching chickens for a while yeah yeah
+yeah well I I I'm trying to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I I'm trying to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I I'm trying to remember
+Skyrim you start off like a prisoner or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skyrim you start off like a prisoner or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skyrim you start off like a prisoner or
+something right you know so so but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right you know so so but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right you know so so but but
+but but but I do remember some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but I do remember some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but I do remember some of the
+earlier Elder Scrolls and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Elder Scrolls and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Elder Scrolls and a lot of
+Western RPG is is like let's go go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western RPG is is like let's go go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western RPG is is like let's go go into
+the tunnels and kill rats you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tunnels and kill rats you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tunnels and kill rats you know
+because you're the chosen one right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're the chosen one right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're the chosen one right you
+know it it it comes up um that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it it comes up um that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it it comes up um that's more
+that that is actually I think uh partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is actually I think uh partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is actually I think uh partly
+fiction against Fiction it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction against Fiction it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction against Fiction it's like you
+have two you know you have the quest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two you know you have the quest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two you know you have the quest
+which tells you that you to kill rat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you that you to kill rat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you that you to kill rat and
+you have the overall story line that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the overall story line that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the overall story line that's
+telling you that you're the the savior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you're the the savior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you're the the savior
+of the universe uh and that's at odds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe uh and that's at odds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe uh and that's at odds um
+but there are you know but but but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are you know but but but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are you know but but but there
+are mechanical is as well like why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mechanical is as well like why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mechanical is as well like why why
+is your um your savior of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your um your savior of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your um your savior of the universe
+picking up all the cheese wheels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up all the cheese wheels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up all the cheese wheels in the
+world for instance you know which does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world for instance you know which does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world for instance you know which does
+happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in
+Skyrim something else that you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skyrim something else that you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skyrim something else that you can do is
+expose more of your system how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose more of your system how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose more of your system how many of
+you playing Destiny right now by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you playing Destiny right now by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you playing Destiny right now by the way
+just curiosity a few hands okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curiosity a few hands okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curiosity a few hands okay
+um one thing that Destiny does that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing that Destiny does that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing that Destiny does that that
+Halo uh uh how many you have played Halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halo uh uh how many you have played Halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halo uh uh how many you have played Halo
+oh okay more all right one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay more all right one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay more all right one thing that
+that that Destiny does that Halo doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Destiny does that Halo doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Destiny does that Halo doesn't
+do is that it actually shows you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that it actually shows you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that it actually shows you how
+much damage you're putting up with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much damage you're putting up with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much damage you're putting up with every
+single shot it's a little floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single shot it's a little floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single shot it's a little floating
+number in a very RPG like way showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in a very RPG like way showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in a very RPG like way showing
+you how much H how effective your weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much H how effective your weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much H how effective your weapon
+is being um and that seemed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being um and that seemed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being um and that seemed to be a
+necessary uh consideration by Bungie who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary uh consideration by Bungie who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary uh consideration by Bungie who
+made both games that well even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made both games that well even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made both games that well even though
+our games kind of play the same way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our games kind of play the same way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our games kind of play the same way we
+need to reveal this extra little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reveal this extra little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reveal this extra little bit of
+information because the way how weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because the way how weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because the way how weapons
+work in Destiny is a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in Destiny is a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in Destiny is a little bit less
+less predictable than uh how they worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less predictable than uh how they worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less predictable than uh how they worked
+in Halo so they well we're actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Halo so they well we're actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Halo so they well we're actually just
+going to show you how much damage each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how much damage each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how much damage each
+weapon does every time you shoot it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon does every time you shoot it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon does every time you shoot it by
+showing you the numerical amount this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the numerical amount this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the numerical amount this is
+a this is a screenshot from Sim City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a screenshot from Sim City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a screenshot from Sim City and
+one of the neat things about uh Sim City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the neat things about uh Sim City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the neat things about uh Sim City
+is that you can kind of open the hood on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can kind of open the hood on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can kind of open the hood on
+all of the variables that the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the variables that the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the variables that the game is
+tracking any given time and they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking any given time and they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking any given time and they show
+you these lovely little bar bar graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these lovely little bar bar graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these lovely little bar bar graphs
+uh I can't think this is like uh citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't think this is like uh citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't think this is like uh citizen
+satisfaction or something or maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction or something or maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction or something or maybe it's
+property value I'm not sure um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property value I'm not sure um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property value I'm not sure um but uh
+you can go into all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go into all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go into all of these different
+modes where you look at your city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes where you look at your city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes where you look at your city
+through different lenses to see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different lenses to see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different lenses to see all of
+the different variables that the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different variables that the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different variables that the game is
+tracking and how they're interacting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking and how they're interacting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking and how they're interacting so
+it takes a lot of work to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot of work to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot of work to be able to
+reveal this sort of information and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal this sort of information and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal this sort of information and if
+you're not careful you can reveal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful you can reveal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful you can reveal so
+much information that the player is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information that the player is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information that the player is just
+confused because there's so much data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused because there's so much data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused because there's so much data on
+the screen at once but being being clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen at once but being being clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen at once but being being clear
+on this is the action that you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is the action that you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is the action that you're taking
+and this is the result all here are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result all here are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result all here are all
+the things that the game currently cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that the game currently cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that the game currently cares
+about uh is uh uh is one way to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh is uh uh is one way to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh is uh uh is one way to help
+people better understand uh how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people better understand uh how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people better understand uh how your
+game is working so sort of opening up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is working so sort of opening up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is working so sort of opening up
+the hood a little bit I don't mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood a little bit I don't mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood a little bit I don't mean like
+giving them the source code no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them the source code no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them the source code no one's
+going to read that uh I mean putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read that uh I mean putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read that uh I mean putting
+things on screen or through audio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on screen or through audio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on screen or through audio to
+sort of better reveal what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of better reveal what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of better reveal what's happening
+you know numerically in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game previous user experience we oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game previous user experience we oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game previous user experience we oh yes
+what theer of you that information the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theer of you that information the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theer of you that information the
+seeing somethings and then saying like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing somethings and then saying like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing somethings and then saying like I
+don't like how this works I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like how this works I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like how this works I don't want
+to do this anymore um then I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this anymore um then I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this anymore um then I think you
+have a play testing issue to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a play testing issue to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a play testing issue to consider
+right it's like it's not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like it's not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like it's not like the
+players confused about the situation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players confused about the situation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players confused about the situation the
+the question is is you know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is you know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is you know that there
+are two possible answers one maybe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two possible answers one maybe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two possible answers one maybe our
+game system is badly tuned or badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game system is badly tuned or badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game system is badly tuned or badly
+designed in the first place and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed in the first place and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed in the first place and yeah
+once once people realize how this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once people realize how this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once people realize how this game
+works they're not going to want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works they're not going to want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works they're not going to want to play
+it anymore which is a game design issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore which is a game design issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore which is a game design issue
+and then the other uh situation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other uh situation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other uh situation which is
+well if we never explained these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we never explained these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we never explained these numbers
+to them they will better like they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them they will better like they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them they will better like they will
+actually better like our game even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better like our game even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better like our game even if
+they figured out how this game worked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out how this game worked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out how this game worked by
+not showing them these numbers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing them these numbers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing them these numbers they
+better like this game I have that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better like this game I have that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better like this game I have that issue
+with Destiny actually I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Destiny actually I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Destiny actually I don't want to
+see those numbers um and uh and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those numbers um and uh and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those numbers um and uh and you can
+make that decision to hide it to hide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that decision to hide it to hide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that decision to hide it to hide it
+it's like this is complexity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this is complexity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this is complexity that we
+don't want players to care about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want players to care about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want players to care about you
+know um you have to be very very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um you have to be very very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um you have to be very very careful
+but that's that's that's why design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's that's why design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's that's why design is
+an interesting tough Pro uh tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting tough Pro uh tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting tough Pro uh tough
+problem but those are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but those are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but those are the kinds of
+decisions you get to make as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+designer uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay um we used this earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay um we used this earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay um we used this earlier
+when we looked at uh animal upon animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at uh animal upon animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at uh animal upon animal
+tier off tier and um and you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tier off tier and um and you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tier off tier and um and you know people
+immediately assumed that this was a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately assumed that this was a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately assumed that this was a game
+for kids you know based on user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids you know based on user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids you know based on user
+experience other kinds of games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience other kinds of games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience other kinds of games that
+you've seen the color of the font and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the color of the font and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the color of the font and
+the shape and how it's written this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape and how it's written this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape and how it's written this is
+uh illustration of how pull to refresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustration of how pull to refresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustration of how pull to refresh
+works on iOS you know you if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on iOS you know you if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on iOS you know you if you want to
+refresh all the email in your mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh all the email in your mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh all the email in your mail
+client you pull it down and this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client you pull it down and this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client you pull it down and this little
+circle starts to stretch and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle starts to stretch and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle starts to stretch and it's got
+little icon there and then it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little icon there and then it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little icon there and then it starts
+refreshing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing
+um that is not a a a interaction with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is not a a a interaction with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is not a a a interaction with a
+computer that anybody's born with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that anybody's born with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that anybody's born with this
+is something that someone had to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that someone had to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that someone had to learn
+from somewhere anyone anyone can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere anyone anyone can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere anyone anyone can think
+of when was the first time you saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when was the first time you saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when was the first time you saw this
+on the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell
+phone huh on Instagram I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone huh on Instagram I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone huh on Instagram I think it was
+Instagram okay any other earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram okay any other earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram okay any other earlier
+things I think Twitter actually has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think Twitter actually has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think Twitter actually has the
+patent on this uh um but they don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on this uh um but they don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on this uh um but they don't seem
+to have sued anyone for using this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have sued anyone for using this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have sued anyone for using this and
+apple uses this now pull to refresh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple uses this now pull to refresh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple uses this now pull to refresh for
+your Twitter feed so if if um and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Twitter feed so if if um and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Twitter feed so if if um and now
+it's in many mobile apps and mobile apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in many mobile apps and mobile apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in many mobile apps and mobile apps
+just assume that we don't have to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that we don't have to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that we don't have to teach
+anyone this they just assume that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone this they just assume that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone this they just assume that if you
+are a regular user of mobile apps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a regular user of mobile apps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a regular user of mobile apps this
+pull to refresh is something that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull to refresh is something that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull to refresh is something that people
+will understand how uh how to do here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand how uh how to do here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand how uh how to do here's
+another uh example this is early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh example this is early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh example this is early in
+halflife 2 and early in the game you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife 2 and early in the game you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife 2 and early in the game you're
+just given a crowbar and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given a crowbar and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given a crowbar and the the the
+dialogue even says you know assume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue even says you know assume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue even says you know assume you
+know what to do with this thing um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do with this thing um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do with this thing um why
+why why can't a game just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why can't a game just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why can't a game just give you a
+crowbar and not tell you how to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowbar and not tell you how to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowbar and not tell you how to use it
+why can half lifee to do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that people know how to use a crowbar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people know how to use a crowbar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people know how to use a crowbar in
+real life okay there is some real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life okay there is some real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life okay there is some real life
+personal experience about how to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience about how to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience about how to use a
+crowbar although I would argue that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowbar although I would argue that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowbar although I would argue that how
+you use a crowbar in half lifee 2 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a crowbar in half lifee 2 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a crowbar in half lifee 2 is not
+actually how you use it in real life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how you use it in real life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how you use it in real life in
+in real life you sort of lever it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life you sort of lever it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life you sort of lever it right
+you know in in in half lifee 2 you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in in half lifee 2 you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in in half lifee 2 you kind
+of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do
+that why else can PE why but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why else can PE why but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why else can PE why but of course
+how you use the in the game is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use the in the game is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use the in the game is you know
+using the mouse and keyboard why can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the mouse and keyboard why can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the mouse and keyboard why can the
+game get away with not explaining to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game get away with not explaining to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game get away with not explaining to you
+how what what what this object is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what what what this object is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what what what this object is used
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+sequel the assumption that they played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel the assumption that they played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel the assumption that they played
+half lifee one it's a game is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half lifee one it's a game is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half lifee one it's a game is it's a
+game for fans it's not a it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for fans it's not a it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for fans it's not a it's not that
+crucial a tool although eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial a tool although eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial a tool although eventually you
+know they start to have puzzles where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they start to have puzzles where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they start to have puzzles where
+you need to solve it using the Crowbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve it using the Crowbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve it using the Crowbar
+but you can usually solve it using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can usually solve it using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can usually solve it using some
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+weapon as well the Crowbar happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon as well the Crowbar happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon as well the Crowbar happens to be
+an iconic weapon of the halflife series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iconic weapon of the halflife series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iconic weapon of the halflife series
+and so they just assume you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just assume you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just assume you're getting
+to half into halflife 2 you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to half into halflife 2 you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to half into halflife 2 you probably
+realize that the Crowbar is a thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the Crowbar is a thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the Crowbar is a thing in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+series so again previous uh user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so again previous uh user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so again previous uh user
+experience um the cultural cues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um the cultural cues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um the cultural cues that
+come from outside of games you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from outside of games you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from outside of games you know like
+this is a shot from Grand Theft Auto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shot from Grand Theft Auto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shot from Grand Theft Auto and
+even though you may never have driven a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you may never have driven a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you may never have driven a
+car that looks exactly like that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that looks exactly like that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that looks exactly like that you can
+make certain assumptions about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain assumptions about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain assumptions about this this
+kind of car what you know what what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of car what you know what what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of car what you know what what kind
+of car is that it's kind of blurry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car is that it's kind of blurry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car is that it's kind of blurry but
+maybe you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can make it
+out does it go fast or does it or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out does it go fast or does it or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out does it go fast or does it or is it
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+clunker it's fast because it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunker it's fast because it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunker it's fast because it's kind of
+streamlined sports car uh look um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlined sports car uh look um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlined sports car uh look um so you
+know that you're in a fast car uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're in a fast car uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're in a fast car uh uh you
+you know gr Auto is a game with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know gr Auto is a game with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know gr Auto is a game with a lot of
+violence if somebody shot at you while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence if somebody shot at you while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence if somebody shot at you while
+you're in this car do you expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this car do you expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this car do you expect to be
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+damage yeah there there's no windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage yeah there there's no windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage yeah there there's no windows
+that's no steel frame if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no steel frame if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no steel frame if you wanted to
+get onto that bridge back there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get onto that bridge back there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get onto that bridge back there how
+would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you just go up the up the onramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you just go up the up the onramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you just go up the up the onramp
+right you know there's I mean it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know there's I mean it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know there's I mean it you can
+sort of see it but it but it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see it but it but it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see it but it but it actually
+curves off and then goes onto the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves off and then goes onto the bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves off and then goes onto the bridge
+but you kind of assume that players have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you kind of assume that players have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you kind of assume that players have
+seen real life onramps and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen real life onramps and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen real life onramps and sort of
+understand how urban geography Works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how urban geography Works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how urban geography Works in
+in you know in in this case particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in in this case particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in in this case particularly
+an American city and uh and they see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an American city and uh and they see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an American city and uh and they see a
+bridge in the background and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge in the background and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge in the background and this thing
+that slopes upward and curves even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slopes upward and curves even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slopes upward and curves even
+though it curves away from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it curves away from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it curves away from from the
+bridge people can assume that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge people can assume that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge people can assume that it
+actually leads to the bridge so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually leads to the bridge so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually leads to the bridge so you're
+using all of these cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of these cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of these cultural
+cues but you can take that idea too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues but you can take that idea too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues but you can take that idea too far
+so this is a screenshot from the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a screenshot from the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a screenshot from the magic
+cap PDA user interface uh so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap PDA user interface uh so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap PDA user interface uh so this was
+like pre preapp Newton I believe um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pre preapp Newton I believe um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pre preapp Newton I believe um and
+this was a user interface for a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a user interface for a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a user interface for a personal
+uh personal data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh personal data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh personal data
+assistant and there are some things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant and there are some things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant and there are some things here
+that sort of make sense you know uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of make sense you know uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of make sense you know uh what
+do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the
+little postcard thing in the middle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little postcard thing in the middle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little postcard thing in the middle is
+supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for hm writing postcards writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hm writing postcards writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hm writing postcards writing
+postcards this is a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards this is a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards this is a digital
+device do you think you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device do you think you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device do you think you're actually
+using interr postcards internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using interr postcards internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using interr postcards internet
+postcards internet postcards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards internet postcards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards internet postcards
+okay um what do you think this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what do you think this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what do you think this thing in
+the lower the lower right corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower the lower right corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower the lower right corner
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+hle bin it's a recycle bin it's a trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hle bin it's a recycle bin it's a trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hle bin it's a recycle bin it's a trash
+bin you've seen it in like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin you've seen it in like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin you've seen it in like a lot of
+different desktop uh this this time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different desktop uh this this time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different desktop uh this this time it's
+a trash truck I'm assuming because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trash truck I'm assuming because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trash truck I'm assuming because all
+of the other recycle bin and trash bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other recycle bin and trash bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other recycle bin and trash bin
+things have been you know copyrighted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have been you know copyrighted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have been you know copyrighted or
+trademarked by Apple and and Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademarked by Apple and and Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademarked by Apple and and Microsoft
+respectively what does the magic lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do grants your wishes all huh programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do grants your wishes all huh programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do grants your wishes all huh programs
+yeah all like apps you know yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all like apps you know yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all like apps you know yeah okay
+sorry some other hands some other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry some other hands some other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry some other hands some other ideas
+help you think it's help yeah yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you think it's help yeah yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you think it's help yeah yeah you
+know you rub the genie for help so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you rub the genie for help so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you rub the genie for help so we've
+got like three fairly plausible entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like three fairly plausible entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like three fairly plausible entirely
+you know different interpretations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different interpretations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different interpretations of
+what that magic lamp is this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that magic lamp is this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that magic lamp is this is an
+interaction metaphor everything on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction metaphor everything on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction metaphor everything on this
+desktop uh and we still use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop uh and we still use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop uh and we still use that
+terminology today uh this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology today uh this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology today uh this is this is
+from early the early '90s every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from early the early '90s every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from early the early '90s every single
+one of these things is a metaphor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things is a metaphor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things is a metaphor for
+something else that you can use on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you can use on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you can use on the
+PDA you're not going to be writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDA you're not going to be writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDA you're not going to be writing
+postcards you know using a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards you know using a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcards you know using a digital
+device because that's you know a a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because that's you know a a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because that's you know a a a a a
+medium that exists outside of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium that exists outside of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium that exists outside of digital
+technology but you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but you're going to be
+sending emails so you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending emails so you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending emails so you're going to use
+that the that postcard icon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that postcard icon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that postcard icon in the
+middle to send messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to send messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to send messages
+um are you going to be sending faxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are you going to be sending faxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are you going to be sending faxes
+exactly you know that's a fax machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know that's a fax machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know that's a fax machine
+first of all in 2014 I'm not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all in 2014 I'm not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all in 2014 I'm not entirely
+sure what whether anyone recognizes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what whether anyone recognizes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what whether anyone recognizes a
+fax machine anymore are you going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fax machine anymore are you going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fax machine anymore are you going to be
+using that thing to make phone calls or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that thing to make phone calls or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that thing to make phone calls or
+are you going to be sending pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to be sending pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to be sending pictures
+with it the clock you know is not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it the clock you know is not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it the clock you know is not such a
+difficult thing to to understand so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing to to understand so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing to to understand so some
+of these interaction met fors work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these interaction met fors work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these interaction met fors work and
+some of them don't um again if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them don't um again if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them don't um again if you've
+got story in your game or even some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got story in your game or even some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got story in your game or even some sort
+of fantasy setting or some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasy setting or some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasy setting or some sort of
+fantasy setting or fictional setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy setting or fictional setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy setting or fictional setting
+that's already establishing a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already establishing a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already establishing a metaphor
+for your game you know if your game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your game you know if your game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your game you know if your game is
+about child grows up and learns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about child grows up and learns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about child grows up and learns to
+battle the evils of the world for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle the evils of the world for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle the evils of the world for
+instance that maps on pretty closely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that maps on pretty closely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that maps on pretty closely to
+the mechanic of a lot of games that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic of a lot of games that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic of a lot of games that's
+why the Zelda franchise Works kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the Zelda franchise Works kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the Zelda franchise Works kind of
+hand in hand the storyline and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in hand the storyline and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in hand the storyline and the the
+mechanics you start off as this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you start off as this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you start off as this kind of
+helpless kid and then you you get all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpless kid and then you you get all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpless kid and then you you get all of
+these tools and take on bigger bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools and take on bigger bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools and take on bigger bigger
+challenges it's a big metaphor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges it's a big metaphor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges it's a big metaphor for
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+up um but you can also confuse or or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um but you can also confuse or or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um but you can also confuse or or at
+a very least date your game by using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very least date your game by using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very least date your game by using to
+by over relying on metaphors so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by over relying on metaphors so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by over relying on metaphors so if you
+say have a big stop sign or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say have a big stop sign or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say have a big stop sign or something
+like that well that you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that well that you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that well that you know that's
+probably pretty Timeless but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty Timeless but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty Timeless but that's
+going to assume that everyone uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that everyone uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that everyone uh has
+seen a stop sign and you and your users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a stop sign and you and your users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a stop sign and you and your users
+will be unclear on whether that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unclear on whether that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be unclear on whether that means
+stop the current action or stop forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the current action or stop forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the current action or stop forward
+velocity you know that those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you know that those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you know that those are two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+things so I'm just saying be careful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I'm just saying be careful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I'm just saying be careful of
+using too many metaphors to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using too many metaphors to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using too many metaphors to sort of do
+the heavy lifting on getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy lifting on getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy lifting on getting your
+Concepts across often you're going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts across often you're going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts across often you're going to to
+rely on multiple means of feedback uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on multiple means of feedback uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on multiple means of feedback uh to
+help people understand how your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works now one thing that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now one thing that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now one thing that you're going to
+be keeping your eye out are uh for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be keeping your eye out are uh for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be keeping your eye out are uh for when
+you're designing for usability are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing for usability are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing for usability are
+errors mistakes that people are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors mistakes that people are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors mistakes that people are making
+but I want to clarify there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to clarify there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to clarify there are two
+different kinds of Errors uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Errors uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Errors uh and
+mistakes are only one of them slips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are only one of them slips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are only one of them slips are
+skilled Behavior errors someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled Behavior errors someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled Behavior errors someone who
+knows what they want to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what they want to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what they want to do and
+accidentally did the wrong thing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally did the wrong thing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally did the wrong thing how
+many of you have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have gone
+to gone to class instead of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gone to class instead of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gone to class instead of going to
+when when you had intended to go to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you had intended to go to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you had intended to go to like
+a friend's dorm room like you just ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend's dorm room like you just ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend's dorm room like you just ended
+up in your class okay all right yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in your class okay all right yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in your class okay all right yeah or
+driven to you know driven to work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven to you know driven to work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven to you know driven to work or
+something while you know intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something while you know intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something while you know intend
+intending to drive to dri drive to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intending to drive to dri drive to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intending to drive to dri drive to a
+friend's house okay yeah so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's house okay yeah so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's house okay yeah so it's not
+like you didn't know where your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you didn't know where your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you didn't know where your friends
+were you knew where your friends were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you knew where your friends were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you knew where your friends were
+and you knew that you were going there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you knew that you were going there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you knew that you were going there
+but somewhere along your skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somewhere along your skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somewhere along your skilled
+behavior of getting to class kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of getting to class kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of getting to class kind of
+just automatically took over um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just automatically took over um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just automatically took over um and you
+you did the wrong thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did the wrong thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did the wrong thing uh
+calling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you know
+uh I I have calling your boyfriend by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I have calling your boyfriend by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I have calling your boyfriend by
+your last boyfriend's name on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last boyfriend's name on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last boyfriend's name on my
+examples here that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here that's that's that's
+that's the tricky one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tricky one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tricky one
+uh um oh but you know things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um oh but you know things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um oh but you know things like
+clicking a button that looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking a button that looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking a button that looks very
+similar to the button that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the button that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the button that you actually
+wanted to click this is by the way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to click this is by the way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to click this is by the way uh
+something that you find in Dark Souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you find in Dark Souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you find in Dark Souls
+and many many different Fantasy games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many many different Fantasy games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many many different Fantasy games is
+you have a monster that happens to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a monster that happens to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a monster that happens to look
+like a treasure chest uh and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a treasure chest uh and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a treasure chest uh and this was
+intentional so the the game designer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional so the the game designer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional so the the game designer is
+using the is is using this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the is is using this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the is is using this kind of
+player error deliberately to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player error deliberately to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player error deliberately to sort of
+trick you into a powerless position o a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you into a powerless position o a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you into a powerless position o a
+treasure chest going to open it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure chest going to open it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure chest going to open it and it
+bites you right so it's called a mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bites you right so it's called a mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bites you right so it's called a mimic
+and uh those are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh those are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh those are things that
+you that might be okay to leave in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that might be okay to leave in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that might be okay to leave in your
+game if it happens to often it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if it happens to often it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if it happens to often it can be
+frustrating especially if you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating especially if you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating especially if you're sort of
+designing your user interface in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your user interface in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your user interface in a way
+that leads people to confusion and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads people to confusion and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads people to confusion and you
+want to be be able to catch those errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be be able to catch those errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be be able to catch those errors
+and fix those but little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix those but little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix those but little bit harder to
+fix on mental model errors where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix on mental model errors where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix on mental model errors where
+somebody actually thinks your game works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually thinks your game works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually thinks your game works
+differently from how your game actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently from how your game actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently from how your game actually
+works and they're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and they're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and they're going to make a
+mistake because of that so how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because of that so how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because of that so how many of
+you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play
+portal all right up until you meet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portal all right up until you meet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portal all right up until you meet this
+thing is there anything in the game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is there anything in the game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is there anything in the game that
+can actually hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually hurt
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah you can like fall into water oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can like fall into water oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can like fall into water oh
+yeah that that you can fall into water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that you can fall into water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that that you can fall into water
+that that all really really icky looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that all really really icky looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that all really really icky looking
+water uh so that's the first time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh so that's the first time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh so that's the first time you
+you you you die but that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you die but that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you die but that's something
+that you fall into that's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you fall into that's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you fall into that's something you
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+like yeah you can kill yourself but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you can kill yourself but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you can kill yourself but you
+have to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kill
+yourself then you meet these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself then you meet these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself then you meet these things and
+you haven't met a single thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't met a single thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't met a single thing that is
+out to get you and then you walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to get you and then you walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to get you and then you walk around
+the corner and this thing what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner and this thing what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner and this thing what does this
+thing do it gets you it it gets you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do it gets you it it gets you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do it gets you it it gets you it
+it shoots you it's a turret uh it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shoots you it's a turret uh it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shoots you it's a turret uh it says
+some really really cute things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really really cute things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really really cute things and then
+you know it's like are you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like are you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like are you still
+there um and um and then you suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and um and then you suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and um and then you suddenly
+realize in this game that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize in this game that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize in this game that there are
+things out there who are actively going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out there who are actively going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out there who are actively going
+to be trying to hurt you um even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be trying to hurt you um even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be trying to hurt you um even if
+you're not moving for instance um so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not moving for instance um so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not moving for instance um so now
+up that point on the game the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that point on the game the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that point on the game the player
+will be perfectly legitimately um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be perfectly legitimately um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be perfectly legitimately um
+thinking the only way that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the only way that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the only way that I'm going to
+lose or die in this game uh is to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose or die in this game uh is to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose or die in this game uh is to make a
+mistake myself I or or to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake myself I or or to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake myself I or or to like
+deliberately cause myself to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately cause myself to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately cause myself to be in a
+position that's going to kill me um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's going to kill me um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's going to kill me um but
+then they they find these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they find these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they find these things and
+they realize no actually there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realize no actually there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realize no actually there are
+hostile elements in this game that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile elements in this game that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile elements in this game that are
+out to get me and now they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to get me and now they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to get me and now they have to
+revise that understanding of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise that understanding of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise that understanding of what this
+game is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is all
+about um now this is the challenge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um now this is the challenge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um now this is the challenge you
+as a designer you are you are the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a designer you are you are the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a designer you are you are the people
+who are making the games you are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are making the games you are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are making the games you are making
+these systems that players are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems that players are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems that players are going to
+interact with and when players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with and when players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with and when players are
+playing their game they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing their game they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing their game they're sort of
+having a little conversation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a little conversation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a little conversation with the
+system but your conversation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but your conversation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but your conversation with the
+system is kind of one way you are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is kind of one way you are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is kind of one way you are making
+the system and then the system isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and then the system isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and then the system isn't
+there to tell you by the way the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to tell you by the way the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to tell you by the way the players
+are doing this thing that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this thing that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this thing that you know
+clearly indicates that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly indicates that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly indicates that they don't
+understand what's going on but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on but the
+system isn't going to be able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system isn't going to be able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system isn't going to be able to give
+you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that
+information actually if you take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information actually if you take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information actually if you take our
+design class uh in the uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design class uh in the uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design class uh in the uh in in the
+spring it gets even worse because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring it gets even worse because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring it gets even worse because what
+you're really in control of are the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really in control of are the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really in control of are the game
+mechanics and those are going to result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and those are going to result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and those are going to result
+in emerging Dynamics strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in emerging Dynamics strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in emerging Dynamics strategies for
+instance you know things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you know things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you know things that are
+optimal things that are going to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal things that are going to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal things that are going to lead
+people into a downward spiral and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into a downward spiral and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into a downward spiral and that's
+going to create an experience for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create an experience for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create an experience for the
+player the aesthetic which we will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the aesthetic which we will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the aesthetic which we will get a
+little bit into later in the class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit into later in the class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit into later in the class that
+is what the player actually experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the player actually experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the player actually experiences
+so the player may think your game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the player may think your game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the player may think your game is
+very threatening and and dangerous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very threatening and and dangerous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very threatening and and dangerous and
+and it's out to get them when really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's out to get them when really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's out to get them when really to
+you it's just like a perfectly harmless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's just like a perfectly harmless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's just like a perfectly harmless
+logic puzzle because you you will what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic puzzle because you you will what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic puzzle because you you will what
+this is what you have control over but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you have control over but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you have control over but
+through the all of that interaction what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the all of that interaction what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the all of that interaction what
+you've got here is kind of a second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got here is kind of a second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got here is kind of a second or
+even third order problem where the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even third order problem where the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even third order problem where the thing
+that you get where where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get where where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get where where you can
+actually create is not the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create is not the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create is not the thing that
+the players are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players are actually
+experiencing so that's why you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing so that's why you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing so that's why you've got a
+test that's the only way that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's the only way that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's the only way that you're
+actually going to get information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to get information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to get information about
+what the players are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the players are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the players are actually
+experiencing you can't in it it just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing you can't in it it just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing you can't in it it just by
+looking at your design uh maybe with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your design uh maybe with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your design uh maybe with a
+lot of experience you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of experience you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of experience you you will
+eventually start to get some best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually start to get some best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually start to get some best
+practices but you still have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices but you still have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices but you still have to do
+usability testing even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability testing even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability testing even if you're
+extremely experienced um so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely experienced um so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely experienced um so one way to
+do testing is to actually set goals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do testing is to actually set goals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do testing is to actually set goals for
+the player sometimes the when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player sometimes the when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player sometimes the when you're
+doing this in the middle of play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in the middle of play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in the middle of play testing
+the players can come up with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players can come up with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players can come up with their own
+goals but what I like to do is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals but what I like to do is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals but what I like to do is actually
+ask players all right I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask players all right I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask players all right I want you to
+create a new game with a new player and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new game with a new player and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new game with a new player and
+and give it and and give it a name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it and and give it a name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it and and give it a name of
+whatever you want you know give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want you know give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want you know give them a
+specific goal and see how they go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific goal and see how they go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific goal and see how they go about
+that process of actually accomplishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process of actually accomplishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process of actually accomplishing
+that and of course while they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course while they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course while they're doing
+that you observe them you encourage them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe them you encourage them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe them you encourage them
+to talk aloud uh we uh you You observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk aloud uh we uh you You observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk aloud uh we uh you You observe
+where they're move they're moving their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're move they're moving their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're move they're moving their
+mouse or if they're doing a tablet game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse or if they're doing a tablet game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse or if they're doing a tablet game
+observing where their fingers are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing where their fingers are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing where their fingers are are
+looking try to try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking try to try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking try to try to figure out what
+they're looking at in big companies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at in big companies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at in big companies they
+can do things like eye tracking Riot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like eye tracking Riot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like eye tracking Riot
+games talked a little bit about ey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games talked a little bit about ey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games talked a little bit about ey
+tracking to see what to actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking to see what to actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking to see what to actually figure
+out what they're looking at um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they're looking at um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they're looking at um but
+sometimes they if they're talking aloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they if they're talking aloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they if they're talking aloud
+they will say well I see all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say well I see all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say well I see all these
+buttons and they all have icons on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons and they all have icons on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons and they all have icons on them
+and this one looks like it might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one looks like it might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one looks like it might mean
+delete game so I'm not going to click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete game so I'm not going to click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete game so I'm not going to click on
+that uh this one looks like a uh a dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this one looks like a uh a dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this one looks like a uh a dis
+drive so that I think it's a safe game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive so that I think it's a safe game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive so that I think it's a safe game
+so I'm not going to click on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to click on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to click on that and
+then while they're saying all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then while they're saying all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then while they're saying all of these
+things you start to understand how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you start to understand how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you start to understand how your
+players actually understand the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players actually understand the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players actually understand the things
+that you put into your game and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put into your game and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put into your game and you can
+figure out where they're making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where they're making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where they're making these
+errors you so you're looking for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you so you're looking for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you so you're looking for them to
+make these errors and you want to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these errors and you want to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these errors and you want to record
+them down so that later on when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down so that later on when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down so that later on when you go
+back to design and you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to design and you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to design and you go back to
+implementation you can fix them or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you can fix them or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you can fix them or you
+can give players the necessary feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give players the necessary feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give players the necessary feedback
+to avoid those kinds of errors but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid those kinds of errors but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid those kinds of errors but it's
+important when they make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when they make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when they make an
+error you have to sort of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you have to sort of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you have to sort of try to
+identify what the player's reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what the player's reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what the player's reaction to
+that is you know say something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know say something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know say something happens
+that they didn't quite expect are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't quite expect are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't quite expect are they
+surprised or are they confused I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised or are they confused I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised or are they confused I thought
+I I thought I was was creating a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I thought I was was creating a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I thought I was was creating a new
+game but I ended up opening an old game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but I ended up opening an old game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but I ended up opening an old game
+you know all right that's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all right that's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all right that's probably a
+confusion situation you know I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion situation you know I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion situation you know I thought
+this was going to take out one enemy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to take out one enemy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to take out one enemy but
+it took out five enemies that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took out five enemies that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took out five enemies that's pretty
+nice surprise players might like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice surprise players might like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice surprise players might like that um
+you know so even though it's an error it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so even though it's an error it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so even though it's an error it
+is a you know it you you you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a you know it you you you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a you know it you you you might be
+able to just live with that or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to just live with that or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to just live with that or even
+amplify that uh you know let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify that uh you know let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify that uh you know let's let's
+give these players these overpowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give these players these overpowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give these players these overpowered
+weapons that occasionally do critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons that occasionally do critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons that occasionally do critical
+damage and you know surprise the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and you know surprise the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and you know surprise the player
+by how by how badass the players are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how by how badass the players are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how by how badass the players are um
+are they frustrated or are they engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they frustrated or are they engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they frustrated or are they engaged
+like I chose Flappy Bird in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I chose Flappy Bird in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I chose Flappy Bird in particular
+as an example here because when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example here because when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example here because when people
+are playing Flappy Bird get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing Flappy Bird get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing Flappy Bird get very
+angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry
+right but then they go back and play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then they go back and play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then they go back and play it
+again you know are they frustrated well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know are they frustrated well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know are they frustrated well
+yes but are they engaged yeah they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but are they engaged yeah they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but are they engaged yeah they are
+you know for some people uh Flappy Bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for some people uh Flappy Bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for some people uh Flappy Bird
+it's an INE an extremely engaging game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an INE an extremely engaging game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an INE an extremely engaging game
+and it's kind of a pity you can't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of a pity you can't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of a pity you can't get it
+anymore um I also have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um I also have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um I also have two different
+versions of Flappy Bird one is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Flappy Bird one is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Flappy Bird one is kind of
+like a uino power version but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a uino power version but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a uino power version but it's
+really made out of paper and cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made out of paper and cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made out of paper and cardboard
+and one is the actual digital version to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is the actual digital version to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is the actual digital version to
+sort of remind you you can do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of remind you you can do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of remind you you can do this uh
+without having to actually implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to actually implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to actually implement the
+digital version you can do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version you can do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version you can do this with
+your paper prototype you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper prototype you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper prototype you just have to
+create a paper prototype of a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a paper prototype of a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a paper prototype of a user
+interface and instead of just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and instead of just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and instead of just the
+gameplay so and so you can do testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay so and so you can do testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay so and so you can do testing
+even before you've written a single line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before you've written a single line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before you've written a single line
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+code so I've talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I've talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I've talked a lot about
+constraints now so far everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints now so far everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints now so far everything that
+I've been talking about has been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about has been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about has been about
+informing the player and then trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing the player and then trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing the player and then trying to
+catch those errors and then feed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch those errors and then feed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch those errors and then feed that
+back into your design of how you provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into your design of how you provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into your design of how you provide
+more information to the player but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information to the player but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information to the player but you
+can also sort of prevent certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also sort of prevent certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also sort of prevent certain
+problems uh constraints you know is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh constraints you know is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh constraints you know is one
+way where you just make it impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where you just make it impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where you just make it impossible
+for them to do the wrong thing uh or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do the wrong thing uh or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do the wrong thing uh or at
+least you know early on when there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you know early on when there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you know early on when there when
+they had multiple choices you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had multiple choices you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had multiple choices you sort of
+take some of those choices away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of those choices away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of those choices away and
+maybe later reintroduce those choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later reintroduce those choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later reintroduce those choices
+when when you are fairly sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you are fairly sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you are fairly sure that
+they've understood what the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've understood what the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've understood what the consequences
+of those are you can do confirmation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are you can do confirmation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are you can do confirmation
+which is you you you take an action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you you you take an action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you you you take an action and
+then the game asks you are you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the game asks you are you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the game asks you are you really
+sure you want to do that however there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you want to do that however there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you want to do that however there
+this is really suboptimal um any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why why why is it bad to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why why is it bad to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why why is it bad to get a little
+dialog box asking you you know are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box asking you you know are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box asking you you know are you
+sure you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you want to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+might be really annoying okay it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really annoying okay it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really annoying okay it gets
+annoying yeah and it might make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying yeah and it might make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying yeah and it might make you
+doing in the first place okay are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the first place okay are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the first place okay are you
+really sure you want to leave to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure you want to leave to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure you want to leave to close
+this web page are you really sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web page are you really sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web page are you really sure that
+you want to save this game it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to save this game it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to save this game it's like
+well maybe not you know but but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe not you know but but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe not you know but but maybe
+that was the right thing to to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the right thing to to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the right thing to to do you
+can also get really automated on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get really automated on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get really automated on that
+you know players can sort of learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know players can sort of learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know players can sort of learn to
+just click yes you know like every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click yes you know like every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click yes you know like every time
+that that thing pops up and then it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that thing pops up and then it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that thing pops up and then it kind
+of defeats it perect purpose if all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defeats it perect purpose if all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defeats it perect purpose if all you
+if all you're doing is throwing up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all you're doing is throwing up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all you're doing is throwing up a
+dialog box that they're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box that they're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box that they're going to say
+every minute or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minute or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minute or something like that and
+the answer is you know 90% of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you know 90% of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you know 90% of the time
+is yes then uh players start to learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes then uh players start to learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes then uh players start to learn to
+just click yes every time they see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click yes every time they see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click yes every time they see that
+dialog box whether or not they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box whether or not they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialog box whether or not they actually
+intended to click yes or not and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to click yes or not and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to click yes or not and that's
+uh and that's bad you're training them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's bad you're training them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's bad you're training them
+to sort of defeat the confirmation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of defeat the confirmation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of defeat the confirmation
+process and then you got dialog boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then you got dialog boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then you got dialog boxes
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+I I I don't know what the buttons do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you know um this is Skype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know um this is Skype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know um this is Skype
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+um this itself can be so confusing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this itself can be so confusing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this itself can be so confusing for
+players the confirmation dialogue itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players the confirmation dialogue itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players the confirmation dialogue itself
+is a piece of user interface that can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece of user interface that can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece of user interface that can go
+right and can go wrong uh so you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and can go wrong uh so you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and can go wrong uh so you've just
+introduced uh a new element that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced uh a new element that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced uh a new element that can be
+misinterpreted uh in the design of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterpreted uh in the design of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterpreted uh in the design of your
+game so so confirmation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so so confirmation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so so confirmation is something
+that exists is often used and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists is often used and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists is often used and can
+backfire I want you to be aware that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfire I want you to be aware that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfire I want you to be aware that it
+can backfire you can also do checks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can backfire you can also do checks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can backfire you can also do checks um
+if you've ever entered a code into a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever entered a code into a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever entered a code into a uh
+uh Xbox Live or PlayStation Network or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Xbox Live or PlayStation Network or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Xbox Live or PlayStation Network or
+the App Store the Apple App Store um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the App Store the Apple App Store um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the App Store the Apple App Store um you
+can the numbers that you're typing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the numbers that you're typing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the numbers that you're typing into
+the system uh have to fit some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system uh have to fit some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system uh have to fit some sort of
+like check sum or error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like check sum or error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like check sum or error
+correction uh Pro protocol and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction uh Pro protocol and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction uh Pro protocol and and you
+can prevent certain errors by by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent certain errors by by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent certain errors by by by by
+doing checks on the data that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing checks on the data that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing checks on the data that you're
+entering now this is probably very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering now this is probably very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering now this is probably very
+familiar for anyone who's done any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar for anyone who's done any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar for anyone who's done any kind
+of user interface software engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user interface software engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user interface software engineering
+class but this is uh one from Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but this is uh one from Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but this is uh one from Microsoft
+uh Xbox Live and if you typed in a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Xbox Live and if you typed in a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Xbox Live and if you typed in a code
+that you might have gotten from um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have gotten from um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have gotten from um from
+a giveaway or a free coupon from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giveaway or a free coupon from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giveaway or a free coupon from a a
+game developer or maybe a card that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game developer or maybe a card that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game developer or maybe a card that you
+bought at the store they're always 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at the store they're always 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at the store they're always 25
+characters long and they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters long and they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters long and they're always
+separated by these dashes in chunks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by these dashes in chunks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by these dashes in chunks of
+five I don't have to type those dashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I don't have to type those dashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I don't have to type those dashes
+in I just start typing and those dashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I just start typing and those dashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I just start typing and those dashes
+fill themselves in automatically if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill themselves in automatically if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill themselves in automatically if I do
+type the dash the input box will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the dash the input box will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the dash the input box will just
+like ignore the dash and it will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ignore the dash and it will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ignore the dash and it will only
+allow me to car to to enter in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to car to to enter in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to car to to enter in those
+those characters so that that makes sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those characters so that that makes sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those characters so that that makes sure
+that the dashes are always exactly five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dashes are always exactly five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dashes are always exactly five
+characters apart from each other um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters apart from each other um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters apart from each other um and
+that's a visual way to provide a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a visual way to provide a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a visual way to provide a check
+while I'm sort of entering this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm sort of entering this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm sort of entering this long
+string of characters where I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of characters where I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of characters where I can do this
+sort of visual will check of are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of visual will check of are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of visual will check of are my
+characters appearing in the right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters appearing in the right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters appearing in the right uh
+position in the string uh as they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the string uh as they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the string uh as they are
+printed on my card and as it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed on my card and as it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed on my card and as it being
+displayed on my screen you can do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed on my screen you can do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed on my screen you can do other
+kinds of checks like you know uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of checks like you know uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of checks like you know uh if you
+try to do the same thing on the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do the same thing on the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do the same thing on the Apple
+App Store I believe it could be numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+App Store I believe it could be numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+App Store I believe it could be numbers
+it could be letters or whatever but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be letters or whatever but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be letters or whatever but then
+you can hit okay and uh as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hit okay and uh as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hit okay and uh as soon as you
+entered in and the system actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered in and the system actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered in and the system actually does
+a quick check before even even sends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick check before even even sends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick check before even even sends the
+uh the the code off to Apple on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the code off to Apple on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the code off to Apple on whether
+that's actually valid string uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually valid string uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually valid string uh that
+fits a certain kind of check sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits a certain kind of check sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits a certain kind of check sum
+algorithm before it sends it off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm before it sends it off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm before it sends it off to
+Apple and it's wrong one it just tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple and it's wrong one it just tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple and it's wrong one it just tells
+you right away no you actually made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right away no you actually made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right away no you actually made an
+error you can fix that now so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you can fix that now so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you can fix that now so you don't
+have to wait for it to hit the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait for it to hit the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait for it to hit the server
+and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come
+back but say the error does happen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but say the error does happen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but say the error does happen a
+player has made a mistake and it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has made a mistake and it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has made a mistake and it happens
+to be a mistake that you know about as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a mistake that you know about as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a mistake that you know about as a
+designer and you know this mistake is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer and you know this mistake is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer and you know this mistake is
+going to come up often this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up often this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up often this kind of
+error is going to happen and maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is going to happen and maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is going to happen and maybe it's
+a slip maybe it's a mistake and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slip maybe it's a mistake and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slip maybe it's a mistake and you want
+to uh provide some feedback so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh provide some feedback so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh provide some feedback so first of
+all make make sure that you're informing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make make sure that you're informing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all make make sure that you're informing
+the player that uh that an error has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player that uh that an error has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player that uh that an error has
+happened and you need to test whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and you need to test whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and you need to test whether
+that information that you're providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information that you're providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information that you're providing
+whether it's audio or visual some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's audio or visual some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's audio or visual some
+combination of the two um is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two um is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two um is actually
+something that people notice and see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that people notice and see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that people notice and see and
+then they realize that oh I've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they realize that oh I've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they realize that oh I've made a
+mistake somewhere and then you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake somewhere and then you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake somewhere and then you got to
+give them some tools to be able to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them some tools to be able to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them some tools to be able to fix
+that problem you know that's backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem you know that's backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem you know that's backwards
+which basically undo this is words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically undo this is words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically undo this is words for
+Words With Friends for instance if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Words With Friends for instance if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Words With Friends for instance if you
+enter in some sort of uh uh word this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in some sort of uh uh word this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in some sort of uh uh word this is
+online game by by by by the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online game by by by by the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online game by by by by the way it's
+multiplayer game that you play on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game that you play on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game that you play on your
+phone and because it's Words With
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and because it's Words With
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and because it's Words With
+Friends they basically playing Scrabble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friends they basically playing Scrabble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friends they basically playing Scrabble
+against somebody who's geographically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against somebody who's geographically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against somebody who's geographically
+separated from you um and uh if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from you um and uh if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from you um and uh if you've
+taken a turn you've entered in a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a turn you've entered in a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a turn you've entered in a word
+and then you say wait a minute I come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say wait a minute I come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say wait a minute I come up
+with a better word you can hit undo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better word you can hit undo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better word you can hit undo I
+think it's called recall the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called recall the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called recall the button
+actually called recall take your move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called recall take your move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called recall take your move
+back and then just replay your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then just replay your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then just replay your turn
+before the other person has taken that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the other person has taken that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the other person has taken that
+their turn so that's backwards error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their turn so that's backwards error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their turn so that's backwards error
+recovery very good for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery very good for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery very good for things like
+turn-based games um you know games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn-based games um you know games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn-based games um you know games that
+you play by email for instance uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play by email for instance uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play by email for instance uh or
+games that you sort of uh you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that you sort of uh you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that you sort of uh you know like
+Final Fantasy Tactics or um uh strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Fantasy Tactics or um uh strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Fantasy Tactics or um uh strategy
+games a lot of strategy games which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games a lot of strategy games which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games a lot of strategy games which are
+sort of turn based mechanic allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of turn based mechanic allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of turn based mechanic allow you to
+sort of undo your your decisions uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of undo your your decisions uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of undo your your decisions uh even
+if you said yes this is what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you said yes this is what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you said yes this is what I want to
+do wait wait a minute this is not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do wait wait a minute this is not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do wait wait a minute this is not what I
+want to do I want to undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do I want to undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do I want to undo
+that there's also forward error recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also forward error recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also forward error recovery
+this is a screenshot of Mario um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a screenshot of Mario um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a screenshot of Mario um
+where Mario's mid jump and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Mario's mid jump and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Mario's mid jump and based on
+player experience up to this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player experience up to this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player experience up to this point you
+realize halfway through the jump that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize halfway through the jump that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize halfway through the jump that
+you're not going to be able to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to make that
+jump what can Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump what can Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump what can Mario
+do you can go backwards you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can go backwards you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can go backwards you can change
+direction in midair uh and say h not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in midair uh and say h not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in midair uh and say h not
+what I'm going to do it doesn't rewind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do it doesn't rewind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do it doesn't rewind
+time you're still losing time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're still losing time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're still losing time in the
+game and time is important in a Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and time is important in a Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and time is important in a Mario
+game but you but the player has a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but you but the player has a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but you but the player has a tool
+to say I'm going to try this jump no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm going to try this jump no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm going to try this jump no I
+not going to complete this jump I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to complete this jump I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to complete this jump I'm
+going to go backwards before uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go backwards before uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go backwards before uh before
+it's too late there is a consequence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late there is a consequence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too late there is a consequence to
+that you know the players losing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the players losing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the players losing time
+and in many of your games you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many of your games you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many of your games you're going
+to want to allow those errors to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to allow those errors to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to allow those errors to happen
+but then give players tools to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then give players tools to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then give players tools to be able
+to take a new action to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a new action to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a new action to compensate for
+the mistake of the previous action uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake of the previous action uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake of the previous action uh
+and that is called forward error re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called forward error re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called forward error re
+recovery um now if it if it's a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery um now if it if it's a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery um now if it if it's a mistake
+that happens you know near the end of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you know near the end of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you know near the end of of
+a game session you know say someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game session you know say someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game session you know say someone's
+about say you're making a multiplayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about say you're making a multiplayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about say you're making a multiplayer
+game and somebody's about to win uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and somebody's about to win uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and somebody's about to win uh
+forward error recovery may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward error recovery may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward error recovery may not be
+something that you want to make too easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to make too easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to make too easy
+right because somebody spent a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because somebody spent a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because somebody spent a long time
+actually getting themselves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting themselves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting themselves in a
+position where they can win the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where they can win the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where they can win the game and
+then the person who's losing uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person who's losing uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person who's losing uses
+whatever forward error recovery tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever forward error recovery tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever forward error recovery tools
+you've given them to you know to say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've given them to you know to say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've given them to you know to say ah
+you know let me just take back all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let me just take back all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let me just take back all of
+those mistakes that I did and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mistakes that I did and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mistakes that I did and then you
+know come back from behind well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know come back from behind well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know come back from behind well if
+you're explicitly designing a game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're explicitly designing a game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're explicitly designing a game where
+someone's supposed to be able to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's supposed to be able to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's supposed to be able to come
+back from behind behind like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from behind behind like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from behind behind like you know
+Mario Kart or something like like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart or something like like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart or something like like like
+that then that's great but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then that's great but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then that's great but if you're
+trying to make some sort of game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make some sort of game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make some sort of game where
+long-term strategy is supposed to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term strategy is supposed to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term strategy is supposed to pay
+off then yeah you know you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off then yeah you know you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off then yeah you know you don't want to
+make those those forward error recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those those forward error recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those those forward error recovery
+tools too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools too
+powerful you let people live with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you let people live with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you let people live with their
+mistakes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions one last point and I saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one last point and I saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one last point and I saved
+this for last because I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for last because I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for last because I want you to be
+thinking about this in your team so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this in your team so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this in your team so
+something for you to go into discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you to go into discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you to go into discussion
+about after this talk is accessibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after this talk is accessibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after this talk is accessibility
+uh one challenge is that when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one challenge is that when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one challenge is that when people
+think my game is for everyone my game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my game is for everyone my game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my game is for everyone my game is
+for anybody who plays games uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody who plays games uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody who plays games uh is that
+they are not that's not actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not that's not actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not that's not actually what
+the game ends up being often it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game ends up being often it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game ends up being often it becomes
+this which is you're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is you're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is you're going to assume
+that your player is focused and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your player is focused and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your player is focused and you know
+um has full uh use of their hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has full uh use of their hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has full uh use of their hands and
+full uh and full visual accurity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full uh and full visual accurity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full uh and full visual accurity that
+they speak English so they'll understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they speak English so they'll understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they speak English so they'll understand
+any text that you give them uh that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any text that you give them uh that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any text that you give them uh that they
+know how to install stuff in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to install stuff in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to install stuff in a computer
+and they've played games before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've played games before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've played games before that
+they're you know round about your age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know round about your age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know round about your age
+they have desktop computers that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have desktop computers that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have desktop computers that have
+lots of processing power especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of processing power especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of processing power especially if
+you're doing a 3D game um that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a 3D game um that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a 3D game um that their
+mice have more than one button that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice have more than one button that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice have more than one button that
+they're actually using mice and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually using mice and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually using mice and not a
+trackpad uh that they've got headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trackpad uh that they've got headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trackpad uh that they've got headphones
+so they're going to listen to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to listen to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to listen to every
+audio queue that that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio queue that that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio queue that that that that that
+you're going to give them without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to give them without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to give them without
+distraction um so these particular Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction um so these particular Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction um so these particular Red
+Line things are the things that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line things are the things that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line things are the things that I want
+you to be to be willing to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be to be willing to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be to be willing to question
+about your own game there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your own game there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your own game there are some
+things like english- speaking computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like english- speaking computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like english- speaking computer
+literate young adults you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literate young adults you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literate young adults you know you you
+is great to be able to design games for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great to be able to design games for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great to be able to design games for
+people who are not like you it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not like you it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not like you it is a
+little bit beyond the scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit beyond the scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit beyond the scope of this
+particular class uh although you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class uh although you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class uh although you do have
+to keep in mind that we are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind that we are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind that we are also
+designing this game the your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing this game the your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing this game the your final
+fourth pro project for people who may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth pro project for people who may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth pro project for people who may be
+working for for the Red Cross uh red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for for the Red Cross uh red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for for the Red Cross uh red
+creson climate Center so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creson climate Center so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creson climate Center so you want to
+keep them into uh in mind and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them into uh in mind and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them into uh in mind and consider
+how many of them actually speak English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them actually speak English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them actually speak English
+right there may be foreigners people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there may be foreigners people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there may be foreigners people who
+work in other countries who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in other countries who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in other countries who will
+appreciate a game that uh that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate a game that uh that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate a game that uh that that is a
+little bit more language agnostic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more language agnostic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more language agnostic or
+even uh localized for them um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh localized for them um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh localized for them um you know
+shall we assume that the computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we assume that the computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we assume that the computers are
+capable of handling your game uh okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of handling your game uh okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of handling your game uh okay I
+think for this class that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for this class that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for this class that's all right
+but shall we assume that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shall we assume that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shall we assume that the that the
+computers are only running your game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are only running your game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are only running your game and
+nothing else that they're not running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that they're not running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that they're not running
+any IM clients or you know a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any IM clients or you know a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any IM clients or you know a lot of the
+games are going to be browser games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are going to be browser games so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are going to be browser games so
+that they don't have any other browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't have any other browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't have any other browser
+windows open for instance uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows open for instance uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows open for instance uh I think
+that might be uh too that that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be uh too that that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be uh too that that might be
+asking too much of your player you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking too much of your player you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking too much of your player you might
+want to assume that they have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to assume that they have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to assume that they have other
+things running around the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things running around the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things running around the background
+their their iTunes playlist for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their iTunes playlist for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their iTunes playlist for instance
+um and which is going to interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and which is going to interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and which is going to interfere with
+your sound you can you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sound you can you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sound you can you should be able to
+to design your game so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design your game so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design your game so that you don't
+assume everyone has a left Mouse button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everyone has a left Mouse button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everyone has a left Mouse button
+and a right Mouse button unnecessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a right Mouse button unnecessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a right Mouse button unnecessarily a
+mouse for one thing it'll make testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse for one thing it'll make testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse for one thing it'll make testing
+easier a couple of you discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier a couple of you discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier a couple of you discovered this
+last time we did a digital test that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we did a digital test that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we did a digital test that if
+you don't have a mouse a lot of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a mouse a lot of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a mouse a lot of your
+games actually became difficult to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games actually became difficult to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games actually became difficult to play
+you might want to have that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to have that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to have that discussion
+at least have that discussion with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least have that discussion with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least have that discussion with your
+team and if you decide no a mouse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and if you decide no a mouse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and if you decide no a mouse is
+essential make it very very clear that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential make it very very clear that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential make it very very clear that's
+what you're saying and put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying and put it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying and put it in your
+game say like this game is best played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game say like this game is best played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game say like this game is best played
+with a mouse and headphones doesn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mouse and headphones doesn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mouse and headphones doesn't a
+lot of IOS games out there that require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of IOS games out there that require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of IOS games out there that require
+headphones and they will state right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones and they will state right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones and they will state right up
+front this game is best played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this game is best played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this game is best played with
+headphones um and uh I would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones um and uh I would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones um and uh I would like you to
+at least consider color blindness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least consider color blindness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least consider color blindness you
+know um actually yeah there we go um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um actually yeah there we go um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um actually yeah there we go um to
+to when you're designing art for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when you're designing art for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when you're designing art for your
+game buttons that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game buttons that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game buttons that need to be
+distinguished from each other or visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished from each other or visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished from each other or visual
+cues consider that there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues consider that there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues consider that there are people who
+can't tell the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell the difference between
+certain color pairings uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain color pairings uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain color pairings uh what are the
+common ones red green uh red blue blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ones red green uh red blue blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ones red green uh red blue blue
+yellow oh blue yellow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow oh blue yellow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow oh blue yellow uh
+and yeah and and red blue red blue blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah and and red blue red blue blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah and and red blue red blue blue
+yellow and and red and red green those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and and red and red green those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and and red and red green those
+are the most common ones but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common ones but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common ones but there's a
+lot of color blindness out there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of color blindness out there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of color blindness out there uh and
+it affects I think like 20% population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects I think like 20% population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects I think like 20% population
+10 10 to 20% I think it's I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 to 20% I think it's I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 to 20% I think it's I think is
+oful 10% of the population so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oful 10% of the population so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oful 10% of the population so there's a
+lot of people out there who could want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people out there who could want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people out there who could want
+who who might well want to be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who might well want to be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who might well want to be playing
+your game but can't because they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game but can't because they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game but can't because they can't
+tell apart those visual cues that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell apart those visual cues that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell apart those visual cues that you're
+giving them so make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them so make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them so make sure that you're
+also doing taking advantage of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doing taking advantage of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doing taking advantage of things
+like shape and brightness you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shape and brightness you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shape and brightness you know these
+are things that where where if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that where where if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that where where if somebody
+is color blind they can at least still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is color blind they can at least still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is color blind they can at least still
+distinguish uh shape from each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish uh shape from each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish uh shape from each other so
+you know instead of having red diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instead of having red diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instead of having red diamonds
+and blue diamonds you have red diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue diamonds you have red diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue diamonds you have red diamonds
+and blue stars or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue stars or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue stars or something like that
+and that makes it easier to tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it easier to tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it easier to tell that
+there is a difference um I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a difference um I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a difference um I mentioned
+other application windows touchpads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other application windows touchpads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other application windows touchpads or
+you know the possibility that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the possibility that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the possibility that somebody
+might be playing your game muted which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be playing your game muted which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be playing your game muted which
+means make sure that not all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means make sure that not all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means make sure that not all of the
+feedback that you're giving them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that you're giving them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that you're giving them is
+audio only make sure that you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio only make sure that you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio only make sure that you're also
+giving them some sort of visual feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them some sort of visual feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them some sort of visual feedback
+so that they understand that if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they understand that if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they understand that if they're
+playing in a cafe or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in a cafe or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in a cafe or something like that
+they'll still be able to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still be able to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still be able to understand that
+they're making mistakes or errors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making mistakes or errors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making mistakes or errors or
+slips all right that went way longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips all right that went way longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips all right that went way longer
+than uh expected but I didn't warn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh expected but I didn't warn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh expected but I didn't warn you
+guys that was going a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that was going a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that was going a
+lot any questions before we wrap this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot any questions before we wrap this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot any questions before we wrap this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay all right well we'll uh now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay all right well we'll uh now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay all right well we'll uh now is a
+break time I believe yeah so now take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break time I believe yeah so now take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break time I believe yeah so now take a
+10 minute break to 247 come back here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minute break to 247 come back here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minute break to 247 come back here if
+you want to play test a paper prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to play test a paper prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to play test a paper prototype
+or have any kind of um testing of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have any kind of um testing of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have any kind of um testing of your
+game let us know otherwise working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let us know otherwise working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game let us know otherwise working in
+teams yeah this is a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams yeah this is a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams yeah this is a lot of you
+mentioned how hard it is to schedule a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned how hard it is to schedule a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned how hard it is to schedule a
+meeting you've got the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting you've got the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting you've got the rest of this
+class to be able to meet with your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to be able to meet with your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to be able to meet with your team
+and either test something or just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either test something or just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either test something or just work
+on your game if anyone wants to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your game if anyone wants to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your game if anyone wants to look at
+these books or this game come up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books or this game come up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books or this game come up to the
+front have a look thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0BDi0d1j7u0.txt b/0BDi0d1j7u0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fb619753892fad7d6b942956c11a21304e6e1b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0BDi0d1j7u0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+There are many ways to complete a task---even
+a seemingly simple one like eating cereal.
+
+When programming a computer to complete a
+task or solve a problem, repetitive techniques
+
+like iteration and recursion are extremely
+useful. In this video, we will look at these
+
+problem-solving techniques.
+
+This video is part of the Problem Solving
+video series. Problem-solving skills, in combination
+
+with an understanding of the natural and human-made
+world, are critical to the design and optimization
+
+of systems and processes.
+
+Hi, my name is Niaja Farve. I am a doctoral
+student in Electrical Engineering and Computer
+
+Science at MIT.
+
+Before watching this video, you should be
+familiar with introductory programming and
+
+simple data structures.
+
+After watching this video, you will be able
+to: Divide a programming problem into simpler,
+
+analogous pieces. And, solve the problem by
+combining solutions to the simpler pieces.
+
+In computer science, we often want to solve
+complex problems. However, computers deal
+
+best with performing easy tasks over and over
+again. We utilize the computer's ability by
+
+implementing repetitive techniques to incrementally
+solve our complex problems.
+
+Though eating a bowl of cereal is a fairly
+simple task that most of us can complete automatically,
+
+we need to think carefully about how to program
+a computer to do the same. Let's take a closer
+
+look at the problem and identify the fundamental
+steps used to frame cereal eating for repetitive
+
+computation.
+
+In this example, let's suppose the computer
+understands the basic operation of eating
+
+a single bite of cereal, but does not understand
+how to eat an entire bowl of cereal. So how
+
+do we "teach" the computer to eat a bowl of
+any size greater than one bite? Pause the
+
+video here and think about it.
+
+The first step when approaching a complex
+programming problem is to break the problem
+
+up into analogous, but simpler pieces that
+we can tell the computer how to directly solve.
+
+So what is a simpler version of eating a whole
+bowl of cereal?
+
+One possibility is eating a smaller amount
+of cereal.
+
+We already mentioned that a small, non-zero
+amount of cereal the computer can handle eating
+
+is a single bite.
+
+Going one step up, eating two bites-worth
+of cereal is equivalent to eating a single
+
+bite twice. The next step when approaching
+a complex problem is to deduce a pattern.
+
+That is, how does a generally larger problem
+look in comparison to the simpler version?
+
+Here, we notice that eating any amount of
+cereal is equivalent to the sum of eating
+
+multiple bites-worth of cereal.
+
+Now that we've broken up our problem and understand
+how the pieces will fit back together, we
+
+can put our solution into a generalized code
+framework:
+
+Start with telling the computer the procedure
+for solving the simplest problem. Then, repeat
+
+this procedure on subsequent pieces until
+the desired endpoint is reached:
+
+If the bowl contains cereal, take one bite
+of cereal. Repeat until there is no more cereal.
+
+You may recognize this type of solution as
+an iterative approach.
+
+Or we could also take the following alternative
+approach:
+
+Start with telling the computer how to solve
+the simplest problem. Then, break the problem
+
+into simpler and simpler pieces until we reach
+the version we've already told the computer
+
+how to solve.
+Does the bowl contain 1 bite of cereal? If
+
+so, take the bite. If not, divide it up into
+a bowl containing one bite and a bowl containing
+
+the remainder. Repeat this procedure on the
+resulting bowls.
+
+In this case, we end, up with a series of
+bowls containing one bite, which the computer
+
+knows how to eat.
+
+Breaking up a problem into progressively simpler,
+but analogous pieces in this way is known
+
+as a recursive approach. Because the solution
+to the most complex problem depends on solutions
+
+to the simpler pieces, recursion creates a
+queue of jobs waiting to be completed.
+
+In contrast, when using iteration, there is
+no such dependency from one instance of the
+
+problem to the next.
+
+So even though the computer ends up consuming
+n bites of cereal in both cases, the iterative
+
+and recursive approaches arrive at this answer
+in very different ways.
+
+There are many different ways to successfully
+eat a bowl of cereal or solve any given programming
+
+problem. The key is to 1. Break the problem
+into analogous pieces that the computer can
+
+solve, and 2. Combine the solutions to the
+pieces into a solution for the more complex
+
+problem.
+
+In our previous cereal-eating example, breaking
+down the problem into simpler pieces was fairly
+
+straightforward. Now, let's look at a slightly
+more complex problem.
+
+We would like to write a function, downup,
+that takes an input string and prints out
+
+progressively smaller and larger sub-strings
+of the word as so.
+
+To help us work with strings, we have a helper
+function, substring, which extracts a portion
+
+of a string, beginning from the first character
+up though a specified end index.
+
+Following the framework we discussed earlier,
+what is a simpler version of downup that we
+
+can easily handle?
+
+How about downup of a single letter string.
+The desired output is achieved by simply printing
+
+the string.
+
+Moving one step up, we see that the desired
+output of a two-letter string can be accomplished
+
+by printing the string, printing the string
+shortened by one letter, and printing the
+
+full string a second time.
+
+And moving up one more step to a 3 letter
+string...
+
+Are you starting to notice any patterns? Pause
+the video to think of a possibility.
+
+Though there are many different patterns,
+here is one you may have come up with: With
+
+every string, we are sandwiching the _solution_
+to a string one character shorter between
+
+two printings of the full string. With this
+mindset, we are poised for a recursive solution
+
+to this problem.
+
+Recall the general framework for a recursive
+solution: Tell the computer how to solve the
+
+simplest problem. Then break the problem into
+simpler pieces until we reach the simplest
+
+problem: If the string is a single letter,
+print it. Otherwise, print the string, solve
+
+for downup of the string one character shorter,
+and print the string again.
+
+Try now, if you haven't already done so, to
+frame the problem in a more iterative manner.
+
+Pause the video to discuss.
+
+We can notice that we are repeatedly printing
+substrings of the full string, with each step
+
+moving the end index from the original length
+down to 1. This is followed by again printing
+
+substrings, but this time increasing the end
+index back up to the original length.
+
+We can program this solution using two iterative
+loops. Recall the general iterative code framework:
+
+Tell the computer the procedure for the simplest
+problem. Repeat the procedure on subsequent
+
+pieces until the endpoint is reached.
+
+In our first loop, we print the substring,
+decrease the index by one, and repeat the
+
+procedure until the index reaches one.
+
+In the second loop, we move in the opposite
+direction. Print the substring. Increase the
+
+index by one and repeat the procedure until
+the index is greater than the original length.
+
+Both approaches, while very different, are
+completely valid! There is no one correct
+
+way to solve a problem. Some solutions may
+even have both recursive and iterative elements.
+
+Now lets solve a third problem with an even
+more complex pattern.
+
+In the famous Towers of Hanoi problem, the
+goal is to transfer a stack of rings from
+
+pillar A to pillar C. We can only move a single
+ring at a time, and can use pillar B as "extra"
+
+workspace. We cannot place a larger ring on
+top of a smaller ring.
+
+Lets follow the framework and start by working
+out the simplest problem: transferring 1 ring.
+
+Here we can simply move the ring from A to
+C.
+
+Okay, now let's try to transfer a stack of
+two rings. First we move the ring 1 to B,
+
+then ring 2 to C, then move ring 1 from B
+to C.
+
+Now, let's try something a bit harder. Let's
+try to transfer a stack of three rings. Ring
+
+1 moves to C, ring 2 goes to B, and ring 1
+goes to B. Now ring 3, which was on the bottom,
+
+is free to move to C. Then, ring 1 goes to
+A, ring 2 goes to C, then ring 1 finally goes
+
+to C.
+
+Notice that after we moved the bottom ring
+to C, we essentially arrived at the same conformation
+
+as when trying to transfer 2 rings: We have
+two stacked rings and an extra empty pillar.
+
+And because the largest ring is in the desired,
+final position and does not impede the movements
+
+of any of the remaining smaller rings, we
+can treat the pillar as being empty.
+
+This observation is crucial to the recursive
+implementation of the towers of Hanoi solution.
+
+We transferred n-1 rings to the extra pillar,
+moved the largest ring to the final position,
+
+then transferred the n-1 rings to the final
+position.
+
+Can you frame a pseudocode solution to the
+problem? Pause the video here to work out
+
+a possible solution.
+
+Recall again the general recursive framework:
+Tell the computer how to solve the simplest
+
+problem: If we're transferring a single ring,
+move it to the destination pillar.
+
+Then, break the problem up into progressively
+simpler pieces:
+
+Transfer n-1 rings from the source to the
+extra pillar, transfer ring n from the source
+
+to the destination, and transfer n-1 rings
+from the extra pillar to the destination.
+
+Note that the source, destination, and extra
+pillar designations change with each function
+
+call!
+
+It's always a good idea to check your code
+with a test case. Pause the video here and
+
+check your code for the case of N equals 4.
+You may also wish to check our code and compare
+
+the two solution methods.
+
+Now lets check our code and traverse through
+the solution for transferring 4 rings.
+
+We're not transferring a single ring, so lets
+transfer 3 rings from A to B.
+
+We're still not transferring one ring, so
+lets transfer 2 rings from A to C.
+
+We're still not transferring one ring, so
+lets transfer 1 ring from A to B. And we can
+
+finally move this single ring!
+
+Now we return to the previous call, and can
+move ring 2 from A to C. Then we transfer
+
+our n-1 stack from B to C. This results in
+transferring 2 rings from A to C!
+
+Returning one more step back, we move ring
+3 to B. Now we transfer 2 rings from C to
+
+A.
+
+Finally, we've returned back to our original
+function call, and we've completed transferring
+
+3 rings from A to B. So, we can move our largest
+ring number 4 from A to C.
+
+Now we need a whole other set of recursive
+function calls to transfer the 3 ring stack
+
+from B to C! Pause the video now to finish
+checking the second half of our solution.
+
+Notice how quickly the number of function
+calls grew! Good thing we have a computer
+
+that is very good at following repetitive
+instructions!
+
+To Review In this video, we showed you how
+recursion and iteration take advantage of
+
+a computer's ability to repeat simple tasks.
+
+To approach a complicated programming problem,
+first solve some simpler versions and try
+
+to identify a pattern. Then, depending on
+the type of pattern you found, fill in a recursive
+
+or iterative code framework. And remember,
+iterative, recursive and even mixed solutions
+
+to a single problem may all be correct!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0IJFBMIU6x4.txt b/0IJFBMIU6x4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..723772b84ef3ac3d353c3fe6485a0fec624937a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0IJFBMIU6x4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we end this lecture sequence with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end this lecture sequence with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end this lecture sequence with the
+most important property of expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important property of expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important property of expectations
+namely linearity the idea is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely linearity the idea is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely linearity the idea is pretty
+simple suppose that our random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple suppose that our random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple suppose that our random variable
+X is the salary of a random person out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the salary of a random person out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the salary of a random person out
+of some population so that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some population so that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some population so that we can think
+of the expected value of X as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value of X as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value of X as the
+average salary within that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average salary within that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average salary within that population
+and now suppose that everyone gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose that everyone gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose that everyone gets a
+raise and Y is the new salary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise and Y is the new salary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise and Y is the new salary and
+generously the new salary is twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generously the new salary is twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generously the new salary is twice the
+old salary plus a bonus of $100 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old salary plus a bonus of $100 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old salary plus a bonus of $100 what
+happens to the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the expected value of the
+salary or the average salary well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary or the average salary well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary or the average salary well the
+new average salary which is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new average salary which is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new average salary which is the expected
+value of 2x plus 100 is twice the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 2x plus 100 is twice the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 2x plus 100 is twice the old
+average plus a hundred so doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average plus a hundred so doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average plus a hundred so doubling
+everyone's salary and giving to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's salary and giving to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's salary and giving to everyone
+an additional hundred what it does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional hundred what it does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional hundred what it does to
+the average is that it doubles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is that it doubles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is that it doubles the
+average and adds a hundred to it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and adds a hundred to it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and adds a hundred to it this is
+the linearity property of expectation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity property of expectation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity property of expectation in
+one particular example it's a most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular example it's a most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular example it's a most
+intuitive property but it's worth also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive property but it's worth also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive property but it's worth also
+deriving it in a formal way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving it in a formal way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving it in a formal way and the
+derivation proceeds through the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation proceeds through the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation proceeds through the expected
+value rule we're dealing here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value rule we're dealing here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value rule we're dealing here with a
+particular function G which is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function G which is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function G which is a linear
+function so we're dealing with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we're dealing with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we're dealing with a linear
+function ax plus B and we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus B and we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus B and we're dealing
+with the random variable Y which is G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the random variable Y which is G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the random variable Y which is G
+applied to an original random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to an original random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to an original random variable X
+so the expected value of y can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected value of y can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected value of y can be
+calculated according to the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated according to the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated according to the expected
+value rule it's the sum over all X's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value rule it's the sum over all X's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value rule it's the sum over all X's of
+G of x times the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x times the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x times the probability of that
+particular X and we plug in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X and we plug in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X and we plug in the space
+cific form of the function G which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cific form of the function G which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cific form of the function G which is a
+X plus B and then we separate the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus B and then we separate the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus B and then we separate the sum
+into two sounds the first sum after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two sounds the first sum after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two sounds the first sum after
+pulling out a constant of a takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out a constant of a takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out a constant of a takes this
+form and the second sum after pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and the second sum after pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and the second sum after pulling
+out the constant B takes this form now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the constant B takes this form now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the constant B takes this form now
+the first song is a times the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first song is a times the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first song is a times the expected
+value of x this is just the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x this is just the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x this is just the definition
+of the expected value as for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value as for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value as for the second
+sum we realize that this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum we realize that this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum we realize that this quantity is
+equal to 1 because it is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 because it is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 because it is the sum of the
+probabilities of all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the different
+values of X and this concludes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and this concludes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and this concludes the proof
+of the linearity of expected values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the linearity of expected values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the linearity of expected values
+notice that for expected values what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for expected values what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for expected values what we
+have is that the expected value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the expected value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the expected value of y
+which is expected value of G of X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is expected value of G of X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is expected value of G of X is the
+same as G of the expected value of x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as G of the expected value of x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as G of the expected value of x the
+expected value of a linear function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a linear function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a linear function is
+the same linear function applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same linear function applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same linear function applied to the
+expected value but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value but this is an
+exceptional case this does not happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional case this does not happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional case this does not happen in
+general it's an exceptional function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's an exceptional function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's an exceptional function G
+that makes this happen this property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this happen this property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this happen this property is
+true for linear functions but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for linear functions but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for linear functions but for
+nonlinear functions it is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear functions it is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear functions it is generally
+false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0aAEamhJHUI.txt b/0aAEamhJHUI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1981e84867c017c51eded92533bdb2ffb8d7af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0aAEamhJHUI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+L. RAFAEL REIF: In
+creating OCW, MIT
+
+launched a quiet, but profound
+educational revolution.
+
+It unleashed the global
+open sharing movement
+
+and helped pave the way for
+the worldwide phenomenon
+
+of open digital learning.
+
+SANJAY SARMA: What
+are two or three words
+
+to describe
+OpenCourseWare's impact?
+
+I would say knowledge at scale.
+
+LEO ALCOCK: Eye opening.
+
+MUSSIE DEMISSE: Enlightening.
+
+SARAH HANSEN: Choose
+your own adventure.
+
+ZACH ERDMAN: A whole new world.
+
+JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG: Wow.
+
+20 years of MIT's
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+That's just amazing
+to think about.
+
+KRISHNA RAJAGOPAL: We've had
+more than 200 million people
+
+come to OCW and learn from the
+materials that MIT is sharing.
+
+MUSSIE DEMISSE: My initial
+introduction to OpenCourseWare
+
+was actually at Bunker
+Hill Community College.
+
+My linear algebra
+professor would give us
+
+these weekly quizzes.
+
+We told her it was hard.
+
+And she said actually,
+this is an MIT quiz.
+
+And I was kind of blown away
+that I did some part of it.
+
+And when I inquired how
+she got the quiz, she said,
+
+oh, there's this thing
+called MIT OpenCourseWare.
+
+It imparted me with
+this confidence of,
+
+oh, I can do this.
+
+I can survive in an MIT course.
+
+And that drove me to say
+maybe I can thrive at MIT.
+
+ABHAY PAREKH: OCW
+was the pioneer.
+
+It opened everybody's
+eyes to the possibility
+
+of connecting to
+learners who are
+
+in different countries
+and different situations,
+
+different ages.
+
+MAY THET KHINE
+NYEIN: We are making
+
+the MIT OCW available in
+universities and community
+
+libraries, which do not
+have internet connection.
+
+ABOO FATALLY: It has
+encouraged me to learn,
+
+to find out about things,
+to understand, and to apply.
+
+CURT NEWTON: There
+is so much that
+
+can be achieved by
+just giving people
+
+complete wide open
+access to this knowledge
+
+that they can use
+whenever, wherever, as much
+
+as they need, as
+little as they need.
+
+AMAH EDOH: It
+takes this very kind
+
+of privileged elite
+education that we
+
+make accessible to our
+students and opens it up
+
+to a broader public.
+
+JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG:
+The very existence
+
+of MIT's OpenCourseWare
+is inspiring.
+
+It's a shining example
+for institutions of higher
+
+education around the world.
+
+AMAH EDOH: I think
+there's also great value
+
+in showing the range of
+disciplines that are taught
+
+at MIT and showing the
+fact that the humanities
+
+and social sciences are
+as much a strength of what
+
+MIT has to offer as
+the STEM disciplines.
+
+This course that I created
+is now part of the record
+
+and is now something that
+someone else can build on.
+
+EVELYN LAURITO: Everything is
+there-- even the syllabus, even
+
+the instructions of the
+teachers, thesis assignments.
+
+ABOO FATALLY: OCW is
+perhaps one of the best
+
+thing that has happened
+to education worldwide.
+
+EVELYN LAURITO: It's
+like being so unselfish.
+
+You're giving everything
+of what you have
+
+and sharing it with
+the other people,
+
+especially in
+developing countries,
+
+like the Philippines.
+
+LEO ALCOCK: OpenCourseWare
+quite literally changed my life.
+
+It gave me the education
+I needed when there wasn't
+
+another place to find it.
+
+MUSSIE DEMISSE:
+You're giving people
+
+the tools that will allow them
+to achieve their potential.
+
+SARAH HANSEN: We have real
+problems in the world that
+
+need to be solved.
+
+And we need problem solvers
+from every area of the planet
+
+to work on these.
+
+CURT NEWTON: We've created
+this powerful foundation
+
+of free access to knowledge.
+
+And together, we'll
+keep growing it.
+
+We're creating better ways
+for learners and teachers
+
+to find and to use
+that OCW content.
+
+And we'll keep sharing
+that vibrant reflection
+
+of the teaching and
+creativity from MIT.
+
+KRISHNA RAJAGOPAL: As
+we think about equity,
+
+we think about collaborators.
+
+So that we can bring
+more people starting
+
+from different starting points
+coming in at different ways
+
+to the point that they
+can learn from OCW.
+
+CURT NEWTON: Together,
+we're forging
+
+new paths, where everyone's
+contributing to the world's
+
+growing knowledge.
+
+And we're all using and sharing
+that knowledge every day
+
+to solve the world's
+great challenges.
+
+MUSSIE DEMISSE: I want
+OCW to attract people.
+
+So it's not just a neutral
+if you want it, come get it.
+
+I want OCW to be calling on
+people to educate themselves,
+
+to empower themselves,
+to build and to have
+
+the necessary tools to do
+what they think is important.
+
+SANJAY SARMA: And I'm hoping
+that over time, this snowball
+
+from 20 years ago
+becomes an avalanche
+
+of intellectual exchange
+amongst humanity.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0jWfHFBLnv0.txt b/0jWfHFBLnv0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f1e238a4bacce8525f47cfed24b02fe2c33288e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0jWfHFBLnv0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is our uh last chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is our uh last chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is our uh last chance
+to uh this lecture tonight is our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this lecture tonight is our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this lecture tonight is our last
+chance to pay attention to this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to pay attention to this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to pay attention to this process
+I've been calling the Fred OT principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been calling the Fred OT principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been calling the Fred OT principle
+and uh I I forgive me for appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I I forgive me for appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I I forgive me for appearing
+slightly repetitious about this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly repetitious about this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly repetitious about this but it's
+to me it's an essential aspect of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's an essential aspect of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's an essential aspect of our
+appreciation of these early weeks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of these early weeks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of these early weeks to
+recognize that films like the general or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that films like the general or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that films like the general or
+modern times or the film we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times or the film we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times or the film we're going to
+see next week the last laugh M now's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see next week the last laugh M now's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see next week the last laugh M now's
+remarkable silent film from Germany to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable silent film from Germany to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable silent film from Germany to
+recognize that these astonishing complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that these astonishing complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that these astonishing complex
+narratives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives
+grew out of something so primitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew out of something so primitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew out of something so primitive and
+grew out of something so primitive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew out of something so primitive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew out of something so primitive in
+such a relatively short time is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a relatively short time is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a relatively short time is part of
+what makes these early film so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes these early film so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes these early film so
+interesting and this the viewing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and this the viewing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and this the viewing you're
+going to see tonight is your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see tonight is your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see tonight is your last
+opportunity uh to in a in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh to in a in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh to in a in a in a
+concrete way experience something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete way experience something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete way experience something of
+that process something of that Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process something of that Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process something of that Evolution
+for yourself because the two chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself because the two chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself because the two chaplain
+shorts that you're going to see while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts that you're going to see while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts that you're going to see while
+they are as I indicated this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as I indicated this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as I indicated this afternoon
+hardly from the ear not from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly from the ear not from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly from the ear not from the
+earliest stages of of chaplain's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest stages of of chaplain's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest stages of of chaplain's work
+they're three or four years uh Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're three or four years uh Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're three or four years uh Advanced
+beyond that he's already mastered his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that he's already mastered his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that he's already mastered his
+medium in certain ways uh and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in certain ways uh and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in certain ways uh and these
+shorts are in themselves very coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts are in themselves very coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts are in themselves very coherent
+and interesting works and I hope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting works and I hope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting works and I hope you'll
+you know look at them for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look at them for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look at them for their own
+intrinsic value but I also want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value but I also want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value but I also want you to
+recognize as you think about those short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as you think about those short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as you think about those short
+films remarkable as they are how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films remarkable as they are how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films remarkable as they are how much
+richer how much more complex how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer how much more complex how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer how much more complex how much
+more demanding and rewarding in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more demanding and rewarding in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more demanding and rewarding in many
+ways modern times is and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways modern times is and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways modern times is and I think the
+same thing could be said about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing could be said about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing could be said about all of
+chaplain's features there's an there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's features there's an there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's features there's an there's
+an astonishing distance between even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astonishing distance between even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astonishing distance between even the
+best shorts or between most of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best shorts or between most of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best shorts or between most of the best
+shorts and the features some of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts and the features some of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts and the features some of the very
+best shorts have a kind of Elegance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best shorts have a kind of Elegance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best shorts have a kind of Elegance and
+Purity uh as well as comic a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity uh as well as comic a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity uh as well as comic a level of
+comic inventiveness uh that makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic inventiveness uh that makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic inventiveness uh that makes them
+in their own way almost the equal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own way almost the equal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own way almost the equal of the
+features but of course they don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but of course they don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but of course they don't quite
+even the best of them don't have quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the best of them don't have quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the best of them don't have quite
+the reach or the Resonance of a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reach or the Resonance of a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reach or the Resonance of a film
+like modern times or or the gold rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like modern times or or the gold rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like modern times or or the gold rush
+one way we can uh perhaps clarify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way we can uh perhaps clarify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way we can uh perhaps clarify some
+of what I've been saying and maybe also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I've been saying and maybe also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I've been saying and maybe also
+do a bit more Justice to poor Buster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bit more Justice to poor Buster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bit more Justice to poor Buster
+Keaton who I think in many ways is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton who I think in many ways is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton who I think in many ways is an
+equally remarkable artist if uh and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally remarkable artist if uh and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally remarkable artist if uh and in a
+technical sense an even more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical sense an even more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical sense an even more interesting
+director than chaplain himself uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director than chaplain himself uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director than chaplain himself uh is to
+begin with a comparison of the two not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with a comparison of the two not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with a comparison of the two not
+so much be uh because the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much be uh because the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much be uh because the comparison
+will will illuminate weaknesses in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will illuminate weaknesses in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will illuminate weaknesses in one
+or the other but it will help to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other but it will help to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other but it will help to the
+contrast between them I think will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast between them I think will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast between them I think will help
+to clarify uh what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify uh what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify uh what are some of the
+essential qualities in each of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential qualities in each of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential qualities in each of these in
+each of these director's work and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these director's work and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these director's work and I hope
+uh in films and I hope that you'll sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in films and I hope that you'll sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in films and I hope that you'll sort
+of think back to the Keaton material you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think back to the Keaton material you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think back to the Keaton material you
+saw last week as I'm making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last week as I'm making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last week as I'm making these
+comparisons right uh one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons right uh one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons right uh one way to think
+about the differences between chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the differences between chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the differences between chaplain
+and Keaton and also to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Keaton and also to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Keaton and also to think about what
+is essential about both of them is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essential about both of them is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essential about both of them is to
+talk about the way they deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the way they deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the way they deal with
+objects and the role that objects have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and the role that objects have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and the role that objects have
+in their films in keen's case U uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their films in keen's case U uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their films in keen's case U uh we
+might say that the basic objects and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that the basic objects and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that the basic objects and of
+of of of Interest are usually massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of Interest are usually massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of Interest are usually massive
+and gigantic things uh whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gigantic things uh whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gigantic things uh whole whole
+houses locomotives uh as in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses locomotives uh as in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses locomotives uh as in the general
+uh an ocean liner as in the Navigator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an ocean liner as in the Navigator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an ocean liner as in the Navigator uh
+and and uh Katon was interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh Katon was interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh Katon was interested in in
+intricate systems and in the and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate systems and in the and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate systems and in the and in the
+intricacy with which these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacy with which these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacy with which these systems
+operated and he liked to he liked to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated and he liked to he liked to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated and he liked to he liked to uh
+uh pose his Buster character against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pose his Buster character against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pose his Buster character against
+these massive systems to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these massive systems to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these massive systems to see whether
+Buster could survive them and to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buster could survive them and to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buster could survive them and to to to
+show us certain aspects of both both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us certain aspects of both both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us certain aspects of both both of
+Buster's resourcefulness and power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buster's resourcefulness and power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buster's resourcefulness and power to
+muddle through but also his comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddle through but also his comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddle through but also his comic
+inadequacy and comic comic failings as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacy and comic comic failings as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacy and comic comic failings as
+well and a number of the most dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and a number of the most dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and a number of the most dramatic
+and famous bits from the general could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and famous bits from the general could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and famous bits from the general could
+be said to crystallize this principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be said to crystallize this principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be said to crystallize this principle
+think of that magnificent joke it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that magnificent joke it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that magnificent joke it's more
+than a joke that that Cosmic joke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a joke that that Cosmic joke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a joke that that Cosmic joke that
+vision of experience that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of experience that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of experience that that that that
+that uh uh uh existential mockery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh uh existential mockery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh uh existential mockery that
+but also affectionate mockery of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also affectionate mockery of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also affectionate mockery of human
+nature that's embedded in the Canon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that's embedded in the Canon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that's embedded in the Canon
+sequence at the very beginning of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at the very beginning of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at the very beginning of of of
+uh Keaton's most important film remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Keaton's most important film remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Keaton's most important film remember
+how that works it starts off it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works it starts off it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works it starts off it's very
+funny at every level but as the as Katon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny at every level but as the as Katon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny at every level but as the as Katon
+first fails to fire the cannon then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first fails to fire the cannon then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first fails to fire the cannon then the
+second time reloads the cannon with 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time reloads the cannon with 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time reloads the cannon with 10
+times as much powder uh then gets stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as much powder uh then gets stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as much powder uh then gets stuck
+in front of the Canon and it looks as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the Canon and it looks as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the Canon and it looks as if
+he's going to be shot by every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be shot by every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be shot by every every
+move in that in that in that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in that in that in that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in that in that in that that
+sequence is full of amusing comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is full of amusing comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is full of amusing comic
+business but think of how as The as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but think of how as The as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but think of how as The as the
+joke builds as it as it as it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke builds as it as it as it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke builds as it as it as it keeps
+topping itself something else begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topping itself something else begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topping itself something else begins to
+happen what begins to emerge as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what begins to emerge as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what begins to emerge as I
+suggested last time is almost a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested last time is almost a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested last time is almost a kind of
+vision of Life a vision of life in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of Life a vision of life in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of Life a vision of life in which
+human agency matters you do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human agency matters you do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human agency matters you do have to
+struggle and do what you can to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and do what you can to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and do what you can to try to
+save yourself or accomplish your ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save yourself or accomplish your ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save yourself or accomplish your ends
+but then when your ends are accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when your ends are accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when your ends are accomplished
+even when things work out almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when things work out almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when things work out almost exactly
+as you had planned remember what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you had planned remember what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you had planned remember what happens
+the cannon does fire it doesn't shoot at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cannon does fire it doesn't shoot at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cannon does fire it doesn't shoot at
+poor Buster who runs away from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor Buster who runs away from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor Buster who runs away from it and
+hides at a cow catcher of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides at a cow catcher of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides at a cow catcher of the of the
+engine to avoid it but why doesn't it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to avoid it but why doesn't it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to avoid it but why doesn't it go
+because at a certain moment the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at a certain moment the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at a certain moment the train
+just happens to go around a bend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to go around a bend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to go around a bend and
+geography and physics collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography and physics collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography and physics collaborate with
+the Katon character in order to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Katon character in order to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Katon character in order to create a
+shot that actually does almost hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot that actually does almost hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot that actually does almost hit the
+engine he's pursuing and it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine he's pursuing and it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine he's pursuing and it certainly
+pers persuades the people he's pursuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pers persuades the people he's pursuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pers persuades the people he's pursuing
+that they are being chased by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are being chased by more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are being chased by more than
+one man right uh so the so the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one man right uh so the so the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one man right uh so the so the outcome
+and in fact remember how when the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact remember how when the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact remember how when the can
+and fires and we see that the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fires and we see that the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fires and we see that the outcome
+that results is pretty much the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results is pretty much the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results is pretty much the outcome
+that the Buster character intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Buster character intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Buster character intended
+there's a double comedy there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double comedy there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double comedy there isn't
+there and it's a metaphysical or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's a metaphysical or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's a metaphysical or an
+existential comedy because what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential comedy because what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential comedy because what that
+joke is saying is of course what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke is saying is of course what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke is saying is of course what the
+whole film also says and what many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole film also says and what many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole film also says and what many other
+individual Crescendo jokes we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Crescendo jokes we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Crescendo jokes we might call
+them uh also say in the film which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh also say in the film which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh also say in the film which is
+that we get through in life by muddling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get through in life by muddling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get through in life by muddling
+through by working hard by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by working hard by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by working hard by by by
+engaging in all kinds of sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in all kinds of sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in all kinds of sometimes
+almost obsessive labor in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost obsessive labor in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost obsessive labor in order to
+accomplish our ends but in the end when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish our ends but in the end when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish our ends but in the end when
+we do accomplish our ends it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do accomplish our ends it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do accomplish our ends it's not
+entirely because of us it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely because of us it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely because of us it's because of
+Contin it's because of accident and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contin it's because of accident and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contin it's because of accident and when
+we don't accomplish our ends it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't accomplish our ends it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't accomplish our ends it's also
+because of accident often or as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of accident often or as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of accident often or as well as
+because of our human Frailty so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our human Frailty so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our human Frailty so there
+really is a kind of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a kind of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a kind of complex
+understanding of the world implicit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world implicit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world implicit in
+the kinds of jokes that Katon manages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of jokes that Katon manages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of jokes that Katon manages to
+tell us and as if there's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us and as if there's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us and as if there's a sort of
+understanding or interpretation of Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or interpretation of Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding or interpretation of Life
+embedded in the in the best moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the in the best moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the in the best moments of
+the general uh and these this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general uh and these this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general uh and these this kind of
+vision of experience wouldn't really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of experience wouldn't really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of experience wouldn't really be
+possible if if uh Keaton was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if if uh Keaton was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if if uh Keaton was as
+interested in individual encounters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in individual encounters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in individual encounters with
+small objects as as chaplain is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small objects as as chaplain is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small objects as as chaplain is because
+the distinction between Katon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between Katon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between Katon and
+chaplain in terms of the way they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain in terms of the way they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain in terms of the way they use
+objects is that chaplain is in love not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is that chaplain is in love not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is that chaplain is in love not
+with large gigantic structures and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with large gigantic structures and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with large gigantic structures and but
+with tiny ones he wants to see how CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tiny ones he wants to see how CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tiny ones he wants to see how CH
+Charlie manipulates his Cane he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie manipulates his Cane he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie manipulates his Cane he wants to
+watch Charlie inter act with a hamburger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Charlie inter act with a hamburger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Charlie inter act with a hamburger
+uh or with a or or or or or or or with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or with a or or or or or or or with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or with a or or or or or or or with a
+or with a shoe that he is pretending is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with a shoe that he is pretending is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with a shoe that he is pretending is
+a turkey dinner in an in a in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turkey dinner in an in a in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turkey dinner in an in a in a in a
+fragment from uh a late film of his that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment from uh a late film of his that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment from uh a late film of his that
+I'm going to show you in I hope in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you in I hope in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you in I hope in a in
+a few moments so if if objects in Katon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments so if if objects in Katon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments so if if objects in Katon
+are massive and and uh systemic in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are massive and and uh systemic in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are massive and and uh systemic in a in
+a certain way the objects that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way the objects that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way the objects that are most
+characteristic of chaplain's world are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of chaplain's world are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of chaplain's world are
+small and manageable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and manageable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and manageable and the
+interactions between the chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the chaplain
+character and the these objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and the these objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and the these objects are
+often an occasion for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often an occasion for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often an occasion for the for the
+exploration of character when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of character when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of character when the
+chaplain when the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain when the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain when the character
+encounters a particular object one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters a particular object one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters a particular object one of
+the things he is characteristically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things he is characteristically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things he is characteristically
+tempted to do is to transform its use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to do is to transform its use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to do is to transform its use is
+to make it make it useful for some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it make it useful for some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it make it useful for some other
+purpose as if in the contest between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose as if in the contest between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose as if in the contest between
+Charlie and the world Charlie has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and the world Charlie has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and the world Charlie has some
+Transcendent power to allow his optimism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent power to allow his optimism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent power to allow his optimism
+to transform a recalcitrant reality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform a recalcitrant reality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform a recalcitrant reality to
+make the reality kind of Bend to him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reality kind of Bend to him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reality kind of Bend to him and
+it's especially it becomes especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially it becomes especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially it becomes especially
+poignant as you'll see in the passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignant as you'll see in the passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignant as you'll see in the passage
+from the gold rush I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gold rush I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gold rush I'm going to show you
+in a little while it becomes especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little while it becomes especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little while it becomes especially
+poignant when we understand how minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignant when we understand how minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignant when we understand how minimal
+are the consolations that Charlie finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the consolations that Charlie finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the consolations that Charlie finds
+when he transforms this shoe into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he transforms this shoe into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he transforms this shoe into a
+turkey dinner he's actually starving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey dinner he's actually starving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey dinner he's actually starving and
+although it may psychologically help him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it may psychologically help him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it may psychologically help him
+out we can see his resilience facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can see his resilience facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can see his resilience facing
+hunger and making the shoe do for a meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger and making the shoe do for a meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger and making the shoe do for a meal
+uh uh so what is expressed there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so what is expressed there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so what is expressed there is
+something of the character's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the character's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the character's
+imaginativeness but also something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginativeness but also something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginativeness but also something of
+his resilience and optimism because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his resilience and optimism because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his resilience and optimism because when
+he encounters the world his relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he encounters the world his relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he encounters the world his relation to
+it is one of a magician or a Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one of a magician or a Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one of a magician or a Transformer
+he's always trying to impose his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always trying to impose his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always trying to impose his
+imagination on the world and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination on the world and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination on the world and if you
+watch how chaplain's if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch how chaplain's if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch how chaplain's if you watch
+chaplain's films this is true of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's films this is true of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's films this is true of his
+shorts as well as his longer films if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts as well as his longer films if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts as well as his longer films if
+you watch chaplain's interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch chaplain's interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch chaplain's interaction with
+objects closely you will see a continual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects closely you will see a continual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects closely you will see a continual
+drama in which the imaginative uh world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama in which the imaginative uh world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama in which the imaginative uh world
+of the is in some sense in a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is in some sense in a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is in some sense in a kind
+of conflict or a kind of collision or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conflict or a kind of collision or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conflict or a kind of collision or at
+least a kind of angry conversation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a kind of angry conversation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a kind of angry conversation with
+the world in which the objects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in which the objects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in which the objects of the
+world are although they may resist are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world are although they may resist are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world are although they may resist are
+are are constantly under the pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are constantly under the pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are constantly under the pressure of
+the transformative power of Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformative power of Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformative power of Charlie's
+optimism resilience and Imagination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism resilience and Imagination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism resilience and Imagination so
+it's small objects in chaplain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small objects in chaplain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small objects in chaplain that
+matter and they declare for character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and they declare for character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and they declare for character
+rather than from that rather than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than from that rather than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than from that rather than for
+some Cosmic understanding of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Cosmic understanding of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Cosmic understanding of the world
+we can get at another fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get at another fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get at another fundamental
+difference and some of the strengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and some of the strengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and some of the strengths of
+both cap Katon and the the alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cap Katon and the the alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cap Katon and the the alternate
+kinds of strengths of both Katon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of strengths of both Katon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of strengths of both Katon and
+chaplain by talking about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain by talking about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain by talking about the different
+protagonists or Heroes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists or Heroes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists or Heroes that are
+characteristic of their Works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of their Works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of their Works in
+chaplain's case let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's case let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's case let's start with
+chaplain we have often have Heroes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain we have often have Heroes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain we have often have Heroes who
+have grand Visions or schemes or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grand Visions or schemes or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grand Visions or schemes or or
+hopes they tend to be chalc characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes they tend to be chalc characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes they tend to be chalc characters
+so sometimes the project they take on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes the project they take on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes the project they take on is
+rescue the damsel protect protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue the damsel protect protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue the damsel protect protect the
+woman in in uh in the first U featur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in in uh in the first U featur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in in uh in the first U featur
+Lane film or nearly feature length film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lane film or nearly feature length film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lane film or nearly feature length film
+that chaplain made was a film called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chaplain made was a film called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chaplain made was a film called the
+kid and it actually involves a child the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and it actually involves a child the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and it actually involves a child the
+kid of the is a young boy an urchin very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid of the is a young boy an urchin very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid of the is a young boy an urchin very
+much like the real chaplain in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the real chaplain in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the real chaplain in in in in
+uh in in his childhood in London and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in his childhood in London and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in his childhood in London and the
+ character who is himself starving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ character who is himself starving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ character who is himself starving
+encounters the kid and has to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters the kid and has to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters the kid and has to protect
+him so it's actually a story of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so it's actually a story of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so it's actually a story of of a
+maternal or there's a maternal quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal or there's a maternal quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal or there's a maternal quality
+to Charlie in this he's much more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Charlie in this he's much more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Charlie in this he's much more like a
+mother than he's like a father but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother than he's like a father but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother than he's like a father but
+anyway there's a a kind it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's a a kind it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's a a kind it's a kind of
+in a in a certain sense a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a certain sense a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a certain sense a kind of
+sentimental parenting Fable in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental parenting Fable in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental parenting Fable in which we
+see starving miserable down at the heels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see starving miserable down at the heels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see starving miserable down at the heels
+Charlie defending a a a person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie defending a a a person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie defending a a a person who's
+even more vulnerable and even more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more vulnerable and even more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more vulnerable and even more and
+even weaker even less able to take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weaker even less able to take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even weaker even less able to take care
+of himself than the than Charlie is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of himself than the than Charlie is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of himself than the than Charlie is and
+although it is a deeply sentimental film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it is a deeply sentimental film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it is a deeply sentimental film
+in many ways uh it also is a film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways uh it also is a film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways uh it also is a film that
+that provides another occasion in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides another occasion in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides another occasion in which
+we can see the character's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the character's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the character's
+imaginativeness operating because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginativeness operating because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginativeness operating because when
+he's and as I suggested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's and as I suggested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's and as I suggested in this
+afternoon one way you can also see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon one way you can also see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon one way you can also see it
+operating is in Chase sequences because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating is in Chase sequences because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating is in Chase sequences because
+he does such amaz he makes such amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does such amaz he makes such amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does such amaz he makes such amazing
+split-second decisions about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split-second decisions about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split-second decisions about how to
+elude his pursuers and they and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elude his pursuers and they and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elude his pursuers and they and often
+those decisions reveal his intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those decisions reveal his intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those decisions reveal his intelligence
+and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his
+improvisatory uh quickness uh so almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisatory uh quickness uh so almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisatory uh quickness uh so almost
+everything that happens in a chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens in a chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that happens in a chaplain
+film returns in some sense to our sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film returns in some sense to our sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film returns in some sense to our sense
+of the tramp's of of the tramp's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tramp's of of the tramp's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tramp's of of the tramp's
+character and we feel that uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and we feel that uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and we feel that uh um uh
+especially strongly I think in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially strongly I think in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially strongly I think in in the
+kid because one of the things that Happ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid because one of the things that Happ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid because one of the things that Happ
+I think the kid is 1921 and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the kid is 1921 and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the kid is 1921 and one of the
+things that happens in the kid is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens in the kid is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens in the kid is that
+we see Charlie exceeding himself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Charlie exceeding himself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Charlie exceeding himself in
+imaginative resourcefulness because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative resourcefulness because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative resourcefulness because he
+now has to protect a child and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has to protect a child and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has to protect a child and what you
+feel is that his compassion and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel is that his compassion and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel is that his compassion and his
+protective instincts mobilize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective instincts mobilize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective instincts mobilize a
+resourcefulness and an intelligence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourcefulness and an intelligence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourcefulness and an intelligence that
+you can't help but recognize and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't help but recognize and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't help but recognize and you
+can't help but see so uh and and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help but see so uh and and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help but see so uh and and so that
+in a certain sense there's a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense there's a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense there's a grand
+scheme here protect a child save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here protect a child save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here protect a child save a
+child's life or protect an orphan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's life or protect an orphan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's life or protect an orphan or
+protect a uh protect uh uh a a a a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect a uh protect uh uh a a a a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect a uh protect uh uh a a a a young
+Damsel in Distress from from Bandits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damsel in Distress from from Bandits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damsel in Distress from from Bandits and
+outlaws that sort of thing uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlaws that sort of thing uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlaws that sort of thing uh so it's
+it's often the case that and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often the case that and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often the case that and and then
+chaplain himself the character himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain himself the character himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain himself the character himself
+often has grandio visions of wealth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often has grandio visions of wealth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often has grandio visions of wealth or
+of success right some of his films even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success right some of his films even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success right some of his films even
+like as in modern times include dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as in modern times include dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as in modern times include dream
+sequences or fantasy sequences in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences or fantasy sequences in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences or fantasy sequences in which
+you can very very clever intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can very very clever intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can very very clever intelligent
+sequences because you can tell that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences because you can tell that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences because you can tell that they
+are taking place in a subjective realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking place in a subjective realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking place in a subjective realm
+itself a kind of uh U thematic and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a kind of uh U thematic and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a kind of uh U thematic and and
+and Technical advance in in the making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technical advance in in the making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technical advance in in the making
+of movies that chaplain found ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies that chaplain found ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies that chaplain found ways to
+introduce images that the audience would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce images that the audience would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce images that the audience would
+would recognize instantly as taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recognize instantly as taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recognize instantly as taking
+place not in the real world but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place not in the real world but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place not in the real world but in the
+subjective life of the characters as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective life of the characters as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective life of the characters as
+part of as part of his uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of as part of his uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of as part of his uh uh uh
+achievement as a as a as a m as a mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement as a as a as a m as a mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement as a as a as a m as a mature
+director uh so so the chaplain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director uh so so the chaplain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director uh so so the chaplain the
+chaplain hero is often an ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain hero is often an ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain hero is often an ambitious
+character although he often fails right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character although he often fails right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character although he often fails right
+he has large Ambitions he has chalc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has large Ambitions he has chalc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has large Ambitions he has chalc
+Tendencies he's hopeful resilient uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tendencies he's hopeful resilient uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tendencies he's hopeful resilient uh uh
+in many ways grandiose and sentimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways grandiose and sentimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways grandiose and sentimental
+and the CH and the Kon ch character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the CH and the Kon ch character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the CH and the Kon ch character
+couldn't be more opposite in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be more opposite in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be more opposite in some ways
+he has sometimes been called wrongly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has sometimes been called wrongly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has sometimes been called wrongly the
+great Stone face but he's a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Stone face but he's a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Stone face but he's a character
+who sort of muddles through without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sort of muddles through without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sort of muddles through without any
+without any Grand schemes the Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any Grand schemes the Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any Grand schemes the Keaton
+character usually isn't trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character usually isn't trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character usually isn't trying to do
+anything more the largest thing he ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more the largest thing he ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more the largest thing he ever
+tries to do is impress a woman as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do is impress a woman as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do is impress a woman as he
+does in cops right uh mostly what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in cops right uh mostly what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in cops right uh mostly what he's
+just trying to do is survive get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to do is survive get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to do is survive get through
+the day get around the corner keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day get around the corner keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day get around the corner keep this
+ship from sinking right keep uh keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship from sinking right keep uh keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship from sinking right keep uh keep
+this keep this locomotive on the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this keep this locomotive on the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this keep this locomotive on the track
+right uh one might even say that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh one might even say that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh one might even say that in the
+general which is his most grandiose plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general which is his most grandiose plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general which is his most grandiose plan
+in all of in all of Keaton's films what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of in all of Keaton's films what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of in all of Keaton's films what
+what the Buster character does in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Buster character does in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Buster character does in the
+general is the most ambitious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is the most ambitious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is the most ambitious and
+remarkable he's going to recapture his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable he's going to recapture his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable he's going to recapture his
+train he's chasing the he's chasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train he's chasing the he's chasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train he's chasing the he's chasing the
+Union Army as if he's fighting the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union Army as if he's fighting the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union Army as if he's fighting the war
+on his own but it's important to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own but it's important to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his own but it's important to realize
+how we're supposed to understand that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're supposed to understand that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're supposed to understand that in
+a deeply comic way because the Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeply comic way because the Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeply comic way because the Keaton
+character is so wedded to his engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is so wedded to his engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is so wedded to his engine
+that he's really not thinking about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's really not thinking about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's really not thinking about any
+martial Victory or or or or or or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martial Victory or or or or or or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martial Victory or or or or or or you
+know winning the war what he wants to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know winning the war what he wants to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know winning the war what he wants to do
+is recover his engine and even there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recover his engine and even there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recover his engine and even there so
+even there there's a kind of smallness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even there there's a kind of smallness a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even there there's a kind of smallness a
+kind of uh uh um lack of ambition a lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh um lack of ambition a lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh um lack of ambition a lack
+of grandiosity to what the to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grandiosity to what the to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grandiosity to what the to what the
+Katon character is doing uh so he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katon character is doing uh so he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katon character is doing uh so he wants
+to just survive and do a task again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just survive and do a task again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just survive and do a task again a
+very sharp contrast well well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp contrast well well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp contrast well well the
+treatment of women a third category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of women a third category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of women a third category
+might be a way of seeing them uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way of seeing them uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way of seeing them uh in
+sharp uh distinction to each other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp uh distinction to each other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp uh distinction to each other uh
+chaplain's treatment of women is deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's treatment of women is deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's treatment of women is deeply
+sentimental and chalc they're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental and chalc they're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental and chalc they're almost
+always with the part partial exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always with the part partial exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always with the part partial exception
+of modern times and I'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern times and I'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern times and I'll talk about that
+briefly in a moment uh they're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly in a moment uh they're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly in a moment uh they're almost
+always treated sentimentally and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always treated sentimentally and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always treated sentimentally and as
+characters who need protection who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who need protection who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who need protection who are
+weak and vulnerable as well as beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and vulnerable as well as beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and vulnerable as well as beautiful
+and stand for some kind of Purity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand for some kind of Purity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand for some kind of Purity they
+are an inheritance or a vestage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an inheritance or a vestage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an inheritance or a vestage of the
+Victorian ideal of women right uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victorian ideal of women right uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victorian ideal of women right uh they
+were put on pedestals because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put on pedestals because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put on pedestals because they were
+too pure for the world and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too pure for the world and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too pure for the world and they were
+also too weak to open doors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also too weak to open doors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also too weak to open doors for
+themselves they had to they had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they had to they had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they had to they had to have
+men do that for them right uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men do that for them right uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men do that for them right uh so
+chaplain's female characters with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's female characters with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's female characters with the
+partial exception damat dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial exception damat dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial exception damat dramatically
+partial exception of the gamon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial exception of the gamon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial exception of the gamon in the
+film you're going to see tonight tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you're going to see tonight tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you're going to see tonight tend to
+be of this sort Victorian stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of this sort Victorian stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of this sort Victorian stereotypes
+and his treatment of them is deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his treatment of them is deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his treatment of them is deeply
+sentimental uh if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental uh if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental uh if you think about the
+treatment of the heroin in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of the heroin in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of the heroin in the general
+you'll see how dramatically Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how dramatically Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how dramatically Keaton
+diverges from this view remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges from this view remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges from this view remember
+Keaton's not making fun of women in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton's not making fun of women in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton's not making fun of women in that
+he's making fun of the Victorian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making fun of the Victorian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making fun of the Victorian
+stereotype of women that appears in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype of women that appears in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype of women that appears in so
+many movies right so when the Katon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many movies right so when the Katon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many movies right so when the Katon
+character picks up that woman when she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character picks up that woman when she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character picks up that woman when she's
+hiding in the potato sack and throws her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding in the potato sack and throws her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding in the potato sack and throws her
+over his shoulders and throws her onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over his shoulders and throws her onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over his shoulders and throws her onto
+the pile as if she's another sack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pile as if she's another sack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pile as if she's another sack of
+potatoes or later in the film when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes or later in the film when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes or later in the film when the
+when the uh Katon heroin begins to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh Katon heroin begins to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh Katon heroin begins to do
+such stupid things that you begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such stupid things that you begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such stupid things that you begin to
+realize that she is one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that she is one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that she is one of the great
+Airheads in the history of movies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airheads in the history of movies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airheads in the history of movies right
+you remember some of the tricks she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember some of the tricks she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember some of the tricks she
+pulls like she she ties a a willow tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls like she she ties a a willow tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls like she she ties a a willow tree
+across the track she ties a rope across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the track she ties a rope across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the track she ties a rope across
+the tracks to stop the next train from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracks to stop the next train from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracks to stop the next train from
+from catching up with them right or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from catching up with them right or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from catching up with them right or she
+sweeps out do you remember this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeps out do you remember this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeps out do you remember this bus
+where she sweeps out in the in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she sweeps out in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she sweeps out in the in the in
+the in the in the C cabin of the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the C cabin of the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the C cabin of the engine
+while poor Buster is struggling to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while poor Buster is struggling to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while poor Buster is struggling to keep
+the engine going she doesn't like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine going she doesn't like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine going she doesn't like a
+little bit of suit on the floor She is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of suit on the floor She is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of suit on the floor She is
+well Katon makes fun of this figure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Katon makes fun of this figure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Katon makes fun of this figure but
+he's not making fun of women he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not making fun of women he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not making fun of women he's not
+making fun of actual Fe living females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fun of actual Fe living females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fun of actual Fe living females
+he's making fun of The Stereotype of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making fun of The Stereotype of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making fun of The Stereotype of
+women that appears in especi not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that appears in especi not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that appears in especi not only in
+the movies but also appears in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies but also appears in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies but also appears in sort of
+the popular conception of what of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular conception of what of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular conception of what of what
+women are in any case we can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are in any case we can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are in any case we can see how
+deeply mocking and unsen mental kon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply mocking and unsen mental kon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply mocking and unsen mental kon's
+treatment of women is one final State uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of women is one final State uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of women is one final State uh
+uh uh perspective uh uh contrast that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh perspective uh uh contrast that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh perspective uh uh contrast that I
+think is helpful and interesting might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is helpful and interesting might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is helpful and interesting might
+be the contrast in that we might that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the contrast in that we might that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the contrast in that we might that we
+might generate if we try to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might generate if we try to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might generate if we try to describe the
+visual style of each director chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual style of each director chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual style of each director chaplain
+favors close shots and emphasizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors close shots and emphasizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors close shots and emphasizes
+character he aims for a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character he aims for a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character he aims for a totally
+realistic style in which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic style in which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic style in which you're
+oblivious to the camera's presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious to the camera's presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious to the camera's presence
+you're not supposed to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to think about the
+camera he wants to create a camera that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera he wants to create a camera that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera he wants to create a camera that
+is as transparent as possible uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as transparent as possible uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as transparent as possible uh you're
+supposed to just focus on the action as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to just focus on the action as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to just focus on the action as
+if chaplain's idea is that his camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if chaplain's idea is that his camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if chaplain's idea is that his camera is
+a window on reality and he wants he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a window on reality and he wants he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a window on reality and he wants he
+doesn't want the the he doesn't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want the the he doesn't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want the the he doesn't want the
+window or the window pane to be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window or the window pane to be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window or the window pane to be part of
+your understanding of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding of what you're
+watching he just wants to uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching he just wants to uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching he just wants to uh there's
+something there's something um U social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there's something um U social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there's something um U social
+and and U um uh character oriented in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and U um uh character oriented in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and U um uh character oriented in in
+in in chaplain's visual style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in chaplain's visual style and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in chaplain's visual style and
+especially in his pre preference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in his pre preference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in his pre preference for
+close-ups which reveal the psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups which reveal the psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups which reveal the psychology of
+character right the contrast with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character right the contrast with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character right the contrast with with
+Keaton is very dramatic Keaton is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton is very dramatic Keaton is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton is very dramatic Keaton is a a
+more interesting director in a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting director in a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting director in a technical
+sense he's much more he'll mix his shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he's much more he'll mix his shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense he's much more he'll mix his shots
+much more often he'll use close-ups but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more often he'll use close-ups but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more often he'll use close-ups but
+he also loves long shots and middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also loves long shots and middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also loves long shots and middle
+shots depending on the effect he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots depending on the effect he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots depending on the effect he's
+looking for have you think about what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for have you think about what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for have you think about what a
+master he is of the long shot think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master he is of the long shot think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master he is of the long shot think of
+the moment for example in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment for example in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment for example in the general
+where the camera backs up far enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the camera backs up far enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the camera backs up far enough so
+that we can see Buster working furiously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see Buster working furiously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see Buster working furiously
+on the on the uh uh the car that carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the uh uh the car that carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the uh uh the car that carries
+the wood the wood carrier on his on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wood the wood carrier on his on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wood the wood carrier on his on his
+train working furiously with his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train working furiously with his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train working furiously with his head
+down while we see the Train move across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down while we see the Train move across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down while we see the Train move across
+the battle line so that he ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battle line so that he ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battle line so that he ends up in
+enemy territory and he doesn't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy territory and he doesn't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy territory and he doesn't even know
+it right so there's a kind of cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so there's a kind of cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so there's a kind of cosmic
+joke and again it's a joke that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke and again it's a joke that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke and again it's a joke that's only
+possible in the movies I mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in the movies I mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in the movies I mean it's a
+joke that partly depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke that partly depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke that partly depends upon the
+camera's position its power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera's position its power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera's position its power to
+photograph motion and the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph motion and the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph motion and the fact that it
+can Encompass much larger scenery a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Encompass much larger scenery a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Encompass much larger scenery a much
+larger Mison s than has ever possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Mison s than has ever possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Mison s than has ever possible in
+the live theater right so in many so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live theater right so in many so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the live theater right so in many so
+it's it's a it's a technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's a technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's a technically
+interesting achievement but it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting achievement but it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting achievement but it's also a
+morally interesting achievement because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally interesting achievement because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally interesting achievement because
+it what does it dramatize the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does it dramatize the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does it dramatize the usual
+trick the usual thing we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick the usual thing we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick the usual thing we know about the
+Buster character he's mostly oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buster character he's mostly oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buster character he's mostly oblivious
+to the dangers around him and he often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dangers around him and he often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dangers around him and he often
+often the comedy in Keaton comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the comedy in Keaton comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the comedy in Keaton comes from
+the fact that he's oblivious to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that he's oblivious to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that he's oblivious to his
+narrow escapes as we've as as we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow escapes as we've as as we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow escapes as we've as as we've said
+before so he uses so so Keaton Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so he uses so so Keaton Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so he uses so so Keaton Keaton
+uses mixed shots he's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses mixed shots he's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses mixed shots he's much more
+interested in creating an aura of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in creating an aura of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in creating an aura of
+authenticity in his in his filming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity in his in his filming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity in his in his filming uh
+the general especially alludes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general especially alludes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general especially alludes to
+documentary photography uh made during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary photography uh made during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary photography uh made during
+the Civil War and some of the images are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Civil War and some of the images are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Civil War and some of the images are
+are actually Recreations of Matthew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually Recreations of Matthew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually Recreations of Matthew
+Brady photographs very famous Matthew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brady photographs very famous Matthew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brady photographs very famous Matthew
+Brady photographs it was very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brady photographs it was very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brady photographs it was very important
+for Katon to create these realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Katon to create these realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Katon to create these realistic
+effects these realistic U this sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects these realistic U this sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects these realistic U this sense of
+realism because so many of his most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism because so many of his most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism because so many of his most
+magnificent jokes depend on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent jokes depend on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent jokes depend on your
+recognition that it's actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that it's actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that it's actually happening
+that he's not using process jots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's not using process jots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's not using process jots that
+he's do that he's think of for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's do that he's think of for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's do that he's think of for example
+of the unbelievable engineering feat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unbelievable engineering feat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unbelievable engineering feat
+that was involved in the final crash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was involved in the final crash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was involved in the final crash of
+the train when the bridge Burns at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train when the bridge Burns at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train when the bridge Burns at the
+end of the general remember he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the general remember he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the general remember he could
+there's no there's no digital animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no digital animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no digital animation
+then when but when Katon did that if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when but when Katon did that if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when but when Katon did that if he
+didn't get it on the camera the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get it on the camera the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get it on the camera the first
+time that was it right and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that was it right and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that was it right and in fact it's
+incredibly beautifully done it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly beautifully done it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly beautifully done it happens
+perfectly there's something almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly there's something almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly there's something almost
+graceful about that about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graceful about that about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graceful about that about that uh
+catastrophic sequence it's so well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic sequence it's so well done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic sequence it's so well done
+in fact it even holds up today in an era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it even holds up today in an era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it even holds up today in an era
+when we are so used to special effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are so used to special effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are so used to special effects
+of a much more dramatic and astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a much more dramatic and astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a much more dramatic and astonishing
+kind uh there are no special effects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind uh there are no special effects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind uh there are no special effects in
+that in in in that sequence it depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in that sequence it depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in that sequence it depended
+on a Mastery of knowing where to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Mastery of knowing where to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Mastery of knowing where to put the
+camera a a kind of Engineers Mastery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera a a kind of Engineers Mastery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera a a kind of Engineers Mastery of
+of of various uh individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of various uh individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of various uh individuals and
+machines that were in motion at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that were in motion at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that were in motion at the same
+time perfect timing so that the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time perfect timing so that the bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time perfect timing so that the bridge
+had to actually burn down at just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to actually burn down at just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to actually burn down at just the
+right moment for the train to come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moment for the train to come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moment for the train to come over
+there was no margin for error there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no margin for error there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no margin for error there
+again and again Keaton's uh comedy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again Keaton's uh comedy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again Keaton's uh comedy uh
+shows us this level of technical as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us this level of technical as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us this level of technical as well
+as intellectual or thematic Mastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as intellectual or thematic Mastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as intellectual or thematic Mastery
+because of course that moment when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course that moment when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course that moment when the
+train crashes into the uh Canyon isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train crashes into the uh Canyon isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train crashes into the uh Canyon isn't
+just a magnificent visual moment and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a magnificent visual moment and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a magnificent visual moment and a
+magnificently comic thwarting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificently comic thwarting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificently comic thwarting of the
+expectations of the generals who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the generals who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the generals who are
+running the but it but but the scene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the but it but but the scene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the but it but but the scene is
+that moment is also completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment is also completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment is also completely
+consistent with the Mach heroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the Mach heroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the Mach heroic
+interests The Mach heroic themes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests The Mach heroic themes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests The Mach heroic themes of the
+movie of the movie as a whole and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of the movie as a whole and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of the movie as a whole and what
+I'd like to do now is concretize and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do now is concretize and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do now is concretize and and
+and uh um uh embody the arguments I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um uh embody the arguments I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um uh embody the arguments I've
+been making very briefly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been making very briefly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been making very briefly and
+inadequately by having you look at at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequately by having you look at at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequately by having you look at at at
+three scenes one from Katon two from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three scenes one from Katon two from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three scenes one from Katon two from
+chaplain that can help uh uh uh ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain that can help uh uh uh ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain that can help uh uh uh ground
+what I've been saying in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been saying in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been saying in particular
+images and particular Mo moments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and particular Mo moments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and particular Mo moments the
+first scene uh is a scene that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scene uh is a scene that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scene uh is a scene that I wanted
+to show you last week and didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you last week and didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you last week and didn't have
+time uh I think of it in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh I think of it in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh I think of it in a certain sense
+as an as a particularly clear embodiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an as a particularly clear embodiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an as a particularly clear embodiment
+of what we might call the Katon Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we might call the Katon Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we might call the Katon Vision
+uh and it's a it's a uh it's a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's a it's a uh it's a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's a it's a uh it's a sequence
+that violates one of Keaton's deepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that violates one of Keaton's deepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that violates one of Keaton's deepest
+principles at the very end and I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles at the very end and I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles at the very end and I'm a
+little sorry does and the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sorry does and the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sorry does and the sequence is
+har armed by that there is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har armed by that there is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har armed by that there is a special
+effect in it uh and it's too bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in it uh and it's too bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in it uh and it's too bad that
+there is but it's one of the very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but it's one of the very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but it's one of the very rare
+such moments in Keaton Keaton tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such moments in Keaton Keaton tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such moments in Keaton Keaton tried
+never to do that and as I mentioned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never to do that and as I mentioned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never to do that and as I mentioned to
+you sometimes very dangerous things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sometimes very dangerous things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sometimes very dangerous things
+happen to Keaton and and they happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to Keaton and and they happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to Keaton and and they happen in
+reality he was often begged at the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality he was often begged at the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality he was often begged at the when
+when he became a a a director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he became a a a director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he became a a a director of
+features to not do his own stunts but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features to not do his own stunts but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features to not do his own stunts but he
+always refused and he always did his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always refused and he always did his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always refused and he always did his own
+stunts he broke his neck when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunts he broke his neck when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunts he broke his neck when he was
+making the general and he and he and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the general and he and he and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the general and he and he and he
+and he continued filming with with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he continued filming with with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he continued filming with with with
+a broken neck for part of the time he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a broken neck for part of the time he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a broken neck for part of the time he he
+didn't quite realize how seriously he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite realize how seriously he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite realize how seriously he
+was injured when that when that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was injured when that when that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was injured when that when that happened
+if you think back to the general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think back to the general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think back to the general you
+might actually be able to figure out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be able to figure out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be able to figure out it
+happens relatively early in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens relatively early in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens relatively early in the film
+when he when he hurt himself uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when he hurt himself uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when he hurt himself uh when
+he's on the hand car when he's chasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on the hand car when he's chasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on the hand car when he's chasing
+on the hand car and he falls off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hand car and he falls off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hand car and he falls off the
+hand car and he actually did real harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand car and he actually did real harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand car and he actually did real harm
+to himself in that in that sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to himself in that in that sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to himself in that in that sequence okay
+uh so this this first sequence it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this this first sequence it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this this first sequence it comes
+from cops and in many ways I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cops and in many ways I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cops and in many ways I think it
+embodies that kind of uh AV verion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies that kind of uh AV verion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies that kind of uh AV verion of
+the trajectory or Crescendo joke I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or Crescendo joke I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or Crescendo joke I was
+talking about earlier it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier it's a small
+version of the Canon joke that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Canon joke that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Canon joke that you see
+in or jokes plural because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or jokes plural because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or jokes plural because there's
+another joke with the canon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another joke with the canon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another joke with the canon in the
+second half of the film uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the film uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the film uh that that
+I've talked about earlier let's show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about earlier let's show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about earlier let's show it
+Greg and of course this is the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg and of course this is the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg and of course this is the moment
+where Keaton is in flight from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Keaton is in flight from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Keaton is in flight from the
+police the cops are chasing him he runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police the cops are chasing him he runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police the cops are chasing him he runs
+up this teeter totter right he run he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this teeter totter right he run he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this teeter totter right he run he
+gets he runs up a ladder and turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets he runs up a ladder and turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets he runs up a ladder and turns out
+to be a like a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a like a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a like a like a
+seesaw and there we see the Buster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesaw and there we see the Buster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seesaw and there we see the Buster
+character trying to elude cops who come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character trying to elude cops who come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character trying to elude cops who come
+up on either side of the teer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on either side of the teer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on either side of the teer
+right and now what does that you see his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now what does that you see his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now what does that you see his
+acrobatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobatic
+qualities but part of it of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities but part of it of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities but part of it of course is
+that part of what makes it good is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of what makes it good is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of what makes it good is that
+we know he's improvising here he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know he's improvising here he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know he's improvising here he's in
+trouble people on both ends now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble people on both ends now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble people on both ends now are
+after him how can he escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right teeter totter up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right teeter totter up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right teeter totter up and down
+seems as if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems as if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems as if there's no
+Escape it's almost as if every cop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape it's almost as if every cop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape it's almost as if every cop in
+the city is now after Poor Buster right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is now after Poor Buster right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is now after Poor Buster right
+massive forces arrayed against the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive forces arrayed against the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive forces arrayed against the the
+Lone Hero a a key to his comedy and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lone Hero a a key to his comedy and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lone Hero a a key to his comedy and yet
+and of course that's the process shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's the process shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's the process shot
+but it is a very witty way to end right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a very witty way to end right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a very witty way to end right
+what does it depend on among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it depend on among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it depend on among other
+things an engineer's understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things an engineer's understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things an engineer's understanding of
+the laws of motion right it it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of motion right it it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of motion right it it depends
+it many of Keaton's jokes depend on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it many of Keaton's jokes depend on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it many of Keaton's jokes depend on a
+kind of collaboration with with gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of collaboration with with gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of collaboration with with gravity
+right I mean he had to uh and and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean he had to uh and and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean he had to uh and and call
+attention to that so his so his it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to that so his so his it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to that so his so his it seems
+as if there's no escape and he does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if there's no escape and he does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if there's no escape and he does not
+Escape because of Any that he himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape because of Any that he himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape because of Any that he himself
+has really done it's contingent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really done it's contingent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really done it's contingent it's
+accidental but he does Escape right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental but he does Escape right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental but he does Escape right it's
+as if it's as if the universe sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's as if the universe sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's as if the universe sometimes
+not always conspires to help us if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always conspires to help us if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always conspires to help us if we
+try hard sometimes it'll help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try hard sometimes it'll help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try hard sometimes it'll help us
+sometimes it won't we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it won't we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it won't we're
+mostly foolish characters muddling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly foolish characters muddling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly foolish characters muddling
+through the jokes say that again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the jokes say that again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the jokes say that again and
+again it's a vision of Life uh now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a vision of Life uh now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a vision of Life uh now I
+want to turn to what to contrast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to turn to what to contrast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to turn to what to contrast this
+kind of joking and this kind of style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of joking and this kind of style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of joking and this kind of style
+again think of how the camera had to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again think of how the camera had to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again think of how the camera had to for
+for that effected work work the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that effected work work the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that effected work work the camera
+had to be pretty far back it had to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be pretty far back it had to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be pretty far back it had to it
+depended it depended on your seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended it depended on your seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended it depended on your seeing the
+Seesaw going up and down it depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seesaw going up and down it depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seesaw going up and down it depended on
+your seeing the cops on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seeing the cops on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seeing the cops on either side of
+the ladder right so so U um it's in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder right so so U um it's in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder right so so U um it's in in
+that sense it's a characteristic Katon U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense it's a characteristic Katon U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense it's a characteristic Katon U
+moment a characteristic Heaton passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment a characteristic Heaton passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment a characteristic Heaton passage
+well I want to show you two passages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I want to show you two passages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I want to show you two passages
+from feature films of of of chaplain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from feature films of of of chaplain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from feature films of of of chaplain's
+that I think of as characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think of as characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think of as characteristic
+moments of chaplain and you'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of chaplain and you'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of chaplain and you'll see how
+they fit into what I've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit into what I've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit into what I've already said
+first a scene from the gold rush and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a scene from the gold rush and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a scene from the gold rush and let
+me set it up for you uh the go one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me set it up for you uh the go one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me set it up for you uh the go one of
+the delightful and important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delightful and important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delightful and important things
+about the tra's character as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tra's character as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tra's character as I mentioned
+this afternoon is after a while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon is after a while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon is after a while the
+chaplain made a total of 81 films the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain made a total of 81 films the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain made a total of 81 films the
+vast majority of them were silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of them were silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of them were silent
+films after a after the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films after a after the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films after a after the first couple of
+of of of of films that he made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of films that he made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of films that he made the
+character began to elaborate itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character began to elaborate itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character began to elaborate itself and
+uh and proceed by a principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and proceed by a principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and proceed by a principle of
+accretion that's very important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accretion that's very important for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accretion that's very important for us
+to be aware of because think of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of because think of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of because think of what
+this means if the audience for modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means if the audience for modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means if the audience for modern
+times had seen 50 chaplain shorts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times had seen 50 chaplain shorts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times had seen 50 chaplain shorts or
+most of chaplain's movies and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of chaplain's movies and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of chaplain's movies and if this
+would have been true the in 1936 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been true the in 1936 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been true the in 1936 the
+vast majority of the movie audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of the movie audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of the movie audience
+would have lived through the silent era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have lived through the silent era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have lived through the silent era
+would and certainly would have known a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would and certainly would have known a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would and certainly would have known a
+great many chaplain films so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many chaplain films so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many chaplain films so that when
+they came to see modern times they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to see modern times they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to see modern times they had
+in their memory banks all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their memory banks all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their memory banks all these other
+stories about the tra and in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about the tra and in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about the tra and in fact this
+they didn't have to wait for modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have to wait for modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have to wait for modern
+times for this effect to occur right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for this effect to occur right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for this effect to occur right as
+as the began to generate kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the began to generate kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the began to generate kind of
+reputation and more and more people came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation and more and more people came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation and more and more people came
+to watch him what began to happen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch him what began to happen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch him what began to happen was
+that each subsequent adventure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each subsequent adventure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each subsequent adventure of the
+ got richer not because of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ got richer not because of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ got richer not because of anything
+inherent in the new adventure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in the new adventure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in the new adventure but
+because the previous Adventures lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the previous Adventures lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the previous Adventures lay
+behind it and were part of the tramp's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it and were part of the tramp's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it and were part of the tramp's
+ongoing identity so as the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing identity so as the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing identity so as the audience
+became more familiar with the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more familiar with the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more familiar with the and
+as chaplain's gifts for for dramatizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chaplain's gifts for for dramatizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chaplain's gifts for for dramatizing
+character and for making movies en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and for making movies en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and for making movies en
+larged so did the Resonance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larged so did the Resonance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larged so did the Resonance of the
+as a figure and I should have said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a figure and I should have said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a figure and I should have said this
+this afternoon because it's the deepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon because it's the deepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon because it's the deepest
+explanation for why the became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why the became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why the became a
+Mythic figure why the became such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic figure why the became such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic figure why the became such
+a such a such a memorable and Powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a such a such a memorable and Powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a such a such a memorable and Powerful
+uh icon uh and and in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh icon uh and and in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh icon uh and and in this in this
+sequence you're going to see one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you're going to see one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you're going to see one of the
+classic instances of the tramp's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic instances of the tramp's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic instances of the tramp's
+resilient imaginativeness in the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient imaginativeness in the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient imaginativeness in the face of
+difficulty and danger in the in the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty and danger in the in the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty and danger in the in the gold
+R in the Gold Rush the identity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R in the Gold Rush the identity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R in the Gold Rush the identity that
+Charlie takes on by the time he comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie takes on by the time he comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie takes on by the time he comes to
+make his feature films there are dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his feature films there are dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his feature films there are dozens
+and dozens 30 40 short films behind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dozens 30 40 short films behind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dozens 30 40 short films behind uh
+uh in the past so that and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the past so that and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the past so that and all of those
+identities all of those Adventures feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities all of those Adventures feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities all of those Adventures feed
+into and inform the more recent ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and inform the more recent ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and inform the more recent ones
+when the audience then comes to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the audience then comes to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the audience then comes to watch
+Modern Times it has that and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Times it has that and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Times it has that and and the
+gold rush it it has that history behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold rush it it has that history behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold rush it it has that history behind
+it in this particular scene what in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this particular scene what in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this particular scene what in this
+particular film Charlie takes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular film Charlie takes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular film Charlie takes on the
+identity of a of a of a 49er who's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of a of a of a 49er who's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of a of a of a 49er who's gone
+to not a not a football player but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not a not a football player but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not a not a football player but a
+minor who's gone to Alaska for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor who's gone to Alaska for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor who's gone to Alaska for the
+Alaska Gold Rush right we've seen him as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska Gold Rush right we've seen him as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska Gold Rush right we've seen him as
+a waiter we've seen him as a ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a waiter we've seen him as a ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a waiter we've seen him as a ship
+Builder we've seen him as a pawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder we've seen him as a pawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder we've seen him as a pawn
+broker's assistant we've seen him we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker's assistant we've seen him we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker's assistant we've seen him we've
+seen him in in in in in a whole range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen him in in in in in a whole range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen him in in in in in a whole range of
+other jobs almost all and until modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jobs almost all and until modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jobs almost all and until modern
+times each film even the even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each film even the even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each film even the even the
+featurelength films only show Charlie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength films only show Charlie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength films only show Charlie in
+one occupation it's only in modern times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one occupation it's only in modern times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one occupation it's only in modern times
+where we see him in multiple occupations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see him in multiple occupations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see him in multiple occupations
+it's one of the things that marks modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the things that marks modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the things that marks modern
+times greater complexity from the ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times greater complexity from the ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times greater complexity from the ear
+from the earlier film well in this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the earlier film well in this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the earlier film well in this film
+now but so what's happened he goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but so what's happened he goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but so what's happened he goes to
+Alaska he finds himself stuck in a cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska he finds himself stuck in a cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alaska he finds himself stuck in a cabin
+after a terrible Avalanche and snowstorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a terrible Avalanche and snowstorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a terrible Avalanche and snowstorm
+he's stuck in the cabin without food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's stuck in the cabin without food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's stuck in the cabin without food
+with a massive gigantic fellow one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a massive gigantic fellow one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a massive gigantic fellow one of
+his favorite uh antagonists Max Swain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his favorite uh antagonists Max Swain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his favorite uh antagonists Max Swain
+there's name and chaplain certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's name and chaplain certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's name and chaplain certainly
+chose him because he was so humongously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose him because he was so humongously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose him because he was so humongously
+large that when he just when he was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that when he just when he was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that when he just when he was just
+opposed against Charlie he looked uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed against Charlie he looked uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed against Charlie he looked uh uh
+even even more menacing well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even more menacing well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even more menacing well in the
+sequence you're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you're about to
+see Charlie is in is is confined in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Charlie is in is is confined in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Charlie is in is is confined in a
+cabin in a horrible snowstorm starving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin in a horrible snowstorm starving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin in a horrible snowstorm starving
+with this gigantic fellow who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this gigantic fellow who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this gigantic fellow who's
+beginning to look at Charlie as if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to look at Charlie as if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to look at Charlie as if he
+might be a tasty morsel and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a tasty morsel and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a tasty morsel and it's
+Thanksgiving it's Thanksgiving they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving it's Thanksgiving they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving it's Thanksgiving they're
+about to have Thanksgiving dinner what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to have Thanksgiving dinner what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to have Thanksgiving dinner what
+are they going to do watch Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to do watch Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to do watch Charlie's
+imaginative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative
+response okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+even before this we've seen the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before this we've seen the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before this we've seen the max
+Swain character look at Charlie with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swain character look at Charlie with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swain character look at Charlie with a
+kind of hungry eye and you'll see him do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hungry eye and you'll see him do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hungry eye and you'll see him do
+it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+here watch how Charlie interacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watch how Charlie interacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watch how Charlie interacts with
+particular objects with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular objects with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular objects with small
+objects he's what he's done is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects he's what he's done is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects he's what he's done is he's
+cooked a boot one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the shoelaces become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaghetti did you see the subtlety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti did you see the subtlety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti did you see the subtlety of
+that moment where Charlie look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment where Charlie look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment where Charlie look
+frightened wh watch the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened wh watch the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened wh watch the range of
+emotions that he's able to express in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions that he's able to express in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions that he's able to express in
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+face and you see how he uses close-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and you see how he uses close-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and you see how he uses close-ups
+How It's a drama of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+character see now he lacks Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character see now he lacks Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character see now he lacks Charlie's
+imaginativeness so he doesn't survive as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginativeness so he doesn't survive as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginativeness so he doesn't survive as
+well right it's almost like Mind Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right it's almost like Mind Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right it's almost like Mind Over
+Matter and that it it's that quality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matter and that it it's that quality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matter and that it it's that quality in
+chap in the chaplain character I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chap in the chaplain character I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chap in the chaplain character I think
+more than any other that explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any other that explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any other that explains why
+people loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+him you see if you act like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him you see if you act like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him you see if you act like you're
+eating good food you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are all right that's enough Greg over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right that's enough Greg over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right that's enough Greg over
+you get the idea it's a remarkable film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the idea it's a remarkable film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the idea it's a remarkable film
+and you get an idea now the next scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get an idea now the next scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get an idea now the next scene
+the next sequence I want to show you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next sequence I want to show you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next sequence I want to show you was
+in some sense even more powerful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense even more powerful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense even more powerful uh
+maybe Le it's less comic it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Le it's less comic it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Le it's less comic it's it's it's
+one of the sort of although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sort of although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sort of although there are
+comic elements in it it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic elements in it it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic elements in it it's it's it's
+Chaplain that his most dramatic and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplain that his most dramatic and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplain that his most dramatic and it's
+the it's the final sequence of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the final sequence of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the final sequence of the film
+City Lights uh the film that precedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Lights uh the film that precedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Lights uh the film that precedes
+Modern Times by five there five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Times by five there five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Times by five there five years
+separate them but it's the it's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them but it's the it's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them but it's the it's the last
+film he made before for modern times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he made before for modern times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he made before for modern times and
+uh it's a it's essentially an urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a it's essentially an urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a it's essentially an urban
+drama in which the tram character finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama in which the tram character finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama in which the tram character finds
+himself protecting a vulnerable woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself protecting a vulnerable woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself protecting a vulnerable woman
+and the woman he's protecting uh is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the woman he's protecting uh is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the woman he's protecting uh is is a
+blind flower girl she's blind and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind flower girl she's blind and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind flower girl she's blind and so
+she's even even more vulnerable and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's even even more vulnerable and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's even even more vulnerable and and
+uh uh deserving of protection than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh deserving of protection than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh deserving of protection than a
+than a sighted flower girl would be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a sighted flower girl would be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a sighted flower girl would be and
+so Charlie so Charlie sort of takes her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Charlie so Charlie sort of takes her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Charlie so Charlie sort of takes her
+under his wing and she because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under his wing and she because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under his wing and she because she's
+blind she doesn't realize there's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind she doesn't realize there's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind she doesn't realize there's a kind
+of trick in the beginning a visual trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trick in the beginning a visual trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trick in the beginning a visual trick
+that makes the blind flower girl believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the blind flower girl believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the blind flower girl believe
+that Charlie is a wealthy man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Charlie is a wealthy man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Charlie is a wealthy man and
+Charlie allows her to believe this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie allows her to believe this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie allows her to believe this he
+plays the but he allows her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the but he allows her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the but he allows her to
+believe that he's wealthy and he visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that he's wealthy and he visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that he's wealthy and he visits
+with her he takes care and she has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her he takes care and she has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her he takes care and she has an
+old she has an aged mother something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old she has an aged mother something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old she has an aged mother something
+like the character you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the character you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the character you see in the
+Immigrant who dies in the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Immigrant who dies in the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Immigrant who dies in the course of the
+film and and uh Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and and uh Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and and uh Charlie
+Charlie the second subplot in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie the second subplot in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie the second subplot in the film
+has Charlie befriending a very wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Charlie befriending a very wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Charlie befriending a very wealthy
+man who's incredibly nice to him when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who's incredibly nice to him when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who's incredibly nice to him when
+he's drunk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's drunk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's drunk and
+kicks him out of his life when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks him out of his life when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks him out of his life when he's
+sober and his his irrationality is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sober and his his irrationality is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sober and his his irrationality is part
+of chaplain's critique of capitalism I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chaplain's critique of capitalism I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chaplain's critique of capitalism I
+think because he's a he's a rich man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because he's a he's a rich man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because he's a he's a rich man
+right uh but when he's drunk he he loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but when he's drunk he he loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but when he's drunk he he loves
+Charlie and he gives Charlie money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and he gives Charlie money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and he gives Charlie money and
+so forth but Charlie uses this to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but Charlie uses this to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but Charlie uses this to get a
+fortune and he send he sees an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and he send he sees an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and he send he sees an article
+in newspaper about a about a Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in newspaper about a about a Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in newspaper about a about a Swiss
+doctor who can fix blindness and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor who can fix blindness and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor who can fix blindness and he
+sends the flower girl to Switzerland to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends the flower girl to Switzerland to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends the flower girl to Switzerland to
+or some place to have her at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some place to have her at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some place to have her at the final
+and she has the operation she has she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has the operation she has she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has the operation she has she
+has her sight regained and at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has her sight regained and at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has her sight regained and at the very
+end of the and the tram character has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the and the tram character has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the and the tram character has
+had his re had his usual Misadventures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had his re had his usual Misadventures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had his re had his usual Misadventures
+and he's just getting out of prison at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's just getting out of prison at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's just getting out of prison at
+the very end of the film so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the film so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of the film so the
+encounter he's going to have with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter he's going to have with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter he's going to have with the
+now cited flower girl which is the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cited flower girl which is the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cited flower girl which is the very
+climax of City Lights this encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climax of City Lights this encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climax of City Lights this encounter
+that he's going to have with her uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's going to have with her uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's going to have with her uh is
+an encounter in which he and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an encounter in which he and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an encounter in which he and the
+audience know perfectly well who all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience know perfectly well who all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience know perfectly well who all the
+characters are but she has never set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are but she has never set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are but she has never set
+eyes on Charlie before and she has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes on Charlie before and she has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes on Charlie before and she has the
+idea that the man that that her her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the man that that her her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the man that that her her
+benefactor the man who who who sent her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefactor the man who who who sent her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefactor the man who who who sent her
+for the operation and restored her sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the operation and restored her sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the operation and restored her sight
+is is a wealthy and handsome fellow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a wealthy and handsome fellow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a wealthy and handsome fellow uh
+here is the ending of city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the audience this moment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the audience this moment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the audience this moment has
+tremendous poignance because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous poignance because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous poignance because the
+audience is aware of things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is aware of things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is aware of things that the
+female character is not aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female character is not aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female character is not aware of that
+there's her benefactor this shabby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's her benefactor this shabby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's her benefactor this shabby
+little so her condescension to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so her condescension to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so her condescension to him
+in this sequence has tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence has tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence has tremendous
+poignance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignance for the
+audience and look at Char look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and look at Char look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and look at Char look at the
+closeup on Charlie Here Charlie Sees who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeup on Charlie Here Charlie Sees who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeup on Charlie Here Charlie Sees who
+it is Charlie knows who it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the only thing that's wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only thing that's wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only thing that's wrong with this
+ending is the titles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending is the titles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending is the titles are
+unnecessary the faces are so eloquent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary the faces are so eloquent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary the faces are so eloquent
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unnecessary the word words don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary the word words don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary the word words don't need
+aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't
+needed in fact the words even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplify can you see how Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify can you see how Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify can you see how Charlie's
+expression involves Pride as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression involves Pride as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression involves Pride as well as
+affection and a kind of and a Kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection and a kind of and a Kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection and a kind of and a Kind of
+Love he's incredibly excited and happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love he's incredibly excited and happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love he's incredibly excited and happy
+to see her and to see her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see the power of a closeup she suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the power of a closeup she suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the power of a closeup she suddenly
+realizes who it is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the least necessary intertitle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least necessary intertitle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least necessary intertitle in the
+history of movies is about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appear but look at the close-ups here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear but look at the close-ups here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear but look at the close-ups here
+look at the art of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close-ups another unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are people who have said that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who have said that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who have said that that
+last closeup is the most eloquent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last closeup is the most eloquent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last closeup is the most eloquent
+close-up in the history of movies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up in the history of movies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up in the history of movies it
+might be true because the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true because the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true because the complexity of
+emotion that's playing across Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion that's playing across Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion that's playing across Charlie's
+face there it's hard for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face there it's hard for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face there it's hard for people who
+haven't seen the whole film to fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen the whole film to fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen the whole film to fully
+grasp it although I tried to set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp it although I tried to set it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp it although I tried to set it up
+it's partly that he knows there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partly that he knows there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partly that he knows there can
+never be anything between them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be anything between them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be anything between them it's
+partly that he's full of joy over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly that he's full of joy over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly that he's full of joy over the
+fact that he's been able to help her but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he's been able to help her but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he's been able to help her but
+there's also a sense of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a sense of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a sense of their
+inevitable separation of the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable separation of the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable separation of the differences
+between them and that's part of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and that's part of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and that's part of what's
+reflected in Charlie in that close-up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in Charlie in that close-up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in Charlie in that close-up at
+the end and another thing I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and another thing I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and another thing I would call
+your attention to part of chaplain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to part of chaplain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to part of chaplain's
+subtlety is look how he doesn't hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety is look how he doesn't hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety is look how he doesn't hold it
+too long a really a truly sentimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long a really a truly sentimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long a really a truly sentimental
+director would have held his final scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director would have held his final scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director would have held his final scene
+his final shot of Charlie's face twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his final shot of Charlie's face twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his final shot of Charlie's face twice
+as long three times as long but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long three times as long but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long three times as long but you
+notice how it wasn't there for very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how it wasn't there for very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how it wasn't there for very long
+you his hand was over here and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you his hand was over here and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you his hand was over here and and then
+the screen goes blank uh he doesn't milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen goes blank uh he doesn't milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen goes blank uh he doesn't milk
+the moment even though it's an immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment even though it's an immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment even though it's an immensely
+complicated moment but the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated moment but the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated moment but the most
+important thing to say about this scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to say about this scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to say about this scene
+is that it's a scene that's played out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a scene that's played out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a scene that's played out
+by the drama of the face it shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the drama of the face it shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the drama of the face it shows how
+chaplain had reached a point by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain had reached a point by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain had reached a point by by the
+time he reached his maturity in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he reached his maturity in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he reached his maturity in the in
+the 1920s had reached a point where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1920s had reached a point where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1920s had reached a point where he
+could create films in which close-ups on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create films in which close-ups on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create films in which close-ups on
+expressive actors faces and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive actors faces and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive actors faces and especially
+close-ups on the tramp's face were could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups on the tramp's face were could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-ups on the tramp's face were could
+could reveal worlds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reveal worlds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reveal worlds of
+meaning the range of contradictory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the range of contradictory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the range of contradictory
+feelings and meanings that run across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and meanings that run across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and meanings that run across
+the theater of CH Charlie's face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater of CH Charlie's face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater of CH Charlie's face in
+these final sequences of city lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these final sequences of city lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these final sequences of city lights are
+proof of the eloquence of the silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the eloquence of the silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the eloquence of the silent
+film and a and our particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and a and our particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and a and our particularly
+distinctive signature instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive signature instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive signature instance of
+chaplain's of chaplain's art well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's of chaplain's art well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's of chaplain's art well in the
+time I I have remaining what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I I have remaining what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I I have remaining what I'd like to
+do is talk very quickly about modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is talk very quickly about modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is talk very quickly about modern
+times itself The Great Masterpiece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times itself The Great Masterpiece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times itself The Great Masterpiece that
+you're going to be seeing in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be seeing in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be seeing in a few
+minutes as a as a way of sort of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes as a as a way of sort of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes as a as a way of sort of setting
+up some of the things for you to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some of the things for you to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some of the things for you to watch
+for I can be very it but I it seem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I can be very it but I it seem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I can be very it but I it seem I
+feel badly that I couldn't do this fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel badly that I couldn't do this fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel badly that I couldn't do this fully
+enough with the general which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough with the general which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough with the general which is an
+equally complex film and I only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally complex film and I only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally complex film and I only have a
+few minutes here so I can hardly do full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes here so I can hardly do full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes here so I can hardly do full
+Justice to the astonishing richness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice to the astonishing richness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice to the astonishing richness and
+complexity of modern times but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of modern times but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of modern times but I want to
+call your attention to certain features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call your attention to certain features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call your attention to certain features
+in it and count on your being as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and count on your being as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and count on your being as
+attentive and as generous in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive and as generous in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive and as generous in your
+viewing as you possibly can I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing as you possibly can I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing as you possibly can I'm sure
+you'll pick up other things as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pick up other things as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pick up other things as well
+first the context of the film I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the context of the film I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the context of the film I've
+already mentioned this and I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned this and I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned this and I don't have
+to spend a lot of time on it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of time on it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a lot of time on it but it's
+very interesting and significant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and significant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and significant that
+the film was made in 1936 released in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was made in 1936 released in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was made in 1936 released in
+1936 something like seven or eight years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1936 something like seven or eight years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1936 something like seven or eight years
+into the sound era there hadn't been any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sound era there hadn't been any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sound era there hadn't been any
+silent films made now I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent films made now I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent films made now I'm not saying
+that modern times is actually a truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern times is actually a truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern times is actually a truly
+silent film it's not it has a soundtrack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film it's not it has a soundtrack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film it's not it has a soundtrack
+and the soundtrack is complex and Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the soundtrack is complex and Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the soundtrack is complex and Rich
+and I'll say at least a word about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say at least a word about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say at least a word about it
+before I'm before I'm finished here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm before I'm finished here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm before I'm finished here uh
+but it but in every fundamental respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but in every fundamental respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but in every fundamental respect
+modern times wants its viewers to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times wants its viewers to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times wants its viewers to think
+of it as a as a silent film it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a as a silent film it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a as a silent film it it
+invokes the tradition of silent film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invokes the tradition of silent film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invokes the tradition of silent film and
+especially the tradition of Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the tradition of Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the tradition of Chaplin
+films to which it systematically alludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films to which it systematically alludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films to which it systematically alludes
+in virtually every frame uh so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in virtually every frame uh so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in virtually every frame uh so the the
+the the context for the film is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the context for the film is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the context for the film is first
+that it is that it is in a certain way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is that it is in a certain way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is that it is in a certain way a
+kind of silent film there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of silent film there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of silent film there is no
+synchronous dialogue in it so it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous dialogue in it so it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous dialogue in it so it remains
+in some sense there is there there is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense there is there there is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense there is there there is s
+there are sound effects but uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sound effects but uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sound effects but uh and of
+course there's music a soundtrack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's music a soundtrack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's music a soundtrack that
+chap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chap
+arranged uh very complexly and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged uh very complexly and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged uh very complexly and it's a
+very rich soundtrack but there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich soundtrack but there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich soundtrack but there but
+there's no synchronous dialogue until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no synchronous dialogue until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no synchronous dialogue until
+the very end at the very end there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end at the very end there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end at the very end there is
+synchronous dialogue and it's Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous dialogue and it's Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous dialogue and it's Charlie
+who speaks it in fact the film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who speaks it in fact the film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who speaks it in fact the film was
+advertised uh as follows in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised uh as follows in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised uh as follows in many
+newspapers it say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers it say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers it say the
+speaks well watch for what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks well watch for what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks well watch for what happens when
+the speaks you it's a it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaks you it's a it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaks you it's a it's it's
+one of the film's great and serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the film's great and serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the film's great and serious
+jokes he does speak at the end and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes he does speak at the end and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes he does speak at the end and it's
+the only moment you do hear dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only moment you do hear dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only moment you do hear dialogue
+elsewhere in the film I'm getting ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere in the film I'm getting ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere in the film I'm getting ahead
+of myself because this is what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself because this is what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself because this is what I wanted
+to say about sound but you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about sound but you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about sound but you don't see
+people you don't see you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you don't see you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you don't see you don't see
+synchronous dialogue you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous dialogue you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous dialogue you don't see
+people moving their lips and words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people moving their lips and words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people moving their lips and words
+coming out of it you see people on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of it you see people on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of it you see people on a
+screen talking or you hear people on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen talking or you hear people on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen talking or you hear people on a
+radio talking but you don't see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio talking but you don't see someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio talking but you don't see someone
+on screen actually moving his lips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen actually moving his lips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen actually moving his lips and
+words sound coming out until the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words sound coming out until the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words sound coming out until the very
+end when Charlie does his song he sings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end when Charlie does his song he sings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end when Charlie does his song he sings
+a song he plays a waiter near the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a song he plays a waiter near the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a song he plays a waiter near the end of
+the film and he sings a song uh and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and he sings a song uh and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and he sings a song uh and he
+tells a story with the song watch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a story with the song watch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a story with the song watch for
+what happens the tram does talk but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens the tram does talk but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens the tram does talk but it's
+a wonderful cut Cosmic comic joke um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful cut Cosmic comic joke um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful cut Cosmic comic joke um
+another aspect of the context of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of the context of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of the context of modern
+times is it takes place during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times is it takes place during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times is it takes place during the
+Depression right but the subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression right but the subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression right but the subject matter
+of modern times was TP was chaplain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern times was TP was chaplain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern times was TP was chaplain's
+typical subject matter uh it was the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical subject matter uh it was the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical subject matter uh it was the it
+was about the depression it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the depression it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the depression it was about
+Hunger about Misery about someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunger about Misery about someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunger about Misery about someone who
+can't find a job about two homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find a job about two homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find a job about two homeless
+people about about the about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about about the about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about about the about the
+conflict between capital and labor about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between capital and labor about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between capital and labor about
+the irrationality of both sides it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irrationality of both sides it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irrationality of both sides it was
+literally about the turmoil and trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally about the turmoil and trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally about the turmoil and trouble
+that was going on during the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going on during the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going on during the Great
+Depression many people predicted not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression many people predicted not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression many people predicted not
+only that the film would fail because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that the film would fail because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that the film would fail because it
+was really essentially a silent film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really essentially a silent film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really essentially a silent film in
+an era when no one was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an era when no one was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an era when no one was interested in
+silent film anymore but also that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film anymore but also that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film anymore but also that would
+fail because it was rubbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because it was rubbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because it was rubbing the
+audience's noses in the very experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience's noses in the very experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience's noses in the very experiences
+they were trying to escape when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to escape when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to escape when they
+came to the movies The Escapist theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the movies The Escapist theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the movies The Escapist theory
+of why people attend films of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why people attend films of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why people attend films of course
+both predictions were mistaken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both predictions were mistaken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both predictions were mistaken the
+modern times was a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times was a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times was a significant
+Commercial Success partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial Success partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial Success partly because
+Chaplan was very clever in the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplan was very clever in the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplan was very clever in the way he
+did his exhibition of the film he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his exhibition of the film he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his exhibition of the film he
+released it first not in Mass release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released it first not in Mass release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released it first not in Mass release
+but to Elite theaters which charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to Elite theaters which charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to Elite theaters which charged
+quite a great deal of money and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a great deal of money and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a great deal of money and then
+slowly allowed the film to reach larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly allowed the film to reach larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly allowed the film to reach larger
+and larger theaters he anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger theaters he anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger theaters he anticipated
+certain modern marketing methods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain modern marketing methods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain modern marketing methods with
+the release of modern time and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the release of modern time and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the release of modern time and of course
+by the by 1936 Charlie Chaplain was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by 1936 Charlie Chaplain was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by 1936 Charlie Chaplain was an
+internationally famous figure of such uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally famous figure of such uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally famous figure of such uh
+stature he was about the only figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stature he was about the only figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stature he was about the only figure
+maybe apart from DW Griffith about whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe apart from DW Griffith about whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe apart from DW Griffith about whom
+people had begun to write essays calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had begun to write essays calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had begun to write essays calling
+him an artist so he W chaplain chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him an artist so he W chaplain chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him an artist so he W chaplain chaplain
+occupied a unique place and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied a unique place and that was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied a unique place and that was
+part of also part of why what modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of also part of why what modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of also part of why what modern
+times was waited for so so fully so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times was waited for so so fully so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times was waited for so so fully so the
+cont the context of modern times is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont the context of modern times is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont the context of modern times is
+important and there's something Brave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and there's something Brave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and there's something Brave
+and surprising about the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprising about the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprising about the fact that it
+was about the miseries of the depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the miseries of the depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the miseries of the depression
+during the Depression that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Depression that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Depression that it was
+essentially a silent film in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a silent film in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a silent film in the middle
+of the sound era both very bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sound era both very bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sound era both very bold
+Decisions by on chaplain's part both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decisions by on chaplain's part both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decisions by on chaplain's part both
+characteristic of his of of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of his of of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of his of of his
+ambitiousness as a as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitiousness as a as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitiousness as a as an
+artist I like Keaton's the general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist I like Keaton's the general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist I like Keaton's the general we
+could certainly call this this film also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly call this this film also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly call this this film also
+a culminating text a summarizing text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a culminating text a summarizing text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a culminating text a summarizing text
+and what I and in several senses it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I and in several senses it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I and in several senses it's a
+culminating text in terms of chaplain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminating text in terms of chaplain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminating text in terms of chaplain's
+work and I've already talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and I've already talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and I've already talked about that
+every single person coming to see modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single person coming to see modern
+ 
+
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+every single person coming to see modern
+times who had any experience with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times who had any experience with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times who had any experience with the
+movies before would recognize in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies before would recognize in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies before would recognize in modern
+times situations and even physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times situations and even physical
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+times situations and even physical
+spaces that had occurred in earlier
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+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that had occurred in earlier
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+
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+spaces that had occurred in earlier
+chaplain films so there was almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain films so there was almost a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain films so there was almost a
+sense in which modern times was a repre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which modern times was a repre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which modern times was a repre
+of the whole career of the and I
+
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+of the whole career of the and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole career of the and I
+mentioned that Modern Times shows us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that Modern Times shows us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that Modern Times shows us the
+ for the first time in multiple
+
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+ for the first time in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ for the first time in multiple
+jobs having multiple uh uh uh uh sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs having multiple uh uh uh uh sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs having multiple uh uh uh uh sources
+of and in fact he uh multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and in fact he uh multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and in fact he uh multiple
+Misadventures he goes to jail more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Misadventures he goes to jail more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Misadventures he goes to jail more than
+once in the film we find him we find him
+
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+once in the film we find him we find him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in the film we find him we find him
+in a factory more than once in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a factory more than once in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a factory more than once in the film
+and so forth so there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so there's a there's a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so there's a there's a
+sense in which the various separate
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+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which the various separate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which the various separate
+episodes of modern times taken together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of modern times taken together
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of modern times taken together
+dramatize uh in in small the whole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize uh in in small the whole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize uh in in small the whole of
+the tramp's career and and there are
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+ align:start position:0%
+the tramp's career and and there are
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+
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+the tramp's career and and there are
+many specific bits of business and
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+many specific bits of business and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+many specific bits of business and
+scenes in modern times that are literal
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+scenes in modern times that are literal
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+scenes in modern times that are literal
+repetitions or Echoes or repres of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions or Echoes or repres of
+ 
+
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+repetitions or Echoes or repres of
+earlier chaplain films which would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier chaplain films which would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier chaplain films which would have
+caused a kind of recog a shock of
+
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+caused a kind of recog a shock of
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+
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+caused a kind of recog a shock of
+recognition in in the audience a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in in the audience a happy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in in the audience a happy
+kind of recognition many examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recognition many examples of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recognition many examples of
+that there are many earlier films which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many earlier films which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many earlier films which
+deal with restor you'll see some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with restor you'll see some of them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with restor you'll see some of them
+from the shorts that you've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the shorts that you've looked at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the shorts that you've looked at
+certain Echoes I won't talk about uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Echoes I won't talk about uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Echoes I won't talk about uh um
+any of them Beyond mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them Beyond mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them Beyond mentioning that
+there's a remarkable uh uh sequence in
+
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+there's a remarkable uh uh sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a remarkable uh uh sequence in
+the film if we have time I'll show it to
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+the film if we have time I'll show it to
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+
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+the film if we have time I'll show it to
+you but we probably we probably won't
+
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+you but we probably we probably won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but we probably we probably won't
+have time uh in which we see Charlie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time uh in which we see Charlie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time uh in which we see Charlie on
+skates uh and that uh scene alludes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates uh and that uh scene alludes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skates uh and that uh scene alludes to
+uh a whole short that chaplain had made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a whole short that chaplain had made
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a whole short that chaplain had made
+in which he plays a waiter who has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he plays a waiter who has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he plays a waiter who has to
+serve people on skates and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve people on skates and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve people on skates and you'll see
+that he has to do that again at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has to do that again at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has to do that again at the end
+of the film he sort of repres that role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film he sort of repres that role
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film he sort of repres that role
+and then there's an earlier moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an earlier moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an earlier moment in
+the film where we see chaplain on skates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film where we see chaplain on skates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film where we see chaplain on skates
+as well but the the main point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but the the main point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but the the main point is that
+that that virtually every moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that virtually every moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that virtually every moment in
+modern times has some counterpart in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times has some counterpart in an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times has some counterpart in an
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+ align:start position:0%
+earlier chaplain short short so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier chaplain short short so there
+would have been a sense of the audience
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+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a sense of the audience
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a sense of the audience
+coming back to Charlie re returning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to Charlie re returning to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to Charlie re returning to
+the world that Charlie stood for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that Charlie stood for when
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+
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+bit younger uh you might watch for the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit younger uh you might watch for the
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factory work and it is and and talk
+and talking films are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking films are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking films are associated with
+that with that with what the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with that with what the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with that with what the film
+identifies as evil or dangerous as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies as evil or dangerous as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies as evil or dangerous as as
+you'll see um but there's also a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see um but there's also a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see um but there's also a moment
+in the film that I won't show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film that I won't show it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film that I won't show it to you
+but it's a but but but I'll mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a but but but I'll mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a but but but I'll mention it
+ask you to watch for it where we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to watch for it where we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to watch for it where we can see
+another way it's only one of the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way it's only one of the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way it's only one of the ways in
+which chaplain manipulates sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chaplain manipulates sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chaplain manipulates sound and
+it's a greatly it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a greatly it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a greatly it's an interesting
+moment because it's easy to miss easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment because it's easy to miss easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment because it's easy to miss easy
+not to register what's happening there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to register what's happening there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to register what's happening there
+there's a moment in the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a moment in the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a moment in the center of the
+film where Charlie and the gamon Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film where Charlie and the gamon Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film where Charlie and the gamon Escape
+their difficulties briefly Charlie gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their difficulties briefly Charlie gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their difficulties briefly Charlie gets
+a job as a night Watchman in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job as a night Watchman in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job as a night Watchman in a
+department store and the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department store and the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department store and the department
+store is like capitalist Heaven they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is like capitalist Heaven they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is like capitalist Heaven they've
+been living on hand to mouth nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been living on hand to mouth nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been living on hand to mouth nearly
+starving Charlie Fin and they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving Charlie Fin and they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving Charlie Fin and they find
+themselves in the department store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the department store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the department store
+there's food there's there beds there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's food there's there beds there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's food there's there beds there
+are beautiful warm clothes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beautiful warm clothes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beautiful warm clothes there are
+toys there're even roller skates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys there're even roller skates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys there're even roller skates and
+there's a moment when Charlie and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a moment when Charlie and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a moment when Charlie and the
+gam exploring the store having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gam exploring the store having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gam exploring the store having this
+exciting experience with all these Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting experience with all these Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting experience with all these Goods
+which they're deprived of it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're deprived of it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're deprived of it's not an
+accident that that scene is at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that that scene is at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that that scene is at the very
+center of the film almost all the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the film almost all the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the film almost all the scenes
+on either side of the department store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side of the department store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side of the department store
+scene uh rhyme with each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene uh rhyme with each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene uh rhyme with each other in
+certain ways as an aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways as an aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways as an aspect of the
+structure of the film and I'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the film and I'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the film and I'll come to
+that in a second I'll conclude with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second I'll conclude with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second I'll conclude with that
+point uh but the department store scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh but the department store scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh but the department store scene
+is the only one that doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that doesn't have any
+counterpart it's right at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart it's right at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart it's right at the very
+center of the film and what one can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the film and what one can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the film and what one can feel
+is the way in which that dramatizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way in which that dramatizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way in which that dramatizes the
+sense the the Injustice the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the the Injustice the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the the Injustice the sense of
+halves and Have Nots that is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and Have Nots that is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and Have Nots that is at the
+center of the film's meaning that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the film's meaning that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the film's meaning that the
+film is always in some sense interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is always in some sense interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is always in some sense interested
+in that in that topic so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that topic so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that topic so there's a
+moment when the gamon and Charlie find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when the gamon and Charlie find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when the gamon and Charlie find
+themselves in this store Charlie in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in this store Charlie in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in this store Charlie in his
+exuberance and High Spirit straps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exuberance and High Spirit straps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exuberance and High Spirit straps on
+roller skates and begin skating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller skates and begin skating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller skates and begin skating around
+and if you listen to the soundtrack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you listen to the soundtrack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you listen to the soundtrack
+you'll see the the soundtrack is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the the soundtrack is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the the soundtrack is very
+beautiful and gentle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and gentle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and gentle and you
+know it's very calming and exciting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very calming and exciting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very calming and exciting and
+uh and as Charlie is skating the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as Charlie is skating the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as Charlie is skating the camera
+shows that in fact he's skating in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that in fact he's skating in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that in fact he's skating in a
+very dangerous area the store is partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dangerous area the store is partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dangerous area the store is partly
+under construction and as he at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under construction and as he at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under construction and as he at one
+point while he's skating he puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point while he's skating he puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point while he's skating he puts a
+blindfold on and he's still skating very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindfold on and he's still skating very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindfold on and he's still skating very
+calmly and beautifully and gracefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calmly and beautifully and gracefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calmly and beautifully and gracefully
+and the soundtrack under it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the soundtrack under it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the soundtrack under it is very
+graceful and appropriate to his feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graceful and appropriate to his feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graceful and appropriate to his feelings
+but what the feel what the camera shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the feel what the camera shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the feel what the camera shows
+what you see is him coming near the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is him coming near the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is him coming near the end
+edge of an Abyss actually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of an Abyss actually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of an Abyss actually it's a
+platform he might fall three stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform he might fall three stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform he might fall three stories
+down into the lower story and he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the lower story and he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the lower story and he's not
+aware of it because he's blindfolded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it because he's blindfolded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it because he's blindfolded and
+this and the sound but when if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the sound but when if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the sound but when if you look
+and then of course there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course there's a certain
+moment where he takes the blindfold off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment where he takes the blindfold off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment where he takes the blindfold off
+and he sees that he's about to fall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sees that he's about to fall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sees that he's about to fall and
+he gets nervous and he he suddenly is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets nervous and he he suddenly is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets nervous and he he suddenly is no
+longer So Graceful it's a kind of comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer So Graceful it's a kind of comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer So Graceful it's a kind of comic
+it's a kind of minor joke but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of minor joke but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of minor joke but what's
+really interesting about the moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting about the moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting about the moment is
+to think about what chaplain is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what chaplain is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what chaplain is doing
+with the soundtrack because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the soundtrack because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the soundtrack because when you
+reflect on it what you realize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on it what you realize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on it what you realize is that
+what chaplain has done with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chaplain has done with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chaplain has done with that
+soundtrack is have it reflect not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundtrack is have it reflect not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundtrack is have it reflect not the
+external reality that we're all watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external reality that we're all watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external reality that we're all watching
+but the inner feelings that Charlie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the inner feelings that Charlie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the inner feelings that Charlie is
+feeling what he's done is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling what he's done is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling what he's done is he's
+discovered a way it's a simple point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a way it's a simple point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a way it's a simple point but
+it's a brilliant Discovery he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a brilliant Discovery he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a brilliant Discovery he's
+discovered a way to use the soundtrack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a way to use the soundtrack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a way to use the soundtrack
+to express a subjective state right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express a subjective state right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express a subjective state right it's
+this so and what he's also discovered of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so and what he's also discovered of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so and what he's also discovered of
+course is that although other people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that although other people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that although other people had
+discovered this principle too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this principle too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this principle too but
+chaplain's using it with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's using it with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's using it with great
+intelligence he's discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence he's discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence he's discover that the
+soundtrack and the visual track don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundtrack and the visual track don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundtrack and the visual track don't
+have to absolutely coincide that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to absolutely coincide that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to absolutely coincide that they
+can report different emotions or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report different emotions or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report different emotions or or
+cause different kinds of reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause different kinds of reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause different kinds of reactions and
+that what you get when when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you get when when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you get when when when you
+have this disjunction is something much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this disjunction is something much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this disjunction is something much
+more complex we see Charlie is skating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex we see Charlie is skating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex we see Charlie is skating
+in danger but his obliviousness to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in danger but his obliviousness to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in danger but his obliviousness to the
+danger is partly registered by the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is partly registered by the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is partly registered by the music
+which tells us not about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us not about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us not about what's
+happening outwardly but what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening outwardly but what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening outwardly but what's happening
+inside Charlie and there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Charlie and there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Charlie and there are other
+moments like this in the film not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like this in the film not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like this in the film not
+necessarily with the soundtrack but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with the soundtrack but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with the soundtrack but in
+other ways in which the subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which the subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways in which the subjective
+states of the characters are explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the characters are explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the characters are explored
+pay attention to those because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to those because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to those because they're
+very remarkable interesting moments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very remarkable interesting moments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very remarkable interesting moments in
+which Chaplan is expanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Chaplan is expanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Chaplan is expanding the
+repertoire of of film um the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of of film um the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of of film um the structure
+of the film is especially interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film is especially interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film is especially interesting
+and and I I won't say more about it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I won't say more about it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I won't say more about it than
+to say if you watch closely what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you watch closely what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you watch closely what you
+will see is the structure is a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see is the structure is a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see is the structure is a profound
+structure of repetition as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of repetition as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of repetition as in the
+general the film's first half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the film's first half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the film's first half is
+Revisited in the film's second half it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited in the film's second half it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited in the film's second half it's
+as if the film is based on a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the film is based on a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the film is based on a series of
+rhyming scenes in the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhyming scenes in the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhyming scenes in the first half of the
+film there's a fantasy sequence in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film there's a fantasy sequence in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film there's a fantasy sequence in which
+we see Charlie and the gam in inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Charlie and the gam in inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Charlie and the gam in inside a
+kind of cabined environment inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cabined environment inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cabined environment inside a
+kind of domestic it's actually a fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of domestic it's actually a fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of domestic it's actually a fantasy
+scene in which Charlie imagines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which Charlie imagines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which Charlie imagines a
+Suburban heaven for him and the gamut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suburban heaven for him and the gamut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suburban heaven for him and the gamut in
+the second half of the film There's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the film There's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the film There's an
+actual cabin in the mud flats that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cabin in the mud flats that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cabin in the mud flats that they
+live in and those two scenes are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in and those two scenes are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in and those two scenes are sort of
+in conversation with each other uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conversation with each other uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conversation with each other uh there
+are two extended sequences in factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two extended sequences in factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two extended sequences in factories
+and involving the malfunctioning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involving the malfunctioning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involving the malfunctioning of
+machinery and what you'll notice if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery and what you'll notice if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery and what you'll notice if you
+pay close attention to the film is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay close attention to the film is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay close attention to the film is that
+is that this principle of rhyming scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this principle of rhyming scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this principle of rhyming scenes
+creates a situation in which the SEC in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a situation in which the SEC in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a situation in which the SEC in
+the second half of the film you partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the film you partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the film you partly
+feel that you're revisiting scenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you're revisiting scenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you're revisiting scenes and
+experiences that you've had before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that you've had before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that you've had before and
+one of the reasons that this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that this is a useful
+and an important idea is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an important idea is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an important idea is that if you
+think about Charlie's life and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Charlie's life and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Charlie's life and you think
+about the previous history of chaplain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the previous history of chaplain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the previous history of chaplain's
+career as a director and as an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career as a director and as an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career as a director and as an actor
+what you realize is that in a deep sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realize is that in a deep sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realize is that in a deep sense
+what modern times is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what modern times is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what modern times is doing is
+replicating the history of Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the history of Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the history of Charlie's
+career because Charlie has held a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career because Charlie has held a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career because Charlie has held a series
+of jobs Charlie has Charlie has been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jobs Charlie has Charlie has been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jobs Charlie has Charlie has been in
+15 or 20 or 40 or a 100 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 or 40 or a 100 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 or 40 or a 100 different
+environments uh uh and in in virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments uh uh and in in virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments uh uh and in in virtually
+every case in every case the ending has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every case in every case the ending has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every case in every case the ending has
+been the same he has been released into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the same he has been released into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the same he has been released into
+a new into an ambiguous kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new into an ambiguous kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new into an ambiguous kind of
+homelessness and freedom at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness and freedom at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness and freedom at the end of
+the film there's something Foot Loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film there's something Foot Loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film there's something Foot Loose
+homeless and unfinished about Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless and unfinished about Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless and unfinished about Charlie's
+life and after a while you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and after a while you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and after a while you come to
+realize you this would have been true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize you this would have been true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize you this would have been true in
+the in by 1920 if you had paid attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in by 1920 if you had paid attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in by 1920 if you had paid attention
+to the 30 or so other chapl shorts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 30 or so other chapl shorts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 30 or so other chapl shorts that
+that already existed the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already existed the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already existed the fact is that
+it's an endless process so another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an endless process so another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an endless process so another thing
+that the structure of modern times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the structure of modern times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the structure of modern times
+manages to dramatize maybe more deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to dramatize maybe more deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to dramatize maybe more deeply
+and powerfully than any prior chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerfully than any prior chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerfully than any prior chaplain
+film has been able to do exactly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has been able to do exactly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has been able to do exactly because
+of this mirror structure is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this mirror structure is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this mirror structure is that this
+principle of repetition never ends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of repetition never ends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of repetition never ends that
+Charlie is on a kind of treadmill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie is on a kind of treadmill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie is on a kind of treadmill of
+course Charlie revisits the scenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Charlie revisits the scenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Charlie revisits the scenes and
+repeats actions that we'd seen earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats actions that we'd seen earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats actions that we'd seen earlier
+in the film because his life is a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film because his life is a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film because his life is a series
+of repetitions because the fil film's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repetitions because the fil film's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repetitions because the fil film's
+vision of social life for a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of social life for a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of social life for a character
+like Charlie is one that's so Mor what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Charlie is one that's so Mor what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Charlie is one that's so Mor what
+he's suggesting is things are hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's suggesting is things are hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's suggesting is things are hard
+things are tough this man's homelessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are tough this man's homelessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are tough this man's homelessness
+this man's hunger will never Abate he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's hunger will never Abate he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's hunger will never Abate he's
+going to have a struggle for his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a struggle for his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a struggle for his whole
+life but we don't despair because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but we don't despair because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but we don't despair because the
+chaplain character himself doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain character himself doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain character himself doesn't
+Despair and so pay attention to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Despair and so pay attention to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Despair and so pay attention to the way
+the structure embodies the meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure embodies the meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure embodies the meaning the
+point I'm making now and I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm making now and I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm making now and I'll come back
+to this later in the course the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this later in the course the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this later in the course the point
+I'm making now is a way of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making now is a way of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making now is a way of talking about
+what could be called the film's commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be called the film's commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be called the film's commit
+to the principle of organic form when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the principle of organic form when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the principle of organic form when
+when the structure of a text is organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the structure of a text is organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the structure of a text is organic
+what that what is meant by that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what is meant by that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what is meant by that is that
+the structure itself embodies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure itself embodies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure itself embodies the
+meaning that the structure that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the structure that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the structure that the way
+the text is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text is
+organized carries the themes of the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized carries the themes of the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized carries the themes of the text
+and if you think about the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about the structure of
+modern times you'll see that it's a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times you'll see that it's a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern times you'll see that it's a a a
+a marvelously distilled instance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marvelously distilled instance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marvelously distilled instance a
+marvelously clear instance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelously clear instance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelously clear instance of the
+principle of organic form what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of organic form what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of organic form what happens
+to Charlie serially is more meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Charlie serially is more meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Charlie serially is more meaningful
+in a way than what happens to him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way than what happens to him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way than what happens to him in a
+single episode and the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single episode and the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single episode and the fact that this
+that we have this sense that things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this sense that things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this sense that things are
+repeating that Charli's on a treadmill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that Charli's on a treadmill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that Charli's on a treadmill
+that he lives a cyclical life that he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he lives a cyclical life that he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he lives a cyclical life that he'll
+always have moments of Hope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have moments of Hope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have moments of Hope and
+hopelessness that he'll have momentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopelessness that he'll have momentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopelessness that he'll have momentary
+times when he's free of when he's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when he's free of when he's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when he's free of when he's when
+he finds a place to live or find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds a place to live or find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds a place to live or find
+sufficient food but that it will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient food but that it will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient food but that it will always
+be temporary that his life is that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be temporary that his life is that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be temporary that his life is that his
+life is always on the road that his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is always on the road that his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is always on the road that his life
+is always in process that's uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always in process that's uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always in process that's uh and that
+at the same time he never lets himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time he never lets himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time he never lets himself
+completely despair he's there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely despair he's there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely despair he's there's always a
+moment where his resilience reasserts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment where his resilience reasserts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment where his resilience reasserts
+himself reass reasserts itself well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself reass reasserts itself well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself reass reasserts itself well
+those elements are embedded in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements are embedded in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements are embedded in some
+sense in this very structure the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in this very structure the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in this very structure the very
+organization of the film and I urge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the film and I urge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the film and I urge you
+to watch it what's been embedded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch it what's been embedded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch it what's been embedded or
+implied in a good deal of what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied in a good deal of what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied in a good deal of what I've been
+saying tonight tonight has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying tonight tonight has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying tonight tonight has to do with
+what broadly also has to do broadly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what broadly also has to do broadly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what broadly also has to do broadly with
+what might be called Charlie chaplain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be called Charlie chaplain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be called Charlie chaplain's
+as the Director chaplain's complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Director chaplain's complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Director chaplain's complexity
+almost every moment in chaplain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every moment in chaplain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every moment in chaplain and
+certainly almost every moment in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly almost every moment in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly almost every moment in modern
+time has the kind of Multiplicity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has the kind of Multiplicity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has the kind of Multiplicity or
+density or Texture that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or Texture that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or Texture that I've been
+describing to you as the mark of serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to you as the mark of serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to you as the mark of serious
+of a serious film The Mark of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a serious film The Mark of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a serious film The Mark of what I
+want to call a work of art and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call a work of art and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call a work of art and if you
+pay attention one of the things you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention one of the things you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention one of the things you'll
+find is that even the even the moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that even the even the moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that even the even the moments
+that seem on the surface to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem on the surface to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem on the surface to be the
+simplest ones are not or even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest ones are not or even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest ones are not or even the
+implications in the film that seem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in the film that seem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in the film that seem the
+simplest are not just one example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest are not just one example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest are not just one example the
+film's critique of capitalism of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film's critique of capitalism of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film's critique of capitalism of of a
+certain kind of excessive form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of excessive form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of excessive form of
+industrial capitalism is obvious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial capitalism is obvious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial capitalism is obvious and
+very deep uh it's it it it the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep uh it's it it it the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep uh it's it it it the film is
+deeply hostile to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply hostile to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply hostile to the to the
+dehumanization that factory that work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehumanization that factory that work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehumanization that factory that work on
+the assembly line uh generates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line uh generates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line uh generates for
+people and chaplain works wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and chaplain works wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and chaplain works wonderfully
+comic variations on this idea uh and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic variations on this idea uh and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic variations on this idea uh and yet
+if you think of the film in a simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of the film in a simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of the film in a simple way
+you think in the film in a in a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think in the film in a in a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think in the film in a in a simple
+way as a as a kind of marxist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as a as a kind of marxist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as a as a kind of marxist or
+left-wing screed you're really mistaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-wing screed you're really mistaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-wing screed you're really mistaken
+and some people did in fact in Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people did in fact in Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people did in fact in Chaplin
+chaplain was uh hounded out of the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain was uh hounded out of the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain was uh hounded out of the out
+of the United States later in his career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States later in his career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States later in his career
+in part because he was associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because he was associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because he was associated with
+what were thought to be leftwing causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were thought to be leftwing causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were thought to be leftwing causes
+but Chaplan socialism was of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Chaplan socialism was of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Chaplan socialism was of a
+particularly sentimental variety and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sentimental variety and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sentimental variety and he
+was certainly no systematic communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certainly no systematic communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certainly no systematic communist
+but the most important thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most important thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most important thing about
+Chaplan is is his complexity because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplan is is his complexity because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplan is is his complexity because if
+you look closely at the film one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look closely at the film one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look closely at the film one of the
+things you'll find that it isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you'll find that it isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you'll find that it isn't just
+Capital that's criticized it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital that's criticized it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital that's criticized it's also
+labor there's a wonderful moment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor there's a wonderful moment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor there's a wonderful moment in the
+film when Charlie finally after uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film when Charlie finally after uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film when Charlie finally after uh after
+T times of difficulty reads in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times of difficulty reads in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times of difficulty reads in the
+newspaper that the factory is hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper that the factory is hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper that the factory is hiring
+again and he's very excited and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and he's very excited and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and he's very excited and he
+leaves the gam they'd been living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the gam they'd been living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the gam they'd been living in
+their little sort of idilic cabin uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little sort of idilic cabin uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little sort of idilic cabin uh in
+the mud flats uh uh uh in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mud flats uh uh uh in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mud flats uh uh uh in the second
+half of the film when he runs out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the film when he runs out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the film when he runs out to the
+factory he gets hired and just as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory he gets hired and just as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory he gets hired and just as he's
+about to start his work the workers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to start his work the workers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to start his work the workers go
+on strike right and his life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on strike right and his life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on strike right and his life is
+destroyed again and in fact uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed again and in fact uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed again and in fact uh uh the
+the the truth of the matter is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the truth of the matter is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the truth of the matter is that
+chaplain is an equal opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain is an equal opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain is an equal opportunity
+insulter he thinks that labor is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulter he thinks that labor is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulter he thinks that labor is just a
+stupid organized labor is just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid organized labor is just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid organized labor is just as
+foolish just as misguided as capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish just as misguided as capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolish just as misguided as capital
+something of his of the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of his of the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of his of the complexity of
+his social vision is reflected there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his social vision is reflected there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his social vision is reflected there and
+something of the complexity of his moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the complexity of his moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the complexity of his moral
+and psychological vision is reflected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psychological vision is reflected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psychological vision is reflected in
+the way the interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the interacts with the
+gamon and in the way in which both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamon and in the way in which both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamon and in the way in which both the
+ and the gamon together at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and the gamon together at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and the gamon together at
+different moments in the film try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moments in the film try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moments in the film try to
+Buck each other up so we see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buck each other up so we see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buck each other up so we see that there
+are moments in which each character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moments in which each character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moments in which each character
+falls into a kind of Despair in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into a kind of Despair in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into a kind of Despair in the face
+of the difficulties that that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulties that that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulties that that they
+encounter and in which they are helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter and in which they are helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter and in which they are helped
+by their by their partner uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their by their partner uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their by their partner uh so there's
+a kind there's a kind of complex it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind there's a kind of complex it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind there's a kind of complex it or
+or or or or maturity in chaplain's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or or maturity in chaplain's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or or maturity in chaplain's way
+of understanding even the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding even the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding even the social
+difficulties the social evils the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties the social evils the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties the social evils the social
+problems that he recurringly dramatizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that he recurringly dramatizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that he recurringly dramatizes
+in his film for those of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his film for those of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his film for those of you who have
+never seen a chaplain film before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen a chaplain film before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen a chaplain film before and
+especially those of you who have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those of you who have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those of you who have never
+seen modern times let me conclude by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen modern times let me conclude by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen modern times let me conclude by
+saying I'm a little bit jealous of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm a little bit jealous of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm a little bit jealous of the
+opportunity you have to see this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you have to see this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you have to see this film
+for the first time it's one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time it's one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time it's one of the very
+few silent films I think I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few silent films I think I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few silent films I think I think the
+general is also one that actually stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is also one that actually stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is also one that actually stands
+on its own that's worth watching even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own that's worth watching even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own that's worth watching even
+without any arguments about its artific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any arguments about its artific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any arguments about its artific
+artifactual value I wish you the joy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifactual value I wish you the joy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifactual value I wish you the joy of
+this remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0opU7I31YfM.txt b/0opU7I31YfM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9627c40ef28a522981a9a161b7a1975b30ccdb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0opU7I31YfM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy Monday and welcome to lecture 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy Monday and welcome to lecture 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy Monday and welcome to lecture 28
+we're going to continue working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue working on
+statistical thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thermodynamics
+and we'll start with the boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start with the boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start with the boltzmann
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and what what gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and what what gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and what what gives
+is to classical Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is too statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so these are really Giants and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are really Giants and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are really Giants and the
+reason why their names are all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why their names are all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why their names are all over
+everything my my understanding is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything my my understanding is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything my my understanding is that
+Gibbs was a pretty straight shooter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs was a pretty straight shooter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs was a pretty straight shooter and
+and his biography is a little bit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his biography is a little bit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his biography is a little bit on the
+boring side that's my very quick read of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring side that's my very quick read of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring side that's my very quick read of
+it boltzmann was a was a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boltzmann was a was a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boltzmann was a was a much more
+turbulent individual and so um uh it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent individual and so um uh it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent individual and so um uh it may
+not have been fun to be boltzman but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been fun to be boltzman but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been fun to be boltzman but his
+biography is a lot more interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography is a lot more interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography is a lot more interesting so
+if you have a moment you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a moment you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a moment you know you might
+read a little bit about his life anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little bit about his life anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little bit about his life anyway
+but we're just going to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just going to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just going to focus on the
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+um so here's the preamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have this quantity which we counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this quantity which we counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this quantity which we counted
+uh microstates all right Omega it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microstates all right Omega it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microstates all right Omega it
+describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it describes the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it describes the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it describes the stability
+we haven't put it in these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't put it in these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't put it in these terms
+but it follows from everything we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it follows from everything we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it follows from everything we've
+been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega describes the stability of a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega describes the stability of a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega describes the stability of a macro
+State because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the state with maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of microstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of microstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of microstates
+will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is a this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a this is an
+observation from what we've done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation from what we've done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation from what we've done so far
+and I and I hope this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I hope this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I hope this is this is
+sensible to you that the state with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible to you that the state with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible to you that the state with the
+maximum number of micro says will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of micro says will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of micro says will appear
+the most stable it's the most likely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable it's the most likely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable it's the most likely and
+if you find yourself in that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find yourself in that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find yourself in that state
+you're very unlikely to get out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very unlikely to get out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very unlikely to get out of that
+state so it's going to appear to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's going to appear to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's going to appear to have
+this property of stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property of stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property of stability
+and if you remember towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember towards the
+beginning of this class we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class we defined
+equilibrium as having this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as having this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as having this property of
+stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+and so there's some connection there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some connection there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some connection there and
+so uh Bolson made that connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Bolson made that connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Bolson made that connection with
+his hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and his hypothesis is that the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his hypothesis is that the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his hypothesis is that the entropy
+is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+of the number of microstates so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of microstates so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of microstates so the
+entropy of a macrostate is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a macrostate is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a macrostate is a function of
+the number of microstates corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of microstates corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of microstates corresponding
+to that macro State and more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that macro State and more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that macro State and more than that
+he hypothesized that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hypothesized that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hypothesized that entropy
+is a monotonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+right so this is a monotonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a monotonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a monotonically
+increasing function so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function so you know what
+that means is that Max s means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega right so we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right so we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right so we're going to use that
+Max entropy means Max Omega so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max entropy means Max Omega so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max entropy means Max Omega so that's
+that's a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hypothesis
+all right so we're going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to consider the
+form of that function this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of that function this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of that function this is pretty
+easily done consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two isolated systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry if system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and system B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a is
+some stuff don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff don't know what it is
+right and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of microstates Omega sub a and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of microstates Omega sub a and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of microstates Omega sub a and it
+has entropy extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has entropy extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has entropy extensive
+S Sub a and system B is some other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Sub a and system B is some other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Sub a and system B is some other stuff
+it's isolated from system AIDS over on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isolated from system AIDS over on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isolated from system AIDS over on a
+different room on a different shelf what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different room on a different shelf what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different room on a different shelf what
+have you and it has microstates Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and it has microstates Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and it has microstates Omega
+sub B and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub B and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub B and entropy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S Sub B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so first of all entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so first of all entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so first of all entropy
+is extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means that the total entropy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the total entropy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the total entropy in
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like any other extensive quantity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other extensive quantity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other extensive quantity what
+should the entropy of the the whole be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the entropy of the the whole be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the entropy of the the whole be
+here I'll label it total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh be the entropy of a plus the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be the entropy of a plus the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be the entropy of a plus the entropy
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+like any other extensive thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other extensive thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other extensive thing like
+marbles in a jar or moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles in a jar or moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles in a jar or moles of
+moles of material you just you just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of material you just you just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of material you just you just add
+them right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total number of microstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of microstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of microstates
+is I'll call it combinatoric I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll call it combinatoric I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll call it combinatoric I don't
+know if that's a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I mean is the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is the total number of
+microstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available if you consider both systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you consider both systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you consider both systems
+is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+you can have microstate one and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have microstate one and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have microstate one and all of
+these and you can have microstate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and you can have microstate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and you can have microstate two
+and all of these in microstate 3 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these in microstate 3 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these in microstate 3 and all
+of these and so forth so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and so forth so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and so forth so what's the
+expression for the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the total number of
+microstates considering both systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microstates considering both systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microstates considering both systems
+at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the product of of A and B it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the product of of A and B it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the product of of A and B it's the
+product yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so entropy is additive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so entropy is additive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so entropy is additive but
+Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is
+multiplicative so that means F of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative so that means F of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative so that means F of Omega
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+which is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f
+of Omega a times Omega B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega a times Omega B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega a times Omega B
+IS F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IS F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IS F
+Omega a plus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a plus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a plus f
+Omega B right we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both of these properties now okay so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these properties now okay so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these properties now okay so who
+knows a function that has this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a function that has this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a function that has this property
+at the function of the product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the function of the product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the function of the product is the
+sum of the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+so we come up with this conclusion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come up with this conclusion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come up with this conclusion which
+is that this function we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this function we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this function we're looking for
+which is entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is entropy
+is proportional to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to log
+of Omega and we're going to right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega and we're going to right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega and we're going to right now
+just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a
+you can have a prefactor out there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a prefactor out there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a prefactor out there it
+doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change
+and so we're going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to call that
+prefactor K and we'll put a b under it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor K and we'll put a b under it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor K and we'll put a b under it
+because it would be Boltzmann's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be Boltzmann's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be Boltzmann's constant
+we don't know what it is yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bossman's constant and this is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bossman's constant and this is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bossman's constant and this is known as
+Boltzmann's entropy formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just like that we have an equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like that we have an equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like that we have an equation a
+pretty simple looking equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple looking equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple looking equation that
+gives us the entropy for a system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the entropy for a system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the entropy for a system as a
+function of the number of macrostates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we still don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we still don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we still don't know what
+Boltzmann's constant is but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzmann's constant is but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzmann's constant is but that's okay
+so let's see what simplifications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what simplifications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what simplifications of
+that are we'll start with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we'll start with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we'll start with the same
+configurational entropy which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy which we have
+talked about throughout the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configurational entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is it it's a number of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it it's a number of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it it's a number of ways to
+configure a system in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to draw
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid this is going to be simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid this is going to be simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid this is going to be simply
+suggestive we're not going to analyze my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive we're not going to analyze my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive we're not going to analyze my
+drawing because I'm just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing because I'm just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing because I'm just going to be
+rough about it let's just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough about it let's just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough about it let's just put the
+particle here and a particle here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle here and a particle here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle here and a particle here and a
+particle here and a particle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+count the number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into our boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to have those boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have those boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have those boxes
+sufficiently small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+no box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+space up into tiny tiny tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space up into tiny tiny tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space up into tiny tiny tiny little
+voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we we know how to do this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we know how to do this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we know how to do this already
+we talked about this the other time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this the other time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this the other time it's
+um this is just our cheers m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is just our cheers m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is just our cheers m
+and that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's um
+R factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R factorial
+uh wait sorry Over N factorial there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wait sorry Over N factorial there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wait sorry Over N factorial there's
+an error in the notes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error in the notes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error in the notes there
+um R minus n factorial arches n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R minus n factorial arches n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um R minus n factorial arches n okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so now what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we're going to do is we're
+going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let
+let the total number of boxes be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the total number of boxes be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the total number of boxes be
+the total volume divided by some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total volume divided by some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total volume divided by some little
+volume B and so this is total volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is a little voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corresponds to volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we could say this corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we could say this corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we could say this corresponds
+to the volume of a particle molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the volume of a particle molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the volume of a particle molecule
+it's a tiny tiny little amount of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tiny tiny little amount of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tiny tiny little amount of space
+but it enforces our our condition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it enforces our our condition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it enforces our our condition here
+that the boxes cannot have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boxes cannot have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boxes cannot have more than one
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+it can be shown you will on the pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be shown you will on the pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be shown you will on the pizza
+can be shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the log of R choose n are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of R choose n are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of R choose n are you going to
+take the log of Omega that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the log of Omega that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the log of Omega that's that's the
+Bolton hypothesis both my entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolton hypothesis both my entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolton hypothesis both my entropy
+formula thing so you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula thing so you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula thing so you're going to take
+the log of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of this
+binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial
+coefficient the log of R choose m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the log of R choose m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the log of R choose m
+is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately
+and log r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+are very very much larger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very very much larger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very very much larger than n
+so R very very much larger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R very very much larger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R very very much larger than n
+corresponds to um let's say a gas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to um let's say a gas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to um let's say a gas right
+most of space is empty there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of space is empty there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of space is empty there's a large
+number of a much larger number of voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a much larger number of voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a much larger number of voxels
+of space than there are molecules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space than there are molecules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space than there are molecules to
+fill them so that's like a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's a problem on a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's a problem on a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's a problem on a current
+preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+okay so far so good now what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good now what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good now what we're going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+now let system expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to
+two volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two volumes
+so we're gonna we're gonna do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we're gonna do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we're gonna do an
+expansion of this gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this gas
+and we're going to calculate Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to calculate Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to calculate Delta s
+well we're going to do this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to do this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to do this using
+statistical thermodynamics now we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thermodynamics now we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thermodynamics now we're not
+going to do it the way we did a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it the way we did a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it the way we did a month
+and a half ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half ago
+you have boseman's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have boseman's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have boseman's constant
+times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n
+and let's see log 2 volume over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see log 2 volume over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see log 2 volume over B
+minus log volume over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can collect terms and simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can collect terms and simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can collect terms and simplify
+this is KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is KB
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+2 V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 V
+over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V
+equals k b n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k b n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k b n log
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kbn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r
+for n equals Avogadro's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equals Avogadro's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equals Avogadro's number
+and we recall this from the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recall this from the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recall this from the classical
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+isothermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal expansion
+of an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ideal gas
+this is the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideal gas
+right Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Delta s
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+the final over V initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is one way to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one way to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one way to start
+identifying what that Boltzmann's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying what that Boltzmann's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying what that Boltzmann's
+constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+Boston Wisconsin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Wisconsin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Wisconsin is
+r divided by Avogadro's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r divided by Avogadro's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r divided by Avogadro's number
+okay that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's neat right we've done this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neat right we've done this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neat right we've done this weird
+statistical thing and you know good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thing and you know good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thing and you know good old
+mood wig came up with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood wig came up with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood wig came up with with this
+and we find that when we calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that when we calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that when we calculate a
+simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case
+we get functionally the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get functionally the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get functionally the same thing as
+when we calculated this case when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculated this case when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculated this case when we
+didn't know anything about molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about molecules
+right and we were just dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we were just dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we were just dealing with
+classical thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical thermodynamics
+we can make the connection via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make the connection via the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make the connection via the
+coefficients that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay questions about this because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about this because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about this because I'm
+going to move on to the next thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to the next thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to the next thing that
+that boltzmann did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the next thing we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next thing we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next thing we're going to do
+and what we're really building up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're really building up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're really building up to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the maximum entropy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum entropy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entropy condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entropy condition
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we get boltzmann hypothesis boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get boltzmann hypothesis boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get boltzmann hypothesis boltzmann
+entropy formula and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy formula and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy formula and it's going to be
+boltzmann distribution there's boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltzmann distribution there's boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltzmann distribution there's boltzmann
+constant right the person's name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right the person's name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right the person's name is
+everywhere and and this will we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and and this will we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and and this will we're going
+to set this up and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most of it but this will carry over into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it but this will carry over into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it but this will carry over into
+lecture 29. it's that Central that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 29. it's that Central that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 29. it's that Central that it's
+worth taking the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're going to do
+we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+our states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the occupation numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have these occupation numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have these occupation numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have these occupation numbers
+from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+all right that's a set of numbers n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's a set of numbers n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's a set of numbers n of
+one and of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and of two
+and Oliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Oliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Oliver
+all the way up to n of R so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to n of R so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to n of R so how many
+states are how many particles in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are how many particles in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are how many particles in each
+state right okay and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate the entropy of this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the entropy of this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the entropy of this thing so
+again taking from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again taking from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again taking from last time
+the last lecture is going to be KB times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture is going to be KB times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture is going to be KB times
+the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log
+n of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I
+everything factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything factorial
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now I'm going to use Sterling's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to use Sterling's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to use Sterling's
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Australian approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Australian approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Australian approximation
+to get to the next line which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the next line which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the next line which is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB
+see n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see n total
+log and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and total
+minus n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n total
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+sum n of I log n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum n of I log n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum n of I log n of I
+plus sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sum
+and of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it uses strange approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it uses strange approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it uses strange approximation and
+then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use the fact that the sum over i n of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that the sum over i n of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that the sum over i n of an
+i equals n total so that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i equals n total so that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i equals n total so that the sum of
+where all the particles are equals all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the particles are equals all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the particles are equals all
+the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles
+so I can simplify a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can simplify a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can simplify a little bit
+this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals
+K of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of B
+n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n total
+log n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n total
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum over for i n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over for i n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over for i n of I
+log n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of I
+and now I can condense this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can condense this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can condense this a little bit
+I'm going to slip the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to slip the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to slip the numerator and
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+figure the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get log
+n of I over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I over n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I over n total
+okay so so far I'm just playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far I'm just playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far I'm just playing with
+numbers so I have the entropy is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I have the entropy is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I have the entropy is a sum
+for n of I log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n of I log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n of I log
+and a vibrant total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way this kind of looks like X log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this kind of looks like X log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this kind of looks like X log
+X doesn't it it kind of looks like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X doesn't it it kind of looks like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X doesn't it it kind of looks like our
+ideal entropy formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal entropy formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal entropy formula
+anyway just a passing observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just a passing observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just a passing observation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's fine
+here's the science Insight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the science Insight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the science Insight the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of occupation numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the distribution of occupation numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of occupation numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of occupation numbers
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internal variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means that those particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that those particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that those particles are
+going to fluctuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fluctuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fluctuate
+they're going to fluctuate in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fluctuate in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fluctuate in and out of
+different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states
+and that's an unconstrained process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an unconstrained process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an unconstrained process
+so in our previous example you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our previous example you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our previous example you know you
+had particles in a box and I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had particles in a box and I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had particles in a box and I think you
+could imagine these particles in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine these particles in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine these particles in general
+move so they can jump in between boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so they can jump in between boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so they can jump in between boxes
+that's an example of jumping in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of jumping in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of jumping in between
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+we're going to make this a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this a little more
+General and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and and uh
+and not limited to States being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not limited to States being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not limited to States being
+positions in space we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space we're going to have a
+more General expression we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General expression we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General expression we're going to
+say let's say state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's say state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's say state
+all right I minus 1 and we have state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus one
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to allow that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to allow that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to allow that you know
+let's say there's at any given moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's at any given moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's at any given moment
+let's say there's four particles in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's four particles in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's four particles in this
+state let's say there's two particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state let's say there's two particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state let's say there's two particles in
+this state and there was a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state and there was a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state and there was a third
+but that particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that particle
+jumped right it fluctuated and went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped right it fluctuated and went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped right it fluctuated and went over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply
+visually acknowledging that these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually acknowledging that these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually acknowledging that these states
+are fluctuating the particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fluctuating the particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fluctuating the particles are
+fluctuating between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating between them
+these fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so if that's happening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so if that's happening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so if that's happening the
+maximum entropy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s equals s Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stationary
+as we have done now so many times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have done now so many times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have done now so many times in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+has to be stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be stationary
+with respect to all unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all unconstrained
+internal processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+so this conceptually where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this conceptually where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this conceptually where we're going
+is is the following we did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the following we did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the following we did something
+like this before we've done it multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before we've done it multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before we've done it multiple
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+when we had uh two systems that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had uh two systems that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had uh two systems that could
+exchange volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we required the entropy a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we required the entropy a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we required the entropy a stationary
+with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that
+and we got the mechanical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got the mechanical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got the mechanical equilibrium
+condition right pressures are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right pressures are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right pressures are equal
+when we had two systems that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had two systems that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had two systems that can
+exchange energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange energy
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrote out the max entropy condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote out the max entropy condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote out the max entropy condition and
+we required that the entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we required that the entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we required that the entropy is
+stationary with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary with respect to
+to energy exchange and we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to energy exchange and we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to energy exchange and we got the
+thermal equilibrium condition we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium condition we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium condition we got the
+temperatures are equal and likewise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are equal and likewise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are equal and likewise with
+systems that could exchange particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that could exchange particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that could exchange particle
+number we got chemical potential being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we got chemical potential being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we got chemical potential being
+equal and adding the whole thing up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and adding the whole thing up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and adding the whole thing up we
+called that thermodynamic equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that thermodynamic equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that thermodynamic equilibrium
+right so now we're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're doing something
+slightly different we're requiring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different we're requiring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different we're requiring this
+entropy is stationary with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is stationary with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is stationary with respect to
+exchange between different states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange between different states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange between different states and
+it's pretty General right now so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty General right now so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty General right now so you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um a little bit vague but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit vague but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit vague but there are
+there are clear similarities to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are clear similarities to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are clear similarities to what
+we've done earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done earlier in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done earlier in the class
+at least they're they're mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they're they're mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they're they're mathematical
+similarities so DS Prime let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities so DS Prime let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities so DS Prime let's write
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+equals minus Boltzmann's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus Boltzmann's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus Boltzmann's constant
+and what I'm doing is I'm just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm doing is I'm just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm doing is I'm just taking
+the total derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total derivative
+so L log n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L log n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L log n of I
+d n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+see Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Plus
+n of I over n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I over n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I over n of I
+d and f i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and f i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and f i
+minus log of n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of n total
+d n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+minus n of I over n total just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n of I over n total just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n of I over n total just taking
+the total derivative of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the expression on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expression on the previous slide
+and this this simplifies pretty readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this simplifies pretty readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this simplifies pretty readily
+and I get minus ultimate's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sum over
+log n of I over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d antibi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right just again making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just again making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just again making this
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just took the total derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took the total derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took the total derivative of this
+using the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's the S and I have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the S and I have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the S and I have all
+my little unconstrained internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little unconstrained internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little unconstrained internal
+processes here little fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes here little fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes here little fluctuations
+between the occupation numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the occupation numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the occupation numbers
+all right now let's apply my constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's apply my constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's apply my constraints
+that's what we did before and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did before and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did before and that's
+what we'll do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do again
+in this case I'm going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm going to apply
+isolation constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isolation constraint so I want my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation constraint so I want my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation constraint so I want my system
+to be isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be isolated
+Max entropy is the equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max entropy is the equilibrium condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max entropy is the equilibrium condition
+for an isolated system right we remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an isolated system right we remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an isolated system right we remember
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's my little fluffy if I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my little fluffy if I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my little fluffy if I you know
+the pink eyes pink insulation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pink eyes pink insulation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pink eyes pink insulation here
+surrounding my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding my system
+and I've got system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what uh the boundary is rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is impermeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we're going to
+allow that the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that the states
+I have different energies that e to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have different energies that e to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have different energies that e to I
+be the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State I and I don't want to just slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I and I don't want to just slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I and I don't want to just slip
+this in there this is kind of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is kind of new for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of new for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of new for us
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um previously like in the baby book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um previously like in the baby book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um previously like in the baby book and
+even uh just you know 15 minutes ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh just you know 15 minutes ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh just you know 15 minutes ago in
+this example of configurational entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of configurational entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of configurational entropy
+we have this idea that space was somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this idea that space was somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this idea that space was somehow
+flat and uniform and the energy of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and uniform and the energy of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and uniform and the energy of each
+particle would not be dependent on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle would not be dependent on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle would not be dependent on its
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so if the states are positions maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the states are positions maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the states are positions maybe you
+have a gravitational potential or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gravitational potential or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gravitational potential or maybe
+you have an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electric field
+right maybe this is a battery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe this is a battery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe this is a battery and
+there's an electric potential and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electric potential and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electric potential and maybe
+the particles are charged and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles are charged and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles are charged and then you
+can imagine energy and space becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine energy and space becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine energy and space becoming
+conflated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflated
+but more generally there's no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally there's no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally there's no reason why
+these states have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states have to be
+positions in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space
+they could be spin States or vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be spin States or vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be spin States or vibrational
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+they could be rotational States they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be rotational States they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be rotational States they can
+be anything that um is is distinct right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything that um is is distinct right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything that um is is distinct right
+different states of a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of a particle
+in general these different states can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general these different states can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general these different states can
+have different energies per particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different energies per particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different energies per particle
+okay so e sub I equals the energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e sub I equals the energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e sub I equals the energy of a
+particle in state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in state I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in state I
+and so we're going to then say the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to then say the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to then say the total
+internal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy
+is pretty simple it's just adding up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple it's just adding up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple it's just adding up all
+the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies
+e sub I times M sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sub I times M sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sub I times M sub I
+and that means that d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that d u
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sub I
+d n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+it's conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're going to study a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to study a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to study a system of
+elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic
+collisions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in
+in the lab right and the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab right and the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab right and the individual
+particle energies are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle energies are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle energies are going to be
+changing but I think you can trust that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing but I think you can trust that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing but I think you can trust that
+the total system energy for elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total system energy for elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total system energy for elastic
+collisions or rigid you know billiard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions or rigid you know billiard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions or rigid you know billiard
+balls uh that doesn't change so what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls uh that doesn't change so what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls uh that doesn't change so what one
+gains and other losers and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains and other losers and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains and other losers and so forth
+and likewise we have the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise we have the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise we have the total number of
+particles and this is a pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and this is a pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and this is a pretty simple
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+this is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum
+and of I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of I right
+and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means
+DN total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN total
+equals the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DN of I and sorry I forgot this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN of I and sorry I forgot this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN of I and sorry I forgot this is going
+to be zero and this is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and this is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and this is going to be zero
+right conservation of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservation of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I have some mathematical ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have some mathematical ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have some mathematical ways to
+apply these conditions and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these conditions and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these conditions and I'll just
+make a note a note in passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this really is beyond the scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is beyond the scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is beyond the scope of this
+class but those who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but those who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but those who are interested
+conservation of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you might say what about volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say what about volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say what about volume
+before two months ago you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before two months ago you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before two months ago you were
+conserving volume right energy particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserving volume right energy particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserving volume right energy particle
+inverse volume we're not touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse volume we're not touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse volume we're not touching
+conservation of volume right now but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of volume right now but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of volume right now but it
+is it's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+e eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e eyes
+being constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right when I took d u i didn't apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I took d u i didn't apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I took d u i didn't apply the
+chain Rule and allow the E of I's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and allow the E of I's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and allow the E of I's to
+change I assumed they were constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that comes from the conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from the conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from the conservation of
+volume so when you take quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so when you take quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so when you take quantum
+mechanics next semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics next semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics next semester
+um this this you know this comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this you know this comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this you know this comes out
+right away so all right but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away so all right but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away so all right but we're not
+going to touch it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constrained optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constrained optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right constrained optimization is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right constrained optimization is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right constrained optimization is is the
+most important application of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important application of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important application of calculus
+in engineering and business right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering and business right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering and business right it's
+in general what you do in Sloan and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general what you do in Sloan and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general what you do in Sloan and what
+you do in course 16 and of course two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in course 16 and of course two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in course 16 and of course two a
+little bit less in course three but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less in course three but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less in course three but you
+know you should remember this from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should remember this from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should remember this from from
+calculus so we want to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that function subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+and the total of the particle number are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total of the particle number are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total of the particle number are
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to use the method does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use the method does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use the method does
+anyone remember what method are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember what method are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember what method are we going
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+this is from multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+French name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the crunch multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to use the measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the measure of the
+garage multipliers so on your calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage multipliers so on your calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage multipliers so on your calculus
+textbook you would have used the Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook you would have used the Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook you would have used the Dell
+operator I'll just write that here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I'll just write that here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator I'll just write that here just
+for sort of familiarity but then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of familiarity but then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of familiarity but then we'll
+switch back to our operator and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch back to our operator and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch back to our operator and so what
+do we have Dell the thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have Dell the thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have Dell the thing we want to
+optimize plus Del the things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize plus Del the things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize plus Del the things which are
+conserved and we have LaGrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and we have LaGrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and we have LaGrange
+multipliers so we have Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers so we have Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers so we have Dell
+and total and Del U and this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total and Del U and this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total and Del U and this whole thing
+is going to be zero right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero right this is
+written as in your calc textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right with it with a with the Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with it with a with the Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with it with a with the Dell
+operator but we're gonna we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but we're gonna we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but we're gonna we're gonna
+ride this way DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride this way DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride this way DS
+plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha
+the N total plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N total plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N total plus beta
+d u equals zero and Alpha and beta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u equals zero and Alpha and beta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d u equals zero and Alpha and beta are
+LaGrange multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was talking to my wife about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking to my wife about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking to my wife about this
+actually she teaches college math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually she teaches college math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually she teaches college math and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it does seem this is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem this is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem this is the most important
+application of calculus uh outside of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of calculus uh outside of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of calculus uh outside of uh
+some specialty areas you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specialty areas you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specialty areas you know um
+the most at least the most widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most at least the most widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most at least the most widespread
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um so so we're going to substitute our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so we're going to substitute our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so we're going to substitute our
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have expressions for DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have expressions for DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have expressions for DS
+and d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d u
+n d n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n d n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n d n total
+and and collect terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and collect terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and collect terms
+that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we substitute our expressions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we substitute our expressions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we substitute our expressions and we
+collect terms and we get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the states
+we're going to have minus K sub beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have minus K sub beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have minus K sub beta
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+n of I over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha
+plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta
+e of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n of I
+equals zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right what is this functional form what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is this functional form what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is this functional form what
+is this form this is just like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this form this is just like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this form this is just like we did
+two months ago starting about two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two months ago starting about two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two months ago starting about two months
+ago for the case of unary systems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago for the case of unary systems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago for the case of unary systems right
+we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here
+an unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set of unconstrained independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of unconstrained independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of unconstrained independent
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+and so we want this whole thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want this whole thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want this whole thing to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+how do we ensure that this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we ensure that this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we ensure that this whole thing
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember these differential forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these differential forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these differential forms
+what did we call the prefactor in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we call the prefactor in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we call the prefactor in front
+of the differential of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential of the independent
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you just set the coefficient to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just set the coefficient to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just set the coefficient to be
+equal to zero coefficient right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero coefficient right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero coefficient right exactly
+we're going to set each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set each
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+right okay so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's do that
+minus k b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k b
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+n of I over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus Alpha plus beta e of I equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha plus beta e of I equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha plus beta e of I equals zero
+I'm going to rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I
+Over N total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N total
+equals e to Alpha over k b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to Alpha over k b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to Alpha over k b
+e Theta e of I over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Theta e of I over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Theta e of I over k
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+and this is true for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for each
+State I equals one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I equals one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I equals one two
+through to say r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to say r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to say r
+so we're not there yet but we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not there yet but we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not there yet but we just have
+something really important to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important to happen
+we have this is a distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this is a distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this is a distribution function
+right this is describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is describing
+the occupancy of State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a fractional occupancy it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a fractional occupancy it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a fractional occupancy it's n
+of I over n of total so the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I over n of total so the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I over n of total so the fraction of
+particles that are in state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are in state I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are in state I
+and it's exponentially dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's exponentially dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's exponentially dependent on the
+energy of State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I want you to notice two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I want you to notice two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I want you to notice two
+things here I'll just repeat what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here I'll just repeat what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here I'll just repeat what I said
+that this is a distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's
+a very useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful thing
+that's a distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in E of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E of I
+but we haven't finished yet because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't finished yet because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't finished yet because we
+have these are going to multiplayer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these are going to multiplayer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these are going to multiplayer so
+we don't know what those are yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what those are yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what those are yet so
+we're gonna we're gonna determine one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna determine one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna determine one of
+them now and we'll determine the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now and we'll determine the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now and we'll determine the other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+on Wednesday so okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesday so okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesday so okay so we're going to
+we're going to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+by normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by normalization
+what do I mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I mean by that is the sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is the sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is the sum over all
+of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+n of I over n total what is this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I over n total what is this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of I over n total what is this sum
+over all of I antivir over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of I antivir over n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of I antivir over n total
+just one yeah it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one yeah it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one yeah it's one
+all right it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we uh set that equal to one we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we uh set that equal to one we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we uh set that equal to one we get
+the following e to the alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following e to the alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following e to the alpha over
+Boltzmann's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzmann's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzmann's constant
+equals 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over
+sum over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over I
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+beta Epsilon I over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta Epsilon I over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta Epsilon I over k
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+and we're going to give this thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give this thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give this thing a
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to call it the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call it the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call it the partition
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the partition function Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition function Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition function Q
+is the sum over all possible States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all possible States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all possible States
+e beta e of I over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e beta e of I over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e beta e of I over k
+olzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for now it's just a name say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for now it's just a name say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for now it's just a name say what
+does that mean it normalizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean it normalizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean it normalizes the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it called partition function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called partition function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called partition function it
+describes all the different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all the different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all the different ways that
+the energy can be partitioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy can be partitioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy can be partitioned in the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so it's sort of a sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of a sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of a sum over all the
+states it's somehow characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it's somehow characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it's somehow characterizing
+the system in all the ways energy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in all the ways energy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in all the ways energy can be
+partitioned in there partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this distribution function n of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this distribution function n of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this distribution function n of I
+over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+e b beta Epsilon I over K beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e b beta Epsilon I over K beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e b beta Epsilon I over K beta
+divided by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Q
+okay so I'm ending uh it looks like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm ending uh it looks like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm ending uh it looks like I
+ended about five minutes early but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended about five minutes early but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended about five minutes early but
+better that than rush through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that than rush through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that than rush through the uh
+the derivation of uh or determination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of uh or determination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of uh or determination of
+beta so I'm going to stop now and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so I'm going to stop now and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so I'm going to stop now and take
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could you explain the LaGrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain the LaGrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain the LaGrange
+multipliers a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't find it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't find it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't find it yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how you want to subject you want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to subject you want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to subject you want this to
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+subject to the constraint that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraint that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraint that this is
+zero and also this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um you know these are zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know these are zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know these are zero because
+you're applying those constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're applying those constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're applying those constraints
+and so you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can
+add these to the equation of Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these to the equation of Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these to the equation of Delta s
+equals zero without fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero without fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero without fundamentally
+changing the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then Alpha and beta are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alpha and beta are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Alpha and beta are not
+necessary mathematically but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary mathematically but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary mathematically but they
+generalize the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so then you can effectively relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you can effectively relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you can effectively relax
+you can relax your constraints here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relax your constraints here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relax your constraints here and
+the overall constraint is maintained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall constraint is maintained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall constraint is maintained by
+Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta
+so your method of LaGrange multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your method of LaGrange multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your method of LaGrange multipliers
+is only valid with the the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only valid with the the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only valid with the the equations
+that result from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result from this
+appear as if they might be valid even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as if they might be valid even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as if they might be valid even
+when the constraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the constraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the constraints on
+on total number of particles and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on total number of particles and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on total number of particles and energy
+relax but they're not you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax but they're not you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax but they're not you have to
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+so the equations that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equations that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equations that we get
+from this method are only upon are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this method are only upon are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this method are only upon are only
+applicable When U of T and nft are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's that's that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's that's sort of the
+concept Point here and so when we when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept Point here and so when we when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept Point here and so when we when
+we derive a distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derive a distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derive a distribution function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah we're gonna we we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're gonna we we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're gonna we we have this
+distribution function or we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function or we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function or we have this
+form here and this of course also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form here and this of course also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form here and this of course also
+relates to the Arrhenius rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the Arrhenius rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the Arrhenius rate law
+if we're getting there and and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're getting there and and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're getting there and and people
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+um see this distribution function um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see this distribution function um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see this distribution function um so
+often in Natural Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in Natural Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in Natural Sciences
+um that it's important to remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's important to remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's important to remember it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+always true right it is it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true right it is it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true right it is it is very
+specifically true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically true
+that it is the distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is the distribution function
+that Maxima optimizes entropy under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Maxima optimizes entropy under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Maxima optimizes entropy under this
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+so I think that's that's the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's that's the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's that's the concept
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so don't apply willy-nilly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't apply willy-nilly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't apply willy-nilly
+great thank you but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you but you don't have to
+worry this isn't a Calculus class in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry this isn't a Calculus class in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry this isn't a Calculus class in the
+sense that I'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that I'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that I'm going to ask you to
+derive this or even repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this or even repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this or even repeat this
+derivation but you know I do want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but you know I do want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but you know I do want you to
+know where this comes from because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where this comes from because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where this comes from because this
+is going to start becoming second nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to start becoming second nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to start becoming second nature
+not necessarily in the next week and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily in the next week and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily in the next week and a
+half but this distribution function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but this distribution function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but this distribution function is
+going to be so familiar to you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so familiar to you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so familiar to you by the
+time you're a fourth year student with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're a fourth year student with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're a fourth year student with
+curioscience it's good to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curioscience it's good to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curioscience it's good to remember that
+it comes from somewhere and it's subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from somewhere and it's subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from somewhere and it's subject
+to assumptions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1EMonM7qAU8.txt b/1EMonM7qAU8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53bcd53bff314473ebc3388612f1ec3f900ed4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1EMonM7qAU8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4372 @@
+NARRATOR: The
+following content is
+
+provided under a
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+we should get started.
+
+So it's good to be back.
+
+We'll be discussing
+DNA sequence motifs.
+
+Oh yeah, we were,
+if you're wondering,
+
+yes, the instructors were
+at the awards on Sunday.
+
+It was great.
+
+The pizza was delicious.
+
+So today, we're going to be
+talking about DNA and protein
+
+sequence motifs, which are
+essentially the building
+
+blocks of regulatory
+information, in a sense.
+
+Before we get started,
+I wanted to just see
+
+if there are any
+questions about material
+
+that Professor Gifford covered
+from the past couple days?
+
+No guarantees I'll be
+able to answer them,
+
+but just general things related
+to transcriptome analysis,
+
+or PCA?
+
+Anything?
+
+Hopefully, you all got the
+email that he sent out about,
+
+basically, what you're
+expected to get.
+
+So at the level of the
+document that's posted,
+
+that's sort of what
+we're expecting.
+
+So if you haven't
+had linear algebra,
+
+that should still
+be accessible--
+
+not necessarily all
+the derivations.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+OK, so as a reminder,
+team projects,
+
+your aims are due soon.
+
+We'll post a
+slightly-- there's been
+
+a request for more detailed
+information on what we'd
+
+like in the aims, so we'll
+post something more detailed
+
+on the website this
+evening, and probably
+
+extend the deadline
+a day or two, just
+
+to give you a little bit
+more time on the aims.
+
+So after you submit
+your aims-- this
+
+is students who are
+taking the project
+
+component of the
+course-- then your team
+
+will be assigned to one
+of the three instructors
+
+as a mentor/advisor, and
+we will schedule a time
+
+to meet with you in
+the next week or two
+
+to discuss your
+aims, just to assess
+
+the feasibility of the project
+and so forth, before you launch
+
+into it.
+
+All right-- any questions
+from past lectures?
+
+All right, today
+we're going to talk
+
+about modeling and discovery
+of sequence motifs.
+
+We'll give an example of a
+particular algorithm that's
+
+used in motif finding called
+the Gibbs Sampling Algorithm.
+
+It's not the only algorithm,
+it's not even necessarily
+
+the best algorithm.
+
+It's pretty good.
+
+It works in many cases.
+
+It's an early algorithm.
+
+But it's interesting
+to talk about
+
+because it illustrates
+the problem in general,
+
+and also it's an example
+of a stochastic algorithm--
+
+an algorithm where what
+it does is determined
+
+at random, to some extent.
+
+And yet still often converges
+to a particular answer.
+
+So it's interesting
+from that point of view.
+
+And we'll talk about
+a few other types
+
+of motif finding algorithms.
+
+And we'll do a little bit
+on statistical entropy
+
+and information
+content, which is
+
+a handy way of
+describing motifs.
+
+And talk a little bit
+about parameter estimation,
+
+as well, which is critical
+when you have a motif
+
+and you want to
+build a model of it
+
+to then discover additional
+instances of that motif.
+
+So some reading for today--
+I posted some nature
+
+biotechnology primers on
+motifs and motif discovery,
+
+which are pretty easy reading.
+
+The textbook, chapter 6, also
+has some good information
+
+on motifs, I encourage
+you to look at that.
+
+And I've also posted
+the original paper
+
+by Bailey and Elkin on
+the MEME algorithm, which
+
+is kind of related to the
+Gibbs Sampling Algorithm,
+
+but is used as
+expectation maximization.
+
+And so it's a really nice
+paper-- take a look at that.
+
+And I'll also post the original
+Gibbs Sampler paper later
+
+today.
+
+And then on Tuesday,
+we're going to be talking
+
+about Markov and
+hidden Markov models.
+
+And so take a look at
+the primer on HMMs,
+
+as well as there
+is some information
+
+on HMMs in the text.
+
+It's not really a
+distinct section,
+
+it's kind of scattered
+throughout the text.
+
+So the best approach is to
+look in the index for HMMs,
+
+and read the relevant parts
+that you're interested in.
+
+And if you really
+want to understand
+
+the mechanics of HMMs, and
+how to actually implement
+
+one in depth, then I strongly
+recommend this Rabiner tutorial
+
+on HMMs, which is posted.
+
+So everyone please,
+please read that.
+
+I will use the same notation,
+to the extent possible,
+
+as the Rabiner paper
+when talking about some
+
+of the algorithms used
+in HMMs in lecture.
+
+So it should synergize well.
+
+So what is a sequence motifs?
+
+In general, it's
+a pattern that's
+
+common to a set of DNA,
+RNA, or protein sequences,
+
+that share a
+biological property.
+
+So for example, all of the
+binding sites of the Myc
+
+transcription factor--
+there's probably a pattern
+
+that they share, and you
+call that the motif for Myc.
+
+Can you give some examples of
+where you might get DNA motifs?
+
+Or protein motifs?
+
+Anyone have another
+example of a type of motif
+
+that would be interesting?
+
+What about one that's
+defined on function?
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+What's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dan. [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So each kinase typically
+has a certain sequence motif
+
+that determines which
+proteins it phosphorylate.
+
+Right.
+
+Other examples?
+
+Yeah, so in that case, you
+might determine it functionally.
+
+You might purify that
+protein, incubate it
+
+with a pool of peptides, and
+see what gets phosphorylated,
+
+for example.
+
+Yeah, in the back?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm [INAUDIBLE],
+and promonocytes.
+
+PROFESSOR: What
+was the first one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Promonocytes?
+
+Oh, that one?
+
+Oh, that was my name.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+And as to promoter motifs, sir?
+
+Some examples?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like, [INAUDIBLE]
+in transcription mining site.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And so you would
+identify those how?
+
+AUDIENCE: By
+looking at sequences
+
+upstream of
+[INAUDIBLE], and seeing
+
+what different sequences
+have in common?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So I think there's at
+least three ways-- OK,
+
+four ways I can
+think of identifying
+
+those types of motifs.
+
+That's probably one of
+the most common types
+
+of motifs encountered
+in molecular biology.
+
+So one way, you take
+a bunch of genes,
+
+where you've identified the
+transcription start site.
+
+You just look for patterns--
+short sub-sequences
+
+that they have in common.
+
+That might give you the
+TATA box, for example.
+
+Another way would be, what
+about comparative genomics?
+
+You take each
+individual one, look
+
+to see which parts of that
+promoter are conserved.
+
+That can also help you
+refine your motifs.
+
+Protein binding, you
+could do ChIP-Seq,
+
+that could give you motifs.
+
+And what about a
+functional readout?
+
+You clone a bunch
+of random sequences
+
+upstream of a
+luciferase reporter, see
+
+which ones actually drive
+expression, for example.
+
+So, that would be another.
+
+Yeah, absolutely, so there's
+a bunch of different ways
+
+to define them.
+
+In terms of when we
+talk about motifs,
+
+there are several different
+models of increasing resolution
+
+that people use.
+
+So people often talk about talk
+about the consensus sequence
+
+so you say the TATA
+box, which, of course,
+
+describes the actual
+motif-- T-A-T-A-A-A,
+
+something like that.
+
+But that's really
+just the consensus
+
+of a bunch of TATA box motifs.
+
+You rarely find the
+perfect consensus
+
+in real promoters-- the real,
+naturally occurring ones
+
+are usually one or
+two mismatches away.
+
+So that doesn't
+fully captured it.
+
+So sometimes you'll have
+a regular expression.
+
+So an example would be if
+you were describing mammalian
+
+5 prime splice sites, you might
+describe the motif as GT, A
+
+or G, AGT, or sometimes
+abbreviated as GTR AGT, where
+
+R is shorthand for either
+appearing nucleotide-- either A
+
+or G. In some motifs you could
+have GT, NN, GT, or something
+
+like that.
+
+Those can be captured,
+often, by regular expressions
+
+in a scripting language
+like Python or Perl.
+
+Another very common
+description in motifs,
+
+there would be a weight matrix.
+
+So you'll see a matrix where
+the width of the matrix
+
+is the number of
+bases in the motif.
+
+And then there are
+four rows, which
+
+are the four bases-- we'll
+see that in a moment.
+
+Sometimes these are described
+as position-specific probability
+
+matrices, or position-specific
+score matrices.
+
+We'll come to that in a moment.
+
+And then there are more
+complicated models.
+
+So it's increasingly
+becoming clear
+
+that the simple weight matrix
+is too limited-- it doesn't
+
+capture all the information
+that's present in motifs.
+
+So we talked about where
+do motifs come from.
+
+These are just some examples.
+
+I think I talked
+about all of these,
+
+except for in vitro binding.
+
+So in addition to doing
+a CLIP-seq, where you're
+
+looking at the binding of
+the endogenous protein,
+
+you could also make recombinant
+protein-- incubate that
+
+with a random pool
+of DNA molecules,
+
+pull down, and see what
+binds to it, for example.
+
+So why are they important?
+
+They're important
+for obvious reasons--
+
+that they can
+identify proteins that
+
+have a specific biological
+property of interest.
+
+For example, being
+phosphorylated by a particular
+
+kinase.
+
+Or promoters that have
+a particular property.
+
+That is, that they're
+likely to be regulated
+
+by a particular transcription
+factor, et cetera.
+
+And ultimately, if
+you're very interested
+
+in the regulation of
+a particular gene,
+
+knowing what motifs are upstream
+and how strong the evidence is
+
+for each particular
+transcription factor that
+
+might or might not
+bind there, can
+
+be very useful in understanding
+the regulation of that gene.
+
+And they're also going to
+be important for efforts
+
+to model gene expression.
+
+So, a goal of
+systems biology would
+
+be to predict, from a given
+starting point, if we introduce
+
+some perturbation-- for
+example, if we knock out
+
+or knock down a particular
+transcription factor,
+
+or over-express it, how
+will the system behave?
+
+So you'd really want
+to be able to predict
+
+how the occupancy of
+that transcription factor
+
+would change.
+
+You'd want to know, first, where
+it is at an endogenous levels,
+
+and then how its occupancy
+at every promoter
+
+will change when you
+perturb its levels.
+
+And then, what
+effects that will have
+
+on expression of
+downstream genes.
+
+So these sorts of
+models all require
+
+really accurate
+descriptions of motifs.
+
+OK, so these are some
+examples of protein motifs.
+
+Anyone recognize this one?
+
+What motif is that?
+
+So it says X's.
+
+X's would be
+degenerate oppositions,
+
+and C's would cysteines.
+
+And H's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+What is this?
+
+What does this define?
+
+What protein has this?
+
+What can you predict
+about its function?
+
+AUDIENCE: Zinc finger.
+
+PROFESSOR: Zinc finger, right.
+
+So it's a motif commonly seen
+in genome binding transcription
+
+factors, and it
+coordinates to zinc.
+
+What about this one?
+
+Any guesses on
+what this motif is?
+
+This quite a short motif.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+a phosphorylation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Phosphorylation site.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And how do you know that?
+
+AUDIENCE: The [INAUDIBLE] and
+the [INAUDIBLE] next to it
+
+means it's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you even
+know what kinase it is, yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So that's sort of the view.
+
+So, serine, threonine,
+and tirocene
+
+are the residues that
+get phosphorylated.
+
+And so if you see a motif
+with a serine in the middle,
+
+it's a good chance it's
+a phosphorylation site.
+
+Here are some-- you can think
+of them as DNA sequence motifs,
+
+because they occur in
+genes, but they, of course,
+
+function at that RNA level.
+
+These are the motifs that
+occur at the boundaries
+
+of mammalian introns.
+
+So this first one is the
+prime splicing motif.
+
+So these would be the bases
+that occur at the last three
+
+bases of the exon.
+
+The first two of the intron
+here, are almost always GT.
+
+And then you have this position
+that I mentioned here--
+
+it's almost always
+A or G position.
+
+And then some positions that
+are bias for A, bias for G,
+
+and then slightly
+biased for T. And that
+
+is what you see when you
+look at a whole bunch of five
+
+prime ends of mammalian
+introns-- they have this motif.
+
+So some will have better
+matches, or worse,
+
+to this particular pattern.
+
+And that's the average
+pattern that you see.
+
+And it turns out
+that in this case,
+
+the recognition of that site
+is not by a protein, per se,
+
+but it's by a
+ribonucleoprotein complex.
+
+So there's actually
+an RNA called U1 snRNA
+
+that base pairs with the
+five prime splice site.
+
+And its sequence, or
+part of its sequence,
+
+is perfectly complimentary to
+the consensus five prime splice
+
+site.
+
+So we can understand why
+five prime splice sites have
+
+this motif-- they're
+evolving to have
+
+a certain degree of
+complementarity to U1,
+
+and in order to get
+officially recognized
+
+by the splicing machinery.
+
+Then at the three
+prime end of introns,
+
+you see this motif here.
+
+So here's the last base of
+the intron, a G, and then
+
+an A before it.
+
+Almost all introns end with AG.
+
+Then you have a
+pyrimidine ahead of it.
+
+Then you have basically an
+irrelevant position here
+
+at minus four, which is
+not strongly conserved.
+
+And then a stretch of
+residues that are usually,
+
+but not always, pyrimidines--
+called the pyrimidine track.
+
+And in this case,
+the recognition
+
+is actually by proteins
+rather than RNA.
+
+And there are two proteins.
+
+One called U2AF65 that
+binds the pyrimidine track,
+
+and one, U2AF35 that
+binds that last YAG motif.
+
+And then there's
+an upstream motif
+
+here, that's just upstream
+of the 3 prime splice site
+
+that is quite degenerate
+and hard to find,
+
+called the branch point motif.
+
+OK, so, let's take an example.
+
+So the five prime splice site
+is a nice example of a motif,
+
+because you can uniquely
+align them, right?
+
+You can sequence DNA,
+sequence genomes,
+
+align the CDNA to the
+genome, that tells you
+
+exactly where the
+splice junctions are.
+
+And you can take the exons that
+have a 5 prime splice site,
+
+and align the sequences aligned
+to the exon/intron boundary
+
+and get a precise motif.
+
+And then you can tally up
+the frequencies of the bases,
+
+and make a table
+like this, which
+
+we would call a
+position-specific probability
+
+matrix.
+
+And what you could then
+do to predict additional,
+
+say, five prime splice-site
+motifs in other genes--
+
+for example, genes where
+you didn't get a good CDNA
+
+coverage, because let's
+say they're not expressed
+
+in the cells that you
+analyzed-- you could then
+
+make this odds ratio here.
+
+So here we have a
+candidate sequence.
+
+So the motif is nine positions,
+often numbered minus 3
+
+to minus 1, would be the
+exonic parts of this.
+
+And then plus 1 to plus
+6 would be the first six
+
+bases of the intron.
+
+That's just the
+convention that's used.
+
+I'm sure it's going to drive
+the computer scientists crazy
+
+because we're not
+starting at 0, but that's
+
+usually what's used
+in the literature.
+
+And so we have a
+nine-based motif.
+
+And then we're going to
+calculate the probability
+
+of generating that
+particular sequence as given
+
+plus-- meaning given
+our foreground,
+
+or motif model-- as the
+product of the probability
+
+of generating the first base in
+sequence, S1, using the column
+
+probability in the
+minus 3 position.
+
+So if the first base is AC,
+for example, that would be 0.4.
+
+And then the probability of
+generating the second base
+
+in the sequence using the
+next column, and so forth.
+
+If you made a vector for
+each position that had a 1
+
+for the base that
+occurred at that position,
+
+and a 0 for the other
+bases, and then you
+
+just did the dot product of that
+with the matrix, you get this.
+
+So, we multiply probabilities.
+
+So that is assuming
+independence between positions.
+
+And so that's a key assumption--
+weight matrices assume
+
+that each position in the
+motif contributes independently
+
+to the overall
+strength of that motif.
+
+And that may or may not be
+true-- they don't assume
+
+that it's homogeneous,
+that is you
+
+have usually in a typical
+case, different probabilities
+
+in different columns,
+so it's inhomogeneous,
+
+but assumes independence.
+
+And then you often want
+to use a background model.
+
+For example, if your
+genome composition
+
+is 25% of each of
+the nucleotides,
+
+you could just have a
+background probability that
+
+was equally likely
+for each of the four,
+
+and then calculate the
+probability, S given minus,
+
+of generating that
+particular [INAUDIBLE]
+
+under the background model, and
+take the ratio of those two.
+
+And the advantage of
+that is that then you
+
+can find sequences
+that are-- that ratio,
+
+it could be 100 times more
+like a 5 prime splice site
+
+than like background--
+or 1,000 times.
+
+Or you have some sort
+of scaling on it.
+
+Whereas, if you just
+take the raw probability,
+
+it's going to be something
+that's on the order of 1/4
+
+to a 1/9.
+
+So some very, very small
+number that's a little hard to
+
+work with.
+
+So when people
+talk about motifs,
+
+they often use language
+like exact, or precise,
+
+versus degenerate, strong
+versus weak, good versus lousy,
+
+depending on the
+context, who's listening.
+
+So an example of these would
+be a restriction enzyme.
+
+You often say
+restriction enzymes have
+
+very precise
+sequence specificity,
+
+they only cut-- echo
+R1 only cuts a GAA TTC.
+
+Whereas, a TATA binding protein
+is somewhat more degenerate.
+
+It'll bind to a range of things.
+
+So I use degenerate there, you
+could say it's a weaker motif.
+
+You'll often-- if you want
+to try to make this precise,
+
+then the language of
+entropy information
+
+offers additional terminology,
+like high information
+
+content, low entropy, et cetera.
+
+So let's take a look at this as
+perhaps a more natural, or more
+
+precise way of describing
+what we mean, here.
+
+So imagine you have a motif.
+
+We're going to do a
+motif of length one--
+
+just keep the math
+super simple, but you'll
+
+see it easily generalizes.
+
+So you have probabilities of the
+four nucleotides that are Pk.
+
+And you have background
+probabilities, qk.
+
+And we're going to assume
+those are all uniform,
+
+they're all a quarter.
+
+So then the statistical,
+or Shannon entropy
+
+of a probability distribution--
+or vector of probabilities,
+
+if you will-- is defined here.
+
+So H of q, where q is a
+distribution or, in this case,
+
+vector, is defined as minus
+the summation of qk log qk,
+
+in general.
+
+And then if you wanted
+to be in units of bits,
+
+you'd use log base 2.
+
+So how many people have
+seen this equation before?
+
+Like half, I'm going to go with.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So who can tell me
+why, first of all--
+
+is this a positive
+quantity, negative quantity,
+
+non-negative, or what?
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Log qk is always
+going to be negative.
+
+And so therefore
+you have to take
+
+the negative of the sum
+of all the negatives
+
+to get a positive number.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+so this, in general,
+
+is a non-negative
+quantity, because we
+
+have this minus sign here.
+
+We're taking logs of things
+that are between 0 and 1.
+
+So the logs are negative, right?
+
+OK.
+
+And then what would be
+the entropy if I say that
+
+the distribution q is
+this-- 0100, meaning,
+
+it's a motif that's 100% C?
+
+What is the entropy of that?
+
+What was your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: William.
+
+PROFESSOR: William.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the
+entropy would be 0,
+
+because the vector is determined
+in respect of the known
+
+certainty.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+And we do the math--
+you'll get, for the C term,
+
+you'll have a sum.
+
+You'll have three
+terms that are 0 log
+
+0-- it might crash your
+calculator, I guess.
+
+And then you'll have one
+term that is 1 log 1.
+
+And so 1 log 1, that's easy.
+
+That's 0, right?
+
+This, you could
+say, is undefined.
+
+But using L'Hospital's rule--
+by continuity, x log x,
+
+you take the limit,
+as x gets small, is 0.
+
+So this is defined to be
+0 in information theory.
+
+And this is always, always 0.
+
+So that comes out to be 0.
+
+So it's deterministic.
+
+So entropy is a
+measure of uncertainty,
+
+and so that makes sense-- if
+you know what the base is,
+
+there's no uncertainty,
+entropy is 0.
+
+So what about this vector-- 1/4,
+1/4, 25% of each of the bases,
+
+what is H of q?
+
+Anyone?
+
+I'm going to make
+you show me why,
+
+so-- Anyone want
+to attempt this?
+
+Levi?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it's 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2, OK.
+
+Can you explain?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+the log of the 1/4's
+
+is going to be negative 2.
+
+And then you're
+multiplying that by 1/4,
+
+so you're getting 1/2 for each
+and adding it up equals 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+in sum, there are
+
+going to be four terms that
+are 1/4 times log of a 1/4.
+
+This is minus 2, 1/4 times
+minus 2 is minus 1/2,
+
+4 times minus 1/2 is
+minus 2, and then you
+
+change the sign, because
+there's this minus in front.
+
+So that equals 2.
+
+And what about this one?
+
+Anyone see that one?
+
+This is a coin flip, basically.
+
+All right?
+
+It's either A or G. [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Anyone?
+
+Levi, want to do this one again?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you have two
+terms of 0 log 0, which is 0.
+
+And two terms of 1/2
+times the log of 1/2,
+
+which is just negative 1.
+
+So you have 2 halves.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So two terms like that.
+
+And then there's going
+to be two terms that
+
+are something that turns
+out to be 0-- 0 log 0.
+
+And then there's
+a minus in front.
+
+So that will be 1.
+
+So a coin flip has one
+bit of information.
+
+So that's basically
+what we mean.
+
+If you have a fair coin and
+you don't know the outcome,
+
+we're going to
+call that one bit.
+
+And so a base that could be
+any of the four equally likely
+
+has twice as much uncertainty.
+
+All right, and this is related
+to the Boltzmann entropy
+
+that you may be familiar with
+from statistical mechanics,
+
+which is the log of the number
+of states, in that if you have
+
+N states, and they're
+all equally likely, then
+
+it turns out that the
+Shannon entropy turns out
+
+to be log of the number states.
+
+We saw that here-- four
+states, equally likely,
+
+comes out to be log of 4 or 2.
+
+And that's true in general.
+
+All right, so you
+can think of this
+
+as a generalization of Boltzmann
+entropy, if you want to.
+
+OK, so why did he
+call it entropy?
+
+So it turns out
+that Shannon, who
+
+was developing this
+in the late '40s,
+
+as developing a theory
+of communication,
+
+scratched his head a little bit.
+
+And he talked to his friend,
+John von Neumann-- none
+
+other than him, involved
+in inventing computers--
+
+and he says, "My concern
+was what to call it.
+
+I thought of calling
+it information.
+
+But the word was overly used."
+
+OK, so back in 1949, information
+was already overused.
+
+"And and so I decided
+to call it uncertainty."
+
+And then he discussed it
+with John von Neumann,
+
+and he had a better idea.
+
+He said, "You should
+call it entropy.
+
+In the first place,
+your certainly function
+
+has already been used
+in statistical mechanics
+
+under that name," so
+it already has a name.
+
+"And the second place,
+and more important,
+
+nobody knows what entropy
+really is, so in a debate,
+
+you always have the advantage."
+
+So keep that in mind.
+
+After you've taken this class,
+just start throwing it around
+
+and you will win
+a lot of debates.
+
+So how is information
+related to entropy?
+
+So the way we're going
+to define it here,
+
+which is how it's
+often defined, is
+
+information is reduction
+in uncertainty.
+
+So, if I'm dealing
+with an unknown DNA
+
+sequence, the
+lambda phage genome,
+
+and it has 25% of each
+base, if you tell me,
+
+I'm going to send you two
+bases, I have no idea.
+
+They could be any pair of bases.
+
+My uncertainty is
+2 bits per base,
+
+or 4 bits before you
+tell me anything.
+
+If you then tell me,
+it's the TA motif,
+
+which is always T followed
+by A, then now my uncertainty
+
+is 0, so the amount
+of information
+
+that you just gave me is 4 bits.
+
+You reduced my uncertainty
+from 4 bits to 0.
+
+So we define the information
+at a particular position
+
+as the entropy
+before-- before meaning
+
+the background, the background
+a sort of your null hypothesis--
+
+minus the entropy after--
+so after you've told me
+
+that this is an
+instance of that motif,
+
+and it has a particular model.
+
+So, in this case, you
+can see the entropy
+
+is going to be entropy before.
+
+This is just H of q
+right here, this term.
+
+And then minus this
+term, which is H of p.
+
+So, if it's uniform, we said
+H of q is 2 bits per position.
+
+And so, so the information
+content of the motif is just 2
+
+minus the entropy
+of that motif model.
+
+In general, it turns out if
+the positions in the motif
+
+are independent, then
+the information content
+
+of the motif is 2w
+minus H of motif,
+
+where w is it
+width of the motif.
+
+So for example, the entropy
+of the motif of-- we
+
+said the entropy of
+this is 2 bits, right?
+
+Therefore, the information
+content is what?
+
+If this is our-- let's say this
+is a P. This is our routine.
+
+Are you starting to generate?
+
+What is its information content?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0?
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.
+
+Why is it 0?
+
+Yeah, back row.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the
+information content
+
+of that is 0, and
+then the information
+
+content of the known
+hypothesis, so to say, is 0.
+
+Sorry, both of them are 2.
+
+So 2 minus 2 is 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: The entropy
+of the background
+
+is 2, and the entropy
+if this is also 2.
+
+So 2 minus 2 is 0.
+
+And what about this?
+
+Let's say this was
+our motif, it's
+
+a motif that's either A or G.
+We said the entropy of this
+
+is 1 bit, so what
+is the information
+
+content of this motif?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1, and why is it 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: Background is
+2, and entropy here is 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Background
+is 2, entropy is 1.
+
+OK?
+
+And what about if I tell you
+it's the echo R1 restriction
+
+enzyme?
+
+So it's GAA TTC,
+a six-base motif
+
+precise-- it has
+to be those bases?
+
+What is the information
+content of that motif?
+
+In the back?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 12.
+
+PROFESSOR: 12-- 12 what?
+
+AUDIENCE: 12 bits.
+
+PROFESSOR: 12 bits,
+and why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the
+background is 2 times 6.
+
+So 6 bases, and 2 bits for each.
+
+And you have all the
+bases are determined
+
+at the specific
+[INAUDIBLE] enzyme site.
+
+So the entropy of that is
+0, since 12 minus 0 is 12.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, the
+entropy of that motif is 0.
+
+You imagine 4,096
+possible six-mers.
+
+One of them has probably 1.
+
+All the others have 0.
+
+You're going to
+have that big sum.
+
+It's going to come
+out to be 0, OK?
+
+Why is this useful
+at all, or is it?
+
+One of the reasons why
+it's useful-- sorry,
+
+that's on a later slide.
+
+Well, just hang with
+me, and it will be clear
+
+why it's useful in a few slides.
+
+But for now, we
+have a description
+
+of information content.
+
+So the echo R1 site has
+12 bits of information,
+
+a completely random
+position has 0,
+
+and a short four-cutter
+restriction enzyme
+
+would have 2 times 4, 8
+bits of information, right,
+
+and an eight-cutter.
+
+So you can see as the
+restriction enzyme gets
+
+longer, more
+information content.
+
+So let's talk about the
+motif finding problem,
+
+and then we'll return to the
+usefulness of information
+
+content.
+
+So can everyone see
+the motif that's
+
+present in all these sequences?
+
+If anyone can't,
+please let me know.
+
+You probably can't.
+
+Now, what now?
+
+These are the same sequences,
+but I've aligned them.
+
+Can anyone see a motif?
+
+PROFESSOR: GGG GGG.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+I heard some G's.
+
+Right.
+
+so there's this motif
+that's over here.
+
+It's pretty weak, and
+pretty degenerate.
+
+There's definitely
+some exceptions,
+
+but you can definitely see
+that a lot of the sequences
+
+have at least GGC,
+possibly an A after that.
+
+Right, so this is the
+problem we're dealing with.
+
+You have a bunch of promoters,
+and the transcription factor
+
+that binds may be fairly
+degenerate, maybe because it
+
+likes to bind cooperatively
+with several of its buddies,
+
+and so it doesn't
+have to have a very
+
+strong instance of
+the motif present.
+
+And so, it can be quite
+difficult to find.
+
+So that's why there's a real
+bio-informatics challenge.
+
+Motif finding is not done by
+lining up sequences by hand,
+
+and drawing boxes--
+although that's
+
+how the first motif was
+found, the TATA box.
+
+That's why it's called the
+TATA box, because someone just
+
+drew a box in a
+sequence alignment.
+
+But these days,
+you need a computer
+
+to find-- most motifs require
+some sort of algorithm to find.
+
+Like I said, it's essentially
+a local multiple alignment
+
+problem.
+
+You want multiple alignment, but
+it doesn't have to be global.
+
+It just can be local, it can
+be just over a sub-region.
+
+There are basically at
+least three different sort
+
+of general approaches to the
+problem of motif finding.
+
+One approach is the so-called
+enumerative, or dictionary,
+
+approach.
+
+And so in this
+approach, you say,
+
+well, we're looking
+for a motif of length 6
+
+because this is a leucine zipper
+transcription factor that we're
+
+modeling, and they usually
+have binding sites around 6,
+
+so we're going to guess 6.
+
+And we're going to
+enumerate all the six-mers,
+
+there's 4,096 six-mers.
+
+We're going to count
+up their occurrences
+
+in a set of promoters that, for
+example, are turned on when you
+
+over-express this
+factor, and look
+
+at those frequencies
+divided by the frequencies
+
+of those six-mers in
+some background set--
+
+either random sequences, or
+promoters that didn't turn on.
+
+Something like that.
+
+You have two
+classes, and you look
+
+for statistical enrichment.
+
+This approach, this is fine.
+
+There's nothing wrong
+with this approach.
+
+People use it all the time.
+
+One of the downsides,
+though, is that you're
+
+doing a lot of
+statistical tests.
+
+You're essentially
+testing each six-mer--
+
+you're doing 4,096
+statistical tests.
+
+So you have to adjust the
+statistical significance
+
+for the number of
+tests that you do,
+
+and that can reduce your power.
+
+So that's one main drawback.
+
+The other reason
+is that maybe you
+
+don't see-- maybe this protein
+binds a rather degenerate
+
+motif, and a precise
+six-mer is just too precise.
+
+None of them will
+occur often enough.
+
+You really have to have
+a degenerate motif that's
+
+C R Y G Y. That's really
+the motif that it binds to,
+
+and so you don't
+see it unless you
+
+use something more degenerate.
+
+So you can generalize
+this to use
+
+regular expressions, et cetera.
+
+And it's a reasonable approach.
+
+Another approach that we'll
+talk about in a moment
+
+is probabilistic
+optimization, where
+
+you wander around the possible
+space of possible motifs
+
+until you find one
+that looks strong.
+
+And we'll talk about that.
+
+And then they're deterministic
+versions of this, like me.
+
+We're going to focus
+today on this second one.
+
+Mostly because it's a little bit
+more mysterious and interesting
+
+as an algorithm.
+
+And it's also [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So, if the motif landscape
+looked like this,
+
+where imagine all
+possible motifs,
+
+you've somehow come up with a
+2D lattice of the possible motif
+
+sequences.
+
+And then the strength of
+that motif, or the degree
+
+to which that motif description
+corresponds to the 2 motif
+
+is represented by
+the height here.
+
+Then, there's basically
+one optimal motif,
+
+and the closer you get to
+that, the better fit it is.
+
+Then our problem is going
+to be relatively easy.
+
+But it's also possible that
+it looks something like this.
+
+There's a lot of
+sort of decoy motifs,
+
+or weaker motifs that are
+only slightly enriched
+
+in the sequence space.
+
+And so you can easily
+get tripped up,
+
+if you're wandering
+around randomly.
+
+We don't know a priori,
+and it's probably not
+
+as simple as the first example.
+
+And so that's one
+of the issues that
+
+motivates these
+stochastic algorithms.
+
+So just to sort of
+put this in context--
+
+the Gibbs motif sampler that
+we're going to be talking about
+
+is a Monte Carlo
+algorithm, so that just
+
+means it's an algorithm
+that basically does
+
+some random sampling
+somewhere in it,
+
+so that the outcome
+that you get isn't
+
+necessarily deterministic.
+
+Your run it at different
+times, and you'll actually
+
+get different
+outputs, which can be
+
+a little bit disconcerting
+and annoying at times.
+
+But it turns out to be
+useful in some cases.
+
+There's also a special case
+of a Las Vegas algorithm,
+
+where it knows when it
+got be optimal answer.
+
+But in general, not.
+
+In general, you
+don't know for sure.
+
+So Gibbs motif
+simpler is basically
+
+a model where you have a
+likelihood for generating
+
+a set of sequences,
+S. So imagine
+
+you have 40 sequences that
+are bacterial promoters, each
+
+of 40 bases long, let's say.
+
+That's your S. And so
+what you want to do,
+
+then, is consider a model that
+there is a particular instance
+
+of a motif you're
+trying to discover,
+
+at a particular position in
+each one of those sequences.
+
+Not necessarily
+the same position,
+
+just some position
+in each sequence.
+
+And we're going to describe
+the composition of that motif
+
+by a weight matrix.
+
+OK, one of these matrices
+that's of width, W, and then
+
+has the four rows specifying
+the frequencies of the four
+
+nucleotides at that position.
+
+The setup here is that you
+want to calculate or think
+
+about the probability of S comma
+A, S is the actual sequences,
+
+and A is basically a
+vector that specifies
+
+the location of the motif
+instance in each of those 40
+
+sequences.
+
+You want to calculate that,
+conditional on capital
+
+theta-- which is
+our weight matrix.
+
+So that's going to
+be, in this case,
+
+I think I made a motif of length
+8, and it's shown there in red.
+
+There's going to be a
+weight matrix of length 8.
+
+And then there's going to
+be some sort of background
+
+frequency vector that
+might be the background
+
+composition in the genome
+of E.coli DNA, for example.
+
+And so then the probability
+of generating those sequences
+
+together with that
+particular locations
+
+is going to be
+proportional to this.
+
+Basically, use the little
+theta background vector
+
+for all the positions, except
+the specific positions that
+
+are inside the motif,
+starting at position AK here.
+
+And then you use the
+particular column
+
+of the weight matrix
+for those 8 positions,
+
+and then you go back to using
+the background probabilities.
+
+Question, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this
+for finding motifs
+
+based on other known motifs?
+
+Or is this--
+
+PROFESSOR: No, what
+we're doing-- I'm sorry,
+
+I should've prefaced that.
+
+We're doing de
+novo motif finding.
+
+We're going to tell
+the algorithm-- we're
+
+going to give the algorithm some
+sequences of a given length,
+
+or it can even be
+of variable lengths,
+
+and we're going to
+give it a guess of what
+
+the length of the motif is.
+
+So we're going to
+say, we think it's 8.
+
+That could come from
+structural reasons.
+
+Or often you really
+have no idea,
+
+so you just guess that
+you know, a lot of times
+
+it's kind of short, so we're
+going to go with 6 or 8,
+
+or you try different lengths.
+
+Totally de novo motif finding.
+
+OK, so how does algorithm work?
+
+You have N sequences of
+length, L. You guessed
+
+that the motif has width, W.
+You choose starting positions
+
+at random-- OK, so this is
+a vector, of the starting
+
+position in each
+sequence, we're going
+
+to choose completely random
+positions within the end
+
+sequences.
+
+They have to be at
+least W before the end--
+
+so we'll have a whole motif,
+that's just an accounting thing
+
+to make it simpler.
+
+And then you choose one
+of the sequence at random.
+
+Say, the first sequence.
+
+You make a weight matrix
+model of width, W,
+
+from the instances in
+the other sequences.
+
+So for example--
+actually, I have
+
+slides on this, so we'll
+just do it with the slides,
+
+you'll see what this
+looks like in a moment.
+
+And so you have instances
+here in the sequence,
+
+here in this one, here.
+
+You take all those, line them
+up, make a weight matrix out
+
+of those, and then you score
+the positions in sequence 1
+
+for how well they match.
+
+So, let me just do this.
+
+These are your motif instances.
+
+Again, totally random
+at the beginning.
+
+Then you build a weight
+matrix from those
+
+by lining them up, and
+just counting frequencies.
+
+Then you pick a sequence
+at random-- yeah,
+
+your weight matrix doesn't
+include that sequence,
+
+typically.
+
+And then you take
+your theta matrix
+
+and you slide it
+along the sequence.
+
+You consider every
+sub-sequence of length,
+
+W-- the one that
+goes from 1 to W,
+
+to one that goes from
+2 to W plus 1, et
+
+cetera, all the way
+along the sequence,
+
+until you get to the end.
+
+And you calculate the
+probability of that sequence,
+
+using that likelihood
+that I gave you before.
+
+So, it's basically the
+probability generating sequence
+
+where you use the background
+vector for all the positions,
+
+except for the particular
+motif instance that you're
+
+considering, and use the
+motif model for that.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So, if you happen to have a good
+looking occurrence of the motif
+
+at this position,
+here, in the sequence,
+
+then you would get
+a higher likelihood.
+
+So for example, if the motif
+was, let's say it's 3 long,
+
+and it happened
+to favor ACG, then
+
+if you have a sequence
+here that has,
+
+let's say, it's got
+TTT, that's going
+
+to have a low probability
+in this motif.
+
+It's going to be 0.1 cubed.
+
+And then if you have an
+occurrence of, say, ACT,
+
+that's going to have
+a higher occurrence.
+
+It's going to be 0.7
+times 0.7 times 0.1.
+
+So, quite a bit higher.
+
+So you start, it'll be
+low for this triplet
+
+here-- so I'll put
+a low value here.
+
+TTA is also going to be low.
+
+TAC, also low.
+
+But ACT, that matches 2
+out of 3 to the motif.
+
+It's going to be a lot better.
+
+And then CT is going to
+be low again, et cetera.
+
+So you just slide this along
+and calculate probabilities.
+
+And then what you do is you
+sample from this distribution.
+
+These probabilities don't
+necessarily sum to 1.
+
+But you re-normalize them
+so that they do sum to 1,
+
+you just add them up,
+divide by the sum.
+
+Now they sum to 1.
+
+And now you sample those
+sites in that sequence,
+
+according to that
+probability distribution.
+
+Like I said, in this
+case you might end up
+
+sampling-- that's the
+highest probability site,
+
+so you might sample that.
+
+But you also might sample
+one of these other ones.
+
+It's unlikely you
+would sample this one,
+
+because that's very low.
+
+But you actually sometime
+sample one that's not so great.
+
+So you sample a starting
+position in that sequence,
+
+and you basically-- wherever
+you would originally
+
+assign in sequence 1, now you
+move it to that new location.
+
+We've just changed
+the assignment
+
+of where we think the motif
+might be in that sequence.
+
+And then you choose
+another sequence
+
+at random from your list.
+
+Often you go through the
+sequences sequentially,
+
+and then you make a new
+weight matrix model.
+
+So how will that weight matrix
+model differ from the last one?
+
+Well it'll differ
+because the instance
+
+of the motif in sequence 1
+is now at a new location,
+
+in general.
+
+I mean, you might have sampled
+the exact same location you
+
+started, but in
+general it'll move.
+
+And so now, you'll got a
+slightly different weight
+
+matrix.
+
+Most of the data going
+into it, N minus 1,
+
+is going to be the same.
+
+But one of them is
+going to be different.
+
+So it'll change a little bit.
+
+You make a new weight
+matrix, and then you
+
+pick a new sequence.
+
+You slide that weight
+matrix along that sequence,
+
+you get this distribution, you
+sample from that distribution,
+
+and you keep going.
+
+Yeah, this was described
+by Lorenz in 1993,
+
+and I'll post that paper.
+
+OK, so you sample a
+portion with that,
+
+and you update the location.
+
+So now we sampled that
+really high probably one,
+
+so we moved the motif over
+to that new orange location,
+
+there.
+
+I don't know if these
+animations are helping at all.
+
+And then you update
+your weight matrix.
+
+And then you iterate
+until convergence.
+
+So you typically have
+a set of end sequences,
+
+you go through them once.
+
+You have a weight matrix, and
+then you go through them again.
+
+You go through a few times.
+
+And maybe at a
+certain point, you
+
+end re-sampling the
+same sites as you
+
+did in the last iteration--
+same exact sites.
+
+You've converged.
+
+Or, you keep track
+of the theta matrices
+
+that you get after going through
+the whole set of sequences,
+
+and from one
+iteration to the next,
+
+the theta matrix hasn't
+really changed much.
+
+You've converged.
+
+So let's do an example of this.
+
+Here I made up a motif, and
+this is a representation
+
+where the four bases have
+these colors assigned to them.
+
+And you can see that this
+motif is quite strong.
+
+It really strongly
+prefers A at this position
+
+here, and et cetera.
+
+And I put it at the same
+position in all the sequences,
+
+just to make life simple.
+
+And then a former student
+in the lab, [INAUDIBLE],
+
+he implemented the Gibb
+Sample in Matlab, actually,
+
+and made a little video
+of what's going on.
+
+So the upper part shows
+the current weight matrix.
+
+Notice it's pretty
+random-looking
+
+at the beginning.
+
+And the right parts
+show where the motif
+
+is, or the position that
+we're currently considering.
+
+So this shows the
+position that was last
+
+sampled in the last round.
+
+And this shows the
+probability density
+
+along each sequence of
+what's the probability
+
+that the motif occurs
+at each particular place
+
+in the sequence.
+
+And that's what
+happens over times.
+
+So it's obviously very
+fast, so I'll run it again
+
+and maybe pause it partway.
+
+We're starting from a
+very random-looking motif.
+
+This is what you get after not
+too many iterations-- probably
+
+like 100 or so.
+
+And now you can see your motif--
+your weight matrix is now quite
+
+biased, and now favors A at
+this position, and so forth.
+
+And the locations of
+your motif, most of them
+
+are around this
+position, around 6 or 7
+
+in the sequence-- that's
+where we put the motif in.
+
+But not all, some of them.
+
+And then you can see the
+probabilities-- white is high,
+
+black is low-- in
+some sequences,
+
+it's very, very
+confident, the motif
+
+is exactly at that position,
+like this first sequence here.
+
+And others, it's
+got some uncertainty
+
+about where the motif might be.
+
+And then we let it
+run a little bit more,
+
+and it eventually
+converges to being
+
+very confident that the motif
+has the sequence, A C G T A G C
+
+A, and that it occurs at
+that particular position
+
+in the sequence.
+
+So who can tell me why
+this actually works?
+
+We're choosing
+positions at random,
+
+updating a weight matrix,
+why does that actually
+
+help you find the real motif
+that's in these sequences?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+Or who can make an argument
+that it shouldn't work?
+
+Yeah?
+
+What was your name again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dan.
+
+PROFESSOR: Dan, yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, couldn't it,
+sort of, in a certain situation
+
+have different sub-motifs
+that are also sort of rich,
+
+and because you're
+sampling randomly
+
+you might be stuck inside
+of those boundaries
+
+where you're searching
+your composition?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's good.
+
+So Dan's point is
+that you can get
+
+stuck in sub-optimal
+smaller or weaker motifs.
+
+So that's certainly true.
+
+So you're saying, maybe
+this example is artificial?
+
+Because I had started with
+totally random sequences,
+
+and I put a pretty strong
+motif in a particular place,
+
+so there were no-- it's
+more like that mountain,
+
+that structure where there's
+just one motif to find.
+
+So it's perhaps an easy case.
+
+But still, what I want to know
+is how does this algorithm,
+
+how did it actually
+find that motif?
+
+He implemented exactly that
+algorithm that I described.
+
+Why does it tend to go
+towards [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+After a long time,
+remember it's a long time,
+
+it's hundreds of iterations.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're covering
+a lot in the sequence,
+
+just the random searching of
+the sequence, when you're--
+
+PROFESSOR: There
+are many iterations.
+
+You're considering
+many possible locations
+
+within the sequences,
+that's true.
+
+But why does it eventually-- why
+does it converge to something?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess,
+because you're
+
+seeing your motif more
+plainly than you're
+
+seeing other random motifs.
+
+So it will hit it more
+frequently-- randomly.
+
+And therefore,
+converge [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's true.
+
+Can someone give a more
+intuition behind this?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I just
+have a question.
+
+Is each iteration
+an independent test?
+
+For example, if you iterate
+over the same sequence base
+
+100 times, and you're updating
+your weight matrix each time,
+
+does that mean it is the
+updating the weight matrix also
+
+taking into account
+that the previous--
+
+that this is the
+same sample space?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+the weight matrix,
+
+after you go through one
+iteration of all the sequences,
+
+you have a weight matrix.
+
+You carry that over, you
+don't start from scratch.
+
+You bring that weight
+matrix back up,
+
+and use that to score, let's
+say, that first sequence.
+
+Yeah, the weight matrix
+just keeps moving around.
+
+Moves a little bit every
+time you sample a sequence.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you constantly
+get a strong [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, does it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I guess--
+
+PROFESSOR: Would it
+constantly get stronger?
+
+What's to make it get
+stronger or weaker?
+
+I mean, this is sort
+of-- you're on the track.
+
+AUDIENCE: If it is
+random, then there's
+
+some probability that you're
+going to find this motif again,
+
+at which point it
+will get stronger.
+
+But, if it's-- given
+enough iterations,
+
+it gets stronger as long as you
+hit different spots at random.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah.
+
+That's what I'm-- I think
+there was a comment.
+
+Jacob, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, you can think
+about it as a random walk
+
+through the landscape.
+
+Eventually, it has
+a high probability
+
+of taking that motif, and
+updating the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+direction, just from the
+probability of [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And given
+the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's say I
+had 100 sequences of length,
+
+I don't know, 30.
+
+And the width of the motif is 6.
+
+So here's our sequences.
+
+We choose random positions
+for the start position,
+
+and let's say it was
+this example where
+
+the real motif, I put it right
+here, and all the sequences.
+
+That's where it starts.
+
+Does this help?
+
+So it's 30 and 6, so there's
+25 possible start positions.
+
+I did that to make
+it a little easier.
+
+So what would happen in
+that first iteration?
+
+What w can you say
+about what the weight
+
+matrix would look like?
+
+It's going to be a width, W, you
+know, columns 1, 2, 3, up to 6.
+
+We're going to give it
+100 positions at random.
+
+The motif is here--
+let's say it's
+
+a very strong motif,
+that's a 12-bit motif.
+
+So it's 100%-- it's echo R1.
+
+It's that.
+
+What would that weight
+matrix look like,
+
+in this first iteration,
+when you first
+
+just sample the sites at random?
+
+What kind of probabilities
+would it have?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Equal?
+
+OK-- perfectly equal?
+
+AUDIENCE: Roughly.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Any box?
+
+Are we likely to hit
+the actual motif, ever,
+
+in that first encryption?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, because you
+have a uniform probability,
+
+of sampling.
+
+Well, uniform at each
+one of the 25 positions?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right now, you're
+not sampling proportional
+
+to the likelihood.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the chance of
+hitting the motif in any given
+
+sequence is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1/25.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1/25.
+
+We have 100 sequences.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's
+four out of--
+
+PROFESSOR: So on average,
+I'll hit the motif four times,
+
+right.
+
+The other 96 positions will
+be essentially random, right?
+
+So you initially said this was
+going to be uniform, right?
+
+On average, 25% of each
+base, plus or minus
+
+a little bit of sampling
+error-- could be 23, 24, 26.
+
+But now, you pointed out
+that it's going to be four.
+
+You're going to hit the
+motif four times, on average.
+
+So, can you say anything more?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you maybe
+have a slightly bias towards G
+
+on the first position?
+
+Slightly biased towards A
+on the second and third?
+
+Slightly biased towards T
+on the fourth and fifth.
+
+And slightly biased
+towards C in the sixth?
+
+So it would be slightly biased--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so
+remind me of your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Eric.
+
+PROFESSOR: Eric,
+OK, so Eric says
+
+that because four
+of the sequences
+
+will have a G at
+the first position,
+
+because those are the ones
+where you sampled the motif,
+
+and the other 96 will have
+each of the four bases equally
+
+likely, on average you have
+like 24%-- plus 4 for G, right?
+
+Something like
+28%-- this will be
+
+28%, plus or minus a little bit.
+
+And these other ones will be
+whatever that works out to be,
+
+23 or something like
+that-- 23-ish, on average.
+
+Again, it may not
+come out exactly
+
+like-- G may not be number
+one, but it's more often
+
+going to be number one
+than any other base.
+
+And on average, it'll be more
+like 28% rather than 25%.
+
+And similarly for
+position two, A
+
+will be 28%, and
+three, and et cetera.
+
+And then the sixth
+will be-- C will
+
+have a little bit of a bias.
+
+OK, so even in that
+first round, when
+
+you're sampling
+that first sequence,
+
+the matrix is going
+to be slightly biased
+
+toward the motif-- depending
+how the sampling went.
+
+You might not have hit any
+instances of motif, right?
+
+But often, it'll
+be a little bit--
+
+Is that enough of
+a bias to give you
+
+a good chance of selecting the
+motif in that first sequence?
+
+AUDIENCE: You mean in
+the first iteration?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's say the first
+random sequence size sample.
+
+No.
+
+You're shaking your head.
+
+Not enough of a
+bias because-- it's
+
+0.28 over 0.25 to the
+sixth power, right?
+
+So it's like--
+
+AUDIENCE: The likelihood
+is still close 1.
+
+Like, that's [INAUDIBLE] ratio.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's something
+like 1.1 to the sixth,
+
+or something like that.
+
+So it might be close to 2,
+might be twice as likely.
+
+But still, there's 25 positions.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So it's quite likely
+that you won't
+
+sample the motif in that first--
+you'll sample something else.
+
+Which will take it away
+in some random direction.
+
+So who can tell me how this
+actually ends up working?
+
+Why does it actually
+converge eventually,
+
+if you get it long enough?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+information content,
+
+what will happen to that?
+
+So the information content,
+if it was completely random--
+
+we said that would be uniform.
+
+That would be zero
+information content, right?
+
+This matrix, which has around
+28% at six different positions,
+
+will have an information content
+that's low, but non-zero.
+
+It might end up being
+like 1 bit, or something.
+
+And if you then sample motifs
+that are not the motif,
+
+they will tend to reduce
+the information content,
+
+tend to bring it
+back toward random.
+
+If you sample locations
+that have the motif,
+
+what will that do to
+the information content?
+
+Boost it.
+
+So what would you expect if we
+were to plot the information
+
+content over time, what
+would that look like?
+
+AUDIENCE: It should
+trend upwards,
+
+but it could fluctuate.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Over the
+number of iterations?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+I blocked it here.
+
+Let me see if I
+can-- Let's try this.
+
+I think I plotted it.
+
+OK, never mind.
+
+I wanted to keep
+it very mysterious,
+
+so you guys have
+to figure it out.
+
+The answer is that it will--
+basically what happens is you
+
+start with a weight
+matrix like this.
+
+A lot of times, because the bias
+for the motif is quite weak,
+
+a lot of times
+you'll sample-- even
+
+for a sequence,
+what matters is--
+
+like, if you had a sequence
+where the location, initially,
+
+was not the motif, and then you
+sample another location that's
+
+not the motif, that's not
+really going to change anything.
+
+It'll change things
+a little bit,
+
+but not in any
+particular direction.
+
+What really matters is
+when you get to a sequence
+
+where you already had the motif,
+if you now sample one that's
+
+not the motif, your information
+content will get weaker.
+
+It will become more uniform.
+
+But if you have a sequence
+where it wasn't the motif,
+
+but now you happen to sample the
+motif, then it'll get stronger.
+
+And when it gets
+stronger, it will then
+
+be more likely to pick the
+motif in the next sequence,
+
+and so on.
+
+So basically what happens
+to the information content
+
+is that over many
+iterations-- it starts near 0.
+
+And can occasionally
+go up a little bit.
+
+And then once it exceeds the
+threshold, it goes like that.
+
+So what happens is it
+stumbles onto a few instances
+
+of the motif that bias
+the weight matrix.
+
+And if they don't
+bias it enough,
+
+it'll just fall off that.
+
+It's like trying to
+climb the mountain--
+
+but it's walking in
+a random direction.
+
+So sometimes it will turn
+around and go back down.
+
+But then when it gets high
+enough, it'll be obvious.
+
+Once you have a, say, 20
+times greater likelihood
+
+of picking that motif than
+any other sequence, most
+
+of the time you will pick it.
+
+And very soon,
+it'll be stronger.
+
+And the next round,
+when it's stronger,
+
+you'll have a greater
+bias for picking
+
+the motif, and so forth.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: For this
+specific example,
+
+M is much greater
+than L minus W.
+
+How true is that for
+practical examples?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+very good question.
+
+There is sometimes-- depends on
+how commonly your motif occurs
+
+in the genome, and how
+good your data is, really,
+
+and what the source
+of your data is.
+
+So sometimes it can
+be very limited,
+
+sometimes-- If you do
+ChIP-Seq you might have 10,000
+
+peaks that you're
+analyzing, or something.
+
+So you could have a huge number.
+
+But on the other hand, if
+you did some functional
+
+assay that's quite laborious for
+a motif that drives luciferase,
+
+or something, and you
+can only test a few,
+
+you might only have 10.
+
+So it varies all over the map.
+
+So that's a good question.
+
+We'll come back to
+that in a little bit.
+
+Simona?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you
+have a short motif,
+
+does it make sense,
+then, to reduce
+
+the number of
+sequences you have?
+
+Because maybe it won't converge?
+
+PROFESSOR: Reduce the
+number of sequences?
+
+What do you people
+think about that?
+
+Is that a good
+idea or a bad idea?
+
+It's true that it
+might converge faster
+
+with a smaller
+number of sequences,
+
+but you also might
+not find it all.
+
+So generally you're
+losing information,
+
+so you want to
+have more sequences
+
+up to a certain point.
+
+Let's just do a couple more
+examples, and I'll come back.
+
+Those are both good questions.
+
+OK, so here's this weak motif.
+
+So this is the one where
+you guys couldn't see it
+
+when I just put
+the sequences up.
+
+You can only see it
+when it's aligned--
+
+it's this thing with GGC, here.
+
+And here is, again,
+the Gibbs Sampler.
+
+And what happened?
+
+Who can summarize
+what happened here?
+
+Yeah, David?
+
+AUDIENCE: It didn't converge.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it
+didn't quite converge.
+
+The motif is usually
+on the right side,
+
+and it found something
+that's like the motif.
+
+But it's not quite right--
+it's got that A, it's G A G C,
+
+it should be G G C. And so
+it sampled some other things,
+
+and it got off
+track a little bit,
+
+because probably
+by chance, there
+
+were some things that looked
+a little bit like the motif,
+
+and it was finding
+some instances of that,
+
+and some instances
+of the real motif.
+
+And yeah, it didn't
+quite converge.
+
+And you can see this
+probability vectors here,
+
+they have multiple white
+dots in many of the rows.
+
+So it doesn't know,
+it's uncertain.
+
+So it keeps bouncing around.
+
+So it didn't really
+converge, it was too weak,
+
+it was too challenging
+for the algorithm.
+
+This is just a summary of the
+Gibb Sampler, how it works.
+
+It's not guaranteed to converge
+to the same motif every time.
+
+So what you generally will want
+to do is run it several times,
+
+and nine out of 10 times,
+you get the same motif.
+
+You should trust that.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Over here, are we
+optimizing for convergence
+
+of the value of the
+information content?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, the
+information content
+
+is just describing-- it's
+just a handy single number
+
+description of how biased
+the weight matrix is.
+
+So it's not actually
+directly being optimized.
+
+But it turns out that
+this way of sampling
+
+tends to increase
+information content.
+
+It's sort of a self-reinforcing
+kind of a thing.
+
+But it's not
+directly doing that.
+
+However MEME, more or
+less, directly does that.
+
+The problem with that is
+that, where do you start?
+
+Imagine an algorithm
+like this, but where
+
+you deterministically--
+instead of sampling
+
+from the positions in the
+sequence, where it might have
+
+a motif in proportion
+to probabilities,
+
+you just chose the one that
+had the highest probability.
+
+That's more or less
+what MEME does.
+
+And so what are
+the pros and cons
+
+of that approach,
+versus this one?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+OK, one of the disadvantages
+is that the initial choice
+
+of-- how you're initially
+seeding your matrix,
+
+matters a lot.
+
+That slight bias-- it might
+be that you had a slight bias,
+
+and it didn't come out
+being G was number one.
+
+It was actually-- T was
+number one, just because
+
+of the quirks of the sampling.
+
+So what would this
+be, 31 or something?
+
+Anyway, it's higher
+than these other guys.
+
+And so then you're always
+picking the highest.
+
+It'll become a
+self-fulfilling prophecy.
+
+So that's the problem with MEME.
+
+So the way that MEME
+gets around that,
+
+is it uses multiple
+different seeding,
+
+multiple different
+starting points,
+
+and goes to the end
+with all of them.
+
+And then it evaluates, how good
+a model did we get at the end?
+
+And whichever was the
+best one, it takes that.
+
+So it actually takes
+longer, but you only
+
+need to run it once
+because it's deterministic.
+
+You use a deterministic
+set of starting points,
+
+you run a deterministic
+algorithm,
+
+and then you evaluate.
+
+The Gibbs, it can
+go off on a tangent,
+
+but because it's
+sampling so randomly,
+
+it often will fall off,
+then, and come back
+
+to something that's
+more uniform.
+
+And when it's a
+uniform matrix, it's
+
+really sampling
+completely randomly,
+
+exploring the space
+in an unbiased way.
+
+Tim?
+
+AUDIENCE: For genomes that have
+inherent biases that you know
+
+going in, do you precalculate--
+do you just recalculate
+
+the weight matrix before, to
+[? affect  those  classes? ?]
+
+For example, if you
+had 80% AT content,
+
+then you're not looking
+for-- you know, immediately,
+
+that you're going to hit an A
+or a T off the first iteration.
+
+So how do you deal with that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+So these are some features
+that affect motif finding.
+
+I think that we've now hit at
+least a few of these-- number
+
+of sequences, length of
+sequences, information content,
+
+and motif, and basically
+whether the background is biased
+
+or not.
+
+So, in general, higher
+information content motifs,
+
+or lower information
+content, are easier to find--
+
+who thinks higher?
+
+Who thinks lower?
+
+Someone, can you explain?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know.
+
+I just guessed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Just a guess?
+
+OK, in back, can you explain?
+
+Lower?
+
+AUDIENCE: Low
+information content
+
+is basically very uniform.
+
+PROFESSOR: Low information
+means nearly uniform-- right,
+
+those are very hard to find.
+
+That's like that GGC one.
+
+The high information
+content motif,
+
+those are the very strong
+ones, like that first one.
+
+Those are much easier to find.
+
+Because when you
+stumble on to them,
+
+it biases the matrix more, and
+you rapidly converge to that.
+
+OK, high information
+is easy to find.
+
+So if I have one
+motif per sequence,
+
+what about the length
+of the sequence?
+
+Is longer or shorter better?
+
+Is long better?
+
+Who thinks shorter is better?
+
+Shorter-- can you
+explain why short?
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't it be
+the smaller the search space,
+
+the fewer the problems?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly, the
+shorter the search space,
+
+and your motif, there's
+less place for it to hide.
+
+You're more likely to sample it.
+
+Shorter is better.
+
+If you think about-- if you
+have a motif like TATA, which
+
+is typically 30
+bases from the TSS,
+
+if you happen to know that, and
+you give it plus 1 to minus 50,
+
+you're giving it a
+small region, you
+
+can easily find the TATA box.
+
+If you give it plus 1 to
+minus 2,000 or something,
+
+you may not find it.
+
+It's diluted, essentially.
+
+Number of sequences--
+the more the better.
+
+This is a little more
+subtle, as Simona was saying.
+
+It affects convergence
+time, and so forth.
+
+But in general, the
+more the better.
+
+And if you guessed the
+wrong length of your matrix,
+
+that makes it worse
+than if you guess
+
+the right length in
+either direction.
+
+For example, it's six-base
+motif, you guess three.
+
+The information content,
+even if it's a 12-bit motif,
+
+there's only six bits that
+you could hope to find,
+
+because you can only find
+three of those positions.
+
+So clearly, effectively
+it's a smaller information
+
+content, and much
+harder to find.
+
+And vice versa.
+
+Another thing that
+occurs in practice
+
+is what's called shifted motifs.
+
+Your motif is G A A T T C.
+Imagine in your first iteration
+
+you happen to hit several of
+these sequences, starting here.
+
+You hit the motif,
+but off by two
+
+at several different places.
+
+That'll bias first
+position to be
+
+A, and the second position
+to be T, and so forth.
+
+And then you tend to find other
+shifted versions of that motif.
+
+You may well converge to this--
+A T C C N N, or something
+
+like that-- which
+is not quite right.
+
+It's close, you're very
+close, but not quite right.
+
+And it's not as information
+rich as the real motif.
+
+Because it's got those two N's
+at the end, instead of G A.
+
+So one thing that's
+done in practice
+
+is a lot of times, every so
+often, the algorithm will say,
+
+what would happen if we
+shifted all of our positions
+
+over to the left by one or two?
+
+Or to the right by one or two?
+
+Would the information
+content go up?
+
+If so, let's do that.
+
+So basically, shifted
+versions of the motif become
+
+local, near-optimal solutions.
+
+So you have to avoid them.
+
+And biased background
+composition
+
+is very difficult to deal with.
+
+So I will just give
+you one or two more
+
+examples of that in a
+moment, and continue.
+
+So in practice, I would say
+the Gibbs Sampler is sometimes
+
+used, or AlignACE, which is
+a version of Gibbs Sampler.
+
+But probably more
+often, people use
+
+an algorithm called MEME, which
+is this EM algorithm, which,
+
+like I said, is
+deterministic, so you always
+
+get the same answer,
+which makes you feel good.
+
+May or may not always be right,
+but you can try it out here
+
+at this website.
+
+And actually, the
+Fraenkel Lab has
+
+a very nice website
+called WebMotifs
+
+that runs several different
+motif finders including,
+
+like I said, a MEME
+and AlignACE, which
+
+is similar to Gibbs,
+as well as some others.
+
+And it integrates the output,
+so that's often a handy thing
+
+to use.
+
+You can read about them there.
+
+And then I just wanted
+to say a couple words--
+
+this is related to Tim's comment
+about the biased background.
+
+How do you actually
+deal with that?
+
+And this related to this notion
+of a mean bit score of a motif.
+
+So if I were to give you a
+motif model, P, and a background
+
+model, q, then the natural
+scoring system, if you wanted
+
+additives scores, instead
+of multiplicative,
+
+you would just take the log.
+
+So log P over q, I would argue,
+is natural additive scores.
+
+And that's often what you'll
+see in a weight matrix-- you'll
+
+see log probabilities, or logs
+of ratios of probabilities.
+
+And so then you
+just add them up,
+
+and it makes life a bit simpler.
+
+And so then, if you were to
+calculate what's the mean bit
+
+score-- if I had a bunch
+of instances of a motif,
+
+it will be given by this formula
+that's here in the upper right.
+
+So that's your score.
+
+And this is the mean,
+where you're sampling over
+
+the probability in using the
+motif model, probabilities.
+
+So it turns out, then, that
+if qk, your background,
+
+is uniform, motif of width
+w-- so its probability
+
+of any w-mer, is
+1/4 to the w, then
+
+it's true that the
+mean bit-score is
+
+2w minus the entropy
+of the motif, which
+
+is the same as the information
+content of the motif,
+
+using our previous definition.
+
+So that's just a
+handy relationship.
+
+And you can do a little algebra
+to show that, if you want.
+
+So basically summation Pk
+log Pk over qk-- this log,
+
+you turn that into
+a difference--
+
+so that summation Pk
+log Pk minus Pk log qk.
+
+And then you can do some
+rearrangement, and sum them up,
+
+and you'll get this formula.
+
+I'll leave that as an exercise,
+and any questions on it,
+
+we can do it next time.
+
+So what I wanted to get to
+is sort of this big question
+
+that I posed earlier--
+what's the use of knowing
+
+the information
+content of a motif?
+
+And the answer is that one use
+is that it's true, in general,
+
+that the motif with
+n bits of information
+
+will occur about once every 2 to
+the n bases of random sequence.
+
+So we said a six-cutter
+restriction enzyme, echo R1,
+
+has an information
+content of 12 bits.
+
+So by this rule, it should
+occur about once every
+
+to 2 to the 12th
+bases of sequence.
+
+And if you know your powers
+of 2, which you should all
+
+commit to memory,
+that's about 4,000.
+
+2 to the 12th is 4 to
+the sixth, is 4,096.
+
+So it'll occur about once
+every 4 [? kb, ?] which
+
+if you've ever cut E. coli
+DNA, you know is about right--
+
+your fragments come out
+to be about 4 [? kb. ?]
+
+So this turns out to be
+strictly true for any motif
+
+that you can represent
+by a regular expression,
+
+like a precise
+motif, or something
+
+where you have a degenerate R
+or Y or N in it, still true.
+
+And if you have a more
+general motif that's
+
+described by weight matrix, then
+you have to define a threshold,
+
+and it's roughly
+true, but not exactly.
+
+All right, so what do you
+do when the background
+
+composition is biased,
+like Tim was saying?
+
+What if it's 80%, A plus T?
+
+So then, it turns out that this
+mean bit-score is a good way
+
+to go.
+
+So like I said,
+the mean bit-score
+
+equals the information
+content in this special case,
+
+where the background is uniform.
+
+But if the background
+is not uniform,
+
+then you can still calculate
+this mean bit-score,
+
+and it'll still be meaningful.
+
+But now it's called
+something else--
+
+it's called relative entropy.
+
+Actually it has several
+names, relative entropy,
+
+Kullback-Leibler
+distance is another,
+
+and information
+for discrimination,
+
+depending whether you're
+reading the Double
+
+E literature, or
+statistics, or whatever.
+
+And so it turns out
+that if you have
+
+a very biased composition--
+so here's one that's 75% A T,
+
+probability of A and T
+are 3/8, C and G are 1/8.
+
+If your motif is just
+C 100% of the time,
+
+your information content
+by the original formula
+
+that I gave you,
+would be 2 bits.
+
+However, the relative
+entropy will be 3 bits,
+
+if you just plug in these
+numbers into this formula,
+
+it will turn out to be 3 bits.
+
+My question is, which
+one better describes
+
+the frequency of C in
+the background sequence?
+
+Frequency of this
+motif-- the motif
+
+is just a C. You can see that
+the relative entropy says
+
+that actually, that's
+stronger than it appears.
+
+Because it's a C, and
+that's a rare nucleotide,
+
+it's actually stronger
+than it appears.
+
+And so 2 to the 3rd
+is a better estimate
+
+of its frequency than 2 squared.
+
+So relative entropy.
+
+So what you can do
+when you run a motif
+
+finder in a sequence
+of biased composition,
+
+you can say, what's
+the relative entropy
+
+of this motif at the end?
+
+And look at the ones
+that are strong.
+
+We'll come back to this
+a little more next time.
+
+Next time, we'll talk
+about hidden Markov models,
+
+and please take a
+look at the readings.
+
+And please, those who
+are doing projects,
+
+look for more
+detailed instructions
+
+to be posted tonight.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1ona5jnRZgw.txt b/1ona5jnRZgw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7bf547a10144c9b91bc70eb5b77884bdc009867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1ona5jnRZgw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+the first portion of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first portion of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first portion of it is
+uh the this title is the drivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the this title is the drivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the this title is the drivers of
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+uh through our exploration of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh through our exploration of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh through our exploration of the fact
+that the forecast is always wrong though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the forecast is always wrong though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the forecast is always wrong though
+there's uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uncertainty
+and the observation that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the observation that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the observation that we need to
+explore what might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore what might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore what might happen
+uh there are certain factors that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are certain factors that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are certain factors that make
+it much more likely that we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it much more likely that we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it much more likely that we would have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+should have flexibility than not and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have flexibility than not and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have flexibility than not and on
+the other hand there are things that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand there are things that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand there are things that act
+against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it
+there are reasons why flexibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reasons why flexibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reasons why flexibility is
+either not desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either not desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either not desirable
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+which is or the most important thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is or the most important thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is or the most important thing i
+want to emphasize is why there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize is why there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize is why there are
+certain factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain factors in
+the practice of engineering the paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of engineering the paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of engineering the paradigm
+of engineering as we have it that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering as we have it that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering as we have it that act
+against the idea that we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the idea that we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the idea that we should be
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+and this is what this topic is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what this topic is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what this topic is about
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+what are the issues that are for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the issues that are for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the issues that are for and
+against flexibility and how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against flexibility and how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against flexibility and how we might
+deal with them uh we can come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with them uh we can come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with them uh we can come back to
+some of the the implications uh later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the implications uh later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the implications uh later on
+but for the moment i want to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the moment i want to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the moment i want to address
+these uh five issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh five issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh five issues
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a key aspect of flexibility is to delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key aspect of flexibility is to delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key aspect of flexibility is to delay
+the design and management decisions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design and management decisions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design and management decisions that
+is say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say all right
+we're prepared to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're prepared to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're prepared to do something
+for example in the garage case we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the garage case we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the garage case we are
+ready to extend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to extend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to extend uh
+add extra floors if it seems appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add extra floors if it seems appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add extra floors if it seems appropriate
+but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to
+act on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on it
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+we know what's happening we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what's happening we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what's happening we're not going
+to quote pull the trigger as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote pull the trigger as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote pull the trigger as a
+expression often used in practice uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression often used in practice uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression often used in practice uh on
+it and so we know that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we know that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we know that it's the
+circumstances are definitely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances are definitely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances are definitely right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there are however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are however
+a way of thinking about it of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about it of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about it of saying
+well why mess around we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why mess around we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why mess around we're going to need
+this why don't we build it now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why don't we build it now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why don't we build it now why
+shouldn't we just make up our minds do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't we just make up our minds do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't we just make up our minds do
+it right rather than dithering around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right rather than dithering around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right rather than dithering around
+and not knowing what we're doing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not knowing what we're doing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not knowing what we're doing why
+don't we be take action and be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we be take action and be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we be take action and be a real
+leader leaders so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader leaders so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader leaders so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+discussion i'd like to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to call out five factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to call out five factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to call out five factors
+which are driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are driving
+for and against the desirability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and against the desirability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and against the desirability of
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+the basic one of course is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic one of course is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic one of course is their
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+didn't have uncertainty if we absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have uncertainty if we absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have uncertainty if we absolutely
+knew what was going to happen then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what was going to happen then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what was going to happen then we
+should optimize for that one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should optimize for that one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should optimize for that one particular
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+but the fact is we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact is we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact is we don't know what's
+going to happen not only we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen not only we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen not only we don't know
+what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+next year or the year after or the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year or the year after or the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year or the year after or the year
+after that and so on but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that and so on but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that and so on but we don't know
+what sequence and next year may be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sequence and next year may be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sequence and next year may be good
+in next year after that may be bad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next year after that may be bad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next year after that may be bad or
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+and those have different implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those have different implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those have different implications
+for the profitability of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the profitability of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the profitability of the value of
+the system as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system as a whole
+the second one is this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is this notion of
+economies of scale which i want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale which i want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale which i want to go
+into in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in more detail
+but it basically says if you build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it basically says if you build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it basically says if you build it
+larger it is cheaper per unit to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it is cheaper per unit to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it is cheaper per unit to build
+it and therefore don't mess around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and therefore don't mess around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and therefore don't mess around with
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+uneconomical uh units of capacity go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneconomical uh units of capacity go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneconomical uh units of capacity go for
+the big thing save yourself money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big thing save yourself money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big thing save yourself money and
+don't delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third one which is up directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one which is up directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one which is up directly
+opposite that is a discount rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite that is a discount rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite that is a discount rate which
+basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says
+if you delay decisions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you delay decisions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you delay decisions if you
+build the capacity later on you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the capacity later on you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the capacity later on you'll be
+doing it at a discounted rate in current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it at a discounted rate in current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it at a discounted rate in current
+so the present so that few it's cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the present so that few it's cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the present so that few it's cheaper
+to build something in the future than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build something in the future than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build something in the future than it
+is now on a present value basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now on a present value basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now on a present value basis
+to that effect is this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that effect is this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that effect is this notion of
+learning that if you are doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that if you are doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that if you are doing something
+reasonably new that they haven't made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably new that they haven't made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably new that they haven't made
+millions of already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of already
+you're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a power plant for example of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power plant for example of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power plant for example of a new
+design or and then you're gonna build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or and then you're gonna build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or and then you're gonna build
+another one or an oil platform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one or an oil platform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one or an oil platform that
+when you use the same design second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the same design second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the same design second time
+third time fourth time you figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time fourth time you figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time fourth time you figured out
+or the team the company has figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the team the company has figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the team the company has figured out
+ways to organize things better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to organize things better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to organize things better
+maybe maybe some design improvements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe some design improvements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe some design improvements but
+the cost per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost per unit
+typically decrease often significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically decrease often significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically decrease often significantly
+when you repeat the same design the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you repeat the same design the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you repeat the same design the same
+module so that makes the practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module so that makes the practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module so that makes the practice of
+having modules uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having modules uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having modules uh
+there's an advantage to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an advantage to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an advantage to it
+and then finally there's this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally there's this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally there's this notion of
+competitive gaining gaming which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive gaining gaming which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive gaining gaming which is
+quite complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complex
+which i'm not going to go out uh go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm not going to go out uh go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm not going to go out uh go into
+detail here but to suggest what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but to suggest what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but to suggest what it is
+but the basic idea is that sometimes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea is that sometimes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea is that sometimes an
+organization or a group or an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization or a group or an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization or a group or an individual
+wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to
+scare away his competitors by saying i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare away his competitors by saying i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare away his competitors by saying i'm
+doing it and i'm going to be the leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and i'm going to be the leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and i'm going to be the leader
+in this area and if you try to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area and if you try to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area and if you try to compete
+with me you'll lose so at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me you'll lose so at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me you'll lose so at some point it
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+an acceptable and desirable strategy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acceptable and desirable strategy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acceptable and desirable strategy to
+act first now be number one and uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act first now be number one and uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act first now be number one and uh get
+the benefits of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of that
+on the other hand it also means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand it also means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand it also means you're
+more likely to make the mistakes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to make the mistakes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to make the mistakes but
+still that notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that notion of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+uh reasons to play in the game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasons to play in the game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasons to play in the game of
+competitive games to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive games to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive games to
+um not delay so these are four elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not delay so these are four elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not delay so these are four elements
+i wanted to discuss in uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to discuss in uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to discuss in uh the next
+little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first of all i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i want to
+revoke the nation of uncertainty a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoke the nation of uncertainty a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoke the nation of uncertainty a bit
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+use uncertainty and risk as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uncertainty and risk as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uncertainty and risk as sort of
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies
+since risk is saying oh this is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since risk is saying oh this is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since risk is saying oh this is a bad
+thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um
+you don't talk about the risk of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't talk about the risk of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't talk about the risk of winning
+the lottery the risk of i mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery the risk of i mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery the risk of i mean this is a
+good thing but you talk about risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing but you talk about risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing but you talk about risk in
+terms of bad things i risk failing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of bad things i risk failing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of bad things i risk failing my
+exam i will risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+losing my way i would risk losing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing my way i would risk losing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing my way i would risk losing some
+money whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money whatever
+so i i think that the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i think that the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i think that the notion of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+thinking of uncertainty as risk is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of uncertainty as risk is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of uncertainty as risk is not a
+good uh mental state uh because it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh mental state uh because it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh mental state uh because it leads
+to the idea if it's if risk is bad i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea if it's if risk is bad i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea if it's if risk is bad i'm
+going to try to stamp it out uh stu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to stamp it out uh stu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to stamp it out uh stu
+meyers used to use that expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meyers used to use that expression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meyers used to use that expression uh
+i'm going to stamp it out it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to stamp it out it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to stamp it out it's not good
+we're going to eliminate it well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to eliminate it well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to eliminate it well first
+of all you can't eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you can't eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you can't eliminate
+but then secondly the uncertainty can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then secondly the uncertainty can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then secondly the uncertainty can be
+good that you are developing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that you are developing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that you are developing a new
+product and maybe you'll be a winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and maybe you'll be a winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and maybe you'll be a winner
+that the uncertainty of your gain um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uncertainty of your gain um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uncertainty of your gain um it
+can be can be exactly what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be can be exactly what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be can be exactly what you want
+um if you're a startup you know uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're a startup you know uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're a startup you know uh from
+from the data that most startups fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data that most startups fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data that most startups fail
+if you're simply going on the basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're simply going on the basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're simply going on the basis that
+startups fail you should never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups fail you should never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups fail you should never get
+involved in it if you're risk-averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it if you're risk-averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it if you're risk-averse
+never get involved in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get involved in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get involved in it
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+attractiveness of startups is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractiveness of startups is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractiveness of startups is that they
+may break through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may break through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may break through
+and that upside uncertainty is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that upside uncertainty is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that upside uncertainty is what
+drives that kind of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives that kind of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives that kind of activity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'd like to and i encourage you to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to and i encourage you to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to and i encourage you to talk
+about uncertainties in general rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uncertainties in general rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uncertainties in general rather
+than risk and recognize that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than risk and recognize that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than risk and recognize that we're
+talking about a range of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a range of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a range of future
+possibilities
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1tBrJ7I-1Vc.txt b/1tBrJ7I-1Vc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3c6350bb125a478c1ca17760edaeca8ab2711c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1tBrJ7I-1Vc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well since I see a couple of new faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since I see a couple of new faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since I see a couple of new faces
+I'm going to ask them to stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask them to stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask them to stand up
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say everybody can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you m great perfect okay so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+is that you in PL in plural yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you in PL in plural yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you in PL in plural yes that's
+where I was going I'm asking all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was going I'm asking all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was going I'm asking all of you
+plural so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural so I'm
+saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plural if I'm asking only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural if I'm asking only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural if I'm asking only
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+sty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty
+sty you singular and this is assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty you singular and this is assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty you singular and this is assuming
+that we are good friends or family it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are good friends or family it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are good friends or family it's
+an informal way of asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you if um well for example if we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if um well for example if we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if um well for example if we were in
+a former relationship then I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a former relationship then I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a former relationship then I would say
+CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL
+like instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have three different versions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three different versions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three different versions for
+one single sentence that in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single sentence that in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single sentence that in English
+translates into how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates into how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates into how are
+you and I want you to notice another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I want you to notice another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I want you to notice another
+thing we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're using the
+verb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stay not the verb which means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so we will learn a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we will learn a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we will learn a little bit more
+about these conjugations and about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these conjugations and about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these conjugations and about the
+difference between the verb St to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the verb St to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the verb St to stay
+and which means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which means to
+be so when I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you some of you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of you said
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+right that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spend a little bit more time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I Spanish yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+two two no as well as well okay also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two no as well as well okay also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two no as well as well okay also
+also well maybe you're not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well maybe you're not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well maybe you're not always
+feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+great sometimes you can say or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sometimes you can say or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sometimes you can say or you're
+feeling really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say with your hand that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say okay maybe you were sick and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay maybe you were sick and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay maybe you were sick and then
+you got better then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+good when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when we use
+Ben we mean I feel good I'm good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben we mean I feel good I'm good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben we mean I feel good I'm good right
+Bena is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bena is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bena is an
+adverb if I say that the pizza is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb if I say that the pizza is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb if I say that the pizza is
+good I don't say la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pizza say la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes when you like something maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes when you like something maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes when you like something maybe you're
+eating and your mouth is schol you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and your mouth is schol you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and your mouth is schol you do
+like this in it when I do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in it when I do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in it when I do it here
+everybody thinks I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thinks I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thinks I'm
+crazy and I'm just doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and I'm just doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and I'm just doing this
+Gest which means I really like it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+okay but you can do it during this hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can do it during this hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can do it during this hour
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class so here you have two words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so here you have two words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so here you have two words
+Ben and well here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben and well here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben and well here is
+feminine if it was masculine I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine if it was masculine I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine if it was masculine I would say
+yes so this is an adjective and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this is an adjective and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this is an adjective and this is
+an adverb in English both of them would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adverb in English both of them would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adverb in English both of them would
+be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good
+good but in Italian you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but in Italian you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but in Italian you have to pay
+attention to the difference when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the difference when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the difference when you're
+using an adverb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an adverb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an adverb is
+Ben when it's an adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben when it's an adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben when it's an adjective
+W and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and so
+on so so Ben is like well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so we're going to do things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we're going to do things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we're going to do things a little
+bit different Cy we first bake and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different Cy we first bake and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different Cy we first bake and then
+we come back and we study a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back and we study a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back and we study a little bit
+more of grammar in detail cuz it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of grammar in detail cuz it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of grammar in detail cuz it's going
+to take a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a while
+toate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2GeecRByQhc.txt b/2GeecRByQhc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26bc133a59b026b0c1f33fe514835d555aec685d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2GeecRByQhc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so what's the situation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what's the situation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what's the situation here
+we have two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where there's a label M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a label M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a label M1
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freely exchange components A and B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely exchange components A and B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely exchange components A and B so
+two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases
+two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components
+and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the Gibbs free energy is stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gibbs free energy is stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gibbs free energy is stationary
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's our little picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our little picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our little picture
+we have phase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have phase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have phase a
+let's say phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase two
+and you know let's say a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can be
+red squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red squares
+and V can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V can be
+green circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green circles
+and we know that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that um
+you know this boundary is open if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this boundary is open if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this boundary is open if this
+boundary is open then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is open then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is open then
+what components can freely jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what components can freely jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what components can freely jump
+between phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between phases
+that's something that can happen it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that can happen it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that can happen it's an
+unconstrained internal process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained internal process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained internal process
+we're not going to stop that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to stop that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to stop that from
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+so given that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter exchanges can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we determine the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine the equilibrium
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+and I say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+must leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is now zooming in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now zooming in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now zooming in at the
+molecular level and I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level and I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level and I think people
+understand that you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you know if you have a
+glass of ice water there's a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass of ice water there's a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass of ice water there's a boundary
+between the ice and the water the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ice and the water the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ice and the water the liquid
+water and the solid water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and the solid water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and the solid water and
+ice water molecules will be jumping back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice water molecules will be jumping back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice water molecules will be jumping back
+and forth between the two phases at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between the two phases at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between the two phases at that
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+right on a molecular length scale and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on a molecular length scale and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on a molecular length scale and on
+molecular time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular time scale
+so what does it mean for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for that
+process to leave G stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to leave G stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to leave G stationary
+okay that that would be our equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that would be our equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that that would be our equilibrium
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+so we can get it to the math of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get it to the math of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get it to the math of that
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+the change of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of G
+now we're going to be at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be at fixed
+temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+so we're not going to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to worry about that
+and we know the total differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the total differential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the total differential of
+Gibbs free energy from weeks past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a sum over components and phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical potential of each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of each component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of each component
+in each phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the change in mole number of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in mole number of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in mole number of each
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+in each phase so k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each phase so k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each phase so k
+going let's see a b these are components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+going one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one two
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this out
+right this feels mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this feels mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this feels mu
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+G mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G mu
+TN sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu a one d n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a one d n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a one d n
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+plus mu B one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu B one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu B one
+d n b one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus mu a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+t n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+plus mu b 2 d n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu b 2 d n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu b 2 d n
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+two Okay so we've written that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Okay so we've written that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Okay so we've written that out
+now we're going to use conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use conservation of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in conservation of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conservation of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conservation of mass
+tells me that you know I I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that you know I I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that you know I I can have
+molecules or atoms jumping back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or atoms jumping back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or atoms jumping back and
+forth but I can't have them just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but I can't have them just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but I can't have them just
+disappearing right or just appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing right or just appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing right or just appearing
+I've got to have mass conserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to have mass conserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to have mass conserved so
+conservation of mass tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass tells me that
+d n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n
+a 1 equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 equals minus
+dna2 and E and B1 equals minus DN B 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna2 and E and B1 equals minus DN B 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna2 and E and B1 equals minus DN B 2.
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+two equations and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations and so we're going to
+reduce our number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our number of independent
+variables from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables from four
+to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+so I'm going to reduce I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to reduce I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to reduce I'm going to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get this
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+1 minus mu a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus mu a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus mu a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+D and A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one
+minus mu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu B
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+d n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n
+B one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one so
+I have four independent variables I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have four independent variables I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have four independent variables I
+applied two constraints I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied two constraints I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied two constraints I end up with
+two independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this has a familiar form for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a familiar form for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a familiar form for us
+these here these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here these here
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right those are the unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are the unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are the unconstrained
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+and what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we call
+what do we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the multipliers in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multipliers in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multipliers in front of the
+independent variables in this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables in this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables in this sort of
+differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we call this thing in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call this thing in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call this thing in this thing
+this is a differential form for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential form for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential form for a
+dependent variable and how it varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable and how it varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable and how it varies
+with two independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two independent variables
+and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the coefficient efficient they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the coefficient efficient they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the coefficient efficient they're
+coefficients thank you I didn't notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients thank you I didn't notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients thank you I didn't notice
+who that was but thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coefficients
+good so this is a form that that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so this is a form that that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so this is a form that that we are
+familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+all right and we know from what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we know from what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we know from what we've
+solved equilibrium conditions before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved equilibrium conditions before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved equilibrium conditions before in
+this class that d g p t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that d g p t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that d g p t equals zero
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be zero that's our equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero that's our equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero that's our equilibrium
+condition and in this case what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and in this case what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and in this case what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+the chemical potential of a is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of a is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of a is the same
+in both phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both phases
+and the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemical potential
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the same in both phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in both phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in both phases
+when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases can exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+or in other words gives free energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words gives free energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words gives free energy is
+stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the math is the same uh there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the math is the same uh there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the math is the same uh there's a lot
+of pattern recognition that kicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern recognition that kicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern recognition that kicks in
+in this class the math is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class the math is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class the math is the same
+formally as we've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally as we've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally as we've seen before
+you know we're just exploring different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're just exploring different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're just exploring different
+cases of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of this
+and so right chemical potential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right chemical potential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right chemical potential is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+so these particles they can they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these particles they can they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these particles they can they can
+move back and forth they can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back and forth they can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back and forth they can change
+their phase but the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phase but the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phase but the chemical potential
+remain unchanged so the overall gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged so the overall gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain unchanged so the overall gives
+the energy will remain unchanged okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy will remain unchanged okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy will remain unchanged okay
+now how do we Analyze That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we Analyze That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we Analyze That
+right in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and partial molar properties of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do I mean by that mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do I mean by that mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do I mean by that mu
+a in phase one equals mu a in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in phase one equals mu a in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in phase one equals mu a in its
+reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state
+plus Delta Mu a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta Mu a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta Mu a
+of mixing in phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing in phase one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing in phase one
+mu a in phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a in phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a in phase two
+equals mu a in its reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu a in its reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu a in its reference state
+plus Delta Mu a in phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+and I can write the same for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write the same for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write the same for the other
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+mu B in phase one equals mu B naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu B in phase one equals mu B naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu B in phase one equals mu B naught
+plus the change in chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change in chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change in chemical potential of
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+due to mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to mixing
+in phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase one
+and chemical potential V and phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemical potential V and phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemical potential V and phase two
+equals the reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the reference state
+plus the change and chemical potential B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change and chemical potential B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change and chemical potential B
+due to mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to mixing
+phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why did I write it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wrote it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we see that these pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we see that these pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we see that these pure
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure component a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure component B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component B
+those terms are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms are the same
+in this equation as this equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation as this equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation as this equation or
+they're the same in this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same in this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same in this equation of
+this equation it's the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's the chemical
+potential of a in its pure state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a chemical potential of Aid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemical potential of Aid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemical potential of Aid it's
+pure state it doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure state it doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure state it doesn't care
+what kind of mixture you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of mixture you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of mixture you're going to
+make out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out of it
+this is sort of like ingredients on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of like ingredients on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of like ingredients on the
+shelf right if you've got sugar on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf right if you've got sugar on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf right if you've got sugar on the
+Shelf that's pure sugar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf that's pure sugar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf that's pure sugar it's
+thermodynamic properties don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic properties don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic properties don't care
+whether you're going to go make cupcakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to go make cupcakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to go make cupcakes
+or you're going to make like syrup out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're going to make like syrup out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're going to make like syrup out
+of it right it's just pure sugar so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right it's just pure sugar so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right it's just pure sugar so it's
+reference day it's unchanged doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference day it's unchanged doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference day it's unchanged doesn't
+depend on what you're about to mix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what you're about to mix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what you're about to mix it
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reference States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are fixed
+and the MU k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the MU k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the MU k
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the properties of the ingredients don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the ingredients don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the ingredients don't
+depend on your recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your recipe
+okay so if we have mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have mu
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+one equals mu a two as our equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals mu a two as our equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals mu a two as our equilibrium
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+this becomes Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes Delta
+mu a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a
+of mixing one equals Delta mu a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing one equals Delta mu a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing one equals Delta mu a of
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and similarly mu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly mu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly mu B
+one equals mu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals mu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals mu B
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta Mu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu B
+of mixing one equals Delta Mu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing one equals Delta Mu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing one equals Delta Mu B
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are our equilibrium conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our equilibrium conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our equilibrium conditions so
+now we're going to use something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use something which
+we uh introduced maybe a week or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh introduced maybe a week or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh introduced maybe a week or more
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the graphical solution for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical solution for partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical solution for partial
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+let me remind you what that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you what that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you what that was
+we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now specific to the case of Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now specific to the case of Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now specific to the case of Gibbs
+because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's
+pretty much the only way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the only way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the only way we're going to
+be using this in o2o we had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using this in o2o we had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using this in o2o we had here
+gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have this concept of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this concept of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this concept of a solution
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just draw a section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just draw a section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just draw a section of the
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw the whole thing because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the whole thing because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the whole thing because I don't
+need the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the whole thing
+and let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's imagine
+some system composition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some system composition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some system composition here
+that'll be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be X
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+that's X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X2
+the way that we found the partial molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we found the partial molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we found the partial molar
+Gibbs free energy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy of mixing
+was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we
+drew the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution model
+at that composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the intercepts or the partial molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intercepts or the partial molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intercepts or the partial molar
+properties of mixing so this intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of mixing so this intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of mixing so this intercept
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+at Acts 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Acts 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Acts 2.
+and this intercept here is Mu one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this intercept here is Mu one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this intercept here is Mu one
+at X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I hope you do remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I hope you do remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I hope you do remember this
+if you don't um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't um just
+uh rewind for a couple of lectures so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rewind for a couple of lectures so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rewind for a couple of lectures so we
+had this graphical solution now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this graphical solution now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this graphical solution now we
+introduced this for one solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do now is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now is use
+this tangent Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tangent Construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tangent Construction
+for the case of two different phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of two different phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of two different phases
+this becomes a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Construction
+it's called or if you like if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called or if you like if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called or if you like if you just
+call it a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so how does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's draw one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model for one phase let's draw another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for one phase let's draw another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for one phase let's draw another
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+this part of a solution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of a solution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of a solution model for
+another phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I'm going to look for a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to look for a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to look for a common
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say that I do that accurately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I do that accurately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I do that accurately and
+we have a tangent which is common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a tangent which is common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a tangent which is common to
+both curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is phase
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say now using our notation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now using our notation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now using our notation from
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+slides let's say this is composition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's say this is composition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's say this is composition of
+component B and phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component B and phase one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component B and phase one
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+of component B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of component B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of component B
+in phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase two
+these intercepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the chemical potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the chemical potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the chemical potentials
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we've shown is a common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compositions x b 1 and x b 2. right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions x b 1 and x b 2. right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions x b 1 and x b 2. right it's
+only satisfied with these compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only satisfied with these compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only satisfied with these compositions
+if you look at these curves the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these curves the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these curves the way I've
+drawn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn them
+there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other
+common tangent it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangent it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangent it's only
+those two particular compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two particular compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two particular compositions
+and for those two particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those two particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those two particular
+compositions common tangent satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions common tangent satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions common tangent satisfied
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that ensures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the chemical potential mu A1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chemical potential mu A1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chemical potential mu A1 equals
+mu a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu a two
+mu B one equals mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu B one equals mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu B one equals mu
+B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+all right this is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the equilibrium
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so a common tangent on a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so a common tangent on a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so a common tangent on a free
+energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagram
+is the same as the equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you can draw the common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can draw the common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can draw the common tangent
+then you can have two phase equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have two phase equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have two phase equilibrium
+and only at those compositions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only at those compositions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only at those compositions that
+satisfy the common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the common tangent
+if there's no common tangent you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no common tangent you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no common tangent you can
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+then there's no two phase equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no two phase equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no two phase equilibrium
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we're sort of knitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're sort of knitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're sort of knitting
+things together here across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together here across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together here across different
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to spend the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to spend the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to spend the rest of the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on how this works in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how this works in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how this works in the case of
+spinodal systems so before I I make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal systems so before I I make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal systems so before I I make it a
+little bit more specific this mineral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more specific this mineral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more specific this mineral
+systems are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are there any
+questions on the concept or on the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the concept or on the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the concept or on the math
+of this so far okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so far okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so far okay
+um so let's let's move on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're going to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to make this a
+little more specific we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more specific we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more specific we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of common tangent Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is spinoval systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is spinoval systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is spinoval systems
+so something a little bit familiar to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's
+a general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view of a free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a free energy composition
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+for a spinal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be Delta G of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's draw a solution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's draw a solution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's draw a solution model for
+a phase that exhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase that exhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase that exhibits
+spin out of decomposition so let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin out of decomposition so let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin out of decomposition so let's draw
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've been playing with stuff something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been playing with stuff something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been playing with stuff something
+like this and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and uh
+in peace as in previous lectures and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in peace as in previous lectures and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in peace as in previous lectures and so
+this this has a common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this has a common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this has a common tangent
+let me draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it has a common tangent let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a common tangent let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a common tangent let's say
+here and let's say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just eyeballing this obviously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just eyeballing this obviously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just eyeballing this obviously and
+so let's note the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's note the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's note the composition
+of the system when it satisfies common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system when it satisfies common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system when it satisfies common
+tangent let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent let's say we have
+x b we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x b we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x b we'll call that
+phase one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase one
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+B we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we'll call that
+phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase two
+the zero of the free energy mixing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero of the free energy mixing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero of the free energy mixing is is
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these intercepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intercepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intercepts are
+Delta Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Mu
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+and Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta U
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+okay and so what's happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what's happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what's happened in this
+system what happens at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what happens at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what happens at equilibrium
+this system has phase separated it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has phase separated it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has phase separated it has
+spontaneously unmixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously unmixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously unmixed
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+two different phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different phases
+with what these two compositions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what these two compositions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what these two compositions so you
+could say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich
+in component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+right so that composition where a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that composition where a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that composition where a rich
+and here's a composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rich in component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we saw some examples of this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw some examples of this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw some examples of this on the
+slides from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from
+from Monday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Monday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Monday's lecture
+okay so there's the common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the common tangent
+instruction first model system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction first model system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction first model system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+the common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two phase
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+of fully mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phase
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+as you would expect for equilibrium it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would expect for equilibrium it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would expect for equilibrium it's
+got the lowest free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the lowest free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the lowest free energy
+I'm not going to prove this to you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to prove this to you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to prove this to you right
+now but I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I'm going to show you
+graphically how it comes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here again is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagram
+and let me say my solution tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me say my solution tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me say my solution tomorrow
+looks kind of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say it looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it looks like that
+and here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common tangent points of tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and my compositions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and my compositions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and my compositions here
+at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those
+points of common tangency and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of common tangency and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of common tangency and let's
+imagine an overall system composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+let's imagine an overall system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine an overall system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine an overall system
+composition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition there
+it can be shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be shown
+that relative to a fully mixed system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative to a fully mixed system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative to a fully mixed system
+the free energy can be decreased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy can be decreased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy can be decreased by
+exactly this amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by splitting
+into two different phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two different phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two different phases
+so spontaneous unmixing lowers the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spontaneous unmixing lowers the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spontaneous unmixing lowers the free
+energy by exactly the amount that I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy by exactly the amount that I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy by exactly the amount that I drew
+here on the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the single phase the single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single phase the single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single phase the single phase
+the guilt-free energy of the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guilt-free energy of the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guilt-free energy of the single
+phase system equals the Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase system equals the Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase system equals the Gibbs free
+energy of the components in their pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the components in their pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the components in their pure
+State plus just the value of this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State plus just the value of this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State plus just the value of this curve
+evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated
+at the overall composition plus Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall composition plus Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall composition plus Delta G
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at overall XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at overall XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at overall XP
+and two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phase
+that gives free energy is again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives free energy is again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives free energy is again that
+gives free energy of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives free energy of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives free energy of the components
+unmasked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmasked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmasked
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of each of those two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so single phase it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so single phase it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so single phase it's just the
+reference State plus the evaluation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference State plus the evaluation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference State plus the evaluation of
+this solution model at that composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution model at that composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution model at that composition
+two phases it's the reference State plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases it's the reference State plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases it's the reference State plus
+the evaluation of the solution model at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of the solution model at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of the solution model at
+these two compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two compositions
+weighted by the phase fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here is solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+phase fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're working some of these Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're working some of these Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're working some of these Concepts
+on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem set
+uh all right so now we're gonna continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so now we're gonna continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so now we're gonna continue
+exploring the spinal case right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring the spinal case right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring the spinal case right the
+common tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tie lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a binary phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so again for the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again for the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again for the example of
+spinodal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example of expandable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'll draw a phase diagram we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll draw a phase diagram we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll draw a phase diagram we have
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+and we have a region of uh spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a region of uh spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a region of uh spontaneous
+or I should say region of face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say region of face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say region of face
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+right and uh let's see we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh let's see we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh let's see we have the
+highest temperature here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest temperature here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest temperature here which is
+sometimes marked as eutect uh uh a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes marked as eutect uh uh a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes marked as eutect uh uh a star
+or different different notations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different different notations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different different notations there
+I'll just say t star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have these tie lines these tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have these tie lines these tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have these tie lines these tie
+lines Define the compositions that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines Define the compositions that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines Define the compositions that can
+coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist
+at equilibrium with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on a system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on a system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on a system like this
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing favorite
+a high temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact it's fully missable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at high temp right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temp right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high temp right
+at low temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system
+spontaneously unmixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneously on mixers and the tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously on mixers and the tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously on mixers and the tie
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are drawn
+in the two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist
+at a kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is a reminder basically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a reminder basically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a reminder basically of
+what tie lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tie lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tie lines are
+how do the common tangents Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the common tangents Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the common tangents Define the
+tie lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do it through the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it through the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it through the free energy
+composition diagram the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from temp
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to draw some snapshots here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to draw some snapshots here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to draw some snapshots here
+of what how that happens and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what how that happens and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what how that happens and then we're
+going to spend a lot of time the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time the next
+couple weeks on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks on this
+so let's say low temp T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say low temp T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say low temp T1
+let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free energy composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagram
+for this spinodal system at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this spinodal system at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this spinodal system at low
+temperature and low temperature T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and low temperature T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and low temperature T1
+Delta G of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of mixing
+is basically positive right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically positive right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically positive right that's
+that's why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me draw it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is an example it could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example it could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example it could look
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+this system has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has a
+common tangent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now right below this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now right below this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now right below this we're going to
+draw the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be temperature
+I'm going to drop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drop down
+those compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+B and what I've just learned from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what I've just learned from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what I've just learned from this
+comma tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma tangent
+is that these two compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can coexist at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can coexist at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can coexist at equilibrium
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+T1 so those are two points on the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so those are two points on the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so those are two points on the phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+and I know what's going to happen if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know what's going to happen if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know what's going to happen if I
+vary temperature so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary temperature so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary temperature so I'm just going to
+draw those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw those as
+two points on little line segments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points on little line segments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points on little line segments and
+I'm going to connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to connect them
+with the tie line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+what about medium temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about medium
+so as I raise the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I raise the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I raise the temperature
+my free energy composition diagram will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my free energy composition diagram will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my free energy composition diagram will
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+as I raise the temperature mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I raise the temperature mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I raise the temperature mixing
+becomes more favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now my zero of Delta G of mixing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now my zero of Delta G of mixing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now my zero of Delta G of mixing will
+be there and I'll draw it um maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there and I'll draw it um maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there and I'll draw it um maybe like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I've got a common tension right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+let's draw the corresponding phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the corresponding phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the corresponding phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is X
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right a T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a T1
+I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had
+coexistence at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence at
+let's say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say here
+and here being a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here being a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here being a little bit
+rough with that right so we had a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough with that right so we had a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough with that right so we had a tie
+line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here
+now at T2 I've got coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say this is T2 let's say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is T2 let's say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is T2 let's say my
+coexistence is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence is here
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I'm calling this T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm calling this T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm calling this T2
+and I've got a tie line there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I'm only drawing discrete points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm only drawing discrete points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm only drawing discrete points
+of temperature but you can imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature but you can imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature but you can imagine this
+sort of now starts to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of now starts to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of now starts to define a
+a family of thailands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of thailands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of thailands
+so I've shown you how the tie lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've shown you how the tie lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've shown you how the tie lines of
+T1 and T2 emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and T2 emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and T2 emerge
+but you can imagine that as I sweep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine that as I sweep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine that as I sweep the
+temperature I have a family of tie lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I have a family of tie lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I have a family of tie lines
+and this starts to sweep out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then a high temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in high temp I know that my free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high temp I know that my free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high temp I know that my free energy
+mixing will pretty much be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing will pretty much be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing will pretty much be
+strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly
+negative so I'm going to draw the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so I'm going to draw the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so I'm going to draw the zero
+way up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up there
+and I can say my solution model might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can say my solution model might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can say my solution model might
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so no common tangents no inflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so no common tangents no inflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so no common tangents no inflection
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+strictly positive curvature throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive curvature throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive curvature throughout
+and so that section of my phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that section of my phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that section of my phase diagram
+will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show
+fullness ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's x b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's T1
+here's T2 and let's say this up here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's T2 and let's say this up here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's T2 and let's say this up here is
+T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3
+and I'm just going to sketch this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to sketch this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to sketch this now
+see if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now my my region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now my my region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now my my region of
+two-phase region has closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I have finished drawing my you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have finished drawing my you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have finished drawing my you know
+little face diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little face diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little face diagram
+right so the way I did this here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the way I did this here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the way I did this here is I
+did a very very slow motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a very very slow motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a very very slow motion
+animation for you right at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation for you right at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation for you right at each
+temperature you have a free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you have a free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you have a free energy
+composition diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram
+at each temperature that free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each temperature that free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each temperature that free energy
+composition diagram determines for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram determines for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram determines for you
+whether or not there are any tie lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there are any tie lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there are any tie lines
+in the phase diagram it tells you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phase diagram it tells you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phase diagram it tells you about
+the phase stability and equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase stability and equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase stability and equilibrium
+as a function of composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of composition
+at that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that temperature
+and so as you tune the temperatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you tune the temperatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you tune the temperatures and
+knob you sweep through a series of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob you sweep through a series of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob you sweep through a series of free
+energy composition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams
+and you gradually build up the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you gradually build up the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you gradually build up the phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can imagine a footbook Style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine a footbook Style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine a footbook Style
+version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this
+the textbook has some nice examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook has some nice examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook has some nice examples of
+this of these free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of these free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of these free energy composition
+diagrams giving rise to phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these sort of single temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of single temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of single temperature
+snapshots and in the weeks ahead we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots and in the weeks ahead we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots and in the weeks ahead we're
+also going to play with um an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to play with um an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to play with um an online
+kind of animated version of this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of animated version of this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of animated version of this which
+we've coded up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've coded up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've coded up
+for use in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for use in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for use in this class
+okay that's where I want to leave it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's where I want to leave it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's where I want to leave it for
+today we're finishing about five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're finishing about five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're finishing about five minutes
+early so we have plenty of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so we have plenty of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so we have plenty of time for
+questions I just saw there was a chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I just saw there was a chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I just saw there was a chat
+there's a common tangent construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a common tangent construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a common tangent construction
+help us to say anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us to say anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us to say anything about the
+kinetics of the process of segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics of the process of segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics of the process of segregation
+no it doesn't this doesn't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it doesn't this doesn't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it doesn't this doesn't tell us
+anything about kinetics so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about kinetics so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about kinetics so this tells us
+about the equilibrium the common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equilibrium the common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equilibrium the common tangent
+construction tells us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction tells us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction tells us about the
+the equilibrium configuration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium configuration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium configuration of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+we can infer a lot of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can infer a lot of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can infer a lot of things about
+kinetics from the phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics from the phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics from the phase diagrams
+and we can also infer things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also infer things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also infer things about
+kinetics from the the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics from the the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics from the the driving force
+for phase aggregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phase aggregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phase aggregation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that goes beyond the scope of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond the scope of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond the scope of the class
+but kinetics is really interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kinetics is really interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kinetics is really interesting and
+it starts from this point kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts from this point kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts from this point kinetic
+studies start from phase diagrams like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies start from phase diagrams like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies start from phase diagrams like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and a tendency of a system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a tendency of a system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a tendency of a system to
+spontaneously unmix that is a tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously unmix that is a tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously unmix that is a tendency
+for pattern formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pattern formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pattern formation
+and what patterns actually form depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what patterns actually form depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what patterns actually form depend
+on the kinetics depends on the fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kinetics depends on the fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kinetics depends on the fusion
+coefficients depends on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients depends on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients depends on temperature
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's kind of where where the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of where where the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of where where the where
+this curriculum takes off in the fall
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2SwT6JnfCq8.txt b/2SwT6JnfCq8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50e37eda7032216df69884980573d06b3ed9c3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2SwT6JnfCq8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1894 @@
+All right.
+Good morning.
+
+Let's get going.
+In today's lecture we continue
+
+with the operational amplifier,
+"op amp" for short.
+
+And what we are going to do is
+just build up a bunch of fun
+
+building blocks using the op
+amp.
+
+As a quick review --
+
+To quickly review what we've
+seen about the op amp --
+
+We represented the op amp as a
+device that looked like this
+
+where the amplifier had an
+incredibly high gain.
+
+So, if I had a small voltage
+difference here --
+
+I call this v plus and this v
+minus with respect to ground.
+
+And if I had a small voltage
+difference then this gain here
+
+would multiply the difference by
+a large number and thereby
+
+giving me an output that was on
+the order of a million times
+
+greater than this difference.
+And because of that when I use
+
+the op amp in a mode like this
+without any negative feedback
+
+the output would usually crank
+up to the positive rail or the
+
+negative rail.
+We also saw that it had
+
+infinite input resistance so
+that the current flowing in here
+
+or here was zero and also had
+zero output resistance.
+
+This is my ideal op amp where
+irrespective of what load I
+
+connect here the op amp would
+supply pretty much any current.
+
+Now, in practical op amps
+that's not the case.
+
+But suffice it to say that when
+used as an ideal op amp the
+
+output impedance,
+the output resistance is going
+
+to be zero.
+The op amp is a huge workhorse
+
+of the analog industry.
+You will see based both on what
+
+you've done on Tuesday and
+Wednesday but also today that
+
+it's very, very simple to build
+circuits using the op amp.
+
+When you use the amplifier,
+you don't have to worry about
+
+things like nonlinear analysis.
+You don't have to worry about
+
+am I really meeting the criteria
+for saturation limits and so on?
+
+To some extent you have to
+think about that with the op
+
+amp, too, because if the output
+hits the positive rail or
+
+negative rail it isn't going to
+behave like you expect it to.
+
+But fundamentally with this
+primitive model,
+
+this idea model it becomes
+really simple to build circuits
+
+with the op amp.
+Therefore it has become a key
+
+building block for circuits.
+When circuit designers build
+
+analog circuits very often their
+primitive building blocks are
+
+really an amplifier of this
+sort, an op amp,
+
+resistors, capacitors and some
+of our other primitive building
+
+elements.
+If you look at the course notes
+
+the readings are --
+There are a bunch of examples
+
+solved in Chapter 16.
+And you will see that using the
+
+op amp it is indeed possible to
+build current sources that look
+
+like more or less ideal current
+sources.
+
+It is also possible to build
+voltage sources and so on.
+
+It is an incredibly neat
+building block using which you
+
+can do all kinds of cool stuff.
+
+In this course you will see a
+whole bunch of example circuits
+
+using the op amp.
+In today's lecture you will see
+
+things like a subtractor.
+You will also see integrators
+
+and a differentiator.
+And then in your lab,
+
+lab four, you will build a
+really fun mixed signal circuit
+
+involving both digital and
+analog components.
+
+And you will build what is
+called a digital to an analog
+
+converter using the op amp.
+And of course I can build all
+
+our good-old amplifiers and
+circuits of that sort.
+
+In a later lecture you will
+also see how we can build
+
+filters using an op amp.
+This is going to be using the
+
+knowledge you learn in terms of
+connecting resistors,
+
+capacitors and inductors
+together and doing a frequency
+
+domain analysis,
+well we can throw the op amp in
+
+there and build filters,
+too.
+
+This is just to give you a
+preview of upcoming attractions.
+
+For today I am going to focus
+on these circuits.
+
+I won't be covering any new
+theory or any new set of
+
+foundations but pretty much take
+the simple properties that I
+
+have explained to you about the
+op amp.
+
+And using those simple
+properties very quickly build up
+
+a bunch of circuits that you can
+use to analyze signals in a
+
+variety of ways.
+Let's start with the following
+
+circuit.
+With op amps I start with this
+
+little guy.
+And what I am going to do is
+
+use two voltage sources,
+v1, and this is a resistor,
+
+not an inductor.
+And value R1,
+
+value R2.
+So, I have a voltage connected
+
+by a divider,
+voltage divider to the plus
+
+input.
+And I am going to provide some
+
+negative feedback in the
+following way.
+
+This is going to be R2,
+the same as this one here,
+
+a resistor R1.
+And then a voltage source v2
+
+that I connect out here.
+So notice that- Oh,
+
+and I take the output vOUT out
+here.
+
+And that vOUT of course is with
+respect to ground,
+
+and R2, v1 and v2 are also
+connected to ground.
+
+What I am going to do is
+analyze the circuit it two
+
+different ways,
+and as I analyze it describe
+
+some other interesting
+properties to you.
+
+In the last lecture the
+technique I used to analyze op
+
+amps was one in which I replaced
+the op amp with its ideal model
+
+involving a dependent source and
+so on with a large gain A and
+
+showed that.
+I wrote the expression and then
+
+I let A increase to infinity to
+the limits and got an expression
+
+that was independent of A.
+And then in recitation
+
+yesterday you would have covered
+another technique which makes it
+
+much simpler to analyze op amps.
+Let me very quickly review that
+
+method.
+We fondly call that technique,
+
+there is no formal name for it,
+but we fondly call that v plus
+
+more or less equal to v minus
+method.
+
+This is also variously called
+the virtual ground method and so
+
+on, but we shall call it the v
+plus more or less equal to v
+
+minus method.
+The insight here is that
+
+whenever I use the op amp in a
+way in which I am giving it
+
+negative feedback,
+so I am feeding some portion of
+
+the output to its negative
+input.
+
+I am giving it negative
+feedback.
+
+That's one property.
+Second property is that my
+
+inputs, v1 and v2,
+and my resistance values are
+
+chosen such that the output is
+not in saturation.
+
+So, the op amp is not at the
+plus VS rail or minus VS rail.
+
+Rather it's somewhere in the
+middle in its active region.
+
+When that happens we claim that
+the v minus and v plus for the
+
+op amp are more or less equal.
+And to give you some intuition
+
+as to why that is so,
+let's say the output is 6 volts
+
+and my supply is plus/minus 12.
+This is 6 volts and the
+
+amplifier is a gain of a
+million, ten to the six.
+
+To sustain 6 volts at the
+output all I need is a
+
+difference of 6 microvolts here.
+Six divided by ten to the six
+
+is the difference between v plus
+and v minus.
+
+It's very, very,
+very small.
+
+It's so small as to make v plus
+more or less equal to v minus.
+
+All it takes is a very small
+differential voltage here to
+
+give you 6 volts at the output.
+The key thing to observe is
+
+under negative feedback,
+when the op amp is not in
+
+saturation the property that v
+plus equals v minus holds.
+
+And the way it works is that
+it's not that it's a magical
+
+property.
+It is simply that when I apply
+
+negative feedback the negative
+feedback is such that it will
+
+force this v minus node here to
+be at more or less the same
+
+voltage as v plus.
+Remember the when in doubt
+
+simply go back and think about
+the anti lock brakes example we
+
+did last time.
+For example if v plus increases
+
+the output will increase and so
+will the voltage here and tend
+
+to make these two equal.
+What we can do,
+
+being rather tricky here,
+what we'll do is say look,
+
+if we know for a fact that
+under negative feedback the op
+
+amp is going to engineer these
+two node voltages to be more or
+
+less equal then why don't I just
+use that fact to begin with and
+
+analyze my circuit assuming that
+it's true.
+
+This is just a bit of inverted
+logic here that says look,
+
+the circuit is going to make
+that happen.
+
+If the circuit is going to make
+that happen to analyze the
+
+circuit in its steady state,
+why don't I just go ahead and
+
+assume that to begin with?
+This again goes back to us
+
+wanting to be engineers here and
+do whatever is simply and find
+
+the simplest possible way of
+getting some place.
+
+I want to use that method,
+the v plus equals v minus
+
+method.
+Let me just first write down
+
+some values that I know about.
+I know that v plus is simply a
+
+voltage divider relation here.
+That's v1 times R2 divided by
+
+R1 plus R2.
+And by the v plus equals v
+
+minus method I know that this is
+going to be equal to v minus.
+
+And this is going to be true
+because I am giving you negative
+
+feedback here.
+And we are going to engineer
+
+the values of R1,
+R2, v1 and v2 such that the op
+
+amp is not in saturation.
+So, we know that.
+
+The next thing that we know,
+let's say this is a current i.
+
+This current i flows here.
+Know that there is no current
+
+going in here.
+Op amp has an infinite input
+
+resistance so there is nothing
+going in there.
+
+There is no current going in
+there.
+
+If there is no current going in
+here, what must happen to i?
+
+Remember, from the foundations
+of the universe Maxwell's
+
+equations and therefore KVL and
+KCL hold.
+
+KVL and KCL simply come
+straight from nature.
+
+You and I cannot mess with
+that.
+
+Bad things happen to you if you
+do.
+
+So, nature, Maxwell's
+equations, KVL,
+
+KCL.
+It's simply nature.
+
+So, KCL applies here.
+Current comes in here.
+
+Nothing goes there.
+Don't argue.
+
+The current has to go here,
+period.
+
+No if, ands or buts.
+There is i coming in here,
+
+nothing goes there,
+so that current must flow here.
+
+It has no choice.
+It's from basic nature.
+
+I can write down what my
+current i is going to look like.
+
+What is i going to look like?
+Well, I know v2,
+
+I know v minus.
+v minus is the same as v plus.
+
+And v plus is the i expression
+given here.
+
+So, I can write i as v2 minus v
+minus divided by R1.
+
+Let me keep track of those two
+and then go ahead and compute
+
+vOUT.
+So, my goal in life is compute
+
+vOUT as a function of the two
+input voltages v1 and v2.
+
+And just for kicks I have gone
+ahead and computed some of the
+
+intermediate node voltages and
+currents.
+
+How do I write vOUT?
+What is vOUT?
+
+vOUT is simply v minus from
+KVL.
+
+vOUT is simply v minus minus
+the drop across this resistor.
+
+So, the drop across that
+resistor is simply iR2.
+
+From good-old KVL from the
+first lecture,
+
+a voltage minus the drop across
+the resistor is equal to vOUT.
+
+Therefore it's simply v minus
+minus iR2.
+
+One thing to be very cautious
+about, I will tell you right
+
+now, is that the output here
+relates to the inversion of the
+
+voltage across this resistor R2.
+Be very, very careful in that
+
+if I have a voltage across this
+resistor here that impacts vOUT
+
+with a minus sign attached to
+it.
+
+Notice that iR2 is the voltage
+across R2 and vOUT relates to
+
+the negative of that.
+Be very cautious.
+
+That's one of the commonest
+silly mistakes I have seen
+
+people make in solving problems
+like this.
+
+Let's go ahead.
+I know v minus and I don't know
+
+i.
+Let me substitute for i for
+
+now, and that is v2 minus v
+minus divided by R1 times R2.
+
+Let me go ahead and collect all
+the v minuses.
+
+v minus, I get a one here,
+minus minus becomes a plus,
+
+and so I get R2 divided by R1
+out there.
+
+And then I minus v2 R2 divided
+by R1.
+
+That is vOUT.
+Now let me go ahead and
+
+substitute for v minus.
+And that is simply v1 R2
+
+divided by R1 plus R2.
+That is v minus.
+
+And this character here is
+simplified to be R1,
+
+R1 plus R2 minus v2 R2 divided
+by R1.
+
+What do we get?
+I cancel these two suckers out
+
+and what I end up with is v1 R2
+divided by R1 minus v2 R2
+
+divided by R1,
+which is simply R2/R1(v1-v2).
+
+What is interesting here is
+that what I have ended up
+
+building is a very primitive
+subtractor.
+
+So, my output relates to v1
+minus v2 multiplied by the
+
+constant factor given by R2
+divided by R1.
+
+Again, as I pointed out to you
+at the beginning of this
+
+lecture, no knew foundations
+today, no new theories,
+
+no new disciplines,
+no new laws.
+
+We are just going to take what
+you have learned --
+
+Three simple things,
+infinite gain,
+
+infinite input resistance,
+zero output resistance,
+
+plus this new thing v plus
+equals v minus.
+
+And just being armed with those
+four principles we are just
+
+going to charge ahead and
+analyze a bunch of circuits.
+
+It is purely intellectual and
+pure applications today.
+
+This is one way of doing it.
+There is another way of solving
+
+it.
+We can solve the circuit.
+
+Remember, whenever you see a
+linear circuit and you see two
+
+sources or three sources,
+just think superposition,
+
+right?
+You see a linear circuit and
+
+two or three sources,
+think superposition.
+
+We should be able to apply
+superposition to this.
+
+The op amp is simply another
+building block.
+
+It's a linear circuit.
+So, let's see if we get the
+
+same answer.
+Let's try to solve the circuit
+
+using superposition and see if
+we get the same answer.
+
+To do superposition what I am
+going to do is build two
+
+subcircuits.
+One subcircuit in which v1 is
+
+zero, and that subcircuit looks
+like this.
+
+If I set v1 to be zero then I
+get R1 parallel R2 going to
+
+ground.
+So, if v1 is set to zero then
+
+R1 goes to ground.
+And I get R1 parallel R2 here.
+
+And of course I have v2 as
+before.
+
+And this was R1,
+this was R2,
+
+and let me call that vOUT1.
+Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+Let me call it vOUT2
+corresponding to that component
+
+of the output that relates to v2
+acting alone.
+
+Remember superposition?
+Build two subcircuits,
+
+one that depends on v2 and
+another one that depends on v1.
+
+Let's do the second one,
+too.
+
+Second one is v2 going to zero.
+Here is my little op amp.
+
+And what I will do is simply
+flip the op amp just to see if
+
+you can identify some
+interesting patterns.
+
+Just flip the op amp around.
+And this is v1 as before.
+
+And recall that v1 was going to
+the plus node through a resistor
+
+R1.
+And then I had a R2 to ground.
+
+And then let me short v2 to
+ground.
+
+And when I short v2 to ground
+what happens?
+
+When I short v2 to ground what
+happens is that the tail of R1
+
+here goes to ground.
+And so it is as if the output
+
+is connected to the node v minus
+through a resistor,
+
+so it as if the output v R2 is
+connected to the minus input
+
+through a resistor.
+We will draw it like this.
+
+And the minus input goes
+through a resistor R1,
+
+to ground.
+If you thought that patterns
+
+were important in the earlier
+part of the course doing voltage
+
+divider patterns and current
+divider patterns and amplifier
+
+pattern, the source follower
+pattern, op amps is all about
+
+patterns.
+You should remember two or
+
+three simple patterns and be
+able to write down the
+
+expression for those just by
+observation.
+
+So, this is one common pattern
+that you have seen before in the
+
+very first lecture.
+And I just wrote it down in
+
+that manner.
+Let me go ahead and solve this
+
+circuit.
+It turns out that this is also
+
+a pattern.
+I will analyze it today but in
+
+the future v2 going to this node
+through R1 and then R2 to the
+
+output.
+You have probably also seen
+
+this in your recitation.
+This one is called an inverting
+
+connection and this one here is
+called a non-inverting
+
+connection.
+Let's go ahead and do vOUT2.
+
+vOUT2 is simply given by,
+notice that since this is
+
+ground, no current flowing here,
+this voltage is zero.
+
+If this voltage is zero,
+this voltage is zero by the v
+
+plus equals v minus method.
+If this is zero,
+
+the current that goes through
+here is v2 divided by R1.
+
+And that same current must flow
+through the resistance R2 as
+
+well.
+If the current v2 divided by R1
+
+flows through this resistor,
+the drop across this resistor
+
+is simply given by,
+let me hide this for a second,
+
+is simply given by v2.
+So, v2 divided by R1 is the
+
+current here.
+This is zero.
+
+So, the drop across this
+resistor is v2 R1 multiplied by
+
+R2.
+That's a drop across this
+
+resistor.
+This voltage is simply zero
+
+minus a drop across the
+resistor.
+
+So, it's zero minus the drop
+across the resistor and that
+
+gives me v2.
+Again, remember this minus sign
+
+comes in when I want to convert
+this to get the output voltage
+
+from that.
+This is a very common pattern.
+
+It's called an inverting
+connection where the output is
+
+some factor of the input voltage
+and the factor is given by R2
+
+divided by R1.
+Let's go ahead and analyze this
+
+guy now.
+What is vOUT1 equal to?
+
+I should have called this vOUT1
+because it relates to v1.
+
+vOUT1.
+There is a v plus here.
+
+From our first lecture I know
+that vOUT1 relates to v plus in
+
+the following way.
+I know that it is v plus times
+
+the sum of the resistances
+divided by R1.
+
+Based on the first lecture this
+is true.
+
+vOUT1 is simply an amplified
+version of v plus where the
+
+amplification factor is given by
+R1 plus R2 divided by R1.
+
+And I know v plus is simply a
+voltage divider action here.
+
+And I can take a simple voltage
+divider action here because the
+
+current going in is zero.
+Looking in here this is as if
+
+it's an infinite resistance,
+so it is as if the element
+
+simply does not exist.
+The voltage here is simply v1
+
+divided by R1 plus R2 multiplied
+by R2, our voltage divider
+
+pattern.
+So, I get v1 times R2 divided
+
+by R1 plus R2 times R1 plus R2
+divided by R1.
+
+These two cancel out which
+gives me vOUT1 is simply v1 R2
+
+divided by R1.
+To get vOUT I add up the two.
+
+vOUT is vOUT1 plus vOUT2,
+which is my goal.
+
+And that is simply v1 R2 by R1
+minus v2 R2 by R1.
+
+Thankfully what we have here is
+the same as here.
+
+Again, there is really nothing
+new that I am going to cover
+
+today.
+Simply apply,
+
+apply, apply,
+four simple principles.
+
+Here I have used superposition
+and I am showing you a circuit.
+
+So, it turns out with op amps
+you should really remember that
+
+pattern.
+You will see it again and again
+
+and again.
+And each time you see it,
+
+it will save you six minutes of
+having to solve the circuit
+
+without knowing the pattern.
+So, remember this pattern.
+
+You can pick up another three
+or four minutes by remembering
+
+this pattern here.
+This pattern is simply v2 R2
+
+divided by R1.
+Imprint those two patterns into
+
+your brains.
+OK, so those are a couple of
+
+simple circuits using the op
+amp.
+
+We built a subtractor.
+The next step,
+
+let's go ahead and try to build
+an integrator.
+
+Using this little building
+block we can go ahead and try to
+
+build a bunch of circuits.
+We can build filters,
+
+A to D converters and so on.
+Let's build an integrator.
+
+Abstractly I need to build this
+box.
+
+Which when fed a vI,
+I want that box to integrate
+
+and give me a vO which is vI
+integrated over time.
+
+That is what I want to build.
+How do I go about building it?
+
+What I would like to do next is
+give you some flavor for design.
+
+How do you go about designing
+things with an op amp?
+
+Knowing that you do not know
+the pattern for this yet,
+
+how do you go about designing
+things?
+
+Well, let's start with the
+following intuition.
+
+The intuition that I begin with
+is that if I have a current i,
+
+and remember that capacitors
+and inductors related to,
+
+you saw differentiation and
+integration happening when we
+
+dealt with capacitors and
+inductors.
+
+So, I think we have to invoke a
+capacitor here or an inductor.
+
+In this example I invoke a
+capacitor.
+
+Notice that if I stick a
+capacitor in here this current
+
+is i, capacitance C,
+then my voltage vO is given by
+
+what?
+Voltage is simply the integral
+
+of the current flowing through
+it or vice versa i is C dv/dt.
+
+If i is C dv/dt then v is
+simply one by C integral.
+
+If I can pass the current
+through a capacitor then the
+
+voltage across the capacitor
+must be a current.
+
+Notice then that vO is related
+to i dt.
+
+I have some multiplying
+constants and so on,
+
+but fundamentally what I have
+found is if I can stick a
+
+current through a capacitor then
+the voltage across the capacitor
+
+relates to the integral of the
+current.
+
+OK, that's interesting.
+So, I have an integral in
+
+there.
+But I have a current.
+
+Notice my goal was to integrate
+a voltage.
+
+What I figured out how to do
+was if I can turn that voltage
+
+into a current --
+If I can turn that voltage into
+
+a proportional current and then
+pump that current through a
+
+capacitor I will get the
+integration that I want.
+
+How do I convert my vI to i?
+How do I do that?
+
+Well, let's take a stab at it.
+Here is my vI.
+
+Let's take the resistor R.
+And remember I need to stick
+
+the capacitor here.
+I have some current I here.
+
+I don't know what the current
+is yet.
+
+And I stick a voltage here.
+And what I am trying to do is
+
+trying to see if I stick a
+voltage and a resistance in
+
+series then there is some
+relationship between the current
+
+and this voltage.
+Recall that I am trying to make
+
+this current be directly
+proportional to the voltage vI.
+
+But it turns out that i here is
+not equal to vI divided by R.
+
+If i was vI divided by R
+somehow, I am done.
+
+If i was vI divided by R,
+by some magic,
+
+then I have converted my
+voltage to a current,
+
+I feed that current through my
+capacitor and vO is my integral
+
+that I am looking for.
+But unfortunately i is not
+
+equal to vI divided by R.
+You know that.
+
+i relates to vI minus the
+capacitor voltage divided by R.
+
+So, i is not simply vI divided
+by R for all time but i is
+
+really vI minus the capacitor
+voltage divided by R.
+
+And, in fact,
+when we did RC circuits you
+
+wrote this equation to represent
+the dynamics of the circuit,
+
+RC dvO by dt plus vO equals vI.
+We wrote down this circuit for
+
+a first order RC,
+wrote this equation for a first
+
+order RC circuit.
+Now, it does turn out,
+
+to wrap up on this wild goose
+chase that we went on,
+
+it does turn out that if this
+term here is much bigger than
+
+that term.
+If this term is much bigger
+
+than that term then I can ignore
+that term and write down RC dvO
+
+by dt more or less equal to vI.
+If that were true,
+
+this would be true,
+and then vO would be more or
+
+less equal to one by RC integral
+of vI dt.
+
+Again, if this were true.
+If this were true for all time
+
+then vO would be integral of vI
+dt.
+
+Again, remember this is all a
+wild goose chase.
+
+Just write down WGC there just
+so you don't get confused.
+
+I am on this wild goose hunt
+here trying to find a way to get
+
+a current from a voltage which I
+can then feed into a capacitor.
+
+This was one thing I knew,
+but this was not what I want.
+
+But it does turn out to be what
+I want when vO is very,
+
+very small.
+So, I see some glimmer of hope
+
+but not quite.
+It turns that in R and C,
+
+if I make R and C very,
+very big, if I have a huge time
+
+constant, with a huge time
+constant the voltage vO looks
+
+like an integral of vI,
+but only when I have a very
+
+huge time constant.
+So, I give up on that track.
+
+Instead I try something else.
+
+Another try.
+I would like you to notice if
+
+you take your op amp,
+here is your op amp,
+
+if you take this op amp and you
+stick the positive terminal to
+
+ground, under reasonable
+feedback, under reasonable
+
+negative feedback what do you
+notice about the current?
+
+If I had a current i flowing
+here what did you notice?
+
+Look at this picture.
+I had a current i flowing in
+
+here, v2 divided by R1.
+And because this resistance was
+
+infinite all the current went
+through the upper terminal.
+
+So, this is zero volts.
+And by the v plus equals v
+
+minus method this is also more
+or less equal to zero.
+
+And I have a current i flowing
+in here, nothing goes here,
+
+so then the i must flow up
+there.
+
+So, all I am doing here is
+causing a reflection of the
+
+current from this grounded node.
+My current is being reflected
+
+into, or deflected if you feel
+like it, the upper edge here
+
+after coming in through this
+edge.
+
+That is interesting.
+We are just one step away from
+
+the key insight.
+
+I have an i coming in here,
+an i going out there.
+
+Notice that,
+as I said before,
+
+this is zero volts.
+How do I get my voltage vI to
+
+look like a current,
+to become proportional to a
+
+current?
+It is simple now.
+
+All I do is put a voltage vI
+and put a resistor R out there.
+
+If I do that,
+and since this is zero,
+
+the current i is given by vI
+divided by R.
+
+I have gotten to where I want
+to be.
+
+So, by using an op amp and
+using the fact that the minus
+
+node here, v minus is at the
+same potential as v plus when
+
+there is negative feedback then
+I can stick a resistor here.
+
+And because this is zero the
+current here is simply vI
+
+divided by R.
+I have gotten to the first
+
+place.
+Now all I need to do is simply
+
+pump this current through a
+capacitor and I get the integral
+
+of the, the voltage becomes an
+integral of the current.
+
+That is easy.
+I stick my capacitor here and I
+
+get my answer out there as vO.
+Notice that when I do this,
+
+let's say this is plus/minus
+VC.
+
+This is zero.
+So, vO is minus VC.
+
+Again, I will keep emphasizing
+it maybe 17 times throughout
+
+this course that if this is zero
+then the output here is related
+
+to the negative of this voltage,
+common, common,
+
+common mistake.
+I will be very upset after
+
+doing all this if I see this
+mistake happen in any of the
+
+future homeworks or finals or
+whatever.
+
+This should not happen.
+So, vO is a minus sign here VC.
+
+And I know that if I have a
+current i through a capacitor
+
+what is VC?
+If I have current i through a
+
+capacitor than this is simply t
+i dt.
+
+And i by design is --
+So, I have my integrator.
+
+It is a two-step process.
+I stuck a resistor here,
+
+so the current became equal to
+vI divided by R.
+
+Then I took that current and
+pumped it through a capacitor
+
+through this terminal here,
+and the voltage across the
+
+capacitor for a current i is
+given by this expression.
+
+This is Capacitors 101.
+OK Capacitors 101 says that the
+
+voltage across the capacitor is
+simply one by C integral i dt.
+
+Another way of looking at it is
+the voltage across the capacitor
+
+is C, I'm sorry,
+the current through a capacitor
+
+is C dv/dt.
+This is simply the integral
+
+form of that equation.
+And I am done with my
+
+integrator.
+So, this is another very common
+
+building block.
+Remember this.
+
+Most of the circuits we will be
+seeing with op amps simply
+
+involve something here and some
+there.
+
+And the output in this
+inverting connection is the
+
+output times,
+if it is a resistance it is
+
+simply R2 divided by R1,
+if it's a capacitor I get the
+
+integral form looking like this.
+Yes.
+
+Can someone tell me where the
+negative sign went?
+
+The blackboard ate it up.
+Good catch.
+
+After all that lecture about
+watching the negative sign.
+
+After this little bit of faux
+pas here, now I will be doubly
+
+mad if you guys make that
+mistake.
+
+All right.
+Now that we have built the
+
+integrator, I could give this
+out as a homework problem.
+
+And you should be able to
+design a differentiator based on
+
+what you've learned here.
+You now have the tools to go
+
+and do some design like this,
+but we don't have any more
+
+homeworks left so I guess I will
+go ahead and solve this for you
+
+right here and do the design for
+you.
+
+The building block that we need
+looks like this,
+
+d/dt here.
+Let me take a vI and stick a vI
+
+in there.
+That's what I want to build.
+
+And what I built here is that
+different integrator box.
+
+And what I would like to do now
+is build a differentiator box.
+
+How do I go about doing it?
+I will go really slow here so
+
+you will have some time to think
+about it for yourselves and see
+
+if you folks are crack op amp
+circuit designers already,
+
+if you have the right instincts
+here.
+
+Again, when you see
+differentiation integration
+
+think capacitors or inductors,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+In fact, as a homework
+exercise, you may want to go
+
+back and see how you can get a
+similar effect using inductors.
+
+Can you play with inductors and
+get a similar effect?
+
+So, inductors are devices that
+are a dual of the capacitor.
+
+Whatever we will do with
+capacitors, there must be a
+
+corresponding way with
+inductors.
+
+You can try it out in your
+spare time.
+
+Let's go back to this one here.
+I will stick with the capacitor
+
+way of looking at things.
+I need a differentiation now.
+
+Remember this.
+If I have a vI and I stick this
+
+across a capacitor,
+I have a current C and some
+
+voltage vc across the capacitor,
+what does i relate to?
+
+i is simply C dv/dt and vc in
+this case is simply C dvI/dt.
+
+If I can stick a voltage across
+a capacitor, if my input voltage
+
+is stuck across a capacitor then
+the resulting current relates to
+
+dvI/dt.
+Here we have the opposite
+
+problem.
+By doing this simple trick,
+
+I can obtain a current that has
+the right form.
+
+Now what I need to do is
+somehow convert that current
+
+into a voltage because the
+abstraction that I need is a
+
+voltage to voltage.
+The next step,
+
+what I need to do is somehow
+convert a current to a voltage.
+
+How do I go about doing that?
+Again, remember for the op amp,
+
+if I have a current i flowing
+here then by the reflection
+
+property i gets pushed up into
+this edge, provided that the
+
+whole circuit is working with
+descent negative feedback.
+
+Given this trick what I can do
+is say look, suppose I did this.
+
+Remember, my goal here is how
+do I convert a current to a
+
+voltage?
+I have a current i coming in
+
+here, and I can turn that into a
+voltage because I know the
+
+current must come out here,
+I know this current must come
+
+out there.
+All I have to do is stick a
+
+resistor in there.
+If I stick a resistor in there
+
+what is vO equal to?
+vO is simply iR,
+
+right?
+That's right.
+
+vO, I get i here,
+so i pumps through here.
+
+Remember, what comes in here
+must get reflected up because
+
+the current going in here is
+zero.
+
+All the i must come out here.
+So, that i must pump through
+
+this resistor.
+The drop across this resistor
+
+is iR.
+That's the voltage drop across
+
+that resistor.
+And since this at a virtual
+
+ground the output here is simply
+zero minus this drop which is
+
+minus iR.
+So, I have gotten to where I
+
+want to be.
+I have my current i being
+
+converted to a voltage.
+I have taken my current,
+
+and I have been able to convert
+that into a voltage by sticking
+
+a resistor in here.
+As a final step,
+
+I simply need to produce the
+current.
+
+And that is pretty easy to do.
+Abstractly what I need to do,
+
+again, this is design here so
+we will talk about abstract
+
+stuff.
+If I had a voltage vI,
+
+I need to produce a current
+which relates to C dvI/dt.
+
+And I know I can do that by
+simply doing this.
+
+By doing this I know my i is C
+dvI, correct?
+
+If I can get this effect,
+I put this in quotes because
+
+that's my pattern.
+I am looking for a pattern,
+
+where a voltage vI is directly
+applied across a capacitor.
+
+And when that happens the
+current relates to C dv/dt.
+
+Let's go back to our op amp
+pattern here,
+
+op amp circuit.
+So far I have achieved --
+
+I just repeated this out there.
+And so somehow I need to take
+
+this pattern here and learn from
+that pattern and apply the
+
+pattern here.
+So, what I can do is,
+
+this is a ground node,
+correct?
+
+Now, the poor little capacitor,
+what does it care,
+
+whether it's a ground node or a
+virtual ground node?
+
+As long as it's a zero volt
+node down here what does it
+
+care?
+What I am going to do is stick
+
+this point, not here but into a
+virtual ground node.
+
+I am going to grab that point,
+take it here and stick it here.
+
+The poor little capacitor
+doesn't know the difference.
+
+I have really suckered the
+little beast.
+
+This is vI.
+Remember this.
+
+My i through the capacitor is
+proportional to C dv/dt.
+
+Instead what I have done is
+taken this guy and stuck it here
+
+to get something like this.
+Just remember these four or
+
+five little tricks.
+And you apply them in op amp
+
+circuits again and again and
+again and again.
+
+So, this is vI,
+this is my virtual ground.
+
+As far as this poor little
+capacitor is concerned,
+
+it is chugging along merrily
+thinking that it is connected to
+
+ground.
+Little does it know it is only
+
+a virtual ground,
+all right?
+
+But the current i here is
+simply C dvI/dt.
+
+And that current,
+the C dvI/dt,
+
+that current flows through here
+and gives me vO as iR.
+
+So, vO is simply minus R.
+Let me substitute for i there,
+
+C dvI/dt.
+OK, so notice then that my vO
+
+is now proportional to dvI/dt.
+So, vO is some RC time constant
+
+times dvI/dt.
+Therefore, I have my
+
+differentiator circuit.
+Remember this as a closing
+
+thought.
+Remember this v plus more or
+
+less equal to v minus trick.
+And to the extent possible
+
+simply use that trick to analyze
+op amp circuits under feedback
+
+and not in saturation.
+Just remember these two.
+
+Very quickly for the demo,
+I have a square wave input here
+
+to the op amp,
+that's my vI to the integrator.
+
+And this is the output vO.
+The integral of a square wave
+
+is a triangular wave,
+as you can see.
+
+And we will do the same thing
+for a differentiator.
+
+And for the differentiator,
+I input the square wave to this
+
+differentiator circuit.
+And I get this,
+
+wherever there is a sharp rise,
+I get this huge negative spike
+
+and a positive spike because of
+the minus sign.
+
+So, this is the differentiator
+circuit.
+
+Then I feed this into the op
+amp.
+
+OK.
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3UTfFMTqH70.txt b/3UTfFMTqH70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70057408e4f7e580059b7dea32bbe0346cd14cdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3UTfFMTqH70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19144 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to lecture 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to lecture 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to lecture 17
+this lecture talks about state dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture talks about state dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture talks about state dependent
+preferences projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences projection
+and attribution paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the plan for today is to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan for today is to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan for today is to talk about
+preference changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference changes so
+we're going to look at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at different
+circumstances in which people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances in which people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances in which people's
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+predictably uh and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictably uh and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictably uh and sometimes
+unpredictably change over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictably change over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictably change over time
+that is to say sometimes people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say sometimes people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say sometimes people are
+hungry tired or in pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry tired or in pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry tired or in pain
+and their preferences for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their preferences for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their preferences for certain
+outcomes may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes may be
+determined by that underlying state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by that underlying state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by that underlying state of
+like hunger for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hunger for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hunger for example
+now it's pretty clear that people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's pretty clear that people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's pretty clear that people's
+preferences change according to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences change according to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences change according to those
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+as in like when somebody is hungry they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like when somebody is hungry they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like when somebody is hungry they
+want different things they want to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want different things they want to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want different things they want to eat
+different kinds of things that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things that when
+they're not hungry and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not hungry and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not hungry and so on
+um but people nevertheless have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but people nevertheless have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but people nevertheless have trouble
+predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting
+their preference changes that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preference changes that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preference changes that is to say
+if somebody is hungry they may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody is hungry they may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody is hungry they may have a
+hard time predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time predicting
+how it feels when they're not hungry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it feels when they're not hungry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it feels when they're not hungry and
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+so uh notice that this lecture is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh notice that this lecture is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh notice that this lecture is a sort
+of a continuation or natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuation or natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a continuation or natural
+continuation of our lectures on beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of our lectures on beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of our lectures on beliefs
+from before so before we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before so before we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before so before we looked at
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+trying to learn about unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn about unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn about unknown
+information around them and we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around them and we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around them and we looked at
+various deviations why people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various deviations why people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various deviations why people are not
+able to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to learn
+now we're going to look at people trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at people trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at people trying
+to learn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn or
+failing to learn at times about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to learn at times about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to learn at times about their
+own preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own preferences
+and an important particular case here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an important particular case here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an important particular case here is
+what's called production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called production bias
+which is people's lack or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people's lack or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people's lack or for
+inadequate ability to predict their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate ability to predict their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate ability to predict their own
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+in particular for different states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for different states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for different states of
+the world in the future i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in the future i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in the future i'm going to be
+more specific about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific about that
+but mostly we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly we're going to talk about
+projection bias in the paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias in the paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias in the paper by
+lowenstein at all which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein at all which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein at all which is in the
+readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings
+we're going to talk very um briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk very um briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk very um briefly
+about attribution bias and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attribution bias and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attribution bias and that's going
+to be covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be covered in
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so although not typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so although not typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so although not typically
+emphasized in economics the simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in economics the simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in economics the simple and
+obvious fact is that our preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious fact is that our preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious fact is that our preferences
+change over time there's various ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time there's various ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time there's various ways in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+our preferences change one is short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our preferences change one is short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our preferences change one is short-term
+temporary fluctuations and you can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary fluctuations and you can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary fluctuations and you can call
+them sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of
+state dependent preferences you can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dependent preferences you can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dependent preferences you can call
+all of what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of what we're going to talk about
+state dependent preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dependent preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state dependent preferences
+um here is the state is like a short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is the state is like a short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is the state is like a short run
+physiological or psychological state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological or psychological state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological or psychological state for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+hunger pain or the like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger pain or the like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger pain or the like or
+a psychological state such as mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychological state such as mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychological state such as mood
+i'm going to talk about all of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about all of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about all of these in
+more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail
+second there are long run systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there are long run systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there are long run systematic
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+this could be due to own choices such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be due to own choices such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be due to own choices such as
+addiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction
+so like if somebody has been drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if somebody has been drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if somebody has been drinking
+alcohol for the last 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol for the last 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol for the last 10 years
+their utility from drinking alcohol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their utility from drinking alcohol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their utility from drinking alcohol or
+not drinking alcohol is quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drinking alcohol is quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drinking alcohol is quite different
+from somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody
+who has not been drinking um ever same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has not been drinking um ever same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has not been drinking um ever same
+is true for smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for smoking
+and the like or it could be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like or it could be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like or it could be independent
+of one's choices for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one's choices for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one's choices for example
+aging so predictably people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aging so predictably people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aging so predictably people's
+preferences change over time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences change over time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences change over time when
+they're 20 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 20 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 20 or
+years old versus when they're 80 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old versus when they're 80 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old versus when they're 80 years
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+notice that for addiction there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for addiction there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for addiction there's also
+some short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some short run
+temporary fluctuation such as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary fluctuation such as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary fluctuation such as when
+people have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have just
+smoked a cigarette versus not their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked a cigarette versus not their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked a cigarette versus not their
+preferences for an additional cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for an additional cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for an additional cigarette
+might be quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quite different
+but then there's also long-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's also long-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's also long-run
+systematic changes which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic changes which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic changes which is like
+if somebody has been smoking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody has been smoking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody has been smoking a lot
+during the last you know 10 years versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the last you know 10 years versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the last you know 10 years versus
+not so this smoking or addiction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this smoking or addiction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this smoking or addiction in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+has both short-term and long-term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both short-term and long-term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both short-term and long-term uh
+temporary and systematic changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary and systematic changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary and systematic changes
+in people's preferences and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's preferences and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's preferences and then there's
+adaptation to changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation to changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation to changes
+which happens often for big changes such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens often for big changes such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens often for big changes such
+as standard of living or small changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as standard of living or small changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as standard of living or small changes
+such as smug ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as smug ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as smug ownership
+what's an example here for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example here for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example here for example if
+people win the lottery they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people win the lottery they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people win the lottery they become
+happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier
+um they become actually a lot happier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they become actually a lot happier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they become actually a lot happier um
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+but then that sort of reverts back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that sort of reverts back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that sort of reverts back to
+like their the previous standard over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their the previous standard over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their the previous standard over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+people a lottery one receiving like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lottery one receiving like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lottery one receiving like a
+few years later clearly are happier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later clearly are happier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later clearly are happier than
+people who have not won the lottery but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have not won the lottery but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have not won the lottery but
+their uh increase in happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh increase in happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh increase in happiness
+uh decreases um over time okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decreases um over time okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decreases um over time okay so so
+these are three different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three different types of
+sets of preference changes we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of preference changes we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of preference changes we're going
+to mostly focus in the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mostly focus in the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mostly focus in the lecture today
+on number one short term temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number one short term temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number one short term temporary
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+now what i'm going to what am i talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to what am i talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to what am i talking
+about here so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here so one
+example here is hunger now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here is hunger now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here is hunger now
+studying hunger is difficult in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying hunger is difficult in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying hunger is difficult in
+experiments because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments because
+it's unethical to starve people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unethical to starve people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unethical to starve people you
+could of course find hungry people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could of course find hungry people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could of course find hungry people and
+give them food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them food
+that's in some sense what was done once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in some sense what was done once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in some sense what was done once
+in what's called in the minnesota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what's called in the minnesota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what's called in the minnesota
+starvation experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation experiment
+this is an experiment that was motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an experiment that was motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an experiment that was motivated
+by the fact that there was lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that there was lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that there was lots of
+soldiers in the second world war in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers in the second world war in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers in the second world war in the
+us and europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and europe
+from the us and europe and in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the us and europe and in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the us and europe and in many other
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+and these soldiers had been starved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these soldiers had been starved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these soldiers had been starved from
+the war for a long time and they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war for a long time and they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war for a long time and they came
+back from the war to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the war to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the war to
+back to the u.s and one simple question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the u.s and one simple question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the u.s and one simple question
+was as well when you when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as well when you when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as well when you when you have
+people who have been starved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been starved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been starved
+um have not eaten um for a long time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have not eaten um for a long time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have not eaten um for a long time or
+very little for a long time how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little for a long time how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little for a long time how do you
+best reintegrate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best reintegrate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best reintegrate them
+into a society or like how do you best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a society or like how do you best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a society or like how do you best
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+feed them do you feed them very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed them do you feed them very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed them do you feed them very quickly
+like a lot or do you sort of gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot or do you sort of gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot or do you sort of gradually
+increase their food take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their food take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their food take
+over time so then the army did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so then the army did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so then the army did some
+experiments with healthy volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with healthy volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with healthy volunteers
+such as this guy here on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this guy here on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this guy here on the left and
+in people were starved literally starved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people were starved literally starved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people were starved literally starved
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+getting very little food on for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very little food on for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very little food on for a while
+such that you know after a few weeks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you know after a few weeks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you know after a few weeks the
+guy would look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy would look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy would look like this
+and then the army would look at people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the army would look at people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the army would look at people's
+behavior over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior over time
+they were mostly interested in like once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were mostly interested in like once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were mostly interested in like once
+you have somebody was not eaten for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have somebody was not eaten for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have somebody was not eaten for
+quite a while once you give them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while once you give them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while once you give them more
+food what's happening to their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food what's happening to their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food what's happening to their behavior
+and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's
+you know the best way of doing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the best way of doing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the best way of doing that um
+coincidentally they also recorded what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidentally they also recorded what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidentally they also recorded what
+what's happening in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in the first part of
+the experiment when people were starved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment when people were starved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment when people were starved
+to start with and so you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with and so you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with and so you know as
+expected people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected people get
+extremely focused on food when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely focused on food when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely focused on food when they
+don't eat for a while they really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat for a while they really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat for a while they really get
+really really interested in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really interested in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really interested in learning
+about what's going on with food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on with food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on with food and
+when they get next food and so on but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get next food and so on but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get next food and so on but as
+it happens it seems to me that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens it seems to me that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens it seems to me that their
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+also change um in various other ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change um in various other ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change um in various other ways in
+particular see people seem to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular see people seem to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular see people seem to lose
+interest and lots of other activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and lots of other activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and lots of other activities
+it's reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reported
+decreased alertness lack of self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased alertness lack of self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased alertness lack of self-control
+general apathy people are just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general apathy people are just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general apathy people are just sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+almost like a different person when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a different person when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a different person when they
+are almost starved compared to like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost starved compared to like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost starved compared to like when
+they have eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have eaten
+um a lot here are some testimonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot here are some testimonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot here are some testimonies
+from from these soldiers uh one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from these soldiers uh one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from these soldiers uh one of them
+is the acquisition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the acquisition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the acquisition of
+food-related items was a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food-related items was a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food-related items was a reasonable
+extension of their heightened interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of their heightened interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of their heightened interest
+in food so as we expect people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in food so as we expect people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in food so as we expect people get
+really interested in food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in food
+much less reasonable was the buying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less reasonable was the buying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less reasonable was the buying of
+old books unnecessary secondhand clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old books unnecessary secondhand clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old books unnecessary secondhand clothes
+knickknacks and other junk often after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knickknacks and other junk often after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knickknacks and other junk often after
+making such purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making such purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making such purchases
+which could be only afforded only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be only afforded only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be only afforded only with
+sacrifice the men would be puzzled as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the men would be puzzled as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the men would be puzzled as to
+why they had bought such more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they had bought such more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they had bought such more or less
+useless articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless articles
+so that's essentially sort of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially sort of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially sort of saying
+that people got really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people got really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people got really interested in
+certain purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain purchases
+their preferences towards those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences towards those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences towards those kinds of
+purchases seems to have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases seems to have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases seems to have changed
+they seem to have also some preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to have also some preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to have also some preference
+reversal they seem to want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal they seem to want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal they seem to want to buy
+certain things and then wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things and then wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things and then wonder
+afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards
+afterwards why they did so um which all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards why they did so um which all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards why they did so um which all
+seems to be the consequence of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the consequence of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the consequence of being
+really really hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hungry
+then came the day when i lost my will to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came the day when i lost my will to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came the day when i lost my will to
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+i no longer care to do anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i no longer care to do anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i no longer care to do anything that
+required energy and days began to drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required energy and days began to drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required energy and days began to drag
+it seems to be in some ways like a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be in some ways like a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be in some ways like a like
+a direct effect of like having a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct effect of like having a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct effect of like having a little
+caloric intake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric intake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caloric intake
+but really um people's preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really um people's preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really um people's preferences
+towards physical or any other activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards physical or any other activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards physical or any other activity
+seems to have changed quite a bit due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have changed quite a bit due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have changed quite a bit due to
+hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger
+um and another one here's uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and another one here's uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and another one here's uh there's
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+that can uh hold my interest for long i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can uh hold my interest for long i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can uh hold my interest for long i
+wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for
+meal time so this is your people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal time so this is your people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal time so this is your people's
+attention seems to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention seems to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention seems to really be
+uh lowered quite a bit and to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lowered quite a bit and to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lowered quite a bit and to the extent
+that we think attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think attention
+affects people's preferences in decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects people's preferences in decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects people's preferences in decision
+making in various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in various ways
+again hunger seems to have this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hunger seems to have this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hunger seems to have this effect
+on people's home choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's home choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people's home choices
+now what's a more sort of like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's a more sort of like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's a more sort of like real
+world example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world example
+for for you guys well that's shopping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for you guys well that's shopping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for you guys well that's shopping on
+an empty stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty stomach
+it's sort of a classic study by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a classic study by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a classic study by this
+ignis but in canoes from 1969 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignis but in canoes from 1969 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignis but in canoes from 1969 but
+there's sort of other evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other evidence
+later and the folk wisdom is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and the folk wisdom is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and the folk wisdom is that
+shopping on an empty stomach leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping on an empty stomach leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping on an empty stomach leads
+people to buy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to buy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to buy more
+and perhaps also on more junk food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps also on more junk food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps also on more junk food
+now how do you study this well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you study this well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you study this well you can
+think about different ways in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about different ways in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about different ways in which you
+might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that
+you could sort of induce people directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of induce people directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sort of induce people directly
+to eat when they're hungry versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat when they're hungry versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat when they're hungry versus not
+um you know uh uh there's various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh uh there's various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh uh there's various other
+ways in which you could think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which you could think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which you could think about like
+setting up experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up experiments
+now one very simple ways in which one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one very simple ways in which one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one very simple ways in which one um
+i can study this issue is by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can study this issue is by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can study this issue is by just
+randomly giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly giving
+a sample of individuals entering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of individuals entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of individuals entering a
+supermarket a candy bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket a candy bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket a candy bar
+could be a candy bar it could be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a candy bar it could be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a candy bar it could be also
+some power bar is there some other food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power bar is there some other food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power bar is there some other food
+and so now essentially what you doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now essentially what you doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now essentially what you doing is
+you take a bunch of people who go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a bunch of people who go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a bunch of people who go
+shopping and uh they might be some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping and uh they might be some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping and uh they might be some of
+them might be hungry and some might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them might be hungry and some might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them might be hungry and some might not
+be but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but then the
+ones that are hungry in particular when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are hungry in particular when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are hungry in particular when
+they eat like a candy bar or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eat like a candy bar or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eat like a candy bar or any other
+food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+they might they become less hungry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might they become less hungry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might they become less hungry and
+so then we have a treatment condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have a treatment condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have a treatment condition
+that's less hungry and a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less hungry and a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less hungry and a control
+condition was not giving any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was not giving any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was not giving any
+food who is like more hungry and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food who is like more hungry and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food who is like more hungry and so then
+um that allows essentially to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that allows essentially to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that allows essentially to look at
+like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+um uh variation in like whether people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh variation in like whether people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh variation in like whether people
+are currently hungry um while shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently hungry um while shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently hungry um while shopping
+another thing one could do is one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing one could do is one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing one could do is one could
+vary the timing of the last meal before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the timing of the last meal before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the timing of the last meal before
+shopping there you worry a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping there you worry a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping there you worry a little bit
+like if that's not experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if that's not experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if that's not experimentally
+induced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced that
+the people who like go shopping right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who like go shopping right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who like go shopping right
+after having a meal versus not might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having a meal versus not might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having a meal versus not might be
+quite different than there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than there is
+other ways but you could in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways but you could in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways but you could in principle
+also like experimentally induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like experimentally induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like experimentally induce
+that and then you know you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you know you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you know you can look at
+like monitor how how much and what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monitor how how much and what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monitor how how much and what kind
+of food people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food people buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food people buy
+so hungry people tend to buy more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hungry people tend to buy more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hungry people tend to buy more so
+they they just you buy more food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just you buy more food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just you buy more food
+they also more telling they buy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also more telling they buy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also more telling they buy more
+junk food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk food
+so their preferences really seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their preferences really seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their preferences really seem to be
+uh different to be clear people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different to be clear people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different to be clear people
+tend to buy more and not just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to buy more and not just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to buy more and not just sort of
+like say i'm going to buy like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say i'm going to buy like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say i'm going to buy like now
+i'm a power bar or like example a banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a power bar or like example a banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a power bar or like example a banana
+because i'm really hungry i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm really hungry i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm really hungry i'm going to
+buy it right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it right after
+the store but they buy significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store but they buy significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store but they buy significantly
+more more than can be explained by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more than can be explained by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more than can be explained by just
+filling your immediate hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling your immediate hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling your immediate hunger
+and in particular they also seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular they also seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular they also seem to
+change the type of food that they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the type of food that they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the type of food that they buy
+in particular in this case here more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in this case here more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in this case here more
+junk food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk food
+kind of what this thing looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what this thing looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what this thing looks like the
+left guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left guy is
+uh full he he buys lots of lettuce diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh full he he buys lots of lettuce diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh full he he buys lots of lettuce diet
+water and so on the guy on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so on the guy on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so on the guy on the right
+um is hungry he buys all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is hungry he buys all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is hungry he buys all sorts of things
+a lot more as you can see um and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more as you can see um and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more as you can see um and a lot
+of also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of also like
+unhealthy food including tortilla chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy food including tortilla chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy food including tortilla chips
+cheese sugar water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese sugar water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese sugar water
+um and so on uh so you know next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on uh so you know next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on uh so you know next time
+you go shopping you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go shopping you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go shopping you should
+introspect and see what your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspect and see what your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspect and see what your preferences
+towards what you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards what you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards what you buy
+have been affected now another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been affected now another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been affected now another thing you
+can think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about is
+uh that affects your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that affects your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that affects your preferences
+underlying state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying state
+is your sleep when you're tired the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your sleep when you're tired the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your sleep when you're tired the
+whole world seems different in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world seems different in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world seems different in various
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+um you know one example could you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one example could you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one example could you think
+about it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's like
+self-control sleep deprivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control sleep deprivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control sleep deprivation is
+associated with lack of self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with lack of self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with lack of self-control
+um there's sort of this literature old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's sort of this literature old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's sort of this literature old
+literature that says self-control is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that says self-control is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that says self-control is a
+muscle that replenishes overnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle that replenishes overnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle that replenishes overnight
+there's some issues with this um uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some issues with this um uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some issues with this um uh with
+this literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature
+there's some experiments that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some experiments that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some experiments that might not
+necessarily um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily um
+uh replicate uh uh uh but the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh replicate uh uh uh but the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh replicate uh uh uh but the idea that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+lack of self-control um uh might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of self-control um uh might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of self-control um uh might be a
+consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of
+lack of sleep uh seems very plausible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of sleep uh seems very plausible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of sleep uh seems very plausible um
+in various ways uh uh notice that nicole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways uh uh notice that nicole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways uh uh notice that nicole
+should also be causality in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be causality in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be causality in the other
+direction lack of self-control may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction lack of self-control may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction lack of self-control may also
+be a cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cause of
+poor sleep now uh there's some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor sleep now uh there's some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor sleep now uh there's some evidence
+that sleep affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sleep affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sleep affects
+proposed preferences um when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed preferences um when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed preferences um when people are
+sleep deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep deprived
+um they tend to gain weight uh tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they tend to gain weight uh tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they tend to gain weight uh tired
+people engage more in what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people engage more in what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people engage more in what's called
+cyber loafing you serve more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyber loafing you serve more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyber loafing you serve more in the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+um there's also some evidence that sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also some evidence that sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also some evidence that sleep
+might or lack of sleep might affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might or lack of sleep might affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might or lack of sleep might affect
+ethical behavior people cheat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical behavior people cheat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical behavior people cheat more
+when they're tired um and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're tired um and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're tired um and we have some
+evidence in our experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence in our experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence in our experiment
+in india which i'm going to show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india which i'm going to show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india which i'm going to show you in
+a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh
+at the end of the semester that maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester that maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester that maps
+increase savings and seem to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase savings and seem to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase savings and seem to reduce
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+um present by us so really this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um present by us so really this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um present by us so really this is
+some evidence of sleep affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence of sleep affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence of sleep affecting
+people's time preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's time preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's time preferences
+uh another uh example is badger adolent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another uh example is badger adolent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another uh example is badger adolent
+and addiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addiction
+um this is a very small study with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a very small study with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a very small study with only
+like 13 subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 13 subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 13 subjects
+you know you might sort of take all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might sort of take all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might sort of take all of
+what's in there with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there with a little bit of
+grain of salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt
+um but you know i think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know i think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know i think the the
+underlying message and the findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying message and the findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying message and the findings
+are are correct so what did bachelor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are correct so what did bachelor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are correct so what did bachelor
+doll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll do
+they elicited people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they elicited people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they elicited people's willingness to
+pay for a second dose of the heroine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for a second dose of the heroine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for a second dose of the heroine
+substitute bop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute bop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute bop
+these are heroin addicts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are heroin addicts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are heroin addicts that are
+recovering and they tend to have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering and they tend to have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering and they tend to have um
+often cravings and dop essentially helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often cravings and dop essentially helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often cravings and dop essentially helps
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+not to relapse and not to take heroin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to relapse and not to take heroin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to relapse and not to take heroin
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+and so they get at regular intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they get at regular intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they get at regular intervals
+they get bop doses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get bop doses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get bop doses
+now it would be sort of unethical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it would be sort of unethical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it would be sort of unethical to
+withhold people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withhold people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withhold people
+on these doses but what the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these doses but what the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these doses but what the experiment
+was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing
+and it's still sort of ethically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still sort of ethically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still sort of ethically
+ethically perhaps tricky but what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethically perhaps tricky but what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethically perhaps tricky but what they
+were asking for is people's willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asking for is people's willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asking for is people's willingness
+to pay for a second dose of heroin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for a second dose of heroin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for a second dose of heroin
+of the ap the heroin substitute so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ap the heroin substitute so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ap the heroin substitute so all
+individuals in the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the experiments
+regularly regularly receive their single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly regularly receive their single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly regularly receive their single
+dose of bop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose of bop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose of bop
+and um and then there's also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then there's also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then there's also like
+an additional dose they could get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional dose they could get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional dose they could get and
+then there was some variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was some variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was some variation in the
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+what was the duration there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the duration there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the duration there was
+variation in the state of deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the state of deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the state of deprivation
+so um people were either asking all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um people were either asking all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um people were either asking all the
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+our willingness to pay for a second dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our willingness to pay for a second dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our willingness to pay for a second dose
+of vop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vop
+right everybody always got the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody always got the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody always got the first
+those but then uh there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but then uh there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but then uh there was some
+variation in timing for some people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in timing for some people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in timing for some people um
+uh the more deprived condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the more deprived condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the more deprived condition
+people ask about their willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask about their willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask about their willingness to
+pay for a second dose two hours before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for a second dose two hours before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for a second dose two hours before
+the scheduled first those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheduled first those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheduled first those
+and the last deprived people were asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last deprived people were asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last deprived people were asked
+like right after the scheduled first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right after the scheduled first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right after the scheduled first
+stones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones
+again everybody's getting a first close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again everybody's getting a first close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again everybody's getting a first close
+and we're asking about willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're asking about willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're asking about willingness to
+pay for a second dose otus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for a second dose otus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for a second dose otus
+some people ask about this two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people ask about this two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people ask about this two hours
+before the scheduled first dose when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the scheduled first dose when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the scheduled first dose when
+they're really sort of deprived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really sort of deprived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really sort of deprived and
+craving when they really want their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craving when they really want their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craving when they really want their
+first dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first dose
+and others are asked when they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others are asked when they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others are asked when they're less
+deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived
+right after the scheduled first stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the scheduled first stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the scheduled first stops
+notice that the second dose is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the second dose is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the second dose is always
+held constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held constant
+so everybody always gets the first dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody always gets the first dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody always gets the first dose
+and the second dose is held constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second dose is held constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second dose is held constant in
+the future at least in those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future at least in those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future at least in those kinds of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so really the willingness to pay should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the willingness to pay should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the willingness to pay should
+not depend on your current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on your current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on your current state
+right in the future you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the future you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the future you're going to get
+a second dose which is once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second dose which is once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second dose which is once you have
+already gotten the first dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gotten the first dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gotten the first dose
+so like whether you i ask you like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like whether you i ask you like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like whether you i ask you like two
+hours before or right after your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours before or right after your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours before or right after your
+schedule goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule goes through
+will have more effect on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have more effect on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have more effect on your
+willingness to pay in the future because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay in the future because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay in the future because
+that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna
+that experience is held fixed and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience is held fixed and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience is held fixed and you
+always get the first bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get the first bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get the first bills
+now they also asked varied in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they also asked varied in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they also asked varied in addition
+the timing of a potential second dose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing of a potential second dose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing of a potential second dose so
+sometimes the second dose was later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the second dose was later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the second dose was later on
+the same day and sometimes the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day and sometimes the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day and sometimes the second
+dose was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose was
+during the next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what do badger badger adele find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do badger badger adele find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do badger badger adele find
+they find that people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that people's willingness to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+very systematically with the state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematically with the state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematically with the state and
+the deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadline
+what's the state here the state is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the state here the state is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the state here the state is a
+state of deprivation whether people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of deprivation whether people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of deprivation whether people are
+more deprived or less deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deprived or less deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deprived or less deprived
+and then the timing is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the timing is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the timing is essentially
+either about today versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either about today versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either about today versus
+next week now the median willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week now the median willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week now the median willingness to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+for the second dose later today is fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second dose later today is fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second dose later today is fifty
+dollars in the satiated state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the satiated state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the satiated state and
+seventy five dollars in the deprived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy five dollars in the deprived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy five dollars in the deprived
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+now we're gonna um get back to this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna um get back to this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna um get back to this how
+we think about this how we can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about this how we can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about this how we can explain
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+but basically the way that we explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the way that we explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the way that we explain
+this is that in the deprived state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that in the deprived state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that in the deprived state
+people's willingness to pay um is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay um is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay um is higher
+um because they really really want like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they really really want like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they really really want like
+a first dose so people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first dose so people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first dose so people's willingness to
+pay for the first dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the first dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the first dose
+is high in the price state and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high in the price state and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high in the price state and it's
+lower in the satiated state because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in the satiated state because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in the satiated state because i
+already have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the
+or the sorry people's willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sorry people's willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sorry people's willingness to pay
+for any additional dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any additional dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any additional dose
+is high in the deprived state because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high in the deprived state because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high in the deprived state because
+they haven't even gotten the first those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't even gotten the first those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't even gotten the first those
+and it's lower on in the associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's lower on in the associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's lower on in the associated
+state but what people seem to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but what people seem to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but what people seem to be doing
+now they seem to have like a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they seem to have like a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they seem to have like a hard time
+imagining their utility in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining their utility in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining their utility in the future
+that is to say in the future both people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say in the future both people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say in the future both people
+will be satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be satiated
+so what's happening here is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening here is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening here is that people
+when people are in the deprived state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are in the deprived state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are in the deprived state
+they really really want bup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really really want bup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really really want bup
+and they're willing to pay more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're willing to pay more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're willing to pay more than
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+in the satiated state again for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the satiated state again for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the satiated state again for the
+second dose of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second dose of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second dose of the future
+now there's also some evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also some evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's also some evidence of
+willingness to pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for the
+second dose next week and again people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second dose next week and again people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second dose next week and again people's
+willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay
+and so the previous one was later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the previous one was later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the previous one was later today
+uh now it's for the next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now it's for the next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now it's for the next week
+people's willingness to pay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's willingness to pay and the
+deprived state is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived state is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived state is uh
+sixty dollars in the satiated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty dollars in the satiated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty dollars in the satiated state
+that's thirty five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thirty five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thirty five dollars
+so um again people's willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um again people's willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um again people's willingness to pay
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+higher in the deprived state that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in the deprived state that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in the deprived state that is to
+say when in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when in
+the private state really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private state really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private state really really really
+people want to be a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to be a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to be a p
+and they cannot really imagine that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they cannot really imagine that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they cannot really imagine that in
+the next week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next week um
+people's uh when they're satiated there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh when they're satiated there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh when they're satiated there
+they will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will actually
+want bop um less to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want bop um less to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want bop um less to be clear
+in both the um uh the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the um uh the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the um uh the first one
+the late those is later today and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late those is later today and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late those is later today and when
+it doses next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doses next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doses next week
+uh it'll always be the case that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll always be the case that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll always be the case that people
+have already received the first date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already received the first date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already received the first date
+those and then the question is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and then the question is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and then the question is always
+about what's your willingness to pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's your willingness to pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's your willingness to pay to
+receive a second dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a second dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a second dose
+so when they're in the future they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they're in the future they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they're in the future they will
+always be satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be satiated
+but people in the deprived states seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people in the deprived states seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people in the deprived states seem
+to be reacting or seem to be behaving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reacting or seem to be behaving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reacting or seem to be behaving as
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+in the future they would also be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future they would also be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future they would also be in the
+deprived state but of course people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived state but of course people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived state but of course people will
+be in the satiated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the satiated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the satiated state
+so people seem to overestimate uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people seem to overestimate uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people seem to overestimate uh when
+they're under the private set how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're under the private set how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're under the private set how much
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+would like the second dose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like the second dose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like the second dose in the
+satiated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated state
+in the future now here's another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future now here's another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future now here's another example
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+shelling and shelling is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling and shelling is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling and shelling is a beautiful
+writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer
+in economics he's one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics he's one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics he's one of the best
+writers that economics has granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers that economics has granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers that economics has granted
+there's lots of bad writing in economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of bad writing in economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of bad writing in economics
+but if you want to write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to write some
+read some beautiful writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some beautiful writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some beautiful writing
+by an economist shelling has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an economist shelling has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an economist shelling has a bunch of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+books that are really nice to read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that are really nice to read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that are really nice to read and
+essays that are really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays that are really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays that are really beautiful
+now in his paper 1984
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in his paper 1984
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in his paper 1984
+um he talks briefly about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he talks briefly about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he talks briefly about a
+controversial question which is the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial question which is the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial question which is the use
+of anesthesia during childbirth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anesthesia during childbirth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anesthesia during childbirth
+and why is that controversial well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that controversial well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that controversial well
+anesthesia is reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia is reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia is reducing
+the mother's pain during during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother's pain during during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother's pain during during
+childbirth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childbirth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childbirth
+but there's the potential for some side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's the potential for some side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's the potential for some side
+effects there's also the potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there's also the potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there's also the potential that
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh experience is is different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experience is is different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experience is is different and
+for both of those reasons some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of those reasons some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of those reasons some people
+argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+anesthesia is not warranted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia is not warranted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia is not warranted and
+decide not to do that now in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide not to do that now in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide not to do that now in many cases
+people's preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences
+change predictably over time first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change predictably over time first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change predictably over time first
+ex-ante before the woman gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex-ante before the woman gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex-ante before the woman gives
+birth many women prefer not to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth many women prefer not to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth many women prefer not to use
+anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia
+once there are in excruciating pain they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once there are in excruciating pain they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once there are in excruciating pain they
+request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request
+they request anesthesia from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they request anesthesia from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they request anesthesia from their
+doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor
+and then if they actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they actually get the
+anesthesia from the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia from the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia from the doctor
+exposed after um the child is born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed after um the child is born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed after um the child is born
+they regret their choice they say i wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they regret their choice they say i wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they regret their choice they say i wish
+i hadn't gotten anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't gotten anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't gotten anesthesia
+now that pattern holds even for women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that pattern holds even for women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that pattern holds even for women
+who have given birth before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have given birth before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have given birth before
+and it causes or it leads to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it causes or it leads to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it causes or it leads to a bunch of
+ethical dilemmas and legal issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical dilemmas and legal issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical dilemmas and legal issues
+for example to which patient is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to which patient is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to which patient is a
+physician obligated the one asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician obligated the one asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician obligated the one asking for
+anesthesia or the one who asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia or the one who asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia or the one who asked that
+that it be what would help right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it be what would help right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it be what would help right the
+person told the doctor like i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person told the doctor like i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person told the doctor like i really
+really do not want any anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do not want any anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do not want any anesthesia
+even if i ask you later please do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if i ask you later please do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if i ask you later please do not
+give me anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me anesthesia
+but then of course the person then yells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course the person then yells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course the person then yells
+at the doctor and says i really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the doctor and says i really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the doctor and says i really really
+want anesthesia give me anesthesia right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want anesthesia give me anesthesia right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want anesthesia give me anesthesia right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and so there's essentially different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's essentially different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's essentially different
+there's preference reversals people seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's preference reversals people seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's preference reversals people seem
+to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want
+different things at different points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things at different points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things at different points in
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+uh the doctor no you know can only make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the doctor no you know can only make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the doctor no you know can only make
+one of these two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two people
+happy and so no matter what the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and so no matter what the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and so no matter what the doctor
+does either if the person gets and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does either if the person gets and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does either if the person gets and just
+gives the person anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the person anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the person anesthesia
+then person number two in my list here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then person number two in my list here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then person number two in my list here
+above is going to be happy but person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above is going to be happy but person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above is going to be happy but person
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+person number three are unhappy or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person number three are unhappy or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person number three are unhappy or the
+person withholds anesthesia and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person withholds anesthesia and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person withholds anesthesia and then
+person number two is unhappy so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person number two is unhappy so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person number two is unhappy so either
+way the doctor cannot satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the doctor cannot satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the doctor cannot satisfy
+uh these different selves over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these different selves over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these different selves over time
+now can the physician enter a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can the physician enter a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can the physician enter a contract
+with the patient ex-ante before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patient ex-ante before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patient ex-ante before
+is it is it possible to have a legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it possible to have a legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it possible to have a legally
+binding contract here when he says like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding contract here when he says like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding contract here when he says like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+he or she says i'm not going to give any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she says i'm not going to give any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she says i'm not going to give any
+anesthesia and you told me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia and you told me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia and you told me so
+um do we want policies that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do we want policies that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do we want policies that such
+contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+make such contracts possible is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make such contracts possible is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make such contracts possible is that an
+is that a desirable thing to do is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a desirable thing to do is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a desirable thing to do is it a
+legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally
+required thing to do potentially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required thing to do potentially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required thing to do potentially or
+possible to require this legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to require this legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to require this legally
+i'm not sure but the point here really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure but the point here really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure but the point here really
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+um there is um uh some misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is um uh some misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is um uh some misprediction
+going on here right ex-ante the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here right ex-ante the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here right ex-ante the the
+person says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person says well
+if i'm in pain i will be fine i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm in pain i will be fine i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm in pain i will be fine i'm not
+gonna need anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need anesthesia
+but then of course when the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course when the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course when the person is
+actually in pain the person wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in pain the person wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in pain the person wants
+anesthesia so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia so essentially
+people seem to mispredict their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to mispredict their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to mispredict their
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+when they're in pain and that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're in pain and that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're in pain and that leads to
+all sorts of trouble here i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of trouble here i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of trouble here i really
+recommend you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you read the
+paper by shelling that's on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by shelling that's on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by shelling that's on the course
+website if you want to sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website if you want to sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website if you want to sort of think
+about this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit more
+now so far um we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far um we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far um we talked about that
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+change predictably due to changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change predictably due to changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change predictably due to changes in
+underlying states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying states
+now what are those those states it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are those those states it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are those those states it could
+be like pain hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like pain hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like pain hunger
+sleep and so on now there's additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and so on now there's additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and so on now there's additional
+status factors that people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status factors that people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status factors that people make
+systematic mistakes at predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic mistakes at predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic mistakes at predicting
+preference changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference changes
+right so people not only is it that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so people not only is it that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so people not only is it that your
+preferences are different when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are different when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are different when you're
+tired versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired versus
+not but people are also systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but people are also systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but people are also systematically
+mispredicting that preference change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredicting that preference change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredicting that preference change
+now what is production production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is production production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is production production bias
+to be clear it's the fact that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear it's the fact that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear it's the fact that people
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+appreciate changes in their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate changes in their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate changes in their preferences
+projecting their current preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting their current preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting their current preferences
+onto future preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto future preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto future preferences
+so production bias to be clear is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so production bias to be clear is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so production bias to be clear is not
+just some random misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some random misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some random misprediction
+but a misprediction with a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a misprediction with a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a misprediction with a systematic
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+so people seem to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people seem to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people seem to understand the
+direction of preference change but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of preference change but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of preference change but not
+the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+that is to say when people are hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say when people are hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say when people are hungry
+and think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about like
+how it's gonna feel when they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's gonna feel when they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's gonna feel when they're not
+hungry anymore they kind of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry anymore they kind of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry anymore they kind of understand
+that eventually they will not be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eventually they will not be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eventually they will not be hungry
+and that maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that maybe you know
+suppose you're really hungry and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're really hungry and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're really hungry and really
+want potato chips you sort of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want potato chips you sort of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want potato chips you sort of understand
+that you don't really want that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't really want that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't really want that many
+potato chips um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato chips um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato chips um
+when you're full nevertheless when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're full nevertheless when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're full nevertheless when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are hungry they buy like 10 bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potato chips as if they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potato chips as if they were like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry at least for like half of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry at least for like half of their
+life even though they're just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life even though they're just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life even though they're just you know
+they're going to be hungry for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be hungry for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be hungry for the next
+hour or two because then they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or two because then they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or two because then they're going
+to go home and go eat um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home and go eat um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home and go eat um
+and so on so people seem to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so people seem to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so people seem to understand
+the direction of people's preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of people's preferences
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of people's preferences
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under appreciation of the effects of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under appreciation of the effects of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know perhaps not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know perhaps not the most
+economically important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically important
+um uh part of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh part of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh part of of
+production buyers be the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production buyers be the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but there's two reasons to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this evidence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one it's perhaps the clearest
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one it's perhaps the clearest
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of production bias
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of production bias
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+with changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with changes in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+their levels of hunger so any
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+misprediction isn't due to the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction isn't due to the lack of
+opportunity to learn really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to learn really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to learn really
+one should have probably learned uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should have probably learned uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should have probably learned uh this
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+for some other instances where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other instances where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other instances where you know
+um this is only for example if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is only for example if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is only for example if you have
+lots of physical pain or for childbirth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of physical pain or for childbirth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of physical pain or for childbirth
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well um uh you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well um uh you know that
+seems to be like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be like uh
+sometimes even one-in-a-lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even one-in-a-lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even one-in-a-lifetime
+experience where like people really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where like people really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where like people really um
+it's sort of understandable that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of understandable that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of understandable that people
+mispredict uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredict uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredict uh
+uh their preferences when they be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their preferences when they be an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their preferences when they be an
+excitement they are in excruciating pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement they are in excruciating pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement they are in excruciating pain
+um but that's sort of understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's sort of understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's sort of understandable
+because you haven't experienced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you haven't experienced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you haven't experienced it
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+and even you know for somebody a mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even you know for somebody a mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even you know for somebody a mother
+who has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has given
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has given
+birth to a child before that mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth to a child before that mother
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth to a child before that mother
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+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of just not
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of just not
+misremember to some degree but when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misremember to some degree but when it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+misremember to some degree but when it
+comes to hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to hunger
+people have been hungry so many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been hungry so many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been hungry so many times
+and full and so on so like really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and full and so on so like really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and full and so on so like really you
+have lots and lots of opportunities to
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+ align:start position:0%
+have lots and lots of opportunities to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots and lots of opportunities to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+what your preferences are when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your preferences are when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your preferences are when you're
+hungry um versus not so really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry um versus not so really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry um versus not so really it
+shouldn't be about a lack of opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be about a lack of opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be about a lack of opportunity
+to learn now people buy more on an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn now people buy more on an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn now people buy more on an empty
+stomach that can be interpreted as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach that can be interpreted as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach that can be interpreted as a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+beneficial production bias hungry people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial production bias hungry people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial production bias hungry people
+act as if their future taste for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as if their future taste for food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as if their future taste for food
+will reflect their current hunger at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reflect their current hunger at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reflect their current hunger at
+least to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to some
+degree or more so than it actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or more so than it actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or more so than it actually does
+but it's not completely clean evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not completely clean evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not completely clean evidence
+of production bias because there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production bias because there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production bias because there could
+be always other things going on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be always other things going on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be always other things going on for
+example if you're really hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're really hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're really hungry
+um you might focus uh some things might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might focus uh some things might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might focus uh some things might
+be more salient to you and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more salient to you and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more salient to you and you know
+there you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you might
+sort of buy certain things more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of buy certain things more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of buy certain things more because
+um you pay more attention for example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you pay more attention for example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you pay more attention for example to
+potato chips and really sort of learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato chips and really sort of learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato chips and really sort of learn
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+exciting potato chips are and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting potato chips are and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting potato chips are and so on but
+um let's just go with hunger um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just go with hunger um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just go with hunger um
+for now there's lots of other evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now there's lots of other evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now there's lots of other evidence
+of production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production bias
+in addition to to the hunger example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to to the hunger example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to to the hunger example
+now remember the paper on that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the paper on that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the paper on that we
+discussed on food choices by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed on food choices by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed on food choices by
+wheat and van loyvan this is the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat and van loyvan this is the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat and van loyvan this is the paper
+where office workers are asked to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where office workers are asked to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where office workers are asked to choose
+between a healthy snack and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a healthy snack and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a healthy snack and an
+unhealthy snack now so far we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy snack now so far we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy snack now so far we have
+looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this as a piece of evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this as a piece of evidence for
+present bias we were looking at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias we were looking at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias we were looking at when
+people are choosing for the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are choosing for the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are choosing for the present
+right now versus when they choose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now versus when they choose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now versus when they choose for
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+do people make more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people make more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people make more uh
+unhealthy choices when they choose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy choices when they choose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy choices when they choose for
+the present that is to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present that is to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present that is to say this
+nice fact that we found was that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fact that we found was that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fact that we found was that when
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+choosing snacks for the future they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing snacks for the future they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing snacks for the future they were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+quite likely to choose healthy snacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely to choose healthy snacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely to choose healthy snacks
+you know you choose salad for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you choose salad for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you choose salad for the future
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as your um snack in the afternoon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your um snack in the afternoon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your um snack in the afternoon and
+when then and you ask again like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when then and you ask again like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when then and you ask again like right
+now or today what would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or today what would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or today what would you like
+people to seem to switch their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to seem to switch their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to seem to switch their
+preferences towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences towards
+unhealthy snacks that rather have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy snacks that rather have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy snacks that rather have like
+um chocolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chocolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chocolates
+and so we interpreted that at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we interpreted that at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we interpreted that at the time
+as evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as evidence of
+present bias and surely it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias and surely it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias and surely it seems like
+that is evidence of present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is evidence of present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is evidence of present bias
+now in addition now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition now we're going to
+consider variation in the timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider variation in the timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider variation in the timing of
+those choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices
+so some people were asked when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people were asked when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people were asked when they were
+hungry late in the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry late in the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry late in the afternoon
+others were asked when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others were asked when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others were asked when they were
+satiated or arguably satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated or arguably satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated or arguably satiated
+immediately after lunch and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch and then the
+snacks were to be received in one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snacks were to be received in one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snacks were to be received in one week
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+how constant timing otherwise the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how constant timing otherwise the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how constant timing otherwise the timing
+is held constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is held constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is held constant
+so we're always going to look at choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're always going to look at choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're always going to look at choices
+for snacks to be received in one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the uh in some of the cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh in some of the cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh in some of the cases the
+snacks were uh to be received when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snacks were uh to be received when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snacks were uh to be received when
+people were hungry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were hungry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were hungry or
+likely hungry late in the afternoon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely hungry late in the afternoon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely hungry late in the afternoon in
+some other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cases
+um the snacks were received when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the snacks were received when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the snacks were received when people
+were satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were satiated
+immediately after lunch okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch okay so there's
+like four cases here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four cases here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four cases here
+there's the timing of choice either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the timing of choice either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the timing of choice either
+people ask where they're hungry versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask where they're hungry versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask where they're hungry versus
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um and then the timing of the receipt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the timing of the receipt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the timing of the receipt of
+the snack which is when they were hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snack which is when they were hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snack which is when they were hungry
+versus not the question now is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not the question now is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not the question now is are
+hungry people now good or bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry people now good or bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry people now good or bad at
+predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting
+their preferences when they're satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences when they're satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences when they're satiated
+and or satiated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or satiated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or satiated people
+are good or bad when they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good or bad when they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good or bad when they're um
+predicting their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting their preferences
+when they're hungry sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're hungry sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're hungry sort of in the
+different state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state
+okay so we're going to interpret here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to interpret here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to interpret here um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+so here's a table i'm from reading van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a table i'm from reading van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a table i'm from reading van
+loyden table number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyden table number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyden table number one
+uh it's a bit of a sort of confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a bit of a sort of confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a bit of a sort of confusing
+table um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um
+for no good reason uh let me just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for no good reason uh let me just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for no good reason uh let me just walk
+you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very
+quickly through that table so the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly through that table so the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly through that table so the rows
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+the current hunger and the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current hunger and the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current hunger and the columns are
+future hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future hunger
+so the first row is when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first row is when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first row is when people were
+asked when they were hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked when they were hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked when they were hungry
+so this is like late in the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like late in the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like late in the afternoon
+the second row is people were asked when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row is people were asked when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row is people were asked when
+they were satiated that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were satiated that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were satiated that's like
+um right after lunch and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right after lunch and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right after lunch and then the
+columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are
+um again remember all of the choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again remember all of the choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again remember all of the choices are
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+next week so the first column is choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week so the first column is choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week so the first column is choices
+for when people were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when people were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when people were um
+hungry that's late in the afternoon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry that's late in the afternoon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry that's late in the afternoon and
+the second column is when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column is when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column is when people were
+satiated that's right after lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated that's right after lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated that's right after lunch
+remember again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember again
+all choices are for next weeks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all choices are for next weeks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all choices are for next weeks or
+for one week in the future now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one week in the future now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one week in the future now
+we can interpret now the main diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can interpret now the main diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can interpret now the main diagonal
+of this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this table
+as reflecting people's true preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reflecting people's true preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reflecting people's true preferences
+that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+here's no projection bias here people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's no projection bias here people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's no projection bias here people
+are asked when hungry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asked when hungry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asked when hungry about
+to predict what they wanted or to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what they wanted or to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what they wanted or to say
+what they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wanted
+in the future when they were likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future when they were likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future when they were likely
+going to be hungry as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hungry as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hungry as well
+that is to say 78 of people are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say 78 of people are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say 78 of people are um
+choosing an unhealthy snack for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an unhealthy snack for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an unhealthy snack for the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+um when they're hungry so that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're hungry so that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're hungry so that's in the
+late afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late afternoon
+for the future case when they're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the future case when they're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the future case when they're in the
+late afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late afternoon
+in contrast only 26 percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast only 26 percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast only 26 percent of people
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+um uh the unhealthy snack when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the unhealthy snack when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the unhealthy snack when they're
+satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated
+that is um right after lunch uh for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um right after lunch uh for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um right after lunch uh for when
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh the
+snack will be delivered in one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snack will be delivered in one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snack will be delivered in one week
+right after lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after lunch
+right so there's here's no production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's here's no production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's here's no production
+bias here because essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias here because essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias here because essentially this
+underlying state hunger is held constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying state hunger is held constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying state hunger is held constant
+hungry people uh predict them for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry people uh predict them for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry people uh predict them for when
+they're hungry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hungry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hungry or
+asking what they want when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what they want when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what they want when they're
+hungry 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry 78
+of people think they want unhealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people think they want unhealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people think they want unhealthy
+stuff and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and um uh
+again satiated people 26 of people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again satiated people 26 of people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again satiated people 26 of people say
+um they want unhealthy stuff so 74 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they want unhealthy stuff so 74 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they want unhealthy stuff so 74 of
+people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say
+they want the healthy snack in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the healthy snack in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the healthy snack in contrast
+when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're
+satiated okay so again that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated okay so again that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated okay so again that's that's
+what's written here late in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written here late in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written here late in the
+afternoon when people are hungry 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon when people are hungry 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon when people are hungry 78
+percent of people choose the unhealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people choose the unhealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people choose the unhealthy
+snack for the late afternoon when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snack for the late afternoon when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snack for the late afternoon when they
+will be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be hungry
+immediately after lunch when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch when they're
+satiated 26 percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated 26 percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated 26 percent of people
+choose the unhealthy snack for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the unhealthy snack for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the unhealthy snack for
+immediately after lunch when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after lunch when they
+will be satiated now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be satiated now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be satiated now
+then what we see here is um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we see here is um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we see here is um uh uh
+the the entries that are off the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the entries that are off the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the entries that are off the main
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+those data fit the pattern of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data fit the pattern of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data fit the pattern of projection
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+now what do i mean by that let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do i mean by that let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do i mean by that let's look
+first that when people who are hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that when people who are hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that when people who are hungry
+but expect to be satiated that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but expect to be satiated that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but expect to be satiated that is the
+um the the first row here current uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the first row here current uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the first row here current uh
+hunger is hungry that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger is hungry that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger is hungry that's essentially
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ask late in the afternoon or think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask late in the afternoon or think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask late in the afternoon or think about
+this as being lightly hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being lightly hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being lightly hungry
+and they ask about like when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask about like when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask about like when uh
+what do they want when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they want when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they want when they are
+um when they're satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're satiated
+that is like right after um lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like right after um lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like right after um lunch
+now remember um when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember um when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember um when people were
+satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated
+26 of people said they wanted an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 of people said they wanted an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 of people said they wanted an
+unhealthy snack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy snack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy snack
+now when people are hungry 42 of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when people are hungry 42 of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when people are hungry 42 of people
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+they want an unhealthy snack so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want an unhealthy snack so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want an unhealthy snack so that
+fraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is
+higher so that is very much consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so that is very much consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so that is very much consistent
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+projection bias the reason being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias the reason being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias the reason being that
+when hungry when people are hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when hungry when people are hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when hungry when people are hungry
+um and say what they want for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and say what they want for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and say what they want for themselves
+um in the hungry state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the hungry state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the hungry state
+well 78 percent of people say they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 78 percent of people say they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 78 percent of people say they want
+the unhealthy snack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unhealthy snack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unhealthy snack
+if people did not have any production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people did not have any production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people did not have any production
+bias they really should be saying 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias they really should be saying 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias they really should be saying 26
+if you sort of believe that satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of believe that satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of believe that satiated
+people know best what they want when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know best what they want when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know best what they want when
+they beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they beat
+when they will be satiated instead 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they will be satiated instead 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they will be satiated instead 42
+the higher fraction of people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher fraction of people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher fraction of people say
+they want um an unhealthy snack um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want um an unhealthy snack um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want um an unhealthy snack um or
+while when predicting or when when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when predicting or when when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when predicting or when when when
+i'm answering while they're hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm answering while they're hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm answering while they're hungry
+for when they would be satiated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they would be satiated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they would be satiated so
+people seem to understand the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to understand the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to understand the direction
+in which their tastes change as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which their tastes change as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which their tastes change as they
+become satiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become satiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become satiated
+but they underestimate the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they underestimate the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they underestimate the magnitude of
+this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change
+similarly people who are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly people who are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly people who are currently
+satiated but expect to be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated but expect to be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiated but expect to be hungry
+underestimate the effect of hunger on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate the effect of hunger on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate the effect of hunger on
+their preferences for unhealthy snacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for unhealthy snacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for unhealthy snacks
+remember um satiated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry hungry people um when they when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry hungry people um when they when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry hungry people um when they when
+they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to
+when they choose for uh next week when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they choose for uh next week when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they choose for uh next week when
+they will be hungry 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be hungry 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be hungry 78
+of people say um they want the unhealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people say um they want the unhealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people say um they want the unhealthy
+snack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snack
+now in contrast when they associated 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast when they associated 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast when they associated 56
+of people choose the unhealthy snack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people choose the unhealthy snack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people choose the unhealthy snack so
+again that fraction now deviates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that fraction now deviates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that fraction now deviates from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fraction when people are are hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction when people are are hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction when people are are hungry
+which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again
+consistent with people understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with people understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with people understand the
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+in which tastes change as they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which tastes change as they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which tastes change as they become
+hungry but they underestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry but they underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry but they underestimate the
+magnitude of this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this change
+so satiated people think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so satiated people think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so satiated people think that when
+they're in the future hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the future hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the future hungry
+they will behave um at least a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will behave um at least a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will behave um at least a little
+bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like
+as if they were satiated and hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were satiated and hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were satiated and hungry
+people seem to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to think that
+when they're satiated in the future they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're satiated in the future they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're satiated in the future they
+will still behave as if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still behave as if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still behave as if they were
+hungry notice that um uh that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry notice that um uh that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry notice that um uh that this
+misprediction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction is
+partial so again so both the the 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial so again so both the the 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial so again so both the the 42
+is in between the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in between the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in between the um
+the 42 is in between the uh 26 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 42 is in between the uh 26 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 42 is in between the uh 26 percent
+and the um let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the 42 is in between the 26 and the 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 42 is in between the 26 and the 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 42 is in between the 26 and the 78
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+and again the 56 percent is between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the 56 percent is between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the 56 percent is between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 78 so there's essentially some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 78 so there's essentially some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 78 so there's essentially some
+partial misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial misprediction
+um going on here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going on here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going on here now
+uh let me show you now a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me show you now a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me show you now a number of other
+examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+um projection bias and then i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um projection bias and then i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um projection bias and then i'm gonna
+write down a little model that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a little model that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a little model that sort of
+captures um this intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures um this intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures um this intuition
+or the iteration that's here so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the iteration that's here so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the iteration that's here so uh uh
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+another example is catalog orders this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is catalog orders this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is catalog orders this
+is condo nadal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is condo nadal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is condo nadal
+imagine um there's a cold evening it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um there's a cold evening it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um there's a cold evening it's
+really cold outside maybe you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold outside maybe you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold outside maybe you were just
+outside and so on and then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so on and then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so on and then you are
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+shopping notice that in condolence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping notice that in condolence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping notice that in condolence
+really it's catalog orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's catalog orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's catalog orders
+and not online shopping because online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not online shopping because online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not online shopping because online
+shopping didn't quite exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping didn't quite exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping didn't quite exist
+at the time uh but any in any case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh but any in any case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh but any in any case you
+imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you
+buy online a warm uh jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy online a warm uh jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy online a warm uh jacket
+and again it's like really cold right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's like really cold right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's like really cold right
+now you really wish you had a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you really wish you had a warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you really wish you had a warm
+jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket
+but then when the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when the the
+warm jacket arrives it's 30 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm jacket arrives it's 30 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm jacket arrives it's 30 degrees
+warmer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer um
+uh when that happens now um that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when that happens now um that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when that happens now um that could
+could not be or potentially is a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be or potentially is a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be or potentially is a mistake
+in particular if it's an unusually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if it's an unusually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if it's an unusually um
+cold um a day if people have production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold um a day if people have production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold um a day if people have production
+bias they might sort of think that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias they might sort of think that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias they might sort of think that well
+right now they really need like a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they really need like a warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they really need like a warm
+jacket and they can't even imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and they can't even imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and they can't even imagine that
+they might not need this warm jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not need this warm jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not need this warm jacket
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+um in a few days from when it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a few days from when it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a few days from when it actually
+arrives from the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives from the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives from the order
+and so the hypothesis is that production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hypothesis is that production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hypothesis is that production
+bias leads to an increase in purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias leads to an increase in purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias leads to an increase in purchases
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cold water weather items on cold weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold water weather items on cold weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold water weather items on cold weather
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and not only that but controlling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that but controlling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that but controlling for
+received day temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received day temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received day temperature the
+likelihood of returning a cold weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of returning a cold weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of returning a cold weather
+object is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is higher
+when the day of ordering was cool so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the day of ordering was cool so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the day of ordering was cool so not
+only are buying people are buying more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are buying people are buying more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are buying people are buying more
+cold weather items on cold weather days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold weather items on cold weather days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold weather items on cold weather days
+that seems very reasonable because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems very reasonable because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems very reasonable because you
+know you might just say i always wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might just say i always wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might just say i always wanted
+a jacket anyway it's really cold and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jacket anyway it's really cold and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a jacket anyway it's really cold and i
+that just reminds me that i really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just reminds me that i really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just reminds me that i really need
+one or for example it's really rainy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or for example it's really rainy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or for example it's really rainy and
+you buy an umbrella because again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy an umbrella because again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy an umbrella because again you
+sort of just remember that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just remember that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just remember that you really
+needed one or maybe if you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed one or maybe if you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed one or maybe if you got it
+somewhere and so on but the telling part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and so on but the telling part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and so on but the telling part
+here is that the likelihood of returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the likelihood of returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the likelihood of returning
+the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold
+weather item object is higher when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather item object is higher when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather item object is higher when the
+day of ordering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of ordering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of ordering um
+was called right and that's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called right and that's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called right and that's very much
+consistent with production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with production bias
+people on cold weather days act as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on cold weather days act as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on cold weather days act as if
+um the future were only full of cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the future were only full of cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the future were only full of cold
+weather days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather days
+and therefore their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore their preferences
+would be such that they would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be such that they would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be such that they would always
+want cold weather items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want cold weather items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want cold weather items
+or differently people act as if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differently people act as if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or differently people act as if um
+their preferences for cold weather items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for cold weather items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for cold weather items
+who really want a warm jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really want a warm jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really want a warm jacket
+would not change even if in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not change even if in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not change even if in the future
+there will be warm days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be warm days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be warm days
+notice that in some of this evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in some of this evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in some of this evidence
+what's hard to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's hard to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's hard to distinguish
+is the the the predicting people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the predicting people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the predicting people's
+preference change in the future versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference change in the future versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference change in the future versus
+predicting future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting future
+states so if somebody predicted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so if somebody predicted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so if somebody predicted that
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+cold forever you would act in the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold forever you would act in the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold forever you would act in the exact
+same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+as if like you predicted that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if like you predicted that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if like you predicted that your
+preferences are such that you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are such that you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are such that you always
+want warm jackets you're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want warm jackets you're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want warm jackets you're always going to
+be cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cooled
+now production bias is about the latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now production bias is about the latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now production bias is about the latter
+it's about people's preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about people's preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about people's preferences
+but often it's actually hard to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often it's actually hard to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often it's actually hard to separate
+predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+predictions of probabilities of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of probabilities of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of probabilities of how how
+likely it is that it's going to be cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely it is that it's going to be cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely it is that it's going to be cold
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+from predictions of people's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from predictions of people's utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from predictions of people's utility
+um another example is car purchases on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another example is car purchases on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another example is car purchases on
+sunny versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny versus
+rainy or cold days imagine it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy or cold days imagine it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy or cold days imagine it's a nice
+sunny day and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny day and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny day and you go
+car shopping as you do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car shopping as you do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car shopping as you do it well
+why and the the car dela offers your on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and the the car dela offers your on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and the the car dela offers your on
+audi tt um you know why i guess i never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audi tt um you know why i guess i never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audi tt um you know why i guess i never
+thought of the audi gt you go for a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of the audi gt you go for a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of the audi gt you go for a test
+drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+and the wind whips through your air it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wind whips through your air it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wind whips through your air it's
+really sunny and great and like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sunny and great and like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sunny and great and like having
+this this car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this car
+during the sunny day is really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the sunny day is really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the sunny day is really amazing
+so you know you would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you would love to
+to buy a car like this why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a car like this why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a car like this why not
+imagine in contrast car purchases on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in contrast car purchases on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in contrast car purchases on an
+icy day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icy day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icy day
+imagine your car shopping around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your car shopping around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your car shopping around the
+time of a freak snowstorm you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of a freak snowstorm you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of a freak snowstorm you kind of
+wanted to have a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have a car
+and somehow it's a snowstorm when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow it's a snowstorm when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow it's a snowstorm when you go
+car shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car shopping
+now the car dealer says how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the car dealer says how about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the car dealer says how about this
+grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand
+uh jeep grand um cherokee you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jeep grand um cherokee you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jeep grand um cherokee you know what
+you might say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say what
+why i guess i never thought of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i guess i never thought of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i guess i never thought of the the
+jeep grand cherokee why not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeep grand cherokee why not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeep grand cherokee why not um
+try it you go for a test drive and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it you go for a test drive and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it you go for a test drive and you
+main traction on the black eyes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main traction on the black eyes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main traction on the black eyes and you
+jump the curb with these it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump the curb with these it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump the curb with these it's just
+amazing now you might just say well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing now you might just say well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing now you might just say well i
+would love a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love a car
+like this now what people seem to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now what people seem to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now what people seem to then
+forgetting in both of these examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting in both of these examples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting in both of these examples is
+that it might just happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might just happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might just happen to be
+a really uh bad snow day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really uh bad snow day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really uh bad snow day
+on that particular day or it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that particular day or it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that particular day or it might have
+just been like really sunny on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been like really sunny on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been like really sunny on that
+particular day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular day
+and things might change um over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things might change um over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things might change um over time and
+people might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might not
+um understand that their preferences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um understand that their preferences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um understand that their preferences for
+the audi versus the jeep might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audi versus the jeep might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audi versus the jeep might change
+with the weather over time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weather over time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weather over time and that's
+exactly what buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what buses
+are looking at they're looking at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at they're looking at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at they're looking at how
+does weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does weather
+impact auto mobile purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact auto mobile purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact auto mobile purchases
+and in particular what they look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what they look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what they look at is
+the weather on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather on or
+the prediction is that the weather or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction is that the weather or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction is that the weather or
+the neoclassical prediction is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neoclassical prediction is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neoclassical prediction is that the
+weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+on the day of a car purchase should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the day of a car purchase should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the day of a car purchase should have
+no influence on the type of car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no influence on the type of car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no influence on the type of car
+bought so now what blizzard now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought so now what blizzard now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought so now what blizzard now look at
+is do idiosyncratic weather conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do idiosyncratic weather conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do idiosyncratic weather conditions
+controlling for time of year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for time of year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for time of year
+predict car sales and then in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict car sales and then in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict car sales and then in particular
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+returns of those cars and they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns of those cars and they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns of those cars and they look at
+two types of cars in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of cars in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of cars in particular
+convertibles and then they look at four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles and then they look at four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles and then they look at four
+wheel drives like the jeep that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel drives like the jeep that i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel drives like the jeep that i just
+showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you
+and the key part here is that you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key part here is that you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key part here is that you look
+at like idiosyncratic weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like idiosyncratic weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like idiosyncratic weather
+conditions that is to say controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that is to say controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that is to say controlling
+for time of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time of the year
+suppose it's an unusually warm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's an unusually warm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's an unusually warm and
+unusually colder icy day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually colder icy day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually colder icy day
+does that predict people's car sales um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that predict people's car sales um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that predict people's car sales um
+our purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purchases
+and particularly also the returns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly also the returns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly also the returns of
+those cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cars
+now the the buying patterns are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the buying patterns are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the buying patterns are very
+much consistent with production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much consistent with production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much consistent with production bias
+people buy more convertibles and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy more convertibles and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy more convertibles and good
+weather days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather days and
+more four-wheel drives on bad weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more four-wheel drives on bad weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more four-wheel drives on bad weather
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and then in particular and again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular and again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular and again that
+evidence by itself is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence by itself is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence by itself is not necessarily
+production bias it could just be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias it could just be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias it could just be a good
+weather day and you kind of always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather day and you kind of always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather day and you kind of always
+wanted to buy a really nice car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to buy a really nice car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to buy a really nice car and
+therefore you just do it on the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you just do it on the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you just do it on the good
+weather day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather day
+but people are also more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are also more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are also more likely to
+return their convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return their convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return their convertible
+if they bought it in a good good weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they bought it in a good good weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they bought it in a good good weather
+day and they're more likely to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they're more likely to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they're more likely to return
+their four-wheel drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their four-wheel drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their four-wheel drive
+if they bought it on a bad weather day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they bought it on a bad weather day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they bought it on a bad weather day
+and that's very much consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very much consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very much consistent with
+evidence of production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of production bias
+on a good weather day you think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a good weather day you think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a good weather day you think you know
+your convertible is going to be amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your convertible is going to be amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your convertible is going to be amazing
+forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+you're going to be love driving and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be love driving and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be love driving and even
+if it's going to be raining it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to be raining it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to be raining it's going
+to be amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be amazing
+but of course if it's raining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if it's raining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if it's raining a
+convertible is really not like a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible is really not like a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible is really not like a car
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+want to have or it's really cold outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have or it's really cold outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have or it's really cold outside
+that's really not a great car to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not a great car to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not a great car to have
+similarly um if you have a four-wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly um if you have a four-wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly um if you have a four-wheel
+drive and it's really warm and nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and it's really warm and nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and it's really warm and nice
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+you'd probably much rather have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably much rather have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably much rather have like a
+lighter car and or potentially even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter car and or potentially even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter car and or potentially even like
+a convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convertible
+now one important question here is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one important question here is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one important question here is now
+in any the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any the
+of the behavioral biases that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the behavioral biases that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the behavioral biases that we
+discussed is how does the market react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is how does the market react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed is how does the market react
+to such behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such behavior
+so one tricky part here is that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one tricky part here is that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one tricky part here is that you want
+to be kind of careful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of careful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of careful so
+on the one hand you might sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you might sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you might sort of say
+well let's exploit this kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's exploit this kind of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's exploit this kind of behavior
+and i think that's right you might sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's right you might sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's right you might sort
+of get people to purchase stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get people to purchase stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get people to purchase stuff that
+they don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily
+um want and truly that's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um want and truly that's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um want and truly that's happening in
+some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases
+but to the extent that people can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to the extent that people can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to the extent that people can just
+just return these items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return these items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return these items
+that's actually not necessarily a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not necessarily a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not necessarily a great
+idea particularly if you're if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea particularly if you're if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea particularly if you're if you're a
+policy it's car sales person and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it's car sales person and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it's car sales person and you
+sell people's stuff and then just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell people's stuff and then just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell people's stuff and then just come
+back and you have to deal with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you have to deal with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you have to deal with them and
+they're unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unhappy
+and maybe then at the end of the day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe then at the end of the day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe then at the end of the day to
+just return the car and actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return the car and actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return the car and actually don't
+buy anything eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy anything eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy anything eventually
+because they're unhappy that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're unhappy that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're unhappy that's really
+not great for you plus it wastes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great for you plus it wastes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great for you plus it wastes a lot
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+and effort on the other hand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effort on the other hand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effort on the other hand uh
+you know sometimes people might just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes people might just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes people might just not
+return things and they might just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return things and they might just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return things and they might just sort
+of get stuck with their car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get stuck with their car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get stuck with their car
+and and just leave it at that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just leave it at that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just leave it at that and then
+it might be a good idea to exploit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a good idea to exploit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a good idea to exploit this
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+in particular sort of like on on a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular sort of like on on a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular sort of like on on a good
+weather day you might want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather day you might want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather day you might want to try
+to sell people convertibles another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell people convertibles another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell people convertibles another
+thing you could potentially exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could potentially exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could potentially exploit
+is essentially people just have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially people just have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially people just have higher
+willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay
+suppose somebody really really wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose somebody really really wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose somebody really really wants to
+buy a convertible anyway regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a convertible anyway regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a convertible anyway regardless of
+the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather
+but on a good weather day their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on a good weather day their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on a good weather day their
+willingness to pay might be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay might be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay might be higher
+and so you might be able to sell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might be able to sell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might be able to sell them
+additional stuff so you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stuff so you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stuff so you might be able to
+to sell them maybe a nicer version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell them maybe a nicer version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell them maybe a nicer version of
+the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car
+which probably they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably they're not going to
+return because you know once they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return because you know once they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return because you know once they have
+it they're just going to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they're just going to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they're just going to keep it
+and so you might want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might want to um
+you know exploit that if you're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exploit that if you're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exploit that if you're on a
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+you might also um or there might also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also um or there might also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also um or there might also be
+some agency issues within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some agency issues within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some agency issues within the
+um the the car car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the car car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the car car
+um sales shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sales shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sales shop
+which is like if the sales person really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like if the sales person really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like if the sales person really
+wants to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to um
+sell things and is incentivized to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell things and is incentivized to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell things and is incentivized to sell
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and that's regardless of the returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's regardless of the returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's regardless of the returns
+then you might get into situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might get into situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might get into situations where
+in like sunny days lots of convertibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like sunny days lots of convertibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like sunny days lots of convertibles
+are being sold but they're all being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being sold but they're all being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being sold but they're all being
+returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned
+so if you are a company you kind of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are a company you kind of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are a company you kind of want
+to set the incentives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set the incentives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set the incentives right
+then like it's that car salesman gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like it's that car salesman gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like it's that car salesman gets
+only rewarded for stuff that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rewarded for stuff that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rewarded for stuff that's not
+returned because it precisely gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned because it precisely gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned because it precisely gets you
+like things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things that
+will not make you happy or profitable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not make you happy or profitable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not make you happy or profitable in
+the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run
+now there's a another um so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a another um so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a another um so as a
+customer now how might you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer now how might you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer now how might you take
+advantage of production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of production bias
+well in in some ways there's an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in in some ways there's an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in in some ways there's an article
+here that you can look at that argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can look at that argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can look at that argues
+that winter is the best time to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that winter is the best time to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that winter is the best time to buy a
+convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible
+and so the reason is of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason is of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason is of course is
+convertibles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles are
+are often cheaper in in winter in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often cheaper in in winter in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often cheaper in in winter in part
+because you know the car sales dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the car sales dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the car sales dealer
+might have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have like
+storage costs the like so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage costs the like so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage costs the like so the
+convertibles is actually cheaper or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles is actually cheaper or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles is actually cheaper or you
+know just because people are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just because people are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just because people are taking
+advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of
+in the summer but they really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the summer but they really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the summer but they really want
+convertibles now you might sell and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles now you might sell and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertibles now you might sell and say
+well let's just buy a convertible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just buy a convertible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just buy a convertible in the
+winter and i think that's in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter and i think that's in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter and i think that's in principle
+right if you have like the time to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have like the time to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have like the time to wait
+until the summer or like a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the summer or like a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the summer or like a long time
+horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon
+now you want to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you want to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you want to be a little bit careful
+with exploiting these market conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exploiting these market conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exploiting these market conditions
+um as a neoclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a neoclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a neoclassical
+agent uh which was manifested by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent uh which was manifested by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent uh which was manifested by uh
+some of my colleagues who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my colleagues who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my colleagues who um
+shall be named who wanted to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall be named who wanted to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall be named who wanted to buy a
+convertible uh sometime in the summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible uh sometime in the summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible uh sometime in the summer
+they were really excited about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really excited about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really excited about the
+convertible but then they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible but then they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible but then they should have
+realized that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that well
+winter is actually the time to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter is actually the time to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter is actually the time to buy a
+convertible because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible because it's going to be
+cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+so then i decided well let's just wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i decided well let's just wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i decided well let's just wait
+until the winter and then buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the winter and then buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the winter and then buy the
+convertible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible um
+then of course but then unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course but then unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course but then unfortunately
+happen or maybe fortunately and depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen or maybe fortunately and depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen or maybe fortunately and depends
+on the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the perspective
+once winter arrived they actually didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once winter arrived they actually didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once winter arrived they actually didn't
+want a convertible anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a convertible anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a convertible anymore
+because you know driving a winter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know driving a winter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know driving a winter a
+convertible in the winter is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible in the winter is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible in the winter is really not
+a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fun
+so projection bias perhaps um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so projection bias perhaps um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so projection bias perhaps um also
+kicked in with my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked in with my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked in with my colleagues
+where they then perhaps should have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they then perhaps should have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they then perhaps should have just
+bought the convertible and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the convertible and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the convertible and then
+predicted that in the summer they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that in the summer they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that in the summer they really
+wanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it
+but instead they didn't buy it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead they didn't buy it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead they didn't buy it because
+in winter who wants a convertible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in winter who wants a convertible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in winter who wants a convertible um
+in the winter so when exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter so when exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter so when exploiting
+behavioral biases from others you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral biases from others you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral biases from others you want
+to be careful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful that
+you might not be affected or that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be affected or that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be affected or that you
+may be affected by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be affected by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be affected by it
+yourself let me give you one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself let me give you one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself let me give you one last
+example which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is this
+example by van goghen and loinstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by van goghen and loinstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by van goghen and loinstein
+which is about thirst here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about thirst here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about thirst here
+visitors are asked before or after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors are asked before or after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors are asked before or after the
+gross cardiovascular workouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross cardiovascular workouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross cardiovascular workouts
+people go into the gym to complete a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go into the gym to complete a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go into the gym to complete a
+short survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short survey
+and the survey was as follows imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the survey was as follows imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the survey was as follows imagine
+that three vacationers in colorado this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three vacationers in colorado this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three vacationers in colorado this
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+august embarked on a short six mile hike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+august embarked on a short six mile hike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+august embarked on a short six mile hike
+as the day were on they realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the day were on they realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the day were on they realized that
+they were complete they were hopelessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were complete they were hopelessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were complete they were hopelessly
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+worse because they had packed lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because they had packed lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because they had packed lightly
+for a short hike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a short hike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a short hike
+they had not carried much in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had not carried much in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had not carried much in the way of
+food or water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or water
+and what people were asking about and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people were asking about and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people were asking about and so
+they were essentially given this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were essentially given this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were essentially given this um
+this this story and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this story and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this story and then um
+in the space below please uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space below please uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space below please uh they're
+asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the
+to do the following in the space below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the following in the space below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the following in the space below
+please take the perspective of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take the perspective of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take the perspective of one of
+the three hikers and describe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three hikers and describe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three hikers and describe your
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+how you got into it how you feel now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you got into it how you feel now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you got into it how you feel now
+both physically and mentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both physically and mentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both physically and mentally
+and what what you are um hoping will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what you are um hoping will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what you are um hoping will
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+and now um what happens or what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now um what happens or what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now um what happens or what the
+evidence of when logan and laurencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of when logan and laurencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of when logan and laurencing
+says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that
+thirsty subjects have way more empathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty subjects have way more empathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty subjects have way more empathy
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+others thirst so when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others thirst so when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others thirst so when you look at
+different outcomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes uh
+before and after um exercising remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after um exercising remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after um exercising remember
+after exercising is when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after exercising is when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after exercising is when people were
+thirsty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty
+uh third thirst was mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third thirst was mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third thirst was mentioned
+um uh uh before hunger and the essay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh before hunger and the essay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh before hunger and the essay for
+how thirsty people watch more thirst was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thirsty people watch more thirst was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thirsty people watch more thirst was
+unpleasant for hikers was mentioned much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant for hikers was mentioned much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant for hikers was mentioned much
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+hikers would regret not packing water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hikers would regret not packing water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hikers would regret not packing water
+thirst more unpleasant for the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst more unpleasant for the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirst more unpleasant for the self
+oneself would regret more uh uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneself would regret more uh uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneself would regret more uh uh not
+packing water so all of these items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing water so all of these items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing water so all of these items that
+i sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sort of like
+um first related people when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first related people when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first related people when they were
+thirsty after exercising were way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty after exercising were way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty after exercising were way more
+um focused on than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um focused on than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um focused on than than
+not so it is as if you like people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it is as if you like people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it is as if you like people are
+production bias in a sense like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias in a sense like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias in a sense like people
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+understand much more that the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand much more that the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand much more that the condition
+of thirst is really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thirst is really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thirst is really bad
+um when they're thirsty compared when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're thirsty compared when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're thirsty compared when
+they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not
+okay so let me take stock here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me take stock here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me take stock here what
+would we discuss so i showed you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we discuss so i showed you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we discuss so i showed you some
+evidence of production bias for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of production bias for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of production bias for many
+short run changes and preferences uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run changes and preferences uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run changes and preferences uh uh
+and sort of at least for some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of at least for some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of at least for some of them
+there's hunger thirst pain sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hunger thirst pain sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hunger thirst pain sleep
+weather addiction there's other evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather addiction there's other evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather addiction there's other evidence
+as well as arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as arousal
+um anger sadness and so on when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anger sadness and so on when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anger sadness and so on when people
+are in certain states they have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in certain states they have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in certain states they have trouble
+to predict their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict their preferences
+when they're not in that state now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not in that state now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not in that state now
+one key question that i don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one key question that i don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one key question that i don't have a
+great answer for you is why do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer for you is why do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer for you is why do people
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+learn people have lots have had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn people have lots have had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn people have lots have had lots of
+experience with a lot of these changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with a lot of these changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with a lot of these changes
+in particular when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular when you think about like
+sleep or hunger or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep or hunger or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep or hunger or the like
+but even for addiction people just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even for addiction people just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even for addiction people just have
+smoked a cigarette versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked a cigarette versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked a cigarette versus not
+that happens all the time so they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens all the time so they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens all the time so they really
+should have learned over time to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have learned over time to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have learned over time to predict
+their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences
+um so the misprediction is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the misprediction is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the misprediction is really not
+due to a lack of opportunity to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a lack of opportunity to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a lack of opportunity to learn
+yet people really seem to believe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet people really seem to believe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet people really seem to believe all
+the time that this time is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that this time is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that this time is different
+over and over again so i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again so i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again so i think that's
+just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very
+deep cognitive bias in some ways in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep cognitive bias in some ways in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep cognitive bias in some ways in the
+sense that when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that when people are
+affected by certain visceral or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by certain visceral or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by certain visceral or other
+aspects that affect their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that affect their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that affect their preferences
+it's really hard to imagine how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to imagine how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to imagine how you
+might feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel
+when that visceral influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that visceral influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that visceral influence
+is not at play anymore in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition to people underestimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to people underestimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to people underestimating
+short-run changes and preferences people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run changes and preferences people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run changes and preferences people
+also underestimate adaptation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also underestimate adaptation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also underestimate adaptation to
+long-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range
+so dan gilbert if you're interested has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dan gilbert if you're interested has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dan gilbert if you're interested has
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+very nice work on a book including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice work on a book including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice work on a book including a
+book called stumbling on happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called stumbling on happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called stumbling on happiness
+it gives many examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives many examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives many examples of the
+underestimation of adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimation of adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimation of adaptation
+which which they call immune and neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which they call immune and neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which they call immune and neglect
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the question here is how does a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question here is how does a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question here is how does a positive
+or or so one example is how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or so one example is how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or so one example is how does a
+positive or negative 10-year decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative 10-year decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative 10-year decision
+affect well-being and so they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect well-being and so they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect well-being and so they ask
+asking current assistant professors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking current assistant professors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking current assistant professors at
+you at the university of texas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the university of texas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the university of texas to
+forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+and then they ask like as well former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they ask like as well former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they ask like as well former
+university of texas assistant professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of texas assistant professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of texas assistant professors
+to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall
+and you know as a current assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as a current assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as a current assistant
+professor like myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor like myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor like myself
+if you do the forecast if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the forecast if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the forecast if there's a
+negative 10-year decision you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 10-year decision you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 10-year decision you know
+life will be terrible and like how will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life will be terrible and like how will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life will be terrible and like how will
+we ever i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ever i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ever i'm
+going to live after after uh being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to live after after uh being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to live after after uh being
+denied a tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied a tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied a tenure
+um and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so when you
+look at what's actually happening well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's actually happening well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's actually happening well
+people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to be
+professors seem to be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors seem to be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors seem to be relatively
+accurate in predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in predicting
+the immediate impact of the 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate impact of the 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate impact of the 10-year
+decision but they overestimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but they overestimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but they overestimated the
+long-run impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run impact
+that is to say in fact immediately after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say in fact immediately after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say in fact immediately after
+being denied 10-year people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being denied 10-year people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being denied 10-year people are
+maybe you know arguably or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know arguably or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know arguably or
+understandably disappointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably disappointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably disappointed
+and unhappy but over time the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unhappy but over time the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unhappy but over time the long run
+effect is much less severe people seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is much less severe people seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is much less severe people seem
+to adjust to their circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust to their circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust to their circumstances
+in the medium and long run people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium and long run people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium and long run people's
+people are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are uh
+almost as happy as if not uh as happy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as happy as if not uh as happy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as happy as if not uh as happy as
+if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are
+uh had gotten ten years so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had gotten ten years so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had gotten ten years so there's
+actually not much of a long run effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not much of a long run effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not much of a long run effect
+yet people seem to mispredict the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet people seem to mispredict the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet people seem to mispredict the effect
+they really seem to think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really seem to think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really seem to think like
+in the short run the effect will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run the effect will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run the effect will be
+really bad and that bad effect will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad and that bad effect will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad and that bad effect will be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+last will last forever so people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last will last forever so people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last will last forever so people seem to
+essentially sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sort of
+understand there's a psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand there's a psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand there's a psychological
+immune system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system to
+bad events people recover from negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad events people recover from negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad events people recover from negative
+shocks quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks quite well
+over time but people seem to mispredict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but people seem to mispredict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but people seem to mispredict
+this recovery which again is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recovery which again is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recovery which again is what's
+called immune neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called immune neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called immune neglect
+there's similar misprediction for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's similar misprediction for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's similar misprediction for other
+life events such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life events such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life events such as
+paraplegia or lottery ones for like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraplegia or lottery ones for like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraplegia or lottery ones for like for
+very negative and positive events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative and positive events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative and positive events
+people seem to misunderstand that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to misunderstand that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to misunderstand that like
+again in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the short run
+there's usually a pretty large decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually a pretty large decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually a pretty large decrease
+or increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or increase
+in people's happiness and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's happiness and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people's happiness and life
+satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction
+but people tend to recover from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people tend to recover from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people tend to recover from that
+quite well over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well over time
+but in their prediction people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in their prediction people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in their prediction people seem to
+mispredict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredict
+that adjustment people seem to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adjustment people seem to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adjustment people seem to think
+that these bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these bad
+uh the bad effects on happiness or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the bad effects on happiness or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the bad effects on happiness or bad
+or good effects and happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or good effects and happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or good effects and happiness
+would persist forever let me now show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would persist forever let me now show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would persist forever let me now show
+you a simple model of production bias by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a simple model of production bias by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a simple model of production bias by
+lawrence d nadel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence d nadel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence d nadel
+that formalizes some of the intuitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formalizes some of the intuitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formalizes some of the intuitions
+that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so suppose true utility of time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose true utility of time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose true utility of time t
+depends on both consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on both consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on both consumption
+ct at time t and the state st at time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct at time t and the state st at time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct at time t and the state st at time t
+so it's u of c g s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's u of c g s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's u of c g s t
+the state could be anything that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state could be anything that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state could be anything that affects
+utility from consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from consumption
+from ranging from the level of hunger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ranging from the level of hunger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ranging from the level of hunger or
+addiction whether somebody had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction whether somebody had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction whether somebody had just
+smoked versus not or whether somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked versus not or whether somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked versus not or whether somebody
+has just gotten some pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh dose or not or past consumption um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dose or not or past consumption um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dose or not or past consumption um
+et cetera whether somebody is tired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera whether somebody is tired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera whether somebody is tired and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+now the prediction at time t of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prediction at time t of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prediction at time t of future
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+uh uh at time tau larger than t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh at time tau larger than t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh at time tau larger than t
+for consuming c tau and state as tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consuming c tau and state as tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consuming c tau and state as tau
+is u hat of c tau s tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u hat of c tau s tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u hat of c tau s tau
+and that equals one minus alpha times u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equals one minus alpha times u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equals one minus alpha times u
+of c c tau s tau plus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c c tau s tau plus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c c tau s tau plus alpha
+times u of c tau s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u of c tau s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u of c tau s t
+now what is this expression well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this expression well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this expression well if you
+look at the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first part
+u of c tau s tau that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of c tau s tau that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of c tau s tau that is the
+correct future utility at time tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct future utility at time tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct future utility at time tau
+from consuming c tau and state tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from consuming c tau and state tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from consuming c tau and state tau
+so if alpha was zero then this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if alpha was zero then this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if alpha was zero then this term here
+would go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go away
+this term is just one so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is just one so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is just one so that is
+essentially a correct prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a correct prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a correct prediction
+so there's no production bias the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no production bias the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no production bias the person
+has rational expectations about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rational expectations about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rational expectations about their
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+utility um at uh time tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um at uh time tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um at uh time tau
+uh of utility c tau and in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of utility c tau and in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of utility c tau and in state
+as tau now if alpha is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tau now if alpha is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tau now if alpha is not zero
+then there's this additional term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this additional term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this additional term here
+so this is the weighted average of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the weighted average of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the weighted average of alpha
+on a weight for this other term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a weight for this other term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a weight for this other term here
+which i'm going to talk about a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to talk about a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to talk about a second
+and one minus alpha of the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one minus alpha of the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one minus alpha of the correct
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of consuming c tau and state as tau now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consuming c tau and state as tau now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consuming c tau and state as tau now
+what is this other term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this other term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this other term here
+well um the person gets see tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the person gets see tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the person gets see tau
+correctly so the consumption is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so the consumption is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so the consumption is right
+but the state is wrong and what state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the state is wrong and what state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the state is wrong and what state is
+the person using to predict their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person using to predict their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person using to predict their future
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+well it's using st the current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's using st the current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's using st the current state
+so the person is essentially using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person is essentially using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person is essentially using the
+current stage to some degree to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stage to some degree to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stage to some degree to predict
+their future utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future utility
+instead of the future state as tau now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the future state as tau now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the future state as tau now
+notice that if s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if s t
+and s tau is the same then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s tau is the same then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s tau is the same then there's no
+problem here there's going to be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here there's going to be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here there's going to be no
+misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction
+so it better be the case that the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it better be the case that the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it better be the case that the states
+as t and s tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as t and s tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as t and s tau
+are different for example a hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different for example a hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different for example a hungry
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+would mispredict the utility from not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mispredict the utility from not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mispredict the utility from not
+being hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hungry
+so the utility from not being hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utility from not being hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utility from not being hungry
+would be this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this part
+the person is hungry right now at time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is hungry right now at time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is hungry right now at time t
+if s t equals hungry the person would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if s t equals hungry the person would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if s t equals hungry the person would
+predict their future utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict their future utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict their future utility
+even when they're not hungry thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they're not hungry thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they're not hungry thinking
+that they will always be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will always be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will always be hungry
+in the future so alpha between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future so alpha between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future so alpha between 0 and 1
+is the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the degree of
+production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to give you more detail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you more detail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you more detail the
+person predicts how she'd feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person predicts how she'd feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person predicts how she'd feel about
+consuming c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming c
+tau in the future partially at least by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau in the future partially at least by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau in the future partially at least by
+how she'd feel about consuming it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how she'd feel about consuming it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how she'd feel about consuming it now
+that's what the parameter alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the parameter alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the parameter alpha is
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+alpha between zero and one could be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha between zero and one could be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha between zero and one could be zero
+could be one is the degree of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one is the degree of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one is the degree of production
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+so alpha equals zero is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha equals zero is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha equals zero is correct
+understanding of future utility that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of future utility that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of future utility that's
+essentially no projection bias that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no projection bias that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no projection bias that's
+rational expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational expectations
+alpha equals one is full production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equals one is full production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha equals one is full production bias
+that's a person who thinks essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a person who thinks essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a person who thinks essentially
+their future state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future state
+will always be their current state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be their current state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be their current state which
+of course is not necessarily true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is not necessarily true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is not necessarily true
+so now the person will optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the person will optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the person will optimize
+according to our perceived future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our perceived future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our perceived future
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+you had of c tau s tau and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had of c tau s tau and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had of c tau s tau and
+i'm going to assume for now as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume for now as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume for now as an
+exponential discounter that's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounter that's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounter that's of course
+um you can relax that easily in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can relax that easily in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can relax that easily in fact in
+some of the problem sets from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problem sets from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problem sets from previous
+years and from this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and from this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and from this year
+that will be in fact relaxed now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in fact relaxed now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in fact relaxed now let me
+give you a very simple example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a very simple example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a very simple example with
+hunger again the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger again the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger again the problem set
+this year and past problem that give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year and past problem that give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year and past problem that give you
+quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few
+other additional examples that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other additional examples that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other additional examples that you can
+study so suppose there are two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so suppose there are two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so suppose there are two states
+the state is either hungry or not hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is either hungry or not hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is either hungry or not hungry
+h or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h or n
+and the consumption c t is over burgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the consumption c t is over burgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the consumption c t is over burgers
+and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money
+so u of c gt where ct is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so u of c gt where ct is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so u of c gt where ct is the number of
+um burgers and money that the person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um burgers and money that the person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um burgers and money that the person has
+uh uh um in state h is five times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um in state h is five times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um in state h is five times the
+number of burgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of burgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of burgers
+um that the person needs plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the person needs plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the person needs plus the
+remaining money that's left that's spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining money that's left that's spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining money that's left that's spent
+on other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other things
+the utility of ctn when the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of ctn when the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of ctn when the person is
+not hungry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hungry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hungry is
+one times the number of burgers plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times the number of burgers plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times the number of burgers plus the
+money that's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that's left
+now what does that imply what it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does that imply what it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does that imply what it implies
+that she's willing to pay five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's willing to pay five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's willing to pay five dollars
+for a burger when hungry and one dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a burger when hungry and one dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a burger when hungry and one dollar
+went full how do we how do we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went full how do we how do we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went full how do we how do we know that
+well we know that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that because
+um uh in the first case when the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the first case when the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the first case when the person
+is hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hungry
+uh each burger gives five utils and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each burger gives five utils and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each burger gives five utils and each
+dollar gives one usual so the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar gives one usual so the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar gives one usual so the exchange
+rate between burglars and utils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate between burglars and utils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate between burglars and utils
+is five so the person is willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five so the person is willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five so the person is willing to pay
+five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dollars
+per burger in the second case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per burger in the second case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per burger in the second case the
+exchange rate between burgers utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate between burgers utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate between burgers utility
+from burgers and utility from dollars is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from burgers and utility from dollars is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from burgers and utility from dollars is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so the person is willing to pay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person is willing to pay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person is willing to pay one
+dollar for burger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for burger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for burger
+now suppose alpha is three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose alpha is three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose alpha is three quarters
+again remember alpha is the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember alpha is the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember alpha is the degree of
+production bias i'm going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias i'm going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias i'm going to go back to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+alpha is this parameter here alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is this parameter here alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is this parameter here alpha is
+the degree of projection bias so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of projection bias so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of projection bias so the
+degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+misprediction so suppose in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction so suppose in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction so suppose in our example
+here alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alpha
+equals three quarters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals three quarters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals three quarters and
+the person is not hungry right now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is not hungry right now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is not hungry right now what
+is their willingness to pay for a burger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their willingness to pay for a burger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their willingness to pay for a burger
+tonight when she'll be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight when she'll be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight when she'll be hungry
+so if the person is not hungry right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the person is not hungry right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the person is not hungry right now
+her correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her correct
+utility um or willingness to pay for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um or willingness to pay for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um or willingness to pay for a
+burger is one dollar we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger is one dollar we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger is one dollar we just
+established that already she's full and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that already she's full and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that already she's full and
+uh the correct utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the correct utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the correct utility
+for willingness to pay for a burger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for willingness to pay for a burger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for willingness to pay for a burger
+tonight when she'll be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight when she'll be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight when she'll be hungry
+is five dollars now her production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five dollars now her production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five dollars now her production bias
+is three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three quarters
+so essentially um uh she puts three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um uh she puts three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um uh she puts three
+quarters of a weight on her um current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of a weight on her um current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of a weight on her um current
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and one quarter on the full state well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one quarter on the full state well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one quarter on the full state well
+three quarters times one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters times one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters times one plus one
+quarters times five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters times five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters times five
+or like going essentially three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like going essentially three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like going essentially three quarters
+between a difference of four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a difference of four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a difference of four is
+essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um
+uh uh uh three so the person essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh three so the person essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh three so the person essentially
+will think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think that
+um their um uh future willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their um uh future willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their um uh future willingness to pay
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+two dollars um for burger um tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars um for burger um tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars um for burger um tonight
+or but definitely if you think she um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but definitely if you think she um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but definitely if you think she um
+only wants like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only wants like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only wants like um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh her willingness to pay will only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her willingness to pay will only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her willingness to pay will only be
+two dollars um for burger tonight if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars um for burger tonight if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars um for burger tonight if she
+orders for burger tonight and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders for burger tonight and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders for burger tonight and the
+burger costs like three or four dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger costs like three or four dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger costs like three or four dollars
+she will not be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will not be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will not be um
+willing um to do that now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing um to do that now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing um to do that now um
+just to be very clear so like um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be very clear so like um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be very clear so like um the
+person only uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person only uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person only uh essentially
+if alpha equals three quarters uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if alpha equals three quarters uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if alpha equals three quarters uh the
+person only incorporates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person only incorporates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person only incorporates
+one quarter of the preference change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter of the preference change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter of the preference change
+from being full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being full
+versus hungry in the future so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus hungry in the future so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus hungry in the future so that is
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+um there's a difference between of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a difference between of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a difference between of four
+dollars between one dollar and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars between one dollar and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars between one dollar and five
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+and she only takes into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she only takes into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she only takes into account
+one-fourth of that four dollars which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-fourth of that four dollars which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-fourth of that four dollars which is
+one dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollars
+so willingness to pay as one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so willingness to pay as one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so willingness to pay as one plus one
+equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two
+you can also write this down here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write this down here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write this down here uh
+instead of using the formula from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the formula from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the formula from the
+from the equation from before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equation from before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equation from before which
+essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is
+three quarters which is the again alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters which is the again alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters which is the again alpha
+times the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the utility
+um using the current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using the current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using the current state
+and one quarter using the current the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one quarter using the current the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one quarter using the current the
+correct utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct utility
+um which is the future state once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is the future state once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is the future state once you
+sort of calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of calculate that
+um she will be willing to pay more at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she will be willing to pay more at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she will be willing to pay more at
+most two dollars for pervert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two dollars for pervert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two dollars for pervert
+so potentially she's making a mistake um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so potentially she's making a mistake um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so potentially she's making a mistake um
+now and so again in in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and so again in in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and so again in in the um
+in the problem set you will have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem set you will have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem set you will have more
+examples and questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and questions uh
+that allows you to practice with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to practice with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to practice with this
+little model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little model
+now why should you care about projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why should you care about projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why should you care about projection
+bias i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias i showed you
+pretty good evidence of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good evidence of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good evidence of production
+production-wise in many settings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production-wise in many settings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production-wise in many settings in the
+sense of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of saying like
+uh you know we think production bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we think production bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we think production bias
+really exists and we think production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exists and we think production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exists and we think production
+bias might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias might be
+quite important so it might be relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite important so it might be relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite important so it might be relevant
+in explaining people's behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in explaining people's behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in explaining people's behavior and
+those settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those settings
+now the consequences in those settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the consequences in those settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the consequences in those settings
+is relatively unimportant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively unimportant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively unimportant
+for example in car purchases of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in car purchases of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in car purchases of which
+people buy like convertibles and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy like convertibles and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy like convertibles and then
+sort of return their convertibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of return their convertibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of return their convertibles
+you know the loss from that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the loss from that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the loss from that is not
+particularly large maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly large maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly large maybe there's some
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+redistribution across people similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution across people similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution across people similarly
+the catalog orders people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog orders people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalog orders people might
+purchase too many things and return them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase too many things and return them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase too many things and return them
+really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+the consequences are not that large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences are not that large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences are not that large and
+the actions are often reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions are often reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actions are often reversible
+so why should we then care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why should we then care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why should we then care about
+production bias well there's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias well there's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias well there's at least
+two really important applications i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two really important applications i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two really important applications i'm
+going to talk about for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about for a little bit
+that really could matter quite a lot one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really could matter quite a lot one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really could matter quite a lot one
+is addiction which is people mispredict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addiction which is people mispredict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addiction which is people mispredict
+the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility
+from becoming addicted in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from becoming addicted in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from becoming addicted in the future
+second is depression and hope when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is depression and hope when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is depression and hope when
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+are depressed they might mispredict how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are depressed they might mispredict how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are depressed they might mispredict how
+they feel when they're not depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel when they're not depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel when they're not depressed
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+there's also some some i argue that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some some i argue that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some some i argue that sort
+of marriage and relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of marriage and relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of marriage and relationships
+are um uh quite important the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uh quite important the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uh quite important the projection
+bias might be quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias might be quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias might be quite important
+particularly people have fights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly people have fights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly people have fights
+they might want to get divorced very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might want to get divorced very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might want to get divorced very
+quickly they might sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly they might sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly they might sort of do
+rash of things about getting married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rash of things about getting married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rash of things about getting married
+really quickly or try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly or try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly or try to get
+divorced very quickly and in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorced very quickly and in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorced very quickly and in fact there
+are some laws that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some laws that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some laws that
+often prevent that people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often prevent that people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often prevent that people need to
+actually have some cooldown period for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have some cooldown period for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have some cooldown period for
+like a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a few days
+where they have to sort of like um um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have to sort of like um um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have to sort of like um um if
+one wants to like get married for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to like get married for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to like get married for
+example you have to get a license and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have to get a license and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have to get a license and it
+takes a few days and only then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few days and only then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few days and only then you can
+get married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get married
+perhaps or same is true for divorce at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps or same is true for divorce at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps or same is true for divorce at
+least in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some places
+perhaps that's um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps that's um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps that's um because
+people suffer from production by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people suffer from production by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people suffer from production by
+sometimes and when they really mad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and when they really mad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and when they really mad at
+somebody or something really bad happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody or something really bad happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody or something really bad happens
+between them or something really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them or something really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them or something really great
+happen between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen between them
+they might not be able to predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not be able to predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not be able to predict that
+their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences
+and their views towards the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their views towards the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their views towards the other person
+might change um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change um
+over time but let me tell you now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but let me tell you now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but let me tell you now a
+little bit about addiction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about addiction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about addiction and
+depression and hope so first addiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression and hope so first addiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression and hope so first addiction
+and that's the main application we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main application we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main application we're
+going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss
+so production bias might be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so production bias might be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so production bias might be important
+for people's initiation when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people's initiation when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people's initiation when people are
+starting to take drugs so here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to take drugs so here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to take drugs so here let's
+define the relative state as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the relative state as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the relative state as the
+person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's
+level of addiction so how much has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of addiction so how much has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of addiction so how much has the
+person uh consumed serious cigarettes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh consumed serious cigarettes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh consumed serious cigarettes in
+the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+month or year in an unaddicted state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or year in an unaddicted state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or year in an unaddicted state
+cigarettes are really not that hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes are really not that hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes are really not that hard to
+resist right if somebody has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist right if somebody has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist right if somebody has never
+smoked before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked before
+cigarettes are really not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes are really not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes are really not that
+attractive same is true also for alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive same is true also for alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive same is true also for alcohol
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+in an unaddicted so in an addictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an unaddicted so in an addictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an unaddicted so in an addictive
+state however it's very hard to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state however it's very hard to resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state however it's very hard to resist
+cigarettes so if you have smoked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes so if you have smoked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes so if you have smoked a lot
+recently you really really would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently you really really would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently you really really would like to
+smoke on any given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke on any given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke on any given day
+now the unaddicted person might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the unaddicted person might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the unaddicted person might sort of
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+experimenting with cigarettes is fun but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with cigarettes is fun but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with cigarettes is fun but
+does not want to get addicted for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not want to get addicted for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not want to get addicted for the
+rest of her life right it's sort of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of her life right it's sort of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of her life right it's sort of fun
+to do it for a while but really then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for a while but really then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for a while but really then you
+want to stop because being addicted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stop because being addicted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stop because being addicted for
+the rest of your life is really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your life is really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your life is really bad
+you might get really bad health health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get really bad health health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get really bad health health
+consequences um for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences um for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences um for instance
+and that might give you some false um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might give you some false um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might give you some false um if
+you sort of have production bias you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have production bias you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have production bias you
+might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some
+false sense of control if you project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false sense of control if you project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false sense of control if you project
+your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current
+non-addicted preferences into the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-addicted preferences into the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-addicted preferences into the future
+you might think that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that you can
+stop smoking or taking drugs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop smoking or taking drugs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop smoking or taking drugs if
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+and so then the person might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the person might try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the person might try
+cigarettes get addicted and consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes get addicted and consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes get addicted and consume
+much of her life perhaps she wouldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of her life perhaps she wouldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of her life perhaps she wouldn't do
+so if she knew she couldn't quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if she knew she couldn't quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if she knew she couldn't quit
+right that's essentially to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's essentially to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's essentially to say if
+you're not addicted right now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not addicted right now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not addicted right now you might
+predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that
+it's going to be always easy to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be always easy to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be always easy to stop
+smoking and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking and in fact
+right now it is really easy to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it is really easy to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it is really easy to stop
+smoking or resisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking or resisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking or resisting
+um but the person might mispredict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the person might mispredict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the person might mispredict that
+this will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will always
+be the case in the future even once she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case in the future even once she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case in the future even once she
+is addicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is addicted
+um and once she has smoked a lot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and once she has smoked a lot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and once she has smoked a lot um
+because for the person for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the person for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the person for the
+non-addicted person it's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-addicted person it's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-addicted person it's really hard
+to imagine that it might be even hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that it might be even hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that it might be even hard to
+resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist
+in the future in addition they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future in addition they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future in addition they're
+quitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitting and
+quitting and restarting cycles are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitting and restarting cycles are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitting and restarting cycles are very
+common when it comes to addiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when it comes to addiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when it comes to addiction
+so addicts often express a desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so addicts often express a desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so addicts often express a desire to
+stop using substances permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop using substances permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop using substances permanently
+but are unable to follow through that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are unable to follow through that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are unable to follow through that's
+not surprising and we kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising and we kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising and we kind of like
+thought about this before um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this before um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this before um and
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting can
+essentially predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially predict that
+um as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well
+um short-term abstention in addition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short-term abstention in addition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short-term abstention in addition is
+common well long-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common well long-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common well long-run
+long-term abstention is rare so in 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term abstention is rare so in 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term abstention is rare so in 2000
+for example 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example 41
+of smokers stopped for at least one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smokers stopped for at least one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smokers stopped for at least one day
+um trying to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to quit
+and but only 4.7 percent um successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but only 4.7 percent um successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but only 4.7 percent um successfully
+abstained from more than three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstained from more than three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstained from more than three months
+that doesn't really seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really seem like
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting so you
+wouldn't go through like a pointless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't go through like a pointless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't go through like a pointless
+short-term pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term pain
+um if you're and then not follow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're and then not follow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're and then not follow through
+if you require a hyperbolic discounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you require a hyperbolic discounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you require a hyperbolic discounter
+the reason being if you're in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being if you're in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being if you're in particular
+that you know that withdrawal symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that withdrawal symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that withdrawal symptoms
+tend to be on average strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be on average strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be on average strongest
+at the start of a quit attempt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the start of a quit attempt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the start of a quit attempt so
+hyperbolic discounter would not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounter would not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounter would not sort of
+go over this really difficult pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over this really difficult pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over this really difficult pain
+uh in in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the short run
+um um if you don't follow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um if you don't follow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um if you don't follow through
+because that's essentially short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's essentially short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's essentially short run
+pain now um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain now um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain now um and then
+three uh recidivism rates especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh recidivism rates especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh recidivism rates especially
+high when addicts are exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high when addicts are exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high when addicts are exposed to
+occasional cues related to past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional cues related to past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional cues related to past
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+so treatment programs in fact advise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so treatment programs in fact advise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so treatment programs in fact advise
+recovering addicts to move to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering addicts to move to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering addicts to move to new
+locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations
+and to avoid places when previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to avoid places when previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to avoid places when previous
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+where previous consumption took place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where previous consumption took place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where previous consumption took place so
+let's sort of go through these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sort of go through these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sort of go through these um
+one by one and try to see whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one and try to see whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one and try to see whether we
+particularly two and three whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly two and three whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly two and three whether we
+can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain
+those using projection lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those using projection lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those using projection lines
+so now let's define the state as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's define the state as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's define the state as the
+strength of cravings at the moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of cravings at the moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of cravings at the moment and
+suppose this varies randomly or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this varies randomly or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this varies randomly or with
+exposure to cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to cues
+how do you explain the starting um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you explain the starting um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you explain the starting um a
+quit attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit attempt
+well suppose an addict is currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose an addict is currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose an addict is currently
+consuming regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming regularly
+she experiences periods of low cravings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she experiences periods of low cravings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she experiences periods of low cravings
+when it's easy to resist that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's easy to resist that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's easy to resist that's like
+when the person has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person has just
+smoked uh cravings hello and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked uh cravings hello and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked uh cravings hello and it's easy
+to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resist
+so then the person might think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the person might think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the person might think well
+it'll it'll always be easy to resist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll always be easy to resist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll always be easy to resist so
+she thinks she it's worth um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she thinks she it's worth um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she thinks she it's worth um trying to
+quit and starts the quitting attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit and starts the quitting attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit and starts the quitting attempt
+now how do we explain then why how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we explain then why how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we explain then why how
+people abandon the quit attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people abandon the quit attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people abandon the quit attempt
+well suppose the addict is currently on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose the addict is currently on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose the addict is currently on
+a quit attempt something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quit attempt something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quit attempt something
+triggers strong cravings which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers strong cravings which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers strong cravings which might
+just be over time you get cravings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be over time you get cravings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be over time you get cravings or
+maybe the person might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the person might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the person might just
+be exposed to some cues so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exposed to some cues so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exposed to some cues so then the
+person feels it's really hard to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feels it's really hard to resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feels it's really hard to resist
+the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs
+and in particular she thinks drugs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular she thinks drugs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular she thinks drugs will
+always be hard to resist so she because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be hard to resist so she because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be hard to resist so she because
+you know currently she's craving a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know currently she's craving a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know currently she's craving a lot
+and you can't even imagine that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't even imagine that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't even imagine that it might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um that the craving might stop over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the craving might stop over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the craving might stop over time
+so she thinks the quit attempt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she thinks the quit attempt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she thinks the quit attempt is
+impossible to carry you through and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to carry you through and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to carry you through and so
+she abandons it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she abandons it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she abandons it
+so that way production bias can both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that way production bias can both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that way production bias can both
+explain why the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the person
+starts the quit attempt but also why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the quit attempt but also why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the quit attempt but also why the
+person does not follow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+let's give me a second and then um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give me a second and then um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give me a second and then um now
+how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+think about the recidivism well here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the recidivism well here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the recidivism well here um
+um you know there's not necessarily um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's not necessarily um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's not necessarily um
+uh production bias needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production bias needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production bias needed
+but here you know people might mis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you know people might mis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you know people might mis
+underestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate
+um how important cues are in affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how important cues are in affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how important cues are in affecting
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+um utility so if it's the case that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um utility so if it's the case that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um utility so if it's the case that an
+addict for example when the addict walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addict for example when the addict walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addict for example when the addict walks
+by like a liquor store or when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like a liquor store or when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like a liquor store or when the
+addict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addict
+is uh talking to friends whom they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh talking to friends whom they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh talking to friends whom they have
+been taking drugs in the past and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking drugs in the past and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking drugs in the past and so on
+that might really increase people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might really increase people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might really increase people's
+marginal utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of
+using drugs so they might get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using drugs so they might get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using drugs so they might get really
+really strong cravings and it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong cravings and it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong cravings and it might be
+really really hard for them to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard for them to resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard for them to resist
+now if you know that as an addict who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you know that as an addict who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you know that as an addict who
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+is recovering who's not taking any drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recovering who's not taking any drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recovering who's not taking any drugs
+currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently
+you should at all costs avoid these cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should at all costs avoid these cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should at all costs avoid these cues
+because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+you kind of want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to make sure that
+you're not exposed to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not exposed to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not exposed to them and
+but if you have production bias you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have production bias you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have production bias you
+might underestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might underestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might underestimate
+the importance of those cues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of those cues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of those cues and
+affecting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting um
+your utility or your your cravings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility or your your cravings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your utility or your your cravings and
+so you might sort of like walk into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might sort of like walk into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might sort of like walk into a
+bar thinking like well i haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar thinking like well i haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar thinking like well i haven't really
+been smoking or drinking for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been smoking or drinking for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been smoking or drinking for a long time
+so i'm sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sure they
+will be able to resist but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to resist but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to resist but of course
+then once you're exposed to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you're exposed to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you're exposed to these
+cues um you will not be able to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues um you will not be able to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues um you will not be able to do so
+and that misprediction might really then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that misprediction might really then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that misprediction might really then
+cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+um recidivism so again that's to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um recidivism so again that's to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um recidivism so again that's to that in
+that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense
+production bias is also consistent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias is also consistent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias is also consistent um
+with that kind of recidivism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of recidivism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of recidivism
+due to cues now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to cues now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to cues now um
+let me talk very briefly only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk very briefly only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk very briefly only about
+depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression
+uh and the reason being that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the reason being that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the reason being that we're gonna
+talk about mental health in a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mental health in a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mental health in a future
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+so depressed individuals have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depressed individuals have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depressed individuals have the
+tendency to project the depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to project the depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to project the depressed
+feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings
+not only to the future but also um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to the future but also um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to the future but also um to
+the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+and so um in particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um in particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um in particular um
+the past tend to think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past tend to think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past tend to think about um
+depression is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression is the
+inability to construct the future and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to construct the future and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to construct the future and in
+particular when someone is depressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when someone is depressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when someone is depressed the
+past and future absorbed entirely by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and future absorbed entirely by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and future absorbed entirely by the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+and people can neither remember feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can neither remember feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can neither remember feeling
+better nor imagine that they will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better nor imagine that they will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better nor imagine that they will feel
+better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um
+in the future so that's to say if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future so that's to say if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future so that's to say if the
+person is really feeling terrible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is really feeling terrible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is really feeling terrible right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+they also think you know they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also think you know they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also think you know they always
+have been feeling terrible in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been feeling terrible in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been feeling terrible in the past
+and they also think that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also think that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also think that they will
+always feel terrible in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always feel terrible in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always feel terrible in the future
+so then you know life might feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know life might feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know life might feel
+particularly hopeful as there's no scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly hopeful as there's no scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly hopeful as there's no scope
+for future improvements and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future improvements and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future improvements and if you think
+your life was always that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life was always that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life was always that bad
+there's really um in some cases people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really um in some cases people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really um in some cases people
+might think that it's really not much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that it's really not much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that it's really not much of
+a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason
+to live and that's of course an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live and that's of course an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live and that's of course an
+extremely dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely dangerous
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficult or consequential potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult or consequential potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult or consequential potentially
+misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction
+because of course depressed people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course depressed people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course depressed people can
+get better through therapy and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better through therapy and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better through therapy and to
+through to drugs and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and often there's also remission over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often there's also remission over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often there's also remission over
+time but if people mispredict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but if people mispredict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but if people mispredict that
+they might for instance never seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might for instance never seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might for instance never seek
+treatment because they think why would i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment because they think why would i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment because they think why would i
+ever seek treatment if i'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seek treatment if i'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seek treatment if i'm always
+feeling terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling terrible
+for the rest of my life anyway i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of my life anyway i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of my life anyway i'm going
+to get back to that a little bit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to that a little bit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to that a little bit when
+talking about mental health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about mental health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about mental health
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing that we have not really talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that we have not really talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that we have not really talked
+about is how to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how to think about these
+different biases in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biases in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biases in particular
+what's the difference between projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between projection
+bias and naive quarter hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and naive quarter hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and naive quarter hyperbolic
+discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+so both naivete and quasi-hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both naivete and quasi-hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both naivete and quasi-hyperbolic
+discounting and production bias entail a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting and production bias entail a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting and production bias entail a
+misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction
+so as an example take a smoker who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an example take a smoker who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an example take a smoker who wants
+to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quit
+the naive quasi-hyperbolic discounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive quasi-hyperbolic discounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive quasi-hyperbolic discounter
+overestimates their future patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimates their future patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimates their future patience
+so that person will sign up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that person will sign up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that person will sign up for a
+commitment contract to stop smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment contract to stop smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment contract to stop smoking
+and might fail due to the overestimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might fail due to the overestimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might fail due to the overestimation
+of usefulness of commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of usefulness of commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of usefulness of commitment devices
+right that person thinks you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that person thinks you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that person thinks you know that
+commitment uh the person understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment uh the person understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment uh the person understands
+that she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has
+some suppose that's a partially naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some suppose that's a partially naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some suppose that's a partially naive
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+which we need otherwise the person would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we need otherwise the person would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we need otherwise the person would
+never sign up for a commitment contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sign up for a commitment contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sign up for a commitment contract
+suppose the person is partially naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the person is partially naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the person is partially naive
+the person will sign up for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person will sign up for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person will sign up for that
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+contract thinking that's going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract thinking that's going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract thinking that's going to help
+them stop smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them stop smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them stop smoking
+but the person is going to underestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the person is going to underestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the person is going to underestimate
+how bad their self-control problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bad their self-control problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bad their self-control problems are
+so then the person might fail because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the person might fail because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the person might fail because i
+think the commitment device is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the commitment device is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the commitment device is really
+really helpful but in fact it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful but in fact it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful but in fact it's not
+strong enough now um for protection bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough now um for protection bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough now um for protection bias
+the person might underestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person might underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person might underestimate the
+influence of altered future states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of altered future states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of altered future states
+so the person might also sign up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person might also sign up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the person might also sign up for
+commitment contracts to stop smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment contracts to stop smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment contracts to stop smoking
+and then might fail due to the due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then might fail due to the due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then might fail due to the due to
+the underestimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underestimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underestimation
+of the changes in future cravings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the changes in future cravings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the changes in future cravings that
+is to say if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say if you are
+currently not craving you might sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently not craving you might sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently not craving you might sign up
+for a commitment contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a commitment contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a commitment contract
+that would help you to continue not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help you to continue not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help you to continue not
+using drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using drugs
+and you might um underestimate however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might um underestimate however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might um underestimate however
+how bad the cravings will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bad the cravings will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bad the cravings will be in the
+future once you see certain cues or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future once you see certain cues or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future once you see certain cues or the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+so again you might choose a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you might choose a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you might choose a commitment
+contract that is not strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that is not strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that is not strong enough
+because you mispredict your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you mispredict your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you mispredict your future
+preferences in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in this case
+not because it's in the future not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's in the future not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's in the future not
+because you mispredict your beta like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you mispredict your beta like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you mispredict your beta like in
+case number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case number one
+but rather because you mispredict how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because you mispredict how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because you mispredict how
+strongly future states will affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly future states will affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly future states will affect your
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+you can also think about another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think about another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think about another example
+anesthesia during childbirth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia during childbirth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia during childbirth
+you can term uh i get similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can term uh i get similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can term uh i get similar sort of
+um patterns both naive quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patterns both naive quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patterns both naive quarter
+hyperbolic discounting and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounting and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounting and production
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+might be able to explain uh people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to explain uh people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to explain uh people's
+choices there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices there
+in particular both of them would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular both of them would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular both of them would
+potentially predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially predict
+preference reversals now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference reversals now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference reversals now
+how can we tell now projection bias in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we tell now projection bias in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we tell now projection bias in
+ibt regarding beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibt regarding beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibt regarding beta
+apart well the key part here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart well the key part here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart well the key part here is that
+projection bias is a state-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias is a state-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias is a state-dependent
+risk prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk prediction
+so people are more likely to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are more likely to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are more likely to predict
+future temptation to either overeat when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future temptation to either overeat when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future temptation to either overeat when
+hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+they're more likely to predict smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more likely to predict smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more likely to predict smoking
+when you haven't had a cigarette for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you haven't had a cigarette for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you haven't had a cigarette for a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+so when people are when the state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people are when the state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people are when the state in the
+future is different from the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is different from the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is different from the current
+state people might mispredict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state people might mispredict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state people might mispredict
+their preferences so now and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences so now and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences so now and and
+present bias in fact it has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in fact it has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in fact it has nothing to
+do with the state essentially just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the state essentially just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the state essentially just about
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the future versus the present so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future versus the present so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future versus the present so now
+um what we need what kind of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we need what kind of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we need what kind of variation
+do we need to disentangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need to disentangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need to disentangle
+uh the two explanations well you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two explanations well you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two explanations well you need
+variation and timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and timing
+and a particular variation in states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a particular variation in states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a particular variation in states so
+present bias would say it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias would say it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias would say it doesn't really
+matter what state you're in it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what state you're in it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what state you're in it doesn't
+matter whether you're hungry or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you're hungry or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you're hungry or not
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+there's always going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be a
+misprediction between the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction between the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction between the present and
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+and production bias would very much say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production bias would very much say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production bias would very much say
+the states are matter it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are matter it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are matter it's a
+state-dependentness prediction okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-dependentness prediction okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-dependentness prediction okay so
+if you wanted to look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to look at like
+people's um uh predictions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's um uh predictions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's um uh predictions for the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+present bias or naivete regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or naivete regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or naivete regarding
+present bias would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias would say
+it doesn't matter whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter whether you have
+smoked or whether you're hungry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked or whether you're hungry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoked or whether you're hungry right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+for your prediction for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your prediction for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your prediction for the future
+projection bias would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection bias would say
+it does matter quite a bit but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does matter quite a bit but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does matter quite a bit but then
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+tricky question is when should you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky question is when should you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky question is when should you in
+fact offer people commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact offer people commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact offer people commitment devices
+well you should probably offer people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you should probably offer people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you should probably offer people
+commitment devices if you want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices if you want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices if you want them to
+choose correct predict uh uh correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose correct predict uh uh correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose correct predict uh uh correct
+um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you
+if you want people to make correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want people to make correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want people to make correct
+choices you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you probably want to
+offer people commitment devices at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer people commitment devices at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer people commitment devices at times
+when they're in fact in the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're in fact in the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're in fact in the same state
+so when somebody already has cravings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when somebody already has cravings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when somebody already has cravings
+you want to offer them equipment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to offer them equipment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to offer them equipment device
+because that person really understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that person really understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that person really understands
+how it will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it will feel
+in the future if instead you offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future if instead you offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future if instead you offer
+somebody a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody a commitment device
+when they don't have cravings they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they don't have cravings they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they don't have cravings they might
+choose their commitment device which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose their commitment device which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose their commitment device which i
+guess is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is good
+but then they might fail because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they might fail because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they might fail because they
+mispredict um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredict um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mispredict um how
+strong of a commitment device they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong of a commitment device they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong of a commitment device they might
+need in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me then briefly summarize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me then briefly summarize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me then briefly summarize so
+so what do we talk about so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we talk about so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we talk about so we talked
+about state dependent preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about state dependent preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about state dependent preferences
+so preferences very systematically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so preferences very systematically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so preferences very systematically with
+the underlying states for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying states for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying states for example um
+hunger food is tastier when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger food is tastier when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger food is tastier when you're
+hungry uh going on dates is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry uh going on dates is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry uh going on dates is um
+a less enjoyable while being sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less enjoyable while being sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less enjoyable while being sick
+classes are best when we're arrested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes are best when we're arrested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes are best when we're arrested
+um now people know that people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now people know that people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now people know that people's
+preferences uh vary with their states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh vary with their states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh vary with their states
+they understand that if you ask like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand that if you ask like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand that if you ask like 100
+people about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about like
+your preference is different when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preference is different when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preference is different when you're
+hungry versus not most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry versus not most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry versus not most people would
+probably say you know they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say you know they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say you know they want
+different types of kinds of food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of kinds of food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of kinds of food and
+they like and maybe hide differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like and maybe hide differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like and maybe hide differently
+when they're hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're hungry
+however there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are
+biases in state dependent decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases in state dependent decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases in state dependent decision
+making in particular both intuition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in particular both intuition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in particular both intuition and
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+suggest that we fail to appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that we fail to appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that we fail to appreciate the
+extent which our preferences change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent which our preferences change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent which our preferences change with
+the underlying states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying states
+production bias is a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias is a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production bias is a specific
+psychological error of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological error of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological error of this type
+people overestimate the extent to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people overestimate the extent to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people overestimate the extent to which
+future tastes resemble their current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future tastes resemble their current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future tastes resemble their current
+tastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes
+and they underestimate the influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they underestimate the influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they underestimate the influence
+that the state has on their utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state has on their utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state has on their utility
+and that can lead to a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can lead to a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can lead to a systematic
+misprediction i showed you quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction i showed you quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction i showed you quite a few
+applications in particular addiction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in particular addiction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in particular addiction and
+depression might be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression might be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression might be the most
+consequential applications of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequential applications of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequential applications of projection
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+now there's one more bias that i told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's one more bias that i told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's one more bias that i told
+you i'm going to talk about very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm going to talk about very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm going to talk about very briefly
+again that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's going
+to be discussed in detail on recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discussed in detail on recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discussed in detail on recitation
+which is called attribution bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called attribution bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called attribution bias
+now uh attribution bias in some sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh attribution bias in some sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh attribution bias in some sense is
+very similar but it's backward looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but it's backward looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but it's backward looking
+so while projection bias is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while projection bias is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while projection bias is the
+misprediction of the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction of the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misprediction of the influence of
+future states so when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future states so when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future states so when you think about
+like the future are you going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the future are you going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the future are you going to be uh
+how are you going to enjoy a meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to enjoy a meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to enjoy a meal
+depending on your hungry versus not or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your hungry versus not or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your hungry versus not or
+burgers versus salad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers versus salad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers versus salad
+how is your future preferences shaped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is your future preferences shaped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is your future preferences shaped by
+future states attribution bias is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future states attribution bias is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future states attribution bias is
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+backward looking it's the misprediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward looking it's the misprediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward looking it's the misprediction
+of the influence of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the influence of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the influence of past
+states so that's to say i want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so that's to say i want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so that's to say i want to define
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+briefly when judging the value for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly when judging the value for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly when judging the value for good
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+overly influenced by the state in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly influenced by the state in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly influenced by the state in which
+they previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they previously
+consumed it now let me give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed it now let me give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed it now let me give you some
+examples and again then you'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and again then you'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and again then you'll talk
+about this more in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this more in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this more in recitation
+um people are more likely to return to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are more likely to return to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are more likely to return to a
+restaurant when first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant when first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant when first
+dried when hungry so if you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried when hungry so if you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried when hungry so if you go to a
+restaurant when you're really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant when you're really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant when you're really really
+hungry you think the food is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry you think the food is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry you think the food is like
+amazing um well in fact it might just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing um well in fact it might just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing um well in fact it might just be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you're really really hungry so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really really hungry so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really really hungry so when you
+then come back to the restaurant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back to the restaurant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back to the restaurant you
+might be surprised that in fact it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be surprised that in fact it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be surprised that in fact it's not
+that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great
+um people are also more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are also more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are also more likely to
+negatively uh rate a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively uh rate a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively uh rate a movie
+um uh when they've seen it while tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when they've seen it while tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when they've seen it while tired
+well why is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why is that because
+the experience is just not that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience is just not that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience is just not that great
+and then you sort of think the movie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you sort of think the movie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you sort of think the movie is
+really not that great but really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that great but really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that great but really it's
+just you were tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you were tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you were tired
+people also less likely to recommend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also less likely to recommend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also less likely to recommend a
+zoo to a friend if it rains during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoo to a friend if it rains during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoo to a friend if it rains during the
+last visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last visit
+well it's just the experience of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the experience of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the experience of that
+zoo is not that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoo is not that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoo is not that great
+of course on some days it rains in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course on some days it rains in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course on some days it rains in some
+days it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it doesn't
+so you're not gonna tell usually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not gonna tell usually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not gonna tell usually your
+friends only go there when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends only go there when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends only go there when it's
+sunny people are saying like this zoo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny people are saying like this zoo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny people are saying like this zoo is
+just not that much fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not that much fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not that much fun
+and perhaps more um relevant for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps more um relevant for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps more um relevant for you
+people are more likely to wreck them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more likely to wreck them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more likely to wreck them or
+maybe more likely to recommend a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more likely to recommend a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more likely to recommend a class
+um that they took um uh while well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they took um uh while well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they took um uh while well
+rested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rested
+so i was um a few years ago i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was um a few years ago i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was um a few years ago i was
+teaching um the 1413 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching um the 1413 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching um the 1413 at
+at 9 00 am and i got lots of complaints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 9 00 am and i got lots of complaints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 9 00 am and i got lots of complaints
+from students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from students
+uh about the class being way too early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the class being way too early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the class being way too early
+and i was telling them or trying to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was telling them or trying to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was telling them or trying to tell
+them that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that you know
+the class is really lots of fun you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is really lots of fun you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is really lots of fun you may
+or may not be able to appreciate that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be able to appreciate that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be able to appreciate that if
+you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really
+tired so attribution bias might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired so attribution bias might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired so attribution bias might sort of
+make you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you think that
+um might attribute some negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might attribute some negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might attribute some negative or
+positive experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience
+um to the actual underlying quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the actual underlying quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the actual underlying quality of
+the issue or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue or the
+the good that's being offered as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good that's being offered as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good that's being offered as opposed
+to as you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as you should
+to the underlying state again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the underlying state again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the underlying state again you're
+going to talk more about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk more about this in
+recitation now what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation now what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation now what's next
+uh remember there's no class on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember there's no class on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember there's no class on monday
+april 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april 20.
+on wednesday april 22 we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday april 22 we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday april 22 we're going to
+talk about gender discrimination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about gender discrimination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about gender discrimination and
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+please read heather sarson's paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please read heather sarson's paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please read heather sarson's paper on
+section 1 adjust the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 1 adjust the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 1 adjust the introduction
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3V5ORt7shjI.txt b/3V5ORt7shjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..def112748e72b76953da57b8e53c5c07eeb0c9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3V5ORt7shjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14247 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me first explain what the handout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cover the economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover the economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover the economist
+talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about
+a fundamental change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental change in
+economic use of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic use of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic use of distance
+arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if telephonic communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if telephonic communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if telephonic communication
+becomes free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes free
+what would it what would its impact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it what would its impact be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it what would its impact be
+on societal life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on societal life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on societal life
+and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+part is a book which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is a book which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is a book which is now
+not very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very popular
+called explorations into urban structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called explorations into urban structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called explorations into urban structure
+it follows a book called cities in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows a book called cities in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows a book called cities in space
+which contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains
+malware weber's classic article which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware weber's classic article which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malware weber's classic article which
+i'll refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll refer to
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+within diversity it's in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within diversity it's in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within diversity it's in the reading
+through the required readings so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the required readings so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the required readings so don't
+worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it
+but the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the diagram
+on figure four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on figure four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on figure four
+is taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken from
+explorations into urban structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations into urban structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations into urban structure
+this was an attempt to make sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an attempt to make sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an attempt to make sense of the
+complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of
+interchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+particularly in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the united states
+where their levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their levels are
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+this is an attempt to mark a kind of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an attempt to mark a kind of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an attempt to mark a kind of new
+geography of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's best read about in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best read about in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best read about in the text
+i just put in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just put in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just put in this diagram
+to remind you that if you ever got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you that if you ever got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you that if you ever got
+interested seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested seriously
+in the questions of metropolitan form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the questions of metropolitan form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the questions of metropolitan form
+and its options this is material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its options this is material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its options this is material that
+you should access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should access
+not that it promises any solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it promises any solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it promises any solution but
+like mel verber's argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mel verber's argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mel verber's argument
+it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that
+we need to take more seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take more seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take more seriously
+a different kind of attitude towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of attitude towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of attitude towards
+metropolitan form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan form
+than that which is convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that which is convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that which is convinced
+conventionally supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally supplied
+by i will use weber's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by i will use weber's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by i will use weber's
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bit later in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit later in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit later in a few minutes
+the next pages are two pieces of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next pages are two pieces of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next pages are two pieces of my own
+written for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+conference in new york on the downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in new york on the downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in new york on the downtown
+a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conference
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+rockefeller foundation for urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockefeller foundation for urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockefeller foundation for urban
+journalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists
+so it's written in a kind of hip way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's written in a kind of hip way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's written in a kind of hip way
+uh for discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for discussion
+but it deals with material on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it deals with material on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it deals with material on the
+on the american downtown and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the american downtown and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the american downtown and it's
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it ends up with a hypothesis that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up with a hypothesis that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up with a hypothesis that one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between downtown and suburbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between downtown and suburbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between downtown and suburbs
+his homeostatic relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arguably crudely speaking that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably crudely speaking that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably crudely speaking that the more
+you move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move away
+the more you will counterbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you will counterbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you will counterbalance
+homeostatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatically
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+growth of excerpt in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of excerpt in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of excerpt in america
+has been correlated to a growth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been correlated to a growth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been correlated to a growth of the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+because the center has grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the center has grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the center has grown
+rather idiosyncratically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather idiosyncratically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather idiosyncratically
+given that it 25 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it 25 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it 25 years ago
+it was the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the absolute
+destination of disuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination of disuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination of disuse
+and de-establishmentarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the last piece is a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last piece is a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last piece is a response
+i was asked to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was asked to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was asked to give
+at a symposium here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a symposium here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a symposium here at mit
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+my neil castell was awarded the kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my neil castell was awarded the kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my neil castell was awarded the kevin
+lynch award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lynch award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lynch award
+and i took a kind of nasty turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took a kind of nasty turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took a kind of nasty turn
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+had to deal with the question of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information technology would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology would help
+improve city and regional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve city and regional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve city and regional form
+i said some nasty things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said some nasty things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said some nasty things
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of people thought that i was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people thought that i was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people thought that i was more
+correct than the panelists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct than the panelists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct than the panelists
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it wasn't you can read it in your spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't you can read it in your spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't you can read it in your spare
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+it's uh these are just notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh these are just notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh these are just notes
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the subject that we're dealing with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject that we're dealing with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject that we're dealing with in
+some ways or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look throughout this class i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look throughout this class i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look throughout this class i've been
+giving you material not for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you material not for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you material not for the sake of
+adding paper to your war to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding paper to your war to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding paper to your war to your
+compendium of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really got
+a couple of reasons behind it number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of reasons behind it number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of reasons behind it number one
+there's not enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough time
+to deal with all of the stuff that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with all of the stuff that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with all of the stuff that i
+want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to deal with
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+showing slides is not an adequate way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing slides is not an adequate way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing slides is not an adequate way of
+representing verbal dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it works when you're depicting certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works when you're depicting certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works when you're depicting certain
+formal material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal material
+and when you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult
+secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for those who believed that this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who believed that this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who believed that this class
+would teach you that there is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would teach you that there is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would teach you that there is a single
+theory of city form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of city form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of city form
+i debunk that proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started this class
+with a comment i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a comment i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a comment i made
+about the fact that one thousand miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that one thousand miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that one thousand miles
+from where i was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+archaeologist named broome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologist named broome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologist named broome
+dart and tobias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dart and tobias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dart and tobias
+discovered astroprotecus africanus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered astroprotecus africanus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered astroprotecus africanus
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+major transition from animal to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major transition from animal to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major transition from animal to human
+former dated four million years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain size was 400 cubic centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain size was 400 cubic centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain size was 400 cubic centimeters
+brain size today is 1450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i went through robin dunbar's gossip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went through robin dunbar's gossip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went through robin dunbar's gossip
+theory about brain size in 150 size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about brain size in 150 size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about brain size in 150 size
+communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussions about the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about the city
+are very recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very recent
+cities are only 12 000 years old even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are only 12 000 years old even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are only 12 000 years old even if
+we stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the time by 2000 years i'd say it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time by 2000 years i'd say it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time by 2000 years i'd say it's more
+like 10 000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 000 years
+as opposed to 4 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to 4 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to 4 million
+it took 4 million years for the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took 4 million years for the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took 4 million years for the human
+brain to decide to settle permanently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to decide to settle permanently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to decide to settle permanently in
+a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place
+and it's taken and we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's taken and we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's taken and we are now
+10 000 years in advance of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 years in advance of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 years in advance of the first
+human settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human settlement
+it's nonsense to assume that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonsense to assume that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonsense to assume that we have
+worked out everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boston has improved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston has improved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston has improved in the
+period of time that i've lived in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time that i've lived in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time that i've lived in boston
+significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+for most people for some people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people for some people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people for some people it
+hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no single practice of urban
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no single practice of urban
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+which deals with the metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deals with the metropolitan
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of the city
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of the city
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the boss the new england patriots
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the boss the new england patriots
+decided to build a new stadium they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to build a new stadium they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+didn't appeal to a metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't appeal to a metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't appeal to a metropolitan
+authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+authority
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide where the maximum location
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide where the maximum location
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+ 
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+to benefit the metropolitan area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit the metropolitan area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit the metropolitan area
+they went around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went around
+to every small town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every small town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every small town
+and ended up in foxborough because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended up in foxborough because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ended up in foxborough because
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they then applied to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then applied to the state
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+and this
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+ align:start position:0%
+and this
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+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements in through transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to this stadium
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+this is the way we do this is as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we do this is as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we do this is as much
+theory as the ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have to live with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to live with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to live with us
+as practitioners and theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as practitioners and theorists
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+god learners that they'll be a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+god learners that they'll be a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummate one theory
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+will need a certain set of agreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need a certain set of agreements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need a certain set of agreements
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+ align:start position:0%
+that i can't foresee it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can't foresee it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the topics that i'm going to deal
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+two of the topics that i'm going to deal
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+ align:start position:0%
+the one
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the technology current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the technology current
+technology and its effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and its effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and its effect on
+metropolitan form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan form
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one is the
+technology of reducing distance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of reducing distance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of reducing distance by
+virtual systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual systems
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+is the advent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the advent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the advent
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions
+that the way we are operating at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way we are operating at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way we are operating at the
+moment in urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in urbanism
+is increasing the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing the carbon
+dioxide content of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide content of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide content of the atmosphere
+and posing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and posing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and posing
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if contested
+risks to the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks to the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks to the planet
+which can only be dealt with through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can only be dealt with through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can only be dealt with through
+universal action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you remember that i said woodrow wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that i said woodrow wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that i said woodrow wilson
+arrived in paris in 1918 1919
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in paris in 1918 1919
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in paris in 1918 1919
+advocating that the world joined forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating that the world joined forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating that the world joined forces
+in the league of nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the league of nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the league of nations
+he received the largest crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he received the largest crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he received the largest crowd
+gathering in the history of paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course the league of nations didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the league of nations didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the league of nations didn't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+we've done well in controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done well in controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done well in controlling
+what i find what i my generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i find what i my generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i find what i my generation
+took to the streets and that was atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to the streets and that was atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to the streets and that was atomic
+nuclear energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy
+the nuclear bomb was arthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computers weren't even part of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers weren't even part of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers weren't even part of the human
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+in any mass way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any mass way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any mass way
+but the threat of the nuclear bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the threat of the nuclear bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the threat of the nuclear bomb
+caused our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused our
+taking to the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking to the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking to the street
+there'd be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be no
+significant use of nuclear bombs since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant use of nuclear bombs since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant use of nuclear bombs since
+that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how is it that we can agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that we can agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that we can agree on
+one of the questions i will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions i will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions i will ask
+is what constitutes agreement on your on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what constitutes agreement on your on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what constitutes agreement on your on
+on matters which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on matters which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on matters which
+emanate out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanate out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanate out of
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+our history of responding to threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our history of responding to threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our history of responding to threats
+is very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the last month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last month
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+in the united states we've tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states we've tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states we've tried to
+cause people to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause people to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause people to remember
+the death of 27 people i think it's 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death of 27 people i think it's 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death of 27 people i think it's 27
+in connecticut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connecticut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connecticut
+hoping that the death of small children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that the death of small children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that the death of small children
+at the hands of guns would it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hands of guns would it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hands of guns would it would
+arise enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise enough
+enthusiasm for some modest controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for some modest controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for some modest controls
+on gun use in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the congress which is elected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the congress which is elected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the congress which is elected by the
+majority of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the population
+refused to even debate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as far as i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as i know
+given that the mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of new york is in is on his last legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new york is in is on his last legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new york is in is on his last legs
+not bodily but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bodily but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bodily but
+in terms of his tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of his tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of his tenure
+i would like to watch over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to watch over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to watch over the next few
+years what sandy what the hierarch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years what sandy what the hierarch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years what sandy what the hierarch and
+sandy is going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandy is going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandy is going to cause
+in climate prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in climate prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in climate prevention
+in new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new york
+i'd like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to see
+all of new york's suburbs undergo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an enormously expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormously expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormously expensive
+proposition of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition of putting
+all the power lines underground instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the power lines underground instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the power lines underground instead
+of in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the air
+which caused the enormous out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disturbance of power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on and so on we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on we're going to
+watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch
+people rebuilding on land which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rebuilding on land which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rebuilding on land which should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+used to soak up water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to soak up water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to soak up water
+this is absolutely happening in florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely happening in florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely happening in florida
+we're very poor at making decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very poor at making decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very poor at making decisions
+even when we have significant threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when we have significant threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when we have significant threats
+climate change has no immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change has no immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change has no immediate
+significant threats except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant threats except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant threats except
+for hurricanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hurricanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hurricanes and
+new york and new orleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york and new orleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york and new orleans
+but the correlation between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and public response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public response
+even when the body of science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the body of science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the body of science is
+vectored to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectored to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectored to
+agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement
+let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while we're talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a professor called michael mann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a professor called michael mann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a professor called michael mann
+at yale university is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yale university is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yale university is one of the most
+outspoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outspoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outspoken
+theorists he's a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists he's a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists he's a professor of
+meteorology and geosciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mann recently wrote a book about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mann recently wrote a book about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mann recently wrote a book about his
+experiences called the hockey stick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences called the hockey stick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences called the hockey stick and
+the climate wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the last 15 years as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 15 years as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 15 years as he's
+researched has gained prominent he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched has gained prominent he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched has gained prominent he has
+been called a liar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called a liar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called a liar
+a charlatan and a scumbag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charlatan and a scumbag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charlatan and a scumbag
+his critics have demanded his arrest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his critics have demanded his arrest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his critics have demanded his arrest
+blogger mark morano called for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blogger mark morano called for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blogger mark morano called for
+him to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+publicly flogged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly flogged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly flogged
+morano's former boss rashford limbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morano's former boss rashford limbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morano's former boss rashford limbo
+said they should be drawn and courted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they should be drawn and courted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they should be drawn and courted
+this is in a democratic society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a democratic society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a democratic society
+his office at yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his office at yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his office at yale
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+girded with police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girded with police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girded with police
+tape as a crime scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape as a crime scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape as a crime scene
+he's received threats to himself and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's received threats to himself and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's received threats to himself and his
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+he has been the focus of a lord suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has been the focus of a lord suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has been the focus of a lord suit
+seeking the public release of his emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking the public release of his emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking the public release of his emails
+man is arguably the nation nation's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is arguably the nation nation's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is arguably the nation nation's most
+hated climate scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will argue that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will argue that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will argue that there are two
+threats to urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats to urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats to urbanism
+in the form that we now are practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form that we now are practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form that we now are practicing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is
+fundamental change in climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental change in climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental change in climate
+and its repercussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its repercussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its repercussions
+particularly in the poor world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the poor world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the poor world
+the region around the himalayas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region around the himalayas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region around the himalayas is
+particularly susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly susceptible
+and one of the poorest regions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the poorest regions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the poorest regions in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+from bangladesh all the way to iraq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bangladesh all the way to iraq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bangladesh all the way to iraq
+around to southern china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+secondly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the
+quotient of the question of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of the question of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of the question of social
+equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+which i'll discuss somewhat on tues next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll discuss somewhat on tues next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll discuss somewhat on tues next
+tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday
+these are the two unresolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problems
+the one is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human engineered the other is old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human engineered the other is old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human engineered the other is old
+and human engineered as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been
+thousands of books written about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of books written about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of books written about the
+right of us to achieve wealth at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of us to achieve wealth at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of us to achieve wealth at the
+expense of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marx
+didn't marx contended with that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't marx contended with that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't marx contended with that argument
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the
+pursuit of wealth and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of wealth and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of wealth and power
+by the people who put his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the people who put his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the people who put his
+practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices
+ethereal into practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+i tried to do some of this summary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tried to do some of this summary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tried to do some of this summary and
+more extensively next thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extensively next thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extensively next thursday
+let's go back to the american city in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the american city in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the american city in
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+little comment with castel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little comment with castel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little comment with castel
+i quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an article in time magazine february the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article in time magazine february the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article in time magazine february the
+21st 2000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st 2000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st 2000.
+i quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is from the architect west jones's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the architect west jones's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the architect west jones's
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+computers promote a dramatic trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers promote a dramatic trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers promote a dramatic trend
+towards decentralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards decentralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards decentralization
+allowing people to spread out and live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing people to spread out and live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing people to spread out and live
+and work anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work anywhere
+now my comment is this despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my comment is this despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my comment is this despite the fact
+that downtown residential growth in ue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that downtown residential growth in ue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that downtown residential growth in ue
+cities is now the same rate as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is now the same rate as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is now the same rate as for
+metropolitan areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan areas
+secondly the vastness of cyberspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the vastness of cyberspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the vastness of cyberspace
+increasingly satisfies the craving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly satisfies the craving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly satisfies the craving for
+more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space
+so the house and yard will shrink to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the house and yard will shrink to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the house and yard will shrink to a
+more supportable size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more supportable size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more supportable size
+this despite the fact that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this despite the fact that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this despite the fact that the average
+jewish house is now 50 percent larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewish house is now 50 percent larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewish house is now 50 percent larger
+than in 1970 while family sizes declined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in 1970 while family sizes declined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in 1970 while family sizes declined
+declined by 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's unfortunately true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfortunately true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfortunately true that
+architecture borrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture borrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture borrows
+a lot of its ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of its ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of its ideas
+for complex reasons from people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for complex reasons from people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for complex reasons from people who
+decide to make a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to make a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to make a proper
+solution to a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a problem
+and then state it as fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take corbusier's writing on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take corbusier's writing on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take corbusier's writing on the basis of
+factual evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual evidence
+yet he's the world's greatest architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he's the world's greatest architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he's the world's greatest architect
+of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century
+this discrepancy is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrepancy is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrepancy is interesting
+because it's associated with factual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's associated with factual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's associated with factual
+observations such as these made by yang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations such as these made by yang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations such as these made by yang
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming
+to be on his way to fame young architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on his way to fame young architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on his way to fame young architect
+polemic and manifestos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polemic and manifestos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polemic and manifestos and
+pamphleteering don't reach the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamphleteering don't reach the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pamphleteering don't reach the level of
+goebbels in nazi germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goebbels in nazi germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goebbels in nazi germany
+but they come close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come close to
+i think it's part of the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's part of the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's part of the notion of
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+act of the brain in producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of the brain in producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of the brain in producing
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+it involves so many domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves so many domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves so many domains
+of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge
+which have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have to be
+brought together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together
+and traded off and what gets traded off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and traded off and what gets traded off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and traded off and what gets traded off
+in favor of many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of many others
+is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion of
+creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity
+the notion of producing unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of producing unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of producing unique
+resolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i
+did the education architecture education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the education architecture education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the education architecture education
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+it was interesting to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was interesting to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was interesting to see how many
+young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people
+young architecture students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young architecture students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young architecture students
+said they chose architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they chose architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they chose architecture
+because it was both creative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was both creative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was both creative and
+respectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it had the creative their the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had the creative their the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had the creative their the
+ability to be creative not work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to be creative not work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to be creative not work in a
+large corporation and take orders from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large corporation and take orders from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large corporation and take orders from
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+which most architects have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it pitted the life in in law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it pitted the life in in law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it pitted the life in in law and
+corporate business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate business
+against architecture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against architecture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against architecture because
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+was created but on the safe side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created but on the safe side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created but on the safe side of
+creativity it wasn't playing jazz or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity it wasn't playing jazz or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity it wasn't playing jazz or
+going to the theater or going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the theater or going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the theater or going into
+painting or going into media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting or going into media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting or going into media
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+it combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combined
+rationality science and art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality science and art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality science and art
+in a unique way this has been the dogma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a unique way this has been the dogma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a unique way this has been the dogma
+of architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture
+almost since it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost since it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost since it started
+and it's created a world of greatness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's created a world of greatness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's created a world of greatness
+architecture is not to be denounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is not to be denounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is not to be denounced
+but when it comes to urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it comes to urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it comes to urbanism
+the truths that come from architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truths that come from architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truths that come from architectural
+statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+mel webber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asks the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says
+we have often heard i believe in taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have often heard i believe in taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have often heard i believe in taking
+the visual symbols of urbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual symbols of urbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual symbols of urbanization
+to be the marks of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the marks of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the marks of the important
+qualities of urban society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have compared these symbols with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have compared these symbols with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have compared these symbols with the
+ideological precepts of order and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological precepts of order and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological precepts of order and found
+that they do not conform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do not conform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do not conform
+and so we have mistaken for urban chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have mistaken for urban chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have mistaken for urban chaos
+what is more likely to be a newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is more likely to be a newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is more likely to be a newly
+merging order for signal qualities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging order for signal qualities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging order for signal qualities of
+complexity and diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limited
+geometry that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i don't know how limited it is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know how limited it is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know how limited it is given
+advances in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in computer
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to blame for the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blame for the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blame for the fact that we
+consider it to be chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it to be chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it to be chaotic
+in urban form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urban form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in urban form
+what doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't
+conform to our ability to make formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to our ability to make formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to our ability to make formal
+sense out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense out of it
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+it's an irritating question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an irritating question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an irritating question
+i've had theses which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've had theses which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've had theses which have
+looked at this over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this over the years
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+come to the conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that
+it may be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+one of the advantages of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the advantages of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the advantages of computational
+systems is that it may yet be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that it may yet be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that it may yet be able
+to associate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to associate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to associate form
+with complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with complexity
+and include but as long as architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and include but as long as architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and include but as long as architects
+keep on being trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on being trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on being trained
+to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on
+the notions of face-to-face contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notions of face-to-face contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notions of face-to-face contact
+and visual order as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual order as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual order as opposed to
+urban order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban order as
+equivalent to architectural order i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to architectural order i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to architectural order i
+think we'll constantly have problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll constantly have problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll constantly have problems of
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so webo who is a great social scientist
+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+i like to quote from writers rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+it is now becoming apparent that x that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now becoming apparent that x that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now becoming apparent that x that
+it is accessibility rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is accessibility rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is accessibility rather than
+propiquity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propiquity
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+propiquity
+that is the necessary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the necessary condition
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as accessibility becomes further freed
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+
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+
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+
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+cohabitation of a territorial place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabitation of a territorial place
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabitation of a territorial place
+whether it be a neighborhood a suburb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be a neighborhood a suburb
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+metropolitan region or nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+is becoming less important to the
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+is becoming less important to the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+maintenance of social communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a fundamental question which is not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental question which is not yet
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+
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+a fundamental question which is not yet
+resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+machine interposed goliath
+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+the new urbanists who don't even claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new urbanists who don't even claim
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+on suburban life is not lobotomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on suburban life is not lobotomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on suburban life is not lobotomized
+american young americans most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american young americans most of you
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+
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+american young americans most of you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+i'm not arguing for the fulfillment of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the the reasons why american urban is
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+
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+
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+
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+in fact the latest advent of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the latest advent of computation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the latest advent of computation
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+you read the book the social health
+
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+history of the telephone i think a part
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+history of the telephone i think a part
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+let me find it
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+do
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+okay
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+the telephone was first introduced to
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+the adventive
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to have people running up and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to have people running up and
+down to communicate over 100 floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to communicate over 100 floors
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to communicate over 100 floors
+you'd soon have a bunch of tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd soon have a bunch of tired
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd soon have a bunch of tired
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+secondly
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+
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+
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+american it was prior to 1900
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+henry
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+
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+
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+he's almost exactly 100 years ago
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+h.g wells wrote this a hundred years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+on electronic dispersion the businessman
+
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+on electronic dispersion the businessman
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+
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+
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+credible insight
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+this is before telephone was even common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and so the center will all will be
+
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+and so the center will all will be
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+reinforced by lifts and moving platforms
+
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+reinforced by lifts and moving platforms
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+
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+reinforced by lifts and moving platforms
+and shielded from the weather
+
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+and shielded from the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shielded from the weather
+and altogether very spacious brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and altogether very spacious brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+i couldn't think of a better x-men
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't think of a better x-men
+verbal
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friday night at six o'clock in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday night at six o'clock in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday night at six o'clock in the
+evening in downtown boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+when i was a graduate student of your
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and hamburgers and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+attractive
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+ align:start position:0%
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+culture changing culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+who would have predicted that the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would have predicted that the united
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+which you now find in cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the main street in one of the more
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+zones of the world
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+ align:start position:0%
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+coffee distribution system
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+ align:start position:0%
+coffee distribution system
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+ align:start position:0%
+coffee distribution system
+in seattle of all places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+these are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious predictions but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious predictions but they have
+something to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say about the
+centralization and decentralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization and decentralization
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+30 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+at the same time we have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we have
+suburban growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban growth
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban growth started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the streetcar suburbs
+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+nervous studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+sorry sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+onslaught from
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wish to take over your
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+property
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+ align:start position:0%
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+if you
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+weakened
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+weakened
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+ align:start position:0%
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+at the same time as archaic man
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+information from the celestial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the celestial system
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+he also had a notion of centeredness
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+this redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+is
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+job in white plains new york
+
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+she teaches in a school 20 minutes south
+
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+to take the kids to a museum
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+in this class of people
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+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+therefore our education
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore our education
+how do you
+
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+how do you
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+
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+
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+
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+how do you understand the paradox
+between the fact that without any doubt
+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+which trades
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+
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+i mean the rating system is flawed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the rating system is flawed but
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states probably has one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states probably has one of
+the best medical schools in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best medical schools in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best medical schools in the world
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare the binary quality of the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the binary quality of the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the binary quality of the higher
+level of performance in our university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of performance in our university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of performance in our university
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and the week average performance in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the week average performance in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the week average performance in our
+school system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system
+high school system how do you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school system how do you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school system how do you connect
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+it's a it's a proposition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a proposition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a proposition which
+has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with
+a number of factors in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we haven't got time to go into them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't got time to go into them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't got time to go into them
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the move to the suburbs was accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move to the suburbs was accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move to the suburbs was accomplished
+by a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a number of things
+technology the telephone initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the telephone initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the telephone initially the
+septic tank which allowed you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septic tank which allowed you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septic tank which allowed you to be
+to find a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a unit of
+occupation independent of a municipal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation independent of a municipal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation independent of a municipal
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+waiting for the municipal system to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for the municipal system to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for the municipal system to come
+the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity
+of developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of developers
+to operate quite freely to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate quite freely to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate quite freely to maximize
+profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+the advent of the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of the federal government
+in believing that home ownership was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in believing that home ownership was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in believing that home ownership was a
+important stability factor in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stability factor in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stability factor in a good
+society herbert hoover and roosevelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society herbert hoover and roosevelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society herbert hoover and roosevelt
+industry talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry talk about
+the legislation which allowed and allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legislation which allowed and allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legislation which allowed and allows
+americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans
+to deduct real estate tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deduct real estate tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deduct real estate tax
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interest paid on their house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest paid on their house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest paid on their house
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+factors indeed in minimizing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors indeed in minimizing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors indeed in minimizing their
+it is the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+federal and local tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal and local tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal and local tax
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+this works against rentership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works against rentership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works against rentership
+which is a more flexible system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a more flexible system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a more flexible system
+which i pointed out on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i pointed out on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i pointed out on tuesday
+has advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has advantages
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+newcomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newcomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newcomers
+suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban
+growth which manifests a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth which manifests a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth which manifests a potential
+profit in home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit in home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit in home
+ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership
+must stand in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must stand in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must stand in the way of
+bringing in people of different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in people of different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in people of different color
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacity to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bob ferguson in the department of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob ferguson in the department of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob ferguson in the department of urban
+studies has wrote a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies has wrote a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies has wrote a very interesting
+book called bourgeois nightmares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called bourgeois nightmares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called bourgeois nightmares
+i don't know if you know the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you know the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you know the book
+it's a history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a history of the
+restriction system of american suburb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction system of american suburb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction system of american suburb
+he focuses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he focuses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he focuses on
+pacific palisades which is a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacific palisades which is a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacific palisades which is a couple of
+kinometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinometers
+from downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+los angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+los angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+los angeles
+it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had
+it was one of the largest suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of the largest suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of the largest suburban
+developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments
+in american history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in american history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in american history
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+designed by the sons of frederick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by the sons of frederick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by the sons of frederick
+william ulstead the greater the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+william ulstead the greater the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+william ulstead the greater the greatest
+american landscape architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american landscape architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american landscape architect
+it would not allow renters it would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not allow renters it would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not allow renters it would not
+like anybody but the caucasian race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anybody but the caucasian race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anybody but the caucasian race
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it virtually did a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it virtually did a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it virtually did a pro
+year to conform to profile of whiteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to conform to profile of whiteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to conform to profile of whiteness
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+restrictive conditions were part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive conditions were part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive conditions were part of
+american suburban growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american suburban growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american suburban growth
+and only court legislation much later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only court legislation much later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only court legislation much later on
+provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+equal access to american suburbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal access to american suburbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal access to american suburbia
+it's american suburbia like newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's american suburbia like newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's american suburbia like newton
+well i don't know the history of newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't know the history of newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't know the history of newton
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+would be an adjunct for white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an adjunct for white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an adjunct for white
+well to do in the initial phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to do in the initial phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to do in the initial phases
+rescued by the telephone of the septic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescued by the telephone of the septic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescued by the telephone of the septic
+tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+created liberalization of american space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the suburbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+took on an independent economic force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took on an independent economic force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took on an independent economic force of
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+and slowly dis disseminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowly dis disseminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowly dis disseminated
+the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+and time spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time spent
+commuting to the center of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuting to the center of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuting to the center of the city
+shopping first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping first
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+shopping centers were in framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping centers were in framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping centers were in framingham
+massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts
+that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to
+larger size shopping centers mondorman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger size shopping centers mondorman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger size shopping centers mondorman
+in baltimore ending up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in baltimore ending up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in baltimore ending up with
+the gigantic complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gigantic complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gigantic complexes
+in minnesota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minnesota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minnesota
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+work followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work followed
+there are more offices in northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more offices in northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more offices in northern
+northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern
+new jersey than in manhattan believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new jersey than in manhattan believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new jersey than in manhattan believe it
+if the metropolitan space of new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the metropolitan space of new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the metropolitan space of new york
+includes northern new jersey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes northern new jersey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes northern new jersey
+as a metropolitan space as it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a metropolitan space as it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a metropolitan space as it should
+there are more offices in northern new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more offices in northern new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more offices in northern new
+jersey than in manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jersey than in manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jersey than in manhattan
+which is not part of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not part of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not part of the human
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's more commutation over 50 of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more commutation over 50 of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more commutation over 50 of work
+commutation today is from suburbs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation today is from suburbs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation today is from suburbs to
+suburb and not from suburb to central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburb and not from suburb to central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburb and not from suburb to central
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+a number of these indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of these indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of these indices
+the suburban world has become a world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suburban world has become a world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suburban world has become a world of
+its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own
+in one sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one sense
+not dependent on the central city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dependent on the central city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dependent on the central city
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what do you expect to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you expect to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you expect to be in
+city hall plaza on a sunday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody living in newton watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody living in newton watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody living in newton watching
+television for six hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+having friendships which you know can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having friendships which you know can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having friendships which you know can be
+accomplished over large distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to recall an incident in london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to recall an incident in london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to recall an incident in london
+a number of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years ago
+london contemplated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london contemplated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london contemplated
+london road system has never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london road system has never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london road system has never been
+expanded significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded significantly
+despite the increase in water we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the increase in water we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the increase in water we use
+quite a bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit in
+large proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+london proposed building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london proposed building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london proposed building in
+box highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box highway
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+transportation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation from
+southern parts of london to northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern parts of london to northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern parts of london to northern
+parts and east and western parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and east and western parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and east and western parts
+as the city was expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the city was expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the city was expanding
+more more were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more were
+possible without crossing the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible without crossing the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible without crossing the center of
+the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all architects and environments oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all architects and environments oppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all architects and environments oppose
+this move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move
+saying it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it which is
+highways were just opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways were just opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways were just opportunities for
+water wheels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water wheels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water wheels or
+negative consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative consequences
+aesthetic disparment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic disparment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic disparment
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+the new statesman which i used to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new statesman which i used to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new statesman which i used to read
+and used to read because they wrote such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used to read because they wrote such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used to read because they wrote such
+good english i learned to write english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good english i learned to write english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good english i learned to write english
+from reading newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reading newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reading newspapers
+good newspapers not from any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good newspapers not from any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good newspapers not from any other
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+international publication i ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international publication i ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international publication i ever
+published i rewrote 16 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published i rewrote 16 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published i rewrote 16 times
+so those of you especially those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you especially those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you especially those who are
+foreigners believe you're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners believe you're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners believe you're going to write
+a thesis in a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thesis in a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thesis in a week
+in good english forget about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning to write like learning to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to write like learning to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to write like learning to draw
+is a slow process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slow process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slow process
+you assume that you learn to draw as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that you learn to draw as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that you learn to draw as
+architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects
+in five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years
+and tantline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tantline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tantline
+to use language properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway that's beside the point but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's beside the point but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's beside the point but the
+new statesman had an editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new statesman had an editorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new statesman had an editorial
+which attacked the opponents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which attacked the opponents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which attacked the opponents of the
+on the grounds of social equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the grounds of social equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the grounds of social equity
+it says that what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that what we know about
+social trips is they seldom done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social trips is they seldom done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social trips is they seldom done by
+public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation
+social trips are generally done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social trips are generally done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social trips are generally done by
+autumn autumnwheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autumn autumnwheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autumn autumnwheel
+we are depriving the poor people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are depriving the poor people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are depriving the poor people who are
+now having access to auto meals for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having access to auto meals for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now having access to auto meals for the
+first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time
+of the right to access the metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right to access the metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right to access the metropolitan
+area socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would mean that
+a young man who lives in wandsworth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young man who lives in wandsworth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young man who lives in wandsworth in
+southern london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern london
+in a poor to middle-income community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a poor to middle-income community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a poor to middle-income community
+who meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who meets
+a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman
+who works in a similar same office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who works in a similar same office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who works in a similar same office
+who lives in hampstead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lives in hampstead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lives in hampstead
+in northern london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in northern london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in northern london
+if they wish to date and he has there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they wish to date and he has there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they wish to date and he has there
+are no roads to allow him to move freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no roads to allow him to move freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no roads to allow him to move freely
+that date will not take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that date will not take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that date will not take place
+of course it's debunked by european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's debunked by european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's debunked by european
+examples of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of people
+dating as a result of subway encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating as a result of subway encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating as a result of subway encounters
+and so on but this was the argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but this was the argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but this was the argument the
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+also applies to our thoughts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also applies to our thoughts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also applies to our thoughts about
+climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change
+we've arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've arguably
+gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through
+a period of building an economy based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of building an economy based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of building an economy based on
+the profligate use of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profligate use of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profligate use of resources
+now that we've established our state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now
+arguing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing for the
+diminishing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing of the
+poor world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor world
+who are arguing that the distinction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are arguing that the distinction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are arguing that the distinction for
+them is the choice between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is the choice between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is the choice between
+smoke and income and survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting
+dialectic between the search for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectic between the search for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectic between the search for social
+equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the use of the metropolitan space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the metropolitan space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the metropolitan space
+just a few facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information technology in urban space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology in urban space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology in urban space
+in 1997 only six point three percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1997 only six point three percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1997 only six point three percent of
+the popular american population worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular american population worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular american population worked
+at home on a regular basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home on a regular basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home on a regular basis
+on an average these people only work 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an average these people only work 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an average these people only work 19
+hours a week only a fraction and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a week only a fraction and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a week only a fraction and work
+predominantly at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly at home
+less than half of the homework has used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half of the homework has used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half of the homework has used
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+the majority used telephone that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority used telephone that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority used telephone that was
+1997.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997.
+i'm sure it has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the notion of working at home increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of working at home increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of working at home increasing
+where homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where homework
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting
+counterpart effect on autumn will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart effect on autumn will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart effect on autumn will use
+apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+the more you work at home and the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you work at home and the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you work at home and the less
+you use roads the more opportunity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use roads the more opportunity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use roads the more opportunity there
+is for the roads to be used by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the roads to be used by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the roads to be used by people
+who don't use them because of conjure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't use them because of conjure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't use them because of conjure
+current congestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current congestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current congestion
+so there's an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an extraordinary
+resonance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance between
+reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+automobile use on the one time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile use on the one time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile use on the one time and then
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+working at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at home
+and the fact that those people who work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that those people who work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that those people who work
+home don't use the automobiles reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home don't use the automobiles reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home don't use the automobiles reducing
+the amount of use of the roads therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of use of the roads therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of use of the roads therefore
+the use of the roads is an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the roads is an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the roads is an elastic
+commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity
+automales use roads when it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automales use roads when it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automales use roads when it's easy to
+use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them
+and stop using them when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stop using them when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stop using them when they
+uh enormous difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enormous difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enormous difficulties
+either in congestion or in parking costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in congestion or in parking costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in congestion or in parking costs
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the notions of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the notions of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the notions of reducing
+automobile congestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile congestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile congestion
+is having people live close to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having people live close to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having people live close to where
+they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work
+this is absolutely antithesis to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely antithesis to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely antithesis to the
+idea of a liberal society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a liberal society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a liberal society
+again you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+you live in a metropolitan area because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in a metropolitan area because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in a metropolitan area because
+you have access to free economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to free economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to free economic
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+your husband and your wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your husband and your wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your husband and your wife
+work in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in different places
+much of this thinking comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this thinking comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this thinking comes from
+pre-women work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comes from suburbs this is livertown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from suburbs this is livertown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from suburbs this is livertown
+or framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or framingham
+where women didn't work and had time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where women didn't work and had time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where women didn't work and had time for
+social life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you were if the family that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were if the family that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were if the family that i
+described from fishman's article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described from fishman's article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described from fishman's article
+the husband maximized his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the husband maximized his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the husband maximized his work
+opportunity by working in white plains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity by working in white plains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity by working in white plains
+new york although they live in northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york although they live in northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york although they live in northern
+new jersey his wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new jersey his wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new jersey his wife
+teaches in school and the best job she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches in school and the best job she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches in school and the best job she
+can get is 20 minutes south of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get is 20 minutes south of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get is 20 minutes south of where
+they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live
+so they have a 40-minute spread between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a 40-minute spread between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a 40-minute spread between
+the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them
+americans change jobs relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans change jobs relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans change jobs relatively
+frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently
+if you live in a metropolitan area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you live in a metropolitan area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you live in a metropolitan area
+changing a job might not mean changing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a job might not mean changing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a job might not mean changing a
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+but changing in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but changing in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but changing in another
+part of the metropolitan area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the metropolitan area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the metropolitan area
+maybe if the road system were adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if the road system were adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if the road system were adequate
+you could stay in your house and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stay in your house and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stay in your house and change
+your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job
+because you can get freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through private ordinary use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through private ordinary use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through private ordinary use
+let's just look at one or two more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at one or two more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at one or two more and
+then we'll look at some aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at some aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at some aspects of
+climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i quote so far cell phones haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i quote so far cell phones haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i quote so far cell phones haven't
+directly altered the look of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly altered the look of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly altered the look of public
+space but rather provided more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but rather provided more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but rather provided more flexible
+use patterns than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a study done at boston cab drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study done at boston cab drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study done at boston cab drivers
+says that cab drivers are relying more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that cab drivers are relying more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that cab drivers are relying more
+and more on information from cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more on information from cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more on information from cell phones
+than they are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are from
+tiller radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which they say is full of static plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they say is full of static plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they say is full of static plague
+interference the cell phone is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the cell phone is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the cell phone is more
+timely and accurate than anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely and accurate than anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely and accurate than anything that
+comes out of the static plate radios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the static plate radios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the static plate radios
+i never thought that cell phone would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never thought that cell phone would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never thought that cell phone would
+make taxi life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make taxi life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make taxi life
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an analysis of households in north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis of households in north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis of households in north
+america that perform online activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america that perform online activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america that perform online activities
+weekly by activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly by activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly by activity
+shows that eighty percent five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that eighty percent five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that eighty percent five percent
+of the interviews internet is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interviews internet is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interviews internet is used for
+emailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the world's poverty gap has doubled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's poverty gap has doubled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's poverty gap has doubled in
+30 years during the rise of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years during the rise of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years during the rise of information
+communication technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication technology
+matthew zuck's analysis of internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matthew zuck's analysis of internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matthew zuck's analysis of internet
+domains in 2500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in 2500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in 2500
+cities across the world shows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities across the world shows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities across the world shows that the
+top 55 cities accounting for one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 55 cities accounting for one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 55 cities accounting for one percent
+of the world's population account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world's population account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world's population account for
+20.4 percent over all internet domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20.4 percent over all internet domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20.4 percent over all internet domains
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+more evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the centralizing effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the centralizing effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the centralizing effect
+of information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our empirical work suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our empirical work suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our empirical work suggests that
+telecommunication may be a complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunication may be a complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunication may be a complementary
+or at least not as strong substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least not as strong substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least not as strong substitute
+for cities and face-to-face interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities and face-to-face interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities and face-to-face interactions
+this is not written by architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not written by architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not written by architects
+but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by
+urban theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban theorists
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+we are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are currently
+in a domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+to try to find a d reasonable balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find a d reasonable balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find a d reasonable balance
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+face-to-face communication and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face communication and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face communication and its
+advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages
+and machine interposed communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machine interposed communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machine interposed communication
+mit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit is
+going crazy at the moment debating as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going crazy at the moment debating as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going crazy at the moment debating as to
+what extent it should reward students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent it should reward students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent it should reward students
+who learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who learn
+electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically
+from electronic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electronic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electronic information
+there are propositions that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are propositions that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are propositions that it should
+shorten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten the
+residential time at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential time at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential time at mit
+mit is based totally on face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit is based totally on face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit is based totally on face-to-face
+communication not solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication not solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication not solely
+you're sitting with computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listening to face-to-face communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to face-to-face communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to face-to-face communication
+but the essential basis of the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essential basis of the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essential basis of the teaching
+is still face-to-face communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still face-to-face communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still face-to-face communication
+and a limited population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a limited population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a limited population
+who can benefit from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over 36 years i calculate that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 36 years i calculate that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 36 years i calculate that there
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+1200 students now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1200 students now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1200 students now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 30 a thousand students in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 30 a thousand students in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 30 a thousand students in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of them is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is not
+they are now versions of this class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now versions of this class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now versions of this class in
+india in moscow in indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india in moscow in indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india in moscow in indonesia
+a number one at penn state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number one at penn state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number one at penn state
+a number of our graduates of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of our graduates of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of our graduates of this class
+i'm pleased about that but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pleased about that but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pleased about that but it doesn't
+compare to the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the effect
+that the filming of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filming of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filming of this class
+might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+published through mitx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published through mitx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published through mitx
+of a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a time
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+essential domain that you're living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential domain that you're living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential domain that you're living in
+is to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make sense
+in your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your work
+of the still unresolved balance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the still unresolved balance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the still unresolved balance between
+face-to-face contact which most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face contact which most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face contact which most
+architects prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects prefer
+in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+pre-computation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computation in
+theorists have accepted as the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists have accepted as the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists have accepted as the basis for
+their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boston city all plaza is a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston city all plaza is a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston city all plaza is a good example
+of reaching back into the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaching back into the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaching back into the past
+to take account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take account
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+which really is proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really is proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really is proposed
+to take account of the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take account of the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take account of the context of a
+modern metropolitan area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern metropolitan area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern metropolitan area
+rather than the historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the historic
+center of a city where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of a city where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of a city where
+the density of the population the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the population the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the population the amount
+of space the population has have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space the population has have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space the population has have
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+risen cultural tropes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen cultural tropes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen cultural tropes
+of association face-to-face association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of association face-to-face association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of association face-to-face association
+such as in the campo in siena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in the campo in siena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in the campo in siena
+the conference hiena has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference hiena has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference hiena has
+used this space not only for individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this space not only for individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this space not only for individual
+contact but for communal contact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact but for communal contact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact but for communal contact the
+palio twice a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palio twice a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palio twice a year
+is a tourist event now but it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tourist event now but it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tourist event now but it's also a
+competition within the various conte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition within the various conte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition within the various conte
+various neighborhoods of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various neighborhoods of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various neighborhoods of the
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+make more of the center of the city than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more of the center of the city than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more of the center of the city than
+it normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it normally
+even provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even provides
+what is the answer to public space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the answer to public space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the answer to public space in
+the mid contemporary metropolitan area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no public space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where's the public space in los angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the public space in los angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the public space in los angeles
+one of the great cities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great cities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great cities of the
+contemporary world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary world
+is there square in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there square in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there square in
+los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+los
+angeles yes there is but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angeles yes there is but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angeles yes there is but it's not
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+it's not a significant part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a significant part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a significant part of the
+average larceny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average larceny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average larceny
+work for social life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yet it activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it activates
+enormous economic production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous economic production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous economic production
+it's not backward in its social life it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not backward in its social life it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+has one of the best symphony orchestras
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states
+playing perhaps the most advanced music
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+playing perhaps the most advanced music
+in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+hollywood hasn't gone backward and died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollywood hasn't gone backward and died
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollywood hasn't gone backward and died
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
+adolf hitler thought it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolf hitler thought it would
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+ align:start position:0%
+adolf hitler thought it would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't produce a movie about
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+ align:start position:0%
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+the 36 32 games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
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+fundamental
+things that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+incorporate in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate in your
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+substitution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are now 125 farmers markets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are now 125 farmers markets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are now 125 farmers markets in the
+metropolitan county area metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan county area metropolitan
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan county area metropolitan
+area of los angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of los angeles
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of los angeles
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+which placing which introduced a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which placing which introduced a form of
+public activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public activity
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+where commerce which still probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where commerce which still probably the
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+
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+foundation of american
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to imagine
+buying food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying food
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+
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+at least corporate provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good thesis done here about
+four or five years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five years ago
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+small domains of 20 000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+unless you choose to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you choose to live in
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+at least you have enough wealth to live
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+at least you have enough wealth to live
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+one of the problems about climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the new york times
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+has time magazine in most publications
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially especially issues on
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+ align:start position:0%
+especially especially issues on
+greenness
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+in the new york times
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+in the new york times
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+can't find the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's timeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+this is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+peace why bother question mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+let's say i do bother big time i turn my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i do bother big time i turn my
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+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i do bother big time i turn my
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+thermostat solo i need the jimmy carter
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat solo i need the jimmy carter
+signature cardigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+clothes dryer for a laundry line across
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+local
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+i would theoretically do all that but
+
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+i would theoretically do all that but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the point when i know full
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+what would be the point when i know full
+well the halfway around the world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+lives my evil twin some carbon foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives my evil twin some carbon foot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives my evil twin some carbon foot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+print doppelganger in shanghai or chong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print doppelganger in shanghai or chong
+ying who has just bought his first car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ying who has just bought his first car
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ying who has just bought his first car
+chinese car ownership is yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese car ownership is yours
+is where ours was back in 1918.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i forsworn used positively eating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forsworn used positively eating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forsworn used positively eating to
+replace
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+so exactly what i have to show for all
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+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly what i have to show for all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly what i have to show for all
+my trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trouble
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trouble
+now this is an argument in the developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an argument in the developed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an argument in the developed
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+world
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+ align:start position:0%
+world
+this man is writing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man is writing from
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+ align:start position:0%
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+newspapers
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+ align:start position:0%
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+what to do
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+contemplating how minimal his
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the universality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and the fact that he doesn't demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+punished
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+severely physically
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute by car to work every day or
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+every day that i work
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+every day that i work
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no public transportation
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+city
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+so we have a problem
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+or autumn values
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+this is the world in which you have to
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+start working in six months time
+
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+ 
+
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+or two years time depending on how long
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+ align:start position:0%
+or two years time depending on how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two years time depending on how long
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not a pleasant world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i am as much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad citizen
+as the man in new york city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yet i morally proclaim a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+43 percent of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 percent of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 percent of carbon
+dioxide production comes from buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+from industry
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+ align:start position:0%
+from industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from industry
+and 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 32
+from transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transportation
+the proposal to introduce congestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal to introduce congestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal to introduce congestion
+pricing in new york city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing in new york city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing in new york city
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+within the metropolitan area of new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the metropolitan area of new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the metropolitan area of new york
+failed why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as people in rural areas have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as people in rural areas have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as people in rural areas have
+significant verts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant verts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant verts
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+situations which start here urban in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations which start here urban in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations which start here urban in
+in character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in character
+there will be this disjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+road con congestion pricing in london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road con congestion pricing in london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road con congestion pricing in london
+was which was accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which was accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which was accepted
+largely because they had the best public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely because they had the best public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely because they had the best public
+transportation system in the world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system in the world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system in the world as
+nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failed when ken livingston the mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed when ken livingston the mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed when ken livingston the mayor
+proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed
+attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to
+charge people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge people
+by the uber by the amount of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the uber by the amount of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the uber by the amount of carbon
+dioxide the automobiles or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide the automobiles or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide the automobiles or their
+vehicles produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles produced
+the congestion pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the congestion pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the congestion pricing
+specialized condition pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized condition pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized condition pricing
+failed in london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and tuition pricing has been able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tuition pricing has been able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tuition pricing has been able to be
+imposed in societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed in societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed in societies
+which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have
+very strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strict
+allegiances to the state such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiances to the state such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiances to the state such as
+singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and will become more much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will become more much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will become more much
+more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common
+in this country it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country it will
+i expect congestion pricing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i expect congestion pricing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i expect congestion pricing to
+become a phenomenon of modern china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but have a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advent in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advent in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advent in the united states
+just look at some of these images on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at some of these images on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at some of these images on the
+left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a typical proposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical proposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical proposition of
+mixed-use growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed-use growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed-use growth
+in an american inner suburb steady on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an american inner suburb steady on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an american inner suburb steady on
+judas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judas
+furnace ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace ring
+at the last supper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last supper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last supper
+in botticelli's primavera painting he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in botticelli's primavera painting he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in botticelli's primavera painting he
+went a word in your shell like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a word in your shell like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a word in your shell like
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attempts to
+
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+attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to
+improve the monumental quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the monumental quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the monumental quality of the
+freeway on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeway on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeway on the left
+the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+change the shape of the intersection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the shape of the intersection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the shape of the intersection and
+innate italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate italy
+rather glamorous and attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infrastructure change next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a proposition which i mentioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition which i mentioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition which i mentioned on
+tuesday which we looked at at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday which we looked at at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday which we looked at at mit
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of
+small vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vehicles
+which could operate on the distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could operate on the distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could operate on the distributor
+system which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with arrow points too and also could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with arrow points too and also could
+transfer to a line all system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to a line all system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to a line all system
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an attempt to design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an attempt to design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an attempt to design an
+interchange to take the vehicle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+residents it's temporary use on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents it's temporary use on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents it's temporary use on the line
+all and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and it's
+circular use in the distributive system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular use in the distributive system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular use in the distributive system
+it's never been applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never been applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never been applied
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is from chris the project of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from chris the project of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from chris the project of
+christo alexander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christo alexander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christo alexander
+every dwelling must be immediately next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dwelling must be immediately next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dwelling must be immediately next
+to victor's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to victor's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to victor's house
+this is the maximization of face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximization of face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximization of face-to-face
+contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact
+each trading must contain a transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trading must contain a transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trading must contain a transparent
+communal room with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal room with the following
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+on the one side the room is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one side the room is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one side the room is directly
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+
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+adjacent to the street on the opposite
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to the street on the opposite
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the room is directly adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the room is directly adjacent to
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all rooms in houses in this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rooms in houses in this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rooms in houses in this project
+face onto the street and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face onto the street and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face onto the street and they are
+transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent
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+
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+transparent
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the road system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the road system
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+on one is on a number of planes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one is on a number of planes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one is on a number of planes in
+organized in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in order to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this notion
+of actual and symbolic face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actual and symbolic face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actual and symbolic face-to-face
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+of course it's foolish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's foolish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's foolish and
+silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are two sitcoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the left is the brady bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left is the brady bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left is the brady bunch
+which produced 117 episodes between 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produced 117 episodes between 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produced 117 episodes between 1960
+and 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it depicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depicts
+urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban
+condition
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+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house
+which could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could have
+three six children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three six children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three six children
+in suburbia there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in suburbia there was no
+ 
+
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+in suburbia there was no
+conflict with the outside world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the outside world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the outside world
+you spread yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spread yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spread yourself
+this is a divorced husband who was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a divorced husband who was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a divorced husband who was an
+architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect
+his wife carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife carol
+had three daughters he has three sons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three daughters he has three sons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three daughters he has three sons
+and the lady next to carol is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lady next to carol is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lady next to carol is the
+housekeeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeper
+this is the tranquil american suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tranquil american suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tranquil american suburban
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+i can read you some of the episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can read you some of the episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can read you some of the episode
+stories they deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories they deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories they deal with
+personal conflict growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal conflict growing up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal conflict growing up
+how to live in a family what to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to live in a family what to do when
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+how to live in a family what to do when
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+somebody one of the children
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+ align:start position:0%
+somebody one of the children
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+is nasty and so on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is a subsequent
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is a subsequent
+television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sitcom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitcom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitcom
+called different strokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called different strokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called different strokes
+i don't know any of you have seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know any of you have seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know any of you have seen these
+different strokes deals with a man a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strokes deals with a man a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strokes deals with a man a
+wealthy white man
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+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy white man
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy white man
+an aged man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aged man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aged man
+whose wife died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose wife died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose wife died
+he adopts two black kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adopts two black kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adopts two black kids
+he has a natural-born daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a natural-born daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a natural-born daughter
+who's standing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics
+the situation is in downtown american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is in downtown american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is in downtown american
+sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight
+the topics deal with drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics deal with drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics deal with drugs
+warning children not to be attracted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning children not to be attracted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+sexuality
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+urban conditions
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not attainable for all of these happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attainable for all of these happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attainable for all of these happy
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody should write a contrast a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody should write a contrast a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+about the contrast between ricardo you
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+we are
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+who influences the ideas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+these fascinate me because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+they're created by people who know
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i
+i wrote to i had a friend in hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote to i had a friend in hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+who got me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a site plan of the set for the brady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site plan of the set for the brady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site plan of the set for the brady
+bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was going to write about these two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to write about these two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to write about these two but
+i never did next
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bill mitchell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill mitchell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill mitchell's
+attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denote in a gnome of categories public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote in a gnome of categories public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote in a gnome of categories public
+space retail transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space retail transactions
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+ align:start position:0%
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+the category of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+above is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+above is
+go there same time
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+go there different times
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+ align:start position:0%
+go there different times
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+go there different times
+connect remotely
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+same time
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+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+in different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different times
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+ align:start position:0%
+in different times
+he's trying to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to indicate
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the air what the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air what the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air what the space is
+where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use face-to-face communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use face-to-face communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use face-to-face communication
+and space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space which
+can be connected remotely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be connected remotely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be connected remotely
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk the same in work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+education classroom lecture or teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education classroom lecture or teaching
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+education classroom lecture or teaching
+liberty design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberty design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberty design
+studio as opposed to live broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio as opposed to live broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio as opposed to live broadcast
+video and conferencing class shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and conferencing class shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and conferencing class shared
+interactive environments simnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive environments simnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive environments simnet
+different times non-circulating library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times non-circulating library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times non-circulating library
+museum and language reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum and language reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum and language reward
+and so on next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the project in fort worth texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the project in fort worth texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the project in fort worth texas
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is essentially a metropolitan project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a metropolitan project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a metropolitan project
+it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for
+alliance airport the first and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliance airport the first and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliance airport the first and only
+passenger free airport in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger free airport in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger free airport in the world
+it's an intersection in the metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an intersection in the metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an intersection in the metropolitan
+area fort worth
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+ align:start position:0%
+area fort worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area fort worth
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+city fire highway 35 which runs all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city fire highway 35 which runs all the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+city fire highway 35 which runs all the
+way from mexico to canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from mexico to canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from mexico to canada
+the santa fe railroad which connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the santa fe railroad which connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the santa fe railroad which connects
+texas to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texas to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texas to the
+pacific ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacific ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacific ocean
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport
+which the perot group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the perot group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the perot group
+managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get done politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done politically
+on the brilliant idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the brilliant idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the brilliant idea
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+congestion of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion of goods
+when come when associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when come when associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when come when associated with
+passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers
+makes transportation of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes transportation of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes transportation of goods
+very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the american airlines largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the american airlines largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the american airlines largest
+repair facility in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair facility in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair facility in the world
+federal express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal express
+chairs alliance airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs alliance airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs alliance airport
+as it's after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's after
+central headquarters in memphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i share this project not because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i share this project not because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i share this project not because i
+worked on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it
+but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because
+it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive things that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive things that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive things that could be
+that could be produced in a metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be produced in a metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be produced in a metropolitan
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+taking advantages of rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantages of rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantages of rail
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead what we now do in boston is slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what we now do in boston is slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what we now do in boston is slip
+high octane gas across the harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high octane gas across the harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high octane gas across the harbor
+to to embankments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to embankments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to embankments in
+chelsea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would reduce
+the friction of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friction of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friction of that kind of
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+locating facilities new kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating facilities new kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating facilities new kinds of
+facilities such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities such as
+transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation
+such as goods only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you cannot send goods electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was the conference in euro disney in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the conference in euro disney in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the conference in euro disney in
+in paris once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paris once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paris once
+where physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where physicist
+from british terracom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from british terracom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from british terracom
+argued that he foresaw a future in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that he foresaw a future in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that he foresaw a future in which
+physical goods would be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical goods would be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical goods would be able to be
+dematerialized sent electronically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dematerialized sent electronically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dematerialized sent electronically and
+reassembled at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassembled at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassembled at the other end
+that will wait for your generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will wait for your generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will wait for your generation
+i don't see the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see the physics
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+this notion of using transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of using transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of using transportation
+where it works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it works well
+where it can connect in multimodals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can connect in multimodals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can connect in multimodals of
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+is what aligns and the lines has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what aligns and the lines has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what aligns and the lines has been
+very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partly because it's been so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's been so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's been so well
+designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed
+it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got
+texas steers on the landscape next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texas steers on the landscape next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texas steers on the landscape next to
+the runways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runways
+not in the way of the airplanes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the way of the airplanes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the way of the airplanes but
+it's been an enormous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been an enormous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been an enormous uh
+it's paid a lot of money to making it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's paid a lot of money to making it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's paid a lot of money to making it a
+beautiful place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful place
+it has rules for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has rules for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has rules for what the
+these industries can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these industries can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these industries can build
+and it's attracted enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's attracted enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's attracted enormous
+number of good clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of good clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of good clients
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we'll deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll deal with the
+rest of the world on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world on
+excuse to have a good weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3cMyj8EKFGo.txt b/3cMyj8EKFGo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cd221f38b0840966db24d14fb630dabbd9804e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3cMyj8EKFGo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back today's problem is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back today's problem is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back today's problem is about
+solving homogeneous linear systems ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving homogeneous linear systems ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving homogeneous linear systems ax
+equals B equals 0 but it's also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B equals 0 but it's also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B equals 0 but it's also an
+introduction to the next lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the next lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the next lecture and
+next recitation section which are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next recitation section which are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next recitation section which are going
+to be about solving non homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about solving non homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about solving non homogeneous
+linear systems ax equals B the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems ax equals B the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems ax equals B the problem
+is fill the blanks type and it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fill the blanks type and it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fill the blanks type and it says the
+set s of all points with coordinates XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s of all points with coordinates XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s of all points with coordinates XY
+and Z such that X minus 5y plus 2z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z such that X minus 5y plus 2z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z such that X minus 5y plus 2z
+equals 9 is a blank in r3 it is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 9 is a blank in r3 it is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 9 is a blank in r3 it is in a
+certain relation to the other blank s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain relation to the other blank s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain relation to the other blank s0
+of all the points with coordinates XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the points with coordinates XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the points with coordinates XY
+and z that satisfy the following linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z that satisfy the following linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z that satisfy the following linear
+equation x minus 5y plus 2z equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x minus 5y plus 2z equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x minus 5y plus 2z equals 0
+after we solve this we have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we solve this we have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we solve this we have the second
+part of the problem which says all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem which says all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem which says all
+points of X have a specific form XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of X have a specific form XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of X have a specific form XYZ
+equals blank 0 0 plus some parameter x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals blank 0 0 plus some parameter x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals blank 0 0 plus some parameter x
+blank 1 0 plus some other parameter x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank 1 0 plus some other parameter x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank 1 0 plus some other parameter x
+blank 0 1 and we need to fill fill out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank 0 1 and we need to fill fill out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank 0 1 and we need to fill fill out
+all 6 blanks now you should pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 6 blanks now you should pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 6 blanks now you should pause the
+video fill in the blanks and then come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video fill in the blanks and then come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video fill in the blanks and then come
+back and see some pretty pictures that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and see some pretty pictures that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and see some pretty pictures that I
+prepared for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're back so you probably pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're back so you probably pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're back so you probably pick this
+up in lectures already if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in lectures already if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in lectures already if you have a
+three-dimensional space with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space with three
+degrees of freedom and put in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and put in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and put in one
+constraint so put in one equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so put in one equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so put in one equation you
+get something that has two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that has two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that has two degrees of
+freedom something that's two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom something that's two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom something that's two-dimensional
+if this equation is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this equation is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this equation is linear
+rather than quadratic or cubic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than quadratic or cubic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than quadratic or cubic or
+exponential this something is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this something is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this something is something
+two-dimensional and flat something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and flat something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and flat something
+two-dimensional and flat in r3 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and flat in r3 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and flat in r3 is also
+called a plane or a two plane similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a plane or a two plane similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a plane or a two plane similarly
+s 0 is also a plane now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 is also a plane now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 is also a plane now what's the
+relation between s and s 0 if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between s and s 0 if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between s and s 0 if they're
+given by these two equations well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by these two equations well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by these two equations well first
+let's look at the general positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the general positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the general positions in
+which two planes in r3 can be first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two planes in r3 can be first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which two planes in r3 can be first one
+is that they're intersecting along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're intersecting along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're intersecting along the
+line what's going to happen here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what's going to happen here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what's going to happen here is that
+all points on this plane are points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points on this plane are points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points on this plane are points
+whose coordinates satisfy the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coordinates satisfy the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coordinates satisfy the equation
+of this plane the points in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plane the points in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plane the points in this plane
+are points were scored in it satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are points were scored in it satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are points were scored in it satisfied
+the equation of this plane and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of this plane and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of this plane and the
+points on the line are points whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the line are points whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the line are points whose
+coordinates satisfy the system of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates satisfy the system of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates satisfy the system of this
+equation and this equation the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation the other
+position in which two points can be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in which two points can be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in which two points can be easy
+is that they're not intersecting at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're not intersecting at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're not intersecting at all
+did they're parallel so let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they're parallel so let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they're parallel so let's start by
+trying to find this line here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find this line here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find this line here the
+equation of the equation of excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the equation of excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the equation of excuse me
+the equation of a of one plane is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a of one plane is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a of one plane is X
+minus 5y plus two Z equal nine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5y plus two Z equal nine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5y plus two Z equal nine the
+equation of the other one is X minus 5y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the other one is X minus 5y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the other one is X minus 5y
+plus 2z equals 0 now you can just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2z equals 0 now you can just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2z equals 0 now you can just look
+at it and see how many solutions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and see how many solutions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and see how many solutions it's
+supposed to have or you can try doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have or you can try doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have or you can try doing
+elimination and after one step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and after one step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and after one step of
+elimination get 0 equals 9 which never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination get 0 equals 9 which never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination get 0 equals 9 which never
+happens there cannot exist numbers x y&z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there cannot exist numbers x y&z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there cannot exist numbers x y&z
+such that this combination of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this combination of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this combination of them
+produces 0 and the same combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces 0 and the same combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces 0 and the same combination of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+nine at the same time so this red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine at the same time so this red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine at the same time so this red line
+here doesn't exist and the situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't exist and the situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't exist and the situation of
+these two planes S&S zero is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two planes S&S zero is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two planes S&S zero is this one
+they're parallel so let's add the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're parallel so let's add the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're parallel so let's add the word
+parallel in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel in here
+and let's move on to the other half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's move on to the other half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's move on to the other half of
+the problem the other half said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem the other half said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem the other half said all
+points of s have this specific form now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of s have this specific form now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of s have this specific form now
+let me call this point here p0 if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call this point here p0 if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call this point here p0 if all
+points of s have this form we can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of s have this form we can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of s have this form we can plug
+in any parameters C 1 and C 2 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any parameters C 1 and C 2 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any parameters C 1 and C 2 here and
+we're going to get a point of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a point of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a point of the plane
+so in particular we can plug in C 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular we can plug in C 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular we can plug in C 1 and
+C 2 equal to 0 what we get then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 equal to 0 what we get then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 equal to 0 what we get then is that
+the point XYZ equals p 0 is a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point XYZ equals p 0 is a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point XYZ equals p 0 is a point of
+the plane s so p 0 is in s what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane s so p 0 is in s what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane s so p 0 is in s what do I
+know about the point p 0 well the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the point p 0 well the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the point p 0 well the fact
+that it's in s means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's in s means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's in s means that it's
+coordinates X minus 5y plus 2 Z equal 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X minus 5y plus 2 Z equal 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X minus 5y plus 2 Z equal 9
+that's the equation of s but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation of s but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation of s but we also
+know that y and z are equal to 0 and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solving this system we get the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this system we get the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this system we get the x
+coordinate of this point P of this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of this point P of this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of this point P of this point
+p 0 is 9 and we can just add 9 here ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 0 is 9 and we can just add 9 here ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 0 is 9 and we can just add 9 here ok
+so we just have two blanks left to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have two blanks left to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have two blanks left to fill
+before I fill them let me show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I fill them let me show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I fill them let me show you a
+picture that I drew here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I drew here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I drew here so we have
+these two planes s 0 and s which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two planes s 0 and s which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two planes s 0 and s which are
+parallel they're given by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel they're given by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel they're given by these
+equations and the plane s 0 has a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the plane s 0 has a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the plane s 0 has a point
+0 in it because the equation is X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in it because the equation is X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in it because the equation is X minus
+5y plus 2z equals 0 so it satisfied by 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5y plus 2z equals 0 so it satisfied by 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5y plus 2z equals 0 so it satisfied by 0
+0 0 the plane s has this point p 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 the plane s has this point p 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 the plane s has this point p 0
+it which is nine zero zero we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is nine zero zero we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is nine zero zero we just
+figured this out and there's this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out and there's this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out and there's this vector
+connecting one plane to the other now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting one plane to the other now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting one plane to the other now
+since those two planes are parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since those two planes are parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since those two planes are parallel and
+there's this vector going between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this vector going between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this vector going between them
+what we can see is that a way a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see is that a way a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see is that a way a good way
+to get any point in S is to go to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get any point in S is to go to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get any point in S is to go to any
+point in s zero and go up by this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in s zero and go up by this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in s zero and go up by this vector
+now let me write this down it's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me write this down it's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me write this down it's what I
+just said is that any point in S is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said is that any point in S is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said is that any point in S is of
+the form go use this vector to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form go use this vector to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form go use this vector to go up
+plus any point in s 0 and if we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any point in s 0 and if we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any point in s 0 and if we compare
+this to this expression here we also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this expression here we also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this expression here we also get
+p 0 plus this linear combination so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 0 plus this linear combination so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 0 plus this linear combination so this
+here has to be a point in s 0 now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has to be a point in s 0 now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has to be a point in s 0 now we're
+left with a question of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a question of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a question of how to
+parameterize all points in s 0 what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize all points in s 0 what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize all points in s 0 what are
+all the points in s 0 and what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points in s 0 and what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points in s 0 and what does this
+problem have to do with solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem have to do with solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem have to do with solving
+homogeneous linear equations well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear equations well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear equations well let me
+write this equation of s 0 in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation of s 0 in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation of s 0 in a slightly
+different way let me write it as 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5/2 X Y Z equals 0 and let me think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/2 X Y Z equals 0 and let me think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/2 X Y Z equals 0 and let me think of
+this as a matrix of the system it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix of the system it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix of the system it's a
+very tiny matrix but it's a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny matrix but it's a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny matrix but it's a matrix and
+think of it as a matrix dot vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a matrix dot vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a matrix dot vector
+equals 0 and trying to find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and trying to find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and trying to find all
+solutions of the system well let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the system well let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the system well let's do
+row reductions here it's already as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row reductions here it's already as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row reductions here it's already as
+upper triangular as these tiny matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular as these tiny matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular as these tiny matrices
+get this is a pivot so we have a pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this is a pivot so we have a pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this is a pivot so we have a pivot
+variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are free variables Y and Z and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are free variables Y and Z and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are free variables Y and Z and if
+you remember how to solve these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember how to solve these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember how to solve these systems
+we for each free variable we get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for each free variable we get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for each free variable we get one
+particular solution so we get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution so we get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution so we get one
+particular solution when we plug in Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution when we plug in Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution when we plug in Y is
+one and all the other free variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and all the other free variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and all the other free variables are
+zero plugging it in in here we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plugging it in in here we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plugging it in in here we just get
+that in that case X so we get X minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case X so we get X minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case X so we get X minus 5
+times 1 plus 2 times 0 equals 0 so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 plus 2 times 0 equals 0 so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 plus 2 times 0 equals 0 so X is
+equal to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 5
+and the other solution is for setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other solution is for setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other solution is for setting
+all three variables equal to 0 except Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three variables equal to 0 except Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three variables equal to 0 except Z
+which we set equal to 1 and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we set equal to 1 and then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we set equal to 1 and then we get
+X minus 5 times 0 plus 2 times 1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus 5 times 0 plus 2 times 1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus 5 times 0 plus 2 times 1 equals
+0 so we get that in this case x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we get that in this case x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we get that in this case x equals
+-2 and any solution of this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and any solution of this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and any solution of this system is
+going to be of the form some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of the form some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of the form some constant
+times this plus some other constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this plus some other constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this plus some other constant
+times s and if we walk back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s and if we walk back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s and if we walk back to our
+original problem here we see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem here we see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem here we see that these
+parameters these numbers here have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these numbers here have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these numbers here have been
+set up exactly so that we can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up exactly so that we can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up exactly so that we can just take
+these numbers and just copy them over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and just copy them over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and just copy them over 5
+and minus 2 and this is the general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 2 and this is the general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 2 and this is the general form
+of any point of the plane s it's go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any point of the plane s it's go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any point of the plane s it's go up
+this vector and then add a point in s 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector and then add a point in s 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector and then add a point in s 0
+in the parallel plane that passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the parallel plane that passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the parallel plane that passes
+through the origin this finishes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin this finishes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin this finishes our
+problem but what I would encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but what I would encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but what I would encourage you
+to do now is to go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is to go on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is to go on to the next
+lecture watch the next recitation video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture watch the next recitation video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture watch the next recitation video
+and then come back here and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back here and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back here and think about
+what what is it that we really did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is it that we really did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is it that we really did here
+on this half of the board thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3fSY92mJwQY.txt b/3fSY92mJwQY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6f5c751e07f3b221b0be2338b85801dfb70dac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3fSY92mJwQY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody
+last time i introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time i introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time i introduced the
+idea of the tca cycle tricarboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the tca cycle tricarboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the tca cycle tricarboxylic acid
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+also known as the citric acid cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the citric acid cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the citric acid cycle
+because citric acid is a tricarboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because citric acid is a tricarboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because citric acid is a tricarboxylic
+acid as you'll see later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as you'll see later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as you'll see later today
+also known as the krebs cycle named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the krebs cycle named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the krebs cycle named
+after hans krebs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after hans krebs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after hans krebs
+who discovered it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who discovered it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who discovered it in the
+early part of the last century the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of the last century the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of the last century the tca
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+is the series of reactions that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the series of reactions that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the series of reactions that occurs
+in the mitochondrial matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondrial matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondrial matrix
+and it allows the complete oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows the complete oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows the complete oxidation of
+two carbon units derived from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units derived from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units derived from many
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+including pyruvate derived from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including pyruvate derived from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including pyruvate derived from um
+from glucose and glycolysis and enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glucose and glycolysis and enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glucose and glycolysis and enables
+the complete oxidation of that carbon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete oxidation of that carbon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete oxidation of that carbon to
+co2 now it's a cycle because those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 now it's a cycle because those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 now it's a cycle because those two
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+units from uh from pyruvate or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units from uh from pyruvate or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units from uh from pyruvate or other
+sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources
+enter the cycle combined with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the cycle combined with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the cycle combined with four
+carbon oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oxaloacetate
+and combine to make six carbon citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine to make six carbon citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine to make six carbon citrate
+hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the
+citric acid cycle or tca cycle that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citric acid cycle or tca cycle that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citric acid cycle or tca cycle that is
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+oxidized back to four carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized back to four carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized back to four carbon units
+forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming
+a cycle um that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle um that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle um that uh
+allows cells to release lots of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows cells to release lots of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows cells to release lots of energy
+complete ox enables ultimately complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete ox enables ultimately complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete ox enables ultimately complete
+oxidation of glucose to co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of glucose to co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of glucose to co2
+we've talked many times so this releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked many times so this releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked many times so this releases
+energy and it also generates lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and it also generates lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and it also generates lots of
+intermediates for the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates for the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates for the cell
+that it can be used to make other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be used to make other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be used to make other stuff
+last time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time i
+alluded to the fact that citrate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to the fact that citrate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to the fact that citrate can be
+used say to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used say to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used say to make
+fatty acids today what i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids today what i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids today what i want to do
+is i want to dive into the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i want to dive into the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i want to dive into the details of
+how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+tca cycle occurs and the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle occurs and the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle occurs and the consequences
+of the way it works and how that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way it works and how that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way it works and how that affects
+other aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of
+metabolism you'll see that it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism you'll see that it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism you'll see that it actually
+affects the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the ability
+of different organisms whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different organisms whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different organisms whether or not
+they can make things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make things from
+intermediates in this cycle because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in this cycle because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in this cycle because of
+how the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the cycle
+works now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course if we're going to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we're going to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we're going to start from
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyruvate of course has three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate of course has three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate of course has three carbons
+and so if we're going to generate a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to generate a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to generate a two
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+acetate group we have to lose co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as i described last a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i described last a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i described last a couple
+lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago
+acetate is also the thing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate is also the thing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate is also the thing that we can
+derive from metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from metabolism
+of ethanol showing us two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethanol showing us two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethanol showing us two things
+metabolized glucose to pyruvate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized glucose to pyruvate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized glucose to pyruvate or
+ethanol itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol itself
+can both be turned into acetate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can both be turned into acetate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can both be turned into acetate but
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+the donor is this molecule acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the donor is this molecule acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the donor is this molecule acetyl coa
+which is basically also a carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically also a carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically also a carboxylic
+acid but rather than being a carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid but rather than being a carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid but rather than being a carboxylic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+instead makes this thioester bond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead makes this thioester bond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead makes this thioester bond which
+activates this carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates this carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates this carbon
+as a leaving group such that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a leaving group such that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a leaving group such that it can
+combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which you'll remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll remember from
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+releasing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing that
+s coa molecule to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s coa molecule to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s coa molecule to generate
+six carbon citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is citrate you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is citrate you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is citrate you can see that
+we've made a bond from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made a bond from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made a bond from
+this carbon on the acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon on the acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon on the acetate
+losing this s coa group to this carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing this s coa group to this carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing this s coa group to this carbon
+on oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oxaloacetate
+to make this six carbon citrate molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this six carbon citrate molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this six carbon citrate molecule
+which is a one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a one two three
+three carboxylic acid or tricarboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carboxylic acid or tricarboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carboxylic acid or tricarboxylic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+hence the name citric acid cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name citric acid cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name citric acid cycle
+tricarboxylic acid cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricarboxylic acid cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricarboxylic acid cycle
+now these six carbons can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these six carbons can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these six carbons can then
+or this six carbon citrate molecule can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this six carbon citrate molecule can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this six carbon citrate molecule can
+then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be
+oxidized generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized generating
+two co2 molecules that are released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two co2 molecules that are released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two co2 molecules that are released
+and ultimately reforming oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately reforming oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately reforming oxaloacetate
+that can pick up another two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can pick up another two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can pick up another two carbon
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+to generate another citrate and round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate another citrate and round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate another citrate and round
+around the cycle goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the cycle goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the cycle goes
+allowing in the end the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing in the end the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing in the end the net
+entry of two carbons effectively from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of two carbons effectively from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of two carbons effectively from
+acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+and release of two carbons as co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release of two carbons as co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release of two carbons as co2
+now as i alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as i alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as i alluded to
+this can come from pyruvate it can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can come from pyruvate it can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can come from pyruvate it can come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+acetate itself vinegar can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate itself vinegar can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate itself vinegar can come from
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+it turns out that when you break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that when you break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that when you break down
+fat you also break it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat you also break it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat you also break it into
+two carbon units and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units and so
+this cycle becomes very useful for cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle becomes very useful for cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle becomes very useful for cells
+because it allows the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows the oxidation
+of many different molecules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many different molecules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many different molecules to
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+turn that carbon into co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that carbon into co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that carbon into co2
+now if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we're going to
+do this from glucose however you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this from glucose however you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this from glucose however you'll
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three carbons
+and so if we're going to turn pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to turn pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to turn pyruvate
+into acetate or acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetate or acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetate or acetyl coa
+we have to lose a carbon of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to lose a carbon of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to lose a carbon of co2
+right we have to lose this carbon as co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to lose this carbon as co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to lose this carbon as co2
+now we saw this before that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we saw this before that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we saw this before that we can do
+this via um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this via um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this via um
+this is exactly how we uh we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly how we uh we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly how we uh we uh
+generated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated um
+um ethanol when we did fermentation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ethanol when we did fermentation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ethanol when we did fermentation um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+to of pyruvate to to ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of pyruvate to to ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of pyruvate to to ethanol
+but that molecule didn't generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that molecule didn't generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that molecule didn't generate
+acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+it generated acetaldehyde different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generated acetaldehyde different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generated acetaldehyde different
+of course being whether or not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course being whether or not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course being whether or not this
+carbon gets oxidized in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon gets oxidized in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon gets oxidized in the case of
+acetate to the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate to the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate to the acid
+or an acetaldehyde and ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an acetaldehyde and ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an acetaldehyde and ethanol
+metabolism where it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism where it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism where it remains
+an aldehyde now obviously you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aldehyde now obviously you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aldehyde now obviously you can make
+ethanol and then turn that ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and then turn that ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and then turn that ethanol
+into acetate and that's a pathway that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetate and that's a pathway that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetate and that's a pathway that i
+guess certainly would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess certainly would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess certainly would work
+however that's not the way it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that's not the way it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that's not the way it happens in
+most organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organisms
+most organisms actually directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organisms actually directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organisms actually directly
+produce acetate or more correctly acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce acetate or more correctly acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce acetate or more correctly acetyl
+coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa
+from pyruvate so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pyruvate so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pyruvate so let's take a look at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here once again is pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we turn that pyruvate into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we turn that pyruvate into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we turn that pyruvate into this
+two carbon acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon acetyl coa
+let's look here what has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look here what has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look here what has to happen
+well the first thing is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing is is that
+we have to decarboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decarboxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decarboxylate
+this molecule and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule and so
+that generates a co2 okay we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates a co2 okay we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates a co2 okay we have to
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+that one carbon all right also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one carbon all right also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one carbon all right also
+as i pointed out this if we do this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i pointed out this if we do this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i pointed out this if we do this as
+if we did it in ethanol metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did it in ethanol metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did it in ethanol metabolism
+we'd be left with an aldehyde but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be left with an aldehyde but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be left with an aldehyde but this
+is an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an acid
+and so this carbon also has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this carbon also has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this carbon also has to be
+oxidized we know how to do that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized we know how to do that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized we know how to do that we can
+donate those electrons to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate those electrons to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate those electrons to something like
+nad so the nad is reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad so the nad is reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad so the nad is reduced
+to nadh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nadh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nadh and
+we had to add this s coa molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i'll come to in a minute and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll come to in a minute and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll come to in a minute and so
+each of these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these steps
+ends up making a fairly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up making a fairly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up making a fairly complicated
+reaction obviously several cofactors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction obviously several cofactors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction obviously several cofactors are
+going to be involved you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be involved you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be involved you should be able
+to guess that just by looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess that just by looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess that just by looking at it
+obviously i already drew up their nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously i already drew up their nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously i already drew up their nad
+if we're going to decarboxylate remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to decarboxylate remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to decarboxylate remember
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha carboxylic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha carboxylic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha carboxylic a
+an alpha keto acid ketone group is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha keto acid ketone group is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha keto acid ketone group is alpha
+to the carboxylic acid and so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carboxylic acid and so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carboxylic acid and so if we're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+alpha decarboxylation as you might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decarboxylation as you might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decarboxylation as you might guess
+we need a cofactor that cofactor as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a cofactor that cofactor as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a cofactor that cofactor as i
+told you before is the cofactor thiamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you before is the cofactor thiamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you before is the cofactor thiamine
+pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+and finally there's this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally there's this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally there's this s
+coe group we need to describe what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coe group we need to describe what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coe group we need to describe what that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+however before delving into those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however before delving into those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however before delving into those and
+there's actually a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a couple other
+cofactors that are needed as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors that are needed as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors that are needed as well
+i want to mention one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to mention one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to mention one other
+issue about this reaction and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about this reaction and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about this reaction and that
+this reaction happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction happens in the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+um because that's also where the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that's also where the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that's also where the tca
+cycle happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle happens
+so recall that if we divide the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall that if we divide the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall that if we divide the cell
+into two compartments like an eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two compartments like an eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two compartments like an eukaryotic
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+here we have the cytosol and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the cytosol and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the cytosol and the
+mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell
+as we've already talked about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've already talked about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've already talked about having
+different compartments helps facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compartments helps facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compartments helps facilitate
+different metabolic reactions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metabolic reactions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metabolic reactions because
+you can have different conditions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different conditions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different conditions in the
+two compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two compartments
+and so as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as we said
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurs in the cytosol glucose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the cytosol glucose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the cytosol glucose to
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+and last time i mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time i mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time i mentioned the
+tca cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurs in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the mitochondria
+and so that means if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means if we're going to
+fully oxidize the pyruvate carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully oxidize the pyruvate carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully oxidize the pyruvate carbon
+to co2 using the tca cycle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co2 using the tca cycle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co2 using the tca cycle and the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+that pyruvate has to get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyruvate has to get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pyruvate has to get from the
+cytosol to the mitochondria or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol to the mitochondria or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol to the mitochondria or at least
+carbons from the pyruvate have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons from the pyruvate have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons from the pyruvate have to get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+it turns out you'll see in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you'll see in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you'll see in a minute
+acetyl-coa is a very large group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa is a very large group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa is a very large group
+and so pyruvate itself is transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pyruvate itself is transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pyruvate itself is transported
+into the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondria
+and that's where the reaction occurs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where the reaction occurs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where the reaction occurs to
+turn it into acetyl coa that can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into acetyl coa that can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into acetyl coa that can then
+enter the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the tca
+cycle and oxidize it however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and oxidize it however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and oxidize it however
+what this means is is that a transporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is is that a transporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is is that a transporter
+is actually needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually needed
+to get this across the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this across the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this across the mitochondrial
+membranes and into the matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and into the matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and into the matrix of the
+mitochondria where the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria where the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria where the tca cycle
+happens and i like to mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and i like to mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and i like to mention this
+because it turns out the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out the pyruvate
+carrier that is the transporter the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier that is the transporter the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier that is the transporter the way
+that it actually gets that pyruvate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually gets that pyruvate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually gets that pyruvate from
+the cytosol into the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol into the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol into the mitochondria
+actually was an unknown thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was an unknown thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was an unknown thing about
+metabolism until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism until
+2012 so not that long ago sometimes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 so not that long ago sometimes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 so not that long ago sometimes one
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+left with the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with the feeling
+listening to these metabolism classes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to these metabolism classes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to these metabolism classes or
+reading a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a textbook
+that everything about metabolism has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything about metabolism has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything about metabolism has
+been known forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been known forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been known forever
+but it's actually not true here's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually not true here's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually not true here's a very
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+central part of the pathway that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of the pathway that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of the pathway that was
+actually just discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just discovered
+at least at the time of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the time of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the time of this lecture
+less than 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 years ago
+all right it also illustrates that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it also illustrates that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it also illustrates that not
+all metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all metabolism
+is completely understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely understood
+now now let's get back to this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now let's get back to this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now let's get back to this reaction
+how you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you turn
+pyruvate into acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate into acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate into acetyl coa
+and i want to go through now and point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to go through now and point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to go through now and point
+out that several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that several
+cofactors are needed and so i already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors are needed and so i already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors are needed and so i already
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+one of them s-coa which is shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them s-coa which is shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them s-coa which is shorthand
+for co-enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for co-enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for co-enzyme
+a and so i need to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so i need to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so i need to tell you what
+that is you hopefully are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you hopefully are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you hopefully are already
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+with tpp plus thymine pyrophosphate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tpp plus thymine pyrophosphate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tpp plus thymine pyrophosphate we
+talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that
+when we talked about how you do alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about how you do alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about how you do alpha
+decarboxylation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation to
+generate ethanol from pyruvate also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ethanol from pyruvate also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ethanol from pyruvate also used
+here for the alpha decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the alpha decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the alpha decarboxylation
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+redox reaction happens and so we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox reaction happens and so we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox reaction happens and so we needed
+nad plus to get converted into nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus to get converted into nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus to get converted into nadh
+we talked a lot about how that serves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a lot about how that serves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a lot about how that serves as
+an electron carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron carrier
+but it turns out that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that there's two
+additional electron carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional electron carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional electron carriers
+that are involved in this reaction one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in this reaction one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in this reaction one
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+is called fad and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called fad and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called fad and the other one
+is called lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you might say why do we need all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say why do we need all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say why do we need all
+these electron carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electron carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electron carriers
+well these are just different molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are just different molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are just different molecules
+that can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can carry
+two um two electrons similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um two electrons similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um two electrons similar to
+nadh and effectively what these can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh and effectively what these can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh and effectively what these can do
+by having multiple electron carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having multiple electron carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having multiple electron carriers
+one can build chains of oxidation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can build chains of oxidation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can build chains of oxidation and
+reduction reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reactions
+and it turns out these chains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out these chains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out these chains of
+oxidation and reduction reactions really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and reduction reactions really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and reduction reactions really
+become central to energy transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become central to energy transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become central to energy transport
+transfers in biology because building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers in biology because building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers in biology because building
+these chains allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chains allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chains allows
+more easy stepwise release of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easy stepwise release of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easy stepwise release of energy
+as one moves across these oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one moves across these oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one moves across these oxidation
+reduction reactions which remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reactions which remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reactions which remember
+as i alluded to earlier really are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i alluded to earlier really are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i alluded to earlier really are at
+the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of
+bioenergetics and a lot of what um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioenergetics and a lot of what um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioenergetics and a lot of what um what
+allows energy release from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows energy release from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows energy release from these
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+what i mean by this will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by this will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by this will be more
+explicit as we go through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit as we go through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit as we go through what
+some of these cofactors look like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these cofactors look like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these cofactors look like okay
+so i'm not going to draw tpp plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to draw tpp plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to draw tpp plus or
+nad again but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad again but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad again but let's
+define what some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what some of these other
+cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors
+look like so let's start with coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so coenzyme a it turns out is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coenzyme a it turns out is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coenzyme a it turns out is a
+useful it's actually involved in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's actually involved in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's actually involved in lots of
+isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+reactions what's an isolation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions what's an isolation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions what's an isolation reaction
+well that's basically if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's basically if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's basically if you're making
+a carbon-carbon bond from by adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon-carbon bond from by adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon-carbon bond from by adding a
+molecule of greater than one carbon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of greater than one carbon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of greater than one carbon so
+two carbons are greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons are greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons are greater
+to something else that's an isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else that's an isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else that's an isolation
+reaction as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction as we did
+with adding the two carbon acetate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with adding the two carbon acetate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with adding the two carbon acetate to
+oxaloacetate to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to make
+citrate and you'll actually see coenzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate and you'll actually see coenzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate and you'll actually see coenzyme
+a will come up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a will come up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a will come up in this
+in many many lectures throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many lectures throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many lectures throughout the
+rest of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the course
+why this becomes useful is because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this becomes useful is because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this becomes useful is because it
+activates this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates this basically
+um carbon to the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um carbon to the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um carbon to the left of the
+of of of in this case the ketone because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of in this case the ketone because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of in this case the ketone because
+by having that thioester there ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having that thioester there ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having that thioester there ends up
+activating that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating that carbon
+um and allows it to carry out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and allows it to carry out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and allows it to carry out these
+isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+reactions coenzyme a itself is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions coenzyme a itself is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions coenzyme a itself is derived
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a vitamin called pantothenic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as a vitamin this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a vitamin this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a vitamin this is uh
+something that you have to get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to get from the
+diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet
+now when we abbreviate coenzyme a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we abbreviate coenzyme a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we abbreviate coenzyme a which
+is often abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often abbreviated
+s coe you get the sense that it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s coe you get the sense that it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s coe you get the sense that it's this
+little tiny molecule that's just stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny molecule that's just stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny molecule that's just stuck
+on you know sulfur stuck on to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know sulfur stuck on to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know sulfur stuck on to the end
+to make this thioester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this thioester bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this thioester bond
+but it turns out coenzyme a is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out coenzyme a is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out coenzyme a is actually
+a giant molecule one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant molecule one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant molecule one of the reasons why
+you actually put it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put it uh
+synthesize acetyl coa in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize acetyl coa in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize acetyl coa in the
+mitochondria because it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria because it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria because it's hard to
+transport this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this
+giant molecule and so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant molecule and so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant molecule and so this is what
+pantothenic acid looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if i put an acid group here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i put an acid group here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i put an acid group here
+and a hydroxyl group there that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hydroxyl group there that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hydroxyl group there that would be
+pantothenic acid the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantothenic acid the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantothenic acid the thing that's
+in your cereal on the side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cereal on the side of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cereal on the side of your
+cereal box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal box
+and then there's these additional pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these additional pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these additional pieces
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+active end of the molecule that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active end of the molecule that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active end of the molecule that's that
+sulfur from the s coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur from the s coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur from the s coa
+and then this side of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this side of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this side of the molecule
+is esterified to two phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is esterified to two phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is esterified to two phosphates
+which are esterified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not going to draw it out but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw it out but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw it out but this
+would have an adenine base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a phosphate there so basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a phosphate there so basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a phosphate there so basically this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+adp with a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp with a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp with a three
+prime um with a phosphate added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime um with a phosphate added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime um with a phosphate added to the
+three prime position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime position
+of the adp molecule added to pantothenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adp molecule added to pantothenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adp molecule added to pantothenic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+added to this short chain with a sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to this short chain with a sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to this short chain with a sulfur
+on the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end
+and this whole molecule together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole molecule together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole molecule together is
+coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a
+and so when we say acetyl coa it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we say acetyl coa it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we say acetyl coa it's this
+giant molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant molecule
+s thioester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s thioester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s thioester
+to the um you know to to to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um you know to to to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um you know to to to to the
+carbonyl the acid on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl the acid on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl the acid on on
+acetate to um to ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate to um to ch3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate to um to ch3
+and so that would be basically acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would be basically acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would be basically acetyl
+coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa
+and so one convenient thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one convenient thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one convenient thing about this
+is it's much easier than drawing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's much easier than drawing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's much easier than drawing that
+big molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecule
+but it is a little bit misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a little bit misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a little bit misleading
+in terms of its size okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its size okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its size okay so that's
+coenzyme a next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a next one
+i want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fad which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad which stands for
+flavin adenine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dinucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so flavin adenine dinucleotide is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flavin adenine dinucleotide is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flavin adenine dinucleotide is an
+electron carrier just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron carrier just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron carrier just like
+nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's derived from the vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's derived from the vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's derived from the vitamin
+riboflavin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboflavin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboflavin
+also referred to as vitamin b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also referred to as vitamin b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also referred to as vitamin b2
+um another thing from the side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another thing from the side of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another thing from the side of your
+cereal box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal box
+and basically looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically looks like this
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like nad it's a dinucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so here's adp just like we drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here's adp just like we drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here's adp just like we drew
+for co-a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for co-a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for co-a
+or just like one end of nad one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just like one end of nad one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just like one end of nad one
+difference is is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is is that the
+other nucleotide down here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other nucleotide down here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other nucleotide down here actually
+isn't technically a sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't technically a sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't technically a sugar
+it's ribatol instead of ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ribatol instead of ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ribatol instead of ribose
+what does that mean it doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it doesn't have an
+aldehyde instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde instead
+it is just a five carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just a five carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just a five carbon
+chain where all of the carbons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain where all of the carbons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain where all of the carbons are
+alcohols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so since there's no aldehyde it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since there's no aldehyde it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so since there's no aldehyde it
+doesn't form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't form
+a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the base on this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the base on this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the base on this end
+as a nicotinamide is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a nicotinamide is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a nicotinamide is this
+flavin group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which looks like this and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this and so this
+is fad which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fad which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fad which is in the
+oxidized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form
+turns out in the oxidized form fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out in the oxidized form fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out in the oxidized form fad
+is yellow hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yellow hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yellow hence
+riboflavin flavin yellow and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboflavin flavin yellow and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboflavin flavin yellow and the reason
+it's yellow you see there's a conjugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yellow you see there's a conjugated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yellow you see there's a conjugated
+double bond here across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond here across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond here across
+this part it turns out this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part it turns out this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part it turns out this is the
+active part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active part of the molecule
+and it works as follows and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works as follows and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works as follows and so if you
+have a hydride ion remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydride ion remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydride ion remember
+way we can transfer two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can transfer the two electrons that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transfer the two electrons that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transfer the two electrons that way
+and that allows it to generate and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows it to generate and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows it to generate and i'll
+just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw
+the middle here active part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here active part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here active part
+of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that would be these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be these two
+nitrogens we've added two electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens we've added two electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens we've added two electrons to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and so this is abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is abbreviated
+fadh2 or the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 or the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 or the reduced
+form of fad and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of fad and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of fad and it is
+colorless because now you no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless because now you no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless because now you no longer have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+conjugated double bond system loses its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated double bond system loses its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated double bond system loses its
+color and so you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and so you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and so you can follow
+whether fad is oxidized or reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether fad is oxidized or reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether fad is oxidized or reduced by
+just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at
+color change all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color change all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color change all right so that's
+fad it's a electron carrier carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad it's a electron carrier carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad it's a electron carrier carries
+electrons via hydride transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons via hydride transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons via hydride transfer
+very similar lead to what we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar lead to what we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar lead to what we described
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+nad but obviously a different molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad but obviously a different molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad but obviously a different molecule
+all right and then the last molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the last molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the last molecule
+the last cofactor that we need for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last cofactor that we need for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last cofactor that we need for this
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lipoic acid which unlike most things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid which unlike most things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid which unlike most things
+that metabolism doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metabolism doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metabolism doesn't have an
+abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation
+and also functions as an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also functions as an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also functions as an electron
+carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier
+and so lipoic acid looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+okay so that is lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is lipoic acid
+this is in the oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the oxidized
+form and so where it's oxidized is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and so where it's oxidized is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and so where it's oxidized is here
+at this sulfur sulfur bond so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this sulfur sulfur bond so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this sulfur sulfur bond so you can
+think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this
+as like the same as a disulfide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like the same as a disulfide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like the same as a disulfide bond
+that you learned about from professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learned about from professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learned about from professor
+yaffi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yaffi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yaffi
+in proteins and so this is the oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proteins and so this is the oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proteins and so this is the oxidized
+form of the disulfide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the disulfide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the disulfide bond
+if i take this hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take this hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take this hydride
+transfer two electrons across that bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer two electrons across that bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer two electrons across that bond
+then it goes to and i'll just draw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to and i'll just draw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to and i'll just draw here
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+active end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active end
+then we go here to the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go here to the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go here to the reduced
+form of lipoic acid and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of lipoic acid and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of lipoic acid and there's no
+abbreviation for oxidized or reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation for oxidized or reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation for oxidized or reduced
+lipoic acid it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid it's just
+lipoic acid oxidized lipoic acid reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid oxidized lipoic acid reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid oxidized lipoic acid reduced
+and how they're oxidized and reduced is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're oxidized and reduced is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're oxidized and reduced is
+basically very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically very similar to
+the disulfide bonds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disulfide bonds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disulfide bonds um
+that you saw in in proteins being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw in in proteins being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw in in proteins being
+oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized
+disulfide bond being oxidized or can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide bond being oxidized or can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide bond being oxidized or can be
+reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to
+not be a disulfide bond all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a disulfide bond all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a disulfide bond all right
+now it turns out that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors
+our tbp fad and lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tbp fad and lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tbp fad and lipoic acid
+are all stably associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all stably associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all stably associated
+with different subunits of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different subunits of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different subunits of a
+multi-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-protein
+complex that assembles to catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that assembles to catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that assembles to catalyze
+that reaction to convert pyruvate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction to convert pyruvate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction to convert pyruvate to
+acetyl coa the enzyme or enzyme complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa the enzyme or enzyme complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa the enzyme or enzyme complex
+that carries this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries this out
+is referred to as pdh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as pdh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as pdh sometimes
+abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated
+pdc which stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdc which stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdc which stands for the
+pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex so pyruvate dehydrogenase pdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so pyruvate dehydrogenase pdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so pyruvate dehydrogenase pdh
+pyruvate dehydrogenase complex pdc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase complex pdc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase complex pdc
+this complex is basically three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex is basically three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex is basically three
+different polypeptides that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polypeptides that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polypeptides that come
+together to form a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form a complex
+and catalyze that reaction now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catalyze that reaction now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catalyze that reaction now where
+this complex sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex sits
+so this is the mitochondria this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the mitochondria this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the mitochondria this is the
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+that's where this pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where this pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where this pyruvate dehydrogenase
+reaction occurs that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction occurs that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction occurs that's where
+the tca cycle occurs and this pdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle occurs and this pdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle occurs and this pdh
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+is basically sitting here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically sitting here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically sitting here at the
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+on the matrix side of of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the matrix side of of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the matrix side of of the membrane
+now the three different polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the three different polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the three different polypeptides
+that come together to form this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come together to form this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come together to form this complex
+are creatively named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creatively named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creatively named
+e1 e2 and e3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 e2 and e3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 e2 and e3
+for enzyme 1 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enzyme 1 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enzyme 1 2 and
+and each of these as i alluded to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these as i alluded to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these as i alluded to is
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+a different cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so e1 is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so e1 is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so e1 is associated with
+thiamine pyrophosphate ete2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine pyrophosphate ete2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine pyrophosphate ete2
+is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid
+and e3 is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3 is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3 is associated with
+fad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad okay
+so now let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go through
+the mechanism for how this pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism for how this pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism for how this pyruvate
+dehydrogenase reaction works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember this is the active part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this is the active part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this is the active part of
+tbp plus it is bound in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbp plus it is bound in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbp plus it is bound in the active site
+of enzyme one and it reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzyme one and it reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzyme one and it reacts with
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to catalyze alpha decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalyze alpha decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalyze alpha decarboxylation
+just like we described for conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we described for conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we described for conversion of
+pyruvate to alcohol so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to alcohol so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to alcohol so you're going to
+see exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly
+the same mechanism that we drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mechanism that we drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mechanism that we drew
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that decarboxylates the alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that decarboxylates the alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that decarboxylates the alpha keto
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+just like we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate acetaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the difference is is rather than resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is is rather than resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is is rather than resolve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+such that this carbon has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this carbon has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this carbon has the same
+oxidation state and make acetaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state and make acetaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state and make acetaldehyde
+instead the next step of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the next step of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the next step of this reaction
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+oxidized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reducing lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing lipoic acid
+so the active part of lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the active part of lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the active part of lipoic acid
+that is in the active site of enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the active site of enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the active site of enzyme
+of the e2 subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this will now regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this will now regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this will now regenerate
+e1 but what we're left with then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 but what we're left with then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 but what we're left with then
+is this now about this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this now about this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this now about this intermediate
+bound to e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's where coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where coenzyme a
+can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will then generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now we are left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e2 in the reduced state rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 in the reduced state rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 in the reduced state rather than
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+in the oxidized state so e2 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oxidized state so e2 has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oxidized state so e2 has to be
+re-oxidized in order for this complex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidized in order for this complex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidized in order for this complex to
+carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out
+the next catalytic cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next catalytic cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next catalytic cycle and
+the way that works is as follows so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that works is as follows so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that works is as follows so you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+fad bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad bound on
+e3 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a hydride ion from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hydride ion from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hydride ion from the
+oxidation of e3 that can be transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of e3 that can be transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of e3 that can be transferred
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+fad that will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fad from the oxidized to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad from the oxidized to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad from the oxidized to the
+reduced form okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form okay so
+re-oxidize lipoic acid on e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidize lipoic acid on e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidize lipoic acid on e2
+reduce fad to fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce fad to fadh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce fad to fadh2
+and then that fadh2 can be re-oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that fadh2 can be re-oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that fadh2 can be re-oxidized
+back to fad via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to fad via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to fad via
+transferring those electrons to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring those electrons to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring those electrons to nad plus
+to generate nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate nadh
+okay so in this case fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case fadh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case fadh2
+re-oxidized to fad nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidized to fad nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidized to fad nad plus
+reduced to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to nadh
+and so effectively what this happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so effectively what this happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so effectively what this happens is
+is that enzyme e1 and e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that enzyme e1 and e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that enzyme e1 and e2
+cooperate to call what's referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate to call what's referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate to call what's referred to as
+oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of pyruvate while adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pyruvate while adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pyruvate while adding
+coa so that's where you get acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa so that's where you get acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa so that's where you get acetyl coa
+with reduction of lipoic acid in e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reduction of lipoic acid in e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reduction of lipoic acid in e2
+and then e3 re-oxidizes the lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then e3 re-oxidizes the lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then e3 re-oxidizes the lipoic acid
+in e2 while generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in e2 while generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in e2 while generating
+nadh this nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh this nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh this nadh
+once it's generated of course those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's generated of course those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's generated of course those
+electrons have to go somewhere so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have to go somewhere so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have to go somewhere so like
+liking glycolysis it also needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking glycolysis it also needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking glycolysis it also needs to
+regenerate to nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate to nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate to nad
+at some point this is ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point this is ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point this is ultimately the
+electrons that end up on oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that end up on oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that end up on oxygen
+and it's really this series of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really this series of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really this series of electron
+transfers with oxygen being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers with oxygen being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers with oxygen being a good
+electron acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor
+that ultimately controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately controlled
+energy release during carbon oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy release during carbon oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy release during carbon oxidation
+and cells you'll see you can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cells you'll see you can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cells you'll see you can use that to
+make atp or do other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make atp or do other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make atp or do other kinds
+of work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work okay
+so the net reaction then or another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net reaction then or another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net reaction then or another way
+to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw
+the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
+would be as follows and that's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be as follows and that's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be as follows and that's taking
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acetyl coa
+all right and so we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so we're going to take
+coenzyme a and release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and release
+co2 this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 this is done
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tpp plus is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpp plus is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpp plus is part of
+e1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 that
+involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converting the lipoic acid in e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the lipoic acid in e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the lipoic acid in e2
+from the oxidized to the reduced state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the oxidized to the reduced state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the oxidized to the reduced state
+that lipoic acid then has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lipoic acid then has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lipoic acid then has to be
+re-oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-oxidized
+if something's oxidized something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's oxidized something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's oxidized something else
+has to be reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be reduced
+that's fad on e3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fad on e3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fad on e3
+which also then cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also then cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also then cycles
+between the oxidized and reduced state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oxidized and reduced state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oxidized and reduced state
+and ultimately those electrons ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately those electrons ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately those electrons ended up
+being transferred to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transferred to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transferred to nad plus
+to generate nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate nadh
+and so the pdh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the pdh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the pdh complex
+is basically a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer reactions
+and it's the first example of a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the first example of a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the first example of a chain of
+electron transfer reactions we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transfer reactions we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transfer reactions we're going
+to see that there is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that there is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that there is the electron
+transport chain in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain in the mitochondria
+effectively does the same thing and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively does the same thing and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively does the same thing and by
+coupling oxidation and reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling oxidation and reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling oxidation and reduction
+reactions across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions across
+chains of molecules like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of molecules like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of molecules like this
+effectively as a preview allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively as a preview allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively as a preview allows the
+stepwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise
+energy release of these oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy release of these oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy release of these oxidation
+reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to
+occur um so remember if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur um so remember if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur um so remember if we
+burn glucose completely oxidize it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn glucose completely oxidize it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn glucose completely oxidize it in
+one step where those electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step where those electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step where those electrons are
+directly transferred to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly transferred to oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly transferred to oxygen
+and combustion lots of energy released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combustion lots of energy released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combustion lots of energy released
+but all in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all in one step
+by doing these stepwise electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing these stepwise electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing these stepwise electron
+transfers we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we can then
+basically break up that energy release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically break up that energy release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically break up that energy release
+in a way that can be captured by cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that can be captured by cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that can be captured by cells
+to do work here the way energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work here the way energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work here the way energy is
+captured it's not so obvious in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured it's not so obvious in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured it's not so obvious in this
+electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport
+reaction but effectively you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but effectively you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but effectively you're using
+oxidation of the ketone on pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of the ketone on pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of the ketone on pyruvate
+with decarboxylation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with decarboxylation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with decarboxylation to the
+acid to generate rather than just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to generate rather than just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to generate rather than just the
+acid a thioester bond and that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid a thioester bond and that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid a thioester bond and that's that
+thioester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester bond
+as well as nadh that's energy as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as nadh that's energy as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as nadh that's energy as well
+but it's really that thioester bond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really that thioester bond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really that thioester bond that
+then can be recaptured later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can be recaptured later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can be recaptured later
+to drive synthesis of citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive synthesis of citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive synthesis of citrate
+in the tca cycle all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tca cycle all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tca cycle all right
+now next what i want to do is i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next what i want to do is i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next what i want to do is i want to
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+the tca cycle reactions now that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle reactions now that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle reactions now that you see
+how you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can get
+acetyl coa at least from pyruvate i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa at least from pyruvate i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa at least from pyruvate i want
+to discuss how you can now use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss how you can now use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss how you can now use that
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+and oxidize it back to combine it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidize it back to combine it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidize it back to combine it with
+oxaloacetate and oxidize it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and oxidize it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and oxidize it back
+to make citrate and then oxidize it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make citrate and then oxidize it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make citrate and then oxidize it back
+to oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxaloacetate
+to to run the the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to run the the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to run the the tca cycle
+okay great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the tca cycle here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combine with oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this reaction is catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is catalyzed
+by an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and generates the six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates the six carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates the six carbon
+tri-carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri-carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri-carboxylic acid
+citrate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate okay so
+how does this reaction work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's drawing acetyl coa in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's drawing acetyl coa in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's drawing acetyl coa in a
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+different way if i redraw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way if i redraw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way if i redraw this
+as the enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+via effectively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via effectively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via effectively that
+mechanism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next citrate
+is converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by adding water across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding water across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding water across this
+carbon carbon or by removing water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon carbon or by removing water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon carbon or by removing water
+across this carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate called cis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aconitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this intermediate is called cis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connotate so all i did was dehydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotate so all i did was dehydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotate so all i did was dehydrate
+across that bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that bond
+so there's a double bond there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a double bond there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a double bond there and then
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+re-add water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-add water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-add water
+across that bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule called isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called isocitrate
+so effectively to convert citrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively to convert citrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively to convert citrate to
+isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate
+i'm moving the hydroxyl group from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm moving the hydroxyl group from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm moving the hydroxyl group from that
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+to this carbon to do that i basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this carbon to do that i basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this carbon to do that i basically
+dehydrate make a double bond remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrate make a double bond remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrate make a double bond remove
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+re-add water across that bond in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-add water across that bond in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-add water across that bond in the
+opposite direction to generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction to generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction to generate this
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+isocitrate this reaction is carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an enzyme called aconitase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and converts citrate to isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converts citrate to isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converts citrate to isocitrate
+i think it's a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a little easier to
+see this reaction if i draw it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this reaction if i draw it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this reaction if i draw it a
+slightly different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here is just drawing citrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is just drawing citrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is just drawing citrate by
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+slightly rotating the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly rotating the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly rotating the molecule
+to look like that and so i'm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like that and so i'm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like that and so i'm basically
+removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+water here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then i'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just adding water back in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you'll notice when i drew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice when i drew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll notice when i drew this
+if you look at citrate this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at citrate this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at citrate this is actually
+a symmetrical molecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetrical molecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetrical molecule so
+the top half and the bottom half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half and the bottom half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half and the bottom half of
+citrate are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate are identical
+and so what's interesting about nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's interesting about nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's interesting about nature
+is that it treats these carbons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it treats these carbons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it treats these carbons the
+green carbons that came from acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green carbons that came from acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green carbons that came from acetyl coa
+different from the side of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the side of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the side of the molecule
+that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from
+oxaloacetate and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and effectively
+nature always moves the hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature always moves the hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature always moves the hydroxyl group
+to this carbon that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this carbon that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this carbon that came from
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+and never moves it to this carbon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never moves it to this carbon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never moves it to this carbon that
+came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from
+um acetyl coa this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acetyl coa this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acetyl coa this is an example
+where enzymes nature treats a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where enzymes nature treats a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where enzymes nature treats a
+symmetrical molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical molecule
+like citrate in an asymmetrical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like citrate in an asymmetrical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like citrate in an asymmetrical way
+and this has consequences for how carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has consequences for how carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has consequences for how carbon
+is actually traced through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually traced through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually traced through the entire
+tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+because even though you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though you might think
+things could get scrambled at citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could get scrambled at citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could get scrambled at citrate
+they never do meaning in isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never do meaning in isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never do meaning in isocitrate
+it's always these green carbons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always these green carbons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always these green carbons that
+came from acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from acetyl coa
+you never get those green carbons on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get those green carbons on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get those green carbons on the
+other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+of isocitrate and so when we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isocitrate and so when we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isocitrate and so when we go through
+the tca cycle i'll keep these carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle i'll keep these carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle i'll keep these carbons
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+until the point where you can no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the point where you can no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the point where you can no longer
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+which carbon came from came from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which carbon came from came from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which carbon came from came from which
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+okay the next reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next reaction
+is we're going to oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to oxidize
+this carbon of isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon of isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon of isocitrate
+so if we're going to oxidize that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to oxidize that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to oxidize that carbon
+those electrons have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to
+go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we oxidize the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we oxidize the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we oxidize the carbon
+we can use nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use nad
+plus is an electron acceptor reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is an electron acceptor reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is an electron acceptor reduce it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+nadh that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh that generates
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so hopefully this is clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hopefully this is clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hopefully this is clear to
+everybody at this point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at this point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at this point but
+just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this carbon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this carbon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this carbon here
+in isocitrate if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidize that alcohol to the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize that alcohol to the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize that alcohol to the ketone
+now i generate a hydride ion those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i generate a hydride ion those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i generate a hydride ion those two
+electrons on the hydride you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the hydride you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the hydride you can go to
+nad plus and reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus and reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus and reduce it to
+nadh that generates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh that generates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh that generates this
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called oxalosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which then if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then if you notice
+that oxalosuccinate is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxalosuccinate is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxalosuccinate is now
+this is a beta ketoacid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beta ketoacid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beta ketoacid
+so alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta acid group is beta to the ketone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta acid group is beta to the ketone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta acid group is beta to the ketone so
+it's a beta-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beta-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beta-keto acid
+remember beta decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember beta decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember beta decarboxylation
+is favorable and so i can lose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is favorable and so i can lose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is favorable and so i can lose that
+co2 and what i'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this molecule which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this whole reaction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the oxidation of the alcohol to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of the alcohol to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of the alcohol to the
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+followed by beta decarboxylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by beta decarboxylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by beta decarboxylation of
+oxalosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxalosuccinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxalosuccinate
+alpha ketoglutarate is carried out by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate is carried out by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate is carried out by an
+enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called
+isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keto acid in oxalosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that can decarboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this enol which can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rearrange back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange back to
+the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in
+alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate
+now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll notice that and i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+so this here is just me redrawing alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is just me redrawing alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is just me redrawing alpha
+ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is often abbreviated alpha k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often abbreviated alpha k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often abbreviated alpha k
+g just drew it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g just drew it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g just drew it as a
+straight line now if you'll notice alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line now if you'll notice alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line now if you'll notice alpha
+ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate
+is a alpha keto acid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a alpha keto acid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a alpha keto acid and so
+here the acid group is alpha to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the acid group is alpha to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the acid group is alpha to the
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+so an alpha-keto acid it's effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an alpha-keto acid it's effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an alpha-keto acid it's effectively
+just like pyruvate but has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like pyruvate but has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like pyruvate but has this
+additional pieces on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pieces on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pieces on it
+and it turns out the next step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the next step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the next step in the
+tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+is the exact reaction that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact reaction that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact reaction that we saw
+with pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pyruvate dehydrogenase
+it's alpha decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's alpha decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's alpha decarboxylation
+oxidative alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as follows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows so
+we carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a molecule called
+succinyl coa and so you'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinyl coa and so you'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinyl coa and so you'll see what
+happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there
+is decarboxylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decarboxylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decarboxylated
+here this carbon while oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this carbon while oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this carbon while oxidizing
+this ketone to the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ketone to the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ketone to the acid
+and adding coa that's a redox reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding coa that's a redox reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding coa that's a redox reaction
+so nadnadh turns out this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nadnadh turns out this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nadnadh turns out this is exactly
+the same mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mechanism
+so i don't need to draw it again that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't need to draw it again that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't need to draw it again that i
+just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you
+for pyruvate dehydrogenase so it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pyruvate dehydrogenase so it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pyruvate dehydrogenase so it needs
+all the same cofactors tpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same cofactors tpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same cofactors tpp
+plus lipoic acid fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lipoic acid fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lipoic acid fad
+and in fact it even shares some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it even shares some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it even shares some of the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+enzyme complexes subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme complexes subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme complexes subunits
+as pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pyruvate dehydrogenase
+and so this is a reaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a reaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a reaction that's
+catalyzed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by
+alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like pyruvate dehydrogenase this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pyruvate dehydrogenase this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pyruvate dehydrogenase this is a
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+and so it has a unique e1 which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has a unique e1 which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has a unique e1 which makes
+sense remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense remember
+e1 of pyruvate dehydrogenase was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 of pyruvate dehydrogenase was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 of pyruvate dehydrogenase was
+actually the subunit that bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the subunit that bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the subunit that bound the
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+e1 of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1 of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+is unique it binds alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique it binds alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique it binds alpha-ketoglutarate
+instead of pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pyruvate
+however they share the same e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they share the same e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they share the same e2
+and e3s and so the e2s and e3's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3s and so the e2s and e3's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3s and so the e2s and e3's
+would carry out exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would carry out exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would carry out exactly the same
+reaction and play the same part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and play the same part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and play the same part
+in the mechanism of how you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mechanism of how you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mechanism of how you do this
+alpha oxidative alpha decarboxylation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha oxidative alpha decarboxylation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha oxidative alpha decarboxylation to
+turn alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn alpha-ketoglutarate
+into suctional coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into suctional coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into suctional coa
+now remember in pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember in pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember in pyruvate dehydrogenase
+once we got that acetyl-coa we then used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we got that acetyl-coa we then used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we got that acetyl-coa we then used
+this coa group to drive condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coa group to drive condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coa group to drive condensation
+with citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with citrate
+well in this case what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case what happens is you
+don't want to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to combine
+um condensation here instead what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um condensation here instead what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um condensation here instead what is
+going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+is you want to use this coa group to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to use this coa group to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to use this coa group to now
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atp and so this is going to couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and so this is going to couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and so this is going to couple
+release of the koa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of the koa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of the koa
+to generate an atp equivalent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate an atp equivalent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate an atp equivalent it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+gtp that's generated by the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp that's generated by the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp that's generated by the tca cycle
+and so this is going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succinate and the enzyme that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate and the enzyme that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate and the enzyme that does this
+is called succinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thiokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's go through over here how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through over here how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through over here how this
+enzyme works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically using favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically using favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically using favorable
+loss of the co-a breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of the co-a breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of the co-a breaking the
+thioester bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate this acid anhydride we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this acid anhydride we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this acid anhydride we saw
+on acid anhydride before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acid anhydride before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acid anhydride before in
+glycolysis remember we made one three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis remember we made one three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis remember we made one three
+bisphosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate
+so that's a good phosphate donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good phosphate donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good phosphate donor
+and then that can be used to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that can be used to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that can be used to generate
+succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and transferring that phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transferring that phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transferring that phosphate
+to gdp to make gtp just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gdp to make gtp just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gdp to make gtp just like
+um 1 3-bisphosphoglycerate was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 3-bisphosphoglycerate was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 3-bisphosphoglycerate was able to
+transfer the phosphate from the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the phosphate from the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the phosphate from the acid
+anhydride to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydride to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydride to
+atp adp to make atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp to make atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp to make atp
+in glycolysis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glycolysis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glycolysis okay
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidize this carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this carbon-carbon bond
+in succinate so if we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in succinate so if we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in succinate so if we're gonna
+oxidize a carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize a carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize a carbon-carbon bond
+those electrons have to go somewhere all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to go somewhere all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to go somewhere all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's our carbon-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's our carbon-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's our carbon-carbon
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will generate hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate hydride ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate hydride ion
+just like we did in other oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we did in other oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we did in other oxidation
+reactions but this hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but this hydride ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but this hydride ion
+is transferred not to nad but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transferred not to nad but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transferred not to nad but instead
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fad a different electron carrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad a different electron carrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fad a different electron carrier to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+fa dh2 now i should point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa dh2 now i should point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa dh2 now i should point out
+succinate like citrate is a symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate like citrate is a symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate like citrate is a symmetrical
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+but at this point nature doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point nature doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point nature doesn't tell
+the difference once it generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference once it generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference once it generates
+succinate this molecule now gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate this molecule now gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate this molecule now gets
+scrambled and so everything downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled and so everything downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled and so everything downstream
+of succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of succinate
+you no longer know which carbons came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer know which carbons came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer know which carbons came
+from acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from acetyl
+coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this generates this molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generates this molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generates this molecule called
+fumarate and this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carried out by an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by an enzyme called
+succinate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often abbreviated sdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated sdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated sdh
+for succinate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for succinate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for succinate dehydrogenase
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+the next reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next reaction is
+we're going to add water across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add water across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add water across this
+double bond of fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that generates this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this reaction is carried out by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is carried out by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is carried out by an
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydratase and it's simply adding a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydratase and it's simply adding a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydratase and it's simply adding a water
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+across that double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that double bond
+once we have malate if you look what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have malate if you look what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have malate if you look what's
+the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between
+malate and oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate and oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate and oxaloacetate
+the difference is that in oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that in oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that in oxaloacetate
+this carbon is a ketone whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon is a ketone whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon is a ketone whereas in
+malate it's an alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate it's an alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate it's an alcohol
+and so if we want to turn this carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we want to turn this carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we want to turn this carbon
+from the alcohol into the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the alcohol into the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the alcohol into the ketone
+that is of course a oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of course a oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of course a oxidation
+reaction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+don't need to draw the mechanism again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to draw the mechanism again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to draw the mechanism again
+it's basically just the hydride transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically just the hydride transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically just the hydride transfer
+to oxidize this to an alcohol to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize this to an alcohol to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize this to an alcohol to the
+ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone
+that oxidation couples to reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxidation couples to reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxidation couples to reduction of
+nad plus to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus to nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus to nadh
+this is carried out by an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carried out by an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carried out by an enzyme called
+malate d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate d
+by hydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and doing this completes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing this completes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing this completes
+the tca cycle regenerating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle regenerating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle regenerating an
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+that can then recombine with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can then recombine with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can then recombine with another
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa
+to go through another round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through another round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through another round of
+the cycle you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle you'll notice
+that going through this cycle there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going through this cycle there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going through this cycle there's
+two co2s lost one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two co2s lost one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two co2s lost one of them
+is lost here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost here at the
+isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
+reaction so this decarboxylation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this decarboxylation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this decarboxylation from
+oxalosuccinate alpha-ketoglutarate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxalosuccinate alpha-ketoglutarate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxalosuccinate alpha-ketoglutarate that
+beta decarboxylation that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decarboxylation that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decarboxylation that's the first
+co2 the other one is lost here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 the other one is lost here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 the other one is lost here at the
+alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+step where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step where you
+have this alpha decarboxylation to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this alpha decarboxylation to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this alpha decarboxylation to take
+alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coa
+oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative
+alpha decarboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decarboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha decarboxylation
+now what's cool about this is you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's cool about this is you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's cool about this is you notice
+we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+discussed all the reactions of the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed all the reactions of the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed all the reactions of the tca
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+and i showed you reminded you of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i showed you reminded you of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i showed you reminded you of some
+chemistry that you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that you've already
+seen but unless you count the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but unless you count the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but unless you count the chemistry
+we showed you earlier for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you earlier for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you earlier for how
+the pdh and alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pdh and alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pdh and alpha ketoglutarate
+dehydrogenase reactions work with e1 e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reactions work with e1 e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reactions work with e1 e2
+and e3 with lipoic acid fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3 with lipoic acid fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e3 with lipoic acid fad
+that was obviously new for today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was obviously new for today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was obviously new for today but
+other than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that
+everything else was chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else was chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else was chemistry that
+you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen
+and this really points out the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really points out the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really points out the point
+that i made earlier that metabolism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i made earlier that metabolism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i made earlier that metabolism is
+really variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really variations
+on relatively few reactions we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on relatively few reactions we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on relatively few reactions we've just
+repurposed some of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposed some of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposed some of the same
+tricks if you will that were used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks if you will that were used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks if you will that were used in
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+and allowed it to now do an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed it to now do an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed it to now do an entire
+different pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pathway the
+tca cycle it also points out how hans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle it also points out how hans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle it also points out how hans
+krebs was while it's still remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs was while it's still remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs was while it's still remarkable
+able to figure out from chemistry alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out from chemistry alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out from chemistry alone
+because there's actually quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's actually quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's actually quite a bit of
+logic to the way metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic to the way metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic to the way metabolism
+works now i want to say this again note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now i want to say this again note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now i want to say this again note
+there were two carbons that entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two carbons that entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two carbons that entered
+acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+and two carbons that were lost as co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two carbons that were lost as co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two carbons that were lost as co2
+but if you look the green carbons remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look the green carbons remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look the green carbons remain
+in the same places until they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same places until they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same places until they get to
+succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate
+and so the two carbons that enter are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two carbons that enter are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two carbons that enter are
+not lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lost
+on the first turn of the cycle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first turn of the cycle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first turn of the cycle it's
+actually two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two carbons
+that came from alpha ketoglutarate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from alpha ketoglutarate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from alpha ketoglutarate that
+are i mean from oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are i mean from oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are i mean from oxaloacetate
+that are converted to co2 as that acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are converted to co2 as that acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are converted to co2 as that acetyl
+coa goes through the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa goes through the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa goes through the cycle
+and so to oxidize the exact carbons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to oxidize the exact carbons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to oxidize the exact carbons from
+acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa
+to co2 requires more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co2 requires more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co2 requires more than one
+turn of the cycle you'll also notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn of the cycle you'll also notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn of the cycle you'll also notice
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the cycle is oxidation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle is oxidation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle is oxidation and so
+oxidation reactions of course release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reactions of course release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reactions of course release
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+we've talked about that and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about that and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about that and so it's
+favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+and the products if you will are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the products if you will are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the products if you will are
+three nadh molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nadh molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nadh molecules
+you can say plus one more nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say plus one more nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say plus one more nadh
+if we're going all the way from glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going all the way from glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going all the way from glucose
+or from pyruvate glucose derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from pyruvate glucose derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from pyruvate glucose derived
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+because the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+reaction also generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction also generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction also generates
+an nadh to make that steal coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nadh to make that steal coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nadh to make that steal coa
+one fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fadh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fadh2
+as well as one gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as one gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as one gtp
+molecule and so lots of oxidation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and so lots of oxidation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and so lots of oxidation going
+on here we completely oxidize two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here we completely oxidize two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here we completely oxidize two
+carbons to co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons to co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons to co2
+so that's energy release but you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's energy release but you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's energy release but you notice
+you only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get
+one gtp from the molecule now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gtp from the molecule now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gtp from the molecule now
+this gtp of course that reaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gtp of course that reaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gtp of course that reaction the
+succinate thiokinase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate thiokinase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate thiokinase reaction
+like the reactions we saw on glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the reactions we saw on glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the reactions we saw on glycolysis
+is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that
+it can generate gtp at a high gtp gdp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can generate gtp at a high gtp gdp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can generate gtp at a high gtp gdp
+ratio or atp adp ratio remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio or atp adp ratio remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio or atp adp ratio remember those
+are equivalent those energy charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent those energy charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent those energy charges are
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+and so that makes sense but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that makes sense but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that makes sense but most of the
+energy released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released
+is actually reducing nad and fad to nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually reducing nad and fad to nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually reducing nad and fad to nadh
+and fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fadh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fadh2
+and of course these need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these need to
+transfer their electrons somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer their electrons somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer their electrons somewhere else
+and that's the role of oxygen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the role of oxygen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the role of oxygen a
+oxygen remember is a very good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen remember is a very good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen remember is a very good electron
+donor and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor and so
+it's the ultimate transfer of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ultimate transfer of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ultimate transfer of those
+electrons from these molecules to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from these molecules to oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from these molecules to oxygen
+that also provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also provide
+energy that the cell can use to do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the cell can use to do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the cell can use to do work
+but it does so in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does so in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does so in a way
+by charging up different ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by charging up different ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by charging up different ratios
+in the cell so the nadnadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell so the nadnadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell so the nadnadh
+or the fadh2 fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fadh2 fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fadh2 fad
+ratios and just like we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and just like we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and just like we talked about the
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+or the energy of atp is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the energy of atp is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the energy of atp is in the
+interconversion between atp and adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconversion between atp and adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconversion between atp and adp
+it's the ratio that drives the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ratio that drives the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ratio that drives the free
+energy change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change
+the same thing exists for nadh and nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing exists for nadh and nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing exists for nadh and nad
+fadh2 and fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 and fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 and fad
+and so charging up these ratios while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so charging up these ratios while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so charging up these ratios while
+passing through the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the tca cycle
+and the ultimate downstream transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ultimate downstream transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ultimate downstream transfer of
+those electrons to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons to oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons to oxygen
+really is where most of the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is where most of the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is where most of the energy is
+captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured
+as carbon is oxidized through through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as carbon is oxidized through through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as carbon is oxidized through through
+the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle
+and exactly how that works and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly how that works and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly how that works and how it
+can be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related to
+um atp will be something that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um atp will be something that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um atp will be something that will be
+more explicit in the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit in the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit in the coming
+lectures now i want to point out apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures now i want to point out apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures now i want to point out apart
+from the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the oxidation
+there's actually lots of intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually lots of intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually lots of intermediates
+made here and it turns out a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here and it turns out a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here and it turns out a bunch of
+these intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intermediates
+are useful for cells to make stuff so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are useful for cells to make stuff so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are useful for cells to make stuff so we
+talked about gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about gluconeogenesis
+gluconeogenesis needs electron balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis needs electron balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis needs electron balance
+we get nadh from the tca cycle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nadh from the tca cycle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nadh from the tca cycle and so
+you can think of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of you know
+gluconeogenesis as an alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis as an alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis as an alternative to
+fermentation to dispose of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation to dispose of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation to dispose of electrons
+well you can use the nadh from the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can use the nadh from the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can use the nadh from the tca
+cycle to run gluconeogenesis as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to run gluconeogenesis as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to run gluconeogenesis as well
+but beyond the cofactors the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond the cofactors the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond the cofactors the carbon
+itself so citrate i've alluded to now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so citrate i've alluded to now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so citrate i've alluded to now a
+few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times
+is important as a free precursor to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important as a free precursor to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important as a free precursor to make
+fat we'll discuss that in later lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat we'll discuss that in later lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat we'll discuss that in later lectures
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+but other intermediates in this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other intermediates in this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other intermediates in this pathway
+are useful for various amino acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are useful for various amino acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are useful for various amino acids and
+nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+and so there's lots of things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's lots of things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's lots of things that can
+come from the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the tca cycle
+that cells can find useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells can find useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells can find useful to
+do not just catabolism but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not just catabolism but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not just catabolism but also
+anabolic processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic processes
+now the way the tca cycle works though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way the tca cycle works though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way the tca cycle works though
+is that there's actually an issue if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's actually an issue if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's actually an issue if you
+want to use the intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the intermediates
+from the tca cycle to make stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tca cycle to make stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tca cycle to make stuff
+and so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is that
+issue well the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue well the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue well the tca cycle
+functions at a site as a cycle and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions at a site as a cycle and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions at a site as a cycle and so if
+we're going to take things in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take things in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take things in and out of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that has consequences for how the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has consequences for how the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has consequences for how the cycle
+runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+now there's a couple words for this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a couple words for this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a couple words for this that
+i want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to just
+introduce to you the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you the first one is
+cataplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataplerosis
+and the second one is anaclerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is anaclerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is anaclerosis
+and so cataplerosis is the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so cataplerosis is the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so cataplerosis is the act of
+removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff from a metabolic cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to remove citrate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to remove citrate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to remove citrate from
+the cycle to make fat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle to make fat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle to make fat that's
+cataplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataplerosis
+anaplerosis is adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a metabolic cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a metabolic cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a metabolic cycle
+so it can continue to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can continue to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can continue to function
+viewing this is really evident if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing this is really evident if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing this is really evident if you
+think of the tca cycle as a chicken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the tca cycle as a chicken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the tca cycle as a chicken and
+egg problem so the very first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg problem so the very first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg problem so the very first time
+acetyl coa was generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa was generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa was generated
+how do you start the tca cycle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you start the tca cycle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you start the tca cycle in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+you can't add it to the tca cycle unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't add it to the tca cycle unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't add it to the tca cycle unless
+you have oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have oxaloacetate
+to combine with the acetyl coa which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine with the acetyl coa which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine with the acetyl coa which can
+then generate another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then generate another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then generate another
+acid to oxaloacetate so where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to oxaloacetate so where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to oxaloacetate so where does the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+oxaloacetate come from well we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate come from well we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate come from well we already
+talked about one reaction we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one reaction we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one reaction we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it in the context of gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the context of gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the context of gluconeogenesis
+that can solve this problem and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can solve this problem and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can solve this problem and so we
+have pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pyruvate
+and so we talked earlier today how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talked earlier today how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talked earlier today how we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+do oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
+to give acetyl coa but we talked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give acetyl coa but we talked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give acetyl coa but we talked in the
+gluconeogenesis lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis lecture
+how we can add a co2 to pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can add a co2 to pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can add a co2 to pyruvate
+to generate oxaloacetate so if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate oxaloacetate so if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate oxaloacetate so if i do
+those two reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two reactions
+now i have all the carbon i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have all the carbon i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i have all the carbon i need
+to generate a citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a citrate
+and start off the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now obviously if i do cataplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if i do cataplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if i do cataplerosis
+and i remove that citrate i made to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remove that citrate i made to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remove that citrate i made to make
+fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat
+well now i need to pyruvate again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now i need to pyruvate again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now i need to pyruvate again to
+generate the next citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the next citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the next citrate
+if i'm using this pathway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm using this pathway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm using this pathway because
+every time i bring an acetyl coa into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time i bring an acetyl coa into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time i bring an acetyl coa into
+the cycle i need an oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle i need an oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle i need an oxaloacetate
+to combine it with and so if i remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine it with and so if i remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine it with and so if i remove
+something i have to add something back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i have to add something back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i have to add something back
+and so pyruvate to oxaloacetate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pyruvate to oxaloacetate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pyruvate to oxaloacetate the
+pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+is an example of an anaplerotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of an anaplerotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of an anaplerotic
+reaction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction now
+what this means though is that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means though is that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means though is that in order
+to do anaplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anaplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anaplerosis
+you have to be able to generate four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to generate four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to generate four
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+oxaloacetate or a four carbon molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate or a four carbon molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate or a four carbon molecule
+now pyruvate carboxylase pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pyruvate carboxylase pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pyruvate carboxylase pyruvate
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+allows you to do that we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do that we can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do that we can take a
+three carbon molecule and generate four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon molecule and generate four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon molecule and generate four
+carbon oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oxaloacetate
+however if we start from a two-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if we start from a two-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if we start from a two-carbon
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+like acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or acetyl-coa that enters the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or acetyl-coa that enters the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or acetyl-coa that enters the cycle
+it's actually not so simple to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not so simple to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not so simple to take that
+carbon molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon molecule
+and turn it into four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into four carbon
+oxaloacetate and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and in fact
+humans lack any enzymes that allow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans lack any enzymes that allow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans lack any enzymes that allow them
+to take a two carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a two carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a two carbon unit
+to take acetate or acetyl coa and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take acetate or acetyl coa and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take acetate or acetyl coa and turn
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+into anything that's longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anything that's longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anything that's longer
+than net turn it into anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than net turn it into anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than net turn it into anything that's
+longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than
+two carbons and this has important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons and this has important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons and this has important
+implications for human physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for human physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for human physiology
+because what it says is is that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it says is is that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it says is is that we can't
+make glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make glucose
+from anything that starts with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything that starts with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything that starts with something
+less than three carbons long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three carbons long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three carbons long
+so if you drink alcohol and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you drink alcohol and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you drink alcohol and you
+metabolize that alcohol to acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize that alcohol to acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize that alcohol to acetate
+or it turns out you take fat and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it turns out you take fat and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it turns out you take fat and you
+break down fat also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down fat also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down fat also to
+acetyl coa to acetate two carbons long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa to acetate two carbons long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa to acetate two carbons long
+there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way
+to turn that mul those molecules into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that mul those molecules into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that mul those molecules into
+glucose because you cannot generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose because you cannot generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose because you cannot generate the
+oxaloacetate to do the anaplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to do the anaplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to do the anaplerosis
+that's necessary to get it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this means this is that our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means this is that our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means this is that our body
+can only store calories that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only store calories that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only store calories that come from
+two carbon units fat or alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units fat or alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units fat or alcohol
+is fat we can never turn them back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fat we can never turn them back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fat we can never turn them back into
+glucose um or make glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose um or make glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose um or make glycogen
+and this is very relevant for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very relevant for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very relevant for those of
+you to go to medical school because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go to medical school because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go to medical school because it's
+relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to
+our physiology and that is when our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physiology and that is when our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physiology and that is when our
+bodies exhaust all of our stores of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies exhaust all of our stores of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies exhaust all of our stores of
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+what happens our liver can no longer do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens our liver can no longer do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens our liver can no longer do
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+and so what happens now it has to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens now it has to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens now it has to switch
+over to doing something else it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to doing something else it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to doing something else it has to
+work with two carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with two carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with two carbon units
+and ultimately this is ketone metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately this is ketone metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately this is ketone metabolism
+which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about
+in a few lectures it also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few lectures it also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few lectures it also said
+that the body um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this is also of the basis of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is also of the basis of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is also of the basis of a very
+old adage that's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old adage that's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old adage that's out there
+that some of you may have heard that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you may have heard that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you may have heard that you
+need to have some other fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have some other fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have some other fuel
+if you're going to burn fat the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to burn fat the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to burn fat the basis
+for that is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is is that
+fat is turned into two carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat is turned into two carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat is turned into two carbon units
+acetyl coa units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coa units
+and so if you're going to take those seo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're going to take those seo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're going to take those seo
+coa units and ultimately burn them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa units and ultimately burn them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coa units and ultimately burn them away
+turn them into co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them into co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them into co2
+you need a source of oxaloacetate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a source of oxaloacetate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a source of oxaloacetate or
+your tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tca cycle
+won't work now you don't need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work now you don't need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work now you don't need a lot of
+something but it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it is true
+you can't start just with acetyl coa as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't start just with acetyl coa as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't start just with acetyl coa as
+a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human
+and turn it into co2 so you need some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into co2 so you need some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into co2 so you need some at
+least a little bit of oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a little bit of oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a little bit of oxaloacetate
+to get your tca cycle started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your tca cycle started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your tca cycle started
+now that's a problem that we as faced as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a problem that we as faced as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a problem that we as faced as
+humans and other mammals face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and other mammals face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and other mammals face
+but it turns out there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out there's lots of
+microbes out there that grow just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbes out there that grow just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbes out there that grow just fine
+on acetate or on alcohol even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acetate or on alcohol even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acetate or on alcohol even if it's
+the only carbon source and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only carbon source and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only carbon source and so those
+organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms
+must have some way to build stuff from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have some way to build stuff from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have some way to build stuff from
+two carbon units that is a way to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units that is a way to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units that is a way to use
+two carbon units and do anaplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units and do anaplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units and do anaplerosis
+and it turns out the way they do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the way they do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the way they do this is
+via something called the glyoxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via something called the glyoxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via something called the glyoxylate
+cycle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and so
+the glyoxylate cycle is an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glyoxylate cycle is an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glyoxylate cycle is an alternative
+version of the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the tca cycle
+that effectively uses two enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effectively uses two enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effectively uses two enzymes that
+we lack as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lack as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lack as
+mammals and so i'll quickly tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and so i'll quickly tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and so i'll quickly tell you
+about it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here
+and so this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrate from the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate from the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate from the tca cycle
+and some microbes have an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some microbes have an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some microbes have an enzyme
+called iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called iso
+citrate lyse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate lyse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate lyse
+and what isocitrate lyse does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what isocitrate lyse does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what isocitrate lyse does
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically splits isocitrate in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically splits isocitrate in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically splits isocitrate in half
+such that the top portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the top portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the top portion of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+is another tca cycle intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another tca cycle intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another tca cycle intermediate
+succinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate and
+the bottom portion of a molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom portion of a molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom portion of a molecule is
+this two carbon aldehyde called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glyoxylate glyoxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by another enzyme that we lack as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another enzyme that we lack as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another enzyme that we lack as humans
+called malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthase and i don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and i don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and i don't have time
+to show the mechanism again but malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the mechanism again but malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the mechanism again but malate
+synthase basically adds the two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase basically adds the two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase basically adds the two carbons
+from acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from acetyl coa
+to the aldehyde to the ketone or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the aldehyde to the ketone or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the aldehyde to the ketone or the the
+carbonyl the aldehyde carbonyl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl the aldehyde carbonyl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl the aldehyde carbonyl of
+glyoxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyoxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyoxylate
+in a reaction that is for all intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reaction that is for all intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reaction that is for all intents
+and purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes
+exactly what happens in citrate synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens in citrate synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens in citrate synthase
+that will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will generate
+this molecule which is malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule which is malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule which is malate
+also in the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the tca cycle
+and so having these two extra reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having these two extra reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having these two extra reactions
+isocitrate lyse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate lyse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate lyse and
+malate synthase gives microbes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate synthase gives microbes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate synthase gives microbes
+the ability to have acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to have acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to have acetyl coa
+be anaplerotic and so how does that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anaplerotic and so how does that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anaplerotic and so how does that work
+well that's because we can start with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because we can start with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because we can start with if
+we start with on oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with on oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with on oxaloacetate
+four carbons an acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can run the tca cycle and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the tca cycle and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the tca cycle and make
+citrate six carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate six carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate six carbons
+turn that citrate into iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrate use isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate use isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate use isocitrate
+lyse to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glyoxylate two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyoxylate two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyoxylate two carbons
+plus succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that succinate can run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succinate dehydrogenase to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate dehydrogenase to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate dehydrogenase to generate
+malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate
+which can go through malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can go through malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can go through malate
+dehydrogenase to generate oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase to generate oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase to generate oxaloacetate
+this glioxylate can start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glioxylate can start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glioxylate can start with
+a second acetyl coa two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second acetyl coa two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second acetyl coa two carbons
+come together generate malate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together generate malate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together generate malate that
+generates a second malate molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a second malate molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a second malate molecule
+which can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exit the cycle as malate or oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit the cycle as malate or oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit the cycle as malate or oxaloacetate
+or whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you want
+and so basically it allows two acetyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically it allows two acetyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically it allows two acetyl
+coas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coas
+to net generate on oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to net generate on oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to net generate on oxaloacetate
+and so net generates a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so net generates a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so net generates a way to do
+anaplerosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis
+from two carbon units by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two carbon units by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two carbon units by having
+this malate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this malate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this malate um
+synthase reaction and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isocitrate lyse reaction and run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate lyse reaction and run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate lyse reaction and run this
+alternative version of the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative version of the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative version of the tca cycle
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+the glyoxylate cycle and it's a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glyoxylate cycle and it's a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glyoxylate cycle and it's a nice way
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+life again no new chemistry here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life again no new chemistry here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life again no new chemistry here just
+variations on what we've already shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on what we've already shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on what we've already shown
+repurpose the similar chemistries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurpose the similar chemistries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurpose the similar chemistries that
+it's already using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already using
+as a way to live off of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to live off of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to live off of only
+two car two carbon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two car two carbon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two car two carbon um
+carbon sources that contain only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sources that contain only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sources that contain only two
+carbons like ethanol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons like ethanol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons like ethanol or
+acetate all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate all right so
+in closing today the last thing i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closing today the last thing i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closing today the last thing i want
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+very briefly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly is
+how the tca cycle is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the tca cycle is regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the tca cycle is regulated
+and we don't need to spend a ton of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't need to spend a ton of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't need to spend a ton of time
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+because it really follows principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really follows principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really follows principles
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+particularly when we think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when we think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when we think about things
+that we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already talked about
+and so the regulation of the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the regulation of the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the regulation of the tca cycle
+is of course important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course important
+and it's really a critical hub both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a critical hub both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a critical hub both for
+anabolic and catabolic pathways so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic and catabolic pathways so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic and catabolic pathways so you
+need to get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get energy
+to fully oxidize carbon but it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fully oxidize carbon but it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fully oxidize carbon but it's also a
+useful place to get stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful place to get stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful place to get stuff
+and before i talk about regulation i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before i talk about regulation i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before i talk about regulation i
+just want to point out that many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that many of the
+enzymes of the tca cycle even though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes of the tca cycle even though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes of the tca cycle even though we
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+it in the mitochondria and we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the mitochondria and we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the mitochondria and we're about
+to talk about regulation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about regulation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about regulation in terms of
+catabolism that is oxidation ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism that is oxidation ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism that is oxidation ways to
+release energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release energy
+many of these enzymes are also in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these enzymes are also in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these enzymes are also in other
+locations in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in the cell
+because there's functions for them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's functions for them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's functions for them in
+making stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making stuff
+that is very different than what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very different than what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very different than what goes on
+in the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tca cycle
+and the regulation that i'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regulation that i'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regulation that i'll tell you
+about and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that is
+comes up on mcat exams and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up on mcat exams and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up on mcat exams and stuff like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+usually talks about this pathway as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talks about this pathway as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talks about this pathway as a
+catabolic pathway as a way to make co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolic pathway as a way to make co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolic pathway as a way to make co2
+to make atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make atp
+however recognize that there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however recognize that there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however recognize that there's also
+variations on this pathway that can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on this pathway that can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on this pathway that can use
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+anabolic things making stuff and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic things making stuff and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic things making stuff and that
+regulation is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is something that
+really is not necessarily what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is not necessarily what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is not necessarily what we're
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+here and is a little bit less well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and is a little bit less well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and is a little bit less well
+understood but at least the regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but at least the regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but at least the regulation
+in terms of catabolism if we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of catabolism if we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of catabolism if we put it
+in context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in context of
+glucose metabolism so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose metabolism so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose metabolism so here's
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turning glucose into pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then that pyruvate can operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that pyruvate can operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that pyruvate can operate
+through the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+to generate acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate acetyl coa
+that acetyl coa can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acetyl coa can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acetyl coa can combine
+with oxaloacetate to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrate that citrate of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate that citrate of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate that citrate of course
+can be used to generate fat as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to generate fat as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to generate fat as we've
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+that can go to isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
+that's catalyzed by isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's catalyzed by isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's catalyzed by isocitrate
+dehydrogenase which i will abbreviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase which i will abbreviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase which i will abbreviate
+idh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idh
+alpha ketoglutarate to succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate to succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate to succinate
+more correctly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more correctly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more correctly to
+succinyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinyl coa
+by alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha ketoglutarate
+dehydrogenase alpha kg dh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase alpha kg dh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase alpha kg dh
+and then this back to oxaloacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this back to oxaloacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this back to oxaloacetate and
+so the main enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main enzymes that
+are typically discussed as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically discussed as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically discussed as being
+regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+are alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+isocitrate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate dehydrogenase
+and pyruvate dehydrogenase i also drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pyruvate dehydrogenase i also drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pyruvate dehydrogenase i also drew
+glycolysis and i'll just write over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and i'll just write over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and i'll just write over here
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up here because we can now see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here because we can now see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here because we can now see more
+fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+how this plays in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this plays in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this plays in with
+citrate acting as a positive regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate acting as a positive regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate acting as a positive regulator
+of gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gluconeogenesis
+and an inhibitor of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an inhibitor of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an inhibitor of glycolysis
+again you're full in citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're full in citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're full in citrate
+stop running glycolysis start running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop running glycolysis start running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop running glycolysis start running
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+now the other regulation if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other regulation if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other regulation if you have a
+lot of acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of acetyl coa
+stop making it from pyruvate acetyl coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop making it from pyruvate acetyl coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop making it from pyruvate acetyl coa
+is a negative regulator of pdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative regulator of pdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative regulator of pdh
+this is carbon oxidation generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carbon oxidation generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carbon oxidation generates
+releases a lot of energy generates a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases a lot of energy generates a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases a lot of energy generates a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+atp generates a lot of nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp generates a lot of nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp generates a lot of nadh
+if you have lots of those things no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have lots of those things no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have lots of those things no
+reason to keep sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to keep sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to keep sending
+carbon into acetyl coa to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon into acetyl coa to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon into acetyl coa to go into the
+tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ultimately we have to send those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to send those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to send those
+electrons somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons somewhere
+so if there's nowhere to put them low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's nowhere to put them low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's nowhere to put them low
+oxygen also inhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen also inhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen also inhibits
+pyruvate dehydrogenase and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase and of course if
+you need more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more energy
+if adp is high that activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if adp is high that activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if adp is high that activates
+pyruvate dehydrogenase so at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase so at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase so at least in
+terms of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of glucose
+complete glucose oxidation a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete glucose oxidation a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete glucose oxidation a lot of
+regulation happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation happens
+at pyruvate dehydrogenase and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pyruvate dehydrogenase and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pyruvate dehydrogenase and a lot of
+it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+makes sense high levels of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense high levels of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense high levels of atp
+high levels of nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of nadh
+also inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isocitrate dehydrogenase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate dehydrogenase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocitrate dehydrogenase and
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+dehydrogenase makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase makes sense
+suctional coa pi inhibit alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suctional coa pi inhibit alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suctional coa pi inhibit alpha
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
+high levels of adp need to release more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of adp need to release more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels of adp need to release more
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activate alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate alpha-ketoglutarate
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again these are the feedbacks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are the feedbacks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are the feedbacks that
+people talk about on board exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about on board exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about on board exams
+good to know but you can almost guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know but you can almost guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know but you can almost guess
+what they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they would be
+from first principles because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from first principles because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from first principles because remember
+this is a pathway that releases a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pathway that releases a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pathway that releases a lot of
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+high energy high atp high in adh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy high atp high in adh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy high atp high in adh
+don't run the cycle don't enter carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run the cycle don't enter carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run the cycle don't enter carbon
+in the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cycle
+low energy high atp i'm sorry high adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy high atp i'm sorry high adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy high atp i'm sorry high adp
+put carbon in the cycle run the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put carbon in the cycle run the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put carbon in the cycle run the cycle
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+make sense also make sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense also make sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense also make sense of the
+reciprocal regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal regulation
+of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+okay great next time we will talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great next time we will talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great next time we will talk more
+about how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we can
+oxidize fatty acids fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize fatty acids fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize fatty acids fat
+by accessing acetyl coa and entering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accessing acetyl coa and entering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accessing acetyl coa and entering it
+into the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3j3Odfpvhrs.txt b/3j3Odfpvhrs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90a83fdb730ba90d4d77c6132a92d29fd3c2f3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3j3Odfpvhrs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3400 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Alright,
+and with that,
+
+I think we'll be ready to
+start on lecture seven.
+
+Not really a lecture,
+we're just talking
+
+about lessons from
+the Sprint Tournament.
+
+And you could whine and
+complain about the map set
+
+and I would totally support you.
+
+Because that map set was crazy.
+
+So, I'm just going
+to have a seat here
+
+and I'll bring up this little
+Word document that I've got.
+
+Where we're going to talk
+about a few aspects of maps,
+
+a few aspects of teams.
+
+So let's zoom right on in.
+
+So, map dependent stuff,
+which is written here.
+
+So, we saw a bunch of stuff that
+really killed a bunch of teams.
+
+We had mines in
+the way of spawn.
+
+Make sure you check
+that you don't
+
+try to spawn a unit
+on top of a mine.
+
+That's another thing, if a
+unit is on top of a mine,
+
+for whatever reason, he
+should probably try to move.
+
+In previous years,
+we've had spawn delays,
+
+so that when a
+unit is spawned it
+
+can't move for a certain
+number of rounds.
+
+But not this year, he
+can move immediately.
+
+So if you're on top of a mine,
+and you have a hit point number
+
+x, and the defuse time is
+y, and the number of rounds
+
+it would take to kill you
+with the mine doing damage z,
+
+you would just do
+the math and see
+
+whether it's worthwhile
+to try to defuse it.
+
+Because you can't
+have multiple units
+
+defuse the mine on
+different rounds.
+
+It doesn't continue
+defusion progress.
+
+So anyway, they'll just die.
+
+And we saw some
+real hero mines that
+
+have been promoted
+to Supreme Commander
+
+and they're now commanding
+fleets in the Pacific.
+
+Another thing was encampments.
+
+So, sometimes the encampments
+block off other things.
+
+I mean, certainly we
+saw a lot of teams
+
+lose because they built
+encampments around their base
+
+and couldn't get out.
+
+OK, so it seems
+like a dumb thing
+
+when you're looking
+at it, but how
+
+do you check for it in the code?
+
+What's the best way?
+
+I mean, it would be
+obvious to just try
+
+to maintain a diagonal line
+straight from you to the enemy
+
+and never lay
+bases on that line.
+
+But maybe that's the only base.
+
+So, I don't know
+exactly what the best
+
+way around that
+kind of problem is.
+
+Yeah so, the encampments
+can block each other off,
+
+or you could block
+off the enemy.
+
+We saw some of
+them, you couldn't
+
+get to those other ones.
+
+Let's see if I can
+open up that map.
+
+Oh gosh, what are the chances
+I'm going to be able to-- No,
+
+the chances are zero.
+
+Yeah, I'll do it in
+Paint because it's just
+
+the general idea.
+
+This was one of the
+maps that I did design.
+
+I didn't design all of them.
+
+This was the one that
+looked like-- Oh, I
+
+guess I can just
+use continual lines.
+
+Oh man, this is going to be
+great, it's going to be great,
+
+I'm looking forward to it.
+
+Yeah, it was just like that.
+
+And then the encampments
+where arranged a little bit
+
+like this.
+
+Yeah, yeah, it was like this.
+
+These were the encampments and
+they were connected this way.
+
+So there was a pretty short--
+
+[STUTTERING]
+
+Distance between Team A and B.
+So, Team A and B were there.
+
+We had hero mines H and H
+that would kill entire armies.
+
+Actually, I'd said
+that they went on
+
+to be Supreme Commanders
+in the Pacific,
+
+but then they were subsequently
+arrested for war crimes,
+
+and executed.
+
+But their descendants live
+on, the map is still there.
+
+So there you have it, the
+cycle of life and history.
+
+So anyway, the point that
+I was trying to make,
+
+before I confuse
+myself here, was
+
+that B would go ahead and
+build a bunch of encampments
+
+and then he wouldn't be able
+to get to these ones back here.
+
+He couldn't get to them
+because he couldn't find them.
+
+So, that's definitely
+something to worry about.
+
+Maybe what you should
+do is say, I'm just
+
+sort of speaking off
+the top my head here,
+
+is if you can't get
+there and you're a robot
+
+and you're trying
+to path around them,
+
+maybe you should send
+a signal to this fellow
+
+that he should suicide, and
+then the team should remember,
+
+from now on into
+the future of time,
+
+that they shouldn't try
+to build something there.
+
+And then maybe that'll
+be the new route
+
+to the expansion of new
+colonies and exploring space
+
+for the benefit of humanity.
+
+So, we see that they
+can be blocked off,
+
+don't know exactly how
+to fix that problem.
+
+We saw other issues,
+like Team 0 or 116.
+
+They shouted attack and
+they died at round 2,002.
+
+That was too sad.
+
+I have the match here.
+
+And it was like
+they were cut off
+
+and maybe that was an exception.
+
+So, definitely want
+to look for exceptions
+
+that will take place
+if you're cut off.
+
+And maybe just communicate
+to the other bases,
+
+hey, I'm cut off,
+please kill yourself.
+
+And I'm sure they'll comply.
+
+Luckily, Battlecode is
+not like the actual world
+
+where it would be really hard
+to make that argument to them.
+
+They're like, yeah,
+but, but it's me.
+
+I've heard a little bit
+about rush distance.
+
+We had one map that
+was called something
+
+like, I don't remember
+what it was called,
+
+but we kept calling
+it Bad Ideas.
+
+Where the map was like this.
+
+Oh man, that map was fantastic.
+
+I didn't make this one.
+
+It had a big minefield
+in the middle
+
+and then there was a
+and b located here.
+
+And then on the very
+edges of the map,
+
+there were encampments
+in these corners.
+
+And so, the idea was that if
+you actually take some of your,
+
+you're pretty close
+here, this distance
+
+was, I don't know
+15, or something.
+
+And so, if you would send
+your guys out in this way,
+
+by the time you built the
+encampment-- first of all,
+
+you're losing soldiers,
+second they're
+
+not going to help you
+defend, the enemy's
+
+just going to go
+ahead and kill you.
+
+So, if you see this
+distance, I mean,
+
+I think a decent set
+of heuristics for a map
+
+should be the following.
+
+Here's map heuristics.
+
+[SLOWLY SPELLS HEURISTICS]
+
+I think that you could
+say, distance to enemy
+
+and distance to
+closest encampment.
+
+[SLOWLY SPELLS ENCAMPMENT]
+
+And then you could do, I
+guess that's pretty much
+
+all you need.
+
+Because I think, distance
+to enemy is unimportant.
+
+What you should do
+is number of mines
+
+to the enemy and that
+encapsulates distance.
+
+And so, then you could be like,
+OK, if this distance is big
+
+and this number is
+small, then there you go.
+
+So, all you've got to do is say,
+that number minus that number.
+
+And now, you're starting
+to have something
+
+that you can compare to if
+it's big, if this quantity is
+
+greater than some number,
+then do something.
+
+Anyway, you guys get the idea.
+
+We had a couple of maps where
+we had lanes next to the mines.
+
+I think we do that quite a bit.
+
+Some of the maps that we
+gave you initially, you
+
+could just walk
+straight to the enemy
+
+if you path around the mines.
+
+And the lanes weren't that
+complicated, all you have to do
+
+is make one little turn and
+then you're going straight
+
+to the enemy, all the way.
+
+And we saw some teams
+use this, but we also
+
+saw them put
+encampments on the lanes
+
+and then they
+couldn't walk there.
+
+I think there was one very
+critical match and that match
+
+went something like this.
+
+Are some of you
+obsessive compulsive?
+
+You're get a little bit
+annoyed by these little bits?
+
+OK, there you go.
+
+I think on the map
+that I'm describing,
+
+it had these late like this.
+
+And so, these are the
+mines that I'm drawing
+
+and then between those
+we saw the encampments
+
+that you could capture.
+
+Some I'm just going to make
+it slightly more symmetrical.
+
+We had Team a over here
+and Team b over here.
+
+And the teams were just lined
+up exactly with the mines.
+
+So, that if you counted
+the mines directly
+
+between you and the enemy,
+it was a large number,
+
+but if you counted this
+number, it was a zero number.
+
+So what Team a started
+doing, and I'll just
+
+recap because not all of you
+will have seen that match,
+
+is they started defusing
+these mines this way,
+
+but simultaneously, they
+were capturing encampments.
+
+So, I believe they
+didn't think that there
+
+was a straight
+path to the enemy.
+
+Because whenever they
+captured something,
+
+they also got these
+as soon as possible,
+
+so they could never
+really get around.
+
+And simultaneously,
+B was building up
+
+a minefield and
+researching nuke.
+
+Yeah, nukes for the win.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, I think
+it was pretty weird.
+
+We ended up seeing, I
+guess you could classify it
+
+as almost three
+strategies, there's a rush,
+
+there's an econ strategy, and
+then there's a nuke strategy.
+
+There's overlap, of
+course, but it almost
+
+seems like there are
+three strategies.
+
+In this map, for
+this particular map,
+
+we saw that econ-- he's
+building these encampments,
+
+if he didn't build those
+he would have gone straight
+
+to the enemy, it would have been
+great-- this econ strategy was
+
+defeated by the nuke.
+
+So, I'm just going
+to do an arrow.
+
+Econ on a large map would
+kill a rush and on a small map
+
+a rush would kill a nuke.
+
+Is this Rock, Paper, Scissors?
+
+No, but given a map set it can
+be rock, paper, scissors, e.
+
+It could be scissors, e.
+
+Anyway, the point
+is that whenever
+
+we have something like
+this, if you're not
+
+taking into account the maps,
+so that it's just picking it
+
+at random, then one
+result that you get
+
+is the tournament
+can not make sense.
+
+It's more than just some
+simple concept in your head,
+
+that the tournament
+isn't making sense.
+
+Because the basis
+of a tournament
+
+is that when it's done you
+know who's the best, right.
+
+It's supposed to be
+that teams, they've
+
+got a fundamental goodness,
+and that the top team is best.
+
+But if you have three teams,
+rock, paper, and scissors,
+
+and you hold a tournament, what
+is the point of the tournament?
+
+You're not to find anything
+out at the end and, of course,
+
+you all know this.
+
+And my point is that you
+feel it so viscerally
+
+when it ends up happening.
+
+So, the only solution
+is to use that map data
+
+and to say, OK, I
+know it's a short map,
+
+or I know it's a large map, or
+something along those lines.
+
+That's the only thing
+you've got to do.
+
+And I'm very
+confident that we're
+
+going to see a whole lot of
+that in the following matches.
+
+Not in the ones we're
+going to watch today,
+
+in the ones that are
+going to be submitted
+
+to the subsequent tournaments.
+
+So, we saw the lanes
+next to the mines.
+
+We saw some really good
+positioning of artillery.
+
+It made the difference
+between victory and loss
+
+in a lot of cases.
+
+And I'd like to
+point out, especially
+
+in the presence of
+my simulator here,
+
+that a little artillery
+can go a long way.
+
+So, I don't know
+how many of you have
+
+had a chance to look at the
+latest update of my Battlecode
+
+simulator, but it works
+the following way.
+
+So here, I'm going to
+compare two strategies.
+
+This strategy is to build robots
+and no generators or suppliers
+
+and this strategy
+is just to continue
+
+building two stands
+for a supplier.
+
+So, there you can see the
+first strategy is in green.
+
+How does that show up?
+
+That shows up pretty well.
+
+First strategy in green is
+to just build the soldiers
+
+and you hit the maximum.
+
+And then, the second
+strategy here,
+
+you can see now in this updated
+version of this Battlecode
+
+simulator, that you
+actually do lose some units.
+
+You lose units that
+you would have had,
+
+those soldiers are destroyed
+in capturing the encampments.
+
+And then, you only
+pay it off later.
+
+So, here you see the
+150 rounds, or so,
+
+between starting to buy those
+things and having it pay off.
+
+And you can similarly
+see that that round
+
+number is going to change.
+
+If you only build
+two of these things,
+
+it's going to be quite
+different and, well, I
+
+guess it ends up paying
+off at about the same time.
+
+That's curious,
+that's pretty curious,
+
+but I'm sure its basis in fact.
+
+Let's just double check here.
+
+The suppliers do reduce
+your spawn delay.
+
+So, here on the left,
+I've provided a table.
+
+And this is all available
+on the internet.
+
+So, you don't need
+Mathematica, because I did also
+
+save this is a PDF.
+
+But you can make this
+yourself in Microsoft Excel,
+
+or something like that, where
+you see the number of suppliers
+
+on the left, going
+from zero up on through
+
+to some incredibly large number.
+
+Which we did see in this
+tournament, if you guys saw.
+
+I really love to watch
+some of those macro games.
+
+And then, we see on the old
+spec what the spawn delay would
+
+have been and then
+the latest spec.
+
+So, the spec used to be
+10 times 0.95 to the n,
+
+where n is the
+number of suppliers.
+
+The latest spec is 100
+divided by 10 plus n.
+
+So, the effect is that now,
+with the latest spawn delay,
+
+we go down from 10 faster.
+
+So, you see here, we're at six
+when the old one was at seven.
+
+But later on we're higher.
+
+So, we level off much sooner.
+
+And so, we're at two here
+when the other one is at one.
+
+So, there's a crossover and it's
+favoring getting them earlier.
+
+Anyway, my point is
+we can go with number
+
+of suppliers and
+the spawn delay.
+
+So, when I get one
+supplier I should
+
+see a spawn delay
+that improves by one.
+
+And so, you can say,
+OK, the headquarters
+
+is producing hit
+points per round.
+
+That's the point of
+the headquarters.
+
+I mean, sure number of
+units is a different metric
+
+than number of hit points.
+
+Because units deal
+damage, not hit points,
+
+but it's similar because you're
+dealing damage and taking
+
+damage, and there you go.
+
+It's all a question of micro
+when you get right down to it,
+
+it's all very clear
+and straightforward.
+
+So, hit points
+per round is four.
+
+If you build a single artillery.
+
+OK, you build a single
+supplier, now your spawn delay
+
+is nine so you're producing 4.4
+repeating hit points per round.
+
+So, that's an additional 0.4
+repeating hit points per round.
+
+That's what you've got out
+of building that supplier.
+
+You got this.
+
+And the next one you
+build will get you this.
+
+I mean, if you build this
+one, you get even more.
+
+I mean, some of them that you
+build don't get you anything.
+
+So, you can see, incremental
+hit points per round.
+
+But look, all these numbers,
+none of them are that big.
+
+Whereas, if you got
+something like an artillery,
+
+it can get you a large number
+of hit points per round.
+
+Because really what
+you're interested in
+
+is not just hit
+points for your team,
+
+it's the difference
+between your team
+
+and the enemy team hit points.
+
+So if you build artillery
+that does get shots off,
+
+I mean, if it
+shoots all the time,
+
+then it's going to be dealing
+40 damage every 20 turns.
+
+And that's infinity, isn't it?
+
+That's 40, 40 over, that's
+two hit point per turn.
+
+That's a lot.
+
+I mean, of course,
+it's not going
+
+to do that because a lot of
+the time it isn't shooting.
+
+But if it's shooting only
+20 percent of the time,
+
+then it's two times one
+fifth and now you have 0.4.
+
+So, it's starting to
+be competitive to get
+
+an artillery compared
+to a supplier.
+
+So that's just one way
+of looking at things.
+
+Definitely worth thinking
+about, I should say.
+
+Because one of these
+artilleries can be,
+
+as we've seen in some of these
+matches, worth its weight.
+
+So now, the question is, is
+this code working properly?
+
+And I think the answer
+is no, actually,
+
+in characteristic fashion.
+
+So, here I built one supplier
+and the production rate
+
+of robots is approximately
+identical to the way
+
+that it was.
+
+So I'm just going to
+debug this a second.
+
+Let's see here.
+
+I think we have
+here, OK, so that's
+
+the supplier number
+there and the question is
+
+if that supplier
+number is there,
+
+and the spawn time is being
+updated, then why wouldn't it
+
+take effect.
+
+Because that certainly does
+look like the latest spec.
+
+Well, in any case, I think
+it will be safe for us just
+
+to start with one and that's
+a decent fudge factor.
+
+Let's do that.
+
+Let's start with-- Oh my god,
+I'm terrible, terrible person.
+
+Let's see it happen.
+
+I'll figure it out later.
+
+So there, now we see a
+little bit of a difference.
+
+And we get the second
+one that should have, OK,
+
+that had a big effect.
+
+Was it supposed to?
+
+It was.
+
+The third one should
+have no effect.
+
+Let's just double check that.
+
+And then, what we're
+going to end up doing
+
+is we'll watch some matches.
+
+OK, so let's go
+back to having two.
+
+And now, we'll go
+to having three.
+
+And yeah, the slope
+didn't change.
+
+I don't think the slope changed.
+
+It just moved left
+and right because we
+
+had to lose another soldier.
+
+So, that's good.
+
+I think there was
+just an offset of one.
+
+I guess that makes perfect
+sense to me for some reason.
+
+Yeah, I'll understand it.
+
+In fact, let's pretend
+I understand it now.
+
+It's just a question
+of when we're
+
+pretending I'm understanding
+it, not a question of whether.
+
+Alright, so, let's
+go ahead and watch
+
+some matches because
+I really want
+
+to illustrate a few interesting
+things about mines, and micro,
+
+and so on.
+
+So let's go.
+
+All of you can do it.
+
+I don't know if
+you've seen this,
+
+but you simply go
+to Tournaments,
+
+and you go to Results, and
+you click on Sprint Bracket,
+
+and now you have
+access to all the
+
+matches that you can download.
+
+I mean it's not as great as
+being able to, for example,
+
+get everybody else's code so you
+can play against it infinitely,
+
+but it's pretty good.
+
+And you can also convert this
+match data into XML files
+
+that you can parse
+to find matches
+
+that match a certain
+characteristic.
+
+For instance, let's
+just do an example.
+
+I guess we'll just
+pick any random match,
+
+let's pick the final match.
+
+Oh, I don't know, the
+final match was-- I mean,
+
+I think what ended
+up happening is
+
+we started having teams that
+rushed get to the finals.
+
+And I think that
+was map dependent.
+
+In the future, it may be
+less so that rush teams are
+
+really making it
+up to the finals.
+
+And there may be other,
+like an econ team--
+
+We see one of the best econ
+teams here, hey I just met you,
+
+was actually a cross
+between rush and econ.
+
+We saw them, sometimes, build
+absolutely massive numbers
+
+of macro buildings, and
+other times we saw them not.
+
+I see one question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you going to have
+best of five matches later?
+
+PROFESSOR: Mr. Pipe Nexus?
+
+AUDIENCE: Best of five matches.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, best
+of five matches.
+
+That's been introduced
+as a concept.
+
+Sorry about my misunderstanding.
+
+Best of five matches
+may be introduced later,
+
+but it's still on
+the table because it
+
+would require a large reworking
+of our tournament code.
+
+Because, of course,
+we write things
+
+in the most flexible and
+reusable way possible.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+And the question
+about the previous one
+
+that the suppliers
+cost upkeep, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+I think they do.
+
+We can actually go
+straight into a match
+
+and just double check that.
+
+Because all we have
+to do is go to one
+
+of those matches where
+one of the teams walls
+
+itself in and just look at that.
+
+Because then they have
+suppliers, but not soldiers.
+
+So, let's go to that one.
+
+I think I have it
+loaded already.
+
+Those poor fellows.
+
+I'm sorry Team 0, I'm
+sorry, but here you go.
+
+They have a supplier
+and they are team 116.
+
+And they're steady
+at 225 resources.
+
+Whereas, I don't
+know, is that more
+
+than they would be spending
+if they were doing nothing?
+
+I think it might be.
+
+There's a chance
+that it could be.
+
+I'm going to go with yes.
+
+But that's a guess.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I don't know.
+
+It probably is.
+
+It probably takes upkeep.
+
+I guess that's
+another thing that
+
+may be wrong with my simulator.
+
+Anyway, I'm tired of
+saying that I'm wrong.
+
+Let's talk about how I'm right.
+
+Come on.
+
+Come on guys.
+
+Alright, so let's
+open up a match.
+
+I want to start before teams
+that are rushing are winning.
+
+Citizen Snips, for
+example, I think,
+
+was doing some decent macro.
+
+So, let's open that one up.
+
+I think I was pretty
+impressed with that team.
+
+There were also some teams
+that were brand new that
+
+came from the bottom
+of the ladder.
+
+And I think we'll have
+a chance today to talk
+
+about those a
+little bit as well.
+
+So, I'm just going
+to make sure that I'm
+
+looking at the latest one.
+
+Oh man, please sort them.
+
+Would you mind sorting
+them, computer?
+
+Thank you.
+
+Man, I tell you, there's a
+problem with subordination
+
+these times.
+
+So yeah, we see Team Snips, on
+the right, is getting vision.
+
+Vision was not a
+very popular upgrade,
+
+but they're building these
+artillery in the front,
+
+and then they're building
+supplier in the back.
+
+I think that a pretty
+interesting approach.
+
+And because of the
+map layout, they're
+
+ending up using the
+artillery quite a bit.
+
+So, we see a good shot
+there, it's not bad.
+
+It does seem to
+deal some damage.
+
+No, it deals no damage
+to allied units.
+
+So that's great.
+
+But I think later on
+we might see, yeah,
+
+I don't know if that
+was such a great shot.
+
+Because we took out two
+enemies at the cost of two
+
+allied units.
+
+So, I don't know, that seemed
+like breaking even in my eyes.
+
+So, there's something
+you can do there
+
+with writing artillery code
+to try to avoid allied units.
+
+Maybe, I don't know, you
+shoot at-- You could literally
+
+compute the value of every tile,
+but it seems pretty expensive.
+
+So, I'm not sure exactly what
+the best way to do that is.
+
+So, we see them getting
+vision, one of the rare teams
+
+to get vision.
+
+And we see them upgrading
+that, interlaced
+
+with building their other robots
+and their other structures.
+
+So, I don't know how I
+feel about interlacing
+
+one thing and another.
+
+So, I guess the idea
+is that it's not
+
+quite as fast as
+researching it straight out,
+
+but it's not quite
+as slow as getting it
+
+after you get all your robots.
+
+But actually, when it
+comes right down to it,
+
+if you build, let's get
+out a simple program here,
+
+such as Paint.
+
+If you build four robots,
+1, 2, 3, and 4, and you
+
+research 25%, which I'll
+indicate as maybe there's
+
+a completion bar.
+
+And you research, I don't know,
+this much, and then this much,
+
+and then this much,
+and then you're done.
+
+How is that any different
+from researching,
+
+from getting robot,
+robot, robot, robot,
+
+and then getting
+out the full bar?
+
+I don't think it's
+incredibly different
+
+and it may be just that it
+gives you more flexibility
+
+to make decisions part way.
+
+Because maybe if
+you do this thing,
+
+which I should change
+the color here.
+
+Maybe if you get three of
+these straight out then
+
+now you're fixed
+and you can't finish
+
+this for a certain
+amount of time.
+
+Whereas here, you give
+yourself more flexibility
+
+to cancel this part way through.
+
+But I just feel like this
+is the stronger move.
+
+Because if you go up against
+this team versus that team,
+
+then if there's an engagement
+at time, this time,
+
+then right then and there you're
+going to have four on three.
+
+And so, when it
+comes down to here,
+
+you're going to
+have two guys left
+
+and he's going to have one guy.
+
+And it's going to be pretty
+clear who's going to win.
+
+And it doesn't matter
+that both of you
+
+have this stuff at the end.
+
+It's just not going
+to matter, so I
+
+don't know how I feel
+about the interlacing.
+
+So, we see a bunch of that.
+
+And we also see
+here that Team 70
+
+is a team that either rushes,
+or goes for a heavy macro play.
+
+And I get the feeling
+that on this map,
+
+they've decided that the rush
+distance, the distance from one
+
+team to the other, is not huge.
+
+It's not that big.
+
+And so, and there aren't
+that many mines either.
+
+So, I think this is the reason
+why they're doing this rush.
+
+I think it's pretty impressive
+that even though they're
+
+down on units, pretty often we
+see two units from blue and one
+
+unit from red,
+nevertheless, red is
+
+able to hold off
+this blue attack.
+
+I think Team 70 has some
+really excellent micro.
+
+And I will remind you that
+Team 70 has one author who
+
+was a former member
+of a team with Corey.
+
+Who spoke yesterday at lecture.
+
+And you remember that Corey
+talked all about micro.
+
+Micro being the important
+thing that wins matches.
+
+We're going to see
+that again and again.
+
+You saw that the
+Sprint Tournament.
+
+And I have ways of
+indicating again to you,
+
+in video that we watch today,
+that that was incredibly key
+
+in a lot of circumstances.
+
+We saw that happen.
+
+And so, it makes
+perfect sense that we
+
+would see red have
+some really good micro.
+
+But at the same
+time, he's not going
+
+to make any inroads against this
+player who's doing artillery.
+
+And you've got to wonder
+whether that's detectable.
+
+Whether he can tell that
+he's dying to artillery.
+
+And whether he can
+tell the main base,
+
+hey, this is our
+artillery, so we've
+
+got basically two choices.
+
+One, we bunch up a
+lot of units and we
+
+make sure we attack all at
+once and spread out enough
+
+so we're not taking splash
+damage from that artillery.
+
+Or, we've got to get
+shields, or we've
+
+got to do a massive econ play.
+
+Basically, we've got
+those three choices.
+
+And neither of those choices,
+neither of those three,
+
+are among the choice
+of just simply sending
+
+one unit at a time.
+
+So, I think a lot--
+
+Now see, did you
+see that happen?
+
+That's pretty surprising.
+
+You see the enemy attack
+and you see red outnumbered.
+
+So, this is two
+enemies to one red.
+
+OK, and the two
+enemies are grouping
+
+around the enemy headquarters.
+
+Because they're not
+really prioritizing
+
+attacking that one red guy.
+
+They're just going toward
+the enemy, it seems.
+
+It's not, I mean,
+it's not that obvious
+
+that they're
+prioritizing enemy units.
+
+So what ends up happening
+is this one red guy
+
+is managing to kite and
+attack only one blue guy.
+
+See that?
+
+And, I guess, there's
+probably awesome stuff
+
+that you could read in their
+indicator strings here.
+
+Remember that when we
+show the tournament,
+
+the indicator string
+bar is not there.
+
+That's just not part of
+the tournament viewer.
+
+But if you watch the replay,
+you can read their indicator
+
+strings and you might learn
+some about what those robots are
+
+trying to think about,
+or trying to do.
+
+So, here you see the red is
+really kiting these guys.
+
+And he's almost using
+his headquarters
+
+as a defensive structure.
+
+You can see here,
+he's almost come back
+
+because he's got two units
+and this guy's capturing
+
+an encampment and you
+can't cancel that.
+
+So, he's almost
+recovering here and just
+
+through the use of micro.
+
+I think it's very impressive.
+
+And it's only because he
+walks into that artillery fire
+
+again that it seems like
+he has some trouble.
+
+I mean, there are multiple ways
+of reading the system, reading
+
+what happened in this match.
+
+But, I think that was
+pretty interesting.
+
+This is one of the only
+shields that we ever see.
+
+I don't see any reason why blue
+would have decided to build it,
+
+especially in this location,
+especially given this guy
+
+has no artillery, especially,
+especially, especially.
+
+So, I think this game's
+pretty much foregone.
+
+And I think this one
+is also foregone.
+
+OK, here's a great example.
+
+So he has built three suppliers.
+
+OK, three suppliers
+out of Team 216.
+
+And there you go, he has 180.
+
+Whereas, at the beginning, I
+think you were stable at 194.
+
+So there we have our definitive
+answer to that question.
+
+I think you are stable at 194,
+so these do take hit point,
+
+they do take and upkeep,
+these supplier units
+
+that he does end up doing.
+
+So, that's good.
+
+That makes me feel happy.
+
+So that goes on
+to a round three.
+
+I mean, yeah, you've
+got to check that.
+
+OK, I've said it before,
+don't want to repeat
+
+myself, very good.
+
+So, Team 70, both teams are
+deciding this is a macro map.
+
+Pretty interesting,
+because once again,
+
+we saw team 70 not do macro.
+
+But look at this, he's not
+running straight for macro.
+
+He's got this decision in mind.
+
+That's one generator
+and four suppliers.
+
+Wow, let's just rewind, just
+rewind just a little bit,
+
+just a little bit right now.
+
+So yeah, he's getting
+the generator first
+
+and then those three.
+
+Meanwhile, he's getting fusion.
+
+He's already got fusion.
+
+And I think he
+prioritizes that upgrade.
+
+It's pretty strange because
+you see him, I think,
+
+get it before even
+is first unit.
+
+So here, we're
+looking at round 20.
+
+Round 15,16, 17, he still
+hasn't built a unit.
+
+Whereas, blue has built
+two units already.
+
+It's questionable whether
+prioritizing fusion
+
+is going to be that good,
+because he prioritizes
+
+fusion but then doesn't
+actually use all that energy.
+
+He's still at 1,600.
+
+Does he ever actually use it?
+
+Maybe.
+
+It's going to be later.
+
+And this team could
+be even more powerful
+
+than it was, perhaps,
+if it perhaps
+
+did that a little bit later.
+
+So yeah, let's go back and
+let's think about this.
+
+Because this set
+up here is meant
+
+to strike at a certain time.
+
+And the time when
+he's meant to strike,
+
+imagine setting up this
+way, where you're like,
+
+OK, I know that depending on
+the number of macro buildings
+
+I build, that will give
+me an attack timing.
+
+Where it'll be the
+perfect moment for me
+
+to attack because I'm just
+running out of resources,
+
+I'm just hitting
+the peak of units.
+
+Well, maybe that attack
+timing should exactly
+
+match how long I
+estimate it will
+
+take for me to get to the enemy.
+
+Now, you could use
+the headquarters
+
+to say, to just
+calculate explicitly,
+
+it will take me this
+long to get the enemy,
+
+I had better have some
+macro up by that time.
+
+And that could be
+exactly what he's doing.
+
+So, let's do a little
+check in Mathematica,
+
+where we'll say he's going to
+build four of these suppliers
+
+and he's going to
+build one generator.
+
+So there, we see that
+he's going to cross over
+
+and he's going to be even
+with the enemy at 200.
+
+So, let's hope that he attacks
+the enemy closer to 300.
+
+Let's see what happens.
+
+So there, he's just pausing.
+
+All his units are pausing.
+
+It's round 269, they're
+not doing anything.
+
+It's round 300, they're
+still not doing anything.
+
+I guess it's because he's taking
+more bases that he's decided,
+
+OK, I have something,
+that's a lot of units.
+
+I'm pretty sure this
+is a defensive move.
+
+That he's just going
+to move out here
+
+and he's expecting
+these to defend him.
+
+Unfortunately,
+that's not exactly
+
+on the midpoint
+between the two armies.
+
+And you've got to wonder whether
+that's a deliberate idea,
+
+or whether he's chosen
+to go in this direction
+
+for some other reason.
+
+Because we're going to see
+blue go ahead and take out
+
+a lot of those
+bases, a lot of that
+
+stuff that he had on the bottom.
+
+So, we see once again
+that red ends up using,
+
+and does in most
+of his matches, he
+
+ends up using his reinforcing
+stream as a defensive tool.
+
+If he didn't have
+that stream of units
+
+continually coming
+out of the base,
+
+there's no way he would
+be able to defend this.
+
+Because these guys
+are not programmed
+
+to turn around and come back.
+
+Once again, blue has this
+great, look at this positioning.
+
+I think it's probably not
+just great positioning.
+
+It's probably just that
+every other time he's
+
+building one or the other.
+
+Because we see another
+artillery here,
+
+and here, and here, and
+here, and here, whereas red
+
+has not built a
+single artillery.
+
+So the question is,
+is it the building
+
+of one thing or
+another that has made
+
+the difference in this match?
+
+Because we're
+starting to see red
+
+is starting to get
+a lot more units.
+
+And that artillery is
+not always shooting.
+
+So, I think it's a
+pretty open question
+
+whether it was
+actually worth it.
+
+Because in this long
+match, it ends up
+
+being that red prevails.
+
+So yeah, I mean, that's
+pretty interesting how red
+
+has got a relatively
+simple move.
+
+He's just picking rush or econ.
+
+And when he goes econ,
+he goes econ all the way,
+
+and when he goes rush,
+he goes rush all the way,
+
+and his micro is fantastic.
+
+And those little things alone,
+little, though I may call them,
+
+are really significant.
+
+OK, so that's spending a
+long time on just one match.
+
+Let's look a little bit,
+let's look a little bit
+
+at Game of Death.
+
+Game of Death is a team
+that started out really low.
+
+So, let's see here,
+Game of Death.
+
+So, we can click on them
+here under Battlecode Teams.
+
+We see that they were
+13 and 3, their ranking
+
+was at the bottom of
+the scrimmage ranks.
+
+So, let's have a look at how
+they made it up to round four
+
+from the very bottom round.
+
+They had a bad seed
+at the beginning
+
+and they made it all
+the way up to here.
+
+How were they able to do that?
+
+Because they must be
+doing something right.
+
+What's this turnaround?
+
+Let's, have a look at this.
+
+So, I'm going to go
+over here and I'm
+
+going to run that match.
+
+And I'm pretty sure we'll
+have time to talk about all
+
+of the interesting things
+that happen in this one
+
+and in the next ones.
+
+So, here on the right,
+we have that team,
+
+that new team
+which is upsetting,
+
+one after another, other team.
+
+And he's going to
+build suppliers,
+
+so he's built two suppliers,
+and he's building a few mines
+
+around the headquarters.
+
+And it looks like
+he's just rolling
+
+over team 172 which
+was Drunkasaurus.
+
+Drunkasaurus is another
+one of these rush players,
+
+and you'd expect rush to be
+pretty effective on this map.
+
+So what happened?
+
+I think it's worth mentioning
+that a rush player would
+
+do well.
+
+If this rush player is not
+really pathing around mines,
+
+if that's not the
+way that they're
+
+planning to play the
+game, then they probably
+
+ought to get defusion.
+
+I mean they've spent a
+few rounds buying fusion,
+
+doesn't make that
+much sense to me.
+
+I think you might get one
+free around at the beginning.
+
+It seems like a lot
+of people will just
+
+put one point into something.
+
+But the amount of
+time it takes him
+
+to get the enemy he can compute
+because he just went straight
+
+there.
+
+So, he can compute that time
+and he can say, alright,
+
+was that worth it.
+
+It's also worth
+mentioning that, I think,
+
+in a lot of these
+engagements, he's
+
+busy defusing mines
+during combat.
+
+And like we said
+before, you can't
+
+attack while you're
+defusing a mine.
+
+So, part of the best
+reason of getting defusion
+
+is so that you only have
+five rounds of inaction.
+
+So that, let's say,
+nobody's around.
+
+It's perfectly safe, great
+time to defuse a mine.
+
+So, you start
+defusing that mine.
+
+Now, you see the enemy.
+
+You can't cancel the
+defusion process.
+
+So, if you were going to
+do a 12-turn diffusion
+
+and you see the enemy and
+he's at a distance of,
+
+wait, what's the distance?
+
+All we have to do is look it up.
+
+So, let's go to my
+Useful Specs document,
+
+which is neither
+handy nor dandy.
+
+It's, in fact, much more
+serious and much more useful
+
+than both of those
+terms would suggest.
+
+So, range 14 is
+your sight range.
+
+You can see a unit
+that's three tiles away.
+
+I can zoom in a
+little bit more here.
+
+It's rastered, so it
+looks kind of silly.
+
+I always think it's interesting
+how when you raster something,
+
+sometimes it becomes
+orange on one side
+
+and blue on the other side.
+
+I'm sure some of you in
+this room understand it.
+
+And I'm sure that some
+of you in this room
+
+don't care to understand
+it and never want to.
+
+So, he's three units
+away, right, the enemy
+
+is three units
+away, and you just
+
+started defusing
+the round before.
+
+So if that's a
+12-round defusion,
+
+then by the time he
+gets to you, you've
+
+still got seven or nine rounds
+left, if you subtract correctly
+
+and depending on the turn
+counts, and whatever.
+
+That's a lot of time
+that you're just
+
+going to spend doing nothing.
+
+And how long does it take
+for the enemy to kill you?
+
+They deal six damage per
+round, you have 40 hit points.
+
+I can't divide, but that sounds
+like seven-ish, seven rounds.
+
+Well, look at that, so you had
+12, you didn't see anybody,
+
+they had time to approach
+and kill you and go away
+
+before you finished.
+
+That's really lousy.
+
+Even if they get
+one hit off on you,
+
+that's going to make
+a huge difference
+
+because this is a
+knife edge game.
+
+It's a game of instabilities
+because we don't start you off
+
+with a command center that
+deals damage, for example.
+
+We don't give you that
+many defensive advantages.
+
+So, as soon as the enemy gets
+a couple more units in you,
+
+it's just going to start
+pushing in that direction,
+
+unless they start
+making mistakes.
+
+So, that's one of
+the reasons why
+
+defusing a mine without
+defusion and without vision
+
+is a problem.
+
+Let's say you have both
+vision and defusion.
+
+I mean, of course, they're
+very expensive upgrades,
+
+but let's say you've got them.
+
+Well now, it's only
+going to take five rounds
+
+to defuse something
+and you have can
+
+see a unit that's
+five tiles away.
+
+So, let's say he's over
+here, you don't see him,
+
+you start defusing.
+
+Now, he's starting to show up
+and he's moving toward you.
+
+By the time he gets there,
+you're done defusing
+
+and you can start shooting.
+
+That's a pretty big difference.
+
+And I think that's
+one of the reasons why
+
+we see a lot of
+successful rush teams
+
+go ahead and get that defusion.
+
+Whereas, we see Drunkasaurus
+here not getting defusion.
+
+We see decent micro
+on both teams' side.
+
+I don't know exactly if this is
+good micro coming out of both,
+
+there's certainly a
+lot of motion going on.
+
+It's anybody's guess.
+
+Here both teams
+are defusing mines.
+
+They're just
+watching each other,
+
+maybe they're playing Parcheesi
+with the mine defusion,
+
+exchanging tips on how
+not to get blown up.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: I think it's
+a very odd thing to see,
+
+I think it's quite strange.
+
+But yeah, the point
+has been made,
+
+the point has been
+abundantly made.
+
+Another thing, if
+you're retreating
+
+and you are adjacent
+to the enemy,
+
+I think we've seen
+this a lot, and I
+
+think that is what's going
+on in some of these cases,
+
+maybe this guy is
+adjacent to the enemy
+
+and maybe he's retreating
+because he's got one energon.
+
+He's like, get me
+the hell out of here.
+
+I think he's maybe or was
+trying to retreat at some point,
+
+but it's a bad idea
+to defuse a mind when
+
+you're adjacent to the enemy.
+
+Don't start, just don't start.
+
+It's like smoking,
+just don't start.
+
+Yes, this advertisement
+brought to you
+
+by the American
+Society for lungs.
+
+I don't know, I just
+thought that sounded right.
+
+So yeah, here once again we see
+this is the same two players.
+
+But in this case, the blue
+team just, I don't know,
+
+he's dancing, or something.
+
+It's not super effective.
+
+He's building nukes.
+
+Somehow he's decided, yeah,
+now's the time to get nukes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: I've gotten
+Pickaxe, but I'm not using it.
+
+So, I think, but no, to be fair,
+I think, what he's trying to do
+
+is lay a bunch of
+mines into a minefield.
+
+And he's doing that
+using his Pickaxe.
+
+But, I think, maybe
+he's thinking,
+
+alright, there's a
+lot of neutral mines,
+
+these are supposed to help me
+out, I shouldn't destroy them.
+
+But nevertheless, the red team
+is able to just roll this over,
+
+so it does go on to a
+third a third match.
+
+But what a difference.
+
+What a difference we see here.
+
+He's getting close
+to his maximum.
+
+But we see he's
+optimized for this.
+
+Look at his units.
+
+He's using 500 bytecodes,
+that's effectively zero.
+
+So, he's going to be able to
+get up to the full 40 units.
+
+And that strength
+of that 40 units,
+
+what is the strength
+point of that 40 units?
+
+Well, let's simply go back
+here to here, to here.
+
+That 400 round counter?
+
+That's exactly when
+you hit your maximum
+
+if you haven't
+built any upgrades.
+
+And that's exactly when he
+arrives at the enemy base.
+
+So, unless we start changing
+the maps, not getting upgrades
+
+is going to be fine for you.
+
+As long as you're
+not doing what he
+
+did in the last round,
+which was somehow bad.
+
+I mean, you've got to
+have that clump of units.
+
+And, I think, one thing
+that we see again and again,
+
+is once a team loses
+its clump of units
+
+it sends them in one by one.
+
+Now, it's not obvious
+but that's a bad idea.
+
+Because we've seen
+teams win that way.
+
+So, what do you do?
+
+OK, now that was pretty
+one-sided, what happened there?
+
+Did blue have more units
+or did red have more units.
+
+OK, let's go and say
+this is three by five.
+
+So that's 15 units because
+these three go into it,
+
+and that's 18.
+
+So, that's 18 units.
+
+This is three by five
+with three missing,
+
+so that's 15 units plus,
+OK, that's 18,19, 20.
+
+So, this guy's got 20.
+
+I guess that accounts for these
+guys that blue left behind.
+
+So red's got a slight advantage.
+
+All teams are defusing mines,
+these two could be fighting.
+
+There is no reason for
+them not to be fighting.
+
+Now, red has managed to kill
+this guy off very handily,
+
+because of that advantage.
+
+We saw before, in
+Corey's lecture,
+
+how he's talking
+about this being
+
+a very unstable situation,
+where if you've got
+
+one gap between the two.
+
+The person who closes
+that gap first will win.
+
+So, let's see if somebody's
+going to close that gap.
+
+Well, now look at how
+much damage blue is doing?
+
+That's pretty
+impressive and, I think,
+
+part of that is we're seeing
+that a lot of red's units
+
+are just spending time
+defusing, this one and this one,
+
+in particular, also this one,
+which is right in the middle.
+
+These three in the back,
+definitely not ones to ignore.
+
+So yeah, blue ends
+up coming in here
+
+and capitalizes on
+a little advantage.
+
+Now, red, OK, red
+is still attacking.
+
+There's a point in this battle.
+
+One of things about
+battles is that you
+
+know where the enemy is.
+
+Right, so you can
+make that count.
+
+You can count them,
+you can say, alright,
+
+we're about to lose this battle.
+
+Here's an interesting
+question for you.
+
+You're losing a
+battle, what do you do?
+
+Do you call for
+reinforcements and say, OK,
+
+if we have more reinforcements,
+we won't lose as badly?
+
+Or, do you say to
+the reinforcements,
+
+please go back to
+the base and regroup,
+
+it's your only chance to live?
+
+I mean, I don't think we have,
+I'm hitting the b button,
+
+there's no broadcast
+going on in the whole map.
+
+But you could imagine
+the case where
+
+they would be like,
+OK, I'm telling
+
+my allies get the
+hell out of there.
+
+And this guy, so, he sees
+a very bad situation,
+
+and here he's two tiles
+away from an enemy.
+
+He's got the choice.
+
+Do I move?
+
+Close that gap?
+
+I mean, that's a
+bad idea, right?
+
+From Corey's lecture, you
+don't close a gap of two,
+
+because then you won't
+have the attack advantage.
+
+That's not a good idea.
+
+But what's he going to do?
+
+So, let's click on it.
+
+Oh, look at that.
+
+He moved in.
+
+And what's he going to do again?
+
+Oh, he's kiting a
+little bit well,
+
+he's only fighting
+one of the enemy.
+
+That's not so bad, but he
+ends up being destroyed.
+
+I mean, what can he expect.
+
+I think it would
+be very reasonable
+
+for you to write
+code that says, OK,
+
+if the enemy is there,
+what am I going to do.
+
+A lot of times we've
+seen teams back away.
+
+They try to do a retreat.
+
+Of course, a retreat doesn't
+work if you're already engaged.
+
+Let's say you're not engaged.
+
+OK, we're smart people, we don't
+retreat when we're engaged,
+
+that would be a bad idea.
+
+We keep with it.
+
+We have our commitment.
+
+But we back out.
+
+Where do we back out?
+
+We've seen teams, time and
+again, try to back away
+
+and then they get stuck, because
+there's mines in the way.
+
+They only cleared a very narrow
+path through to the enemy.
+
+So, why not remember
+the path that you
+
+took to get to that enemy,
+so that you can then, just
+
+follow that backwards?
+
+You have omnidirectional
+view, so that might work.
+
+It might not, it might
+be a terrible idea.
+
+But I'm just putting
+it out there.
+
+Because you can save map
+locations pretty easily,
+
+to an array.
+
+And then, it's, OK, just
+pop that array back.
+
+So, you're pushing
+to an array and then
+
+you're popping the
+array values back,
+
+so it's its own ordered
+list of where I've been,
+
+and where I want to
+go back to, and what
+
+I want to do with my
+life, and whether I
+
+want to visit Paris
+and eat baguettes.
+
+So it's a full integrated
+system for traveling the world.
+
+And, I think, red
+could definitely
+
+benefit from that, especially
+in a case like this.
+
+I mean, would he be able
+to come back from this?
+
+Probably no.
+
+I mean, just a little bit
+of macro from blue, I think,
+
+ends up making a
+huge difference.
+
+But nevertheless,
+it's worth mentioning.
+
+So, why does red
+not win this map?
+
+We've seen rush teams do well.
+
+I think it's just
+because blue actually
+
+built any units at all.
+
+But there you have it.
+
+Good game.
+
+That's a good game.
+
+Let's make sure that we're
+getting to everything.
+
+So, we've seen some games
+where we had a run around.
+
+Where one team would
+run around, would
+
+circumvent the other
+team, and deal damage
+
+to the headquarters.
+
+As we've said before, the
+win condition is as follows.
+
+I don't think we've been
+that straightforward on what
+
+the win conditions are.
+
+First and foremost, it's
+a headquarter hit point.
+
+So if you can get one
+hit off the enemy,
+
+that's a good time
+to just back out.
+
+Maybe, the time now is
+to just lay some mines
+
+and play defensively.
+
+As long as you have registered
+a hit on the enemy headquarters.
+
+Let's say, if your soldier
+moves to the enemy headquarters
+
+and is adjacent, that's a nice
+time for him to broadcast,
+
+hey, I was adjacent to the
+enemy headquarters, ergo,
+
+I did damage to him.
+
+That's a given.
+
+That's always true.
+
+Unless the enemy has a med bay
+adjacent to his headquarters,
+
+dealing damage-- No,
+that's not going to work?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+there you go folks,
+
+you've heard it from the words
+of somebody knowledgeable.
+
+So yeah, so there you
+go, so you would know,
+
+so you could message and
+you could play defensively.
+
+Headquarter hit points
+first and foremost,
+
+number of encampments,
+second, number of mines,
+
+third, number of
+robots, third, fourth.
+
+Good one.
+
+Yeah, so we saw some runarounds.
+
+We saw some teams
+running around the enemy.
+
+And we've also seen,
+especially at the lower
+
+levels of the bracket, if your
+headquarters is under attack,
+
+it is of paramount
+importance, tantamount
+
+to paramount importance, that
+you come back and defend it.
+
+Definitely worth
+sending a signal.
+
+Allied soldiers, either
+protect me or just declare
+
+yourselves null and
+void and you're not
+
+going to get a Christmas bonus.
+
+So, like I said before, Game
+of Death was a great team.
+
+We saw them get really far.
+
+Velociraptors,
+Drunkasaurus, and Cortege,
+
+we saw them rush and be
+very effective with that.
+
+There are ways of making
+a rush more effective,
+
+we saw them do those things.
+
+I think it was very impressive.
+
+We saw Soda, which was
+a really good team.
+
+They did well in the
+newbie tournament last year
+
+and I'm excited to see
+them back again this year.
+
+There were certain
+things they didn't
+
+do that we're kind of
+strange and a lot of teams
+
+here probably felt that
+they could have done better.
+
+These little edge cases
+end up being so important.
+
+On Little Forts, they're
+standing right next
+
+to the enemy, this
+was so sad, they're
+
+standing right next to
+the enemy while the enemy
+
+researchers nuke.
+
+And they're surrounding them,
+they've got tons of units,
+
+but they just didn't move in.
+
+I mean, there's this certain
+state machine code, maybe
+
+a couple of mines, maybe
+they had indigestion.
+
+There's clearly a good reason,
+but they just didn't do it.
+
+And checking for those edge
+cases is just so hard to do.
+
+I think is all going to
+be so cleared up though.
+
+We're going to see
+some great stuff.
+
+Hey, I Just Met You, again,
+we saw their bipolar response
+
+to maps.
+
+I thought that was
+just fantastic,
+
+absolutely fantastic.
+
+I want to finish by
+talking a little bit
+
+about the way the game
+might change in the future.
+
+So, you saw certain specs
+and you saw certain maps.
+
+This is the kind of thing that
+we change after the Sprint
+
+Tournament or the
+Seeding Tournament,
+
+where we go, OK, we want
+to tweak this a little
+
+to make sure the
+game is interesting.
+
+That's our big focus.
+
+We want the game
+to be interesting.
+
+We don't want it to be random.
+
+We want to showcase how
+amazing you guys are.
+
+So if it ends up being the
+case that rushes are the best
+
+and that a little
+bit of microcode
+
+makes a difference
+between winning and losing
+
+100% of the time, I don't
+think that that's great.
+
+I don't like that.
+
+So, let's say that
+there could be changes.
+
+Now, when you hear
+that, you probably go,
+
+aha, he's going to tell
+me the changes that
+
+are going to
+happen, but he's not
+
+allowed to tell me
+the changes, so he's
+
+going to tell them
+hypothetically,
+
+but they will actually happen.
+
+But no, that's not the case,
+I'm just coming up with them
+
+hypothetically, I guarantee it.
+
+OK, so the changes are,
+OK, we've got a nuke.
+
+The nuke is 400 rounds.
+
+OK, we have the
+maximum soldier count
+
+for a rush is at 400 rounds.
+
+We've seen that using my
+Mathematica simulator,
+
+we've seen it with
+soldiers, I'm sure you've
+
+written it yourself.
+
+I mean, it's
+technically 200 rounds
+
+if you're computing
+digits of pi.
+
+Yeah, because, as
+we've said before, that
+
+would mean that you have
+a whole lot less tabs.
+
+So, that's 400 rounds.
+
+The minimum distance
+between headquarters is 10.
+
+The maximum distance
+between headquarters
+
+is, I think we said it was
+200 rounds of walking mining.
+
+I think that's what
+we said it was.
+
+So, in the current
+set, you're not
+
+going to get a map
+that's 400 on the side.
+
+I think the maximum
+we said is 70.
+
+So, if it were 70 on
+a side, then there
+
+would be exactly 70
+mines between you
+
+and the enemy times 5
+rounds per mine is 350.
+
+So that's absolute
+worst, worst, worst,
+
+that it could possibly be and
+that would look like this.
+
+That would be all
+grey, full of mines.
+
+And that's just not
+going to happen.
+
+Realistically, we're going
+to put in some silly path,
+
+and you can just walk there.
+
+So, with the current
+spec, the point
+
+that I'm trying to make-- I
+mean, OK, you could add 25
+
+because it'll take you
+a little bit of time
+
+to research defusion,
+so you can get
+
+to the other side-- but my
+point is that this is only 350.
+
+And so, you're really only going
+to have 200 rounds of walking.
+
+And the fact is we don't want to
+get that close to that number,
+
+so we end up 99% of
+the time, right now
+
+we're making it 100
+rounds of walking.
+
+AUDIENCE: That
+would be six, right?
+
+Because you're moving for
+five rounds and then you move,
+
+right?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, sure so it's six.
+
+Very good.
+
+So that's a six and that's
+a 420 + 25 = ugly, no,
+
+it's a-- I don't
+know, it's ugly.
+
+You made my diagram ugly.
+
+You know what?
+
+I'd rather be correct
+than beautiful.
+
+I mean, oh, I can't have both?
+
+OK, so anyway.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: My poor diagram.
+
+I knew you well.
+
+Yeah so, there you go.
+
+See, just looking at
+these numbers here
+
+you can add them
+up and you get 730
+
+and it doesn't mean anything.
+
+No, I'm kidding.
+
+You can see these
+numbers, they just
+
+don't make sense
+for econ strategies.
+
+They just don't make sense.
+
+So, what we might
+do, and what I've
+
+been telling the others I would
+like to do, is set nuke to 600,
+
+let's say nuke were 600.
+
+This can stay at-- it
+doesn't matter what things
+
+are in absolute
+terms, it matters
+
+what they are compared
+to other terms--
+
+so the soldier rush,
+OK, let's keep that 400.
+
+The nuke is 600, let's make
+the maximum distance 300.
+
+So now, these are
+changing at the same rate,
+
+the nuke and the distance are
+changing at the same rate.
+
+So nukes will be
+no more favored.
+
+What will be favored is now it's
+farther to get to the enemy.
+
+And you still have the
+same number of, maybe
+
+a smaller number of
+soldiers relative
+
+to what the other guy has.
+
+So, this would favor econ.
+
+If we increase nuke
+and the distance then
+
+that will favor econ strategy.
+
+And so, then I think
+we'll start to see
+
+some more interesting games
+where there's just a couple
+
+more encampments being taken.
+
+And this competition is
+moving in wonderful directions
+
+and it's moving that way
+under the fiery engines
+
+of your spirit.
+
+Thank you for attending
+the last lecture
+
+and I'll be around here
+for questions afterward.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4Y9OO9AepgU.txt b/4Y9OO9AepgU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26834ba2cff979d4d718d2c2b8e89cc9c52cb2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4Y9OO9AepgU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+other other challenges include uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other challenges include uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other challenges include uh
+learning how to do data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to do data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to do data
+analysis um you perform an experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um you perform an experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um you perform an experiment in
+such a way that it hopefully gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it hopefully gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it hopefully gives you
+data that is worth analyzing um and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that is worth analyzing um and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that is worth analyzing um and data
+analysis begins with with with that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis begins with with with that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis begins with with with that U
+did you even perform the experiment in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you even perform the experiment in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you even perform the experiment in a
+good way um but then there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way um but then there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way um but then there's just
+technicalities of I have I have a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities of I have I have a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities of I have I have a table
+of numbers that my apparatus gave me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers that my apparatus gave me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers that my apparatus gave me how
+do I Anze that you know I have to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I Anze that you know I have to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I Anze that you know I have to get it
+into a piece of software I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a piece of software I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a piece of software I have to tell
+that software make me a plot compute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that software make me a plot compute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that software make me a plot compute an
+average uh just basic mechanical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh just basic mechanical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh just basic mechanical things
+we don't care what programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care what programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care what programming language
+they use um whatever they use we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use um whatever they use we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use um whatever they use we we
+promise to help them out uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to help them out uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to help them out uh with the
+basics of it um but really some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of it um but really some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of it um but really some of the
+basic tasks they're doing in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tasks they're doing in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tasks they're doing in whatever
+programming language that is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language that is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language that is they're
+they're usually not very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually not very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually not very sophisticated
+tasks on the scale of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks on the scale of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks on the scale of computer
+programming they're usually very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming they're usually very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming they're usually very simple
+things uh but if you don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh but if you don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh but if you don't know how to
+do it they're very daunting tasks uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it they're very daunting tasks uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it they're very daunting tasks uh we
+want students in this class to struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want students in this class to struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want students in this class to struggle
+with the material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material to
+um to to you know really work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to you know really work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to you know really work at the
+things that are useful to learning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are useful to learning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are useful to learning we
+don't want them to struggle with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want them to struggle with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want them to struggle with things
+that are just my computer won't compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just my computer won't compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just my computer won't compile
+my paper um you know we we don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paper um you know we we don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paper um you know we we don't we
+don't want them to struggle with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want them to struggle with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want them to struggle with things
+that are not useful to learning so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not useful to learning so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not useful to learning so again
+we have a long series of small tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a long series of small tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a long series of small tasks
+that gets people up to speed uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets people up to speed uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets people up to speed uh with
+some instructor help um gets them up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instructor help um gets them up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instructor help um gets them up to
+speed quickly on these multiple small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed quickly on these multiple small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed quickly on these multiple small
+tasks um so that they are spending their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks um so that they are spending their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks um so that they are spending their
+time learning in an efficient way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time learning in an efficient way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time learning in an efficient way and
+not just spending their wheels and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just spending their wheels and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just spending their wheels and and
+just getting frustrated and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting frustrated and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting frustrated and uh and
+learning to hate the subject instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to hate the subject instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to hate the subject instead of
+love the subject like we do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4afZKY-INNA.txt b/4afZKY-INNA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28cef7560afa3d16095f81450a618c2956f63e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4afZKY-INNA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the textbook itself is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook itself is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook itself is a good
+introduction for literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction for literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction for literacy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but i feel that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i feel that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i feel that the um
+except for the first month for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the first month for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the first month for the
+discourse they have to cram 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse they have to cram 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse they have to cram 250
+characters as hard but after that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters as hard but after that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters as hard but after that i
+think the pace slowed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the pace slowed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the pace slowed down
+a lot and i think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and i think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and i think they have
+huge potential because the funny things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge potential because the funny things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge potential because the funny things
+teaching heritage learner is to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching heritage learner is to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching heritage learner is to discover
+their potential because for regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential because for regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential because for regular
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+they only have this much they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only have this much they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only have this much they cannot
+know beyond what they don't know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beyond what they don't know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beyond what they don't know because
+they learn everything from you but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn everything from you but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn everything from you but for
+heritage learner it's very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage learner it's very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage learner it's very different
+they have this foundation this this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this foundation this this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this foundation this this much
+you don't know each person so they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know each person so they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know each person so they might
+know the words they just cannot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the words they just cannot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the words they just cannot you know
+simultaneously or like naturally think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously or like naturally think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously or like naturally think
+of but they heard this word before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but they heard this word before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but they heard this word before so
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+it's their potential they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their potential they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their potential they have the
+potential in it so so once you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in it so so once you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in it so so once you discover
+their potential they can go really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential they can go really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential they can go really fast
+so what i like to change is i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i like to change is i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i like to change is i'm going to
+in addition to this textbook because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to this textbook because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to this textbook because
+it's it's it's important for students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's important for students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's important for students to
+have a foundation because if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a foundation because if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a foundation because if they have a
+book they feel much better there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book they feel much better there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book they feel much better there's
+certain thing they can control i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain thing they can control i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain thing they can control i don't
+want to give them you know for a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them you know for a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them you know for a higher
+level we start giving them an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we start giving them an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we start giving them an individual
+articles for the you know streamline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles for the you know streamline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles for the you know streamline
+three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four
+they can handle it but for the beginner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can handle it but for the beginner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can handle it but for the beginner
+they can't they want to have a book so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they want to have a book so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they want to have a book so
+but in addition to this book i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition to this book i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition to this book i want to
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+more text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more text
+relevant to the topics to the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the topics to the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the topics to the books
+which i did actually uh last term that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i did actually uh last term that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i did actually uh last term that i
+added two actual texts talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added two actual texts talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added two actual texts talking about
+um how to address people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how to address people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how to address people
+in chinese and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chinese and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chinese and these are
+considered more like authentic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered more like authentic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered more like authentic material
+and they learn a lot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they learn a lot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they learn a lot and then
+echoes what they know about chinese they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echoes what they know about chinese they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echoes what they know about chinese they
+don't talk about in the textbook because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about in the textbook because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about in the textbook because
+this is more this is a newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more this is a newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more this is a newer
+text just you know recently published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text just you know recently published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text just you know recently published
+and i think i would do that more add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i would do that more add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i would do that more add
+that more into the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more into the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more into the course
+it's a two text books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two text books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two text books
+it's called modern readers and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called modern readers and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called modern readers and they're
+each books have a different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each books have a different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each books have a different levels of
+the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text
+so i use the text according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i use the text according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i use the text according to their
+levels so for the chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so for the chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so for the chinese
+107 streamline one i use the one talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 streamline one i use the one talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 streamline one i use the one talking
+about addressing people which is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about addressing people which is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about addressing people which is their
+level because it's a dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because it's a dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because it's a dialogue
+for the streamline 2 i started using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the streamline 2 i started using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the streamline 2 i started using
+social media talking about personal page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media talking about personal page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media talking about personal page
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+basically you want to go go on a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you want to go go on a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you want to go go on a trip
+you go online and find people pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go online and find people pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go online and find people pull the
+blog you know the chinese they put blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog you know the chinese they put blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog you know the chinese they put blog
+and say what do you need to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what do you need to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what do you need to do before
+these things it's authentic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's authentic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's authentic material
+yeah so i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i i
+like to add those more because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add those more because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add those more because it's
+relevant to their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to their life
+and these old books is good at learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these old books is good at learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these old books is good at learning
+characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters
+but they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not really
+like they said well it's good to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they said well it's good to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they said well it's good to learn
+chinese cultures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese cultures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese cultures but
+it's so old they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so old they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so old they always
+it's so old i can't imagine those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so old i can't imagine those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so old i can't imagine those days
+why do we have to do this you know i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have to do this you know i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have to do this you know i say
+i know but you know the topic just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know but you know the topic just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know but you know the topic just
+it's out of date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of date
+but a good part is it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a good part is it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a good part is it's uh
+it's a foundation for them to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a foundation for them to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a foundation for them to learn how
+sometimes i joke with them i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i joke with them i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i joke with them i said
+just learn the characters it's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn the characters it's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn the characters it's good for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so i think i would like to um not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i think i would like to um not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i think i would like to um not get
+rid of textbook completely because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of textbook completely because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of textbook completely because i
+think they will feel you know panicky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they will feel you know panicky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they will feel you know panicky
+because there's no textbook they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no textbook they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no textbook they don't
+know what's next they need to do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's next they need to do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's next they need to do they
+have a textbook they have something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a textbook they have something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a textbook they have something they
+can always refer to and then i have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always refer to and then i have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always refer to and then i have more
+and add more these so-called authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add more these so-called authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add more these so-called authentic
+material
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4ctngXQrmDc.txt b/4ctngXQrmDc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eeda5d8b6cd6a67877cd73dd1e53c25ed835aa2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4ctngXQrmDc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7565 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so thanks for coming today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so thanks for coming today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so thanks for coming today
+uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+a a key lecture in the in the Fier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a key lecture in the in the Fier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a key lecture in the in the Fier in
+the application a forier you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application a forier you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application a forier you could
+say uh so convolution is the big word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh so convolution is the big word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh so convolution is the big word
+and the and a major application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and a major application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and a major application of
+convolution is filtering signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is filtering signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is filtering signal
+processing uh so we'll develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh so we'll develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh so we'll develop that
+application but it's nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but it's nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but it's nothing but
+convolution so the key idea is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so the key idea is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so the key idea is these
+convolution rules where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution rules where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution rules where they come from
+and what these new symbols that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these new symbols that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these new symbols that's the
+symbol for the evolution of two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for the evolution of two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for the evolution of two uh
+functions they could be functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they could be functions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they could be functions here
+here they're long vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're long vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're long vectors of
+coefficients and uh so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and uh so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and uh so these are the
+rules that so it's just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that so it's just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that so it's just a little bit of
+algebra but it just is so Central to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but it just is so Central to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but it just is so Central to to
+all this subject signal processing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this subject signal processing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this subject signal processing is
+certainly the most important uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the most important uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the most important uh little
+thing to know that if I multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to know that if I multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to know that if I multiply two
+functions so that's where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that's where we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that's where we started
+last time if I have a function f with 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time if I have a function f with 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time if I have a function f with 4A
+coefficient c and a function G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient c and a function G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient c and a function G with
+coefficient D then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient D then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient D then
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh
+wrong I convolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I convolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I convolve the
+coefficients right so F has coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right so F has coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right so F has coefficients
+c g has coefficients D so if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g has coefficients D so if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c g has coefficients D so if I multiply
+the functions I definitely do not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions I definitely do not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions I definitely do not just
+multiply each c times D I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply each c times D I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply each c times D I do this
+convolution operation which we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution operation which we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution operation which we have to
+remember that's our main first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's our main first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's our main first step is
+to remember what that was about and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what that was about and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what that was about and then
+this is the other direction so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the other direction so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the other direction so we didn't
+see this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this before
+that that I mean there this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I mean there this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I mean there this is always
+this fantastic symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fantastic symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fantastic symmetry
+between physical space and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between physical space and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between physical space and frequency
+space and convolution in one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and convolution in one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and convolution in one is
+multiplication in the other that it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the other that it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the other that it's so
+easy to Remember If I multiply in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to Remember If I multiply in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to Remember If I multiply in one
+space I do a convolution in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I do a convolution in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I do a convolution in the other
+space if I do a convol convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I do a convol convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I do a convol convolution of
+functions I do a multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I do a multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I do a multiplication of
+coefficients yeah so that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yeah so that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yeah so that's the that's
+the rule to to know uh and and now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule to to know uh and and now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule to to know uh and and now if we
+expand on it by sort of seeing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on it by sort of seeing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand on it by sort of seeing again
+what it means so let me do uh a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means so let me do uh a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means so let me do uh a quick
+repeat of this first step to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of this first step to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of this first step to remember
+what this symbol convolution symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this symbol convolution symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this symbol convolution symbol
+means and then another thing I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and then another thing I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and then another thing I have to
+do here I'm talking about the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here I'm talking about the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here I'm talking about the infinite
+case functions and with a whole infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case functions and with a whole infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case functions and with a whole infinite
+sequence of coefficients I've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of coefficients I've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of coefficients I've got to do
+the cyclic case too when uh which goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclic case too when uh which goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclic case too when uh which goes
+with the discrete transform okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discrete transform okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discrete transform okay but
+let's start with the infinite case as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the infinite case as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the infinite case as we
+did last time Let Me Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time Let Me Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time Let Me Maybe
+here here's something here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's something here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's something here's a
+suggestion we had F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion we had F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion we had F
+ofx we started with f ofx as the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx we started with f ofx as the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx we started with f ofx as the sum and
+remember we're to have nice formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're to have nice formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're to have nice formulas
+we're we're doing the complex version CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're doing the complex version CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're doing the complex version CK
+e to the IX let me suggest something let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the IX let me suggest something let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the IX let me suggest something let
+me write z for e to the IX so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write z for e to the IX so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write z for e to the IX so I'm going
+to just write that as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write that as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write that as the sum of
+CK Z to the k so Z is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IX it's just not I mean this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX it's just not I mean this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IX it's just not I mean this is like a
+good point to make anyway it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point to make anyway it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point to make anyway it when we
+have this e to the I KX it's natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this e to the I KX it's natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this e to the I KX it's natural to
+think of that as a complex number on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as a complex number on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as a complex number on the
+unit circle right that's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle right that's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle right that's always the
+message e to the I real is on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message e to the I real is on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message e to the I real is on the unit
+circle absolute value one and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle absolute value one and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle absolute value one and this this
+is great for periodic functions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for periodic functions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for periodic functions because
+if these functions have Period 2 pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these functions have Period 2 pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these functions have Period 2 pi and
+if we think of our function as being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of our function as being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of our function as being on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle it obviously has Period 2 pi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it obviously has Period 2 pi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it obviously has Period 2 pi I
+mean just the picture says yes if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just the picture says yes if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just the picture says yes if I go
+two Pi I come back so X is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi I come back so X is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi I come back so X is the angle
+here right that's X is the in in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that's X is the in in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that's X is the in in this in
+this picture little bit unusual maybe X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture little bit unusual maybe X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture little bit unusual maybe X
+there is would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is would be the
+angle it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle it's and
+it's just a little bit easier to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little bit easier to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little bit easier to write
+and maybe it even has an official name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it even has an official name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it even has an official name
+the Z transform how do you like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform how do you like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform how do you like that you
+learn a transform just just uh in 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a transform just just uh in 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a transform just just uh in 14
+seconds right okay it's Z transform all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right okay it's Z transform all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right okay it's Z transform all
+right now take it just it'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now take it just it'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now take it just it'll make it
+easier to multiply by G so G is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to multiply by G so G is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to multiply by G so G is going to
+be the sum of DK Z to the K so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of DK Z to the K so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of DK Z to the K so just
+think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as
+long well I'm tempted to say long pols I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long well I'm tempted to say long pols I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long well I'm tempted to say long pols I
+mean very long because they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very long because they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very long because they can
+be infinite series infinite negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be infinite series infinite negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be infinite series infinite negative
+powers and positive Powers but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers and positive Powers but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers and positive Powers but just
+think of it as a bunch of powers of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a bunch of powers of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a bunch of powers of Z
+times a bunch of powers of Z and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a bunch of powers of Z and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a bunch of powers of Z and if you
+multiply a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a couple of
+pols you're doing convolution I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols you're doing convolution I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols you're doing convolution I mean I
+guess my message is you've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess my message is you've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess my message is you've been doing
+convolution since the second grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution since the second grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution since the second grade
+that's that's that's the real message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the real message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the real message
+here let me show you this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me show you this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me show you this is this is
+this is convolution two suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is convolution two suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is convolution two suppose I have
+to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply
+123 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+456 okay so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+456 okay so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+456 okay so what do you
+do remember back right it's a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember back right it's a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember back right it's a long way
+back but uh we can do this one two 3 * 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but uh we can do this one two 3 * 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but uh we can do this one two 3 * 4
+5 six so I multiply the three oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 six so I multiply the three oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 six so I multiply the three oh there's
+a little point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little point
+where that second grade teacher is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that second grade teacher is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that second grade teacher is going
+to panic I'm going to write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to panic I'm going to write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to panic I'm going to write that as
+18 and that's 50 and that's 12 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 and that's 50 and that's 12 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 and that's 50 and that's 12 sorry
+about that yeah okay 12 10 and eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah okay 12 10 and eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah okay 12 10 and eight
+right uh four five and six so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh four five and six so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh four five and six so you see
+you see the nine multiplications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the nine multiplications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the nine multiplications that
+you have to do nine multiplications 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do nine multiplications 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do nine multiplications 3 *
+3 okay I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay I'm pretty
+right now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh
+these imagine those were they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these imagine those were they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these imagine those were they could have
+been longer but they were finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been longer but they were finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been longer but they were finite length
+uh uh filters we could say so okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh filters we could say so okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh filters we could say so okay and
+now what does convolution do just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does convolution do just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does convolution do just what
+you did when multiplication you when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did when multiplication you when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did when multiplication you when I
+add 12 10 and six what am I doing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 12 10 and six what am I doing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 12 10 and six what am I doing I'm
+putting together the three * the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the three * the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the three * the four
+the 2 * the 5 and the 1 * the six that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 * the 5 and the 1 * the six that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 * the 5 and the 1 * the six that's
+that's what convolution those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what convolution those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what convolution those are the
+things that convolution puts together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that convolution puts together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that convolution puts together so
+we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an
+18 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 a
+27 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 uh
+28 13 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 13 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 13 and
+four so I I guess I'm saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so I I guess I'm saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so I I guess I'm saying that the
+now all right here's what I really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right here's what I really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right here's what I really want
+to say I want to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I want to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I want to say that the
+convolution of those with these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of those with these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of those with these four
+five six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six is
+this sequence here four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here four
+oh yeah that's right 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that's right 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that's right 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 27 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 27 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 27 and
+18 if if if you just look at that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 if if if you just look at that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 if if if you just look at that where
+did that 13 come from let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that 13 come from let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that 13 come from let's just
+remember where did that 13 came come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where did that 13 came come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where did that 13 came come
+from that came from this was Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that came from this was Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that came from this was Z to the
+Zer this is the Z this 13 is 13 Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer this is the Z this 13 is 13 Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer this is the Z this 13 is 13 Z to the
+first power right we're we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power right we're we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power right we're we're just
+checking all the powers here there's 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking all the powers here there's 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking all the powers here there's 13
+Z to the first Power where do we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the first Power where do we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the first Power where do we get a
+first power we get a z to the 0 * 5 Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power we get a z to the 0 * 5 Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power we get a z to the 0 * 5 Z to
+the 1 so that's 5 Z to the 1 and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 so that's 5 Z to the 1 and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 so that's 5 Z to the 1 and we also
+have 2 Z to the first Power times 4 Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 Z to the first Power times 4 Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 Z to the first Power times 4 Z to
+the zeroth power right the 2 * 4 gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth power right the 2 * 4 gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth power right the 2 * 4 gave
+the eight so the eight from there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight so the eight from there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight so the eight from there and
+the five from there produced that 13 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five from there produced that 13 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five from there produced that 13 and
+that's just what you did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what you did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what you did in
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+right it's just so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just so that's a
+multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of
+two series that's not cyclic this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two series that's not cyclic this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two series that's not cyclic this is
+definitely not yet cyclic and but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not yet cyclic and but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not yet cyclic and but we'll
+make it cyclic in a minute uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it cyclic in a minute uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it cyclic in a minute uh this is
+the infinite one except that we had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite one except that we had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite one except that we had all
+zeros Beyond okay so that if you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros Beyond okay so that if you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros Beyond okay so that if you in
+noncyclic convolution like this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncyclic convolution like this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncyclic convolution like this if I
+have length M and length n and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length M and length n and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length M and length n and I get
+length m + n maybe m+ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length m + n maybe m+ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length m + n maybe m+ n
+minus1 okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 okay so that's
+convolution without carrying numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution without carrying numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution without carrying numbers
+yeah without without doing it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah without without doing it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah without without doing it right
+okay so and and what do that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and and what do that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and and what do that correspond
+to let me just so you see it every way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me just so you see it every way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me just so you see it every way
+that corresponds to 1 + 2 Z + 3 z^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to 1 + 2 Z + 3 z^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to 1 + 2 Z + 3 z^ 2
+multiplying 4 + 5 Z + 6 z^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying 4 + 5 Z + 6 z^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying 4 + 5 Z + 6 z^ 2
+and it gave that that's times and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gave that that's times and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gave that that's times and it
+gave you this thing up to uh 18 Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this thing up to uh 18 Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this thing up to uh 18 Z to the
+4th just exactly the multiplication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th just exactly the multiplication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th just exactly the multiplication that
+you've always done okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've always done okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've always done okay so that's the
+idea I over on that board I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I over on that board I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I over on that board I'm going to
+put a formula for for this convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a formula for for this convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a formula for for this convolution
+operation but this my point on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but this my point on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but this my point on this
+board is you've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is you've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is you've done it
+always when you multiply a couple upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when you multiply a couple upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when you multiply a couple upon
+pooms you collect powers and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms you collect powers and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms you collect powers and that's all
+convolution is doing collecting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is doing collecting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is doing collecting each
+power separately okay let's do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power separately okay let's do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power separately okay let's do it so
+then f ofx g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx is when I do when I multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is when I do when I multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is when I do when I multiply that
+polom or series by that polom I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom or series by that polom I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom or series by that polom I get some
+polom in with coefficients oh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom in with coefficients oh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom in with coefficients oh I was
+changeed to L just to have a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeed to L just to have a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeed to L just to have a difference
+symbol there and what was the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol there and what was the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol there and what was the formula
+for l h for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l h for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l h for
+HL what what is the coefficient of Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HL what what is the coefficient of Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HL what what is the coefficient of Z to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+L well if I multiply that by that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L well if I multiply that by that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L well if I multiply that by that you
+remember the story there the the when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the story there the the when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the story there the the when I
+multiplied that by that and I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that by that and I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that by that and I looked
+for the terms that gave me Z to the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the terms that gave me Z to the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the terms that gave me Z to the L
+okay well that means that this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that means that this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that means that this power
+times this power is going to be Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this power is going to be Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this power is going to be Z to the
+L so the the index you do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so the the index you do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so the the index you do you remember
+what happened it was a a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened it was a a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened it was a a lot of
+different just the way this is HL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just the way this is HL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just the way this is HL is
+here here is H2 or something it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is H2 or something it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is H2 or something it's got
+I've got to do a addition because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to do a addition because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to do a addition because a
+bunch of C's come in with different D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of C's come in with different D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of C's come in with different D's
+so and what are the what's the deal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and what are the what's the deal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and what are the what's the deal then
+CK comes in with which D this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK comes in with which D this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK comes in with which D this is the
+magic magic number there what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic magic number there what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic magic number there what's the
+subscript that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript that that I
+that if I look at the coefficient of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at the coefficient of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at the coefficient of Z
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+L I look at each of these and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L I look at each of these and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L I look at each of these and then I
+pick out the one of these that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the one of these that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the one of these that will give
+me a z to the L and and which one is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a z to the L and and which one is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a z to the L and and which one is it
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+sub L minus K it's that magic quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub L minus K it's that magic quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub L minus K it's that magic quantity
+that the I spots perfectly K and L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the I spots perfectly K and L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the I spots perfectly K and L minus
+K adding to L because simply because Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K adding to L because simply because Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K adding to L because simply because Z
+to the k z to the L minus K multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k z to the L minus K multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k z to the L minus K multiplies
+to Z the L same same thing right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z the L same same thing right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z the L same same thing right okay
+that's so this is this is now I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so this is this is now I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so this is this is now I'm in
+I'll use that notation this is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use that notation this is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use that notation this is C
+convolved with d c convolved with d is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with d c convolved with d is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with d c convolved with d is H
+C convolved with d is H so this is the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C convolved with d is H so this is the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C convolved with d is H so this is the L
+component C convolved with d as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component C convolved with d as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component C convolved with d as my
+symbol this H is the convolution there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol this H is the convolution there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol this H is the convolution there
+that's the convolution rule it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the convolution rule it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the convolution rule it's
+just whatever operation you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whatever operation you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whatever operation you have to do
+to get the right answer the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the right answer the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the right answer the right answer
+when you multiply y y okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply y y okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply y y okay so that's
+that's one now ready for the discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one now ready for the discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one now ready for the discret
+case the finite case the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the finite case the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the finite case the case
+when you have power when Z becomes W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have power when Z becomes W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have power when Z becomes W the
+discret case the cylic case sorry maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret case the cylic case sorry maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret case the cylic case sorry maybe
+emphasize the cyclic case meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the cyclic case meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the cyclic case meaning it
+circles around is the case when Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles around is the case when Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles around is the case when Z
+becomes this very special Z on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this very special Z on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this very special Z on on the
+unit circle that we know as W okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle that we know as W okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle that we know as W okay and
+and we have to say and of course it's w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to say and of course it's w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to say and of course it's w
+n we I have to tell you in the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we I have to tell you in the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we I have to tell you in the cyclic
+case what this how long the cycle is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what this how long the cycle is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what this how long the cycle is so
+let me so this would be a case yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me so this would be a case yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me so this would be a case yeah what
+watch watch what you do here to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch watch what you do here to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch watch what you do here to make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+cylic okay I have a I have three inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylic okay I have a I have three inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylic okay I have a I have three inputs
+so n is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now I'm going to do the cylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm going to do the cylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm going to do the cylic
+one so instead of Z's I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so instead of Z's I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so instead of Z's I should be
+putting W's I will I'll put just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting W's I will I'll put just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting W's I will I'll put just to
+emphasize it's it's just good to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's it's just good to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it's it's just good to think
+of it with the w there because the W has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it with the w there because the W has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it with the w there because the W has
+this special property that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special property that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special property that that's
+critical to everything okay okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to everything okay okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to everything okay okay so now
+I'm going to I think of this as as one W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I think of this as as one W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I think of this as as one W
+the 0 2 W the 1 and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 2 W the 1 and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 2 W the 1 and 3
+w^2 it's I'm thinking of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 it's I'm thinking of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 it's I'm thinking of the same
+multiplication here but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W's okay so I'll end up with 18 W 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's okay so I'll end up with 18 W 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's okay so I'll end up with 18 W 4th
+and and four was was the constant and 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and four was was the constant and 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and four was was the constant and 13
+W's and so on all all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and so on all all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and so on all all these
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+difference ready for the for the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference ready for the for the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference ready for the for the key
+point now what's happened in this cylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now what's happened in this cylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now what's happened in this cylic
+case well the difference is what is w to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well the difference is what is w to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well the difference is what is w to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+4th if we're in the cyclic case n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th if we're in the cyclic case n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th if we're in the cyclic case n is
+three now our our guys have length three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now our our guys have length three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now our our guys have length three
+our circle is W now is one3 of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our circle is W now is one3 of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our circle is W now is one3 of the way
+round so that's my w here's my w squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so that's my w here's my w squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so that's my w here's my w squar
+here is my y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my y
+but here it is is also W Cub so w is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it is is also W Cub so w is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it is is also W Cub so w is the
+same as W 4th W Squared is the same as W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W 4th W Squared is the same as W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W 4th W Squared is the same as W
+the 5th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th
+so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the
+difference what what can I do now I I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what what can I do now I I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what what can I do now I I if
+I'm in this discret case then I'm my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in this discret case then I'm my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in this discret case then I'm my
+inputs are a vector of length n three a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are a vector of length n three a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are a vector of length n three a
+vector of length and three and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of length and three and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of length and three and I want to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+out a vector of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a vector of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a vector of length
+three I I don't want I'm not happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I I don't want I'm not happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I I don't want I'm not happy with
+that in the discreet in the cyclic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the discreet in the cyclic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the discreet in the cyclic case
+because I'm not happy with W the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not happy with W the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not happy with W the 4th
+what so now tell me again that last when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so now tell me again that last when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so now tell me again that last when
+I do the multiplication and I just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the multiplication and I just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the multiplication and I just do it
+there's no difference except in how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no difference except in how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no difference except in how I
+write the answer 18 W 4th is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the answer 18 W 4th is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the answer 18 W 4th is the same
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+w w the 4th is the same as W when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w the 4th is the same as W when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w the 4th is the same as W when n is
+three so that 18 dou W to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so that 18 dou W to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so that 18 dou W to the fourth
+Cycles back in with his 13 so now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles back in with his 13 so now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles back in with his 13 so now if I
+do the can I can I show you the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the can I can I show you the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the can I can I show you the symbol
+I'll just do a little circle there to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do a little circle there to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do a little circle there to to
+say this is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is now the
+cyclic convolution then this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution then this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution then this isn't the
+answer anymore the answer now for cylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer anymore the answer now for cylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer anymore the answer now for cylic
+convolution I'm only want three numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I'm only want three numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I'm only want three numbers
+and if you can tell me what those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can tell me what those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can tell me what those three
+numbers are we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are we've got
+it move those over a little to make room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move those over a little to make room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move those over a little to make room
+for the three num so there's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three num so there's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three num so there's the answer
+the space for the answer what do I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for the answer what do I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for the answer what do I write
+in how many what's the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how many what's the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how many what's the constant
+term what's the constant term it's 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what's the constant term it's 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what's the constant term it's 31
+right it's 31 where did 31 come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 31 where did 31 come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's 31 where did 31 come
+from it came from you could say cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from you could say cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from you could say cycling
+that 20 7 W cubed back with the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 20 7 W cubed back with the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 20 7 W cubed back with the four
+because there's no W cubed is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no W cubed is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no W cubed is the same
+as one so I'm I've gone around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one so I'm I've gone around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one so I'm I've gone around the
+circle when I come around to W Cub so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle when I come around to W Cub so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle when I come around to W Cub so
+that 27 and four combine into that 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 27 and four combine into that 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 27 and four combine into that 31
+and let's see how else do what so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see how else do what so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see how else do what so what
+multiplications am I doing here 1 Time 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications am I doing here 1 Time 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications am I doing here 1 Time 4
+gives me the constant 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 that's two W's and 6 W2 that's 12 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 that's two W's and 6 W2 that's 12 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 that's two W's and 6 W2 that's 12 w
+Cub that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub that's
+12 and then three W2 and five W's is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and then three W2 and five W's is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and then three W2 and five W's is 15
+W the cube but that's the same as 15 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the cube but that's the same as 15 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the cube but that's the same as 15 so
+that's why we get 31 we've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we get 31 we've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we get 31 we've got four
+we've got 12 and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 12 and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 12 and we've got
+15 Okay now what's the ne what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 Okay now what's the ne what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 Okay now what's the ne what's the
+second component the W component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component the W component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component the W component of the
+of the cylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution tell me that what number do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution tell me that what number do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution tell me that what number do
+I write in in that middle position how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write in in that middle position how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write in in that middle position how
+many W's do I have 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many W's do I have 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many W's do I have 31
+again this 28 this 18 is coming back by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this 28 this 18 is coming back by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this 28 this 18 is coming back by
+three to 13 you see I could I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to 13 you see I could I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to 13 you see I could I could
+could have done that multiplication so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that multiplication so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that multiplication so
+it's coming back to 31 do am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming back to 31 do am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming back to 31 do am I going to
+get another 31 no what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another 31 no what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another 31 no what's the what's the
+W squar guy 28 yeah 28 because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W squar guy 28 yeah 28 because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W squar guy 28 yeah 28 because there's
+no w w to the 5th to come back and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no w w to the 5th to come back and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no w w to the 5th to come back and and
+28 has already so 28 used its three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplications uh the 31 there used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications uh the 31 there used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications uh the 31 there used the
+four and these two the these this came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and these two the these this came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and these two the these this came
+back over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over to
+here and this 31 used this 18 came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this 31 used this 18 came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this 31 used this 18 came back
+I I could have put the 18 here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I could have put the 18 here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I could have put the 18 here you know
+I could have lined it up just three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have lined it up just three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have lined it up just three so
+I'll write a formula for it so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write a formula for it so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write a formula for it so so that's
+the answer 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3128 could I just suggest a little check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3128 could I just suggest a little check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3128 could I just suggest a little check
+on that just to check on the numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that just to check on the numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that just to check on the numbers I
+think that if I add up these numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if I add up these numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if I add up these numbers I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six and if I add up those numbers I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and if I add up those numbers I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and if I add up those numbers I get
+15 and If I multiply that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and If I multiply that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and If I multiply that I get
+90 and if I add those numbers I get 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 and if I add those numbers I get 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 and if I add those numbers I get 90
+right so those those add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those those add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those those add to
+90 so I I I'm just saying a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 so I I I'm just saying a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 so I I I'm just saying a numerical
+check is add these multiply by the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is add these multiply by the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is add these multiply by the sum
+of those and you get the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and you get the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and you get the sum of
+those uh why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh why is
+that it somehow seems right doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it somehow seems right doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it somehow seems right doesn't it
+because somehow I've taken all nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow I've taken all nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow I've taken all nine
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and so when I add all the results I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I add all the results I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I add all the results I'll
+have the sum of all nine of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sum of all nine of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sum of all nine of these
+possible products so I'll have 6 * 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible products so I'll have 6 * 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible products so I'll have 6 * 15
+actually here's a good way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here's a good way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here's a good way to look at
+it in doing this I just set W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in doing this I just set W equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in doing this I just set W equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+one I just set W equal one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just set W equal one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just set W equal one in the
+polinomial when I said W to the one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial when I said W to the one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial when I said W to the one this
+becomes six this becomes 15 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes six this becomes 15 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes six this becomes 15 and the
+answer becomes 90 when w is one yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer becomes 90 when w is one yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer becomes 90 when w is one yeah so
+that's another way to see and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way to see and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way to see and actually
+the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this
+multiplication the the second grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the the second grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication the the second grade
+version uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh had
+W well I'm almost going to say w equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W well I'm almost going to say w equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W well I'm almost going to say w equal
+10 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 but
+um it's not quite that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not quite that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not quite that because it's
+written in the opposite order right if W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the opposite order right if W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the opposite order right if W
+was 10 this would be one well anyway W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 10 this would be one well anyway W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 10 this would be one well anyway W
+can't be 10 it's got to on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be 10 it's got to on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be 10 it's got to on the unit
+circle so uh yeah so so somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so uh yeah so so somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so uh yeah so so somewhere in the
+noncyclic case is something like wal 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncyclic case is something like wal 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncyclic case is something like wal 10
+or W equal 1110th maybe whatever okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or W equal 1110th maybe whatever okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or W equal 1110th maybe whatever okay
+could you take the convolution now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you take the convolution now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you take the convolution now let
+me give you just another example and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you just another example and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you just another example and do
+it do it uh mentally uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it uh mentally uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it uh mentally uh what's the
+convolution of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of 0
+one0 zero let me make it a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 zero let me make it a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 zero let me make it a little longer
+so I take the first of all the noncyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take the first of all the noncyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take the first of all the noncyclic
+convolution of 00 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of 00 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of 00 01
+0 okay what's the what's the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay what's the what's the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay what's the what's the ordinary
+com how long is the answer now just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com how long is the answer now just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com how long is the answer now just this
+is like just practice how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like just practice how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like just practice how many
+components am I going to have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components am I going to have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components am I going to have in the
+ordinary con ordinary convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary con ordinary convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary con ordinary convolution of
+those two guys of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two guys of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two guys of length
+four I think it's seven I think it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I think it's seven I think it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I think it's seven I think it'll be
+seven because we'll have here one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven because we'll have here one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven because we'll have here one we
+have no we have Z to the Z to the Zer Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no we have Z to the Z to the Zer Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no we have Z to the Z to the Zer Z
+to the one Z 2 and z cubed and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one Z 2 and z cubed and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one Z 2 and z cubed and here
+we'll have again the same it will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have again the same it will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have again the same it will go up
+to Z to the 6 but remember there's a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z to the 6 but remember there's a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z to the 6 but remember there's a z
+to the zero so that's why we have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero so that's why we have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero so that's why we have seven
+and what will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be what will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what will it
+be I guess actually this wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I guess actually this wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I guess actually this wasn't a
+brilliant example was it but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant example was it but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant example was it but let's
+finish it what so I'm just multiplying Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it what so I'm just multiplying Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish it what so I'm just multiplying Z
+by Z sared so what do you get for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z sared so what do you get for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z sared so what do you get for an
+answer I think I think the the one shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I think I think the the one shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I think I think the the one shows
+up in the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed is that right yeah yeah Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is that right yeah yeah Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is that right yeah yeah Z to the
+first Power here Z is squared here z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Power here Z is squared here z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Power here Z is squared here z
+cubed here and we always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed here and we always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed here and we always have to
+remember everything about everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything about everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything about everything in
+chapter 4 starts at zero zero Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 4 starts at zero zero Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 4 starts at zero zero Z to the
+zero is the first one okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the first one okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the first one okay that's not
+too great an example because if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too great an example because if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too great an example because if I do
+what happens if I if I do the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I if I do the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I if I do the circular
+cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic
+convolution what would be the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution what would be the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution what would be the cyclic
+convolution now I'm expecting four guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution now I'm expecting four guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution now I'm expecting four guys
+only right because cyli keeps the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right because cyli keeps the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right because cyli keeps the same
+length and what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer well there's nobody to fold back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well there's nobody to fold back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well there's nobody to fold back
+so it would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be just
+001 so let me let me update this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+001 so let me let me update this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+001 so let me let me update this a
+little bit with a with a one here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with a with a one here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with a with a one here okay
+just to practice so suppose I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to practice so suppose I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to practice so suppose I do that
+convolution un cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution un cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution un cyclic
+first what's what do I change here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what's what do I change here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what's what do I change here now
+I've now got a z s and I've also got a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've now got a z s and I've also got a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've now got a z s and I've also got a z
+cubed but I only have a single one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but I only have a single one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but I only have a single one there
+oh H let's let's make it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh H let's let's make it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh H let's let's make it a little more
+interesting okay make it make it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay make it make it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay make it make it like
+so all right Z z+ z^2 is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right Z z+ z^2 is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right Z z+ z^2 is what we're
+looking at z+ z^2 is multiplying z^2 + z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at z+ z^2 is multiplying z^2 + z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at z+ z^2 is multiplying z^2 + z
+cubed and in the long form what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and in the long form what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and in the long form what do I get
+like let me make space tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me make space tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let me make space tell me what
+numbers to put in If I multiply z+ z^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to put in If I multiply z+ z^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to put in If I multiply z+ z^ 2
+* z^2 + z cubed I get what one z cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* z^2 + z cubed I get what one z cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* z^2 + z cubed I get what one z cubed
+how many Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many Z to the
+4th two of them how how many Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th two of them how how many Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th two of them how how many Z to the
+fifths one and nobody there okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths one and nobody there okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths one and nobody there okay and now
+the the the cyclic version would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the cyclic version would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the cyclic version would be what
+what's what's my answer now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's my answer now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's my answer now for the
+cyclic version Let me let me take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic version Let me let me take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic version Let me let me take those
+out so the cyclic version would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the cyclic version would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the cyclic version would bring
+the two back to the zero would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two back to the zero would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two back to the zero would bring
+that one back to there that zero will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one back to there that zero will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one back to there that zero will
+still be zero and and I check that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be zero and and I check that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be zero and and I check that I've
+got that I haven't missed anything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that I haven't missed anything by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that I haven't missed anything by
+adding those up to get four and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding those up to get four and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding those up to get four and adding
+this up to get two times two yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up to get two times two yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up to get two times two yeah okay
+so that's that that's the rule and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that that's the rule and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that that's the rule and it's
+a lot cleaner to see these answers than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot cleaner to see these answers than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot cleaner to see these answers than
+to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula and I need actually of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and I need actually of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and I need actually of course
+now mentioning that formula I need a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mentioning that formula I need a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now mentioning that formula I need a c
+formula so can I write above it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so can I write above it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so can I write above it the
+cyclic formula what what do I get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic formula what what do I get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic formula what what do I get when
+I'm when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm instead of this sum which went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm instead of this sum which went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm instead of this sum which went from
+k equal minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal minus infinity to
+Infinity in the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in the cyclic
+case HK is just going to be a sum from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case HK is just going to be a sum from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case HK is just going to be a sum from 0
+to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+minus1 and it'll be there'll be a c k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and it'll be there'll be a c k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and it'll be there'll be a c k
+and a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a d
+something and now this is the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and now this is the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and now this is the cyclic
+case so I guess yeah this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us you know I think what our situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know I think what our situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know I think what our situation
+now is we understand the cyclic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is we understand the cyclic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is we understand the cyclic case
+from examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from examples and
+now we just have the job of how do I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just have the job of how do I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just have the job of how do I put
+it into algebra how do how do I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into algebra how do how do I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into algebra how do how do I put it
+into symbols what's the what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into symbols what's the what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into symbols what's the what's the point
+C k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C k
+d n let's say but what oh no I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n let's say but what oh no I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d n let's say but what oh no I'm looking
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+HL yeah yeah so what's the deal here L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HL yeah yeah so what's the deal here L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HL yeah yeah so what's the deal here L
+was K plus is that one is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was K plus is that one is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was K plus is that one is the sum of
+that one and that one so here L is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and that one so here L is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and that one so here L is the
+sum of K and N but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt
+I mean somehow I've got some wraparound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean somehow I've got some wraparound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean somehow I've got some wraparound
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+right this the when I'm doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this the when I'm doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this the when I'm doing the the
+the cyclic multiplication and I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclic multiplication and I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclic multiplication and I'm doing
+that wraparound because Z to the because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wraparound because Z to the because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wraparound because Z to the because
+W to the N I I'm I now the wraparound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to the N I I'm I now the wraparound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to the N I I'm I now the wraparound
+comes from that right that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that right that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that right that's what that's
+why I never get as high as n because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I never get as high as n because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I never get as high as n because
+when I get to N I go back to the zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to N I go back to the zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to N I go back to the zeroth
+power okay so how do if I what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay so how do if I what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay so how do if I what's the
+relation of K and N and L here yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of K and N and L here yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of K and N and L here yeah we
+we just need the right word to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need the right word to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need the right word to express
+it so K what's the word mod yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so K what's the word mod yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so K what's the word mod yes so
+that's that's the word I'm looking for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the word I'm looking for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the word I'm looking for K
+plus n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n is
+L with wraparound and wraparound means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L with wraparound and wraparound means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L with wraparound and wraparound means
+the the nice notation that that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nice notation that that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nice notation that that people
+use is mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is mod
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh just let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just let's
+practice what's what's uh what is 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what's what's uh what is 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what's what's uh what is 2 +
+2 uh mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 2 plus two is four even in 18085
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 2 plus two is four even in 18085
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 2 plus two is four even in 18085
+right okay but 2 + 2 mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is
+2 + 2 mod 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 2 mod 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 2 mod 3
+is one everybody sees it it's it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one everybody sees it it's it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one everybody sees it it's it's I'm
+taking z^ 2 * z^2 Z 4th but I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking z^ 2 * z^2 Z 4th but I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking z^ 2 * z^2 Z 4th but I'm doing
+with n equal 3 so Z cube is one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equal 3 so Z cube is one so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equal 3 so Z cube is one so that
+Z to the 4th is really just Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the 4th is really just Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the 4th is really just Z to the
+first Power yeah yeah so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Power yeah yeah so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Power yeah yeah so that that's
+what that that's the this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that's the this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that's the this is the this is
+the little Nifty notation that says make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Nifty notation that says make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Nifty notation that says make
+it sickly bring it back so that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sickly bring it back so that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sickly bring it back so that there
+are only L only has the values here zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only L only has the values here zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only L only has the values here zero
+up to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n minus
+one and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then and then
+stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so that's we'll have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's we'll have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's we'll have more
+practice uh with examples when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh with examples when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh with examples when we do
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filtering have you got that fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering have you got that fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering have you got that fundamental
+so we've talked about this rule one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked about this rule one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked about this rule one here
+f * G goes to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients and if it's the cyc case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and if it's the cyc case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and if it's the cyc case
+then I put a circle around that star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put a circle around that star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put a circle around that star and
+I I do the wrap around yeah but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do the wrap around yeah but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do the wrap around yeah but it's
+just what it's a it's the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it's a it's the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it's a it's the Z transform
+it's it's pols in z or polinomial in W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pols in z or polinomial in W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pols in z or polinomial in W
+and when it's pols in W you use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's pols in W you use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's pols in W you use that
+special property that W to the N is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special property that W to the N is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special property that W to the N is one
+yeah okay okay now uh I see I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay okay now uh I see I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay okay now uh I see I've written
+another line there that I could convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line there that I could convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line there that I could convolve
+functions oh let me do a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions oh let me do a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions oh let me do a couple more
+examples couple couple of examples first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples couple couple of examples first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples couple couple of examples first
+before I go to that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose
+yeah so I'm up up to this line oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm up up to this line oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm up up to this line oh yeah
+uh yeah yeah a couple of examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see what what example what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what what example what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what what example what I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um let's see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very okay I want to do one example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very okay I want to do one example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very okay I want to do one example with
+a Delta function somehow one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function somehow one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function somehow one example
+with a Delta function yeah one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Delta function yeah one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Delta function yeah one example
+with a Delta Vector yeah let me take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Delta Vector yeah let me take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Delta Vector yeah let me take the
+function uh G ofx identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay constant
+function in this in this uh rule I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this in this uh rule I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this in this uh rule I want
+to see what happens with the rule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what happens with the rule okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what happens with the rule okay
+then f ofx g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f ofx g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f ofx g
+ofx is the same as F ofx right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is the same as F ofx right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is the same as F ofx right
+because this function G of X is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this function G of X is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this function G of X is so
+simple it's just one now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's just one now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's just one now what about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coefficients so I have the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so I have the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so I have the coefficients
+of C what are the 4 a coeffic what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C what are the 4 a coeffic what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C what are the 4 a coeffic what are
+the D's ah yeah what are the D's so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D's ah yeah what are the D's so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D's ah yeah what are the D's so the
+so I'm doing I'm testing my rule on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm doing I'm testing my rule on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm doing I'm testing my rule on a
+really really simple case G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple case G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple case G of X
+identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically
+One what you have to tell me in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One what you have to tell me in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One what you have to tell me in order
+order to check the right side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to check the right side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to check the right side of the
+rule you have to tell me the 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you have to tell me the 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule you have to tell me the 48
+coefficients for for that very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for for that very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for for that very special
+function what what would be the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what what would be the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what what would be the 4A
+coefficients if I expand the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients if I expand the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients if I expand the function
+one in a fora series what do I see I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a fora series what do I see I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a fora series what do I see I see
+a one yeah that's it I see one so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one yeah that's it I see one so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one yeah that's it I see one so what
+are its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its
+coefficients D zero right is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients D zero right is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients D zero right is one and the
+other D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other D's
+are all zero right so my my Vector of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all zero right so my my Vector of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all zero right so my my Vector of D
+my Vector of D's is a whole lot of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector of D's is a whole lot of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector of D's is a whole lot of zeros
+on the negative side a one right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the negative side a one right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the negative side a one right there
+in the center and then a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center and then a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center and then a whole lot of
+zeros and now I want to convolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and now I want to convolve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and now I want to convolve that
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C do you see what I'm I'm I'm practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C do you see what I'm I'm I'm practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C do you see what I'm I'm I'm practicing
+the convolution rule on a case that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution rule on a case that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution rule on a case that's so
+simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's
+confusing right uh yeah so I I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing right uh yeah so I I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing right uh yeah so I I I mean
+this it's a it's a big mess this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a it's a big mess this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a it's a big mess this this
+multiplication but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but if
+D yeah what what so what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D yeah what what so what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D yeah what what so what am I going to
+get you tell me what what do I get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you tell me what what do I get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you tell me what what do I get out
+of this if D is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if D is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if D is this
+uh Vector is this if if D has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vector is this if if D has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vector is this if if D has this
+property that d0 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that d0 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that d0 is one
+and others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others are
+zero all others are zero so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all others are zero so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all others are zero so this is my
+little example what is this sum boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example what is this sum boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example what is this sum boil
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to well I only get something when L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well I only get something when L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well I only get something when L
+equals K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals K
+right I only get something when L equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I only get something when L equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I only get something when L equals
+K because then then I have d0 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because then then I have d0 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because then then I have d0 and that's
+the only D that that's around so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only D that that's around so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only D that that's around so in this
+sum the only happen something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the only happen something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the only happen something happens
+only when when K and L are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when when K and L are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when when K and L are the same and
+then what happens then I have a one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens then I have a one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens then I have a one I
+have CL and that's HL so that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CL and that's HL so that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CL and that's HL so that's all I'm
+concluding then that this this H is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding then that this this H is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding then that this this H is the
+same as C I'm sorry it's so dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as C I'm sorry it's so dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as C I'm sorry it's so dumb
+uh my point is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my point is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my point is that in
+convolution this is the thing that acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution this is the thing that acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution this is the thing that acts
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+one because in multiplication that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because in multiplication that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because in multiplication that's the
+thing that's the function that acts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's the function that acts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's the function that acts like
+one in fact that's the function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact that's the function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact that's the function that is
+one so this is the this is the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is the this is the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is the this is the the one
+in oh would you allow me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh would you allow me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh would you allow me to do
+this I'm going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to create a
+matrix uh with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh with these
+D's yeah yeah there's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's yeah yeah there's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's yeah yeah there's another way to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+convolution yeah there's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution yeah there's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution yeah there's another way to
+see convolution and discreet olution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see convolution and discreet olution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see convolution and discreet olution
+maybe the discreet ones the better yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the discreet ones the better yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the discreet ones the better yeah
+can you can you understand one more way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you understand one more way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you understand one more way
+to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the
+formula one more way to write now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula one more way to write now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula one more way to write now I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+do I'm going to do uh discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution oh dis discreet C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution oh dis discreet C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution oh dis discreet C
+click so how am I going to write it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click so how am I going to write it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click so how am I going to write it I'm
+going to write it by a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it by a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it by a matrix
+multiplication because you know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication because you know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication because you know that in
+this course a matrix is going to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course a matrix is going to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course a matrix is going to show up
+so it's going to be a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication so I just have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so I just have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so I just have to tell
+you the m so this is going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the m so this is going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the m so this is going to be some
+Matrix Let Me Take N to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Let Me Take N to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Let Me Take N to be
+four so my then I have this you watch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so my then I have this you watch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so my then I have this you watch so
+I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS and and the output is the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h's and the rule I'm following is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's and the rule I'm following is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's and the rule I'm following is this
+rule is this the same old rule but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is this the same old rule but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is this the same old rule but with
+the cyclic part and now I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclic part and now I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclic part and now I want to show
+you the Matrix that'll just do this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Matrix that'll just do this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Matrix that'll just do this look
+I put the C's in the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Column and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column and then I
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+yeah here's another so it's it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here's another so it's it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here's another so it's it's it's a
+cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix so let me make it let me finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so let me make it let me finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so let me make it let me finish
+it up it's got It's going to be 4x4 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up it's got It's going to be 4x4 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up it's got It's going to be 4x4 it's
+going to be cyclic so I have a c0 c0 c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cyclic so I have a c0 c0 c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cyclic so I have a c0 c0 c0
+c0 on the diagonal that's fine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 on the diagonal that's fine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 on the diagonal that's fine that's
+because Z to the0 is multiplying all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Z to the0 is multiplying all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Z to the0 is multiplying all the
+D's and leaving them in place and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's and leaving them in place and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's and leaving them in place and then I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+c1s and then I think I Come Around again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1s and then I think I Come Around again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1s and then I think I Come Around again
+here for a C1 and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a C1 and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a C1 and I have
+c2s let's see where C C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2s let's see where C C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2s let's see where C C3
+C2 and I Come Around again to a C2 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and I Come Around again to a C2 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and I Come Around again to a C2 and a
+C2 and C3 comes around to a C3 a C3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and C3 comes around to a C3 a C3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and C3 comes around to a C3 a C3 and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3
+well can you I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can you I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can you I hope
+it's I hope you can see this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I hope you can see this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I hope you can see this this is a
+cyclic matrix it's it's only got one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic matrix it's it's only got one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic matrix it's it's only got one uh
+it starts with a vector C and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts with a vector C and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts with a vector C and it just
+those are on the diagonal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are on the diagonal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are on the diagonal and the
+diagonals wrap around that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals wrap around that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals wrap around that that's the
+other word that you often see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word that you often see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word that you often see when you
+see the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the word
+cyclic wraparound it's because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic wraparound it's because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic wraparound it's because you're
+you're you're it's you think of a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're it's you think of a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're it's you think of a circle
+you know the the if you go second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the if you go second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the if you go second time
+around it's wrapped around the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's wrapped around the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's wrapped around the first
+time okay Ju Just can you look and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay Ju Just can you look and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay Ju Just can you look and see
+that this is the right formula for H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the right formula for H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the right formula for H
+knot H KN is c d where does that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot H KN is c d where does that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot H KN is c d where does that come
+from remember H knot is the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember H knot is the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember H knot is the coefficient
+of Z to the zero power in the answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z to the zero power in the answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z to the zero power in the answer so
+it comes from C 0 d0 to the zeroth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from C 0 d0 to the zeroth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from C 0 d0 to the zeroth power
+in the input and then why is there a C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D1 why is there a C3 D1 and then a C2 D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 why is there a C3 D1 and then a C2 D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 why is there a C3 D1 and then a C2 D2
+and then a C1 1 D3 all piling up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a C1 1 D3 all piling up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a C1 1 D3 all piling up into
+h0 tell me now why is there a C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D1 because we're doing mod four is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 because we're doing mod four is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 because we're doing mod four is one
+way to say it three and one add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say it three and one add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to say it three and one add to
+four because C3 is the z cubed guy W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four because C3 is the z cubed guy W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four because C3 is the z cubed guy W
+cubed guy and D1 is the coefficient W to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed guy and D1 is the coefficient W to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed guy and D1 is the coefficient W to
+the 1 and W Cub * W the 1 piles back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 and W Cub * W the 1 piles back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 and W Cub * W the 1 piles back
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and you see you see the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you see you see the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you see you see the pattern
+of that Matrix these matrices are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix these matrices are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix these matrices are very
+important so they circle around I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so they circle around I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so they circle around I would
+oh it's do you we've actually met the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's do you we've actually met the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's do you we've actually met the
+this a matrix of this type the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a matrix of this type the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a matrix of this type the first day
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+18085 it it was yeah what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 it it was yeah what was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 it it was yeah what was that
+Matrix it was one of our four great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it was one of our four great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it was one of our four great
+matrices and now here it is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and now here it is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and now here it is back
+again which one was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well you remember the letter for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you remember the letter for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you remember the letter for it
+which isn't going to change and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't going to change and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't going to change and do you
+remember the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix well everybody does remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well everybody does remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well everybody does remember that
+Matrix right twos were on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right twos were on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right twos were on the
+diagonal minus ones were on the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal minus ones were on the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal minus ones were on the diagonal
+and the diagonal continued minus1 was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the diagonal continued minus1 was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the diagonal continued minus1 was on
+this diagonal and that continued and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal and that continued and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal and that continued and
+zeros was on this diag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros was on this diag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros was on this diag
+so this is Con this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Con this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Con this is
+cyclic convolution The circulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution The circulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution The circulent
+circulent Matrix cyclic convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulent Matrix cyclic convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulent Matrix cyclic convolution
+by C what's the C for this that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by C what's the C for this that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by C what's the C for this that that
+produces that convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that convolution
+matrix it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's just it's
+got well there it is the First Column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right right and somehow that's a I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right right and somehow that's a I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right right and somehow that's a I I
+would say that that's an even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector I mean why you know sort of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I mean why you know sort of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I mean why you know sort of I
+associate it with cosiness it's an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate it with cosiness it's an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate it with cosiness it's an even
+Vector here's the zero term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here's the zero term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here's the zero term and then
+these are the same yeah not not to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same yeah not not to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same yeah not not to worry
+about that part do you see that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that part do you see that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that part do you see that we've
+seen that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that Matrix
+before and the Cly Evolution means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the Cly Evolution means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the Cly Evolution means you
+take it's second differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it's second differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it's second differences of
+course we're taking second differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're taking second differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're taking second differences
+but our everything in our in our world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our everything in our in our world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our everything in our in our world
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+cyclic so the result the the Z four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so the result the the Z four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so the result the the Z four is
+the the the X4 is x0 so you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the X4 is x0 so you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the X4 is x0 so you know we're
+taking second differences well maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking second differences well maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking second differences well maybe I
+should say d we're taking second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say d we're taking second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say d we're taking second
+difference is d i 2D I - d i -1 - d i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is d i 2D I - d i -1 - d i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is d i 2D I - d i -1 - d i +
+1 I don't know if this is so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I don't know if this is so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I don't know if this is so there's a
+minus1 2 minus one and we're s cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 2 minus one and we're s cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 2 minus one and we're s cycling
+around so that d0 is D4 and and D1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that d0 is D4 and and D1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that d0 is D4 and and D1 is
+D5 and D minus one is D3 whatever yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 and D minus one is D3 whatever yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 and D minus one is D3 whatever yeah
+okay I I just reminding you we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I just reminding you we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I just reminding you we've seen
+these before okay so that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before okay so that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before okay so that's this is
+another way to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula okay now can I ask a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay now can I ask a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay now can I ask a practical
+question a practical question let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a practical question let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a practical question let me
+bring back this second grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication well I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well I have a
+granddaughter named Elizabeth I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granddaughter named Elizabeth I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granddaughter named Elizabeth I'll have
+to admit I didn't think about mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit I didn't think about mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit I didn't think about mentioning
+Elizabeth she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth she's
+six and uh she Delights in sending me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and uh she Delights in sending me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and uh she Delights in sending me
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+multiplications I mean really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications I mean really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications I mean really
+long and then every time I talk to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and then every time I talk to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and then every time I talk to her
+on the phone she says have you done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone she says have you done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone she says have you done that
+one yet and I say I'm working on it I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yet and I say I'm working on it I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yet and I say I'm working on it I've
+got I've got mat Lab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I've got mat Lab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I've got mat Lab at
+work because they're they're ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because they're they're ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because they're they're ridiculous
+and I don't I haven't figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't I haven't figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't I haven't figured out how to
+tell her I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell her I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell her I
+mean you know she just writes page after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know she just writes page after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know she just writes page after
+page times 100 plus three minus 7 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page times 100 plus three minus 7 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page times 100 plus three minus 7 just
+as that's whatever she thinks of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's whatever she thinks of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's whatever she thinks of okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+I need help from the convolution rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need help from the convolution rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need help from the convolution rule
+here actually so let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually so let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually so let's suppose that
+Elizabeth has given me a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth has given me a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth has given me a multiplication
+in which I have a thousand digits times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which I have a thousand digits times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which I have a thousand digits times
+a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand
+right which Mathematica is prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which Mathematica is prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which Mathematica is prepared to
+do exactly right Matt lab will mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly right Matt lab will mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly right Matt lab will mess
+up but Mathematica and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but Mathematica and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but Mathematica and
+Maple and symbolic packages will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maple and symbolic packages will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maple and symbolic packages will do
+exact computation so what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact computation so what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact computation so what would be the
+right way well let me make it 1,24 1,24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way well let me make it 1,24 1,24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way well let me make it 1,24 1,24
+digits time 1,24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits time 1,24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits time 1,24
+digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+uh let's do the the cylic version First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do the the cylic version First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do the the cylic version First
+Elizabeth doesn't know about cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth doesn't know about cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth doesn't know about cyclic
+maybe I could teach her that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could teach her that that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could teach her that that'll
+keep her busy while I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep her busy while I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep her busy while I'm doing the
+multiplication okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay
+right okay only her older brother would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay only her older brother would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay only her older brother would
+explain it to her that's a trouble okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it to her that's a trouble okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it to her that's a trouble okay
+yes okay so how am I going to do or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so how am I going to do or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so how am I going to do or how
+are you going to do on the quiz uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do on the quiz uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do on the quiz uh
+multiplication of 1,024 digits time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of 1,024 digits time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of 1,024 digits time
+1,24 and I'll make it Easy by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 and I'll make it Easy by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 and I'll make it Easy by making it
+cyclic so I just want 1,024 digits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so I just want 1,024 digits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so I just want 1,024 digits in
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+okay how how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how how would you do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+well before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before
+today you would have just multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you would have just multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you would have just multiplied
+right you would have written down 24 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you would have written down 24 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you would have written down 24 two
+lines of 1024 done done an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of 1024 done done an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of 1024 done done an
+addition and you would have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and you would have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and you would have had a
+million multiplications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million multiplications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million multiplications to
+do but how would you do it now oh apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but how would you do it now oh apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but how would you do it now oh apart
+from giving it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from giving it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from giving it to
+Mathematica what's a faster way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica what's a faster way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica what's a faster way to do
+it what's a faster way to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's a faster way to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's a faster way to do a
+convolution the fast way to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution the fast way to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution the fast way to do a
+convolution is to use the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is to use the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is to use the convolution
+rule go this way to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule go this way to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule go this way to take these
+numbers these 1024 numbers in C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these 1024 numbers in C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these 1024 numbers in C and
+these 1024 numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 1024 numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 1024 numbers in
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+and oh what do I have to do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh what do I have to do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh what do I have to do I want to
+use the convolution rule because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the convolution rule because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the convolution rule because
+multiplying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast yeah now I've got functions here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast yeah now I've got functions here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast yeah now I've got functions here I
+really but I'm in the cyclic case so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really but I'm in the cyclic case so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really but I'm in the cyclic case so I'm
+in the yeah I'm in the cylic case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yeah I'm in the cylic case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yeah I'm in the cylic case so
+what what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what should I
+how how can I how can I change this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can I how can I change this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can I how can I change this to
+be the cyclic case let me this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the cyclic case let me this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the cyclic case let me this is like
+FJ G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FJ G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FJ G
+GJ so multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GJ so multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GJ so multiplication
+of components of of things in function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components of of things in function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components of of things in function
+space is convolution of coefficients so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is convolution of coefficients so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is convolution of coefficients so
+so now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is the
+cylc only to be B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylc only to be B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylc only to be B okay
+right okay so again what's what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so again what's what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so again what's what's your
+problem the problem is to do this cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is to do this cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is to do this cyclic
+multiplication what's the idea the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication what's the idea the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication what's the idea the idea
+is to transform C back to F to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to transform C back to F to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to transform C back to F to transform
+D back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D back to
+G do the multiplications now I have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G do the multiplications now I have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G do the multiplications now I have only
+1,24 multiplications not 1,24 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 multiplications not 1,24 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 multiplications not 1,24 squared
+that's the point that if if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point that if if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point that if if I do this
+directly I've got 1,24 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I've got 1,24 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I've got 1,24 squared
+multiplications to do much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications to do much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications to do much better
+transform back to here do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform back to here do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform back to here do just
+1,24 what's the matlb command for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 what's the matlb command for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 what's the matlb command for that
+when you're multiplying each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're multiplying each component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're multiplying each component
+by itself it's not the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself it's not the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself it's not the dot product
+notice it's not the dot product because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's not the dot product because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's not the dot product because
+I'm not summing here do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not summing here do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not summing here do you know the
+matlb command if I have a SE if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb command if I have a SE if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb command if I have a SE if I have a
+sequence of numbers a vector F of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers a vector F of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers a vector F of length
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+1024 and I want to do I want to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 and I want to do I want to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 and I want to do I want to get that
+result what's the result the vector it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what's the result the vector it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what's the result the vector it's
+a vector of length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector of length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector of length of
+1,24 that takes each F times its G but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 that takes each F times its G but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 that takes each F times its G but
+doesn't do any add that's that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do any add that's that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do any add that's that's what's
+there what what's the mat lab command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what what's the mat lab command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what what's the mat lab command
+for that dot yeah dot Star right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that dot yeah dot Star right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that dot yeah dot Star right so that
+dot says component by component okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot says component by component okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot says component by component okay so
+what's the plan here I I I do C's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the plan here I I I do C's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the plan here I I I do C's back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+F by the 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F by the 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F by the 4 a
+matrix D back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix D back to
+G by the fora Matrix then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G by the fora Matrix then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G by the fora Matrix then I
+do a very quick multiplication and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very quick multiplication and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very quick multiplication and then
+what then I mustn't forget that I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then I mustn't forget that I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then I mustn't forget that I'm in
+frequency space and what do I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space and what do I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space and what do I have to do
+I've got to get back into coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to get back into coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to get back into coefficient
+space so I do the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I do the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I do the inverse
+transform of so I'm doing here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of so I'm doing here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of so I'm doing here here's
+the formula then uh I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula then uh I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula then uh I'm doing the
+inverse transform of of f so of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform of of f so of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform of of f so of the
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+C dot star the transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+C D is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D is that
+right so I took C and I got back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I took C and I got back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I took C and I got back into
+the function I took D and oh and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function I took D and oh and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function I took D and oh and got
+back to its function with the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to its function with the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to its function with the fora
+Matrix okay I'm in the and now I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay I'm in the and now I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay I'm in the and now I'm in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+space I've added up coefficient to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I've added up coefficient to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I've added up coefficient to get
+in this space now I do the dot star the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space now I do the dot star the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space now I do the dot star the
+fast one and then I transform back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast one and then I transform back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast one and then I transform back so
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+faster than just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than just doing
+it because what's the cost of f time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and how am I going to do that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and how am I going to do that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and how am I going to do that I'm
+going to do it with a fast 4 a transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with a fast 4 a transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with a fast 4 a transform
+right that's the point I can multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the point I can multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the point I can multiply by
+F or by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or by F
+inverse faster so I have three three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse faster so I have three three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse faster so I have three three of
+these transforms I've got to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transforms I've got to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transforms I've got to get two
+guys into the other space and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys into the other space and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys into the other space and one and
+the answer back out so I have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer back out so I have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer back out so I have sort of
+three of these n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these n log
+NS but that will easily beat N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS but that will easily beat N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS but that will easily beat N
+squared right so that's so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so that's so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so that's so so
+if you have a convolution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a convolution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a convolution to
+do and and it's possible to do this get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and it's possible to do this get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and it's possible to do this get
+get into the other space where it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the other space where it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the other space where it's just
+a an element by element multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an element by element multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an element by element multiplication
+and that would apply in either direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would apply in either direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would apply in either direction
+because the rule goes both ways if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rule goes both ways if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rule goes both ways if I
+have this convolution to do I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this convolution to do I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this convolution to do I I would
+find the coefficients here the C's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the coefficients here the C's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the coefficients here the C's the
+coefficients of G of D of the G's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of G of D of the G's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of G of D of the G's I
+would do this one by one mul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this one by one mul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this one by one mul
+and then I've got the co then I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got the co then I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got the co then I have the
+4A coefficients of the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A coefficients of the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A coefficients of the convolution
+right okay do I have a moment well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay do I have a moment well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay do I have a moment well
+hardly just can I write down what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly just can I write down what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly just can I write down what the
+formula for a convolution of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a convolution of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a convolution of two
+functions would look like it's sorry f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions would look like it's sorry f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions would look like it's sorry f
+ofx convolved with G ofx let me make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx convolved with G ofx let me make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx convolved with G ofx let me make it
+cyclic just just to see what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic just just to see what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic just just to see what it would
+look like what am I expecting for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what am I expecting for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what am I expecting for that
+convolution I'm expecting expecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I'm expecting expecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I'm expecting expecting a
+function and somehow there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and somehow there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and somehow there's going to be
+an integral because instead of a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral because instead of a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral because instead of a sum
+where I had sums but now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I had sums but now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I had sums but now I have
+integrals and here's the point I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and here's the point I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and here's the point I'll have
+F of T * G of xus T DT it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T * G of xus T DT it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T * G of xus T DT it's
+the all I'm asking you to look at is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all I'm asking you to look at is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all I'm asking you to look at is the
+fact that the way here I had K and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the way here I had K and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the way here I had K and L
+minus k for functions that your eye sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k for functions that your eye sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k for functions that your eye sees
+that right away as a t and an x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right away as a t and an x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right away as a t and an x minus t
+DT these add to the answer these add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT these add to the answer these add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT these add to the answer these add to
+the result at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result at
+X that would be the cyclical one yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that would be the cyclical one yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that would be the cyclical one yeah so
+I could go zero these are all periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go zero these are all periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go zero these are all periodic
+functions so I so all two Pi periods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I so all two Pi periods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I so all two Pi periods are
+the same the the book will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the the book will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the the book will do that
+properly okay we've got the filtering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay we've got the filtering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay we've got the filtering to
+discuss on Monday you you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss on Monday you you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss on Monday you you can see that
+this convolution and stuff is just takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convolution and stuff is just takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convolution and stuff is just takes
+a little new thinking but it's comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little new thinking but it's comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little new thinking but it's comes out
+nicely
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4dg_TW4gQL8.txt b/4dg_TW4gQL8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c1bc563590e03a412daf61476ad33489fe53f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4dg_TW4gQL8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today we're we're really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're we're really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're we're really kind of
+making a transition in the material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a transition in the material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a transition in the material from
+the kind of um overtly wartime kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of um overtly wartime kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of um overtly wartime kind of
+um uh uh Focus we've had for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh Focus we've had for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh Focus we've had for a couple
+classes in a row uh and now let's we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in a row uh and now let's we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in a row uh and now let's we'll
+start moving toward the last part of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving toward the last part of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving toward the last part of of
+the semester asking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester asking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester asking about some
+implications or some effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications or some effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications or some effects
+um from that kind of very dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from that kind of very dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from that kind of very dramatic
+series of developments during the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of developments during the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of developments during the second
+world war on the course of physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war on the course of physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war on the course of physics and
+physicists and research and teaching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and research and teaching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and research and teaching in
+the decades after the second world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decades after the second world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decades after the second world war
+so today's lecture is a kind of pivot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture is a kind of pivot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture is a kind of pivot to
+help us think about moving from the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think about moving from the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us think about moving from the kind
+of focus squarely on the wartime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus squarely on the wartime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus squarely on the wartime
+projects toward a kind of longer Cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects toward a kind of longer Cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects toward a kind of longer Cold
+War uh situation okay so for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War uh situation okay so for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War uh situation okay so for for the
+main lecture today as almost always it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main lecture today as almost always it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main lecture today as almost always it
+has three main parts the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three main parts the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three main parts the first part
+is to talk about this phrase that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to talk about this phrase that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to talk about this phrase that got
+used pretty early on after the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pretty early on after the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pretty early on after the second
+world war and historians and scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and historians and scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and historians and scientists
+still tend to use it this phrase called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still tend to use it this phrase called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still tend to use it this phrase called
+big science so the first part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big science so the first part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big science so the first part we're
+going to talk about what have people met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about what have people met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about what have people met
+by this phrase big science what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this phrase big science what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this phrase big science what are the
+characteristics that we can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that we can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that we can identify
+from our readings and and we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our readings and and we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our readings and and we already saw
+hints of from from our focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints of from from our focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints of from from our focus on the
+wartime projects then uh and that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wartime projects then uh and that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wartime projects then uh and that'll be
+the first main chunk I think that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first main chunk I think that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first main chunk I think that will
+be the longest part of our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the longest part of our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the longest part of our discussion
+today and then two kind of shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then two kind of shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then two kind of shorter
+follow-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-ups
+um that that begin to help us kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that begin to help us kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that begin to help us kind of
+think through what were some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through what were some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through what were some of the
+implications of this period of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this period of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this period of of
+post-second world war big science for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-second world war big science for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-second world war big science for
+the study of physics largely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of physics largely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of physics largely in the
+United States that we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States that we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States that we can talk about
+some um comparative or examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um comparative or examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um comparative or examples from
+other parts of the world but most of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the world but most of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the world but most of my
+own research um has been focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own research um has been focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own research um has been focused on
+developments within the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments within the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments within the United States
+that's what I kind of know best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I kind of know best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I kind of know best and
+that's what I'll mostly focus on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'll mostly focus on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'll mostly focus on for the
+rest of the state so who who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the state so who who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the state so who who was
+thinking about this question of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this question of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this question of the a
+term that was also very widely at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that was also very widely at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that was also very widely at the
+time scientific Manpower with its to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scientific Manpower with its to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scientific Manpower with its to our
+I think many of our eyes today this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think many of our eyes today this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think many of our eyes today this kind
+of inescapable gendered notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inescapable gendered notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inescapable gendered notion of a
+Manpower a certain kind of person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower a certain kind of person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower a certain kind of person uh
+that was being sought for to be trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was being sought for to be trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was being sought for to be trained
+up during the Cold War and then lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up during the Cold War and then lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up during the Cold War and then lastly
+the part that that I wrote about for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that that I wrote about for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that that I wrote about for one
+of the assigned readings for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assigned readings for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assigned readings for today
+can we Trace through kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we Trace through kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we Trace through kind of
+intellectual or pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual or pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual or pedagogical
+um kind of aftershocks or implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of aftershocks or implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of aftershocks or implications
+of these very significant changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these very significant changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these very significant changes in
+kind of um uh priorities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um uh priorities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um uh priorities and
+infrastructure what did it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure what did it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure what did it mean for
+people entering the field of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people entering the field of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people entering the field of physics
+during this new and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this new and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this new and kind of
+fast-changing uh scene so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast-changing uh scene so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast-changing uh scene so that's what
+that's our plan for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our plan for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our plan for today
+so one of the classic and still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the classic and still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the classic and still kind of
+worth reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth reading
+um articles uh on this on this topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um articles uh on this on this topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um articles uh on this on this topic of
+big Sciences published now more than 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Sciences published now more than 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Sciences published now more than 30
+years ago by my colleague Paul Forman uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago by my colleague Paul Forman uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago by my colleague Paul Forman uh
+in this journal that used to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this journal that used to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this journal that used to be called
+historical studies in the physical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical studies in the physical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical studies in the physical and
+biological sciences now the journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological sciences now the journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological sciences now the journals
+called historical studies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called historical studies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called historical studies and the
+Natural Sciences so Foreman's article is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Sciences so Foreman's article is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Sciences so Foreman's article is
+very very long the article is nearly 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long the article is nearly 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long the article is nearly 90
+journal pages it's practically a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal pages it's practically a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal pages it's practically a little
+monograph onto its unto itself what for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monograph onto its unto itself what for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monograph onto its unto itself what for
+me was was tracking was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was was tracking was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was was tracking was basically
+anything he could count much like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything he could count much like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything he could count much like me
+Paul likes to count stuff he's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul likes to count stuff he's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul likes to count stuff he's very good
+at counting things as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at counting things as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at counting things as a way to
+characterize kind of change over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize kind of change over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize kind of change over time
+for the us-based physics community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the us-based physics community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the us-based physics community and
+this is just a remarkably Rich article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a remarkably Rich article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a remarkably Rich article
+I think very creative use of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think very creative use of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think very creative use of lots of
+different sources to put together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources to put together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources to put together what
+is otherwise a pretty consistent picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is otherwise a pretty consistent picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is otherwise a pretty consistent picture
+that Paul was really among the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Paul was really among the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Paul was really among the earliest
+how to paint in some kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to paint in some kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to paint in some kind of um
+comprehensiveness so I've taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensiveness so I've taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensiveness so I've taken this
+plot from his article anything we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot from his article anything we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot from his article anything we might
+want to count the membership in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count the membership in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count the membership in the
+American physical Society the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American physical Society the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American physical Society the number of
+papers presented at the at the meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers presented at the at the meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers presented at the at the meetings
+or something I've done look at say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I've done look at say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I've done look at say the
+number of Articles published in the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Articles published in the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Articles published in the main
+journals any of these things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals any of these things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals any of these things we can
+count starts growing exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count starts growing exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count starts growing exponentially
+during and especially after the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during and especially after the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during and especially after the second
+world war and the one that Paul really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and the one that Paul really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and the one that Paul really
+focused on and what will what often gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on and what will what often gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on and what will what often gets
+associated with big with the term big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with big with the term big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with big with the term big
+science was budgets was funding rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was budgets was funding rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was budgets was funding rates
+and that's the third that's his curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the third that's his curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the third that's his curve
+labeled number three in in this plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled number three in in this plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled number three in in this plot of
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+the funding for what at the time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funding for what at the time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funding for what at the time was
+often called basic research meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called basic research meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called basic research meaning it
+wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+um to build specific devices it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to build specific devices it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to build specific devices it wasn't
+tied to a very specific so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to a very specific so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to a very specific so-called
+Mission oriented programs uh it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission oriented programs uh it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission oriented programs uh it was for
+open-ended uh often academic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended uh often academic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended uh often academic or
+university-based research uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university-based research uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university-based research uh in the
+physical sciences or in physics even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences or in physics even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences or in physics even
+narrowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly
+and one of the amazing things that Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the amazing things that Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the amazing things that Paul
+identifies is that over just a 15-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies is that over just a 15-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies is that over just a 15-year
+period from just on the cusp of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from just on the cusp of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from just on the cusp of the
+second world war to just really if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war to just really if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war to just really if not
+even a Whole Decade after that 15-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a Whole Decade after that 15-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a Whole Decade after that 15-year
+period the budget just in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the budget just in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the budget just in the United
+States for funding the so-called you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States for funding the so-called you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States for funding the so-called you
+know so-called curiosity driven or basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so-called curiosity driven or basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so-called curiosity driven or basic
+research in physics the budget grew by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in physics the budget grew by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in physics the budget grew by a
+factor of 25 not a 25 increase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 25 not a 25 increase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 25 not a 25 increase that
+already would seem generous these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already would seem generous these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already would seem generous these days
+it grew by a multiplicative factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grew by a multiplicative factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grew by a multiplicative factor of
+25. that still boggles my mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25. that still boggles my mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25. that still boggles my mind that
+includes the extraordinary escalation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the extraordinary escalation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the extraordinary escalation
+during the war and then as we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war and then as we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war and then as we see it
+sort of never slows down or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of never slows down or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of never slows down or it doesn't
+slow down frequency even afterward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down frequency even afterward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down frequency even afterward so
+the first thing that Paul helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that Paul helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that Paul helps us
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+is this enormous change in scale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this enormous change in scale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this enormous change in scale for
+things like funding for research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like funding for research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like funding for research in
+physics the next thing he does this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the next thing he does this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the next thing he does this is
+really where the article gets especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the article gets especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the article gets especially
+detailed it's not just this the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed it's not just this the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed it's not just this the scale of
+funding but also the source that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding but also the source that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding but also the source that was
+also changing quite dramatically during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changing quite dramatically during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changing quite dramatically during
+these immediate years after the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these immediate years after the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these immediate years after the second
+world war in the United States so four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war in the United States so four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war in the United States so four
+years after the war in 1949 96 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the war in 1949 96 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the war in 1949 96 of the
+funds that represent this kind of curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds that represent this kind of curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds that represent this kind of curve
+here for academic basic physical search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for academic basic physical search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for academic basic physical search
+we're coming not just from the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming not just from the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming not just from the U.S
+federal government that was already new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government that was already new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government that was already new
+but coming from the defense or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but coming from the defense or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but coming from the defense or
+military-related branches that included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military-related branches that included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military-related branches that included
+the atomic energy commission a nominally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic energy commission a nominally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic energy commission a nominally
+civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian
+agency that nonetheless was responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency that nonetheless was responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency that nonetheless was responsible
+for the nuclear weapons complex so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nuclear weapons complex so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nuclear weapons complex so if
+you include aec is defense related as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include aec is defense related as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include aec is defense related as
+well as what became called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as what became called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as what became called the
+Department of Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense
+96 of this exponentially growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 of this exponentially growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 of this exponentially growing
+um amount of money was coming from now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um amount of money was coming from now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um amount of money was coming from now a
+unique source and what Paul finds I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique source and what Paul finds I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique source and what Paul finds I find
+this even more interesting uh five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even more interesting uh five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even more interesting uh five years
+later in 1954 that proport as the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in 1954 that proport as the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in 1954 that proport as the total
+budget has grown exponentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget has grown exponentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget has grown exponentially the
+proportion coming from the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion coming from the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion coming from the defense
+related agencies of the US federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related agencies of the US federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related agencies of the US federal
+government those had actually grown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government those had actually grown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government those had actually grown to
+an even higher proportion from 96 to 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even higher proportion from 96 to 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even higher proportion from 96 to 98
+so why is that especially noteworthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that especially noteworthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that especially noteworthy
+because in between these two these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in between these two these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in between these two these two
+dates starting in 1950 the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates starting in 1950 the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates starting in 1950 the United States
+established for the first time the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for the first time the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for the first time the fully
+civilian National Science Foundation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian National Science Foundation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian National Science Foundation so
+even after there was a different uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after there was a different uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after there was a different uh you
+know non-defense oriented funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non-defense oriented funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non-defense oriented funding
+mechanism to support basic research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to support basic research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to support basic research in
+areas like physics and the life sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like physics and the life sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like physics and the life sciences
+and eventually some social sciences even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually some social sciences even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually some social sciences even
+after there was a thoroughly civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after there was a thoroughly civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after there was a thoroughly civilian
+mechanism nonetheless the both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism nonetheless the both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism nonetheless the both the
+amount and the proportion funds coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and the proportion funds coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and the proportion funds coming
+from uh defense related agencies was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh defense related agencies was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh defense related agencies was
+growing exponentially during this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponentially during this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponentially during this period
+so often when people use the term big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often when people use the term big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often when people use the term big
+science even back in the in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science even back in the in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science even back in the in the in this
+sort of time period itself let alone by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of time period itself let alone by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of time period itself let alone by
+historians since they often mean big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians since they often mean big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians since they often mean big
+budgets kind of unprecedented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets kind of unprecedented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets kind of unprecedented
+expenditures often from from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures often from from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures often from from from
+federal from nation state budgets not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal from nation state budgets not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal from nation state budgets not
+just from local universities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from local universities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from local universities or
+Associated Industries but enormous rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated Industries but enormous rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated Industries but enormous rise
+fast rising budgets to support basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast rising budgets to support basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast rising budgets to support basic
+research across the sciences that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research across the sciences that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research across the sciences that was
+big science kind of type one and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big science kind of type one and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big science kind of type one and indeed
+here at MIT that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT that happened
+um it was absolutely the story of MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was absolutely the story of MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was absolutely the story of MIT in
+particular as a kind of microcosm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as a kind of microcosm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as a kind of microcosm for
+the broader Trends here I'm showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader Trends here I'm showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader Trends here I'm showing the
+annual operating budget for MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual operating budget for MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual operating budget for MIT in
+inflation-adjusted it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation-adjusted it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation-adjusted it's a constant
+dollars you can compare like with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you can compare like with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you can compare like with like
+here's the very end of spending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the very end of spending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the very end of spending on the
+radiation laboratory the radar project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation laboratory the radar project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation laboratory the radar project
+here on campus there was a a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on campus there was a a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on campus there was a a brief
+demobilization after war and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demobilization after war and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demobilization after war and then it
+kind of exponential rise again for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exponential rise again for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exponential rise again for uh
+the better part of two decades that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better part of two decades that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better part of two decades that was
+by no means unique to MIT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means unique to MIT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means unique to MIT that's
+reflective of these broader trends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of these broader trends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of these broader trends that
+foreman had identified in that long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreman had identified in that long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreman had identified in that long ago
+article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+now what were people doing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what were people doing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what were people doing with that
+money I love this Photograph this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I love this Photograph this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I love this Photograph this is
+from mit's own once quite beloved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit's own once quite beloved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit's own once quite beloved
+synchrotron only recently decommissioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron only recently decommissioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron only recently decommissioned
+and this is on the uh right the facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is on the uh right the facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is on the uh right the facility
+on Vassar Street that will soon be torn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Vassar Street that will soon be torn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Vassar Street that will soon be torn
+down to make room for the new building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to make room for the new building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to make room for the new building
+for the new uh College of computing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new uh College of computing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new uh College of computing but
+starting in the early mid 50s MIT had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the early mid 50s MIT had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the early mid 50s MIT had
+its own particle accelerator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own particle accelerator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own particle accelerator this
+particular kind of device called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of device called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of device called the
+synchrotron here's a gratitude working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron here's a gratitude working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron here's a gratitude working
+on it with his bow tie I just love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it with his bow tie I just love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it with his bow tie I just love this
+you're going to do your work uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do your work uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do your work uh with
+your sports jacket and bow tie I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sports jacket and bow tie I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sports jacket and bow tie I don't
+know if that was because uh this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that was because uh this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that was because uh this person
+knew a photographer was coming or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a photographer was coming or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a photographer was coming or just
+how you dressed as a grad student in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you dressed as a grad student in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you dressed as a grad student in the
+50s I think it might have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s I think it might have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s I think it might have been the
+latter anyway so we start getting large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter anyway so we start getting large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter anyway so we start getting large
+and larger equipment there's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger equipment there's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger equipment there's no longer
+bench top experimentations beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench top experimentations beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench top experimentations beginning to
+grow rapidly it's about to engulf at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow rapidly it's about to engulf at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow rapidly it's about to engulf at
+least this one graduate student and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this one graduate student and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this one graduate student and of
+course that became just a pale pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that became just a pale pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that became just a pale pale
+imitation of the kinds of machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of the kinds of machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of the kinds of machines that
+would be also becoming more common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be also becoming more common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be also becoming more common in
+other parts of the country also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the country also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the country also
+supported by the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by the federal government
+almost overwhelming by the atomic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost overwhelming by the atomic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost overwhelming by the atomic energy
+Commission this was for a time at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission this was for a time at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission this was for a time at least
+the largest in the world certainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest in the world certainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest in the world certainly in
+the United States called the bevatron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States called the bevatron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States called the bevatron or
+the billion electron volt accelerator at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billion electron volt accelerator at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billion electron volt accelerator at
+Berkeley and here again you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and here again you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and here again you see an
+individual working on it with necktie uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual working on it with necktie uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual working on it with necktie uh
+in the lab this is a complete circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab this is a complete circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab this is a complete circle
+this is a ring of magnets to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a ring of magnets to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a ring of magnets to accelerate
+the particles in a circle so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles in a circle so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles in a circle so you can get
+get a sense of the scale there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of the scale there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of the scale there really
+filling a kind of factory-sized building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling a kind of factory-sized building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling a kind of factory-sized building
+so what happens when when the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when when the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when when the United
+States built many many of these from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States built many many of these from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States built many many of these from the
+kind of modest sized MIT synchrotron up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of modest sized MIT synchrotron up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of modest sized MIT synchrotron up
+to these behemoths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these behemoths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these behemoths
+uh they were physicists were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they were physicists were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they were physicists were able to
+accelerate nuclear particles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate nuclear particles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate nuclear particles to
+unprecedented energies rev them up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented energies rev them up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented energies rev them up by
+those electromagnets basically smash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electromagnets basically smash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electromagnets basically smash
+them together and very soon they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and very soon they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and very soon they began
+finding an exponentially Rising number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an exponentially Rising number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an exponentially Rising number
+of new particles so with these large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new particles so with these large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new particles so with these large and
+larger machines physicists could probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger machines physicists could probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger machines physicists could probe
+energies uh excuse me interactions among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies uh excuse me interactions among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies uh excuse me interactions among
+particles at higher and higher energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at higher and higher energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at higher and higher energies
+and not quite every single time they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not quite every single time they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not quite every single time they try
+but with remarkable rapidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with remarkable rapidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with remarkable rapidity
+they began finding more and more new or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began finding more and more new or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began finding more and more new or
+previously unidentified particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously unidentified particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously unidentified particles
+zooming out of these of these collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming out of these of these collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming out of these of these collisions
+among nuclear particles and so even by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among nuclear particles and so even by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among nuclear particles and so even by
+the early 50s the joke was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 50s the joke was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 50s the joke was that
+basically every single month the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every single month the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every single month the
+community had discovered some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community had discovered some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community had discovered some new
+particle and that's borne out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that's borne out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that's borne out by the
+data uh by that a different colleague of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh by that a different colleague of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh by that a different colleague of
+mine uh compiled some years ago showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine uh compiled some years ago showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine uh compiled some years ago showing
+a number of published discoveries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of published discoveries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of published discoveries of
+seemingly newer Elementary particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly newer Elementary particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly newer Elementary particles
+growing again exponentially over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing again exponentially over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing again exponentially over time so
+the second meaning that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second meaning that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second meaning that's often
+attributed to this phrase the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to this phrase the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to this phrase the very
+common phrase of big science is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common phrase of big science is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common phrase of big science is big
+machines kind of conducting research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines kind of conducting research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines kind of conducting research on
+a on a scale of instrumentation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a scale of instrumentation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a scale of instrumentation that
+again had very few if any precedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again had very few if any precedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again had very few if any precedence
+before the second world war so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the second world war so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the second world war so big
+funding big budgets and also big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding big budgets and also big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding big budgets and also big
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+there's a third kind of element of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third kind of element of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a third kind of element of big
+science that really I've been most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that really I've been most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that really I've been most
+interested in most curious about for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in most curious about for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in most curious about for for
+a long time I've written a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time I've written a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time I've written a lot about
+this in my historical work and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in my historical work and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in my historical work and the third
+aspect of big science that I think often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of big science that I think often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of big science that I think often
+got overlooked in the early days was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got overlooked in the early days was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got overlooked in the early days was
+actually big enrollments an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually big enrollments an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually big enrollments an enormous
+training mission to train lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training mission to train lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training mission to train lots and lots
+and lots of specialists in The Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of specialists in The Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of specialists in The Sciences
+often in physics or the closely Allied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in physics or the closely Allied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in physics or the closely Allied
+physical sciences in particular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences in particular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences in particular so
+here's again a photo kind of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's again a photo kind of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's again a photo kind of close to
+home here's uh Tony French who I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home here's uh Tony French who I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home here's uh Tony French who I think
+only very recently passed away lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very recently passed away lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very recently passed away lived
+just about age 100 a very very long life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about age 100 a very very long life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about age 100 a very very long life
+he actually worked in the Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually worked in the Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually worked in the Manhattan
+Project originally himself and then made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project originally himself and then made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project originally himself and then made
+a very long distinguished career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long distinguished career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long distinguished career
+teaching physics here at MIT teaching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching physics here at MIT teaching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching physics here at MIT teaching in
+a room that I'm sure many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room that I'm sure many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room that I'm sure many of you know
+very well 26 100. this is when this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well 26 100. this is when this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well 26 100. this is when this kind
+of picture for undergraduate physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture for undergraduate physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picture for undergraduate physics
+classes no longer becomes Unthinkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes no longer becomes Unthinkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes no longer becomes Unthinkable
+but in fact becomes the norm again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact becomes the norm again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact becomes the norm again
+really across the country not only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really across the country not only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really across the country not only at
+MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+so the Third Kind of aspect of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Third Kind of aspect of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Third Kind of aspect of big
+science that I found most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that I found most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that I found most interesting
+Most Wanted to dig into uh was big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most Wanted to dig into uh was big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most Wanted to dig into uh was big
+enrollments this kind of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments this kind of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments this kind of training
+mission I would take a few minutes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission I would take a few minutes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission I would take a few minutes now
+oh excuse me it's the last Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh excuse me it's the last Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh excuse me it's the last Point here
+again to bring it back home to MIT I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to bring it back home to MIT I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to bring it back home to MIT I get
+mits and Romans grow exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mits and Romans grow exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mits and Romans grow exponentially
+during this period uh exactly consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period uh exactly consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period uh exactly consistent
+with the broader Nationwide pattern this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the broader Nationwide pattern this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the broader Nationwide pattern this
+is also the first period uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the first period uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the first period uh in the
+decades soon after the second world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades soon after the second world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades soon after the second world war
+where the the number of full-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the number of full-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the number of full-time
+graduate students uh catches up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students uh catches up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students uh catches up and
+actually comes to exceed the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes to exceed the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes to exceed the number of
+undergraduates at MIT right now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates at MIT right now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates at MIT right now they're
+just about 50 50. but it had been a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about 50 50. but it had been a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about 50 50. but it had been a very
+small proportion in mit's earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small proportion in mit's earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small proportion in mit's earlier
+history again consistent with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history again consistent with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history again consistent with many
+places across the country so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places across the country so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places across the country so you have a
+very rapid expansion in this mission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid expansion in this mission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid expansion in this mission to
+train lots and lots of new Specialists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train lots and lots of new Specialists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train lots and lots of new Specialists
+often in the physical sciences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the physical sciences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the physical sciences and
+related engineering Fields okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related engineering Fields okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related engineering Fields okay
+so this plot I look at all the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this plot I look at all the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this plot I look at all the time I
+stare at this picture really often and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this picture really often and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this picture really often and I
+think most of not all of our teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of not all of our teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of not all of our teaching
+assistants have have stared therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants have have stared therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants have have stared therefore
+said to this graph also because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to this graph also because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to this graph also because I can't
+get away from it so this is a plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from it so this is a plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from it so this is a plot of
+the number of physics phds granted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of physics phds granted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of physics phds granted in
+the United States per year starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States per year starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States per year starting in
+1900 and this version of clock goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and this version of clock goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and this version of clock goes
+through 1980. we can read a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 1980. we can read a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 1980. we can read a lot of
+information off the kind of structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information off the kind of structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information off the kind of structure of
+this plot we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot we can see that the
+enrollments fell very quickly during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments fell very quickly during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments fell very quickly during the
+second world war which makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war which makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war which makes sense
+people were drafted many people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were drafted many people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were drafted many people uh
+weren't drafted but were in physics left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't drafted but were in physics left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't drafted but were in physics left
+school to go work on either the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school to go work on either the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school to go work on either the radar
+project uh the Manhattan Project or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh the Manhattan Project or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh the Manhattan Project or
+dozens of other related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of other related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of other related
+uh military projects during the war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh military projects during the war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh military projects during the war and
+Romans play then they started growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans play then they started growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans play then they started growing
+very rapidly as soon as the war is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly as soon as the war is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly as soon as the war is over
+uh they kind of reach a kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they kind of reach a kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they kind of reach a kind of what
+felt to many people at the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt to many people at the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt to many people at the time is
+saturation or a plateau but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation or a plateau but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation or a plateau but then they
+come take off yet again exponentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come take off yet again exponentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come take off yet again exponentially uh
+very soon after the launch of Sputnik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon after the launch of Sputnik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon after the launch of Sputnik
+the first artificial satellite launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first artificial satellite launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first artificial satellite launched
+by the Soviet Union late in 1957. so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Soviet Union late in 1957. so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Soviet Union late in 1957. so we
+have these periods of of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these periods of of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these periods of of exponential
+growth and expansion in fact during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and expansion in fact during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and expansion in fact during the
+second wave here starting in in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second wave here starting in in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second wave here starting in in the in
+the late 1950s between this takeoff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 1950s between this takeoff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 1950s between this takeoff and
+the peak the number of University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak the number of University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak the number of University
+departments within the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments within the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments within the United States
+physics departments that began offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics departments that began offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics departments that began offering
+a PhD degree doubled so it wasn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PhD degree doubled so it wasn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PhD degree doubled so it wasn't just
+that the same departments got bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same departments got bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same departments got bigger
+they really did but even the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really did but even the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really did but even the capacity
+across the United States to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States to make more
+and more trained Specialists doubled as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more trained Specialists doubled as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more trained Specialists doubled as
+well the number of PhD granting physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the number of PhD granting physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the number of PhD granting physics
+departments doubled between 1958 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments doubled between 1958 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments doubled between 1958 and
+1960 in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 in the U.S
+so many many fields of study were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many many fields of study were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many many fields of study were
+growing rapidly after the war this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing rapidly after the war this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing rapidly after the war this was a
+period of the the so-called GI bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of the the so-called GI bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of the the so-called GI bill
+which gave support at least to some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gave support at least to some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gave support at least to some uh
+returning veterans or now historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning veterans or now historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning veterans or now historians
+have identified some really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have identified some really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have identified some really quite
+extraordinary um racial disparities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary um racial disparities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary um racial disparities in
+frankly just biases in the way the GI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly just biases in the way the GI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly just biases in the way the GI
+bill was implemented it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was implemented it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was implemented it was it was
+originally designed to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally designed to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally designed to help
+um all veterans all U.S Veterans of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all veterans all U.S Veterans of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all veterans all U.S Veterans of the
+of the wartime armed services get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wartime armed services get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wartime armed services get uh
+extensive support for things like going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive support for things like going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive support for things like going
+back to college or including also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to college or including also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to college or including also going
+back for advanced degrees Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for advanced degrees Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for advanced degrees Beyond
+undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate
+so every field of study in the academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every field of study in the academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every field of study in the academy
+across the United States grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States grew
+exponentially after the war but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially after the war but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially after the war but look at
+these exponents the rate of growth for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponents the rate of growth for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponents the rate of growth for
+physics was actually twice as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics was actually twice as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics was actually twice as high as
+for all other fields combined so to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all other fields combined so to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all other fields combined so to make
+it easy to spot I've taken all phds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy to spot I've taken all phds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy to spot I've taken all phds that
+says green line and I just normalized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says green line and I just normalized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says green line and I just normalized it
+to the same value of physics phds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same value of physics phds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same value of physics phds in
+1945 because we can see rates have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 because we can see rates have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 because we can see rates have
+changed I could have made a log plot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed I could have made a log plot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed I could have made a log plot but
+anyway this is just a way to say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is just a way to say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is just a way to say what's
+the steepness of the of this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepness of the of this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepness of the of this curve
+compared to that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that curve
+so physics was growing uh twice as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physics was growing uh twice as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physics was growing uh twice as fast
+during a period of General exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a period of General exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a period of General exponential
+growth likewise all the fields went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth likewise all the fields went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth likewise all the fields went
+through some contraction none fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some contraction none fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some contraction none fell
+nearly as sharply as dramatically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as sharply as dramatically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as sharply as dramatically as
+physics uh during this uh following this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh during this uh following this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh during this uh following this
+peak this was not simply demographics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak this was not simply demographics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak this was not simply demographics
+this wasn't just more kind of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't just more kind of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't just more kind of um uh
+College age people in the community in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College age people in the community in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College age people in the community in
+fact those Trends were exactly out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact those Trends were exactly out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact those Trends were exactly out of
+phase so this purple line shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so this purple line shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so this purple line shows the
+proportion of the U.S population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the U.S population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of the U.S population
+uh in what we think of as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in what we think of as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in what we think of as a kind of
+common age range for graduate school uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common age range for graduate school uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common age range for graduate school uh
+the bulk of PhD students would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of PhD students would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of PhD students would have been
+in the range ages 25 to 29 at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range ages 25 to 29 at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range ages 25 to 29 at the time
+that proportion was actually falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proportion was actually falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proportion was actually falling
+during this exponential rise and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this exponential rise and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this exponential rise and then
+Rising during the crash this wasn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising during the crash this wasn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising during the crash this wasn't just
+a story of more of sort of baby boomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story of more of sort of baby boomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story of more of sort of baby boomers
+entering higher education that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering higher education that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering higher education that's
+actually out of phase the Baby Boomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out of phase the Baby Boomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out of phase the Baby Boomers
+enter hydrocation later this is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter hydrocation later this is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter hydrocation later this is growing
+like gangbusters for it points instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gangbusters for it points instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gangbusters for it points instead
+to some very intentional shifts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some very intentional shifts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some very intentional shifts and
+policies and incentives as we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and incentives as we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and incentives as we'll talk a
+bit more about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about today
+but before we go on to to say how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we go on to to say how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we go on to to say how what
+was happening at universities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening at universities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening at universities and
+Congressional funding and all that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congressional funding and all that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congressional funding and all that I
+want to pause a bit more on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pause a bit more on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pause a bit more on this
+photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph
+and say who was filling those seats if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say who was filling those seats if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say who was filling those seats if
+we seized not only uh Professor French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seized not only uh Professor French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seized not only uh Professor French
+up front in these you know familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front in these you know familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front in these you know familiar
+multi-stage blackboards which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-stage blackboards which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-stage blackboards which I
+personally dearly Miss I wish I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally dearly Miss I wish I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally dearly Miss I wish I could
+get back to those blackboards but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to those blackboards but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to those blackboards but look
+at the kind of the the folks filling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the kind of the the folks filling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the kind of the the folks filling the
+room uh and you know even from a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh and you know even from a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh and you know even from a quick
+glance we can say they mostly come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance we can say they mostly come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance we can say they mostly come from
+you know one demographic type and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one demographic type and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one demographic type and this
+was as as I'll say in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as as I'll say in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as as I'll say in the next few
+slides that we'll talk about that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that we'll talk about that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that we'll talk about that was
+not unique to MIT it was not unique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique to MIT it was not unique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique to MIT it was not unique to
+physics but it became especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but it became especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but it became especially
+accentuated during this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated during this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated during this period of
+exponential growth in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth in in the in the
+study of physics more and more the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of physics more and more the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of physics more and more the field
+narrowed in the enrollment Trends around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed in the enrollment Trends around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed in the enrollment Trends around
+basically white males uh whereas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically white males uh whereas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically white males uh whereas that
+had been not always the trend before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been not always the trend before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been not always the trend before and
+not not exclusively Trend now but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not exclusively Trend now but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not exclusively Trend now but in
+this intermediate period it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate period it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate period it was really
+really a period of real consolidation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a period of real consolidation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a period of real consolidation or
+contraction of the range of P of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction of the range of P of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction of the range of P of the
+types of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people
+who are otherwise flooding into physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are otherwise flooding into physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are otherwise flooding into physics
+here's a couple examples that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a couple examples that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a couple examples that I wrote
+about some years ago in an article uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some years ago in an article uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some years ago in an article uh um
+that I wrote up and uh other historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote up and uh other historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote up and uh other historians
+have found similar things at other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found similar things at other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found similar things at other in
+their own archive work here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own archive work here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own archive work here's an example
+that I found a letter of recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found a letter of recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found a letter of recommendation
+being written by uh Harvard physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written by uh Harvard physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written by uh Harvard physics
+Professor on behalf of his um recent PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor on behalf of his um recent PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor on behalf of his um recent PhD
+student looking for a job at one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student looking for a job at one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student looking for a job at one of the
+new National Laboratories this letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new National Laboratories this letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new National Laboratories this letter
+from 1954. the student had a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1954. the student had a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1954. the student had a traditional
+sounding Japanese last name the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding Japanese last name the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding Japanese last name the letter
+goes on to explain this was a child of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to explain this was a child of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to explain this was a child of
+Japanese immigrants who the student was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese immigrants who the student was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese immigrants who the student was
+actually born in the U.S in Honolulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually born in the U.S in Honolulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually born in the U.S in Honolulu
+and so but nonetheless the letter writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but nonetheless the letter writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but nonetheless the letter writer
+felt the need to emphasize that despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt the need to emphasize that despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt the need to emphasize that despite
+this kind of Japanese sounding name the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Japanese sounding name the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Japanese sounding name the
+applicant for this job actually was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant for this job actually was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicant for this job actually was not
+just a US citizen but a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a US citizen but a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a US citizen but a kind of
+honorable U.S veteran who'd fought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honorable U.S veteran who'd fought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honorable U.S veteran who'd fought in
+the U.S armed forces during the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S armed forces during the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S armed forces during the second
+world war it had to spell that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war it had to spell that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war it had to spell that out
+because of a kind of anticipation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a kind of anticipation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a kind of anticipation of a
+kind of anti-japanese sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anti-japanese sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anti-japanese sentiment
+Associated after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated after the war
+there are other notes I found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other notes I found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other notes I found in
+Berkeley's uh um physics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley's uh um physics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley's uh um physics department
+archives from 1950 a kind of um way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives from 1950 a kind of um way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives from 1950 a kind of um way to
+try to to to to to figure out who should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to to to to figure out who should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to to to to figure out who should
+be hired as the new faculty some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hired as the new faculty some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hired as the new faculty some new
+faculty members in the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members in the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members in the physics
+department and these are these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and these are these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and these are these kind of
+informal handwritten notes that mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal handwritten notes that mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal handwritten notes that mostly
+emphasize personal appearances using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize personal appearances using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize personal appearances using
+some pretty you know kind of flagrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty you know kind of flagrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty you know kind of flagrant
+stereotypes they often talk in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes they often talk in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes they often talk in these
+notes about Jewish noses Jewish features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about Jewish noses Jewish features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about Jewish noses Jewish features
+Jewish type whether the the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish type whether the the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish type whether the the person who
+looked Jewish was or was not too pushy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked Jewish was or was not too pushy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked Jewish was or was not too pushy
+and that was got much more space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was got much more space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was got much more space in
+these notes than what the actual topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes than what the actual topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes than what the actual topic
+of research was or what a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research was or what a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research was or what a kind of
+teacher the person might be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher the person might be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher the person might be in the
+classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+it's because we saw some of that even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because we saw some of that even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because we saw some of that even in
+some lectures ago about a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lectures ago about a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lectures ago about a kind of
+widespread anti-Semitism in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread anti-Semitism in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread anti-Semitism in many many
+U.S universities before the war it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S universities before the war it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S universities before the war it
+certainly didn't vanish after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly didn't vanish after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly didn't vanish after the war
+here's another example also turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example also turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example also turns out
+from Berkeley this was also not unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Berkeley this was also not unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Berkeley this was also not unique
+department head was answering a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department head was answering a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department head was answering a kind of
+uh query from I think in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh query from I think in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh query from I think in this case a
+Dean or something like that I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean or something like that I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean or something like that I can't
+remember and the department head for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and the department head for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and the department head for
+physics for Berkeley's physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics for Berkeley's physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics for Berkeley's physics
+department says we have in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department says we have in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department says we have in in the
+department heads words no minority group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department heads words no minority group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department heads words no minority group
+problems in the department so far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the department so far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the department so far as
+race is concerned we have never yet had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race is concerned we have never yet had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race is concerned we have never yet had
+a negro grad student in the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negro grad student in the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negro grad student in the department
+hence that particular problem so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence that particular problem so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence that particular problem so-called
+problem has never Arisen I just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has never Arisen I just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has never Arisen I just find
+this extraordinary Berkeley as as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extraordinary Berkeley as as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extraordinary Berkeley as as I
+think you know so uh then is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know so uh then is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know so uh then is now a
+public university in a very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public university in a very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public university in a very dense
+metropolitan area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area
+um that also was at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that also was at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that also was at this point the
+country's largest graduate program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's largest graduate program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's largest graduate program in
+physics they had well over 100 grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they had well over 100 grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they had well over 100 grad
+students at a time enrolled and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at a time enrolled and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at a time enrolled and that
+number kept Rising during this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number kept Rising during this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number kept Rising during this period
+And yet uh the the department had could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet uh the the department had could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet uh the the department had could
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+I don't want to say proudly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to say proudly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to say proudly because
+State matter or faculty that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State matter or faculty that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State matter or faculty that they've
+never had a so-called um minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a so-called um minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a so-called um minority
+problem because they haven't had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they haven't had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they haven't had any
+minorities at least no African-Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minorities at least no African-Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minorities at least no African-Americans
+uh in the department I just find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the department I just find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the department I just find that
+it's extraordinary one last example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extraordinary one last example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extraordinary one last example this
+one is in case these were a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in case these were a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in case these were a little too
+subtle I don't think they're very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle I don't think they're very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle I don't think they're very subtle
+here's another one I found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one I found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one I found in the
+archive some years ago a job ad for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive some years ago a job ad for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive some years ago a job ad for a
+new physics instructor at the U.S Naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new physics instructor at the U.S Naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new physics instructor at the U.S Naval
+Academy in Annapolis and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy in Annapolis and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy in Annapolis and it actually
+said in the ad things that people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the ad things that people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the ad things that people can't
+literally can't write anymore it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally can't write anymore it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally can't write anymore it said
+literally don't even apply unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally don't even apply unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally don't even apply unless you
+are quote white male as an American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quote white male as an American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quote white male as an American
+citizen so the this was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen so the this was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen so the this was a kind of
+assumption throughout all of these notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption throughout all of these notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption throughout all of these notes
+but the people entering the field either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people entering the field either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people entering the field either
+as grad students or as young faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as grad students or as young faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as grad students or as young faculty
+would be male they'd be men uh but of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be male they'd be men uh but of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be male they'd be men uh but of a
+particular kind of um uh background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of um uh background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of um uh background and
+then we can ask what about people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can ask what about people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can ask what about people who
+weren't male and here again we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't male and here again we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't male and here again we had the
+reading from Professor Evelyn Fox Keller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading from Professor Evelyn Fox Keller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading from Professor Evelyn Fox Keller
+uh and I just want to share put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just want to share put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just want to share put that in
+a bit more context as well also again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more context as well also again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more context as well also again
+research I've done and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I've done and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I've done and many other
+stories by now have found very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories by now have found very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories by now have found very similar
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so throughout the 1930s in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so throughout the 1930s in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so throughout the 1930s in the U.S
+physics Community women had accounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics Community women had accounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics Community women had accounted
+for about one-sixth of the students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about one-sixth of the students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about one-sixth of the students who
+earned undergraduate degrees in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned undergraduate degrees in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned undergraduate degrees in physics
+each year uh during the 30s so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each year uh during the 30s so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each year uh during the 30s so before
+the second World War not one half but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second World War not one half but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second World War not one half but
+about about one-sixth we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about one-sixth we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about one-sixth we're getting
+undergraduate degrees and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degrees and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degrees and that
+proportion fell by a factor of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion fell by a factor of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion fell by a factor of four
+during the post-war decade so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the post-war decade so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the post-war decade so instead of
+16 each year it fell to four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 each year it fell to four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 each year it fell to four percent
+very very rapidly after uh the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very rapidly after uh the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very rapidly after uh the end of
+the second world war meanwhile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war meanwhile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war meanwhile the
+proportion in the U.S of women who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion in the U.S of women who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion in the U.S of women who had
+earned phds before the war phds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned phds before the war phds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned phds before the war phds in
+physics had never been large it'd only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics had never been large it'd only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics had never been large it'd only
+been about average about four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about average about four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about average about four percent
+held pretty steady throughout the 30s at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held pretty steady throughout the 30s at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held pretty steady throughout the 30s at
+four percent one out of 25 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent one out of 25 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent one out of 25 and that
+already small proportion fell in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already small proportion fell in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already small proportion fell in half
+again during that post-war decade so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again during that post-war decade so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again during that post-war decade so
+from a trickle to to barely even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trickle to to barely even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trickle to to barely even
+measurable practically uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable practically uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable practically uh in terms of
+just uh the throughput through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh the throughput through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh the throughput through these
+these now large booming departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now large booming departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now large booming departments
+there's also this this part I found even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this this part I found even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this this part I found even
+more interesting droplet there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting droplet there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting droplet there was a
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ambivalence among many physicists about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalence among many physicists about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalence among many physicists about
+what to do about women in or near or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about women in or near or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about women in or near or
+around physics if they weren't uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around physics if they weren't uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around physics if they weren't uh if
+there weren't very many women who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't very many women who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't very many women who were
+students uh formally in physics what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh formally in physics what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh formally in physics what
+about the male students who uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the male students who uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the male students who uh were
+assumed to be uh uh heterosexual and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be uh uh heterosexual and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be uh uh heterosexual and uh
+and and having relations with women what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and having relations with women what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and having relations with women what
+about the women who were were dating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the women who were were dating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the women who were were dating or
+married to the male physicists either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to the male physicists either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to the male physicists either
+young grad students or young faculty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young grad students or young faculty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young grad students or young faculty and
+again those are kind of back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those are kind of back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those are kind of back and forth
+like some people say it's great that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some people say it's great that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some people say it's great that so
+many male physics students are married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many male physics students are married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many male physics students are married
+because it gives them stability now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives them stability now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives them stability now they
+can focus I don't know where they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus I don't know where they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus I don't know where they get
+that idea from that was one idea on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea from that was one idea on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea from that was one idea on the
+other hand you see these things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you see these things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you see these things like the
+women are cast as being sort of too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are cast as being sort of too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are cast as being sort of too
+demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding
+uh the wives want the husband's home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wives want the husband's home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wives want the husband's home
+early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+I wrote a lot about these advertisements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote a lot about these advertisements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote a lot about these advertisements
+for physics positions in the main kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for physics positions in the main kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for physics positions in the main kind
+of trade Journal of the time physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trade Journal of the time physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trade Journal of the time physics
+today which were mostly advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which were mostly advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which were mostly advertising
+about the kind of um uh great kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of um uh great kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of um uh great kind of
+suburban comfortable middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban comfortable middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban comfortable middle class
+lifestyle rather than like we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle rather than like we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle rather than like we have the
+best equipment we study really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best equipment we study really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best equipment we study really
+interesting problems it was all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems it was all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems it was all about
+the male physicists so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male physicists so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male physicists so-called
+Breadwinner can make a nice life for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breadwinner can make a nice life for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breadwinner can make a nice life for the
+for the family uh while the wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the family uh while the wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the family uh while the wife
+presumably stays home with the kids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably stays home with the kids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably stays home with the kids that
+was how you would advertise to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how you would advertise to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how you would advertise to get the
+best business this Photograph I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best business this Photograph I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best business this Photograph I love
+this is from again Berkeley's Archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from again Berkeley's Archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from again Berkeley's Archives
+this was a a acquainted t for the wives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a a acquainted t for the wives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a a acquainted t for the wives
+of new physicists uh who joined the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new physicists uh who joined the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new physicists uh who joined the the
+large radiation laboratory uh and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large radiation laboratory uh and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large radiation laboratory uh and what I
+love is that the the greeting line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is that the the greeting line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is that the the greeting line here
+are the wives standing in rank order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the wives standing in rank order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the wives standing in rank order of
+their husbands of the lab so they said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their husbands of the lab so they said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their husbands of the lab so they said I
+can remember is here or here sorry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember is here or here sorry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember is here or here sorry but
+one of the end points was the wife of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the end points was the wife of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the end points was the wife of
+the director of the laboratory at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director of the laboratory at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director of the laboratory at the
+time and this was like the wife of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this was like the wife of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this was like the wife of the
+associate director and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate director and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate director and so on
+uh meanwhile John Slater who was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meanwhile John Slater who was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meanwhile John Slater who was very
+for a very long time the department head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time the department head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time the department head
+of physics here at MIT and really helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics here at MIT and really helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics here at MIT and really helped
+build the modern department and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the modern department and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the modern department and in many
+things uh that he said in motion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh that he said in motion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh that he said in motion that we
+now kind of take for granted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now kind of take for granted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now kind of take for granted on the
+other hand he was also capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand he was also capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand he was also capable of
+writing things like this in the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things like this in the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things like this in the late 60s
+in physics today where he's he's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics today where he's he's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics today where he's he's not so
+excited about about uh the the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about about uh the the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about about uh the the presence
+of so many wives uh just seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so many wives uh just seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so many wives uh just seemingly
+distracting the male physics question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting the male physics question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting the male physics question so
+he writes that present students by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes that present students by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes that present students by which
+he means male physics grad students find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means male physics grad students find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means male physics grad students find
+it harder to settle down to work wives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harder to settle down to work wives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harder to settle down to work wives
+and babies take up a lot of time that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and babies take up a lot of time that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and babies take up a lot of time that my
+generation put into physics there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation put into physics there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation put into physics there's very
+little evidence of action there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little evidence of action there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little evidence of action there was
+marriage rates were any different at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage rates were any different at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage rates were any different at
+some point but this is his nostalgia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point but this is his nostalgia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point but this is his nostalgia the
+wives it is true help to type their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wives it is true help to type their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wives it is true help to type their
+husband's Theses by the older days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband's Theses by the older days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband's Theses by the older days the
+necessity of doing this ourselves made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of doing this ourselves made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of doing this ourselves made
+us learn typing I just I mean that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us learn typing I just I mean that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us learn typing I just I mean that one
+just kind of makes me laugh like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of makes me laugh like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of makes me laugh like you
+it's not even a benefit to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even a benefit to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even a benefit to have
+secretarial support the men should learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretarial support the men should learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretarial support the men should learn
+how to type on their own he's just he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to type on their own he's just he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to type on their own he's just he's
+just you know frazzled by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know frazzled by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know frazzled by the fact that
+women are not studying physics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are not studying physics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are not studying physics but
+they're also not somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also not somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also not somehow
+leaving the male physical red students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the male physical red students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the male physical red students
+you know alone it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know alone it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know alone it's really
+remarkable so that I find that helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable so that I find that helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable so that I find that helpful
+context that when we come to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that when we come to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that when we come to this
+reading that we had for today from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that we had for today from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that we had for today from my
+colleague um Professor Evelyn Fox Keller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague um Professor Evelyn Fox Keller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague um Professor Evelyn Fox Keller
+is a remarkable scholar is what got on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a remarkable scholar is what got on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a remarkable scholar is what got on
+to win you know more Awards than I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win you know more Awards than I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win you know more Awards than I could
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+um she retired from MIT a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she retired from MIT a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she retired from MIT a couple of
+years ago so she wrote this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so she wrote this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so she wrote this this
+reminiscence kind of later in her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscence kind of later in her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscence kind of later in her own
+career of her experiences as a grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career of her experiences as a grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career of her experiences as a grad
+student in theoretical physics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in theoretical physics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in theoretical physics at
+Harvard in the starting the late 1950s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard in the starting the late 1950s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard in the starting the late 1950s I
+think she entered around 1958 give or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think she entered around 1958 give or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think she entered around 1958 give or
+take if I remember correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if I remember correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if I remember correctly
+uh so at that time again it's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so at that time again it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so at that time again it's based on
+my own archival research Harvard's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own archival research Harvard's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own archival research Harvard's
+Department also by that point had grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department also by that point had grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department also by that point had grown
+to have about 100 PhD students enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have about 100 PhD students enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have about 100 PhD students enrolled
+total not 100 new ones per year but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total not 100 new ones per year but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total not 100 new ones per year but
+across the approximately five years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the approximately five years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the approximately five years of
+grad school they had about a hundred a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school they had about a hundred a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school they had about a hundred a
+Time and during the 1950s the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time and during the 1950s the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time and during the 1950s the number of
+women PhD students in physics at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women PhD students in physics at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women PhD students in physics at Harvard
+range between three and seven so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between three and seven so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between three and seven so it was
+you know fewer than ten percent at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fewer than ten percent at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fewer than ten percent at any
+given year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given year
+and this is something that Evelyn writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that Evelyn writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that Evelyn writes
+about in her piece and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in her piece and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in her piece and I found
+independently in the archives the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in the archives the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in the archives the women
+who entered grad school of study for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who entered grad school of study for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who entered grad school of study for a
+PhD in physics at Harvard would apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD in physics at Harvard would apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD in physics at Harvard would apply to
+Harvard's Department of physics if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard's Department of physics if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard's Department of physics if they
+were accepted then their files are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accepted then their files are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accepted then their files are
+transferred to a kind of Make-Believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to a kind of Make-Believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to a kind of Make-Believe
+shell game called a Radcliffe graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell game called a Radcliffe graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell game called a Radcliffe graduate
+school the time Radcliffe was of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the time Radcliffe was of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the time Radcliffe was of course
+a separate all women undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate all women undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate all women undergraduate
+institution that did not have its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that did not have its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that did not have its own
+physics department and did not Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department and did not Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department and did not Grant
+phds in physics so the the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phds in physics so the the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phds in physics so the the women
+applicants like the like the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants like the like the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants like the like the male
+applicants would apply to Harvard's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants would apply to Harvard's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicants would apply to Harvard's
+Department of physics for graduate study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of physics for graduate study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of physics for graduate study
+and then their papers their files would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their papers their files would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their papers their files would
+literally be segregated be shipped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally be segregated be shipped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally be segregated be shipped off
+to be physically housed in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be physically housed in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be physically housed in a different
+building and as Evelyn recounts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and as Evelyn recounts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and as Evelyn recounts that
+actually could matter it wasn't just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could matter it wasn't just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could matter it wasn't just uh
+um that they were treated differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they were treated differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they were treated differently
+that could mean like they wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could mean like they wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could mean like they wouldn't get
+certain announcements for like when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain announcements for like when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain announcements for like when the
+final exam would be for a graduate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam would be for a graduate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam would be for a graduate level
+of course as Evelyn recounts in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as Evelyn recounts in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as Evelyn recounts in her
+piece of course she talked about many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of course she talked about many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of course she talked about many
+other microaggressions what we even we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other microaggressions what we even we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other microaggressions what we even we
+might even call meso aggression some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even call meso aggression some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even call meso aggression some of
+them weren't so micro and they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them weren't so micro and they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them weren't so micro and they kind of
+climate or atmospherics in the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate or atmospherics in the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate or atmospherics in the to
+property at a time so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property at a time so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property at a time so I just want to
+give back on this she was she was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give back on this she was she was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give back on this she was she was not
+alone and uh other archival materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and uh other archival materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and uh other archival materials
+from the time suggest similar kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the time suggest similar kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the time suggest similar kinds of
+experiences for other people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences for other people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences for other people in the
+field the American Institute of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the American Institute of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the American Institute of physics
+compiled data in the early 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled data in the early 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled data in the early 60s
+um and they found again maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they found again maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they found again maybe not
+surprising what we now know today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising what we now know today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising what we now know today that
+women who the few women who did pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who the few women who did pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who the few women who did pursue
+careers in physics uh were paid much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers in physics uh were paid much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers in physics uh were paid much
+much much less uh than men in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less uh than men in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less uh than men in the field
+who had achieved the same level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had achieved the same level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had achieved the same level of
+Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education
+and here are the other things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the other things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the other things that I
+found in my own archival work that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in my own archival work that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in my own archival work that I
+that still frankly kind of haunts me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still frankly kind of haunts me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still frankly kind of haunts me uh
+there was a tradition in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a tradition in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a tradition in many
+departments at Harvard's Department uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments at Harvard's Department uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments at Harvard's Department uh
+and many around the country including uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many around the country including uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many around the country including uh
+University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
+of having these informal skits sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having these informal skits sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having these informal skits sometimes
+the grad students do a skit to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grad students do a skit to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grad students do a skit to kind of
+have a gentle roast to kind of tease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gentle roast to kind of tease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gentle roast to kind of tease
+their own faculty sometimes the junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own faculty sometimes the junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own faculty sometimes the junior
+faculty do a skit to tease their senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty do a skit to tease their senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty do a skit to tease their senior
+factors not a good idea for your tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors not a good idea for your tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors not a good idea for your tenure
+track anyway so I found these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track anyway so I found these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track anyway so I found these
+transcripts of these faculty skits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts of these faculty skits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts of these faculty skits uh
+from physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physics
+from Urbana in the early 60s and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Urbana in the early 60s and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Urbana in the early 60s and they
+were joking when you're seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were joking when you're seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were joking when you're seemingly
+innocently just kind of blowing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocently just kind of blowing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocently just kind of blowing off
+steam about how they should handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam about how they should handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam about how they should handle
+admissions to the PHD program and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions to the PHD program and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissions to the PHD program and they
+said the male applicants should submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the male applicants should submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the male applicants should submit
+their credit ratings do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit ratings do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit ratings do you have a
+strong FICO score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong FICO score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong FICO score
+um and the women applicants excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the women applicants excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the women applicants excuse me
+the girls in has written there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls in has written there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls in has written there should
+submit photos of themselves in bathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit photos of themselves in bathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit photos of themselves in bathing
+suits and give their critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits and give their critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits and give their critical
+measurements and again that wasn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and again that wasn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and again that wasn't like
+unique you see the other ads from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique you see the other ads from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique you see the other ads from
+physics today for a kind of Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics today for a kind of Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics today for a kind of Optics
+manufacturer that has really good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer that has really good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer that has really good uh
+polarizing lenses and so instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing lenses and so instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing lenses and so instead of just
+saying we have great equipment and cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we have great equipment and cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we have great equipment and cool
+research projects they put you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects they put you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects they put you know
+so-called pinup girl a woman in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called pinup girl a woman in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called pinup girl a woman in a in
+basically sort of like a bathing suit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of like a bathing suit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of like a bathing suit to
+show off um the the Optics uh of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show off um the the Optics uh of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show off um the the Optics uh of the of
+the company so again this is this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so again this is this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so again this is this was
+not obviously not unique to physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously not unique to physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously not unique to physics
+departments in the United States at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments in the United States at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments in the United States at the
+time it's um reflective of but also kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's um reflective of but also kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's um reflective of but also kind
+of amplifying uh some very pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amplifying uh some very pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amplifying uh some very pervasive
+um kind of cultural stereotypes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of cultural stereotypes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of cultural stereotypes or
+Notions uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions uh that that
+to which universities were hardly immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which universities were hardly immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which universities were hardly immune
+and we see you kind of I think a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see you kind of I think a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see you kind of I think a kind of
+amplifications of these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifications of these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifications of these things in
+physics departments doing exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics departments doing exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics departments doing exactly this
+period And I I find Evelyn's piece you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And I I find Evelyn's piece you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And I I find Evelyn's piece you
+know especially evocative of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially evocative of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially evocative of that are
+hardly unique so my last thing to say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly unique so my last thing to say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly unique so my last thing to say on
+this on this first part about big signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this first part about big signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this first part about big signs
+meaning big enrollments so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning big enrollments so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning big enrollments so it's really
+critical to keep in mind these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to keep in mind these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to keep in mind these were
+enrollments of a certain kind and Romans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments of a certain kind and Romans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments of a certain kind and Romans
+were growing exponentially faster in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were growing exponentially faster in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were growing exponentially faster in
+physics than in any other field across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics than in any other field across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics than in any other field across
+the American Academy and yet it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American Academy and yet it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American Academy and yet it was
+really as as the numbers were growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as as the numbers were growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as as the numbers were growing
+the the demographics were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the demographics were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the demographics were actually
+winnowing very very quickly uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnowing very very quickly uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnowing very very quickly uh and and
+looked nothing like either what had come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked nothing like either what had come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked nothing like either what had come
+before or indeed what has slowly come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or indeed what has slowly come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or indeed what has slowly come to
+to open up since so let me pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open up since so let me pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open up since so let me pause there
+and ask for some questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask for some questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask for some questions and then
+we'll we'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll um
+we'll go to the next part any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to the next part any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to the next part any questions
+any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Das wiser saw two part of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Das wiser saw two part of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Das wiser saw two part of the number of
+papers released that might be referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers released that might be referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers released that might be referring
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+uh that early platform Paul Foreman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that early platform Paul Foreman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that early platform Paul Foreman
+about the number of papers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of papers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of papers at the
+meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings
+um I think there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think there are a lot of
+disruptions for things like um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions for things like um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions for things like um the
+second world war in the Korean War I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war in the Korean War I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war in the Korean War I'd
+have to go back to exact dates but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to exact dates but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to exact dates but I
+think there are other kind of worldly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are other kind of worldly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are other kind of worldly
+events that would affect the um the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that would affect the um the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that would affect the um the kind
+of annual attendance but I can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annual attendance but I can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annual attendance but I can go back
+and double check on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and double check on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and double check on that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh yeah okay other other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah okay other other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah okay other other kind of
+Benjamin asked did I just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin asked did I just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin asked did I just say that
+physics were expected new relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics were expected new relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics were expected new relationships
+is really interesting so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really interesting so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really interesting so sometimes
+department heads would celebrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department heads would celebrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department heads would celebrate that
+more and more they're of their again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more they're of their again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more they're of their again
+overwhelming male grad students were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming male grad students were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming male grad students were
+getting married uh to to women uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting married uh to to women uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting married uh to to women uh and
+they thought this was adorable they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought this was adorable they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought this was adorable they'd
+have little parties the Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little parties the Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little parties the Berkeley
+department head called an outbreak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department head called an outbreak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department head called an outbreak of
+marriageitis as if it was like a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriageitis as if it was like a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriageitis as if it was like a disease
+but he was like cute about it we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was like cute about it we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was like cute about it we should
+have a party we'll have cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a party we'll have cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a party we'll have cake
+um so sometimes they eye this very um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sometimes they eye this very um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sometimes they eye this very um as
+a cause for celebration and other times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cause for celebration and other times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cause for celebration and other times
+they say no no no our students are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say no no no our students are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say no no no our students are too
+distracted back in my day all we did as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted back in my day all we did as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted back in my day all we did as
+a kind of Monkish thing they would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Monkish thing they would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Monkish thing they would say
+we were going to celibate monks and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to celibate monks and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to celibate monks and only
+study Physics which is not bought out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Physics which is not bought out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Physics which is not bought out by
+the existing uh data at all but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing uh data at all but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing uh data at all but it was
+how it was often cast by novel but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was often cast by novel but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was often cast by novel but by
+some physicists who were then later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physicists who were then later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physicists who were then later in
+their careers thinking back to their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their careers thinking back to their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their careers thinking back to their own
+experiences from the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences from the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences from the 30s
+Fisher you say on the graph physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher you say on the graph physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher you say on the graph physics
+species over time what caused a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species over time what caused a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species over time what caused a massive
+droplet yeah we'll get to that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet yeah we'll get to that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet yeah we'll get to that uh I
+would think Vietnam is correct that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think Vietnam is correct that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think Vietnam is correct that is a
+large large part of the asset but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large part of the asset but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large part of the asset but we'll
+we will talk about that actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about that actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about that actually a
+little bit later in today's class it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later in today's class it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later in today's class it's a
+great great question anyway any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question anyway any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question anyway any other
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+the main I mean one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main I mean one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main I mean one of the main
+takeaways is when people talk about big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways is when people talk about big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways is when people talk about big
+science that might mean big money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that might mean big money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that might mean big money and
+don't memorize not just money budgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't memorize not just money budgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't memorize not just money budgets
+but actually The Source in the US had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually The Source in the US had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually The Source in the US had
+really collapsed to these defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really collapsed to these defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really collapsed to these defense
+agencies at the federal level big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies at the federal level big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies at the federal level big
+machines and I love those pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and I love those pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and I love those pictures of
+these enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enormous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh cyclotrons and synchrotrons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cyclotrons and synchrotrons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cyclotrons and synchrotrons is
+swallowing up the people wearing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing up the people wearing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing up the people wearing their
+neckties uh and then big enrollments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neckties uh and then big enrollments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neckties uh and then big enrollments
+where that enrollments part I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that enrollments part I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that enrollments part I really
+think has we have to keep the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has we have to keep the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has we have to keep the kind of
+asterisk in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk in mind
+some people wanted lots and lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people wanted lots and lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people wanted lots and lots and
+lots of people to study Physics let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people to study Physics let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people to study Physics let me
+let's ask a little bit more about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask a little bit more about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask a little bit more about who
+which which lots of What kinds of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which lots of What kinds of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which lots of What kinds of people
+uh and so I should say that last one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so I should say that last one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so I should say that last one I
+meant to cue up I have some ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to cue up I have some ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to cue up I have some ideas about
+why it was so narrowing demographically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was so narrowing demographically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was so narrowing demographically
+or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or
+stereotypically during that period that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypically during that period that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypically during that period that
+and that does have to do with the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that does have to do with the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that does have to do with the part
+we'll talk about next in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next in class
+um so I don't think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't think it was
+um either accidental or unexplainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either accidental or unexplainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either accidental or unexplainable
+why why that demographic narrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why that demographic narrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why that demographic narrowing
+happened amidst the ex-national growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened amidst the ex-national growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened amidst the ex-national growth
+and that's that's also I think at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's also I think at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's also I think at least
+in part a kind of cold war story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh D.A says that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D.A says that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D.A says that might have been
+Slater's own lifestyle read somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slater's own lifestyle read somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slater's own lifestyle read somewhere
+that he was not very social that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was not very social that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was not very social that
+absolutely could be there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely could be there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely could be there's a lot of
+personal idiosyncrasy to keep to bear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal idiosyncrasy to keep to bear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal idiosyncrasy to keep to bear in
+mind with these uh reminiscences but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind with these uh reminiscences but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind with these uh reminiscences but as
+I say sometimes it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say sometimes it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say sometimes it's just like
+fake Nostalgia or like real Nostalgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake Nostalgia or like real Nostalgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake Nostalgia or like real Nostalgia
+even though it was never quite that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was never quite that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was never quite that way
+at the time we can now independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time we can now independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time we can now independently
+check and also it is the mixture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and also it is the mixture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and also it is the mixture of the
+usual kind of play of personalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual kind of play of personalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual kind of play of personalities of
+who who's recalling what when and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's recalling what when and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's recalling what when and what
+context I absolutely agree with that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context I absolutely agree with that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context I absolutely agree with that I
+think exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think exactly right
+um okay let me press on to the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let me press on to the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let me press on to the next part
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I did not assign a reading squarely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did not assign a reading squarely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did not assign a reading squarely in
+this next part but I have written quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next part but I have written quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next part but I have written quite
+a lot about it so people are curious I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about it so people are curious I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about it so people are curious I'd
+be glad to point you to some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be glad to point you to some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be glad to point you to some more
+readings If this just kind of gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings If this just kind of gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings If this just kind of gets you
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+so let's talk about this term Manpower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about this term Manpower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about this term Manpower
+by now the man part might not be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now the man part might not be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now the man part might not be so
+surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising
+uh but I do think that's irrelevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I do think that's irrelevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I do think that's irrelevant for
+this for this next phase to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this next phase to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this next phase to help us
+account for this really extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for this really extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for this really extraordinary
+unprecedented growth in the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented growth in the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented growth in the numbers of
+people entering the field Manpower was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people entering the field Manpower was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people entering the field Manpower was
+originally a military term it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a military term it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a military term it really
+meant things like so-called boots on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant things like so-called boots on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant things like so-called boots on the
+ground the number of uh of say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the number of uh of say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the number of uh of say you know
+members of the Armed Forces who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the Armed Forces who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the Armed Forces who could
+who could mount an invasion stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could mount an invasion stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could mount an invasion stuff like
+that and this kind of military force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this kind of military force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this kind of military force
+term Manpower was very rapidly taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Manpower was very rapidly taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Manpower was very rapidly taken
+over to describe uh what seemed like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to describe uh what seemed like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to describe uh what seemed like a
+very pressing at times kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pressing at times kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pressing at times kind of
+hysterical concern in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysterical concern in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysterical concern in the United States
+to make lots and lots of new scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make lots and lots of new scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make lots and lots of new scientists
+that almost always meant physicists make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost always meant physicists make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost always meant physicists make
+lots and lots of new scientists so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of new scientists so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of new scientists so you
+could uh expand the ranks of so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh expand the ranks of so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh expand the ranks of so-called
+scientific Manpower here's one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Manpower here's one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Manpower here's one example
+again many examples of Beyond these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many examples of Beyond these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many examples of Beyond these uh
+Henry Barton shown here was at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Barton shown here was at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Barton shown here was at the time
+the presidents of the American Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presidents of the American Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presidents of the American Institute
+of physics very soon after the war he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics very soon after the war he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics very soon after the war he
+was saying in a time of national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying in a time of national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying in a time of national
+emergency including this period after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency including this period after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency including this period after
+the war this unsteady uh developing cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war this unsteady uh developing cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war this unsteady uh developing cold
+war with the Soviet Union this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war with the Soviet Union this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war with the Soviet Union this country
+would think nothing is spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think nothing is spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think nothing is spending a
+million dollars to survey developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars to survey developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars to survey developing
+conserve a short commodity like natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve a short commodity like natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve a short commodity like natural
+rubber or tin in other places people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber or tin in other places people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber or tin in other places people
+compared to physics around students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to physics around students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to physics around students to
+pigs and cattle which I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigs and cattle which I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigs and cattle which I thought was
+telling highly trained and able Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling highly trained and able Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling highly trained and able Human
+Resources viewed as a commodity are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resources viewed as a commodity are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resources viewed as a commodity are far
+more important he was urging the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important he was urging the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important he was urging the federal
+government to spend even more money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to spend even more money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to spend even more money or
+at least healthy AIP do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least healthy AIP do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least healthy AIP do
+very extensive surveys of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extensive surveys of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extensive surveys of the kind of
+capacity within the country to make lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity within the country to make lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity within the country to make lots
+and lots of newly trained physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of newly trained physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of newly trained physicists
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+likewise Henry dwolf Smythe department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise Henry dwolf Smythe department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise Henry dwolf Smythe department
+head of physics at um at Princeton an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of physics at um at Princeton an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of physics at um at Princeton an
+accomplished nuclear physicist was uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished nuclear physicist was uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished nuclear physicist was uh by
+this point a leading member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point a leading member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point a leading member of the
+atomic energy commission as well uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic energy commission as well uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic energy commission as well uh and
+he gave a series of of speeches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave a series of of speeches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave a series of of speeches and
+lectures on this topic um to Congress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this topic um to Congress to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this topic um to Congress to
+public lectures to uh you know Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lectures to uh you know Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lectures to uh you know Civic
+groups again saying things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups again saying things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups again saying things like
+scientific Manpower was a war commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Manpower was a war commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Manpower was a war commodity
+a tool of War a major war asset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool of War a major war asset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool of War a major war asset and
+hence had to be stockpiled and rationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence had to be stockpiled and rationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence had to be stockpiled and rationed
+again like rubber tin or gasoline during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like rubber tin or gasoline during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like rubber tin or gasoline during
+the recent war and here he's referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent war and here he's referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent war and here he's referring
+to Scientific Manpower by which he then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Scientific Manpower by which he then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Scientific Manpower by which he then
+goes on to say things like PhD students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to say things like PhD students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to say things like PhD students
+in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics
+so we come back to this plot that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come back to this plot that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come back to this plot that I was
+showing earlier the phds in physics over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing earlier the phds in physics over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing earlier the phds in physics over
+time uh Fisher already noted there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh Fisher already noted there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh Fisher already noted there's
+this very precipitous fall at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very precipitous fall at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very precipitous fall at the uh
+around 1970 71 after a Peaks let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1970 71 after a Peaks let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1970 71 after a Peaks let's look
+first though at this unbelievable rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first though at this unbelievable rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first though at this unbelievable rise
+and I showed you earlier this is rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I showed you earlier this is rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I showed you earlier this is rising
+faster than any other field in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than any other field in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than any other field in uh in
+terms of rates of growth across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of rates of growth across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of rates of growth across the
+American Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Academy
+the feature that this curve looks most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature that this curve looks most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature that this curve looks most
+like at least to my eye is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least to my eye is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least to my eye is actually
+something economists call a speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something economists call a speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something economists call a speculative
+bubble it looks like a stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble it looks like a stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble it looks like a stock market
+crash this exponential rise that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash this exponential rise that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash this exponential rise that is
+clearly not sustainable followed by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not sustainable followed by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not sustainable followed by an
+exponential crash we see this happen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential crash we see this happen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential crash we see this happen on
+admittedly shorter time scales with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly shorter time scales with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly shorter time scales with the
+same kind of characteristic curve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of characteristic curve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of characteristic curve all
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+that got me thinking about what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got me thinking about what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got me thinking about what do
+economists or economic historians or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists or economic historians or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists or economic historians or
+sociologists how have they described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists how have they described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists how have they described
+these Financial or speculative Bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Financial or speculative Bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Financial or speculative Bubbles
+and is there anything we can learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there anything we can learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there anything we can learn from
+their treatment of these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their treatment of these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their treatment of these kind of
+characteristic patterns of say prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic patterns of say prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic patterns of say prices of
+Commodities that might help us make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities that might help us make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities that might help us make
+sense of this very unusual very Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this very unusual very Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this very unusual very Stark
+pattern in the training of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the training of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the training of young
+physicists in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in this country
+so there are some lovely books uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some lovely books uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some lovely books uh
+there's a book that I quite enjoyed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book that I quite enjoyed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book that I quite enjoyed by
+Robert Schiller who's an economist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Schiller who's an economist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Schiller who's an economist in
+Yale actually received a Nobel prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale actually received a Nobel prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale actually received a Nobel prize in
+economics a number of years ago it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics a number of years ago it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics a number of years ago it's
+also a very cool book by my colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very cool book by my colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very cool book by my colleague
+Donald McKenzie who's a sociologist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald McKenzie who's a sociologist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald McKenzie who's a sociologist of
+science technology many others we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science technology many others we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science technology many others we could
+point to Beyond these that look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to Beyond these that look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to Beyond these that look at these
+kind of characteristic Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of characteristic Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of characteristic Financial
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+um anomalies although unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anomalies although unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anomalies although unfortunately
+they're not so Anonymous they happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so Anonymous they happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so Anonymous they happen to
+cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off
+where um the price of some object gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the price of some object gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the price of some object gets
+bid up kind of all out of proportion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid up kind of all out of proportion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid up kind of all out of proportion to
+any kind of valuations that otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of valuations that otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of valuations that otherwise
+might have made sense until the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have made sense until the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have made sense until the price
+becomes um uh simply unsustainable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um uh simply unsustainable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um uh simply unsustainable and
+followed by a crash not just a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a crash not just a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a crash not just a market
+Readjustment but a catastrophic fall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readjustment but a catastrophic fall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readjustment but a catastrophic fall and
+these have been identified at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have been identified at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have been identified at least as
+early as the 17th century the south sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as the 17th century the south sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early as the 17th century the south sea
+bubble about which my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble about which my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble about which my friend
+um two of my colleagues are writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two of my colleagues are writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two of my colleagues are writing
+actually both will Derringer in our STS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both will Derringer in our STS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both will Derringer in our STS
+program and also Tom Levinson in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and also Tom Levinson in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and also Tom Levinson in our
+competitive media studies and writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive media studies and writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive media studies and writing
+programs are each writing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are each writing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are each writing really
+fascinating books about this this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating books about this this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating books about this this one
+nearly bankrupted Isaac Newton more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly bankrupted Isaac Newton more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly bankrupted Isaac Newton more
+recent examples uh uh not just in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent examples uh uh not just in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent examples uh uh not just in the US
+but around the world we see this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but around the world we see this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but around the world we see this happen
+uh sometimes with great frequency what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes with great frequency what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes with great frequency what
+Schiller has written about is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller has written about is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller has written about is is there a
+way to kind of make sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to kind of make sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to kind of make sense of this
+recurring pattern of this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring pattern of this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring pattern of this exponential
+rise followed by an exponential fall as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise followed by an exponential fall as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise followed by an exponential fall as
+opposed to anything else that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to anything else that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to anything else that might be
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+tiptoeing around some supposed market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiptoeing around some supposed market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiptoeing around some supposed market
+equilibrium this is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is clearly
+non-equilibrium Behavior here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium Behavior here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium Behavior here and
+Schiller identifies three stages that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller identifies three stages that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schiller identifies three stages that he
+thinks are consistent across each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks are consistent across each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks are consistent across each of
+these examples and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples and other
+a role of hype of amplification and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role of hype of amplification and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role of hype of amplification and then
+feedback and I found that really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and I found that really helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and I found that really helpful
+I think that helps us make sense also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that helps us make sense also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that helps us make sense also of
+that plot of phds and physics as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plot of phds and physics as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plot of phds and physics as well
+so let's talk first about uh what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk first about uh what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk first about uh what gets
+this first phase of hype during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first phase of hype during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first phase of hype during the
+early years of the Cold War soon after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early years of the Cold War soon after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early years of the Cold War soon after
+the end of the second world war there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the second world war there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the second world war there
+were a series of efforts to assess just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a series of efforts to assess just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a series of efforts to assess just
+how many physicists and Engineers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many physicists and Engineers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many physicists and Engineers were
+being trained each year in the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trained each year in the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trained each year in the Soviet
+Union after the Soviet Union had emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union after the Soviet Union had emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union after the Soviet Union had emerged
+as like the number one rival to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like the number one rival to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like the number one rival to to the
+United States at least as seen by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States at least as seen by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States at least as seen by many
+um political military leaders in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um political military leaders in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um political military leaders in the U.S
+so there were these three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were these three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were these three kind of
+classic studies undertaken in Rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic studies undertaken in Rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic studies undertaken in Rapid
+order you can see their years not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you can see their years not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you can see their years not much
+time between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between them
+written by uh the lead authors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by uh the lead authors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by uh the lead authors were
+Nicholas DeWitt and then separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas DeWitt and then separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas DeWitt and then separately
+Alexander Coral Dwight and coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander Coral Dwight and coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander Coral Dwight and coral
+actually shared a lot in common they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shared a lot in common they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shared a lot in common they
+were both Soviet expats themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both Soviet expats themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both Soviet expats themselves
+they've both been trained in Engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've both been trained in Engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've both been trained in Engineering
+in the early years of the Soviet Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early years of the Soviet Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early years of the Soviet Union
+before they left and moved the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they left and moved the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they left and moved the United
+States they both settled in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they both settled in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they both settled in Cambridge
+Massachusetts so DeWitt was hired at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so DeWitt was hired at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so DeWitt was hired at the
+brand new Russian Research Center at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new Russian Research Center at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new Russian Research Center at
+Harvard founded in round 1948 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard founded in round 1948 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard founded in round 1948 or so
+meanwhile Alexander Coral was hired at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Alexander Coral was hired at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile Alexander Coral was hired at
+MIT in the uh Center for international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the uh Center for international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the uh Center for international
+studies uh just set up after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh just set up after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh just set up after the war
+part of the political science department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the political science department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the political science department
+we now know both of these efforts were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know both of these efforts were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know both of these efforts were
+secretly backrolled in part by the CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretly backrolled in part by the CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretly backrolled in part by the CIA
+although the documents they produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the documents they produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the documents they produced
+were fully open not classified and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fully open not classified and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fully open not classified and so on
+they're widely covered uh and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're widely covered uh and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're widely covered uh and in fact
+these reports were covered in the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reports were covered in the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reports were covered in the news
+they were reviewed in in widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were reviewed in in widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were reviewed in in widespread
+magazines and newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines and newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines and newspapers
+what they both wanted to do is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they both wanted to do is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they both wanted to do is figure
+out how many scientists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many scientists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many scientists and Engineers
+mostly in the physical sciences were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the physical sciences were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the physical sciences were
+being trained each year in the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trained each year in the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trained each year in the Soviet
+Union and then you could ask is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union and then you could ask is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union and then you could ask is there a
+kind of concern about a a Gap a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of concern about a a Gap a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of concern about a a Gap a kind of
+scientific preparedness gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific preparedness gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific preparedness gap between
+these now two rival countries so both do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now two rival countries so both do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now two rival countries so both do
+it and coral who had Direct experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and coral who had Direct experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and coral who had Direct experience
+of the early years of the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early years of the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early years of the Soviet
+training system had a lot of caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training system had a lot of caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training system had a lot of caveats
+they were very explicit if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very explicit if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very explicit if you read
+these thick books that let's not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thick books that let's not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thick books that let's not get
+lost in what I think it was Coral called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in what I think it was Coral called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in what I think it was Coral called
+the numbers game don't let's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers game don't let's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers game don't let's not just
+look at tabulations of enrollments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at tabulations of enrollments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at tabulations of enrollments or
+degrees conferred each year because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees conferred each year because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees conferred each year because the
+systems are very differently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are very differently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are very differently the
+Educational Systems themselves were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educational Systems themselves were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educational Systems themselves were
+actually kind of a bit like apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of a bit like apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of a bit like apples and
+oranges so just comparing numbers might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges so just comparing numbers might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges so just comparing numbers might
+be misleading was at least their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading was at least their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading was at least their
+conclusion so for example they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so for example they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so for example they both
+emphasize they're a large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize they're a large fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize they're a large fraction of
+Soviet engineers in the state of Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet engineers in the state of Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet engineers in the state of Soviet
+Union who worked in administration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union who worked in administration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union who worked in administration or
+bureaucracy not actively in research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy not actively in research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy not actively in research and
+development so just because someone got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so just because someone got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so just because someone got
+a degree in Metallurgy for not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree in Metallurgy for not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree in Metallurgy for not actually
+an applied metal or just does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applied metal or just does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applied metal or just does that
+change kind of preparedness for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change kind of preparedness for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change kind of preparedness for the for
+either country they both identified what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either country they both identified what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either country they both identified what
+they considered an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they considered an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they considered an extreme
+specialization in the courses of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization in the courses of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization in the courses of study
+and I'll say more about that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say more about that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say more about that in a moment
+they each also independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each also independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each also independently
+um uh suggested the evidence here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh suggested the evidence here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh suggested the evidence here is a
+little bit more spotty but they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more spotty but they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more spotty but they put
+forward in their reports that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in their reports that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in their reports that when the
+targets for the numbers of degrees in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets for the numbers of degrees in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets for the numbers of degrees in a
+given field per five-year period looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given field per five-year period looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given field per five-year period looked
+like they may be falling below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they may be falling below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they may be falling below the
+quotas below the expected production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotas below the expected production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotas below the expected production
+quotas in the Soviet Union that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotas in the Soviet Union that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotas in the Soviet Union that
+standards would be lower so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards would be lower so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards would be lower so you could
+force more kind of mediocre students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force more kind of mediocre students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force more kind of mediocre students
+through which of course we would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which of course we would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which of course we would never
+do at MIT of course but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at MIT of course but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at MIT of course but the the
+allegation was made in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegation was made in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegation was made in each of these
+studies that the uh that the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that the uh that the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that the uh that the quality of
+instructor is quite uneven because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor is quite uneven because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor is quite uneven because they
+were more because the Soviets were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more because the Soviets were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more because the Soviets were more
+concerned about these famous five-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about these famous five-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about these famous five-year
+plans how many uh tons of pig iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans how many uh tons of pig iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans how many uh tons of pig iron
+produced per five years how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced per five years how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced per five years how many uh
+undergraduates majoring in physics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates majoring in physics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates majoring in physics or
+mathematics per year for five years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics per year for five years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics per year for five years and
+likewise something became increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise something became increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise something became increasingly
+important in these later reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in these later reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in these later reports
+the number of students in the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of students in the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of students in the Soviet
+system who are full-time students was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who are full-time students was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who are full-time students was
+actually the proportion was falling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the proportion was falling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the proportion was falling and
+that in fact the number of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact the number of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact the number of students
+enrolled included as many as one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled included as many as one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled included as many as one-third
+in the early years greater than one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early years greater than one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early years greater than one half
+by 1960 of part-time students who held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1960 of part-time students who held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1960 of part-time students who held
+full-time production jobs in a factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time production jobs in a factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time production jobs in a factory
+or some office and we're doing basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some office and we're doing basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some office and we're doing basically
+correspondence courses to get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence courses to get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence courses to get their
+degrees like at night which was which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees like at night which was which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees like at night which was which at
+least the authors argued would be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the authors argued would be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the authors argued would be quite
+a different kind of training than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of training than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of training than
+full-time students you know in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time students you know in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time students you know in their
+chemistry Labs day and night in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Labs day and night in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Labs day and night in fact
+many of these correspondent students had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these correspondent students had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these correspondent students had
+a ratio of 80 to 1 80 students to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio of 80 to 1 80 students to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio of 80 to 1 80 students to one
+Professor including for seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor including for seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor including for seemingly
+Hands-On courses like organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands-On courses like organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands-On courses like organic chemistry
+so not only were they never in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only were they never in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only were they never in a
+laboratory but they had like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory but they had like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory but they had like one
+overworked instructor grading kind of 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overworked instructor grading kind of 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overworked instructor grading kind of 80
+problem sets at a time which at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets at a time which at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets at a time which at least
+the Assumption was this would maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Assumption was this would maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Assumption was this would maybe not
+be uh the best uh kind of education for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the best uh kind of education for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the best uh kind of education for
+the specialization they both point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specialization they both point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specialization they both point out
+things like at the undergraduate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like at the undergraduate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like at the undergraduate level
+at this time in the Soviet Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time in the Soviet Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time in the Soviet Union
+someone a student would not major in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone a student would not major in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone a student would not major in the
+field of Metallurgy but actually in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Metallurgy but actually in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Metallurgy but actually in one
+of 11 subfields of the subfield of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 11 subfields of the subfield of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 11 subfields of the subfield of
+non-ferrous Metals metal energy so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ferrous Metals metal energy so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ferrous Metals metal energy so they
+argue there's this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue there's this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue there's this enormous
+specialization nothing like a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization nothing like a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization nothing like a kind of
+girs or let alone a liberal arts model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girs or let alone a liberal arts model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girs or let alone a liberal arts model
+that was becoming so common in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was becoming so common in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was becoming so common in the
+United States my colleague Lauren Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States my colleague Lauren Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States my colleague Lauren Graham
+has written a bit about this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written a bit about this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written a bit about this as well
+more recently looking back but even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently looking back but even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently looking back but even at
+the time both of it in Coral emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time both of it in Coral emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time both of it in Coral emphasize
+these these caveats so with all those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these caveats so with all those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these caveats so with all those in
+mind Coral the MIT based uh author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind Coral the MIT based uh author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind Coral the MIT based uh author
+refused to even tabulate enrollment data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to even tabulate enrollment data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to even tabulate enrollment data
+side by side he puts numbers in his very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by side he puts numbers in his very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by side he puts numbers in his very
+lengthy report he was published by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy report he was published by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy report he was published by the
+MIT press in fact so his book is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT press in fact so his book is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT press in fact so his book is full of
+data but he always put them on he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but he always put them on he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but he always put them on he never
+put them side by side because he wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them side by side because he wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them side by side because he wanted
+to avoid what he called unwarranted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid what he called unwarranted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid what he called unwarranted
+implications uh Nicholas do it did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications uh Nicholas do it did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications uh Nicholas do it did have
+tables kind of side by side but he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables kind of side by side but he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables kind of side by side but he also
+always emphasized all these caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always emphasized all these caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always emphasized all these caveats
+about the kind of apples and oranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of apples and oranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of apples and oranges
+what DeWitt found it was consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DeWitt found it was consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DeWitt found it was consistent with
+Coral's numbers as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral's numbers as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral's numbers as well
+I've now simplified to make it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've now simplified to make it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've now simplified to make it just
+ratios he actually has full kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios he actually has full kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios he actually has full kind of
+tabulations of enrollments and degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulations of enrollments and degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulations of enrollments and degrees
+conferred if you compare the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferred if you compare the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferred if you compare the number of
+full-time University students pursuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time University students pursuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time University students pursuing
+undergraduate degrees or more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degrees or more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate degrees or more advanced
+degrees in the U.S and Soviet Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in the U.S and Soviet Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in the U.S and Soviet Union
+there were actually three times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were actually three times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were actually three times more
+full-time students in higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time students in higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time students in higher education
+in the US than the Soviet Union at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US than the Soviet Union at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US than the Soviet Union at the
+time he wrote these reports if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he wrote these reports if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he wrote these reports if you add
+in all those extension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all those extension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all those extension and
+correspondence students there were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence students there were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence students there were still
+more uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more
+um uh students in U.S higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh students in U.S higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh students in U.S higher education
+than the Soviet Union now the Gap closes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Soviet Union now the Gap closes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Soviet Union now the Gap closes
+from three to one to four to three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three to one to four to three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three to one to four to three but
+there was this remarkable uh imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this remarkable uh imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this remarkable uh imbalance
+in the distribution of topics those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distribution of topics those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distribution of topics those
+students were studying and in the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were studying and in the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were studying and in the Soviet
+Union it was nearly three quarters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union it was nearly three quarters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union it was nearly three quarters of
+the students who were studying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who were studying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who were studying something
+in science and engineering versus only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and engineering versus only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and engineering versus only
+one quarter at the time in the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter at the time in the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter at the time in the American
+system so when you combine these last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so when you combine these last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so when you combine these last
+two include all those extension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two include all those extension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two include all those extension and
+correspondence school students and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence school students and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence school students and look
+at this High imbalance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this High imbalance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this High imbalance in the
+distribution topics it looked like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution topics it looked like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution topics it looked like the
+Soviet Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union
+was graduating two to three times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was graduating two to three times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was graduating two to three times more
+students per year in engineering and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students per year in engineering and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students per year in engineering and the
+applied sciences than the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied sciences than the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied sciences than the United States
+so they were both saying it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were both saying it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were both saying it's not the
+same education the fields of study don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same education the fields of study don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same education the fields of study don't
+map on it the same way there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map on it the same way there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map on it the same way there's all these
+part-time students but if you ignore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time students but if you ignore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time students but if you ignore all
+those caveats and just run the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those caveats and just run the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those caveats and just run the numbers
+uh it looks like you have this gap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks like you have this gap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks like you have this gap of
+two to three times uh per year now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three times uh per year now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three times uh per year now
+that's where we find Robert Schiller's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we find Robert Schiller's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we find Robert Schiller's
+exam The Economist example of hype that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam The Economist example of hype that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam The Economist example of hype that
+ratio two to three times gets pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio two to three times gets pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio two to three times gets pulled
+entirely out of context and repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely out of context and repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely out of context and repeated
+literally Ad nauseam in briefings by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally Ad nauseam in briefings by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally Ad nauseam in briefings by
+members the CIA in Congressional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members the CIA in Congressional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members the CIA in Congressional
+testimony both by and two members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimony both by and two members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimony both by and two members of the
+Pentagon in various congressional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon in various congressional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon in various congressional
+committees the aec you see it everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees the aec you see it everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees the aec you see it everywhere
+it's repeated in mainstream media up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated in mainstream media up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated in mainstream media up and
+down uh it was just everywhere and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh it was just everywhere and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh it was just everywhere and again
+I've written about this uh in separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written about this uh in separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written about this uh in separate
+essay and it was that was a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay and it was that was a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay and it was that was a dominant
+story even before the launch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story even before the launch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story even before the launch of the
+Soviet satellite Sputnik in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet satellite Sputnik in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet satellite Sputnik in early
+October 57. so this notion of two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 57. so this notion of two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 57. so this notion of two to
+three times was put forward even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times was put forward even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times was put forward even with
+the first to do it studies in 1955 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to do it studies in 1955 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to do it studies in 1955 and
+that just gets even more hyped up much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gets even more hyped up much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gets even more hyped up much
+more uh dramatically after spotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh dramatically after spotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh dramatically after spotting
+so let's look at that second step uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at that second step uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at that second step uh in
+in Schiller's model you go from hype to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Schiller's model you go from hype to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Schiller's model you go from hype to
+amplification again I found these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification again I found these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification again I found these
+examples in various archives and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in various archives and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in various archives and they
+really I found them just fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I found them just fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I found them just fascinating
+looking at physicists trying to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at physicists trying to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at physicists trying to respond
+to the to them the surprise launch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to them the surprise launch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to them the surprise launch of
+Sputnik so now this is people mobilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik so now this is people mobilizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik so now this is people mobilizing
+literally in the closing weeks of 1957
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in the closing weeks of 1957
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in the closing weeks of 1957
+just days and weeks after the launch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just days and weeks after the launch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just days and weeks after the launch of
+the Soviet satellite we now know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet satellite we now know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet satellite we now know there
+was at the time of a private briefing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the time of a private briefing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the time of a private briefing in
+the Oval Office with uh for president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oval Office with uh for president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oval Office with uh for president
+Dwight Eisenhower by his brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dwight Eisenhower by his brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dwight Eisenhower by his brand new
+um uh still rather informal group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh still rather informal group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh still rather informal group that
+came to be called the presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be called the presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be called the presidential
+science advisory committee or psac this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science advisory committee or psac this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science advisory committee or psac this
+was it was actually formalized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was actually formalized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was actually formalized by
+President Eisenhower soon after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Eisenhower soon after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Eisenhower soon after the
+launch of Sputnik and one of the leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch of Sputnik and one of the leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch of Sputnik and one of the leads
+of that was um Nobel Laureate Israel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was um Nobel Laureate Israel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was um Nobel Laureate Israel
+Robbie Robbie actually knew Eisenhower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robbie Robbie actually knew Eisenhower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robbie Robbie actually knew Eisenhower
+Eisenhower as you may know before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower as you may know before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower as you may know before
+um becoming president of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um becoming president of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um becoming president of the United
+States was actually president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was actually president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was actually president of
+Columbia University and that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia University and that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia University and that that was
+where Robbie was a member of The Faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Robbie was a member of The Faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Robbie was a member of The Faculty
+for many many years so Robbie knew Oz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many many years so Robbie knew Oz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many many years so Robbie knew Oz
+and Eisenhower personally and we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eisenhower personally and we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eisenhower personally and we now
+know from notes of this meeting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from notes of this meeting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from notes of this meeting that
+were much later released Robbie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were much later released Robbie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were much later released Robbie was
+pushing Eisenhower to use spothernic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing Eisenhower to use spothernic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing Eisenhower to use spothernic as
+a pretext as an excuse to close what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretext as an excuse to close what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretext as an excuse to close what
+they already began calling the Manpower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already began calling the Manpower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already began calling the Manpower
+Gap the notes made clear that Robbie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap the notes made clear that Robbie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap the notes made clear that Robbie
+didn't think or some of Robbie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think or some of Robbie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think or some of Robbie's
+colleagues didn't think there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues didn't think there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues didn't think there was
+actually a gap to worry about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a gap to worry about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a gap to worry about in the
+numbers of scientists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of scientists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of scientists and Engineers
+trained but that nonetheless you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained but that nonetheless you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained but that nonetheless you could
+use this politically as cover to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this politically as cover to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this politically as cover to make a
+whole different kind of investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different kind of investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different kind of investment in
+making young physicists uh and engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making young physicists uh and engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making young physicists uh and engineers
+in the U.S likewise right at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S likewise right at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S likewise right at the same
+time another set of notes I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another set of notes I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another set of notes I found
+in the archives Elmer Hutchinson who by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the archives Elmer Hutchinson who by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the archives Elmer Hutchinson who by
+this point had become director of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point had become director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point had become director of the
+American instant physics was chairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American instant physics was chairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American instant physics was chairing
+many committees kind of Outreach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many committees kind of Outreach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many committees kind of Outreach and
+public policy and lobbying committees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy and lobbying committees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy and lobbying committees
+and he wrote rights and memos uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote rights and memos uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote rights and memos uh uh to
+his committee mates that the launch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his committee mates that the launch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his committee mates that the launch of
+Sputnik presents the physicists an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik presents the physicists an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik presents the physicists an
+almost unprecedented opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost unprecedented opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost unprecedented opportunity to
+influence public opinion greatly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence public opinion greatly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence public opinion greatly just
+with the same argument as Robbie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same argument as Robbie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same argument as Robbie was
+making that we should be investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that we should be investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that we should be investing in
+training many many more physicists now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training many many more physicists now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training many many more physicists now
+here's actually my favorite example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's actually my favorite example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's actually my favorite example I
+found in Hans beta's papers at Cornell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Hans beta's papers at Cornell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Hans beta's papers at Cornell
+beta would go on to win the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta would go on to win the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta would go on to win the Nobel Prize
+it was already a very prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was already a very prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was already a very prominent
+physicist in the United States context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist in the United States context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist in the United States context
+he was an immigrant originally from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was an immigrant originally from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was an immigrant originally from
+Germany in the 30s but by the 50s uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany in the 30s but by the 50s uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany in the 30s but by the 50s uh was
+it was an outspoken leading member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an outspoken leading member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an outspoken leading member of
+the community in the U.S it was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community in the U.S it was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community in the U.S it was already
+by this point a past president of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point a past president of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point a past president of the
+American physical Society so he gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American physical Society so he gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American physical Society so he gave a
+series of radio addresses to reflect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of radio addresses to reflect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of radio addresses to reflect on
+what this launch of Sputnik might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this launch of Sputnik might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this launch of Sputnik might mean
+and I found the typescript from which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I found the typescript from which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I found the typescript from which he
+would read and in in pencil in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read and in in pencil in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read and in in pencil in his
+handwriting in the margins are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting in the margins are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting in the margins are all these
+questions about where this ratio of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about where this ratio of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about where this ratio of two
+to three times had come from he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three times had come from he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three times had come from he says
+what is it based on how is it computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it based on how is it computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it based on how is it computed
+but he never took it out of his address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he never took it out of his address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he never took it out of his address
+he's like I should look that up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like I should look that up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like I should look that up and it
+appears he never did so that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears he never did so that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears he never did so that kind of
+amplifying of the initial hype of two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifying of the initial hype of two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifying of the initial hype of two to
+three times is getting we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times is getting we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times is getting we see it
+unfolding in very concrete uh places uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding in very concrete uh places uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding in very concrete uh places uh
+and then again picked up uh broadly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again picked up uh broadly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again picked up uh broadly by
+journalists and policy makers uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists and policy makers uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists and policy makers uh my
+colleague John Rudolph writes nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague John Rudolph writes nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague John Rudolph writes nicely
+about this in his book and I write about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in his book and I write about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in his book and I write about
+it in my own recent book as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in my own recent book as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in my own recent book as well
+now we come to the last step in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we come to the last step in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we come to the last step in that
+kind of three-stage model uh from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three-stage model uh from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three-stage model uh from The
+Economist Robert Schiller's uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist Robert Schiller's uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist Robert Schiller's uh I think
+really lovely book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's feedback
+so again it's actually kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's actually kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's actually kind of hard to
+believe given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe given
+our recent experience of U.S Congress uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our recent experience of U.S Congress uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our recent experience of U.S Congress uh
+these days and how slow it is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days and how slow it is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days and how slow it is to get
+anything to move you as Congress moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to move you as Congress moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to move you as Congress moved
+unbelievably quickly in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably quickly in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably quickly in response to
+Sputnik and passed major right we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik and passed major right we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik and passed major right we say
+landmark legislation less than one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmark legislation less than one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmark legislation less than one year
+after the launch of Sputnik became known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the launch of Sputnik became known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the launch of Sputnik became known
+as the National Defense Education Act or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the National Defense Education Act or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the National Defense Education Act or
+often just called the ndea it was signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just called the ndea it was signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just called the ndea it was signed
+into law by President Eisenhower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into law by President Eisenhower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into law by President Eisenhower in
+September of 1958 it made available one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September of 1958 it made available one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September of 1958 it made available one
+billion dollars from the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars from the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars from the federal
+government if you adjust for inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government if you adjust for inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government if you adjust for inflation
+that's around nine billion dollars today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's around nine billion dollars today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's around nine billion dollars today
+over a short few years window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a short few years window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a short few years window
+concentrated kind of infusion of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated kind of infusion of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated kind of infusion of a lot
+of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cash
+and part of what's so interesting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of what's so interesting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of what's so interesting to me
+about this historically is that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this historically is that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this historically is that that was
+literally the First Federal Aid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the First Federal Aid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the First Federal Aid to
+higher education in the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education in the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education in the United States in
+about a hundred years there have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred years there have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred years there have become
+a long-standing tradition between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-standing tradition between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-standing tradition between the
+1860s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860s
+with the moral land grant act which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the moral land grant act which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the moral land grant act which
+actually helped found MIT in many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helped found MIT in many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helped found MIT in many of the
+public universities throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public universities throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public universities throughout the
+United States around the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States around the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States around the time of the
+civil war between the 1860s and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil war between the 1860s and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil war between the 1860s and this
+post-spotnic bill of the ndea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-spotnic bill of the ndea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-spotnic bill of the ndea the
+tradition had had kind of coalesced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition had had kind of coalesced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition had had kind of coalesced that
+uh education including higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh education including higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh education including higher education
+was a local Affair it was for local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a local Affair it was for local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a local Affair it was for local
+communities and states to handle not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and states to handle not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and states to handle not the
+federal government this was often seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government this was often seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government this was often seen
+as a so-called third rail the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a so-called third rail the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a so-called third rail the federal
+government had no business in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government had no business in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government had no business in higher
+education and that was just shattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and that was just shattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and that was just shattered
+that tradition was was was over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tradition was was was over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tradition was was was over
+overridden very rapidly in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overridden very rapidly in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overridden very rapidly in response to
+the launch of Sputnik with this uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch of Sputnik with this uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch of Sputnik with this uh you
+know billion dollar investment in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know billion dollar investment in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know billion dollar investment in higher
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+that had some predictable and very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had some predictable and very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had some predictable and very rapid
+um effects so in the first four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um effects so in the first four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um effects so in the first four years
+after the bill was enacted it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the bill was enacted it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the bill was enacted it basically
+doubled the number of graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the number of graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the number of graduate
+fellowships fully funded graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships fully funded graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships fully funded graduate
+fellowships for the Sciences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships for the Sciences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships for the Sciences in the
+United States so 7 000 isn't very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so 7 000 isn't very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so 7 000 isn't very many
+until you compare it to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you compare it to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you compare it to the number of
+fellowships federal fellowships before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships federal fellowships before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships federal fellowships before
+then which have been practically none it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which have been practically none it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which have been practically none it
+also uh subsidized the training of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh subsidized the training of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh subsidized the training of half
+a million undergraduates as long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million undergraduates as long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million undergraduates as long as they
+were studying um the physical sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were studying um the physical sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were studying um the physical sciences
+engineering or mathematics it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or mathematics it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or mathematics it also
+offered block grants to States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered block grants to States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered block grants to States and
+individual institutions the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual institutions the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual institutions the whole point
+was to get more and more students in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get more and more students in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get more and more students in to
+address the so-called Manpower gap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the so-called Manpower gap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the so-called Manpower gap of
+so-called scientific Manpower since that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scientific Manpower since that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scientific Manpower since that
+time several historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time several historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time several historians
+political and legislative historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and legislative historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and legislative historians
+have gone back to the passage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone back to the passage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone back to the passage of this
+Landmark Bill the National Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark Bill the National Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark Bill the National Defense
+Education Act and they've really picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education Act and they've really picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education Act and they've really picked
+apart the kind of back room lobbying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the kind of back room lobbying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the kind of back room lobbying and
+the sometimes let's say shadings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sometimes let's say shadings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sometimes let's say shadings of the
+truth that were done by proponents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that were done by proponents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that were done by proponents to
+kind of ram this thing through so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ram this thing through so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ram this thing through so so
+quickly and as as a historian Barbara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and as as a historian Barbara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and as as a historian Barbara
+Claus has concluded from a really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claus has concluded from a really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claus has concluded from a really just
+fascinating kind of moment-by-moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating kind of moment-by-moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating kind of moment-by-moment
+legislative history of this bill in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative history of this bill in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative history of this bill in her
+own conclusions I'm quoting here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own conclusions I'm quoting here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own conclusions I'm quoting here that
+the proponents were willing to strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proponents were willing to strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proponents were willing to strain
+the evidence to establish a new policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence to establish a new policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence to establish a new policy
+that it was made to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was made to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was made to assume that the
+Manpower Gap was more important and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower Gap was more important and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower Gap was more important and more
+dire than indeed it seemed to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dire than indeed it seemed to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dire than indeed it seemed to be and
+again what's what's so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what's what's so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what's what's so what what
+explains these these plots here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains these these plots here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains these these plots here is that
+all the aid from the Nea was earmarked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the aid from the Nea was earmarked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the aid from the Nea was earmarked
+for so-called defense fields in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so-called defense fields in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so-called defense fields in the
+language of the time fields that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the time fields that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the time fields that were
+seen to be relevant for the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to be relevant for the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to be relevant for the National
+Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense
+science math engineering and area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science math engineering and area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science math engineering and area
+studies some parts of humanity social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies some parts of humanity social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies some parts of humanity social
+sciences like we need more people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences like we need more people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences like we need more people who
+are experts in the Soviet language or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experts in the Soviet language or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experts in the Soviet language or
+know about the culture of Ukrainian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the culture of Ukrainian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the culture of Ukrainian so
+that will get some support as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will get some support as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will get some support as well okay
+now here's again something I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's again something I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's again something I've written
+about I'd be glad to share the piece if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'd be glad to share the piece if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'd be glad to share the piece if
+you go back to those reports from DeWitt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to those reports from DeWitt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to those reports from DeWitt
+and coral remember these CIA funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coral remember these CIA funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coral remember these CIA funded
+thoroughly unclassified easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly unclassified easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly unclassified easy to find
+books still in our libraries today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books still in our libraries today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books still in our libraries today
+if you go back and look at even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back and look at even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back and look at even just
+their data let alone all their caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data let alone all their caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data let alone all their caveats
+about the different kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different kind of uh
+institutional uh educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional uh educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional uh educational
+institutions in the two countries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in the two countries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in the two countries the
+numbers themselves really deserve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers themselves really deserve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers themselves really deserve a
+closer look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look
+the the the columns in Dewitt's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the columns in Dewitt's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the columns in Dewitt's very
+densely formatted uh data that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely formatted uh data that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely formatted uh data that are in
+his book that were put together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book that were put together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book that were put together to form
+this ratio of so-called two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio of so-called two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio of so-called two to three
+times were labeled in the Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times were labeled in the Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times were labeled in the Press
+engineering and applied sciences it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and applied sciences it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and applied sciences it
+actually meant engineering Agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meant engineering Agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meant engineering Agriculture
+and health and it explicitly did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and health and it explicitly did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and health and it explicitly did not
+include the natural scientists it left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the natural scientists it left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the natural scientists it left
+out uh physics chemistry mathematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh physics chemistry mathematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh physics chemistry mathematics and
+biology uh and so what it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh and so what it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh and so what it was actually
+counting was a lot of experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting was a lot of experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting was a lot of experts in
+agriculture and agronomics as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and agronomics as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and agronomics as it was
+called at the time including this what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called at the time including this what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called at the time including this what I
+think most would conclude sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most would conclude sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most would conclude sort of
+devastating tradition in the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating tradition in the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating tradition in the Soviet
+Union of so-called lysenchoism kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union of so-called lysenchoism kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union of so-called lysenchoism kind of
+uh idiosyncratic non-genetics notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idiosyncratic non-genetics notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idiosyncratic non-genetics notion
+about how plants change which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how plants change which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how plants change which is at
+least blamed by some historians as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least blamed by some historians as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least blamed by some historians as
+having led to uh just uh failures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having led to uh just uh failures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having led to uh just uh failures of
+many Collective farms and widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Collective farms and widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Collective farms and widespread
+starvation so yes there are many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation so yes there are many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation so yes there are many people
+graduates agrees in agriculture but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates agrees in agriculture but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates agrees in agriculture but not
+in uh you know in physics or math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh you know in physics or math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh you know in physics or math
+likewise it included health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise it included health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise it included health
+professionals including nurses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals including nurses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals including nurses and
+dentists and so on which is clearly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentists and so on which is clearly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentists and so on which is clearly an
+important measure of uh overall Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important measure of uh overall Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important measure of uh overall Society
+labor force but it's not was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force but it's not was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force but it's not was not the
+kinds of kind of Defense oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kind of Defense oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kind of Defense oriented
+experts that that was characterized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts that that was characterized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts that that was characterized to
+have been if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been if you go back to the
+thoroughly accessible non-classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly accessible non-classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly accessible non-classified
+data in these books and you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in these books and you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in these books and you drop
+Agriculture and health keep engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture and health keep engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture and health keep engineering
+and add back in science Natural Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add back in science Natural Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add back in science Natural Sciences
+and Mathematics then it actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mathematics then it actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mathematics then it actually the
+enrollment numbers come out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment numbers come out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment numbers come out to be
+basically a Time the Soviet lead Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a Time the Soviet lead Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a Time the Soviet lead Falls
+by a factor of 10 and that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 10 and that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 10 and that's still
+including all those extension school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including all those extension school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including all those extension school
+students and correspondent school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and correspondent school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and correspondent school
+students so the so-called Manpower Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so the so-called Manpower Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so the so-called Manpower Gap
+was was really a kind of shimura and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was really a kind of shimura and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was really a kind of shimura and
+that's still under the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still under the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still under the assumption that
+that the nation's safety depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nation's safety depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nation's safety depended on
+having lots and lots of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lots and lots of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lots and lots of theoretical
+physicists around which itself was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists around which itself was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists around which itself was an
+assumption that might one might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that might one might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that might one might have
+questioned at the time just playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioned at the time just playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioned at the time just playing the
+numbers game was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers game was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers game was actually
+um you know really kind of twisted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know really kind of twisted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know really kind of twisted or
+mis misread and used very strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mis misread and used very strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mis misread and used very strategically
+during the kind of fever years of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the kind of fever years of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the kind of fever years of of the
+early Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Cold War
+so if you come back to this plot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you come back to this plot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you come back to this plot it's
+now anticipating Fisher's question from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now anticipating Fisher's question from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now anticipating Fisher's question from
+earlier the same plot I showed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the same plot I showed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the same plot I showed before
+we now have a better sense of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a better sense of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a better sense of what was
+driving this up so high it was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this up so high it was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this up so high it was a kind of
+a series of of political decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of of political decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of of political decisions and
+priorities uh often at the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities uh often at the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities uh often at the federal
+government level We can question them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government level We can question them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government level We can question them
+but we can at least understand sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can at least understand sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can at least understand sort of
+why they were made when they were what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were made when they were what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they were made when they were what
+about this really quite precipitous fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this really quite precipitous fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this really quite precipitous fall
+and that was very much as Fisher had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very much as Fisher had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very much as Fisher had
+anticipated a lot of it had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated a lot of it had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated a lot of it had to do with
+other changes in in in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other changes in in in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other changes in in in the United States
+and around the world by the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around the world by the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around the world by the late 60s
+compared to the early 50s a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the early 50s a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the early 50s a lot of that
+was was the escalation of fighting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the escalation of fighting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the escalation of fighting in
+the Vietnam War which included things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vietnam War which included things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vietnam War which included things
+like the removal of draft deferments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the removal of draft deferments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the removal of draft deferments for
+full-time students so full-time students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time students so full-time students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time students so full-time students
+both undergraduate and graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both undergraduate and graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both undergraduate and graduate students
+got deferments from being drafted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got deferments from being drafted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got deferments from being drafted to go
+serve in Vietnam up until the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve in Vietnam up until the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve in Vietnam up until the late 60s
+and then because the war wasn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because the war wasn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because the war wasn't going
+very well for the United States there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well for the United States there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well for the United States there
+was a kind of recalculation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of recalculation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of recalculation on the
+number of of people needed for the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of people needed for the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of people needed for the kind
+of military Manpower so people who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of military Manpower so people who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of military Manpower so people who had
+gotten deferments for being full-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten deferments for being full-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten deferments for being full-time
+students were no now no longer eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were no now no longer eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were no now no longer eligible
+for them starting uh in the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them starting uh in the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them starting uh in the late 60s
+there was also a lot of concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also a lot of concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also a lot of concern
+on campus and actually even within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on campus and actually even within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on campus and actually even within the
+Pentagon about why the the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon about why the the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon about why the the defense
+agencies were funding all of this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies were funding all of this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies were funding all of this sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+non-mission-oriented open-ended basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mission-oriented open-ended basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mission-oriented open-ended basic
+research the argument became to be among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the argument became to be among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the argument became to be among
+the department of defense's own Auditors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department of defense's own Auditors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department of defense's own Auditors
+their own accountants if we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own accountants if we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own accountants if we want to get
+better you know kind of military ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you know kind of military ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you know kind of military ready
+instrumentation or weapons or defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation or weapons or defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation or weapons or defense
+systems shouldn't we invest in projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems shouldn't we invest in projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems shouldn't we invest in projects
+that would make better defense systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make better defense systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make better defense systems
+as opposed to spending money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to spending money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to spending money on
+seemingly open-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly open-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly open-ended
+Topics in basic physics that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topics in basic physics that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topics in basic physics that sometimes
+have a kind of trickle on effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of trickle on effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of trickle on effect that
+lead to new devices that often do not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to new devices that often do not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to new devices that often do not so
+the Pentagon itself began this internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pentagon itself began this internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pentagon itself began this internal
+audit that they concluded in 1969 saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit that they concluded in 1969 saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit that they concluded in 1969 saying
+that it's been a terrible policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's been a terrible policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's been a terrible policy
+terrible return on investment for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible return on investment for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible return on investment for the
+for the depending on itself to paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the depending on itself to paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the depending on itself to paying
+all these students to pursue phds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these students to pursue phds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these students to pursue phds in
+physics if they're not doing kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics if they're not doing kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics if they're not doing kind of a
+defense related work and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense related work and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense related work and at the same
+time really because of the new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time really because of the new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time really because of the new kind of
+immediacy of the fighting in Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy of the fighting in Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy of the fighting in Vietnam
+there were many many critics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many many critics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many many critics of the
+Pentagon on college campuses students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon on college campuses students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon on college campuses students
+faculty staff alike who were very upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty staff alike who were very upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty staff alike who were very upset
+at the Dominate domination of spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Dominate domination of spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Dominate domination of spending
+on University campuses by the Pentagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on University campuses by the Pentagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on University campuses by the Pentagon
+so both from within the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both from within the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both from within the defense
+department and from Without Really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and from Without Really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and from Without Really
+heightened by the by the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened by the by the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened by the by the course of the
+Vietnam War this whole kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War this whole kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War this whole kind of uh
+framework for funding research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for funding research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for funding research and
+research students in the Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research students in the Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research students in the Sciences
+especially in physical sciences gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in physical sciences gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in physical sciences gets in
+for some really quite severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some really quite severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some really quite severe
+reassessment uh all kind of cresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassessment uh all kind of cresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassessment uh all kind of cresting
+around the same time a third fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time a third fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time a third fact that
+starts to starts to uh impact things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to starts to uh impact things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to starts to uh impact things is
+huge Federal deficits and it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Federal deficits and it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Federal deficits and it kind of
+cuts to both military and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts to both military and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts to both military and education
+spending at the federal level so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending at the federal level so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending at the federal level so there's
+less money to go around and then fights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money to go around and then fights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money to go around and then fights
+over how to allocate that money these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over how to allocate that money these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over how to allocate that money these
+photos are both taken by the way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos are both taken by the way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos are both taken by the way from
+MIT you can see instrumentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you can see instrumentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you can see instrumentation
+laboratory that that's what's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory that that's what's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory that that's what's now a
+draper Laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draper Laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draper Laboratory
+there were these marches in November of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these marches in November of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these marches in November of
+1969 uh throughout the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 uh throughout the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 uh throughout the month
+of um basically fights not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um basically fights not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um basically fights not just
+anti-vietnam War but also anti-military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-vietnam War but also anti-military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-vietnam War but also anti-military
+spending on mit's campus and it led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on mit's campus and it led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on mit's campus and it led to
+fighting you can see this was also um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting you can see this was also um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting you can see this was also um I
+think this is right down the street from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is right down the street from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is right down the street from
+that uh where it led to clashes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh where it led to clashes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh where it led to clashes with the
+local Cambridge Police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Cambridge Police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Cambridge Police
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+really I mean students and staff being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean students and staff being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean students and staff being
+being clubbed uh some police injured as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being clubbed uh some police injured as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being clubbed uh some police injured as
+well it was it was a it was a melee it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was it was a it was a melee it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was it was a it was a melee it
+was a fight in the streets and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a fight in the streets and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a fight in the streets and that
+became emblematic of the kind of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became emblematic of the kind of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became emblematic of the kind of deep
+questioning of the of the arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning of the of the arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning of the of the arrangement
+that had led to this extraordinary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had led to this extraordinary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had led to this extraordinary uh
+20-year rate of growth and as you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-year rate of growth and as you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-year rate of growth and as you also
+see it in a very dramatic contraction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in a very dramatic contraction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in a very dramatic contraction in
+the field itself so here's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field itself so here's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field itself so here's other
+information I found in the AIP archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I found in the AIP archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I found in the AIP archives
+the the AIP used to run a placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the AIP used to run a placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the AIP used to run a placement
+service to match up young phds finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service to match up young phds finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service to match up young phds finishing
+their degrees in the field with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their degrees in the field with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their degrees in the field with
+employers who are who are eager to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers who are who are eager to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers who are who are eager to hire
+young physicists so we would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young physicists so we would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young physicists so we would help
+arrange interviews for jobs at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange interviews for jobs at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange interviews for jobs at the
+annual meetings for example and the AIP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meetings for example and the AIP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meetings for example and the AIP
+cap statistics how many people how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap statistics how many people how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap statistics how many people how many
+students registered with the service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students registered with the service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students registered with the service and
+how many employers were coming with jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many employers were coming with jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many employers were coming with jobs
+on offer and you can see even after 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on offer and you can see even after 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on offer and you can see even after 15
+years of exponential growth in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of exponential growth in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of exponential growth in the field
+there were still more jobs on offer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were still more jobs on offer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were still more jobs on offer than
+students seeking jobs at least through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students seeking jobs at least through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students seeking jobs at least through
+the AIP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AIP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AIP
+right into the early and mid 1960s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the early and mid 1960s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the early and mid 1960s I
+find that mind-boggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that mind-boggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that mind-boggling
+but then you see the fortunes begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you see the fortunes begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you see the fortunes begin to
+reverse quite dramatically so the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse quite dramatically so the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse quite dramatically so the bottom
+falls out and then by 1971 there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls out and then by 1971 there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls out and then by 1971 there were
+more than a thousand students registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand students registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand students registered
+with only 53 jobs on offer and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only 53 jobs on offer and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only 53 jobs on offer and that was
+that wasn't just in universities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't just in universities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't just in universities that
+was across government Laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was across government Laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was across government Laboratories
+private sector industrial Laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector industrial Laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector industrial Laboratories
+and universities so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and universities so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and universities so you have this
+unbelievable collapse of the physics job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable collapse of the physics job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable collapse of the physics job
+market as a coalescence of these forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as a coalescence of these forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as a coalescence of these forces
+political economic cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic cultural
+institutional so we that together helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional so we that together helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional so we that together helps
+account for I think is very sudden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for I think is very sudden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for I think is very sudden and
+dramatic fall which again every field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic fall which again every field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic fall which again every field of
+study went through some uh some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study went through some uh some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study went through some uh some some
+uh went through some fall but none so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went through some fall but none so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went through some fall but none so
+steeply or so quickly as physics let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeply or so quickly as physics let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeply or so quickly as physics let me
+pause there and ask her some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there and ask her some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there and ask her some questions
+and we'll talk briefly about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk briefly about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk briefly about the last
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh good GIS in the chat how did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good GIS in the chat how did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good GIS in the chat how did the
+government cultivate interest in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government cultivate interest in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government cultivate interest in physics
+great question again some wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question again some wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question again some wonderful
+things written about that I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things written about that I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things written about that I've written
+so many colleges written about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many colleges written about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many colleges written about it
+one of the things that I find really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I find really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I find really
+astonishing about this time period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing about this time period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing about this time period is
+that physicists if you can believe it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physicists if you can believe it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physicists if you can believe it it
+will test your imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will test your imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will test your imagination
+became kind of rock stars they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became kind of rock stars they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became kind of rock stars they were
+featured on the covers of Time Magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured on the covers of Time Magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured on the covers of Time Magazine
+they were the word that was often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the word that was often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the word that was often used
+at the time was they were lionized which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time was they were lionized which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time was they were lionized which
+is say they were treated like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say they were treated like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say they were treated like
+celebrities uh speaking to League of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities uh speaking to League of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities uh speaking to League of
+Women Voters uh luncheons speaking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women Voters uh luncheons speaking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women Voters uh luncheons speaking to
+Civic groups paraded into school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civic groups paraded into school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civic groups paraded into school
+auditoriums for you know assemblies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditoriums for you know assemblies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditoriums for you know assemblies for
+K-12 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K-12 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K-12 students
+uh in 1961
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 1961
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 1961
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I think a 61 Time magazine named a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a 61 Time magazine named a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a 61 Time magazine named a dozen
+physicists all white male physicists uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists all white male physicists uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists all white male physicists uh
+people of the year you know Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of the year you know Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of the year you know Time
+Magazine For Years Around the person the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine For Years Around the person the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine For Years Around the person the
+Year award and in 61 it was physics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Year award and in 61 it was physics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Year award and in 61 it was physics as
+embodied by 12 faces of renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied by 12 faces of renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied by 12 faces of renowned
+physicists as the people of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists as the people of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists as the people of the year
+that same year maybe 1963 in Gallup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same year maybe 1963 in Gallup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same year maybe 1963 in Gallup
+polls of um of the American population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls of um of the American population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls of um of the American population
+public opinion polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public opinion polls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public opinion polls
+um people were asked to rate the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people were asked to rate the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people were asked to rate the three
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+most uh favorable professions the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh favorable professions the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh favorable professions the three
+professions that are seen as most highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professions that are seen as most highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professions that are seen as most highly
+respected among the general American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected among the general American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected among the general American
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+number one was Supreme Court Justice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one was Supreme Court Justice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one was Supreme Court Justice I
+don't know if that would be right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that would be right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that would be right the
+same way today but 1963 that was seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way today but 1963 that was seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way today but 1963 that was seen as
+above The Fray in the most kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above The Fray in the most kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above The Fray in the most kind of
+laudatory role someone could aspire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laudatory role someone could aspire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laudatory role someone could aspire to
+number two is medical physician number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is medical physician number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is medical physician number
+three was nuclear physicists so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was nuclear physicists so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was nuclear physicists so it was a
+combination of a sense that nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a sense that nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a sense that nuclear
+physicists had single-handedly built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists had single-handedly built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists had single-handedly built the
+bomb and therefore won the war each part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb and therefore won the war each part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb and therefore won the war each part
+of which I think we've seen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I think we've seen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I think we've seen in this
+class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was
+um maybe a bit of an oversimplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe a bit of an oversimplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe a bit of an oversimplification
+combined with this really kind of hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with this really kind of hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with this really kind of hero
+hero kind of treatment of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero kind of treatment of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero kind of treatment of young
+physicists even those who had had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists even those who had had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists even those who had had no
+role whatsoever in the war so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role whatsoever in the war so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role whatsoever in the war so there was
+a there was a moment in time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there was a moment in time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there was a moment in time when
+physicists in the United States were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in the United States were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists in the United States were
+treated really as kind of um celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated really as kind of um celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated really as kind of um celebrities
+and also a very very valuable resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a very very valuable resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a very very valuable resource
+in All Too Short a supply so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in All Too Short a supply so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in All Too Short a supply so we have a
+lot of these cultural reinforcements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these cultural reinforcements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these cultural reinforcements uh
+that then get overlaid upon this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then get overlaid upon this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then get overlaid upon this kind of
+more more politically driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more politically driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more politically driven
+post-spotnic cry to get lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-spotnic cry to get lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-spotnic cry to get lots and lots of
+people in defense because the Soviets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in defense because the Soviets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in defense because the Soviets
+are are somehow ahead of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are somehow ahead of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are somehow ahead of the United
+States in military technologies that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in military technologies that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in military technologies that was
+at least the allegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the allegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the allegation
+uh Fisher says it looks like the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fisher says it looks like the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fisher says it looks like the number
+of phds over time to the 1980s yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phds over time to the 1980s yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phds over time to the 1980s yeah so
+so I I'll show uh later on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I'll show uh later on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I'll show uh later on what the
+graph looks like later on that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph looks like later on that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph looks like later on that's right
+and Jade uh perhaps rightly or wistfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jade uh perhaps rightly or wistfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jade uh perhaps rightly or wistfully
+says a brief Shining Moment you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a brief Shining Moment you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a brief Shining Moment you may
+recall from the very first lecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from the very first lecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from the very first lecture for
+this class uh literally the first day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class uh literally the first day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class uh literally the first day I
+shared with you a quotation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with you a quotation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with you a quotation from
+Harper's magazine in 1940
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harper's magazine in 1940
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harper's magazine in 1940
+6 or 48 late 40s and the the columnists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 or 48 late 40s and the the columnists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 or 48 late 40s and the the columnists
+had said that physicists are in Vogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said that physicists are in Vogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said that physicists are in Vogue
+these days no dinner party is a success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days no dinner party is a success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days no dinner party is a success
+without at least one physicist physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without at least one physicist physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without at least one physicist physicist
+and I always say boy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I always say boy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I always say boy you know
+something's changed if that was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's changed if that was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's changed if that was what
+people thought in the late 40s about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought in the late 40s about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought in the late 40s about
+physicists says as the ideal dining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists says as the ideal dining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists says as the ideal dining
+companions anyway so a lot was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companions anyway so a lot was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companions anyway so a lot was
+reinforcing they were overt incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing they were overt incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing they were overt incentive
+structures for kind of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for kind of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for kind of political
+decisions and they were often in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and they were often in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and they were often in in
+tandem with reinforcing a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem with reinforcing a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem with reinforcing a kind of
+broader maybe more diffuse kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader maybe more diffuse kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader maybe more diffuse kind of
+cultural notion that physicists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural notion that physicists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural notion that physicists in
+particular nuclear physicists Were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nuclear physicists Were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nuclear physicists Were
+Somehow at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somehow at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somehow at the top
+let me go into the last part today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go into the last part today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go into the last part today uh
+this is the part that's closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that's closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that's closest to the
+reading and so I'll go quickly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and so I'll go quickly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and so I'll go quickly through
+it but I do think it helps make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I do think it helps make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I do think it helps make sense of
+some of the trends we've been thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the trends we've been thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the trends we've been thinking
+about in the class so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's to ask
+what happens to the study of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the study of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the study of physics
+when the number of people pursuing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the number of people pursuing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the number of people pursuing it
+grows exponentially how do the how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows exponentially how do the how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows exponentially how do the how does
+the world of ideas begin to react or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of ideas begin to react or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of ideas begin to react or
+change not just the kind of enrollment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change not just the kind of enrollment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change not just the kind of enrollment
+patterns or degrees conferred I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns or degrees conferred I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns or degrees conferred I love
+this photo I always show this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photo I always show this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photo I always show this photo
+there's actually Nobel Laureate Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually Nobel Laureate Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually Nobel Laureate Val
+Fitch a particle physicist who's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitch a particle physicist who's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitch a particle physicist who's about
+to be crushed to death by the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be crushed to death by the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be crushed to death by the physical
+reviews like death by Journal we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews like death by Journal we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews like death by Journal we always
+many of us think that scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us think that scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us think that scientific
+journals are deadly boring but like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals are deadly boring but like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals are deadly boring but like this
+is actual like a weapon so this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actual like a weapon so this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actual like a weapon so this is now
+stacked by decade the journal began in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked by decade the journal began in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked by decade the journal began in
+the 1890s 1900s tens 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1890s 1900s tens 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1890s 1900s tens 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
+70. by the 1970s there were 30 000 Pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70. by the 1970s there were 30 000 Pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70. by the 1970s there were 30 000 Pages
+published uh per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh per year
+across all the Fizz RAV journals as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the Fizz RAV journals as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the Fizz RAV journals as
+opposed to you know a tiny fraction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to you know a tiny fraction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to you know a tiny fraction at
+point you can see that tracing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can see that tracing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can see that tracing out
+basically that same exponential curve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that same exponential curve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that same exponential curve uh
+as the number of new PhD students of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of new PhD students of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of new PhD students of
+course they went together all those PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they went together all those PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they went together all those PhD
+students have to write a thesis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have to write a thesis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have to write a thesis on
+something and publish so I wanted to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and publish so I wanted to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and publish so I wanted to ask
+what's it like to be a physics student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it like to be a physics student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it like to be a physics student
+under these two very different regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these two very different regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these two very different regimes
+so let's let's try to look at Apples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's try to look at Apples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's try to look at Apples to
+Apples as best we can here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples as best we can here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples as best we can here's one
+instructor happens to be rather popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor happens to be rather popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor happens to be rather popular
+one named Richard Feynman uh teaching at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one named Richard Feynman uh teaching at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one named Richard Feynman uh teaching at
+Caltech first one here with his necktie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech first one here with his necktie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech first one here with his necktie
+on in 1962 much like those photos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in 1962 much like those photos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in 1962 much like those photos of
+Tony French here at MIT very large you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony French here at MIT very large you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony French here at MIT very large you
+know Stadium tiered Auditorium seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Stadium tiered Auditorium seating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Stadium tiered Auditorium seating
+with hundreds of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hundreds of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hundreds of students
+and here just uh 13 years later after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here just uh 13 years later after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here just uh 13 years later after
+that bust teaching admittedly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bust teaching admittedly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bust teaching admittedly a
+different course but what we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different course but what we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different course but what we used to
+call is physics X course with about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is physics X course with about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is physics X course with about a
+dozen students much has changed uh he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen students much has changed uh he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen students much has changed uh he's
+lost his necktie his collar and his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost his necktie his collar and his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost his necktie his collar and his uh
+pants cuffs are both much more wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants cuffs are both much more wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants cuffs are both much more wide
+feynman's own hair is longer I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feynman's own hair is longer I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feynman's own hair is longer I don't
+know what's going on with these feet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on with these feet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on with these feet on
+the desk like things have changed again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desk like things have changed again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desk like things have changed again
+culturally as well as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally as well as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally as well as kind of
+numerically what's it like to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically what's it like to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically what's it like to kind of
+become a young physicist on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a young physicist on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a young physicist on these two
+quite starkly different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite starkly different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite starkly different sets of
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+and I wanted to track that by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to track that by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to track that by looking at
+the training of first-year grad students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training of first-year grad students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training of first-year grad students
+in a particular subject that's neared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular subject that's neared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular subject that's neared I
+think to many of our hearts quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to many of our hearts quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to many of our hearts quantum
+mechanics this is exactly the period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this is exactly the period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this is exactly the period in
+time when at least one course in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when at least one course in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when at least one course in quantum
+mechanics became required of all grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics became required of all grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics became required of all grad
+students in physics in the U.S it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in physics in the U.S it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in physics in the U.S it was an
+elective in many places until soon after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elective in many places until soon after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elective in many places until soon after
+the war so we have one kind of way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war so we have one kind of way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war so we have one kind of way to
+again compare like with like and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again compare like with like and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again compare like with like and so this
+is a topic that again as we've seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a topic that again as we've seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a topic that again as we've seen in
+our own class had been the subject of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own class had been the subject of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own class had been the subject of or
+treated to kind of overtly philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated to kind of overtly philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated to kind of overtly philosophical
+discussion by many many leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion by many many leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion by many many leading
+physicists who helped invent quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists who helped invent quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists who helped invent quantum
+theory in the 1920s and 30s we looked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the 1920s and 30s we looked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the 1920s and 30s we looked a
+bit of things like the Einstein board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of things like the Einstein board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of things like the Einstein board
+debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate
+it turns out they filled their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out they filled their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out they filled their own
+textbooks uh they didn't fill but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks uh they didn't fill but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks uh they didn't fill but that
+that philosophical mode of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that philosophical mode of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that philosophical mode of of
+interpretation shows up in their in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation shows up in their in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation shows up in their in
+their explicitly pedagogical materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their explicitly pedagogical materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their explicitly pedagogical materials
+as well now they would disagree out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well now they would disagree out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well now they would disagree out
+which philosophical tradition they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which philosophical tradition they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which philosophical tradition they found
+most helpful some turn to uh the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most helpful some turn to uh the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most helpful some turn to uh the German
+idealism of Manuel Kant several turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism of Manuel Kant several turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism of Manuel Kant several turn
+like Einstein himself had done to Ayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Einstein himself had done to Ayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Einstein himself had done to Ayers
+mock all kinds of of favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mock all kinds of of favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mock all kinds of of favorite
+philosophical or interpretive Traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical or interpretive Traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical or interpretive Traditions
+but they all agree that this was part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all agree that this was part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all agree that this was part of
+what it meant to be a physicist and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it meant to be a physicist and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it meant to be a physicist and part
+of what it meant in particular to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it meant in particular to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it meant in particular to learn
+about quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum theory
+before the second world war this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the second world war this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the second world war this part
+actually surprised me uh that was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprised me uh that was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprised me uh that was also
+true in the United States if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the United States if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the United States if you look at
+all the leading instructors in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the leading instructors in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the leading instructors in the new
+quantum theory in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory in the U.S
+the early textbooks their own lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early textbooks their own lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early textbooks their own lecture
+notes that survived student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that survived student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that survived student
+reminiscences homework problems and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscences homework problems and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscences homework problems and so
+on that there also was an explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that there also was an explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that there also was an explicitly
+kind of interpretive or philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interpretive or philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interpretive or philosophical
+approach to Quantum Theory again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to Quantum Theory again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to Quantum Theory again they
+would often appeal to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often appeal to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often appeal to different
+philosophical traditions than many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical traditions than many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical traditions than many of
+the Continental Europeans rarely would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Continental Europeans rarely would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Continental Europeans rarely would
+they would they appeal to Emmanuel Kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they appeal to Emmanuel Kant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they appeal to Emmanuel Kant
+but there was a notion that an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a notion that an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a notion that an explicit
+one said in the in the opening prefaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one said in the in the opening prefaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one said in the in the opening prefaces
+of the famous books by these authors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the famous books by these authors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the famous books by these authors and
+and throughout the lecture notes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the lecture notes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the lecture notes from
+oppenheimer's very famous course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheimer's very famous course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheimer's very famous course at
+Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley
+that part of the job of Reckoning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the job of Reckoning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the job of Reckoning with
+quantum theory is adopting an explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory is adopting an explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory is adopting an explicitly
+philosophical mode to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical mode to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical mode to try to understand
+these kind of puzzles like things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of puzzles like things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of puzzles like things like
+Schrodinger's cat or or the Restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's cat or or the Restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's cat or or the Restriction
+to probabilities and determinism things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probabilities and determinism things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probabilities and determinism things
+that we at least talk briefly about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we at least talk briefly about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we at least talk briefly about in
+our own class here one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own class here one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own class here one of my favorite
+sources that is a series of notebooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that is a series of notebooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that is a series of notebooks
+that are preserved in caltech's archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are preserved in caltech's archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are preserved in caltech's archives
+that are they span from 1929 to 1969
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are they span from 1929 to 1969
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are they span from 1929 to 1969
+unbroken 30-year period these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken 30-year period these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken 30-year period these were
+communal notebooks passed down among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal notebooks passed down among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal notebooks passed down among the
+physics PhD students and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics PhD students and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics PhD students and then finally
+grabbed and preserved 30 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed and preserved 30 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed and preserved 30 years later
+where the students would narrate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the students would narrate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the students would narrate how
+they prepared for their General exam was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prepared for their General exam was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prepared for their General exam was
+an oral exam only for their PhD students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oral exam only for their PhD students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oral exam only for their PhD students
+no written exam so the students would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no written exam so the students would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no written exam so the students would
+say I studied this and this and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I studied this and this and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I studied this and this and here are
+the questions I was asked so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions I was asked so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions I was asked so that you
+could pass it along and help your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pass it along and help your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pass it along and help your
+friends who would come to the exam a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who would come to the exam a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who would come to the exam a
+little later so read these accounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later so read these accounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later so read these accounts of
+the exam at Caltech to to uh for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam at Caltech to to uh for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam at Caltech to to uh for your
+PhD qualifying exam uh in physics and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD qualifying exam uh in physics and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD qualifying exam uh in physics and in
+the 30s indeed they were pressed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s indeed they were pressed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30s indeed they were pressed to
+calculate certain things but also press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate certain things but also press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate certain things but also press
+to give kind of interpretive answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give kind of interpretive answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give kind of interpretive answers to
+some of these quadries of quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these quadries of quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these quadries of quantum theory
+and likewise if you look at lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise if you look at lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise if you look at lecture
+notes textbooks book reviews in the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes textbooks book reviews in the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes textbooks book reviews in the 30s
+you see that rapidly as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that rapidly as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that rapidly as well
+what what happens very quickly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens very quickly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens very quickly after the
+end of the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the war
+is that that just vanishes in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that just vanishes in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that just vanishes in the United
+States I mean it just vanishes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I mean it just vanishes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I mean it just vanishes very
+quickly again many ways to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly again many ways to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly again many ways to kind of
+measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this
+um one of my favorites a statement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of my favorites a statement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of my favorites a statement from
+mit's own Hermann feschbach very very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's own Hermann feschbach very very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's own Hermann feschbach very very um
+prominent nuclear physicist helped found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent nuclear physicist helped found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent nuclear physicist helped found
+our Center for theoretical physics very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Center for theoretical physics very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Center for theoretical physics very
+prominent and he wrote in 62 in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent and he wrote in 62 in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent and he wrote in 62 in his
+words enough with this musty atavistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words enough with this musty atavistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words enough with this musty atavistic
+to do about position and momentum he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do about position and momentum he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do about position and momentum he's
+like enough fretting over the the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like enough fretting over the the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like enough fretting over the the kind
+of philosophical implications of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophical implications of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophical implications of the
+uncertainty principle we have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle we have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle we have all the
+stuff to calculate and a kind of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to calculate and a kind of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to calculate and a kind of common
+phrase that was uttered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that was uttered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that was uttered
+kind of half jokingly at the time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of half jokingly at the time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of half jokingly at the time was
+the phrase shut up and calculate meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrase shut up and calculate meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrase shut up and calculate meaning
+don't stay up all night wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stay up all night wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stay up all night wondering about
+the grand mysteries of quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand mysteries of quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand mysteries of quantum theory
+learn how to do your problem sets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do your problem sets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do your problem sets which
+now were winnowing to be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now were winnowing to be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now were winnowing to be almost
+exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively
+calculation and not kind of verbal uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and not kind of verbal uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and not kind of verbal uh or
+or essay-like response so again we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essay-like response so again we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essay-like response so again we go
+back to those notebooks from Caltech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to those notebooks from Caltech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to those notebooks from Caltech
+these kind of continuous record of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of continuous record of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of continuous record of the
+of the qualifying exam for the Caltech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the qualifying exam for the Caltech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the qualifying exam for the Caltech
+physics students and you see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics students and you see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics students and you see some of
+these entries in the early 50s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entries in the early 50s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entries in the early 50s of
+students who are kind of shocked they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are kind of shocked they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are kind of shocked they
+actually feel like cheated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feel like cheated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feel like cheated because
+they've studied years and years of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've studied years and years of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've studied years and years of these
+older accounts of the types of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older accounts of the types of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older accounts of the types of questions
+they would likely be asked on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would likely be asked on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would likely be asked on the exam
+and then they didn't show up whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they didn't show up whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they didn't show up whether
+when those students in the early 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those students in the early 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those students in the early 50s
+actually sat for this for their exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sat for this for their exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sat for this for their exams
+they write things like the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write things like the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write things like the effort
+invested analysis of paradoxes and queer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested analysis of paradoxes and queer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested analysis of paradoxes and queer
+logical points was of no use in the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical points was of no use in the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical points was of no use in the exam
+he was only at the student was a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was only at the student was a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was only at the student was a man
+only asked to solve certain problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only asked to solve certain problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only asked to solve certain problems
+another student says the best advice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student says the best advice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student says the best advice is
+to memorize and rehearse the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorize and rehearse the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorize and rehearse the stock
+problems or give what he calls the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or give what he calls the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or give what he calls the usual
+Spiel they will not ask you to wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spiel they will not ask you to wax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spiel they will not ask you to wax
+poetic about the fall determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic about the fall determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic about the fall determinism
+whereas they had really been asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they had really been asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they had really been asking that
+question only a generation or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question only a generation or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question only a generation or two
+earlier likewise the newer textbooks now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier likewise the newer textbooks now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier likewise the newer textbooks now
+get praised in the published book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get praised in the published book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get praised in the published book
+reviews for quote avoiding philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews for quote avoiding philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews for quote avoiding philosophical
+discussion or omitting this distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion or omitting this distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion or omitting this distracting
+philosophically tainted questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically tainted questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically tainted questions you
+see this very Stark shift also in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this very Stark shift also in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this very Stark shift also in other
+written exams and problem sets across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written exams and problem sets across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written exams and problem sets across
+the country so between the 30s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country so between the 30s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country so between the 30s and the
+50s something really Stark has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s something really Stark has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s something really Stark has changed
+how might we account for that shift we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might we account for that shift we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might we account for that shift we
+might say well these were these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well these were these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well these were these were
+open questions authorities but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open questions authorities but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open questions authorities but maybe
+they were just solved by the 50s I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just solved by the 50s I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just solved by the 50s I mean
+I I chuckled because of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I chuckled because of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I chuckled because of course we know
+as many of us have been discussing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many of us have been discussing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many of us have been discussing in
+office hours they have been solved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours they have been solved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours they have been solved to
+this day right these are still open uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day right these are still open uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day right these are still open uh
+questions subject now to very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions subject now to very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions subject now to very active
+research uh even in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh even in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh even in the United States
+and even then in the 50s we're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even then in the 50s we're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even then in the 50s we're being
+pursued actively by some physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursued actively by some physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursued actively by some physicists
+outside the United States so it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the United States so it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the United States so it wasn't
+that the philosophical challenges had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the philosophical challenges had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the philosophical challenges had
+gone away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away
+another answer that I find much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another answer that I find much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another answer that I find much more
+compelling much more interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling much more interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling much more interesting is
+written by two of my own mentors so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by two of my own mentors so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by two of my own mentors so I
+guess I I have to like it but I do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I I have to like it but I do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I I have to like it but I do uh
+both uh Sam schwager and Peter Gallison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh Sam schwager and Peter Gallison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh Sam schwager and Peter Gallison
+among others have written that maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among others have written that maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among others have written that maybe it
+was what happened between the 30s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what happened between the 30s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what happened between the 30s and
+50s that could account for the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s that could account for the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s that could account for the change in
+particular this really massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this really massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this really massive
+unprecedented uh effort by physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented uh effort by physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented uh effort by physicists
+and engineers in chemists and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineers in chemists and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineers in chemists and so on
+during the second world war if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the second world war if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the second world war if you're
+working in the midst of factory-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the midst of factory-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the midst of factory-sized
+kind of time-sensitive mission-oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of time-sensitive mission-oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of time-sensitive mission-oriented
+projects like isotope separation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects like isotope separation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects like isotope separation like
+radar do you don't have time for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar do you don't have time for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar do you don't have time for kind of
+philosophical niceties and both Sam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical niceties and both Sam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical niceties and both Sam and
+Peter fine just really compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter fine just really compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter fine just really compelling
+examples of physicists saying stop doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of physicists saying stop doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of physicists saying stop doing
+what we used to do you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to do you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to do you know there's a
+war on get get the numbers out was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war on get get the numbers out was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war on get get the numbers out was a
+phrase that Sam in particular would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that Sam in particular would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that Sam in particular would
+often would use to characterize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often would use to characterize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often would use to characterize this
+period and yet I found from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and yet I found from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and yet I found from going
+through the archives and collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the archives and collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the archives and collecting
+uh unpublished lecture notes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unpublished lecture notes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unpublished lecture notes from
+physicists at a range of Institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists at a range of Institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists at a range of Institutions
+during the 50s Not Just during the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 50s Not Just during the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 50s Not Just during the 30s
+that that wouldn't account for the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wouldn't account for the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wouldn't account for the shift
+these were the folks I was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the folks I was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the folks I was looking at
+were often highly placed uh veterans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were often highly placed uh veterans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were often highly placed uh veterans
+from the wartime projects people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wartime projects people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wartime projects people had
+very extensive roles at Oak Ridge plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extensive roles at Oak Ridge plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extensive roles at Oak Ridge plus
+Alamos and uh the rad lab during the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos and uh the rad lab during the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos and uh the rad lab during the war
+and yet went back to their home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet went back to their home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet went back to their home
+institutions after the war and taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions after the war and taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions after the war and taught
+quantum mechanics in in this comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics in in this comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics in in this comparable
+kind of overtly philosophical vein like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overtly philosophical vein like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overtly philosophical vein like
+in the 30s so it can't be that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 30s so it can't be that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 30s so it can't be that somehow
+the war kind of was this a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war kind of was this a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war kind of was this a unique
+explanation even though I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation even though I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation even though I do think
+there's a lot of compelling evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of compelling evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of compelling evidence
+about a shift maybe we might say after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a shift maybe we might say after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a shift maybe we might say after
+the war it was a change in who wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war it was a change in who wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war it was a change in who wanted to
+hire these physicists after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire these physicists after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire these physicists after all
+1953 was the first year in U.S history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1953 was the first year in U.S history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1953 was the first year in U.S history
+in which more physics phds were hired in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which more physics phds were hired in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which more physics phds were hired in
+industrial jobs than academic ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial jobs than academic ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial jobs than academic ones so
+the Industrial Research in physics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Industrial Research in physics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Industrial Research in physics was
+really growing rapidly in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really growing rapidly in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really growing rapidly in the United
+States in the 50s and again maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in the 50s and again maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in the 50s and again maybe if
+you're working at Westinghouse or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working at Westinghouse or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working at Westinghouse or you
+know Bell Telephone or many many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bell Telephone or many many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bell Telephone or many many others
+maybe you don't need to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't need to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't need to worry about the
+kind of epistemological philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of epistemological philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of epistemological philosophical
+questions about schroederer's cat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about schroederer's cat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about schroederer's cat and
+yet because of the the Cold War fears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because of the the Cold War fears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because of the the Cold War fears
+about where the physicists were and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the physicists were and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the physicists were and how
+they could be tracked we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be tracked we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be tracked we have an
+enormous amount of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of information about
+this generation where they were trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generation where they were trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generation where they were trained
+where they got their jobs who moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they got their jobs who moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they got their jobs who moved to
+what position when so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what position when so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what position when so you can actually
+do a statistical sample and find there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a statistical sample and find there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a statistical sample and find there
+was literally no correlation in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was literally no correlation in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was literally no correlation in fact
+some strong anti-correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strong anti-correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strong anti-correlations
+between the the where an individual got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the where an individual got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the where an individual got
+jobs got it got a position after the PHD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs got it got a position after the PHD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs got it got a position after the PHD
+and the and the type of course they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the type of course they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the type of course they had
+for quantum mechanics during a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quantum mechanics during a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quantum mechanics during a graduate
+work this was not a kind of uh job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this was not a kind of uh job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this was not a kind of uh job
+market driven shift either so what led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market driven shift either so what led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market driven shift either so what led
+me to and this is where you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to and this is where you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to and this is where you'll you'll
+read in the piece was to ask about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in the piece was to ask about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in the piece was to ask about is
+this a kind of legacy of of bloated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a kind of legacy of of bloated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a kind of legacy of of bloated
+classrooms that were changing very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms that were changing very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms that were changing very very
+rapidly so how if so how might we assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so how if so how might we assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so how if so how might we assess
+that and here again I'll boil down a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and here again I'll boil down a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and here again I'll boil down a lot
+that's written a bit more in the essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's written a bit more in the essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's written a bit more in the essay
+one thing I did was look at collect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I did was look at collect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I did was look at collect all
+of the uh lecture notes I could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh lecture notes I could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh lecture notes I could find
+mostly unpublished lecture notes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly unpublished lecture notes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly unpublished lecture notes from
+the 1950s from again the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s from again the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s from again the same kind of
+course first year graduate level quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first year graduate level quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first year graduate level quantum
+mechanics to try to compare apples with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to try to compare apples with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to try to compare apples with
+apples then separately assess the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples then separately assess the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples then separately assess the uh
+enrollment of those courses sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment of those courses sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment of those courses sometimes it
+was actually in the archives I could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually in the archives I could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually in the archives I could see
+Hans beta's grade sheet I know which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans beta's grade sheet I know which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans beta's grade sheet I know which of
+the students got to be plus and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students got to be plus and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students got to be plus and I know
+how many students were in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many students were in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many students were in the class
+other times the university registrars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times the university registrars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times the university registrars
+still have records or other ways to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have records or other ways to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have records or other ways to to
+get this so you can you can look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so you can you can look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so you can you can look for
+correlations between class size and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between class size and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between class size and the
+nature of discussion of the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of discussion of the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of discussion of the quantum
+theory in those classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in those classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in those classes
+and again to boil down a lot to be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again to boil down a lot to be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again to boil down a lot to be kind
+of uh overly precise these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh overly precise these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh overly precise these numbers
+should be read with grains of salt but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be read with grains of salt but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be read with grains of salt but a
+shift in a factor of three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in a factor of three in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in a factor of three in the
+average enrollment size a larger class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average enrollment size a larger class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average enrollment size a larger class
+by a factor of three was accompanied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of three was accompanied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of three was accompanied by
+Fall by something like a factor of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fall by something like a factor of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fall by something like a factor of five
+by a very dramatic very noticeable shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a very dramatic very noticeable shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a very dramatic very noticeable shift
+in the number of say pages of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of say pages of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of say pages of the
+lecture notes devoted to anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes devoted to anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes devoted to anything we
+might generously consider philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might generously consider philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might generously consider philosophical
+speculative or interpretive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative or interpretive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative or interpretive
+so that's sort of One Moment In Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of One Moment In Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of One Moment In Time
+over the 50s then I also wanted to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the 50s then I also wanted to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the 50s then I also wanted to look
+across time on historians would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time on historians would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time on historians would call
+diachronically so with the help of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diachronically so with the help of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diachronically so with the help of
+several grad student research assistants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several grad student research assistants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several grad student research assistants
+I looked at all of The Graduate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at all of The Graduate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at all of The Graduate level
+textbooks on quantum mechanics they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks on quantum mechanics they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks on quantum mechanics they were
+aimed at the same audience first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at the same audience first year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at the same audience first year
+grad quantity courses all that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad quantity courses all that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad quantity courses all that were
+published in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in English
+during this 30-year period after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this 30-year period after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this 30-year period after the war
+and then we looked at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we looked at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we looked at all of the
+homework problems that appear in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems that appear in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems that appear in those
+books there's 6 000 homework problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books there's 6 000 homework problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books there's 6 000 homework problems
+actually of course many redundancies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of course many redundancies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of course many redundancies the
+same problems get repeated over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problems get repeated over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problems get repeated over and over
+again and again we can look at Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again we can look at Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again we can look at Trends
+and how many of those Homer problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of those Homer problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of those Homer problems in
+the textbooks asked for any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks asked for any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks asked for any kind of
+verbal or interpretive answer how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal or interpretive answer how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal or interpretive answer how many
+of them were short essay write out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were short essay write out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were short essay write out an
+answer in uh reasoning in sentences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in uh reasoning in sentences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in uh reasoning in sentences and
+paragraphs versus calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs versus calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs versus calculation and
+circling the answer to the end so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling the answer to the end so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling the answer to the end so what
+I'm showing here is the proportion of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here is the proportion of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing here is the proportion of of
+the questions that asked for an essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that asked for an essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that asked for an essay
+like a brief short answer uh paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brief short answer uh paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brief short answer uh paragraph
+structured response and it hovers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured response and it hovers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured response and it hovers at
+around 10 percent while the enrollments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 percent while the enrollments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 percent while the enrollments
+grow rapidly and then look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow rapidly and then look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow rapidly and then look at this
+transition to an absolutely explosion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to an absolutely explosion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to an absolutely explosion to
+reaching almost 50 percent were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching almost 50 percent were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching almost 50 percent were kind of
+essay or discussion questions in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay or discussion questions in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay or discussion questions in these
+books published soon after that bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books published soon after that bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books published soon after that bubble
+hit first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit first
+a couple of very quick a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of very quick a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of very quick a couple more
+kind of archival examples see are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of archival examples see are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of archival examples see are these
+General Trends kind of playing out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Trends kind of playing out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Trends kind of playing out on
+the ground and here's just two more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and here's just two more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and here's just two more that
+I'll share with you before I wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll share with you before I wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll share with you before I wrap up
+there's one example I found again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one example I found again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one example I found again in the
+archives at Berkeley in the early mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives at Berkeley in the early mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives at Berkeley in the early mid
+1950s this was a young uh assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s this was a young uh assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s this was a young uh assistant
+professor tenure track Professor named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor tenure track Professor named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor tenure track Professor named
+Roland good who uh was interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roland good who uh was interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roland good who uh was interested in in
+some of the kind of foundational aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kind of foundational aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kind of foundational aspects
+of quantum mechanics including uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics including uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics including uh
+Quantum field theory he was ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field theory he was ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field theory he was ultimately
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um promoted he would he was denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um promoted he would he was denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um promoted he would he was denied
+tenure and that always leaves a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure and that always leaves a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure and that always leaves a large
+paper trail it's actually hard to deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper trail it's actually hard to deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper trail it's actually hard to deny
+someone tender because you could write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tender because you could write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tender because you could write a
+lot of reports that is now and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of reports that is now and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of reports that is now and so if you
+look at the reports of why was Roland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the reports of why was Roland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the reports of why was Roland
+good um not promoted they say that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um not promoted they say that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um not promoted they say that his
+choice of research topic was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of research topic was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of research topic was
+pedagogically inappropriate he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically inappropriate he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically inappropriate he wasn't
+generating doable homework problems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating doable homework problems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating doable homework problems for
+his students especially for his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students especially for his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students especially for his PhD
+students and because Berkeley had such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and because Berkeley had such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and because Berkeley had such a
+huge population of overwhelmingly white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge population of overwhelmingly white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge population of overwhelmingly white
+male PhD students in physics that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male PhD students in physics that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male PhD students in physics that every
+faculty never had to be a kind of engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty never had to be a kind of engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty never had to be a kind of engine
+a factory producing uh dissertations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factory producing uh dissertations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factory producing uh dissertations and
+rolling goods choice of topic by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling goods choice of topic by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling goods choice of topic by being
+more overtly uh interpretive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overtly uh interpretive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overtly uh interpretive or
+philosophic was just a it was a poor fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophic was just a it was a poor fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophic was just a it was a poor fit
+and so we wouldn't be promoted even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we wouldn't be promoted even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we wouldn't be promoted even
+though it was a productive researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was a productive researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was a productive researcher
+and an Effective Teacher according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an Effective Teacher according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an Effective Teacher according to
+the reports last example of that sort I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reports last example of that sort I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reports last example of that sort I
+looked just nearby Berkeley at Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked just nearby Berkeley at Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked just nearby Berkeley at Stanford
+their Department was always much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Department was always much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Department was always much smaller
+than Berkeley's but in relative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Berkeley's but in relative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Berkeley's but in relative terms
+went through again its own kind of boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through again its own kind of boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through again its own kind of boom
+and bust cycle it grew much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bust cycle it grew much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bust cycle it grew much larger
+compared to its older own uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to its older own uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to its older own uh kind of
+capacity very rapidly and again you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity very rapidly and again you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity very rapidly and again you see
+this remarkable correlation in time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable correlation in time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable correlation in time as
+an incoming cohorts grow from tens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incoming cohorts grow from tens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incoming cohorts grow from tens to
+twenties in the earlier period up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenties in the earlier period up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenties in the earlier period up to
+nearly 50 a year high 40s per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly 50 a year high 40s per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly 50 a year high 40s per year
+The Faculty get overwhelmed doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Faculty get overwhelmed doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Faculty get overwhelmed doing uh
+doing all these qualifying exams they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all these qualifying exams they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all these qualifying exams they
+switch to a true false General exam for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to a true false General exam for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to a true false General exam for
+a period of almost 20 years you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of almost 20 years you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period of almost 20 years you can get
+your PhD in physics at Stanford on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your PhD in physics at Stanford on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your PhD in physics at Stanford on the
+basis of a true false qualifying exam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of a true false qualifying exam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of a true false qualifying exam I
+just I'll let that sink in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'll let that sink in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'll let that sink in
+meanwhile just as it did everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile just as it did everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile just as it did everywhere and
+Romans crashed fell by more than half in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans crashed fell by more than half in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans crashed fell by more than half in
+about two years and as the numbers fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two years and as the numbers fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two years and as the numbers fall
+then kind of coincidentally or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of coincidentally or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of coincidentally or at least
+correlated in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated in time
+um The Faculty say no actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Faculty say no actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Faculty say no actually our
+students should be better prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students should be better prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students should be better prepared to
+discuss these things in words so 40 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these things in words so 40 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these things in words so 40 of
+the revised General exams become essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revised General exams become essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revised General exams become essay
+questions literally write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions literally write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions literally write out
+interpretive answers as opposed to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretive answers as opposed to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretive answers as opposed to true
+false and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and so on so
+so so I find those Trends really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I find those Trends really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I find those Trends really quite
+striking so this is now my final set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking so this is now my final set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking so this is now my final set of
+slides I'll wrap up very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I'll wrap up very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I'll wrap up very very quickly
+going back to that early article that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to that early article that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to that early article that I
+mentioned by Paul Foreman Foreman was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned by Paul Foreman Foreman was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned by Paul Foreman Foreman was
+convinced that this overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that this overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that this overwhelming
+military sponsorship of funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military sponsorship of funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military sponsorship of funding for
+basic research had changed what it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic research had changed what it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic research had changed what it meant
+to do physics in his famous words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do physics in his famous words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do physics in his famous words
+physicists pretended a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists pretended a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists pretended a fundamental
+character to their work that it scarcely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to their work that it scarcely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to their work that it scarcely
+had they've become merely instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they've become merely instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they've become merely instrumental
+to their military patrons he says they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their military patrons he says they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their military patrons he says they
+sold out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold out
+this really is it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is it's a kind of
+one-dimensional analysis and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional analysis and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional analysis and somehow
+money from the Pentagon changed a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the Pentagon changed a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the Pentagon changed a world
+of ideas it certainly had an impact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas it certainly had an impact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas it certainly had an impact but
+it seems to me that what's Matt what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that what's Matt what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that what's Matt what's
+missing from those kinds of explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from those kinds of explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from those kinds of explanations
+is the way the money gets used right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way the money gets used right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way the money gets used right the
+decisions about what one does with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about what one does with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about what one does with this
+suddenly a very fast changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly a very fast changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly a very fast changing
+infrastructure how do people learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure how do people learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure how do people learn in
+institutions as opposed to kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions as opposed to kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions as opposed to kind of uh
+reactive budget lines and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive budget lines and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive budget lines and then we
+started asking questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started asking questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started asking questions about
+enrollment patterns about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment patterns about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment patterns about the nature of
+the uh instrumentation and about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh instrumentation and about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh instrumentation and about the
+kind of arrangement of the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of arrangement of the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of arrangement of the world of
+ideas then I think we can start asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas then I think we can start asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas then I think we can start asking
+about did the character of research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about did the character of research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about did the character of research and
+teaching start to shift during this cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching start to shift during this cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching start to shift during this cold
+war period so let me pause there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war period so let me pause there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war period so let me pause there I'm
+sorry again for running long I'd be glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry again for running long I'd be glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry again for running long I'd be glad
+to stay longer in chat if people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay longer in chat if people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay longer in chat if people would
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there are um
+no questions I see Jade has helpfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions I see Jade has helpfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions I see Jade has helpfully
+shared a link to uh uh to a chapter I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared a link to uh uh to a chapter I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared a link to uh uh to a chapter I'd
+written that Peter Fisher showed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that Peter Fisher showed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that Peter Fisher showed with
+that department back in August I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that department back in August I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that department back in August I'd be
+happy to share more I I wrote a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to share more I I wrote a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to share more I I wrote a lot
+about the the um those reports on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the um those reports on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the um those reports on the
+Soviet um training and if that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet um training and if that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet um training and if that's of
+Interest I can share that too Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest I can share that too Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest I can share that too Fisher
+asks was there any renewed interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks was there any renewed interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks was there any renewed interest in
+experimental physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics
+uh yes so so it's actually this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so so it's actually this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so so it's actually this period
+very good question it's this period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question it's this period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question it's this period in
+the United States that theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States that theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States that theoretical
+physics really begins to kind of break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics really begins to kind of break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics really begins to kind of break
+off into its own subfield considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into its own subfield considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into its own subfield considerably
+later than we'd seen it happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than we'd seen it happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than we'd seen it happen in
+um in other parts of uh especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in other parts of uh especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in other parts of uh especially in
+Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+uh nonetheless it was still a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nonetheless it was still a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nonetheless it was still a kind of
+predominant assumption during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant assumption during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant assumption during this time
+period uh that physics meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh that physics meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh that physics meant
+experimental physics like we saw much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics like we saw much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics like we saw much
+earlier uh and that maybe there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh and that maybe there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh and that maybe there should
+be a role for Theory the theorists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a role for Theory the theorists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a role for Theory the theorists were
+often considered so-called house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often considered so-called house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often considered so-called house
+theorists due to theoretical physics by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists due to theoretical physics by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists due to theoretical physics by
+being kind of a closely coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kind of a closely coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kind of a closely coupled
+consultant to your immediately local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant to your immediately local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant to your immediately local
+experimental group and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental group and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental group and that kind of
+shifts and gets renegotiated over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and gets renegotiated over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and gets renegotiated over over
+this time period one another example I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period one another example I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period one another example I I
+cut for time but a lot I think it speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut for time but a lot I think it speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut for time but a lot I think it speaks
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+um I found letters uh advice letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I found letters uh advice letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I found letters uh advice letters
+from Berkeley physicists to people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Berkeley physicists to people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Berkeley physicists to people who
+want to enter the field during this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to enter the field during this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to enter the field during this kind
+of Heyday in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Heyday in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Heyday in the 50s
+and in one letter uh presumably very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one letter uh presumably very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one letter uh presumably very
+well-intentioned uh Berkeley physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-intentioned uh Berkeley physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-intentioned uh Berkeley physicist
+wrote back to a student the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote back to a student the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote back to a student the students
+explained that that he was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that that he was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that that he was in a
+wheelchair permanently had some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair permanently had some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair permanently had some reason
+to be in a wheelchair permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in a wheelchair permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in a wheelchair permanently
+and the business said you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the business said you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the business said you can't have a
+career in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career in physics
+because he'd never heard of Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he'd never heard of Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he'd never heard of Stephen
+Hawking who hadn't become prominent yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking who hadn't become prominent yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking who hadn't become prominent yet
+and hadn't been in that wheelchair yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hadn't been in that wheelchair yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hadn't been in that wheelchair yet
+but also because the presumption was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because the presumption was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because the presumption was
+still physics meant experimental physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still physics meant experimental physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still physics meant experimental physics
+which meant Wheeling you know getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant Wheeling you know getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant Wheeling you know getting
+around these factories like at Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these factories like at Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these factories like at Berkeley
+uh like the bevatron I mean it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the bevatron I mean it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the bevatron I mean it was a
+kind of collapse of who's legitimate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of collapse of who's legitimate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of collapse of who's legitimate to
+even consider a role for themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider a role for themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider a role for themselves in
+physics which is assumption both about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which is assumption both about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which is assumption both about
+we might not call it ableism right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might not call it ableism right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might not call it ableism right there
+was a clear kind of bias against people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a clear kind of bias against people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a clear kind of bias against people
+with uh non-standard physical you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh non-standard physical you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh non-standard physical you know
+situation but also I mean that came was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but also I mean that came was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but also I mean that came was
+was coupled with in this person's mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coupled with in this person's mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coupled with in this person's mind
+the sense that physics equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that physics equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that physics equals
+experimental physics which equaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics which equaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physics which equaled
+somehow you know lumbering around large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you know lumbering around large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you know lumbering around large
+kind of large equipment like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of large equipment like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of large equipment like in a
+factory so that's again that's one data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory so that's again that's one data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory so that's again that's one data
+point but it's I think it's illustrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's I think it's illustrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's I think it's illustrative
+of this kind of collapse in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of collapse in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of collapse in many
+physicists Minds at the time about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists Minds at the time about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists Minds at the time about about
+what a proper role proper career in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a proper role proper career in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a proper role proper career in
+physics would be like and of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics would be like and of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics would be like and of course that
+changes that changed over time both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that changed over time both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that changed over time both
+about the kind of demographics it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of demographics it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of demographics it's also
+about Theory as an autonomous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theory as an autonomous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theory as an autonomous thing
+mit's Center for theoretical physics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's Center for theoretical physics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's Center for theoretical physics was
+among the earliest founded as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the earliest founded as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the earliest founded as a
+standalone Center for Theory and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone Center for Theory and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone Center for Theory and it was
+founded in 1967 or 68 I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in 1967 or 68 I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in 1967 or 68 I can't remember
+which maybe Julian might remember but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe Julian might remember but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe Julian might remember but
+the late 60s so you know that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 60s so you know that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 60s so you know that's that's a
+kind of marker point for when this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of marker point for when this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of marker point for when this was
+seen as oh this is a separate thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as oh this is a separate thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as oh this is a separate thing it
+needs its own space right on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs its own space right on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs its own space right on campus
+Camp so anyway so that's that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp so anyway so that's that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp so anyway so that's that's a great
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+not for a long time sorry to keep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for a long time sorry to keep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for a long time sorry to keep you
+all along uh stay well hang in there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along uh stay well hang in there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along uh stay well hang in there uh
+and uh I'll see you all on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'll see you all on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'll see you all on Monday
+stay well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4iXLnF3hExw.txt b/4iXLnF3hExw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58f70554144e1f6ee95a5387b716eaf022ea0b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4iXLnF3hExw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2866 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So did
+everyone turn in PSET1?
+
+Yes?
+
+Good.
+
+OK, so there is a PSET1
+critique due in a few days.
+
+My advice?
+
+You already did PSET1.
+
+You remember what you
+wrote out on the proof.
+
+Look at the solution.
+
+Write one paragraph today,
+and you're done with it.
+
+Then you go focus on PSET2.
+
+If you leave it
+off until Tuesday,
+
+you're going to have to
+read your proof again,
+
+remember what you're thinking.
+
+It's a lot more work.
+
+Just do it now, get
+it out of the way,
+
+and put PSET1 behind you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the critique
+only for the proof?
+
+Or is this for all of them?
+
+PROFESSOR: Nope.
+
+Just the proof.
+
+So you have to compare
+your proof with our proof?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there an
+assignment for that?
+
+Or do we just know to do it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh.
+
+PSET1 be Stellar.
+
+Oh, no, sorry.
+
+It's not in Stellar.
+
+It's on our new grading
+site that just went out.
+
+So you have to go to
+our new grading site,
+
+and you have to type
+in your critique there.
+
+And it's one paragraph.
+
+You should aim
+for one paragraph.
+
+If you're doing more
+than that, then you're
+
+doing something wrong.
+
+And it's LATEX Plus math mode.
+
+So you can use math mode,
+and that's about it.
+
+OK, any more questions
+about the critique?
+
+It's a new thing.
+
+We care about it because it will
+make our grading life easier.
+
+And because it'll force you to
+look at the solutions and see
+
+what you understood
+and what you didn't.
+
+So we care about it.
+
+Don't ignore it.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like, how
+much is it weighted?
+
+How much does it count
+toward the grade?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you
+don't have a critique,
+
+we will most likely
+give you a 0 for proof.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: If your proof is bad
+and your critique of the proof
+
+is good, then you
+might get something.
+
+If your proof is bad and
+you have no critique--
+
+actually if your proof
+is whatever it is and you
+
+have no critique, you get a 0.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah. [CHUCKLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Any more
+questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+Who needs help remembering
+what the document distance
+
+problem is?
+
+OK.
+
+Everyone who went to lecture
+or to [INAUDIBLE] remembers.
+
+That's good.
+
+Who went to lecture last time?
+
+Cool.
+
+That's good.
+
+So we did insertion
+sort and merge sort
+
+from a theoretical standpoint.
+
+Today we're going to look at
+the code for the insertion sort
+
+and, if we have time, look
+at the code for merge-sort,
+
+and use the same strategy as we
+did last time to analyze them,
+
+look at the running time, make
+sure the running time matches
+
+the theory, and see how
+pseudocode turns into Python.
+
+So you all have your listings.
+
+Last time in document
+distance, we covered Main,
+
+and we covered most
+of the functions
+
+except for count frequency.
+
+Can anyone remind me what
+the call graph looked like?
+
+So the call graph
+is the tree that I
+
+had up on the left,
+and it started at Main.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So Main calls word frequencies
+for file, which in turn calls?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, it's
+probably line list.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And count frequency.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we pretend we
+don't see the read file called.
+
+We assume that the data
+is already in memory
+
+or that the call
+takes time that's
+
+proportional to the running--
+to the length of the file.
+
+And we only look at get-word
+from line list and count
+
+frequency.
+
+OK.
+
+Who else does Main call?
+
+AUDIENCE: Vector angle?
+
+PROFESSOR: And the vector angle?
+
+AUDIENCE: Inner product.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's put up the constants
+for-- for the document distance
+
+problem that we used last time.
+
+So we said that the
+document has W words.
+
+And then when you take
+that list of words
+
+and you turn it into
+a distance vector,
+
+you will get assigned
+to a document vector.
+
+You will get L elements, which
+basically means L unique words.
+
+So L is the document
+vector length.
+
+And we assume we're using a
+natural language like English,
+
+so all the words
+are bounded in size.
+
+Like 5 to 10
+characters, for example.
+
+And to make our
+life easier, we say
+
+all the words have the same
+size W. So w is the word length.
+
+Using these numbers,
+can anyone remind me
+
+what we said the costs
+for these methods are?
+
+And we didn't analyze
+count frequency,
+
+so it's OK to not
+take my word for it
+
+and not tell me what
+I said last time.
+
+But I would like numbers for
+word frequencies from file,
+
+get word from line list, vector
+angle, and inner product.
+
+AUDIENCE: Was that mu squared?
+
+That was last time.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Which-- which one?
+
+Does anyone-- does
+anyone else want to try?
+
+Let's not do guessing.
+
+I'll pull them up
+if nobody remembers.
+
+I spent an entire hour on
+that, and you guys did too.
+
+It was painful.
+
+AUDIENCE: I know.
+
+But we had to, like, you
+know, add them up, and then--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So we did a lot of
+work for those numbers.
+
+So get word from line list
+was order of W squared.
+
+Does anyone remember why?
+
+What made it take so much time?
+
+AUDIENCE: 'Cause you
+append it to the word list.
+
+For, like, you add it to
+the end to go through.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you add it.
+
+So what?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, like,
+every time you need it,
+
+you, like, do word list equals
+word list plus words in line.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Excellent.
+
+So get words from
+line list, line five.
+
+There's a plus there.
+
+And that plus sign messes
+up the performance.
+
+So that's why it's w squared.
+
+Count frequency,
+we didn't cover it,
+
+you had to take my word for it.
+
+So we will cover it now.
+
+And, inner product.
+
+So suppose you have two vectors
+of line-- length L1 and L2.
+
+How much time does it take
+to compute the inner product?
+
+AUDIENCE: L1, L2 time.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how much time does
+vector angle take?
+
+AUDIENCE: L1 L2 time.
+
+PROFESSOR: L1 L2.
+
+So it makes three calls, right?
+
+You get the two things.
+
+First, it computes the inner
+product of the two lists.
+
+And then it has to compute the
+inner product of each vector--
+
+of each document
+vector with itself.
+
+Because that's what's on
+the bottom of the fraction.
+
+So what's the running
+time for that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus L1
+squared, plus L2 squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus L1
+squared, plus L2 squared.
+
+So someone was really helpful
+last time and asked me,
+
+can you make this
+simpler with some math?
+
+And I said, I don't know
+so I don't think I will.
+
+But I looked at-- my, I
+looked at my high school math
+
+afterwards, and it turns out
+that these-- so L1 squared
+
+plus L2 squared are guaranteed
+to be greater than L1 L2
+
+as long as these
+numbers are positive.
+
+And we're working
+with document list,
+
+so they're always positive.
+
+So this will go away.
+
+So let's assume count frequency
+is w squared or smaller.
+
+So the total running time for
+word frequencies from file
+
+is w squared.
+
+What's the running
+time for everything?
+
+AUDIENCE: Would just
+be, like, w squared
+
+plus L1 squared plus L2 squared?
+
+PROFESSOR: Almost.
+
+AUDIENCE: Actually, it depends
+on which one's greater, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, almost.
+
+So here W works, assuming you
+get one document with W words.
+
+But word frequencies from
+files is called twice, once
+
+for each document.
+
+First document has W1 words,
+second document has W2 words.
+
+So what's the running time?
+
+AUDIENCE: W1 squared
+plus W2 squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: W1 squared
+plus W2 squared.
+
+So I take this, and I add this.
+
+Right?
+
+Except when I add this, if
+I want to add L1 squared,
+
+I know L1 is the number
+of unique documents--
+
+of unique words in the document.
+
+And W1 is the total number
+of words in the document.
+
+W1 guaranteed to be
+greater or equal than L1,
+
+so it's going to dominate.
+
+I don't need to add it.
+
+Same for L2.
+
+This is it.
+
+OK.
+
+You guys don't seem to
+remember the numbers for these.
+
+So that means I didn't
+torture you enough last time.
+
+So let's do more.
+
+Let's look at count frequency.
+
+And let's compute
+the cost for that.
+
+So what we did last time was, we
+went through each line of code.
+
+We thought, how
+much time does it
+
+take to execute the line once?
+
+And how many times
+does the line run?
+
+And then we compute the product
+of that, add everything up,
+
+and that's the cost
+for the function.
+
+First off, before
+I put numbers here,
+
+what does the method to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: It takes
+a list of words--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: For each
+item in that list,
+
+checks to see if
+it's-- you know,
+
+list of words that
+it's-- counted, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you're telling me
+what the code does.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Try to
+look at Main or try
+
+to look at word
+frequencies for files.
+
+So look at it top-down, and tell
+me what the purpose of it is.
+
+What's the goal?
+
+AUDIENCE: Making a list
+of-- and each object
+
+is a list with a
+word and a number.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Excellent.
+
+So big picture, I have
+the first document.
+
+I read it in.
+
+I break it up into words.
+
+And I have a list of words.
+
+That's what word
+frequencies for file
+
+gives me-- sorry, that's what
+you get words from line list
+
+gives me.
+
+List of words.
+
+The fox is in the hat.
+
+And this gets passed
+to count frequency,
+
+and count frequency
+gives me, you said,
+
+an object, which is a list.
+
+Of lists, where each
+of them has the word
+
+and how many times it shows up.
+
+So I would have "the" shows
+up twice, "fox" shows up
+
+once, "is" shows up
+once, "in" shows up once,
+
+and-- I need a shorter
+example-- "hat" shows up once.
+
+So it takes this and
+turns it into that.
+
+So on line 2, I have a
+list L that's initialized.
+
+And then, at the
+end, it's returned.
+
+So I'm going to guess that L
+is going to look like this.
+
+Line 3, for new word in word
+list, iterates over the input.
+
+So iterates over this.
+
+And then, line 4 checks
+to see, for each new word,
+
+it looks at the list that
+I have under construction.
+
+So exam-- for example, if
+I ran through all the words
+
+and then I'm trying to
+put in hat right now,
+
+I wouldn't have it here.
+
+What line 4 does is, it
+looks at all the entries.
+
+And it says, if I
+can find the words--
+
+so if I can find the
+word hat somewhere here--
+
+then increment the number.
+
+If I can't, then
+make a new entry
+
+and say that the word shows up
+once, because it's the first
+
+I see it.
+
+So this is what the code does.
+
+Now let's see how
+fast it does that.
+
+So line 2 initialize the
+output to an empty list.
+
+What's the cost for that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+How many times?
+
+For new word in word lists.
+
+Cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I know the cost is 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so we are-- here,
+it's a bit confusing, right?
+
+We're saying that, oh, there's
+does iteration over a list.
+
+And each step of the
+iteration is constant time,
+
+but the iteration
+happens L times.
+
+I'm sorry, not L times.
+
+The length of the list times.
+
+How many-- how many
+elements are in word lists?
+
+I heard a very low W, so
+I will pretend I heard it.
+
+Or I hope I heard W. So
+word list, the words I
+
+got from the document,
+W. How about the if.
+
+So, it looks at the
+word that I have-- oh.
+
+This code is confusing because
+I forgot a line, right?
+
+Pretend that between line--
+oh, no, sorry, I didn't.
+
+New word is-- new word
+is assigned in line 3.
+
+So new word in line 3 is
+compared to the first element
+
+of the entry that's
+assigned in line 4.
+
+So hat is compared with
+the, fox, so on, so forth.
+
+And if the comparison is
+true, it runs line 6 and 7.
+
+And if not, it keeps looping.
+
+So line 5, the if how,
+many times does it run?
+
+Just the comparison.
+
+AUDIENCE: W.
+
+PROFESSOR: W.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, no, no, no.
+
+No.
+
+I'm thinking of line 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I'm getting confused too.
+
+So let's start with line 4.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Shouldn't do line 5.
+
+AUDIENCE: --new word,
+then you're not-- like,
+
+you're not going to
+run through that again.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Let's worry about
+that right afterwards.
+
+Let's do line 4 first.
+
+Sorry, I jumped over line 4.
+
+So, line 4 definitely
+runs W times
+
+because it's inside the for
+loop from line 3 to line 9.
+
+So everything here will
+definitely run W times.
+
+But how many times
+does it run overall?
+
+So, line 4 iterates over
+all the entries here.
+
+How many times does that happen?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 plus W
+over-- times 10/2,
+
+because it's just worst case,
+L-- the length of L increases
+
+by 1 every time.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so I like that
+you started with worst case.
+
+Normally I would
+say exactly that.
+
+Worst case or W. But we
+had a different constant
+
+for the number of words
+that you have in the end.
+
+So let's say something a little
+bit better than W. Let's say,
+
+let's put the lower bound on it.
+
+So yeah, worst case, all
+the words are different.
+
+But what if they're
+not all different?
+
+And what if in the end
+I know I have L words?
+
+CLASS: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Worst case.
+
+Almost.
+
+So, I know I have a W
+from the outer loop.
+
+For each word in the
+outer loop, how many times
+
+does the inner loop execute?
+
+How many times do I have
+to go through something
+
+in the inner list?
+
+So I know here I have
+W words, suppose here I
+
+have L elements in the vector.
+
+For each one of
+these, how many times
+
+do I have to go through--
+So how many elements do I
+
+have to go through here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Depends on
+where you are, though.
+
+For the first word, you
+only have to go through one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+But--
+
+AUDIENCE: For the second
+word, you have to through--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+But I heard the worst case.
+
+And I like that,
+because it's easier
+
+to reason about the worst case.
+
+And most of the time it's
+sort of like the average case.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then,
+length of list-- L.
+
+PROFESSOR: The length of the
+list, and that's L. Worst case,
+
+the first words that I see
+will be L different words.
+
+And then all the
+words that I see
+
+will be the same as the
+words that I saw before.
+
+So worst case, the list
+will grow to L very fast,
+
+and then I'll keep
+seeing L L L. And I'll
+
+ignore what was there
+in the beginning,
+
+and I'll say L times.
+
+So I know the second list
+is bounded by L in length,
+
+the first list is
+bounded by W in length.
+
+So worst case this
+runs L times W times.
+
+And what's the
+cost of iterating?
+
+AUDIENCE: What is the
+difference between L and W?
+
+L is the document vector length,
+and W is the number of words.
+
+But isn't the number of
+elements in the document vector
+
+the number of words?
+
+PROFESSOR: How about this case?
+
+What's W?
+
+AUDIENCE: 6, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So L is the number
+of unique words in a document.
+
+And I heard a
+really cool argument
+
+that I liked last time.
+
+Does anyone remember?
+
+About L?
+
+If we're really dealing with a
+natural language like English,
+
+how many words do
+I have in English?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I
+think, at the max,
+
+there's actually around
+250,000, but a lot of them
+
+are not used anymore.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So 250,000, right?
+
+Max.
+
+So that's a constant.
+
+If I have a document
+that contains
+
+all the writings of all the
+authors that were ever done,
+
+and say that's a billion words,
+L is still going to be 250,000.
+
+Right?
+
+So L can be very
+different from W.
+
+That's why we're keeping
+track of them separately.
+
+One W L times W. What's
+the cost of iterating?
+
+So we know how many
+times line 4 runs,
+
+but what's the cost of one
+step of iterating in the list?
+
+1.
+
+Very good.
+
+Line 5.
+
+How many times does it run?
+
+AUDIENCE: W times L?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Same as line 4, right?
+
+The if is run all the time.
+
+And lines 5 and 6 only run
+sometimes, but-- sorry,
+
+line 6 and 7 only run sometimes,
+but line 5 runs all the time.
+
+What is the cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: We can
+say it's constant.
+
+PROFESSOR: We can
+say it's constant.
+
+I like we can say
+it's constant, but why
+
+is it that we can
+say it's constant?
+
+Why don't I just say 1,
+if-- this is an empty list.
+
+This is a number.
+
+AUDIENCE: Depends
+on the word length.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+It depends on the word
+lis-- length, very good.
+
+AUDIENCE: And we're
+assuming that words
+
+are all the same length.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And?
+
+So, 1 times L W. Little w.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, very good.
+
+So we do assume that all the
+words are the same length.
+
+But unless I tell you that
+the length is really small,
+
+which I did, you can't say 1.
+
+So, when you said we can say
+it's constant, it's right.
+
+We can say, but we
+also have to say why,
+
+or at least think
+why, that's the case.
+
+So it's W-- we're going to use
+W here and when we copy it here,
+
+we're going to forget about it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you put
+a top bar on the W,
+
+just so I can tell that
+it's not the other W.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK But you have to
+be responsible for reminding
+
+me to put that.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So string comparison,
+not constant.
+
+If I have two very
+long strings that
+
+only differ in the
+last character,
+
+I have to go through them
+character by character
+
+by character until I find
+the last character that's
+
+different.
+
+Because until I look at that,
+the strings might be equal.
+
+So comparing two
+long strings takes
+
+time that's proportional to
+the length of the strings.
+
+OK, so line 5 costs
+w, tricky part,
+
+runs L times W part--
+L times W times.
+
+How about line 6 and 7?
+
+I didn't ask line 6, I
+asked line 6 and 7 together,
+
+because there is a trick there.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it's
+constant for line 6, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: 'Cause it's a number.
+
+And one place in the entry.
+
+We've already grabbed the entry.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the cost
+of running it once is 1.
+
+Good.
+
+I can tell you that that's
+the same case for 7.
+
+How many times do they run?
+
+This is the hard part.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, does break
+line break out of one loop?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Break breaks out of the
+loop between lines 4 and 7.
+
+I have a question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is L supposed
+to be not in line with if?
+
+Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: It is supposed
+to be where it is.
+
+I will talk-- yes.
+
+So what happens is, that
+else is in line with a for.
+
+And if the for loop
+runs to completion,
+
+then it does get executed.
+
+If there's a break
+somewhere inside the for,
+
+then it doesn't get executed.
+
+So the idea behind
+that is, usually
+
+use this for finding stuff.
+
+So you iterate over a list,
+and when you find something,
+
+break out of the loop.
+
+You did something, you
+break out of the loop.
+
+If you didn't find it,
+you can put an else
+
+and then say what code happens.
+
+And you don't have to
+write code on your own
+
+to check if you broke
+out of the loop.
+
+So if break executes,
+then it's going
+
+to take us out of the loop.
+
+It's going to ignore the else.
+
+And it's going to run
+the loop on line 3 again.
+
+So it's going to do
+another iteration.
+
+So line 6 and 7, how many times?
+
+AUDIENCE: W minus L?
+
+PROFESSOR: W minus L.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like, if
+it's the difference
+
+in number of words and
+number of-- unique words.
+
+PROFESSOR: Smart.
+
+You gave the precise answer
+right the first time.
+
+W minus L. Very good.
+
+And what happens once--
+what happens once this runs?
+
+Why do I know-- why do I know
+that the if won't be-- Oh.
+
+Sorry, I'm getting
+myself confused.
+
+So it's going to run W
+minus L times total, right?
+
+Total times overall
+without this W thing here,
+
+so I should put
+an arrow and say--
+
+Now suppose I
+didn't notice this.
+
+Is there another way I
+can get the decent bounds?
+
+So this is the right,
+perfect answer.
+
+You have this, you're done.
+
+You don't need to think further.
+
+Suppose you don't have this.
+
+What else can you do?
+
+AUDIENCE: But we
+don't have what?
+
+PROFESSOR: If I didn't
+notice that, hey, there
+
+are L words-- There
+are L new words,
+
+W words total, so W minus
+L words repeat themselves.
+
+So this is how many times
+the if is going to be true.
+
+If I didn't have
+that, then I could
+
+see that line 7 breaks
+out of the loop.
+
+So if that if runs
+once, then we're done.
+
+We're out of the loop.
+
+It's not going to run again.
+
+So a bound that's not as
+precise as the one you gave me
+
+is 1 times W, because it
+runs, at most, once per loop.
+
+Does people see this?
+
+So this is an easy way
+to cop out of thinking.
+
+And I don't like to think more
+than necessary, because you
+
+have finite time on
+a test or in life,
+
+and you don't want to spend
+too much time on one thing.
+
+We covered the loop.
+
+Let's look at else and append.
+
+I already got a
+helpful question,
+
+so I explained when
+the else would run.
+
+The running time for else.
+
+Else is a flow--
+control flow statement.
+
+It's like break,
+so Python will keep
+
+track of whether a
+loop completed or not
+
+in constant time.
+
+I'll give you that.
+
+That's in the cost model.
+
+How many times does
+this else run, at most?
+
+OK, L. Good.
+
+Perfect.
+
+How about line 9?
+
+Loop stops here.
+
+How about line 9?
+
+How many times does it run?
+
+That's easy.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+And what does it do?
+
+It's an append.
+
+What's the cost for append?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK Line 10
+runs how many times?
+
+What's the cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: You guys didn't
+listen to me last time.
+
+So I was saying you have
+to look at the notes
+
+and you have to practice this.
+
+Because you have to have
+this model in your mind.
+
+So that when you're
+writing code,
+
+this has to happen
+automatically.
+
+You shouldn't have to
+think explicitly about it.
+
+Because if you do, you're
+not going to do it.
+
+AUDIENCE: For the
+else, shouldn't it
+
+be W tim-- I mean, it would
+be called W times not L times?
+
+Because you want to look
+at the outer loop and not
+
+the inner loop?
+
+So it can-- you call all--
+once at the end of the total--
+
+the inner for.
+
+Right?
+
+So, so it could be-- happen W
+times, maximum, not L times.
+
+'Cause the L is the for loop
+that the else coincides with.
+
+And the else would
+only happen once
+
+for every total
+iteration of that.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so
+you're proposing W
+
+as the bound for
+the else, right?
+
+Here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I could say,
+hey, it runs, at most,
+
+once for outer loop.
+
+So it's, at most, W times.
+
+This is a nice, easy argument.
+
+We have a bound.
+
+L is a tighter bound.
+
+And when I got L,
+what happened here
+
+was the same kind of
+thinking that you did earlier
+
+to get this.
+
+So this bound is good,
+this bound is tighter.
+
+This bound is good,
+this bound is tighter.
+
+And the argument behind
+this one is that, hey, this
+
+else only happens for new words.
+
+If there's no new-- if the
+word that I looked at is old,
+
+then break is going to execute.
+
+And else is not
+going to execute.
+
+So that's why I can say L.
+
+The beauty of
+asymptotics is that I
+
+can use either of the
+bounds and I'll still
+
+get the correct running time.
+
+So I'm not going to
+fuss over it too much.
+
+I like the tighter ones, because
+it means you guys are thinking.
+
+And you're looking
+at the algorithm,
+
+and you're understanding it.
+
+But if you don't
+have them, you'll
+
+still get the correct
+running times.
+
+So I think that's nice.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's get the
+running time for everything.
+
+Can someone do it in one step?
+
+Then let's do it step by step.
+
+So let's compute
+partial products.
+
+What are they?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+W. LW.
+
+L, W, little w-- with the bar.
+
+AUDIENCE: (LAUGHING)
+With the bar.
+
+PROFESSOR: Awesome.
+
+AUDIENCE: W minus L. W. L, L, 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so if I add them
+up, this is all asymptotic.
+
+So the biggest
+one will dominate.
+
+In general, I can
+just take a max
+
+instead of doing
+actual addition.
+
+So who dominates here?
+
+AUDIENCE: The fourth one down?
+
+PROFESSOR: Fourth-- OK.
+
+Yep.
+
+So line 5 is the biggest time
+consumer in this algorithm.
+
+And I know it's W times w-bar.
+
+So now I'm going
+to copy it here.
+
+What did I say I'll do
+when I'm copying it here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So I'm assuming English
+five- to ten-character words.
+
+W L. And W L is
+smaller than w squared,
+
+so the assumption that
+I had before is correct.
+
+I don't have to
+change anything here.
+
+That is good.
+
+So we noticed last time,
+and already forgot by now,
+
+that the biggest problem in
+this whole implementation
+
+was the plus in get
+words from line list.
+
+Suppose we forgot about it and
+we have this big pile of code,
+
+how do I go about
+making it faster?
+
+Method one, go
+through every method.
+
+Do this.
+
+Compute the running times, and
+see which one's the slowest.
+
+Does this scale to
+1,000 lines of code?
+
+Not so much.
+
+We're going to be giving you
+roughly 1,000 lines of code
+
+for PSET2, and we're going
+to ask it to make it faster.
+
+Do want to understand
+everything?
+
+No.
+
+Instead what you want
+to do is run the code
+
+through a profiler.
+
+So we have a computer.
+
+The computer can
+tell you which line
+
+takes the most time to run.
+
+So you don't have to
+do it on pen and paper.
+
+Whenever we can automate, do so.
+
+So we'll teach you
+how to run a profiler.
+
+It's in the notes.
+
+And if you look in
+the code outputs right
+
+after [INAUDIBLE], you'll
+see a profiler output.
+
+So what that tells you
+is for each function,
+
+how much time does it take--
+that's the total time?
+
+And there's the
+cumulative time, which
+
+is how much does it take
+together with its children?
+
+In this case for word
+frequencies from file, order
+
+of W-- this is how
+much time it takes
+
+including the
+functions it's called.
+
+So this is the cumulative time.
+
+Cumulative time is useful if
+I'm during runtime analysis.
+
+Is not so useful if
+I'm looking at where's
+
+the slowness in my program?
+
+Because if you look
+at cumulative time,
+
+you might see the slowness
+in one of the functions that
+
+get-- that word frequencies
+from file called.
+
+So the cumulative time
+for this is really big,
+
+but the total time-- the
+time that's spent inside it--
+
+is not that bad.
+
+Instead if you
+look at total time,
+
+you'll see that the worst
+function is-- surprise,
+
+surprise-- get words
+from line list.
+
+So 5 lines to look at--
+hey, there's a plus there.
+
+I remember from lecture
+that plus copies over lists,
+
+and it's kind of slow, so maybe
+I should use something else.
+
+Does d remember what
+else we should use?
+
+We talked about that
+last recitation.
+
+Extend.
+
+Document distance 2 .
+
+The only difference between
+it an document distance 1
+
+is get words from
+line list, line 5.
+
+That plus turned into an extend.
+
+One character turned to six,
+so about eight keystrokes,
+
+30% runtime improvement.
+
+Very good return on investment.
+
+Everything else is
+going to be harder.
+
+So let's look at that line,
+because that line dominated
+
+the running time of get
+words from line list.
+
+And think what's, then,
+your running time for it
+
+now that I have extend?
+
+Does anyone remember what get
+words from line list does?
+
+AUDIENCE: It gets the
+words out of the document.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK .
+
+It gets the word
+out of the document.
+
+So it reads a document that
+looks like a regular text file,
+
+and it gets this out of it.
+
+The way it does that is
+it goes through each line,
+
+reads the line as a string,
+breaks up the string
+
+into a list of words,
+and then combines
+
+all those lists
+of words together.
+
+Get words from string,
+line 4, returns
+
+the number of words in a line.
+
+Sorry, the list of words
+in the line, and then
+
+extend combines
+the lists together.
+
+Let's add some constants
+that we had last time.
+
+I think we had that K is the
+number of words per line.
+
+And Z is the number
+of total lines.
+
+So this K is actually-- W
+over Z. No, I don't like that.
+
+That's work.
+
+So Z is K W over
+K. And we argued
+
+that we're not going
+to talk about K
+
+too much, because a document
+needs to fit on a screen
+
+or needs to fit on
+a piece of paper.
+
+So the line length has
+to be finite, right?
+
+Otherwise, if I have a document
+that has 10,000 character
+
+lines, I can't even
+write it on this board.
+
+Even though it's really long.
+
+So K, the number of words in
+a line, is going to be finite.
+
+But we'll need it
+for this analysis.
+
+So line 4 returns a list
+with the words on a line.
+
+How many elements in that list?
+
+This returns a list
+with how many elements?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could K
+[INAUDIBLE] words on line.
+
+PROFESSOR: So even if
+I ask easy questions,
+
+you guys have to answer.
+
+Because otherwise I'll
+stall until you do.
+
+So 4 gives me a list
+with K elements,
+
+and 5 appends that small
+list to the big list of words
+
+in the entire document.
+
+Before I used plus and
+that did something bad.
+
+Now I'm using extend.
+
+What's the cost of
+one extend called?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant?
+
+Order of K?
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to know
+your Python implementation.
+
+AUDIENCE: If Python did
+it like a linked list ,
+
+like doubly linked lists,
+could be order constant?
+
+PROFESSOR: I like your question.
+
+So if Python lists were
+actually linked lists--
+
+so if the name
+wasn't confusing--
+
+then yes, merging two
+lists would be constant.
+
+But then accessing one element
+in the middle of a list
+
+would not be constant anymore.
+
+Say I want to access
+element number
+
+200 in a list of
+10,000 elements.
+
+I have to go through
+200 elements.
+
+We didn't do linked
+lists when we
+
+ran it, so don't worry about it.
+
+So they decided that it's
+less confusing to have
+
+lists actually be arrays.
+
+So Python lists, array in CLRS.
+
+AUDIENCE: That can use
+their storage contiguously?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when you copy,
+why can't you copy a block?
+
+Why do you have to
+access each other?
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, you
+can copy a block,
+
+but in order to copy
+a block, you still
+
+have to move everything.
+
+So if your block
+is 10,000 elements,
+
+you still have to move 10,000
+bytes times element size.
+
+And the CPU works on 4 bytes
+at a time or 8 bytes at a time.
+
+OK.
+
+But this is the
+right kind of thing
+
+to be thinking about when
+you're doing the cost model.
+
+And this is what you
+want to have in your head
+
+when you're writing Python.
+
+So, good.
+
+I like your question.
+
+I wanted to say
+that at some point,
+
+but I didn't get
+the occasion yet.
+
+Lists in Python are
+not lists in CLRS.
+
+OK.
+
+So with that long
+explanation, an extend
+
+is a list-- is a sequence
+of appends, right?
+
+If you have two
+lists and you want
+
+to extend the first
+list to the second list,
+
+extend basically goes through
+each element in the second list
+
+and calls append
+on the first list.
+
+The list is length K, the
+second list is length K,
+
+so K appends are
+going to happen.
+
+And append is constant time.
+
+Total cost, K.
+
+Now many times does line 5 run?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+So what is the
+total running cost
+
+of the algorithm if this
+is the line that dominates?
+
+I don't want to do
+every other line,
+
+so I'll promise that this
+is the line that dominates.
+
+What is the total running time?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Very good.
+
+K times L. And that is?
+
+Oh, K. So I shouldn't have
+said K times L, sorry.
+
+L is not the number of lines.
+
+L is the number here, so
+Z is the number of lines.
+
+So it's K times Z. Which
+means I'm using bad letters,
+
+so please bear with me.
+
+We'll forget about
+them in a minute.
+
+So K times Z equals?
+
+AUDIENCE: W.
+
+PROFESSOR: W. So
+what do I write here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Very good.
+
+What do I write here?
+
+Word frequencies from file.
+
+AUDIENCE: W L.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What do I write here?
+
+AUDIENCE: W 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: We have to-- put L
+1 squared and L 2 squared back
+
+in.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, do we?
+
+Well, the-- No.
+
+W, you want to always be
+bigger than L. I hope.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So if I put it
+in, L 1 squared is
+
+L 1 L 1, which is
+smaller than W 1 L 1.
+
+But I have to think about
+it before doing that.
+
+I can't ignore this completely.
+
+So this is document distance 2.
+
+The asymptotic complexity
+improved, the running time
+
+improved.
+
+Next thing that happens
+to make this faster
+
+is-- I'm not giving you
+the profiler output,
+
+but you have to take my word for
+it that the longest methods are
+
+count frequency
+and inner product.
+
+So what I'm going
+to do first is I'm
+
+going to make inner
+product faster.
+
+But in order to do
+that, I have to make
+
+word frequencies
+for file slower.
+
+And that is because
+I happen to know
+
+an algorithm for inner product
+that is a lot faster, if only
+
+you can promise me that in this
+list, the words are ordered.
+
+The words are sorted.
+
+So what happens in that list
+1 is, the moment I see a word,
+
+if it's not in the list
+I add it at the end.
+
+So the words here show up
+pretty much in the order
+
+that they show up in the file.
+
+Well, if instead I
+could have something
+
+that looks like-- what is it?
+
+Fox.
+
+In.
+
+His.
+
+Hat is somewhere here.
+
+So if these words
+would be in this order,
+
+together with the
+word that I'm missing,
+
+then I can combine two lists.
+
+I can do an inner
+product a lot faster.
+
+Let's see how that would work.
+
+And I'm already getting confused
+my words, so let's do a trick.
+
+Let's say that instead of
+words, we'll use numbers.
+
+So instead of saying
+"the," I'm going
+
+to say the is the 50th
+word in the dictionary.
+
+So I'm going to use number 50.
+
+Because I want to write numbers.
+
+The numbers are
+easier to deal with.
+
+So say the first
+document that I have--
+
+the fox is in the hat-- as
+words number 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9.
+
+And they show up twice,
+once, once, once.
+
+9, once.
+
+And say I'm trying to compute
+the inner product of this
+
+with a document that
+has word number 2
+
+showing up once, word number
+3 showing up once, word number
+
+6 showing up once, word
+number 7 showing up once,
+
+word number 8 showing up once.
+
+OK, the algorithm for inner
+product that we talked
+
+about last time was, go
+through each element in one
+
+of the vectors, find an
+element with the same word
+
+in the second vector,
+and if you can find it,
+
+then take the number of
+times the words show up
+
+and multiply them.
+
+So here I have a 3, 2.
+
+I would find this element
+here that has 3, 1.
+
+I have these everywhere.
+
+And I take the 2 and the
+1 and I multiply them.
+
+So the 3s have to be the same,
+then I think the 2 and the 1,
+
+and I multiply them.
+
+And for all the elements
+where that's case,
+
+I add up the results
+of the multiplication.
+
+So step one, go through
+each element in a vector.
+
+That's not going to get
+faster if this other vector is
+
+sorted, right?
+
+But the step of looking up the
+second element can be sped up.
+
+The first and easiest way I
+can speed this up is, hey,
+
+this is sorted.
+
+If I'm looking up three,
+why not do a binary search?
+
+What would be the
+cost if I do that?
+
+So here I have L1 element,
+here I have L2 elements.
+
+What's the cost of doing
+one binary search here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log of L2?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And how many times do
+I do a binary search?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I go
+through each element here
+
+and I do a binary search, which
+is a nice and easy algorithm
+
+that I can explain
+in 10 seconds,
+
+I'm already faster than L1 L2.
+
+So it's worth sorting.
+
+Now, the algorithm
+that we use in class
+
+takes time proportional
+to L1 plus L2.
+
+So that's even
+trickier, and it's
+
+going to take a bit
+more time to explain.
+
+Does-- did anyone understand
+the algorithm for class
+
+and wants to help me explain it?
+
+Didn't think so.
+
+OK.
+
+So idea is that both of
+these vectors are sorted.
+
+So if I have a 3 here and I
+found my 3 here, next time when
+
+I get to 4, I know
+for sure that 4 is not
+
+going to be anywhere here,
+because this vector is sorted.
+
+Say I couldn't find
+4, then I go to 6.
+
+If 6 is here, when I
+have to look for 8,
+
+I know for sure that 8 is not
+going to be anywhere up here.
+
+So what I do is, I have a
+pointer here that remembers,
+
+where's the last element
+that I have seen?
+
+Does this make sense to people?
+
+So when I start here
+and I look at 3,
+
+I have a pointer here that says,
+I didn't see anything here.
+
+I look at 2, it's not 3.
+
+It's smaller.
+
+I look at 3.
+
+I found it, good.
+
+I do my product.
+
+Then I go look for the
+next element here, 4.
+
+I look at 6.
+
+6 is bigger than 4.
+
+So I know for sure that nothing
+below it is going to be 4.
+
+So I can stop right here
+and keep my pointer here.
+
+Then I go to 6 here.
+
+And I look here.
+
+Where did I stop?
+
+I stop here.
+
+This element matches this.
+
+I do my product.
+
+Keep it in.
+
+Now I go to 8 here.
+
+I was at 6.
+
+6 is smaller than 8.
+
+7 is smaller than 8.
+
+8 is equal to 8.
+
+I found something.
+
+Sweet.
+
+I do a product.
+
+And then I stop.
+
+And I look at the next element.
+
+I know for sure that nothing
+here is going to be 9,
+
+so I can keep looking down.
+
+I hit the end of my list.
+
+OK.
+
+Whatever I have down here--
+it's going 9, 10, 11, 12--
+
+is not going to be in this
+list, because it was sorted.
+
+So I can stop.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do
+you keep going--
+
+What algorithm so you use
+to keep looking down on L2?
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what if--
+
+PROFESSOR: I keep going down.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if the left
+side was 3, 4, 6, 9243?
+
+PROFESSOR: 9,000, what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a big number.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+Then you have to
+increment by 1 each time--
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm
+not incrementing
+
+the number I'm looking at.
+
+Here, I looked at 6.
+
+Then I'm looking for 8.
+
+And after I found 8,
+I'm looking for 19,000.
+
+So I'm going to go down,
+either until I find 90,000
+
+or until I stop.
+
+AUDIENCE: So are you going
+to go down one at a time,
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: --why not
+do a binary search?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because if
+I do a binary search,
+
+the analysis that says it's
+fast is not going to work.
+
+It turns out that this gives
+me the optimal running time.
+
+If I do a binary search, suppose
+I have a list that's like this.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, all the
+way down to 10,000.
+
+Ugh, I can't write.
+
+And I have another list
+that's like this- 1, 2, 3, 4,
+
+all the way down to 10,000.
+
+1, 1.
+
+I do a binary search,
+takes log N. I look at 2.
+
+I do a binary search, takes
+almost log N. I look at 3,
+
+do a binary search, takes
+almost log N. So on, so forth.
+
+So this is--
+
+AUDIENCE: But if your
+left list had been
+
+PROFESSOR: Log N plus log N.
+
+AUDIENCE: --10,000.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You'd
+have taken N time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Well, this algorithm
+takes N time,
+
+even if I have to
+list like this.
+
+It takes 10,000
+plus 10,000 time.
+
+Whereas this algorithm will
+take time that's actually
+
+proportional to
+10,000 log 10,000.
+
+You believe me.
+
+So, a way to look at this
+is to do bounds and say,
+
+for the elements
+1 through 5,000,
+
+it's going to do a binary search
+for more than 5,000 elements.
+
+So, the time-- the running
+time is definitely bigger
+
+than N over 2 log N over 2.
+
+Constant.
+
+This becomes log N
+minus 1 and log N.
+
+That is a good question.
+
+I wondered about that the first
+time I saw merge-sort too.
+
+And I was thinking,
+hey, I'm going
+
+to do a binary search
+here because it's faster,
+
+and I'm going to make a faster
+algorithm than anyone has ever
+
+seen.
+
+Well, if you do the
+analysis, not so much.
+
+But you need to think
+about it, and you
+
+need to know why that's
+true or that's not true.
+
+So I like your question.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So now let's get down so
+the plain old merge-sort
+
+that everyone-- sorry,
+merge that everyone knows.
+
+So if we go through
+these one by one,
+
+how many times am I going to
+be advancing this pointer?
+
+In total?
+
+AUDIENCE: L2?
+
+PROFESSOR: L2 times.
+
+So this pointer can
+only go down, right?
+
+So worst case is going
+to go down L2 times.
+
+And then I'm done
+with the list, return.
+
+How many elements am I
+going to look through?
+
+So how many times does this
+pointer going to advance?
+
+AUDIENCE: L1?
+
+PROFESSOR: This one.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I thought, like--
+
+AUDIENCE: Then you get
+extra ones in between.
+
+PROFESSOR: What if
+L2 is bigger than L1?
+
+What if--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, right.
+
+OK, never mind.
+
+The reason I said
+L2 was because--
+
+PROFESSOR: You're thinking after
+I'm going through this list,
+
+I'm out, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right,
+that's what I thought.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, your answer
+works if this list, say, has
+
+10 elements and this has 10,000.
+
+And I go through this
+one really quickly.
+
+But if this list has 10 elements
+and this list has 10,000,
+
+and they both start
+with 1 through 10,
+
+I have to say a 1 because
+that's a better bound.
+
+So I have to say this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you
+say the opposite value
+
+of the difference
+between the two of them?
+
+Because if you're going
+to stop at 1 has 10
+
+and the other one has
+10,000, and let's say
+
+that only the first
+ten are actually equal,
+
+then you're going to go
+through that list, find all 10,
+
+and you stop.
+
+That would be 9,000--
+
+PROFESSOR: I could say about
+that if I'm looking at one
+
+case, but the magic trick
+is-- let's-- we're looking
+
+at the worst case.
+
+So worst case, if
+I have 10 elements,
+
+they'll be all the way
+down in the other list.
+
+Or they won't be there at all.
+
+And I have to go down
+through all the list.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So worst
+case, L1 plus L2.
+
+Let me see if I
+have any time left.
+
+Nope.
+
+So, what I would like you to do
+is go through insertion sort.
+
+Insertion sort
+matches the textbook.
+
+Look at the definition in the
+textbook, look at the code,
+
+convince yourself it's the same.
+
+Look at the running
+time, convince yourself
+
+it's N squared.
+
+Then look at inner product
+and convince yourself
+
+that this is what it does.
+
+Go through this line by
+line, see where they match,
+
+put the cost on.
+
+Make sure that the
+cost is L1 plus L2.
+
+And last, go through
+merge-sort and notice
+
+that merge in [INAUDIBLE]
+6 is exactly the same
+
+as inner product.
+
+So this pointer
+magic that I did here
+
+is exactly what's
+happening inside merge.
+
+And understand merge-sort.
+
+Look at the textbook,
+look at the notes,
+
+and see how they match.
+
+OK.
+
+Thanks, guys.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4kPz8aqm5yE.txt b/4kPz8aqm5yE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e88f469489558e9396778e9da73f55d030580cd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4kPz8aqm5yE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+among other things you've been learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things you've been learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things you've been learning
+about Computing components of of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Computing components of of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Computing components of of one
+vector in the direction of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the direction of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the direction of another
+Vector so I have a a straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so I have a a straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so I have a a straightforward
+problem about that for you here um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about that for you here um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about that for you here um so
+we've got two vectors the vector 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two vectors the vector 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two vectors the vector 2 I
+minus 2 J + K and we've got the vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 J + K and we've got the vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 J + K and we've got the vector I
++ J plus K and so what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ J plus K and so what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ J plus K and so what I'd like you to
+do for me is to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for me is to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for me is to compute the
+component of this first Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this first Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this first Vector in the
+direction of this second Vector so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this second Vector so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this second Vector so why
+don't you pause the video take some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video take some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video take some time
+to work that out come back and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work that out come back and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work that out come back and we can
+work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together welcome back so hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back so hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back so hopefully you
+had some luck with this problem now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some luck with this problem now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some luck with this problem now this
+problem is is is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is is pretty straightforward
+really all you have to do is is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all you have to do is is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all you have to do is is remember
+what the definition of component is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the definition of component is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the definition of component is and
+a and after that it's it's smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and after that it's it's smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and after that it's it's smooth
+sailing so in particular the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailing so in particular the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailing so in particular the component
+of of one dire of one vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of one dire of one vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of one dire of one vector in the
+direction of another is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of another is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of another is the is the
+length of what you get when you project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of what you get when you project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of what you get when you project
+this Vector onto that one well plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector onto that one well plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector onto that one well plus a
+sign right so if if it's pointing if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right so if if it's pointing if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right so if if it's pointing if the
+projection is in the same direction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is in the same direction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is in the same direction then
+it's positive or or if it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive or or if it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive or or if it's in the
+opposite direction it's negative um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction it's negative um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction it's negative um so
+so let me draw a picture of what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw a picture of what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw a picture of what I what
+I mean by that so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that so if you have a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+v and you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you have another
+Vector W then the projection of v on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector W then the projection of v on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector W then the projection of v on to
+W is what you get if you make a drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is what you get if you make a drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is what you get if you make a drop a
+perpendicular line there and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular line there and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular line there and then it's
+just this this Vector here so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this Vector here so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this Vector here so that's the
+projection and then the component is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and then the component is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and then the component is is
+the length of that projection again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of that projection again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of that projection again with
+this sign if if necessary um and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign if if necessary um and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign if if necessary um and so we
+can see since this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see since this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see since this is going to be a
+right triangle here we can see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle here we can see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle here we can see that that
+this Vector has length that's just given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector has length that's just given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector has length that's just given
+by the the length of V so the length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the length of V so the length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the length of V so the length so
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v in Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in Direction
+w is so it's just the length of V right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is so it's just the length of V right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is so it's just the length of V right
+that's the length of the hypotenuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the length of the hypotenuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the length of the hypotenuse
+times the cosine of the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cosine of the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cosine of the angle between
+them so it's time cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's time cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's time cosine of
+now this length of V * cosine th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this length of V * cosine th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this length of V * cosine th this
+should remind you of something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you of something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you of something this
+looks very much like this formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like this formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like this formula we
+have for the dot product right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the dot product right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the dot product right so
+another way of writing this is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing this is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing this is to say
+that this is equal to V do W so V do W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to V do W so V do W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to V do W so V do W
+is the length of V time the length of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length of V time the length of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length of V time the length of w
+time the cosine of the angle and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the cosine of the angle and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the cosine of the angle and so here
+we just have the length of V time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have the length of V time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have the length of V time the
+cosine of the angle so we have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the angle so we have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the angle so we have to divide
+this through by the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through by the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through by the length of
+w so this is this uh so this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so this is this uh so this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so this is this uh so this is what the
+component is and and this is the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is and and this is the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is and and this is the simple
+formula for it if you're if you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it if you're if you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it if you're if you're given
+VNW uh in in some easy to use form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VNW uh in in some easy to use form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VNW uh in in some easy to use form and
+indeed in this problem we're given V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this problem we're given V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this problem we're given V
+andw just in in their their nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andw just in in their their nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andw just in in their their nice
+coordinate form so so we're given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate form so so we're given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate form so so we're given that
+our vector v that we want the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vector v that we want the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vector v that we want the component
+of is 2 i - 2 J plus K and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is 2 i - 2 J plus K and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is 2 i - 2 J plus K and and the
+direction W that we're looking at is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction W that we're looking at is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction W that we're looking at is I
+plus J plus K so in our case we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus J plus K so in our case we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus J plus K so in our case we just
+have to we just have to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to we just have to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to we just have to compute the
+these these expr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these expr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these expr
+v.w and and the length of w in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.w and and the length of w in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.w and and the length of w in order to
+to put them into this formula and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them into this formula and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them into this formula and then
+we'll be done so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case v. W well that's straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case v. W well that's straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case v. W well that's straightforward
+because of because we're given V and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of because we're given V and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of because we're given V and W
+in coordinates so this is just 2 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinates so this is just 2 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinates so this is just 2 * 1
+plus - 2 * 1 + 1 * 1 so that's okay 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus - 2 * 1 + 1 * 1 so that's okay 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus - 2 * 1 + 1 * 1 so that's okay 2 -
+2 + 1 is 1 and the length of w well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 1 is 1 and the length of w well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 1 is 1 and the length of w well you
+know it's just your usual length formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just your usual length formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just your usual length formula
+is 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 all thing square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 all thing square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 all thing square
+rooted which is equal to S > of 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted which is equal to S > of 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted which is equal to S > of 3 so
+we've got v. W and we have the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got v. W and we have the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got v. W and we have the length of
+w and so then we just need to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and so then we just need to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and so then we just need to put them
+right into this formula that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into this formula that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into this formula that the
+component of v in the direction of w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of v in the direction of w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of v in the direction of w is
+is given by this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the component of I'm I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the component of I'm I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the component of I'm I'm not going to
+write it out with I's J's and K's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out with I's J's and K's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out with I's J's and K's I'm
+going to write 2 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in
+Direction one one one is well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction one one one is well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction one one one is well we just
+have to divide the the dot product by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide the the dot product by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide the the dot product by
+the length of of the direction Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of of the direction Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of of the direction Vector so
+it's 1 / the < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 / the < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 / the < TK of
+3 so that's that I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4ndEWbwbIrA.txt b/4ndEWbwbIrA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbb73665020f6b6b5568723ba1f7a546b02a2b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4ndEWbwbIrA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's uh
+let's progress then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so last time we got started drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so last time we got started drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so last time we got started drawing
+trees for sentences I spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees for sentences I spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees for sentences I spent a lot of
+time with verb phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with verb phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with verb phrases
+um drawing uh trees for more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drawing uh trees for more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drawing uh trees for more and more
+elaborate rib phrases and ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate rib phrases and ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate rib phrases and ignoring
+repeated requests that I go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated requests that I go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated requests that I go ahead and
+diagram the rest of the sentence already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the rest of the sentence already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the rest of the sentence already
+and I finally did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I finally did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I finally did
+um uh so you know we had sentences like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know we had sentences like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so you know we had sentences like
+I think this was not one of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this was not one of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this was not one of them but
+this is like the ones we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the ones we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the ones we were talking
+about she will tickle the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about she will tickle the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about she will tickle the child
+I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said
+um we're going to do the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to do the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to do the construction of
+sentences the same way we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences the same way we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences the same way we did the
+construction of words back when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of words back when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of words back when we were
+doing morphology we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing morphology we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing morphology we're going to use this
+operation merge which takes pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation merge which takes pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation merge which takes pairs of
+things and puts them together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and puts them together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and puts them together to make
+new things so we'll merge the and child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things so we'll merge the and child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things so we'll merge the and child
+and get a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a new thing
+um which will name a noun phrase after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which will name a noun phrase after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which will name a noun phrase after
+the fact that it crucially contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it crucially contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it crucially contains a
+noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun
+and we'll merge that noun phrase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll merge that noun phrase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll merge that noun phrase with
+the verb tickle and that's how we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb tickle and that's how we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb tickle and that's how we get
+the verb phrase and then we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb phrase and then we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb phrase and then we have these
+two other words in here she and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other words in here she and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other words in here she and will
+and she is a noun it's a special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she is a noun it's a special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she is a noun it's a special kind of
+noun it's a pronoun and uh will we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun it's a pronoun and uh will we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun it's a pronoun and uh will we I
+made up a name for will I called it a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up a name for will I called it a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up a name for will I called it a t
+uh t for tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t for tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t for tense
+actually that gives me too much credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that gives me too much credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that gives me too much credit
+other people gave it that name that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people gave it that name that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people gave it that name that's
+I'm just transmitting to you that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just transmitting to you that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just transmitting to you that name
+yep and then we said uh if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and then we said uh if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and then we said uh if we want to
+make a tree for the whole sentence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a tree for the whole sentence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a tree for the whole sentence what
+we'll do is first we'll merge t with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is first we'll merge t with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is first we'll merge t with the
+verb phrase yeah so we'll merge those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb phrase yeah so we'll merge those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb phrase yeah so we'll merge those
+two things and we'll give the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things and we'll give the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things and we'll give the resulting
+object the label t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the label t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the label t
+and then we'll merge that new object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll merge that new object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll merge that new object
+that we've created uh with the noun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've created uh with the noun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've created uh with the noun and
+since maybe you remember phrase is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since maybe you remember phrase is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since maybe you remember phrase is just
+a name for the largest thing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name for the largest thing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name for the largest thing with a
+given label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given label
+um that uh that daughter of TP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh that daughter of TP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh that daughter of TP that
+we've got there she yeah it's a noun but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got there she yeah it's a noun but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got there she yeah it's a noun but
+it's now also a noun phrase because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now also a noun phrase because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now also a noun phrase because it's
+the highest thing with its label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest thing with its label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest thing with its label
+um uh that noun phrase and and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that noun phrase and and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that noun phrase and and it's uh
+its sister that T Bar become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sister that T Bar become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sister that T Bar become the
+daughters of this new node that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters of this new node that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters of this new node that we've
+created TP I said that's the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created TP I said that's the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created TP I said that's the way we're
+going to build sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build sentences
+immediately several of you objected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately several of you objected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately several of you objected
+Katarina here for example ruthlessly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katarina here for example ruthlessly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katarina here for example ruthlessly uh
+demanded that I explained why we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded that I explained why we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded that I explained why we were
+doing it in that order and not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in that order and not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in that order and not for
+example like this you know got tickled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like this you know got tickled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like this you know got tickled
+the child just like before but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child just like before but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child just like before but this time
+we'll merge she with Will first maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll merge she with Will first maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll merge she with Will first maybe
+projecting T and then we'll merge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting T and then we'll merge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting T and then we'll merge the
+result of that with tickle the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that with tickle the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that with tickle the child
+giving you a TP again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a TP again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a TP again
+excuse me um giving you a TP again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me um giving you a TP again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me um giving you a TP again that
+didn't help at all did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't help at all did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't help at all did it
+um but uh with a different constituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh with a different constituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh with a different constituent
+structure several of you wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure several of you wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure several of you wanted to know
+why are we not doing that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we not doing that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we not doing that yeah
+and I attempted to convince you not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I attempted to convince you not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I attempted to convince you not to
+do that with the uh the tools uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with the uh the tools uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with the uh the tools uh that we
+have available the constituents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available the constituents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available the constituents uh
+constituent structure tests that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent structure tests that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent structure tests that we've
+developed in like a day and a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in like a day and a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in like a day and a half of
+syntax and I was not able to do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax and I was not able to do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax and I was not able to do that uh
+because I had not shown you sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had not shown you sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had not shown you sufficiently
+sophisticated constituency tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated constituency tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated constituency tests
+um so I began on the board showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I began on the board showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I began on the board showing you
+another constituency test and I promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another constituency test and I promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another constituency test and I promised
+you that today I would use that test to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that today I would use that test to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that today I would use that test to
+to demonstrate that we need the tree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate that we need the tree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate that we need the tree on
+the left and not the tree on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and not the tree on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and not the tree on the right
+yeah and that was sort of a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that was sort of a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that was sort of a dramatic
+Cliffhanger last time and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cliffhanger last time and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cliffhanger last time and then I
+attempted to to distract you from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to to distract you from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to to distract you from this
+by talking about other stuff for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about other stuff for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about other stuff for a
+little while that's that's more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while that's that's more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while that's that's more or less
+where we were last time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were last time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were last time yeah
+okay so now let me attempt to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me attempt to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me attempt to uh
+distinguish or show you that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish or show you that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish or show you that we should
+have the tree on the left and the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tree on the left and the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tree on the left and the tree
+on the right and I should tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and I should tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and I should tell you that
+although I'm going to give you a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm going to give you a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm going to give you a piece
+of evidence for that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence for that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence for that today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the evidence is going to come in in bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence is going to come in in bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence is going to come in in bits
+over our discussion of syntax which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our discussion of syntax which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our discussion of syntax which is
+going to last a little while uh so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to last a little while uh so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to last a little while uh so I'll
+show you one piece of evidence now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one piece of evidence now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one piece of evidence now and
+if you don't like that piece of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't like that piece of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't like that piece of evidence
+well just wait there will be more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just wait there will be more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just wait there will be more but
+what I'm going to do today thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do today thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do today thanks to
+ecaterina is Rush something that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecaterina is Rush something that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecaterina is Rush something that I was
+planning to tell you about much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to tell you about much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to tell you about much later
+um but so if you don't like what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so if you don't like what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so if you don't like what I'm
+about to do blame her this was all her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to do blame her this was all her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to do blame her this was all her
+idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here are some data that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some data that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some data that we talked
+about last time right different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time right different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time right different
+sentences I think but the same general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences I think but the same general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences I think but the same general
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+observation these are both grammatical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation these are both grammatical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation these are both grammatical
+English sentences she would recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English sentences she would recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English sentences she would recognize
+Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+and anyone who knows her would recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone who knows her would recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone who knows her would recognize
+Mary they're both English sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary they're both English sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary they're both English sentences
+but there's an interesting difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an interesting difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an interesting difference
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+um they both contain pronouns and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they both contain pronouns and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they both contain pronouns and they
+contain the name Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the name Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the name Mary
+but they differ in that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they differ in that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they differ in that the first
+sentence she cannot be merry yeah it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence she cannot be merry yeah it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence she cannot be merry yeah it has
+to be some other person in that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some other person in that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some other person in that first
+sentence so that first sentence has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so that first sentence has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so that first sentence has to
+involve two uh different people uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve two uh different people uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve two uh different people uh one
+of them female and Mary is probably also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them female and Mary is probably also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them female and Mary is probably also
+female though who knows maybe not yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female though who knows maybe not yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female though who knows maybe not yep
+um on the other hand in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand in the second
+sentence anyone who knows her would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence anyone who knows her would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence anyone who knows her would
+recognize Mary it's possible that her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize Mary it's possible that her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize Mary it's possible that her
+refers to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to Mary
+that was those were the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was those were the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was those were the data that we
+sort of collectively decided on last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collectively decided on last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collectively decided on last
+time when we were talking about examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we were talking about examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we were talking about examples
+like this and I showed you the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and I showed you the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and I showed you the second
+kind of example partly I think I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example partly I think I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example partly I think I I
+somebody hopefully uh offered me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody hopefully uh offered me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody hopefully uh offered me a
+theory of why the first one was bad it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of why the first one was bad it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of why the first one was bad it
+was the theory I was hoping they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the theory I was hoping they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the theory I was hoping they would
+offer where they said yeah maybe what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer where they said yeah maybe what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer where they said yeah maybe what's
+wrong with she would recognize Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with she would recognize Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with she would recognize Mary
+what's wrong with having she refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with having she refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with having she refer to
+Mary is that you know Mary is later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary is that you know Mary is later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary is that you know Mary is later in
+the sentence you know pronouns refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence you know pronouns refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence you know pronouns refer to
+other people but they have to be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people but they have to be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people but they have to be people
+who we've already been talking about or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we've already been talking about or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we've already been talking about or
+something like that totally sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that totally sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that totally sensible
+reasonable Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Theory
+um you might expect it to work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might expect it to work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might expect it to work that way
+and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't
+um uh the second sentence shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the second sentence shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the second sentence shows that
+it's possible for pronouns to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for pronouns to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for pronouns to refer to
+things that are later in the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are later in the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are later in the science
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+cool so how are we going to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so how are we going to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so how are we going to distinguish
+these two theories from each other that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two theories from each other that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two theories from each other that
+was the Cliffhanger last time I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Cliffhanger last time I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Cliffhanger last time I sort of
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+um uh we can distinguish these theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we can distinguish these theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we can distinguish these theories
+uh or these these um these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or these these um these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or these these um these examples
+okay so that's just the data I just ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the data I just ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just the data I just ran
+through she is not Mary in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through she is not Mary in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through she is not Mary in the first
+sentence but she can be married in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence but she can be married in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence but she can be married in the
+second sentence doesn't have to be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence doesn't have to be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence doesn't have to be but
+it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now I'm going to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I'm going to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I'm going to show you how
+we'll distinguish those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll distinguish those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll distinguish those kinds of
+examples using uh the kind of tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples using uh the kind of tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples using uh the kind of tree that
+I was hoping you would just unthinkingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was hoping you would just unthinkingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was hoping you would just unthinkingly
+accept when I put built it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept when I put built it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept when I put built it for you
+um and then uh what I'll do is show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh what I'll do is show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh what I'll do is show you
+that the theory that I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory that I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory that I'm going to show
+you for this pair of sentences wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for this pair of sentences wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for this pair of sentences wouldn't
+work if we had the other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if we had the other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if we had the other kind of
+structure and then if you want we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then if you want we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then if you want we can
+talk some about whether there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some about whether there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some about whether there is another
+way to talk with the other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to talk with the other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to talk with the other kind of
+structure now my abilities as a graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now my abilities as a graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now my abilities as a graphic
+designer uh you may have picked up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer uh you may have picked up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer uh you may have picked up on
+this seeing my slides are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seeing my slides are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seeing my slides are um
+limited yeah so uh I was not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited yeah so uh I was not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited yeah so uh I was not able to
+come up with a way to put all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a way to put all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a way to put all of the
+trees that you might like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that you might like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that you might like to be able to
+look at all at once on a single slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all at once on a single slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all at once on a single slide
+so I'm going to put some of them up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put some of them up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put some of them up here
+uh on the board instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the board instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the board instead
+let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can um
+make reference to them so she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make reference to them so she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make reference to them so she would
+here's the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tree
+that people were offering as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were offering as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were offering as an
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah this is the kind of tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the kind of tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the kind of tree that
+people were offering as an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were offering as an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were offering as an alternative
+so the tree that's on the slide is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tree that's on the slide is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tree that's on the slide is the
+tree that I want want you to believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that I want want you to believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that I want want you to believe in
+the tree that's on the board is the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree that's on the board is the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree that's on the board is the tree
+that people said hey why are we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people said hey why are we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people said hey why are we not
+doing it that way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it that way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it that way right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I always I I always feel nervous when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always I I always feel nervous when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always I I always feel nervous when I
+write things on the board that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things on the board that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things on the board that I want
+you not to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not to believe
+um so you know just so we're clear uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know just so we're clear uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know just so we're clear uh uh
+you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know no
+um this is you know wrong not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is you know wrong not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is you know wrong not the right
+tree okay uh that's the right tree yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay uh that's the right tree yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay uh that's the right tree yeah
+but I'm now going to try to convince you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm now going to try to convince you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm now going to try to convince you
+of that yeah so I I'm the reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that yeah so I I'm the reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that yeah so I I'm the reason it
+makes me nervous is that I know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me nervous is that I know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me nervous is that I know you know
+it's it's morning Loosely construed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's morning Loosely construed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's morning Loosely construed uh
+you know it's late enough in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's late enough in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's late enough in the
+semester that you're probably sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that you're probably sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that you're probably sleep
+deprived uh it's easy to think well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived uh it's easy to think well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived uh it's easy to think well if
+the professor wrote it on the board it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor wrote it on the board it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor wrote it on the board it
+must be true yeah this is not true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be true yeah this is not true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be true yeah this is not true okay
+yeah at least I don't think it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah at least I don't think it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah at least I don't think it's true
+try to convince you okay so that tree up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince you okay so that tree up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince you okay so that tree up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um if we use that tree up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we can account for the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can account for the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can account for the contrast
+between the two sentences on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two sentences on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two sentences on the slide
+oh my gracious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my gracious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my gracious
+um we can account for the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can account for the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can account for the contrast
+between the two the two sentences on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two the two sentences on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two the two sentences on the
+slide with the following principle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide with the following principle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide with the following principle it
+goes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this
+if you have an NP like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an NP like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an NP like she
+that merges with another node let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that merges with another node let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that merges with another node let's call
+it Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Alpha
+the NP can't refer to any of the names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NP can't refer to any of the names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NP can't refer to any of the names
+that are inside Alpha any of the names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are inside Alpha any of the names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are inside Alpha any of the names
+that are dominated by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dominated by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dominated by Alpha
+oh keep it specific to names for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh keep it specific to names for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh keep it specific to names for now
+we're going to talk much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk much more about
+principles like this later we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles like this later we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles like this later we're going
+to develop a theory of What kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a theory of What kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a theory of What kinds of
+things pronouns can refer to and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pronouns can refer to and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pronouns can refer to and what
+kinds of things they can't but this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things they can't but this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things they can't but this this
+works for the pair of examples that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the pair of examples that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the pair of examples that we
+have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here
+so what's wrong with this example or why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's wrong with this example or why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's wrong with this example or why
+why can't she refer to Mary in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't she refer to Mary in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't she refer to Mary in this
+example Theory would be it's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Theory would be it's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Theory would be it's because you
+merged she with that t-bar there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged she with that t-bar there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged she with that t-bar there
+and that t-bar dominates Mary and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that t-bar dominates Mary and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that t-bar dominates Mary and and
+therefore she this principle says she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore she this principle says she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore she this principle says she
+can't refer to anything that's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't refer to anything that's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't refer to anything that's inside
+that t-bar and Mary is inside that t-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t-bar and Mary is inside that t-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t-bar and Mary is inside that t-bar
+that's what this principle is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this principle is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this principle is meant to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+let me show you that that distinguishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you that that distinguishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you that that distinguishes
+between the two examples so if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two examples so if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two examples so if instead
+we had anyone who knows her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had anyone who knows her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had anyone who knows her
+um if we had anyone who knows her as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had anyone who knows her as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had anyone who knows her as the
+subject right anyone who knows her would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject right anyone who knows her would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject right anyone who knows her would
+recognize Mary well I'm gonna try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize Mary well I'm gonna try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize Mary well I'm gonna try to get
+away without actually telling you uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away without actually telling you uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away without actually telling you uh how
+we're going to diagram all of anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to diagram all of anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to diagram all of anyone who
+knows her but anyone is the noun in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows her but anyone is the noun in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows her but anyone is the noun in
+anyone who knows her and it's a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who knows her and it's a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who knows her and it's a noun
+that's Modified by what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Modified by what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Modified by what's called a
+relative Clause so who knows her is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative Clause so who knows her is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative Clause so who knows her is a
+kind of clause that modifies nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clause that modifies nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clause that modifies nouns
+and uh I have given it the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I have given it the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I have given it the label
+question mark question mark because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark question mark because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark question mark because
+someday we'll talk about relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday we'll talk about relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday we'll talk about relative
+clauses and talk about what label they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses and talk about what label they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses and talk about what label they
+ought to have and all that good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to have and all that good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to have and all that good stuff
+but for now just you know it's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now just you know it's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now just you know it's a thing
+yeah and what's inside it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and what's inside it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and what's inside it is that
+pronoun her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun her
+which got merged you know somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got merged you know somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got merged you know somewhere
+inside that relative Clause is a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that relative Clause is a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that relative Clause is a verb
+phrase nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase nose
+and the noun phrase her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the noun phrase her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the noun phrase her
+so if we ask what was this noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we ask what was this noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we ask what was this noun phrase
+merged with well it definitely wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with well it definitely wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with well it definitely wasn't
+merged with t-bar it was merged with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with t-bar it was merged with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with t-bar it was merged with you
+know something inside the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something inside the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something inside the relative
+Clause it was merged with this verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause it was merged with this verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause it was merged with this verb
+yeah so this principle that says if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this principle that says if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this principle that says if a
+noun phrase merges with another node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrase merges with another node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrase merges with another node
+Alpha the noun phrase can't refer to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the noun phrase can't refer to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the noun phrase can't refer to any
+any names that Alpha dominates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any names that Alpha dominates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any names that Alpha dominates that
+distinguishes between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between
+she would recognize Mary or she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would recognize Mary or she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would recognize Mary or she is
+merged with something that contains Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with something that contains Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with something that contains Mary
+and anyone who knows her would recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone who knows her would recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone who knows her would recognize
+Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+where her is not merged with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where her is not merged with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where her is not merged with something
+that contains Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains Mary
+do people see that this principle draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see that this principle draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see that this principle draws
+the distinction that we wanted to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that's more or less what it means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's more or less what it means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's more or less what it means so
+um trees the the sort of you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trees the the sort of you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trees the the sort of you can think
+of the basic relation in trees as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic relation in trees as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic relation in trees as
+immediately dominate so a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately dominate so a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately dominate so a node
+immediately dominates the nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately dominates the nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately dominates the nodes that
+were emerged to create it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were emerged to create it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were emerged to create it
+and dominate is the transitive closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dominate is the transitive closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dominate is the transitive closure
+of immediately dominate so you dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediately dominate so you dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediately dominate so you dominate
+the things you immediately Dominate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you immediately Dominate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you immediately Dominate and
+the things those things immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things those things immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things those things immediately
+Dominate and so on until you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominate and so on until you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominate and so on until you run out of
+immediate domination relations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate domination relations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate domination relations that's
+what dominate means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dominate means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dominate means
+um to put it more graphically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to put it more graphically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to put it more graphically you
+dominate the things that are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the things that are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the things that are related to
+you by lines pointing down you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by lines pointing down you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by lines pointing down you know
+that's what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this means
+Raquel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically not I asserted that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically not I asserted that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically not I asserted that it
+could if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you bar dominates Mary yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bar dominates Mary yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bar dominates Mary yeah like
+uh does that not contradict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does that not contradict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does that not contradict
+it like that who knows her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that who knows her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that who knows her
+connection yeah so here let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection yeah so here let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection yeah so here let me let me
+draw anyone who knows her a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw anyone who knows her a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw anyone who knows her a little more
+carefully so here's anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so here's anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so here's anyone
+here's the relative Clause that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the relative Clause that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the relative Clause that I'm
+going to continue possibly foolishly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue possibly foolishly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue possibly foolishly not
+to label you know so there's some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label you know so there's some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label you know so there's some stuff
+in here and then uh you know who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and then uh you know who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and then uh you know who knows
+her there's maybe a TP down in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her there's maybe a TP down in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her there's maybe a TP down in there
+containing a t-bar and a t and who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a t-bar and a t and who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a t-bar and a t and who knows
+maybe the subject of it is who right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the subject of it is who right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the subject of it is who right so
+somewhere inside so there's anyone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere inside so there's anyone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere inside so there's anyone and
+then there's this relative clause which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this relative clause which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this relative clause which
+contains a sentence who knows her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a sentence who knows her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a sentence who knows her
+that's what relative clauses are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what relative clauses are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what relative clauses are they're
+a special kind of sentence that acts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special kind of sentence that acts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special kind of sentence that acts as
+a modifier for nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modifier for nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modifier for nouns
+so you're right oh and then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're right oh and then this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're right oh and then this thing
+is becoming part of a larger TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming part of a larger TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming part of a larger TP
+would so now I'm just drawing what's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so now I'm just drawing what's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so now I'm just drawing what's on
+the slide a little more a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide a little more a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide a little more a little more
+with a little more detail recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you all right
+um so now there are uh apart from Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now there are uh apart from Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now there are uh apart from Mary
+well okay there are three noun phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay there are three noun phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay there are three noun phrases
+in this sentence there's Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sentence there's Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sentence there's Mary
+there's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing
+and there's this pronoun heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this pronoun heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this pronoun heard
+and claim uh a noun phrase can't refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and claim uh a noun phrase can't refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and claim uh a noun phrase can't refer
+to something that is contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that is contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that is contained in the
+alpha with which the noun phrase merges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha with which the noun phrase merges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha with which the noun phrase merges
+so that's a claim that says when we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a claim that says when we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a claim that says when we ask
+who does her refer to here can it refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does her refer to here can it refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does her refer to here can it refer
+to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mary
+the answer is yeah because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yeah because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yeah because this was
+merged with no's nose doesn't contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with no's nose doesn't contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with no's nose doesn't contain
+Mary and so we're all set yeah your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and so we're all set yeah your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and so we're all set yeah your
+ancestors emerging doesn't like impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors emerging doesn't like impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors emerging doesn't like impact
+yes no we're you're not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no we're you're not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no we're you're not responsible for
+the crimes of your ancestors that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crimes of your ancestors that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crimes of your ancestors that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so uh this noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh this noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh this noun phrase
+shouldn't be able to refer to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to refer to Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to refer to Mary
+yeah uh and that might be true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay so this has been an attempt at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this has been an attempt at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this has been an attempt at an
+argument Forum argument by successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument Forum argument by successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument Forum argument by successful
+account yeah so uh I've shown you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account yeah so uh I've shown you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account yeah so uh I've shown you how
+with this principle and these trees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this principle and these trees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this principle and these trees the
+trees that I had on the slide right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that I had on the slide right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that I had on the slide right the
+this kind of tree where a TP contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of tree where a TP contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of tree where a TP contains
+three things there's a t the sister of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things there's a t the sister of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things there's a t the sister of
+the T is the verb phrase and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T is the verb phrase and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T is the verb phrase and then the
+daughter of the TP is the subject of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter of the TP is the subject of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter of the TP is the subject of the
+whole thing that's the kind of tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing that's the kind of tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing that's the kind of tree that
+I was drawing you or to say that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was drawing you or to say that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was drawing you or to say that in
+another way when you're assembling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way when you're assembling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way when you're assembling a
+sentence out of those three things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence out of those three things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence out of those three things what
+you're doing is your first merging t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is your first merging t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is your first merging t
+with the verb phrase and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the verb phrase and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the verb phrase and then you're
+merging the result of that with a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging the result of that with a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging the result of that with a noun
+phrase that was the order in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that was the order in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that was the order in which I
+wanted to do things I said what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do things I said what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do things I said what I've
+tried to show you is that if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to show you is that if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to show you is that if we do
+things in that order we can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in that order we can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in that order we can have an
+account using this principle that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account using this principle that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account using this principle that I've
+just uh invoked uh for this contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh invoked uh for this contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh invoked uh for this contrast
+between these two sentences the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two sentences the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two sentences the fact
+that she can't refer to Mary in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she can't refer to Mary in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she can't refer to Mary in the
+first sentence but that her can refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence but that her can refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence but that her can refer to
+Mary in the second sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary in the second sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary in the second sentence
+now okay so as as I said argument Forum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so as as I said argument Forum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so as as I said argument Forum
+argument by successful account if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument by successful account if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument by successful account if you if
+you buy these trees then hey we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy these trees then hey we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy these trees then hey we get this
+account of this contrast between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of this contrast between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of this contrast between these
+sentences yeah now uh suppose we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences yeah now uh suppose we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences yeah now uh suppose we were
+instead to do this kind of tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead to do this kind of tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead to do this kind of tree
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+good but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but notice
+at least the principle that I posited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the principle that I posited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the principle that I posited
+here wouldn't work for this kind of tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here wouldn't work for this kind of tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here wouldn't work for this kind of tree
+the principle that I posited here says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that I posited here says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that I posited here says
+if a noun phrase is merged with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a noun phrase is merged with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a noun phrase is merged with some
+Alpha the noun phrase can't refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the noun phrase can't refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the noun phrase can't refer to
+anything inside the alpha well this noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything inside the alpha well this noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything inside the alpha well this noun
+phrase she has just been merged with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she has just been merged with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she has just been merged with the
+T wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T wood
+so that principle at least would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that principle at least would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that principle at least would not
+draw this distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this distinction
+possible response could be yeah but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible response could be yeah but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible response could be yeah but now
+we need another principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need another principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need another principle
+to which the response is yeah well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the response is yeah well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the response is yeah well what
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+show it to me so you know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to me so you know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to me so you know what we're
+going to do is we'll have this tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we'll have this tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we'll have this tree and
+we're comparing this tree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing this tree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing this tree with
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wood and now we're going to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and now we're going to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and now we're going to have you
+know anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+okay so we want this her to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want this her to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want this her to be able to
+refer to Mary but we want this she not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to Mary but we want this she not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to Mary but we want this she not
+to be able to refer to Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to refer to Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to refer to Mary
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+that's part of an argument anyway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of an argument anyway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of an argument anyway that
+uh you should buy the kinds of trees do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should buy the kinds of trees do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should buy the kinds of trees do
+the merges in the order that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merges in the order that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merges in the order that I wanted
+you to do them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do them in
+we have a name for this relation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name for this relation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name for this relation that
+holds between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds between uh
+she and Mary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and Mary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and Mary in
+this kind of tree the kind of relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of tree the kind of relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of tree the kind of relation
+that holds between a node like the she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds between a node like the she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds between a node like the she
+the noun phrase she in this tree and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase she in this tree and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase she in this tree and uh
+another node like the noun phrase Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another node like the noun phrase Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another node like the noun phrase Mary
+in this tree which is contained I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree which is contained I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree which is contained I'm
+sorry this is too complicated let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is too complicated let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is too complicated let me let
+me introduce some variables we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me introduce some variables we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me introduce some variables we have a
+name for the kind of relation that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the kind of relation that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the kind of relation that holds
+between an uh a node like the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an uh a node like the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an uh a node like the noun
+phrase she let's call that node X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she let's call that node X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she let's call that node X and
+another node that is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another node that is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another node that is contained in
+something that X was merged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that X was merged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that X was merged with
+so the relation that holds between she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relation that holds between she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relation that holds between she
+and Mary yeah or for that matter between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mary yeah or for that matter between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mary yeah or for that matter between
+she and the verb phrase right or between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and the verb phrase right or between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and the verb phrase right or between
+she and would yeah so the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and would yeah so the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and would yeah so the relationship
+that holds between a node X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds between a node X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds between a node X and
+everything that's inside the node with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's inside the node with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's inside the node with
+which that X was merged yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that X was merged yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that X was merged yeah that
+relation is called C command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we're not I we're now not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're not I we're now not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're not I we're now not going
+to talk about sea command for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about sea command for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about sea command for a little
+while because as I said there's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while because as I said there's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while because as I said there's you're
+experiencing a moment of anachronism I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing a moment of anachronism I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing a moment of anachronism I'm
+telling you things that I was planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you things that I was planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you things that I was planning
+to tell you in a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you in a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you in a few weeks
+um but because you demanded it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because you demanded it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because you demanded it I'm
+offering you an argument for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering you an argument for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering you an argument for this
+particular way of assembling trees yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way of assembling trees yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way of assembling trees yeah
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yes alternative way of drawing trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes alternative way of drawing trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes alternative way of drawing trees
+wouldn't let us use this explanation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't let us use this explanation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't let us use this explanation you
+would need a different one and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a different one and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a different one and then yeah
+if you like that that alternative way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like that that alternative way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like that that alternative way of
+drawing trees it's your job to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing trees it's your job to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing trees it's your job to come up
+with a different one hey Katarina yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different one hey Katarina yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different one hey Katarina yes
+has already come up with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already come up with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already come up with one
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+I just does c-man refer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just does c-man refer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just does c-man refer to that
+principle that we were talking about no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we were talking about no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we were talking about no
+I'm sorry let me see let me say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry let me see let me say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry let me see let me say it
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a
+definition for Sigma C command is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for Sigma C command is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for Sigma C command is the
+relationship so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so you say
+um x c commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y there are various ways to Define c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there are various ways to Define c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there are various ways to Define c
+command but one of them uh here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command but one of them uh here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command but one of them uh here I'll
+show you one and then we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one and then we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one and then we can talk about
+another one you can say XC commands y if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one you can say XC commands y if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one you can say XC commands y if
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+that dominates X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dominates why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and people usually add and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people usually add and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people usually add and X
+does not dominate y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is one way to define it formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one way to define it formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one way to define it formally
+what does that do it says if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do it says if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do it says if you look at
+the noun phrase she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase she
+um what the noun phrase she C commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the noun phrase she C commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the noun phrase she C commands
+is everything that is dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything that is dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything that is dominated by
+everything that dominates she the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that dominates she the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that dominates she the noun
+phrase she so what dominates the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she so what dominates the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she so what dominates the noun
+phrase she well it's just the the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she well it's just the the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase she well it's just the the node
+TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP
+and so she seek commands everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she seek commands everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she seek commands everything
+that's dominated by the node TP which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dominated by the node TP which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dominated by the node TP which is
+basically everything except for TP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything except for TP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything except for TP so
+t-bar and T and the verb phrase uh the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-bar and T and the verb phrase uh the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-bar and T and the verb phrase uh the T
+wood C commands uh the verb phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood C commands uh the verb phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood C commands uh the verb phrase and
+also the verb and the noun phrase Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the verb and the noun phrase Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the verb and the noun phrase Mary
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+to put it yet in another way you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it yet in another way you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it yet in another way you see
+command your sister and everything your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command your sister and everything your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command your sister and everything your
+sister dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister dominates
+that's what C command is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what C command is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what C command is
+lots and lots of syntax makes reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of syntax makes reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of syntax makes reference
+to C command and so we'll keep coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C command and so we'll keep coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C command and so we'll keep coming
+back to it it's a thing that comes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it it's a thing that comes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it it's a thing that comes we'll
+come up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up again
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again this is all dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is all dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is all dramatic
+foreshadowing or anachronism or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing or anachronism or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing or anachronism or whatever
+you want to say uh whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say uh whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say uh whatever you want to
+call it um this is these are things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it um this is these are things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it um this is these are things I
+was planning to teach you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was planning to teach you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was planning to teach you a little bit
+in the future and so uh now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and so uh now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and so uh now you have a
+jump on life uh um you know later on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump on life uh um you know later on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump on life uh um you know later on uh
+some things will suddenly become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things will suddenly become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things will suddenly become
+familiar yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar yeah
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good
+I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um
+I I have been teasing you for making me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have been teasing you for making me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have been teasing you for making me
+do this but I really appreciate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this but I really appreciate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this but I really appreciate it
+actually it's a real pleasure teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a real pleasure teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a real pleasure teaching
+people who uh disagree with me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who uh disagree with me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who uh disagree with me all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+when I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I uh
+um when I uh I tell people uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I uh I tell people uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I uh I tell people uh you know
+when I'm on airplanes and I can't avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm on airplanes and I can't avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm on airplanes and I can't avoid
+telling the person next to me what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the person next to me what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the person next to me what I do
+for a living and I tell them I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living and I tell them I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living and I tell them I teach
+Linguistics at MIT they're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics at MIT they're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics at MIT they're like oh
+sometimes they say oh I didn't know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they say oh I didn't know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they say oh I didn't know they
+had Linguistics at MIT I'm like yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Linguistics at MIT I'm like yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Linguistics at MIT I'm like yes yes
+um and then they say so what's it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then they say so what's it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then they say so what's it like
+teaching MIT undergrads uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching MIT undergrads uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching MIT undergrads uh uh
+Linguistics and I say it's great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics and I say it's great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics and I say it's great because
+they all have these like math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have these like math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have these like math and
+science backgrounds so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science backgrounds so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science backgrounds so they don't
+believe a word I say you know so I go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe a word I say you know so I go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe a word I say you know so I go in
+there and I tell them things and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I tell them things and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I tell them things and they're
+like well no show me you know show me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well no show me you know show me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well no show me you know show me
+some proof I'll go oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proof I'll go oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proof I'll go oh okay
+um another University I think I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another University I think I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another University I think I would be
+able to get away with you know just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get away with you know just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get away with you know just the
+authority of having a beard this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority of having a beard this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority of having a beard this length
+you know people people would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people people would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people people would just
+believe me but no uh it's uh it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me but no uh it's uh it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me but no uh it's uh it's great
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um this is a slide we saw before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a slide we saw before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a slide we saw before this is
+just to remind you of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you of a bunch of
+terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology
+um some of it I've been using as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of it I've been using as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of it I've been using as we've
+been talking so just to remind you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking so just to remind you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking so just to remind you uh
+when we're talking about trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about trees
+um uh standardly use feminine kinship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh standardly use feminine kinship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh standardly use feminine kinship
+terms to talk about relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to talk about relations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to talk about relations between
+parts of trees so we talk about sisters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of trees so we talk about sisters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of trees so we talk about sisters
+which are two things that are both two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are two things that are both two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are two things that are both two
+things that were merged to form a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were merged to form a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were merged to form a node
+so for example the the D the and the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the the D the and the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the the D the and the N
+child those are sisters uh the V tickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child those are sisters uh the V tickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child those are sisters uh the V tickle
+and the noun phrase the child those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the noun phrase the child those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the noun phrase the child those are
+sisters in this tree yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisters in this tree yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisters in this tree yeah
+um we talk about mothers so the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talk about mothers so the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talk about mothers so the noun
+phrase the child is the mother of d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the child is the mother of d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the child is the mother of d and
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also talk about daughters so the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talk about daughters so the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talk about daughters so the and
+child we're the daughters of the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child we're the daughters of the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child we're the daughters of the noun
+phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+and I think I said last time that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I said last time that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I said last time that's it
+so we don't talk about grandmothers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't talk about grandmothers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't talk about grandmothers or
+ants or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants or anything
+um and then and this came up when did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then and this came up when did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then and this came up when did I
+asked a question earlier uh the basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a question earlier uh the basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a question earlier uh the basic uh
+relation that's reflected in these trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that's reflected in these trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that's reflected in these trees
+is the relation of immediate domination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relation of immediate domination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relation of immediate domination
+um that's the relation that's created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the relation that's created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the relation that's created by
+the operation merge so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation merge so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation merge so when you
+um when you merge two things you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you merge two things you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you merge two things you create
+a new thing that immediately dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing that immediately dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing that immediately dominates
+the two things that you merged that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that you merged that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that you merged that's
+just our name for that relation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our name for that relation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our name for that relation in the
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+and then uh there is another notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh there is another notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh there is another notion
+dominate uh which is the transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate uh which is the transitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate uh which is the transitive
+closure of immediately dominate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure of immediately dominate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure of immediately dominate so you
+dominate the things that you immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the things that you immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the things that you immediately
+Dominate and the things that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominate and the things that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominate and the things that those
+things immediately Dominate and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things immediately Dominate and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things immediately Dominate and so on
+all the way down the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the tree
+and then we said uh there's this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we said uh there's this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we said uh there's this word
+constituent which we've been using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent which we've been using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent which we've been using for
+some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+um uh and all of you seem to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and all of you seem to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and all of you seem to have a
+handle on it anyway but uh just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on it anyway but uh just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on it anyway but uh just to give
+it a formal definition we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a formal definition we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a formal definition we'll say that
+something is a constituent if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is a constituent if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is a constituent if there's a
+single node that dominates all the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node that dominates all the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node that dominates all the words
+uh in Alpha so the child is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Alpha so the child is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Alpha so the child is a
+constituent because there's a node that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent because there's a node that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent because there's a node that
+dominates just those words the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates just those words the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates just those words the noun
+phrase uh tickle the child is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase uh tickle the child is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase uh tickle the child is a
+constituent because there's a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent because there's a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent because there's a verb
+phrase dominating just those words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase dominating just those words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase dominating just those words uh
+will tickle the is not a constituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tickle the is not a constituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tickle the is not a constituent
+because there's no node dominating just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no node dominating just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no node dominating just
+those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+yeah that's a song Just terminology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a song Just terminology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a song Just terminology and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+telling you about it because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it because you're
+going to hear me use it in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear me use it in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear me use it in fact you
+already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so
+the way we've been talking then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've been talking then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've been talking then uh we
+take pairs of things we merge them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pairs of things we merge them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pairs of things we merge them to
+create new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new things
+we um and we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um and we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um and we haven't
+said very much in fact we haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said very much in fact we haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said very much in fact we haven't said
+anything at all about uh why you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all about uh why you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all about uh why you picked
+the particular things that you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular things that you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular things that you pick
+um so I want to talk about that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to talk about that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to talk about that a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+here are um some sentences uh uh mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are um some sentences uh uh mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are um some sentences uh uh mostly
+involving ants I guess and anteaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving ants I guess and anteaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving ants I guess and anteaters
+um and uh they're all grammatical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they're all grammatical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they're all grammatical
+sentences of English I think uh the ants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences of English I think uh the ants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences of English I think uh the ants
+thrived and the anteater arrived it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrived and the anteater arrived it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrived and the anteater arrived it's
+kind of a little dramatic story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little dramatic story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little dramatic story
+um about cements and their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about cements and their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about cements and their their
+difficult lives uh the ants Thrive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult lives uh the ants Thrive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult lives uh the ants Thrive the
+anteater arrived the anteater devoured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater arrived the anteater devoured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater arrived the anteater devoured
+the ants and Mary slapped the anteaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ants and Mary slapped the anteaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ants and Mary slapped the anteaters
+a little sad story about ants or a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little sad story about ants or a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little sad story about ants or a happy
+story about an anteater it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about an anteater it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about an anteater it depends on
+whose side you're on I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+observation old observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation old observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation old observation
+verbs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs in
+lots of languages maybe all languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of languages maybe all languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of languages maybe all languages
+can be fruitfully thought of as coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fruitfully thought of as coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fruitfully thought of as coming
+in at least two types there are verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at least two types there are verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at least two types there are verbs
+like Thrive and arrive which need to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Thrive and arrive which need to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Thrive and arrive which need to not
+have objects so you can say the ants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have objects so you can say the ants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have objects so you can say the ants
+thrived or the anteater arrived you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrived or the anteater arrived you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrived or the anteater arrived you
+cannot say the ants Thrive at the ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say the ants Thrive at the ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say the ants Thrive at the ant
+farm or the anteater arrived the ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm or the anteater arrived the ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm or the anteater arrived the ant
+hill we can't put an object after those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill we can't put an object after those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill we can't put an object after those
+kinds of verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of verbs
+and then there are other verbs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other verbs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other verbs like
+devour and slap that are the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour and slap that are the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour and slap that are the opposite
+you can say the end of your Devour the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say the end of your Devour the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say the end of your Devour the
+ants again very well say the anteater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants again very well say the anteater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants again very well say the anteater
+devoured that sentence is not finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoured that sentence is not finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoured that sentence is not finished
+Mary slapped the anteater can't say Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary slapped the anteater can't say Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary slapped the anteater can't say Mary
+slapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapped
+did I hear noises of disagreement facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I hear noises of disagreement facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I hear noises of disagreement facial
+expressions of disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions of disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions of disagreement
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+apart from the technical technical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the technical technical term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the technical technical term
+yeah apart from that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah apart from that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah apart from that yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so there are verbs that seem to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are verbs that seem to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are verbs that seem to want
+to have objects and there are verbs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have objects and there are verbs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have objects and there are verbs that
+seem to want to not have objects classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to want to not have objects classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to want to not have objects classic
+observation the name for that classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the name for that classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the name for that classic
+observation is that there are verbs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that there are verbs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that there are verbs that
+are what's called transitive those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's called transitive those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's called transitive those are
+the verbs that want to have objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verbs that want to have objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verbs that want to have objects
+verbs like devour and slap there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs like devour and slap there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs like devour and slap there are
+other verbs that are intransitive those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other verbs that are intransitive those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other verbs that are intransitive those
+are verbs like Thrive and arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verbs like Thrive and arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verbs like Thrive and arrive
+I picked these verbs fairly carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked these verbs fairly carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked these verbs fairly carefully
+there are many many possibly most verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many possibly most verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many possibly most verbs
+that can be either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be either one
+so uh for example you can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for example you can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for example you can say the
+anteater ate the ants and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater ate the ants and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteater ate the ants and you can also
+say the anteater eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+some verbs are transitive others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some verbs are transitive others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some verbs are transitive others are
+intransitive maybe they're also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransitive maybe they're also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransitive maybe they're also other
+verbs that are sort of indecisive yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that are sort of indecisive yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that are sort of indecisive yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good question yeah but I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question yeah but I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question yeah but I I think the
+fact the facts are as I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the facts are as I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the facts are as I just described
+them right that the anteater devoured is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right that the anteater devoured is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right that the anteater devoured is
+not a complete sentence but the anteater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a complete sentence but the anteater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a complete sentence but the anteater
+Aid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid is
+devour any means slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour any means slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour any means slightly different
+things right you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right you have to be
+louder and Messier and more violent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder and Messier and more violent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder and Messier and more violent if
+you're devouring I guess and eat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're devouring I guess and eat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're devouring I guess and eat is a
+more plain vanilla verb why that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plain vanilla verb why that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plain vanilla verb why that means
+that one of these verbs has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of these verbs has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of these verbs has to be
+transitive and the other doesn't is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and the other doesn't is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and the other doesn't is a
+really good question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+to which I may again only be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I may again only be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I may again only be able to say
+yeah that's a good question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no no no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no no no no no
+no we are not other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we are not other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we are not other questions
+I enjoy listening to your questions even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enjoy listening to your questions even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enjoy listening to your questions even
+if I can't answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can't answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can't answer this
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+um okay so some verbs are transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so some verbs are transitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so some verbs are transitive
+others are intransitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are intransitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are intransitive
+um there are so that's a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are so that's a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are so that's a classic
+observation people have been saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation people have been saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation people have been saying that
+since the Romans and the Greeks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the Romans and the Greeks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the Romans and the Greeks uh
+less classic observation is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less classic observation is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less classic observation is that there
+are other kinds of verbs that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other kinds of verbs that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other kinds of verbs that not only
+need an object but also need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an object but also need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an object but also need a
+prepositional phrase actually they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase actually they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase actually they're
+verbs that just need a prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that just need a prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that just need a prepositional
+phrase we'll talk about that maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase we'll talk about that maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase we'll talk about that maybe uh
+later but let's talk for now about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but let's talk for now about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but let's talk for now about a
+verb like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb like put
+put absolutely has to have an object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put absolutely has to have an object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put absolutely has to have an object so
+it's transitive in that sense but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transitive in that sense but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transitive in that sense but it
+also has to have a prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to have a prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to have a prepositional phrase
+uh so you you can say the anteater put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you you can say the anteater put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you you can say the anteater put
+the ants onto a plate this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ants onto a plate this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ants onto a plate this is a
+comparatively civilized anteater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively civilized anteater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively civilized anteater
+um but you can't leave out either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can't leave out either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can't leave out either the
+object or the prepositional phrase you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or the prepositional phrase you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or the prepositional phrase you
+can't say the anteater put the ants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say the anteater put the ants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say the anteater put the ants
+that's not a sentence and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a sentence and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a sentence and you also
+cannot say the anteater put onto a plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say the anteater put onto a plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say the anteater put onto a plate
+also another sentence so put needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another sentence so put needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another sentence so put needs to
+combine with both an object and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with both an object and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with both an object and a
+prepositional Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional Focus
+okay so apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so apparently
+um in I hope this is what I say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in I hope this is what I say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in I hope this is what I say on the
+next slide yeah apparently uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide yeah apparently uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide yeah apparently uh remember
+when we were talking about what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about what we would
+need to state in our lexicon about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to state in our lexicon about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to state in our lexicon about each
+word or about each morpheme if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or about each morpheme if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or about each morpheme if we're
+putting morphemes in our lexicon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting morphemes in our lexicon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting morphemes in our lexicon which
+we were saying probably we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were saying probably we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were saying probably we should
+um we were saying yeah when you list an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were saying yeah when you list an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were saying yeah when you list an
+entry in your Lexicon you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in your Lexicon you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in your Lexicon you're going to
+need to say whether it's a free morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say whether it's a free morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say whether it's a free morpheme
+or a bound morpheme and whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bound morpheme and whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bound morpheme and whether it's a
+prefix or a suffix or an infix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix or a suffix or an infix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix or a suffix or an infix or
+whatever all else how it's pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever all else how it's pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever all else how it's pronounced
+and we spent some time doing phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spent some time doing phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spent some time doing phonology
+and convincing ourselves that saying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convincing ourselves that saying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convincing ourselves that saying how
+something is pronounced might be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is pronounced might be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is pronounced might be more
+complicated than it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than it looks
+um here's something else that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's something else that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's something else that we're
+going to have to State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to State
+when we list a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we list a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we list a verb
+we're going to need to State uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to State uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to State uh
+something about this is called selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this is called selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this is called selection
+so we need to say verbs for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to say verbs for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to say verbs for example
+select for the kinds of things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for the kinds of things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for the kinds of things that they
+want to combine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to combine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to combine with
+um so our our list our lexical entry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our our list our lexical entry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our our list our lexical entry for
+a verb like Devourer has to say oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb like Devourer has to say oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb like Devourer has to say oh yeah
+this is a verb that needs to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a verb that needs to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a verb that needs to have an
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think we need to say that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to say that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to say that this kind of
+gets back to your question of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to your question of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to your question of a second
+ago right can we derive it from anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago right can we derive it from anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago right can we derive it from anything
+else about the meaning of Devourer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about the meaning of Devourer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about the meaning of Devourer that
+it has to have an object like can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to have an object like can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to have an object like can we
+make that follow from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that follow from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that follow from something
+something rather than just having to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rather than just having to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rather than just having to say
+next to Devourer oh yeah this one needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to Devourer oh yeah this one needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to Devourer oh yeah this one needs
+an object yeah can that be a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object yeah can that be a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object yeah can that be a general
+property of certain classes of verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of certain classes of verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of certain classes of verbs
+that's an ongoing project they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an ongoing project they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an ongoing project they're a
+linguists trying to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists trying to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists trying to figure out the
+answers to questions like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to questions like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to questions like that yeah
+uh but yeah for 24 900 we'll we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but yeah for 24 900 we'll we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but yeah for 24 900 we'll we'll just
+state for every verb this verb needs an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for every verb this verb needs an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for every verb this verb needs an
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+um this is kind of like it should look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is kind of like it should look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is kind of like it should look a
+little familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little familiar
+um when we were doing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we were doing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we were doing you know
+unlockable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlockable
+um another uh polymorphemic words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another uh polymorphemic words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another uh polymorphemic words like
+that we were saying yeah there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were saying yeah there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were saying yeah there are
+affixes that say I want to combine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affixes that say I want to combine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affixes that say I want to combine with
+um a verb let's say and I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a verb let's say and I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a verb let's say and I'll give you an
+adjective in results yeah as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective in results yeah as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective in results yeah as a result
+similarly verbs have to specify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly verbs have to specify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly verbs have to specify what
+they merge with so the verb put it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they merge with so the verb put it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they merge with so the verb put it's
+pronounced put you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced put you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced put you know and
+I should really have done that in IPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should really have done that in IPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should really have done that in IPA
+you know it's pronounced whatever foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's pronounced whatever foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's pronounced whatever foot
+um and uh it means something it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it means something it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it means something it means to
+cause something to be in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause something to be in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause something to be in a place
+whatever however we're going to State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever however we're going to State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever however we're going to State
+its meaning and it selects for a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its meaning and it selects for a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its meaning and it selects for a noun
+phrase in a prepositional phrase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase in a prepositional phrase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase in a prepositional phrase that's
+the way we'll say that so the word put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'll say that so the word put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'll say that so the word put
+needs to merge with those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to merge with those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to merge with those things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually be a little more specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a little more specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a little more specific about
+what how selection works exactly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how selection works exactly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how selection works exactly so I
+just said yeah is this much clearer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said yeah is this much clearer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said yeah is this much clearer so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+so let's be a little more specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's be a little more specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's be a little more specific about
+what selection is and what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what selection is and what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what selection is and what exactly
+you're selecting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I just said there are verbs like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said there are verbs like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said there are verbs like put
+that select for an object and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that select for an object and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that select for an object and also a
+prepositional phrase there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase there are also
+verbs that only select for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that only select for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that only select for a
+prepositional phrase um depend is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase um depend is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase um depend is one of
+those uh so depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can combine kind of needs to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine kind of needs to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine kind of needs to combine
+uh it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it depends
+um but uh at least can combine with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh at least can combine with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh at least can combine with a
+prepositional phrase but not just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase but not just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase but not just any
+prepositional phrase it needs to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase it needs to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase it needs to combine
+with the prepositional phrase in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the prepositional phrase in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the prepositional phrase in which
+the preposition is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition is on
+right you can depend on things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can depend on things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can depend on things you
+cannot depend from things or at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot depend from things or at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot depend from things or at things
+or near things or buy things right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or near things or buy things right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or near things or buy things right you
+can't depend near something it's not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't depend near something it's not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't depend near something it's not how
+you use the word depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the word depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the word depend
+if you learn other languages especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn other languages especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn other languages especially
+if you learn other Indo-European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn other Indo-European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn other Indo-European
+languages because Indo-European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages because Indo-European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages because Indo-European
+languages seem to be especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages seem to be especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages seem to be especially
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+fond of prepositions I don't know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fond of prepositions I don't know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fond of prepositions I don't know we
+Indo-European languages the the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European languages the the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European languages the the language
+family that English is part of uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that English is part of uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that English is part of uh we
+have more prepositions than languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more prepositions than languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more prepositions than languages
+really should and if you learn a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should and if you learn a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should and if you learn a new
+language there's this weird mapping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's this weird mapping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's this weird mapping from
+one language to the next where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one language to the next where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one language to the next where you just
+need to learn which prepositions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn which prepositions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn which prepositions it's
+not simple like you don't get to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple like you don't get to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple like you don't get to learn
+this preposition is the translation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preposition is the translation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preposition is the translation for
+that preposition you learn things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that preposition you learn things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that preposition you learn things like
+this is the preposition that means at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the preposition that means at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the preposition that means at
+for cities and large islands but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities and large islands but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities and large islands but for
+small Islands you should use this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Islands you should use this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Islands you should use this other
+preposition instead not to scare you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition instead not to scare you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition instead not to scare you or
+anything but if you want to learn other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but if you want to learn other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but if you want to learn other
+Indo-European languages you should brace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European languages you should brace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European languages you should brace
+yourself for things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for things like that
+um if you don't want to do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you don't want to do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you don't want to do things like
+that learn a language that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learn a language that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learn a language that's not
+Indo-European because outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European because outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European because outside
+indo-europeans mostly like here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indo-europeans mostly like here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indo-europeans mostly like here is our
+locative preposition please use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locative preposition please use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locative preposition please use
+responsibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibly
+um so but English is an Indo-European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but English is an Indo-European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but English is an Indo-European
+language and so we have stuff like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and so we have stuff like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and so we have stuff like this
+verbs like depend that say I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs like depend that say I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs like depend that say I want a
+prepositional phrase and I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase and I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase and I want the
+preposition to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition to be on
+can't be anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so apparently it's possible at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so apparently it's possible at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so apparently it's possible at least
+in some kinds of cases for a verb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kinds of cases for a verb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kinds of cases for a verb to
+select not just a prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select not just a prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select not just a prepositional phrase
+but a prepositional phrase with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a prepositional phrase with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a prepositional phrase with a
+particular head whereby head I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular head whereby head I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular head whereby head I mean you
+know the preposition the thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the preposition the thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the preposition the thing but the
+prepositional phrase is named after yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase is named after yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase is named after yeah
+the the smallest thing with the label p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's the kind of selection you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the kind of selection you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the kind of selection you get
+there are other imaginable kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other imaginable kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other imaginable kinds of
+selection that you don't ever get so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that you don't ever get so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that you don't ever get so uh
+prepositional phrases can be modified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases can be modified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases can be modified by
+by adverbs so you can say she put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adverbs so you can say she put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adverbs so you can say she put them
+under the tree you can also say she put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tree you can also say she put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tree you can also say she put
+them right under the tree she put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right under the tree she put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right under the tree she put them
+directly under the tree where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly under the tree where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly under the tree where those
+adverbs are sort of modifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbs are sort of modifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverbs are sort of modifying the
+prepositional phrase under the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase under the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase under the tree
+saying something about the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something about the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something about the spatial
+relation between those things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between those things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between those things in the
+tree yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we're never going to find a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're never going to find a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're never going to find a verb
+that selects for a prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that selects for a prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that selects for a prepositional phrase
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there are verbs like depend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are verbs like depend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are verbs like depend that
+select for a prepositional phrase where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for a prepositional phrase where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for a prepositional phrase where
+the preposition has to be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition has to be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition has to be something like
+depend needs on we're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend needs on we're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend needs on we're never going to
+find a verb that selects for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a verb that selects for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a verb that selects for a
+prepositional phrase and it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase and it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase and it needs to be
+modified by a certain kind of modifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by a certain kind of modifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by a certain kind of modifier
+right so we'll never find a I made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll never find a I made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll never find a I made up of
+glorif yeah and glorf says I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorif yeah and glorf says I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorif yeah and glorf says I need a
+prepositional phrase I don't care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase I don't care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase I don't care what
+the preposition is you can say she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition is you can say she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition is you can say she
+glorfed them right under the tree she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorfed them right under the tree she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorfed them right under the tree she
+glorificed them right through the trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorificed them right through the trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorificed them right through the trees
+she collected them right beside the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she collected them right beside the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she collected them right beside the tree
+I don't care what the preposition is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care what the preposition is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care what the preposition is but
+we need right at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need right at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need right at the beginning of the
+prepositional phrase there are no verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase there are no verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase there are no verbs
+like that in any language yeah selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in any language yeah selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in any language yeah selection
+doesn't work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work that way
+how does selection work if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does selection work if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does selection work if you're
+selecting for a prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting for a prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting for a prepositional phrase
+you're selecting if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selecting if you have any
+restrictions on the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the kind of
+prepositional phrase you want there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase you want there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase you want there are
+restrictions of the form I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions of the form I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions of the form I would like
+the preposition to be this sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition to be this sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preposition to be this sometimes
+there are restrictions of the form I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are restrictions of the form I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are restrictions of the form I
+would like the preposition to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like the preposition to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like the preposition to be this
+class of prepositions so I might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of prepositions so I might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of prepositions so I might have a
+slide about this later too put can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide about this later too put can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide about this later too put can
+combine with a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with a bunch of different
+prepositional phrases the preposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases the preposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases the preposition
+can be under or on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be under or on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be under or on or
+beside or whatever but uh you can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside or whatever but uh you can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside or whatever but uh you can't say
+things like she put them during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like she put them during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like she put them during the
+party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party
+or she put them despite the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she put them despite the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she put them despite the rain
+so there are a bunch of prepositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a bunch of prepositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a bunch of prepositions
+that don't go well with foot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't go well with foot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't go well with foot it's
+basically put needs a prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put needs a prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put needs a prepositional
+phrase that is a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so that's a class of prepositions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a class of prepositions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a class of prepositions but
+it's not uh it's not a very imaginative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's not a very imaginative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's not a very imaginative
+position okay but there are no there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay but there are no there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay but there are no there are
+no verbs there's no glorif there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no verbs there's no glorif there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no verbs there's no glorif there are no
+verbs that say I want a prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that say I want a prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that say I want a prepositional
+phrase I don't care what the preposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase I don't care what the preposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase I don't care what the preposition
+is but I want it to be modified by right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I want it to be modified by right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I want it to be modified by right
+or I want it to be modified by directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I want it to be modified by directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I want it to be modified by directly
+or even just I want it to be modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even just I want it to be modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even just I want it to be modified
+yeah there aren't verbs like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it looks as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks as though
+um heads like verbs get to select for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heads like verbs get to select for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heads like verbs get to select for
+phrases and they this is a an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases and they this is a an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases and they this is a an old
+observation of Noam chomsky's uh in a 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of Noam chomsky's uh in a 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of Noam chomsky's uh in a 65
+book of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of his
+it looks like there are all these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there are all these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there are all these cases
+where a verb is not only selecting for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a verb is not only selecting for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a verb is not only selecting for a
+certain kind of phrase but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of phrase but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of phrase but it's
+selecting for a certain kind of phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting for a certain kind of phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting for a certain kind of phrase
+with a particular head over the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a particular head over the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a particular head over the head of
+a particular class like locative I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular class like locative I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular class like locative I want
+to lock into prepositional preposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lock into prepositional preposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lock into prepositional preposition
+uh like put yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like put yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like put yep
+sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once we believe this once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we believe this once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we believe this once we
+recognize that this is true that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is true that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is true that this is
+how selection works that verbs get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how selection works that verbs get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how selection works that verbs get to
+select for things they want to merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for things they want to merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for things they want to merge
+with not just verbs we'll see all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not just verbs we'll see all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not just verbs we'll see all kinds
+of things get to select for things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things get to select for things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things get to select for things that
+they want to merge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to merge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to merge with
+um uh and uh if they are picky about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and uh if they are picky about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and uh if they are picky about the
+nature of the thing that they they merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the thing that they they merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the thing that they they merge
+with what they are picky about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they are picky about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what they are picky about is the
+head of the thing that they merge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the thing that they merge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the thing that they merge with
+the the thing that the phrase is named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that the phrase is named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that the phrase is named
+after so the preposition in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so the preposition in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so the preposition in the case of
+a prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prepositional phrase
+then and so once we recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and so once we recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and so once we recognize that
+that's a thing of the depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thing of the depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thing of the depend on
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+um then we can start kind of using it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we can start kind of using it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we can start kind of using it as
+a way of looking around for other heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of looking around for other heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of looking around for other heads
+when we see that kind of relation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see that kind of relation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see that kind of relation of
+pickiness you know if you have this verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickiness you know if you have this verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickiness you know if you have this verb
+then you had better have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you had better have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you had better have this kind of
+word here then we get to sort of suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word here then we get to sort of suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word here then we get to sort of suspect
+that there's a selection relation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a selection relation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a selection relation there
+because now we know that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we know that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we know that that's how
+selection relations work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection relations work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection relations work
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so here's another example of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example of the same
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+I think that I have won the lottery fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that I have won the lottery fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that I have won the lottery fine
+it's actually kind of pleasant to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually kind of pleasant to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually kind of pleasant to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um I wonder whether I have won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wonder whether I have won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wonder whether I have won the
+lottery yeah also fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery yeah also fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery yeah also fine
+but I think whether I have won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think whether I have won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think whether I have won the
+lottery no cannot say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery no cannot say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery no cannot say that
+and also I wonder that I have won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I wonder that I have won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I wonder that I have won the
+lottery cannot say in Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery cannot say in Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery cannot say in Modern English
+your older versions of English in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your older versions of English in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your older versions of English in which
+you could say things like this it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say things like this it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say things like this it meant
+I am surprised that I have one won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am surprised that I have one won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am surprised that I have one won the
+lottery but in Modern English uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery but in Modern English uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery but in Modern English uh the
+first two sentences are okay the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two sentences are okay the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two sentences are okay the second
+two sentences are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sentences are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sentences are bad
+do people agree don't let me run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people agree don't let me run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people agree don't let me run
+roughshod over your English judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughshod over your English judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughshod over your English judgments
+but I think this is true okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is true okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is true okay so here's
+another place where there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where there's this
+relationship of pickiness you know so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of pickiness you know so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of pickiness you know so we
+know that if you have depend you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you have depend you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you have depend you must
+have a prepositional phrase and the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a prepositional phrase and the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a prepositional phrase and the head
+of the prepositional phrase must be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prepositional phrase must be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prepositional phrase must be on
+here we seem to be seeing that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we seem to be seeing that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we seem to be seeing that with
+think there can be a clause after it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there can be a clause after it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there can be a clause after it and
+then there's a particular word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a particular word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a particular word that
+starts that clause which must be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts that clause which must be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts that clause which must be that
+and cannot be weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we're seeing that Wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're seeing that Wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're seeing that Wonder
+uh seems to be selecting for the Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seems to be selecting for the Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seems to be selecting for the Clause
+that comes after it and it's picky about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes after it and it's picky about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes after it and it's picky about
+the properties of the first word in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the first word in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the first word in that
+Clause it can be weather but it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause it can be weather but it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause it can be weather but it cannot
+be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we get to make the move that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we get to make the move that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we get to make the move that I'm
+sort of foreshadowed is that going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of foreshadowed is that going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of foreshadowed is that going to go
+we can say maybe this is like dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say maybe this is like dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say maybe this is like dependent
+on maybe think is selecting for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on maybe think is selecting for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on maybe think is selecting for that
+clause and maybe that is like on so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and maybe that is like on so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and maybe that is like on so on
+is the head of the prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the head of the prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the head of the prepositional phrase
+the prepositional phrase is named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prepositional phrase is named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prepositional phrase is named after
+on on is a preposition similarly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on is a preposition similarly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on is a preposition similarly we're
+going to say this Clause has as its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say this Clause has as its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say this Clause has as its head
+words like that and weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a name for words like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name for words like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a name for words like that in
+weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+we call them complementizers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I feel as though I've done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel as though I've done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel as though I've done a lot of
+apologizing already for terminology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologizing already for terminology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologizing already for terminology in
+this class so maybe I'll just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so maybe I'll just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so maybe I'll just stop
+that's what we call them we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call them we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call them we call them
+complementizers deal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementizers deal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementizers deal yeah
+um you may have heard them called other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you may have heard them called other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you may have heard them called other
+things in English classes subordinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in English classes subordinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in English classes subordinating
+conjunctions they're sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions they're sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions they're sometimes called
+try not to get too hung up on that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to get too hung up on that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to get too hung up on that in
+this class there called complementizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class there called complementizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class there called complementizers
+okay so and uh they have the handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and uh they have the handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and uh they have the handy
+abbreviation C so what we'll say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation C so what we'll say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation C so what we'll say is that
+a verb like think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb like think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verb like think
+selects for uh CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects for uh CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects for uh CP
+um uh a CL so the the name we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a CL so the the name we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a CL so the the name we're going
+to give to this Clause that comes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give to this Clause that comes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give to this Clause that comes after
+think that I have won the lottery we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I have won the lottery we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I have won the lottery we're
+going to call that SCP why well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that SCP why well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that SCP why well because
+we've seen that this relationship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that this relationship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that this relationship with
+ickiness holds between think and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ickiness holds between think and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ickiness holds between think and that
+and between wonder and whether and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between wonder and whether and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between wonder and whether and that
+entitles us to believe that that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitles us to believe that that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitles us to believe that that and
+whether are the heads of the phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether are the heads of the phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether are the heads of the phrases
+that think and wonder are selecting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think and wonder are selecting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think and wonder are selecting for
+they're like the on Independent and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like the on Independent and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like the on Independent and on
+so that's the reason to draw the trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reason to draw the trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reason to draw the trees
+this way yes yeah I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way yes yeah I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way yes yeah I'll say
+when you have a clause like that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a clause like that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a clause like that I have
+won the lottery or whether I have won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the lottery or whether I have won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the lottery or whether I have won
+the lottery that thing is a CP that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery that thing is a CP that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery that thing is a CP that or
+whether is its head and those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is its head and those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is its head and those things are
+being selected by verbs like think or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being selected by verbs like think or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being selected by verbs like think or
+wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are all complementizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all complementizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all complementizers
+okay so are we done with syntax so we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we done with syntax so we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we done with syntax so we uh
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we now have this belief in selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this belief in selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this belief in selection
+which is allowing us to to explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is allowing us to to explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is allowing us to to explain why
+certain pairs of things are merging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pairs of things are merging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pairs of things are merging in
+the way that they are so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they are so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they are so in this example
+uh I will tickle the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will tickle the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will tickle the child
+um when we ask why did you merge tickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we ask why did you merge tickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we ask why did you merge tickle
+together with the noun phrase the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the noun phrase the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the noun phrase the child
+we now have sort of an answer we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have sort of an answer we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have sort of an answer we get to
+say uh yeah we did that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh yeah we did that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh yeah we did that because
+um tickle is a transitive verb so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tickle is a transitive verb so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tickle is a transitive verb so if we
+look up tickle and the Lexicon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up tickle and the Lexicon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up tickle and the Lexicon the
+Lexicon will tell us yeah this is a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexicon will tell us yeah this is a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexicon will tell us yeah this is a verb
+that um at least has a use in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at least has a use in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at least has a use in which it
+wants to combine with a noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to combine with a noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to combine with a noun phrase
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+so that's why you merge the verb with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you merge the verb with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you merge the verb with
+the noun phrase the child yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase the child yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase the child yeah and
+similarly we might say yeah why did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we might say yeah why did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we might say yeah why did we
+merge the verb phrase together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the verb phrase together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the verb phrase together with the
+T will and we can say something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will and we can say something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will and we can say something similar
+uh the T will is selecting for a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the T will is selecting for a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the T will is selecting for a verb
+phrase it needs a verb phrase uh as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it needs a verb phrase uh as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it needs a verb phrase uh as its
+sister and um uh so there that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister and um uh so there that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister and um uh so there that's why
+we're merging these two things with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're merging these two things with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're merging these two things with each
+other so we have sort of beginnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we have sort of beginnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so we have sort of beginnings of
+explanations or answers to questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations or answers to questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations or answers to questions
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+why did you merge those things in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you merge those things in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did you merge those things in that
+order why did you merge those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order why did you merge those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order why did you merge those two things
+together the answer is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the answer is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the answer is going to
+sometimes be well because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be well because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be well because there's a
+selection relation between those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection relation between those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection relation between those things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but here's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the problem
+you can do anything with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with a feather
+so I spent some time telling you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I spent some time telling you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I spent some time telling you there
+are verbs that need objects and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verbs that need objects and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verbs that need objects and there
+are verbs that need to not have objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verbs that need to not have objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are verbs that need to not have objects
+that are transitive verb they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are transitive verb they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are transitive verb they're
+intransitive verbs and okay there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransitive verbs and okay there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransitive verbs and okay there are
+verbs that can be either one and I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that can be either one and I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that can be either one and I tried
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+sort of move as quickly past that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move as quickly past that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move as quickly past that class
+of verbs but they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of verbs but they exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of verbs but they exist
+um uh so yeah the the child we know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so yeah the the child we know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so yeah the the child we know why
+the child is in there and we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child is in there and we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child is in there and we think that
+the relationship between tickle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between tickle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between tickle and the
+child is a relation of pickiness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is a relation of pickiness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is a relation of pickiness um
+there are some verbs that can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some verbs that can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some verbs that can combine
+merge together with an object like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge together with an object like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge together with an object like that
+and there are other verbs that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but with a feather is not like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a feather is not like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a feather is not like that you
+can tickle a child with a feather you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tickle a child with a feather you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tickle a child with a feather you
+can walk down the street with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk down the street with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk down the street with a feather
+you you know stand on you can stand with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know stand on you can stand with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know stand on you can stand with
+a feather you can dance with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feather you can dance with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feather you can dance with a feather
+you can do anything with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with a feather
+prepositional phrase with a feather it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase with a feather it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase with a feather it
+can you can write your dissertation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can write your dissertation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can write your dissertation with
+a feather if you work hard at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feather if you work hard at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feather if you work hard at it
+um prepositional phrase like with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prepositional phrase like with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prepositional phrase like with a
+feather there's no pickiness involved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather there's no pickiness involved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather there's no pickiness involved it
+can just combine anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this does not
+fall under our generalizations about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall under our generalizations about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall under our generalizations about how
+selection works yeah we don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection works yeah we don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection works yeah we don't seem to
+have the kind of religion that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kind of religion that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kind of religion that we have
+uh between the verb and the object yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between the verb and the object yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between the verb and the object yeah
+yeah there are verbs that want objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are verbs that want objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are verbs that want objects
+and verbs that don't want objects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verbs that don't want objects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verbs that don't want objects but
+we're not going to find a verb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to find a verb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to find a verb that
+needs with the feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs with the feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs with the feather
+in this sense using a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sense using a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sense using a feather
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well it's complicated right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's complicated right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's complicated right you can
+tickle a child with a dog well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child with a dog well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child with a dog well let's see
+the fact that you cannot tickle a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you cannot tickle a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you cannot tickle a child
+with a dog if it's a fact I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dog if it's a fact I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dog if it's a fact I think it's
+probably a fact about dogs right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a fact about dogs right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a fact about dogs right I mean
+uh so we're sort of in in colorless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're sort of in in colorless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're sort of in in colorless
+green ideas territory here I was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green ideas territory here I was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green ideas territory here I was about
+to do the thing but everybody always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the thing but everybody always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the thing but everybody always
+does when I show them technical screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does when I show them technical screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does when I show them technical screen
+ideas where they say well but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas where they say well but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas where they say well but if
+colorless and green meant different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless and green meant different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless and green meant different
+things then the sentence would be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then the sentence would be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then the sentence would be okay
+and I think tickling a child with a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think tickling a child with a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think tickling a child with a dog
+you know I find myself saying well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I find myself saying well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I find myself saying well but
+what if it's a particularly hairy dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's a particularly hairy dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's a particularly hairy dog
+you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and
+you know grab it and sort of rub it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know grab it and sort of rub it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know grab it and sort of rub it on
+the child in just the right way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child in just the right way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child in just the right way you
+could imagine maybe being able to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine maybe being able to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine maybe being able to but
+yeah you know I will tickle the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know I will tickle the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know I will tickle the child
+with the hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hammer
+um you know probably you could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know probably you could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know probably you could never
+tickle a child with a hammer but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child with a hammer but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child with a hammer but this is
+24 900 and and we don't have to care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 900 and and we don't have to care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 900 and and we don't have to care
+about that right so uh um some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that right so uh um some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that right so uh um some things
+are better tickling instruments than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better tickling instruments than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better tickling instruments than
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+but um I I thankfully I am not here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I I thankfully I am not here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I I thankfully I am not here to
+educate you about tickling instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate you about tickling instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate you about tickling instruments
+this is uh that'll be somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh that'll be somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh that'll be somebody else's
+job if if anybody yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job if if anybody yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job if if anybody yeah
+not that I'm promising that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I'm promising that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I'm promising that there is an
+MIT class where you can learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT class where you can learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT class where you can learn about
+tickling instruments I mean I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickling instruments I mean I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickling instruments I mean I suppose
+there could be but it's definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be but it's definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be but it's definitely not
+this one yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yeah yeah
+good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um so so with the feather is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so with the feather is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so with the feather is another
+kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just saying what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying what I just said
+doesn't seem right to say that child or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem right to say that child or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem right to say that child or
+tickle selects with a feather because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle selects with a feather because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle selects with a feather because
+you can do anything with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything with a feather
+and uh there yeah so I will tickle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there yeah so I will tickle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there yeah so I will tickle the
+child with the feather I will devour the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child with the feather I will devour the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child with the feather I will devour the
+child with the feather uh I won't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child with the feather uh I won't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child with the feather uh I won't write
+a novel with a feather I will Thrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novel with a feather I will Thrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novel with a feather I will Thrive
+with the feather you can do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather you can do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather you can do anything
+with a feather yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather yeah
+um some of these things are more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these things are more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of these things are more or less
+plausible than others but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible than others but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible than others but they're all
+they're all grammatical yeah does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all grammatical yeah does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all grammatical yeah does that
+sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know why I use devour uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I use devour uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I use devour uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so so we said there are verbs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we said there are verbs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we said there are verbs like
+tickle and devour and write that need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle and devour and write that need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle and devour and write that need to
+have objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have objects
+um uh or at least can have objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or at least can have objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or at least can have objects and
+there are other verbs like Thrive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other verbs like Thrive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other verbs like Thrive that
+Piccoli can't have objects so not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piccoli can't have objects so not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piccoli can't have objects so not every
+verb can be followed by the child I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb can be followed by the child I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb can be followed by the child I can
+tickle a child I can devour a child I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child I can devour a child I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child I can devour a child I
+can write a child uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a child uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a child uh sort of
+um but I cannot Thrive a child no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I cannot Thrive a child no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I cannot Thrive a child no matter
+how hard I try right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah good good nice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a good point
+um so maybe this is a way to say it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe this is a way to say it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe this is a way to say it if
+you have a verb and you give that verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a verb and you give that verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a verb and you give that verb
+everything it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it needs
+you everything it selects you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything it selects you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything it selects you can always
+then add with a feather right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add with a feather right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add with a feather right so
+um I will depend on the child with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will depend on the child with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will depend on the child with the
+feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather
+is fine you gave depend its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine you gave depend its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine you gave depend its
+prepositional phrase that it wanted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase that it wanted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase that it wanted on
+uh on the child and then you get to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the child and then you get to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the child and then you get to add
+with the feather with the feather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather with the feather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather with the feather is
+dessert you'd never knead with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert you'd never knead with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert you'd never knead with the
+feather but you can always have it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather but you can always have it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather but you can always have it right
+that's right and then yes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and then yes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and then yes you're
+absolutely right you can't say I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right you can't say I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right you can't say I will
+depend with the feather because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend with the feather because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend with the feather because that's
+the case where depend needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where depend needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where depend needs a
+prepositional phrase and it needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase and it needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrase and it needs the
+preposition to be on but if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition to be on but if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposition to be on but if you give
+depend what it needs then you may always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend what it needs then you may always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend what it needs then you may always
+add with the feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an optional extra always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an optional extra always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an optional extra always
+uh always modulo modulo that's a word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh always modulo modulo that's a word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh always modulo modulo that's a word I
+learned in grad school uh it means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in grad school uh it means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in grad school uh it means uh
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+um setting aside you know issues uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um setting aside you know issues uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um setting aside you know issues uh like
+um wait what do you mean you will devour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait what do you mean you will devour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait what do you mean you will devour
+the child with the feather like how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child with the feather like how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child with the feather like how are
+you what how are you going to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what how are you going to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what how are you going to do that so
+some of these things is not so clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things is not so clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things is not so clear
+what exactly or I will Thrive with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly or I will Thrive with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly or I will Thrive with the
+feather maybe that means something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather maybe that means something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather maybe that means something I
+will I will live a long and happy life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I will live a long and happy life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I will live a long and happy life
+as long as I have the feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I have the feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I have the feather
+um so you know we're back to you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know we're back to you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know we're back to you know uh
+color screen and ideas territory more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color screen and ideas territory more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color screen and ideas territory more or
+less we're not in the business of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less we're not in the business of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less we're not in the business of trying
+to figure out which of these sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which of these sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which of these sentences
+make sense we're in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense we're in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense we're in the business of
+trying to figure out which of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out which of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out which of them are
+grammatical yeah and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical yeah and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical yeah and they're all
+grammatical that's all I'm asserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical that's all I'm asserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical that's all I'm asserting
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes to which the answer is yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to which the answer is yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to which the answer is yes right
+you're right so uh it's ambiguous it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so uh it's ambiguous it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so uh it's ambiguous it can
+have either of those structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either of those structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either of those structures in
+either of those meanings yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those meanings yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those meanings yeah so the
+good point so I will tickle the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point so I will tickle the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point so I will tickle the child
+with the feather uh it could mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather uh it could mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather uh it could mean I
+think we talked about this in class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we talked about this in class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we talked about this in class I
+will use the feather to tickle the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the feather to tickle the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the feather to tickle the child
+or I will uh tickle possibly with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I will uh tickle possibly with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I will uh tickle possibly with my
+fingers the child who has a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers the child who has a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers the child who has a feather
+that's absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right
+um but with the feather doesn't so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but with the feather doesn't so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but with the feather doesn't so so
+with the feather yeah it's it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather yeah it's it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the feather yeah it's it's even
+more adaptable than I made it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more adaptable than I made it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more adaptable than I made it sound like
+it can combine with noun phrases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can combine with noun phrases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can combine with noun phrases and
+with verb phrases and it can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with verb phrases and it can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with verb phrases and it can always
+combine with noun phrases so you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with noun phrases so you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with noun phrases so you know uh
+concentrate on that reading where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on that reading where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on that reading where it's
+the child who has the feather I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child who has the feather I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child who has the feather I can
+tickle a child with a feather I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child with a feather I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a child with a feather I can
+tickle an adult with a feather I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle an adult with a feather I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle an adult with a feather I can
+tickle a dog with a feather I can tickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a dog with a feather I can tickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle a dog with a feather I can tickle
+an orange with a feather you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orange with a feather you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orange with a feather you know uh
+would be hard but uh I I it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hard but uh I I it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hard but uh I I it's it's
+grammatical yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammatical yeah
+yeah yeah so with a feather anything can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so with a feather anything can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so with a feather anything can
+have a feather and you can always use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feather and you can always use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feather and you can always use a
+feather to do anything that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather to do anything that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather to do anything that's the that's
+the moral of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral of all this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people are leaving was it all to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are leaving was it all to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are leaving was it all to talk
+about devouring children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this feather no so who are you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this feather no so who are you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this feather no so who are you with
+this feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feather
+I I am far far more impressive with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I am far far more impressive with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I am far far more impressive with this
+feather yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather yeah
+yeah okay all right so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so you can do
+anything with a feather and conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with a feather and conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with a feather and conversely
+uh so with a feather can can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so with a feather can can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so with a feather can can combine
+with anything maybe not conversely where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything maybe not conversely where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything maybe not conversely where
+the feather can combine with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feather can combine with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feather can combine with anything
+um objects can't combine with with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um objects can't combine with with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um objects can't combine with with just
+anything uh you have to pick a verb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh you have to pick a verb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh you have to pick a verb that
+uh is transitive or at least can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is transitive or at least can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is transitive or at least can be
+translated so you can tickle a child you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated so you can tickle a child you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated so you can tickle a child you
+can devour a child you can kind of write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can devour a child you can kind of write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can devour a child you can kind of write
+a child uh you cannot Thrive a child so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child uh you cannot Thrive a child so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child uh you cannot Thrive a child so
+if you if you pick an intransitive verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you pick an intransitive verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you pick an intransitive verb
+then you can't combine it with a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't combine it with a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't combine it with a direct
+object so there's a selection relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so there's a selection relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so there's a selection relation
+between the verb and its object that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the verb and its object that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the verb and its object that's
+what we were just talking about we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were just talking about we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were just talking about we have
+to look up verbs like tickle and devour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up verbs like tickle and devour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up verbs like tickle and devour
+and write and lexicon and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write and lexicon and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write and lexicon and find out
+whether they can combine with objects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they can combine with objects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they can combine with objects or
+not but we'll never have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but we'll never have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but we'll never have to look
+anything up to know whether you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything up to know whether you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything up to know whether you can add
+with a feather you can just always add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather you can just always add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather you can just always add
+with a feather yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather yeah
+so yes when we're building trees we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes when we're building trees we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes when we're building trees we're
+going to have selection relations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have selection relations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have selection relations that
+sometimes tell us yeah if we have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tell us yeah if we have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tell us yeah if we have say
+this kind of verb we'd better have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of verb we'd better have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of verb we'd better have this
+kind of phrase combining with it uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of phrase combining with it uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of phrase combining with it uh we
+have you know devour it had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know devour it had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know devour it had better
+combine with an object something has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with an object something has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with an object something has to
+get devoured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get devoured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get devoured
+um but then there are going to be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then there are going to be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then there are going to be other
+kinds of things like with a feather that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like with a feather that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like with a feather that
+are just always options you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just always options you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just always options you can always
+put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in
+another terminology break we call things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another terminology break we call things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another terminology break we call things
+that are selected arguments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are selected arguments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are selected arguments so
+the child is an argument of the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child is an argument of the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child is an argument of the verb
+tickle in this example and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle in this example and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle in this example and we call
+phrases that don't seem to be selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that don't seem to be selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that don't seem to be selected
+by anything we call those adjuncts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anything we call those adjuncts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anything we call those adjuncts
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here we have to be careful this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to be careful this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to be careful this is a
+point where people get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where people get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where people get confused
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me see if I can say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can say this
+knowing me I will probably say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing me I will probably say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing me I will probably say this
+several different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different ways
+and we'll just see if I manage to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just see if I manage to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just see if I manage to say it
+in a way that makes it make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that makes it make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that makes it make sense
+because people get confused about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people get confused about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people get confused about this
+uh arguments here's a way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arguments here's a way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arguments here's a way to think about
+it arguments like direct objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it arguments like direct objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it arguments like direct objects
+arguments are picky about which heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments are picky about which heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments are picky about which heads
+they can combine with so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can combine with so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can combine with so if you're
+asking uh should I put in a noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking uh should I put in a noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking uh should I put in a noun phrase
+object for this verb well you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object for this verb well you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object for this verb well you got to
+know what the verb is whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the verb is whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the verb is whether it's a
+transitive verb or an intransitive verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verb or an intransitive verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verb or an intransitive verb
+adjuncts are not so uh adjuncts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuncts are not so uh adjuncts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuncts are not so uh adjuncts like
+with a feather can combine with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather can combine with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a feather can combine with anything
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there's no selection relation you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no selection relation you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no selection relation you don't
+have to look anything up to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look anything up to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look anything up to find out
+whether you can merge with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can merge with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can merge with a feather
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the confusion comes in sort of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confusion comes in sort of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confusion comes in sort of like this
+uh the problem is there are optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem is there are optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem is there are optional
+arguments so I flagged this earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so I flagged this earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so I flagged this earlier
+there are verbs that are transitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are verbs that are transitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are verbs that are transitive and
+there are verbs that are intransitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are verbs that are intransitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are verbs that are intransitive
+and in the earliest slides where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the earliest slides where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the earliest slides where I was
+talking about transitivity I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about transitivity I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about transitivity I tried to
+concentrate on verbs that were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on verbs that were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on verbs that were sort of
+comfortable in their identities either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable in their identities either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable in their identities either
+transitive verbs or intransitive verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verbs or intransitive verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive verbs or intransitive verbs
+but there are many many verbs that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many many verbs that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many many verbs that can
+be either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either one
+um so you know you can dance or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you can dance or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you can dance or you can
+dance a horn pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance a horn pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance a horn pipe
+uh here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so you can dance or you can dance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can dance or you can dance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can dance or you can dance a
+hornpipe but when you dance a hornpipe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hornpipe but when you dance a hornpipe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hornpipe but when you dance a hornpipe a
+hornpipe is an argument of dance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hornpipe is an argument of dance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hornpipe is an argument of dance right
+because you have to know uh whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to know uh whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to know uh whether the
+verb can be a transitive verb to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb can be a transitive verb to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb can be a transitive verb to know
+whether there can be a noun phrase there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there can be a noun phrase there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there can be a noun phrase there
+the confusion comes in you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confusion comes in you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confusion comes in you know people
+look at sentences like I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sentences like I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sentences like I will
+devour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour
+the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or let's make it tickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I will tickle the child with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will tickle the child with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will tickle the child with the
+feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+syndications are the kind of people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndications are the kind of people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndications are the kind of people for
+whom I will devour the child with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom I will devour the child with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom I will devour the child with the
+feather and I will tickle the child with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather and I will tickle the child with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather and I will tickle the child with
+the feather are basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feather are basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feather are basically the same
+sentence right they're just sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right they're just sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right they're just sort of not
+interested in the differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the differences between
+those they're uh they're basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're uh they're basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're uh they're basically the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+um people look at that and they go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people look at that and they go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people look at that and they go you
+know maybe I want it to be devour no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe I want it to be devour no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe I want it to be devour no we
+can stick with tickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stick with tickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stick with tickle
+um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+to say so what we say is this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say so what we say is this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say so what we say is this is an
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+and this is an adjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an adjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an adjunct
+to say that this is an argument is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this is an argument is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this is an argument is to
+say that whether it can be there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that whether it can be there or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that whether it can be there or not
+is determined by by what verb you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by by what verb you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by by what verb you've got
+whether the verb is transitive or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the verb is transitive or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the verb is transitive or not to
+say that this is an adjunct is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is an adjunct is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is an adjunct is to say
+that I don't care what the verb is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't care what the verb is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't care what the verb is when
+I decide whether to put that in or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decide whether to put that in or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decide whether to put that in or not
+what people are confused by is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are confused by is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are confused by is this
+adjuncts are pretty typically optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuncts are pretty typically optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuncts are pretty typically optional
+you can tickle a child with a feather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tickle a child with a feather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tickle a child with a feather
+you don't have to you can just tickle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to you can just tickle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to you can just tickle a
+child yeah there's never a requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child yeah there's never a requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child yeah there's never a requirement
+that uh that an adjunct be there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that an adjunct be there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that an adjunct be there and so
+uh this is one of those uh tests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is one of those uh tests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is one of those uh tests for
+whether you're looking at an argument or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at an argument or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at an argument or
+an adjunct that only works in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjunct that only works in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjunct that only works in One
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+if it's an adjunct it'd better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an adjunct it'd better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an adjunct it'd better be
+optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional
+but if it's optional it could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's optional it could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's optional it could be an
+adjunct or it could be a hornpipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct or it could be a hornpipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct or it could be a hornpipe
+it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be
+an object in these kinds of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object in these kinds of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object in these kinds of examples
+that's combining with the kind of verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's combining with the kind of verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's combining with the kind of verb
+that can be either transitive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be either transitive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be either transitive or
+intransitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransitive
+so if you're looking at a phrase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're looking at a phrase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're looking at a phrase and
+you're saying to yourself this phrase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying to yourself this phrase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying to yourself this phrase is
+optional you're not then entitled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional you're not then entitled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional you're not then entitled to
+Guess that it's an adjunct necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guess that it's an adjunct necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guess that it's an adjunct necessarily
+you only get to find out that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get to find out that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get to find out that it's an
+adjunct by asking yourself will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct by asking yourself will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct by asking yourself will it
+matter what verb I have let's say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what verb I have let's say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what verb I have let's say what
+what noun and I have depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what noun and I have depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what noun and I have depending on what
+you're combining it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're combining it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're combining it with
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+is that clear have I said it enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear have I said it enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear have I said it enough
+different ways faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's let's reluctantly put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's reluctantly put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's reluctantly put
+feathers aside for a second and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers aside for a second and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers aside for a second and talk
+about something that we know is animate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like like children so you can dance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like children so you can dance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like children so you can dance with
+the child you can uh play games with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child you can uh play games with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child you can uh play games with a
+child you can eat lunch with a child uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you can eat lunch with a child uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child you can eat lunch with a child uh
+uh with a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a child
+is probably still an adjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably still an adjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably still an adjunct
+in that kind of reading so so with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of reading so so with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of reading so so with a
+feather you're raising a good point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather you're raising a good point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather you're raising a good point that
+with in English you know I was warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in English you know I was warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in English you know I was warning
+you about Indo-European prepositions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about Indo-European prepositions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about Indo-European prepositions uh
+with can mean two subtly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with can mean two subtly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with can mean two subtly different
+things right so you're pointing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so you're pointing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so you're pointing out that
+if I tickle the child with a feather I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tickle the child with a feather I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tickle the child with a feather I'm
+sort of using the feather as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using the feather as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using the feather as an
+instrument for what I'm going to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for what I'm going to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for what I'm going to do uh
+if I have lunch with a feather if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have lunch with a feather if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have lunch with a feather if I have
+lunch with a child then that with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch with a child then that with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch with a child then that with is
+introducing somebody who is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing somebody who is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing somebody who is doing
+something together with me right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something together with me right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something together with me right uh
+we're both doing the activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're both doing the activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're both doing the activity in the
+verb phrase so those are maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb phrase so those are maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb phrase so those are maybe two
+different widths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different widths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different widths
+but they're both had those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're both had those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're both had those two
+prepositional phrases they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases they're probably
+both adjuncts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both adjuncts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both adjuncts
+and uh I will dance with the feather I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I will dance with the feather I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I will dance with the feather I
+guess could have either reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess could have either reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess could have either reading in
+principle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so that's the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the distinction between
+arguments and adjuncts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um why are we bothering to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why are we bothering to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why are we bothering to distinguish
+between our arguments and adjuncts well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our arguments and adjuncts well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our arguments and adjuncts well
+there are various places where they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various places where they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various places where they they
+behave differently in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave differently in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave differently in kind of
+interesting ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways
+um so take a sentence like I decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so take a sentence like I decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so take a sentence like I decided on
+the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat
+that can mean a couple different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can mean a couple different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can mean a couple different things
+somebody tell me something that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me something that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me something that it can
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+I made the decision while I was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made the decision while I was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made the decision while I was on the
+boat that's one thing it can mean what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat that's one thing it can mean what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat that's one thing it can mean what's
+the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so I I was deciding between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I I was deciding between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I I was deciding between a
+boat and something else you know am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and something else you know am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and something else you know am I
+going to buy you know or maybe I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy you know or maybe I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy you know or maybe I was
+deciding between two different votes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding between two different votes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding between two different votes and
+I decided on the boat I decided on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided on the boat I decided on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided on the boat I decided on the
+big black boat instead of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big black boat instead of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big black boat instead of the small
+light boat yeah whatever yeah or I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light boat yeah whatever yeah or I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light boat yeah whatever yeah or I've
+decided on the boat rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the boat rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the boat rather than the
+motorcycle I was deciding what to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle I was deciding what to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle I was deciding what to spend
+my lottery money on yeah yeah can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lottery money on yeah yeah can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lottery money on yeah yeah can mean
+either of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of those things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe the next slide we'll do this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the next slide we'll do this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the next slide we'll do this and I
+won't have to mess with the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to mess with the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to mess with the Blackboard
+yes so those are the two the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so those are the two the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so those are the two the two
+readings uh uh actually in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings uh uh actually in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings uh uh actually in the same
+order that we got them Faith's reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that we got them Faith's reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that we got them Faith's reading
+which the first one I made my decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the first one I made my decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the first one I made my decision
+while I was on the boat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was on the boat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was on the boat and then
+Joseph's reading I chose the boat yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph's reading I chose the boat yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph's reading I chose the boat yeah
+for me neither of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me neither of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me neither of those things
+um is on the boat an argument or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is on the boat an argument or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is on the boat an argument or an
+adjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given what we've said about arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what we've said about arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what we've said about arguments
+and adjuncts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depends on the meaning that you intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the meaning that you intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the meaning that you intend
+yes yes the answer to that question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the answer to that question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the answer to that question is
+yes is it an argument or adjunct yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is it an argument or adjunct yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is it an argument or adjunct yes yes
+it is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yeah
+um suppose we take the first reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose we take the first reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose we take the first reading for
+on the boat so I made my decision while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat so I made my decision while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat so I made my decision while
+I was on the boat is that an argument or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was on the boat is that an argument or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was on the boat is that an argument or
+an adjunct that version of on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjunct that version of on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjunct that version of on the boat
+it's an adjunct you can do anything on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an adjunct you can do anything on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an adjunct you can do anything on a
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+sleep on a boat write your dissertation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep on a boat write your dissertation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep on a boat write your dissertation
+on a boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a boat
+lots of things you can do on a boat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things you can do on a boat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things you can do on a boat on
+the boat can combine with all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat can combine with all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat can combine with all kinds of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+the second reading where I decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reading where I decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reading where I decided on
+the boat ends up meaning I chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat ends up meaning I chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat ends up meaning I chose the
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+that's kind of an idiosyncratic fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an idiosyncratic fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an idiosyncratic fact
+about decide and on right that decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about decide and on right that decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about decide and on right that decide
+and on can squash together to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on can squash together to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on can squash together to mean
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um like you can't do this even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you can't do this even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you can't do this even with
+other Expressions that more or less mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Expressions that more or less mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Expressions that more or less mean
+decide like you can't say I made up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide like you can't say I made up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide like you can't say I made up my
+mind on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind on the boat
+I mean I chose the boat I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I chose the boat I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I chose the boat I don't think
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um uh and you certainly can't combine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and you certainly can't combine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and you certainly can't combine on
+the vote with any random verb and expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vote with any random verb and expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vote with any random verb and expect
+to get a new meaning yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a new meaning yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a new meaning yeah
+but the way life works yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way life works yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way life works yeah
+um so there's an adjunct meaning of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's an adjunct meaning of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's an adjunct meaning of on
+the boat and there's an argument meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat and there's an argument meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat and there's an argument meaning
+on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cool now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now
+yeah is it an argument or action yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it an argument or action yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it an argument or action yes uh
+so the first one it's an adjunct second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one it's an adjunct second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one it's an adjunct second
+one is an argument good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider a sentence like I decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a sentence like I decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a sentence like I decided on
+the boat on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat on the plane
+please while you're considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please while you're considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please while you're considering the
+sentence do not think about cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence do not think about cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence do not think about cases where
+boats are on planes or planes are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats are on planes or planes are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats are on planes or planes are on
+boats there are planes that are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats there are planes that are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats there are planes that are also
+boats or but I've been teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats or but I've been teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boats or but I've been teaching this
+class to MIT undergrads for a while uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to MIT undergrads for a while uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to MIT undergrads for a while uh
+yeah I I know the kinds of moves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I know the kinds of moves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I know the kinds of moves that
+you are thinking about even now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are thinking about even now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are thinking about even now
+so just consider cases uh where so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just consider cases uh where so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just consider cases uh where so the
+imaginable things that it could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable things that it could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable things that it could mean
+given those two readings for on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those two readings for on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those two readings for on the boat
+I think there are two it could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are two it could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are two it could mean
+um while I was on the plane I chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while I was on the plane I chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while I was on the plane I chose the
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+or it could mean while I was on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could mean while I was on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could mean while I was on the boat
+I chose the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose the plane
+yeah and principled ought to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and principled ought to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and principled ought to be able to
+mean either of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean either of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean either of those things
+can it mean both of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planning like deciding on the plate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning like deciding on the plate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning like deciding on the plate on
+the boat sounds much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat sounds much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat sounds much easier
+yeah here tell you what let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here tell you what let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here tell you what let me write
+these readings down just so we can point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these readings down just so we can point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these readings down just so we can point
+at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them
+as we're talking because otherwise I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're talking because otherwise I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're talking because otherwise I can
+tell we're going to get confused I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell we're going to get confused I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell we're going to get confused I'm
+already confused and we've only just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already confused and we've only just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already confused and we've only just
+started so one reading is I chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so one reading is I chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so one reading is I chose the
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was
+playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+the other is I chose the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+was on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is that legible at all can you read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that legible at all can you read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that legible at all can you read that
+any of you yes sort of kind of okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you yes sort of kind of okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you yes sort of kind of okay good
+um so those are the two readings call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are the two readings call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are the two readings call
+them reading one and reading two or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them reading one and reading two or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them reading one and reading two or we
+could call them the choose the vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call them the choose the vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call them the choose the vote
+reading and the choose the plane reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and the choose the plane reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and the choose the plane reading
+and now we're trying to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're trying to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're trying to figure out which
+of those things can this mean okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+then I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I thought
+I thought if you work hard enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought if you work hard enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought if you work hard enough to
+make sense especially if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense especially if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense especially if you were to
+replace the second prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the second prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the second prepositional phrase
+was something more simple like at lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something more simple like at lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something more simple like at lunch
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+or like yesterday I guess which isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like yesterday I guess which isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like yesterday I guess which isn't
+like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know
+yeah I decided on the boat at lunch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I decided on the boat at lunch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I decided on the boat at lunch like
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes let me so that's that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes let me so that's that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes let me so that's that's a nice
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+um let me react to it by attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me react to it by attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me react to it by attempting to
+squash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squash it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squash it
+um so don't change either of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't change either of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't change either of the
+prepositional phrases into anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases into anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases into anything else
+but we are going to want to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are going to want to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are going to want to come back to
+that because that's a that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that's a that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that's a that's a nice
+point that you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you're making
+um I think if I say I decided on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think if I say I decided on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think if I say I decided on the
+boat at lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we're back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're back to the original
+ambiguity is that your feeling that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity is that your feeling that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity is that your feeling that that
+can mean either I chose the boat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean either I chose the boat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean either I chose the boat at
+lunch or uh I decided while I was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch or uh I decided while I was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch or uh I decided while I was on the
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+at lunch is that true do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lunch is that true do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lunch is that true do you think
+yeah me too me too so yeah stick stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah me too me too so yeah stick stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah me too me too so yeah stick stick
+to these prepositions for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these prepositions for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these prepositions for these
+prepositions that sentence we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions that sentence we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions that sentence we're trying
+to figure out what that sentence can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what that sentence can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what that sentence can
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+what can that sense mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+try to replace on the boat yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would be a little weird like it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a little weird like it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a little weird like it would
+pass up at some point I would pass it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass up at some point I would pass it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass up at some point I would pass it up
+as something that's like you'd say but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that's like you'd say but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that's like you'd say but I
+wouldn't personally say it and it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't personally say it and it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't personally say it and it sounds
+like a career to say like I decided in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a career to say like I decided in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a career to say like I decided in
+the building like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building like
+yes is this clearly deciding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is this clearly deciding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is this clearly deciding on the
+plane like the side on the plane yep but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane like the side on the plane yep but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane like the side on the plane yep but
+it sounds weird because like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds weird because like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds weird because like in this
+side is on should be kind of together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is on should be kind of together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is on should be kind of together
+okay so now now we've had two votes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now now we've had two votes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now now we've had two votes for
+uh changing some of the prepositions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changing some of the prepositions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changing some of the prepositions so
+I'll stop fighting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop fighting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop fighting it
+um we could also be thinking about I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could also be thinking about I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could also be thinking about I uh
+yeah I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I decided
+in the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this grammatical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this grammatical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this grammatical
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+does this mean I chose the boat while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean I chose the boat while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean I chose the boat while I
+was in the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess it's hard for me to be both in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's hard for me to be both in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's hard for me to be both in a
+building and on a boat unless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and on a boat unless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and on a boat unless the
+building is on the boat or the boat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is on the boat or the boat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is on the boat or the boat is
+on the building yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the building yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the building yeah
+uh many many hands uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool so actually what you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so actually what you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so actually what you just said
+and what faith just said and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what faith just said and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what faith just said and what you
+just said a second ago uh these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said a second ago uh these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said a second ago uh these sort of
+dovetail nicely I think let me now try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dovetail nicely I think let me now try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dovetail nicely I think let me now try
+to summarize something that I think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize something that I think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize something that I think all
+three of you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of you said
+um uh maybe we can say it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh maybe we can say it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh maybe we can say it like this
+when I asked can this mean I chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I asked can this mean I chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I asked can this mean I chose the
+boat while I was in the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat while I was in the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat while I was in the building
+everybody's like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's like um
+um I think it sort of can but for me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it sort of can but for me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think it sort of can but for me I
+have to pronounce it in a particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pronounce it in a particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pronounce it in a particular way
+so I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I decided in the building on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided in the building on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided in the building on the boat
+I think that's that's the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's that's the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's that's the easiest way
+for me to say it and have it mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to say it and have it mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to say it and have it mean that
+so I did something Fancy with my voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did something Fancy with my voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did something Fancy with my voice
+there that involved like trying to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that involved like trying to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that involved like trying to hide
+this prepositional phrases yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prepositional phrases yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prepositional phrases yeah
+um it's sometimes called a parenthetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sometimes called a parenthetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sometimes called a parenthetical
+um where you put in these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you put in these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you put in these things in
+strange places there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange places there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange places there's lots of
+interesting work on parentheticals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on parentheticals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting work on parentheticals
+um so when so one thing that all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when so one thing that all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when so one thing that all of you
+are teaching us maybe is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are teaching us maybe is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are teaching us maybe is that it's
+dangerous for me to just show you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous for me to just show you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous for me to just show you these
+words on this slide and ask you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on this slide and ask you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on this slide and ask you what
+they mean what I should really do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean what I should really do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean what I should really do is
+pronounce the sentence at you so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce the sentence at you so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce the sentence at you so when
+you're asking yourself how many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking yourself how many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking yourself how many things
+can this mean don't ask yourself what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this mean don't ask yourself what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this mean don't ask yourself what I
+decided on the boat on the plane means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the boat on the plane means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the boat on the plane means
+ask yourself what does I decided on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself what does I decided on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself what does I decided on the
+boat on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat on the plane
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+should I do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do that again
+how many of you think that it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think that it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think that it can mean
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+I decided on the boat on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided on the boat on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided on the boat on the plane
+how many of you think that it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think that it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think that it can mean
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+is there anybody who thinks that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody who thinks that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody who thinks that it can
+mean number two and cannot mean number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean number two and cannot mean number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean number two and cannot mean number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is there anybody who thinks that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody who thinks that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody who thinks that it can
+mean number one and cannot mean number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean number one and cannot mean number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean number one and cannot mean number
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so through the power of democracy we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so through the power of democracy we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so through the power of democracy we've
+come to the conclusion that it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that it can mean
+number one and can't mean number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and can't mean number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and can't mean number two
+except for a couple of you who feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a couple of you who feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a couple of you who feel that
+it can mean either one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can mean either one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can mean either one yeah
+I think the ones who feel that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the ones who feel that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the ones who feel that it can
+mean either one are ones who maybe have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean either one are ones who maybe have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean either one are ones who maybe have
+ways of doing parentheticals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing parentheticals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing parentheticals that are
+less dramatic than I just did this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dramatic than I just did this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dramatic than I just did this sort
+of process of hiding a prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process of hiding a prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process of hiding a prepositional
+phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+because I agree that you can say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I agree that you can say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I agree that you can say I
+decided see if you agree I decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided see if you agree I decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided see if you agree I decided on
+the boat on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat on the plane
+can mean I chose the plane while I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean I chose the plane while I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean I chose the plane while I was
+on the boat I have to say that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat I have to say that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat I have to say that in a
+particular way play those games with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way play those games with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way play those games with
+pitch as I speak lots of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch as I speak lots of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch as I speak lots of interesting
+questions about what the heck I am doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what the heck I am doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what the heck I am doing
+when I do that yeah you had a question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that yeah you had a question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that yeah you had a question a
+while ago sorry yep you puffy such as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago sorry yep you puffy such as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago sorry yep you puffy such as I
+in the building decided on the box whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the building decided on the box whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the building decided on the box whoa
+I in the building decided on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in the building decided on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in the building decided on the boat
+you asked this question before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked this question before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked this question before you
+you're the guy who likes to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the guy who likes to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the guy who likes to modify
+pronouns with prepositional phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns with prepositional phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns with prepositional phrases
+what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's your name okay the guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's your name okay the guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's your name okay the guy the
+guy who likes to but you have a nickname
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who likes to but you have a nickname
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who likes to but you have a nickname
+guy we'll call you guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um cool so uh I in the building decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool so uh I in the building decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool so uh I in the building decided
+on the vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vote
+hey you think I could do that yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you think I could do that yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you think I could do that yeah and
+uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have the problem right that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the problem right that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the problem right that if
+I'm in if I'm in the building I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in if I'm in the building I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in if I'm in the building I can't
+also be on a boat unless really unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be on a boat unless really unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be on a boat unless really unlikely
+things are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are happening
+right unless there's a building on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right unless there's a building on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right unless there's a building on a
+boat or a boat on a building or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat or a boat on a building or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat or a boat on a building or
+something like that and so you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and so you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and so you're kind
+of biased in favor of the reading where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biased in favor of the reading where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biased in favor of the reading where
+I chose the boat because we've also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose the boat because we've also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose the boat because we've also said
+that I'm in the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm in the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm in the building
+thanks to the the prepositional phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the the prepositional phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the the prepositional phrase
+that you're you're named after yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're named after yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're named after yeah the
+the one that modifies the printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that modifies the printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that modifies the printer
+yeah it's a nice example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah I decided to run on the boat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I decided to run on the boat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I decided to run on the boat that's
+a nice example or yeah so I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example or yeah so I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example or yeah so I decided to
+run for resident or I decided to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for resident or I decided to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run for resident or I decided to be in
+the marathon while I was on the boat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marathon while I was on the boat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marathon while I was on the boat uh
+or uh I decided here's a fun thing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh I decided here's a fun thing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh I decided here's a fun thing I'll
+do I'll run on the boat yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll run on the boat yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll run on the boat yeah
+um right those are those are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right those are those are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right those are those are good
+examples where uh actually all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where uh actually all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where uh actually all of these
+are examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when yeah let me back up so I decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yeah let me back up so I decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yeah let me back up so I decided on
+the boat on the plane if we've if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat on the plane if we've if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boat on the plane if we've if
+through the power of democracy we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the power of democracy we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the power of democracy we've
+come to the conclusion that that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the conclusion that that means
+number one uh what that means is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one uh what that means is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one uh what that means is there
+are two places for on the boat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two places for on the boat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two places for on the boat for
+prepositional phrases to be there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases to be there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases to be there's the
+place where it gets to be an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where it gets to be an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where it gets to be an argument
+and there's the place where it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the place where it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the place where it gets to
+be an adjunct right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an adjunct right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an adjunct right
+um and the place where it gets to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the place where it gets to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the place where it gets to be an
+argument is closer to the verbs several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is closer to the verbs several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is closer to the verbs several
+of you said this right so if it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you said this right so if it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you said this right so if it's right
+after the verb it gets to be an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the verb it gets to be an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the verb it gets to be an argument
+and if it's not right after the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's not right after the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's not right after the verb
+then it needs to be an adjunct and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it needs to be an adjunct and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it needs to be an adjunct and in
+simple sentences like I decided on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sentences like I decided on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sentences like I decided on the
+boat you sort of don't know where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat you sort of don't know where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat you sort of don't know where it is
+right so you don't know whether it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't know whether it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't know whether it's in
+the argument place or the adjunct place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument place or the adjunct place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument place or the adjunct place
+and so the example is ambiguous it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the example is ambiguous it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the example is ambiguous it's
+kind of like the ambiguity of I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the ambiguity of I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the ambiguity of I will
+tickle the child with the feather where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle the child with the feather where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle the child with the feather where
+you don't know where whether with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know where whether with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know where whether with the
+feather modifies the child or the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather modifies the child or the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather modifies the child or the verb
+phrase tickled the child yeah uh or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase tickled the child yeah uh or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase tickled the child yeah uh or and
+now this is why finally I'm becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is why finally I'm becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is why finally I'm becoming
+relevant to what you just said Faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what you just said Faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what you just said Faith
+that's another example where on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another example where on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another example where on the boat
+it's ambiguous where you put it it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ambiguous where you put it it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ambiguous where you put it it could
+be a couple different places in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a couple different places in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a couple different places in the
+structure and it could modify different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it could modify different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it could modify different
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+yeah so we're getting these ambiguities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're getting these ambiguities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're getting these ambiguities
+and the fact that these ambiguities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that these ambiguities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that these ambiguities
+disappear if you pile these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear if you pile these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear if you pile these
+prepositional phrases up disappear for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases up disappear for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases up disappear for
+most of us some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us some of you are
+more creative with prepositional phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more creative with prepositional phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more creative with prepositional phrases
+yeah the Katarina for example has great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the Katarina for example has great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the Katarina for example has great
+prepositional phrases go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no
+this is more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more a
+um uh let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's start with
+um uh imagining that there's no wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh imagining that there's no wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh imagining that there's no wind
+resistance when we're doing physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance when we're doing physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance when we're doing physics
+right this is a uh yeah that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a uh yeah that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a uh yeah that's a really
+interesting complication which we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting complication which we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting complication which we need
+to study what the heck is going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study what the heck is going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study what the heck is going on with
+the intonation but we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intonation but we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intonation but we're going to start
+by developing a theory of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by developing a theory of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by developing a theory of English
+sentences in which nothing interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences in which nothing interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences in which nothing interesting
+is happening with intonation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening with intonation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening with intonation and then
+because this is 24 900 we will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is 24 900 we will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is 24 900 we will probably
+never get out of that yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get out of that yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get out of that yeah but
+intonation is a fascinating topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intonation is a fascinating topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intonation is a fascinating topic that
+you then go try to add to the to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then go try to add to the to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then go try to add to the to your
+model yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+yeah oh I see so yes if we you mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I see so yes if we you mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I see so yes if we you mean if
+the the string I decided on the boat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the string I decided on the boat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the string I decided on the boat on
+the plane if we wanted it to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane if we wanted it to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane if we wanted it to have
+reading too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading too
+um yeah commas are one way that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah commas are one way that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah commas are one way that you you
+indicate uh this special intonation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate uh this special intonation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate uh this special intonation that
+makes this possible so it come as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this possible so it come as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this possible so it come as you
+know English no language actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know English no language actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know English no language actually has a
+very good way to to indicate intonation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good way to to indicate intonation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good way to to indicate intonation
+uh it's not something that we're good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not something that we're good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not something that we're good at
+spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling
+um but uh punctuation marks are one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh punctuation marks are one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh punctuation marks are one of
+the things we do to to do that yeah nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we do to to do that yeah nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we do to to do that yeah nice
+point there we go I was thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there we go I was thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there we go I was thinking that
+like the rule that you were saying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rule that you were saying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rule that you were saying about
+like the number one being the prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number one being the prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number one being the prefers
+that makes a lot of sense and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a lot of sense and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a lot of sense and that the
+like if there was going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there was going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there was going to be a
+situation where I thought to was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I thought to was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I thought to was it
+sounded correct I think it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded correct I think it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded correct I think it would have to
+be something where like the adjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something where like the adjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something where like the adjunct
+sounds like it needs to come really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like it needs to come really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like it needs to come really
+close to the verb like this side on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the verb like this side on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the verb like this side on a
+whim oh you said I decided other women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whim oh you said I decided other women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whim oh you said I decided other women
+on the boat like I feel like I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat like I feel like I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat like I feel like I would
+more likely to say that made sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to say that made sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to say that made sense and
+like I decided on the boat on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I decided on the boat on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I decided on the boat on the
+Road I'm gonna win uh-huh yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road I'm gonna win uh-huh yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road I'm gonna win uh-huh yeah that's a
+very nice that's a very nice point and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice that's a very nice point and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice that's a very nice point and a
+really nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example
+um uh I mean maybe so I think the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I mean maybe so I think the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I mean maybe so I think the next
+slide is gonna sort of echo a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is gonna sort of echo a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is gonna sort of echo a version of
+that what we're seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're seeing is
+um so here I've got an idealized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here I've got an idealized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here I've got an idealized version
+of the judgments that we more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the judgments that we more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the judgments that we more or less
+got there are some people uh who for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there are some people uh who for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there are some people uh who for
+whom you can get either reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom you can get either reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom you can get either reading
+interestingly nobody has the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly nobody has the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly nobody has the opposite
+judgment that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment that uh
+uh I decided on the boat on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I decided on the boat on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I decided on the boat on the plane
+preferentially means I chose the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially means I chose the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially means I chose the plane
+while I was on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was on the boat
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um what we're seeing then is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're seeing then is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're seeing then is that if you
+have our so one difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our so one difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our so one difference between
+arguments and adjuncts the reason that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and adjuncts the reason that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and adjuncts the reason that I
+introduced you to them is that arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to them is that arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to them is that arguments
+are picky about which heads they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are picky about which heads they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are picky about which heads they can
+combine with and adjuncts or not so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with and adjuncts or not so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with and adjuncts or not so you
+can do anything with a feather but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do anything with a feather but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do anything with a feather but
+something like a direct object uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a direct object uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a direct object uh you
+have to look at the verb to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the verb to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the verb to see whether
+you have it or not and what we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it or not and what we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it or not and what we're also
+seeing is that if you have a head that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is that if you have a head that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is that if you have a head that
+has both an argument and an adjunct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both an argument and an adjunct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both an argument and an adjunct and
+that's the decide on the boat on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the decide on the boat on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the decide on the boat on the
+plane right then the argument is closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right then the argument is closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right then the argument is closer
+to the Head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Head
+and so far yeah and and this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far yeah and and this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far yeah and and this sort of
+connects with what Raquel was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with what Raquel was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with what Raquel was just
+saying one way to think about it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying one way to think about it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying one way to think about it maybe
+is to say if you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say if you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say if you have these two
+prepositional phrases and you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases and you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositional phrases and you have this
+verb and you're trying to decide in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and you're trying to decide in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and you're trying to decide in what
+order shall I merge these things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order shall I merge these things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order shall I merge these things with
+each other apparently the answer is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other apparently the answer is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other apparently the answer is well
+first see what the verb would like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see what the verb would like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see what the verb would like you
+to do you know so if the verb needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you know so if the verb needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you know so if the verb needs
+something then satisfy the needs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then satisfy the needs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then satisfy the needs of the
+verb first and then fool around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb first and then fool around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb first and then fool around with
+adjuncts yes you can do adjuncts later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuncts yes you can do adjuncts later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuncts yes you can do adjuncts later
+and Raquel's making the point that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Raquel's making the point that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Raquel's making the point that there
+are various things in life that verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various things in life that verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various things in life that verbs
+could need and we have to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could need and we have to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could need and we have to develop a
+theory of all of them and today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of all of them and today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of all of them and today we
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+any questions about any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about any of this
+I think remember right this might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think remember right this might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think remember right this might be a
+good place to pause and see what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to pause and see what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to pause and see what I was
+going to do next yes no so we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next yes no so we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next yes no so we're about
+to do another another test for arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do another another test for arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do another another test for arguments
+and adjuncts and we will do it but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjuncts and we will do it but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjuncts and we will do it but we'll
+do it uh next time where next time is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh next time where next time is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh next time where next time is uh
+not next week but the week after right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not next week but the week after right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not next week but the week after right
+because you guys have to go uh break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys have to go uh break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys have to go uh break
+spring so have a great spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring so have a great spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring so have a great spring break
+everybody go do something relaxing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody go do something relaxing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody go do something relaxing and
+uh we'll see you again in a couple weeks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4q0T9c7jotw.txt b/4q0T9c7jotw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b25f3370b6988206098fd7b373791f642ae96ff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4q0T9c7jotw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay let's quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so that is the you got the 70% with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that is the you got the 70% with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that is the you got the 70% with
+the right answer when don't if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer when don't if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer when don't if people
+can just uh kind of yell out what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just uh kind of yell out what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just uh kind of yell out what was
+wrong with number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with number
+one sigfigs and what about numbers three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sigfigs and what about numbers three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sigfigs and what about numbers three
+and four what equation was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four what equation was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four what equation was that
+using second order that's right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using second order that's right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using second order that's right so this
+is a good uh clicker question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good uh clicker question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good uh clicker question question
+for a problem that's going to be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a problem that's going to be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a problem that's going to be coming
+up on uh exam 4 and also on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on uh exam 4 and also on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on uh exam 4 and also on the final
+exam to a larger degree on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam to a larger degree on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam to a larger degree on the final
+exam we have equation sheets that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam we have equation sheets that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam we have equation sheets that have
+all the equations from the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the equations from the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the equations from the whole
+semester and so you need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and so you need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and so you need to figure out
+and remember which equation goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember which equation goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember which equation goes with
+which problem it doesn't say oh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which problem it doesn't say oh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which problem it doesn't say oh here's
+the expression for first order here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for first order here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for first order here's
+the equation for second order you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for second order you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for second order you need
+to look and remember which equation goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look and remember which equation goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look and remember which equation goes
+with is which thing but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is which thing but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is which thing but in terms of
+first order what's a way that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order what's a way that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order what's a way that you can
+remember um what A first order equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um what A first order equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um what A first order equation
+would be what's missing from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what's missing from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what's missing from first
+order yeah the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order yeah the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order yeah the concentration of the
+material so for first order it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so for first order it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so for first order it's
+independent of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the concentration
+original concentration of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentration of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentration of the material
+which is why we can use first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we can use first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we can use first order
+equations for nuclear chemistry because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for nuclear chemistry because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for nuclear chemistry because
+the rate of decay of radioactive nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of decay of radioactive nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of decay of radioactive nuclei
+are independent of the nuclei around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of the nuclei around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of the nuclei around
+them so it's a first order process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a first order process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a first order process so
+when you think a little bit about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think a little bit about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think a little bit about these
+equations you should be able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you should be able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you should be able to identify
+which equation goes with which problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equation goes with which problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equation goes with which problem
+and so you can identify the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can identify the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can identify the type of
+first order problems also and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order problems also and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order problems also and for the
+second order it almost always says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order it almost always says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order it almost always says for
+this second order process which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second order process which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second order process which gives
+you a nice hint that that's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice hint that that's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice hint that that's a second
+order process and then you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order process and then you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order process and then you just have to
+identify the equation okay so today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the equation okay so today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the equation okay so today is
+more kinetics so we're in the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinetics so we're in the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinetics so we're in the kinetics
+unit and we'll be in the kinetics unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and we'll be in the kinetics unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and we'll be in the kinetics unit
+for the rest of the semester it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the semester it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the semester it's our
+last unit so today I think it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last unit so today I think it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last unit so today I think it's one of
+the most important lectures in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important lectures in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important lectures in terms of
+the kinetics unit because we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics unit because we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics unit because we're talking
+about reaction mechanisms and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reaction mechanisms and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reaction mechanisms and that is
+really an important part of kinetics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an important part of kinetics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an important part of kinetics so
+investigating reaction mechanisms so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating reaction mechanisms so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating reaction mechanisms so if
+you're going to describe how a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to describe how a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to describe how a reaction
+takes place you you know often reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place you you know often reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place you you know often reactions
+don't occur in one step it's really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occur in one step it's really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occur in one step it's really in
+uncommon for reactions to occur in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon for reactions to occur in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon for reactions to occur in one
+step so you want to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so you want to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so you want to describe the
+different steps and you describe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps and you describe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps and you describe those
+steps which are also called Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps which are also called Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps which are also called Elementary
+reactions so you break down a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so you break down a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so you break down a complex
+reaction into a series of steps and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction into a series of steps and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction into a series of steps and then
+you try to figure out if that mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to figure out if that mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to figure out if that mechanism
+if those series of steps are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those series of steps are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those series of steps are consistent
+with um the data that you've collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um the data that you've collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um the data that you've collected
+on on this particular reaction and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this particular reaction and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this particular reaction and over
+here I just show you some uh steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just show you some uh steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just show you some uh steps in
+the natural biosynthesis of a vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural biosynthesis of a vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural biosynthesis of a vitamin
+biotin biotin is uh important vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin biotin is uh important vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin biotin is uh important vitamin
+for us it's also used a lot in uh feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's also used a lot in uh feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's also used a lot in uh feed
+stock and so people buy a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and so people buy a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and so people buy a lot of um
+biotin to put in feed stock and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin to put in feed stock and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin to put in feed stock and so
+there's a huge Market of biotin now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge Market of biotin now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge Market of biotin now
+right now it's made by what is estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's made by what is estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's made by what is estimated
+to be a 13-step organic synthesis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a 13-step organic synthesis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a 13-step organic synthesis which
+produces that's a lot of steps it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that's a lot of steps it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that's a lot of steps it's
+really expensive and there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and there's a huge
+amount of organic waste associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of organic waste associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of organic waste associated with
+making Biotin and we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Biotin and we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Biotin and we're talking about
+sort of T in the tons level of waste so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of T in the tons level of waste so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of T in the tons level of waste so
+researchers have been trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have been trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have been trying to figure
+out the mechanism by which nature makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the mechanism by which nature makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the mechanism by which nature makes
+biotin because that would be a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin because that would be a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin because that would be a lot more
+environmentally friendly so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly so when you're
+thinking about this what you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this what you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this what you want to say
+is okay if we write out a mechanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay if we write out a mechanism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay if we write out a mechanism is
+it consistent with the experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consistent with the experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consistent with the experimental data
+and are there fast and slow steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are there fast and slow steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are there fast and slow steps
+because if there's a step that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's a step that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's a step that's really
+slow maybe you could do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow maybe you could do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow maybe you could do something about
+it maybe if you're talking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe if you're talking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe if you're talking about an
+enzyme you could re-engineer the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme you could re-engineer the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme you could re-engineer the enzyme
+so it would be a better enzyme maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a better enzyme maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a better enzyme maybe uh
+you know natural selection didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know natural selection didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know natural selection didn't
+particularly work maybe the cell doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly work maybe the cell doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly work maybe the cell doesn't
+really need as much biotin as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need as much biotin as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need as much biotin as we do
+commercially so there was no need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially so there was no need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially so there was no need to
+make it fast but now we have a need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it fast but now we have a need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it fast but now we have a need to
+make it fast so maybe we can do some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it fast so maybe we can do some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it fast so maybe we can do some uh
+some evolution of this enzyme and design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evolution of this enzyme and design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evolution of this enzyme and design
+something to be better so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be better so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be better so when you're
+talking about reaction mechanisms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reaction mechanisms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reaction mechanisms you
+want to know what's fast what's slow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's fast what's slow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's fast what's slow and
+if you want to use that product for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use that product for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use that product for
+something you want to figure out how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to figure out how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to figure out how you
+can change things to make have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change things to make have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change things to make have a better
+mechanism maybe avoid some really slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism maybe avoid some really slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism maybe avoid some really slow
+steps um so that you can do better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps um so that you can do better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps um so that you can do better um
+today is also a world AIDS day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is also a world AIDS day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is also a world AIDS day and
+understanding the mechanism of HIV Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the mechanism of HIV Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the mechanism of HIV Pro
+Ras was really essential in designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ras was really essential in designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ras was really essential in designing
+Inhibitors against that enzyme and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors against that enzyme and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors against that enzyme and if
+you inhibit the enzyme uh you stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inhibit the enzyme uh you stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inhibit the enzyme uh you stop the
+development of the disease so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the disease so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the disease so this was a
+very important thing and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing and we have some
+some pretty good uh molecules to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty good uh molecules to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty good uh molecules to treat
+AIDS right now and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS right now and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS right now and some of the
+challenges have moved on to other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges have moved on to other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges have moved on to other things
+like less good health care in parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less good health care in parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less good health care in parts of
+the world where this is affected so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world where this is affected so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world where this is affected so I
+feel like AIDS has kind of taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like AIDS has kind of taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like AIDS has kind of taken a
+backseat to uh hearing about ebola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backseat to uh hearing about ebola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backseat to uh hearing about ebola
+recently but AIDS is still a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently but AIDS is still a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently but AIDS is still a very
+important problem and one that smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem and one that smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem and one that smart
+people like you could address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like you could address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like you could address
+so again understanding reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again understanding reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again understanding reaction
+mechanisms is very very important all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms is very very important all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms is very very important all
+right so let's go to a simpler problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go to a simpler problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go to a simpler problem
+and a simpler reaction mechanism um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simpler reaction mechanism um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simpler reaction mechanism um
+we'll go to our friend over here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to our friend over here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to our friend over here where
+we have two molecules of n going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two molecules of n going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two molecules of n going
+reacting with one molecule of o2 going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with one molecule of o2 going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with one molecule of o2 going
+to two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two molecules of
+NO2 so someone measured some rates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 so someone measured some rates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 so someone measured some rates for
+this and uh came up with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh came up with the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh came up with the following
+rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+where you have a rate constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a rate constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a rate constant which is
+just called K OBS for observed and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called K OBS for observed and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called K OBS for observed and we'll
+talk about that more in a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that more in a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that more in a little bit and
+they discovered it is second order with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered it is second order with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered it is second order with
+respect to n and first order with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to n and first order with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to n and first order with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+O2 so there's a couple things right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so there's a couple things right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so there's a couple things right away
+that we can ask about this one is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can ask about this one is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can ask about this one is what
+is the overall order then um of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the overall order then um of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the overall order then um of this
+reaction from this experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction from this experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction from this experimental data
+what would that be three again if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that be three again if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that be three again if some
+of you miss it 2 + 1 is three this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you miss it 2 + 1 is three this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you miss it 2 + 1 is three this is
+not where you want to lose your points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where you want to lose your points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where you want to lose your points
+on the exam there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam there's going to be some
+tricky significant figures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky significant figures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky significant figures in the
+kinetics units save your points to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics units save your points to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics units save your points to lose
+there count two plus one and get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there count two plus one and get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there count two plus one and get three
+okay so is one step likely to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is one step likely to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is one step likely to have three
+different things come together at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things come together at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things come together at the
+same time so How likely is it that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so How likely is it that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so How likely is it that all
+three things are going to merge in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things are going to merge in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things are going to merge in one
+step no it's not very likely so it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step no it's not very likely so it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step no it's not very likely so it's no
+but if it did work that way what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it did work that way what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it did work that way what would
+it be called what molecular reaction do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be called what molecular reaction do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be called what molecular reaction do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+remember so if you have three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so if you have three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so if you have three things
+it's a tur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tur
+molecular so they're rare so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular so they're rare so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular so they're rare so that's not
+how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+works all right so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right so let's look at some
+rate laws and try to write a rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws and try to write a rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws and try to write a rate law
+for a reaction we're going to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reaction we're going to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reaction we're going to take our
+overall reaction we're going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall reaction we're going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall reaction we're going to divide
+it to two steps and write a rate law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to two steps and write a rate law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to two steps and write a rate law for
+that and see if that's consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see if that's consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see if that's consistent with
+the experiment all right so finally got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment all right so finally got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment all right so finally got
+this up here sorry the handwriting isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up here sorry the handwriting isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up here sorry the handwriting isn't
+perfect I got here early but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect I got here early but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect I got here early but then the
+first time I'm going to use the boards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I'm going to use the boards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I'm going to use the boards a
+lot today squeegee was gone there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot today squeegee was gone there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot today squeegee was gone there's
+always something all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always something all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always something all right so we're
+going to break this reaction down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break this reaction down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break this reaction down into
+two steps so in the first step we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps so in the first step we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps so in the first step we have
+our two molecules of no coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two molecules of no coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two molecules of no coming together
+to form an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form an intermediate
+n22 in and this is a reversible step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 in and this is a reversible step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 in and this is a reversible step so
+in the second step of of the reaction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second step of of the reaction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second step of of the reaction we
+have our O2 molecule coming in reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our O2 molecule coming in reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our O2 molecule coming in reacting
+with our intermediate and forming two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our intermediate and forming two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our intermediate and forming two
+molecules of NO2 and so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of NO2 and so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of NO2 and so this is really
+pretty common that when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common that when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common that when you have a
+multi-step reaction that you form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step reaction that you form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step reaction that you form an
+intermediate and the intermediate goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the intermediate goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the intermediate goes
+away all right so now we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all right so now we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all right so now we can think about
+how we would write the rate law for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we would write the rate law for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we would write the rate law for this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanism so starting up here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so starting up here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so starting up here this is
+being written as a series of steps which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written as a series of steps which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written as a series of steps which
+which are also called Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are also called Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are also called Elementary
+reactions and for an elementary reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and for an elementary reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and for an elementary reaction
+it occurs exactly as written that's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs exactly as written that's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs exactly as written that's its
+definition of an elementary reaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an elementary reaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an elementary reaction or
+a step so now we can write the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step so now we can write the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step so now we can write the rate law
+for the forward direction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the forward direction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the forward direction of this
+exactly as it is written so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as it is written so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as it is written so that would
+be writing and this is my little these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing and this is my little these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing and this is my little these
+are my little KS for rate constants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my little KS for rate constants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my little KS for rate constants so
+we have K1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have K1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have K1 times the
+concentration of n to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of n to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of n to the 2
+so we're writing it exactly as written I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're writing it exactly as written I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're writing it exactly as written I
+said that for an overall reaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that for an overall reaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that for an overall reaction you
+can't just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just look at the
+stochiometry um you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry um you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry um you have to you have to
+think about experiment but for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about experiment but for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about experiment but for an
+elementary reaction you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary reaction you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary reaction you can write it
+just from the stochiometry and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the stochiometry and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the stochiometry and so this
+is how we would write it just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we would write it just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we would write it just from the
+stochiometry so what would be the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry so what would be the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry so what would be the order
+of that reaction just the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reaction just the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reaction just the forward
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and that makes it a what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that makes it a what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that makes it a what kind of
+molecular reaction bimolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B molecular okay so let's write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B molecular okay so let's write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B molecular okay so let's write out the
+rate law for the reverse reaction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the reverse reaction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the reverse reaction now
+and again exactly as written so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again exactly as written so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again exactly as written so we're
+going to have K minus one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have K minus one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have K minus one times the
+concentration of our intermediate N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate N2
+O2 and that would be the rate law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and that would be the rate law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and that would be the rate law for
+the reverse reaction so what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction so what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction so what would be
+the order for this reaction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order for this reaction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order for this reaction now
+one right we only have one thing in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right we only have one thing in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right we only have one thing in here
+and what do you call it X molecular when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you call it X molecular when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you call it X molecular when
+there's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uni uni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uni uni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uni uni
+molecular okay for step two now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular okay for step two now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular okay for step two now you're
+good at this let's do a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds yep so we're just going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep so we're just going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep so we're just going to write
+this exactly as written it doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly as written it doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly as written it doesn't say
+it's a reversible reaction so it's K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reversible reaction so it's K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reversible reaction so it's K2
+and I'll put this down here K2 our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll put this down here K2 our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll put this down here K2 our rate
+constant for the second uh step and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for the second uh step and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for the second uh step and then
+times the reactants so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the reactants so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the reactants so we have
+O2 and our intermediate N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O2 so what would be the order of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so what would be the order of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so what would be the order of this
+reaction or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or this
+step two we have two things in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two we have two things in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two we have two things in there and
+again we call that bi molecular so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we call that bi molecular so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we call that bi molecular so we
+have unii inter molecular reactions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unii inter molecular reactions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unii inter molecular reactions for
+order of one two and three all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one two and three all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one two and three all right so
+we've written this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written this out
+now now what we want to do is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now what we want to do is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now what we want to do is we want to
+write out an overall rate law for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out an overall rate law for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out an overall rate law for this
+so we've written out the rate laws for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've written out the rate laws for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've written out the rate laws for
+all the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the individual
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+and maybe I'll put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I'll put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I'll put that
+yeah I guess I can put it maybe I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess I can put it maybe I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess I can put it maybe I'll try
+to write it down here I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it down here I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it down here I was going to
+have this all organized but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this all organized but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this all organized but then the
+boards weren't cooperating today all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards weren't cooperating today all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards weren't cooperating today all
+right so I'm going to write the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to write the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to write the overall
+rate let me try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and this is for formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is for formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is for formation of
+n2o2 and we're going to put a two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2o2 and we're going to put a two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2o2 and we're going to put a two in
+there and I'll explain that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'll explain that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'll explain that in a minute
+then our K2 so we're just writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our K2 so we're just writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our K2 so we're just writing this
+now from from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from from the last
+step times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step times
+O2 and our intermediate N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and our intermediate N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and our intermediate N2
+O2 so the overall rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so the overall rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so the overall rate of
+forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming
+NO2 is the two because two moles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 is the two because two moles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 is the two because two moles are
+formed so as these guys disappear as O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed so as these guys disappear as O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed so as these guys disappear as O2
+and n22 are intermediate disappear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n22 are intermediate disappear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n22 are intermediate disappear and
+O's going to form twice as fast because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's going to form twice as fast because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's going to form twice as fast because
+there're two of them being formed so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're two of them being formed so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're two of them being formed so we
+put a two in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a two in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a two in there
+and then we just have a rate order or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just have a rate order or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just have a rate order or
+rate law for the last step K2 O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the last step K2 O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the last step K2 O2
+intermediate so you can always write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so you can always write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so you can always write the
+um rate for the overall reaction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rate for the overall reaction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rate for the overall reaction from
+that last step although sometimes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last step although sometimes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last step although sometimes we'll
+see if they're fast and slow steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they're fast and slow steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they're fast and slow steps you
+can also write it from the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write it from the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write it from the rate
+determining step but we're not done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step but we're not done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step but we're not done here
+because we have an intermediate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have an intermediate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have an intermediate in this
+expression and you in a rate law you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and you in a rate law you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and you in a rate law you
+cannot have an intermediate in there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have an intermediate in there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have an intermediate in there you
+need to solve for the rate in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve for the rate in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve for the rate in terms of
+your rate constants your reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rate constants your reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rate constants your reactant
+concentration and your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and your product
+concentration so we need to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so we need to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so we need to get rid of
+this we need to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to solve for
+this all right so how are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so how are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so how are we going to do
+that how are we going to solve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how are we going to solve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how are we going to solve for this
+so we want to think about now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to think about now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to think about now what is
+the net rate for this formation how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net rate for this formation how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net rate for this formation how is
+that intermediate being formed and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermediate being formed and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermediate being formed and how
+is it being consumed given those steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it being consumed given those steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it being consumed given those steps
+up here here so it's only being formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here here so it's only being formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here here so it's only being formed
+in the the forward direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the forward direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the forward direction of the
+first of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the first
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+and just grab this so the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just grab this so the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just grab this so the forward
+direction of the first step which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step which is
+k1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 time
+n to the 2 and so this is where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 2 and so this is where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 2 and so this is where our
+intermediate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formed our intermediate is going away in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed our intermediate is going away in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed our intermediate is going away in
+two different steps so it's going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different steps so it's going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different steps so it's going away
+in the reverse direction of step one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse direction of step one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse direction of step one so
+it's decomposing in that step and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decomposing in that step and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decomposing in that step and so
+it's decomposing at the rate of K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decomposing at the rate of K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decomposing at the rate of K minus
+one times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration the intermediate is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the intermediate is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the intermediate is also
+being consumed in the Second Step it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being consumed in the Second Step it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being consumed in the Second Step it's
+reacting with oxygen and being consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with oxygen and being consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with oxygen and being consumed
+so here um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here um it
+decays and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and here it
+is consumed and it's being consumed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consumed and it's being consumed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consumed and it's being consumed by
+the reaction K2 times the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction K2 times the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction K2 times the concentration
+of o2 times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration so that's the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so that's the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so that's the second step
+all right so now we just need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we just need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we just need to take
+that equation and solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation and solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation and solve for the
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+n202 but but we don't know net rate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n202 but but we don't know net rate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n202 but but we don't know net rate over
+there we don't we we have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we don't we we have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we don't we we have too many
+variables right now so at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right now so at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right now so at this point we
+have to use what's known as a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use what's known as a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use what's known as a steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+approximation so steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so steady state
+approximation and pretty much everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and pretty much everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and pretty much everything
+we talking about reaction mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about reaction mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about reaction mechanisms
+we're going to use the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the steady state
+approximation and that is that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and that is that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and that is that the rate
+of formation of intermediates equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of intermediates equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of intermediates equals the
+rate at which they go away so the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which they go away so the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which they go away so the net
+rate is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is zero
+so we can set this whole thing now equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can set this whole thing now equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can set this whole thing now equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero so steady state approximation net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so steady state approximation net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so steady state approximation net
+rate is zero or the rate at which an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is zero or the rate at which an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is zero or the rate at which an
+intermediate forms equals the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate forms equals the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate forms equals the rate at
+which that intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that intermediate
+decays all right so I can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays all right so I can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays all right so I can rearrange this
+equation now and I'm going to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now and I'm going to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now and I'm going to bring the
+terms that have the intermediate to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that have the intermediate to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that have the intermediate to one
+side so I'm going to put them over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I'm going to put them over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I'm going to put them over here
+so we have the term that at which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the term that at which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the term that at which it
+decays K minus1 times our concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays K minus1 times our concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays K minus1 times our concentration
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+intermediate and it had a negative but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and it had a negative but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and it had a negative but I
+brought it over here to this side with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it over here to this side with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it over here to this side with a
+zero so now it's positive and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now it's positive and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now it's positive and I'm going
+to bring the same for the rate law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the same for the rate law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the same for the rate law for
+the at which it's consumed over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at which it's consumed over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at which it's consumed over so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+K2 times our intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration and our oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and our oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and our oxygen
+concentration and now on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and now on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and now on the other side
+we'll have the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have the rate at which the
+intermediate is formed which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate is formed which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate is formed which is
+k1 n to the two so this is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 n to the two so this is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 n to the two so this is another way
+to express the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express the steady state
+approximation the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the rate at which the
+intermediate goes away equals the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate goes away equals the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate goes away equals the rate
+at which it's formed that's the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which it's formed that's the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which it's formed that's the steady
+state there's no net sort of flux in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there's no net sort of flux in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there's no net sort of flux in the
+intermediate it's being formed and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate it's being formed and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate it's being formed and going
+away at equal rates so now we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at equal rates so now we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away at equal rates so now we can use
+this to solve for the inter mediate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to solve for the inter mediate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to solve for the inter mediate now
+we're set now we can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're set now we can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're set now we can solve for the
+intermediate and so let's do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and so let's do that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and so let's do that over
+here so I'm going to pull out I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to pull out I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to pull out I had a
+straight line here this one's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line here this one's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line here this one's a little
+all right um I used to write a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um I used to write a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um I used to write a lot on
+the board and used to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and used to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and used to evaluate
+professors by their good handwriting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors by their good handwriting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors by their good handwriting and
+my ratings were always My overall rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ratings were always My overall rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ratings were always My overall rating
+was limited by my handwriting to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was limited by my handwriting to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was limited by my handwriting to a large
+degree and so I stopped writing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so I stopped writing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so I stopped writing on the
+board but now they've gotten rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but now they've gotten rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but now they've gotten rid of that
+as a criteria so I can write on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a criteria so I can write on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a criteria so I can write on the
+board again okay so I'm going to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board again okay so I'm going to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board again okay so I'm going to pull
+out the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the concentration of the
+intermediate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate our
+n22 and I'll pull it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 and I'll pull it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 and I'll pull it out of the
+expression leaving um K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+K2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times
+O2 so I just pulled out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so I just pulled out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so I just pulled out the
+concentration of the intermediate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate over
+here and then we leave the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we leave the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we leave the other side
+the same our K1 time our n squar all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same our K1 time our n squar all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same our K1 time our n squar all
+right so now I can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I can solve for the
+concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the
+intermediate N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate N2
+O2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 equals
+K1 * n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * n^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * n^
+2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over
+K-1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K-1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K-1 +
+K2 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 time
+O2 great so we've solved for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 great so we've solved for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 great so we've solved for the
+concentration of the intermediate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate now
+now we can take this and bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can take this and bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can take this and bring it back
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here and put that whole term into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put that whole term into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put that whole term into this
+and then we'll have a rate law that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll have a rate law that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll have a rate law that does
+is expressed only in terms of our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed only in terms of our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed only in terms of our rate
+constants and our reactants or Andor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and our reactants or Andor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and our reactants or Andor
+products okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay
+so let's uh let's do more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's do more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's do more on the
+PowerPoint here so this is what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint here so this is what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint here so this is what we just
+came up with so the concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with so the concentration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with so the concentration of our
+intermediate K1 time n one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate K1 time n one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate K1 time n one of our
+reactants second order over K minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants second order over K minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants second order over K minus1
+plus K2 times the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2 times the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2 times the concentration of
+oxygen now I'm going to plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen now I'm going to plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen now I'm going to plug that
+into this expression which we just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this expression which we just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this expression which we just got
+from writing the rate law for the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from writing the rate law for the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from writing the rate law for the set
+the last step using a two because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step using a two because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step using a two because we had
+two molecules of product being form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of product being form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of product being form so
+we're going to plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug it in
+there and that's going to give us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's going to give us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's going to give us this
+so we have our two we have a K1 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our two we have a K1 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our two we have a K1 from
+here a K2 from here we have our oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a K2 from here we have our oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a K2 from here we have our oxygen
+concentration we have our no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration we have our no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration we have our no
+concentration second order over k minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration second order over k minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration second order over k minus1
++ K2 times oxygen concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ K2 times oxygen concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ K2 times oxygen concentration of
+oxygen so that might be the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so that might be the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so that might be the complete
+answer to some problems but here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to some problems but here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to some problems but here we were
+given an experimental Al rate law which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an experimental Al rate law which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an experimental Al rate law which
+was second order in n and first order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was second order in n and first order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was second order in n and first order in
+O2 that does not match This this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 that does not match This this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 that does not match This this term
+has an O2 at the bottom this one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an O2 at the bottom this one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an O2 at the bottom this one doesn't
+have an O2 at the bottom these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an O2 at the bottom these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an O2 at the bottom these are not
+the same so that must mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that must mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that must mean that the
+mechanism has fast and slow steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism has fast and slow steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism has fast and slow steps and
+that we need to reconsider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to reconsider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to reconsider this
+expression in terms of fast and slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in terms of fast and slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in terms of fast and slow
+steps so let's go back now and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let's go back now and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let's go back now and think
+about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our
+mechanism and so if we come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and so if we come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and so if we come over
+here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's
+say that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the first
+step let's bring this down again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step let's bring this down again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step let's bring this down again let's
+say the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the first step is
+fast and we already said that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and we already said that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and we already said that it was
+reversible but we'll put that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible but we'll put that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible but we'll put that down
+to is fast and reversible and step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is fast and reversible and step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is fast and reversible and step two
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+slow so I'm just going to propose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so I'm just going to propose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so I'm just going to propose that
+these are true and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are true and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are true and then we will
+recalculate what the rate law would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate what the rate law would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate what the rate law would be
+if you have a fast reversible step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fast reversible step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fast reversible step
+followed by a slow step and see if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a slow step and see if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a slow step and see if that
+agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment so um to do that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so um to do that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so um to do that we have to
+consider what it means if we have a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what it means if we have a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what it means if we have a fast
+step followed by a slow step so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step followed by a slow step so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step followed by a slow step so let's
+introduce a term very important term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a term very important term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a term very important term
+which is the rate determining step also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the rate determining step also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the rate determining step also
+known as the rate limiting step so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the rate limiting step so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the rate limiting step so the
+slow step of a reaction if it's truly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow step of a reaction if it's truly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow step of a reaction if it's truly a
+very slow step is going to govern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow step is going to govern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow step is going to govern the
+overall rate of the reaction so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rate of the reaction so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rate of the reaction so let's
+think about this a minute so I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this a minute so I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this a minute so I told you
+that the extra problems for exam four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extra problems for exam four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extra problems for exam four
+are long they're very long sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long they're very long sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long they're very long sorry about
+that but there were a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there were a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there were a lot of problems
+and I want to get you ready for exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to get you ready for exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to get you ready for exam
+four you also have problems at 9 due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you also have problems at 9 due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you also have problems at 9 due
+tomorrow so you got a lot of problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so you got a lot of problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so you got a lot of problems to
+do so after class today I feel that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so after class today I feel that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so after class today I feel that many
+of you are going to be really inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are going to be really inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are going to be really inspired
+to get started on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started on those
+problems and you may run out of here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and you may run out of here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and you may run out of here you
+might leap over the chair in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might leap over the chair in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might leap over the chair in front of
+you and race out the door you may clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and race out the door you may clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and race out the door you may clear
+the table on the way out because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table on the way out because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table on the way out because you're
+in a real hurry to start those extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real hurry to start those extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real hurry to start those extra
+problems you will run to the library to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you will run to the library to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you will run to the library to
+look for a table but all the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a table but all the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a table but all the table
+tables will already be taken how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables will already be taken how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables will already be taken how did
+your classmates get out of class so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates get out of class so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates get out of class so fast
+to get all of the tables in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of the tables in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of the tables in the library
+they're already finishing problem at 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already finishing problem at 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already finishing problem at 9
+and starting on the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting on the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting on the extra
+problems so you race back to your dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so you race back to your dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so you race back to your dorm
+but all the tables and the downstairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the tables and the downstairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the tables and the downstairs of
+the dorm are also filled with 511
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorm are also filled with 511
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorm are also filled with 511
+students so finally on the fifth floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so finally on the fifth floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so finally on the fifth floor
+of one of the dorms you find an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the dorms you find an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the dorms you find an empty
+table and then you're really fast you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then you're really fast you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then you're really fast you
+got the proms out you got your pencils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the proms out you got your pencils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the proms out you got your pencils
+out you got your calculator out you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you got your calculator out you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you got your calculator out you've
+got old equation sheets out and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got old equation sheets out and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got old equation sheets out and you're
+ready to go in it's like two seconds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go in it's like two seconds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go in it's like two seconds so
+it took took you 40 minutes to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took took you 40 minutes to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took took you 40 minutes to find a
+free table at MIT that didn't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free table at MIT that didn't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free table at MIT that didn't already
+have a 5111 student sitting and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 5111 student sitting and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 5111 student sitting and doing
+those extra problems and problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those extra problems and problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those extra problems and problem set
+nine so it was 40 minutes plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so it was 40 minutes plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so it was 40 minutes plus two
+seconds to actually start doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to actually start doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to actually start doing the
+problems so the rate determining or rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so the rate determining or rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so the rate determining or rate
+limiting step was finding your table 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step was finding your table 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step was finding your table 40
+minutes plus 2 seconds is pretty much 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes plus 2 seconds is pretty much 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes plus 2 seconds is pretty much 40
+minutes and that's what happens in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and that's what happens in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and that's what happens in these
+reaction mechanisms if you have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanisms if you have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanisms if you have a really
+slow step that governs the overall rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow step that governs the overall rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow step that governs the overall rate
+of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction
+now a lot of you know also about rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of you know also about rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of you know also about rate
+determining steps because some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining steps because some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining steps because some of you
+may be the rate determining step in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the rate determining step in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the rate determining step in your
+group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friends the rate at which you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends the rate at which you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends the rate at which you get to
+dinner and eat determines is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and eat determines is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and eat determines is determined
+by you being ready to go you all you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you being ready to go you all you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you being ready to go you all you you
+know you know some of them are like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know some of them are like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know some of them are like yeah
+that's me you know who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me you know who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me you know who you
+are so I'm saying that what you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so I'm saying that what you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so I'm saying that what you got to
+do to not let let yourself be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to not let let yourself be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to not let let yourself be that
+person that rate determining person the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that rate determining person the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that rate determining person the
+RDS in your group of friends you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDS in your group of friends you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDS in your group of friends you need to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+sleep and you need to eat well and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and you need to eat well and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep and you need to eat well and you
+need to make sure you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ATP and that means of course to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and that means of course to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and that means of course to get
+enough sleep you got to start problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough sleep you got to start problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough sleep you got to start problem
+sets early especially the extra problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets early especially the extra problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets early especially the extra problems
+because they're long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're long
+okay rate determining steps very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important so let's get back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so let's get back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so let's get back to our
+example and we made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we made a
+proposal we made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal we made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal we made a
+proposal that step two was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that step two was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that step two was going to be
+rate determining that that was slow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate determining that that was slow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate determining that that was slow we
+made the proposal that step one was fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the proposal that step one was fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the proposal that step one was fast
+and reversible step two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible step two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible step two was
+slow so what that's going to mean then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so what that's going to mean then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so what that's going to mean then
+is that our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that our rate
+law for the first step that's fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for the first step that's fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for the first step that's fast
+that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big
+number the rate for the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the rate for the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the rate for the second step is
+slow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow rate
+determining so that will mean then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining so that will mean then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining so that will mean then that
+K1 is going to be greater than K2 * O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 is going to be greater than K2 * O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 is going to be greater than K2 * O2
+so we can drop out our concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can drop out our concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can drop out our concentrations
+here to think about them they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to think about them they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to think about them they're going
+to be the same so what's left that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same so what's left that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same so what's left that means
+the rate constant for that reverse step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant for that reverse step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant for that reverse step
+is very fast it's a big number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very fast it's a big number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very fast it's a big number
+that's going to be big compared to K2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be big compared to K2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be big compared to K2 *
+O2 so now we can go back and look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so now we can go back and look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so now we can go back and look at our
+expression for the intermediate and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the intermediate and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the intermediate and we
+note that K minus one is in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that K minus one is in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that K minus one is in the bottom
+as well as K2 * O2 is in the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as K2 * O2 is in the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as K2 * O2 is in the bottom of
+the expression so if K minus one now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression so if K minus one now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression so if K minus one now is
+really big compared to K2 * O2 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big compared to K2 * O2 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big compared to K2 * O2 again
+that's the fast step that's the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fast step that's the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fast step that's the slow
+step then this term pretty much doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step then this term pretty much doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step then this term pretty much doesn't
+matter and it can drop out out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and it can drop out out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and it can drop out out because
+that's really that this is really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really that this is really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really that this is really small
+compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to
+that and if we drop out this term we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if we drop out this term we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if we drop out this term we can
+rewrite the expression like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the expression like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the expression like this the
+concentration of our intermediate rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate rate
+constant K1 n^ 2 over K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K1 n^ 2 over K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K1 n^ 2 over K minus
+one and now we can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now we can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now we can rearrange this
+equation bringing the concentrations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation bringing the concentrations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation bringing the concentrations to
+one side and our rate constants to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and our rate constants to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and our rate constants to the
+other side so we have our intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so we have our intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so we have our intermediate
+and 2 O2 over n^2 equals rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 O2 over n^2 equals rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 O2 over n^2 equals rate constant
+K1 over K minus1 what does rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 over K minus1 what does rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 over K minus1 what does rate constant
+K1 over rate constant K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal it equals the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal it equals the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal it equals the equilibrium constant
+K1 for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 for the first
+step so if you have a fast reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so if you have a fast reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so if you have a fast reversible
+step followed by a slow step the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step followed by a slow step the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step followed by a slow step the first
+step is basically in equilibrium we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is basically in equilibrium we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is basically in equilibrium we can
+make that approximation that it it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that approximation that it it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that approximation that it it it is
+an equilibrium and solve it by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium and solve it by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium and solve it by thinking
+about equilibrium Expressions fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equilibrium Expressions fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equilibrium Expressions fantastic
+we can use we can be back to equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use we can be back to equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use we can be back to equilibrium
+Expressions so let's think about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so let's think about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so let's think about this a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+more here I have a pretty picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here I have a pretty picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here I have a pretty picture for
+you so here we have our reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so here we have our reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so here we have our reactants
+forming our intermediates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming our intermediates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming our intermediates the
+intermediates are also going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates are also going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates are also going back and
+forming our reactants reactants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming our reactants reactants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming our reactants reactants are
+forming the intermediates and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the intermediates and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the intermediates and then back
+again fast reversible every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fast reversible every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fast reversible every once in a
+while an intermediate gets siphoned off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while an intermediate gets siphoned off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while an intermediate gets siphoned off
+to products but if this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to products but if this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to products but if this is a really
+really slow step it doesn't happen very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow step it doesn't happen very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow step it doesn't happen very
+often it doesn't really affect this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it doesn't really affect this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it doesn't really affect this very
+much and so basically this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so basically this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so basically this is an
+equilibrium it's like this part doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it's like this part doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it's like this part doesn't
+even really matter it doesn't play in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even really matter it doesn't play in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even really matter it doesn't play in so
+when we have a fast reversible step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a fast reversible step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a fast reversible step
+followed by a slow step we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a slow step we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a slow step we can assume
+the first step is in equilibrium and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is in equilibrium and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is in equilibrium and we
+can solve for intermediate using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for intermediate using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for intermediate using
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+Expressions so let's do that let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so let's do that let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so let's do that let's take
+our equilibrium expression for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equilibrium expression for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equilibrium expression for the first
+step and now plug it in to our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now plug it in to our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now plug it in to our rate
+law so we can substitute this step now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so we can substitute this step now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so we can substitute this step now
+or we can have rate constants or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can have rate constants or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can have rate constants or we can
+have an equilibrium constant you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equilibrium constant you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equilibrium constant you can
+write either these are equivalent and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write either these are equivalent and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write either these are equivalent and we
+can put those back into this which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put those back into this which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put those back into this which was
+our original um overall rate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original um overall rate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original um overall rate that we
+wrote we weren't done though because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote we weren't done though because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote we weren't done though because we
+had an intermediate so we can plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an intermediate so we can plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an intermediate so we can plug this
+now in for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in for our
+concentration of the intermediate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate and so
+now we get 2 * K1 K2 O2 n^2 over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get 2 * K1 K2 O2 n^2 over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get 2 * K1 K2 O2 n^2 over K
+minus1 or we could just put that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 or we could just put that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 or we could just put that with a
+big equilibrium constant get rid of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big equilibrium constant get rid of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big equilibrium constant get rid of our
+little K1 over K minus one both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little K1 over K minus one both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little K1 over K minus one both of those
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+equivalent and now we can take all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and now we can take all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and now we can take all of
+our K terms and call them k OBS so kobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K terms and call them k OBS so kobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K terms and call them k OBS so kobs
+is just the experimental rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the experimental rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the experimental rate constant
+it's the collection of rate constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the collection of rate constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the collection of rate constants
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+measured and um we often when we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and um we often when we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and um we often when we measure
+things we can't distinguish K1 from K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can't distinguish K1 from K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can't distinguish K1 from K2
+we sometimes try to do that and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sometimes try to do that and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sometimes try to do that and that's a
+little more complicated but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated but in this case
+all that was given was an overall uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that was given was an overall uh K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that was given was an overall uh K
+observed and this was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and this was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and this was our
+experimental um uh rate law K observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental um uh rate law K observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental um uh rate law K observe
+times O2 first order no second order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times O2 first order no second order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times O2 first order no second order and
+now we see this expression agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see this expression agrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see this expression agrees with
+this rate so the fact that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate so the fact that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate so the fact that we have a
+good agreement means that um a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good agreement means that um a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good agreement means that um a mechanism
+with this fast reversible step followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this fast reversible step followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this fast reversible step followed
+by a slow step gives rise to a rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a slow step gives rise to a rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a slow step gives rise to a rate law
+that's consistent with experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with experiment
+doesn't prove that's the right mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't prove that's the right mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't prove that's the right mechanism
+it's very hard to prove mechanisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to prove mechanisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to prove mechanisms are
+right um but at least it's consistent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but at least it's consistent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but at least it's consistent so
+we can say this is a good this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say this is a good this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say this is a good this is a good
+guess good proposal for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess good proposal for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess good proposal for our
+mechanism okay so let's look at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so in this example we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so in this example we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so in this example we have n
+again we have two molecules of no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have two molecules of no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have two molecules of no and
+now we have br2 going to two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have br2 going to two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have br2 going to two molecules
+of no o BR and we're told that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no o BR and we're told that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no o BR and we're told that the
+experimental rate is K OBS times n o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental rate is K OBS times n o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental rate is K OBS times n o
+first order br2 first order and add ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order br2 first order and add ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order br2 first order and add ask
+for this proposed mechanism which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this proposed mechanism which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this proposed mechanism which would
+be the slow step to give rise to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the slow step to give rise to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the slow step to give rise to that
+experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+data so the first thing that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so the first thing that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so the first thing that we would
+want to do with all of these is to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with all of these is to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with all of these is to write
+the rate laws for each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate laws for each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate laws for each individual
+step so for the forge step we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so for the forge step we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so for the forge step we have one
+molecule of En going um reacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of En going um reacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of En going um reacting with
+br2 with rate constant K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 with rate constant K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 with rate constant K1
+so we get rate constant K1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get rate constant K1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get rate constant K1 times the
+concentration of n times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of n times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of n times the
+concentration of br2 again this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of br2 again this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of br2 again this is a
+step or an elementary reaction so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step or an elementary reaction so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step or an elementary reaction so we
+write it exactly um we write the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it exactly um we write the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it exactly um we write the rate
+law just based on the stochiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law just based on the stochiometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law just based on the stochiometry
+here now we can do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we can do the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we can do the same thing for
+the reverse rate so we have K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse rate so we have K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse rate so we have K minus one
+times the concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of our
+intermediate so in step two our inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so in step two our inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so in step two our inter
+intermediate which is formed in Step One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate which is formed in Step One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate which is formed in Step One
+is reacting with the second molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reacting with the second molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reacting with the second molecule of
+no forming our product and we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forming our product and we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forming our product and we can write
+the rate for this as well K2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate for this as well K2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate for this as well K2 times the
+concentration of our intermediate NO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate NO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate NO2
+times the concentration of n so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of n so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of n so again
+these are steps or Elementary reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are steps or Elementary reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are steps or Elementary reactions
+so we can write the rate law based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the rate law based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the rate law based on
+the sto ometry in that proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sto ometry in that proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sto ometry in that proposed
+step so now we can write um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now we can write um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now we can write um um the
+overall rate law for the formation of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rate law for the formation of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rate law for the formation of no
+o and we can just write it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and we can just write it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and we can just write it from the
+second step like we did before again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step like we did before again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step like we did before again
+this is an example we're forming two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example we're forming two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example we're forming two
+molecules of product so there's a two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of product so there's a two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of product so there's a two in
+there we have K2 it's basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have K2 it's basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have K2 it's basically just
+this K2 times our intermediate NO2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K2 times our intermediate NO2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K2 times our intermediate NO2 times
+the concentration of no but once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of no but once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of no but once again
+we're not done because and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done because and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done because and there's an
+intermediate in the expression and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the expression and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the expression and you
+can't have an intermediate in your rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have an intermediate in your rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have an intermediate in your rate
+law you need to solve for the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law you need to solve for the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law you need to solve for the rate law
+in terms of rate constants reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of rate constants reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of rate constants reactants and
+products so we need to now solve for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so we need to now solve for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so we need to now solve for our
+intermediate in terms of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of things that are
+allowed in the overall rate law and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in the overall rate law and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in the overall rate law and so
+we want to think again about what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think again about what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think again about what is the
+change in concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in concentration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in concentration of our
+intermediate so we can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we can do the same thing
+that we did before so the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did before so the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did before so the intermediate
+is being formed in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being formed in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being formed in the first
+step so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we have
+the rate for rate law for the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate for rate law for the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate for rate law for the first step
+K1 * n time the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * n time the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * n time the concentration of
+br2 the intermediate is also decaying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 the intermediate is also decaying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 the intermediate is also decaying in
+the reverse um part of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse um part of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse um part of the first
+step so that's minus the reverse rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so that's minus the reverse rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so that's minus the reverse rate
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+kus1 time the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 time the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 time the intermediate
+here and then it's being consumed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it's being consumed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it's being consumed in the
+Second Step so it's going Away by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step so it's going Away by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step so it's going Away by the
+rate K2 times the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate K2 times the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate K2 times the concentration of the
+intermediate times the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate times the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate times the concentration of
+n so again this is exactly what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so again this is exactly what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so again this is exactly what we did
+with the first example we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first example we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first example we think about
+the change how it's being formed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change how it's being formed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change how it's being formed and the
+two different ways that it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways that it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways that it's being
+consumed we can again use a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed we can again use a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed we can again use a steady state
+approximation and set all of that equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and set all of that equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and set all of that equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero all right so let's do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so let's do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so let's do that and
+we'll solve again um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve again um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve again um for the
+intermediate so on this next slide now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so on this next slide now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so on this next slide now I
+just put those things up there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put those things up there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put those things up there this is
+what you were just copying down if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were just copying down if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were just copying down if you
+didn't finish it's still here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish it's still here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish it's still here um and
+here's the steady state approximation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the steady state approximation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the steady state approximation so
+again the steady state approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the steady state approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the steady state approximation is
+the net rate of formation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net rate of formation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net rate of formation of your
+intermediate equals the net rate of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate equals the net rate of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate equals the net rate of its
+going away net rate is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away net rate is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away net rate is zero so
+rearranging then we can bring the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging then we can bring the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging then we can bring the two
+terms that involve the um decay or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that involve the um decay or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that involve the um decay or the
+consumption of our intermediate on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of our intermediate on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of our intermediate on one
+side and then set them equal to the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then set them equal to the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then set them equal to the rate
+at which that intermediate is formed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which that intermediate is formed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which that intermediate is formed and
+then we can pull out our terms for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can pull out our terms for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can pull out our terms for our
+intermediate so we pull out b n o br2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we pull out b n o br2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we pull out b n o br2
+leaving K minus one leaving K2 and n o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving K minus one leaving K2 and n o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving K minus one leaving K2 and n o
+and set it equal to um the rate law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set it equal to um the rate law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set it equal to um the rate law for
+the first uh step in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh step in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh step in the forward
+direction we can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we can solve for the
+intermediate take this divided by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate take this divided by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate take this divided by this
+term so we have k K1 * n * br2 over kus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we have k K1 * n * br2 over kus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we have k K1 * n * br2 over kus1
++ K2 * n all right now we can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ K2 * n all right now we can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ K2 * n all right now we can take this
+we're done solving for our intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done solving for our intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done solving for our intermediate
+we have no more intermediates in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no more intermediates in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no more intermediates in there
+um so we can now plug this back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can now plug this back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can now plug this back into the
+expression we had before so we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we had before so we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we had before so we can take
+this plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plug it in
+here and that gives us this formation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that gives us this formation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that gives us this formation so
+we have 2 * K1 n * n n 2 br2 on top K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 2 * K1 n * n n 2 br2 on top K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 2 * K1 n * n n 2 br2 on top K
+minus1 on the bottom plus K2 * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 on the bottom plus K2 * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 on the bottom plus K2 * n
+o all right now we were asked what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o all right now we were asked what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o all right now we were asked what are
+the fast and what are the slow steps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast and what are the slow steps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast and what are the slow steps so
+now we want to take this and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to take this and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to take this and think about
+if there's F different fast and slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's F different fast and slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's F different fast and slow
+steps is it consistent then with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is it consistent then with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is it consistent then with the
+experiment so first let's consider if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so first let's consider if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so first let's consider if
+the first step was slow and the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step was slow and the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step was slow and the Second
+Step was fast or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step was fast or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step was fast or I
+if we have K2 n o greater than K minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have K2 n o greater than K minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have K2 n o greater than K minus1
+and this is a clicker question so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a clicker question so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a clicker question so why
+don't you tell me how this then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me how this then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me how this then using
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes okay 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay let's now think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay let's now think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay let's now think about why
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+true this involved doing a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this involved doing a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this involved doing a couple of
+steps in your head okay so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in your head okay so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in your head okay so if we have a
+first step that SL in a second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step that SL in a second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step that SL in a second step
+that's fast the Second Step involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fast the Second Step involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fast the Second Step involves the
+K2 times the concentration of n that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times the concentration of n that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times the concentration of n that's
+the second step that's fast that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step that's fast that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step that's fast that's going
+to be a big number compared to K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a big number compared to K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a big number compared to K minus
+one so if we look both are on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if we look both are on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if we look both are on the bottom
+here and if this term K2 n o is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if this term K2 n o is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if this term K2 n o is much
+much bigger than K minus one then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than K minus one then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than K minus one then we can
+say k minus one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say k minus one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say k minus one goes
+away if we get rid of K minus one we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if we get rid of K minus one we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if we get rid of K minus one we can
+simplify the expression even more we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the expression even more we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the expression even more we can
+get rid of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of our
+k2s and we can get rid of one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2s and we can get rid of one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2s and we can get rid of one of our
+NS which gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so saying that the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so saying that the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so saying that the first step is
+slow and the second step is fast gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and the second step is fast gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and the second step is fast gives
+us a very different equation a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a very different equation a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a very different equation a lot of
+things cancel out all right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cancel out all right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cancel out all right so we can
+also write that expression As kobs Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write that expression As kobs Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write that expression As kobs Time
+n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n *
+br2 and the overall order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 and the overall order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 and the overall order
+of that reaction would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reaction would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reaction would be
+what yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yell it
+out yes okay so this is what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yes okay so this is what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yes okay so this is what we would
+get for first step that's slow second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for first step that's slow second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for first step that's slow second
+step that's fast now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's fast now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's fast now let's
+consider if the first step is Fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider if the first step is Fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider if the first step is Fast and
+the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is
+slow so if the first step is fast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so if the first step is fast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so if the first step is fast that
+means K minus one the rate constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means K minus one the rate constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means K minus one the rate constant for
+the reverse step is going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse step is going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse step is going to be a lot
+bigger than K2 time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than K2 time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than K2 time n
+o and so now we can look up at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and so now we can look up at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and so now we can look up at this
+expression and say okay if this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and say okay if this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and say okay if this is much
+bigger than this then that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this then that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this then that cancels
+out and then we're left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then we're left with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then we're left with this
+expression which I can put down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which I can put down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which I can put down here so
+that leaves us we can't cancel anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves us we can't cancel anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves us we can't cancel anymore
+at this point so that leaves us with 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point so that leaves us with 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point so that leaves us with 2 *
+K1 * K2 these no^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * K2 these no^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * K2 these no^ 2
+br2 over k minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 over k minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 over k minus1
+so assuming different things about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming different things about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming different things about how
+fast and slow the steps are gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and slow the steps are gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and slow the steps are gives you
+very different rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different rate
+laws we can also write that to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws we can also write that to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws we can also write that to make it
+look a little simpler as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little simpler as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little simpler as
+kobs but you'll note that the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kobs but you'll note that the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kobs but you'll note that the overall
+order is very different so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is very different so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is very different so what's the
+overall order here three right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall order here three right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall order here three right so let's
+remind ourselves what the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what the experimental
+rate law was and it was n first order br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law was and it was n first order br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law was and it was n first order br
+two first order so that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first order so that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first order so that means that this
+one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be
+consistent so the mechanism is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so the mechanism is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so the mechanism is likely to
+involve a slow first step and a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a slow first step and a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a slow first step and a fast
+second step and so that's how you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step and so that's how you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step and so that's how you do a
+lot of these problems you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these problems you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these problems you think about
+what is going to change when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to change when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to change when you have
+different fast and slow steps one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fast and slow steps one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fast and slow steps one of
+them will be more consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be more consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be more consistent with the
+experimental data and one of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and one of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and one of them will
+not be consistent okay let's do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be consistent okay let's do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be consistent okay let's do one more
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+example here we have uh rate law for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we have uh rate law for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we have uh rate law for two
+molecules of ozone O3 going to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of ozone O3 going to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of ozone O3 going to three
+molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of
+o2 um and ozone has been in the news a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 um and ozone has been in the news a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 um and ozone has been in the news a
+lot recently so we want our we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot recently so we want our we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot recently so we want our we want to
+keep our ozone layer we don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our ozone layer we don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our ozone layer we don't want it to
+uh go away um so we have we have o03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go away um so we have we have o03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go away um so we have we have o03
+going to O2 plus o and you're forming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to O2 plus o and you're forming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to O2 plus o and you're forming an
+intermediate of o that intermediate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate of o that intermediate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate of o that intermediate is
+reacting with o with um O3 forming our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with o with um O3 forming our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with o with um O3 forming our
+two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of
+o2 so let's just write out what our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 so let's just write out what our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 so let's just write out what our rate
+um is for the forward reaction so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is for the forward reaction so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is for the forward reaction so we
+have K1 times the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K1 times the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K1 times the concentration of
+O3 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 for the
+reverse we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse we
+have K minus1 times concentration of o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K minus1 times concentration of o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K minus1 times concentration of o2
+times the concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of our
+intermediate o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the next one we have K2 times our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next one we have K2 times our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next one we have K2 times our
+intermediate o times the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate o times the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate o times the concentration
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+O3 so now we're told that there's a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 so now we're told that there's a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 so now we're told that there's a fast
+reversible step and a slow step so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible step and a slow step so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible step and a slow step so the
+rate will be determined by the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will be determined by the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will be determined by the slow
+step so we can write out the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we can write out the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we can write out the rate of
+formation of o2 based on the slow step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of o2 based on the slow step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of o2 based on the slow step
+which happens to be the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be the second step
+which is what we've done all along so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've done all along so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've done all along so
+there's not really a huge change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a huge change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a huge change right
+now so the formation again two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the formation again two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the formation again two molecules
+of o2 are formed so we have a two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o2 are formed so we have a two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o2 are formed so we have a two we
+have K2 time the concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K2 time the concentration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K2 time the concentration of our
+intermediate o time the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate o time the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate o time the concentration of
+O3 but again o is an intermediate so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 but again o is an intermediate so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 but again o is an intermediate so we
+need to solve for it in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve for it in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve for it in terms of our
+products reactants of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products reactants of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products reactants of rate
+constants but now we're told something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants but now we're told something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants but now we're told something
+about fast and slow steps right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fast and slow steps right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fast and slow steps right up
+front and so if we have a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and so if we have a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and so if we have a fast
+reversible step followed by a slow step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible step followed by a slow step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible step followed by a slow step
+how can we solve for our con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we solve for our con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we solve for our con
+concentration of our intermediate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of our intermediate in a
+simpler way than we've been doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way than we've been doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way than we've been doing what
+do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we
+use or what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use or what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use or what can we
+use we can use the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we can use the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we can use the equilibrium
+expression so we can put that in we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so we can put that in we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so we can put that in we can
+say our equilibrium expression products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our equilibrium expression products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our equilibrium expression products
+over reactants equals K little K1 over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants equals K little K1 over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants equals K little K1 over K
+minus one or equilibrium constant K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or equilibrium constant K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or equilibrium constant K1
+solve for o and get either big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for o and get either big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for o and get either big
+equilibrium constant K1 or a little rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant K1 or a little rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant K1 or a little rate
+constant K1 over K minus one and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K1 over K minus one and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K1 over K minus one and we have
+o03 over O2 here so this was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o03 over O2 here so this was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o03 over O2 here so this was a lot
+simpler than doing all of that so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than doing all of that so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than doing all of that so again
+if you have a fast reversible step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fast reversible step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fast reversible step
+followed by a slow step you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a slow step you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a slow step you can solve
+for the concentration of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the concentration of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the concentration of your
+intermediate using an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate using an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate using an equilibrium
+expression which you all know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which you all know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which you all know how to
+write so that makes your life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so that makes your life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so that makes your life easier
+then we can substitute that back in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can substitute that back in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can substitute that back in and
+we uh are able to to uh put this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh are able to to uh put this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh are able to to uh put this back
+and we solve for o and we'll plug in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we solve for o and we'll plug in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we solve for o and we'll plug in our
+K1 over K minus1 03 we had an O3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 over K minus1 03 we had an O3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 over K minus1 03 we had an O3 so
+that's squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's squared over
+O2 all right or we could write that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 all right or we could write that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 all right or we could write that in
+terms of K OBS 03 concentration to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of K OBS 03 concentration to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of K OBS 03 concentration to the 2
+over O2 all right so let's end with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over O2 all right so let's end with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over O2 all right so let's end with uh
+some fun thinking about what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun thinking about what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun thinking about what we would
+observe um here first the order and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe um here first the order and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe um here first the order and then
+what would happen if we double things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we double things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we double things so
+so what is the order with respect to 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the order with respect to 03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the order with respect to 03
+you can yell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can yell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can yell that
+out yep what is the order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O2 oh sorry I had something else here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 oh sorry I had something else here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 oh sorry I had something else here
+double this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double this what
+happens the rate will four times Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the rate will four times Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the rate will four times Okay
+order here some people yelled it out oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here some people yelled it out oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here some people yelled it out oh
+no oh man it's a clicker question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh man it's a clicker question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh man it's a clicker question I
+forgot about that don't listen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot about that don't listen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot about that don't listen but
+luckily everyone yelled out different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily everyone yelled out different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily everyone yelled out different
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay yep so it's minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay yep so it's minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay yep so it's minus one
+and so if you double it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you double it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you double it it will
+half and then finally the overall order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then finally the overall order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then finally the overall order
+would be one because again the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one because again the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one because again the overall
+order is the sum so 2 minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is the sum so 2 minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is the sum so 2 minus one is
+one and um last clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right 10 more
+seconds I know you're really in a hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I know you're really in a hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I know you're really in a hurry
+to do those extra problems for exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do those extra problems for exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do those extra problems for exam
+4 I'm the rate determining step I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 I'm the rate determining step I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 I'm the rate determining step I am
+with my clicker question I admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+right all right see you Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right see you Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right see you Wednesday
+remember final clicker competition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember final clicker competition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember final clicker competition of
+the year before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finals
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5u-9lFhCl5w.txt b/5u-9lFhCl5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..425a69d6adc2012a26163d290b55dddc69c9e2de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5u-9lFhCl5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a potential the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a potential the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a potential the transmission
+coefficient for a potential for Z naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for a potential for Z naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for a potential for Z naught
+is equal to 13 PI over 4 that's a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 13 PI over 4 that's a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 13 PI over 4 that's a square
+well of certain depth and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of certain depth and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of certain depth and we've
+represented it this way remember n must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented it this way remember n must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented it this way remember n must
+be greater than or equal then to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than or equal then to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than or equal then to Z
+naught over pi so this would be 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over pi so this would be 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over pi so this would be 13
+halves and 13 halves means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and 13 halves means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and 13 halves means that we can
+start with n equal 7 8 9 and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with n equal 7 8 9 and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with n equal 7 8 9 and all those
+remember this n counts which bounces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this n counts which bounces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this n counts which bounces of
+the infinite square well we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite square well we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite square well we are talking
+about that the energy that you must use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the energy that you must use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the energy that you must use
+for your integers are positive energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your integers are positive energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your integers are positive energy so
+positive energies mean that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energies mean that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energies mean that you have
+sufficiently large n and they'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large n and they'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large n and they'll end
+that is sufficiently large is 7 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sufficiently large is 7 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sufficiently large is 7 in this
+case so you can then determine from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so you can then determine from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so you can then determine from this
+formula what is the value of e n over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what is the value of e n over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what is the value of e n over V
+naught so for example a 7 over V naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so for example a 7 over V naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so for example a 7 over V naught
+turns out to be 0.15 9 7 6 e 8 over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 0.15 9 7 6 e 8 over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 0.15 9 7 6 e 8 over V
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+turns out to be 0.51 4 7 9 3 and D 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 0.51 4 7 9 3 and D 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 0.51 4 7 9 3 and D 9
+over V naught is 0.91 7 1 6 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V naught is 0.91 7 1 6 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V naught is 0.91 7 1 6 so if you
+plot it you have here e or capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it you have here e or capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it you have here e or capital
+energy over V naught and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over V naught and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over V naught and you want to
+plot the transmission probability and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the transmission probability and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the transmission probability and it
+begins with 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with 0
+the question second we go and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question second we go and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question second we go and then it
+may reach one and it will reach one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may reach one and it will reach one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may reach one and it will reach one at
+each one of those values so if here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those values so if here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those values so if here's
+one 0.15 there will be 0.15 0.51 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 0.15 there will be 0.15 0.51 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 0.15 there will be 0.15 0.51 and
+0.92 so you get this and here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.92 so you get this and here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.92 so you get this and here another
+one and here another one so property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here another one so property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here another one so property
+like that so that's a typical graph for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's a typical graph for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's a typical graph for
+the transmission probability it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission probability it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission probability it
+oscillates and it reaches one at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates and it reaches one at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates and it reaches one at several
+points forever and never the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points forever and never the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points forever and never the amplitude
+become smaller so it's really overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller so it's really overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller so it's really overall
+tending to one so of so these two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tending to one so of so these two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tending to one so of so these two people
+were talking about rum sour and Townsend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about rum sour and Townsend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about rum sour and Townsend
+they were lift from the 1800 and 60s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were lift from the 1800 and 60s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were lift from the 1800 and 60s to
+1940 s and 50s and they did their famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 s and 50s and they did their famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 s and 50s and they did their famous
+experiment in 1921 so their experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in 1921 so their experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in 1921 so their experiment
+was elastic scattering of low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was elastic scattering of low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was elastic scattering of low energy
+electrons off of rare gas atoms so RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons off of rare gas atoms so RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons off of rare gas atoms so RAM
+sour and Townsend in 1921 they scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour and Townsend in 1921 they scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour and Townsend in 1921 they scattered
+curd elastically that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curd elastically that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curd elastically that means the
+particles didn't change their identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles didn't change their identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles didn't change their identities
+if you then create more particles just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then create more particles just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then create more particles just
+electrons came in and electrons went out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons came in and electrons went out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons came in and electrons went out
+electrons and these are low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and these are low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and these are low energy
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+turns off of of rare gas atoms so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off of of rare gas atoms so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off of of rare gas atoms so these
+are noble gases their shells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are noble gases their shells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are noble gases their shells are
+completely filled and their brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely filled and their brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely filled and their brother
+inert very unreactive high ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert very unreactive high ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert very unreactive high ionization
+energies no low energy states you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies no low energy states you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies no low energy states you can
+scatter this atom into so basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter this atom into so basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter this atom into so basically it's
+very unreactive atom and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unreactive atom and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unreactive atom and you can imagine
+it as a very beautiful spherical cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a very beautiful spherical cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a very beautiful spherical cloud
+if you just Electra there's a protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just Electra there's a protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just Electra there's a protons
+and nucleus here and an electron cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nucleus here and an electron cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nucleus here and an electron cloud
+so how does this look to an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this look to an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this look to an electron
+well you know from electrostatics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know from electrostatics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know from electrostatics that
+if you have total charge 0 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have total charge 0 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have total charge 0 and it's
+totally spherically symmetric no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally spherically symmetric no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally spherically symmetric no
+electric field outside so the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field outside so the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field outside so the electron
+comes in feels nothing and as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in feels nothing and as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in feels nothing and as soon as
+you penetrate this at any point here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you penetrate this at any point here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you penetrate this at any point here the
+electric field points in or well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field points in or well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field points in or well it
+actually points out but the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually points out but the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually points out but the electron
+will feel a force in because the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel a force in because the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel a force in because the charge
+in the outside shell doesn't produce any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside shell doesn't produce any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside shell doesn't produce any
+field but now the protons in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but now the protons in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but now the protons in the nucleus
+beat the fact of the electron so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the fact of the electron so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the fact of the electron so there's
+a force in force aimed at those in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force in force aimed at those in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force in force aimed at those in so
+basically this is like a deep square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is like a deep square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is like a deep square
+well or spherical well representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or spherical well representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or spherical well representing the
+atom the atom can be for some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the atom can be for some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the atom can be for some sort of
+spherical well that attracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well that attracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical well that attracts the
+electrons so what these people did were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what these people did were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what these people did were
+were throwing this electrons and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were throwing this electrons and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were throwing this electrons and they
+consider this electron scattered a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this electron scattered a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this electron scattered a lot
+when they bounce back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they bounce back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they bounce back
+on the other hand if they continued if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if they continued if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if they continued if
+the electrons pass by they said nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons pass by they said nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons pass by they said nothing
+has happened so the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened so the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened so the reflection
+coefficient for them the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for them the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for them the reflection
+coefficient reflection coefficient is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient reflection coefficient is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient reflection coefficient is a
+proxy a good representation for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy a good representation for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy a good representation for for the
+scattering cross-section so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering cross-section so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering cross-section so the
+reflection coefficient what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coefficient what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coefficient what they found
+experimentally was a reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally was a reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally was a reflection
+coefficient R that as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient R that as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient R that as a function of
+energy was very high and people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was very high and people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was very high and people thought
+that this moment ok these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this moment ok these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this moment ok these are like
+particles colliding with particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles colliding with particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles colliding with particles the
+energy shouldn't make much difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy shouldn't make much difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy shouldn't make much difference
+you know you either collide or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you either collide or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you either collide or you don't
+collide and you bounce back up or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide and you bounce back up or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide and you bounce back up or you
+don't bounce back and so they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bounce back and so they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bounce back and so they thought
+that this would be flat but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be flat but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be flat but nevertheless
+it actually went down enormous ly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually went down enormous ly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually went down enormous ly and
+then it went up again so they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it went up again so they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it went up again so they found that
+for about electrons with about 1 evie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about electrons with about 1 evie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about electrons with about 1 evie
+that's very low energy electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very low energy electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very low energy electrons but
+then going pretty fast and E 1 e V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going pretty fast and E 1 e V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going pretty fast and E 1 e V
+electron is going like at 600 kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is going like at 600 kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is going like at 600 kilometers
+per second so the reflection was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so the reflection was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so the reflection was going
+like this and they had no explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and they had no explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and they had no explanation
+why it was so sensitive with energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was so sensitive with energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was so sensitive with energy and
+why there would be a funny effect going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there would be a funny effect going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there would be a funny effect going
+on that the reflection would suddenly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that the reflection would suddenly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that the reflection would suddenly go
+down and just basically the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and just basically the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and just basically the particles
+would get transmitted but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get transmitted but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get transmitted but if you think
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+reflection here as continuous line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection here as continuous line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection here as continuous line and
+transmission as dotted line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission as dotted line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission as dotted line the
+transmission that must add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that must add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that must add to the
+reflection to be one would be going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection to be one would be going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection to be one would be going up
+here and would have reached near one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and would have reached near one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and would have reached near one at
+this value of the energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of the energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of the energy so the
+explanation eventually was this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation eventually was this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation eventually was this effect
+that you should do well and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do well and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should do well and there's a
+resonant effect on the well and for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant effect on the well and for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant effect on the well and for some
+energies the resonance is such as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the resonance is such as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the resonance is such as it
+allows the particles to just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the particles to just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the particles to just go through
+and not the scatter so this had to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the scatter so this had to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the scatter so this had to wait
+some time because experiment was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time because experiment was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time because experiment was done in
+1921 and shredding her and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1921 and shredding her and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1921 and shredding her and everybody
+started doing good work in 1925 and wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing good work in 1925 and wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing good work in 1925 and wave
+mechanics took a while but eventually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics took a while but eventually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics took a while but eventually it
+was recognized that basically its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recognized that basically its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recognized that basically its
+resonant transmission what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant transmission what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant transmission what is happening
+there and well you if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and well you if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and well you if you want to get
+the numbers right if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers right if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers right if you want to get
+that evie better you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evie better you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evie better you have to do a
+spherical model of the square finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical model of the square finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical model of the square finite
+square well you have to lose fear achill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square well you have to lose fear achill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square well you have to lose fear achill
+well and do it a little more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and do it a little more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and do it a little more precisely
+but then the agreement is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the agreement is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the agreement is pretty
+reasonable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/60VGKnYBpbg.txt b/60VGKnYBpbg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad8db534fd6d2c2a2ee09b5e2a3dc4d3509a1ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/60VGKnYBpbg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7202 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu and this last little bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and this last little bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and this last little bit is
+something which is not yet on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not yet on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not yet on the web
+but anyway when I was walking out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway when I was walking out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway when I was walking out of the
+room last time I noticed that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room last time I noticed that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room last time I noticed that I'd
+written down the wrong formula for C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down the wrong formula for C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down the wrong formula for C1
+minus C2 there's a misprint there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C2 there's a misprint there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C2 there's a misprint there's a
+minus sign that's wrong uh I claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that's wrong uh I claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that's wrong uh I claimed
+last time that C1 minus C2 was plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that C1 minus C2 was plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that C1 minus C2 was plus a
+half but actually it's minus a half if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but actually it's minus a half if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but actually it's minus a half if
+you go through the calculation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the calculation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the calculation that we
+did with the anti-derivative of sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the anti-derivative of sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the anti-derivative of sinx
+cosine X we get these two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X we get these two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X we get these two possible
+answers and if they're to be equal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and if they're to be equal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and if they're to be equal then
+if we just subtract them you get C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just subtract them you get C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just subtract them you get C1
+minus C2 plus a half is equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C2 plus a half is equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C2 plus a half is equal to zero so
+C1 minus C2 is equal to a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 minus C2 is equal to a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 minus C2 is equal to a half
+all right so those were all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those were all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those were all of the
+corrections again everything here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections again everything here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections again everything here will
+be on the web but uh just wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the web but uh just wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the web but uh just wanted to make
+it all clear to you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so here we are this is our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we are this is our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we are this is our last
+day of the of the uh second unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the of the uh second unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the of the uh second unit
+applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of
+differentiation and I have uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and I have uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and I have uh one of the
+uh most fun topics to introduce to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most fun topics to introduce to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most fun topics to introduce to you
+which is differential equations and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is differential equations and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is differential equations and we
+have a whole course on differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole course on differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole course on differential
+equations which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is called
+1803 and uh so we're only going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 and uh so we're only going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 and uh so we're only going to do
+just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+but I'm going to teach you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technique which fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which fits
+in precisely with what we've been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in precisely with what we've been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in precisely with what we've been going
+what we've been doing already which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing already which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing already which is
+differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first and simplest kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and simplest kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and simplest kind of
+differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+is the rate of change of X with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change of X with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change of X with respect
+to Y is equal to some function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y is equal to some function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y is equal to some function f
+ofx that's a perfectly good differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's a perfectly good differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's a perfectly good differential
+equation and we already discussed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we already discussed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we already discussed last
+time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that
+the solution that is the function y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution that is the function y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution that is the function y is
+going to be the anti-derivative or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the anti-derivative or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the anti-derivative or the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X now for the purposes of today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now for the purposes of today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now for the purposes of today we're
+going to consider this problem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider this problem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider this problem to be
+solved that is you can always do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that is you can always do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that is you can always do this
+you can always take anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always take anti-derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always take anti-derivatives
+and um uh for our purposes now that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh for our purposes now that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh for our purposes now that is
+uh for this for now we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technique to find anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution it has a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution it has a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution it has a very small
+variant which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant which we
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guessing and that works just as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing and that works just as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing and that works just as well and
+that's basically all that you'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically all that you'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically all that you'll ever
+need to do as a practical matter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do as a practical matter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do as a practical matter uh
+these are the ones you'll face for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones you'll face for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones you'll face for now
+ones that you can actually see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you can actually see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you can actually see what the
+answer is or you'll have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution now the first tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution now the first tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution now the first tricky
+example or the first maybe interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or the first maybe interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or the first maybe interesting
+example of a differential equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a differential equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a differential equation which
+I'll call example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is going to be the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+d by DX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by DX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by DX plus
+X acting on Y is equal to zero so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X acting on Y is equal to zero so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X acting on Y is equal to zero so that's
+our our first differential equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our first differential equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our first differential equation that
+we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to
+solve apart from this standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve apart from this standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve apart from this standard
+anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this operation
+here has has a name this is actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has has a name this is actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has has a name this is actually has
+a name it's called the annihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name it's called the annihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name it's called the annihilation
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's called that in in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics and there's a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and there's a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and there's a corresponding
+creation operator where you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation operator where you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation operator where you change the
+sign from plus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign from plus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign from plus to
+minus and this is one of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is one of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is one of the simplest
+differential equations the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations the reason why
+it's studied in quantum mechanics at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's studied in quantum mechanics at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's studied in quantum mechanics at all
+is that it has very simple solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it has very simple solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it has very simple solutions
+that you can just write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just write out
+so we're going to solve this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to solve this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to solve this this
+equation it's the one that uh governs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's the one that uh governs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's the one that uh governs
+the ground state of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state of the harmonic
+oscillator all right so it has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator all right so it has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator all right so it has a lot of
+fancy words associated with it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy words associated with it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy words associated with it but it's
+a fairly simple differential equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly simple differential equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly simple differential equation it
+works perfectly by the method that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works perfectly by the method that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works perfectly by the method that we're
+going to propose so the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to propose so the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to propose so the first step in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solution is just to rewrite the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is just to rewrite the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is just to rewrite the equation
+by putting the uh the one of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting the uh the one of the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting the uh the one of the terms
+on the right hand side so this is dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so this is dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so this is dy
+DX is equal to - x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to - x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to - x *
+y now here is where you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now here is where you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now here is where you see the
+difference between this type of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this type of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this type of equation
+and the previous type in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous type in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous type in the previous
+equation we just had a function of X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we just had a function of X on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we just had a function of X on
+the right hand side but here the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side but here the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side but here the rate of
+change depends on both X and Y so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change depends on both X and Y so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change depends on both X and Y so it's
+not clear at all that we can solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear at all that we can solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear at all that we can solve this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+equation but there is a a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but there is a a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but there is a a remarkable
+trick which works very well in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which works very well in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which works very well in this case
+which is to use multiplication to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to use multiplication to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to use multiplication to use
+this idea of differentials that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of differentials that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of differentials that we
+talked about last time namely we divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time namely we divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time namely we divide
+by Y and multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX so now we've separated the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so now we've separated the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so now we've separated the equation
+we've uh separated out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've uh separated out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've uh separated out the
+differentials and what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials and what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials and what's going to be
+important for us is that the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us is that the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us is that the left hand
+side is expressed solely in terms of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is expressed solely in terms of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is expressed solely in terms of Y
+and the right hand side is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side is expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side is expressed
+solely in terms of X we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely in terms of X we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely in terms of X we'll go through
+this in in in careful detail so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in in careful detail so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in in careful detail so now the
+idea is if you've set up the equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is if you've set up the equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is if you've set up the equation in
+terms of differentials as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of differentials as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of differentials as opposed to
+ratios of differentials or rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of differentials or rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of differentials or rates of
+change now I can use livets as notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now I can use livets as notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change now I can use livets as notation
+and integrate these differentials take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate these differentials take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate these differentials take
+their anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know what each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the left hand side is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's
+tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah yeah I had an I had an opare who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I had an I had an opare who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I had an I had an opare who
+actually did a lot of Taekwondo and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a lot of Taekwondo and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a lot of Taekwondo and in
+fact she could she could definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact she could she could definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact she could she could definitely
+defeat any of you in any encounter I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat any of you in any encounter I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeat any of you in any encounter I I I
+promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise
+you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay
+anyway uh so let's go back we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so let's go back we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so let's go back we have we
+want to take the anti-derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the anti-derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the anti-derivative of this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember so remember this is the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so remember this is the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so remember this is the anti-
+deriv this is the function whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriv this is the function whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriv this is the function whose
+derivative is one over Y and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is one over Y and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is one over Y and now there's
+a slight novelty here here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slight novelty here here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slight novelty here here we're
+differentiating the variable as X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the variable as X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the variable as X and
+here we're differentiating the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're differentiating the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're differentiating the variable
+as y so the anti-derivative here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y so the anti-derivative here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y so the anti-derivative here is
+natural log of Y and the anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of Y and the anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of Y and the anti-derivative
+on the other side is - x^2/2 and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side is - x^2/2 and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side is - x^2/2 and they
+differ by a constant so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a constant so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a constant so we have this
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right now that's almost the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right now that's almost the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right now that's almost the end
+of the story we have to exponentiate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story we have to exponentiate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story we have to exponentiate to
+express Y in terms of X so e to log y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express Y in terms of X so e to log y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express Y in terms of X so e to log y
+isal to e - x^2 2 + C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal to e - x^2 2 + C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal to e - x^2 2 + C
+and now I can rewrite that as Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can rewrite that as Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can rewrite that as Y is equal
+to uh I'll write it as a e- x^2 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I'll write it as a e- x^2 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I'll write it as a e- x^2 over two
+where a is equal to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and incidentally we're just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and incidentally we're just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and incidentally we're just taking the
+case y positive here we'll we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case y positive here we'll we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case y positive here we'll we'll we'll
+talk about what happens when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what happens when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what happens when Y is
+negative in in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in in a few
+minutes all right so here's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes all right so here's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes all right so here's the answer
+to the question almost except for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question almost except for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question almost except for this
+fact that I pi picked out y y positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I pi picked out y y positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I pi picked out y y positive
+really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution is y is equal to any multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is y is equal to any multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is y is equal to any multiple
+of eus x^2 2 any constant a a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eus x^2 2 any constant a a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eus x^2 2 any constant a a positive
+negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+zero any constant will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero any constant will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero any constant will
+do and we should double check that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and we should double check that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and we should double check that to
+make sure if you take d by DX of Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure if you take d by DX of Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure if you take d by DX of Y right
+that's going to be uh D that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be uh D that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be uh D that's going to
+be a * D DX of e- x^2 2 and now by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a * D DX of e- x^2 2 and now by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a * D DX of e- x^2 2 and now by the
+chain rule you can see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule you can see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule you can see that this is a
+time uh the factor minus X that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the factor minus X that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the factor minus X that's the
+derivative of the exponent with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the exponent with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the exponent with respect
+to X time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X time the
+exponential and now if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and now if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and now if you just
+rearrange that that's - x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange that that's - x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange that that's - x *
+y all right so it does check these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so it does check these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so it does check these are
+solutions to the equation the a didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the equation the a didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the equation the a didn't
+matter it didn't matter whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it didn't matter whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it didn't matter whether it was
+positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative now this function is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now this function is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now this function is is is
+known as the normal distribution so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the normal distribution so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the normal distribution so it
+fits beautifully with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits beautifully with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits beautifully with a lot of
+probability and a probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and a probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and a probabilistic
+interpretation of quantum mechanics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of quantum mechanics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of quantum mechanics this
+is sort of the where the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the where the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the where the particle
+is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all
+right so next what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so next what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so next what I'd like to do is
+just go through the the method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through the the method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through the the method in
+general and point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and point out
+when it works and then I'll make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it works and then I'll make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it works and then I'll make a few
+comments just to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments just to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments just to make sure that you
+understand uh uh the technicalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh uh the technicalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh uh the technicalities of
+dealing with constants and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with constants and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with constants and so forth so
+first of all the general method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the general method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the general method of
+separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and here's when it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and here's when it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and here's when it works it
+works when you're faced with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you're faced with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you're faced with a
+differential equation of the form FX G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of the form FX G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of the form FX G
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Y that's the situation that we had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that's the situation that we had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that's the situation that we had and
+I'll just illustrate that just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just illustrate that just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just illustrate that just to remind
+you here here's our equation it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here here's our equation it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here here's our equation it's in
+that form and the function f ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form and the function f ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form and the function f ofx is
+minus X and the function G of Y is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and now the way the method works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now the way the method works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now the way the method works is
+this separation step from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this separation step from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this separation step from here to here
+this is the key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key step
+all right this is the only uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the only uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the only uh sort of
+conceptually a remarkable step which all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually a remarkable step which all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually a remarkable step which all
+has to do with the fact that liet fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the fact that liet fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the fact that liet fixed
+his notations up so that this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notations up so that this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notations up so that this works
+perfectly and so that involves taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and so that involves taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and so that involves taking
+the Y so dividing by G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y so dividing by G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y so dividing by G of
+Y and multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and multiplying by
+DX it's comfortable because it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX it's comfortable because it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX it's comfortable because it feels
+like ordinary arithmetic even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ordinary arithmetic even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ordinary arithmetic even though
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials
+and then uh we just anti-differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we just anti-differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we just anti-differentiate
+so we have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a function
+H which is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is the integral of
+Dy G of Y and we have another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy G of Y and we have another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy G of Y and we have another function
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+f note they are functions of completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f note they are functions of completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f note they are functions of completely
+different variables here integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables here integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables here integral of f
+ofx DX now in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx DX now in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx DX now in our
+example we did that we carried out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did that we carried out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did that we carried out this
+anti- differentiation and this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- differentiation and this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- differentiation and this function
+turned out to be log Y and this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be log Y and this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be log Y and this function
+turned out to be - x^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and then we write the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then we write the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then we write the relationship
+which is that um if these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that um if these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that um if these are both
+anti-derivatives of the same thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives of the same thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives of the same thing then
+they have to differ by a constant or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to differ by a constant or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to differ by a constant or in
+other words h of Y has to equal to f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words h of Y has to equal to f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words h of Y has to equal to f ofx
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+C where C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C where C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C where C is
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's now notice that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now notice that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now notice that this kind of
+equation is what we call an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation it's not quite a formula for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's not quite a formula for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's not quite a formula for y
+directly it defines y implicitly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly it defines y implicitly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly it defines y implicitly that's
+that top line up here right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that top line up here right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that top line up here right that's the
+implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+equation in order to make it an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in order to make it an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in order to make it an explicit
+equation which is what is underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is what is underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is what is underneath
+what I have to do is take the inverse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to do is take the inverse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to do is take the inverse so
+I write it as Y is equal to H inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write it as Y is equal to H inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write it as Y is equal to H inverse of
+f ofx + C now in real life the calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx + C now in real life the calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx + C now in real life the calculus
+part is often pretty easy and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is often pretty easy and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is often pretty easy and it can be
+quite messy to do the uh inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite messy to do the uh inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite messy to do the uh inverse
+operation so sometimes we just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so sometimes we just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so sometimes we just leave it
+alone in the implicit form but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in the implicit form but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in the implicit form but it's also
+satisfying sometimes to write it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying sometimes to write it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying sometimes to write it in in
+the in the final form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay now I want to I got to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now I want to I got to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now I want to I got to give
+you a few little pieces of commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few little pieces of commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few little pieces of commentary
+before for those of you who walked in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for those of you who walked in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for those of you who walked in a
+little bit late this will all be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+web so just a few pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web so just a few pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web so just a few pieces of
+commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary
+uh so if you like some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remarks the first remark is that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks the first remark is that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks the first remark is that I could
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+written uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh
+could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written natural log of absolute Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written natural log of absolute Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written natural log of absolute Y is
+equal to - x^2 / 2 + C all right we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to - x^2 / 2 + C all right we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to - x^2 / 2 + C all right we we
+learned last time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned last time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned last time that the
+anti-derivative works also for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative works also for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative works also for for the
+negative value so this would work for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value so this would work for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value so this would work for y
+not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to
+zero both for positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero both for positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero both for positive and negative
+values and you can see that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and you can see that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and you can see that that would
+have captured most of the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have captured most of the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have captured most of the rest of the
+solution namely absolute y would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution namely absolute y would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution namely absolute y would be
+equal to a e- x^2 / 2 by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a e- x^2 / 2 by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a e- x^2 / 2 by the same
+reasoning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning as
+before and then that would mean that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then that would mean that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then that would mean that y
+was equal to plus or minus a e- x^2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to plus or minus a e- x^2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to plus or minus a e- x^2 2
+which is really just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really just what we
+got right because in fact I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got right because in fact I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got right because in fact I I didn't
+bother with this uh because actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with this uh because actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with this uh because actually in
+most and and the reason why I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and and the reason why I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and and the reason why I'm going
+through this by the way carefully this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this by the way carefully this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this by the way carefully this
+time is that you're going to be faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that you're going to be faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that you're going to be faced
+with this very frequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this very frequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this very frequently the
+exponential function comes up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function comes up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function comes up all the
+time and so therefore you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so therefore you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so therefore you want to be
+completely comfortable dealing with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely comfortable dealing with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely comfortable dealing with it
+uh so so this time I had the positive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this time I had the positive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this time I had the positive a
+well the negative a fits in either this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the negative a fits in either this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the negative a fits in either this
+way or I can throw it in because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or I can throw it in because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or I can throw it in because I know
+that that's that's going to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's going to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's going to work that
+way but of course I double check to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but of course I double check to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but of course I double check to be
+to be confident now this still leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confident now this still leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confident now this still leaves
+out one value so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one value so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one value so this
+still leaves out so if if you like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still leaves out so if if you like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still leaves out so if if you like what
+I have here now is a is equal to plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here now is a is equal to plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here now is a is equal to plus or
+minus capital A the the capital A one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus capital A the the capital A one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus capital A the the capital A one
+being the positive one but this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the positive one but this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the positive one but this still
+leaves out one case which is y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves out one case which is y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves out one case which is y equals
+z which is an extremely boring but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z which is an extremely boring but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z which is an extremely boring but uh
+solution but nevertheless a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but nevertheless a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but nevertheless a solution to
+this problem if you plug in zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem if you plug in zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem if you plug in zero here
+for y you get zero if you plug in zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y you get zero if you plug in zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y you get zero if you plug in zero
+here for y you get that these two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for y you get that these two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for y you get that these two sides
+are equal right 0 equals 0 it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal right 0 equals 0 it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal right 0 equals 0 it's not a
+very interesting answer to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting answer to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting answer to the question
+but it's still an answer and so y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still an answer and so y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still an answer and so y equals
+0 is left out well that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprising that we missed that solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that we missed that solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that we missed that solution
+because in the process of carrying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the process of carrying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the process of carrying out
+these operations I divided by y right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations I divided by y right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations I divided by y right I
+did did that I did that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did that I did that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did that I did that right
+here so that's what happens if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what happens if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what happens if you're
+going to do various nonlinear operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do various nonlinear operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do various nonlinear operations
+in particular if you're going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you're going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you're going to divide
+by something if it happens to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something if it happens to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something if it happens to be zero
+you're going to miss that solution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to miss that solution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to miss that solution or
+you might have problems with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have problems with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have problems with that
+solution but we have to live with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but we have to live with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but we have to live with that
+because we want to get ahead and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to get ahead and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to get ahead and we want
+to get the formulas for for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the formulas for for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the formulas for for various
+Solutions all right so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions all right so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions all right so that's the first
+remark that I wanted to make and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that I wanted to make and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that I wanted to make and now the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+one is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is also
+well it's almost related to what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's almost related to what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's almost related to what I was
+just discussing right here that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+erasing and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erasing and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erasing and that's the
+following I could have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I could have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I could have also
+written I could have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written I could have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written I could have also
+written log y + C1 is = to - x^2 / 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written log y + C1 is = to - x^2 / 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written log y + C1 is = to - x^2 / 2 +
+C2 where C1 and C2 are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 where C1 and C2 are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 where C1 and C2 are different
+constants when I'm faced with this anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants when I'm faced with this anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants when I'm faced with this anti-
+differentiation I just taught you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation I just taught you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation I just taught you last
+time time that you want to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time that you want to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time that you want to have an
+arbitrary constant here and there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant here and there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant here and there in
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slots so I perfectly well could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots so I perfectly well could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots so I perfectly well could have
+written this down but notice that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this down but notice that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this down but notice that I can
+rewrite this as log Y is equal to - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as log Y is equal to - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as log Y is equal to - x^2
+/ 2 + C2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 + C2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 + C2 -
+C1 I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 I can
+subtract and then if I just combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and then if I just combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and then if I just combine
+these two guys together and name them C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys together and name them C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys together and name them C
+I have a different concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a different concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a different concept
+in other words it's Superfluous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's Superfluous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's Superfluous and
+redundant to have two arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant to have two arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant to have two arbitrary
+constants here because they can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants here because they can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants here because they can always
+be combined into one so two constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined into one so two constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined into one so two constants
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Superfluous can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous can
+always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combined so we just never do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so we just never do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so we just never do it this
+first way it's just extra writing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way it's just extra writing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way it's just extra writing it's a
+waste of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one other subtle remark which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other subtle remark which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other subtle remark which
+which you won't actually appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you won't actually appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you won't actually appreciate
+until you've done several problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've done several problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've done several problems in
+this direction which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction which is that the
+constant appears additive here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant appears additive here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant appears additive here in this
+first solution to the problem but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first solution to the problem but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first solution to the problem but when I
+do this nonlinear operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this nonlinear operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this nonlinear operation of
+exponentiation it now becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation it now becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation it now becomes
+multiplicative constant and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constant and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constant and so in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+there's a free constant somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a free constant somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a free constant somewhere in the
+problem but it not always an additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it not always an additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it not always an additive
+constant it's only an additive constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's only an additive constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's only an additive constant
+right at the first step when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the first step when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the first step when you take
+the anti-derivative and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative and then after that
+when you do all your other nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do all your other nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do all your other nonlinear
+operations it can turn into anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it can turn into anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it can turn into anything at
+all so you should always expect it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so you should always expect it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so you should always expect it to be
+something slightly more interesting than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly more interesting than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly more interesting than
+an additive constant although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive constant although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive constant although
+occasionally it stays an additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+the last little bit of commentary that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last little bit of commentary that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last little bit of commentary that I
+want to make just goes back to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make just goes back to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make just goes back to the uh
+original problem here which is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem here which is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem here which is right
+here uh the example one and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the example one and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the example one and I want to
+solve it even though this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it even though this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it even though this is
+simple-minded but example one via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separation so that you see uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so that you see uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so that you see uh uh a
+variables so that you see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so that you see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so that you see what it
+does the situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and the separation just means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the separation just means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the separation just means you
+put the DX on the other side so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the DX on the other side so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the DX on the other side so this is
+dy is equal to F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy is equal to F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy is equal to F ofx
+DX and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrate and the anti-derivative of Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and the anti-derivative of Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and the anti-derivative of Dy
+is just y so this is the the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just y so this is the the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just y so this is the the solution to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem and it's just what we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's just what we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's just what we wrote
+before it's just a just a funny notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's just a just a funny notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's just a just a funny notation
+and it and it it comes to the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and it it comes to the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and it it comes to the same thing
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-derivative okay so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative okay so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative okay so now we're going
+to go on to uh a trickier problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to uh a trickier problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to uh a trickier problem a
+trickier example we need one or two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier example we need one or two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier example we need one or two more
+just to get some practice with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get some practice with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get some practice with this
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+everybody happy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody happy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody happy so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah uh so the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah uh so the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah uh so the question is how
+do we deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we deal with this
+ambiguity uh I'm summarizing very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity uh I'm summarizing very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity uh I'm summarizing very very
+uh briefly what what I heard well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh briefly what what I heard well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh briefly what what I heard well you
+know sometimes a is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes a is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes a is bigger than zero
+sometimes a is less than zero sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a is less than zero sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a is less than zero sometimes
+it's not so there's a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so there's a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so there's a name for
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+guy which is that this is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which is that this is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which is that this is what's called
+the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution in other words the whole family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in other words the whole family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in other words the whole family
+of solutions is the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions is the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions is the answer to the
+question now it could be that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now it could be that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now it could be that you're
+given extra information if you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given extra information if you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given extra information if you're given
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+information that might be and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might be and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might be and this is
+very typical in such problems you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical in such problems you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical in such problems you have
+the rate of change of the function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of the function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of the function which
+is what we've given but you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we've given but you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we've given but you might also
+have the place where it starts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the place where it starts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the place where it starts which
+would be say it starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be say it starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be say it starts at
+three all right now if you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right now if you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right now if you have that
+extra piece of information then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra piece of information then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra piece of information then you can
+nail down exactly which function it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail down exactly which function it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail down exactly which function it is
+all right if you do that if you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if you do that if you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if you do that if you plug in
+3 you see that uh a * e- 0^ 2 over 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 you see that uh a * e- 0^ 2 over 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 you see that uh a * e- 0^ 2 over 2 is
+equal to 3 so so a is equal to 3 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 so so a is equal to 3 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 so so a is equal to 3 and the
+answer is y = 3 e- x^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is y = 3 e- x^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is y = 3 e- x^2 /
+2 and similarly if it's negative if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and similarly if it's negative if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and similarly if it's negative if this
+if it starts out negative it'll stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it starts out negative it'll stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it starts out negative it'll stay
+negative for instance if it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for instance if it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for instance if it starts out
+zero it'll stay zero this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it'll stay zero this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it'll stay zero this particular
+function here so the so the the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here so the so the the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here so the so the the answer
+to your question is how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question is how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question is how do you deal with
+the ambiguity the answer is that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity the answer is that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity the answer is that you you
+simply say what the solution is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say what the solution is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say what the solution is and the
+solution is not one function it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is not one function it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is not one function it's a
+family of functions it's a list and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of functions it's a list and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of functions it's a list and you
+have to have a param what's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a param what's known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a param what's known as a
+parameter and that parameter gets nailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and that parameter gets nailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and that parameter gets nailed
+down if you tell me more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you tell me more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you tell me more information
+about the function not the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the function not the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the function not the rate of
+change but something about the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but something about the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but something about the values of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the general solution the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution the general
+solution is this solution and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this solution and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this solution and I'm
+showing you here that you could get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here that you could get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here that you could get to
+most of the general solution there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the general solution there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the general solution there's one
+thing that's left out namely the case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's left out namely the case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's left out namely the case a
+equals z this so in other words I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z this so in other words I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z this so in other words I would
+not go through this method I would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through this method I would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through this method I would only
+use this which is simpler but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this which is simpler but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this which is simpler but then I
+have to understand that I haven't gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand that I haven't gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand that I haven't gotten
+all the solutions this way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions this way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions this way I'm going to
+need to throw in all the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to throw in all the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to throw in all the rest of the
+solutions so in the back of your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so in the back of your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so in the back of your head
+you always have to have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have to have something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have to have something like
+this in mind so that you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind so that you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind so that you can generate
+all the solutions this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions this is very
+suggestive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive right
+the Restriction it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Restriction it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Restriction it turns out that the
+Restriction a greater than zero is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction a greater than zero is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction a greater than zero is is
+Superfluous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unnecessary but that we only get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary but that we only get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary but that we only get by
+further thought and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checking other another question over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the aim of differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the aim of differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the aim of differential equations
+is to solve them just as with algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to solve them just as with algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to solve them just as with algebraic
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+uh they they usually differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they usually differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they usually differential
+equations are telling you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are telling you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are telling you something
+about the balance between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the balance between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the balance between an
+acceleration and a and a a velocity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and a and a a velocity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and a and a a velocity if
+you're you know you have a falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know you have a falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know you have a falling
+object it might have a resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it might have a resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it might have a resistance
+there's it's it's telling you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's it's telling you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's it's telling you something
+so actually sometimes in applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually sometimes in applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually sometimes in applied
+problems formulating what differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems formulating what differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems formulating what differential
+equation describes a situation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describes a situation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describes a situation is very
+important and in order to to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and in order to to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and in order to to see that
+that's the right thing you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing you have to have
+solved it to see that it fits the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it to see that it fits the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it to see that it fits the data
+that you're that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're that you're
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+the question is can you solve for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can you solve for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can you solve for x
+instead of Y the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Y the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Y the answer
+is sure you can that that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sure you can that that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sure you can that that's the same
+thing as uh so so that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as uh so so that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as uh so so that would be the
+inverse function of the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function of the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function of the function that
+we're officially looking for but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're officially looking for but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're officially looking for but yeah
+it's legal in other words often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal in other words often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal in other words often times
+we're stuck with just the implicit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're stuck with just the implicit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're stuck with just the implicit some
+implicit formula and sometimes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit formula and sometimes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit formula and sometimes we're
+stuck with a formula X is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with a formula X is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with a formula X is a function of
+Y versus y as a function of X that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y versus y as a function of X that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y versus y as a function of X that's not
+the way in which the the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the the function is
+specified is something that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified is something that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified is something that can be
+complicated as you'll see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as you'll see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as you'll see in the next
+example it's not necessarily the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's not necessarily the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's not necessarily the best
+thing to think about a function y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about a function y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about a function y is a
+function of X well in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X well in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X well in the in the in the
+example the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the fourth
+example all right we're going to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right we're going to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right we're going to go on
+and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do
+our next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so the Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example is going to be taken as a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is going to be taken as a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is going to be taken as a kind
+of geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometry
+problem I'll draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll draw a picture of
+it suppose you have a curve with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose you have a curve with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose you have a curve with the
+following property if you take a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following property if you take a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following property if you take a point
+on the curve and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the curve and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the curve and you take the
+ray you take the ray from the origin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray you take the ray from the origin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray you take the ray from the origin to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+curve whoops well that's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve whoops well that's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve whoops well that's not going to be
+one that I want I think think I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I want I think think I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I want I think think I'm going
+to want something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want something which is
+steeper because what I'm going to insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper because what I'm going to insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper because what I'm going to insist
+is that the tangent line be twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the tangent line be twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the tangent line be twice as
+steep as the um as the ray from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep as the um as the ray from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep as the um as the ray from the
+origin so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so in other words
+slope of tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line equals
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of
+Ray from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin all right so that's the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin all right so that's the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin all right so that's the slope of
+this orange line is twice the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orange line is twice the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orange line is twice the slope of
+the pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line now these kinds of geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now these kinds of geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now these kinds of geometric
+problems can be written very succinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can be written very succinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can be written very succinctly
+with uh rates of with uh differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh rates of with uh differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh rates of with uh differential
+equations namely it's just the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations namely it's just the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations namely it's just the following
+dydx that's the slope of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx that's the slope of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx that's the slope of the tangent
+line is equal to well remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is equal to well remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is equal to well remember what the
+slope of this Ray is if this point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this Ray is if this point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this Ray is if this point I
+need a notation if this point is X comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a notation if this point is X comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a notation if this point is X comma
+Y which is a point on the curve so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y which is a point on the curve so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y which is a point on the curve so the
+slope of this pink line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this pink line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this pink line is
+what y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what y
+overx so if it's twice it there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay now we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay now we only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay now we only have one
+method for solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for solving these
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+so let's use it it says to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use it it says to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use it it says to separate
+variables so I write Dy / y here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so I write Dy / y here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so I write Dy / y here is
+equal to 2 DX /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 DX /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 DX /
+X that's the basic separation that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's the basic separation that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's the basic separation that's the
+procedure that we're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use and now if I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and now if I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and now if I integrate
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+that on the right hand side I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the right hand side I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the right hand side I have the
+logarithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and on the left hand I'm sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and on the left hand I'm sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and on the left hand I'm sorry the
+left hand side I have the logarithm of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side I have the logarithm of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side I have the logarithm of Y
+on the right hand side I have twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side I have twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side I have twice the
+logarithm of X plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so let's see what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let's see what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let's see what happens to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example this is an implicit uh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an implicit uh equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an implicit uh equation
+and of course we have the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we have the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we have the problems of
+the plus and minus signs which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus and minus signs which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus and minus signs which I'm not
+going to worry about until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later so let's exponentiate and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so let's exponentiate and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so let's exponentiate and see what
+happens we get e to the log Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we get e to the log Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we get e to the log Y is equal
+to e to the 2 log X + C so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the 2 log X + C so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the 2 log X + C so again this is
+y on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y on the left hand
+side and on the right hand side if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and on the right hand side if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and on the right hand side if you
+think about it for a second it's e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for a second it's e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for a second it's e to
+the log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log X
+s which is X2 so this is X squ and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is X2 so this is X squ and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is X2 so this is X squ and then
+there's an e to the C so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an e to the C so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an e to the C so that's another
+one of these a factors here all right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these a factors here all right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these a factors here all right a
+is equal to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so the
+answer is well I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is well I'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is well I'll draw the
+picture and I'm going to cheat as I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I'm going to cheat as I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I'm going to cheat as I did
+before we skipped the case y negative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we skipped the case y negative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we skipped the case y negative we
+really only did the case y positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only did the case y positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only did the case y positive so
+far but if you think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but if you think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but if you think about it for a
+second and we'll check it in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and we'll check it in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and we'll check it in a second
+you're going to get all of these parabas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get all of these parabas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get all of these parabas
+here so the solution is this family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the solution is this family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the solution is this family of
+functions and they can be bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they can be bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they can be bending
+down as well as up so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as well as up so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as well as up so these are the
+solutions to this equation every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to this equation every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to this equation every single
+one of these curves has the property if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these curves has the property if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these curves has the property if
+you pick a point on it the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a point on it the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a point on it the tangent line
+has twice the slope of the ray to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has twice the slope of the ray to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has twice the slope of the ray to the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+and the the the formula if you like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the formula if you like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the formula if you like of
+the general solution is y ax^2 a is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution is y ax^2 a is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution is y ax^2 a is uh
+any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah so
+again it so so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it so so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it so so first of all
+one thing so there there there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing so there there there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing so there there there are two
+approaches to this one is to check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to this one is to check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to this one is to check it
+and make sure that it's right when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that it's right when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that it's right when a
+formula works for some family value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula works for some family value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula works for some family value
+sometimes it works for others but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it works for others but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it works for others but
+another one is to realize that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is to realize that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is to realize that these
+things will usually work out this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will usually work out this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will usually work out this way
+because in this argument here I allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this argument here I allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this argument here I allowed
+the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute
+value all right and that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right and that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right and that would have been
+a perfectly legal thing for me to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly legal thing for me to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly legal thing for me to do I
+could have put in absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put in absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put in absolute values
+here in which case I would have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in which case I would have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in which case I would have gotten
+that the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the absolute
+value of this was equal to that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this was equal to that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this was equal to that and and
+now you see I've covered the plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see I've covered the plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see I've covered the plus and
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+cases all right so it's it's that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases all right so it's it's that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases all right so it's it's that same
+idea this implies that Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this implies that Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this implies that Y is equal to
+either plus a x^2 or minus a x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plus a x^2 or minus a x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plus a x^2 or minus a x^2
+depending on which which sign you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which which sign you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which which sign you pick
+so that allows me for the curves above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that allows me for the curves above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that allows me for the curves above
+and the curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below because because it's really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below because because it's really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below because because it's really true
+that the anti-derivative here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the anti-derivative here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the anti-derivative here is this
+function it's defined for y Nega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's defined for y Nega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's defined for y Nega so
+let's just double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check in this case what's happening we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in this case what's happening we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in this case what's happening we
+have the Y = ax^2 and we want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Y = ax^2 and we want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Y = ax^2 and we want to compute
+dydx to make sure that it satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx to make sure that it satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx to make sure that it satisfies the
+equation that I started out with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I started out with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I started out with and
+what I see here is that this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ax and now I'm going to write this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and now I'm going to write this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and now I'm going to write this in a
+suggestive way I'm going to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive way I'm going to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive way I'm going to write it as
+2 ax^2 / X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sure enough this is 2 y /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough this is 2 y /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough this is 2 y /
+X it does not matter whether a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it does not matter whether a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it does not matter whether a it
+works for a positive a negative a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for a positive a negative a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for a positive a negative a equal
+Z it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay again we didn't pick up by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again we didn't pick up by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again we didn't pick up by this
+method the a equals z case and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the a equals z case and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the a equals z case and that's
+not surprising because we divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y there's another thing to watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there's another thing to watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there's another thing to watch out
+about about this example so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about this example so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about this example so there's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+warning which I have to give you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning which I have to give you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning which I have to give you and
+this is a subtlety which you definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subtlety which you definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subtlety which you definitely
+won't get to uh in in any detail until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get to uh in in any detail until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get to uh in in any detail until
+you get to a higher level ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a higher level ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a higher level ordinary
+differential equations course but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations course but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations course but I do
+want to warn you about it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to warn you about it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to warn you about it right now
+which is that if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation you need to watch out that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undefined at xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined at xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined at xal
+0 it's undefined at x equals z we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's undefined at x equals z we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's undefined at x equals z we also
+divided by x and x is also a problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by x and x is also a problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by x and x is also a problem now
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+actually has an important consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has an important consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has an important consequence
+which is that strangely knowing value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that strangely knowing value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that strangely knowing value
+here and knowing the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and knowing the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and knowing the rate of change
+doesn't specify this function this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't specify this function this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't specify this function this is
+bad uh and it's violates one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh and it's violates one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh and it's violates one of our
+pieces of intuition and what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of intuition and what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of intuition and what's going
+wrong is that the rate of change was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is that the rate of change was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is that the rate of change was was
+not specified it's undefined at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specified it's undefined at x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specified it's undefined at x equals
+z so there's a problem here and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so there's a problem here and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so there's a problem here and in fact
+if you think carefully about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think carefully about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think carefully about what this
+function is doing it could come in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is doing it could come in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is doing it could come in on
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+branch and leave on a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and leave on a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and leave on a completely
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+branch it doesn't really have to obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch it doesn't really have to obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch it doesn't really have to obey
+any rule across x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rule across x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rule across x equals
+z so you should really be thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so you should really be thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so you should really be thinking of
+these things as Rays emanating from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as Rays emanating from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as Rays emanating from the
+from the origin the origin was a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin the origin was a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin the origin was a special
+point in the whole geometric problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the whole geometric problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the whole geometric problem
+rather than is being complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parabas that that's a very subtle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas that that's a very subtle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas that that's a very subtle point
+I I I don't expect you to uh to uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I don't expect you to uh to uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I don't expect you to uh to uh be
+able to say anything about it but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say anything about it but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say anything about it but I just
+want to warn you that you know it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to warn you that you know it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to warn you that you know it really
+is true that when X is Z there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that when X is Z there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that when X is Z there's a
+problem for this function for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for this function for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for this function for this for
+this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential
+equation all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all right so now
+well so so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so so now let me
+um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say
+our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next
+problem next example is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem next example is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem next example is just another
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+question so here's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just going to use the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to use the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to use the example that
+we've already got because there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got because there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got because there's uh
+only so much time left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so much time left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so much time left
+here the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the fourth
+example is to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to take the
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the
+parabas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is another geometry problem and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another geometry problem and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another geometry problem and by
+specifying that the curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying that the curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying that the curves are
+perpendicular to these parabas I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to these parabas I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to these parabas I'm
+telling you what their slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so let's think about that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's think about that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's think about that what's the
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation the new Diffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the new Diffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the new Diffy
+Q is the following it's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is the following it's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is the following it's that the
+slope is equal to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is equal to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is equal to the negative
+reciprocal of the slope of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the slope of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the slope of the tangent
+line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parabola okay so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola okay so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola okay so that's the that's the
+equation that's actually fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's actually fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's actually fairly easy to
+write down because it's minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down because it's minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down because it's minus1
+/ 2 uh y / X right that's the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 uh y / X right that's the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 uh y / X right that's the slope of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+Parabola right 2 y /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so let's rewrite that now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let's rewrite that now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let's rewrite that now this is the
+X goes in the numerator so it's - x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes in the numerator so it's - x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes in the numerator so it's - x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and now I want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+well again there's only one technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again there's only one technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again there's only one technique
+which is we're going to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and we separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we separate the
+differentials here so we get 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials here so we get 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials here so we get 2 y
+Dy equal - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy equal - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy equal - x
+DX that's just looking at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's just looking at the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's just looking at the equation
+that I have which is right over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have which is right over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have which is right over here
+dydx is equal to - x over 2 Y and cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx is equal to - x over 2 Y and cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx is equal to - x over 2 Y and cross
+multiply F to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and now I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now I can take the
+anti-derivative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative this is
+y^2 and the anti-derivative over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and the anti-derivative over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and the anti-derivative over here is
+- x^2 / 2 + a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+are uh x^2 / 2 + y^2 is equal to some C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh x^2 / 2 + y^2 is equal to some C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh x^2 / 2 + y^2 is equal to some C
+some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C now this time things don't work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now this time things don't work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now this time things don't work the
+same and they they you can't expect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and they they you can't expect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and they they you can't expect them
+always to work the same I claimed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to work the same I claimed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to work the same I claimed that
+this must be true but I unfortunately I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be true but I unfortunately I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be true but I unfortunately I
+cannot insist that every c will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot insist that every c will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot insist that every c will
+work as you can see here only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as you can see here only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as you can see here only the
+positive number c can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number c can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number c can work
+here so the the the the picture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the the the the picture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the the the the picture is that
+something slightly different happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different happened
+here and you have to live with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have to live with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have to live with this is
+that sometimes not all the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes not all the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes not all the constants
+will work because there's more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work because there's more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work because there's more to the
+problem than just the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than just the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than just the anti-
+differentiation and here there are fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and here there are fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and here there are fewer
+answers rather than more answers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers rather than more answers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers rather than more answers in the
+other case we had to add in some answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case we had to add in some answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case we had to add in some answers
+here we have to take them away some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to take them away some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to take them away some of
+them don't make any sense and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't make any sense and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't make any sense and the only
+ones we can get are the ones which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we can get are the ones which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we can get are the ones which are
+of this form where this is say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form where this is say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form where this is say some
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+squared well maybe I shouldn't call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well maybe I shouldn't call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well maybe I shouldn't call it a
+radius I'll just call it a parameter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I'll just call it a parameter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I'll just call it a parameter a
+s and these are of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ellipses and uh you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses and uh you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses and uh you can see that the
+ellipses The length here is what it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses The length here is what it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses The length here is what it's uh
+it's uh the square root of 2 a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh the square root of 2 a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh the square root of 2 a and the
+the semiaxis vertical semi-axis is a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiaxis vertical semi-axis is a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiaxis vertical semi-axis is a so
+this is the kind of ellipse that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of ellipse that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of ellipse that we've
+got and if I draw it on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and if I draw it on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and if I draw it on the on the
+previous diagram I think it's somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous diagram I think it's somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous diagram I think it's somewhat
+suggestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive
+here they're ellipses are are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're ellipses are are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're ellipses are are kind of
+eggs they're a little bit longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs they're a little bit longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs they're a little bit longer than
+they are high and they go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and if I drew them pretty much right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I drew them pretty much right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I drew them pretty much right
+they should be making right angles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be making right angles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be making right angles at
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+places okay last little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places okay last little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places okay last little
+bit here again to be you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here again to be you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here again to be you've got to be
+very careful with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful with these
+Solutions and so there's warning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too so let's take a look at the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so let's take a look at the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so let's take a look at the this is
+the implicit solution to the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit solution to the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit solution to the equation
+and this is the one that tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the one that tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the one that tells us what
+the shape is but we can also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape is but we can also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape is but we can also have the
+explicit solution and if I solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solution and if I solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solution and if I solve for the
+explicit solution it's Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solution it's Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solution it's Y is equal to
+either plus sare < TK of uh a^ 2 - x^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plus sare < TK of uh a^ 2 - x^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plus sare < TK of uh a^ 2 - x^2 /
+2 or Y = to minus thek a^ 2 - x^2 2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or Y = to minus thek a^ 2 - x^2 2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or Y = to minus thek a^ 2 - x^2 2 all
+right these are the the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions and now we notice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and now we notice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and now we notice something
+that we should have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should have noticed
+before which is that an ellipse is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is that an ellipse is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is that an ellipse is not a
+function it's it's only the top half if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's it's only the top half if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's it's only the top half if
+you like that's giving you a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like that's giving you a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like that's giving you a solution to
+this equation or maybe the bottom half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation or maybe the bottom half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation or maybe the bottom half
+that's giving you a solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's giving you a solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's giving you a solution to the
+equation so the the one over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the the one over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the the one over here this
+one is the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+halves and this one over here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and this one over here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and this one over here is the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+halves and there's something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and there's something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and there's something else that's
+interesting which is that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that we have a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+at y equal 0 yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equal 0 yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equal 0 yal
+0 is where X is uh of 2 * a that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is where X is uh of 2 * a that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is where X is uh of 2 * a that's when
+we get to this end here and what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to this end here and what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to this end here and what happens
+is a solution comes around and it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution comes around and it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution comes around and it stops
+it has a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope and the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops
+but really that's not so unreasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really that's not so unreasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really that's not so unreasonable
+after all look at the formula there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all look at the formula there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all look at the formula there was
+a y in the denominator here when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y in the denominator here when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y in the denominator here when Y is
+equal to zero the slope should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero the slope should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero the slope should be
+infinite and so you know this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and so you know this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and so you know this this this
+this equation is just giving us what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is just giving us what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is just giving us what it
+geometrically and intuitively should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically and intuitively should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically and intuitively should be
+giving us at that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage okay so that is the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay so that is the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay so that is the introduction
+to ordinary equations again there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ordinary equations again there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ordinary equations again there's only
+one technique which is uh we're not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique which is uh we're not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique which is uh we're not done
+yet though you know we have a whole four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet though you know we have a whole four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet though you know we have a whole four
+minutes left and we're going to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left and we're going to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left and we're going to review
+now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+fortunately this review is very short um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately this review is very short um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately this review is very short um
+fortunately for you I handed out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately for you I handed out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately for you I handed out to you
+exactly what you're going to be covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're going to be covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're going to be covering
+on the test and it's what's printed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test and it's what's printed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test and it's what's printed here
+but there's a whole two pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole two pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole two pages of
+discussion and I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+clear-cut uh instructions here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear-cut uh instructions here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear-cut uh instructions here this is
+usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the
+hardest test of this course people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest test of this course people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest test of this course people
+usually do terribly on it and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do terribly on it and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do terribly on it and uh I'm
+going to try to stop that by making it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to stop that by making it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to stop that by making it a
+little bit easier and now here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier and now here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier and now here's here's
+what we're going to do I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do I'm telling you
+exactly what type of problems they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what type of problems they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what type of problems they're
+going to be on the test these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the test these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the test these are these
+six it's also written on your sheet your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six it's also written on your sheet your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six it's also written on your sheet your
+handout it's also just what was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout it's also just what was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout it's also just what was asked
+last on last year's test you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last on last year's test you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last on last year's test you should go
+and you should look at last year's test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should look at last year's test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should look at last year's test
+and see what types of problems they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what types of problems they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what types of problems they are
+we I really really I'm going to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I really really I'm going to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I really really I'm going to ask the
+same questions or the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same questions or the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same questions or the same type of
+questions all right not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right not the same
+questions all right so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so that's what's
+going to happen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen on the
+test and let me just tell you say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and let me just tell you say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and let me just tell you say one
+thing which is the main theme of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the main theme of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the main theme of the
+class and I will I will open up we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I will I will open up we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I will I will open up we'll
+have time for one question after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for one question after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for one question after that
+the main theme of this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main theme of this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main theme of this unit
+is simply the following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the following that
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+about derivative and sometimes maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about derivative and sometimes maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about derivative and sometimes maybe the
+second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative
+tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+about F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about F
+itself and that's just what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that's just what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that's just what we were
+doing here with ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here with ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here with ordinary differential
+equations and that was what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and that was what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and that was what we were
+doing way at the beginning when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing way at the beginning when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing way at the beginning when we did
+approximations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6JcMuFgnA6U.txt b/6JcMuFgnA6U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c94504c7e94cfe61733190c9a20ef7e5052ab5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6JcMuFgnA6U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey everybody let's get going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who here has heard of the FFT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here has heard of the FFT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here has heard of the FFT that's
+most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you
+so I first met Steve Johnson when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I first met Steve Johnson when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I first met Steve Johnson when he
+worked with one of my graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with one of my graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with one of my graduate students
+now former graduate student Mateo frigo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now former graduate student Mateo frigo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now former graduate student Mateo frigo
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and they came up with a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up with a really
+spectacular piece of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular piece of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular piece of performance
+engineering for the FFT a system they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering for the FFT a system they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering for the FFT a system they
+call fftw for the fastest fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call fftw for the fastest fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call fftw for the fastest fourier
+transform in the West and it has for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the West and it has for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the West and it has for
+over years and years been you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over years and years been you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over years and years been you know a
+staple of anybody doing signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple of anybody doing signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple of anybody doing signal
+processing will know fftw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing will know fftw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing will know fftw
+so anyway it's a great pleasure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway it's a great pleasure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway it's a great pleasure to
+welcome Steve Johnson who is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome Steve Johnson who is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome Steve Johnson who is going to
+talk about some of the work that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the work that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the work that he's
+been doing on dynamic languages such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing on dynamic languages such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing on dynamic languages such as
+Giulia and Python so yes I said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giulia and Python so yes I said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giulia and Python so yes I said about
+high-level dynamic languages and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level dynamic languages and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level dynamic languages and how you
+get performance in these and so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get performance in these and so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get performance in these and so most of
+you probably use Python or our MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably use Python or our MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably use Python or our MATLAB
+and so these are really popular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are really popular for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are really popular for
+people doing technical computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing technical computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing technical computing
+statistics and anything where you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and anything where you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and anything where you want
+kind of interactive exploration you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interactive exploration you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interactive exploration you'd
+like to have a dynamically typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a dynamically typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a dynamically typed
+language where you can just type x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where you can just type x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language where you can just type x
+equals 3 and then three lines later said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 and then three lines later said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 and then three lines later said
+Oh X as an array because you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh X as an array because you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh X as an array because you're doing
+things interactively don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things interactively don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things interactively don't you don't
+have to be stuck with a particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be stuck with a particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be stuck with a particular set
+of types and there's a lot of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of types and there's a lot of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of types and there's a lot of choices
+for these but they usually hit a wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these but they usually hit a wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these but they usually hit a wall
+when it comes to writing performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to writing performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to writing performance
+critical code in these languages and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical code in these languages and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical code in these languages and so
+traditionally people doing some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally people doing some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally people doing some serious
+computing in these languages have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing in these languages have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing in these languages have a two
+language solution so they so they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language solution so they so they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language solution so they so they do
+high-level exploration and pro tippity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level exploration and pro tippity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level exploration and pro tippity
+and so forth and in Python or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and in Python or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and in Python or whatever
+but when they need to write performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they need to write performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they need to write performance
+critical code then you drop down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical code then you drop down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical code then you drop down to a
+lower level language Fortran or C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level language Fortran or C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level language Fortran or C or
+scythe on or one of these things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scythe on or one of these things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scythe on or one of these things and you
+use Python as the glue for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Python as the glue for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Python as the glue for these
+low-level kernels and the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level kernels and the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level kernels and the problem and
+this is this was work workable you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this was work workable you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this was work workable you know
+I've done this myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done this myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done this myself
+many of you probably done this but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you probably done this but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you probably done this but when
+you drop down from Python to see or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop down from Python to see or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drop down from Python to see or even
+to scythe on there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scythe on there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scythe on there's a huge
+discontinuous jump in the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous jump in the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous jump in the complexity of
+the coding there and there's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coding there and there's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coding there and there's usually a
+loss of generality like you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of generality like you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of generality like you you know
+when you write code and C or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write code and C or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write code and C or something
+like that it's specific to a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's specific to a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's specific to a very small
+set of types whereas the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of types whereas the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of types whereas the nice thing
+about high-level languages is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high-level languages is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high-level languages is you can
+write generic code that works for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write generic code that works for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write generic code that works for a lot
+of different types so at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types so at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types so at this point
+there's often someone to pops up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often someone to pops up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often someone to pops up and
+says oh well you know I I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh well you know I I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh well you know I I knew
+performance programming in Python and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance programming in Python and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance programming in Python and it
+everyone knows you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows you just need to
+vectorize your code right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize your code right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize your code right so basically
+what they mean is is you you rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean is is you you rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean is is you you rely on
+mature external libraries that you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature external libraries that you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature external libraries that you pass
+them a big block of data it does a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a big block of data it does a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a big block of data it does a huge
+amount of computation and comes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of computation and comes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of computation and comes back and
+so you never write your own loops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never write your own loops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never write your own loops and
+this is great you know this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great you know this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great you know this is good
+advice if you have a if there's someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice if you have a if there's someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice if you have a if there's someone
+who's already written the code that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's already written the code that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's already written the code that you
+need you know you should try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you know you should try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you know you should try and
+leverage that as much as possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage that as much as possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage that as much as possible but
+somebody has to write those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to write those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to write those and
+eventually that person will be you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that person will be you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that person will be you and
+and because eventually if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because eventually if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because eventually if you do
+scientific computing there's a prop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing there's a prop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing there's a prop you
+went into a problem inevitably that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a problem inevitably that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a problem inevitably that you
+just can't express in terms of existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't express in terms of existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't express in terms of existing
+libraries very very easily or at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries very very easily or at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries very very easily or at all
+so so this was the state of affairs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this was the state of affairs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this was the state of affairs for
+a long time a few years ago starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time a few years ago starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time a few years ago starting in
+Ella needleman's group at MIT there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ella needleman's group at MIT there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ella needleman's group at MIT there was
+a proposal for a new language called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposal for a new language called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposal for a new language called
+Giulia which tries to be as high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giulia which tries to be as high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giulia which tries to be as high-level
+and interactive is it's a dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interactive is it's a dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interactive is it's a dynamically
+typed language you know as my MATLAB or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed language you know as my MATLAB or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed language you know as my MATLAB or
+Python and so forth but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and so forth but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and so forth but you know
+general-purpose language like Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general-purpose language like Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general-purpose language like Python
+very productive for technical works are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive for technical works are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive for technical works are
+really oriented towards scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oriented towards scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oriented towards scientific
+numerical computing but you can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical computing but you can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical computing but you can write a
+loop and you write low-level code in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and you write low-level code in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and you write low-level code in
+that that's as fast as C that's that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's as fast as C that's that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's as fast as C that's that was
+the goal the first release was in 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal the first release was in 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal the first release was in 2013
+sits pretty not you language the 1.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits pretty not you language the 1.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits pretty not you language the 1.0
+release was in august of this year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release was in august of this year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release was in august of this year so
+before that point every year there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that point every year there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that point every year there was a
+new release point 1 point 2 point 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new release point 1 point 2 point 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new release point 1 point 2 point 3 and
+every year would like break all your old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year would like break all your old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year would like break all your old
+old code and you have to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old code and you have to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old code and you have to update
+everything to keep it working so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to keep it working so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to keep it working so now
+they said ok it's stable we'll add new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said ok it's stable we'll add new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said ok it's stable we'll add new
+features will make it faster but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features will make it faster but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features will make it faster but
+well from this point onwards for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from this point onwards for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from this point onwards for at
+least until 2.0 of many years in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least until 2.0 of many years in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least until 2.0 of many years in the
+future the it'll be backwards compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the it'll be backwards compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the it'll be backwards compatible
+so there's lots of it so in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of it so in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of it so in my
+experience this pretty much holds up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience this pretty much holds up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience this pretty much holds up I
+haven't found any problem where I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't found any problem where I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't found any problem where I could
+you know where there was a heist nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where there was a heist nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where there was a heist nice
+highly optimized C or Fortran code where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly optimized C or Fortran code where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly optimized C or Fortran code where
+I couldn't write equivalent code in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't write equivalent code in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't write equivalent code in or
+equivalent performance equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent performance equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent performance equivalently
+performing code and Julia you know given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing code and Julia you know given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing code and Julia you know given
+enough time right obviously if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time right obviously if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time right obviously if something
+is there's a library with a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a library with a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a library with a hundred
+thousand lines of code you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand lines of code you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand lines of code you know it's
+quite a long time to rewrite that in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time to rewrite that in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time to rewrite that in any
+other language so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other language so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other language so there's lots of
+benchmarks that that illustrate this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks that that illustrate this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks that that illustrate this the
+goal of Julia is usually to stay within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of Julia is usually to stay within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of Julia is usually to stay within
+a factor of two of C and my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two of C and my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two of C and my my
+experience is usually with an effector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is usually with an effector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is usually with an effector a
+few percent that you can get if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few percent that you can get if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few percent that you can get if you know
+what you're doing so here's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing so here's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing so here's a very
+simple example that I like to use it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that I like to use it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that I like to use it it
+is generating a vandermonde matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generating a vandermonde matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generating a vandermonde matrix so
+given a vector of values alpha 1 alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a vector of values alpha 1 alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a vector of values alpha 1 alpha 2
+alpha alpha m and you want to make an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha m and you want to make an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha m and you want to make an M
+by n matrix whose columns are just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n matrix whose columns are just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n matrix whose columns are just those
+entries to you know due to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to you know due to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to you know due to the power
+first power squared cubed and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power squared cubed and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power squared cubed and so forth
+element wise I said this this this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wise I said this this this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wise I said this this this kind
+of matrix shows up at a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix shows up at a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix shows up at a lot of problems
+so most you know matrix and vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most you know matrix and vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most you know matrix and vector
+libraries have a built-in function to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries have a built-in function to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries have a built-in function to do
+this on Python in numpy there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on Python in numpy there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on Python in numpy there is a
+function called num pi dot Vander to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called num pi dot Vander to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called num pi dot Vander to do
+this and if you look at the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you look at the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you look at the it's
+generating a big matrix it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a big matrix it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a big matrix it could be
+performance critical so they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance critical so they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance critical so they can't
+implement it in Python so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it in Python so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it in Python so if you look at
+the numpad limitation it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numpad limitation it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numpad limitation it's a little
+python shim that calls immediately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python shim that calls immediately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python shim that calls immediately to
+see and then if you look at the C code I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and then if you look at the C code I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and then if you look at the C code I
+won't scroll through it but several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't scroll through it but several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't scroll through it but several
+hundred lines of code it's quite long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred lines of code it's quite long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred lines of code it's quite long
+and complicated and all about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated and all about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated and all about 100
+several hundred lines of code is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundred lines of code is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundred lines of code is doing
+is just figuring out what types and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just figuring out what types and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just figuring out what types and to
+work with but like what kernels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with but like what kernels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with but like what kernels to
+dispatch to at the end of that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch to at the end of that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch to at the end of that it
+dispatches to a kernel that does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatches to a kernel that does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatches to a kernel that does the
+actual work and that kernel is also C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual work and that kernel is also C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual work and that kernel is also C
+code but that that C code was generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but that that C code was generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but that that C code was generated
+by a special purpose code generation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a special purpose code generation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a special purpose code generation so
+it's quite you know involved to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite you know involved to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite you know involved to get to
+to get good performance for this while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good performance for this while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good performance for this while
+still being somewhat type generic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being somewhat type generic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being somewhat type generic so
+that their goal was to have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their goal was to have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their goal was to have something
+that works for basically any numpy array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for basically any numpy array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for basically any numpy array
+and any numpy type which is like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any numpy type which is like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any numpy type which is like there's
+a handful like maybe a dozen scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a handful like maybe a dozen scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a handful like maybe a dozen scalar
+types that it should work with right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that it should work with right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that it should work with right so
+if you're implementing this in C it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're implementing this in C it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're implementing this in C it's
+really trivial to write you know 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trivial to write you know 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trivial to write you know 20
+lines of code that implements this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code that implements this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code that implements this but
+only for double precision you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for double precision you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for double precision you know a
+pointer to double position array I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to double position array I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to double position array I know
+so the difficulty is getting typed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difficulty is getting typed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difficulty is getting typed into
+generic in C so in in Julia here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic in C so in in Julia here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic in C so in in Julia here's the
+implementation in Julia it looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation in Julia it looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation in Julia it looks at
+first glance much like what us roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first glance much like what us roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first glance much like what us roughly
+about like a C or Fortran implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like a C or Fortran implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like a C or Fortran implementation
+would look like it's just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like it's just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like it's just I just
+implement in the most simple way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement in the most simple way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement in the most simple way it's
+just two nested loops I suggest just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two nested loops I suggest just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two nested loops I suggest just for
+it from basically you loop across and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from basically you loop across and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from basically you loop across and as
+you go across you know you accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across you know you accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across you know you accumulate
+powers by multiplying repeatedly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers by multiplying repeatedly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers by multiplying repeatedly by
+Vioxx right that's that's all it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vioxx right that's that's all it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vioxx right that's that's all it is and
+it just fills in the array the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just fills in the array the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just fills in the array the
+performance of the graph here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the graph here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the graph here is the
+time for the numpy implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the numpy implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the numpy implementation
+divided by the time for the julie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time for the julie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time for the julie
+implementation as a function of n for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation as a function of n for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation as a function of n for an
+N by n matrix the first data point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by n matrix the first data point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by n matrix the first data point I
+think that's there's something funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's there's something funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's there's something funny
+going on it's not ten thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on it's not ten thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on it's not ten thousand times
+slower but you know for fur like a ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but you know for fur like a ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but you know for fur like a ten
+by ten twenty five twenty array the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ten twenty five twenty array the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ten twenty five twenty array the non
+pipe version is actually ten times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe version is actually ten times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe version is actually ten times
+slower because it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower because it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower because it's basically the
+overhead that's imposed by all going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that's imposed by all going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that's imposed by all going
+through all those layers once you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those layers once you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those layers once you get to
+like 100 hundred matrix that overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 hundred matrix that overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 hundred matrix that overhead
+doesn't matter and then it's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and then it's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and then it's all this
+optimized C code code generated hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized C code code generated hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized C code code generated hundred
+code generation and so forth it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generation and so forth it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generation and so forth it's pretty
+much the same speed as the juliek code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same speed as the juliek code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same speed as the juliek code
+except the Juliet code there as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the Juliet code there as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the Juliet code there as I said
+it looks much like C code would except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks much like C code would except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks much like C code would except
+there's no types its Vandor X there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no types its Vandor X there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no types its Vandor X there's no
+type declaration that X can be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type declaration that X can be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type declaration that X can be anything
+and if it's in fact this works with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's in fact this works with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's in fact this works with any
+container type as long as it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container type as long as it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container type as long as it has an
+indexing operation and any numeric type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing operation and any numeric type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing operation and any numeric type
+could be real numbers could be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be real numbers could be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be real numbers could be complex
+numbers could be quaternions anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers could be quaternions anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers could be quaternions anything
+that supports the x operation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supports the x operation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supports the x operation and
+there's also a call to one so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a call to one so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a call to one so one
+returns the multiplicative identity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the multiplicative identity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the multiplicative identity for
+whatever so whatever group you're in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so whatever group you're in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so whatever group you're in you
+need to have a one alright that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a one alright that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a one alright that's the
+first column and that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column and that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column and that might be a
+different type of one for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of one for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of one for for a
+different object right might be an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object right might be an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object right might be an array
+of matrices for example and then one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices for example and then one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices for example and then one is
+the identity matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix
+so in fact there are even cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there are even cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there are even cases where
+you can do get significantly faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do get significantly faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do get significantly faster and
+then then it's optimized seen Fortran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's optimized seen Fortran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's optimized seen Fortran
+code so I found this when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I found this when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I found this when I was
+implementing special functions so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing special functions so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing special functions so things
+like the error function or polygamous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the error function or polygamous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the error function or polygamous
+unction or the inverse the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unction or the inverse the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unction or the inverse the error
+function I've consistently found that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I've consistently found that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I've consistently found that I
+can get often two to three times faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get often two to three times faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get often two to three times faster
+than then like optimize C and Fortran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than then like optimize C and Fortran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than then like optimize C and Fortran
+libraries out there partly because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries out there partly because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries out there partly because I'm
+just smarter than the people who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just smarter than the people who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just smarter than the people who wrote
+those libraries but no mainly because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those libraries but no mainly because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those libraries but no mainly because in
+in julia i'm using basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia i'm using basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia i'm using basically the same
+expansions the same series rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions the same series rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions the same series rational
+functions that everyone else is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that everyone else is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that everyone else is using
+the difference is that in julia has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that in julia has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that in julia has
+built-in techniques for what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in techniques for what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in techniques for what's called
+meta programming or cogeneration so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta programming or cogeneration so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta programming or cogeneration so in
+usually the special functions involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the special functions involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the special functions involve
+lots of polynomial evaluations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of polynomial evaluations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of polynomial evaluations that's
+the way they boil down to and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they boil down to and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they boil down to and you can
+basically write cogeneration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically write cogeneration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically write cogeneration that
+generates very optimized in-line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates very optimized in-line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates very optimized in-line
+valuation of the specific polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of the specific polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of the specific polynomials
+for these functions that would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these functions that would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these functions that would be really
+awkward to write in Fortran you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to write in Fortran you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to write in Fortran you do that
+to write it all by hand or write like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it all by hand or write like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it all by hand or write like a
+separate routine separate program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate routine separate program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate routine separate program that
+wrote Fortran code for you so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote Fortran code for you so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote Fortran code for you so you can do
+this it's a high level languages allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a high level languages allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a high level languages allow
+you to do tricks for performance that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do tricks for performance that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do tricks for performance that it
+would be really hard to do in low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard to do in low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard to do in low level
+languages so mainly what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so mainly what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so mainly what I want to talk
+about it's give some idea of why Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's give some idea of why Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's give some idea of why Julia
+can be fast and to understand this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fast and to understand this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fast and to understand this you
+also need to understand why is is Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to understand why is is Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to understand why is is Python
+slow and and in general what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and and in general what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and and in general what's going on
+in determining the performance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in determining the performance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in determining the performance in a
+language like this what do you need in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like this what do you need in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like this what do you need in a
+language to enable you to compile it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to enable you to compile it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to enable you to compile it to
+fast code it while still still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast code it while still still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast code it while still still being
+completely generic like like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely generic like like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely generic like like this this
+van der function which works on any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van der function which works on any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van der function which works on any any
+type any user even user-defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type any user even user-defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type any user even user-defined in
+numeric type user-defined container type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric type user-defined container type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric type user-defined container type
+will be just as fast as there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just as fast as there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just as fast as there's no
+privileged in fact if you look at julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged in fact if you look at julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged in fact if you look at julia
+almost all of duo's Julia's implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of duo's Julia's implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of duo's Julia's implemented
+in julia like integer operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia like integer operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia like integer operations and
+things like the really basic types most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the really basic types most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the really basic types most
+of that is implemented in julia right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is implemented in julia right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is implemented in julia right
+obviously it if you're multiplying two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it if you're multiplying two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it if you're multiplying two
+32-bit integers at some point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit integers at some point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit integers at some point it's
+calling a assembly language instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a assembly language instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a assembly language instruction
+but but even not calling out to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but even not calling out to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but even not calling out to this
+assembly is actually in julia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is actually in julia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is actually in julia so
+so at this point I want to switch over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I want to switch over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I want to switch over
+to sort of a live calculation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of a live calculation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of a live calculation so this is
+from a notebook that I developed as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a notebook that I developed as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a notebook that I developed as part
+of a short course with Alan Adelman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a short course with Alan Adelman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a short course with Alan Adelman is
+sitting over there like you know 9 6 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting over there like you know 9 6 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting over there like you know 9 6 on
+performance optimization high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance optimization high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance optimization high level
+languages and so I'm gonna go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and so I'm gonna go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and so I'm gonna go through
+this is a very simple calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simple calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simple calculation of
+course you would never I mean in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you would never I mean in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you would never I mean in any
+language usually you would have a built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language usually you would have a built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language usually you would have a built
+often have a built in function for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have a built in function for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have a built in function for this
+but it's just a son function it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a son function it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a son function it's just
+written written up there so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written written up there so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written written up there so we need to
+know about we just have a list an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about we just have a list an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about we just have a list an array
+of n numbers we're just gonna add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n numbers we're just gonna add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n numbers we're just gonna add them
+up right and if we can't make this fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and if we can't make this fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and if we can't make this fast
+right then then we have real problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then we have real problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then we have real problems
+and you know we're not gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're not gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're not gonna be able to
+do anything in this list so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything in this list so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything in this list so so this is
+the simple sort of thing where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple sort of thing where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple sort of thing where if
+someone didn't doesn't provide this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone didn't doesn't provide this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone didn't doesn't provide this for
+you you're gonna have to write a loop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're gonna have to write a loop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're gonna have to write a loop to
+do this so I'm gonna look at it not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so I'm gonna look at it not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so I'm gonna look at it not just
+in Julia but also in Python in C and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Julia but also in Python in C and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Julia but also in Python in C and set
+some set some in Python with numpy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set some in Python with numpy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set some in Python with numpy and
+so forth so this document that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so this document that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so this document that I'm
+showing you here is is a Jupiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here is is a Jupiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here is is a Jupiter
+notebook some of you may have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook some of you may have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook some of you may have seen this
+kind of thing so Jupiter is this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing so Jupiter is this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing so Jupiter is this really
+nice they provide this really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they provide this really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they provide this really nice
+browser-based front-end where I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser-based front-end where I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser-based front-end where I can put
+in equations and text and code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equations and text and code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equations and text and code and
+results and graphs all in like one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and graphs all in like one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and graphs all in like one set
+of Mathematica notebook like document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mathematica notebook like document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mathematica notebook like document
+and they can plug in different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can plug in different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can plug in different languages
+so initially was for Python but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially was for Python but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially was for Python but we
+plugged in julia and now there's our and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in julia and now there's our and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in julia and now there's our and
+there's 30 different undred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 30 different undred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 30 different undred different
+languages that you can plug in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that you can plug in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that you can plug in to the
+same front end okay so I'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same front end okay so I'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same front end okay so I'll start with
+the C implementation of this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C implementation of this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C implementation of this so this is
+a Julia notebook but I can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Julia notebook but I can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Julia notebook but I can easily
+compile and call it to see so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile and call it to see so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile and call it to see so I just
+made a string that has just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a string that has just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a string that has just you know
+there's a ten line C implementation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ten line C implementation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ten line C implementation it's
+just the most obvious function that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the most obvious function that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the most obvious function that just
+takes in a pointer to an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in a pointer to an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in a pointer to an array of
+doubles and its length and it just loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles and its length and it just loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles and its length and it just loops
+over them and sums them up might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them and sums them up might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them and sums them up might just
+wait what you would what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what you would what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what you would what you would do
+and then I'll call I'll compile it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll call I'll compile it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll call I'll compile it with
+GCC - o3 and link it to a shared library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCC - o3 and link it to a shared library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCC - o3 and link it to a shared library
+and load that shared library and Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and load that shared library and Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and load that shared library and Julia
+and just call it so there's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call it so there's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call it so there's a function
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+in Julia where I can just call out to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Julia where I can just call out to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Julia where I can just call out to a
+sea library with zero zero overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea library with zero zero overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea library with zero zero overhead
+basically so which is nice because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so which is nice because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so which is nice because you
+have lots of existing sea libraries out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of existing sea libraries out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of existing sea libraries out
+there you don't want to lose them so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you don't want to lose them so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you don't want to lose them so I
+just say seek call I recall this see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say seek call I recall this see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say seek call I recall this see
+some function in my library it returns a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function in my library it returns a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function in my library it returns a
+float 64 it takes two to two parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float 64 it takes two to two parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float 64 it takes two to two parameters
+a size T to float 64 and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size T to float 64 and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size T to float 64 and I'm going to
+pass the length of my array and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the length of my array and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the length of my array and the
+array and it will automatically a julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and it will automatically a julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and it will automatically a julia
+array of course it is just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of course it is just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of course it is just a bunch of
+numbers and it'll pass a pointer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and it'll pass a pointer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and it'll pass a pointer to that
+under the hood so do that and write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hood so do that and write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hood so do that and write a
+little function to call rail rail air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little function to call rail rail air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little function to call rail rail air
+that computes the relative error between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computes the relative error between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computes the relative error between
+the fractional difference between x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fractional difference between x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fractional difference between x and
+y and I'll just check it I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and I'll just check it I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and I'll just check it I'll just
+generate ten to the seventh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ten to the seventh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ten to the seventh random
+numbers and zero one and compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and zero one and compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and zero one and compare that to
+the Julia because julie has a built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Julia because julie has a built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Julia because julie has a built-in
+function called sum that sums an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called sum that sums an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called sum that sums an array
+and it's giving the same answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's giving the same answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's giving the same answer to
+thirteen dot some places that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen dot some places that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen dot some places that you know
+so not quite machine precision but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not quite machine precision but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not quite machine precision but
+there's ten of the seven numbers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ten of the seven numbers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ten of the seven numbers of the
+errors kind of accumulated when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors kind of accumulated when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors kind of accumulated when you add
+it across okay so it's I'm calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it across okay so it's I'm calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it across okay so it's I'm calling it
+it's giving the right answer and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving the right answer and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving the right answer and now I
+want to just benchmark this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just benchmark this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just benchmark this
+implementation use that as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation use that as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation use that as kind of a
+baseline for this this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline for this this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline for this this is the this
+should be pretty fast for an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty fast for an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty fast for an array of
+floating point values so there's a Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point values so there's a Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point values so there's a Julia
+package called benchmark tools as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package called benchmark tools as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package called benchmark tools as you
+probably know from this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know from this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know from this class
+benchmarking is a little bit tricky so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking is a little bit tricky so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking is a little bit tricky so
+this this will take something run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will take something run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will take something run it
+lots of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times
+collect some statistics return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some statistics return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some statistics return the
+minimum Tyne or you can also get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum Tyne or you can also get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum Tyne or you can also get the
+variance and other other things so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and other other things so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and other other things so so
+I'm gonna get the number be time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get the number be time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get the number be time is
+something called a macro and Julia so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a macro and Julia so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a macro and Julia so it
+takes takes an expression rewrites it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes takes an expression rewrites it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes takes an expression rewrites it
+into something that basically has a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that basically has a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that basically has a loop
+and times it and does all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times it and does all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times it and does all that stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it takes eleven milliseconds to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes eleven milliseconds to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes eleven milliseconds to some
+ten to the seventh numbers rooster with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to the seventh numbers rooster with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to the seventh numbers rooster with
+this straight seedless e loop compiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight seedless e loop compiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight seedless e loop compiled
+with GCC - oh three you know no special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with GCC - oh three you know no special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with GCC - oh three you know no special
+tricks okay and so that's you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks okay and so that's you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks okay and so that's you know so
+that's one gigaflop basically billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one gigaflop basically billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one gigaflop basically billion
+operations per second so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations per second so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations per second so it's not
+hitting my the the peak rate of the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting my the the peak rate of the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting my the the peak rate of the CPU
+but of course this this you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course this this you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course this this you know there's
+additional calculations this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional calculations this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional calculations this this
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+this way doesn't fit in cash and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way doesn't fit in cash and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way doesn't fit in cash and so
+forth okay so now let's before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so now let's before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so now let's before I do
+anything Julie let's do some Python but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything Julie let's do some Python but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything Julie let's do some Python but
+I'll do a trick I can call Python from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a trick I can call Python from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a trick I can call Python from
+Julia so that way I can just do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia so that way I can just do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia so that way I can just do all
+everything from one notebook using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from one notebook using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from one notebook using a
+package call I wrote called pike haul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package call I wrote called pike haul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package call I wrote called pike haul
+and pike call just calls directly out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pike call just calls directly out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pike call just calls directly out to
+lib Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lib Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lib Python
+so with myth you know no it virtually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with myth you know no it virtually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with myth you know no it virtually no
+overheads it's just like calling Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads it's just like calling Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads it's just like calling Python
+from within Python I'm calling directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within Python I'm calling directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within Python I'm calling directly
+after the to lib Python functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the to lib Python functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the to lib Python functions to
+call I can and I can pass any type I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I can and I can pass any type I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I can and I can pass any type I
+want and call any function and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and call any function and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and call any function and do
+conversions back and forth ok so I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions back and forth ok so I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions back and forth ok so I take
+that array I'll kind of I'll convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array I'll kind of I'll convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array I'll kind of I'll convert it
+to a Python list object so I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Python list object so I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Python list object so I I don't
+want any time the overhead of converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any time the overhead of converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any time the overhead of converting
+that my array to a Python array so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my array to a Python array so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my array to a Python array so I'll
+just convert ahead of time get and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just convert ahead of time get and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just convert ahead of time get and just
+start with the built Python has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the built Python has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the built Python has a
+built-in function called sum so I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in function called sum so I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in function called sum so I'll use
+the built-in sum function and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in sum function and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in sum function and I'll get
+this PI object for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PI object for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PI object for it
+I'll call it PI sum on this list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it PI sum on this list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it PI sum on this list and
+make sure it's giving the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's giving the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's giving the right answer
+okay there's the differences 10-13 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the differences 10-13 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the differences 10-13 again
+and now let's benchmark it oops so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's benchmark it oops so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's benchmark it oops so it
+takes a few seconds because it it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few seconds because it it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few seconds because it it has to
+run it a few times and custard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it a few times and custard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it a few times and custard
+statistics okay so take 40 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics okay so take 40 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics okay so take 40 milliseconds
+that's not bad it's actually it's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not bad it's actually it's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not bad it's actually it's four
+or five times slower than C but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five times slower than C but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five times slower than C but it's
+it's pretty good so misil is it five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good so misil is it five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good so misil is it five
+times slower than C is it is it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times slower than C is it is it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times slower than C is it is it because
+PI Lib answer is oh well python is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI Lib answer is oh well python is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI Lib answer is oh well python is slow
+because it's interpreted but the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's interpreted but the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's interpreted but the sum
+function is actually written in C here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually written in C here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually written in C here's
+the here's the C implementation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the C implementation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the C implementation of the
+some function that I'm calling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function that I'm calling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function that I'm calling you know
+I'm just blinking to the github code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just blinking to the github code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just blinking to the github code
+there's a whole bunch of boilerplate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole bunch of boilerplate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole bunch of boilerplate
+that just checks with the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just checks with the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just checks with the type of the
+object and then it has some loops and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then it has some loops and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then it has some loops and so
+forth and so if you look look carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so if you look look carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so if you look look carefully
+it turns out it's actually doing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's actually doing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's actually doing really
+well and the reason it does really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the reason it does really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the reason it does really well
+is it has a fast path if you have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it has a fast path if you have a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it has a fast path if you have a list
+where everything is a number type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is a number type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is a number type so
+that then it can you know it has a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then it can you know it has a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then it can you know it has a an
+optimized implementation for that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized implementation for that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized implementation for that case
+but it's still five times slower than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still five times slower than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still five times slower than C
+and they've spent a lot of work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've spent a lot of work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've spent a lot of work on it
+used to be ten times slower than C so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be ten times slower than C so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be ten times slower than C so a
+couple years ago so that they do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago so that they do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago so that they do a lot
+of work on optimizing this and so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on optimizing this and so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on optimizing this and so why
+aren't they able to get C speed since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they able to get C speed since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they able to get C speed since
+they have a simplement ation of a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a simplement ation of a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a simplement ation of a some
+are they just done you know no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they just done you know no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they just done you know no it's
+because the the semantics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the semantics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the semantics of the
+datatype prevent them from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datatype prevent them from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datatype prevent them from getting
+anything anything faster than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anything faster than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anything faster than that so
+and this is one of the the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the the things you
+when you learn when you do you know high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you learn when you do you know high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you learn when you do you know high
+level performance in high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level performance in high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level performance in high level
+languages you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you have to think about
+datatypes you need to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datatypes you need to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datatypes you need to think about what
+the semantics are and that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantics are and that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semantics are and that that that
+greatly constrains what any conceivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly constrains what any conceivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly constrains what any conceivable
+compiler can do and if the language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler can do and if the language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler can do and if the language is
+if the language doesn't provide you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the language doesn't provide you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the language doesn't provide you with
+the with the ability to express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the ability to express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the ability to express the
+semantics so you want then you're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics so you want then you're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics so you want then you're dead
+and that's that's one of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's one of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's one of the basic
+things that julia does so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that julia does so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that julia does so what is a
+Python list right so yeah you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python list right so yeah you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python list right so yeah you know you
+can have three four all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have three four all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have three four all right all right
+yep I thought unless it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep I thought unless it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep I thought unless it's a bunch of
+objects Python objects but the Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects Python objects but the Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects Python objects but the Python
+hundreds can be anything they can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds can be anything they can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds can be anything they can be any
+type so it's completely heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so it's completely heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so it's completely heterogeneous
+types okay so of course a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types okay so of course a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types okay so of course a particular
+list like in this case can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like in this case can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like in this case can be
+homogeneous but the data structure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous but the data structure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous but the data structure has
+to be hit Oh genius because in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hit Oh genius because in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hit Oh genius because in fact I
+can take that homogeneous thing at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that homogeneous thing at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that homogeneous thing at any
+point I could assign the third element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I could assign the third element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I could assign the third element
+to a string right it has to it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a string right it has to it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a string right it has to it has to
+support that so think about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that so think about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that so think about what that
+means for how it has to be implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for how it has to be implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for how it has to be implemented
+in memory so so what this has to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory so so what this has to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory so so what this has to be so
+this is a list of this case three items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a list of this case three items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a list of this case three items
+but what are those items so that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are those items so that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are those items so that's if
+they can be an item of any type right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be an item of any type right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be an item of any type right
+they could be things that it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be things that it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be things that it could be
+another array right it could be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another array right it could be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another array right it could be of
+different sizes and so forth you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes and so forth you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes and so forth you don't
+want to have an array where everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an array where everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an array where everything
+is a different size first well so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different size first well so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different size first well so so it
+has to be this an array of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're the first pointer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're the first pointer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're the first pointer is
+three it's to not pick three the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's to not pick three the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's to not pick three the next
+one is for the next one is to fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for the next one is to fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for the next one is to fine but
+it can't just be that it can't just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't just be that it can't just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't just be that it can't just be
+pointer to like if this is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to like if this is a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to like if this is a you know
+64-bit number it's can't just be pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit number it's can't just be pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit number it's can't just be pointer
+to you know to one 64-bit value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know to one 64-bit value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know to one 64-bit value in
+memory because it has to know it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because it has to know it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because it has to know it has to
+similar store what type is subject is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar store what type is subject is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar store what type is subject is so
+it has to there has to be a type tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to there has to be a type tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to there has to be a type tag
+this says this is an integer and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says this is an integer and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says this is an integer and this
+one has to have a type tag that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to have a type tag that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to have a type tag that says
+it's a string so this is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a string so this is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a string so this is sometimes
+called a box see have a value you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a box see have a value you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a box see have a value you have a
+type tag plus the value and so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type tag plus the value and so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type tag plus the value and so imagine
+what even the most optimized seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what even the most optimized seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what even the most optimized seek
+implementation has to do given this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation has to do given this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation has to do given this kind
+of data structure okay here's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure okay here's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure okay here's the first
+time it has to chase the pointer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it has to chase the pointer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it has to chase the pointer and
+then ask what type of object is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask what type of object is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask what type of object is it okay
+then depending on what type of object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depending on what type of object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then depending on what type of object is
+it is okay though I initialize my some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay though I initialize my some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay though I initialize my some
+to that then I read the next object I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that then I read the next object I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that then I read the next object I
+have to change the second pointer read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the second pointer read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the second pointer read
+the type tag figure out the type this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type tag figure out the type this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type tag figure out the type this
+all then at runtime right and then oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all then at runtime right and then oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all then at runtime right and then oh
+this is another integer that tells me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another integer that tells me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another integer that tells me I
+want to use the plus function for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the plus function for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the plus function for two
+integers okay and then I read the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay and then I read the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay and then I read the next
+value which may be but it's a 48 is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which may be but it's a 48 is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which may be but it's a 48 is it
+so that the Plus which plus function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the Plus which plus function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the Plus which plus function
+that's using depends upon the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's using depends upon the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's using depends upon the type of
+the object it's not drawing language I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object it's not drawing language I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object it's not drawing language I
+can define my own type and which has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define my own type and which has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define my own type and which has its
+own plus function it should work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own plus function it should work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own plus function it should work with
+some so it's looking at the types of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so it's looking at the types of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so it's looking at the types of the
+objects at runtime it's looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects at runtime it's looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects at runtime it's looking at the
+plus function at runtime and not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus function at runtime and not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus function at runtime and not only
+that but each time it does a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but each time it does a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but each time it does a loop
+iteration it has to add two things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration it has to add two things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration it has to add two things and
+allocate a result that result in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a result that result in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a result that result in general
+might be another has to be a box because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be another has to be a box because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be another has to be a box because
+it might type my changes you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might type my changes you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might type my changes you're summing
+through if you start with integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if you start with integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if you start with integers and
+then you get a floating point value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a floating point value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a floating point value and
+then you get an array right the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get an array right the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get an array right the the the
+type will change so sorry each time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type will change so sorry each time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type will change so sorry each time you
+do a loop iteration it allocates another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a loop iteration it allocates another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a loop iteration it allocates another
+box so what happens is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so what happens is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so what happens is this
+implementation is a fast path if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is a fast path if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is a fast path if they're
+all like integer types it doesn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like integer types it doesn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like integer types it doesn't I
+think it doesn't reallocate that box for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it doesn't reallocate that box for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it doesn't reallocate that box for
+the the summits accumulating all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the summits accumulating all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the summits accumulating all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+cassia's the value of the plus function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassia's the value of the plus function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassia's the value of the plus function
+it's using so it's a little bit faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using so it's a little bit faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using so it's a little bit faster
+but still it has to inspect every type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still it has to inspect every type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still it has to inspect every type
+tag and and chase all these pointers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and and chase all these pointers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and and chase all these pointers for
+every element of the array whereas the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of the array whereas the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of the array whereas the C
+implementation this of some if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this of some if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this of some if you
+imagine what this is this compiles down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what this is this compiles down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what this is this compiles down
+to write each loop iteration who has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write each loop iteration who has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write each loop iteration who has to
+do it increments a pointer to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it increments a pointer to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it increments a pointer to the next
+element fetches it knows that at compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element fetches it knows that at compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element fetches it knows that at compile
+time the types are all focused before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the types are all focused before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the types are all focused before so
+it flushes closely to for value into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flushes closely to for value into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flushes closely to for value into a
+register and then as it keeps has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and then as it keeps has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and then as it keeps has it
+running some in another register calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running some in another register calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running some in another register calls
+one machine instruction to add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine instruction to add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine instruction to add that
+running Sun sum and then goes to checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running Sun sum and then goes to checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running Sun sum and then goes to checks
+to see if we're done has a you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we're done has a you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we're done has a you know an
+if statement there and then goes on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if statement there and then goes on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if statement there and then goes on all
+right so just a few instructions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just a few instructions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just a few instructions and in
+a very tight loop here where as each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very tight loop here where as each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very tight loop here where as each
+loop iteration here has to be lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop iteration here has to be lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop iteration here has to be lots and
+lots of instructions to chase all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of instructions to chase all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of instructions to chase all these
+pointers to get the type tag and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to get the type tag and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to get the type tag and that's
+in the fast case where they're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fast case where they're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fast case where they're all the
+same type and it's optimized for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type and it's optimized for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type and it's optimized for that so
+oh where was I wrong wrong thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh where was I wrong wrong thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh where was I wrong wrong thing so
+that's the Python sum function now most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Python sum function now most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Python sum function now most
+many of you use Python know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you use Python know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you use Python know that there's
+another type of array and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of array and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of array and there's a
+whole library called numpy for working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole library called numpy for working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole library called numpy for working
+with the Marek's so what problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Marek's so what problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Marek's so what problem is that
+addressing so the basic problem is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing so the basic problem is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing so the basic problem is this
+data structure this data structure is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure this data structure is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure this data structure is as
+soon as you have a list of items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you have a list of items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you have a list of items that
+can be any type you're dead right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any type you're dead right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any type you're dead right
+there's no way to make this as fast as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to make this as fast as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to make this as fast as a
+c loop over a double pointer so to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c loop over a double pointer so to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c loop over a double pointer so to make
+it fast what you need but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fast what you need but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fast what you need but we haven't
+have as a way to say oh every element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a way to say oh every element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a way to say oh every element of
+this array is the same type so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array is the same type so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array is the same type so I don't
+need to store type tags for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to store type tags for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to store type tags for every
+element I just our type tag once for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element I just our type tag once for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element I just our type tag once for the
+whole array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that so there there is a tag for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so there there is a tag for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so there there is a tag for the
+before that there's a type wait to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that there's a type wait to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that there's a type wait to say
+float64 okay there is maybe a length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float64 okay there is maybe a length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float64 okay there is maybe a length of
+the array and then there's just a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and then there's just a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and then there's just a bunch
+of values went after the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values went after the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values went after the other
+so this is just a you know 1.0 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a you know 1.0 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a you know 1.0 three
+point seven eight point nine and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven eight point nine and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven eight point nine and each of
+these are just eight bytes an 8 byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just eight bytes an 8 byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just eight bytes an 8 byte
+double in c notation right so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double in c notation right so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double in c notation right so it's just
+one after the other so it reads this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other so it reads this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other so it reads this
+once reads the length and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once reads the length and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once reads the length and then it
+dispatches to code that says okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatches to code that says okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatches to code that says okay now
+basically dispatches the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically dispatches the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically dispatches the equivalent of
+my C code alright so now once it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my C code alright so now once it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my C code alright so now once it knows
+the type in the length then okay says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type in the length then okay says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type in the length then okay says it
+runs this okay and that can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs this okay and that can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs this okay and that can be quite
+fast and the only problem is you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and the only problem is you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and the only problem is you cannot
+write implement this in Python so Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write implement this in Python so Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write implement this in Python so Python
+doesn't provide you a way to to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't provide you a way to to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't provide you a way to to have
+that semantics to have a list of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that semantics to have a list of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that semantics to have a list of objects
+we say they all have to be the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say they all have to be the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say they all have to be the same type
+there's no way to enforce that or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to enforce that or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to enforce that or to
+inform the language of that in in Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the language of that in in Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the language of that in in Python
+and then and then they tell it Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then they tell it Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then they tell it Oh
+for this test these are all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this test these are all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this test these are all the same
+type you can throw away the boxes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you can throw away the boxes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you can throw away the boxes like
+every Python object looks like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Python object looks like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Python object looks like this you
+can see there's no way to tell Python oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's no way to tell Python oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's no way to tell Python oh
+well these are these are all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are these are all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are these are all the same
+type so you don't need to store the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so you don't need to store the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so you don't need to store the type
+tags you don't need that pointers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags you don't need that pointers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags you don't need that pointers you
+don't need to have reference counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have reference counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have reference counting
+you can just slam the values into memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just slam the values into memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just slam the values into memory
+one after the other it doesn't provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other it doesn't provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other it doesn't provide
+you that with that facility and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that with that facility and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that with that facility and so
+there's no way to like you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to like you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to like you can make a
+fast Python compiler that will do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Python compiler that will do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Python compiler that will do this
+so nothing is implemented didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing is implemented didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing is implemented didn't see
+even with some of you are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with some of you are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with some of you are familiar with
+pi PI which is an attempt to make a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi PI which is an attempt to make a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi PI which is an attempt to make a fast
+like a tracing JIT for Python so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tracing JIT for Python so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tracing JIT for Python so they
+when they poured it to Mata num PI to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they poured it to Mata num PI to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they poured it to Mata num PI to 2
+pi PI or they attempted to even then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi PI or they attempted to even then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi PI or they attempted to even then you
+know they could they could implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they could they could implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they could they could implement
+more of it in Python but they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it in Python but they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it in Python but they had to
+implement the core in C ok but given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the core in C ok but given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the core in C ok but given
+that I can do this I can I can I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do this I can I can I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do this I can I can I can I
+can import the numpy module into julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can import the numpy module into julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can import the numpy module into julia
+get it's some function and benchmark the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's some function and benchmark the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's some function and benchmark the
+numpy some function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's good again it takes a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's good again it takes a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's good again it takes a few
+seconds to run okay and it takes three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to run okay and it takes three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to run okay and it takes three
+point eight milliseconds so this C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight milliseconds so this C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight milliseconds so this C was
+ten milliseconds so it's actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten milliseconds so it's actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten milliseconds so it's actually it's
+actually doing faster than the C code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing faster than the C code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing faster than the C code
+almost a little over twice as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a little over twice as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a little over twice as fast
+actually and and what's going on is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and and what's going on is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and and what's going on is it's
+is there's there C code is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's there C code is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's there C code is better than
+my C code there C code is using assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my C code there C code is using assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my C code there C code is using assembly
+instructions so you party and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so you party and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so you party and at this
+point I'm sure that you guys all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm sure that you guys all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm sure that you guys all know
+about these things well you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things well you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things well you you can
+leave read in two numbers or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave read in two numbers or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave read in two numbers or four
+numbers into like one giant register and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers into like one giant register and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers into like one giant register and
+one instruction had all four numbers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction had all four numbers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction had all four numbers at
+once okay so what about if we go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay so what about if we go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay so what about if we go in the
+other direction we write our own Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction we write our own Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction we write our own Python
+some function so we don't use the Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so we don't use the Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so we don't use the Python
+some implemented in C I write our own in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implemented in C I write our own in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implemented in C I write our own in
+Python so here's a little my some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python so here's a little my some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python so here's a little my some
+function in Python only works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Python only works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Python only works for
+floating-point I initialize X to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point I initialize X to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point I initialize X to zero
+point zero so really only is accumulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero so really only is accumulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero so really only is accumulates
+floating point values but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point values but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point values but that's okay
+and then I just loop for X in a s equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just loop for X in a s equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just loop for X in a s equals
+s plus X return s is the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s plus X return s is the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s plus X return s is the most obvious
+thing you would write in Python okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would write in Python okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would write in Python okay and
+check that it works and yet arrows to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it works and yet arrows to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it works and yet arrows to
+the minus 13th it's giving the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 13th it's giving the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 13th it's giving the right
+answer and now let's climb it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember C was 10 milliseconds numpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember C was 10 milliseconds numpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember C was 10 milliseconds numpy
+was full it's like 5 milliseconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was full it's like 5 milliseconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was full it's like 5 milliseconds and
+then the built-in Python was like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the built-in Python was like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the built-in Python was like if
+some was 50 milliseconds operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some was 50 milliseconds operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some was 50 milliseconds operating on
+this on this list now so we now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this list now so we now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this list now so we now we have
+this a C code operate on this list with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a C code operate on this list with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a C code operate on this list with
+50 milliseconds and now we have Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 milliseconds and now we have Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 milliseconds and now we have Python
+code operating on this list and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+230 milliseconds I so it's it's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+230 milliseconds I so it's it's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+230 milliseconds I so it's it's quite a
+bit slower and it's because basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit slower and it's because basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit slower and it's because basically in
+Python there's in the pure Python code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python there's in the pure Python code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python there's in the pure Python code
+there's no way to implement this fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to implement this fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to implement this fast
+path that checks oh they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that checks oh they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that checks oh they're all the same
+type so I can cash the plus function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so I can cash the plus function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so I can cash the plus function and
+so far I don't think it's it's feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I don't think it's it's feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I don't think it's it's feasible
+to implement that and so so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement that and so so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement that and so so basically
+then on every loop iteration has to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on every loop iteration has to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on every loop iteration has to look
+up the plus function dynamically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the plus function dynamically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the plus function dynamically and
+allocate a new box for the result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a new box for the result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a new box for the result and
+and do that 10 to the seventh times cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that 10 to the seventh times cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that 10 to the seventh times cuz
+now so there's a built in some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so there's a built in some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so there's a built in some function
+in Julia I saw this distant benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Julia I saw this distant benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Julia I saw this distant benchmark
+that is a it's actually implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a it's actually implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a it's actually implemented in
+Julia it's not implemented in C I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia it's not implemented in C I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia it's not implemented in C I won't
+show you the code for the built in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the code for the built in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the code for the built in one
+because it's it's a little messy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's a little messy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's a little messy because
+it's actually computing this some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually computing this some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually computing this some more
+accurately than than the loop that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately than than the loop that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately than than the loop that I've
+done it is its uses so that's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it is its uses so that's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it is its uses so that's three
+point nine milliseconds so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine milliseconds so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine milliseconds so it's
+comparable to the to the numpy code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to the to the numpy code okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to the to the numpy code okay
+so it's also using sim D but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also using sim D but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also using sim D but it's it's
+so this is also fast so now it's so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is also fast so now it's so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is also fast so now it's so why
+can Julie do that so it has to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Julie do that so it has to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Julie do that so it has to be that
+the array type first of all has the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array type first of all has the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array type first of all has the type
+attached to it so you can see the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it so you can see the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it so you can see the type
+of the array is an array of low 64 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the array is an array of low 64 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the array is an array of low 64 so
+there's a type tag attached to the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a type tag attached to the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a type tag attached to the array
+itself so somehow that that's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so somehow that that's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so somehow that that's involved
+so it looks more like a numpy array in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks more like a numpy array in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks more like a numpy array in
+memory than then this is then a Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory than then this is then a Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory than then this is then a Python
+list you can make the equivalent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you can make the equivalent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you can make the equivalent of a
+Python list that's called an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python list that's called an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python list that's called an array of
+any so if I convert this to an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so if I convert this to an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so if I convert this to an array of
+any so that an array of any is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so that an array of any is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so that an array of any is something
+where the elements types can be any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the elements types can be any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the elements types can be any any
+julia type and so that it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia type and so that it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia type and so that it has to be
+stored as something like this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored as something like this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored as something like this as an
+array of pointers to boxes and when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of pointers to boxes and when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of pointers to boxes and when I do
+that let's see there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's see there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's see there it is
+then it's 355 milliseconds so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's 355 milliseconds so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's 355 milliseconds so it's
+actually it's actually even worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually even worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually even worse than
+Python so the Julia the Python they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python so the Julia the Python they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python so the Julia the Python they
+spent a lot of time optimizing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time optimizing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time optimizing their
+code paths for things that had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code paths for things that had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code paths for things that had to
+allocate lots of boxes all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate lots of boxes all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate lots of boxes all the time so
+and Julia it's usually understood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Julia it's usually understood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Julia it's usually understood that
+if you're writing optimized code you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're writing optimized code you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're writing optimized code you're
+gonna do it not on a raise of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it not on a raise of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it not on a raise of pointers
+to boxes like if you're you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boxes like if you're you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boxes like if you're you're gonna
+write it on homogeneous arrays or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it on homogeneous arrays or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it on homogeneous arrays or things
+where the types are known at compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the types are known at compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the types are known at compile
+time okay so so let's write our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so so let's write our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so so let's write our own
+julia some function this is the julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia some function this is the julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia some function this is the julia
+some function there's no type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function there's no type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function there's no type
+declaration it works on any container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration it works on any container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration it works on any container
+type i initialize s2 to for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type i initialize s2 to for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type i initialize s2 to for this
+function call zero for the element type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call zero for the element type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call zero for the element type
+of a so it initializes it to the add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so it initializes it to the add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so it initializes it to the add
+of identity so to work on any container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity so to work on any container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity so to work on any container
+of anything that supports a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything that supports a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything that supports a plus
+function that hasn't added has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that hasn't added has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that hasn't added has an
+additive identity so it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive identity so it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive identity so it's completely
+generic it looks a lot like the Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic it looks a lot like the Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic it looks a lot like the Python
+code except for this there's no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code except for this there's no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code except for this there's no there's
+no zero function in Python and this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zero function in Python and this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zero function in Python and this make
+sure gives the right answer it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure gives the right answer it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure gives the right answer it does and
+that's benchmark it all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's benchmark it all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's benchmark it all right so this is
+the code you'd like to be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code you'd like to be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code you'd like to be able to write
+you like to be able to write high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to be able to write high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to be able to write high-level
+code that's a straight level straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's a straight level straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's a straight level straight
+loop unlike the C code it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop unlike the C code it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop unlike the C code it's completely
+generic right it works on any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic right it works on any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic right it works on any any
+container to anything you can loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container to anything you can loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container to anything you can loop over
+and anything that has a plus function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything that has a plus function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything that has a plus function
+right so an array of quaternions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so an array of quaternions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so an array of quaternions or
+whatever and a benchmark it it's 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and a benchmark it it's 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and a benchmark it it's 11
+milliseconds it's the same as the C code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds it's the same as the C code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds it's the same as the C code
+I wrote in the beginning it's not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote in the beginning it's not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote in the beginning it's not using
+Cindy says instruction sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cindy says instruction sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cindy says instruction sorry that's
+where the additional factors are to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the additional factors are to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the additional factors are to come
+but it's it's the same as the nonce MD C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's the same as the nonce MD C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's the same as the nonce MD C
+code and in fact if I want to use Cindy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and in fact if I want to use Cindy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and in fact if I want to use Cindy
+there's a little tag you can put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little tag you can put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little tag you can put in a
+loop to tell it's compiling this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to tell it's compiling this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to tell it's compiling this with
+LLVM you can say tell LLVM to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM you can say tell LLVM to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM you can say tell LLVM to try and
+vectorize the loop sometimes it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize the loop sometimes it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize the loop sometimes it can
+sometimes it can't but something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can't but something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can't but something like
+this it should be able to vectorize it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it should be able to vectorize it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it should be able to vectorize it's
+simple enough you don't need to hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough you don't need to hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough you don't need to hand
+code 70 instructions for a loop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code 70 instructions for a loop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code 70 instructions for a loop this
+simple yeah osya why isn't it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple yeah osya why isn't it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple yeah osya why isn't it the
+default because in most of the code like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default because in most of the code like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default because in most of the code like
+most code the compiler cannot auto auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most code the compiler cannot auto auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most code the compiler cannot auto auto
+vectorize so it increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize so it increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize so it increases the
+compilation time and like bloats that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation time and like bloats that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation time and like bloats that
+often blows the code size for no benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often blows the code size for no benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often blows the code size for no benefit
+so it's only really it's really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's only really it's really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's only really it's really only
+relatively simple loops on operating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple loops on operating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple loops on operating and
+doing simple operations and arrays that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing simple operations and arrays that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing simple operations and arrays that
+benefit from sim days so you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from sim days so you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from sim days so you don't want
+it to be there yeah so now it's it's 4.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be there yeah so now it's it's 4.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be there yeah so now it's it's 4.3
+milliseconds so it's about the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds so it's about the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds so it's about the same as
+the as the the numpy and so forth it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as the the numpy and so forth it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as the the numpy and so forth it's a
+little slower than the numpy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slower than the numpy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slower than the numpy it's
+interesting a year ago when I tried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting a year ago when I tried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting a year ago when I tried this
+it was almost exactly the same speed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was almost exactly the same speed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was almost exactly the same speed as
+the numpy and then since then both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numpy and then since then both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numpy and then since then both the
+numpy and the julie have gotten better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numpy and the julie have gotten better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numpy and the julie have gotten better
+but the number I got better more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number I got better more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number I got better more so
+there's something going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on with
+basically how well the compiler can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how well the compiler can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how well the compiler can use
+AVX instructions by it seems like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVX instructions by it seems like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVX instructions by it seems like we're
+still investigating what that is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still investigating what that is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still investigating what that is but
+it's an LOV M limitation looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an LOV M limitation looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an LOV M limitation looks like so
+and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it
+still completely tech generic so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still completely tech generic so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still completely tech generic so if I
+make a random array of complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a random array of complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a random array of complex numbers
+and that I I sum them to call it my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I I sum them to call it my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I I sum them to call it my
+which one am i calling now am i calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one am i calling now am i calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one am i calling now am i calling
+the vector my son is the vectorized one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector my son is the vectorized one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector my son is the vectorized one
+right so complex numbers each complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so complex numbers each complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so complex numbers each complex
+number is two floating point numbers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is two floating point numbers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is two floating point numbers it
+should take about twice the time you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take about twice the time you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take about twice the time you two
+naively think right so twice the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively think right so twice the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively think right so twice the number
+of operations to add the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations to add the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations to add the same number of
+complex numbers as seen over real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers as seen over real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers as seen over real
+numbers yeah and it does it takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers yeah and it does it takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers yeah and it does it takes about
+11 milliseconds so for 10 to the seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 milliseconds so for 10 to the seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 milliseconds so for 10 to the seventh
+which is about twice the 5 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about twice the 5 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about twice the 5 milliseconds
+it took four for the same number of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took four for the same number of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took four for the same number of real
+numbers and the code works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the code works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the code works for
+everything so why okay so so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so why okay so so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so why okay so so what's
+going on here so okay so we saw this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so okay so we saw this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so okay so we saw this my
+sum function I'll just take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum function I'll just take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum function I'll just take out the
+Simbi for now and we did all that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're and it works for any type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're and it works for any type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're and it works for any type
+it doesn't even have to be an array so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even have to be an array so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even have to be an array so
+for example there's a another container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there's a another container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there's a another container
+type called a set in Julia which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type called a set in Julia which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type called a set in Julia which is just
+an unordered collection of unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unordered collection of unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unordered collection of unique
+elements but you can also loop over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but you can also loop over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but you can also loop over it
+if it's a set of integers you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a set of integers you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a set of integers you you can
+also sum it and I'm waiting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sum it and I'm waiting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sum it and I'm waiting for the
+benchmarks to complete so let me Alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks to complete so let me Alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks to complete so let me Alec
+ate a set and there's no type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate a set and there's no type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate a set and there's no type
+declarations here they like mine some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarations here they like mine some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarations here they like mine some a
+there was no a has to be an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no a has to be an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no a has to be an array of
+particular type or even it doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type or even it doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type or even it doesn't even
+have to be an array all right so a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an array all right so a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an array all right so a set
+is a different data structure and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different data structure and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different data structure and it's
+and so it's a set of integers I can it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a set of integers I can it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a set of integers I can it's
+a sets are unique so if I add if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sets are unique so if I add if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sets are unique so if I add if I add
+something to already this set it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to already this set it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to already this set it's in
+there it won't it won't add it twice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it won't it won't add it twice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it won't it won't add it twice and
+it supports the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it supports the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it supports the fast
+checking if you know is two in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if you know is two in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if you know is two in the set
+is three in the set doesn't have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three in the set doesn't have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three in the set doesn't have to look
+through all the elements it's a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the elements it's a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the elements it's a hash
+internally but I can call my my sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally but I can call my my sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally but I can call my my sum
+function on it and it sums up to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on it and it sums up to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on it and it sums up to plus
+seventeen plus six but 24 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen plus six but 24 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen plus six but 24 which is
+hopefully 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully 49
+all right so okay so what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so okay so what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so okay so what's going on
+here so suppose you two find the key one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so suppose you two find the key one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so suppose you two find the key one
+of the keys to several things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the keys to several things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the keys to several things are going
+on to make Julia fess so what one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to make Julia fess so what one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to make Julia fess so what one key
+thing is that when you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that when you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that when you have a function
+like this my sum or even here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this my sum or even here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this my sum or even here's a
+simpler function f of x equals x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler function f of x equals x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler function f of x equals x plus
+one when I call it with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I call it with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I call it with a particular
+type of argument like an integer or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of argument like an integer or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of argument like an integer or an
+array of integers or whatever then it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of integers or whatever then it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of integers or whatever then it it
+compiles a specialized version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles a specialized version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles a specialized version of that
+for that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that type
+so here's f of x equals x plus one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's f of x equals x plus one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's f of x equals x plus one it
+works on any type supporting plus so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on any type supporting plus so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on any type supporting plus so if
+I call F of three so here I'm passing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call F of three so here I'm passing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call F of three so here I'm passing a
+64-bit integer when it did that it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit integer when it did that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit integer when it did that it says
+okay X is a 64-bit integer I mean I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay X is a 64-bit integer I mean I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay X is a 64-bit integer I mean I want
+to sit on a compiled a specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit on a compiled a specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit on a compiled a specialized
+version of F with that with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of F with that with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of F with that with that
+knowledge and then when I call with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and then when I call with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and then when I call with a
+different type 3.10 now X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type 3.10 now X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type 3.10 now X is a
+floating-point number it'll compile a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point number it'll compile a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point number it'll compile a
+specialized version with that value if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized version with that value if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized version with that value if I
+call with another integer it says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with another integer it says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with another integer it says oh
+that version was already compiled as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version was already compiled as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version was already compiled as
+well we use it so it only composite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we use it so it only composite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we use it so it only composite the
+first time you call it with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you call it with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you call it with a particular
+type if I call with a string it'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type if I call with a string it'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type if I call with a string it'll give
+an error because it doesn't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error because it doesn't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error because it doesn't know how to
+add plus to a string so it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add plus to a string so it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add plus to a string so it's in
+particular okay so what is it what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular okay so what is it what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular okay so what is it what is
+going on so we can actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so we can actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so we can actually look at the
+compiled code system called code this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled code system called code this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled code system called code this
+function is called code these macros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is called code these macros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is called code these macros
+called cold LLVM and code native let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cold LLVM and code native let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cold LLVM and code native let's
+say okay when I call F of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay when I call F of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay when I call F of 1
+what's the lm-2 people know what LLVM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the lm-2 people know what LLVM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the lm-2 people know what LLVM is
+you guys okay so so LVM right compiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys okay so so LVM right compiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys okay so so LVM right compiles
+to bytecode first and that goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bytecode first and that goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bytecode first and that goes to
+machine code so you can see the LLVM bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code so you can see the LLVM bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code so you can see the LLVM bit
+code or bytecode or whatever it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code or bytecode or whatever it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code or bytecode or whatever it's called
+and you can sell to see the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sell to see the native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sell to see the native
+machine code so here's the LVM bytecode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code so here's the LVM bytecode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code so here's the LVM bytecode
+for it compels to if everyone so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it compels to if everyone so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it compels to if everyone so it's a
+it's bit called a die 64 0 it caused one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bit called a die 64 0 it caused one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bit called a die 64 0 it caused one
+basically one nella VM instruction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one nella VM instruction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one nella VM instruction which
+turns into one machine instruction l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into one machine instruction l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into one machine instruction l
+load effective address is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load effective address is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load effective address is actually a
+64-bit Edition function is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit Edition function is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit Edition function is an
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+so let's think about what had to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about what had to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about what had to happen
+there so if you have f of x equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you have f of x equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you have f of x equals x
+plus 1 now compile if I don't compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 now compile if I don't compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 now compile if I don't compile
+for X is is a in 64 so 60 64 bit integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X is is a in 64 so 60 64 bit integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X is is a in 64 so 60 64 bit integer
+or a Julia we'd say X : : in 64 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Julia we'd say X : : in 64 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Julia we'd say X : : in 64 that's
+the : call means this is this is of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the : call means this is this is of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the : call means this is this is of this
+type okay so this is 64-bit integer type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so this is 64-bit integer type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so this is 64-bit integer type
+so what I just have to do it first has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I just have to do it first has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I just have to do it first has
+to figure out what plus function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what plus function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what plus function to
+cause a plus MIDI there's a plus for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a plus MIDI there's a plus for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a plus MIDI there's a plus for two
+matrices a plus for a lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a plus for a lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a plus for a lots of different
+things and so depending on the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so depending on the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so depending on the types of
+the arguments it decides on which plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments it decides on which plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments it decides on which plus
+function to call so so it first realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to call so so it first realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to call so so it first realizes
+oh this is an integer oh this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is an integer oh this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is an integer oh this is an
+integer this is also a suitable integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer this is also a suitable integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer this is also a suitable integer
+so that means a sound a call the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means a sound a call the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means a sound a call the plus
+function for two integers so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for two integers so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for two integers so I'm gonna
+look into that function and then oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that function and then oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that function and then oh that
+one returns and in 64 so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one returns and in 64 so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one returns and in 64 so that's the
+return value for my function and oh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value for my function and oh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value for my function and oh by
+the way this function is so simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this function is so simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this function is so simple that
+I'm gonna inline it so it's it's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna inline it so it's it's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna inline it so it's it's its
+type specializing and this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type specializing and this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type specializing and this process of
+going from X is an integer to that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from X is an integer to that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from X is an integer to that to
+figuring out the type of the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the type of the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the type of the output is
+called type inference okay so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called type inference okay so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called type inference okay so in general
+for type inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is you know given the types of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is you know given the types of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is you know given the types of the
+inputs it tries to infer the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it tries to infer the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it tries to infer the types of
+the outputs and in fact all intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs and in fact all intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs and in fact all intermediate
+values as well now what makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as well now what makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as well now what makes it a
+dynamic language is this can fail so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic language is this can fail so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic language is this can fail so in
+some languages like ml or some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages like ml or some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages like ml or some of the
+languages you don't really declare types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you don't really declare types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you don't really declare types
+but their designs so that you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their designs so that you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their designs so that you give the
+types of the inputs it can figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of the inputs it can figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of the inputs it can figure it
+everything and if it can't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and if it can't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and if it can't figure out
+everything it gives it gives an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it gives it gives an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it gives it gives an error
+basically it has to it has to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it has to it has to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it has to it has to do it for
+everything so Julia is a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so Julia is a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so Julia is a dynamic
+language this can fail and it have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this can fail and it have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this can fail and it have a
+fallback of C if it doesn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallback of C if it doesn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallback of C if it doesn't know the
+type it gets six things in a box but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it gets six things in a box but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type it gets six things in a box but
+obviously the fast path is when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the fast path is when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the fast path is when it
+exceeds the succeeds and one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the succeeds and one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the succeeds and one of the key
+things is you have to try and make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is you have to try and make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is you have to try and make this
+kind of thing work in a language you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing work in a language you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing work in a language you
+have to design the language so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design the language so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design the language so that the
+release further all the built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release further all the built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release further all the built in
+constructs the standard library or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs the standard library or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs the standard library or in
+general in the culture for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in the culture for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in the culture for people
+designing designing packages and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing designing packages and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing designing packages and so
+forth that you think to to to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that you think to to to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that you think to to to design
+things so that this type inference can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that this type inference can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that this type inference can
+succeed and I'll give a counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed and I'll give a counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed and I'll give a counter example
+to that in a minute right so and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a minute right so and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a minute right so and this
+works recursively so it's not suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works recursively so it's not suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works recursively so it's not suppose I
+define a function G of x equals f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function G of x equals f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function G of x equals f of X
+times 2 okay and then I call G of 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 okay and then I call G of 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 okay and then I call G of 1 so
+it's gonna say okay X here is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna say okay X here is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna say okay X here is an integer
+okay I'm gonna call F with an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna call F with an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna call F with an integer
+argument oh I should compile F for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument oh I should compile F for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument oh I should compile F for an
+integer argument figure it's return type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer argument figure it's return type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer argument figure it's return type
+use its return to have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use its return to have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use its return to have to figure out
+what x function to call and and it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x function to call and and it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x function to call and and it had
+doing and do all this at compile time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and do all this at compile time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and do all this at compile time
+right not at not at run time ideally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not at not at run time ideally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not at not at run time ideally so
+we can look at the elleven code for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the elleven code for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the elleven code for this
+and in fact so so this is remember f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact so so this is remember f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact so so this is remember f of
+X adds 1 to X and then we're telling x 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X adds 1 to X and then we're telling x 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X adds 1 to X and then we're telling x 2
+so the result computes 2 X plus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result computes 2 X plus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result computes 2 X plus 2 and
+LLVM is smart enough so in F is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM is smart enough so in F is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM is smart enough so in F is so
+simple that it in lines it and then LLVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that it in lines it and then LLVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that it in lines it and then LLVM
+is smart enough that I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smart enough that I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smart enough that I don't have to
+well I know it does it by one shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know it does it by one shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know it does it by one shift
+instruction to multiply X by two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to multiply X by two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to multiply X by two and
+then it adds two so it actually combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it adds two so it actually combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it adds two so it actually combines
+the x two and the plus one it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x two and the plus one it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x two and the plus one it does
+constant folding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant folding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant folding okay
+and you can continue on if you look at H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can continue on if you look at H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can continue on if you look at H
+of X equals G of X tends to then it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X equals G of X tends to then it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X equals G of X tends to then it that
+compiles to shift one shift instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles to shift one shift instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles to shift one shift instruction
+to multiply X by four and then adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply X by four and then adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply X by four and then adding
+four so you see you want this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so you see you want this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so you see you want this so this
+process Cascades so and you can even do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Cascades so and you can even do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Cascades so and you can even do
+it for a recursive function so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a recursive function so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a recursive function so here's a
+stupid implementation of a Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid implementation of a Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid implementation of a Fibonacci
+number calculation and recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number calculation and recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number calculation and recursive
+implementation right so this is given n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation right so this is given n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation right so this is given n
+that's must be it's an integer okay if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's must be it's an integer okay if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's must be it's an integer okay if n
+is less than three returns one otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than three returns one otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than three returns one otherwise
+it adds the previous two numbers I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds the previous two numbers I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds the previous two numbers I can
+compute the first call this in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the first call this in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the first call this in the first
+ten integers here's the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten integers here's the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten integers here's the first 10
+Fibonacci numbers there's also in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers there's also in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers there's also in that
+acute notation and Julia can say fib dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute notation and Julia can say fib dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute notation and Julia can say fib dot
+so if you do F dot arguments it calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do F dot arguments it calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do F dot arguments it calls
+the function element wise on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function element wise on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function element wise on a
+collection and returns a collection so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and returns a collection so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and returns a collection so f
+dot 1 to 10 where it turns the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot 1 to 10 where it turns the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot 1 to 10 where it turns the first 10
+Fibonacci numbers and I can call there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers and I can call there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers and I can call there's
+a function called code warren type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function called code warren type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function called code warren type
+that'll tell me what it'll tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll tell me what it'll tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll tell me what it'll tell me the
+output of type interface a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of type interface a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of type interface a type
+inference so a 10 is a 1 and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so a 10 is a 1 and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so a 10 is a 1 and it goes
+through this is this kind of a hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is this kind of a hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is this kind of a hard to
+read format but this is like the after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read format but this is like the after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read format but this is like the after
+like one of the compiler passes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the compiler passes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the compiler passes called
+lowering but yeah it's figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering but yeah it's figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering but yeah it's figuring out the
+types of every of every intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of every of every intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of every of every intermediate
+call so here is it's invoking main dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so here is it's invoking main dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so here is it's invoking main dot
+fib it's recursively and it's figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib it's recursively and it's figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib it's recursively and it's figured
+out that the type return type is Austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the type return type is Austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the type return type is Austin
+in 64 so it knows everything okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 64 so it knows everything okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 64 so it knows everything okay so
+you'll notice that I here I declared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that I here I declared a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that I here I declared a
+type I call I said that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type I call I said that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type I call I said that this is an
+integer okay I don't have to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer okay I don't have to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer okay I don't have to do that for
+type in first inference this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in first inference this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in first inference this doesn't
+this doesn't help the compiler at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't help the compiler at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't help the compiler at all
+because it it does type inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it does type inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it does type inference
+depending on what I pass so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what I pass so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what I pass so what this is
+is it more like a filter it says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it more like a filter it says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it more like a filter it says that if
+I pass that this function only accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pass that this function only accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pass that this function only accepts
+integers if you pass something else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers if you pass something else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers if you pass something else you
+should throw an error like so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should throw an error like so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should throw an error like so I don't
+want this function because if I pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this function because if I pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this function because if I pass
+three point seven right if I don't fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven right if I don't fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven right if I don't fill
+out any number if you look at the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any number if you look at the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any number if you look at the you
+know three point seven I can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three point seven I can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three point seven I can check
+whether it's less than three it can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's less than three it can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's less than three it can call
+it recursively I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it recursively I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it recursively I mean
+the the function would run it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function would run it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function would run it would just
+give nonsense all right side i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give nonsense all right side i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give nonsense all right side i want to
+prevent someone from passing nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent someone from passing nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent someone from passing nonsense
+for this so that's one reason to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so that's one reason to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so that's one reason to do a
+type declaration but another region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type declaration but another region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type declaration but another region
+reason is to do something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is to do something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is to do something called
+dispatch so what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch so what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch so what we can do is we can
+define different versions of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define different versions of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define different versions of a function
+for different arguments so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different arguments so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different arguments so for example
+another nicer version of that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nicer version of that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nicer version of that is a
+factorial function so here is a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial function so here is a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial function so here is a stupid
+stupid recursive implementation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid recursive implementation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid recursive implementation of a
+vectorial function it takes an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorial function it takes an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorial function it takes an integer
+argument and just recursively calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and just recursively calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and just recursively calls
+itself on n minus 1 so you can call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself on n minus 1 so you can call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself on n minus 1 so you can call it
+on 10 factorial okay if I want a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 10 factorial okay if I want a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 10 factorial okay if I want a hundred
+factorial I need to use a different type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial I need to use a different type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial I need to use a different type
+that 64-bit integers I need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 64-bit integers I need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 64-bit integers I need some
+arbitrary precision integer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary precision integer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary precision integer and and
+since since I said it was an integer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since I said it was an integer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since I said it was an integer if
+I call it 3.7 it'll give and it'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it 3.7 it'll give and it'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it 3.7 it'll give and it'll give
+an error that's good but now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error that's good but now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error that's good but now I can
+define a different version of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a different version of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a different version of this so
+actually there isn't definitely there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there isn't definitely there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there isn't definitely there is
+a generalization of factorial to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalization of factorial to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalization of factorial to two
+arbitrary real in fact even complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary real in fact even complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary real in fact even complex
+numbers call the gamut function and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers call the gamut function and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers call the gamut function and so I
+can define a fallback that works for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a fallback that works for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a fallback that works for any
+type of number and it calls a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of number and it calls a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of number and it calls a gamma
+function from someplace else and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from someplace else and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from someplace else and then
+then if I can pass it a floating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I can pass it a floating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I can pass it a floating point
+value I can if you if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I can if you if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I can if you if you take the
+factorial of minus minus 1/2 it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial of minus minus 1/2 it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial of minus minus 1/2 it turns
+out that's actually square root of pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's actually square root of pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's actually square root of pi so
+if I square it it gives PI all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I square it it gives PI all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I square it it gives PI all right so
+so now I have one function and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have one function and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have one function and I have
+two methods all right so so these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods all right so so these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods all right so so these types
+here so there's a hierarchy of type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a hierarchy of type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a hierarchy of type so
+so this is this is what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what's called an
+abstract type it's most of you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract type it's most of you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract type it's most of you probably
+seen like so there's a type called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like so there's a type called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like so there's a type called
+number and underneath there's a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and underneath there's a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and underneath there's a class of
+subtypes called integer and underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes called integer and underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes called integer and underneath
+there's for example 8 64 or int 8 for 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's for example 8 64 or int 8 for 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's for example 8 64 or int 8 for 8
+bit or 64 bit integers underneath number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit or 64 bit integers underneath number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit or 64 bit integers underneath number
+there's there's actually another sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's actually another sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's actually another sub
+type Pole real and underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Pole real and underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Pole real and underneath that
+there's a couple sub types and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple sub types and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple sub types and then
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+they say float64 our or float32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say float64 our or float32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say float64 our or float32
+for for a a single precision 32-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a a single precision 32-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a a single precision 32-bit
+floating-point number and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point number and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point number and so forth so
+there's a hierarchy of these things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hierarchy of these things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hierarchy of these things when
+I specify something can take integer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specify something can take integer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specify something can take integer I'm
+just saying it so this type has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it so this type has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it so this type has not
+helped the compilers to help it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped the compilers to help it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped the compilers to help it's to
+provide a filter says this vert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a filter says this vert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a filter says this vert this
+method only works for these types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method only works for these types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method only works for these types and
+then this this other method only where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this this other method only where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this this other method only where
+it works this my second method works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works this my second method works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works this my second method works for
+any number type so I have one Martha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number type so I have one Martha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number type so I have one Martha
+that works for any number type of series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for any number type of series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for any number type of series
+one method that works for any number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one method that works for any number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one method that works for any number
+type and one metric method that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and one metric method that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and one metric method that only
+works for integers so when I call it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for integers so when I call it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for integers so when I call it for
+3 which ones does it call because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which ones does it call because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which ones does it call because
+they're actually called both methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually called both methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually called both methods and
+what it does is it calls the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it calls the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it calls the most
+specific one it calls the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific one it calls the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific one it calls the one that's
+sort of farthest down the tree so fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of farthest down the tree so fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of farthest down the tree so fair
+so if the so if I have a method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the so if I have a method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the so if I have a method is
+defined for a number and one for defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for a number and one for defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for a number and one for defined
+for integer if I passed an energy little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integer if I passed an energy little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integer if I passed an energy little
+do this if I've one that's defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if I've one that's defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if I've one that's defined for
+number one that's defined by integer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one that's defined by integer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one that's defined by integer and
+one that's defined specifically for int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's defined specifically for int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's defined specifically for int
+eight and I call it a pass an 8-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and I call it a pass an 8-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and I call it a pass an 8-bit
+integer it'll call that version all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it'll call that version all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it'll call that version all
+right so it gives you a filter but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it gives you a filter but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it gives you a filter but in
+general you can do this on multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can do this on multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can do this on multiple
+argument so this is like the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so this is like the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so this is like the key
+abstraction and Julia something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and Julia something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and Julia something called
+multiple dispatch so this was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dispatch so this was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dispatch so this was not
+invented by Julia I guess it was present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by Julia I guess it was present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by Julia I guess it was present
+in small talk in Dillon it's it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small talk in Dillon it's it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small talk in Dillon it's it's been
+in a bunch of languages have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of languages have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of languages have been
+floating around for a while but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around for a while but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around for a while but it's not
+been in a lot of mainstream languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a lot of mainstream languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a lot of mainstream languages
+not in a high-performance way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a high-performance way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a high-performance way and you
+can think of it as a generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as a generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as a generalization of
+object-oriented programming so I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented programming so I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented programming so I'm sure
+all of you have done object oriented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have done object oriented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have done object oriented in
+Python or C++ or something like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python or C++ or something like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python or C++ or something like this so
+now tutorial programming typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tutorial programming typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tutorial programming typically the
+way you you think of it as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you you think of it as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you you think of it as you as you
+say you have an object it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have an object it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have an object it's usually
+spelled like object method you know X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled like object method you know X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled like object method you know X Y
+for example right and what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right and what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right and what it does is
+this type the object type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determines the method right so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the method right so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the method right so you could
+have a method called plus and would cope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a method called plus and would cope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a method called plus and would cope
+but I would actually call a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would actually call a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would actually call a different
+plus function for a complex number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus function for a complex number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus function for a complex number or
+real number something like that or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number something like that or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number something like that or a
+method called length right which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called length right which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called length right which for
+Python lists would call a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python lists would call a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python lists would call a different
+function than for a numpy array right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function than for a numpy array right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function than for a numpy array right in
+Julia you know why he would spell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia you know why he would spell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia you know why he would spell the
+same thing would you say method Minh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing would you say method Minh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing would you say method Minh
+take dot method right so you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take dot method right so you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take dot method right so you don't think
+of the here you think of the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the here you think of the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the here you think of the object is
+sort of owning the method right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of owning the method right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of owning the method right and
+Julia the object would just be maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia the object would just be maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia the object would just be maybe the
+first argument in fact in fact under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument in fact in fact under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument in fact in fact under the
+hood if you're looking in Python for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood if you're looking in Python for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood if you're looking in Python for
+example the object is passed as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the object is passed as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the object is passed as an
+implicit first argument called self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit first argument called self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit first argument called self
+right so essentially how is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so essentially how is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so essentially how is doing this
+it's just spelling different spelling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just spelling different spelling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just spelling different spelling of
+the same thing but as soon as you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but as soon as you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but as soon as you write
+it this way you realize like what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way you realize like what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way you realize like what what
+Python and what o up languages are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and what o up languages are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and what o up languages are doing
+is they're looking at the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're looking at the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're looking at the type of the
+first argument determine the method but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument determine the method but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument determine the method but
+why just the first argument so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just the first argument so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just the first argument so in a
+multiple dispatch a language you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dispatch a language you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dispatch a language you look at
+all the types so so this is sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the types so so this is sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the types so so this is sometimes in
+Julia this will be sometimes be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia this will be sometimes be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia this will be sometimes be called
+single dispatch because this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single dispatch because this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single dispatch because this this is
+this determining the method is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determining the method is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determining the method is called
+it's called dispatch right figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called dispatch right figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called dispatch right figuring out
+which function is that spelled length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which function is that spelled length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which function is that spelled length
+which function actually are you calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which function actually are you calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which function actually are you calling
+this dispatching to the right function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dispatching to the right function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dispatching to the right function
+so this is called multiple dispatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's its clearest if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's its clearest if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's its clearest if you look at
+something like a plus function alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a plus function alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a plus function alright
+so a plus function alright if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a plus function alright if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a plus function alright if you do a
+plus B right which plus you do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B right which plus you do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B right which plus you do really
+should depend on both a and B right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should depend on both a and B right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should depend on both a and B right it
+shouldn't depend on just a or just B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't depend on just a or just B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't depend on just a or just B and
+so it's actually quite awkward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually quite awkward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually quite awkward in
+languages in oo up languages like Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in oo up languages like Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in oo up languages like Python
+or especially suppose C++ to overload a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or especially suppose C++ to overload a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or especially suppose C++ to overload a
+plus operation that operates on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus operation that operates on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus operation that operates on sort of
+mixed types as a consequence for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed types as a consequence for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed types as a consequence for example
+in C++ you know there's a built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C++ you know there's a built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C++ you know there's a built in
+complex number type all right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number type all right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number type all right so you can
+have a complex sing a float or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complex sing a float or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complex sing a float or complex
+double complex ant you know cup box with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double complex ant you know cup box with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double complex ant you know cup box with
+different meal types but you can't add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meal types but you can't add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meal types but you can't add a
+complex float to a couple X double you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex float to a couple X double you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex float to a couple X double you
+can't you can't add a single precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't add a single precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't add a single precision
+complex number to a double precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number to a double precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number to a double precision
+couples member or any mixed operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples member or any mixed operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples member or any mixed operation
+because any mixed complex operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any mixed complex operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any mixed complex operation
+because it can't figure out who owns who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can't figure out who owns who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can't figure out who owns who
+owns the method it doesn't have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the method it doesn't have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the method it doesn't have a wave
+of doing that kind of promotion alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing that kind of promotion alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing that kind of promotion alright
+so in and enjoy so now you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in and enjoy so now you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in and enjoy so now you can have a
+method for for adding a float 32 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for for adding a float 32 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for for adding a float 32 to a
+float 32 but also a method for adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float 32 but also a method for adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float 32 but also a method for adding a
+I don't know let's see here's adding a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know let's see here's adding a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know let's see here's adding a a
+complex number to a real number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number to a real number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number to a real number for
+example alright you want to specialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example alright you want to specialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example alright you want to specialize
+or a real number to a complex number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a real number to a complex number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a real number to a complex number you
+want to specialize things in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to specialize things in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to specialize things in fact we can
+click on the link here and see the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on the link here and see the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on the link here and see the code
+so complex number to a real number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex number to a real number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex number to a real number and
+Julia looks like this it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia looks like this it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia looks like this it's the most
+obvious thing it's implemented in Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing it's implemented in Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing it's implemented in Julia
+plus complex real creates a new complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus complex real creates a new complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus complex real creates a new complex
+number but you only have to add the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but you only have to add the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but you only have to add the real
+part you can leave the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you can leave the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you can leave the imaginary part
+alone and this works on any any complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and this works on any any complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and this works on any any complex
+type ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah there's too many methods for okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there's too many methods for okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there's too many methods for okay I
+can shrink that let's see so I can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shrink that let's see so I can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shrink that let's see so I can talk
+but there's another type inference thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another type inference thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another type inference thing
+called I'll just mention it briefly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I'll just mention it briefly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called I'll just mention it briefly so
+one of the things you have to do to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you have to do to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you have to do to make
+this this this type inference process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this type inference process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this type inference process
+work is given the types of the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is given the types of the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is given the types of the arguments
+you have to figure out the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out the type of the
+return value okay so that means when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value okay so that means when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value okay so that means when you
+design a function we yeah it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a function we yeah it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a function we yeah it has to be
+what's called type stable that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called type stable that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called type stable that the the
+type of the results should depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the results should depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the results should depend on the
+types of the arguments and not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of the arguments and not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of the arguments and not on the
+values of the arguments because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the arguments because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the arguments because the
+types are known at compile time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types are known at compile time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types are known at compile time the
+values are only known at runtime and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are only known at runtime and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are only known at runtime and it
+turns out if you know if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out if you know if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out if you know if you don't have
+this in mind I mean in C of no choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind I mean in C of no choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind I mean in C of no choice
+but to obey this but it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to obey this but it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to obey this but it's something like
+Python a dynamic language at python and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python a dynamic language at python and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python a dynamic language at python and
+matlab if you're not thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab if you're not thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab if you're not thinking about this
+it's really easy to to design things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to to design things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to to design things so
+that doesn't work so that's not true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work so that's not true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work so that's not true so
+a classic example is the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic example is the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic example is the square root
+function all right so suppose i pass an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so suppose i pass an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so suppose i pass an
+integer to it okay so the square root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer to it okay so the square root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer to it okay so the square root is
+square root of this is 2 square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this is 2 square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of this is 2 square root of
+5 right the result has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 right the result has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 right the result has to be a
+floating-point number right it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point number right it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point number right it's two
+point two three whatever so if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two three whatever so if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two three whatever so if i do
+square root of four of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of four of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of four of course that
+square root is an integer but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root is an integer but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root is an integer but if i
+return an integer for that type then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return an integer for that type then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return an integer for that type then it
+wouldn't be type stable anymore then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be type stable anymore then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be type stable anymore then the
+return value type would depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value type would depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value type would depend on the
+value of the input whether it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the input whether it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the input whether it was a
+perfect square or not all right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect square or not all right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect square or not all right so it
+was returned to floating-point value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was returned to floating-point value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was returned to floating-point value
+even if the input as an integer yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well it's just a look up comes it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just a look up comes it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just a look up comes it comes
+with compiled time so it's really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with compiled time so it's really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with compiled time so it's really kind
+of irrelevant it at least if type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of irrelevant it at least if type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of irrelevant it at least if type
+inferencing succeeds if type entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferencing succeeds if type entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferencing succeeds if type entrance
+fails then it's run time it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails then it's run time it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails then it's run time it's it's
+slower but it's not like mistake at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but it's not like mistake at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but it's not like mistake at
+research so it's not it's not as slow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so it's not it's not as slow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so it's not it's not as slow as
+you might might think but I most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might might think but I most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might might think but I most the
+time you don't worry about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you don't worry about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you don't worry about that because
+if you care about performance you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you care about performance you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you care about performance you want
+to arrange your code so that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrange your code so that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrange your code so that type
+inference succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference succeeds
+so you prototype maybe - is it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you prototype maybe - is it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you prototype maybe - is it something
+you do in performance optimization like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in performance optimization like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in performance optimization like
+when you when your prototype but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when your prototype but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when your prototype but you
+don't care about types you say x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about types you say x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about types you say x equals
+three and the next line you say x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the next line you say x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the next line you say x equals
+an array whatever but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array whatever but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array whatever but when you're
+optimizing your code then Y okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing your code then Y okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing your code then Y okay you
+tweak it a little bit to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak it a little bit to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak it a little bit to make sure that
+things don't change types willy-nilly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't change types willy-nilly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't change types willy-nilly
+and that the types of a function depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the types of a function depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the types of a function depend
+on the types of the arguments not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the types of the arguments not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the types of the arguments not on the
+values so as I mentioned square root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so as I mentioned square root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so as I mentioned square root is
+what really confuses people at first if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really confuses people at first if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really confuses people at first if
+you take square root of minus one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take square root of minus one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take square root of minus one you
+might think you should get a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think you should get a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think you should get a complex
+value all right and instead it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right and instead it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right and instead it gives you
+an error all right and because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error all right and because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error all right and because that's
+basically what are the choices here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what are the choices here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what are the choices here it
+could give you an error it could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give you an error it could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give you an error it could give
+you a complex value but if it gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a complex value but if it gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a complex value but if it gave you a
+complex value then the return type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex value then the return type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex value then the return type of
+square root would depend upon the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root would depend upon the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root would depend upon the value
+of the input not just the type some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input not just the type some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input not just the type some
+MATLAB for example if you take square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB for example if you take square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB for example if you take square
+root of minus one it'll happen to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of minus one it'll happen to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of minus one it'll happen to give
+you a couple expander but as a result if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple expander but as a result if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple expander but as a result if
+you have MATLAB MATLAB has a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have MATLAB MATLAB has a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have MATLAB MATLAB has a compiler
+right but it has many many challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it has many many challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it has many many challenges
+but like one simple thing to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like one simple thing to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like one simple thing to understand
+is if you have it if the MATLAB compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have it if the MATLAB compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have it if the MATLAB compiler
+sees a square root function anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a square root function anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a square root function anywhere in
+your function even if it knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function even if it knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function even if it knows the
+inputs that are real it doesn't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are real it doesn't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are real it doesn't know if
+the outputs are complex or real unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs are complex or real unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs are complex or real unless
+it can prove that the inputs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can prove that the inputs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can prove that the inputs were
+positive or non-negative right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or non-negative right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or non-negative right and that
+means that it could then compile to code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it could then compile to code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it could then compile to code
+paths for the output right but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths for the output right but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths for the output right but then
+suppose it calls skirt again or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it calls skirt again or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it calls skirt again or some
+other function about you quickly get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function about you quickly get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function about you quickly get a
+next combinatorial explosion of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next combinatorial explosion of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next combinatorial explosion of possible
+code pass because it impossible types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code pass because it impossible types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code pass because it impossible types
+and so some point you just give up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some point you just give up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some point you just give up and
+just put things in a box but as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put things in a box but as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put things in a box but as soon as
+you put things in a box and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put things in a box and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put things in a box and you're
+looking at types at runtime you're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at types at runtime you're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at types at runtime you're dead
+right from a performance perspective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from a performance perspective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from a performance perspective so
+Python actually gets if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python actually gets if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python actually gets if you want a
+complex result from square root you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex result from square root you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex result from square root you have
+to give it a complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a complex and
+but so in Julia a complex number I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so in Julia a complex number I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so in Julia a complex number I is
+actually M they decided I is too useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually M they decided I is too useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually M they decided I is too useful
+for loop variables so I and J so M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loop variables so I and J so M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loop variables so I and J so M is
+the complex unit if you take squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex unit if you take squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex unit if you take squared of
+a complex input it gives you a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex input it gives you a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex input it gives you a complex
+output so so Python actually does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so so Python actually does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so so Python actually does the
+same thing so in Python if it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so in Python if it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so in Python if it takes
+square root of a negative value it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of a negative value it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of a negative value it gives
+a an error unless you give it a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an error unless you give it a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an error unless you give it a complex
+input but Python but but Python made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but Python but but Python made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but Python but but Python made
+other mistakes so for example in Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mistakes so for example in Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mistakes so for example in Python
+an integer is guaranteed never to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer is guaranteed never to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer is guaranteed never to
+overflow if you add one one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow if you add one one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow if you add one one plus one
+plus one over and over again in Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over and over again in Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over and over again in Python
+eventually low overflow the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually low overflow the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually low overflow the size of
+history 64-bit integer and Python will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history 64-bit integer and Python will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history 64-bit integer and Python will
+just switch under the hood to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switch under the hood to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switch under the hood to an
+arbitrary position an integer right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary position an integer right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary position an integer right but
+seemed like a nice idea probably at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like a nice idea probably at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like a nice idea probably at the
+time and the rest of Python is so slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the rest of Python is so slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the rest of Python is so slow
+that like the performance cost of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the performance cost of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the performance cost of this
+this test you know it makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test you know it makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test you know it makes no
+difference in a typical Python code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in a typical Python code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in a typical Python code but
+it makes it very difficult to compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it very difficult to compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it very difficult to compile
+because that means if you have integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means if you have integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means if you have integer
+inputs and you see X plus 1 in Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and you see X plus 1 in Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and you see X plus 1 in Python
+the compiler cannot decide just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler cannot decide just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler cannot decide just can't
+just compile that to one instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compile that to one instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compile that to one instruction
+because unless you can somehow prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unless you can somehow prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unless you can somehow prove
+that X is sufficiently small so in Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is sufficiently small so in Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is sufficiently small so in Julia
+you know integer arithmetic will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integer arithmetic will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integer arithmetic will
+overflow but the default integer integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow but the default integer integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow but the default integer integer
+if Nick is integer arithmetic is 64 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Nick is integer arithmetic is 64 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Nick is integer arithmetic is 64 bits
+so in practice that never overflows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in practice that never overflows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in practice that never overflows
+unless you're doing number theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're doing number theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're doing number theory and
+you usually know if you're doing number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually know if you're doing number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually know if you're doing number
+theory and then use a reserved precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and then use a reserved precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and then use a reserved precision
+in integers it is much it was much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integers it is much it was much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integers it is much it was much worse
+in the days like this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the days like this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the days like this is something
+people worried a lot you know before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people worried a lot you know before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people worried a lot you know before you
+were born when there were 16-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born when there were 16-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born when there were 16-bit
+machines right and integers it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines right and integers it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines right and integers it's really
+really easy to overflow 16 bits so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to overflow 16 bits so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to overflow 16 bits so I
+guess the biggest sign value is then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the biggest sign value is then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the biggest sign value is then you
+know thirty two thousand seven nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thirty two thousand seven nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thirty two thousand seven nice to
+see seven right so it's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see seven right so it's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see seven right so it's really easy to
+overflow it so you're constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow it so you're constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow it so you're constantly
+worrying about overflow and even 32 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about overflow and even 32 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about overflow and even 32 bits
+the biggest sign value is two billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest sign value is two billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest sign value is two billion
+it's really easy to overflow that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to overflow that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to overflow that even
+just counting bytes right you know files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counting bytes right you know files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just counting bytes right you know files
+that are bigger than two gigabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bigger than two gigabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bigger than two gigabytes
+easily nowadays so some people worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily nowadays so some people worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily nowadays so some people worried
+about this all the time that with 64-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this all the time that with 64-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this all the time that with 64-bit
+integers basically a 64-bit integer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers basically a 64-bit integer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers basically a 64-bit integer will
+never overflow if it's counting objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never overflow if it's counting objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never overflow if it's counting objects
+that exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist in the
+universe like you know bytes or loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe like you know bytes or loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe like you know bytes or loop
+iterations or something like that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations or something like that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations or something like that so you
+just you just say okay to the 64 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just say okay to the 64 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just say okay to the 64 bits
+all you're doing number theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're doing number theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're doing number theory you
+should use begins so okay so let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use begins so okay so let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use begins so okay so let me talk
+the final thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing I want to talk about
+let's see how much doing time good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how much doing time good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how much doing time good is
+defining our own types so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining our own types so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining our own types so this is where
+like this is the real test of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the real test of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the real test of the
+language right so McHale anguish where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language right so McHale anguish where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language right so McHale anguish where
+there's a certain built in set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain built in set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain built in set of
+functions and built-in types and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and built-in types and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and built-in types and there
+are things are fast so for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things are fast so for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things are fast so for example for
+Python there actually is a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python there actually is a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python there actually is a compiler
+called numba that does exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called numba that does exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called numba that does exactly what
+julia does it looks at the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia does it looks at the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julia does it looks at the arguments
+type specializes things and then calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type specializes things and then calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type specializes things and then calls
+LVM and composite to fast code but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LVM and composite to fast code but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LVM and composite to fast code but it
+only works if your if your only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works if your if your only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works if your if your only
+container type is a numpy array and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container type is a numpy array and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container type is a numpy array and your
+only scalar type is one of the 12 scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only scalar type is one of the 12 scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only scalar type is one of the 12 scalar
+types that none pi supports if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that none pi supports if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that none pi supports if you have
+your own user-defined number type or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own user-defined number type or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own user-defined number type or
+your own user-defined container type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own user-defined container type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own user-defined container type
+then it doesn't work and user-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't work and user-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't work and user-defined
+container types it's probably easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container types it's probably easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container types it's probably easy to
+understand why that's useful usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why that's useful usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why that's useful usually
+find number types are extremely useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find number types are extremely useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find number types are extremely useful
+as well so for example there's a package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so for example there's a package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so for example there's a package
+in julia that provides the number type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia that provides the number type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia that provides the number type
+called dual numbers and that those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dual numbers and that those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dual numbers and that those have
+the property that if you pass them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that if you pass them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that if you pass them into
+the function they compute the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function they compute the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function they compute the function
+and it's derivative and it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's derivative and it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's derivative and it's just a
+slightly different maleeh carries around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different maleeh carries around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different maleeh carries around
+function and derivative values and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and derivative values and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and derivative values and as a
+slightly different you know plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different you know plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different you know plus and
+times and so forth that just do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and so forth that just do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and so forth that just do the the
+product rule and so forth and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule and so forth and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule and so forth and it just
+propagates derivatives and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates derivatives and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates derivatives and then if you
+have julia code like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have julia code like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have julia code like that
+you know vandermonde function it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vandermonde function it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vandermonde function it'll just
+compute its derivative as well okay so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its derivative as well okay so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its derivative as well okay so i
+want to be able to find my own type so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to find my own type so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to find my own type so a
+very simple type that might want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple type that might want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple type that might want to add
+would be points to D vectors into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be points to D vectors into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be points to D vectors into into
+space right so of course I could have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so of course I could have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so of course I could have an
+array of two values but an array is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of two values but an array is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of two values but an array is a
+really heavy weight object for for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy weight object for for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy weight object for for just
+two values right if I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values right if I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values right if I know it
+compile-time there's two values that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile-time there's two values that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile-time there's two values that I
+don't need to have a pointer to a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have a pointer to a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have a pointer to a block
+I can actually store the registers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually store the registers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually store the registers I
+don't know I can unroll the loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I can unroll the loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I can unroll the loop over
+these everything should be faster you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these everything should be faster you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these everything should be faster you
+know you can get an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can get an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can get an order of magnitude
+in speed by specializing on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in speed by specializing on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in speed by specializing on the on the
+the number of elements for small arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements for small arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements for small arrays
+compared to you know just a general rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to you know just a general rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to you know just a general rate
+data structure so let's make a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so let's make a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so let's make a point
+okay so this is the and I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the and I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the and I'm going to go
+through several iterations one of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several iterations one of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several iterations one of it
+start with a string with a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a string with a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a string with a slow
+iteration and then define a immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and then define a immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and then define a immutable
+struct okay so this will be a mutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct okay so this will be a mutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct okay so this will be a mutable
+object where I can add a point that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object where I can add a point that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object where I can add a point that has
+two values x and y can be of any type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values x and y can be of any type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values x and y can be of any type
+I'll define a plus function that can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll define a plus function that can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll define a plus function that can add
+them and it is the most obvious thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it is the most obvious thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it is the most obvious thing it
+adds the X components as the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds the X components as the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds the X components as the Y
+components I'll define a zero function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I'll define a zero function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I'll define a zero function
+that's the additive identities that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the additive identities that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the additive identities that just
+returns the point zero zero and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the point zero zero and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the point zero zero and then I
+can construct an object point three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct an object point three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct an object point three four
+I can say point three four plus 0.5 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say point three four plus 0.5 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say point three four plus 0.5 six
+it works it can hold actually right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works it can hold actually right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works it can hold actually right now
+it's very generic and probably too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very generic and probably too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very generic and probably too
+generic the so they like the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic the so they like the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic the so they like the real part
+can be a flying point number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a flying point number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a flying point number and the
+imaginary the X can be a floating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the X can be a floating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the X can be a floating point
+number here and then Y is a is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and then Y is a is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and then Y is a is a complex
+number of two integers or even I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of two integers or even I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of two integers or even I could
+make a string and an array that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a string and an array that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a string and an array that it
+wasn't Disney makes sense so I so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't Disney makes sense so I so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't Disney makes sense so I so here's
+I probably should have restricted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably should have restricted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably should have restricted the
+types of X&Y a little bit just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of X&Y a little bit just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of X&Y a little bit just to
+prevent the user from putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the user from putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the user from putting in
+something that makes no sense at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes no sense at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes no sense at all
+okay so so these things they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so these things they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so these things they can be
+anything so this this this type is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this this this type is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this this this type is not
+ideal in several ways so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in several ways so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal in several ways so let's think
+about how this has to be stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this has to be stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this has to be stored in
+memory so this is a point 1 X plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so this is a point 1 X plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so this is a point 1 X plus a
+point one one three point seven right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one one three point seven right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one one three point seven right so
+in memory it's there's an X and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory it's there's an X and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory it's there's an X and there's
+a y but x and y can be of any type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y but x and y can be of any type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y but x and y can be of any type so
+that means they have to be a pointers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they have to be a pointers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they have to be a pointers to
+boxes there's a pointer to int one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes there's a pointer to int one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes there's a pointer to int one and
+there's a pointer to a float64 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pointer to a float64 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pointer to a float64 in this
+case three point seven so this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three point seven so this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three point seven so this already
+we know this is not going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is not going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is not going to be good
+news for performance right and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for performance right and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for performance right and it's
+mutable so that mutable struct ments if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable so that mutable struct ments if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable so that mutable struct ments if
+I if I take P equals point a point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I take P equals point a point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I take P equals point a point like
+then say P X equals seven I can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say P X equals seven I can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say P X equals seven I can change
+the value and which seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and which seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and which seems like a
+harmless thing to do but actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmless thing to do but actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmless thing to do but actually is a
+big problem because for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem because for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem because for example if I
+make an array of of three piece okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an array of of three piece okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an array of of three piece okay and
+then I say P dot y equals eight and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I say P dot y equals eight and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I say P dot y equals eight and a
+look at that array it has to it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that array it has to it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that array it has to it has to
+change the Y component okay so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Y component okay so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Y component okay so if I have
+say five up P or in general five of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five up P or in general five of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five up P or in general five of P
+that's looking at that object if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's looking at that object if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's looking at that object if this is
+an object you can mutate it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object you can mutate it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object you can mutate it means that
+if I have another element Q it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have another element Q it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have another element Q it's also
+pointing the same object and I say P px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing the same object and I say P px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing the same object and I say P px
+equals 4 then Q dot X had better also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4 then Q dot X had better also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4 then Q dot X had better also
+before at that point so so to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before at that point so so to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before at that point so so to have
+mutable semantics it to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable semantics it to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable semantics it to have the
+semantics of something you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics of something you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics of something you can change
+and reference other references you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reference other references you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reference other references you can
+see that change that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that change that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that change that means that this
+object has to be stored in memory on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object has to be stored in memory on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object has to be stored in memory on the
+heap as a pointer to two objects so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap as a pointer to two objects so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap as a pointer to two objects so that
+you know other pointers the same object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other pointers the same object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other pointers the same object
+and I mutated and the and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mutated and the and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mutated and the and the other
+references see it it can't just be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references see it it can't just be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references see it it can't just be stuck
+in a register or something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a register or something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a register or something like that you
+have to it has to be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to it has to be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to it has to be something that
+other references can see so this is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other references can see so this is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other references can see so this is bad
+so if I have so I can call point 1 dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have so I can call point 1 dot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have so I can call point 1 dot a
+equals the constructor element wise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the constructor element wise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the constructor element wise and
+this a is this array of 10 the 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a is this array of 10 the 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a is this array of 10 the 7th
+random numbers I was benchmarking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers I was benchmarking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers I was benchmarking on
+before that was taking 10 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that was taking 10 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that was taking 10 milliseconds
+okay and if I call I can sum it I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I call I can sum it I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I call I can sum it I can
+call the built in sum function on this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the built in sum function on this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the built in sum function on this I
+can even call my sum function on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even call my sum function on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even call my sum function on this
+because ID supports a zero function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ID supports a zero function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ID supports a zero function it
+sort of supports a plus so here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of supports a plus so here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of supports a plus so here if I
+have an array if I could scroll back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an array if I could scroll back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an array if I could scroll back up
+I have an array array here of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an array array here of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an array array here of 10 to the
+7th values of type point 1 so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th values of type point 1 so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th values of type point 1 so that the
+type of point 1 is attached to the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of point 1 is attached to the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of point 1 is attached to the array
+so the array in memory so I've been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the array in memory so I've been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the array in memory so I've been to
+if I have an array of 0.1 the 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have an array of 0.1 the 1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have an array of 0.1 the 1 here
+means it's a one dimensional ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a one dimensional ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a one dimensional ready
+there's also two 2d 3d and so forth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also two 2d 3d and so forth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also two 2d 3d and so forth that
+looks like a point 1 value a point 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a point 1 value a point 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a point 1 value a point 1
+value point 1 value but each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value point 1 value but each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value point 1 value but each one of
+those but each one of those now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but each one of those now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but each one of those now
+sorry have to be a pointer to an X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry have to be a pointer to an X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry have to be a pointer to an X and
+the y which themselves are pointers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y which themselves are pointers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y which themselves are pointers to
+boxes right so operating something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes right so operating something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes right so operating something this
+is gonna be really slow this is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be really slow this is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be really slow this is a lot of
+pointer chasing it has to at runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer chasing it has to at runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer chasing it has to at runtime
+check what's the type of X what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check what's the type of X what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check what's the type of X what's the
+type of Y and in fact it was it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Y and in fact it was it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Y and in fact it was it took
+instead of 10 milliseconds it took in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 10 milliseconds it took in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 10 milliseconds it took in
+five or six hundred milliseconds so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six hundred milliseconds so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six hundred milliseconds so to
+do better we need to do two things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better we need to do two things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better we need to do two things so
+first of all x and y they have to be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all x and y they have to be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all x and y they have to be we
+have to be able to see what type they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to see what type they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to see what type they
+are okay it can't be just any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay it can't be just any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay it can't be just any arbitrary
+old thing that has to be a point to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old thing that has to be a point to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old thing that has to be a point to a
+box okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay
+and the point object has to be immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point object has to be immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point object has to be immutable
+it has to be something where if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be something where if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be something where if I have
+if I have if I have P equals something Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I have P equals something Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I have P equals something Q
+equals something I can't change P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something I can't change P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something I can't change P and
+expect Q to see it otherwise if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Q to see it otherwise if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Q to see it otherwise if it's
+mutable they have to be stored as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable they have to be stored as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable they have to be stored as the
+little semantics have to be implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little semantics have to be implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little semantics have to be implemented
+as some pointer to an object in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some pointer to an object in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some pointer to an object in place
+and you're done you're dead so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're done you're dead so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're done you're dead so I can
+just say struct so struct now is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say struct so struct now is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say struct so struct now is not
+mutable it doesn't have the mutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable it doesn't have the mutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable it doesn't have the mutable
+keyword and I can give the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword and I can give the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword and I can give the arguments
+type so I can say that both float64 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so I can say that both float64 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so I can say that both float64 and
+then x and y are both the same type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x and y are both the same type that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x and y are both the same type that
+both the 64 but floating point numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the 64 but floating point numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the 64 but floating point numbers
+I'll define plus the same way 0 the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll define plus the same way 0 the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll define plus the same way 0 the same
+way and now I can add them and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and now I can add them and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and now I can add them and so forth
+but now if I make an array of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I make an array of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I make an array of these
+things and if I say px equals 6 it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if I say px equals 6 it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if I say px equals 6 it will
+give an error says though you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an error says though you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an error says though you can't
+actually mutate don't even try to mutate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mutate don't even try to mutate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mutate don't even try to mutate
+it because because we can't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because because we can't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because because we can't support
+those semantics on this type but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those semantics on this type but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those semantics on this type but that
+means so that type is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you look at look at Botany memory what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at look at Botany memory what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at look at Botany memory what
+the compiler is allowed to do and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler is allowed to do and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler is allowed to do and what
+it does do for this is if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does do for this is if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does do for this is if you have an
+array of point two one then it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of point two one then it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of point two one then it looks
+like just you know the x value the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just you know the x value the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just you know the x value the Y
+value the x value the Y value and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the x value the Y value and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the x value the Y value and so
+forth each of these are exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth each of these are exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth each of these are exactly one
+eight bytes float64 and all the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bytes float64 and all the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bytes float64 and all the types
+are known at compile time and so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known at compile time and so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known at compile time and so if I
+sum them it should take about point 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them it should take about point 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them it should take about point 20
+milliseconds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right
+summing in real numbers it was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing in real numbers it was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing in real numbers it was 10
+milliseconds and this is twice as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds and this is twice as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds and this is twice as many
+because there's some the X's haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some the X's haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some the X's haven't
+some of the Y's and let's benchmark it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Y's and let's benchmark it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Y's and let's benchmark it
+and let's see oh actually - something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see oh actually - something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see oh actually - something
+sort of something the real numbers took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of something the real numbers took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of something the real numbers took
+5 milliseconds so something should do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 milliseconds so something should do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 milliseconds so something should do it
+take about 10 let's see if that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 10 let's see if that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 10 let's see if that's still
+true yeah it took about 10 so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah it took about 10 so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah it took about 10 so actually
+the compiler is smart enough it stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler is smart enough it stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler is smart enough it stores
+this so it's first of all it stores this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's first of all it stores this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's first of all it stores this
+in line as one big block consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line as one big block consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line as one big block consecutive
+memory and then when you sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and then when you sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and then when you sum them
+remember some function this well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember some function this well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember some function this well this is
+the built-in sum but our sum function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in sum but our sum function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in sum but our sum function
+will work the same way the compiler will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work the same way the compiler will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work the same way the compiler will
+elevate and we'll be smart enough to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate and we'll be smart enough to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate and we'll be smart enough to say
+oh I can load this into a register load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I can load this into a register load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I can load this into a register load
+Y into a register call it have a tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y into a register call it have a tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y into a register call it have a tight
+loop where I basically call one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop where I basically call one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop where I basically call one
+instruction to sum the X's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to sum the X's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to sum the X's one
+instruction to sum the Y's and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to sum the Y's and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to sum the Y's and then
+repeat so there's about as good as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat so there's about as good as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat so there's about as good as you
+could get but you paid a big price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get but you paid a big price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get but you paid a big price
+we've lost all generality right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lost all generality right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lost all generality right these
+can only be to 64-bit floating-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be to 64-bit floating-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be to 64-bit floating-point
+numbers so I can't have two single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I can't have two single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I can't have two single
+precision numbers or two so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision numbers or two so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision numbers or two so this is like
+a struct of 240 explosives two doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a struct of 240 explosives two doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a struct of 240 explosives two doubles
+and C alright so if I have to do this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C alright so if I have to do this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C alright so if I have to do this to
+get performance in Julia that would suck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get performance in Julia that would suck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get performance in Julia that would suck
+basically I'm it's maybe an you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm it's maybe an you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm it's maybe an you know
+it's I'm basically writing C code in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm basically writing C code in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm basically writing C code in a
+slightly higher level syntax I'm losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher level syntax I'm losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher level syntax I'm losing
+that benefit of using high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefit of using high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefit of using high level
+language so the way you get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so the way you get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so the way you get around this
+is you define what you want is to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you define what you want is to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you define what you want is to define
+something like this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this point
+type but you don't want you to find just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but you don't want you to find just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but you don't want you to find just
+one type you wanted to find a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type you wanted to find a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type you wanted to find a whole
+family of types you wanted to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of types you wanted to find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of types you wanted to find this
+for a to 54 is to float 32 for twos in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a to 54 is to float 32 for twos in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a to 54 is to float 32 for twos in
+fact you wanted to find an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you wanted to find an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you wanted to find an infinite
+family of types for ED to two things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of types for ED to two things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of types for ED to two things of
+any type you want as long as they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any type you want as long as they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any type you want as long as they're two
+real numbers to real types and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers to real types and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers to real types and so the
+way you do that in julia is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do that in julia is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do that in julia is a
+parameterize type this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize type this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize type this is called
+parametric polymorphism is similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric polymorphism is similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric polymorphism is similar to
+what you see in C++ templates so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in C++ templates so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in C++ templates so now I
+have a struct this it's not mutable 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a struct this it's not mutable 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a struct this it's not mutable 0.3
+but the curly braces t it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the curly braces t it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the curly braces t it says it's
+parameterised by type t so x and y I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterised by type t so x and y I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterised by type t so x and y I'm
+restricted restricted slightly here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted restricted slightly here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted restricted slightly here I've
+said x and y had to be the same type I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said x and y had to be the same type I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said x and y had to be the same type I
+didn't have to do that but most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do that but most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do that but most of that
+medev had two parameters one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medev had two parameters one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medev had two parameters one for the
+type of X ones at that of Y but most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of X ones at that of Y but most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of X ones at that of Y but most the
+time you'd be doing something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd be doing something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd be doing something like this
+he'd want them both both of his same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd want them both both of his same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd want them both both of his same
+type but they could be both lossless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but they could be both lossless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but they could be both lossless
+ephors both float 32 is both integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ephors both float 32 is both integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ephors both float 32 is both integers
+whatever so T is any type that less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so T is any type that less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so T is any type that less than
+: means is a subtype of so T is this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+: means is a subtype of so T is this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+: means is a subtype of so T is this any
+subtype of real it could be flow 64 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtype of real it could be flow 64 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtype of real it could be flow 64 it
+could be in 64 could be in tade could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in 64 could be in tade could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in 64 could be in tade could be
+big flow it could be a user defined type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big flow it could be a user defined type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big flow it could be a user defined type
+it doesn't care so this is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care so this is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care so this is really not
+it's a it's a point three here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a point three here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a point three here is a
+whole hierarchy is not define this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole hierarchy is not define this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole hierarchy is not define this I'm
+not defining one type I'm defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defining one type I'm defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defining one type I'm defining a
+whole set of types so point three is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of types so point three is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of types so point three is a
+set of types there's a point 0.3 in 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of types there's a point 0.3 in 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of types there's a point 0.3 in 64
+there's a point 3 float 32 at 4 for 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point 3 float 32 at 4 for 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point 3 float 32 at 4 for 64
+and so on and infinitely many types you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and infinitely many types you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and infinitely many types you
+know as many as you want and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as many as you want and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as many as you want and basically
+McCree 8 more types on the fly and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCree 8 more types on the fly and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCree 8 more types on the fly and is
+just by just by instantiating so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by just by instantiating so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by just by instantiating so for
+example otherwise it looks the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example otherwise it looks the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example otherwise it looks the same the
+plus function is basically the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus function is basically the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus function is basically the same I
+add the X components of Y components the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the X components of Y components the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the X components of Y components the
+zero function is the same I make we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero function is the same I make we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero function is the same I make we
+submit now I make sure there's zeros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit now I make sure there's zeros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit now I make sure there's zeros of
+type t whatever that type is and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type t whatever that type is and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type t whatever that type is and now if
+I say 0.34 now I'm instantiating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say 0.34 now I'm instantiating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say 0.34 now I'm instantiating a
+particular instance of this create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance of this create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance of this create
+create and now that particular instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and now that particular instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and now that particular instance
+of 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.3
+will have what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have what this is
+an abstract type will have one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstract type will have one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstract type will have one of these
+concrete types and the concrete type it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete types and the concrete type it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete types and the concrete type it
+has in this case is 0.3 of 2 in 64 s22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in this case is 0.3 of 2 in 64 s22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in this case is 0.3 of 2 in 64 s22
+64-bit integers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit integers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit integers okay
+and I can add them and actually adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can add them and actually adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can add them and actually adding
+mixed types will already work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed types will already work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed types will already work because
+the plus what the addition function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it works for any 2.3 I didn't say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for any 2.3 I didn't say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for any 2.3 I didn't say they
+had to be 0.3 is of the same type I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be 0.3 is of the same type I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be 0.3 is of the same type I did
+so and any two of these they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and any two of these they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and any two of these they don't have
+to be two of these it could be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two of these it could be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two of these it could be one of
+these in one of these and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in one of these and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in one of these and then it
+determines the type of the result by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the type of the result by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the type of the result by the
+type of the return it does type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the return it does type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the return it does type
+inference so if you have an in 16.3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so if you have an in 16.3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so if you have an in 16.3 of
+two and 64 x' and 0.32 432 is all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and 64 x' and 0.32 432 is all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and 64 x' and 0.32 432 is all it
+says oh px is an n64 QX is a float 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh px is an n64 QX is a float 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh px is an n64 QX is a float 36
+full 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full 64
+Oh which plus function do I call there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh which plus function do I call there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh which plus function do I call there's
+a plus function form it that mixed thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus function form it that mixed thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus function form it that mixed thing
+and it promotes the result of flow 64 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it promotes the result of flow 64 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it promotes the result of flow 64 so
+that means that that sum is posted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that that sum is posted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that that sum is posted for
+the other film is full 64 oh then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other film is full 64 oh then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other film is full 64 oh then I'm
+creating a polling point 3 of felicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a polling point 3 of felicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a polling point 3 of felicity
+force so this kind of mixed promotion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so this kind of mixed promotion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so this kind of mixed promotion is
+is done automatically you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done automatically you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done automatically you can actually
+define your own promotion rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define your own promotion rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define your own promotion rules and
+Julia as well and I can make an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia as well and I can make an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia as well and I can make an array
+and so now if I have an array of 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if I have an array of 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if I have an array of 0.3
+float64 so this type is attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float64 so this type is attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float64 so this type is attached to the
+whole array and this is not an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole array and this is not an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole array and this is not an arbitrary
+point 3 it's an appoint 3 of 250 force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 3 it's an appoint 3 of 250 force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 3 it's an appoint 3 of 250 force
+so it gets stored again as just 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets stored again as just 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets stored again as just 10 to
+the seventh elements of XY XY we each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh elements of XY XY we each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh elements of XY XY we each
+one is 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes one after
+the other the compiler knows all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the compiler knows all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the compiler knows all the
+types so when you sum it it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so when you sum it it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so when you sum it it knows
+everything at compile time and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at compile time and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at compile time and it will
+you know it will sum to these things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it will sum to these things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it will sum to these things by
+loaded this into a register load this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded this into a register load this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded this into a register load this
+into a register called one instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a register called one instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a register called one instruction
+add them and and so the sum function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them and and so the sum function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them and and so the sum function
+should be fast so we can call the built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fast so we can call the built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fast so we can call the built
+in sum function we can call our own sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sum function we can call our own sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sum function we can call our own sum
+function our own sum function I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our own sum function I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our own sum function I didn't
+put CMD here so that's gonna be twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put CMD here so that's gonna be twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put CMD here so that's gonna be twice as
+slow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow but
+yeah yeah yeah in fact if you look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah in fact if you look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah in fact if you look this
+the built in some function the built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built in some function the built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built in some function the built in
+sometimes was implemented in Julie it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes was implemented in Julie it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes was implemented in Julie it
+just hasn't had Cindy on the Sun so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hasn't had Cindy on the Sun so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hasn't had Cindy on the Sun so yes
+it says so LLVM is smart enough that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says so LLVM is smart enough that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says so LLVM is smart enough that if
+you give it a structure to values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it a structure to values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it a structure to values and
+and then load load them and if you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then load load them and if you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then load load them and if you tell
+it they know I mean adding these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they know I mean adding these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they know I mean adding these two
+value to these two values these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to these two values these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to these two values these two
+values to these two values it will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to these two values it will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to these two values it will it
+will actually use them the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually use them the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually use them the instructions
+I think oh maybe not no wait my some use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think oh maybe not no wait my some use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think oh maybe not no wait my some use
+Cindy confused I thought it did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cindy confused I thought it did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cindy confused I thought it did I
+thought I removed it yes maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I removed it yes maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I removed it yes maybe maybe
+it's not smart enough to use Cindy I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not smart enough to use Cindy I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not smart enough to use Cindy I've
+seen in some cases where it's smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in some cases where it's smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in some cases where it's smart
+enough to use yeah yeah okay so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to use yeah yeah okay so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to use yeah yeah okay so they're
+the same speed okay no I take I take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed okay no I take I take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed okay no I take I take it
+back so so maybe the LLVM is not smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so so maybe the LLVM is not smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so so maybe the LLVM is not smart
+enough in this case T to use somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in this case T to use somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in this case T to use somebody
+automatically we could try putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically we could try putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically we could try putting the
+Cindy annotation there and try it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cindy annotation there and try it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cindy annotation there and try it again
+but I thought it was but maybe not let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought it was but maybe not let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought it was but maybe not let's
+see this puts MD so weak we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this puts MD so weak we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this puts MD so weak we need to find
+that and then just rerun this so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then just rerun this so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then just rerun this so it'll
+notice that I changed the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I changed the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I changed the definition
+it'll recompile it but the B time since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll recompile it but the B time since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll recompile it but the B time since
+that times at multiple times it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times at multiple times it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times at multiple times it the
+first time it calls it sits low because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it calls it sits low because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it calls it sits low because
+it's compiling it but it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's compiling it but it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's compiling it but it takes the
+minimum over several times so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum over several times so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum over several times so so let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean this is this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean this is this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean this is this is a problem
+ins in general with with vectorizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins in general with with vectorizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins in general with with vectorizing
+compilers is they're not that smart if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers is they're not that smart if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers is they're not that smart if
+you're using anything other than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using anything other than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using anything other than just
+like an array of an elementary data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an array of an elementary data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an array of an elementary data type
+yeah no it didn't make any difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it didn't make any difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it didn't make any difference so
+I took him back you Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took him back you Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took him back you Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol
+for more complicated data structures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more complicated data structures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more complicated data structures you
+often have to use semi structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have to use semi structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have to use semi structures
+explicitly and there is there is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and there is there is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and there is there is a way
+to do that in julia and there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in julia and there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in julia and there and
+there's a higher-level library on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a higher-level library on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a higher-level library on top of
+that you can basically create a tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can basically create a tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can basically create a tuple
+and then add things and it'll um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add things and it'll um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add things and it'll um and
+it'll do 70 MD acceleration but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do 70 MD acceleration but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do 70 MD acceleration but yeah so
+anyway so that's there's a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so that's there's a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so that's there's a whole bunch
+of like this the story of like why Julie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this the story of like why Julie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this the story of like why Julie
+can be compiled of fast code it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be compiled of fast code it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be compiled of fast code it's a good
+combination of lots of little things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of lots of little things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of lots of little things but
+there there are a few big things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a few big things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a few big things one is
+the is that it's specialized thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is that it's specialized thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is that it's specialized thing as
+compiled times but of course you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled times but of course you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled times but of course you can do
+that in any language so that relies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in any language so that relies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in any language so that relies on
+designing the language so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the language so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the language so that you can
+do type inference it relies on having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do type inference it relies on having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do type inference it relies on having
+these kinds of parameterize types so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of parameterize types so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of parameterize types so and
+giving you a way to talk about types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a way to talk about types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a way to talk about types and
+attach types to other types so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach types to other types so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach types to other types so so the
+array you notice probably see now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you notice probably see now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you notice probably see now that
+you understand what these little braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what these little braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what these little braces
+mean you can see that the the the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can see that the the the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can see that the the the array
+is defined in Julia as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined in Julia as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined in Julia as another
+parametrized type its parametrized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized type its parametrized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized type its parametrized by
+the type of the element and also by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of the element and also by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of the element and also by the
+dimensionality so that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality so that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality so that that's that's
+uses the same mechanism to attach types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the same mechanism to attach types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the same mechanism to attach types
+to an array and you can have your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an array and you can have your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an array and you can have your own
+user the array type and julie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the array type and julie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the array type and julie is
+implemented mostly in julia and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented mostly in julia and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented mostly in julia and there
+are other packages that implement their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other packages that implement their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other packages that implement their
+own types of arrays that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own types of arrays that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own types of arrays that have the same
+performance one of the one of the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance one of the one of the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance one of the one of the goals
+of julia is to build in as little as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of julia is to build in as little as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of julia is to build in as little as
+possible so that that like there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that that like there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that that like there's not
+like some set of privileged privileged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some set of privileged privileged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some set of privileged privileged
+types that the compiler knows about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that the compiler knows about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that the compiler knows about and
+everything else is second class it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is second class it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is second class it's
+like you know a user code is majest as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know a user code is majest as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know a user code is majest as
+good as the built in code and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the built in code and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the built in code and in fact
+built in code is mostly just implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in code is mostly just implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in code is mostly just implemented
+in julia there's a small core that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia there's a small core that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in julia there's a small core that's
+implemented in c for bootstrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in c for bootstrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in c for bootstrapping
+basically yeah so having parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah so having parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah so having parameterize
+types having another technicalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types having another technicalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types having another technicalities
+having um all concrete types are final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um all concrete types are final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um all concrete types are final
+and julia so that means you can't it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and julia so that means you can't it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and julia so that means you can't it's a
+concrete type is something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete type is something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete type is something you can
+actually store memories so like 0.33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store memories so like 0.33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store memories so like 0.33
+for something you actually have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something you actually have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something you actually have right
+you can an object of two integers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can an object of two integers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can an object of two integers is
+that type so it's concrete right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type so it's concrete right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type so it's concrete right as
+opposed to this thing this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to this thing this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to this thing this is an
+abstract type you can't actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract type you can't actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract type you can't actually have
+one of these you can only have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these you can only have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these you can only have one of
+the instances of the concrete types so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instances of the concrete types so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instances of the concrete types so
+but there are no this is final there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are no this is final there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are no this is final there
+it's not possible to have a subtype of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible to have a subtype of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible to have a subtype of
+this because if you could then you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because if you could then you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because if you could then you'd be
+dead because this is an array of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead because this is an array of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead because this is an array of these
+things if the compiler has to know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if the compiler has to know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if the compiler has to know it's
+actually these things and not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these things and not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these things and not some
+subtype of this alright so where is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtype of this alright so where is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtype of this alright so where is in
+other languages that Python you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages that Python you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages that Python you can have
+subtypes of concrete types and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of concrete types and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of concrete types and so then
+even if you said this is an array of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you said this is an array of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you said this is an array of a
+particular Python type you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Python type you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Python type you wouldn't
+really know it's that thing that type or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know it's that thing that type or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know it's that thing that type or
+might be some subtype of that that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some subtype of that that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some subtype of that that's one
+of the reasons why you can't implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why you can't implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why you can't implement
+numpy in Python this is there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numpy in Python this is there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numpy in Python this is there's no way
+to say though this is really that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say though this is really that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say though this is really that type
+and nothing else at that in a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else at that in a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else at that in a language
+level yeah oh yeah so it's calling LVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah oh yeah so it's calling LVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah oh yeah so it's calling LVM
+so basically the stage is you call so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the stage is you call so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the stage is you call so
+there's a few passes okay so and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few passes okay so and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few passes okay so and one of
+the fun things is you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun things is you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun things is you can actually
+inspect all the passes and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect all the passes and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect all the passes and almost
+intercept all of them practically so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept all of them practically so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept all of them practically so of
+course typing told like this first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course typing told like this first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course typing told like this first it
+gets parsed okay and you can a matter oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets parsed okay and you can a matter oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets parsed okay and you can a matter oh
+those things that are coming with AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that are coming with AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that are coming with AK
+actually are functions that are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are functions that are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are functions that are called
+at the right after parsing they can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right after parsing they can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right after parsing they can just
+take the parsed code and rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the parsed code and rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the parsed code and rewrite it
+arbitrarily so that's they can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily so that's they can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily so that's they can extend
+the language that way so it's first but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language that way so it's first but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language that way so it's first but
+then it's parsed maybe we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's parsed maybe we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's parsed maybe we may be
+rewritten by a macro and then you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewritten by a macro and then you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewritten by a macro and then you get an
+abstract syntax tree and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract syntax tree and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract syntax tree and then when you
+call it I say f of three then this is o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it I say f of three then this is o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it I say f of three then this is o
+X is an integer n 64 then it runs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is an integer n 64 then it runs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is an integer n 64 then it runs the
+type inference pass it tries to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type inference pass it tries to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type inference pass it tries to figure
+out what's what's the type of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's what's the type of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's what's the type of everything
+in which which version of Plus to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which which version of Plus to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which which version of Plus to call
+and so forth then it decides whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth then it decides whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth then it decides whether to
+inline some things and then Minh sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline some things and then Minh sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline some things and then Minh sits
+done all that it spits out LLVM byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all that it spits out LLVM byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all that it spits out LLVM byte
+code then calls LVM and compiles it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code then calls LVM and compiles it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code then calls LVM and compiles it to
+machine code and then it caches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code and then it caches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code and then it caches that
+someplace so for the next time you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace so for the next time you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace so for the next time you call
+you call f you know F of for F with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call f you know F of for F with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call f you know F of for F with
+another integer just calling this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another integer just calling this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another integer just calling this it
+doesn't repeat the same processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't repeat the same processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't repeat the same processes
+notice it's cached so that's that's beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's cached so that's that's beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's cached so that's that's beer
+but it's bit at the lowest level it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's bit at the lowest level it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's bit at the lowest level it's
+just a la vía so there's tons of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a la vía so there's tons of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a la vía so there's tons of things
+I haven't written so I haven't showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written so I haven't showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written so I haven't showed
+you I mentioned metaprogramming so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mentioned metaprogramming so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mentioned metaprogramming so it
+has this is macro facility and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is macro facility and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is macro facility and so you
+can basically write syntax that rewrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically write syntax that rewrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically write syntax that rewrites
+other syntax which is really cool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other syntax which is really cool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other syntax which is really cool for
+cogeneration you can also intercept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration you can also intercept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration you can also intercept it
+after the type inference face you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the type inference face you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the type inference face you can
+write something called the generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something called the generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something called the generated
+function that basically takes because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that basically takes because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that basically takes because at
+part's time it knows how things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part's time it knows how things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part's time it knows how things are
+spelled and you can rewrite how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled and you can rewrite how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled and you can rewrite how they're
+spelled but it doesn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled but it doesn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled but it doesn't know what
+anything actually means it does it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything actually means it does it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything actually means it does it just
+knows X as a symbol doesn't know X as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows X as a symbol doesn't know X as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows X as a symbol doesn't know X as an
+integer or whatever just knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or whatever just knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or whatever just knows the
+spelling so when you actually compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling so when you actually compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling so when you actually compile
+them of EXO at that point it knows X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of EXO at that point it knows X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of EXO at that point it knows X is
+an integer and so you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer and so you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer and so you can write
+something called a generator or a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a generator or a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a generator or a stage
+function that that basically runs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that that basically runs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that that basically runs at
+that time and says oh you told me X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and says oh you told me X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and says oh you told me X is
+an integer now I'll rewrite the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer now I'll rewrite the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer now I'll rewrite the code
+based on that and so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that and so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that and so this is really
+useful for there's some cool facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for there's some cool facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for there's some cool facilities
+for multi dimensional arrays because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multi dimensional arrays because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multi dimensional arrays because the
+the dimensionality of the array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensionality of the array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensionality of the array is
+actually part of the type so you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually part of the type so you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually part of the type so you can say
+oh this is a three dimensional array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is a three dimensional array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is a three dimensional array
+alright three loops oh this you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright three loops oh this you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright three loops oh this you have a
+four dimensional array alright for loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional array alright for loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional array alright for loops
+and and it can rewrite the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it can rewrite the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it can rewrite the code
+depending on the dimensionality and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the dimensionality and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the dimensionality and with
+code generation so you can have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generation so you can have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generation so you can have you can
+have code that basically generates any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have code that basically generates any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have code that basically generates any
+number of nested loops depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nested loops depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nested loops depending on the
+types of the arguments and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of the arguments and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of the arguments and all the
+generation is done at compile time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is done at compile time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is done at compile time after
+type inference so it knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type inference so it knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type inference so it knows the
+dimensionality of the array and yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of the array and yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of the array and yeah so
+that's that's there's lots of fun things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's there's lots of fun things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's there's lots of fun things
+like that of course it has parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that of course it has parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that of course it has parallel
+facilities and they're not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and they're not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and they're not quite as
+advanced as silk at this point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced as silk at this point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced as silk at this point but
+that's that's sort of the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of the direction
+they're heading there's no global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heading there's no global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heading there's no global
+interpreter lock like in Python that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter lock like in Python that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter lock like in Python that you
+know there's no interpreter so the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no interpreter so the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no interpreter so the you
+know there's a threading facility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a threading facility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a threading facility and
+there's a pool of workers and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pool of workers and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pool of workers and you can
+spawn and you can you can thread a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn and you can you can thread a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn and you can you can thread a loop
+and the the garbage collection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the garbage collection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the garbage collection is
+is threating aware so that's safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is threating aware so that's safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is threating aware so that's safe and
+you know they're gradually having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're gradually having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're gradually having more
+and more powerful runtimes hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more powerful runtimes hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more powerful runtimes hopefully
+eventually looking into some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually looking into some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually looking into some of
+Professor license you know advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor license you know advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor license you know advanced
+threading compiler paper compiler or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading compiler paper compiler or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading compiler paper compiler or
+whatever it is there's also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is there's also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is there's also you know
+from most of what I do in my research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from most of what I do in my research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from most of what I do in my research is
+more coarse-grained distributed memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coarse-grained distributed memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coarse-grained distributed memory
+parallelism so you know running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism so you know running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism so you know running on
+supercomputers and stuff like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputers and stuff like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputers and stuff like that and
+that's there's there's MPI there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's there's MPI there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's there's MPI there's a
+remote procedure call library there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote procedure call library there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote procedure call library there's
+different different you know flavors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different you know flavors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different you know flavors of
+that but yeah so any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah so any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah so any other questions
+yeah the big numb type in julia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the big numb type in julia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the big numb type in julia is
+actually calling you so the so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calling you so the so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calling you so the so you
+know minh of those things let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something we could a new notebook so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could a new notebook so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could a new notebook so so
+if i say i know big int you know three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say i know big int you know three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say i know big int you know three
+three thousand okay and then i'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand okay and then i'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand okay and then i'd say
+that to the SI factorial I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the SI factorial I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the SI factorial I think there's
+a built in fakie factorial of that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a built in fakie factorial of that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a built in fakie factorial of that right
+so so and this is called a big numb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so and this is called a big numb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so and this is called a big numb
+it's something where the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something where the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something where the number of
+digits changes at runtime so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits changes at runtime so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits changes at runtime so of course
+these are orders of magnitude slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are orders of magnitude slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are orders of magnitude slower
+than I know Hardware things because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I know Hardware things because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I know Hardware things because it
+basically it has to implement it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it has to implement it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it has to implement it as a
+loop of a loop of digits in some base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop of a loop of digits in some base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop of a loop of digits in some base
+and when you add a multiple you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you add a multiple you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you add a multiple you have to
+just loop over those at runtime so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just loop over those at runtime so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just loop over those at runtime so these
+big name libraries they're quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big name libraries they're quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big name libraries they're quite large
+and heavily optimized and so so nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heavily optimized and so so nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heavily optimized and so so nobody's
+reimplemented one in julia they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplemented one in julia they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimplemented one in julia they're just
+calling out to a c library called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling out to a c library called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling out to a c library called the
+new multi precision library and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new multi precision library and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new multi precision library and for
+floating-point values there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point values there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point values there's there's
+something called big float it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called big float it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called big float it's a big
+float of pi is is that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float of pi is is that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float of pi is is that I can actually
+this let's set set precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big float mm that's 1,000 binary digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big float mm that's 1,000 binary digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big float mm that's 1,000 binary digits
+and then say big float of Pi and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say big float of Pi and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say big float of Pi and and
+it's no it's more by the way yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no it's more by the way yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no it's more by the way yeah you
+might have so I can have a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have so I can have a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have so I can have a variable
+alpha oops alpha hat sub 2 equals 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha oops alpha hat sub 2 equals 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha oops alpha hat sub 2 equals 17
+that's allowed all this happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed all this happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed all this happening here
+is that you is that Julia allows almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you is that Julia allows almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you is that Julia allows almost
+arbitrary Unicode things for identifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Unicode things for identifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Unicode things for identifiers
+so I can have you know make it bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can have you know make it bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can have you know make it bigger
+it's like you know we can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you know we can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you know we can have an
+identifier koala right so so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier koala right so so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier koala right so so there's two
+issues so one is just a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so one is just a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so one is just a lot of a
+language that allows those things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that allows those things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that allows those things as
+identifiers so Python 3 also allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers so Python 3 also allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers so Python 3 also allows
+Unicode identifiers although I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unicode identifiers although I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unicode identifiers although I think
+Julia out of all the existing the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia out of all the existing the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia out of all the existing the like
+the common language is probably as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common language is probably as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common language is probably as the
+widest Unicode support but most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widest Unicode support but most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widest Unicode support but most most
+languages only have a allow a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages only have a allow a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages only have a allow a very
+narrow range of Unicode characters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow range of Unicode characters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow range of Unicode characters for
+identifiers so Python would not would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers so Python would not would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers so Python would not would
+allow the koala but with python 3 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the koala but with python 3 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the koala but with python 3 would
+not allow without alpha hat some two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allow without alpha hat some two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allow without alpha hat some two
+because it doesn't the numeric subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't the numeric subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't the numeric subscript
+Unicode characters it doesn't allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unicode characters it doesn't allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unicode characters it doesn't allow the
+other thing is how do you type these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is how do you type these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is how do you type these
+things and that's more of an editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's more of an editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and that's more of an editor
+thing and so in Julie we mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so in Julie we mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so in Julie we mean we
+implemented it initially in the repple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it initially in the repple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it initially in the repple
+and in in in jupiter and now all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in in jupiter and now all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in in jupiter and now all the
+editors support you can just do tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editors support you can just do tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editors support you can just do tab
+completion of latex I can type I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of latex I can type I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of latex I can type I can
+type you know gamma tab and the tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you know gamma tab and the tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you know gamma tab and the tab
+completes to the Unicode character I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes to the Unicode character I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes to the Unicode character I can
+see I can say dot and it puts a dot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can say dot and it puts a dot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can say dot and it puts a dot over
+it and backslash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and backslash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and backslash
+superscript four and it you know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript four and it you know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript four and it you know if it's
+a four and that's its and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four and that's its and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four and that's its and that and
+that's that's allowed so I says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's allowed so I says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's allowed so I says it's
+it's quite nice so like Debbie emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite nice so like Debbie emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite nice so like Debbie emails
+and I put equations and emails I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put equations and emails I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put equations and emails I go to
+the Julia repple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Julia repple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Julia repple and
+and tab complete all my latex characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tab complete all my latex characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tab complete all my latex characters
+so that I can put equations and emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can put equations and emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can put equations and emails
+because it's the easiest way to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the easiest way to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the easiest way to type
+these unicode math characters but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unicode math characters but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unicode math characters but yeah
+so that's yeah I Python borrowed this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's yeah I Python borrowed this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's yeah I Python borrowed this so
+the second I'll do the same thing in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second I'll do the same thing in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second I'll do the same thing in in
+the ipython notebooks as well so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ipython notebooks as well so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ipython notebooks as well so because
+it's it's it's really fun when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's really fun when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's really fun when you're
+writing it finally you know because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it finally you know because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it finally you know because if
+you read old math codes especially old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read old math codes especially old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read old math codes especially old
+Fortran codes or things you see lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran codes or things you see lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran codes or things you see lots of
+variables that are named alpha hat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are named alpha hat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are named alpha hat or
+something like the alpha hat underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the alpha hat underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the alpha hat underscore
+three it's so much nicer to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's so much nicer to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's so much nicer to have a
+variable that's actually the alpha hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's actually the alpha hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that's actually the alpha hat
+sub 3 so that's cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 3 so that's cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 3 so that's cute
+Steve thanks very much thanks this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve thanks very much thanks this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve thanks very much thanks this was
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+we are as he'd mentioned looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are as he'd mentioned looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are as he'd mentioned looking
+actually at a project to merge the Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at a project to merge the Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at a project to merge the Julia
+Technology with a silk technology and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology with a silk technology and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology with a silk technology and so
+we're right now in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right now in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right now in the process of
+putting together grant proposal and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together grant proposal and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together grant proposal and if
+that gets funded there may be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets funded there may be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets funded there may be some
+Europe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe's
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6ROBp57G2ZI.txt b/6ROBp57G2ZI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3656f5fa3013c57b799eb431ff62cbb10d23400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6ROBp57G2ZI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4502 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm Ernst Frankel.
+
+I'll be teaching
+next two lectures.
+
+I'd like to encourage you to
+contact me outside of class
+
+if you have any questions,
+if you want to meet.
+
+And also, please, during
+class, ask questions.
+
+It's a somewhat impersonal
+setting with the video cameras
+
+and the amphitheater, but
+hopefully we can overcome that.
+
+This unit is going to focus
+on moving across scales
+
+in computational
+biology, looking
+
+from computational
+issues that deal
+
+with the fundamentals of protein
+structure at the atomic level
+
+to the level of protein-protein
+interactions between pairs
+
+of molecules, protein
+DNA interactions
+
+and small molecules,
+and then ultimately
+
+into protein network.
+
+So we've got a lot
+of ground to cover,
+
+but I think we'll be able do it.
+
+As you've seen in the syllabus,
+the first couple of lectures
+
+are really a detailed
+look at protein structure,
+
+molecular level
+analysis, and then we'll
+
+move into some of these
+other levels of higher
+
+order, including protein
+DNA interactions and gene
+
+regulatory networks.
+
+I think may of you are probably
+familiar with this quote,
+
+that "nothing in
+biology makes sense
+
+except in the light
+of evolution."
+
+And I'd like to offer a
+modified version of that, which
+
+is little in biology make sense
+except in light of structure,
+
+protein structure,
+DNA structure.
+
+We've, of course, seen this very
+early on in molecular biology
+
+when the structure of DNA was
+solved, and immediately became
+
+clear why it was the
+basis for heredity.
+
+But protein structures have been
+even more lasting impact time
+
+and time again, many,
+many more events,
+
+which have really
+revolutionized the understanding
+
+of particular
+biological problems.
+
+So one example that was
+stunning at the time
+
+had to do with the most
+frequently mutated protein
+
+in cancer.
+
+This is the p53 gene.
+
+It's mutated in about
+half of all cancers,
+
+and what was observed
+early on-- this
+
+was in the days before
+genomic sequencing
+
+when it was actually
+very expensive and hard
+
+to identify mutations in tumors.
+
+So they focused on
+this particular gene,
+
+and they observed that
+the mutations clustered.
+
+So this is the structure of
+the gene from the n-terminus--
+
+the protein from the
+n-terminus and the c-terminus,
+
+and the bars indicate the
+frequency of mutations.
+
+And you can see that they're
+all clustered pretty much
+
+in the center of this molecule.
+
+Now, why is that?
+
+It was enigmatic until the
+structure was solved here
+
+at MIT by Carl Pabo
+and his post-doc
+
+at the time, Nikola Pavletich,
+and they showed, actually,
+
+that these correspond
+to critical domains.
+
+And in a second
+paper, they actually
+
+showed why the mutations occur
+in those particular locations.
+
+So if you look at the
+plot on the upper left,
+
+here's the protein
+sequence; above it,
+
+the frequency of
+mutations; below it,
+
+the secondary
+structure elements.
+
+And you'll see that
+mutations occur
+
+in regions that don't have any
+regular secondary structure
+
+and can occur
+frequently in regions
+
+with secondary
+structure or not all
+
+in regions with
+secondary structure.
+
+So the mere fact that there's
+a secondary structure element
+
+does not define why
+there're mutations.
+
+But when the
+three-dimensional structure
+
+was solved in the
+complex with DNA,
+
+over here on the right--
+this is the protein
+
+structure on the left, the
+DNA structure on the right,
+
+and in yellow are some of
+these highly mutated residues.
+
+It turns out that all of the
+frequently mutated residues
+
+are ones that occur at
+the protein DNA interface.
+
+All right, so in
+a single picture,
+
+we now understand
+what was an enigma
+
+for years and years and years.
+
+Why are the mutations so
+particularly clustered
+
+in this protein in
+non obvious ways?
+
+Since that is the interface
+between the protein
+
+and the DNA, these
+mutations upset
+
+the transcriptional regulation
+through the action of p53.
+
+So if we want to understand
+protein structure in order
+
+to understand protein
+function, where
+
+are we going to get
+these structures from?
+
+So the statistics on how
+proteins themselves-- I
+
+show here.
+
+This is from the-- I'll call it
+the PDB, the Protein Database.
+
+Its full name is the
+RCSB Protein Database,
+
+but it's usually
+just called the PDB.
+
+And here, it shows that,
+at the time of this slide,
+
+around 80,000
+structures have been
+
+determined by x-ray
+crystallography.
+
+The next most frequent method
+was NMR, Nuclear Magnetic
+
+Resonance, which identified
+about 10,000 structures,
+
+and all the other
+techniques produce
+
+very, very few
+structures, hundreds
+
+of structures rather
+than thousands.
+
+So how do these techniques work?
+
+Well, they don't magically
+give you a structure.
+
+Right?
+
+They give you information that
+you have to use computationally
+
+to derive the structure.
+
+Here's a schematic
+of how structures
+
+are solved by x-ray
+crystallography.
+
+One has to actually grow
+a crystal of the protein
+
+or the protein and
+other molecules
+
+that you're interested
+in studying.
+
+These are not giant
+crystals like quarts.
+
+They're even smaller
+than table salt.
+
+They're usually barely
+visible with the naked eye,
+
+and they're very unstable.
+
+They have to be kept in
+solution or, often, frozen,
+
+and you should a very
+high powered x-ray
+
+beam through them.
+
+Now, most of the x-rays are--
+what are they going to do?
+
+They're going to pass right
+through because x-rays interact
+
+very weakly with matter.
+
+But a few of the x-rays
+will be diffracted,
+
+and from that weak
+diffraction pattern,
+
+you can actually deduce
+where the electrons were
+
+that scattered the x-rays
+as they hit the crystal.
+
+And so this is a
+picture, the lower right,
+
+of electron density cloud in
+light blue with the protein
+
+structures snaking
+through it, and what
+
+you can calculate,
+after a lot of work,
+
+from these crystallographic
+diffraction
+
+patterns is the location
+of the electron density.
+
+And then there's a
+computational challenge
+
+to try to figure out the
+location of the atoms that
+
+would have given rise
+to that electron density
+
+that then, when hit with
+x-rays, would have given rise
+
+to the x-ray
+diffraction pattern.
+
+So it's actually an
+iterative process
+
+where one arrives at the initial
+structure and then calculates,
+
+from that structure,
+where the electrons would
+
+be, from the
+position of electrons
+
+where the diffraction pattern
+would be when the x-rays hit
+
+it, and determines how well
+that predicted diffraction
+
+pattern agrees with the
+actual diffraction pattern,
+
+and then continuously iterates.
+
+And so this is obviously a
+highly computational problem
+
+because you not
+only have to find
+
+positions that are maximally
+consistent with the observed
+
+diffraction pattern, but also
+positions that are actually
+
+consistent with physics.
+
+So if we have a piece
+of a molecule here,
+
+we can't just put
+our atoms anywhere.
+
+They need to be positioned
+with well defined distances
+
+for the bonds, the
+bond angles, and so on.
+
+So it's a highly coupled
+problem that we have to solve,
+
+and we'll look at some of
+the techniques that underlie
+
+these approaches, although
+we'll look specifically
+
+at how to solve x-ray
+crystal structures.
+
+I mentioned the second
+most common technique
+
+is nuclear magnetic
+resonance, and this
+
+is a technology that does
+not require the crystals,
+
+but requires a very
+high concentration
+
+of soluble protein, which
+presents its own problems.
+
+And the information
+that you get out
+
+of a nuclear magnetic
+resonance structure
+
+is not the electron
+density locations,
+
+but it's actually
+a set of distances
+
+that tell you the relative
+distance between two
+
+atoms, usually protons,
+in the structure,
+
+and that's what's represented
+by these yellow lines here.
+
+And once again, we've got a
+hard computational problem
+
+where we need to figure out a
+structure of the protein that's
+
+consistent with all
+the physical forces
+
+and also puts particular
+protons at particular distances
+
+from each other.
+
+So we talk about solving
+crystal structures,
+
+solving NMR
+structures, because it
+
+is the solution to a
+very, very complicated
+
+computational challenge.
+
+So these techniques
+that we're going
+
+to look at, while
+not specifically
+
+for the solution of
+crystal and NMR structures,
+
+underlie those technologies.
+
+What we're going to
+focus on is actually
+
+perhaps an even more
+complicated problem,
+
+the de novo discovery
+of protein structures.
+
+So if I start off
+with a sequence,
+
+can I actually
+tell you something
+
+important and accurate
+about the structure?
+
+Now, there's a nice
+summary in a book called
+
+Structural Bioinformatics
+that really
+
+deals with a lot of the issues
+around computational biology
+
+is relates to structure,
+that highlights many
+
+of the differences between the
+kinds of algorithms we've been
+
+looking at up until now in
+this course and the kinds
+
+of approaches that
+we need to take
+
+in our understanding
+of protein structure.
+
+So the first and
+most fundamental
+
+obvious thing is
+that we're dealing
+
+with three-dimensional
+structures,
+
+so we're moving away from the
+simple linear representations
+
+of the data and
+dealing with more
+
+complicated
+three-dimensional problems.
+
+And therefore, we encounter
+all sorts of new problems.
+
+We no longer a
+discrete search space.
+
+We have a continuous
+search space,
+
+and we'll look at
+algorithms that
+
+try to reduce that continuous
+search space back down
+
+to a discrete one to make
+it a simpler problem.
+
+But perhaps most
+fundamentally, the difference
+
+is that now we have to bring
+in a lot of physical knowledge
+
+to underlie our algorithms.
+
+It's not enough to solve this
+as a complete abstraction
+
+from the physics,
+but we actually
+
+have to deal with the physics
+in the heart of the algorithms.
+
+And we'll look at the
+issues highlighted
+
+in red in the rest of this talk.
+
+Another thing that's
+going to emerge
+
+is that it would
+be nice if there
+
+was a simple mapping of
+protein sequence to structures,
+
+and if that were the
+case, you'd imagine
+
+that two proteins that are
+very different in sequence
+
+would have different structures.
+
+But in fact, that's
+not the case.
+
+You can have two proteins
+that have almost no sequence
+
+similarity at all but adopt
+the same three-dimensional
+
+structure, so clearly, it's an
+extremely complicated problem
+
+made more complicated
+by the fact
+
+that we don't know
+all the structures.
+
+It's not like we're
+selecting from a discrete set
+
+of known structures to figure
+out what our new molecule is.
+
+We have, in potential,
+infinite number
+
+of confirmations and protein
+chains we need to deal with.
+
+OK, so I hope that you've had a
+chance to look at the material
+
+that I've posted online for
+review of protein structure.
+
+If you haven't, please do so.
+
+It'll be very helpful
+in understanding
+
+the next few lectures,
+and I'll assume
+
+that you're familiar with
+the basic elements, protein
+
+structure, what
+alpha helices are,
+
+what beta sheets are, primary
+structure, secondary structure,
+
+and so on.
+
+And I'll also encourage
+you to become familiar
+
+with amino acids.
+
+It's very hard to understand
+anything in protein structure
+
+without having some knowledge
+of what the amino acids are.
+
+The textbook has
+a nice figure that
+
+summarizes the many overlapping
+ways to describe the features
+
+in amino acids, so please
+familiarize yourself with that.
+
+So these are resources
+that we posted online.
+
+Also, the Protein
+Databank, the RCSB,
+
+has fantastic resources
+online for beginning
+
+to understand protein
+structure, so I
+
+encourage you to look
+at their website.
+
+In particular, in
+their website, they
+
+have tools that you can
+download to visualize protein
+
+structures, and
+that's going to be
+
+a critical component of
+understanding these algorithms,
+
+to actually understand what
+these structures look like.
+
+I've highlighted, too,
+that I find particularly
+
+easy to use PyMOL
+and Swiss PDB Viewer.
+
+You can not only
+look at structures
+
+with these techniques, you
+can actually modify them.
+
+You can do homology modeling.
+
+So before we get into algorithms
+for understanding protein
+
+structure, we need
+to understand how
+
+protein structures
+are represented.
+
+I've already mentioned that
+there are these repeating units
+
+that I'd like you already
+know about-- alpha helices,
+
+beta sheets.
+
+We won't go into
+those in any detail.
+
+But the two more
+quantitative ways
+
+of describing protein
+structure have
+
+to do with a
+three-dimensional coordinates,
+
+the XYZ coordinates
+of every atom,
+
+and internal
+coordinates, and we'll
+
+go through those a
+little bit of detail.
+
+So again, this PDB
+website has a lot
+
+of great resources
+for understanding
+
+what these
+coordinates look like.
+
+They have a good description
+of what's called a PDB file,
+
+and those PDB files look
+like this at the outset.
+
+They have what is now called
+metadata, but at the time
+
+was just information about
+how the protein structure was
+
+solved.
+
+So it'll tell you what organism
+the protein comes from,
+
+where it was actually
+synthesized if it wasn't
+
+purified from that organism, but
+if it was made recombinantly,
+
+details like that, details about
+how the crystal structure was
+
+determined.
+
+The sequence-- most of
+this won't concern us,
+
+but what will concern us is
+this bottom section shown here
+
+in more detail.
+
+So let's just look at what
+each of these lines represents.
+
+The lines that contain
+information about the atomic
+
+coordinates all begin
+with the word ATOM,
+
+and then there's a
+index number that
+
+just is referenced for
+each line of the file,
+
+tells you what kind of atom it
+is, what chain in the protein
+
+it is, and the residue number.
+
+So here, it's starting
+with residue 100.
+
+The sequence here
+can be arbitrary
+
+and may not relate to the
+sequence of the protein
+
+as it appears in
+SWISS-PROT or Gen Bank.
+
+And then the next
+three columns are
+
+the ones that are
+most important to us,
+
+so these are the XYZ
+coordinates of the atom.
+
+So to identify the
+position of any molecule
+
+in three-dimensional
+space, obviously you
+
+need three coordinates,
+and so those
+
+are what those three
+coordinates are.
+
+And they're followed by these
+two other numbers, which
+
+actually are very interesting
+numbers because they tell us
+
+something about how certain
+we are that the molecule is
+
+really-- the atom is really at
+that position in the crystal
+
+structure.
+
+So the first of these
+is the occupancy.
+
+In a crystal structure,
+we're actually
+
+getting the information
+about thousands and thousands
+
+of molecules that are in the
+repeating units of the crystal,
+
+and it's possible
+that there could
+
+be some variation in the
+structure between one
+
+unit of the crystal
+and the next.
+
+So you could have a side
+chain that, in one crystal,
+
+is over here and in
+the next crystal--
+
+a repeating unit of the
+crystals over there.
+
+If there are discrete
+confirmations,
+
+then you imagine that the
+signal will be reduced,
+
+and you'll actually
+get some superposition
+
+of all the possible
+confirmations.
+
+So number one here
+means that there
+
+seems to be one
+predominate confirmation.
+
+But if there is more than one,
+and their discrete-- if they're
+
+continuous, it'll
+just look like noise.
+
+It'll be hard to
+determine the coordinates.
+
+But if they're
+discrete positions,
+
+then you might find, for
+example, an occupancy of 0.5
+
+and then another line
+with the other position
+
+with an occupancy of 0.5.
+
+So that's when there's
+discrete locations where
+
+these atoms are located.
+
+The B factor's called
+the thermal factor,
+
+and it tells you how
+much thermal motion there
+
+was in the crystal
+at that position.
+
+Now, what does that mean?
+
+If we think about a
+crystal structure,
+
+there'll be some parts of
+it that are rock solid.
+
+In the center, it's
+highly constrained.
+
+The dense core of the
+protein, not too much
+
+is going to be changing.
+
+But on the surface
+of the protein,
+
+there can be residues
+that are highly flexible.
+
+And so as those are being
+knocked around in the crystal,
+
+they are scattering the x-rays
+in slightly different ways.
+
+But they're not in
+discrete confirmations,
+
+so we're not going to see
+multiple independent positions.
+
+We'll just see some
+average positions.
+
+And that kind of noise can
+be accounted for with these B
+
+factors, where high numbers
+represent highly mobile parts
+
+of the structure,
+and low numbers
+
+represent very stable ones.
+
+A very low number here
+would be, say, a 20.
+
+These numbers of 80--
+typically, things like that
+
+occur at the ends
+of molecules where
+
+there is a lot of
+structural flexibility.
+
+So we have this one
+way of describing
+
+the structure of a protein where
+we specify the XYZ coordinates
+
+of every one of these atoms,
+and we'd have these other two
+
+parameters to represent thermal
+motion and static disorder.
+
+Now, are those coordinates
+uniquely defined?
+
+If I have this
+structure, is there
+
+exactly one way to write
+down the XYZ coordinates?
+
+Hands?
+
+How many people say yes?
+
+How many people say no?
+
+Why not?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can rotate it.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can rotate it.
+
+You set the origin.
+
+Right?
+
+So there's no unique
+way of defining it,
+
+and that'll come up again later.
+
+OK, now, this is
+a very precise way
+
+of describing the
+three-dimensional coordinates
+
+in protein, but it's not a very
+concise way of representing it.
+
+Now, why is that?
+
+Well, as the static
+model represents,
+
+there are certain parts
+of protein structures
+
+that are really not going
+to change very much.
+
+The lengths of the
+bonds change very little
+
+in protein structures.
+
+The angles, the tetrahedrally
+coordinated carbon,
+
+doesn't suddenly
+become flat, planar.
+
+These things happen very-- there
+may be very small deformations.
+
+So if I had to specify the XYZ
+coordinates of this carbon,
+
+I really don't have
+too many degrees
+
+of freedom for where
+the other carbon can be.
+
+It has to lie in a sphere
+at a certain distance.
+
+So instead of representing
+XYZ coordinates of every atom,
+
+I can use internal coordinates.
+
+So here in this slide,
+we have amino acids--
+
+the amino nitrogen,
+the carbonyl carbon.
+
+So this is a single amino acid.
+
+Here's the peptide bond
+that goes to the next one.
+
+And as this diagram
+indicates, the bond
+
+between the carbonyl
+carbon of one amino acid
+
+and the amide nitrogen
+of the next one
+
+is planar, so that angle
+isn't even rotating.
+
+So that's one degree of freedom
+that we've completely removed.
+
+The angles that rotate in the
+backbone or called phi and psi;
+
+phi over here,
+and psi over here.
+
+So those are two
+degrees of freedom
+
+that determine how
+this amino acid is--
+
+the confirmation
+of this amino acid.
+
+So instead of specifying
+all the coordinates,
+
+I can specify the
+backbone simply
+
+by giving two numbers to every
+amino acid, the phi and psi
+
+angles, with the
+assumption that the omega
+
+angle, this peptide
+backbone, remains constant.
+
+And similarly for
+the side chains,
+
+and we'll go into this
+in more detail later,
+
+we can then give the
+coordinates, the rotation,
+
+of rotatable bonds
+in the side chain
+
+and not specify every
+atom as we go out.
+
+OK, so we've got these two
+different ways of representing
+
+protein structure, and we'll
+see that they're both used.
+
+Any questions on this?
+
+Great.
+
+OK, so if we're looking
+at protein structures,
+
+one question we want
+to ask is how do we
+
+compare two protein
+structures to each other?
+
+So I already mentioned
+that proteins
+
+can have similar
+structure, whether or not
+
+they are highly
+similar in sequence.
+
+So if I have two proteins that
+are highly homologous, that
+
+do have a high level of sequence
+similarity-- for example,
+
+these two orthologs,
+this one from cow
+
+and this one from rat--
+you can see, at a distance,
+
+they both have very
+similar structures.
+
+They also have 74%
+sequence similarity,
+
+so that's not surprising.
+
+But you can get proteins
+that have very low sequence
+
+similarity.
+
+They're still
+evolutionary related,
+
+like these orthologs, two
+different species that
+
+have the same protein, or
+paralogs, a single species that
+
+have two similar copies,
+but non identical copies,
+
+in the same protein that
+maintain the same structure
+
+when they only have about 20%
+to 30% sequence similarity.
+
+And you can get even more
+distant relationships.
+
+So here are two
+proteins, both in
+
+human, evolutionarily related,
+but only 4% sequence identity.
+
+And yet at a distance,
+they look almost identical.
+
+And those are evolutionary
+related proteins,
+
+but we can also have things
+that are called analogs, which
+
+have no evolutionary
+relationship,
+
+no obvious sequence
+similarity, and yet adopt
+
+almost identical
+protein structures.
+
+So this adds to the complexity
+of the biological problems
+
+that we're going
+to try to solve.
+
+All right, so how
+do I quantitatively
+
+compare two protein structures?
+
+So the common
+measurement is something
+
+called RMSD, Root
+Mean Square Deviation,
+
+and here, I have a
+set of structures
+
+that were solved by NMR.
+
+And you can see that there's
+a core of the structure that's
+
+well determined
+and then there are
+
+pieces of the structure
+that are poorly determined.
+
+There weren't enough
+constraints to define them.
+
+And these proteins
+have all been aligned,
+
+so the XYZ coordinates have
+been rotated and translated
+
+to give maximal agreement.
+
+And what's the
+agreement measure?
+
+It's this Root Mean
+Square Deviation.
+
+So I need to define pairs of
+atoms in my two structures.
+
+If it's, in this case, the same
+structure, that's really easy.
+
+Every atom has a match
+in this structure that
+
+was solved with
+the same molecule.
+
+But if we're dealing with
+two homologous proteins,
+
+then that becomes a
+little bit more tricky.
+
+We need to define which amino
+acids are going to match up.
+
+We can also define whether we
+care about changes in the side
+
+chains, or whether we only care
+about changes in the backbone,
+
+whether we're going
+to worry about
+
+whether the protons in
+the right places or not.
+
+And you'll see that
+these alignments can
+
+be done with either only
+heavy chain, heavy atoms,
+
+meaning excluding the hydrogens,
+or only main chain atoms,
+
+meaning excluding the
+side chains completely.
+
+But once we've defined the
+pairs of corresponding atoms,
+
+then we're going to take the
+difference in the distance
+
+squared, sum of the
+squares of the distances
+
+between the corresponding
+atoms and their x-coordinate,
+
+their y-coordinate, and
+they're z-coordinate.
+
+Take the square
+root of that sum,
+
+and that's going to give us
+the Root Mean Square Deviation.
+
+And of course, we have to
+minimize that Root Mean Square
+
+Deviation with these
+rigid body rotations
+
+to account for the fact
+that I could have my PDB
+
+file with the
+origin of this atom.
+
+Or I could have my PDB file
+with the origin of that atom,
+
+and so on.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions so far?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we consider every
+single atom in the molecule?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we have a choice.
+
+The question was do we
+consider every single atom
+
+in the molecule?
+
+We don't have to do,
+and it depends, really,
+
+on the problem that
+we're trying to solve.
+
+So if we're looking for
+whether two proteins have
+
+the same fold, we might not
+care about the side chains.
+
+We might restrict ourselves
+to main chain atoms.
+
+But if we're trying to
+decide whether two crystal
+
+structures are in good
+agreement with each other,
+
+or say, as we'll
+see a few minutes,
+
+we're going to try to predict
+the structure protein,
+
+and we have the experimentally
+determined structure
+
+of the same protein,
+and we want to decide
+
+whether those two
+agree, in that case,
+
+we might actually
+want to make sure
+
+that every single atom
+is in the right position.
+
+So it'll depend on the question
+that we're trying to answer.
+
+Good question.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+All right, so so
+far, I've shown a lot
+
+of static pictures of molecules.
+
+I do want to stress
+that molecules actually
+
+move around a lot, so I'll
+just show a little movie here.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so that
+was, in part, an excuse
+
+to play a little New
+Age music in class,
+
+but more fundamentally,
+it was to remind you
+
+that, despite the
+fact that we're
+
+going to show you a lot of
+static pictures of proteins,
+
+they're actually
+extremely dynamic.
+
+And they have well
+defined structures,
+
+but they may have more than
+one well defined structure,
+
+especially those molecules
+that are doing work.
+
+They're actually
+moving things along.
+
+They have multiple structures.
+
+And so when we consider
+the protein structure,
+
+it's an approximation,
+and we're always
+
+going to mean the protein
+structures, not singular one.
+
+OK, so what determines
+the protein structure?
+
+Well, I've told
+you it's physics.
+
+Fundamentally, it's
+a physical problem,
+
+so the optimal protein structure
+has to be an energetic minimum.
+
+There has to be no net
+force acting on the protein.
+
+The force is negative derivative
+of the potential energy,
+
+so that derivative has to be 0.
+
+So we have to have a minimum
+of protein structure.
+
+Now, that doesn't mean that
+there's exactly one minimum.
+
+Those proteins that had multiple
+confirmations in that movie
+
+obviously had multiple minima
+that they could adopt depending
+
+on other circumstances,
+but there
+
+has to be at least
+a local minimum.
+
+So if we knew this U, this
+potential energy function,
+
+and we could take
+the derivative of it,
+
+we could identify the protein
+structure or the protein
+
+structures by simply
+identifying the minima
+
+in that potential
+energy function.
+
+Now, would that life
+were so simple, right?
+
+But we will see that there are
+ways of parameterizing the U
+
+and using it to optimize
+the structure so it finds
+
+this, at least local, minimum.
+
+And we're going
+to look primarily
+
+at two different ways of
+describing the potential energy
+
+function.
+
+One of them, we're going to look
+at the problem like a physicist
+
+one, and the other
+way, we're going
+
+to look at it as a
+statistician would.
+
+So the physicist wants to
+describe, as you might imagine,
+
+the physical forces that
+underlie the protein structure,
+
+and so as much as
+possible, we're
+
+going to try to
+write down equations
+
+that represent those forces.
+
+Now, we're not
+always going to be
+
+able to do that because
+a lot of forces involved
+
+are quantum mechanical.
+
+The mere fact the
+two solid objects
+
+don't pass through each other is
+because of exclusion principles
+
+that deal with
+quantum mechanics.
+
+We're not going to write down
+quantum mechanical equations
+
+for every atom in our
+protein structure,
+
+but we will write down equations
+that approximate those.
+
+And wherever
+possible, we're going
+
+to try to tie the
+terms in our equations
+
+into something
+identifiable in physics,
+
+and a very good example of this
+approach is the CHARMM program.
+
+And these approaches
+actually were the ones
+
+that won the Nobel Prize in
+chemistry this past year.
+
+At the other end of the spectrum
+are the statistical approaches.
+
+Here, we don't really care
+what the underlying physical
+
+properties are.
+
+We want equations that
+capture what we see in nature.
+
+Now, often, these two
+approaches will align very well.
+
+There'll be some approximations
+that the physicist makes
+
+to capture a fundamental
+physical force.
+
+That's simply the best way to
+describe what you see nature,
+
+and so those two terms may look
+indistinguishable in the CHARMM
+
+version or my favorite
+statistical approach, which
+
+is Rosetta.
+
+So we'll see that some
+terms in these functions
+
+agree between
+CHARMM and Rosetta.
+
+Well, there'll be places
+where they fundamentally
+
+disagree on how to describe
+the molecular potential energy
+
+function because one is trying
+to describe the physical forces
+
+and the other one is trying to
+describe the statistical ones.
+
+Do we have any native speakers
+of German in the audience?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm a speaker.
+
+PROFESSOR: You want to
+read the joke for us?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Institute for Quantum
+Physics, and it says
+
+"You can find yourself
+here or here."
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+so for the video,
+
+it's the Institute
+for Quantum Mechanics.
+
+And you go to a map at MIT,
+and it'll say, you find,
+
+"You are here."
+
+Right?
+
+But in the Institute for
+Quantum Mechanics, it says
+
+"You're either here or here."
+
+So that's the
+physicist approach.
+
+We really do have to think
+about those quantum mechanical
+
+features, whereas on
+the right-hand side
+
+is the statisticians approach.
+
+It says "Data don't
+make any sense.
+
+We'll have to resort
+to statistics."
+
+OK?
+
+So the statistician
+can get pretty far
+
+without understanding the
+underlying physical forces.
+
+All right, so let's look
+at this physicist approach
+
+first, so we're going to break
+down the potential energy
+
+function into bonded terms
+and non-bonded terms.
+
+So the bonded terms,
+as they sound,
+
+are going to be atoms that
+are close to each other
+
+in the bonded structures, so
+certainly these two atoms,
+
+because they're connected
+by a single bond,
+
+are going to be bonded terms.
+
+But we'll see groups of three
+or four atoms near each other
+
+will also be bonded terms.
+
+And the non-bonded
+terms will be when
+
+I have another molecule that
+comes close, but isn't directly
+
+connected.
+
+What are the physical
+forces between these two ?
+
+So these bonded terms
+then first break down
+
+into a lot of sub terms.
+
+I'll show you the
+functional forms here.
+
+We'll just look at a
+few of them in detail
+
+and then give you a sense
+of what the other ones are.
+
+So this first one
+is the bonded term
+
+that describes, actually, the
+distance between two bonded
+
+atoms.
+
+Now, again, this
+is fundamentally
+
+quantum mechanical
+property, but it
+
+would be too
+computationally expensive
+
+to describe the
+quantum mechanics
+
+and not really necessary because
+you can do pretty well by just
+
+describing this
+as a stiff spring.
+
+So that's what this quadratic
+form of the equation
+
+represents.
+
+So we simply define
+b naught here
+
+as the equilibrium
+position between these two
+
+atoms, particular types.
+
+There would be two tetrahedral
+coordinated carbons,
+
+and that would be
+determined by looking
+
+at a lot of very,
+very high resolution
+
+structures in small
+molecule crystals
+
+so we know what the typical
+distance for this bond is.
+
+We get that as a parameter.
+
+There would be a big file
+in the CHARMM program
+
+that lists all those parameters
+for every one of these bonded
+
+terms, and then if there's
+a small deviation from that,
+
+because the molecules
+stretched a bit
+
+in your refinement
+process, there
+
+would be a penalty to
+pull it back in just
+
+like a spring pulls it back in.
+
+Now, it turns out that
+when you go this route,
+
+you have to actually come
+up with a lot of equations
+
+to maintain the geometry
+because, again, we're
+
+going to have to not only worry
+about these distance bonds,
+
+but we need to
+worry about angles.
+
+So we've got the angle between
+this bond and this bond.
+
+What keeps that in place?
+
+So we need to add another
+term that's a second term here
+
+to make the angle
+between these fixed,
+
+and then we have
+to deal with what
+
+are called dihedral angles
+to make sure that these four
+
+atoms lie in the
+allowed geometry.
+
+And so each one of
+these terms accounts
+
+for something like that.
+
+This last term over
+here makes sure
+
+that the phi and psi angles
+are consistent with what
+
+we see in quantum mechanics as
+corrected for any deviations
+
+that we see in these
+small molecules
+
+so a lot of terms with a lot
+of parameters they're trying
+
+to capture the best description
+of what we observe in each one
+
+is motivated by
+the fact that there
+
+is some quantum mechanical
+principle underlying it.
+
+So-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is
+the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I actually don't
+know the answer to that.
+
+But there's a reference
+there that I'm
+
+sure will give you the answer.
+
+OK, now what about
+these non-bonded terms?
+
+So non-bonded terms
+of the set are
+
+molecules that are distant from
+each other in the structure
+
+of the protein, but
+close to each other
+
+in three-dimensional space.
+
+And there are two
+fundamental forces here.
+
+The first one is called the
+Leonard Jones potential,
+
+and the second one of
+the electrostatic one.
+
+And the Leonard Jones potential
+itself has these two terms.
+
+One is an R6 term, a negative
+r to the 6th dependency.
+
+The other one is
+positive nr to the 12th.
+
+The negative r to the 6th
+is an attractive potential.
+
+That's why it's
+negative, and it's
+
+because of small
+induced dipoles that
+
+occur in the electron clouds
+of each of these atoms that
+
+pull the molecules together.
+
+And the 1 over r to
+the 6th dependency
+
+has to do with the physics
+of two dipoles interacting.
+
+The r over 12 term
+is an approximation
+
+to a quantum mechanical force.
+
+So the reason the two molecules
+don't pass through each other,
+
+as we said already, is because
+quantum mechanical forces.
+
+That would be very
+expensive to compute,
+
+so we come up with a term
+that's easy to compute.
+
+And of course, an
+r 12 term is simply
+
+the square of an
+r to the 6th term,
+
+so if you already computed 1
+over r to the 6th between two
+
+atoms, you just square that, and
+you get 1 over r to the 12th.
+
+So it's very
+computationally efficient,
+
+and you adjust the
+parameters, these r mins,
+
+so that it works out so that
+these things agree reasonably
+
+well with the
+crystal structures.
+
+And these are crystal
+structures of small molecules
+
+that we know in great detail.
+
+And then the
+electrostatics is what
+
+you might expect
+for electrostatics.
+
+It's got a potential that
+varies as 1 over the distance,
+
+and as the product
+of those charges,
+
+these can be full charges or
+they can be partial charges.
+
+And there's a term
+here, this epsilon,
+
+which is the dielectric
+constant, and that represents
+
+the fact that, in vacuum,
+there'd be much greater
+
+force pulling two
+oppositely charged molecules
+
+together than in water because
+the water's going to shield.
+
+And so these
+electrostatic terms,
+
+this dihedral dielectric
+potential term,
+
+can vary from one, which is
+vacuum, to, say, 80 for water.
+
+And setting that
+is a bit of an art.
+
+OK, so what do these
+potentials look like?
+
+Those are shown here.
+
+This is the, in dark lines,
+the sum of the van der Waals
+
+potential.
+
+It consists of that
+attractive term,
+
+which has the r
+over 6 dependency,
+
+and the repulsive term
+with the r over 12.
+
+And why does it go up so
+high at short distances?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+because you can't
+
+have molecules that overlap.
+
+You'll see that
+there's a minimum,
+
+so there's an optimal
+distance barring
+
+any other forces
+between two atoms.
+
+So that's roughly what
+these hard sphere distances
+
+represent in the scale models.
+
+And then the
+electrostatic potential
+
+also, obviously,
+has attractive term,
+
+but it's going to
+blow up as you get
+
+to small values,
+increasingly favorable.
+
+And so the net sum of
+those two is shown here,
+
+the combination of van der
+Waals and electrostatics.
+
+It, again, has a strong
+minimum but becomes
+
+highly positive as you
+get to close distances.
+
+OK, any questions
+on these forces?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do the van der
+Waals equal the Leonard Jones
+
+potential?
+
+Or is that something else?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+typically, those two terms
+
+are used interchangeably.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+All right, so that's
+how the physicist
+
+would describe the
+potential energy function.
+
+Rosetta, as I told
+you, is an example
+
+of the statistical approach.
+
+It rejects all this
+sharp definition
+
+of trying to compute exactly
+the right distance between two
+
+atoms by having a stiff
+spring between them
+
+and says let's just fix
+a lot of these angles.
+
+So we're going to fix the
+distance between two atoms.
+
+There's no point
+in having them vary
+
+by tiny, tiny fractions
+in the bond length.
+
+We're going to fix a
+tetrahedral coordination
+
+of our tetrahedral carbons.
+
+We're not going to let them
+deform because that never
+
+would happen in
+reality, and so we're
+
+going to focus our
+search over the space
+
+entirely over the
+rotatable bonds.
+
+So remember, how
+many rotatable bonds
+
+did we have in the backbone?
+
+We had two, right?
+
+We had the phi and
+the psi angles,
+
+and then the side
+chains then will
+
+have rotatable bonds
+over the side chains.
+
+So in this example,
+this is a cysteine.
+
+Here's the backbone.
+
+Here's the sulfur.
+
+And we have exactly one
+rotatable bond of interest
+
+because we don't really care
+where the hydrogen is located.
+
+So we've got this chi 1 angle.
+
+If there were more
+atoms out here,
+
+this would be called
+chi 2 and chi 3.
+
+And these can rotate, but
+they don't rotate freely.
+
+We don't observe, in
+crystal structures,
+
+every possible rotation
+of these angles,
+
+and that's what this plot
+on the left represents.
+
+For this side chain, there's
+a chi 1, a chi 2, and a chi 3,
+
+and the dark regions represent
+the observed confirmations
+
+over many, many
+crystal structures.
+
+And you can see it's
+highly non uniform.
+
+Now why is that?
+
+I see people with
+their hands trying
+
+to figure it out in the back.
+
+So why is that?
+
+Figure that's what
+you guys are doing.
+
+If not, it's very
+interesting sign language.
+
+So if we look down one of
+these tetrahedral carbon-carbon
+
+bonds, we have apparently
+a free rotation.
+
+But in fact, some
+these confirmations,
+
+we're going to have a
+lot of steric clashes
+
+between the atoms on one carbon
+and the atoms on the other,
+
+and so this is not a
+favorable confirmation.
+
+The favorable
+confirmation is offset,
+
+and that propagates throughout
+all the chains in the protein.
+
+So there'll be certain angles
+that are highly preferred,
+
+and other ones that are not.
+
+These highly preferred
+angles are called rotamers,
+
+and so we'll use the term a lot.
+
+It stands for
+rotational isomers.
+
+And so now, we've turned
+our continuous problem
+
+of figuring out what the
+optimal angle is for this chi 1
+
+rotation into a discrete
+problem where maybe there
+
+are only two or three possible
+options for that rotation.
+
+And so now, we
+can decide is this
+
+better than this
+one or this one?
+
+Questions on rotamers
+or any of this?
+
+Excellent.
+
+OK, so how do we determine--
+we've decided then
+
+we're going to
+describe the protein
+
+entirely by these
+internal coordinates--
+
+the phi, the psi, the backbone,
+the chi angles of the side
+
+chain.
+
+We still need a potential
+energy function, right?
+
+That hasn't told us how to
+find the optimal settings,
+
+and we're going to try to
+avoid the approach of CHARMM,
+
+where we actually look
+at quantum mechanics
+
+to decide what
+all the terms are.
+
+So how do they actually
+go about doing this?
+
+Well, they take a number of high
+resolution crystal structures,
+
+and they characterize
+certain properties
+
+in those crystal structures.
+
+For example, they
+might characterize
+
+how often a certain
+aliphatic carbon-- how often
+
+aliphatic carbons are
+near amide nitrogens,
+
+and they might
+measure the distance--
+
+they do measure the distance
+between these amide nitrogens
+
+and aliphatic carbons across
+all the crystal structures
+
+and determine how often
+those distances occur.
+
+And you can actually turn
+those observations, then,
+
+into a potential energy
+function by simply
+
+using Boltzmann's equation.
+
+So we can figure
+out how frequently
+
+we get certain
+distances on the x-axis
+
+is distance, on the y-axis is
+frequency, number of entries
+
+in the crystal structure,
+and then by Boltzmann's Law,
+
+we can compute the
+density of states
+
+over some reference, which is
+actually very hard to define.
+
+And you can look at some
+of the references referred
+
+to in the slides to figure out
+how currently that's defined,
+
+but we have to find some
+arbitrary reference state
+
+to figure out the probability
+of being any one of these states
+
+is going to be a function,
+a logarithmic function,
+
+of the frequency
+of those states.
+
+All right, so we've got an
+energy term that's determined
+
+solely by the
+observations of distances,
+
+that doesn't say I know that
+this one's charge and this one
+
+isn't.
+
+It just says here's
+an oxygen attached
+
+to a carbon with double bonds.
+
+Here's a carbon that's not.
+
+How often are they at
+any particular distance?
+
+And we go through lots and
+lots of other properties,
+
+and we'll go into detail now
+to what those other terms are
+
+to look through high
+resolution crystal structures,
+
+see what certain
+properties are, turn those
+
+into potential energy
+functions that we can then
+
+use to identify the optimum
+rotations for the side
+
+chain and the backbone.
+
+Oh, and I should also point
+out that when we do this,
+
+we'll have different terms
+for different things.
+
+We'll have a term for distances
+between different kinds
+
+of atoms.
+
+We'll have terms for some
+of these other pieces
+
+of potential energy that we'll
+describe in subsequent slides,
+
+and we're going
+to need to decide
+
+how to weight all of those,
+all those independent terms,
+
+to get them to give
+us reasonable protein
+
+structures when we're done.
+
+And that, once again, is
+a curve fitting exercise,
+
+finding the numbers
+that best fit the data
+
+without any guiding physical
+principle underneath it.
+
+So you'll be using PyRosetta.
+
+And in PyRosetta,
+you'll see the terms
+
+on the board for
+the potential energy
+
+functions, the
+different features
+
+of the potential
+energy function,
+
+and I'll step you
+through a few of these
+
+just so you know
+what you're using.
+
+There'll also be files
+in PyRosetta installation
+
+that will give you the
+relative weights for each
+
+of these terms.
+
+OK, so these first
+are the van der Waals,
+
+and here, the shape of the curve
+looks just like we saw before.
+
+It has to, in some
+sense because they're
+
+trying to solve the
+same physical problem,
+
+but the motivation
+is very different.
+
+There's no attempt to
+decide that it should be a 1
+
+over r to the 6th because of
+dipole-dipole interactions.
+
+And simply, how do I find
+the function that accurately
+
+represents what I
+see in the database?
+
+So again, computed, this is
+the fa attractive and the fa
+
+repulsive, and
+those are determined
+
+based on the
+statistics of what's
+
+observed in the
+crystal structures.
+
+This one, the hbond, breaks down
+into backbone and side chain,
+
+long range and short range.
+
+And the goal of the
+hbonds-- so hydrogen bonds
+
+are one of the principal
+determinants of protein
+
+structure, and you'll see
+that in the reading materials
+
+that are posted online.
+
+And one of the critical
+things about a hydrogen bond
+
+is that it needs to
+be nearly planar.
+
+So the line between-- the
+angle between this atom,
+
+which has the hydrogen
+attached, and this one, which
+
+is the free electron
+pair, has to be
+
+as close to linear as possible.
+
+And the more it
+deviates from linear,
+
+the weaker the
+hydrogen bond will be.
+
+And so this hydrogen
+bonding potential
+
+has terms that describe the
+distance between the atoms that
+
+are donating and
+accepting the hydrogen
+
+as well as the
+angle between them,
+
+and it's been parameterized
+to represent, separately,
+
+things that are far from each
+other, close to each other,
+
+things that are side
+chain, or main chain.
+
+And here's where it's
+really the statistician
+
+against the physicist.
+
+Why divide up side
+chain and main chain?
+
+There's no physical principle
+that drives you to do that.
+
+It's simply because that's what
+gives the best fit to the data,
+
+so the statistician is not
+afraid to add terms that
+
+make their models
+better fit reality,
+
+even if they don't represent any
+fundamental physical principle.
+
+And we'll see it gets
+even more dramatic
+
+with some these other terms.
+
+So this is the
+Ramachandran plot,
+
+which you'll also
+see in your reading.
+
+It represents the
+observed frequencies
+
+of phi and the psi angles.
+
+And as you know that there
+are only a couple positions
+
+on this phi and psi plot
+that are frequently observed,
+
+representing the different
+regular secondary structures
+
+primarily, alpha helix and
+beta sheet is indicated.
+
+And rather than trying to
+capture the fact that protein
+
+should form alpha
+helices by having
+
+really good forces all
+around, they simply
+
+prefer angles that are observed
+in the Ramachandran plot.
+
+So we're going to give a
+potential energy function
+
+that's going to penalize you
+if your phi and psi ends up
+
+over here, and reward you
+if your phi and psi ends up
+
+in one of these positions.
+
+So from the physicist,
+this is cheating,
+
+and for the statistician,
+it makes perfect sense.
+
+Shouldn't laugh at that.
+
+OK, and this same will be
+true for the row numbers.
+
+So we said that,
+for the side chains,
+
+there are certain angles
+that we prefer over others
+
+because that's what we
+observe in the database.
+
+Again, we're not going
+to try to get them
+
+by making sure that there's
+repulsion between these two
+
+atoms when they're eclipsed.
+
+We're going to get
+there simply by saying
+
+the potential energy
+is lower when you're
+
+in one of these
+staggered confirmations
+
+than you're one of the
+eclipse confirmations.
+
+OK, now, the place
+where the difference
+
+between the statistician and
+the physicist is most dramatic
+
+comes when we look at
+the salvation terms.
+
+So a lot of what goes on
+in protein structure--
+
+determines protein
+structure, I should say,
+
+is the interaction of
+the protein with water.
+
+It's bathed in a bath of
+55 molar water molecules,
+
+highly polar.
+
+They normally are hydrogen
+bonding with each other.
+
+When the protein sits
+in there, the protein
+
+has to start hydrogen
+bonding with them.
+
+And where do we find
+hydrophobic residues
+
+in a protein structure,
+with your hands?
+
+Outside or inside?
+
+Inside, right?
+
+So the hydrophobic residue's
+all going to be buried inside.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Well, it's actually
+really, really hard
+
+to describe in terms
+of fundamental physical
+
+principles.
+
+In fact, it's really hard to
+describe the structure of water
+
+by fundamental
+physical principles.
+
+Simulations that try
+to get water to freeze
+
+were only successful
+a few years ago.
+
+So we've tried to
+simulate water using
+
+basic physical principles.
+
+It's very hard to
+get it to form ice
+
+when you lower the
+temperature, so it's
+
+going to be even harder,
+then, to represent
+
+how a complicated protein
+structure immersed in the water
+
+actually interacts with
+those water molecules.
+
+So you've got all these
+water molecules interacting
+
+with polar residues
+or non-polar residues.
+
+The physicist really
+struggles to represent those.
+
+And just to show
+you why that is,
+
+let me show you,
+again, a little movie.
+
+Unfortunately, no new
+age music with this one.
+
+I apologize.
+
+So what's shown here
+is a sphere immersed
+
+in a bunch of water molecules.
+
+The red is the oxygen.
+
+The little white parts
+are the hydrogens.
+
+You can see them
+wiggling around.
+
+And what's the fundamental
+feature that you observe?
+
+All right, they're
+forming almost a cage
+
+around this
+hydrophobic molecule.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's hard
+for them to interact
+
+with a non-polar residue.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so
+it's hard for them
+
+to interact with a
+non-polar residue.
+
+So the water molecules
+want to minimize
+
+their potential energy.
+
+They're going to
+do that by forming
+
+hydrogen bonds with something.
+
+In bulk solvent, they form it
+with other water molecules.
+
+Here, they can't form any
+hydrogen bonds with a sphere,
+
+so they have to dance to
+this complicated dance
+
+to try to form hydrogen
+bonds with each other
+
+with this thing stuck
+in middle of them.
+
+And this is, at its heart,
+the fundamental driving force
+
+between the hydrophobic
+effect, that
+
+which causes the hydrophobic
+residues to be buried inside
+
+of the protein.
+
+Very, very hard, as
+I said, to simulate
+
+using fundamental
+physical forces.
+
+So what does the
+statistician do?
+
+The statistician has a mixture
+of experimental observation
+
+and statistics at
+their benefit, so we
+
+can measure how hydrophobic
+any molecule is.
+
+We can take carbons and drop
+them to non-polar solvents,
+
+into polar solvents, and
+determine what fraction of time
+
+a molecule will spend
+in a polar environment
+
+versus a non-polar
+environment, and from that,
+
+get a free energy for
+the transfer of any atom
+
+from a hydrophobic environment
+to a hydrophilic environment.
+
+That can give us is delta
+G Ref, shown over here.
+
+OK, now, in a
+protein, that molecule
+
+is not fully solvent exposed
+even when it's on the surface,
+
+because water molecules
+trying to come
+
+at it from this direction
+can't get to it,
+
+from this direction
+can't get to it.
+
+So the transfer
+energy for this carbon
+
+to go from fully solvent
+exposed to buried
+
+is different from
+the isolated carbon.
+
+And so the statistician
+says, OK, I'll
+
+come up with a function
+to describe that.
+
+I will describe what
+else is near this atom
+
+in the rest of the
+protein structure.
+
+That's what the term
+on the right does.
+
+It's a sum over all
+other neighboring atoms
+
+and describes the volume
+of the neighboring group.
+
+Is the thing next to it
+really big or really small?
+
+Usually not described,
+necessarily,
+
+at the level of atoms.
+
+It might be side
+chains depending
+
+on which program is doing it.
+
+But I have some measure of
+the volume of the neighbors.
+
+If that volume is really
+large, then this thing
+
+is already in a
+hydrophobic environment
+
+even when it's taking
+water because it's
+
+surrounded by bulky things.
+
+If the neighbors
+are small, then it's
+
+a more hydrophilic environment
+when it's taking in water,
+
+and that's going to
+modulate this free energy.
+
+Is this function clear?
+
+OK, so by combining this
+observation from small molecule
+
+transfer experiments
+and these observations
+
+based on the structure
+of the protein,
+
+we can get an approximation
+for the hydrophobic effect.
+
+How expensive is it
+to have this piece
+
+of the protein in solvent
+versus in the hydrophobic core?
+
+And again, we never had to
+do any quantum mechanical
+
+calculations.
+
+We never had to actually
+explicitly compute
+
+the interaction of this
+molecule with solvent.
+
+We don't need any
+water in the structure.
+
+It's simply the geometry
+of the protein that's
+
+going to give us a good
+approximation to the energy
+
+function.
+
+All right, so you can look
+through all the details
+
+of these online in the
+Rosetta documentation
+
+that we provided to get
+a better sense of what
+
+all these functions
+are, but you can
+
+see there are a lot of terms.
+
+It's increasingly incremental.
+
+You find something
+wrong with your models.
+
+You add a term to try
+to account for that.
+
+Again, not driven necessarily
+by the physical forces.
+
+OK, so what have we seen so far?
+
+We've seen the
+motivation for this unit,
+
+to begin with
+protein structures,
+
+that the protein
+structure really
+
+helps us understand the
+biological molecules that we're
+
+looking at.
+
+These structures are going to
+influence our understanding
+
+of all biology, so we need
+to be good at predicting
+
+these protein structures
+or solving them
+
+when we have experimental data.
+
+The computational
+methods that we're
+
+going to use--
+we're going to focus
+
+on solving protein structures
+de novo, predicting them,
+
+but those same
+techniques are going
+
+to underlie the
+methods that are used
+
+to solve x-ray
+crystallography in an MR.
+
+And fundamentally then, we
+have these two approaches
+
+to describing the
+potential energy.
+
+That's the statistician and
+the physicist's approach.
+
+And remember, the
+key simplifications
+
+of the statistician are that
+we used a fixed geometry.
+
+We're not trying to
+figure out the XYZ
+
+coordinates of every atom.
+
+We're simply trying to
+figure out the bond angles.
+
+We're going to use
+rotamers, so we're
+
+going to turn our
+continuous choices often
+
+into discrete ones.
+
+And we're going to derive
+statistical potentials
+
+to present the potential
+energy, which may or may not
+
+have a clear physical basis.
+
+All right, so let's start with
+a little thought experiment
+
+as we try to get into some of
+these prediction algorithms.
+
+So I have a sequence.
+
+It's about, I don't know,
+100 amino acids long,
+
+and here are two
+protein structures.
+
+One is predominantly
+alpha helical.
+
+One is predominantly beta sheet.
+
+How could I tell-- this is
+not a rhetorical question.
+
+I want you to think for second.
+
+How could I tell whether
+the sequence prefers
+
+the structure on the top or
+the structure on the bottom?
+
+So we have, actually, a
+lot of the tools in place.
+
+Yes, in the back.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you, based on
+previously known sequences,
+
+know which sequence is
+predominant in which
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+the answer was we
+
+could look at previously
+known sequences.
+
+We can look for homology,
+and that's actually
+
+going to be a very
+powerful tool.
+
+So if there is a homologue in
+the database that is closely
+
+related to this protein, and
+it has a known structure,
+
+then problem solved.
+
+What if there isn't?
+
+What's my next step?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you
+start with a description
+
+of the secondary structure,
+say the helices and the sheet,
+
+and you counted how often a
+particular amino acid showed up
+
+in each of those structures?
+
+Could you then compute
+maybe a likelihood
+
+across a stretch of amino acids?
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+So that answer was
+what if I looked
+
+at these alpha helices
+and beta sheets
+
+and computed how often
+certain amino acids occur
+
+in alpha helices
+versus beta sheets,
+
+and then I looked in
+my protein structure
+
+and checked whether I have
+the right amino acids that
+
+are more favorable than
+alpha helices or beta sheets.
+
+And we'll see that's an approach
+that's been used successfully.
+
+That's secondary
+structure prediction.
+
+OK, other ideas.
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you have the
+position of the 3D structure,
+
+you can feed your sequence
+through the structure
+
+and then put it through
+your energy function,
+
+see which one is the
+lower [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+So another thing I can do is, if
+I have these two structures, I
+
+have their precise
+three-dimensional structures,
+
+I could try to put my
+sequence onto that structure,
+
+actually put the right
+side chains for my sequence
+
+into that backbone confirmation.
+
+And then what would I do?
+
+I would actually measure
+the potential energy
+
+of the protein in top structure
+and the potential energy
+
+of the protein in
+the bottom structure.
+
+If the potential
+energy is higher,
+
+is that the favorable structure
+or the unfavorable structure?
+
+Favorable?
+
+Unfavorable?
+
+Right, it's the unfavorable.
+
+So I want the lower
+free energy structure.
+
+OK, so let's think
+about-- that's correct,
+
+and that's where we're headed.
+
+But what are going to be
+some of the complexities
+
+of that approach?
+
+So first of all, what
+about these side chains?
+
+I have to now take a
+backbone structure that
+
+had some other amino
+acid sequence on it,
+
+and I have to put these
+new side chains on.
+
+Right?
+
+If I put those on in the
+wrong way-- let's say,
+
+this is the true one--
+let's say one of these
+
+is the true structure.
+
+Let's begin with
+a simplification.
+
+All right, so let's say your
+fiendish labmate has actually
+
+solved the structure
+of your protein,
+
+but refuses tell you
+what the answer is.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: And she actually
+has solved two structures,
+
+neither one of which she's going
+to give you the sequence to.
+
+But she's giving you the
+coordinates for both of them.
+
+They're the same length.
+
+And so she asks you,
+ha, you took 791.
+
+You can figure this out.
+
+Tell me whether that
+your sequence is actually
+
+in this structure
+or that structure.
+
+She says one of them
+is exactly right.
+
+You just don't know which one.
+
+OK, so she gives you the
+backbone coordinates,
+
+so you go.
+
+You put your amino
+acid sequence, say,
+
+with Swiss [? PDB. ?] You add to
+the backbone all the right side
+
+chains.
+
+But now, you have to
+make a bunch of decisions
+
+for these side
+chain confirmations.
+
+If you make the wrong
+decision, what happens?
+
+Well, you stick this atom close
+to where some other atom is.
+
+Now, you've got an
+optimization problem, right?
+
+You believe that one
+of these backbone
+
+coordinates is
+correct, but you've
+
+got a very highly coupled
+optimization problem.
+
+You need to figure out the right
+rotations for every single side
+
+chain on this protein, and
+you can't do it one by one.
+
+You can't take a greedy approach
+because if I put this side
+
+chain here, and I put this
+side chain here, they collide,
+
+but if this was wrong and
+supposed to be over there,
+
+then maybe this is the
+right conformation.
+
+So I have a coupled
+problem, so it turns out
+
+to be computationally
+expensive thing to compute.
+
+So we're going to look at
+what to do if we know backbone
+
+confirmation, but we don't know
+the side chain confirmation.
+
+We can try to solve that
+optimization problem,
+
+and you'll actually do
+that in your problem set.
+
+Now, what if the
+backbone confirmation
+
+isn't exactly correct?
+
+So let's say you do what
+was first suggested,
+
+and you search the
+sequence database.
+
+You take this sequence, and
+you find that it actually
+
+has two homologs, two
+things with similar sequence
+
+similarity.
+
+There are two proteins
+with 20% sequence identity
+
+that have completely
+different structures.
+
+This one has 20%
+sequence identity,
+
+and this one has 20%
+sequence identity.
+
+So you have no way of deciding
+which one's which, right?
+
+And neither one is going to be
+the right protein structure.
+
+So you know that by putting the
+side chains onto these protein
+
+structures, you do have to solve
+those problems with side chain
+
+optimization, but what,
+obviously, is the other thing
+
+that you're going to
+need to have to solve?
+
+All right, you're going to
+need to solve the backbone
+
+optimization problem, and
+this becomes even more
+
+coupled because when
+I move this backbone,
+
+then the side
+chains move with it.
+
+So now, I've got a very,
+very complicated optimization
+
+problem to deal with.
+
+The search space is enormous,
+and even if I discretize it,
+
+it's still very, very large.
+
+In fact, there's
+something famous
+
+called the Levinthal Paradox.
+
+Of course, Cy
+Levinthal, who was once
+
+upon a time a professor here
+and then moved to Columbia--
+
+he did a back of the
+envelope calculation
+
+for extremely simple models
+of protein structure.
+
+If you imagine the proteins
+were to randomly search over
+
+all possible confirmations
+with very rapid switching
+
+between possible
+confirmations, it
+
+would take basically
+the lifetime
+
+of the universe for a
+protein to ever fold.
+
+So proteins don't
+do random searches
+
+over all possible confirmations,
+and they can check out
+
+confirmations
+incredibly rapidly.
+
+So we certainly can't
+do that, so we'll
+
+look at the
+optimization techniques.
+
+All right, so we discussed
+how to use energy optimization
+
+functions to try to decide
+which one's correct,
+
+and that even if the
+structure is the correct one,
+
+we have the side chain
+optimization problem.
+
+If the structure's the incorrect
+one, we've got two problems.
+
+We've got the backbone
+confirmation and the side
+
+chain.
+
+This is frequently called
+fold recognition or threading.
+
+This choice of, you've
+got a protein structure.
+
+You want to decide if
+your sequence matches
+
+this one or that one.
+
+There are a couple
+of other problems
+
+that we're going to look at.
+
+So this was already raised by
+one of the students, the idea
+
+that we try to predict
+the secondary structure
+
+of this protein, so we'll
+look at secondary structure
+
+prediction algorithms.
+
+This was a very early area
+of computational effort
+
+in structural
+biology, and we'll see
+
+that the early methods
+are remarkably good.
+
+We can look for
+domain structures,
+
+and this is really
+a sequence problem.
+
+So we can look
+through our sequences,
+
+and rather than looking for
+sequence identity or similarity
+
+with known
+structures, we can see
+
+whether there are
+certain patterns,
+
+like the hidden
+Markov models that you
+
+looked at in a
+previous lecture, that
+
+can allow us to recognize the
+domain structure of a protein
+
+even without an identical
+sequence in the database.
+
+So we won't go over that
+kind of analysis anymore,
+
+and then we'll
+spend a good amount
+
+of time looking at ways of
+solving novel structures.
+
+So if you don't have a
+fiendish friend who solved
+
+your structure for you,
+and there is no homologue
+
+in the database,
+all is not lost.
+
+You actually can now predict
+novel structures of proteins
+
+simply from the sequence.
+
+All right, so a little
+history as to the prediction
+
+of protein structure.
+
+It really starts
+with Linus Pauling,
+
+who went on to win the
+Nobel Prize for this work.
+
+And this is in the era-- this
+paper was published in 1951.
+
+This was what computers
+looked like in 1951,
+
+and that thing probably
+has a lot less computing
+
+power than your iPhone
+or your Android.
+
+So Linus Pauling did
+not solve the structure
+
+of the alpha helix, predict
+that alpha helices existed,
+
+using computers.
+
+He actually did it
+entirely with paper models.
+
+And in fact, he solved this--
+he got the key insights
+
+for the alpha helix when
+he was lying sick in bed.
+
+That's a very productive sick
+leave, you might imagine.
+
+He was using paper
+models, but it
+
+wasn't all done
+while lying in bed.
+
+So he and others,
+the field as a whole,
+
+have spend a lot of time
+observing small molecule
+
+distances, so they
+have some idea what
+
+to expect in protein structures.
+
+They didn't know the
+three-dimensional structure,
+
+but they knew a lot
+of the parameters
+
+about how far apart things were.
+
+And they also knew
+that hydrogen bonds
+
+were going to be extremely
+favorable in protein
+
+structures.
+
+And so he looked for
+a repeating structure
+
+that would maximize the
+number of hydrogen bonds
+
+that occur within the
+protein backbone chain.
+
+And he knew, also, the
+backbone-- that the amide bonds
+
+would be planar and so on.
+
+So there were a lot of
+principle that underlay this,
+
+but it was really
+a tour de force
+
+of just thinking
+rather than computing.
+
+Another really important
+contribution early on
+
+was made by Ramachandran,
+was at Madras University,
+
+and his insight had
+to do with the fact
+
+that not all backbone
+confirmations were
+
+equally favorable.
+
+So remember, we have
+these two rotatable bonds
+
+in the backbone.
+
+We have the phi angle
+and the psi angle.
+
+And this plot
+shows that there'll
+
+be certain confirmations
+of phi and psi angles
+
+that are observed within
+these dashed lines,
+
+and then the other
+confirmations, which are almost
+
+never observed.
+
+Now, how did he figure that out?
+
+Once again, it wasn't
+with computation.
+
+It was simply with paper
+models and figuring out
+
+what the distances would be, and
+then carefully reasoning over
+
+those possible structures.
+
+So you can get very far in
+this field, initially, back
+
+then, by simple hard thought.
+
+OK, so with these
+two observations,
+
+we knew that there
+were going to be
+
+certain kinds of regular
+secondary structure
+
+and that not all
+backbone confirmations
+
+were equally favorable.
+
+OK, but now, we want to advance
+actually predicting structures
+
+of particular proteins, not just
+saying that proteins in general
+
+will contain alpha helices.
+
+So how do we go
+about doing that?
+
+So the first
+advances here, we're
+
+trying to predict the
+structure of alpha helices,
+
+and this paper in
+the 1960s introduced
+
+the concept of a helical wheel.
+
+Now, the idea here,
+if you'll imagine
+
+that this eraser
+is an alpha helix,
+
+I'm going to look down the
+backbone of the alpha helix.
+
+And I'll see that
+the side chains
+
+emerge at regular positions.
+
+There's going to be
+100 degree rotation
+
+between each sequential
+residue in the backbone
+
+as it goes around helix.
+
+It's going to be displaced
+and rotated by 100 degrees,
+
+and I could plot,
+on a piece of paper,
+
+the helical projection,
+which is shown here.
+
+So here's the first amino acid.
+
+100 degrees later, the second.
+
+100 degrees later, the third.
+
+And I can ask whether the
+residues on that backbone
+
+have a sequence that
+puts all the hydrophobics
+
+and hydrophilics on the
+same side, as in this case,
+
+or on different sides.
+
+Now, what difference
+does it make?
+
+Well, if I have an
+alpha helix that's
+
+lying on the surface
+of a protein,
+
+this could have one side
+that's solvent exposed and one
+
+side that's protected.
+
+So we would expect that some
+of these alpha helices lying
+
+on the service would
+be amphipathic.
+
+Half of them would be
+hydrophobic, hydrophobic,
+
+and half of them
+would be hydrophilic.
+
+And purely, as someone
+suggested from the pattern
+
+of the amino acids, and here the
+hydrophobicity of the pattern
+
+of the amino acids, we could
+make reasonable predictions
+
+of whether this protein forms a
+particular kind of alpha helix,
+
+an amphipathic alpha helix.
+
+Now, is that going to help
+us for all alpha helices?
+
+Obviously not, because I
+can have alpha helices that
+
+are totally solvent
+exposed, and I
+
+can have alpha helices
+that are totally protected.
+
+So this pattern will occur in
+some alpha helices, but not
+
+all.
+
+So another idea
+that was raised here
+
+and was used early
+on with great success
+
+was to actually figure out
+whether certain amino acids
+
+have a particular alpha
+helical propensity.
+
+Do they occur more
+frequently in alpha helices?
+
+At the time, it was
+also thought maybe
+
+you could find propensities
+for beta sheets
+
+and other structures.
+
+So compute the statistics
+over for every amino acid,
+
+shown as a row here.
+
+How often is it observed
+in the database?
+
+How often does it
+occur in alpha helix?
+
+And how often does it occur
+in beta sheet or in a coil?
+
+And from these, then, we
+would compute probabilities
+
+and compute using, perhaps,
+Bayesian statistics to compute
+
+the poster
+expectation for having
+
+a certain sequence
+in alpha helix.
+
+They didn't quite use
+Bayesian statistics here.
+
+They came up with a
+rather ad hoc approach,
+
+and when you read
+it in hindsight,
+
+it seems kind of crazy.
+
+But actually, you
+have to remember
+
+when this was being done.
+
+This is being done before a
+big influence of mathematicians
+
+into structural biology.
+
+This is 1974, and they used
+more physical reasoning.
+
+They knew something
+about how alpha helices
+
+formed from chemistry.
+
+They knew that,
+typically, there's
+
+nucleation event, where a small
+piece of helix forms initially,
+
+and then that extends.
+
+They knew that there
+were these propensities
+
+for certain amino acids
+to form alpha helices,
+
+and other amino acids, which
+tended to break the helix.
+
+And they came up with
+an ad hoc algorithm
+
+that counted how often
+you had strong helix
+
+formers, how often you breakers.
+
+You can see all the
+details in the references.
+
+The amazing thing is, with this
+very ad hoc thing and a very,
+
+very small database
+of protein structures,
+
+you could look at the
+total number of residues
+
+that they're looking at
+over all the structures,
+
+there's 2,473 and
+residues, not structures.
+
+And now, we have
+many, many more times
+
+than that of
+structures of proteins.
+
+Even with that,
+in 1974, they were
+
+able to achieve 60%
+accuracy in predicting
+
+the secondary
+structure of proteins,
+
+so it's really an
+astounding accomplishment.
+
+And to put that in
+perspective, there
+
+was an evaluation of a whole
+bunch of secondary structure
+
+prediction algorithms
+done about a decade ago,
+
+and things haven't changed
+that much since then, where
+
+between 1974 and
+2003, almost 30 years,
+
+they went from 60%
+accuracy to 76% accuracy.
+
+OK, well, that's not
+bad, but it's not a lot
+
+for-- you'd expect
+maybe over 30 years,
+
+you could do a lot better.
+
+So the simple approach
+really captured
+
+the fundamentals of predicting
+secondary structure.
+
+There's a lot of work
+that's been done since,
+
+and I encourage you to
+look in the textbook
+
+if you're interested, to look
+at all the newer algorithms that
+
+have tried to solve the
+secondary structure prediction
+
+problem.
+
+OK.
+
+All right, so secondary
+structure prediction, then--
+
+you can look in the textbook
+for the modern methods,
+
+but the fundamental ideas were
+laid down by Chou and Fasman
+
+in the 1974 paper.
+
+We're already said that looking
+at the kinds of approaches
+
+that we discussed
+earlier in the course
+
+can help you solve
+domain structures.
+
+I would like to focus on,
+at the end of this lecture
+
+and the beginning-- and the next
+lecture about how to actually
+
+solve novel structures from
+purely amino acid sequence,
+
+and we're going to
+go back to the idea
+
+that there is a potential
+energy function.
+
+We now have both the CHARMM
+approach and the Rosetta
+
+approach to protein
+structure, and so there
+
+is some protein
+folding landscape.
+
+There's an energy function.
+
+If you have different
+conformations,
+
+you'll be at different
+positions in landscape,
+
+and we'd like to
+figure out how to go
+
+from some starting confirmation
+that may be arbitrary and find
+
+our way to the minimum
+energy structure.
+
+All right, so there are going
+to be three fundamental things
+
+that we'll talk about
+in the next lecture.
+
+We're going to talk about
+energy minimization,
+
+how to use these potential
+energy functions that we
+
+started off with to go
+from approximate structures
+
+to the refined structure.
+
+That's the thought
+problem I gave you.
+
+You have the structure, but
+you have the wrong side chains.
+
+Could you minimize them?
+
+And so that's making
+small changes.
+
+We'll discuss
+molecular dynamics,
+
+which actually tries to simulate
+all the forces on a protein
+
+and to actually carry
+out a physical simulation
+
+of the process.
+
+That's the CHARMM
+approach, and we'll
+
+see some interesting
+variants on that.
+
+And then we'll look at
+simulated annealing, which
+
+is an optimization technique
+that's actually quite broad,
+
+but can be applied
+here, to search
+
+over large, large
+conformational spaces,
+
+much further than a protein
+would actually evolve
+
+in a molecular dynamic
+simulation that's
+
+simulating protein function.
+
+You allow the protein, now,
+to jump between confirmations
+
+that have no real
+potential to transfer
+
+between in a normal room
+temperature in water,
+
+but can be done, obviously,
+easily in the computer.
+
+So I'll stop here.
+
+Any questions before we close?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6ROuKtm5zds.txt b/6ROuKtm5zds.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d648ab3e9cedf8e6a606b43bbbb2919205e06922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6ROuKtm5zds.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so last time we talked about interim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we talked about interim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we talked about interim
+intermolecular interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular interactions
+intermolecular so you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular so you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular so you know it's
+complicated enough talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough talking about
+individual molecules what molecules can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual molecules what molecules can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual molecules what molecules can
+do but we could also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but we could also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but we could also talk about
+interactions between molecules and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between molecules and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between molecules and we
+can use perturbation theory and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use perturbation theory and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use perturbation theory and what we
+discover is something Universal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is something Universal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is something Universal about
+all pairs of molecules molecules which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairs of molecules molecules which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairs of molecules molecules which
+don't have any reason to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any reason to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any reason to interact with
+each other like being charged or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other like being charged or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other like being charged or even
+having dipole moments and and and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having dipole moments and and and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having dipole moments and and and we can
+we discover that all molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover that all molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover that all molecules are
+attracted to each other and we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and we know the
+force law we know how everything scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law we know how everything scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law we know how everything scales
+and we also know that we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know that we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know that we can look at
+molecules and say this molecule is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and say this molecule is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and say this molecule is going
+to be a good molecule for intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good molecule for intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good molecule for intermolecular
+interactions because either it has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions because either it has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions because either it has a lot
+of low-lying transitions or they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-lying transitions or they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-lying transitions or they have
+very strong transitions and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong transitions and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong transitions and so you can
+compare different atoms or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare different atoms or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare different atoms or different
+molecules and one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and one of the important
+messages is is that really big molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages is is that really big molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages is is that really big molecules
+are really sticky they want to attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really sticky they want to attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really sticky they want to attract
+each other because they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because they have a lot of
+vibrations and each vibrational mode can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and each vibrational mode can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations and each vibrational mode can
+act as a dipole in this dipole-dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as a dipole in this dipole-dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as a dipole in this dipole-dipole
+interaction whether it's induced dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction whether it's induced dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction whether it's induced dipole
+induced dipole or whatever so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced dipole or whatever so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced dipole or whatever so it's it's
+one of these things where something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things where something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things where something from
+one half of your brain is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of your brain is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of your brain is able to
+explain something from the other half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something from the other half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something from the other half
+and that's really wonderful and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really wonderful and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really wonderful and we are
+always aiming for that now today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always aiming for that now today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always aiming for that now today we're
+talking about photo chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is an enormous topic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an enormous topic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an enormous topic and I
+would say that they're vastly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that they're vastly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that they're vastly more
+physical chemists and biophysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists and biophysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists and biophysical
+chemists working on photochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists working on photochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists working on photochemistry
+then on spectroscopy the idea is so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on spectroscopy the idea is so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on spectroscopy the idea is so what
+happens when a molecule gets electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a molecule gets electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a molecule gets electro
+gets excited by a photon does it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets excited by a photon does it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets excited by a photon does it just
+fluoresce or does it do interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce or does it do interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce or does it do interesting
+stuff and there's a lot of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and there's a lot of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and there's a lot of really
+beautiful semi empirical theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful semi empirical theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful semi empirical theory that
+enables you to estimate the rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to estimate the rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to estimate the rates of
+everything that a molecule can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that a molecule can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that a molecule can do and
+the uses for what these things do so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uses for what these things do so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uses for what these things do so but
+in order to put this in perspective I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to put this in perspective I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to put this in perspective I
+have to do a little bit of review of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little bit of review of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little bit of review of the
+different kinds of spectroscopy rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of spectroscopy rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of spectroscopy rotation
+rotation vibration rotation vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation vibration rotation vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation vibration rotation vibration
+electronic in order to get the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic in order to get the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic in order to get the energy
+scales and to determine to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and to determine to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and to determine to describe the
+actors in this problem of photochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors in this problem of photochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors in this problem of photochemistry
+now there's two sets of notes what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two sets of notes what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two sets of notes what I'm
+going to be working from which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working from which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working from which is
+because I'm the small molecule person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm the small molecule person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm the small molecule person
+bottom-up and I'm trying to take what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up and I'm trying to take what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up and I'm trying to take what I
+know and I've taught you about small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I've taught you about small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I've taught you about small
+molecules and extend it to regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and extend it to regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and extend it to regions of
+incredible complexity but using most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible complexity but using most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible complexity but using most of
+the same concepts and Troy's notes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concepts and Troy's notes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concepts and Troy's notes which
+are top-down and he's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are top-down and he's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are top-down and he's basically
+interested in photochemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in photochemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in photochemistry and
+condensed phases and big molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed phases and big molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed phases and big molecules and
+I'm afraid to go to condensed phases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid to go to condensed phases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid to go to condensed phases and
+big molecules but the two shall meet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecules but the two shall meet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecules but the two shall meet and
+many of the topics will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understandable with both approaches okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable with both approaches okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable with both approaches okay
+so let's just set the framework we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just set the framework we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just set the framework we have
+three kinds of spectra and the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of spectra and the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of spectra and the typical
+energy associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy associated with
+is one wave number and we have rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one wave number and we have rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one wave number and we have rotation
+vibration and the typical energy scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and the typical energy scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and the typical energy scale
+is 1,000 wave numbers and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1,000 wave numbers and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1,000 wave numbers and then there is
+the rotation vibration electronic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation vibration electronic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation vibration electronic and
+that's a 20,000 wave numbers and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 20,000 wave numbers and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 20,000 wave numbers and higher
+now this is peanuts compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is peanuts compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is peanuts compared to the
+strengths of molecular bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths of molecular bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths of molecular bonds and
+interactions between molecules but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between molecules but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between molecules but this
+is big big news because now the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big big news because now the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big big news because now the photon
+that excites the molecule is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excites the molecule is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excites the molecule is sort of
+acting like a reagent this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like a reagent this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like a reagent this is this
+energy and the it goes up as far as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the it goes up as far as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the it goes up as far as you
+want these energies are comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want these energies are comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want these energies are comparable to
+the energies of chemical bonds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of chemical bonds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of chemical bonds and the
+electronically excited molecules can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited molecules can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited molecules can do
+chemistry that the rotational or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that the rotational or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that the rotational or
+vibrational e excited molecules can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational e excited molecules can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational e excited molecules can't do
+that's why it's so interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so interesting and
+that's why it's so complicated ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can excited molecule do well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can excited molecule do well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can excited molecule do well maybe
+I should ask you yes okay so we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should ask you yes okay so we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should ask you yes okay so we can call
+it isomerization anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isomerization anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isomerization anything else
+I'm sorry fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes bye yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bye yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bye yes
+fluorescence that's what we do there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence that's what we do there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence that's what we do there's
+lots of things that can happen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things that can happen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things that can happen and the
+the kinds of things that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that can happen
+depends on what kind of excitation we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kind of excitation we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kind of excitation we've
+produced but the big photons are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but the big photons are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but the big photons are going
+to produce really complicated stuff now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce really complicated stuff now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce really complicated stuff now
+one framework we can talk about is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one framework we can talk about is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one framework we can talk about is what
+is the rate the rate of I can't imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate the rate of I can't imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate the rate of I can't imagine
+what I wrote there so this is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wrote there so this is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wrote there so this is the total
+rate and it can be can be composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and it can be can be composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and it can be can be composed of
+the radiative decay and they non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiative decay and they non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiative decay and they non
+radiative decay now there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative decay now there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative decay now there's a there's a
+size scale here now oh I know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size scale here now oh I know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size scale here now oh I know what I
+wrote here that's measured so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here that's measured so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here that's measured so if you if
+you had a system and you measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a system and you measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a system and you measured the
+the exponential decay of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential decay of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential decay of the population
+in that system that's composed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system that's composed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system that's composed of the
+radiative part and everything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative part and everything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative part and everything else and
+the radiative part is corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiative part is corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiative part is corresponds to
+life times no shorter than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life times no shorter than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life times no shorter than 10
+nanoseconds there is absolutely no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds there is absolutely no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds there is absolutely no way
+that molecules or atoms can fluoresce at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecules or atoms can fluoresce at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecules or atoms can fluoresce at
+a rate much faster than one over 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate much faster than one over 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate much faster than one over 10 to
+the 8 a 1 over a 10 to the minus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8 a 1 over a 10 to the minus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8 a 1 over a 10 to the minus 8
+second sort and then there's other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sort and then there's other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sort and then there's other stuff
+and so when the other stuff the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when the other stuff the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when the other stuff the non
+radiative decay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative decay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative decay is
+fast compared to the fastest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast compared to the fastest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast compared to the fastest that
+molecule could decay by emitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule could decay by emitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule could decay by emitting a
+photon then we're getting into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon then we're getting into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon then we're getting into something
+complicated and interesting when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and interesting when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and interesting when the
+molecule just radiates a photon and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule just radiates a photon and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule just radiates a photon and this
+stuff is very small well that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is very small well that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is very small well that's that's
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+but it doesn't tell us very much except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't tell us very much except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't tell us very much except
+what is the radiative lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the radiative lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the radiative lifetime of the
+particular excited state so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular excited state so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular excited state so there's
+various kinds of D excitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of D excitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of D excitation and
+there's a collisional and there's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collisional and there's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collisional and there's well
+we call it colors and free now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it colors and free now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it colors and free now remember
+if there's no collision energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no collision energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no collision energy is
+conserved we have a Hamiltonian that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved we have a Hamiltonian that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved we have a Hamiltonian that the
+expectation of the hamiltonian for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the hamiltonian for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the hamiltonian for an
+isolated system is not time-dependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system is not time-dependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system is not time-dependent so
+we have energy conservation yet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have energy conservation yet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have energy conservation yet in the
+absence of collisions are what changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of collisions are what changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of collisions are what changed
+the energy remove energy from the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy remove energy from the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy remove energy from the system
+we can have an incredibly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have an incredibly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have an incredibly complicated
+range of processes which are collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of processes which are collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of processes which are collision
+free and these collision free processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and these collision free processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and these collision free processes
+have the signature of the molecule all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the signature of the molecule all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the signature of the molecule all
+over it they are telling you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it they are telling you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it they are telling you something
+about what the molecule thinks it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the molecule thinks it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the molecule thinks it can do
+and does whereas the collisional stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does whereas the collisional stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does whereas the collisional stuff
+is pretty statistical and so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty statistical and so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty statistical and so so the
+collisional processes we can say we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional processes we can say we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional processes we can say we we
+can estimate how fast they are and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate how fast they are and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can estimate how fast they are and first
+of all there is this number that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there is this number that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there is this number that many
+physical chemists carry in their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists carry in their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists carry in their head
+especially if we work in the gas phase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we work in the gas phase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we work in the gas phase a
+collisional rate is on the order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional rate is on the order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional rate is on the order of 10
+megahertz per tour now I'm an old guy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz per tour now I'm an old guy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz per tour now I'm an old guy I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+tor instead of bow or millibar but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tor instead of bow or millibar but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tor instead of bow or millibar but a
+tour and a millibar about the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour and a millibar about the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour and a millibar about the same thing
+and and so at an atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so at an atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so at an atmospheric pressure
+that corresponds to 10 gigahertz and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to 10 gigahertz and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to 10 gigahertz and at
+around the sphere and so that means 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the sphere and so that means 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the sphere and so that means 10
+to the minus 10 seconds so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 10 seconds so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 10 seconds so so the
+collisional rates can be competing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional rates can be competing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional rates can be competing with
+radiative rates at atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative rates at atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative rates at atmospheric pressure
+or in condensed phase things really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in condensed phase things really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in condensed phase things really can
+compete but this number 10 megahertz per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete but this number 10 megahertz per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete but this number 10 megahertz per
+tour is a good number to carry around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour is a good number to carry around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour is a good number to carry around
+for estimating the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for estimating the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for estimating the frequency of
+collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are different kinds of
+collisions and one collision with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and one collision with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and one collision with this
+sort of rate is all it takes to relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rate is all it takes to relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rate is all it takes to relax
+rotation and about a thousand collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and about a thousand collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and about a thousand collisions
+are required to relax vibration and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required to relax vibration and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required to relax vibration and now
+it's very hard to estimate what it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to estimate what it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to estimate what it takes
+to relax electronic excitation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relax electronic excitation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relax electronic excitation because
+the electronic excitation is so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic excitation is so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic excitation is so big
+there's so many different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different things that
+can happen and so you could say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen and so you could say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen and so you could say well if
+nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really
+chemically chemical happened it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically chemical happened it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically chemical happened it would
+take about a million collisions to relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about a million collisions to relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about a million collisions to relax
+electronic but there are so many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic but there are so many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic but there are so many other
+things I don't want to put a number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I don't want to put a number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I don't want to put a number here
+because this is really the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is really the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is really the interesting
+and complicated stuff okay in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated stuff okay in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated stuff okay in particular
+suppose you have an electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have an electronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have an electronically
+excited molecule it collides with a nun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited molecule it collides with a nun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited molecule it collides with a nun
+excited molecule and you end up doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited molecule and you end up doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited molecule and you end up doing a
+plus B C D or all sorts of things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B C D or all sorts of things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B C D or all sorts of things that's
+chemistry right but this wouldn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry right but this wouldn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry right but this wouldn't happen
+if this star wasn't there and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this star wasn't there and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this star wasn't there and there's a
+tremendous complexity to chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous complexity to chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous complexity to chemistry
+that's why we have you know it's a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have you know it's a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have you know it's a PhD
+subject it's a major area of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it's a major area of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it's a major area of science and
+so you know we're engaging in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we're engaging in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we're engaging in with
+chemistry when we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry when we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry when we start talking about
+electronic the excited atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic the excited atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic the excited atoms and
+vibration and rotation excitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and rotation excitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and rotation excitation is
+largely irrelevant to chemistry it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely irrelevant to chemistry it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely irrelevant to chemistry it's a
+small it's small potatoes but it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's small potatoes but it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's small potatoes but it you
+know you can see chemical effects by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see chemical effects by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see chemical effects by
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+vibrational excitation but that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational excitation but that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational excitation but that's for
+the purists like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purists like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purists like me
+okay now collision-free effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now collision-free effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now collision-free effects are
+initially surprising and they we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially surprising and they we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially surprising and they we we can
+have several and and and we got some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several and and and we got some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several and and and we got some of
+those from the initial discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from the initial discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from the initial discussion and
+but I'm going to just list them again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to just list them again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to just list them again we
+can have the molecule breaks and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the molecule breaks and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the molecule breaks and that
+could be dissociation or ionization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be dissociation or ionization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be dissociation or ionization and
+this you know this is something that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this is something that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this is something that all
+molecules do if you excite them enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do if you excite them enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do if you excite them enough
+they either fall apart into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they either fall apart into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they either fall apart into smaller
+molecules or ionize there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or ionize there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or ionize there's nothing
+surprising there but then there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising there but then there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising there but then there are the
+unexpected processes or at least they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected processes or at least they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected processes or at least they
+used to be unexpected when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be unexpected when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be unexpected when I was a
+graduate student there was still a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student there was still a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student there was still a lot
+of confusion about what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confusion about what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confusion about what happens in the
+absence of collisions and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of collisions and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of collisions and there are
+several names for them I've ER intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several names for them I've ER intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several names for them I've ER intra
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+this process which you understand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process which you understand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process which you understand from
+perturbation theory I talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory I talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory I talked about this
+early in the semester this foot closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the semester this foot closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the semester this foot closed
+to the idea of vibration or mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of vibration or mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of vibration or mode
+specific chemistry by putting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific chemistry by putting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific chemistry by putting an
+excitation into a molecule a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation into a molecule a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation into a molecule a high
+vibrational excitation into a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational excitation into a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational excitation into a particular
+molecule and activate a bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and activate a bond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and activate a bond to
+chemistry IVR is always faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry IVR is always faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry IVR is always faster than
+chemistry or faster than collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or faster than collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or faster than collisions
+until you get to the condensed phase IVR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the condensed phase IVR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the condensed phase IVR
+that's one and there was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one and there was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one and there was so much
+confusion about IVR in the old days that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about IVR in the old days that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about IVR in the old days that
+people didn't even know what it meant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't even know what it meant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't even know what it meant it
+just meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant
+I don't understand what's going on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand what's going on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand what's going on but
+it is intra molecular vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is intra molecular vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is intra molecular vibrational
+redistribution then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution then there's another
+process called internal conversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called internal conversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called internal conversion and
+another process called inter system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another process called inter system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another process called inter system
+crossing so IV are something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing so IV are something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing so IV are something that
+happens in one electronic state internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in one electronic state internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in one electronic state internal
+conversion involves relaxation into high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion involves relaxation into high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion involves relaxation into high
+vibrational levels of a lower electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of a lower electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of a lower electronic
+state of the same spin and inter system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the same spin and inter system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the same spin and inter system
+crossing is a relaxation into high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is a relaxation into high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is a relaxation into high
+vibrational levels of another electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of another electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of another electronic
+state with a different spin these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with a different spin these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with a different spin these are
+really two sides of the same coin except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two sides of the same coin except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two sides of the same coin except
+that they depend on the on on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they depend on the on on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they depend on the on on different
+molecular properties and one can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular properties and one can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular properties and one can make
+generalizations that are different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations that are different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations that are different for
+IC and is C so for a small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC and is C so for a small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC and is C so for a small molecule
+we've we looked at this before but so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we looked at this before but so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we looked at this before but so so
+we connected we can excite directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we connected we can excite directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we connected we can excite directly to
+an excited state and that's direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excited state and that's direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excited state and that's direct
+dissociation it comes apart like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation it comes apart like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation it comes apart like this
+and there's all sorts of really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's all sorts of really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's all sorts of really neat
+things you can do where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do where you can
+calculate the franck-condon factors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the franck-condon factors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the franck-condon factors or
+the vibrational intensities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational intensities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational intensities for the
+different energies here by knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies here by knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies here by knowing that
+you have you can calculate the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you can calculate the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you can calculate the wave
+function for the continuum and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the continuum and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the continuum and you know
+you're a big lobe here in it and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a big lobe here in it and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a big lobe here in it and as it
+gets faster and faster the lobes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets faster and faster the lobes get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets faster and faster the lobes get
+smaller and smaller and closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and closer and
+closer together and there's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together and there's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together and there's a thing
+called the reflection principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the reflection principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the reflection principle that
+describes the rate of excitation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the rate of excitation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the rate of excitation to a
+repulsive state and by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive state and by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive state and by looking at the
+spectrum you can learn the slope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you can learn the slope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you can learn the slope and
+position of this state okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this state okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this state okay
+there's there's also suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's also suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's also suppose you have a
+level here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here
+of this excited state well that excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this excited state well that excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this excited state well that excited
+state has access to this crossing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has access to this crossing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has access to this crossing point
+and so that can free dissociate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that can free dissociate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that can free dissociate so
+there's direct and free association I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's direct and free association I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's direct and free association I
+like this stuff too because if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this stuff too because if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this stuff too because if I if I
+know the rate of pre-dissociation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rate of pre-dissociation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rate of pre-dissociation and
+what happens with pre-dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with pre-dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with pre-dissociation
+is you have a spectrum where you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a spectrum where you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a spectrum where you measure
+several vibrational levels in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several vibrational levels in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several vibrational levels in this state
+and the vibrational lifetimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibrational lifetimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibrational lifetimes the
+lifetimes of these states are more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of these states are more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of these states are more or
+less the same and all of a sudden the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same and all of a sudden the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same and all of a sudden the
+lifetime decreases or all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime decreases or all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime decreases or all of a sudden
+the spectrum goes from being sharp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum goes from being sharp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum goes from being sharp to
+broad because or the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad because or the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad because or the fluorescence
+decreases to said the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases to said the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases to said the intensity
+decreases because the quantum yield or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases because the quantum yield or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases because the quantum yield or
+the fluorescence quantum yield is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescence quantum yield is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescence quantum yield is 1 over
+tau radians over 1 over tau radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau radians over 1 over tau radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau radians over 1 over tau radiative
+plus 1 over tau non-radiative and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau non-radiative and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over tau non-radiative and the
+pre-dissociation ray rates can be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dissociation ray rates can be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dissociation ray rates can be much
+faster than the radiative rates so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the radiative rates so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the radiative rates so this
+fluorescence quantum yield goes down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence quantum yield goes down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence quantum yield goes down but
+the neat thing is that you generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat thing is that you generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat thing is that you generally
+know what the radiative component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the radiative component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the radiative component of the
+decay is and so by measuring what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay is and so by measuring what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay is and so by measuring what the
+actual fluorescence quantum yield or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual fluorescence quantum yield or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual fluorescence quantum yield or the
+decrease in intensity you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in intensity you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in intensity you learn
+something about the non radiative decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I've also taught you a lot of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've also taught you a lot of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've also taught you a lot of big
+food we can also ionize and we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food we can also ionize and we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food we can also ionize and we can have
+direct ionization and it looks sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct ionization and it looks sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct ionization and it looks sort of
+like this or we can have what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or we can have what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or we can have what's called
+auto-ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization
+where somehow the molecule is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somehow the molecule is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somehow the molecule is able to
+convert rotation and vibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert rotation and vibration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert rotation and vibration of the
+core and transfer it into the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and transfer it into the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and transfer it into the electronic
+excitation and the electron free is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and the electron free is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and the electron free is free
+so beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beef
+or you're actually accessing directly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're actually accessing directly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're actually accessing directly an
+ionization continue you can have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization continue you can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization continue you can have this
+other process and these are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process and these are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process and these are things that
+I that I've studied for my whole career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I've studied for my whole career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I've studied for my whole career
+and I know about and I love to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know about and I love to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know about and I love to talk
+about them and we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and we're not going to talk
+about them okay I also told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them okay I also told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them okay I also told you about
+quantum beads so suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum beads so suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum beads so suppose we have a
+bright state and a dark state in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright state and a dark state in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright state and a dark state in other
+words we have two states one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have two states one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have two states one of which
+has a loud transition with the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a loud transition with the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a loud transition with the ground
+state and one has a forbidden transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and one has a forbidden transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and one has a forbidden transition
+with the ground state but these are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ground state but these are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ground state but these are zero
+order States and they can interact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order States and they can interact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order States and they can interact to
+make mixed States if there's some term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mixed States if there's some term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mixed States if there's some term
+in the Hamiltonian connects the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hamiltonian connects the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hamiltonian connects the bright
+state to the dark state now so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to the dark state now so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to the dark state now so what you
+do with a short excitation pulse is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a short excitation pulse is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a short excitation pulse is you
+make some coherent superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some coherent superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some coherent superposition of
+these bright and dark states which at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bright and dark states which at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bright and dark states which at T
+equals zero is the bright state and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero is the bright state and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero is the bright state and you
+get quantum beats and the quantum beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quantum beats and the quantum beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quantum beats and the quantum beats
+can look like this they start out phased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look like this they start out phased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look like this they start out phased
+up and they go down like that and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they go down like that and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they go down like that and so we
+have modulation of the fluorescence now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have modulation of the fluorescence now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have modulation of the fluorescence now
+it doesn't have to be a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be a hundred percent
+modulation it could be something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation it could be something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation it could be something really
+small but it's always going to be phased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but it's always going to be phased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but it's always going to be phased
+up if we're looking at the the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if we're looking at the the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if we're looking at the the bright
+state and so we understand quantum beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so we understand quantum beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so we understand quantum beats
+now suppose instead of having one bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose instead of having one bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose instead of having one bright
+state and one dark state right dark we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and one dark state right dark we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and one dark state right dark we
+have a whole bunch of dark states well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of dark states well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of dark states well
+in that case if you make this coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case if you make this coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case if you make this coherent
+superposition you'll get many quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition you'll get many quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition you'll get many quantum
+beats but they'll all have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats but they'll all have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats but they'll all have different
+frequencies and the Colonna beats will d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and the Colonna beats will d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and the Colonna beats will d
+phase and it will look just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and it will look just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and it will look just like the
+fluorescence goes decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence goes decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence goes decays
+is to 0 faster than it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to 0 faster than it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to 0 faster than it's supposed to be
+able to I mean this the ceiling on decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to I mean this the ceiling on decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to I mean this the ceiling on decay
+rate of to 1 over 10 to the minus 8 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of to 1 over 10 to the minus 8 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of to 1 over 10 to the minus 8 or
+10 to the 8 per second that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 8 per second that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 8 per second that can be
+violated by mixing of the bright state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated by mixing of the bright state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated by mixing of the bright state
+into the dark state so the ability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dark state so the ability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the dark state so the ability of
+the molecule to fluoresce goes away fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule to fluoresce goes away fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule to fluoresce goes away fast
+but the excitation doesn't decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the excitation doesn't decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the excitation doesn't decay
+it's just what you've done is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just what you've done is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just what you've done is you've
+mixed a bright state a decaying zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed a bright state a decaying zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed a bright state a decaying zero
+order state with states that don't decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order state with states that don't decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order state with states that don't decay
+and the average lifetime is very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average lifetime is very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the average lifetime is very long
+but the experiment says the life time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the experiment says the life time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the experiment says the life time is
+really short because what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short because what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short because what's happening is
+not that the population is decaying but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the population is decaying but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the population is decaying but
+the ability to decay has been spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to decay has been spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to decay has been spread
+among many eigenstates and so none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many eigenstates and so none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many eigenstates and so none of
+them are very good at it okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are very good at it okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are very good at it okay so now
+you're starting to get the idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting to get the idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting to get the idea of how
+we can have fast decay without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have fast decay without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have fast decay without
+collisions and all of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and all of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and all of these three
+processes which I've hidden it hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ivr internal conversion inter system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivr internal conversion inter system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivr internal conversion inter system
+crossing are based on relaxation of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing are based on relaxation of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing are based on relaxation of one
+kind of state into many many dark states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of state into many many dark states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of state into many many dark states
+so nothing is happening without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing is happening without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing is happening without
+collisions energy is conserved without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions energy is conserved without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions energy is conserved without
+collisions but the signal goes away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions but the signal goes away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions but the signal goes away and
+it's tempting to say that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tempting to say that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tempting to say that either
+something magic has happened and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something magic has happened and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something magic has happened and the
+molecule has decayed or you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has decayed or you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule has decayed or you really
+haven't gone to low enough pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gone to low enough pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gone to low enough pressure and
+there really are collisions and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really are collisions and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really are collisions and this was
+a very Biddle bitter battle in the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very Biddle bitter battle in the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very Biddle bitter battle in the year
+nineteen mid 1960s and and there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen mid 1960s and and there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen mid 1960s and and there was one
+faculty member who taught the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member who taught the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member who taught the quantum
+mechanics course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics course
+very much like what I've been teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like what I've been teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like what I've been teaching
+for years but he believed that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years but he believed that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years but he believed that there was
+no such thing as radiation --less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such thing as radiation --less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such thing as radiation --less
+transitions it's always that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions it's always that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions it's always that the
+fluorescence was quenched but he's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the absence of collision what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the absence of collision what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the absence of collision what
+decays and what the case is the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and what the case is the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and what the case is the ability
+to fluoresce or the ability to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fluoresce or the ability to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fluoresce or the ability to do other
+things like absorb another photon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like absorb another photon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like absorb another photon to
+some other excited state so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other excited state so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other excited state so the the
+system you've produced the molecule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you've produced the molecule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you've produced the molecule in
+not just one eigenstate but in a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one eigenstate but in a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one eigenstate but in a bunch
+of eigenstates and there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenstates and there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenstates and there's a bunch of
+eigenstates since the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates since the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates since the initial
+preparation is the bright state it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation is the bright state it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation is the bright state it's in
+that bunch and there's coupling among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bunch and there's coupling among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bunch and there's coupling among
+them the what happens is it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the what happens is it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the what happens is it's time
+dependent and the evolution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and the evolution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and the evolution of this
+coherent superposition state is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent superposition state is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent superposition state is is the
+key so let's talk a little bit about IVR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so let's talk a little bit about IVR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so let's talk a little bit about IVR
+some more when we have 3n minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more when we have 3n minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more when we have 3n minus 6
+vibrational modes there can be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes there can be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes there can be a very
+large number of dark States States that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of dark States States that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of dark States States that
+couldn't be excited by whatever method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be excited by whatever method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be excited by whatever method
+you use to excite them whether it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to excite them whether it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to excite them whether it be a
+ultraviolet photon or a microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet photon or a microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet photon or a microwave
+transit anything the you have a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit anything the you have a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit anything the you have a bright
+state and a whole bunch of states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and a whole bunch of states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and a whole bunch of states that
+use not supposed to be able to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not supposed to be able to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not supposed to be able to excite
+and in harmonic interactions among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know some things so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know some things so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know some things so if we have a
+cubic interaction where we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic interaction where we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic interaction where we have one
+normal mode and so this would be a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and so this would be a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and so this would be a term
+in the Hamiltonian and again I lectured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hamiltonian and again I lectured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hamiltonian and again I lectured
+on this before you know at a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this before you know at a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this before you know at a time when
+it was probably impossible to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was probably impossible to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was probably impossible to understand
+the significance of this but you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of this but you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of this but you use
+perturbation theory to say okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to say okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to say okay what's
+happening when you have a term an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when you have a term an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when you have a term an
+anharmonic coupling term that couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonic coupling term that couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonic coupling term that couples
+one mode to another and we know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode to another and we know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode to another and we know how do
+you do all that sort of stuff and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all that sort of stuff and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all that sort of stuff and the
+selection rules for that are Delta VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules for that are Delta VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules for that are Delta VI
+equals plus and minus 1 Delta V J equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals plus and minus 1 Delta V J equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals plus and minus 1 Delta V J equals
+plus and minus 2 and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also know when we go from the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know when we go from the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know when we go from the real
+coordinate to the dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to the dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to the dimensionless
+coordinate we factor something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate we factor something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate we factor something out
+and for each power of Q that factors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each power of Q that factors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each power of Q that factors the
+thing that we factor out is a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we factor out is a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we factor out is a factor of
+a hundred smaller so cubic we have cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred smaller so cubic we have cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred smaller so cubic we have cubic
+terms that we have quartic terms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we have quartic terms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we have quartic terms and the
+quartic terms are a factor of roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartic terms are a factor of roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartic terms are a factor of roughly a
+hundred smaller but there's more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred smaller but there's more of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred smaller but there's more of them
+and and so there is an order sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so there is an order sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so there is an order sorting
+thing which we can call Delta Capital V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we can call Delta Capital V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we can call Delta Capital V
+which is the sum from I equals 1 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum from I equals 1 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum from I equals 1 to 3
+and -6 of the absolute value of Delta VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if the total change in number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the total change in number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the total change in number of
+vibrational quanta is 3 well we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quanta is 3 well we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quanta is 3 well we're a
+cube we have a cubic term if it's 4 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube we have a cubic term if it's 4 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube we have a cubic term if it's 4 it's
+a quartic term and the quartic term has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quartic term and the quartic term has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quartic term and the quartic term has
+a coefficient a factor of hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient a factor of hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient a factor of hundred
+roughly smaller than the cubic one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly smaller than the cubic one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly smaller than the cubic one but
+there are more possibilities and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more possibilities and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more possibilities and so
+suppose we are going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we are going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we are going to talk about
+benzene well it has 30 modes and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene well it has 30 modes and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene well it has 30 modes and so we
+could we can imagine Delta V on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we can imagine Delta V on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we can imagine Delta V on the
+order of 30 well it's 10 to the 6 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 30 well it's 10 to the 6 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 30 well it's 10 to the 6 T
+smaller than then the Delta V of of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than then the Delta V of of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than then the Delta V of of 3
+except that there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's a lot more
+possibilities so we have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so we have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so we have to think about
+how big is the coupling matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is the coupling matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is the coupling matrix element
+and how many states are being coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many states are being coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many states are being coupled
+and so there's a thing that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a thing that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a thing that's really
+relevant called the vibrational density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant called the vibrational density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant called the vibrational density
+of states so at a particular excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states so at a particular excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states so at a particular excitation
+energy you want to be able to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you want to be able to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you want to be able to know how
+many vibrational States there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vibrational States there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vibrational States there are
+because that more or less tells you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that more or less tells you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that more or less tells you okay
+we're going to have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some kind of
+statistical coupling and if we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical coupling and if we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical coupling and if we know the
+density of states and the average matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states and the average matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states and the average matrix
+element we could do a fairly golden rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we could do a fairly golden rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we could do a fairly golden rule
+calculation and we can predict what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and we can predict what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and we can predict what's
+going to happen ok now there are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen ok now there are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen ok now there are ways of
+calculating the density of states which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the density of states which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the density of states which
+are rigorous and beautiful but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rigorous and beautiful but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rigorous and beautiful but there's
+also a very simple-minded way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very simple-minded way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very simple-minded way of doing
+it which I'm going to present here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the vibrational density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is one of the most primitive crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most primitive crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most primitive crude
+estimates of density of states and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of density of states and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of density of states and I'll
+explain how it works but I'll explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how it works but I'll explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how it works but I'll explain it
+by going even cruder okay and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going even cruder okay and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going even cruder okay and I also
+want to make sure that I haven't okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that I haven't okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that I haven't okay
+this is this frequencies in wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this frequencies in wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this frequencies in wave numbers
+and this is in wave numbers so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in wave numbers so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in wave numbers so we just
+changed both quantities and this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed both quantities and this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed both quantities and this is okay
+and this will give me number of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per wave number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per wave number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per wave number okay
+so let me do an example for benzene we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do an example for benzene we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do an example for benzene we
+have 30 modes and here's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 30 modes and here's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 30 modes and here's a big
+assumption which is completely wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is completely wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is completely wrong and
+but it leads to an underestimate let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it leads to an underestimate let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it leads to an underestimate let us
+say that all of the modes have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that all of the modes have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that all of the modes have the same
+frequency one thousand ways numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one thousand ways numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one thousand ways numbers
+that's a typical number for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical number for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical number for a
+vibrational frequency but benzene has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequency but benzene has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequency but benzene has a
+lot of modes that have much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of modes that have much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of modes that have much lower
+frequencies and only a few that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and only a few that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and only a few that have
+higher frequency and so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency and so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency and so this is going to
+be a gross underestimate and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a gross underestimate and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a gross underestimate and now let's
+say we have the vibrational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have the vibrational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have the vibrational energy
+divided by HC and that that is ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by HC and that that is ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by HC and that that is ten
+thousand wave numbers so we have ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand wave numbers so we have ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand wave numbers so we have ten
+thousand wave numbers of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand wave numbers of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand wave numbers of vibrational
+excitation in benzene and we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation in benzene and we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation in benzene and we have all
+the modes having the same frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes having the same frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes having the same frequency so
+we need ten quanta to make ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need ten quanta to make ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need ten quanta to make ten thousand
+and there's thirty choices so we have 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's thirty choices so we have 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's thirty choices so we have 30
+to the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so each quanta quantum we pick we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each quanta quantum we pick we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each quanta quantum we pick we have
+30 choices and we have to do ten of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 choices and we have to do ten of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 choices and we have to do ten of them
+and so it's 30 to the tenth but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's 30 to the tenth but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's 30 to the tenth but now we
+have 10 factorial we have to divide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 factorial we have to divide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 factorial we have to divide that
+by that because the order of the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that because the order of the ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that because the order of the ten
+choices has to be corrected okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices has to be corrected okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices has to be corrected okay and so
+this number is one point six times ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is one point six times ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is one point six times ten
+to the eighth that's a big number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the eighth that's a big number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the eighth that's a big number you
+know I'm used to talking about states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm used to talking about states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm used to talking about states
+one at a time and it's very rare that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time and it's very rare that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time and it's very rare that I
+have two states within one wave number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two states within one wave number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two states within one wave number
+and here we have 10 to the 8th so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have 10 to the 8th so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have 10 to the 8th so let's
+go down an energy a little bit let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down an energy a little bit let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down an energy a little bit let's say
+instead of 10,000 let's go to 3,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 10,000 let's go to 3,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 10,000 let's go to 3,000 and
+when we do this same calculation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this same calculation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this same calculation for
+3,000 we get 4,500 States instead of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 we get 4,500 States instead of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 we get 4,500 States instead of 100
+million in states so two messages one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in states so two messages one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in states so two messages one is
+the number of states is really large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of states is really large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of states is really large and
+it goes up really really fast and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up really really fast and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up really really fast and this
+takes us into a region of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us into a region of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us into a region of quantum
+mechanics that we hadn't thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that we hadn't thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that we hadn't thought about
+before because I'm doing bottom-up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because I'm doing bottom-up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because I'm doing bottom-up and
+there's no place in what I do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no place in what I do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no place in what I do for a
+million states or even a hundred states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's draw a typical energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a typical energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a typical energy level
+diagram this is the ground state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is the ground state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is the ground state this is
+the excited triplet state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited triplet state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited triplet state which is
+almost always the first excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always the first excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always the first excited state
+and then here is the first excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is the first excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is the first excited
+singlet State and so for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet State and so for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet State and so for small
+polyatomic molecules we we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules we we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules we we have a very
+low density of states here somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density of states here somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density of states here somewhat
+higher density of vibrational excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density of vibrational excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density of vibrational excited
+levels of the triplet here and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the triplet here and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the triplet here and a very
+high density of states from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density of states from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density of states from the ground
+state so there's you know you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so there's you know you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so there's you know you normally
+look at relatively low vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at relatively low vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at relatively low vibrational
+levels and there's nothing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and there's nothing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and there's nothing much
+happening here and maybe there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and maybe there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and maybe there are some
+perturbations by a triplet state so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations by a triplet state so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations by a triplet state so we
+get local glitches in in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get local glitches in in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get local glitches in in the energy
+levels and spectroscopic properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and spectroscopic properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and spectroscopic properties and
+the density of high vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of high vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of high vibrational levels
+of ground state is so high that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ground state is so high that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ground state is so high that we might
+as well not be there so but now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well not be there so but now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well not be there so but now when we
+talk about these collisional processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these collisional processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these collisional processes
+and bigger molecules we we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger molecules we we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger molecules we we want to use
+Fermi's golden rule and you've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi's golden rule and you've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi's golden rule and you've seen the
+parameter varies golden rule that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter varies golden rule that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter varies golden rule that tells
+you the rate of various processes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the rate of various processes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the rate of various processes and so
+a rate we can call gamma 2pi over h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate we can call gamma 2pi over h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate we can call gamma 2pi over h-bar
+times the vibrational density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vibrational density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vibrational density of states
+times h right dark square so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h right dark square so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h right dark square so that's the
+Fermi's golden rule re-written in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi's golden rule re-written in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi's golden rule re-written in terms
+to describe radiation 'list processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe radiation 'list processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe radiation 'list processes
+it's directly related to the first way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's directly related to the first way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's directly related to the first way
+we saw it and so we have the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it and so we have the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it and so we have the vibrational
+density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states
+which as you go up in in excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as you go up in in excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as you go up in in excitation
+energy increases really rapidly you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases really rapidly you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases really rapidly you have
+the average of the vibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of the vibration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of the vibration of the
+matrix elements between the coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix elements between the coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix elements between the coupled
+states squared this is going to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states squared this is going to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states squared this is going to go down
+because remember when I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember when I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember when I talked about
+vibrational matrix elements each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational matrix elements each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational matrix elements each
+additional number in the the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional number in the the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional number in the the change in
+total vibrational quanta causes this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total vibrational quanta causes this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total vibrational quanta causes this to
+go down by roughly a factor of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by roughly a factor of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by roughly a factor of 100
+so we're sit we're certainly we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're sit we're certainly we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're sit we're certainly we have a
+big increase here and a big decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big increase here and a big decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big increase here and a big decrease
+here but this guy wins when you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this guy wins when you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this guy wins when you can show
+that so now we can we can draw a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we can we can draw a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we can we can draw a sort of
+a manifold of states and I so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manifold of states and I so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manifold of states and I so what's
+happening is the density of triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the density of triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the density of triplet
+States is much higher than the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is much higher than the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is much higher than the density
+of singlet States and so if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of singlet States and so if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of singlet States and so if you were
+just interested in IVR well you'd look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interested in IVR well you'd look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interested in IVR well you'd look
+at that but this is a much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that but this is a much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that but this is a much faster
+process and this is enormous ly faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this is enormous ly faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this is enormous ly faster
+because the energy gap between s 1 and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy gap between s 1 and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy gap between s 1 and T
+1 is much smaller than in your gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is much smaller than in your gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is much smaller than in your gap
+between s 1 and that's not and so the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between s 1 and that's not and so the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between s 1 and that's not and so the S
+1 s not interaction is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s not interaction is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s not interaction is called the
+internal conversion and that's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal conversion and that's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal conversion and that's usually
+way bigger than the s 1 T 1 inner system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger than the s 1 T 1 inner system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger than the s 1 T 1 inner system
+crossing but not always the inter system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing but not always the inter system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing but not always the inter system
+crossing is due to spin-orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is due to spin-orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is due to spin-orbit
+interaction 's spin-orbit interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction 's spin-orbit interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction 's spin-orbit interactions
+our tip are pretty predictable for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tip are pretty predictable for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tip are pretty predictable for each
+Adam extending what you got in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam extending what you got in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam extending what you got in five
+eleven one 5:11 - you can predict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven one 5:11 - you can predict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven one 5:11 - you can predict what
+the spin-orbit interaction is and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin-orbit interaction is and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin-orbit interaction is and it's
+related to the amplitude of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the amplitude of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the amplitude of the wave
+function at the nucleus but anyway what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the nucleus but anyway what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the nucleus but anyway what
+happens is that carbon has a spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that carbon has a spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that carbon has a spin orbit
+coupling constant of 10 wave numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constant of 10 wave numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constant of 10 wave numbers and
+oxygen has one of about 150 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen has one of about 150 wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen has one of about 150 wave numbers
+and since we're talking about squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we're talking about squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we're talking about squared
+matrix elements oxygen is 225 times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix elements oxygen is 225 times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix elements oxygen is 225 times more
+effective than carbon and so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective than carbon and so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective than carbon and so if we have
+a couple of oxygen atoms in the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of oxygen atoms in the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of oxygen atoms in the molecule
+or nitrogen atoms the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nitrogen atoms the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nitrogen atoms the spin orbit
+interactions are much bigger and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are much bigger and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are much bigger and they
+can they can win over internal conversin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can win over internal conversin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can win over internal conversin
+sometimes depends on what the energy gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes depends on what the energy gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes depends on what the energy gap
+is and now molecules which have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now molecules which have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now molecules which have strong
+electronic transitions have chromophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions have chromophores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions have chromophores
+it's not the whole molecule it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the whole molecule it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the whole molecule it's
+something about a part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a part of the molecule
+and if you have a strong transition at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a strong transition at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a strong transition at
+relatively low energy there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low energy there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low energy there's always
+oxygen or nitrogen and so the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or nitrogen and so the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or nitrogen and so the thing that
+you're exciting is is is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exciting is is is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exciting is is is going to have a
+fast inner system crossing rate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast inner system crossing rate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast inner system crossing rate because
+it involves oxygen and nitrogen so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves oxygen and nitrogen so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves oxygen and nitrogen so but
+if you have just a pure hydrocarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have just a pure hydrocarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have just a pure hydrocarbon
+inter system crossing is probably not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter system crossing is probably not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter system crossing is probably not so
+important but internal conversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but internal conversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but internal conversion is
+going to win and for most hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win and for most hydrocarbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win and for most hydrocarbons
+you can have a nice strong absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a nice strong absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a nice strong absorption
+spectrum but very little fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but very little fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but very little fluorescence
+and that's mostly because of internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mostly because of internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mostly because of internal
+conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but the the crucial thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the the crucial thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the the crucial thing is the
+energy gap s 1 T 1 or s 1 s not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gap s 1 T 1 or s 1 s not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gap s 1 T 1 or s 1 s not
+controlling the relative importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the relative importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the relative importance of
+is e versus IC now you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e versus IC now you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e versus IC now you could also have
+several different excited states like s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different excited states like s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different excited states like s1
+and s2 and they can be talking to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s2 and they can be talking to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s2 and they can be talking to each
+other through a small gap or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through a small gap or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through a small gap or to the
+ground state by an even larger gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state by an even larger gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state by an even larger gap
+there's all sorts of stuff yes it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of stuff yes it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of stuff yes it gets
+excited into vibrational excited levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited into vibrational excited levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited into vibrational excited levels
+of the ground state but there the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ground state but there the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ground state but there the energy
+hasn't gone anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't gone anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't gone anywhere
+it's just now these guys are are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just now these guys are are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just now these guys are are not
+fluorescing and if there are collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing and if there are collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing and if there are collisions
+the collisions can cause removal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collisions can cause removal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collisions can cause removal of
+energy from the molecule and and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the molecule and and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the molecule and and since
+the vibrational energy gaps are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational energy gaps are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational energy gaps are really
+small collisions start to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small collisions start to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small collisions start to be very
+effective in cooling but you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in cooling but you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in cooling but you know if you
+have a laser and the laser involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laser and the laser involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laser and the laser involves
+somehow exciting the s-1 state and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow exciting the s-1 state and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow exciting the s-1 state and the
+s-1 state likes to fluoresce the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-1 state likes to fluoresce the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-1 state likes to fluoresce the high
+vibrational levels of the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of the ground state
+because of franck-condon so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of franck-condon so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of franck-condon so it has
+gained but there is often a t1 to t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained but there is often a t1 to t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained but there is often a t1 to t2
+excitation which is in the region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation which is in the region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation which is in the region of the
+gain of the laser and it quenches it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the laser and it quenches it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the laser and it quenches it and
+so die lasers which are a fantastic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so die lasers which are a fantastic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so die lasers which are a fantastic way
+of generating tunable radiation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generating tunable radiation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generating tunable radiation are
+always worried about quenching by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always worried about quenching by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always worried about quenching by
+triplets and you have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets and you have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets and you have to do something
+clever to quench the triplets too and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever to quench the triplets too and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever to quench the triplets too and to
+remove that and so there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that and so there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that and so there's all sorts of
+stuff about competing processes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about competing processes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about competing processes that you
+can you can use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can use it as
+insights okay we don't have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights okay we don't have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights okay we don't have much more
+time and the the most important topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the the most important topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the the most important topic
+I'm not going to talk about it all so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about it all so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about it all so we
+can have isomerization and isomerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have isomerization and isomerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have isomerization and isomerization
+takes many forms and I've done spent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes many forms and I've done spent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes many forms and I've done spent for
+the last thirty years looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thirty years looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thirty years looking at
+isomerization in a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization in a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization in a really simple
+polyatomic molecule called acetylene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule called acetylene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule called acetylene and
+in the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state
+you can isomerize from high vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can isomerize from high vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can isomerize from high vibrational
+levels of the ground state to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the ground state to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the ground state to another
+isomer called vanilla tea and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer called vanilla tea and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer called vanilla tea and this is a
+really interesting problem and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting problem and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting problem and in the
+excited state we have two controverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state we have two controverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state we have two controverse
+the transplant come from ER and the cyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transplant come from ER and the cyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transplant come from ER and the cyst
+that come from ER and they're separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from ER and they're separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from ER and they're separated
+by a barrier and we can understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a barrier and we can understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a barrier and we can understand both
+of those processes but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those processes but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those processes but the important
+thing is if the molecule isomerizes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if the molecule isomerizes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if the molecule isomerizes it's
+chemistry changes and so it will act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry changes and so it will act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry changes and so it will act
+differently now there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently now there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently now there's all sorts of
+kinds of isomerization this is a one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of isomerization this is a one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of isomerization this is a one two
+hydrogen shift but there's also intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen shift but there's also intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen shift but there's also intra
+molecular proton transfer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular proton transfer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular proton transfer there's
+torsions where a structure one isomer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsions where a structure one isomer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsions where a structure one isomer or
+contramar is locked in by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contramar is locked in by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contramar is locked in by a lot of
+hydrogen bonding and the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding and the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding and the bigger the
+molecule the larger number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the larger number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the larger number of
+isomerization structures you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization structures you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization structures you have to
+consider and there's a lot of insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and there's a lot of insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and there's a lot of insight
+there but a so isomerization is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but a so isomerization is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but a so isomerization is a very
+crucial thing in the behavior of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing in the behavior of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing in the behavior of large
+molecules okay the topic that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay the topic that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay the topic that I don't
+really have time for is fret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluorescence resonance energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence resonance energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence resonance energy transfer
+and so let's just draw a little picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just draw a little picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just draw a little picture
+of a molecule doing all sorts of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a molecule doing all sorts of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a molecule doing all sorts of neat
+things and another another confirmation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and another another confirmation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and another another confirmation
+of that molecule and we have donor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that molecule and we have donor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that molecule and we have donor and
+acceptor so on the opposite ends of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor so on the opposite ends of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor so on the opposite ends of this
+thing the clever chemists can put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the clever chemists can put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the clever chemists can put things
+that and so this is a molecule which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so this is a molecule which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so this is a molecule which has
+an electronically excited state this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronically excited state this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronically excited state this
+fluorescence in the blue and we excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence in the blue and we excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence in the blue and we excited
+say in the UV and it forces to the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the UV and it forces to the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the UV and it forces to the red
+of the excitation because what that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the excitation because what that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the excitation because what that what
+happened we're in condensed phases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we're in condensed phases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we're in condensed phases you
+remove some energy and you fluoresce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove some energy and you fluoresce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove some energy and you fluoresce
+from V equals zero and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V equals zero and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V equals zero and we have an
+acceptor which absorbs them the blue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor which absorbs them the blue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor which absorbs them the blue in
+fluoresce is in the red and the donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce is in the red and the donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce is in the red and the donor
+acceptor energy transfer is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor energy transfer is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor energy transfer is related to
+one over R to the 6 doesn't that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R to the 6 doesn't that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R to the 6 doesn't that look
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a dipole-dipole interaction or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dipole-dipole interaction or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dipole-dipole interaction or an
+induced dipole induced dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced dipole induced dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced dipole induced dipole
+interaction it goes is one of our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction it goes is one of our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction it goes is one of our the
+six and so we might get a lot of red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and so we might get a lot of red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and so we might get a lot of red
+fluorescence from this molecule exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from this molecule exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from this molecule exciting
+in the UV and much less red fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV and much less red fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV and much less red fluorescence
+or none because we've increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or none because we've increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or none because we've increased the
+distance and this works in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this works in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this works in the range of
+I think it's one two I think one to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's one two I think one to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's one two I think one to ten
+nanometers it's yeah so it's a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers it's yeah so it's a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers it's yeah so it's a fantastic
+ruler how much red shifted fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler how much red shifted fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler how much red shifted fluorescence
+do you get from donor to accept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get from donor to accept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get from donor to accept or
+energy transfer and it's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer and it's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer and it's a measure of
+the distance and so you have a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance and so you have a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance and so you have a protein
+and a denatured protein this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a denatured protein this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a denatured protein this this
+distance changes and one can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance changes and one can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance changes and one can use the
+rated where the way in which there red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated where the way in which there red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated where the way in which there red
+fluorescence appears as a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence appears as a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence appears as a measure of the
+structure so this is not like small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this is not like small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this is not like small
+molecule spectroscopy where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spectroscopy where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spectroscopy where you
+calculate moments a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate moments a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate moments a better
+vibrational frequency this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequency this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequency this is really
+Trude this has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trude this has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trude this has nothing to do with
+quantum mechanics except it is and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics except it is and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics except it is and and
+it's just a simple measurement of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a simple measurement of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a simple measurement of how
+far two things are apart and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far two things are apart and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far two things are apart and there are
+all sorts of ways of using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of ways of using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of ways of using this
+including time-resolved ways where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including time-resolved ways where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including time-resolved ways where you
+actually look at the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the rate at which the
+one kind of fluorescence goes away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of fluorescence goes away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of fluorescence goes away and
+the other kind of fluorescence comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kind of fluorescence comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kind of fluorescence comes in
+and and many other things okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many other things okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many other things okay so that's
+it for me on photochemistry and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for me on photochemistry and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for me on photochemistry and you
+should read Troy's notes because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read Troy's notes because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read Troy's notes because they
+are much more germane to what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much more germane to what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much more germane to what you might
+encounter in real life but the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in real life but the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in real life but the bottom-up
+approach I think is useful too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think is useful too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think is useful too and
+especially the importance of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the importance of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the importance of how the
+matrix elements and the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix elements and the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix elements and the density of
+states scale using simple ideas so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states scale using simple ideas so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states scale using simple ideas so I'll
+I'll see you on Monday and blow you away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you on Monday and blow you away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you on Monday and blow you away
+on Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7S5c25yYjTM.txt b/7S5c25yYjTM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11ee94bc024a588ddd2f62093f5147b2e91157b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7S5c25yYjTM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'd say that one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd say that one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd say that one of the most
+important things for communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things for communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things for communication
+instructors who are partnering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors who are partnering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors who are partnering with
+technical faculty is for everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical faculty is for everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical faculty is for everybody to
+have a shared understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shared understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shared understanding of the
+assignment genres that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment genres that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment genres that you're working
+with so if students understand who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so if students understand who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so if students understand who
+they're talking to and what the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking to and what the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking to and what the purpose
+and the context of the communicative act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the context of the communicative act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the context of the communicative act
+are rather than just saying like it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rather than just saying like it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rather than just saying like it's an
+oral presentation as though that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral presentation as though that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral presentation as though that's like
+some kind of descriptive term in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of descriptive term in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of descriptive term in any way
+the more they understand that the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more they understand that the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more they understand that the better
+off they're going to be because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they're going to be because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they're going to be because then you
+can start to ask them what practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to ask them what practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to ask them what practically
+speaking is likely to work for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is likely to work for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is likely to work for getting
+the message across to that audience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message across to that audience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message across to that audience but
+that involves that like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves that like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves that like all the
+instructors be on the same page and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors be on the same page and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors be on the same page and so
+sort of sitting down with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sitting down with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sitting down with the
+instructors at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors at the beginning of the
+semester or beforehand and just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or beforehand and just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or beforehand and just getting
+from them a really clear understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them a really clear understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them a really clear understanding
+of how they conceived of the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they conceived of the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they conceived of the assignment
+and how they conceived of the genre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they conceived of the genre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they conceived of the genre and
+how they conceived of you know who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they conceived of you know who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they conceived of you know who the
+students are talking to and why makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are talking to and why makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are talking to and why makes
+all the difference
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7Z1CfKUOQVs.txt b/7Z1CfKUOQVs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d18e8ec9c5fd551b1f2fa0a8dcdbae17a1a07edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7Z1CfKUOQVs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12848 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning
+so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to
+begin our discussion of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin our discussion of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin our discussion of nitrogen
+metabolism which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism which is
+really going to continue over the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to continue over the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to continue over the final
+three lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures
+in the class now nitrogen of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class now nitrogen of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class now nitrogen of course
+is critical for life you need nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical for life you need nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical for life you need nitrogen
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+rna and dna as well as protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and dna as well as protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and dna as well as protein
+and so what we will see is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we will see is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we will see is is that
+as we discuss the metabolism of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss the metabolism of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss the metabolism of amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so much how they contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much how they contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much how they contribute to
+protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and
+rna and dna but rather how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and dna but rather how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and dna but rather how they
+interface with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with
+other pathways in metabolism to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathways in metabolism to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pathways in metabolism to lead to
+how these molecules are synthesized how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these molecules are synthesized how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these molecules are synthesized how
+they're broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken down
+and what you will see as we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will see as we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will see as we go through
+these discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions
+is that understanding the metabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that understanding the metabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that understanding the metabolism of
+these molecules really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules really
+is all about how organisms handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about how organisms handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about how organisms handle
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+now of course we've spent much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we've spent much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we've spent much of the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+talking about how fat and sugar can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how fat and sugar can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how fat and sugar can be
+oxidized as a way for cells to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized as a way for cells to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized as a way for cells to get
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+and of course that's very important a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's very important a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's very important a
+major role of fat and sugar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major role of fat and sugar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major role of fat and sugar is
+energy transduction but of course cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transduction but of course cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transduction but of course cells
+are mostly made out of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly made out of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly made out of protein
+and so roughly 50 percent of a cell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so roughly 50 percent of a cell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so roughly 50 percent of a cell by
+by mass is protein and protein therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mass is protein and protein therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mass is protein and protein therefore
+is a key part of our diets and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a key part of our diets and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a key part of our diets and really
+any animals diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any animals diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any animals diet
+that eats other organisms so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eats other organisms so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eats other organisms so anything
+that's non-photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's non-photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's non-photosynthetic
+has to be taking in a lot of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be taking in a lot of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be taking in a lot of protein
+because it's eating other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's eating other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's eating other
+organisms in one way or another now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms in one way or another now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms in one way or another now
+you will of course know that nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will of course know that nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will of course know that nucleotides
+are central for genetics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are central for genetics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are central for genetics and the
+heritability of life and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability of life and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability of life and so
+life couldn't exist at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life couldn't exist at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life couldn't exist at least in
+heritable form without those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable form without those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable form without those
+and often we equate things like amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often we equate things like amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often we equate things like amino
+acids and nucleic acid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and nucleic acid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and nucleic acid metabolism
+nitrogen metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen metabolism
+as all about energy and weight lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all about energy and weight lifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all about energy and weight lifting
+so you know weight lifters all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know weight lifters all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know weight lifters all the
+supplements that are sold to help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplements that are sold to help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplements that are sold to help people
+get huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get huge
+all of those things usually involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things usually involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things usually involve
+heavy loads of nitrogen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy loads of nitrogen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy loads of nitrogen so
+creatine we talked about that earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatine we talked about that earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatine we talked about that earlier in
+the course leucine is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course leucine is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course leucine is a very common
+weightlifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightlifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightlifting
+supplement these are all nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement these are all nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement these are all nitrogen
+containing compounds and it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing compounds and it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing compounds and it makes sense
+because if we're going to build new mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're going to build new mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're going to build new mass
+for cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cells
+we certainly need nitrogen to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we certainly need nitrogen to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we certainly need nitrogen to build the
+protein that's what half the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's what half the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's what half the cells are
+as well as the nucleic acids that enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the nucleic acids that enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the nucleic acids that enable
+cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to
+um go on and build new cells and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go on and build new cells and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go on and build new cells and in fact
+you know roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly
+50 percent as i said the mass of a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent as i said the mass of a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent as i said the mass of a cell
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+protein and another 10 is nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and another 10 is nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and another 10 is nucleic acid
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+really a large chunk of what our cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a large chunk of what our cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a large chunk of what our cells
+are comes from these nitrogen containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comes from these nitrogen containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comes from these nitrogen containing
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+however maybe something you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however maybe something you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however maybe something you don't think
+about as much is that we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as much is that we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as much is that we also
+because we have to eat other organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to eat other organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to eat other organisms
+consume a lot of protein in our diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume a lot of protein in our diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume a lot of protein in our diet
+and therefore protein is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore protein is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore protein is particularly
+different amino acids also end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amino acids also end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amino acids also end up being
+a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important
+nutrient and in fact our muscles and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient and in fact our muscles and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient and in fact our muscles and our
+liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver
+are storage organs if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are storage organs if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are storage organs if you will
+for amino acids and so our muscles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for amino acids and so our muscles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for amino acids and so our muscles are
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+getting bigger and smaller breaking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger and smaller breaking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger and smaller breaking down
+rebuilding each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding each other
+um as uh as as we go through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as uh as as we go through life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as uh as as we go through life
+as they really participate in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they really participate in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they really participate in um in
+in our in our body's metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our in our body's metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our in our body's metabolism
+in fact you have tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you have tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you have tons of
+energy built up into your muscles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy built up into your muscles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy built up into your muscles and
+if you starve yourself stop eating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you starve yourself stop eating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you starve yourself stop eating you
+can live off of muscle tissue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live off of muscle tissue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live off of muscle tissue for
+quite a lot of time and that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of time and that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of time and that is really
+using the amino acid breakdown from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the amino acid breakdown from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the amino acid breakdown from our
+muscle tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle tissue
+really there is a way to to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there is a way to to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there is a way to to to uh
+keep keep glucose in our blood high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep glucose in our blood high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep glucose in our blood high and
+keep our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our brain
+thinking right that's why we talked last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking right that's why we talked last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking right that's why we talked last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+about the keto diet when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the keto diet when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the keto diet when we talked about
+the keto diet remember if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto diet remember if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto diet remember if you're going
+to do this properly and really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this properly and really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this properly and really be
+ketogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketogenic
+you can't eat glucose of course but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't eat glucose of course but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't eat glucose of course but you
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+can't eat or or carbohydrates but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't eat or or carbohydrates but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't eat or or carbohydrates but you
+also can't eat protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can't eat protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can't eat protein
+and the reason is is because the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is is because the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is is because the liver
+will turn your amino acids back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn your amino acids back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn your amino acids back into
+in into glucose and that's true whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into glucose and that's true whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into glucose and that's true whether
+those amino acids come from the diet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acids come from the diet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acids come from the diet or
+those amino acids can come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acids can come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acids can come from the
+breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown
+of muscle all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of muscle all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of muscle all right
+so if we use amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use amino acids
+as a source of energy as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a source of energy as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a source of energy as a way to
+support gluconeogenesis to keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support gluconeogenesis to keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support gluconeogenesis to keep our
+carbohydrates available for our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates available for our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates available for our brain
+we need a way to metabolize those amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a way to metabolize those amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a way to metabolize those amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+and if we metabolize those amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we metabolize those amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we metabolize those amino acids
+we also then need a way to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also then need a way to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also then need a way to deal with
+all the excess nitrogen and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the excess nitrogen and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the excess nitrogen and so
+indeed we already introduced how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed we already introduced how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed we already introduced how this
+works and if you remember back when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and if you remember back when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and if you remember back when we
+talked about the mal8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the mal8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the mal8
+aspartate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you'll recall was a way for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll recall was a way for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll recall was a way for us to
+transfer electrons from the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer electrons from the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer electrons from the cytosol
+into the mitochondria and involve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondria and involve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mitochondria and involve this
+convoluted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted
+swaps between aspartate and oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps between aspartate and oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps between aspartate and oxaloacetate
+and glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate
+and at the time we introduced how amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the time we introduced how amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the time we introduced how amino
+acids are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are related to
+alpha-keto acids okay and so i drew out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acids okay and so i drew out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acids okay and so i drew out
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+oxaloacetate an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is related to the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry how the amino acid aspartate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry how the amino acid aspartate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry how the amino acid aspartate is
+related to the alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the alpha-keto acid
+oxaloacetate as well as how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate as well as how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate as well as how
+the amino acid glutamate is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid glutamate is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid glutamate is related to
+the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+alpha ketoglutarate okay just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate okay just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoglutarate okay just to
+be very explicit remind you what i meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very explicit remind you what i meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very explicit remind you what i meant
+for this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and so
+here is the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the amino acid alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the amino acid alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the amino acid alanine
+it is related to the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again the same relationship if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the same relationship if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the same relationship if you
+look back in your notes when we discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back in your notes when we discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back in your notes when we discuss
+the valid aspartate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valid aspartate shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valid aspartate shuttle
+glutamate alpha ketoglutarate aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate alpha ketoglutarate aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate alpha ketoglutarate aspartate
+to oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxaloacetate
+really the keto group the alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the keto group the alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the keto group the alpha keto
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+is being replaced with the amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being replaced with the amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being replaced with the amino group
+and it's should be clear to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's should be clear to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's should be clear to you
+now is that if you can convert an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that if you can convert an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that if you can convert an amino
+acid into an alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid into an alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid into an alpha keto acid
+that is dispose of the nitrogen get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is dispose of the nitrogen get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is dispose of the nitrogen get the
+ketone back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone back
+it should be very clear how you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be very clear how you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be very clear how you can then
+oxidize pyruvate oxidize oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize pyruvate oxidize oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize pyruvate oxidize oxaloacetate
+oxidize alpha ketoglutarate as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize alpha ketoglutarate as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize alpha ketoglutarate as a way
+to get energy directly burn it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get energy directly burn it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get energy directly burn it in the
+tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle
+get atp nadh that way or turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get atp nadh that way or turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get atp nadh that way or turn it into
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+via gluconeogenesis however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via gluconeogenesis however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via gluconeogenesis however
+if we're going to do this obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to do this obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to do this obviously
+these nitrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nitrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nitrogens
+have to go somewhere and if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go somewhere and if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go somewhere and if you're going
+to build amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build amino acids
+those nitrogens have to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nitrogens have to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nitrogens have to come from
+somewhere and that's really why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and that's really why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and that's really why
+the pathways that we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways that we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways that we're going to discuss
+really are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are about
+nitrogen metabolism and how cells deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen metabolism and how cells deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen metabolism and how cells deal
+with either the excess nitrogen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either the excess nitrogen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either the excess nitrogen from
+breaking down amino acids and nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down amino acids and nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down amino acids and nucleic
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+or how cells um obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how cells um obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how cells um obtain
+that nitrogen as a way to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nitrogen as a way to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nitrogen as a way to build
+these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules
+now by way of introduction we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by way of introduction we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by way of introduction we have to
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+also where is it then that nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also where is it then that nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also where is it then that nitrogen
+for biological systems really comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biological systems really comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biological systems really comes from
+in the first place now this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place now this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place now this is almost
+never an issue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never an issue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never an issue for
+animals and that's because we and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and that's because we and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and that's because we and other
+animals eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals eat
+other organisms and so we eat other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms and so we eat other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms and so we eat other
+organisms usually we have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms usually we have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms usually we have a problem
+of dealing with too much nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with too much nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with too much nitrogen
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+for photosynthetic organisms how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photosynthetic organisms how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photosynthetic organisms how to get
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ends up being a real problem and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being a real problem and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being a real problem and so
+any of you who have done any gardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you who have done any gardening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you who have done any gardening
+knows that you need to add fertilizer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that you need to add fertilizer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that you need to add fertilizer to
+your plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plants
+what is fertilizer well it's primarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fertilizer well it's primarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fertilizer well it's primarily a
+source of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of nitrogen
+as well as as as a as a phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as as as a as a phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as as as a as a phosphorus
+and really it's the nitrogen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really it's the nitrogen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really it's the nitrogen and the
+fertilizer that's helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer that's helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer that's helping
+solve the problem of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of where the
+photosynthetic organisms are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms are going to
+get the nitrogen that they need to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the nitrogen that they need to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the nitrogen that they need to grow
+now of course there's a lot of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course there's a lot of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course there's a lot of nitrogen
+nitrogen gas in our atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas in our atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas in our atmosphere
+all right but nitrogen gas is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but nitrogen gas is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but nitrogen gas is incredibly
+inert right you use nitrogen gas as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert right you use nitrogen gas as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert right you use nitrogen gas as an
+inert gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert gas
+to basically stop things from that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically stop things from that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically stop things from that are
+too reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too reactive
+uh from from reacting with the air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from from reacting with the air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from from reacting with the air in
+the lab okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab okay
+nitrogen gas is very stable molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas is very stable molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas is very stable molecule is
+not at all useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all useful
+to biology however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biology however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biology however
+if we take this nitrogen gas and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take this nitrogen gas and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take this nitrogen gas and we
+reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it
+okay that is we add a bunch of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is we add a bunch of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is we add a bunch of electrons
+all right what we end up with now is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what we end up with now is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what we end up with now is we
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh reduced nitrogen groups these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh reduced nitrogen groups these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh reduced nitrogen groups these
+these uh um amino groups that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh um amino groups that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh um amino groups that are
+incredibly useful for biology all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful for biology all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful for biology all right
+these come up over and over again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these come up over and over again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these come up over and over again these
+are the side chains of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the side chains of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the side chains of our
+amino acids they're found on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids they're found on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids they're found on all the
+cofactors they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors they're
+forming the hydrogen bonds between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the hydrogen bonds between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the hydrogen bonds between our
+different nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nucleosides
+okay and so enzymes work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so enzymes work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so enzymes work
+genetics happens hydrogen bonds form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics happens hydrogen bonds form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics happens hydrogen bonds form
+because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+all of these nitrogen containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these nitrogen containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these nitrogen containing
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+but you need a way to get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need a way to get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need a way to get from this
+nitrogen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas
+down to this reduced nitrogen and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this reduced nitrogen and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this reduced nitrogen and that
+is really so-called nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation
+which is basically taking nitrogen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and reducing it to be a compound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing it to be a compound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing it to be a compound like
+ammonia okay so paul's adding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia okay so paul's adding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia okay so paul's adding electrons
+that ends up being one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up being one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up being one of the things
+that the magic of biology that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magic of biology that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magic of biology that really
+makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+life possible now you don't often think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life possible now you don't often think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life possible now you don't often think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+nitrogen fixation very much so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen fixation very much so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen fixation very much so obviously
+we all know that photosynthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know that photosynthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know that photosynthesis is
+really central to what makes life happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really central to what makes life happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really central to what makes life happen
+and we spent a lot of time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spent a lot of time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we spent a lot of time talking about
+photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis
+apart from photosynthesis which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from photosynthesis which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from photosynthesis which of
+course takes the energy from the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course takes the energy from the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course takes the energy from the sun
+and gives us a way to uh get reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives us a way to uh get reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives us a way to uh get reduced
+carbon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon that
+all life depends on nitrogen fixation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all life depends on nitrogen fixation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all life depends on nitrogen fixation is
+a way to take nitrogen gas from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to take nitrogen gas from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to take nitrogen gas from the
+atmosphere and turn it into ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and turn it into ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and turn it into ammonia
+a useful form of nitrogen for life to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful form of nitrogen for life to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful form of nitrogen for life to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+and what you may not realize is nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you may not realize is nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you may not realize is nitrogen
+fixation really only occurs in a select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation really only occurs in a select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation really only occurs in a select
+group of prokaryotic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are really the
+unsung heroes of life or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsung heroes of life or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsung heroes of life or at least the
+young sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young sun
+sung heroes of metabolism it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sung heroes of metabolism it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sung heroes of metabolism it's probably
+the most central topic to life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most central topic to life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most central topic to life that
+we're not going to spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to spend a lot of time
+talking about in 705 simply because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in 705 simply because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in 705 simply because we
+don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time
+um but it's basically redox chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's basically redox chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's basically redox chemistry to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+nitrogen gas add electrons to it and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas add electrons to it and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas add electrons to it and end
+up with with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with with uh
+reduced nitrogen this is very energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced nitrogen this is very energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced nitrogen this is very energy
+intensive requires on the order of 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive requires on the order of 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive requires on the order of 16
+atp molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp molecules
+it's covered well in various textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's covered well in various textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's covered well in various textbooks
+if you're interested in reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in reading about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+further but i really want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further but i really want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further but i really want you to
+appreciate that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that this
+is something that really has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that really has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that really has to happen
+and it's really relatively few organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really relatively few organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really relatively few organisms
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+allow this to happen for all other life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this to happen for all other life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this to happen for all other life
+on the planet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet to be
+dependent on this is really why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on this is really why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on this is really why
+fertilizer ends up being the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer ends up being the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer ends up being the thing that
+you add to your garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add to your garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add to your garden
+right so in the wild nature would set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the wild nature would set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the wild nature would set up
+symbiotic relationships with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationships with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationships with
+other organisms with these nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms with these nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms with these nitrogen
+fixing organisms in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing organisms in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing organisms in order to get the
+nitrogen they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen they can get
+however we can help that process along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we can help that process along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we can help that process along
+by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving
+by giving fertilizer there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving fertilizer there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving fertilizer there's a lot of
+fertilizer runoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer runoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer runoff
+you know you get algae blooms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get algae blooms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get algae blooms that's
+really because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really because
+all this nitrogen now gets dumped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this nitrogen now gets dumped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this nitrogen now gets dumped into
+the water that ends up being rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that ends up being rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that ends up being rate
+limiting often for photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting often for photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting often for photosynthetic
+organisms like algae to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms like algae to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms like algae to grow
+and so this ends up being a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this ends up being a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this ends up being a really
+important topic if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important topic if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important topic if you're interested in
+environmental science or if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental science or if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental science or if you're
+interested in agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in agriculture
+and it's at least something i want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's at least something i want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's at least something i want to um
+make you aware of from this introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you aware of from this introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you aware of from this introductory
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for most organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for most organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for most organisms
+we get from either our diet or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from either our diet or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from either our diet or from the
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+fixed nitrogen and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed nitrogen and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed nitrogen and the two
+forms of fixed nitrogen that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of fixed nitrogen that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of fixed nitrogen that we need to
+discuss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is
+ammonia as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia as well as
+the conjugate base of ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate base of ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate base of ammonia
+which is ammonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now fertilizer is of course very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fertilizer is of course very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fertilizer is of course very rich
+in ammonia and animals that eat other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ammonia and animals that eat other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ammonia and animals that eat other
+organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms
+get lots of nitrogen from breakdown of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of nitrogen from breakdown of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of nitrogen from breakdown of
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+and that is a source of ammonia or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a source of ammonia or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a source of ammonia or
+ammonium ions and so photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium ions and so photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium ions and so photosynthetic
+organisms have the problem of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have the problem of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have the problem of getting
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+animals often have the problem of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals often have the problem of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals often have the problem of how do
+we get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of this
+now if you've ever cleaned with ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you've ever cleaned with ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you've ever cleaned with ammonia
+you know that it's pretty nasty it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's pretty nasty it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's pretty nasty it
+smells bad it's a cleaning agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells bad it's a cleaning agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells bad it's a cleaning agent
+it's very toxic to lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very toxic to lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very toxic to lots of
+organisms at high enough levels and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms at high enough levels and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms at high enough levels and so
+animals really need strategies or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals really need strategies or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals really need strategies or all
+life really cells need strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life really cells need strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life really cells need strategies
+about their how they're going to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their how they're going to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their how they're going to handle
+and deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deal
+with these um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these um uh
+you know nitrogen containing compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nitrogen containing compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nitrogen containing compounds
+either to incorporate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to incorporate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to incorporate it
+or to get rid of it now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to get rid of it now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to get rid of it now i'm going to
+spend a lot of time today talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time today talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time today talking about
+how animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how animals
+who take in a lot of uh eat other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who take in a lot of uh eat other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who take in a lot of uh eat other
+organisms take in a lot of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms take in a lot of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms take in a lot of nitrogen
+have to deal with the nitrogen excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the nitrogen excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the nitrogen excess
+and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that
+you can deal with the ammonia that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with the ammonia that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with the ammonia that's
+generated from the breakdown of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from the breakdown of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from the breakdown of your
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+in lots of different ways and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of different ways and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of different ways and basically
+there is no one solution that life uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no one solution that life uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no one solution that life uses
+that's universal for how you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's universal for how you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's universal for how you deal with
+the excess nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excess nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excess nitrogen
+really different strategies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different strategies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different strategies have been
+involved incorporating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved incorporating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved incorporating
+the metabolism of amino acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of amino acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of amino acids and
+nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+that fit the lifestyle of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit the lifestyle of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit the lifestyle of different
+creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures
+and so fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and other aquatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life really deals with nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life really deals with nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life really deals with nitrogen
+because they can just excrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can just excrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can just excrete
+ammonia directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia directly
+they live in the ocean lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live in the ocean lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live in the ocean lots of
+excess space into the ocean just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess space into the ocean just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess space into the ocean just take
+the ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia
+send it off into the ocean the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it off into the ocean the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it off into the ocean the large
+volume of water in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of water in the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of water in the ocean
+means dealing with um ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means dealing with um ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means dealing with um ammonia
+is not such a big problem literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not such a big problem literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not such a big problem literally
+pissing into the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pissing into the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pissing into the ocean
+um to get rid of their excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get rid of their excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get rid of their excess
+ammonia their nitrogen waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia their nitrogen waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia their nitrogen waste
+now terrestrial animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll just say terrestrial creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just say terrestrial creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just say terrestrial creatures
+have a different problem to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different problem to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different problem to deal with
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+they can't tolerate the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't tolerate the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't tolerate the high
+concentrations of ammonia that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of ammonia that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of ammonia that would be
+necessary to just release it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to just release it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to just release it into the
+environment so they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so they need
+another solution and of course our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution and of course our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution and of course our
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+is to excrete our excess nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to excrete our excess nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to excrete our excess nitrogen
+as urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's urea this is why we make urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's urea this is why we make urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's urea this is why we make urine
+and it's really our solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really our solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really our solution to
+eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate
+excess nitrogen is to concentrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen is to concentrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen is to concentrate that
+nitrogen rather than excreting its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen rather than excreting its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen rather than excreting its
+pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia
+as ammonia but to make urea put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ammonia but to make urea put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ammonia but to make urea put it into
+our urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our urine
+and eliminate it um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliminate it um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliminate it um um
+through through uh urination now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through uh urination now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through uh urination now
+not all animals make urea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all animals make urea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all animals make urea okay
+things like reptiles and birds which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like reptiles and birds which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like reptiles and birds which
+turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+making urea requires access to lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making urea requires access to lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making urea requires access to lots of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+okay reptiles don't always have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay reptiles don't always have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay reptiles don't always have access
+to lots of water they live in dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of water they live in dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of water they live in dry
+climates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climates
+birds don't want to have to carry around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds don't want to have to carry around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds don't want to have to carry around
+all the extra water weight of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extra water weight of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extra water weight of dealing
+with urea so instead of urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with urea so instead of urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with urea so instead of urea
+it turns out that they excrete their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that they excrete their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that they excrete their
+nitrogen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen as
+uric acid so what's uric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is uric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uric acid is basically appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uric acid is basically appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uric acid is basically appearing
+so should look very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should look very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should look very similar to the
+adenine and guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine and guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine and guanine
+rings that you saw earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that you saw earlier in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that you saw earlier in the class
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+they basically generate uric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically generate uric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically generate uric acid
+which allows them to excrete more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows them to excrete more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows them to excrete more
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+with less water and so bird poop birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less water and so bird poop birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less water and so bird poop birds
+don't urinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't urinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't urinate
+the bird poop that you get that slurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird poop that you get that slurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird poop that you get that slurry
+of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material
+is basically a mixture of solid waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a mixture of solid waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a mixture of solid waste
+and uric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uric acid
+and that's how birds eliminate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how birds eliminate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how birds eliminate their
+waste all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste all in one
+all in one go as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one go as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one go as a way to
+save some water as they deal with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some water as they deal with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some water as they deal with their
+excess nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen
+all right the fact that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the fact that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the fact that different
+terrestrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrestrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrestrial
+creatures some like us make urea some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures some like us make urea some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures some like us make urea some
+make uric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uric acid
+really deals with shows that urea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deals with shows that urea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deals with shows that urea you
+will see today is from amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see today is from amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see today is from amino acid
+metabolism uric acid is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism uric acid is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism uric acid is of course
+from a purine from period metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a purine from period metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a purine from period metabolism
+we'll talk about that in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in the last
+lecture of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of the course
+they really illustrate how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really illustrate how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really illustrate how the
+metabolism of amino acids and nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism of amino acids and nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism of amino acids and nucleic
+acids is really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is really about
+the metabolism of of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of of nitrogen
+and how these pathways are really set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how these pathways are really set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how these pathways are really set up
+in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+that allows exchange of ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows exchange of ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows exchange of ammonia
+with amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with amino acids
+as well as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the nitrogen can really flow between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the nitrogen can really flow between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the nitrogen can really flow between
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+different biological molecules and along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biological molecules and along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biological molecules and along
+the way well this allows a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way well this allows a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way well this allows a way to
+excrete nitrogen it also obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen it also obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen it also obviously
+involves ways to incorporate it and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves ways to incorporate it and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves ways to incorporate it and is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+the pathway cells use to both make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway cells use to both make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway cells use to both make and
+break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down
+um um these compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um these compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um these compounds
+all right now as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now as humans
+we of course eat a diet that's high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we of course eat a diet that's high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we of course eat a diet that's high in
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+higher in protein now the current fat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in protein now the current fat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in protein now the current fat is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+eat high protein diets that's the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat high protein diets that's the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat high protein diets that's the latest
+trend that's healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend that's healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend that's healthy
+and this involves lots of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this involves lots of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this involves lots of nitrogen
+excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess
+and so we have to as humans urinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to as humans urinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to as humans urinate
+several times a day because we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times a day because we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times a day because we need to
+excrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete
+lots of nitrogen now that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nitrogen now that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nitrogen now that's really
+our amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amount of
+urea out okay so that urea out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea out okay so that urea out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea out okay so that urea out
+really in a healthy person is balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the nitrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nitrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nitrogen in
+from the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet
+okay makes sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay makes sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay makes sense if
+we are not growing okay and we eat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not growing okay and we eat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not growing okay and we eat a
+certain amount of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of protein
+if we eat more protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means we need to excrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more nitrogen if we eat less protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we need to excrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less nitrogen okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less nitrogen okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less nitrogen okay and so
+the nitrogen in and out should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen in and out should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen in and out should be
+balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced
+now the reality is is that not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reality is is that not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reality is is that not all of
+our nitrogen is excreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nitrogen is excreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nitrogen is excreted
+as urea some of it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as urea some of it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as urea some of it ends up
+in the stool as other compounds and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stool as other compounds and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stool as other compounds and so
+for a healthy person nitrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a healthy person nitrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a healthy person nitrogen in
+is greater than nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than nitrogen
+out in the urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the urine
+okay urea okay nitrogen in is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay urea okay nitrogen in is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay urea okay nitrogen in is really
+greater than nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than nitrogen
+out and this is what is referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this is what is referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this is what is referred to
+medically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically
+as positive nitrogen balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i collect all of your urine for 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i collect all of your urine for 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i collect all of your urine for 24
+hours and take keep track of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and take keep track of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and take keep track of all the
+food that you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that you eat
+and i measure all the nitrogen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i measure all the nitrogen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i measure all the nitrogen in the
+urine and all the nitrogen and the foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine and all the nitrogen and the foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine and all the nitrogen and the foods
+you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eat
+there's going to be more taken in that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be more taken in that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be more taken in that i
+measure in the urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in the urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in the urine
+that's positive nitrogen balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive nitrogen balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive nitrogen balance and
+that what is what is standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is what is standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is what is standard
+healthy for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy for most
+most humans now if there's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most humans now if there's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most humans now if there's positive
+nitrogen balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen balance
+it means you can also have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means you can also have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means you can also have negative
+nitrogen balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which really means that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really means that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really means that the amount of
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+in is less than the amount of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is less than the amount of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is less than the amount of nitrogen
+out that is you are losing more nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that is you are losing more nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that is you are losing more nitrogen
+in the urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urine
+than you're taking in medically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you're taking in medically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you're taking in medically this is
+a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+bad thing okay when does this occur will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing okay when does this occur will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing okay when does this occur will
+occur as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur as if
+during periods of starvation makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during periods of starvation makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during periods of starvation makes sense
+if you're not eating any food you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not eating any food you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not eating any food you still
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+get energy from somewhere you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get energy from somewhere you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get energy from somewhere you'll
+metabolize your glycogen you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize your glycogen you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize your glycogen you'll
+metabolize your fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize your fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize your fat
+but you'll also catabolize the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll also catabolize the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll also catabolize the amino
+acids in your muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in your muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in your muscle
+those amino acids will generate excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acids will generate excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amino acids will generate excess
+nitrogen more nitrogen out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen more nitrogen out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen more nitrogen out
+than you've taken in the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you've taken in the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you've taken in the diet
+this also occurs during some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also occurs during some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also occurs during some
+illnesses all right famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illnesses all right famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illnesses all right famously
+cancer aids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer aids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer aids
+sepsis all of these really horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepsis all of these really horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepsis all of these really horrible
+conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that
+some people uh can be very life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people uh can be very life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people uh can be very life
+threatening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatening
+many of these lead to a phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these lead to a phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these lead to a phenomena
+known as cachexia so what's cachexia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as cachexia so what's cachexia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as cachexia so what's cachexia
+you waste away lose all of your lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you waste away lose all of your lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you waste away lose all of your lean
+body mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body mass
+this is also basically a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also basically a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also basically a state of
+negative nitrogen balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative nitrogen balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative nitrogen balance and
+why this is is uh you know really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is is uh you know really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is is uh you know really a
+a current topic that lots of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current topic that lots of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current topic that lots of people are
+trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out
+but it's really a case where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really a case where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really a case where you are
+breaking down more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down more
+of your muscle protein more amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your muscle protein more amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your muscle protein more amino acids
+and losing that nitrogen than you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losing that nitrogen than you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losing that nitrogen than you're
+taking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in
+and treatment of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treatment of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treatment of the underlying
+condition is really required for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is really required for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is really required for this to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+better all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better all right now
+it turns out i can experimentally cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out i can experimentally cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out i can experimentally cause
+negative nitrogen balance in an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative nitrogen balance in an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative nitrogen balance in an animal
+if i remove certain amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i remove certain amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i remove certain amino acids
+from your diet um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your diet um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your diet um why
+is that well it's because prokaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeast lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast lots of
+organisms many organisms can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms many organisms can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms many organisms can make
+all 20 of the amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are required to build protein but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required to build protein but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required to build protein but
+it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that
+animals including humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+make all 20 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a quirk of our physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a quirk of our physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a quirk of our physiology
+um but it turns out some of the 20 amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it turns out some of the 20 amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it turns out some of the 20 amino
+acids that are needed to build protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that are needed to build protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that are needed to build protein
+are essential that is they have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essential that is they have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essential that is they have to come
+from external sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from external sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from external sources
+so remember there's lots of vitamins out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember there's lots of vitamins out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember there's lots of vitamins out
+there that we can't make we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that we can't make we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that we can't make we have to get
+those from our diet there's essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from our diet there's essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from our diet there's essential
+lipids we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids we talked about that
+um last time again have to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time again have to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time again have to get those
+from our diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our diet
+and some of the amino acids that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the amino acids that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the amino acids that we need
+to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live
+also have to come from an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to come from an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to come from an external
+source and in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and in the 1950s
+um experiments actually done on humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experiments actually done on humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experiments actually done on humans
+on medical students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on medical students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on medical students
+actually found that if you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found that if you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found that if you take these
+essential amino acids out of the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential amino acids out of the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential amino acids out of the diet
+what happens is is that you can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is is that you can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is is that you can shift
+those medical students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medical students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medical students
+into a state of negative nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a state of negative nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a state of negative nitrogen
+balance and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and that's because
+they're unable to synthesize protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unable to synthesize protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unable to synthesize protein
+you're always synthesizing and breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always synthesizing and breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always synthesizing and breaking
+breaking down protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down protein
+if you don't have the essential amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have the essential amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have the essential amino
+acids to re-synthesize your protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids to re-synthesize your protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids to re-synthesize your protein
+you now break down more protein than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now break down more protein than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now break down more protein than you
+synthesize and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize and you end up with
+negative nitrogen balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative nitrogen balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative nitrogen balance
+so what are these essential amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these essential amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these essential amino acids
+well i post them here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i post them here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i post them here on this
+picture and so here's the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so here's the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so here's the essential
+amino acid they have to be obtained from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid they have to be obtained from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid they have to be obtained from
+nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition
+here's the non-essential amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the non-essential amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the non-essential amino acid
+these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can be
+obtained from the outside or but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the outside or but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from the outside or but we also
+have the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pathways
+in order to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make them
+and so if you count these up here oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you count these up here oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you count these up here oops
+if you count these up you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you count these up you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you count these up you will see that
+there are nine essential amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are nine essential amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are nine essential amino acids
+and 11 non-essential amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 11 non-essential amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 11 non-essential amino acids
+it turns out that two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that two of the
+non-essential amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-essential amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-essential amino acids
+require essential amino acids to make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require essential amino acids to make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require essential amino acids to make so
+they're sort of conditionally essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of conditionally essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of conditionally essential
+and so i think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think it's really
+you know from the trivia standpoint i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the trivia standpoint i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the trivia standpoint i
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+the answer is that there's nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that there's nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that there's nine
+essential amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential amino acids
+all right and they are i'll use the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and they are i'll use the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and they are i'll use the one
+letter abbreviation so there's lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+histidine isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine isoleucine
+leucine valine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine valine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine valine
+threonine tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine tryptophan
+phenylalanine and methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and methionine
+now there's two other ones if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two other ones if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two other ones if you have
+enough phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough phenylalanine
+we can synthesize tyrosine and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can synthesize tyrosine and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can synthesize tyrosine and if you
+have enough methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough methionine
+we can synthesize cysteine but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can synthesize cysteine but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can synthesize cysteine but it turns
+out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that
+tyrosine and cysteine because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine and cysteine because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine and cysteine because they
+require phenylalanine and methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require phenylalanine and methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require phenylalanine and methionine
+for all intents and purposes are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all intents and purposes are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all intents and purposes are also
+essential so there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential so there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential so there's really
+11 of the 20 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 of the 20 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 of the 20 amino acids
+come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our diet either directly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our diet either directly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our diet either directly or
+indirectly in the case of tyrosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly in the case of tyrosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly in the case of tyrosine and
+cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine
+now of course our diets involve lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course our diets involve lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course our diets involve lots of
+proteins we eat other animals and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we eat other animals and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we eat other animals and so
+rarely is it an issue that we need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely is it an issue that we need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely is it an issue that we need these
+which is probably how evolution was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably how evolution was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably how evolution was able
+to lose the ability to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose the ability to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose the ability to make them
+because we take in lots of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we take in lots of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we take in lots of amino acids
+all the time anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time anyway
+and these are amino acids that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are amino acids that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are amino acids that are
+primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily
+important only for for making proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important only for for making proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important only for for making proteins
+but this also really illustrates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this also really illustrates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this also really illustrates that
+proteins are a large reservoir of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are a large reservoir of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are a large reservoir of the
+nitrogen we take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we take in
+and we just take it in pre-made already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just take it in pre-made already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just take it in pre-made already
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+these um as as these amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um as as these amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um as as these amino acids
+even though we can synthesize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we can synthesize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we can synthesize the
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+nine all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all right now
+of the remaining nine amino acids these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remaining nine amino acids these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remaining nine amino acids these
+are the ones that we can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that we can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that we can synthesize
+these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really
+largely ones about how we move nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely ones about how we move nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely ones about how we move nitrogen
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+through biological systems we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through biological systems we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through biological systems we'll see
+that as we go through the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we go through the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we go through the rest of the
+um the the lectures on the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the lectures on the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the lectures on the pathways
+involving amino acid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving amino acid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving amino acid metabolism
+and where i want to start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where i want to start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where i want to start with this
+is how we're going to deal with ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we're going to deal with ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we're going to deal with ammonia
+which is really exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of
+the biological molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological molecules
+mostly via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly via
+two of the remaining amino acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the remaining amino acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the remaining amino acids and
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+are glutamate and glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are glutamate and glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are glutamate and glutamine
+so just to remind you because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to remind you because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to remind you because this is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+e is the one letter abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the one letter abbreviation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the one letter abbreviation for
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+q is the one letter abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is the one letter abbreviation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is the one letter abbreviation for
+glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine
+okay and glutamate and glutamine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and glutamate and glutamine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and glutamate and glutamine are
+really central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really central
+to exchanging ammonia in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchanging ammonia in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchanging ammonia in and out of
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to remind you what these look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+the alpha-keto acid alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha-keto acid alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha-keto acid alpha-ketoglutarate
+ketone alpha to the carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone alpha to the carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone alpha to the carboxylic acid
+alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+alpha-ketoglutarate okay so remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate okay so remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate okay so remember it
+differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glutamate so exchange that alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate so exchange that alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate so exchange that alpha keto
+group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for
+the amino group now i have glutamate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino group now i have glutamate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino group now i have glutamate and
+glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is rather than carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather than carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather than carboxylic acid
+on the side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you add this second nitrogen group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add this second nitrogen group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add this second nitrogen group
+and so what you will see as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you will see as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you will see as we go
+through the lectures that glutamate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lectures that glutamate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lectures that glutamate is
+really the major glutamate alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the major glutamate alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the major glutamate alpha
+ketoglutarate is really the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate is really the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate is really the major
+nitrogen donor and acceptor to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen donor and acceptor to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen donor and acceptor to get
+nitrogen in and out of other amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in and out of other amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in and out of other amino acids
+and in the last lecture you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the last lecture you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the last lecture you'll see that
+glutamine is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine is an important
+nitrogen donor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen on the side chain ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen on the side chain ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen on the side chain ends up being
+important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+getting nitrogen into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting nitrogen into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting nitrogen into into
+nucleic acids now a really key enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids now a really key enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids now a really key enzyme
+to getting these nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting these nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting these nitrogen
+in and out is the one that catalyzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out is the one that catalyzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out is the one that catalyzes
+this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step
+right here this is catalyzed by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is catalyzed by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is catalyzed by an
+enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and glutamate dehydrogenase really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate dehydrogenase really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate dehydrogenase really
+carries out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries out
+the following reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this can pick up an ammonia molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so get this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now if we have two electrons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we have two electrons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we have two electrons here
+as a hydride ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of course we're donating two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course we're donating two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course we're donating two
+electrons that's why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's why it's a
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+involves nicotinamide cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves nicotinamide cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves nicotinamide cofactor
+so these can come from either nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these can come from either nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these can come from either nadph
+or nadh generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nadh generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nadh generating
+nad plus or nadp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus or nadp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus or nadp plus
+and so reduce this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so reduce this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so reduce this molecule
+oxidized nadh or nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized nadh or nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized nadh or nadph
+n80 plus or nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n80 plus or nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n80 plus or nadp
+and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the amino acid glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid glutamate
+and so here's a reaction catalyzed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a reaction catalyzed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a reaction catalyzed by
+glutamate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase
+that can convert the alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can convert the alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can convert the alpha-keto acid
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+into the amino acid glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the amino acid glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the amino acid glutamate
+this reaction which effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction which effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction which effectively
+is ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ammonia
+plus alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha-ketoglutarate
+plus nadh or nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nadh or nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nadh or nadph
+can reversibly generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reversibly generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reversibly generate
+glutamate plus nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus or nadp plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or nadp plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or nadp plus plus
+water okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay
+so this reaction again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very reversible reaction can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reversible reaction can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reversible reaction can use
+either nadh or nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nadh or nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nadh or nadph
+or nadplus or nadp plus okay either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nadplus or nadp plus okay either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nadplus or nadp plus okay either
+cofactor works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor works
+and it's a key reaction to interconvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a key reaction to interconvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a key reaction to interconvert
+the alpha keto acid alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha keto acid alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha keto acid alpha ketoglutarate
+with the amino acid glutamate and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amino acid glutamate and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amino acid glutamate and get
+ammonia in and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia in and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia in and out of the
+amino acid pool all right so i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid pool all right so i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid pool all right so i mentioned
+glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the other major nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other major nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other major nitrogen
+carrier and so how is this made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and so how is this made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and so how is this made
+well you can make it so if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can make it so if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can make it so if you start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+glutamate and you phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate and you phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate and you phosphorylate
+that glutamate with atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glutamate with atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glutamate with atp
+okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's now a phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's now a phospho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's now a phospho
+um acid on the side chain of glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lose the inorganic phosphate and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the inorganic phosphate and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the inorganic phosphate and now we
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+glutamine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine okay
+glutamine all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine all right
+this is carried out by an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carried out by an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is carried out by an enzyme called
+glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthase and it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and it's basically
+another way to pick up ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to pick up ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to pick up ammonia
+this process can be reversed so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process can be reversed so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process can be reversed so we can
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+glutamine so i'm not going to draw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine so i'm not going to draw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine so i'm not going to draw out
+the whole molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole molecule
+just draw here the side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw here the side chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw here the side chain
+okay so this here would be the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here would be the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here would be the side
+chain of glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of glutamine
+can just use water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just use water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just use water
+to remove the ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the ammonia
+and regenerate glutamate carried out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regenerate glutamate carried out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regenerate glutamate carried out by
+an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called
+glutaminase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so glutamate to glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so glutamate to glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so glutamate to glutamine
+glutamine to glutamate glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine to glutamate glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine to glutamate glutamine
+synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+glutamines notice just like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamines notice just like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamines notice just like any
+other reaction or pathway we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reaction or pathway we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reaction or pathway we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+one direction is favorable the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction is favorable the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction is favorable the other
+direction is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is not
+so this direction requires energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this direction requires energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this direction requires energy input
+for it to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to work
+atp is used in glutamine synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp is used in glutamine synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp is used in glutamine synthase
+glutaminase doesn't require atp because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutaminase doesn't require atp because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutaminase doesn't require atp because
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+favorable makes sense with all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable makes sense with all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable makes sense with all the other
+stuff we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we talked about
+and so as animals the way our tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as animals the way our tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as animals the way our tissues
+deal with nitrogen is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with nitrogen is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with nitrogen is that if we
+catabolize an amino acid in our tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolize an amino acid in our tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolize an amino acid in our tissue
+we end up generating ammonia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up generating ammonia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up generating ammonia that
+ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia
+ends up either in glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up either in glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up either in glutamate
+okay via the glutamate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay via the glutamate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay via the glutamate dehydrogenase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+or it involves up in glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it involves up in glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it involves up in glutamine
+and then we carry that nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we carry that nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we carry that nitrogen
+as glutamate or glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as glutamate or glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as glutamate or glutamine
+in our blood it gets transported to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our blood it gets transported to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our blood it gets transported to our
+liver and our kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver and our kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver and our kidneys
+and our liver and kidney handle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our liver and kidney handle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our liver and kidney handle that
+excess nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess nitrogen
+by in our case turning it into urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in our case turning it into urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in our case turning it into urea
+other organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms
+might turn it into something else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might turn it into something else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might turn it into something else in
+specialized tissues where it can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized tissues where it can then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized tissues where it can then be
+excreted all right and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreted all right and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreted all right and again
+it also ends up being that glutamate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also ends up being that glutamate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also ends up being that glutamate if
+we're going to make amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make amino acids
+ends up being a good source of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being a good source of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being a good source of nitrogen
+and glutamine if we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamine if we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamine if we're going to make
+nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids
+end up being a good source of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being a good source of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being a good source of nitrogen
+and so for catabolizing amino acids for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for catabolizing amino acids for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for catabolizing amino acids for
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+we can release ammonia via the glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can release ammonia via the glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can release ammonia via the glutamate
+dehydrogenase reaction moving in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction moving in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction moving in this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+or we can incorporate ammonia by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can incorporate ammonia by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can incorporate ammonia by it
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+in the opposite direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction okay
+and so what you will see then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you will see then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you will see then is that
+the synthesis and breakdown now focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis and breakdown now focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis and breakdown now focusing
+on amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on amino acids
+is really going to involve exchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really going to involve exchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really going to involve exchanging
+the nitrogen between alpha keto acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen between alpha keto acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen between alpha keto acids
+and amino acids and glutamine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amino acids and glutamine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amino acids and glutamine and
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+as we described for the malate aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we described for the malate aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we described for the malate aspartate
+shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle
+okay so let's just show an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just show an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just show an example of
+that so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is what
+was involved in the malate aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was involved in the malate aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was involved in the malate aspartate
+shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle
+okay so here's oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's oxaloacetate
+okay so alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so alpha
+alpha ketone to the acid so alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketone to the acid so alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketone to the acid so alpha keto
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the amino acid aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid aspartate
+remember in the malate aspartate shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we basically exchanged the amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically exchanged the amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically exchanged the amino group
+and aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aspartate
+to be glutamate and the alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be glutamate and the alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be glutamate and the alpha-keto acid
+oxaloacetate for alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate for alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate for alpha ketoglutarate
+okay so alph-keto acid amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so alph-keto acid amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so alph-keto acid amino acid
+alpha-keto acid amino acid balanced on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid amino acid balanced on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid amino acid balanced on
+both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides
+and nature can basically use this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nature can basically use this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nature can basically use this system
+to now get nitrogen in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now get nitrogen in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now get nitrogen in and out of
+systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay
+so take an amino acid alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take an amino acid alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take an amino acid alanine
+it's related to the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to the alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to the alpha keto acid
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+if you can exchange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amino group onto alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group onto alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group onto alpha-ketoglutarate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that will generate glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glutamate transfer the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate transfer the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate transfer the amino
+group onto oxaloacetate that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group onto oxaloacetate that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group onto oxaloacetate that can
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+aspartate and so really here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and so really here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and so really here you have a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+where you can use transfer of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can use transfer of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can use transfer of these
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+between alpha-ketoglutarate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alpha-ketoglutarate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alpha-ketoglutarate and
+glutamate and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate and really
+any alpha i'm sorry any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any alpha i'm sorry any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any alpha i'm sorry any
+amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and any alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any alpha
+keto acid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid okay
+and so if we're going to catabolize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to catabolize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to catabolize
+an amino acid say alanine give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino acid say alanine give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino acid say alanine give the
+nitrogen to alpha-ketoglutarate now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen to alpha-ketoglutarate now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen to alpha-ketoglutarate now it
+ends up on glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up on glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up on glutamate
+that glutamate can go off in the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glutamate can go off in the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glutamate can go off in the blood
+it can be used elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used elsewhere
+to synthesize aspartate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to synthesize aspartate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to synthesize aspartate from
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+or some other amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other amino acid
+from some other alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some other alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some other alpha keto acid
+or it can just stay on glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can just stay on glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can just stay on glutamate
+go here to the glutamate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here to the glutamate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here to the glutamate dehydrogenase
+reaction and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and generate
+ammonia and so for catabolism of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and so for catabolism of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and so for catabolism of amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+the first step involves transferring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step involves transferring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step involves transferring the
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+to alpha-ketoglutarate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha-ketoglutarate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha-ketoglutarate and that
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+glutamate as well as the alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate as well as the alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate as well as the alpha-keto acid
+which can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then
+be metabolized if we're going to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be metabolized if we're going to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be metabolized if we're going to make an
+amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid
+we can start with the alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start with the alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start with the alpha-keto acid
+and transfer the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer the nitrogen
+from glutamate and that's a way then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glutamate and that's a way then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glutamate and that's a way then to
+make the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the amino acid
+and so glutamate dehydrogenase lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so glutamate dehydrogenase lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so glutamate dehydrogenase lets you
+get ammonia in and out of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ammonia in and out of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ammonia in and out of the system
+and then this basically transferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this basically transferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this basically transferring
+of nitrogen between alpha keto acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen between alpha keto acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen between alpha keto acids
+and amino acids involving glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amino acids involving glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amino acids involving glutamate
+and alpha-ketoglutarate now allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha-ketoglutarate now allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha-ketoglutarate now allows you
+to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen around the system and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen around the system and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen around the system and so
+that's basically in a nutshell how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically in a nutshell how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically in a nutshell how you
+synthesize and break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize and break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize and break down
+many amino acids although of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many amino acids although of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many amino acids although of course
+there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some
+exceptions and so glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and so glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and so glutamine
+we just described it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just described it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just described it's
+the glutamine synthase and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glutamine synthase and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glutamine synthase and the
+glutaminase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutaminase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutaminase reaction
+obviously that's how you synthesize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's how you synthesize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's how you synthesize and
+break down glutamine relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down glutamine relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down glutamine relative to
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+asparagine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine is
+like glutamine okay remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glutamine okay remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glutamine okay remember
+asparagine also it's aspartate with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine also it's aspartate with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asparagine also it's aspartate with an
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+group on the side chain all right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on the side chain all right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on the side chain all right just
+like glutamine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glutamine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glutamine and so
+its metabolism is similar to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its metabolism is similar to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its metabolism is similar to to uh
+to glutamine arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glutamine arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glutamine arginine
+okay arginine is a special amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay arginine is a special amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay arginine is a special amino acid
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+three nitrogen molecules we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nitrogen molecules we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nitrogen molecules we'll discuss
+that at length in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at length in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at length in a little bit
+proline if you look up the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline if you look up the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline if you look up the structure of
+proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proline
+what you'll find is that it's glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll find is that it's glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll find is that it's glutamate
+that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+cyclized and reduced and so proline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclized and reduced and so proline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclized and reduced and so proline is
+also a little bit different you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a little bit different you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a little bit different you make
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+cyclize it and reduce it that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclize it and reduce it that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclize it and reduce it that's how you
+get proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get proline
+and then glycine it turns out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then glycine it turns out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then glycine it turns out is
+generated from serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from serine
+and we'll discuss that at length in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss that at length in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss that at length in the
+next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture
+but for the other most of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the other most of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the other most of the other
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+reactions really involve interconversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions really involve interconversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions really involve interconversion
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the alpha keto acid and the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha keto acid and the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha keto acid and the amino acid
+and glutamine glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamine glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamine glutamate
+via a series of reactions referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a series of reactions referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a series of reactions referred to as
+transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so transamination
+is really these reactions that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really these reactions that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really these reactions that allow
+this swapping of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this swapping of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this swapping of nitrogen
+between amino acids and alpha-keto acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between amino acids and alpha-keto acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between amino acids and alpha-keto acids
+and alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha-ketoglutarate
+and glutamate some of these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate some of these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamate some of these are very
+famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous
+if you you know many of you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know many of you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know many of you want to go
+to medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medical school
+you're gonna do liver function tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do liver function tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do liver function tests
+where you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you measure
+levels of alt and ast these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of alt and ast these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of alt and ast these are the
+liver function enzymes okay or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver function enzymes okay or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver function enzymes okay or the
+transaminases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminases
+all right they're basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're basically the
+transaminases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminases that
+catalyze the exchange in the case of alt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze the exchange in the case of alt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze the exchange in the case of alt
+between alanine pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glutamate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate okay
+ast is the transaminase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ast is the transaminase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ast is the transaminase that
+catalyzes the exchange between aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the exchange between aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the exchange between aspartate
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate
+and glutamine alpha-ketoglutarate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamine alpha-ketoglutarate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glutamine alpha-ketoglutarate all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+very active highly reversible enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active highly reversible enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active highly reversible enzymes
+very abundant in the liver the liver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abundant in the liver the liver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abundant in the liver the liver is
+important to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to get
+nitrogen in and out of across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in and out of across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in and out of across different
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+high levels in the liver cells so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels in the liver cells so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high levels in the liver cells so when
+the liver is damaged they leak out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver is damaged they leak out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver is damaged they leak out and
+they measure them in the blood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure them in the blood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure them in the blood and
+that's a sign of liver damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sign of liver damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sign of liver damage
+okay and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so again
+just to drive this point home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to drive this point home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to drive this point home
+so you have alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have alpha-ketoglutarate
+ketoglutarate can be converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate can be converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate can be converted to
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+this is the glutamate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the glutamate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the glutamate dehydrogenase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+so it involves a redox step with nadh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it involves a redox step with nadh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it involves a redox step with nadh or
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that allows you to interconvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that allows you to interconvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that allows you to interconvert
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ammonia basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia basically
+take nitrogen in and out of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take nitrogen in and out of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take nitrogen in and out of the system
+as ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ammonia
+and then once it's in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once it's in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once it's in the system
+now you can do transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can do transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can do transamination
+to move the nitrogen between glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the nitrogen between glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the nitrogen between glutamate
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+with any other alpha-keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any other alpha-keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any other alpha-keto
+acid and amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and amino
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and so if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so if you're going to
+catabolize amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolize amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolize amino acids
+you go in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and you're a fish you go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're a fish you go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're a fish you go this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+release it as ammonia or you can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release it as ammonia or you can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release it as ammonia or you can come in
+this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction
+and that is anabolism that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is anabolism that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is anabolism that allows you to
+build amino acids all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build amino acids all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build amino acids all right
+okay so these transamination reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these transamination reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these transamination reactions
+then become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become very
+important and we need to discuss how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and we need to discuss how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and we need to discuss how
+they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work
+so transamination itself requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transamination itself requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transamination itself requires a
+cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor
+this cofactor is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cofactor is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cofactor is called
+pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate
+okay it's derived from a vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's derived from a vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's derived from a vitamin
+like many cofactors in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many cofactors in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many cofactors in this case it's
+vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin
+b6 also referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b6 also referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b6 also referred to as
+pyridoxine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxine okay
+vitamin b6 vitamin b6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin b6 vitamin b6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin b6 vitamin b6
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's paradoxine that's vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's paradoxine that's vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's paradoxine that's vitamin
+b6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b6
+turns out we eat vitamin b6 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we eat vitamin b6 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we eat vitamin b6 and the
+active form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active form
+in the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this molecule where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this molecule where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this molecule where um
+this alcohol has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alcohol has been
+oxidized to the aldehyde and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to the aldehyde and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to the aldehyde and this
+cofactor is referred to as pyridoxal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and abbreviated plp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abbreviated plp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abbreviated plp
+for pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pyridoxal phosphate
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's
+go over how peridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over how peridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over how peridoxal phosphate
+allows these transamination reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows these transamination reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows these transamination reactions to
+occur so let's start off here with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so let's start off here with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so let's start off here with just
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+generic amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the transaminase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's pyridoxal phosphate i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's pyridoxal phosphate i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's pyridoxal phosphate i'm
+not going to draw the whole molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw the whole molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw the whole molecule
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+skeleton of the pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton of the pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton of the pyridoxal phosphate
+so it reacts with the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's that middle part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that middle part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that middle part here
+of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay generate the shift base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just draw the top part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here now we generate the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here now we generate the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here now we generate the alpha
+keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this alternative
+version of pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of pyridoxal phosphate
+called pyridoxamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pyridoxamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pyridoxamine
+which is also abbreviated p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also abbreviated p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also abbreviated p
+m p okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m p okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m p okay
+and so basically i've exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically i've exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically i've exchanged
+the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+transferring the nitrogen onto plp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring the nitrogen onto plp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring the nitrogen onto plp
+to make pmp and generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make pmp and generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make pmp and generating
+the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that pmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can now react with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now react with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now react with some other
+alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our
+pmp and basically if i just reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmp and basically if i just reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmp and basically if i just reverse
+all those exact same steps that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'll do for sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll do for sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll do for sake of
+brevity here i'll do two steps and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i broke this up here into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i broke this up here into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i broke this up here into two
+different steps before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steps before
+but to save me some drawing i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to save me some drawing i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to save me some drawing i'm just
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna
+do one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all i did is just run the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all i did is just run the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all i did is just run the same
+mechanism in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now i've taken my alf keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've taken my alf keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've taken my alf keto acid
+got the nitrogen from pmp regenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the nitrogen from pmp regenerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the nitrogen from pmp regenerated
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+a new amino acid as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not going to draw it all out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw it all out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw it all out but
+regenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerated
+paradoxical phosphate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical phosphate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical phosphate and so
+pyridoxal phosphate ends up being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate ends up being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate ends up being this
+really useful cofactor that enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful cofactor that enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful cofactor that enables
+this transamination reaction that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transamination reaction that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transamination reaction that is
+this interconversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interconversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interconversion
+between an amino acid an alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an amino acid an alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an amino acid an alpha keto acid
+and another amino acid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another amino acid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another amino acid or
+alpha keto acid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha keto acid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha keto acid and so
+pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor that's
+also useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also useful for
+other amino acid containing reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acid containing reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acid containing reactions
+basically enables this sort of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enables this sort of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enables this sort of chemistry
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+enables nitrogen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this sort of chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this sort of chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this sort of chemistry to
+facilitate reactions with amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate reactions with amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate reactions with amino acids
+we will see in the next lecture that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see in the next lecture that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see in the next lecture that we
+will use pyridoxal phosphate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use pyridoxal phosphate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use pyridoxal phosphate in a
+slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different
+way to convert serine to glycine plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to convert serine to glycine plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to convert serine to glycine plus a
+one carbon unit that we can use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon unit that we can use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon unit that we can use for
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+i don't have time to go into them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have time to go into them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have time to go into them um
+in this introductory course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this introductory course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this introductory course but
+periodoxyl phosphate is also involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodoxyl phosphate is also involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodoxyl phosphate is also involved in
+other amino acid reactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acid reactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acid reactions so
+last time we discussed ethanolamine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we discussed ethanolamine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we discussed ethanolamine and
+remember ethanolamine is an alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ethanolamine is an alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ethanolamine is an alcohol
+that's found in phospholipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's found in phospholipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's found in phospholipids
+phosphatidyl ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidyl ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatidyl ethanolamine
+serine is used to generate ethanolamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is used to generate ethanolamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is used to generate ethanolamine
+and pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pyridoxal phosphate
+basically enables decarboxylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enables decarboxylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enables decarboxylation of
+serine to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine to generate
+ethanolamine serine can also be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine serine can also be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanolamine serine can also be turned
+into pyruvate and ammonia it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate and ammonia it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate and ammonia it's a
+alternative way to generate ammonia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way to generate ammonia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way to generate ammonia that
+also involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves
+paradoxical phosphate and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical phosphate and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical phosphate and if you're
+interested you can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can look up
+these reactions and their mechanisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions and their mechanisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions and their mechanisms and
+see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how
+pyridoxal phosphate is repurposed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate is repurposed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyridoxal phosphate is repurposed for
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+reactions all right but for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions all right but for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions all right but for today's
+purposes this is what pyridoxal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is what pyridoxal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is what pyridoxal
+phosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is
+this is how it allows transamination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it allows transamination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it allows transamination and
+so now it should be very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it should be very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it should be very clear
+how it is that fish can eat a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that fish can eat a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that fish can eat a bunch of
+protein containing food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein containing food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein containing food
+and excrete nitrogen into the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excrete nitrogen into the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excrete nitrogen into the ocean
+all right and that is they can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that is they can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that is they can take
+whatever some amino acid all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever some amino acid all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever some amino acid all right
+they can do a pyradoxyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do a pyradoxyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do a pyradoxyl phosphate
+containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing
+transamination reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reaction and
+generate the alpha keto acid with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the alpha keto acid with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the alpha keto acid with the
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+going on to alpha-ketoglutarate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to alpha-ketoglutarate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to alpha-ketoglutarate to
+generate generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate generate
+glutamate this alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate this alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate this alpha keto acid
+can now be oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now be oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now be oxidized
+that's favorable that can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's favorable that can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's favorable that can be used to
+generate atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate atp
+and allow the fish to get the energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow the fish to get the energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow the fish to get the energy it
+needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+to swim that glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swim that glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swim that glutamate
+can now basically carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now basically carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now basically carry out the
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
+generating ammonia regenerating alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ammonia regenerating alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ammonia regenerating alpha
+ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate
+to accept the next nitrogen to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept the next nitrogen to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept the next nitrogen to allow
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+of the carbon backbone and the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbon backbone and the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbon backbone and the amino
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+and the ammonia can float off into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ammonia can float off into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ammonia can float off into the
+ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean
+um where it doesn't hurt anybody and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it doesn't hurt anybody and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it doesn't hurt anybody and be
+fertilizer for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer for some
+algae all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algae all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algae all right and so
+there is a way to take catabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to take catabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to take catabolism of
+amino acids get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids get energy
+and excrete the nitrogen as ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excrete the nitrogen as ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excrete the nitrogen as ammonia
+basically involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which requires pyridoxal phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requires pyridoxal phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requires pyridoxal phosphate
+and glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+turns out tadpoles do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out tadpoles do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out tadpoles do the same thing
+because they live in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they live in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they live in water
+but when a tadpole becomes a frog or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when a tadpole becomes a frog or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when a tadpole becomes a frog or if
+you're a mammal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a mammal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a mammal
+you don't do this anymore because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do this anymore because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do this anymore because now
+you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have
+infinite water to excrete into and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite water to excrete into and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite water to excrete into and so
+instead as i said earlier we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead as i said earlier we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead as i said earlier we're going to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+urea as a way to excrete nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea as a way to excrete nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea as a way to excrete nitrogen
+and of course i mentioned earlier i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course i mentioned earlier i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course i mentioned earlier i'm
+not going to draw it again but birds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw it again but birds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw it again but birds and
+reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles
+because you'll see making urea requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll see making urea requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll see making urea requires
+a lot of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of water
+you can save even that water by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can save even that water by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can save even that water by making
+uric acid appearing instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid appearing instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uric acid appearing instead
+now how you make purines will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how you make purines will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how you make purines will be
+discussed in the last lecture you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the last lecture you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the last lecture you'll see
+how you make uric acid there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make uric acid there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make uric acid there
+but for now i want to discuss how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now i want to discuss how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now i want to discuss how
+we generate urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generate urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generate urea
+as a way an alternative way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way an alternative way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way an alternative way to
+deal with amino acid catabolism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with amino acid catabolism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with amino acid catabolism and
+excrete nitrogen turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen turns out that
+as we discuss how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss how you
+synthesize urea also discusses how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize urea also discusses how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize urea also discusses how we're
+going to make and break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make and break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make and break down
+arginine one of those um exception amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine one of those um exception amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine one of those um exception amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+and you'll see why arginine and urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see why arginine and urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see why arginine and urea
+are really tied um to to metabolism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really tied um to to metabolism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really tied um to to metabolism in
+the way they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they are
+and so let me just remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just remind you
+what arginine looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is the
+amino acid arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid arginine
+all right i'm going to redraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm going to redraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm going to redraw
+part of this side chain here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this side chain here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this side chain here in a
+different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and i did it that way because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i did it that way because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i did it that way because i
+want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you
+how this is related to urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i take water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking off that end of the arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off that end of the arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off that end of the arginine
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+generates urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates urea
+all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're left with after we do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this other amino acid which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other amino acid which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other amino acid which is
+not found in protein but is found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not found in protein but is found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not found in protein but is found in
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+and it is an amino acid called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is an amino acid called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is an amino acid called
+ornithine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine and so
+basically if you break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you break down
+arginine into ornithine you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine into ornithine you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine into ornithine you generate
+urea and so it should be clear that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea and so it should be clear that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea and so it should be clear that if i
+can now create a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now create a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now create a cycle
+where i take ornithine pick up a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i take ornithine pick up a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i take ornithine pick up a couple
+nitrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens
+and regenerate arginine now i have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regenerate arginine now i have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regenerate arginine now i have a way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+basically produce urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically produce urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically produce urea
+because then i can cycle arginine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then i can cycle arginine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then i can cycle arginine to
+ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine
+make urea pick up two more nitrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make urea pick up two more nitrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make urea pick up two more nitrogens
+regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+arginine and that's a way to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine and that's a way to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine and that's a way to generate
+um urea now this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um urea now this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um urea now this series of
+reactions occurs via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions occurs via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions occurs via
+a cycle called the urea cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle called the urea cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle called the urea cycle
+okay and the urea cycle was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the urea cycle was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the urea cycle was also
+described by our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by our old friend
+hans krebs so remember hans krebs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hans krebs so remember hans krebs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hans krebs so remember hans krebs
+described the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the tca cycle
+turns out the urea cycle was described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the urea cycle was described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the urea cycle was described
+by hans krebs before the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hans krebs before the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hans krebs before the tca cycle
+and is really the first cycle um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is really the first cycle um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is really the first cycle um
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+and so part of the inspiration for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so part of the inspiration for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so part of the inspiration for the
+tca cycle came because hans crabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle came because hans crabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle came because hans crabs
+already had cycles on the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had cycles on the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had cycles on the brain
+from describing the urea cycle now it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from describing the urea cycle now it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from describing the urea cycle now it is
+a common misconception that all cells do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common misconception that all cells do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common misconception that all cells do
+the urea cycle that is absolutely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urea cycle that is absolutely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urea cycle that is absolutely not
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+lots of cells carry out reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cells carry out reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cells carry out reactions that
+involve the urea cycle because it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the urea cycle because it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the urea cycle because it's also
+involved in arginine metabolism all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in arginine metabolism all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in arginine metabolism all
+right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+the urea cycle as we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urea cycle as we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urea cycle as we're going to
+describe it is really at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is really at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is really at least in
+us selective for our livers and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us selective for our livers and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us selective for our livers and our
+kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidneys
+because this is really the series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is really the series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is really the series of
+reactions that we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we run
+to net generate urea which ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to net generate urea which ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to net generate urea which ends up in
+our urine okay and so remember it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our urine okay and so remember it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our urine okay and so remember it would
+be nitrogen transported to the kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nitrogen transported to the kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nitrogen transported to the kidneys
+or the liver via glutamate or glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the liver via glutamate or glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the liver via glutamate or glutamine
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+and end up ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end up ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end up ultimately
+entering this urea cycle to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering this urea cycle to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering this urea cycle to generate
+urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea
+now this involves reactions that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this involves reactions that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this involves reactions that will
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+in multiple compartments in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multiple compartments in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multiple compartments in the cell and
+so most of it happens in the cytosol but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of it happens in the cytosol but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of it happens in the cytosol but
+there's one reaction that occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one reaction that occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one reaction that occurs in the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+and so a general overview is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a general overview is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a general overview is as follows
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i just showed you how you can start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed you how you can start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed you how you can start from
+the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+arginine and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine and generate
+the non-proteinogenic amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-proteinogenic amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-proteinogenic amino acid
+ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+this will involve production of urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will involve production of urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will involve production of urea
+all right that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that reaction
+occurs in the cytosol but the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the cytosol but the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the cytosol but the next
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+which is ornithine picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ornithine picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ornithine picking up
+a co2 as well as ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 as well as ornithine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 as well as ornithine
+picking up an ammonia to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up an ammonia to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up an ammonia to generate
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+non-proteinogenic amino acid called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-proteinogenic amino acid called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-proteinogenic amino acid called
+citrulline this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline this reaction
+occurs in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then that citrulline will pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that citrulline will pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that citrulline will pick up
+another nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nitrogen
+it shows you how it does this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you how it does this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you how it does this in a
+minute to make a molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arginosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then that argenosuccinate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that argenosuccinate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that argenosuccinate will be
+turned back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned back in
+to arnold into arginine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arnold into arginine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arnold into arginine and so
+a four-step cycle this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four-step cycle this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four-step cycle this reaction
+ornithine to citrulline happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine to citrulline happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornithine to citrulline happening in the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+and then regenerating the arginine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then regenerating the arginine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then regenerating the arginine from
+citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline
+in two steps happening in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two steps happening in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two steps happening in the cytosol
+and the arginine back to ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the arginine back to ornithine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the arginine back to ornithine
+in the cytosol to generate urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol to generate urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol to generate urea
+all right now let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's go through
+um the details of how this works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the details of how this works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the details of how this works and
+we're going to start here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start here in the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+at this ornithine to citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this ornithine to citrulline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this ornithine to citrulline
+reaction so it turns out the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it turns out the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it turns out the first
+part of this is generating a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is generating a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is generating a molecule
+referred to as carbomole phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as carbomole phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as carbomole phosphate
+i'll write that out in a second and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write that out in a second and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write that out in a second and so
+this comes from co2 which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from co2 which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from co2 which of course
+is in equilibrium and cells with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in equilibrium and cells with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in equilibrium and cells with
+bicarbonate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's bicarbonate
+just like we saw when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we saw when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we saw when we did
+carboxylation reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reactions
+if i phosphorylate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bicarbonate with atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate with atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate with atp
+this molecule here then would react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule here then would react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule here then would react with
+biotin and that was a way i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin and that was a way i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin and that was a way i did
+carboxylation reactions well it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reactions well it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reactions well it turns
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather than react with the nitrogen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than react with the nitrogen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than react with the nitrogen on
+biotin i can also react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin i can also react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin i can also react
+with ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates
+this carbamic acid intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbamic acid intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbamic acid intermediate
+which can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphorylated with adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated with adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated with adp
+again to generate this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called carbomole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called carbomole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called carbomole
+phosphate okay so carbomoyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate okay so carbomoyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate okay so carbomoyl
+phosphate turns out this whole step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate turns out this whole step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate turns out this whole step
+two atps taking co2 and ammonia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atps taking co2 and ammonia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atps taking co2 and ammonia and
+generating carbon wheel phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carbon wheel phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carbon wheel phosphate
+is carried out by a single enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carried out by a single enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carried out by a single enzyme
+this phosphate will then react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphate will then react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phosphate will then react with
+an ornithine molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this molecule which is the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrulline ornithine and citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline ornithine and citrulline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline ornithine and citrulline
+being the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the two
+major amino acids not found in protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major amino acids not found in protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major amino acids not found in protein
+all right now the citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the citrulline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the citrulline
+then in the cytosol can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the cytosol can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the cytosol can
+undergo a reaction with atp and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a reaction with atp and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a reaction with atp and it's
+easier to see if i rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see if i rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see if i rearrange
+this part here of the side chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here of the side chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part here of the side chain of
+citrulline so i'm just here going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline so i'm just here going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrulline so i'm just here going to
+draw the side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it turns out this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out this will
+react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atp okay so i'm just going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp okay so i'm just going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp okay so i'm just going to draw
+atp here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp here in a
+this stylized way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+release pyrophosphate which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release pyrophosphate which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release pyrophosphate which can be
+of course pulled forward by cleaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course pulled forward by cleaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course pulled forward by cleaving the
+pyrophosphate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate into
+two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two
+inorganic phosphate molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now you have citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have citrulline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have citrulline
+with an amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an amp
+on it and that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and that can
+react with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with an
+aspartate the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the amino acid aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+losing the amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate which is called argino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succinate so arginosuccinate why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate so arginosuccinate why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate so arginosuccinate why is it
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+that because this is a succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because this is a succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because this is a succinate
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+here and this part here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this part here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this part here is an
+arginine molecule and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine molecule and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine molecule and now
+what can happen next oh by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen next oh by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen next oh by the way this
+reaction here from uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here from uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here from uh basically
+adding citrulline to arginosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding citrulline to arginosuccinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding citrulline to arginosuccinate
+is carried out by one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carried out by one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carried out by one of my favorite
+enzyme names it's called arginosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme names it's called arginosuccinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme names it's called arginosuccinate
+synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase
+abbreviated ass so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated ass so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated ass so the
+enzyme is the ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is the ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is the ass
+enzyme ass arginosuccinate synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme ass arginosuccinate synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme ass arginosuccinate synthase
+to turn citrulline into arginosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn citrulline into arginosuccinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn citrulline into arginosuccinate
+once you have arginosuccinate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have arginosuccinate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have arginosuccinate you can
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carry out that reaction which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out that reaction which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out that reaction which will
+generate two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate two things
+from the purple half here you will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the purple half here you will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the purple half here you will now
+end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fumarate
+from the tca cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tca cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tca cycle okay
+as well as i have regenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the most tedious amino acids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most tedious amino acids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most tedious amino acids to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+which is arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have our amino acid arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so that fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that fumarate
+now needs to be of course turned back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now needs to be of course turned back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now needs to be of course turned back
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+aspartate you know how to do that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate you know how to do that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate you know how to do that i can
+take fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fumarate
+turn it into malate that's adding water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into malate that's adding water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into malate that's adding water
+that's a tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tca cycle
+then malate oxaloacetate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then malate oxaloacetate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then malate oxaloacetate that's
+nad to nadh and then oxaloacetate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad to nadh and then oxaloacetate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad to nadh and then oxaloacetate can be
+transaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminated
+into aspartate and you can basically see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into aspartate and you can basically see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into aspartate and you can basically see
+how i can run that urea cycle as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i can run that urea cycle as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i can run that urea cycle as a way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+excrete nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excrete nitrogen
+one from carbonyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from carbonyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from carbonyl phosphate
+one from aspartate to generate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from aspartate to generate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from aspartate to generate um
+urea and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea and so this
+complete cycle is actually a few cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete cycle is actually a few cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete cycle is actually a few cycles
+put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together
+sometimes referred to as krebs bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as krebs bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as krebs bicycle
+or krebs tricycle and i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or krebs tricycle and i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or krebs tricycle and i'll just
+draw it out here so if you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it out here so if you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it out here so if you start with
+argino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succinate here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinate here in the middle
+okay that argeno succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that argeno succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that argeno succinate
+will generate fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arginine
+okay arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay arginine
+into ornithine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will allow generation of urea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow generation of urea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow generation of urea
+ornithine can be turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+citrulline picking up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbomole phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbomole phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbomole phosphate
+which of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from co2 plus ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from co2 plus ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from co2 plus ammonia
+that citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and aspartate come together to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aspartate come together to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aspartate come together to give you
+argenosuccinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argenosuccinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argenosuccinate
+and then that fumarate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that fumarate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that fumarate can
+run by the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by the tca
+cycle to generate malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to generate malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to generate malate
+okay so that's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malate can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate can be used to
+generate oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate oxaloacetate
+so that is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is of course
+okay that oxaloacetate can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that oxaloacetate can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that oxaloacetate can be used
+to generate aspartate that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate aspartate that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate aspartate that's a
+transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination
+reaction so the transamination reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the transamination reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the transamination reaction
+so of course glutamate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course glutamate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course glutamate to
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+and then glutamate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then glutamate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then glutamate to
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+this is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the glutamate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the glutamate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the glutamate dehydrogenase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+can bring the nitrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring the nitrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring the nitrogen in
+and so this here complete cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here complete cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here complete cycle
+which you'll see is actually balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll see is actually balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll see is actually balanced
+with respect to both electrons because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to both electrons because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to both electrons because
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate dehydrogenase reaction and the
+malate oxaloacetate direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate oxaloacetate direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malate oxaloacetate direction
+as well as all the nitrogen really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as all the nitrogen really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as all the nitrogen really
+allows you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to take
+nitrogen as ammonia put it in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen as ammonia put it in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen as ammonia put it in the system
+as aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as aspartate
+use that to combine with citrulline to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to combine with citrulline to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to combine with citrulline to
+make arginosuccinate go to arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arginosuccinate go to arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arginosuccinate go to arginine
+make urea with the other nitrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make urea with the other nitrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make urea with the other nitrogens
+coming from carbon oil phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from carbon oil phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from carbon oil phosphate
+to generate the the citrulline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the the citrulline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the the citrulline
+and so the ammonia that's brought to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the ammonia that's brought to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the ammonia that's brought to the
+liver in the kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver in the kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver in the kidneys
+via glutamate or glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via glutamate or glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via glutamate or glutamine
+can then be incorporated into aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be incorporated into aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be incorporated into aspartate
+and carbonyl phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbonyl phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbonyl phosphate
+and ultimately excreted as ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately excreted as ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately excreted as ammonia
+you can see that there's lots of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's lots of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's lots of atp
+that's required here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required here
+you need two atp here to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need two atp here to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need two atp here to generate
+carbonyl phosphate and you need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl phosphate and you need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl phosphate and you need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the argino succinate synthase step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the argino succinate synthase step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the argino succinate synthase step
+to generate argino succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate argino succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate argino succinate
+and you also need co2 but the net effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also need co2 but the net effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also need co2 but the net effect
+is that you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you generate
+urea okay i know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea okay i know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea okay i know that
+the urea cycle is complicated i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urea cycle is complicated i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urea cycle is complicated i will
+start out next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out next time
+running through another review of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through another review of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through another review of it
+just to make sure you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure you have it
+clear thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7b55QERrN1I.txt b/7b55QERrN1I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3b0adb5b7e4bac177dbfe6ff7b67750c2625fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7b55QERrN1I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+this is class 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is class 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is class 31
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+listed on the syllabus for today's date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the syllabus for today's date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the syllabus for today's date
+i'm sticking with the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sticking with the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sticking with the numbers
+on the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the syllabus
+we took one class out of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took one class out of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took one class out of order
+the one neville gave that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one neville gave that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one neville gave that was
+class 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay at the end of the last hour we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the end of the last hour we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the end of the last hour we were
+talking about the clever bucy syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the clever bucy syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the clever bucy syndrome
+due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+large temporal lobe removals and monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i said that the visual parts of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said that the visual parts of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said that the visual parts of that
+syndrome were due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome were due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome were due to
+the infra temporal neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inferior convolution of the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior convolution of the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior convolution of the temporal
+lobe in the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe in the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe in the monkey
+and if you make lesions of just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make lesions of just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make lesions of just that
+area just in for temporal neocortex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just in for temporal neocortex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just in for temporal neocortex you
+get only visual effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you don't go too deep that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't go too deep that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't go too deep that is if you
+go very deep you might get some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very deep you might get some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very deep you might get some of the
+optic radiations coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic radiations coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic radiations coming from the
+geniculate body and cause an upper field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body and cause an upper field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body and cause an upper field
+defect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect but
+otherwise you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you don't get
+field defects that is you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field defects that is you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field defects that is you don't get a
+scotoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scotoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scotoma
+you don't get a blind area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a blind area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a blind area
+but they're not they have problems they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not they have problems they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not they have problems they
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+they have trouble problems with the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have trouble problems with the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have trouble problems with the more
+complicated shapes and patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that area gets its inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that area gets its inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that area gets its inputs
+visual inputs in three different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs in three different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs in three different ways
+and this is really true for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortical areas okay they get trent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas okay they get trent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas okay they get trent they
+get transcortical input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get transcortical input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get transcortical input
+in this case it's coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's coming from the
+striate cortex but not directly it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striate cortex but not directly it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striate cortex but not directly it comes
+goes from stride to the juxtastride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from stride to the juxtastride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from stride to the juxtastride
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+areas near strike cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas near strike cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas near strike cortex
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+also association areas they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also association areas they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also association areas they're the
+secondary areas and then it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary areas and then it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary areas and then it goes from
+there to these tertiary areas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to these tertiary areas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to these tertiary areas like
+infra-temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we think that's the main way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think that's the main way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think that's the main way
+main visual inputs come that way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main visual inputs come that way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main visual inputs come that way but
+there's also subcortical inputs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also subcortical inputs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also subcortical inputs it's
+connected to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to this
+the lateral thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral thalamus
+a part of the lateral thalamus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the lateral thalamus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the lateral thalamus that's
+become very enlarged in the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very enlarged in the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very enlarged in the higher
+primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates
+it's so big it looks like a big pillow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so big it looks like a big pillow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so big it looks like a big pillow
+in the back of the thalamus we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the thalamus we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the thalamus we call it
+the pulvinar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulvinar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulvinar
+which is a word that means pillow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a word that means pillow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a word that means pillow the
+pulvin are nucleus the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the pulvin arc does get some input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pulvin arc does get some input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pulvin arc does get some input
+from the superior colliculus so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the superior colliculus so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the superior colliculus so it does
+get some visual input that we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some visual input that we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some visual input that we think that
+parts of it may not get this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it may not get this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it may not get this kind of
+extrinsic input at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic input at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic input at all
+it might get it only from the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might get it only from the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might get it only from the cortex
+then in addition there's a third kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition there's a third kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition there's a third kind of
+input that comes from the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that comes from the opposite side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that comes from the opposite side
+of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+now why would it need that well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would it need that well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would it need that well there's
+multiple reasons why you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple reasons why you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple reasons why you might want to
+talk one part one side of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk one part one side of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk one part one side of the brain
+might want to talk to the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to talk to the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to talk to the other part
+maybe sometimes your right hand doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sometimes your right hand doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sometimes your right hand doesn't
+know what your left hand is doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your left hand is doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your left hand is doing and
+it's literally true in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literally true in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literally true in some cases
+but usually because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually because of
+inputs across the corpus callosum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs across the corpus callosum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs across the corpus callosum
+there is communication between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is communication between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is communication between the two
+sides and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and in this case
+there are receptive fields if you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are receptive fields if you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are receptive fields if you record
+from the neurons in for temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the neurons in for temporal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the neurons in for temporal cortex
+you find receptive fields that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find receptive fields that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find receptive fields that are not
+limited to just one half of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to just one half of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to just one half of the visual
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if they're not limited to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're not limited to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're not limited to the side
+the visual field half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual field half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual field half
+of the strike cortex that's providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strike cortex that's providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strike cortex that's providing
+their input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their input
+then the only way they could get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only way they could get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only way they could get the
+input would be from the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input would be from the opposite side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input would be from the opposite side
+and that's what happens the receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what happens the receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what happens the receptive
+fields generally include the fovea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields generally include the fovea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields generally include the fovea and
+they're very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those inputs also some of them go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inputs also some of them go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inputs also some of them go
+through the anterior commissure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the anterior commissure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the anterior commissure
+which is just like the corpus callosum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just like the corpus callosum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just like the corpus callosum
+except that it connects olfactory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it connects olfactory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it connects olfactory areas
+in addition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition but
+it connects the temporal lobes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects the temporal lobes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects the temporal lobes on the
+two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now besides this these very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now besides this these very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now besides this these very large
+receptive fields include the fovea they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields include the fovea they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields include the fovea they
+are they also vary they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they also vary they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they also vary they have very
+interesting response properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting response properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting response properties that
+correspond to the behavioral findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the behavioral findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the behavioral findings
+of the lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lesions
+they respond best to very complex shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they respond best to very complex shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they respond best to very complex shapes
+i'm not going to go through all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go through all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go through all of them
+i'd like you to look at this textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to look at this textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to look at this textbook
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+if you've not read that take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've not read that take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've not read that take a look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+i've listed it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've listed it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've listed it for you
+and they summarize some of the work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they summarize some of the work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they summarize some of the work on
+infra-temple cortex unit recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infra-temple cortex unit recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infra-temple cortex unit recording
+since that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that time
+there have been other findings they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been other findings they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been other findings they find
+some units there that will respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some units there that will respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some units there that will respond
+specifically to monkey faces or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to monkey faces or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to monkey faces or to
+monkey hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i want to do is focus now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do is focus now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do is focus now on the
+lesion effects because this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion effects because this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion effects because this is a very
+important type of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important type of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important type of study
+that applies to humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to humans
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the i want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the i want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the i want you to think about
+this this is a series of three lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a series of three lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a series of three lesions
+and make a stride cortex solution on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a stride cortex solution on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a stride cortex solution on one
+side what would that do by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying to make a lesion of the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying to make a lesion of the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying to make a lesion of the left
+strike cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike cortex
+what would happen to the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the monkey
+big skatoma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big skatoma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big skatoma right
+big blind area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind area
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+right half the visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half the visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half the visual field
+okay the line would go right through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the line would go right through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the line would go right through the
+fixation point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation point
+which would be the center of the fovea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be the center of the fovea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be the center of the fovea
+okay and the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then they make an infra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then they make an infra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then they make an infra
+temporal cortex lesion on the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex lesion on the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex lesion on the opposite
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do
+well actually it doesn't do very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually it doesn't do very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually it doesn't do very much
+these monkeys behave pretty well unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these monkeys behave pretty well unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these monkeys behave pretty well unless
+they make a third lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a third lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a third lesion
+posterior part of the corpus callosum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior part of the corpus callosum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior part of the corpus callosum
+then suddenly the monkey acts like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly the monkey acts like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly the monkey acts like he's
+got a bilateral infra-temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bilateral infra-temporal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bilateral infra-temporal cortex
+lesion so what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion so what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion so what's going on
+you see we're disconnecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we're disconnecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we're disconnecting
+the visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex
+from the infra-temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the infra-temporal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the infra-temporal cortex
+let's just look at that here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at that here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at that here's the
+the basic anatomy of transcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic anatomy of transcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic anatomy of transcortical
+connections that you need to know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that you need to know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that you need to know to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+what i've just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've just said
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the back here
+there you see my the dot that striate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see my the dot that striate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see my the dot that striate
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+a lot of strike cortex is exposed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of strike cortex is exposed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of strike cortex is exposed on the
+surface of the monkey brain inhuman at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the monkey brain inhuman at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the monkey brain inhuman at
+very little most of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little most of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little most of its
+buried in sulcite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in sulcite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in sulcite
+okay and that cortex we know connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that cortex we know connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that cortex we know connects to
+adjoining cortex it connects to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining cortex it connects to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining cortex it connects to this
+belt of cortex we call the juxtastride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt of cortex we call the juxtastride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt of cortex we call the juxtastride
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+and that's been known for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been known for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been known for a long time
+but now we also know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we also know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we also know that there are
+actually multiple representations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually multiple representations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually multiple representations of the
+visual world in in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual world in in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual world in in these
+adjoining cortical areas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining cortical areas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining cortical areas okay
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+this is input this is meant to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is input this is meant to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is input this is meant to represent
+the infra-temporal cortex and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infra-temporal cortex and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infra-temporal cortex and it gets
+its inputs from this belt of cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inputs from this belt of cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inputs from this belt of cortex
+surrounder is 17. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounder is 17. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounder is 17. okay
+and then the colossal connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the colossal connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the colossal connections
+go between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mostly between the juxtapod areas now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly between the juxtapod areas now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly between the juxtapod areas now
+there are some input cortex connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some input cortex connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some input cortex connections
+mostly through the anterior commissure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly through the anterior commissure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly through the anterior commissure
+also coming over there but the main one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also coming over there but the main one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also coming over there but the main one
+is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one
+between these areas so now here's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these areas so now here's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these areas so now here's those
+lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions
+lesion one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion one
+first lesion strike cortex on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lesion strike cortex on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lesion strike cortex on one side
+and these were these are actual studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were these are actual studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were these are actual studies
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's funny on my maybe i'll put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny on my maybe i'll put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny on my maybe i'll put it in
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was going to tell you who did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are studies of michigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's an investigator very well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an investigator very well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an investigator very well known
+investigator at the national institutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator at the national institutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator at the national institutes
+of health in washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health in washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health in washington
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+the laboratories they have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratories they have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratories they have there
+okay so he made his group made lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he made his group made lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he made his group made lesions
+of the stride on one side and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stride on one side and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stride on one side and that
+caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused the
+hemianopia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemianopia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemianopia
+we call it lack of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it lack of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it lack of vision
+in one half the visual field and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one half the visual field and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one half the visual field and then he
+made the infra-temporal cortex lesion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the infra-temporal cortex lesion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the infra-temporal cortex lesion on
+the opposite side but you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side but you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side but you can see here
+why didn't the animal show much defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't the animal show much defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't the animal show much defect
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+because input coming into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because input coming into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because input coming into the right
+stride cortex can still get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stride cortex can still get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stride cortex can still get to the
+opposite infant temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite infant temporal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite infant temporal cortex
+see most of it is going to go across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see most of it is going to go across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see most of it is going to go across
+the close from there the posture into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close from there the posture into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close from there the posture into
+the clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clothes
+knowing that anatomy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that anatomy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that anatomy then
+he made a third lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made a third lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made a third lesion
+just severing the posterior part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just severing the posterior part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just severing the posterior part of the
+corpuscles and that was the lesion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpuscles and that was the lesion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpuscles and that was the lesion that
+caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused
+the drastic defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drastic defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drastic defects
+now i want you to think about humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretend that that's a human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have
+in the left hemisphere of the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left hemisphere of the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left hemisphere of the temporal
+lobe of the human brain that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe of the human brain that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe of the human brain that's different
+from the right hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speech areas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech areas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech areas right
+in order to understand written or spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand written or spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand written or spoken
+language humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language humans
+need this cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this cortex
+the temporal lobe association cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal lobe association cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal lobe association cortex
+okay in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's say
+we have a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a person
+that has this kind of lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this kind of lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this kind of lesion
+there was a patient of norman gashwins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a patient of norman gashwins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a patient of norman gashwins
+a neurologist very well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neurologist very well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neurologist very well-known
+neurologist in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist in boston
+he's not alive anymore but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not alive anymore but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not alive anymore but he
+was the first modern neurologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first modern neurologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first modern neurologist
+behavioral neurologist to make clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral neurologist to make clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral neurologist to make clear the
+nature of disconnection syndromes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of disconnection syndromes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of disconnection syndromes and
+i'm going to describe now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to describe now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to describe now a
+disconnection syndrome in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnection syndrome in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnection syndrome in humans
+okay a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a person
+that had an infarct a vascular lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had an infarct a vascular lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had an infarct a vascular lesion
+that destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that destroyed
+the visual cortex on the left but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex on the left but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex on the left but
+because of the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the distribution of the
+artery that was blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery that was blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery that was blocked
+she also suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also suffered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also suffered
+the lesion spread to the caudal end or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesion spread to the caudal end or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesion spread to the caudal end or
+splenium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splenium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splenium
+of the corpus callosum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corpus callosum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corpus callosum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that was her lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she could not read at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could not read at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could not read at all
+after this lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this lesion
+now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why
+she's still got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's still got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's still got
+her right visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her right visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her right visual cortex
+she's got a right temporal lobe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got a right temporal lobe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got a right temporal lobe and the
+connections to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to it
+the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was
+that there was no way for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no way for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no way for the
+information to get from stride cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to get from stride cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to get from stride cortex
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the speech system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech system
+in the left hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left hemisphere
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so she had a disconnection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she had a disconnection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she had a disconnection
+between her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between her
+the mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms of
+speech and her va her vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and her va her vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and her va her vision
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see a human being can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see a human being can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see a human being can be
+literally carved into parts with brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally carved into parts with brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally carved into parts with brain
+damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+it's best known in the case of colossal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best known in the case of colossal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best known in the case of colossal
+split brain people that have the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split brain people that have the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split brain people that have the entire
+collosum section but this was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collosum section but this was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collosum section but this was the first
+case in modern times of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in modern times of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in modern times of a
+clear effect of the corpus callosum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you show her a word she could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you show her a word she could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you show her a word she could not
+write it with the right hand but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with the right hand but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it with the right hand but she
+could with the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a neurologist here in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a neurologist here in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a neurologist here in the front
+rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just going to mention to you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to mention to you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to mention to you here
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is another pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another pathway
+let's draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw that
+monkey hemisphere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one we had on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we had on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we had on the previous
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and here's stride cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's stride cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's stride cortex
+there is another pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that starts here in strike cortex goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts here in strike cortex goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts here in strike cortex goes
+to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these
+areas of joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of joining
+and then rather than going into input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rather than going into input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rather than going into input
+temporal cortex like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex like that
+goes like this across to the prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this across to the prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this across to the prefrontal
+cortex in front of the the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex in front of the the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex in front of the the central
+fissure in the prefrontal areas in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissure in the prefrontal areas in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissure in the prefrontal areas in an
+area we call the frontal eye fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we call the frontal eye fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we call the frontal eye fields
+because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know
+if you stimulate there you get eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate there you get eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate there you get eye
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+and it's been found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been found
+it's important for more than just eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important for more than just eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important for more than just eye
+movements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements okay
+they found they now you'll see in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found they now you'll see in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found they now you'll see in in the
+books they constantly talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books they constantly talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books they constantly talk about
+the ventral stream going from visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream going from visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream going from visual
+cortex into the temporal lobe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex into the temporal lobe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex into the temporal lobe and the
+dorsal stream going into the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal stream going into the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal stream going into the frontal
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find that
+pattern and shape discriminations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and shape discriminations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and shape discriminations are
+influenced by this ventral strain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by this ventral strain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by this ventral strain the
+ability for a person or a monkey to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for a person or a monkey to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for a person or a monkey to
+identify objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify objects
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which we know the strike cortex is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know the strike cortex is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know the strike cortex is very
+important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+but to do that you need your association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do that you need your association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do that you need your association
+areas as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas as well
+whereas this more dorsal pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this more dorsal pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this more dorsal pathway is
+important in spatial orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we see larger objects and judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we see larger objects and judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we see larger objects and judge
+their orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their orientation
+their location and so forth we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their location and so forth we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their location and so forth we're using
+the dorsal pathway now is that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal pathway now is that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal pathway now is that seems
+strange doesn't it we can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange doesn't it we can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange doesn't it we can identify
+things without being able to make out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things without being able to make out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things without being able to make out
+their spatial arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their spatial arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their spatial arrangement
+but that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly
+how vision is divided up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+that's the how the work that was started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the how the work that was started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the how the work that was started
+with the hamster work and then later rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hamster work and then later rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hamster work and then later rat
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with subcortical and cortical lesions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with subcortical and cortical lesions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with subcortical and cortical lesions it
+led to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to this
+division of function within the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of function within the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of function within the human
+hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now let's say a little more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say a little more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say a little more about the
+subcortical areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lesions of superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions of superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions of superior colliculus
+i'll talk about the adult hamstring rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about the adult hamstring rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about the adult hamstring rat
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+but then i'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then i'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then i'm going to say
+what happens when you make those lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you make those lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you make those lesions
+in babies because the effects are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in babies because the effects are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in babies because the effects are not
+the same and then we'll say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and then we'll say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and then we'll say a little bit
+at the end about a few other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+remember the two visual systems diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the two visual systems diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the two visual systems diagram
+i said that if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said that if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said that if you just
+undercut the colliculus or ablated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the colliculus or ablated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the colliculus or ablated
+you get this loss of visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this loss of visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this loss of visually
+visual oriented movements they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual oriented movements they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual oriented movements they don't
+turn accurately anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn accurately anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn accurately anymore
+you show them things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show them things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show them things
+that you know they want because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they want because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they want because they're
+hungry and they want to turn to or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and they want to turn to or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and they want to turn to or they
+love sunflower seeds they'll they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sunflower seeds they'll they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sunflower seeds they'll they love
+sunflower seeds even if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunflower seeds even if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunflower seeds even if they're not
+hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+why is that because they're hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because they're hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because they're hamsters
+they're hoarders they put it in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hoarders they put it in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hoarders they put it in their
+cheek pouches and save it for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheek pouches and save it for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheek pouches and save it for later
+that's one reason we like to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason we like to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason we like to work with
+hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters
+don't have to make them hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to make them hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to make them hungry
+they just sit there when you show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just sit there when you show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just sit there when you show them
+things and you would swear they're blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you would swear they're blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you would swear they're blind
+and when i first saw this i thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i first saw this i thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i first saw this i thought they
+were blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were blind
+i thought gosh they discovered an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought gosh they discovered an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought gosh they discovered an animal
+that doesn't fit the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't fit the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't fit the classic
+descriptions of kluber and lashley at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of kluber and lashley at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of kluber and lashley at
+all because he's blind without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because he's blind without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because he's blind without a
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+without the midbrain tectum he's got his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the midbrain tectum he's got his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the midbrain tectum he's got his
+visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+this is animals with just the colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is animals with just the colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is animals with just the colliculus
+lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion
+but in fact they do see patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact they do see patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact they do see patterns
+they just can't orient to them you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just can't orient to them you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just can't orient to them you say
+well how can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how can you tell
+he can't tell he can't tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't tell he can't tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't tell he can't tell you the
+hamster can't talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster can't talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster can't talk to you
+so he doesn't how do you know he can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he doesn't how do you know he can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he doesn't how do you know he can see
+patterns well we can give him a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns well we can give him a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns well we can give him a problem
+where he he's put on a little apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he he's put on a little apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he he's put on a little apparatus
+and he has to approach two doorways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has to approach two doorways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has to approach two doorways
+okay and one doorway is unlocked and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one doorway is unlocked and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one doorway is unlocked and one
+doorway is locked and we always lock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorway is locked and we always lock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorway is locked and we always lock the
+doorway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorway
+you know with the vertical stripes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the vertical stripes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the vertical stripes and
+leave the door open with the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the door open with the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the door open with the horizontal
+stripes and then we vary the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes and then we vary the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes and then we vary the position
+trying to fool the animal so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fool the animal so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fool the animal so we can't
+just learn to go right or left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn to go right or left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn to go right or left
+and these animals can solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these animals can solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these animals can solve that problem
+but the way they do it is they don't sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way they do it is they don't sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way they do it is they don't sit
+back from them and make an orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from them and make an orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from them and make an orienting
+movement and then go to the correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and then go to the correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and then go to the correct one
+instead they always follow the same path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they always follow the same path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they always follow the same path
+and they stop in front of each door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they stop in front of each door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they stop in front of each door and
+they make a choice yes or no then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a choice yes or no then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a choice yes or no then they
+go to the next door yes or no when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next door yes or no when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next door yes or no when
+they're learning sometimes they say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're learning sometimes they say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're learning sometimes they say no
+to both of them and then they go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both of them and then they go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both of them and then they go all the
+way back to the start start over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to the start start over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to the start start over again
+do it again whereas a normal animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again whereas a normal animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again whereas a normal animal is
+orienting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting from
+from a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distance
+and i noticed these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i noticed these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i noticed these things
+and i knew they had problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i knew they had problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i knew they had problems with
+orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so as long as i counted it correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as i counted it correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as i counted it correct
+accounted it wrong only if they pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted it wrong only if they pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted it wrong only if they pushed
+on the wrong door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wrong door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wrong door
+actually pushed on it and not just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pushed on it and not just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pushed on it and not just if
+they approached it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they approached it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they approached it
+then they could do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they could do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they could do well
+if i counted the errors differently made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i counted the errors differently made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i counted the errors differently made
+them orient at a distance to the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them orient at a distance to the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them orient at a distance to the correct
+door then they would fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door then they would fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door then they would fail
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i found out that the response you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i found out that the response you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i found out that the response you
+require of an animal makes a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of an animal makes a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of an animal makes a huge
+difference in these tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in these tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in these tests
+just like the person if you require them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the person if you require them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the person if you require them
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+tell you in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in words
+what something is but they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something is but they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something is but they've got a
+disconnection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnection
+from their speech areas they can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their speech areas they can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their speech areas they can't do it
+but if you let give them another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you let give them another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you let give them another kind of
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+then they can do it use reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can do it use reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can do it use reaching
+movements that are connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that are connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that are connected to the
+visual areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's not always done and neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not always done and neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not always done and neural
+modern neurologists still make that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern neurologists still make that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern neurologists still make that kind
+of mistake and they still misinterpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mistake and they still misinterpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mistake and they still misinterpret
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+when they if they don't realize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they if they don't realize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they if they don't realize this
+that this kind of disconnection can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of disconnection can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of disconnection can
+occur so what's happened here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so what's happened here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so what's happened here is that
+the orienting mechanisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orienting mechanisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orienting mechanisms are
+disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected
+from the visual input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the visual input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the visual input
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they can't orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't orient
+but they can solve the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can solve the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can solve the pattern
+discrimination and remember the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and remember the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and remember the animals
+without the visual cortex are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the visual cortex are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the visual cortex are the
+opposite they can orient fine but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite they can orient fine but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite they can orient fine but they
+can't solve pattern discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve pattern discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve pattern discrimination
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+i found later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found later
+that those lesions also cause a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those lesions also cause a loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those lesions also cause a loss of
+anti-predator behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior so
+these animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals
+these little animals are preyed upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little animals are preyed upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little animals are preyed upon
+animals and if there's a hawk overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and if there's a hawk overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and if there's a hawk overhead
+approaching the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the animal
+they will orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will orient
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+they freeze that's their orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they freeze that's their orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they freeze that's their orienting
+movement they freeze when they see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement they freeze when they see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement they freeze when they see that
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+you know the hawk flies towards them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the hawk flies towards them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the hawk flies towards them
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+when he's approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's approaching
+the stimulus is getting larger in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus is getting larger in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus is getting larger in his
+visual field then they run like hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field then they run like hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field then they run like hell
+and often they'll run right towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often they'll run right towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often they'll run right towards the
+hawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawk
+the reason is the huck will then overfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is the huck will then overfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is the huck will then overfly
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's anti-predator behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's anti-predator behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's anti-predator behavior
+freezing and running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing and running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing and running
+okay and that also that's very dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that also that's very dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that also that's very dependent
+on the spirit colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spirit colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spirit colliculus
+and that was found in the hamsters first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was found in the hamsters first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was found in the hamsters first
+and then also in rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most of these things have been found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these things have been found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these things have been found in
+both of those species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those species
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then i got interested in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then i got interested in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then i got interested in early
+brain lesions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain lesions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain lesions because
+the literature on humans and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature on humans and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature on humans and there was
+some on the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some on the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some on the cat
+that showed that sometimes early lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed that sometimes early lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed that sometimes early lesions
+have much less effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much less effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much less effect
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+i began to wonder what sense did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i began to wonder what sense did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i began to wonder what sense did that
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+you know if you can make the same lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can make the same lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can make the same lesion
+early in life and it doesn't cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in life and it doesn't cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in life and it doesn't cause the
+same defects maybe we're not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same defects maybe we're not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same defects maybe we're not thinking
+properly about what these structures do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly about what these structures do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly about what these structures do
+but i also know that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also know that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also know that maybe
+something's changing in the brain after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's changing in the brain after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's changing in the brain after
+you make an early lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make an early lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make an early lesion
+and i was where i had begun working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was where i had begun working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was where i had begun working with
+professor valen nauta here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor valen nauta here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor valen nauta here at mit
+learning neuroanatomy i wanted to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning neuroanatomy i wanted to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning neuroanatomy i wanted to see if
+in fact we were changing the anatomy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we were changing the anatomy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we were changing the anatomy of
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+and that is what i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i would make early lesions i would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would make early lesions i would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would make early lesions i would get
+some sparing of orienting movements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sparing of orienting movements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sparing of orienting movements but
+then i found out there was a reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i found out there was a reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i found out there was a reason for
+that they developed connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they developed connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they developed connections that
+didn't exist in the normal animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me go through some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go through some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go through some of that
+with some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the left here is a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here is a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here is a picture of the
+adult hamster brain that's still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult hamster brain that's still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult hamster brain that's still in the
+skull there these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull there these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull there these are
+tear glands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear glands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear glands
+here's the olfactory bulbs in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the olfactory bulbs in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the olfactory bulbs in front
+the right and left hemisphere here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and left hemisphere here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and left hemisphere here you
+see the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the midbrain
+not fully covered by the hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully covered by the hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully covered by the hemisphere
+and there's the cerebellum and hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the cerebellum and hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the cerebellum and hindbrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well here's the brain of a newborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the brain of a newborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the brain of a newborn
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+note that the hemispheres are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the hemispheres are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the hemispheres are much
+tinier because a lot of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinier because a lot of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinier because a lot of their
+development is postnatal cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is postnatal cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is postnatal cellular
+migrations are still happening remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrations are still happening remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrations are still happening remember
+we talked about migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about migration
+from the ventricular layer up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ventricular layer up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ventricular layer up to the
+cortical layers and development that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical layers and development that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical layers and development that's
+still going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there's a lot of development to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of development to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of development to do and
+here the entire midbrain is exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the entire midbrain is exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the entire midbrain is exposed
+under a very thin bone i've removed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a very thin bone i've removed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a very thin bone i've removed the
+bone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone here
+here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+two thirds of it is covered two thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds of it is covered two thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds of it is covered two thirds
+or more here it's exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more here it's exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more here it's exposed
+and the cerebellum is hardly developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cerebellum is hardly developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cerebellum is hardly developed
+at all most of the development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all most of the development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all most of the development of the
+cerebellum is post-natal in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is post-natal in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is post-natal in these
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+well i learned that i could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i learned that i could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i learned that i could make a
+lesion of the spirit folliculus here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion of the spirit folliculus here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion of the spirit folliculus here i
+could ablate it in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ablate it in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ablate it in fact
+soon after birth just by by applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after birth just by by applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after birth just by by applying
+heat to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to that
+curdled cartilage like skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curdled cartilage like skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curdled cartilage like skull
+okay and i could destroy the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i could destroy the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i could destroy the underlying
+tissue with heat without ever opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue with heat without ever opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue with heat without ever opening
+the skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull
+so it's actually much easier to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually much easier to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually much easier to make
+lesions in the baby than it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in the baby than it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in the baby than it is in the
+adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i also made lesions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also made lesions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also made lesions of
+the visual cortex in the posterior part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex in the posterior part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex in the posterior part
+of the hemisphere up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this
+summarizes some of the things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes some of the things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes some of the things that were
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+here on the left is a diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left is a diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left is a diagram of the
+optic tract just showing a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract just showing a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract just showing a group of
+fibers here coming through the chiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers here coming through the chiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers here coming through the chiasm
+terminating in the two geniculate bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating in the two geniculate bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating in the two geniculate bodies
+here's the dorsal geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the dorsal geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the dorsal geniculate
+that projects to the strike cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that projects to the strike cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that projects to the strike cortex
+here it's going over the protectal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going over the protectal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going over the protectal area
+the longest axons are terminating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest axons are terminating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest axons are terminating in the
+spherical colliculus i'm also showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical colliculus i'm also showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical colliculus i'm also showing
+that the spirit colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spirit colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spirit colliculus
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+to the lateral thalamus and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lateral thalamus and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lateral thalamus and to the
+one part of the january body actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the january body actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the january body actually
+now we know it projects to both parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know it projects to both parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know it projects to both parts of
+the tranquil body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tranquil body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tranquil body
+but more heavily in that ventral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more heavily in that ventral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more heavily in that ventral part
+okay so now i remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i remove
+the whole retinal terminal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole retinal terminal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole retinal terminal area
+in the colliculus just to blade it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the colliculus just to blade it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the colliculus just to blade it
+so now what do the axons do they grow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do the axons do they grow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do the axons do they grow in
+they're actually still forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually still forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually still forming
+terminations at the time i do this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations at the time i do this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations at the time i do this okay
+what happens is that they regrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that they regrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that they regrow
+but now their target air is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now their target air is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now their target air is missing
+some of them terminate there anyway they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them terminate there anyway they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them terminate there anyway they
+terminate in deeper layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in deeper layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in deeper layers
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+as many of them can terminate there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many of them can terminate there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many of them can terminate there's
+many fewer terminations but some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer terminations but some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer terminations but some of them
+do terminate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do terminate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do terminate there
+but they also sprout connections new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also sprout connections new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also sprout connections new
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+back in the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the thalamus
+in those mainly in the two areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those mainly in the two areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those mainly in the two areas
+that have lost their normal input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have lost their normal input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have lost their normal input from
+the colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculus
+this kind of this what you would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of this what you would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of this what you would call
+collateral sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you would call it regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would call it regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would call it regeneration
+these accidents have regrown they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accidents have regrown they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accidents have regrown they've
+been severed by the early lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been severed by the early lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been severed by the early lesion
+but you also get collateral sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also get collateral sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also get collateral sprouting
+okay so now we've got three abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got three abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got three abnormal
+terminations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations okay
+here they are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are here
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i found that this one here is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found that this one here is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found that this one here is the one
+that's important for orienting movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for orienting movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for orienting movements
+the sparing of orienting movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is just what i got through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just what i got through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just what i got through
+telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we look at a section now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at a section now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at a section now i'm
+showing you a section of an animal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a section of an animal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a section of an animal where
+i did that lesion on only one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did that lesion on only one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did that lesion on only one side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so on the left here you see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left here you see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left here you see what the
+normal hamster brain looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal hamster brain looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal hamster brain looks like in
+frontal section here's neocortex up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal section here's neocortex up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal section here's neocortex up here
+there's the peel surface here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the peel surface here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the peel surface here's the
+white matter down here there you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter down here there you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter down here there you see it
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+from peel surface here the white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from peel surface here the white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from peel surface here the white matter
+here there's the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's the ventricle
+it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+you don't really see a fluid space there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see a fluid space there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see a fluid space there
+but there is a little fluid in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a little fluid in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a little fluid in it
+hippocampus would be beginning right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus would be beginning right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus would be beginning right
+there you don't see most of it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you don't see most of it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you don't see most of it in this
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+okay so now here's the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now here's the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now here's the midbrain
+there's the aqueduct the ventricle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the aqueduct the ventricle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the aqueduct the ventricle of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+midbrain there's the central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain there's the central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain there's the central gray
+and here's the colliculus it goes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the colliculus it goes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the colliculus it goes all
+the way from the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way from the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way from the midline
+clear over to here the superficial layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear over to here the superficial layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear over to here the superficial layer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+on the right it's just missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right it's just missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right it's just missing
+you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see
+a big scar you don't see inflammatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big scar you don't see inflammatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big scar you don't see inflammatory
+reaction it just looks like the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it just looks like the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it just looks like the animal
+has a congenital absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a congenital absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a congenital absence of the
+colliculus and it's characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus and it's characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus and it's characteristic of
+many early lesions that's been noted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many early lesions that's been noted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many early lesions that's been noted by
+some neuropathologists and humans also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some neuropathologists and humans also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some neuropathologists and humans also
+when they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they look at
+babies that have had some destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies that have had some destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies that have had some destruction
+real early they'll show this lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real early they'll show this lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real early they'll show this lack of
+gliosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliosis
+that's more characteristic of older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more characteristic of older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more characteristic of older
+animals in fact when these lesions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in fact when these lesions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in fact when these lesions are
+made these animals don't simply don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made these animals don't simply don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made these animals don't simply don't
+have the same kind of allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same kind of allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same kind of allele
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+okay so what i found was that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i found was that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i found was that there are
+optic tract axons coming in over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract axons coming in over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract axons coming in over the
+surface normally they would be way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface normally they would be way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface normally they would be way up
+here and they would be terminating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they would be terminating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they would be terminating the
+superficial layers there are some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers there are some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers there are some that
+terminate right here but if i've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate right here but if i've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate right here but if i've made
+the lesion on only one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesion on only one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesion on only one side
+some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+actually sneak across the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sneak across the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sneak across the midline
+and grow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow in
+to the superficial layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the superficial layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the superficial layers
+on the wrong side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wrong side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wrong side
+i got very interested in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got very interested in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got very interested in that kind of
+connection okay let me show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection okay let me show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection okay let me show you what
+these brain stems look like if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these brain stems look like if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these brain stems look like if we just
+do a dissection okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a dissection okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a dissection okay
+this is a normal hamster brain stem let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a normal hamster brain stem let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a normal hamster brain stem let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+explain it to you here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it to you here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it to you here there's a
+millimeter grid there in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter grid there in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter grid there in the background
+give you an idea how big it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea how big it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea how big it is
+okay so what's that up there olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's that up there olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's that up there olfactory
+bulbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs
+what's way at the caudal in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behind the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the midbrain
+it's all hindbrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all hindbrain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all hindbrain okay
+well i've removed the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i've removed the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i've removed the cerebellum
+maybe some of you remember your sheep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you remember your sheep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you remember your sheep
+brain dissections i pulled off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dissections i pulled off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dissections i pulled off the
+cerebellum there that's the cerebellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum there that's the cerebellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum there that's the cerebellar
+peduncle there here's the inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle there here's the inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle there here's the inferior
+colliculi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculi
+here's the superior colliculi there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the superior colliculi there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the superior colliculi there's
+the optic tract i've adjusted the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tract i've adjusted the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tract i've adjusted the light
+here so it shows the optic track pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it shows the optic track pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it shows the optic track pretty
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+there's the medial edge of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the medial edge of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the medial edge of it the
+lateral edge is out here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral edge is out here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral edge is out here this is the
+medial geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial geniculate body
+okay but where's the cortex i pulled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but where's the cortex i pulled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but where's the cortex i pulled it
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the internal capsule fibers that come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal capsule fibers that come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal capsule fibers that come up
+through this structure which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this structure which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this structure which is the
+corpus triadum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadum
+okay and you can sort of see where i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can sort of see where i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can sort of see where i've
+broken them off there all along there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken them off there all along there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken them off there all along there
+and there's little bundles all through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's little bundles all through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's little bundles all through
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and there's a little bit of cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little bit of cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little bit of cortex
+prefrontal cortex that i've spared this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex that i've spared this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex that i've spared this
+is the septal region here part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the septal region here part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the septal region here part of the
+limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's see what happens if at birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what happens if at birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what happens if at birth
+i've applied heat to the right side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've applied heat to the right side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've applied heat to the right side here
+i've ablated that right pectin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've ablated that right pectin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've ablated that right pectin okay
+look over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over there
+it's just missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just missing
+the colliculus on the left you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculus on the left you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculus on the left you can see
+in my drawing there too has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my drawing there too has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my drawing there too has sort of
+moved over a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over a little bit
+that's the midline because there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the midline because there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the midline because there's a big
+gap there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap there
+and you also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also see
+a bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bundle
+those are axons of the optic track not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are axons of the optic track not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are axons of the optic track not
+finding termination sites in the damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding termination sites in the damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding termination sites in the damaged
+region that have grown right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that have grown right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that have grown right to the
+wrong side right over the midline to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side right over the midline to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side right over the midline to the
+wrong side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as soon as i saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as i saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as i saw that
+of course i realized that that predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i realized that that predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i realized that that predicts
+if i was right about the click just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was right about the click just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was right about the click just
+being so important for orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being so important for orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being so important for orienting
+movements these guys should show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements these guys should show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements these guys should show some
+abnormal behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i began testing for that and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i began testing for that and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i began testing for that and they
+did this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is
+spells out that prediction very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spells out that prediction very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spells out that prediction very clearly
+i've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown here
+the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes
+the optic nerve and tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic nerve and tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic nerve and tract
+i've shown where the hemispheres would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown where the hemispheres would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown where the hemispheres would
+be how the optic tract goes under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how the optic tract goes under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how the optic tract goes under the
+hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+and then i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i've
+i've just moved the them back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just moved the them back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just moved the them back a little
+bit the roof the midbrain to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the roof the midbrain to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the roof the midbrain to show how
+the connections are made from eye to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections are made from eye to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections are made from eye to the
+tectum on the opposite mostly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum on the opposite mostly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum on the opposite mostly on the
+opposite side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side okay
+these animals have eyes that look 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals have eyes that look 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals have eyes that look 60
+degrees out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees out
+to the side so there's not very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side so there's not very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side so there's not very much
+binocular overlap there is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binocular overlap there is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binocular overlap there is a little
+and they do have a small ipsilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do have a small ipsilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do have a small ipsilateral
+connection alright also but it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection alright also but it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection alright also but it's pretty
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+so i'm showing here the main up track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm showing here the main up track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm showing here the main up track
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+the connection from the left eye goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection from the left eye goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection from the left eye goes to
+the right spirit colliculus primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right spirit colliculus primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right spirit colliculus primarily
+and that colliculus has a descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that colliculus has a descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that colliculus has a descending
+crossed pathway that causes turning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed pathway that causes turning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed pathway that causes turning to
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+okay now there are some ipsilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there are some ipsilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there are some ipsilateral
+descending fibers too they're primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending fibers too they're primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending fibers too they're primarily
+the ones concerned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones concerned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones concerned with the
+anti-predator behavior okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior okay
+so here's the prediction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the prediction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the prediction now
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+get a tract if we take out an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tract if we take out an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tract if we take out an eye
+and ablate the right tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ablate the right tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ablate the right tectum
+i should be able to make this projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should be able to make this projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should be able to make this projection
+very large i've removed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large i've removed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large i've removed all the
+competition though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition though
+from the right eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right eye
+so now the left eye is going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the left eye is going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the left eye is going to go to
+both collicula and the fibers going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both collicula and the fibers going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both collicula and the fibers going to
+the wrong side here should because cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong side here should because cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong side here should because cause
+turning to the right even though the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning to the right even though the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning to the right even though the eye
+here is looking at the left visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is looking at the left visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is looking at the left visual field
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the ones axons that are crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones axons that are crossing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones axons that are crossing the
+mid mid brain normally will terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid mid brain normally will terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid mid brain normally will terminate
+only in a little bit of the medial side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in a little bit of the medial side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in a little bit of the medial side
+but if i remove the eye that normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i remove the eye that normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i remove the eye that normally
+goes there their competition is removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there their competition is removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there their competition is removed
+and they spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they spread
+okay you get that large re-crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get that large re-crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get that large re-crossing
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to show what this actually looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show what this actually looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show what this actually looks
+like this is an animal where i created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is an animal where i created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is an animal where i created
+that kind of connection in adulthood by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of connection in adulthood by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of connection in adulthood by
+getting regeneration record it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting regeneration record it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting regeneration record it's exactly
+the same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i've rerun this three times i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i've rerun this three times i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i've rerun this three times i'll
+show it to you several times now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to you several times now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to you several times now this is
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+there's the stimulus there's a sunflower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the stimulus there's a sunflower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the stimulus there's a sunflower
+seat on that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat on that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat on that actually
+that they've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've learned
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where
+he's got an eye in this case on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got an eye in this case on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got an eye in this case on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you can do it on left or right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it on left or right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it on left or right in this
+case i have the right eye projecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i have the right eye projecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i have the right eye projecting to
+the wrong side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's the stimulus and if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the stimulus and if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the stimulus and if you watch
+carefully you'll see that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll see that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll see that he's
+responding by turning to the left and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding by turning to the left and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding by turning to the left and we
+run through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through it
+we repeated it a few times so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeated it a few times so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeated it a few times so you can
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's turning away from it instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's turning away from it instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's turning away from it instead of
+towards it now he will not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it now he will not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it now he will not do that
+unless he's rewarded he quickly loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless he's rewarded he quickly loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless he's rewarded he quickly loses
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if he's never rewarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's never rewarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's never rewarded
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+before i ever started this i realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i ever started this i realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i ever started this i realized
+that i had to reward them no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i had to reward them no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i had to reward them no matter what
+they did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did okay
+it was very hard to teach mit students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very hard to teach mit students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very hard to teach mit students
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but see i wasn't trained at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see i wasn't trained at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see i wasn't trained at mit
+originally so i was able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally so i was able to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally so i was able to do it
+i just made myself i just had to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just made myself i just had to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just made myself i just had to put
+everything else out of my mind whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else out of my mind whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else out of my mind whatever
+this animal does if it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal does if it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal does if it looks like a
+response it's following the stimulus i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's following the stimulus i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's following the stimulus i'm
+going to reward him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reward him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reward him
+okay be turned down upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay be turned down upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay be turned down upside down
+somersaults anything i'm going to reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somersaults anything i'm going to reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somersaults anything i'm going to reward
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+and what happened was they began making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was they began making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was they began making
+these movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these movements
+initially i saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially i saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially i saw
+i also saw animals that were not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also saw animals that were not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also saw animals that were not making
+the movements but then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movements but then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movements but then when
+there'd be some distractor something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some distractor something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some distractor something to
+make them a little emotional some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them a little emotional some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them a little emotional some
+strange sound out in the hallway or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sound out in the hallway or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sound out in the hallway or
+something then suddenly they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then suddenly they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then suddenly they would do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so then i began rewarding it and i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i began rewarding it and i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i began rewarding it and i was
+able to make it very strong okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make it very strong okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make it very strong okay and
+then i did it with control animals too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i did it with control animals too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i did it with control animals too
+and found out that they never do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found out that they never do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found out that they never do the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+you can teach a normal animal to turn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can teach a normal animal to turn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can teach a normal animal to turn in
+the wrong direction but not like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong direction but not like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong direction but not like this
+they will always make their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will always make their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will always make their first
+movement towards the stimulus and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement towards the stimulus and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement towards the stimulus and then
+they learn it's like they stop and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn it's like they stop and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn it's like they stop and say
+oh yeah it's over there you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's over there you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's over there you know it's
+not i got to turn the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i got to turn the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i got to turn the wrong direction
+but that's not what these guys are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what these guys are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what these guys are doing
+i can get rid of that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get rid of that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get rid of that only
+if i whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can go back to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to the tablet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can't use that program to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't use that program to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't use that program to show the
+video clips that's why i have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clips that's why i have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clips that's why i have to go to
+powerpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this shows an anatomical experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows an anatomical experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows an anatomical experiment
+where i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see in the dark this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the dark this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the dark this is a
+degeneration stain which you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration stain which you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration stain which you can also do
+this with hrp tracing or color toxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with hrp tracing or color toxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with hrp tracing or color toxin
+tracing okay in this case this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing okay in this case this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing okay in this case this was an
+early study i did it with regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early study i did it with regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early study i did it with regeneration
+you see the missing colliculus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the missing colliculus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the missing colliculus on the
+right it's tremendously reduced in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's tremendously reduced in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's tremendously reduced in size
+and you see a pretty large projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see a pretty large projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see a pretty large projection
+the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark
+things they are degenerating axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they are degenerating axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they are degenerating axon
+terminals you also see axons crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals you also see axons crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals you also see axons crossing
+the midline there and going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midline there and going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midline there and going to the
+medial side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial side
+all if i looked at the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if i looked at the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if i looked at the projection of the
+opposite eye the right eye it went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite eye the right eye it went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite eye the right eye it went to
+here and just stopped short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just stopped short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just stopped short
+it never went to the entire tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never went to the entire tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never went to the entire tectum
+because there was a competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was a competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was a competition between
+the two eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two eyes
+okay and then i found if i simply remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then i found if i simply remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then i found if i simply remove
+that competition this would spread i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that competition this would spread i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that competition this would spread i
+could get the whole colliculus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the whole colliculus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the whole colliculus on the
+wrong side to be innervated by the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side to be innervated by the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side to be innervated by the wrong
+eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i found that i could get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i found that i could get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i found that i could get rid of that
+art normally behavior by if i could open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art normally behavior by if i could open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art normally behavior by if i could open
+that skull and just make a little lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skull and just make a little lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skull and just make a little lesion
+of the admit that bundle that you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the admit that bundle that you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the admit that bundle that you saw
+in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the picture
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i could do psychosurgery and correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could do psychosurgery and correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could do psychosurgery and correct
+the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you do this colliculus lesion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this colliculus lesion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this colliculus lesion in the
+cat or the monkey the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat or the monkey the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat or the monkey the adult
+you see some sparing of oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some sparing of oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see some sparing of oriented
+movements particularly in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements particularly in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements particularly in the central
+part of the field but then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the field but then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the field but then it was
+discovered by peter schiller's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by peter schiller's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by peter schiller's and
+company upstairs that if you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company upstairs that if you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company upstairs that if you add the
+lesion of the frontal eye fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion of the frontal eye fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion of the frontal eye fields
+remember that area that gets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that area that gets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that area that gets this
+transportable connection the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportable connection the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportable connection the dorsal
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+of the dorsal stream going from stride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dorsal stream going from stride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dorsal stream going from stride
+to juxta straight to frontal eye fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to juxta straight to frontal eye fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to juxta straight to frontal eye fields
+if they had that in addition to the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had that in addition to the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had that in addition to the tech
+deletion they were much more severely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion they were much more severely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion they were much more severely
+deficient showed a little orienting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient showed a little orienting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient showed a little orienting at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+and that's true both the cat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true both the cat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true both the cat and the
+monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's been done also in these animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done also in these animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done also in these animals
+with very large superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very large superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very large superior colliculus
+krishu and frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krishu and frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krishu and frog
+srisho and squirrel are the mammals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srisho and squirrel are the mammals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srisho and squirrel are the mammals that
+have the very large optic tactile more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the very large optic tactile more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the very large optic tactile more
+spirit colliculus and you do get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit colliculus and you do get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit colliculus and you do get rid of
+orienting to the small food objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting to the small food objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting to the small food objects
+but they discovered another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they discovered another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they discovered another thing
+initially with frogs and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially with frogs and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially with frogs and then later
+there was a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a claim
+that it's true for the tree shoe also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true for the tree shoe also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true for the tree shoe also
+that in fact they can't orient to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact they can't orient to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact they can't orient to little
+objects in the field but they'll step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the field but they'll step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the field but they'll step
+around barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around barriers
+they had some ability to orient as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some ability to orient as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some ability to orient as if
+these were controlled by a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were controlled by a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were controlled by a different
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this man david engel working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this man david engel working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this man david engel working in
+boston did a very interesting experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston did a very interesting experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston did a very interesting experiment
+on that he took some frogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that he took some frogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that he took some frogs
+ablated the colliculus on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablated the colliculus on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablated the colliculus on one of the
+optic tech to make they don't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tech to make they don't call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tech to make they don't call it
+colliculus in the frog okay he bladed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus in the frog okay he bladed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus in the frog okay he bladed
+the optic tectum on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tectum on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tectum on the right side
+well the frog shows regeneration unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the frog shows regeneration unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the frog shows regeneration unlike
+the mammal i had to do these lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mammal i had to do these lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mammal i had to do these lesions
+very early in the mammal to get this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in the mammal to get this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in the mammal to get this but
+he got the regenerating axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got the regenerating axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got the regenerating axons
+to grow to the wrong tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow to the wrong tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow to the wrong tectum
+okay but he had not damaged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but he had not damaged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but he had not damaged the
+prefectal areas and thalamic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefectal areas and thalamic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefectal areas and thalamic areas
+he found that when they oriented towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that when they oriented towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that when they oriented towards
+a fly or a worm in their visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fly or a worm in their visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fly or a worm in their visual field
+they turn in the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn in the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn in the wrong direction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a
+fence in front of him here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here's the frog back here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the frog back here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the frog back here okay
+and we're showing him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're showing him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're showing him
+a worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worm
+on a stick here and we'll show it behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a stick here and we'll show it behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a stick here and we'll show it behind
+that barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barrier
+here's what he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what he does
+he will sidestep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will sidestep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will sidestep
+go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here
+accurately he knows which way to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately he knows which way to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately he knows which way to turn to
+get around that barrier but when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that barrier but when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that barrier but when he
+orients towards the worm he turns in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orients towards the worm he turns in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orients towards the worm he turns in the
+wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction
+so he's got two visual systems too one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's got two visual systems too one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's got two visual systems too one
+for the barriers stationary barriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the barriers stationary barriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the barriers stationary barriers and
+one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+the small stimuli moving stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small stimuli moving stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small stimuli moving stimuli
+that indicate food to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate food to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicate food to him
+and the claim was that the trishu could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim was that the trishu could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim was that the trishu could
+negotiate a maze where he had to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate a maze where he had to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate a maze where he had to respond
+to stationary doorways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stationary doorways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stationary doorways
+he could find his way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could find his way through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could find his way through the
+doorways but he still couldn't orient if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorways but he still couldn't orient if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorways but he still couldn't orient if
+he didn't have the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it apparently depends on the pre-tactile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apparently depends on the pre-tactile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apparently depends on the pre-tactile
+area and they have found units there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and they have found units there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and they have found units there
+that do respond to such barriers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do respond to such barriers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do respond to such barriers okay
+these studies were done by engel here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies were done by engel here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies were done by engel here in
+boston and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston and by
+york peter avert or e word he's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+york peter avert or e word he's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+york peter avert or e word he's usually
+called in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in america
+he's in germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in germany
+okay now the optic track projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the optic track projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the optic track projects to
+other areas too and it's at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas too and it's at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas too and it's at the end of
+the class so i'll have to keep you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so i'll have to keep you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so i'll have to keep you in
+suspense about that until next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7fYgr1qUdnU.txt b/7fYgr1qUdnU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d243798f36276c19044ad084497ceeb8c8795da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7fYgr1qUdnU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video I'm going to go directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video I'm going to go directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video I'm going to go directly
+to R so what is r and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R so what is r and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R so what is r and what are the
+advantages of using R um R is a coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of using R um R is a coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of using R um R is a coding
+language that's broadly used in some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's broadly used in some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's broadly used in some uh
+scientific uh areas for example ecology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific uh areas for example ecology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific uh areas for example ecology
+or climate sciences and why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or climate sciences and why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or climate sciences and why is that well
+first of all R is free of charge meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all R is free of charge meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all R is free of charge meaning
+that everybody can use it and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody can use it and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody can use it and as long as
+they have connection to internet they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have connection to internet they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have connection to internet they
+can download it and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download it and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download it and there's no
+subscription at all second of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription at all second of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription at all second of all is
+that is collaborative meaning that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is collaborative meaning that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is collaborative meaning that um
+everybody can share their code through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can share their code through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can share their code through
+the art platform itself or also by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art platform itself or also by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art platform itself or also by uh
+alternative sources uh so this code can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative sources uh so this code can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative sources uh so this code can
+be shared and there's no need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shared and there's no need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shared and there's no need to start
+from scratch and third of all is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and third of all is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and third of all is that it
+can be repeated or shared so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be repeated or shared so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be repeated or shared so as I said
+um you can get your script and share it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can get your script and share it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can get your script and share it
+to somebody else you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody else you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody else you can
+publish it along with your research um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it along with your research um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it along with your research um
+fourth of all is that you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth of all is that you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth of all is that you can go from
+the head to tail to the process of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head to tail to the process of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head to tail to the process of the
+research so you can that involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so you can that involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so you can that involves the
+data cleaning processes also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data cleaning processes also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data cleaning processes also the
+statistical processes and the gis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical processes and the gis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical processes and the gis
+meaning that you can also um use maps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you can also um use maps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you can also um use maps on
+R and finally you can produce nice plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and finally you can produce nice plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and finally you can produce nice plots
+so you can communicate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can communicate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can communicate your
+research so in this video we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so in this video we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so in this video we're going to
+go through the first first time we Face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the first first time we Face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the first first time we Face
+R so once we have downloaded R and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so once we have downloaded R and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so once we have downloaded R and we
+have downloaded and installed also our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have downloaded and installed also our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have downloaded and installed also our
+studio this is what we see um you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio this is what we see um you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio this is what we see um you might
+be surprised because uh your interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprised because uh your interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprised because uh your interface
+might have a different background it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a different background it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a different background it
+might be a white background and the font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a white background and the font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a white background and the font
+would be black but that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be black but that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be black but that's something that
+can be changed um by default it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be changed um by default it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be changed um by default it appears
+like that but for my personal preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but for my personal preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but for my personal preference
+is to have it in Black so it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have it in Black so it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have it in Black so it's not as
+violin for my eyes so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin for my eyes so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin for my eyes so this is something
+that you can change as well if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can change as well if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can change as well if you if
+You' like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' like and
+here are the different panels you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the different panels you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the different panels you find
+the first panel here is the one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first panel here is the one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first panel here is the one where
+you are going to write your script so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to write your script so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to write your script so
+all the different orders you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different orders you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different orders you're going to
+give the computer are listed right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the computer are listed right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the computer are listed right there
+and whenever you um ask the computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you um ask the computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you um ask the computer to
+quantify or to execute an order is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify or to execute an order is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify or to execute an order is going
+to be displayed right here um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be displayed right here um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be displayed right here um and then
+if the in these two different panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the in these two different panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the in these two different panels
+we're going to have in the top one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have in the top one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have in the top one the
+um the data that we have stored the op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the data that we have stored the op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the data that we have stored the op
+that we have stored and created and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have stored and created and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have stored and created and here
+we're going to have a different sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a different sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a different sort of
+things which could be the files in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which could be the files in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which could be the files in our
+computer so we can navigate through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so we can navigate through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so we can navigate through that
+also we could we could show here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we could we could show here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we could we could show here the
+different plots that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots that we have
+created uh here the packages uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created uh here the packages uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created uh here the packages uh we're
+going to go through the packages no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the packages no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the packages no
+worries in the future and also this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries in the future and also this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries in the future and also this is
+very important this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important this is going to be the
+help tab so whenever we Face a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help tab so whenever we Face a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help tab so whenever we Face a new
+function that we are not familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we are not familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we are not familiar with
+we can read some description of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can read some description of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can read some description of of what
+each function is doing and how actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each function is doing and how actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each function is doing and how actually
+we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay so let's go to the code itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so let's go to the code itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so let's go to the code itself
+um now I'm going to be presenting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I'm going to be presenting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I'm going to be presenting the
+different types of data that we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of data that we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of data that we can have
+so there are the the different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the the different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the the different data
+types then we're going to move through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types then we're going to move through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types then we're going to move through
+the vectors we're going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors we're going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors we're going to go to the
+Matrix uh followed by the data frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh followed by the data frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh followed by the data frames
+and finally the list and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the list and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the list and I'm going to
+wrap up the whole section by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up the whole section by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up the whole section by uh
+challenging you with some exercises so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you with some exercises so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you with some exercises so
+you can practice what we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can practice what we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can practice what we've been talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um R works as a big calculator so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um R works as a big calculator so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um R works as a big calculator so we
+are going to be assigning numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be assigning numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be assigning numbers to
+different variables so the assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables so the assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables so the assigning
+sign is this Arrow here um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is this Arrow here um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is this Arrow here um so this is
+the variable we're going to be creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we're going to be creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we're going to be creating
+in this case it's going to be the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's going to be the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's going to be the X and
+we're going to assign the value or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assign the value or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assign the value or the
+number number two to that X how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number two to that X how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number two to that X how can we
+execute an order so there are two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute an order so there are two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute an order so there are two ways
+of doing it the first of all is to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it the first of all is to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it the first of all is to point
+at the line we want to execute and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the line we want to execute and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the line we want to execute and then
+if you have a Mac you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a Mac you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a Mac you can click on
+command and return so if you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and return so if you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and return so if you do that you
+see now that this piece of code has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now that this piece of code has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now that this piece of code has been
+executed here and we have created the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed here and we have created the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed here and we have created the X
+right here and is assigned to a two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and is assigned to a two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and is assigned to a two the
+other way of doing it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way of doing it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way of doing it is to
+just highlight the line we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just highlight the line we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just highlight the line we want to
+execute and click into run right here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute and click into run right here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute and click into run right here um
+that's especially beneficial if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's especially beneficial if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's especially beneficial if we want
+to run different lines of code so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run different lines of code so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run different lines of code so if I
+would like to execute all these at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to execute all these at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to execute all these at the
+same time I would just highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I would just highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I would just highlight
+everything and click on run you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and click on run you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and click on run you can also
+see that there are some fonts here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are some fonts here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are some fonts here that
+are um in Gray so they don't appear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um in Gray so they don't appear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um in Gray so they don't appear as
+bright that's because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright that's because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright that's because they are
+annotations so this is not meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotations so this is not meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotations so this is not meant to be
+executed so there's nothing related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed so there's nothing related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed so there's nothing related to
+this code um and you can create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code um and you can create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code um and you can create these
+annotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotations
+by locating it right after this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by locating it right after this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by locating it right after this sign
+here so um also to follow up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um also to follow up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um also to follow up with the
+ass the assigning of uh values to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ass the assigning of uh values to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ass the assigning of uh values to um the
+X if you rewrite the X with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X if you rewrite the X with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X if you rewrite the X with another
+value we're just going to smash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we're just going to smash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we're just going to smash the
+previous two so that two is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two so that two is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two so that two is going to be
+a three instead and we can just use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three instead and we can just use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three instead and we can just use this
+value we just created to assign it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we just created to assign it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we just created to assign it to
+another value so now we have this y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value so now we have this y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value so now we have this y
+right here so to create the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so to create the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so to create the outcome of
+this variable we're using the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable we're using the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable we're using the previous
+use x that we just created and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x that we just created and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x that we just created and we are
+summing it to that value here as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing it to that value here as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing it to that value here as you can
+see now we have two the X and the Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now we have two the X and the Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now we have two the X and the Y the
+x is a three the Y is a 13 and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a three the Y is a 13 and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a three the Y is a 13 and we can
+keep going on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going on using
+different um mathematical Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um mathematical Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um mathematical Expressions
+right there also this is the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there also this is the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there also this is the first uh
+function you are seeing um this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you are seeing um this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you are seeing um this means
+exponential so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so we're going to be
+calculating the exponential of a two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the exponential of a two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the exponential of a two in
+this case case the value we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case case the value we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case case the value we want to be
+um targeting it's going to be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um targeting it's going to be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um targeting it's going to be between
+parentheses right here so if we run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses right here so if we run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses right here so if we run this
+piece of code again with pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code again with pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code again with pressing
+command and return on the line we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and return on the line we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and return on the line we're
+going to have the exponential of Y also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the exponential of Y also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the exponential of Y also
+if we don't know how to use exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't know how to use exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't know how to use exponential
+and we don't know what that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what that means we
+just click where the function is and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click where the function is and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click where the function is and go
+in your keyboard with FN which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your keyboard with FN which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your keyboard with FN which is
+function and F1 and you see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and F1 and you see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and F1 and you see that it
+points out to help right here so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out to help right here so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out to help right here so you can
+see okay logarithms and exponentials you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay logarithms and exponentials you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay logarithms and exponentials you
+can read the description of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read the description of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read the description of the function
+and you can see right here how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see right here how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see right here how it is
+going to be used so that hopefully is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used so that hopefully is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used so that hopefully is
+going to help you to face the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you to face the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you to face the different
+functions you can see throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can see throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can see throughout the
+code also what happens if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code also what happens if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code also what happens if we want to
+remove a variable well you just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove a variable well you just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove a variable well you just write
+our M which stands for remove and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our M which stands for remove and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our M which stands for remove and in
+between the parenthesis what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the parenthesis what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the parenthesis what we want to
+remove right here we just click on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove right here we just click on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove right here we just click on it
+and we see that the X boom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gone okay so now now that we've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone okay so now now that we've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone okay so now now that we've gotten
+through how to assign um numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through how to assign um numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through how to assign um numbers to
+variables we're going to start asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we're going to start asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we're going to start asking
+logic questions to R so first of all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic questions to R so first of all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic questions to R so first of all I
+need again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need again to
+create um some value for x now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um some value for x now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um some value for x now that we
+have it I'm going to ask R if x X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it I'm going to ask R if x X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it I'm going to ask R if x X is
+bigger than y so for that I just run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than y so for that I just run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than y so for that I just run the
+command and it's obviously false so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and it's obviously false so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and it's obviously false so in
+this case X is not bigger than y so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case X is not bigger than y so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case X is not bigger than y so it
+has to be smaller than y so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be smaller than y so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be smaller than y so there's the
+other way around of the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around of the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around of the question right
+here um we can also ask if two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we can also ask if two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we can also ask if two values
+are equal by using two equal signs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal by using two equal signs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal by using two equal signs one
+next to the other or we can ask if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the other or we can ask if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the other or we can ask if it's
+not equal so by applying this sign next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal so by applying this sign next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal so by applying this sign next
+to and equal we are creating the neg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and equal we are creating the neg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and equal we are creating the neg
+negation of the equal so non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of the equal so non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of the equal so non
+equal and here is how we ask logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and here is how we ask logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and here is how we ask logical
+questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so let's move on to the data types um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so let's move on to the data types um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so let's move on to the data types um
+we have obviously numeric data types so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have obviously numeric data types so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have obviously numeric data types so
+uh which means that there are numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which means that there are numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which means that there are numbers
+assigned to those variables and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to those variables and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to those variables and we can
+ask what's the class of of this value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the class of of this value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the class of of this value to
+R by writing class and the variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by writing class and the variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R by writing class and the variable that
+we want to ask about so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask about so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask about so in this case
+it's saying that is numeric because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that is numeric because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that is numeric because if
+we go to this value here we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to this value here we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to this value here we see that
+that's a number um we can ask also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number um we can ask also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number um we can ask also if
+that's an integer which it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an integer which it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an integer which it would be a
+number without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number without
+decimals so we ask is integer and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals so we ask is integer and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals so we ask is integer and in
+this case it says no because as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it says no because as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it says no because as you can
+see we have a lot of decimals following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have a lot of decimals following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have a lot of decimals following
+this number um and we can Force One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number um and we can Force One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number um and we can Force One
+number to be an integer so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to be an integer so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to be an integer so how do we do
+that it's like put this variable here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like put this variable here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like put this variable here as
+an integer so if we click on it it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer so if we click on it it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer so if we click on it it says
+that now it could be seven and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it could be seven and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it could be seven and we could
+store it in a different variable so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it in a different variable so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it in a different variable so in
+this case let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case let's just
+put this one and as you can see now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this one and as you can see now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this one and as you can see now it's
+the same that we had but just in integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that we had but just in integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that we had but just in integer
+form we can also to assign um characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can also to assign um characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can also to assign um characters
+to variables um in this case so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to variables um in this case so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to variables um in this case so we want
+to write something here let just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write something here let just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write something here let just write
+Lobster and assign it directly to Z to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lobster and assign it directly to Z to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lobster and assign it directly to Z to Z
+which would be a very reasonable way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a very reasonable way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a very reasonable way to
+assign a a word to a variable but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a a word to a variable but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a a word to a variable but in
+this case it doesn't work you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it doesn't work you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it doesn't work you can see
+here in another color that's an error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in another color that's an error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in another color that's an error so
+what is complaining is that okay um R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is complaining is that okay um R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is complaining is that okay um R is
+expecting here this Lobster to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting here this Lobster to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting here this Lobster to be
+already a variable that has been created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a variable that has been created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a variable that has been created
+how can we fix that problem we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we fix that problem we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we fix that problem we just have
+to put Lobster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put Lobster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put Lobster
+between um Comas like that and put the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um Comas like that and put the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um Comas like that and put the C
+which means concatenating and by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means concatenating and by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means concatenating and by using
+this format is R is going to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format is R is going to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format is R is going to understand
+that that's a word that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a word that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a word that we're going to
+assign to the Z so if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to the Z so if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to the Z so if you go to
+different values now Z is the lobster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values now Z is the lobster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values now Z is the lobster
+right here and let's ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and let's ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and let's ask what's the
+class of Z well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+character okay so let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character okay so let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character okay so let's move on to
+vectors um what what's a vector well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors um what what's a vector well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors um what what's a vector well so
+far we've just assigned one value to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've just assigned one value to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've just assigned one value to one
+variable but we can just concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but we can just concatenate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but we can just concatenate
+different values at for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values at for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values at for the same
+variable in this case for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this case for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this case for example we
+want to create the vector number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create the vector number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create the vector number one and
+we want to assign one and two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assign one and two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assign one and two to the
+vector number one how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number one how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number one how do we do that
+we've seen already this construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen already this construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen already this construction
+form which is the C and parenthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is the C and parenthesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is the C and parenthesis so
+in between the parentheses we can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the parentheses we can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the parentheses we can um
+separate by commas the different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate by commas the different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate by commas the different numbers
+we want to assum assigned to V1 so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assum assigned to V1 so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assum assigned to V1 so if we
+enter this command we see that now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this command we see that now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this command we see that now we
+have created this V1 and it's a numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created this V1 and it's a numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created this V1 and it's a numeric
+character if you follow these letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character if you follow these letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character if you follow these letters
+here and it has one and two um Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it has one and two um Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it has one and two um Concepts
+inside and these one and two concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and these one and two concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and these one and two concepts
+are the number one and the number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the number one and the number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the number one and the number two
+conveniently but we can create vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently but we can create vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently but we can create vectors
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three categories
+and in this case v V1 instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case v V1 instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case v V1 instead of having
+two it has three like 1 2 3 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it has three like 1 2 3 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it has three like 1 2 3 and the
+first one it's 11 22 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one it's 11 22 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one it's 11 22 and
+33 but we can also create um vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 but we can also create um vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 but we can also create um vectors
+with um character variables inside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um character variables inside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um character variables inside so
+instead of having numbers we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having numbers we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having numbers we just
+concatenate different words inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate different words inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate different words inside and
+if we go to how Vector 2 looks like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to how Vector 2 looks like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to how Vector 2 looks like we
+see that there's um a gathering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's um a gathering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's um a gathering of
+characters right here that we have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters right here that we have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters right here that we have five
+that goes from one to five and inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from one to five and inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from one to five and inside of
+these we have Monday Tuesday wedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we have Monday Tuesday wedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we have Monday Tuesday wedes
+Wednesday and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and so
+forth okay what if we want to do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay what if we want to do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay what if we want to do want to
+create a very long Vector but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a very long Vector but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a very long Vector but we don't
+want to spend time by writing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend time by writing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend time by writing each
+number on it we have this very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on it we have this very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on it we have this very useful
+tool which is the repetition of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which is the repetition of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which is the repetition of numbers
+so uh we write this and if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we write this and if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we write this and if we want to
+know more about the function we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about the function we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about the function we can
+again go to FN in our keyboards and F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again go to FN in our keyboards and F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again go to FN in our keyboards and F1
+so by clicking that we get some help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by clicking that we get some help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by clicking that we get some help
+right here um this is because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um this is because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um this is because I have
+different packages installed so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different packages installed so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different packages installed so that
+could be part of different packages but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be part of different packages but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be part of different packages but
+we're interested in the package base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the package base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the package base
+which is what comes from our directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what comes from our directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what comes from our directly
+which is the pure part so we just click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the pure part so we just click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the pure part so we just click
+in here and we're going to be directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and we're going to be directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and we're going to be directed
+to this function here and we can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function here and we can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function here and we can read
+through we can repeat um integers length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we can repeat um integers length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we can repeat um integers length
+and X stands for um well the vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X stands for um well the vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X stands for um well the vector we
+want to repeat and so by by reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to repeat and so by by reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to repeat and so by by reading that
+we can have a good understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a good understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a good understanding of what
+prep is doing so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep is doing so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep is doing so let's
+just execute that order and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just execute that order and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just execute that order and we see that
+we are repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are repeating
+22 two times but if I would change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 two times but if I would change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 two times but if I would change that
+we want to repeat 22 20 times I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to repeat 22 20 times I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to repeat 22 20 times I can just
+do that and we repeat 22 20 times and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and we repeat 22 20 times and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and we repeat 22 20 times and so
+forth okay what if we want to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay what if we want to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay what if we want to create a
+concatenation of numbers that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation of numbers that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation of numbers that goes from
+one to 100 it's as easy as just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to 100 it's as easy as just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to 100 it's as easy as just saying
+the first number I want to be one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first number I want to be one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first number I want to be one and
+the last number I want to be 100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last number I want to be 100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last number I want to be 100 and
+just separate it by these two dots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separate it by these two dots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separate it by these two dots in
+the middle we're going to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle we're going to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle we're going to create the
+vector number four by executing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number four by executing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number four by executing that
+order so we see that we have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we see that we have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we see that we have a vector
+created by different integers that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by different integers that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by different integers that go
+from one to 100 and they just one two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to 100 and they just one two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to 100 and they just one two 3
+four five and it goes to 100 what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five and it goes to 100 what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five and it goes to 100 what if I
+want to see the complete Vector because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the complete Vector because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the complete Vector because
+here we don't have enough space to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have enough space to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have enough space to just
+get to see the whole numbers so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see the whole numbers so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see the whole numbers so they
+just select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just select
+V4 and we um command and return we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and we um command and return we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and we um command and return we can
+see here the whole thing and also we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the whole thing and also we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the whole thing and also we can
+write on this box here um I want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on this box here um I want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on this box here um I want to see
+V4 and just click return and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and just click return and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V4 and just click return and you'll see
+the same thing now you don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing now you don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing now you don't see the
+difference because here it is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because here it is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because here it is this the
+one that we first asked and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we first asked and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we first asked and here is the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+we ask as well all right I just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask as well all right I just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask as well all right I just keep
+going what if we don't want a a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what if we don't want a a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what if we don't want a a list
+that goes from one to a 100 1 by one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from one to a 100 1 by one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from one to a 100 1 by one and
+we just wanted to do 2 by two so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just wanted to do 2 by two so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just wanted to do 2 by two so we just
+get 1 three five and so forth so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 three five and so forth so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 three five and so forth so there's
+also sequence here we create we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sequence here we create we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sequence here we create we can
+create a sequence that goes from number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sequence that goes from number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sequence that goes from number
+one to 100 but by two so we just skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to 100 but by two so we just skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to 100 but by two so we just skip
+one and we just go 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so we have Vector number five let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we have Vector number five let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we have Vector number five let's
+see how VOR number five looks like so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how VOR number five looks like so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how VOR number five looks like so as
+you can see we got 1 three five and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we got 1 three five and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we got 1 three five and so
+forth until we get to 99 because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth until we get to 99 because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth until we get to 99 because of
+course 100 was out of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 100 was out of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 100 was out of the the
+pairings okay so what if I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairings okay so what if I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairings okay so what if I just want to
+get one of these numbers in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one of these numbers in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one of these numbers in the middle
+so we have um for example just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have um for example just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have um for example just for
+Simplicity purposes if we go to V4 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity purposes if we go to V4 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity purposes if we go to V4 again
+that we are going from 1 to 100 what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going from 1 to 100 what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going from 1 to 100 what if
+I want to see what's in the let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to see what's in the let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to see what's in the let's say uh
+number 20 so if I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 20 so if I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 20 so if I want to make a
+consultation um just let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation um just let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation um just let's go to the
+vector number four and just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number four and just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number four and just put the
+cloud letteror here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud letteror here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud letteror here um
+concatenating and I want to I just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenating and I want to I just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenating and I want to I just say
+for example I said the number 20 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I said the number 20 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I said the number 20 so I
+want to see what's inside the number 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what's inside the number 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what's inside the number 20
+so in the slot number 20 we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the slot number 20 we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the slot number 20 we have the
+number 20 in this case so this is how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 20 in this case so this is how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 20 in this case so this is how I
+just select one number or if you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just select one number or if you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just select one number or if you can if
+you want to select more than one in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to select more than one in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to select more than one in this
+case we go to V5 um we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we go to V5 um we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we go to V5 um we use the
+concatenation form so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation form so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation form so I just want to
+explore what's in the slot number 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore what's in the slot number 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore what's in the slot number 10 and
+what's in the slot number 12 um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the slot number 12 um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the slot number 12 um and I
+use yeah I'm creating a vector inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yeah I'm creating a vector inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yeah I'm creating a vector inside of
+the vector number five so just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector number five so just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector number five so just going to
+make this consultation and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this consultation and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this consultation and you see the
+numbers that we have in these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that we have in these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that we have in these particular
+slots it wouldn't work if we would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots it wouldn't work if we would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots it wouldn't work if we would do it
+like this um just I I wrote this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um just I I wrote this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um just I I wrote this for the
+purpose that you can see that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that you can see that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that you can see that there's an
+error applied to that code so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error applied to that code so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error applied to that code so that's
+because um you should put these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you should put these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you should put these numbers
+inside of the construction like with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the construction like with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the construction like with the
+c and the parenthesis so R is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and the parenthesis so R is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and the parenthesis so R is able to
+understand um what if I want to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um what if I want to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um what if I want to get rid
+of one of the numbers that I had inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the numbers that I had inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the numbers that I had inside
+a vector I can do that too by um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector I can do that too by um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector I can do that too by um in this
+case we're just going to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're just going to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're just going to create the
+vector number six we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number six we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number six we're going to use
+Vector number two let's just remind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector number two let's just remind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector number two let's just remind what
+was vector number two it was that least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was vector number two it was that least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was vector number two it was that least
+of the different days of the week and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different days of the week and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different days of the week and we
+don't like Wednesday for some reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like Wednesday for some reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like Wednesday for some reason we
+just want to get rid of Wednesday um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get rid of Wednesday um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get rid of Wednesday um we
+use the slot number three um we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the slot number three um we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the slot number three um we said
+minus three so V V2 like the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three so V V2 like the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three so V V2 like the vector
+number two minus the slot number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two minus the slot number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two minus the slot number three
+which in this case it's Wednesday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case it's Wednesday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case it's Wednesday so
+let's just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just apply
+that let's just check out what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's just check out what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's just check out what's in
+V6 you see boom Wednesday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V6 you see boom Wednesday is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V6 you see boom Wednesday is
+gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone
+what if we want to create wh um further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we want to create wh um further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we want to create wh um further
+details about functions oh I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about functions oh I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about functions oh I've written
+here after different the different um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after different the different um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after different the different um um
+functions what they are supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what they are supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what they are supposed to do
+so you don't have to consult every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to consult every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to consult every time
+the help section so I created a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the help section so I created a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the help section so I created a common
+right after them um so these are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after them um so these are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after them um so these are kind of
+similar these are different functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar these are different functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar these are different functions
+that are going to um create random um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to um create random um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to um create random um
+con instructions of data so every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con instructions of data so every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con instructions of data so every time
+we would um run each one it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would um run each one it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would um run each one it's going to
+be different because that's the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different because that's the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different because that's the purpose
+of the randomization of the data and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the randomization of the data and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the randomization of the data and in
+this case we're going to go from um 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're going to go from um 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're going to go from um 10
+to 50 by 10 let just see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes so we have a random selection of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so we have a random selection of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so we have a random selection of 10
+numbers that are going from uh 10 to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are going from uh 10 to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are going from uh 10 to 50
+what happens if I rerun the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I rerun the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I rerun the same
+command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+hopefully they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they are
+different okay so just by applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so just by applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so just by applying the
+same structure of data we get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure of data we get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure of data we get different
+outcomes because the purpose of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes because the purpose of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes because the purpose of that is
+that we resample um the data we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we resample um the data we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we resample um the data we can also
+uh put this randomization into um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put this randomization into um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put this randomization into um um
+normal distributions of data so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distributions of data so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distributions of data so that's
+why we have this R Norm here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have this R Norm here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have this R Norm here in this
+case the sample is just random but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the sample is just random but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the sample is just random but this
+is forcing the randomization of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forcing the randomization of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forcing the randomization of the data
+into um a normal distribution so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um a normal distribution so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um a normal distribution so I'm
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creating this I'm just going to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this I'm just going to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this I'm just going to go with
+a v9 that I like it more um now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v9 that I like it more um now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v9 that I like it more um now if we
+take a look of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look of
+v9 we have a lot of numbers different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v9 we have a lot of numbers different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v9 we have a lot of numbers different
+numbers but if we want to see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but if we want to see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but if we want to see how this
+data looks like we just create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looks like we just create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looks like we just create a
+histogram by putting his right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram by putting his right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram by putting his right here so
+also you can get familiar with um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can get familiar with um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can get familiar with um how
+the plots look like by doing this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plots look like by doing this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plots look like by doing this this
+just going to see how a histogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to see how a histogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to see how a histogram of
+this data look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data look
+like so here we have a kind of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here we have a kind of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here we have a kind of normal
+distribution of data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of data um
+by applying this function here I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying this function here I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying this function here I'll just
+do it one more time so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one more time so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one more time so you can see that
+the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution
+changes and so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot okay so now that we we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay so now that we we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay so now that we we've been
+through the construction of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the construction of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the construction of different
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+uh it would be interesting to ask our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be interesting to ask our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be interesting to ask our
+about different um summary of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different um summary of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different um summary of those
+vectors so one of the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so one of the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so one of the things that we
+might be interested when we are facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested when we are facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested when we are facing
+vectors is get to know the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is get to know the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is get to know the length of
+those so let's just ask our what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so let's just ask our what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so let's just ask our what's the
+length of in this case Vector number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of in this case Vector number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of in this case Vector number
+four so we got it like the length is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we got it like the length is 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we got it like the length is 100
+um and what happens if we just ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happens if we just ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happens if we just ask the
+summary what is going to summarize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary what is going to summarize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary what is going to summarize so
+well it summarizes this a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it summarizes this a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it summarizes this a bunch of
+information so we go from the minimum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so we go from the minimum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so we go from the minimum to
+to the maximum so the minimum value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum so the minimum value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum so the minimum value in
+this case is one the maximum value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is one the maximum value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is one the maximum value is
+100 but we also have the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 but we also have the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 but we also have the different
+quantiles and the median the mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantiles and the median the mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantiles and the median the mean so
+this is a very useful um function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very useful um function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very useful um function that
+we can use to get um a good summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use to get um a good summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use to get um a good summary of
+the data that we're facing also we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we're facing also we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we're facing also we can
+uh use these different functions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use these different functions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use these different functions right
+here to sum uh a vector so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to sum uh a vector so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to sum uh a vector so in this case
+I don't know let's just um use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know let's just um use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know let's just um use the
+vector number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so it's going to sum each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to sum each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to sum each individual
+number that's contained inside Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's contained inside Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's contained inside Vector
+number one in this case we can also ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one in this case we can also ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one in this case we can also ask
+only the minimum of any Vector also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the minimum of any Vector also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the minimum of any Vector also with
+the maximum and we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum and we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum and we can calculate the
+mean of any numerical um Vector as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay so now that we are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so now that we are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so now that we are familiar
+with vectors that we just went through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vectors that we just went through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vectors that we just went through a
+lot of information related to vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information related to vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information related to vectors
+let's just move on to Matrix Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just move on to Matrix Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just move on to Matrix Matrix is
+at the end an accumulation of vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end an accumulation of vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end an accumulation of vectors so
+we are moving into two Dimension data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are moving into two Dimension data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are moving into two Dimension data so
+we have different rows and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have different rows and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have different rows and different
+columns um but they are only related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um but they are only related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um but they are only related to
+numerical variables we don't get to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical variables we don't get to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical variables we don't get to have
+um characters inside of Matrix so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um characters inside of Matrix so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um characters inside of Matrix so just a
+heads up let to put attention into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up let to put attention into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up let to put attention into that
+detail uh in this case we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh in this case we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh in this case we're going to be
+creating a matrix uh that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a matrix uh that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a matrix uh that's going to
+combine Vector number five and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine Vector number five and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine Vector number five and we're
+going to put it in rows so we want 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in rows so we want 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in rows so we want 10
+rows and we want five columns um we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and we want five columns um we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and we want five columns um we just
+click on that instruction we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on that instruction we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on that instruction we see here
+that now we have a different subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we have a different subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we have a different subset of
+data so far we've had just values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so far we've had just values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so far we've had just values and
+vectors right here but now we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right here but now we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right here but now we just
+created a new section which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a new section which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a new section which is called
+data and here we have a matrix we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and here we have a matrix we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and here we have a matrix we can
+consult this Matrix Again by um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consult this Matrix Again by um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consult this Matrix Again by um just
+clicking into m one just command and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking into m one just command and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking into m one just command and
+return we see it here we can also type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we see it here we can also type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we see it here we can also type
+here mat one and return but we can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mat one and return but we can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mat one and return but we can in
+this case click on the data itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case click on the data itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case click on the data itself and
+it's going to be displayed just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be displayed just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be displayed just like
+that so we can visualize easily how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can visualize easily how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can visualize easily how
+we've constructed the data so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've constructed the data so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've constructed the data so what this
+function has been doing is to split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has been doing is to split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has been doing is to split the
+vector number uh in this case number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number uh in this case number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector number uh in this case number
+five that we had before um just putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that we had before um just putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that we had before um just putting
+it in order separated in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in order separated in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in order separated in different
+columns um also this needs to be um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um also this needs to be um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um also this needs to be um um
+it has to match with the the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to match with the the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to match with the the length of
+the vector because in this case I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector because in this case I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector because in this case I would
+say let's just not structure it in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's just not structure it in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's just not structure it in 10
+rows let's just make like 11 rows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows let's just make like 11 rows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows let's just make like 11 rows what
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+happen is that R is saying hey this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that R is saying hey this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that R is saying hey this is
+not accurate because you are asking me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accurate because you are asking me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accurate because you are asking me
+to put the data in a format that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the data in a format that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the data in a format that it
+doesn't really fit um just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really fit um just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really fit um just the
+difference between warning and errors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between warning and errors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between warning and errors so
+previously we've seen an error it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we've seen an error it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we've seen an error it's just
+R is saying no I'm not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is saying no I'm not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is saying no I'm not going to do that
+but if there's a warning it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's a warning it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's a warning it's saying
+that hey there's something wrong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey there's something wrong here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey there's something wrong here
+but I'm I'm able to do it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm able to do it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm able to do it so that's
+mostly the difference between warnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the difference between warnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the difference between warnings
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+errors um or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors um or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors um or you can
+just close that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just close that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just close that
+Tab and okay um we can also put names on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tab and okay um we can also put names on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tab and okay um we can also put names on
+these um Matrix so we just consult what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um Matrix so we just consult what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um Matrix so we just consult what
+are the column names of those matrixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the column names of those matrixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the column names of those matrixes
+in this case it's null because well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's null because well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's null because well they
+just consult Again The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consult Again The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consult Again The Matrix
+we have nothing here but we can let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nothing here but we can let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nothing here but we can let's
+just remember what was in Vector number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember what was in Vector number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember what was in Vector number
+two so we have the different days of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we have the different days of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we have the different days of the
+week so we're just going to assign these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so we're just going to assign these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so we're just going to assign these
+five um characters in as a title of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um characters in as a title of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um characters in as a title of our
+Matrix just like that and now we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just like that and now we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just like that and now we see
+that where where we had nothing now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where where we had nothing now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where where we had nothing now we
+have the different days right here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the different days right here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the different days right here so we
+just assign column names to the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assign column names to the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assign column names to the Matrix
+that we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already
+had and how can we navigate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and how can we navigate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and how can we navigate through
+matrices so first of all we have to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so first of all we have to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so first of all we have to name
+the object we want to navigate on so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object we want to navigate on so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object we want to navigate on so the
+M number one and this stands for row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M number one and this stands for row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M number one and this stands for row
+it's like the first number it stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the first number it stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the first number it stands for
+the row we separated by a coma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row we separated by a coma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row we separated by a coma and the
+second number stands for the column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second number stands for the column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second number stands for the column so
+in this case I want to see what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I want to see what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I want to see what's on the
+row number four and the column number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number four and the column number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number four and the column number
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+so it says that it's the number 51 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says that it's the number 51 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says that it's the number 51 and
+just for our information it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for our information it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for our information it says that
+the column number three is named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column number three is named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column number three is named
+Wednesday and what if I want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and what if I want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and what if I want to get the
+whole row so I just put nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole row so I just put nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole row so I just put nothing in the
+second part so I erase the three I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part so I erase the three I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part so I erase the three I keep
+the coma it's very important to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coma it's very important to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coma it's very important to keep the
+coma otherwise it wouldn't it would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coma otherwise it wouldn't it would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coma otherwise it wouldn't it would give
+it an error just I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an error just I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an error just I'm just going to
+try oh yeah it's going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try oh yeah it's going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try oh yeah it's going to go to the
+number four yeah so it's it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four yeah so it's it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four yeah so it's it takes the
+Matrix and it's it brows for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's it brows for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's it brows for the the
+slot number four 1 2 3 4 but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot number four 1 2 3 4 but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot number four 1 2 3 4 but what we
+want here is the whole row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want here is the whole row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want here is the whole row
+so I just put the coma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just put the coma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just put the coma
+here execute the thing and it's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here execute the thing and it's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here execute the thing and it's giving
+us the whole row um so if we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the whole row um so if we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the whole row um so if we want the
+whole column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole column is
+just keep the three erase the four we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep the three erase the four we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep the three erase the four we're
+going to get the whole column number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the whole column number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the whole column number
+three just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just like
+that and of course if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course if we want to
+reassign a value that we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign a value that we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign a value that we're getting
+because here we are not recording this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we are not recording this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we are not recording this
+anyway anywhere we're just Consulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway anywhere we're just Consulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway anywhere we're just Consulting
+but if we wanted to record this data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we wanted to record this data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we wanted to record this data or
+assign this data to a new variable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign this data to a new variable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign this data to a new variable we
+are always welcome to do so so by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always welcome to do so so by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always welcome to do so so by just
+creating a name of the variable just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a name of the variable just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a name of the variable just
+like XX for example just put the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like XX for example just put the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like XX for example just put the arrow
+right there and we would assign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and we would assign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and we would assign this
+data that we're Consulting into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we're Consulting into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we're Consulting into a new
+variable so now the XX variable here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so now the XX variable here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so now the XX variable here it
+corresponds to the column number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the column number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the column number three
+of The Matrix number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in this case what am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case what am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case what am I doing
+here um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I'm
+creating a vector which is in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a vector which is in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a vector which is in the second
+part of this structure so I am messing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this structure so I am messing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this structure so I am messing
+with the columns I'm getting the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the columns I'm getting the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the columns I'm getting the column
+number one and the column number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and the column number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and the column number three
+of The Matrix that we just created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Matrix that we just created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Matrix that we just created and
+we are storing this data into this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are storing this data into this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are storing this data into this new
+variable I just check it out how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I just check it out how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I just check it out how it
+looks like and indeed we have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and indeed we have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and indeed we have the two
+columns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here moving to data frames right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here moving to data frames right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here moving to data frames right now
+data frames are an evolution of Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frames are an evolution of Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frames are an evolution of Matrix
+and the good thing about data frames is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing about data frames is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing about data frames is
+that they allow us to put also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they allow us to put also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they allow us to put also um
+factors inside allows us to put as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors inside allows us to put as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors inside allows us to put as
+characters inside so it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters inside so it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters inside so it's not going to
+be only numbers so we can have have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only numbers so we can have have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only numbers so we can have have a
+mixture of different data structures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of different data structures um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of different data structures um
+also R by itself has a library of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also R by itself has a library of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also R by itself has a library of data
+frames so if you ever want to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames so if you ever want to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames so if you ever want to play with
+data just for fun you can access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data just for fun you can access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data just for fun you can access this
+data that's included inside the r in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's included inside the r in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's included inside the r in
+this case the one that I'm using is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the one that I'm using is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the one that I'm using is one
+that's called empty cars I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called empty cars I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called empty cars I'm going to
+assign this name to cars right here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign this name to cars right here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign this name to cars right here you
+just click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click on
+it you'll see that this new data has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll see that this new data has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll see that this new data has
+been created is in the same section as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created is in the same section as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created is in the same section as
+the Matrix but we see that in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix but we see that in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix but we see that in this case
+we have this little arrow blue arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this little arrow blue arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this little arrow blue arrow
+right here that if we click on it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that if we click on it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that if we click on it it's
+going to display the different column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to display the different column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to display the different column
+names and information of each column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and information of each column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and information of each column
+that it's assigned to that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's assigned to that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's assigned to that data
+base so just for visualizing purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so just for visualizing purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so just for visualizing purposes
+I'm just going to click on top of cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to click on top of cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to click on top of cars
+and here is what we have this database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is what we have this database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is what we have this database
+is related to different car engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to different car engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to different car engines
+miles per gallon a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles per gallon a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles per gallon a different number of
+cylinders that it has so it allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders that it has so it allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders that it has so it allow us to
+play quite a lot with this data we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play quite a lot with this data we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play quite a lot with this data we're
+going to just ask the length about cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just ask the length about cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just ask the length about cars
+as we did before with the vectors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before with the vectors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before with the vectors it
+also applies to data frames so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also applies to data frames so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also applies to data frames so here we
+have the length of that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the length of that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the length of that what's the
+number of colors that columns that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors that columns that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors that columns that we
+have involved in here we can also ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have involved in here we can also ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have involved in here we can also ask
+that to R we can also ask the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to R we can also ask the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to R we can also ask the number of
+rows that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that are
+involved um we can ask what the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved um we can ask what the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved um we can ask what the column
+names and again we can use the same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and again we can use the same data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and again we can use the same data
+structure that we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we use for
+matrixes um by Consulting what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes um by Consulting what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes um by Consulting what's on the
+row number four inside of cars so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number four inside of cars so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number four inside of cars so using
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same um data structure we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um data structure we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um data structure we used
+before and there's something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and there's something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and there's something else that's
+a new feature um that um I'm showing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new feature um that um I'm showing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new feature um that um I'm showing I'm
+showing here is that you can also select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here is that you can also select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here is that you can also select
+or consult um a column by using its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consult um a column by using its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consult um a column by using its
+column name so in this case um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column name so in this case um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column name so in this case um there's
+this column name HP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column name HP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column name HP
+um just put the dollar sign here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just put the dollar sign here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just put the dollar sign here so I'm
+saying this is the cars object that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is the cars object that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is the cars object that we
+assign dollar sign and inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign dollar sign and inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign dollar sign and inside of the
+cars I'm Consulting the column called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars I'm Consulting the column called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars I'm Consulting the column called
+HP um if we don't know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HP um if we don't know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HP um if we don't know what are the
+names involved in the in this data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names involved in the in this data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names involved in the in this data frame
+we just go from Cars just write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go from Cars just write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go from Cars just write the
+dollar sign and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign and it's going to be
+displayed in a list what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed in a list what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed in a list what are the
+different columns that we have we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns that we have we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns that we have we can
+just scroll down down and click the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scroll down down and click the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scroll down down and click the one
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+like just intro and it works just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so now we have already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we have already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we have already been
+going through a lot of different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a lot of different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a lot of different data
+structures we went from Individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we went from Individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we went from Individual
+characters to numbers then we went to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to numbers then we went to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to numbers then we went to um
+we moved to vectors then we moved to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved to vectors then we moved to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved to vectors then we moved to uh
+matrices data frames but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices data frames but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices data frames but there's
+like the summary of everything you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the summary of everything you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the summary of everything you could
+store every single type of data in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store every single type of data in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store every single type of data in one
+data structure which is the Masterpiece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure which is the Masterpiece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure which is the Masterpiece
+of everything this is called the list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything this is called the list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything this is called the list so
+we can create a list of everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create a list of everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create a list of everything we
+want we can put together um as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we can put together um as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we can put together um as you can
+see like different vectors but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like different vectors but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like different vectors but we can
+put together um a matrix there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together um a matrix there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together um a matrix there and we
+put um data frame so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um data frame so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um data frame so in this case we're
+putting everything in that list we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting everything in that list we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting everything in that list we
+just create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create this
+and a few you can see here it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few you can see here it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few you can see here it has been
+created if you click on that arrow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created if you click on that arrow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created if you click on that arrow that
+we had also in the data frame we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had also in the data frame we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had also in the data frame we see the
+different um data structures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um data structures that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um data structures that we
+have inside that Matrix the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inside that Matrix the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inside that Matrix the first one is
+a numeric Vector then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numeric Vector then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numeric Vector then we have a
+character Vector we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Vector we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Vector we have another
+numerical Vector uh a vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical Vector uh a vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical Vector uh a vector that's
+created with integers we have a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created with integers we have a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created with integers we have a data
+frame and we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and we also have a
+matrix right there so this is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right there so this is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right there so this is a way to
+store data um easily that you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store data um easily that you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store data um easily that you don't even
+have to think about what's the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what's the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what's the structure
+of that data we just put it in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that data we just put it in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that data we just put it in there and
+you can consult okay let just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consult okay let just go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consult okay let just go to the
+space number six which in this case is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space number six which in this case is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space number six which in this case is 1
+2 3 4 5 six is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six is going to be the
+Matrix let you see and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let you see and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let you see and of course the
+Matrix is here and this is how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is here and this is how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is here and this is how we can
+store everything in the same place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store everything in the same place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store everything in the same place and
+now that you've been exposed to such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've been exposed to such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've been exposed to such
+amount of data um I just prepared some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data um I just prepared some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data um I just prepared some
+exercises for you to start emptying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises for you to start emptying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises for you to start emptying your
+brains and putting it putting everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and putting it putting everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and putting it putting everything
+into practice um so I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into practice um so I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into practice um so I encourage you to
+take this little um questions here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this little um questions here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this little um questions here and
+try to answer them and if you are eager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to answer them and if you are eager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to answer them and if you are eager
+for more I encourage you to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more I encourage you to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more I encourage you to go through
+different Internet Resources one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Internet Resources one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Internet Resources one good
+thing of R is also that you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of R is also that you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of R is also that you can find
+everything on the internet so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the internet so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the internet so there's
+going to be a lot of resources for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of resources for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of resources for you
+to practice as well if you are hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice as well if you are hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice as well if you are hungry
+for more
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8KQ-yK2xm60.txt b/8KQ-yK2xm60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33c653ea069639468dc46708cbdfda088ad9981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8KQ-yK2xm60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+stationary states are gonna keep us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary states are gonna keep us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary states are gonna keep us
+quite busy probably a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite busy probably a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite busy probably a couple of weeks
+because it's a place when you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a place when you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a place when you get the
+Christian about solving for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian about solving for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian about solving for your
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+so the stationary states are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions very nice
+so what already by the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what already by the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what already by the definition
+well we be given the definition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we be given the definition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we be given the definition and the
+impression of a stationary state will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of a stationary state will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of a stationary state will
+form see the workstation air is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form see the workstation air is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form see the workstation air is not the
+same as standing stationary something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as standing stationary something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as standing stationary something
+maybes kind of moving but things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybes kind of moving but things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybes kind of moving but things don't
+change statically sometimes does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change statically sometimes does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change statically sometimes does not
+move stationary states have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move stationary states have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move stationary states have time
+dependence that is very simple you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that is very simple you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that is very simple you see
+so the definition of a stationary state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+say pass a factorize space and comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pass a factorize space and comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pass a factorize space and comment
+dependences so this subway of X and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependences so this subway of X and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependences so this subway of X and T is
+a stationary state if you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary state if you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary state if you can write the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will position this so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will position this so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will position this so this is a
+stationary state but the stationary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state but the stationary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state but the stationary the
+spatial dependence but and solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dependence but and solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dependence but and solve the
+Schrodinger equation the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation the solution of
+which so what we need to understand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so what we need to understand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so what we need to understand is
+what this factorize dependent spouses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this factorize dependent spouses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this factorize dependent spouses
+for the Schrodinger equation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Schrodinger equation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Schrodinger equation so this
+stationary states have time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary states have time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary states have time dependence
+but the thing that makes the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing that makes the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing that makes the stationary
+is that if you look at some observable a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at some observable a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at some observable a
+hermitian operator and you say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator and you say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator and you say okay the
+state has time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has time the
+so maybe that observable will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that observable will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that observable will have
+time-dependent no the syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent no the syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent no the syllables
+don't have time to vote that is the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to vote that is the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to vote that is the nice
+thing about stationers data so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about stationers data so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about stationers data so what we
+call time-dependent observables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are all observables with a familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all observables with a familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all observables with a familiar
+despondency and manfully position I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despondency and manfully position I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despondency and manfully position I
+didn't want any of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want any of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want any of the different
+observables see when you write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables see when you write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables see when you write it like
+that so time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent observer so the observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent observer so the observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent observer so the observable
+is time independent but the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent but the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent but the expectation
+value the term dependence comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the term dependence comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the term dependence comes from the
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+the state of side effects and the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of side effects and the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of side effects and the half
+time dependence and sometimes it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence and sometimes it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence and sometimes it just
+doesn't from us but for stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't from us but for stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't from us but for stationary
+states okay so enough of saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay so enough of saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay so enough of saying things
+and let's get so we look at this bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's get so we look at this bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's get so we look at this bar
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+- squared over x squared plus V of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- squared over x squared plus V of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- squared over x squared plus V of X and
+now I will consider states that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I will consider states that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I will consider states that have
+does not at this moment otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stationary States has dependents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay so what we do breaks is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so what we do breaks is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so what we do breaks is to
+simply substitute the value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply substitute the value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply substitute the value of the wave
+function into the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into the differential equation
+and see what we get so on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we get so on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we get so on the left hand
+side we will get by h-bar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we will get by h-bar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we will get by h-bar the
+side-effects goes out Det
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and now this factor ancient side accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this factor ancient side accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this factor ancient side accent
+lease two things imagine the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease two things imagine the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease two things imagine the function of
+time comes a function of X sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time comes a function of X sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time comes a function of X sitting here
+but the function of time can remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the function of time can remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the function of time can remove that
+so the function of that can you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the function of that can you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the function of that can you move the
+CrossFit community later it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CrossFit community later it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CrossFit community later it doesn't do
+anything to it as age of sine of X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to it as age of sine of X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to it as age of sine of X this
+is a chart and the class we had no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chart and the class we had no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chart and the class we had no time
+dependence in the potential of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in the potential of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in the potential of an
+assumption this whole thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption this whole thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption this whole thing is a
+function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright next step divide this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright next step divide this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright next step divide this whole
+equation by the total wave function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself but if you divide by side with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but if you divide by side with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but if you divide by side with
+tanks on the little side here it is a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks on the little side here it is a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks on the little side here it is a 1
+over G so you get I h-bar one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G so you get I h-bar one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G so you get I h-bar one on the
+right hand side the kinds of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side the kinds of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side the kinds of the gene
+and you get a 1 over side 1 over sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a 1 over side 1 over sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a 1 over side 1 over sine of
+X age sideways and now you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X age sideways and now you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X age sideways and now you look at this
+equation and this equation is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation is saying
+something very strange the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very strange the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very strange the left hand
+side is a function of time only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a function of time only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a function of time only the
+right hand side is a function of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is a function of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is a function of space
+only how time a function of time equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only how time a function of time equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only how time a function of time equal
+to a function of space the only way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a function of space the only way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a function of space the only way we
+could be is if both are not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be is if both are not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be is if both are not a function
+of what they were supposed to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they were supposed to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they were supposed to mean
+there are just numbers any function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just numbers any function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just numbers any function of
+time cannot be equal to function of X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cannot be equal to function of X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cannot be equal to function of X in
+general it doesn't make sense so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it doesn't make sense so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it doesn't make sense so each
+side must be equal to a constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side must be equal to a constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side must be equal to a constant and
+it's the same constant so each side this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same constant so each side this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same constant so each side this
+is all equal to constant and we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all equal to constant and we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all equal to constant and we'll call
+the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this e has units of energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this e has units of energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this e has units of energy with
+units of energy is equal so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy is equal so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of energy is equal so here we are
+constant with units of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you can see the energy here over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see what works correctly it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what works correctly it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what works correctly it's a
+first order differential equation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation just
+one constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it and this is part of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and this is part of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and this is part of solving
+for stationary states you solve for G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stationary states you solve for G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stationary states you solve for G of
+T the through dependence was easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the through dependence was easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the through dependence was easy to
+solve for but the exit pelvis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for but the exit pelvis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for but the exit pelvis is
+complicated in general there you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in general there you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in general there you have to
+do some work you have to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work you have to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work you have to solve the
+differential equation it's not that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's not that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's not that easy
+so many people most people call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many people most people call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many people most people call this the
+time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the time-independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the time-independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the time-independent
+schrodinger equation or each society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation or each society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation or each society
+will need side and this solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need side and this solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need side and this solving this
+differential equation can be challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation can be challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation can be challenging
+or something very interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only reasonable solutions that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reasonable solutions that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reasonable solutions that this
+equation has are for somebody's analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has are for somebody's analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has are for somebody's analogy
+with matrices should tell you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matrices should tell you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matrices should tell you that's
+probably what's going to happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what's going to happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what's going to happen because
+you remember eigenstates and eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember eigenstates and eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember eigenstates and eigenvalues
+of little numbers this equation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little numbers this equation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little numbers this equation is an
+eigen function equation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function equation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function equation and it's
+possible that it has two solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it has two solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it has two solutions for
+some particular values of the energy let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular values of the energy let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular values of the energy let
+me write the whole solution there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write the whole solution there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write the whole solution there if you
+solve these two things the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these two things the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these two things the whole
+solution sine of X and P is now constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution sine of X and P is now constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution sine of X and P is now constant
+times of side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this side effects solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this side effects solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this side effects solves this
+equation so this is the stationary state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the stationerity the eggs himself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationerity the eggs himself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationerity the eggs himself is
+equal to 1 that is this should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 that is this should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 that is this should be the
+case even this should be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case even this should be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case even this should be interesting
+solutions of the Schrodinger equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the Schrodinger equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the Schrodinger equation we
+expect that we could particles will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that we could particles will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that we could particles will
+describe wave packets or computer states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe wave packets or computer states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe wave packets or computer states
+with them and let's see what we saw when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and let's see what we saw when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and let's see what we saw when
+we try to normalize side will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to normalize side will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to normalize side will be
+normalizing the sizes so what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sighs started this side of X and now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs started this side of X and now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs started this side of X and now is
+e to the I II T over H bar let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I II T over H bar let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I II T over H bar let's
+accomplish for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish for me
+now on the other hand suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this other term these side-effects e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this other term these side-effects e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this other term these side-effects e
+to the minus i PT and now the good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i PT and now the good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i PT and now the good thing
+about this you see this integral should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you see this integral should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you see this integral should
+be normalized to one should to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normalized to one should to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normalized to one should to make
+sense under it's a great thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense under it's a great thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense under it's a great thing that the
+time dependence drops out and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence drops out and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence drops out and it would
+not have dropped out if the energy had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have dropped out if the energy had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have dropped out if the energy had
+not been real if the energy was not me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been real if the energy was not me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been real if the energy was not me
+though I would have had to put here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I would have had to put here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I would have had to put here a
+star and here I would have had East R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and here I would have had East R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and here I would have had East R
+minus e of some function of time and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e of some function of time and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e of some function of time and how
+can a function of time equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a function of time equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a function of time equal to one
+would be a problem so he must be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a problem so he must be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a problem so he must be real
+because otherwise you don't cancel his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you don't cancel his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you don't cancel his
+time dependence which happily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence which happily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence which happily and
+cancels it just tells you that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels it just tells you that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels it just tells you that it will
+be X star X sine of X must be one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X star X sine of X must be one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X star X sine of X must be one which
+is a very nice thing so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very nice thing so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very nice thing so in the
+stationary state the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state the normalization
+condition for a whole time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a whole time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a whole time dependent
+stationary state is that the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state is that the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary state is that the spatial
+part is not
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8KQPpl77fuk.txt b/8KQPpl77fuk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77a6c6ab0792738da80fa0dc01ea3f33730caf22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8KQPpl77fuk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+the last thing that i'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that i'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that i'm going to tell
+you about is why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about is why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about is why this matters
+and just like the goodie bags when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like the goodie bags when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like the goodie bags when i
+started teaching this class three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started teaching this class three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started teaching this class three years
+ago i wanted to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i wanted to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i wanted to also
+protect a certain fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect a certain fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect a certain fundamental
+part of each lecture and i call it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of each lecture and i call it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of each lecture and i call it why
+my why this matters moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters moment
+sometimes it goes on for more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes on for more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes on for more than a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+but i really really want every lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i really really want every lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i really really want every lecture
+to connect what we just learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect what we just learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect what we just learned
+to a big picture most of the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a big picture most of the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a big picture most of the time it's
+some application or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some application or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some application or some
+global challenge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenge right
+i want you to see those connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see those connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see those connections that
+what you're learning is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're learning is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're learning is directly
+relevant to some big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to some big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to some big thing
+so my why this matters moment is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my why this matters moment is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my why this matters moment is a is
+really related to these discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really related to these discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really related to these discoveries
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+okay please give me until 11 55 i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay please give me until 11 55 i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay please give me until 11 55 i will
+always let you go on time 11 55 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let you go on time 11 55 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let you go on time 11 55 but
+please don't start putting stuff away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't start putting stuff away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't start putting stuff away
+because it's distracting to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's distracting to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's distracting to everybody
+so two and a half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we name the age we live in often by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name the age we live in often by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name the age we live in often by the
+element by the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by the atom
+by the material by the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the material by the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the material by the material
+that was most useful at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was most useful at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was most useful at the time
+the stone age the bronze age the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stone age the bronze age the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stone age the bronze age the iron
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+i would say we've moved through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say we've moved through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say we've moved through the
+industrial age the age of plastics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial age the age of plastics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial age the age of plastics the
+age of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of silicon
+as a material scientist an engineer i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a material scientist an engineer i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a material scientist an engineer i
+love this i love that you name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this i love that you name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this i love that you name
+the age you live in by the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age you live in by the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age you live in by the material that
+mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered
+but i also love that we will never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also love that we will never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also love that we will never do
+that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ever and the reason is that we live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and the reason is that we live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and the reason is that we live in a
+truly unique age now a different age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly unique age now a different age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly unique age now a different age
+one in which we can put atoms we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which we can put atoms we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which we can put atoms we can
+realize feynman's dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize feynman's dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize feynman's dream
+and put atoms anywhere we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put atoms anywhere we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put atoms anywhere we want the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+not can we make it as much anymore as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not can we make it as much anymore as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not can we make it as much anymore as it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what should we make we live in the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we make we live in the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we make we live in the age
+of atomic design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic design
+and that is really important i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is really important i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is really important i mentioned
+the phone and the 63 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone and the 63 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone and the 63 elements
+you know look this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look this is called a
+revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+this is called this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called this is called a
+revolution you went in 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution you went in 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution you went in 50 years
+from a dollar per transistor eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dollar per transistor eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dollar per transistor eight
+orders of magnitude cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude cheaper
+in 2012 it became cheaper to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2012 it became cheaper to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2012 it became cheaper to print
+a transistor on a chip than a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transistor on a chip than a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transistor on a chip than a character
+in a newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a newspaper
+that's a revolution but that revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a revolution but that revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a revolution but that revolution
+it started as a processing revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started as a processing revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started as a processing revolution
+with one really important element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one really important element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one really important element
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+and now it's a materials revolution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's a materials revolution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's a materials revolution with
+63.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63.
+it's a chemistry revolution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemistry revolution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemistry revolution and the
+reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this
+matters so much what are these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so much what are these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so much what are these things is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+so many of the problems that we face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of the problems that we face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of the problems that we face
+in this world today so many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world today so many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world today so many of the
+global challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenges
+will rely on new chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rely on new chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rely on new chemistry
+and on new materials those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on new materials those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on new materials those
+are the bottlenecks those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bottlenecks those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bottlenecks those are the
+bottlenecks in cost and efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks in cost and efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks in cost and efficiency and
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+right in properties and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in properties and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in properties and those are the
+kinds of things that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we're going to be
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+all throughout the fall and that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the fall and that is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the fall and that is our
+construction set and we will build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction set and we will build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction set and we will build this
+on friday so see you guys all on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8NiJSP-iE74.txt b/8NiJSP-iE74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b848086d1ada97426489a8c30fb0068a1eb8b3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8NiJSP-iE74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3043 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So good
+afternoon, everybody.
+
+You see the topic
+for today's class
+
+on the screen--
+entangled photons.
+
+Just to remind
+you, when we talked
+
+about single photons and
+Mach-Zender interferometers,
+
+we realized that when we have a
+nonlinear interferometer where
+
+one mode, you can say one
+beam, affects the phase shift
+
+in the interferometer
+for the other photon.
+
+Then we get a
+nonlinear situation,
+
+and we can create photon states
+which no longer factorize.
+
+So we have a system
+a, a system b,
+
+and we can no longer write
+down the total wave function
+
+in a wave function for
+system a times system b.
+
+And this is something
+very interesting,
+
+and this is what we
+feature in this section.
+
+So we finished the last class
+by defining entanglement.
+
+And just to remind you, we
+said something is entangled
+
+if it is impossible to write
+it in a product of two wave
+
+functions.
+
+So therefore, if you have some
+correlation between the two
+
+systems, then we
+call the two systems
+
+and the state of the
+system entangled.
+
+Now this is a definition
+which needs explanation,
+
+so we went through
+some examples.
+
+And we showed that certain
+states which on first sight
+
+look entangled
+are not entangled,
+
+because if you try
+harder, you find
+
+the way to factorize the state.
+
+So I want to continue
+now in explaining
+
+different aspects
+of the definition,
+
+in particular what it means
+to have a system which
+
+has two subsystems, a and b.
+
+Before I do that, do you have
+any questions up to that point?
+
+So we want to talk about some
+standard entangled state.
+
+And the most basic
+state is a single state.
+
+So if you have a state which
+is 0 1 minus 1 0 normalized,
+
+this is an
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state.
+
+This needs some explanation.
+
+We have often
+encountered, in physics,
+
+states which are simply
+a superposition of if you
+
+interpret 0 1 as
+spin up or spin down,
+
+you encounter that quite often.
+
+And I want to explain
+to you now what
+
+is not an entangled state
+for the reasons of using
+
+entanglement as a resource.
+
+So first of all, I
+want to point out
+
+this state is not
+a single photon,
+
+because we have entangled
+here two qubits.
+
+Let me just contrast it.
+
+If you have a single
+photon after beam splitter,
+
+the single photon
+after beam splitter
+
+is in a superposition of
+mode a, mode b, 0 1 minus 1 0
+
+divided by square root 2.
+
+But now 0 is the vacuum.
+
+So we have not a
+system which can
+
+be decomposed into two
+partial systems a and b.
+
+You may even separate the
+system and then manipulate
+
+your single qubits individually
+by putting phase shifts on
+
+and doing other operations.
+
+If you have this state which is
+a superposition between having
+
+a photon, not having a vacuum,
+and having a vacuum state,
+
+you cannot-- the vacuum state
+itself is not a separate
+
+system.
+
+You cannot take the vacuum
+and perform operations
+
+on the vacuum.
+
+So I know it has
+been confusing for me
+
+when I heard about it
+for the first time.
+
+We have, so to speak,
+here an entangled mode,
+
+but not an entangled state.
+
+It's a singlet state.
+
+It has some aspects
+of entanglement,
+
+but it is not the entanglement
+we have defined is a resource.
+
+So let me just repeat-- this
+may be an entangled mode,
+
+but to be in an entangled
+state requires systems
+
+where you have two parts
+which you can separate.
+
+The second comment
+is we have situations
+
+where we have two
+different parts,
+
+but they can't be
+physically separated.
+
+So part of our definition of
+entanglement as a resource
+
+is that the state must be of
+two physically distinct systems.
+
+And we want to have
+parts which can
+
+be separately addressed,
+manipulated, and measured.
+
+In other words, if you read
+out one part of an EPR pair,
+
+the other part still exists.
+
+So that's sort of what we want.
+
+Let me illustrate
+that with examples.
+
+For instance, in the helium
+atom, you have two electrons.
+
+And the ground state-- if I use
+spin notation, is a singlet.
+
+So that's this.
+
+But does the ground
+state of helium
+
+fulfill our definition
+of an entangled state?
+
+Well, if you find a way
+to switch off the Coulomb
+
+potential, and then
+the electrons separate
+
+from each other, they still
+maintain their spin singlet
+
+character, then you can
+take them, measure them,
+
+take measurements,
+manipulate them.
+
+But since nobody has
+come up with a good idea
+
+how to switch off the
+Coulomb potential in an atom,
+
+you can never
+separate the states.
+
+And it is physically
+impossible to address this
+
+so the two electrons see
+them separately and such.
+
+So this state is not
+entangled, because it's not--
+
+the two systems
+cannot be separated.
+
+What is usually a good
+choice for entanglement--
+
+and this is why we discuss
+it here with photons--
+
+is you have photon states.
+
+Photons always fly away.
+
+Photons are in a certain
+superposition state.
+
+You can always separate them,
+and take them individually.
+
+So let's assume we have
+two photons, two modes.
+
+We have two photons--
+actually, the two photons can
+
+be in one spatial
+mode, but we are now
+
+playing with the polarization--
+horizontal, vertical.
+
+So if we have a state
+with horizontal- vertical
+
+polarization, this is a nice
+entangled state of two photons.
+
+So what did means is
+that we have photon each.
+
+One is vertical.
+
+And one is horizontal.
+
+But you don't know which one.
+
+If you would just
+look at one photon,
+
+it would be 50%
+horizontal, 50% vertical.
+
+It would be completely
+unpolarized,
+
+which would be a random
+state, which would require
+
+and density matrix
+for its description.
+
+But if one photon is
+horizontal, the other one
+
+is vertical and vice versa.
+
+So it's a pure state, but
+all the pureness of the state
+
+comes from the
+entanglement and not
+
+from what one photon
+does by itself.
+
+So these are two
+photons in one mode,
+
+and they are
+polarization entangled.
+
+Or this brings us back to our
+dual [? Rail ?] single photon
+
+states.
+
+We have two photons, two qubits
+and each is in two modes.
+
+So our 0 state-- and
+just to make sure
+
+that you do not confuse it with
+no photon, our logic 0 state,
+
+so L means logic here--
+is that the photon
+
+is in the second mode, and
+the 1 state of our logic state
+
+means that the single
+photon is in the other mode.
+
+So we can now have
+an entangled state,
+
+which is now this 0 1 1 0 state.
+
+But these are now
+logic states, which
+
+means that the 0 has one photon.
+
+It has a photon in
+one of the modes,
+
+and the one has a photon
+in the other mode.
+
+So each state here
+has two photons,
+
+but then the two
+photons have-- 0 1
+
+and 1 0 are switched in the
+two parts of the wave function.
+
+And we actually saw
+in the last unit
+
+how Kerr medium and
+an interferometer
+
+can generate this state.
+
+So yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: There
+are two such states.
+
+I mean, I will later tell
+you what the four famous Bell
+
+states are.
+
+There is one which has
+a plus sign and one
+
+which has a minus sign.
+
+So when we talk about
+spins in singlet state,
+
+it's often more
+natural the minus sign.
+
+Here what naturally
+emerged was the plus sign,
+
+but they are both
+sort of Bell states
+
+and therefore, they have
+what Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+
+introduced into it.
+
+So tolerate both signs.
+
+They are two different
+states, but for the purpose
+
+of the current discussion,
+they have the same property--
+
+they're maximally entangled.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK, so let me point out that the
+properties of entangled states
+
+always involve two qualities.
+
+One is the non-local character,
+because we have correlation
+
+between two subsystems which may
+be together when they interact,
+
+but then they can be separated.
+
+So we have correlations
+which happen between the two
+
+systems which are
+a distance apart.
+
+And we later come back when we
+talk about Gauss inequalities
+
+and that we know that physics
+has non-local aspects.
+
+And secondly, if you
+can separate two parts
+
+and they interact
+with the environment,
+
+the environment may
+interact with them
+
+differently in those
+two different parts.
+
+And therefore, entangled states
+are always regarded as fragile
+
+against decoherence.
+
+And it's a technical challenge
+how do you find states?
+
+How do you implement entangled
+states which are robust?
+
+Just to give you
+one example, if you
+
+have an entangled state which
+is based on electron spin,
+
+you may be more than
+1,000 times more sensitive
+
+to magnetic field fluctuations
+in your laboratory
+
+than if you have qubits which
+are entangled states which
+
+are based on nuclear spin.
+
+So that's a big research
+area to find states which
+
+are less sensitive, or even
+you immune against decoherence.
+
+OK, so I've mentioned to you
+that entangled states are
+
+states which you
+cannot factorize.
+
+But now we can sort of start
+playing with that definition.
+
+And we say, OK, if you have
+an entangled state which
+
+is up-down plus down-up, but
+now the contribution of down-up
+
+has only a tiny,
+little amplitude.
+
+So it's almost a
+pure state which
+
+can be factorized with a little
+bit of an extra configuration
+
+which prevents us
+from factorizing that.
+
+I mean, that doesn't look
+like good entanglement.
+
+It looks at the
+whole entanglement
+
+of the state depends
+on very small admixture
+
+to the wave function.
+
+And so what we
+want to address now
+
+is how can we quantify that?
+
+How can we look at
+this data and say, hey,
+
+this is sort of not a
+strongly entangled state.
+
+It has only a weak
+amount of entanglement.
+
+So let's not forget,
+entanglement is a resource.
+
+Entanglement allows you
+to do teleportation.
+
+Entanglement allows you to
+do more precise measurements.
+
+And what I want to convey
+you, if a state is only
+
+weakly entangled,
+it doesn't help
+
+you much to achieve precision
+beyond the standard limit,
+
+effective teleportation,
+and such things.
+
+Before I introduce several
+measures for entanglement,
+
+let me talk about
+entanglement purification.
+
+It's a very nice
+subject which tells you
+
+that if you have
+weakly entangled state,
+
+you can make them
+more entangled.
+
+And actually, the
+effort you have
+
+to spend to make a weakly
+entangled state more entangled
+
+can actually act as a
+measurement how entangled
+
+was your state in
+the first place.
+
+So the purification
+is introducing us
+
+with one measurement
+for entanglement,
+
+as I just said, but it
+also gives you an idea how
+
+quantum state can
+be manipulated.
+
+Purification is also
+the first example
+
+we encounter in this
+course for new insight
+
+into quantum physics.
+
+A lot of people thought
+quantum physics, at least
+
+non-relativistic
+quantum physics that
+
+was invented in the '20s
+in the last century,
+
+and by now we've
+understood it all.
+
+But there was an aspect
+of quantum physics,
+
+which I think nobody understood.
+
+And this is when you have
+a quantum state, which
+
+may decohere, a quantum state
+which may no longer be pure,
+
+that you have ways
+to error correction.
+
+You have ways to get the
+pure quantum state back.
+
+And ultimately, I
+mean, in the early days
+
+when I learned
+quantum physics, I
+
+thought if you have a
+quantum state, that's nice.
+
+But if the quantum-ness
+has decayed away,
+
+you can't get it back.
+
+But this is something we
+learn now from the new methods
+
+and new approach in
+quantum information science
+
+that you can do quantum
+error correction.
+
+You can have a stage
+which has decohered
+
+and you can get back to it.
+
+And there is something
+which-- it's not yet
+
+that which we're discussing
+today-- but in purification,
+
+you have states which have
+inferior entanglement,
+
+but you don't need to
+get stuck with that.
+
+You can take several of
+the purely entangled states
+
+and create the maximally
+entangled state out of it.
+
+So that's what I
+want to show you.
+
+So you should look
+at it as one example
+
+that wow, it's
+really cool how we
+
+can have quantum states
+with inferior quality.
+
+And by doing quantum
+operation on those states,
+
+we get something which
+is more entangled,
+
+and therefore, if that's our
+purpose, has a higher quality.
+
+So to introduce
+purification, I'm
+
+simply mentioning what are--
+for two qubits-- the standard,
+
+maximally entangled states.
+
+In 10 minutes or so,
+we talk about how do we
+
+measure entanglement,
+and indeed, those states
+
+will come out as being
+maximally entangled.
+
+But you already get the idea.
+
+Maximally entangled
+means they're not
+
+factorizable and not
+just by a small margin.
+
+They may be two equal
+parts of-- you always
+
+need two equal parts
+of 0 1 and 1 0,
+
+and this state has
+maximally entangled.
+
+It's maximally non-factorizable.
+
+So the four states which
+are actually the Bell
+
+states-- the famous Bell
+basis-- are 0 1 plus minus 1 0
+
+and 0 0 plus minus 1 1.
+
+Just to remind you if if you
+have two systems, each of them
+
+has two states.
+
+You can think of spin-- spin
+up, down for particle one,
+
+spin up down for particle two.
+
+That Hilbert space
+is four-dimensional.
+
+So you need a
+four-dimensional basis.
+
+And the trivial basis is up up,
+down down, up down, down up.
+
+But what is relevant
+for entangled states,
+
+we often use the
+basis of Bell states.
+
+And this is a new
+basis which spans
+
+the four-dimensional
+Hilbert space,
+
+but each of those bases
+function is maximally entangled.
+
+OK we should correctly
+normalize them.
+
+And that state is often
+called psi plus minus.
+
+And this here is phi plus minus.
+
+OK, so now let's get a
+purely entangled state.
+
+And let this state 0 0 plus 1 1.
+
+But we will have
+an example where
+
+b may be very, very small.
+
+So those states, this state
+is entangled for all choices
+
+of a and b.
+
+So the question is now how can
+we take such an arbitrary state
+
+where a and b-- one of them
+may be small, and create
+
+a standard Bell state?
+
+So what we have
+to assume for that
+
+is that we have a large
+supply of such states.
+
+And so let's assume we have
+large supply, identical copies.
+
+And now we want to
+take two such copies.
+
+And what I want to outline
+you is the following--
+
+you take sort of
+two of your copies,
+
+and you do a measurement.
+
+And I will tell you what kind
+of qubit operation we need,
+
+what kind of
+measurement we perform.
+
+And then when the outcome of the
+measurement is such and such,
+
+you say-- OK let me be specific.
+
+So if you take two
+copies, we have a total
+
+of two states with
+two photons each.
+
+And now we perform
+a quantum operation
+
+on two of the photons, and
+the other two photons we leave
+
+untouched.
+
+So now it depends when the
+measurement of the two photons
+
+has a good outcome, we
+know those other two
+
+photons are maximally entangled.
+
+They're in a Bell state.
+
+If the outcome of the
+measurement is bad,
+
+it tells us the two
+photons are not entangled,
+
+and we throw them away.
+
+So therefore, we have
+a finite probability
+
+by performing measurements
+that a pair of our sample
+
+state with the
+coefficient a and b
+
+will result into a maximally
+entangled state-- in a Bell
+
+state.
+
+And I want to describe now
+what is the protocol, what
+
+is the procedure
+to implement that.
+
+And what we will
+find-- and this is
+
+what I think you should expect
+here-- if the initial state has
+
+very bad entanglement in the
+sense that b is very small,
+
+we will need many, many
+attempts doing many measurements
+
+on our pair of states before
+we produce a Bell state.
+
+It's probabilistic,
+but the probability
+
+to succeed in preparing a
+Bell state will depend on-- we
+
+will see-- the
+product of a and b.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does the assumption
+of large supply of the state
+
+violate no-cloning in any sense?
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+question is, does it
+
+violate the no-cloning theorem?
+
+No, it doesn't,
+otherwise I would not
+
+say we have a large supply,
+because the no-cloning theorem
+
+is absolute.
+
+But it simply means we
+cannot have one state,
+
+and then clone and clone
+more and more copies.
+
+Let me be specific.
+
+If you have an
+experiment which produces
+
+a certain superposition
+state, you
+
+can just push the button on
+your experiment many times,
+
+and produce, in the
+identical create,
+
+as many states as you want.
+
+If you have spin-up
+state-- well,
+
+this is now for two photons,
+but if you have a spin-up state,
+
+you can make as
+many copies as you
+
+want of the state which has
+been rotated by a certain angle.
+
+So therefore, in
+state preparation,
+
+by going through
+the exact procedure,
+
+we can just create as many
+copies of a state we want.
+
+The no-cloning [INAUDIBLE]
+meant the following--
+
+I give you one state
+which may be a spin which
+
+has been rotated
+at a certain angle.
+
+You know nothing
+about the state.
+
+And now you should try
+to make a copy out of it.
+
+And the answer is you can't,
+because any measurement you do
+
+is-- if the particle
+were spin up
+
+and you would measure
+spin up or speed down,
+
+you could say I got spin up.
+
+Now I produce 10
+spin up particles.
+
+But you don't know
+along which axis
+
+the spin has been prepared.
+
+So unless you know which axis
+the spin has been oriented,
+
+and if you choose another axis,
+you have irreversibly lost
+
+information which
+cannot be retrieved.
+
+I don't know if it
+helps you, but if you
+
+have a certain state, and
+you're going to measure it
+
+without destroying it, you
+need a quantum non-demolition
+
+measurement.
+
+If you're in energy eigenstate,
+you can measure energy.
+
+If you're in a spin eigenstate
+which points along Z,
+
+you can measure the direction
+of the spin in the Z direction
+
+without destroying it.
+
+So if you can do a quantum
+non-demolition measurement
+
+on a state, you could clone it.
+
+But that violates the assumption
+that if I give you an arbitrary
+
+state, you do not know
+by definition what kind
+
+of measurement is a
+non-demolition measurement.
+
+You just take your
+chance, you try
+
+to take a Stern-Gerlach
+experiment, separate the spins
+
+in the Z component,
+and then it turns out
+
+I gave you a state which
+is polarized along x.
+
+So that's a subtle, but
+important difference.
+
+Other questions?
+
+So we take two copies and
+let's bring in Alice and Bob.
+
+So the first photon we
+associate with Alice.
+
+And the second photon
+is associated with Bob.
+
+So if you take two
+copies-- we have now
+
+is an Hilbert space, a
+four-dimensional Hilbert
+
+space, a direct product.
+
+And if you just take
+the state and calculate
+
+the direct product, you get four
+terms-- 0 0 1 1, 0 0 1 1, 1 1
+
+0 0, and 1 1 1 1.
+
+And the coefficients
+are given here.
+
+Let me just underline
+that it if you
+
+think we have some state
+with some entanglement,
+
+and we separate the
+system, one goes to Alice
+
+and one goes to Bob.
+
+So the one which Alice has
+is the first part of it
+
+those states.
+
+And Bob has the other part.
+
+So the protocol is now that
+Alice and Bob first, they're
+
+not doing a measurement.
+
+They're not reading
+out the system.
+
+They perform a
+unitary operation.
+
+And what Alice and
+Bob have formed
+
+is the controlled NOT
+operation on the two qubits.
+
+Let me just write it
+down and then explain it.
+
+Perform what is called the
+controlled NOT or CNOT gate.
+
+And I've explained before
+in the last section how
+
+the controlled NOT
+can be performed
+
+using a non-linear
+Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
+
+So Bob and Alice both
+run their two photons
+
+with the non-linear
+Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
+
+So what is a controlled NOT?
+
+Let me remind you.
+
+If you have two qubits, the
+first one is the control.
+
+If the control is 1,
+you flip the second one.
+
+If the control is 0, you do
+nothing to the second one.
+
+So the controlled
+CNOT transforms.
+
+So since the first qubit
+is the control qubit, out
+
+of those four combinations,
+the controlled NOT only
+
+does something if Alice's
+controls and Bob's controls
+
+is 1, and then the
+second bit is flipped.
+
+If Alice's and Bob's
+controls are 0,
+
+they do nothing
+to the second bit.
+
+So therefore, the 1 1 0
+is transformed into 1 1 1,
+
+and the 1 1 1 1 is
+transformed into 1 1 0 0.
+
+So that's the first operation.
+
+Let me just indicate it.
+
+So what has happened here, the
+0 0 has been flipped into 1 1
+
+and the 1 1 has been
+flipped into 0 0.
+
+That's the first step.
+
+The second step is
+that now Alice and Bob
+
+measure their target qubit.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+We have a controlled
+NOT operation.
+
+In the controlled
+NOT operation, we
+
+have the first one
+is the control qubit.
+
+The second one is the
+target of the operation.
+
+So in our, the way
+how we write it,
+
+Alice's target is
+the third in line,
+
+and Bob is the fourth in line.
+
+So now Alice and Bob
+measure the target qubits.
+
+Let me just be specific.
+
+So Alice has number
+one and number three.
+
+Bob has number two and
+four, and the target qubits
+
+are the third and fourth.
+
+So what is the probability that
+Alice and Bob measure both 1 1,
+
+that they both find
+the target qubit of 1?
+
+Well, it is this one
+and it is this one
+
+where the controlled
+NOT has flipped it.
+
+So one has the probability
+a squared b squared.
+
+The other one has probability
+a squared b squared.
+
+So with probability 2 a
+squared b squared-- well,
+
+let's allow a and
+b to be complex.
+
+They obtain 1 and 1.
+
+So in this case, what
+is left is here 0 0.
+
+What is here left is 1 1.
+
+You may just need
+an intermediate line
+
+to write down what the state
+is after the measurement.
+
+But if you read it
+off here, you find
+
+that when they
+obtain 1 1 1, that
+
+implies the post measurement
+state is then 0 0 plus 1 1
+
+divided by square of 2, and
+this is one of our Bell states.
+
+So what we had is we had
+a system of four photons
+
+after a qubit operation,
+the controlled NOT.
+
+Alice and Bob do a measurement
+together on two of the photons.
+
+Collins.
+
+And if the outcome of
+this measurement is 1 1,
+
+the rest of the system
+is in the Bell state.
+
+So we assume that
+Alice and Bob have
+
+a large supply of those copies.
+
+So let's assume that they
+start with n copies of psi.
+
+And then, because the
+probability is m over n,
+
+they successfully obtain m
+copies of the Bell state.
+
+And the question is,
+what is the probability
+
+in the limit of
+a large ensemble.
+
+And we will see in a few
+moments that this is actually
+
+a measurement of how entangled
+the original space is.
+
+Any questions
+about purification?
+
+Well, then let's
+measure entanglement.
+
+The basic idea
+here is that if you
+
+have a state up/down plus
+down/up, it's a pure state.
+
+But this pure state
+has a correlation
+
+between the two subsystems.
+
+And the idea is
+now entanglement is
+
+that there is a correlation
+between the two subsystems.
+
+And you can say well,
+it would be a good way
+
+to characterize entanglement if
+I only look at one subsystem.
+
+In this case, you
+look at one subsystem,
+
+and you would just randomly
+see spin up, spin down.
+
+Spin up spin down is described
+by the unity density matrix,
+
+which is, therefore, the
+most random state on earth.
+
+So if you have a pure state and
+you only look at one subsystem,
+
+the more random
+the subsystem is,
+
+the more the pureness
+of the initial state
+
+comes from correlations,
+comes what is entanglement.
+
+So therefore, what I
+want to introduce now
+
+as a measure of entanglement is
+that we take the total system
+
+and then we perform
+the partial trace.
+
+We only look at one subsystem.
+
+And the purer the subsystem
+is, the less entangled
+
+it is, because in
+the ultimate limit
+
+that our system factorizes into
+two pure states, when we look
+
+at the subsystem, we
+still have a pure state.
+
+So the purity of the subsystem
+in terms of pure state
+
+is now a measure
+of entanglement.
+
+The purer the subsystem is,
+the less entangled it was.
+
+So the basic idea here
+is entanglement is
+
+related to correlations.
+
+And if you take half
+of a Bell state--
+
+so if two particles which
+are an EPR pair and we
+
+take half of it-- then half
+of it is completely random.
+
+So let me illustrate that.
+
+So if you take one
+half of-- let's just
+
+take one of the Bell
+states, phi plus,
+
+which was the superposition
+of 0 0 plus 1 1.
+
+So let me be specific, because
+we need it for the definition.
+
+We describe this ensemble of
+this system in a pure EPR state
+
+by a density matrix.
+
+The density matrix
+is nothing else
+
+than you take your total system.
+
+So this is now the
+density matrix.
+
+So in our case, psi a
+b is just the state.
+
+And now we describe
+the subsystem
+
+by performing a
+partial trace on rho.
+
+The partial trace is
+over the system b.
+
+And that means we take all
+eigenfunctions k b of state b,
+
+sum over all k's, and
+this is our partial trace.
+
+So therefore, we would take
+our statistical operator
+
+from the line above, and
+perform the partial trace
+
+where those states are
+the state 0 and 1 of b.
+
+So these are the states of b.
+
+So when you do that,
+you just insert that.
+
+You find that what
+you get is 1/2.
+
+a has been traced out,
+so b has been traced out.
+
+And what we obtain for a is
+just from the two terms above.
+
+This gives that,
+and this gives that.
+
+And you immediately realize that
+this is 1/2 times the identity
+
+matrix.
+
+So therefore, we
+have shown that this
+
+is a completely random state.
+
+So now we can characterize
+the randomness
+
+of the partial trace of the
+density operator obtained
+
+by performing the partial trace
+with the standard von Neumann
+
+entropy.
+
+As a reminder, the
+von Neumann entropy
+
+for statistical operator rho
+is defined as the expectation
+
+value of rho log rho, where we
+take the logarithm with respect
+
+to the base 2.
+
+So this is the trace
+of rho log rho.
+
+Or if we use the
+eigenvalues of rho,
+
+we multiply eigenvalues with the
+logarithm of the eigenvalues.
+
+So for a pure state,
+the entropy is 0,
+
+because a pure state has
+one eigenvalue, which is 1,
+
+and the log of 1 is 0, so
+we get 0 for pure state.
+
+For completely
+mixed state, we're
+
+talking about a state which
+has two dimensions, so it
+
+can be up and down.
+
+A completely unique state has
+probabilities of 1/2 each.
+
+And then we say the entropy
+of this state is one,
+
+or we call it one bit.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: About the
+volume [INAUDIBLE]
+
+expectation of rho
+log rho is called
+
+a trace [INAUDIBLE] expectation
+of log rho, expectation
+
+of [INAUDIBLE] trace of the
+operator times density matrix.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so this
+is just a reminder
+
+of how we measure entropy
+of density matrix.
+
+And now we apply
+it to entanglement.
+
+We define now the entanglement
+for the entanglement
+
+e over state psi a b to be
+the entropy of the density
+
+matrix for system a after
+tracing out system b.
+
+And for pure state, this is-- it
+doesn't matter whether we trace
+
+out a or b if you start
+with a pure state.
+
+The entanglement, the entropy
+of the statistical operator
+
+rho a and rho b are the same.
+
+I tried for a
+moment to prove it.
+
+I saw it quoted somewhere.
+
+I didn't succeed
+in a split second,
+
+so either I
+overlooked something,
+
+or it's a little bit more
+involved to show that.
+
+So therefore, to
+use the inverts,
+
+our definition says that the
+entropy, so the entanglement,
+
+is nothing else than the entropy
+of the reduced density matrix.
+
+And we immediately see if
+we have any of the four Bell
+
+states, by performing the
+partial trace over one qubit,
+
+we obtain the identity matrix.
+
+So therefore, the entropy
+of all the Bell states is 1.
+
+Let me state without
+proof-- when we come back
+
+to the purification
+scheme the result
+
+is that the probability or
+the optimum probability--
+
+if you do stupid
+measurements on your states,
+
+of course you get nothing.
+
+But the optimum strategy to
+create pure Bell states out
+
+of your reservoir of
+poorly entangled states--
+
+so for an optimum strategy, the
+success probability m over n
+
+actually turns out to be
+not a different measure
+
+of entanglement.
+
+It is the entanglement
+which we have just
+
+defined through the entropy
+of the partial trace.
+
+So therefore-- and I
+think this is nicely
+
+illustrated with the
+purification scheme--
+
+entanglement is a real resource.
+
+When you have better
+entanglement to start with,
+
+then you can get more copies.
+
+You can get more
+pure Bell states
+
+out of your supply of
+poorly entangled states.
+
+So therefore, you lose
+more if your states are not
+
+fully entangled.
+
+You lose more of them,
+and therefore, the success
+
+of the purification
+scheme makes it clear
+
+how entanglement is a resource.
+
+If you have entanglement,
+it's precious.
+
+You had to do
+something to get it.
+
+I didn't point out
+entanglement is not
+
+something which one number
+characterize it, it's all.
+
+We introduced to you
+already another measurement
+
+of entanglement through
+the Schmidt number,
+
+which was in
+homework number two.
+
+And usually when you
+have different measures
+
+for entanglement, they're
+not one to one related.
+
+It seems that, similarly when
+we measured non-classic light,
+
+we had a G2 function.
+
+We had [INAUDIBLE]
+bunching, antibunching.
+
+We have negative
+quasi probabilities.
+
+And it's often clear
+that one system which
+
+is truly non-classical,
+fulfills all the criteria,
+
+but how the quantitative
+measurements are related
+
+to each other is really subtle.
+
+In the case of entanglement,
+for a long time it
+
+has even been a big
+question in research--
+
+if you have an
+arbitrary density matrix
+
+with a complicated
+many-body system,
+
+how can you even characterize
+the entanglement?
+
+We are focusing
+here on pure states
+
+where things are fairly simple.
+
+But in the general situation
+of a many-body system,
+
+it can be quite challenging
+just define and measure
+
+entanglement.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you have a
+general [INAUDIBLE] that's
+
+not necessarily a
+pure state, can you
+
+show that it's
+always the reduced
+
+trace of the bigger [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Say again, if I
+have a general state which is--
+
+AUDIENCE: You have a subsystem--
+let's say you have two spins,
+
+and then you have
+a density matrix
+
+for the first-- or actually just
+to say that you have one spin
+
+and you have a density
+matrix for that single spin,
+
+it's a matrix, not
+necessarily a pure state.
+
+Let's say it's a mixed state.
+
+Then you can introduce
+a fake second spin
+
+and show that this matrix is the
+trace of a matrix [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and maybe just put that one in
+a pure state and do some stuff,
+
+do some calculations
+more easily.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+If you have a
+density matrix, you
+
+can always regard it as a
+partial trace of a bigger
+
+system.
+
+That means you always represent
+your state as a pure state,
+
+but it is entangled
+with a bigger system.
+
+However, what the big system
+is, is by no means unique.
+
+I'm missing the
+technical word-- it's
+
+called unraveling
+the density matrix.
+
+You can always represent the
+density matrix written down
+
+in forms of pure state.
+
+But this unraveling of
+the density matrix-- no,
+
+actually, its related.
+
+When I said yes, I thought
+about the unraveling
+
+of the density matrix.
+
+You can always write
+down a density matrix
+
+as a mixture of pure states,
+but which are the pure states
+
+is not unique.
+
+So when you say my
+density matrix is
+
+half of the atoms are spin
+up and half of the atoms
+
+are spin down, somebody else
+would say, no, that's not true.
+
+Half of the atoms are spin
+[INAUDIBLE] and spin x
+
+and some are in spin minus
+x, and those representations
+
+are equivalent.
+
+So I was just thinking of that
+as to write down the density
+
+matrix in the pure state basis.
+
+But you are asking about--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] what
+he's asking about [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Somehow, but
+I was thinking of that,
+
+but I think the answer
+to your question is yes.
+
+So you said, you confirmed that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, but
+I am forgetting
+
+the name of the theorem here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it just
+purification again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's
+related to purification.
+
+You can prove that you're
+using purification.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: Using
+purification [INAUDIBLE]
+
+but I'm completely forgetting
+the names of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: But wait.
+
+We've talked here
+about-- just to be clear,
+
+we've talked here about
+purification of a pure state.
+
+We started with a
+pure state and we
+
+purified it to be a Bell state
+by doing certain measurements.
+
+So we've not talked here
+about density matrices,
+
+but it sounds very plausible
+that you can always
+
+construct a bigger system.
+
+But I should look it up and
+see if there is an exact proof.
+
+It's-- intuitively
+it sounds correct.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK, so we have discussed the
+definition of entangled state.
+
+We've talked about purification
+of entangled states
+
+and how to measure it.
+
+I want to talk now
+about how we can
+
+create entangled
+states for atoms.
+
+Maybe let me say the following--
+so by now we are convinced.
+
+Entangled states are great,
+and we want to create them.
+
+And for photons, I showed you
+that some simple element--
+
+beam splitters, Kerr medium--
+can create entanglement.
+
+It's much harder to
+do that with atoms.
+
+Now, we want to
+do it with atoms,
+
+because atoms-- in
+contrast to light-- they're
+
+pretty much staying still,
+whereas photons always
+
+move at the speed of light.
+
+And the only way to
+make photons stand still
+
+is you put them in a
+cavity and then they
+
+bounce back and forth.
+
+But even in super cavities
+with the highest reflectivity
+
+mirror, you get-- what are
+the longest ring-down times
+
+you get-- fraction of
+a second, milliseconds,
+
+depending kind of
+in which domain
+
+you work-- microwave
+domain, optical domain.
+
+Whereas atoms, you can hold onto
+your qubits for a long time.
+
+So therefore, if you
+want to use entanglement
+
+as a resource for
+certain protocols,
+
+you want to have entangled atoms
+where the entanglement would
+
+like for a long time.
+
+So the question
+is now for atoms,
+
+we do not have perfect beam
+splitters and perfect Kerr
+
+mediums.
+
+Also, we can control
+interactions between atoms
+
+for [INAUDIBLE] using
+VSEPR resonances,
+
+but that's another story.
+
+But now let me ask a question,
+how do we entangle atoms?
+
+And I want to first
+show you that if you
+
+had the right system,
+things can be fairly simple.
+
+This is a suggestion which
+was made almost 20 years ago,
+
+and it goes like
+follows-- if you
+
+have a diatomic molecule
+of two identical atoms,
+
+in this case
+mercury, and mercury
+
+doesn't have-- this molecule
+doesn't have any electron spin,
+
+but mercury has a nuclear spin.
+
+And if you now photo-dissociate
+mercury and two mercury atoms
+
+fly away, then you have
+separated a spin singlet
+
+into two parts.
+
+And now you have
+created the Bell state
+
+up/down minus down/up.
+
+So you could say this is sort
+of the example-- this realizes
+
+very closely the example I
+gave you with the helium atom,
+
+where I said you have an
+electron in spin up and spin
+
+down, but there was no way
+to separate the electrons.
+
+Therefore, you can say it is a
+state which has entanglement,
+
+but it's not entanglement
+as a resource.
+
+But right now, here
+it becomes a resource
+
+once you have found a
+method to separate the two
+
+parts of the wave function that
+you can give one to Alice, give
+
+one to Bob, and they can
+perform the operations on it.
+
+Well, if it looks so
+simple, why don't we
+
+have entangled atoms everywhere?
+
+This experiment has been
+suggested 20 years ago,
+
+but nobody has done it,
+or some several groups
+
+have worked on it.
+
+You need a molecule
+with suitable states.
+
+You don't want any electron
+spin which interferes with that.
+
+All you want to have
+is two nuclear spins.
+
+You want a singlet state here.
+
+So those requirements
+are not easily fulfilled
+
+with real atoms.
+
+Of course we liked-- and also
+who wants to work with mercury?
+
+Mercury has transitions
+in the ultraviolet.
+
+I think there's only one
+group in the world who
+
+has operated a magneto
+optic trap with mercury.
+
+So it's not your tabletop atom.
+
+So therefore, let's
+now talk about a method
+
+how we can entangle
+atoms by using light.
+
+So if you take
+atoms, maybe we can
+
+use the light which
+has been emitted
+
+from the atoms, performing
+measurement on the light,
+
+and then depending on the
+outcome of the measurement,
+
+we know the atoms are entangled.
+
+So Professor [? Swann ?] calls
+this the poor man's entangler.
+
+I don't know why poor man's.
+
+You still need quite a
+bit of equipment to do it.
+
+But at least it seems
+the poor man's solution
+
+if you can't make the
+above experiment work.
+
+So this addresses
+a question that,
+
+just for technical
+reasons matter
+
+is more difficult to entangle.
+
+Whereas photons are easy.
+
+Yeah so you can say
+the idea is related
+
+to the purification scheme.
+
+We can't take a system of two
+atoms, atom one and atom two
+
+which are unentangled, and we
+shine some laser light on them,
+
+excite them.
+
+Then they emit photons.
+
+So all we can do
+is-- we can only
+
+talk to the atoms
+with the photons.
+
+So the only thing
+we can do now is
+
+we can measure the two photons.
+
+And then the situation will be
+similar as in the purification
+
+scheme, where Alice and
+Bob did a measurement.
+
+If Alice and Bob said both
+of our target qubits are one,
+
+then what was left behind was
+in a pure, entangled Bell state.
+
+And similarly, what you want to
+do here is we have two atoms.
+
+There was nothing special about
+them but they scatter light.
+
+And if you now perform a
+measurement on the photons
+
+and the outcome of the
+measurement is positive,
+
+then we know for sure what has
+been left behind is entangled.
+
+That's the idea.
+
+So it shares with the
+purification scheme
+
+that it is a probabilistic
+entanglement.
+
+You run your
+experiment many times.
+
+You do a measurement.
+
+If the measurement
+is positive, you
+
+say now I have an
+entangled state.
+
+And maybe then you can move on
+to measure the entanglement.
+
+You can move on to do
+teleportation, other things you
+
+want to do with
+entangled states.
+
+But if your measurements
+says no, bad luck.
+
+The probability hasn't
+worked out this time.
+
+You just press a button
+again, scatter light
+
+again of your two atoms
+and/or your two ions
+
+and hope that the next
+outcome is positive.
+
+So the idea is we
+want to introduce now
+
+a probabilistic method.
+
+It's based on two
+atoms emitting light.
+
+And the result is with
+a certain probability
+
+that we get entangled atoms.
+
+Let me just scroll down and
+show you one thing I want to--
+
+When I prepare the notes and
+everything is clear to me,
+
+but then I want to explain
+it to you and say hey,
+
+I have to motivate you.
+
+If I just go
+through a few lines,
+
+you wonder what it leads to.
+
+So let me maybe first
+give you the explanation
+
+I would have given you
+a little bit later.
+
+What is an entangled
+state is if the atoms are
+
+in maybe one of two ground
+states-- one atom is in one
+
+ground state, the other
+one is in the other one,
+
+or it is flipped.
+
+So we know one atom is
+in the ground state one.
+
+One atom is in the
+ground state two,
+
+but we don't know
+which one is in which.
+
+It is in the
+superposition state.
+
+So what you need
+now in this scheme
+
+is the following-- if
+the atoms scatter light,
+
+they can go to two
+different ground states.
+
+And we know to
+which ground state
+
+they have gone, because
+due to selection rules,
+
+they reach one ground state
+with polarization one.
+
+They reach one ground state
+with polarization two.
+
+So therefore, when we had
+two atoms, they emit light
+
+and we would measure the
+polarization of the light,
+
+we would know in
+which state they are.
+
+But if you know atom
+1 is in state 1,
+
+and atom 2 is in state
+2, this is not entangled.
+
+So what we have to do is when
+the two atoms have emitted
+
+photons, we have to mix the
+photon at the beam splitter.
+
+And after the beam
+splitter, when
+
+we measure that the
+photon is polarized,
+
+we know that one of the atoms
+is in one of the ground states,
+
+but we don't know which.
+
+So therefore, we can now
+use-- the photon carries
+
+through the polarization the
+information in which ground
+
+state the atom is.
+
+But now we have to perform
+operations to the photons
+
+that for fundamental
+reasons, fundamental quantum
+
+measurement, we know there
+is one photon in one state,
+
+but we have no way
+to ever figure out
+
+which atom has
+emitted the photon.
+
+So that's the idea,
+and the protocol
+
+I want to show you now is what
+do we have to do to the two
+
+photons to make sure
+that we never know,
+
+that we can't find out which
+atom has emitted the photon.
+
+And we have to do little
+bit more tricks also
+
+to make sure that when we do
+a measurement on the photon,
+
+we know the atoms are
+in the Bell state.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+So therefore, we
+need a beam splitter.
+
+So we can come back to
+what we have already
+
+introduced in the last section.
+
+So each atom will emit a photon.
+
+And I will actually show
+you at the end of the class
+
+that people have
+entangled with that scheme
+
+two ions which were in
+two different ion traps.
+
+So you have two distance atoms.
+
+They emit light, and after
+the measurement process,
+
+you know they are entangled.
+
+And that's pretty cool.
+
+So the situation how we do it is
+we have two photons which come.
+
+But the first thing
+we have to make sure
+
+is we have to
+scramble the photons.
+
+We have to make sure
+that we can't find out
+
+from which atom the
+photon has come,
+
+and this is done with
+the beam splitter.
+
+So there is one aspect
+of beam splitters
+
+and two photons which have
+to explain to you now.
+
+And this is this famous
+HUM, Hong-Ou-Mandel.
+
+This is the Hong-Ou-Mandel
+interference.
+
+It's a very famous
+effect, and it's actually
+
+very, very special.
+
+So let me explain
+what happens when
+
+we have two photons
+in the same state--
+
+two identical photons, same
+frequency, same polarization--
+
+coming to a beam splitter.
+
+So we have already
+all the tools.
+
+So we have a beam
+splitter characterized
+
+by this angle theta, which
+through cosine theta,
+
+sine theta determines what
+the beam splitter is doing.
+
+And all we want to do is we
+apply it now to the state 1 1.
+
+So what we will find is
+that there is a probability
+
+to get one photon each.
+
+Then there is a probability to
+get two photons in one output.
+
+And it will actually
+be the same probability
+
+with a minus sign in the
+amplitude to get 0 2.
+
+And the matrix which acts
+on each of the photons
+
+has cosines and sines.
+
+So what we get is products
+of trigonometric functions.
+
+And here for getting
+two photons in one arm,
+
+it's square root 2,
+cosine theta, sine theta.
+
+And the spectacular
+thing here is
+
+what happens when we have
+a balanced beam splitter.
+
+If you have the
+50-50 beam splitter--
+
+and this is called the
+Hong-Ou-Mandel interference,
+
+you have the situation where
+you have a beam splitter,
+
+you have one photon,
+you have two photons.
+
+And it is absolutely
+impossible that afterwards, you
+
+have one photon in each arm.
+
+So you send two photons
+on a beam splitter,
+
+and after the beam
+splitter is, you
+
+have either two photons
+coming out here,
+
+or two photons coming out there.
+
+You can say it's Poissonic
+stimulation photons and bosons.
+
+That all plays a role.
+
+If one photon goes one path,
+the other photons follow suit.
+
+This is now very powerful,
+because it already
+
+happens, of course, when the
+two photons are identical.
+
+We had to use in this
+formalism the photon is
+
+in the same mode on each part.
+
+But that means now
+the following--
+
+if you set up photo
+detectors here,
+
+and each photon
+detector makes click,
+
+you know you had
+one photon each.
+
+And that tells you that the two
+photons were not identical--
+
+for instance, because they
+have different polarizations.
+
+So if you want to
+now, with the atoms,
+
+get a Bell state, where
+atoms decay-- one atom
+
+decays to state
+one, one atom decays
+
+to state two-- the
+signature of that
+
+would be that we
+have one atom each.
+
+And if you do it right, one atom
+each is an ingredient for 1 2
+
+plus 2 1 for Bell state.
+
+We can detect that we have one
+photon each because at such
+
+a beam splitter, it's
+only in this situation
+
+that we can get one photon
+after each beam splitter
+
+if we start with two
+non-identical photons.
+
+Of course, by the way,
+experimentally there are quite
+
+some challenges, even if
+you have identical photons
+
+of the same polarization, if
+they arrive as a nanosecond
+
+pulse, and they don't arrive
+exactly at the same time
+
+at the beam splitter, then
+you first split one photon,
+
+and then the next photon,
+and the two photons cannot
+
+influence each other.
+
+So there are a lot of
+experimental requirements
+
+to realize this
+ideal experiment.
+
+So as I was preparing
+for today's class,
+
+I actually saw a paper which
+just came out in "Science."
+
+So in this month's
+"Science" they
+
+discussed the Hong-Ou-Mandel
+interference experiment
+
+with fermions.
+
+So let me just
+explain what happens.
+
+OK, now it fits.
+
+So if you have two
+identical photons,
+
+if you have two particles which
+impinge on the beam splitter--
+
+they are the two input beams
+for the beam splitter--
+
+you would say you have
+four different outcomes.
+
+One is both come out
+here, both come out here.
+
+Or they are both
+reflected, or they are both
+
+transmitted through.
+
+And what happens is bosons--
+as I just pointed out--
+
+bosons characterized by
+photons can only do that.
+
+Identical photons
+want two bunch up.
+
+They appear in pairs-- 50%
+left output, 50% right output.
+
+Well, for fermions, they
+just do the opposite.
+
+For fermions, you will
+always get one particle each.
+
+You may immediately,
+of course, explain it
+
+with the Pauli Exclusion
+Principle, which does not
+
+allow two particles to
+be in the same state
+
+after the beam splitter.
+
+And you should contrast it
+with classical particles.
+
+When you have two
+classical particles,
+
+you will actually find that all
+of those four possibilities,
+
+each of them has
+a 25% probability.
+
+So it was a major
+experiment which
+
+was featured in "Science"
+when people realized
+
+that with electrons,
+they created electrons
+
+in a semiconductor
+structure, and showed
+
+through some
+statistical measurement
+
+that this was the
+physics which happened.
+
+The measurement they did
+is, I forgot details--
+
+if you have bosons and you get
+either two here or two there,
+
+you have more fluctuations in
+your system than for fermions.
+
+And they conclusively
+showed that they
+
+had realized the Hong-Ou-Mandel
+interference for fermions.
+
+I think we have to stop.
+
+Let me just add one more
+thing and then we are done.
+
+So this Hong-Ou-Mandel
+interference
+
+is at the heart of how
+perform the measurement which
+
+is ultimately
+entangling the atoms.
+
+But we need one more element.
+
+We need sort of to scramble
+the photons in one more way,
+
+and this is by adding circular
+polarizers at the input.
+
+So we assume for now
+that we start out
+
+with linear polarization
+in those states.
+
+And here is our beam splitter.
+
+Here is mode a and mode
+be, which we detect.
+
+And before we measure
+this Hong interference,
+
+we put in quarter-wave
+plates which
+
+provide circular polarization.
+
+If you start with linearly
+polarized light-- we
+
+put in a polarizer-- after
+the circular polarizer,
+
+we have this linear
+superposition
+
+of horizontal and
+vertical at mode one,
+
+and we have linear
+polarization-- superposition
+
+of linear polarization
+in mode two.
+
+So this is a situation at the
+input of the beam splitter.
+
+And if we expand it,
+we have probabilities
+
+where the polarization
+is different,
+
+and where the
+polarization is the same.
+
+So we have two detectors here.
+
+And if both detectors
+click, then we
+
+know that the input
+to the interferometer
+
+was not H H nor V V,
+because in that case,
+
+the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference
+would have directed
+
+both photons to one
+output, and we would not
+
+have obtained clicks from both.
+
+So therefore, when
+both detectors click,
+
+we know that the quantum state
+before the interferometer--
+
+before the beam splitter-- was
+H V or V H-- or, of course,
+
+in another basis, one of those.
+
+And this is sort of
+the ingredient, which
+
+I will show you on
+Wednesday, which
+
+can lead to probabilistic
+entanglement of atoms.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK, one announcement-- we
+post this week's homework
+
+assignment later today.
+
+It will be due in a week.
+
+See you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8QFpZ3FndBc.txt b/8QFpZ3FndBc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ef7fafb7313161845d11884026b11de17e5a015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8QFpZ3FndBc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we introduce the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we introduce the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we introduce the concept
+of continuous random variables and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous random variables and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous random variables and their
+characterization in terms of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization in terms of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization in terms of probability
+density functions or PDFs for short let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functions or PDFs for short let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functions or PDFs for short let
+us first go back to discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us first go back to discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us first go back to discrete random
+variables a discrete random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a discrete random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a discrete random variable
+takes values in a discrete set there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values in a discrete set there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values in a discrete set there is
+a total of 1 unit of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 1 unit of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 1 unit of probability
+assigned to the possible values and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the possible values and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the possible values and the
+PMF tells us exactly how much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF tells us exactly how much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF tells us exactly how much of this
+probability is assigned to each value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is assigned to each value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is assigned to each value so
+we can think of the bars in the PMF as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of the bars in the PMF as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of the bars in the PMF as
+point masses with positive weight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point masses with positive weight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point masses with positive weight that
+sit on top of each possible numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on top of each possible numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on top of each possible numerical
+value and we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we can calculate the
+probability that the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable
+falls inside an interval by adding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls inside an interval by adding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls inside an interval by adding all
+the masses that sit on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses that sit on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses that sit on top of that
+interval so for example if we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so for example if we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so for example if we're looking
+at the interval from A to B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interval from A to B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interval from A to B the
+probability of this interval is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this interval is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this interval is equal to
+the sum of the probabilities of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the probabilities of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the probabilities of these
+three masses that fall inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses that fall inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three masses that fall inside this
+interval on the other hand a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval on the other hand a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval on the other hand a continuous
+random variable will be taking values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will be taking values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will be taking values
+over a continuous range for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a continuous range for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a continuous range for example the
+real line or an interval on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real line or an interval on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real line or an interval on the real
+line in this case we still have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in this case we still have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in this case we still have one
+total unit of probability mass that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total unit of probability mass that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total unit of probability mass that is
+assigned to the possible values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the possible values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the possible values of the
+random variable except that this unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable except that this unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable except that this unit of
+mass is spread all over the real line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is spread all over the real line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is spread all over the real line
+but it is not spread in a uniform manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not spread in a uniform manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not spread in a uniform manner
+some parts of the real line have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of the real line have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of the real line have more
+mass per unit length some have less how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass per unit length some have less how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass per unit length some have less how
+much mass exactly is sitting on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mass exactly is sitting on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mass exactly is sitting on top of
+each part of the real line is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part of the real line is described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part of the real line is described
+by the probability density function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the probability density function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the probability density function this
+function plotted here which we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plotted here which we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plotted here which we denote
+with this notation the letter F will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this notation the letter F will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this notation the letter F will
+always indicate that we are dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always indicate that we are dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always indicate that we are dealing with
+the PDF and the subscript will indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF and the subscript will indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF and the subscript will indicate
+which random variable we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which random variable we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which random variable we're talking
+about we use the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we use the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we use the probability density
+function to calculate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to calculate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to calculate the probability
+that X lies in a certain interval let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X lies in a certain interval let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X lies in a certain interval let's
+say the interval from A to B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the interval from A to B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the interval from A to B and we
+calculated by finding the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by finding the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by finding the area
+under the PDF that sits on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the PDF that sits on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the PDF that sits on top of that
+interval so this area here the shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so this area here the shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so this area here the shaded
+area is the probability that X takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is the probability that X takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is the probability that X takes
+values in this interval think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in this interval think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in this interval think of
+probability as snowfall there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as snowfall there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as snowfall there is one
+pound of snow that has fallen on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound of snow that has fallen on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound of snow that has fallen on top of
+the real line the PDF tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real line the PDF tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real line the PDF tells us the
+height of the snow accumulated over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the snow accumulated over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the snow accumulated over a
+particular point we then find the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point we then find the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point we then find the weight
+of the overall amount of snow sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall amount of snow sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall amount of snow sitting on
+top of an interval by calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of an interval by calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of an interval by calculating the
+area under this curve of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under this curve of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under this curve of course
+mathematically area under the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically area under the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically area under the curve is
+just an integral so the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral so the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral so the probability that
+X takes values in this interval is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X takes values in this interval is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X takes values in this interval is the
+integral of the PDF over this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the PDF over this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the PDF over this particular
+interval what property should the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval what property should the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval what property should the PDF
+have by analogy with the discrete case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have by analogy with the discrete case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have by analogy with the discrete case a
+PDF must be non-negative because we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF must be non-negative because we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF must be non-negative because we do
+not want to get negative probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to get negative probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to get negative probabilities
+in the discrete case the sum of the PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discrete case the sum of the PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discrete case the sum of the PMF
+entries has to be equal to one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries has to be equal to one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries has to be equal to one in the
+continuous case X is certain to lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case X is certain to lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case X is certain to lie in
+the interval between minus infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval between minus infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval between minus infinity and
+plus infinity so letting a be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity so letting a be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity so letting a be minus
+infinity and B plus infinity we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and B plus infinity we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and B plus infinity we should
+get a probability of one so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a probability of one so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a probability of one so the total
+area under the PDF when we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the PDF when we integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the PDF when we integrate
+over the entire real line should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire real line should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire real line should be
+equal to one these two conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one these two conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one these two conditions are
+all that we need in order to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that we need in order to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that we need in order to have a
+legitimate PDF we can now give a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate PDF we can now give a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate PDF we can now give a formal
+definition of what a continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what a continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what a continuous random
+variable is a continuous random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a continuous random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a continuous random variable
+is a random variable whose probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable whose probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable whose probabilities
+can be described by a PDF according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described by a PDF according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described by a PDF according to a
+formula of this type an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula of this type an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula of this type an important point
+the fact that a random variable takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a random variable takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a random variable takes
+values on a continuous set is not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on a continuous set is not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on a continuous set is not enough
+to make it what we call a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it what we call a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it what we call a con
+Dean use random variable for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean use random variable for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean use random variable for a
+continuous random variable we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable we're asking
+for a bit more that it can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bit more that it can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bit more that it can be described
+by a PDF that the formula of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a PDF that the formula of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a PDF that the formula of this type
+is valid now once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid now once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid now once we have the
+probabilities of intervals as given by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of intervals as given by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of intervals as given by a
+PDF we can use additivity to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF we can use additivity to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF we can use additivity to calculate
+the probabilities of more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of more complicated
+sets for example if you are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets for example if you are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets for example if you are interested
+in the probability that X lies between 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the probability that X lies between 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the probability that X lies between 1
+and 3 or that X lies between 4 & 5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 or that X lies between 4 & 5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 or that X lies between 4 & 5 so
+this is the probability that X falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability that X falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the probability that X falls in
+a region that consists of two disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region that consists of two disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region that consists of two disjoint
+intervals we find the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals we find the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals we find the probability of the
+union of these two intervals by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these two intervals by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these two intervals by
+additivity by adding the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity by adding the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity by adding the probabilities
+of the two intervals since these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two intervals since these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two intervals since these
+intervals are disjoint and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are disjoint and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are disjoint and then we can
+use the PDF to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the PDF to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the PDF to calculate the
+probabilities of each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each one of these
+intervals according to this formula at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals according to this formula at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals according to this formula at
+this point you may be wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you may be wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you may be wondering what
+happened to the sample space in all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the sample space in all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the sample space in all this
+discussion well there is still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion well there is still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion well there is still an
+underlying sample space lurking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sample space lurking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sample space lurking in the
+background and different outcomes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and different outcomes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and different outcomes in the
+sample space result in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space result in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space result in different
+numerical values for the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values for the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values for the random variable
+of interest and when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and when we talk about the
+probability that X takes values between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X takes values between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X takes values between
+some numbers a and B what we really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers a and B what we really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers a and B what we really mean
+is the probability of those outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of those outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of those outcomes for
+which the resulting value of X lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the resulting value of X lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the resulting value of X lies
+inside this particular interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this particular interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this particular interval so
+that's what probability means on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what probability means on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what probability means on the
+other hand once we have a PDF in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand once we have a PDF in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand once we have a PDF in our
+hands we can completely forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands we can completely forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands we can completely forget about the
+underlying sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sample space
+we can carry out any calculations we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can carry out any calculations we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can carry out any calculations we may
+be interested in by just working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in by just working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in by just working with
+the PDF so as we move on in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF so as we move on in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF so as we move on in this course
+the sample space will be moved off stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space will be moved off stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space will be moved off stage
+there will be less and less mention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be less and less mention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be less and less mention of
+it and we will be working just directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we will be working just directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we will be working just directly
+with PDFs or with pmf's if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PDFs or with pmf's if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PDFs or with pmf's if we are
+dealing with discrete random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with discrete random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with discrete random variables
+let us now build a little bit on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now build a little bit on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now build a little bit on our
+understanding of what PDFs really are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what PDFs really are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what PDFs really are by
+looking at probabilities of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at probabilities of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at probabilities of small
+intervals let us look at an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals let us look at an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals let us look at an interval
+that starts at some a and goes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at some a and goes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at some a and goes up to
+some number a plus Delta so here Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number a plus Delta so here Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number a plus Delta so here Delta
+is a positive number but who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a positive number but who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a positive number but who are
+interested in the case where Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case where Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case where Delta is
+very small let us look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small let us look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small let us look at the
+probability that X falls in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X falls in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X falls in this
+interval the probability that X lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the probability that X lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the probability that X lies
+inside this interval is the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this interval is the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this interval is the area of this
+region on the other hand as long as F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region on the other hand as long as F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region on the other hand as long as F
+does not change too much over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change too much over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change too much over this
+little interval which will be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval which will be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval which will be the case
+if we have a continuous density F then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a continuous density F then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a continuous density F then
+we can approximate the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can approximate the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can approximate the area of this
+region by the area of a rectangle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region by the area of a rectangle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region by the area of a rectangle where
+we keep the height constant the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep the height constant the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep the height constant the area of
+this rectangle is equal to the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rectangle is equal to the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rectangle is equal to the height
+which is the value of the PDF at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the value of the PDF at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the value of the PDF at the
+point a times the base of the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a times the base of the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a times the base of the rectangle
+which is equal to Delta so this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to Delta so this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to Delta so this gives us
+an interpretation of PDFs in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretation of PDFs in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretation of PDFs in terms of
+probabilities of small intervals if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of small intervals if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of small intervals if we
+take this factor of Delta and send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this factor of Delta and send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this factor of Delta and send it to
+the other side in this approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side in this approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side in this approximate
+equality we see that the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality we see that the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality we see that the value of the
+PDF can be interpreted as probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF can be interpreted as probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF can be interpreted as probability
+per unit length so PDFs are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length so PDFs are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length so PDFs are not
+probabilities their densities their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities their densities their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities their densities their
+units are probability per unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are probability per unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are probability per unit length
+now if the probability per unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the probability per unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the probability per unit length
+is finite and the length Delta is sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite and the length Delta is sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite and the length Delta is sent
+to zero we will get zero probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero we will get zero probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero we will get zero probability
+more formally if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally if we look at this
+integral and we let B to be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we let B to be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we let B to be the same as
+a then we obtain the probability that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then we obtain the probability that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then we obtain the probability that X
+is equal to a and on that side we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a and on that side we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a and on that side we get an
+integral over a 0 length interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a 0 length interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a 0 length interval and
+that integral is going to be zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral is going to be zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral is going to be zero so we
+obtain that the probability that X takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain that the probability that X takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain that the probability that X takes
+a value equal to a specific particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value equal to a specific particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value equal to a specific particular
+point that probability is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that probability is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that probability is going to be
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+so for a continuous random variable any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a continuous random variable any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a continuous random variable any
+particular point has zero probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point has zero probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point has zero probability
+yet somehow collectively the infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet somehow collectively the infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet somehow collectively the infinitely
+many points in an interval together will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points in an interval together will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points in an interval together will
+have positive probability is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive probability is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive probability is this a
+puzzle not really that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle not really that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle not really that's exactly what
+happens also with the ordinary notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens also with the ordinary notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens also with the ordinary notion of
+length single points have zero length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length single points have zero length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length single points have zero length
+yet by putting together lots of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet by putting together lots of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet by putting together lots of points
+we can create a set that has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create a set that has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create a set that has a positive
+length and the final consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and the final consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and the final consequence of the
+fact that individual points have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that individual points have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that individual points have zero
+length using the additivity axiom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length using the additivity axiom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length using the additivity axiom the
+probability that a random variable takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a random variable takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a random variable takes
+values inside an interval is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values inside an interval is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values inside an interval is equal to
+the probability that a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a random variable
+takes a value of a plus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value of a plus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value of a plus the probability
+that a random variable takes a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable takes a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable takes a value of
+B plus the probability that a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus the probability that a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus the probability that a random
+variable is strictly between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is strictly between a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is strictly between a and B
+according to our discussion this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our discussion this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our discussion this term is
+equal to zero and this term is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and this term is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and this term is equal to
+zero and so we conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so we conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so we conclude that the
+probability of a closed interval is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a closed interval is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a closed interval is the
+same as the probability of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the probability of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the probability of an open
+interval when calculating probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval when calculating probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval when calculating probabilities
+it does not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not matter
+whether we include the endpoints or not
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8RI9OSOftUE.txt b/8RI9OSOftUE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c385c5a992ed1177281b0a342a0dcbead53bd14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8RI9OSOftUE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3816 @@
+PROFESSOR: Today,
+we continue-- we're
+
+going to do two things today.
+
+One is protein folding and the
+other is interlocked chains.
+
+So protein folding,
+we're continuing
+
+on where we left off last
+time, which was essentially
+
+looking at the mechanics, the
+mechanical models of protein
+
+folding, which was
+fixed angle chains.
+
+But basically ignoring
+all the forces that
+
+go into actual protein folding.
+
+Today, we're going
+to look at some
+
+of the very theoretical
+work on what
+
+forces cause proteins
+to fold and what
+
+you can say about algorithms and
+complexities of those problems.
+
+So obviously, a lot of people
+work on protein folding.
+
+On the practical side,
+people look a lot
+
+at defining energy functions
+that you minimize in order
+
+to find what we believe would
+be the right protein folding.
+
+There's a lot of energy
+functions around,
+
+and the key energies that--
+forces people look at
+
+are torsion angles potentials,
+van der Waal interactions,
+
+hydrogen bonds, hydrophobicity,
+secondary structure propensity,
+
+and paralyze specific
+interactions.
+
+And then they take some weighted
+combination of all those things
+
+and try to find
+one that matches up
+
+with what we see in real life.
+
+The things we see
+in real life, we
+
+get by crystallizing
+proteins, which
+
+can take a really long time,
+like years of research.
+
+Then you get one 3D image.
+
+And that's what protein data
+bank collects is all those 3D
+
+images.
+
+People try to train against
+that data, but I say,
+
+we really don't know
+what the right objective
+
+is for real protein folding.
+
+Given that, because
+I'm a theoretician,
+
+we're going to look at
+a super simple model
+
+that just models one of those
+features that I mentioned,
+
+which is hydrophobicity.
+
+Hydrophobia is fear of water.
+
+And remember we have
+this back on the protein,
+
+the various amino acids hanging
+off, some of those amino acids
+
+are hydrophobic, meaning
+they like to hide from water.
+
+Now usually, your proteins live
+in a big bath of fluid, mostly
+
+water, and so they're trying
+to hide from the surroundings,
+
+try to cluster on the
+inside of the folded shape,
+
+whereas other hydrophilic amino
+acids that like water, they
+
+tend to go around the outside.
+
+You can't always
+do this, but you
+
+try to minimize the amount to
+which the hydrophobic guys are
+
+on the outside and maximize
+the hydrophilic guys are
+
+on the outside.
+
+In the HP model, there are
+hydrophobic and hydrophilic
+
+guys.
+
+And actually, we'll
+call h the hydrophobic
+
+and P the hydrophilic.
+
+It's very confusing
+because both of them
+
+have h and p in the acronym,
+but p also apparently stands
+
+for polar, polar opposite
+of the hydrophobic guys.
+
+Anyway, we just have
+these two kinds of nodes,
+
+and we just try
+to model that one
+
+feature, plus the bonds
+that link together,
+
+the backbone of the chain.
+
+And so we're going
+to model a chain
+
+as just a sequence of nodes.
+
+We're going to fold
+that chain on a lattice.
+
+Something like this.
+
+Is it five?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And different of these nodes
+could be marked h or p.
+
+And we usually could use
+two colors to denote that.
+
+In this case, I made this guy
+h, this guy h, this guy h.
+
+The score of a fold--
+so this is a folding.
+
+We're always going to
+fold on the square lattice
+
+today although people have
+looked at other lattices,
+
+in particular 3D cubic
+lattice and a little bit
+
+on the triangular lattice.
+
+I'll mention some reasons
+why the square lattice is
+
+a little bit artificial,
+but in general, conjectures,
+
+it doesn't really matter
+which lattice you fold on.
+
+But you really want
+to follow lattices
+
+because we're going to
+define the score in terms
+
+of how many adjacent H nodes
+there are on the lattice.
+
+Score is the number of
+call them H-H bonds.
+
+The intuition is if you have
+two hydrophobic nodes that
+
+are next to each other
+that means they're not
+
+next to the boundary,
+and so they're happier.
+
+There's a more formal
+argument of that,
+
+but this is an easy
+definition of score.
+
+You want to maximize
+the number of H-H nodes
+
+that are adjacent
+on the lattice.
+
+Usually, there are some that
+are adjacent along the chain.
+
+Those we don't care about
+because they will always
+
+be adjacent.
+
+You have to fold this thing
+so that consecutive nodes
+
+in the chain appear
+adjacent in the lattice.
+
+So we usually ignore what I
+would call H-H edges which
+
+are four, so you can
+count them or not.
+
+It doesn't really matter.
+
+We want to maximize the
+number of these guys.
+
+For this chain, that's probably
+the maximum you can get.
+
+In general, a typical node
+has two edge neighbors,
+
+and it has two other neighbors.
+
+And so at most, every
+guy has-- every H node
+
+has two bonds next
+to it, which means
+
+on average at most
+one bond per H node
+
+because we're double counting.
+
+So that's the model.
+
+The optimal folding
+has the maximum score.
+
+And I'm going to
+talk about the theory
+
+of this model in a moment.
+
+Some practice you might
+say is this picture.
+
+This is heuristic or local
+optimization of maximizing.
+
+Here, red nodes are H nodes that
+will be throughout the slides.
+
+Red nodes are H nodes.
+
+Blue nodes are P nodes.
+
+That's a universal standard.
+
+You can see, in this
+case conveniently--
+
+it may look like some random
+pattern of reds and blues,
+
+but you end up with all the
+blues pretty much covering
+
+the outside, and so the
+reds cluster together,
+
+and there's lots of H-H bonds.
+
+They are not drawn here,
+but-- So that's nice.
+
+And this looks like
+a typical protein
+
+in that it globs together.
+
+But of course, it's not
+capturing every feature
+
+of protein folding, just
+trying to capture one of them.
+
+But pretending this
+is the whole story,
+
+what can you say about optimal
+folding in the HP model?
+
+Well sadly, it's NP-hard.
+
+So to find the actual
+optimal folding of a given
+
+string of red and
+blue nodes is NP-hard.
+
+It's NP-hard in the
+3D cubic lattice.
+
+That was by two MIT professors,
+Bonnie Berger and Tom Leighton
+
+And then it was proved
+NP-hard hard in two dimensions
+
+by whole bunch of people,
+I guess, from Berkeley.
+
+So that's bad news.
+
+And to me, that's a sign
+that nature probably
+
+does not find the
+optimal folding.
+
+There are a couple
+possibilities here.
+
+Maybe they're extra forces
+beyond hydrophobicity
+
+that make it easier to
+find the optimal solution
+
+or maybe nature's just
+finding a local optimum, not
+
+a global optimum.
+
+Or maybe the proteins that
+exist in real life that
+
+have been evolved are designed
+so that local optima equal
+
+global optima.
+
+That's somewhat related.
+
+Somehow nature gets around this
+NP-hardness, I would think,
+
+because I believe
+nature's a computer.
+
+Maybe not everyone does.
+
+But it should be bounded by
+polynomial time computation.
+
+So unless P equals NP-- that's
+another possibility I guess.
+
+It's unlikely that, to
+me, nature is doing this.
+
+But maybe it's
+finding local optimum.
+
+That seems to do pretty well
+in this particular example.
+
+AUDIENCE: Hey Erik?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are there
+approximation algorithms?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+Are there approximation
+algorithms,
+
+that's exactly where
+I wanted to go.
+
+There are lots of constant
+factor approximations,
+
+and I will show you one of them.
+
+So I'm not going to show
+you these hardness proofs
+
+because they're a
+bit complicated.
+
+I don't have free
+diagrams of them.
+
+But the constant factor
+approximations, I do.
+
+Where are we going?
+
+Here.
+
+And so, in particular, the
+best approximation that's known
+
+is a 1/3 approximation.
+
+This is by MIT Ph.D.
+student [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and from several years
+ago-- eight years ago.
+
+I believe it's still the best.
+
+It's pretty simple,
+but quite elegant,
+
+looks like protein folding.
+
+So this is going to be
+within a factor of three
+
+of the best you could hope for.
+
+We write 1/3 because we're
+always getting fewer bonds
+
+than you might want in
+a maximization problem.
+
+Some people call this
+three approximation.
+
+I call it one of the other
+depending on the day the week.
+
+So how could we achieve
+1/3 approximation?
+
+Well, before I get to this
+image, let me tell you.
+
+In general, when-- we
+haven't talked too much
+
+about approximation
+algorithms in this class,
+
+but a typical technique in
+approximation algorithms is you
+
+get some bound on what
+the optimal might be.
+
+I already told you there's at
+most one bond for each H node.
+
+And that is indeed-- that's
+roughly what we'll say.
+
+Just because of the
+degree argument,
+
+every guy has bond
+degree at most two.
+
+So that means, at most,
+one edge per H node.
+
+But we can be a little more
+precise on the square grid
+
+because there are
+two types of nodes.
+
+If you checkerboard
+color the square grid,
+
+there's even nodes
+and odd nodes.
+
+So in fact, we claim that
+the optimal solution,
+
+which we call OPT, is
+always at most twice the min
+
+of the number of even H's
+and the number of odd H's.
+
+This is slightly smaller
+than the number of H's.
+
+If a number of H's
+and not H's are equal,
+
+then this will just
+be the number of H's.
+
+But if one is smaller
+than the other,
+
+this will be a
+little bit smaller
+
+or it could be a lot smaller.
+
+They're saying, no even H's.
+
+The point is if you
+have an even parity H,
+
+and it somehow has a
+bond with some other H,
+
+well obviously, that h has
+different parity from this one.
+
+So only even and odd H's
+could possibly bond together.
+
+And then this is pretty obvious.
+
+Let's see if I can formalize it.
+
+So you have every bond
+defines and even and an odd.
+
+Every even and odd can
+only get hit up to twice.
+
+If there's more evens and odds,
+it's not going to help you.
+
+In the best case, you pair
+them up or alternate even odd,
+
+even odd, even odd.
+
+So you'll never be able to
+use more evens than odds,
+
+maybe one more, not really.
+
+And I think the best case is
+you do a cycle of even odd,
+
+even odd, even odd.
+
+Then, there's an even
+number of them-- each,
+
+an equal number of each.
+
+And so you throw
+away the excess.
+
+You end up with
+a min of the two.
+
+But you get a factor of two
+because every even guy has
+
+two incident bonds
+in the best case,
+
+and then you're
+not double counting
+
+because you count this even guy,
+maybe you count this even guy,
+
+and they have disjoint bonds.
+
+So it's twice the number
+of evens or number
+
+of odds, whichever is smaller.
+
+So this is useful.
+
+It's just what is the best
+case you could hope for OPT?
+
+Now, what this 1/3
+approximation will get
+
+is at least 1/3 this amount.
+
+If you know you get at
+least 1/3 this amount,
+
+you know you get at
+least 1/3 the optimal
+
+because this is an upper
+bound on the optimal.
+
+So that's with the
+algorithm will do.
+
+And so the general
+idea of the algorithm
+
+is to proceed in stages.
+
+At a typical stage--
+So you pick some edge.
+
+I don't think it'll
+matter too much.
+
+Pick some edge of the
+chain, and then you
+
+start working your way down.
+
+And general idea is you can
+make big loops off to the sides
+
+so that when you get back to
+the center, these are H nodes.
+
+So you get a bond there.
+
+That's the general idea.
+
+With that basic idea, you
+probably get about 1/4
+
+of this amount.
+
+But we want to get 1/3,
+which is a little better.
+
+I won't try to
+analyze that formally.
+
+But there's a lot
+of flexibility here
+
+when we-- how long
+we make this branch.
+
+In order to make
+this work out, what
+
+I like is that the left branch
+has a lot of-- pick one-- a lot
+
+of even H's, and the right
+branch has a lot of odd H's,
+
+or vice versa
+because then we'll be
+
+able to make lots
+of the even guys
+
+match up with the odd guys.
+
+Here, we're fighting the parity.
+
+And parity is one
+of the reasons why
+
+I think the square grid is
+a little bit artificial.
+
+Let's say with the triangular
+grid, you wouldn't have that.
+
+There aren't just two classes.
+
+But here, we can
+get around parity
+
+by finding a break
+point, this edge,
+
+so that the number of
+even guys in the left
+
+is about the number of
+odd guys on the right.
+
+I won't prove that, but it's
+just an intermediate value
+
+argument.
+
+See, you get that as you
+walk counterclockwise
+
+along the chain, you
+have more even guys,
+
+and walk clockwise around the
+chain, you get more odd guys.
+
+Once you have that set up,
+you fall into four cases.
+
+So we're supposing at the
+top-- let me get to a case,
+
+that I can reach.
+
+Here's a typical case.
+
+Suppose you just
+succeeded in making
+
+two H nodes join together.
+
+Maybe that was your
+first edge, whatever.
+
+So it might not be H-H. But
+now, we're proceeding down,
+
+and we want to align
+a bunch of H nodes.
+
+And we're going to do better
+than the picture I drew over
+
+here, which was just getting
+two H nodes to come together.
+
+I actually want to
+get four H nodes
+
+to come together
+with three bonds.
+
+That's what I will always
+achieve, at least that.
+
+Is that right?
+
+Actually, no, this
+is the good case.
+
+I won't always achieve quite
+that well, quite that good.
+
+But here's the idea.
+
+Suppose there's some reasonably
+large distance between this H
+
+node and the next one.
+
+I'm going to go down two steps
+and then go around however
+
+long it takes so that when I
+come back, I get to an H node,
+
+and same on the left side.
+
+So these two chains may
+have different lengths
+
+depending on when
+the next H node is.
+
+Now, when I say the
+next H node, I actually
+
+mean the next odd
+H node on this side
+
+and the next even H node on this
+side so that they will line up.
+
+This is assuming that
+the distance from this H
+
+node to the next one
+is greater than 1,
+
+by parity that means
+it's at least three.
+
+So if it's three, it's
+going to be one, two, three.
+
+And that's it.
+
+And so go straight down.
+
+If it's more than
+three, you just
+
+divide that distance in half,
+and you go back and forth.
+
+And this sets the parity right.
+
+So that's the set up.
+
+Now, we have these two H nodes.
+
+Now, when are the next H nodes?
+
+Well, there's at
+least one blue node
+
+in between because of parity
+because we're looking again
+
+at odd H nodes on
+the right side,
+
+even H nodes on the left side.
+
+So maybe it's just
+one blue node,
+
+and we would go like this, and
+here we would go like that.
+
+Or if it's more
+than one blue node,
+
+we just lay them out like this.
+
+Goes to the
+appropriate distance,
+
+so that when we come
+back, we get a red.
+
+So we have two red H nodes here.
+
+I want to make two red H
+nodes here no matter what.
+
+If it's just gap of one,
+we would go straight, make
+
+a corner, otherwise,
+we do these big loops.
+
+And the result is I
+get these four H nodes
+
+in this pattern, just three
+bonds for four H nodes.
+
+And before we analyze
+what exactly that means,
+
+let me just tell you
+about the other cases.
+
+So this is the case when there
+is more than one blue node
+
+in between two H nodes.
+
+The other rows and
+columns are when
+
+the left side or
+the right side has
+
+just one blue node
+from that red guy.
+
+So let's go to this
+one for example.
+
+Here the left side has only one
+blue node to the next red guy.
+
+The right side has
+at least three.
+
+So then we'd go one, two,
+three, and we get there.
+
+If it's a more than
+three, then we go
+
+and we make that big loop.
+
+Now we have these
+two read nodes.
+
+My goal now is to
+put a red node here.
+
+If this chain only has one blue
+node, I would make a corner.
+
+Otherwise, I'd loop around, and
+then I go onto the next step.
+
+Here, I only got two
+bonds for three nodes,
+
+so it's actually a
+little worse in ratio.
+
+In the case where
+they're both length one,
+
+I just go straight down,
+make those two H nodes,
+
+and then I use the
+same trick as over here
+
+to get that nice
+zig-zag pattern.
+
+And this case is symmetric
+to this one, just flipped.
+
+So in all cases, I
+didn't skip anything.
+
+I did all of the even H
+nodes on the right side.
+
+I did all of the odd nodes,
+H nodes, on the left side.
+
+So I did skip something.
+
+I skipped all of the odd
+guys on the left side
+
+and all the even guys
+on the right side.
+
+So I skipped half
+of the H nodes.
+
+So I get at least two
+bonds-- I'm calling them
+
+H-H bonds-- for every
+three interesting H nodes.
+
+By interesting, I just
+mean even on the left,
+
+odd on the right, which is
+really for every six H nodes.
+
+And so we get a factor of
+2/6, also known as 1/3.
+
+Really here I mean
+6 even H nodes.
+
+Let's say.
+
+We used the same number
+of even and odds.
+
+And we had-- Is that right?
+
+Sorry.
+
+No, I guess I actually
+made H nodes here.
+
+I always get a little
+confused here because there's
+
+a factor of two, a
+factor of two here.
+
+But in the end we get 1/3 bound.
+
+So that's the
+approximation algorithm,
+
+and that's the best node.
+
+It looks pretty nice.
+
+It's like beta sheets, if
+you've seen proteins folding.
+
+it depends, of course, on
+the spacing of the H nodes,
+
+but you get-- in particular,
+you get all the H nodes
+
+on the inside pretty much.
+
+I guess here is one exposed end.
+
+And here there's
+one exposed end.
+
+These two cases, we're
+doing especially well.
+
+Maybe in real proteins, the
+gaps are always more than one.
+
+I don't actually know.
+
+I think in reality
+there's different levels
+
+of hydrophobicity, so that's
+maybe not so well defined.
+
+But any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the exposed end
+considered the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+above the dashed line or is it--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+When I say exposed
+end, I mean here.
+
+There's an adjacency
+to the outside water.
+
+Now of course, there might
+actually be nodes here.
+
+Then, that would not
+be an exposed end.
+
+But if this just
+went straight up,
+
+which it might in this
+picture, then that
+
+would be an exposed end.
+
+I guess that might also be.
+
+No, probably not.
+
+Actually, interesting.
+
+If these two guys
+are red, there's
+
+always a blue node to the
+left and right of them
+
+in this construction,
+so actually, I
+
+think that would not be exposed.
+
+That's cool.
+
+So actually, I think
+there are no exposed
+
+ends in this folding,
+except maybe at the very top
+
+and bottom.
+
+Except, we're only considering
+half of the H nodes,
+
+so there's the other half
+we have no idea about.
+
+So hopefully, nature
+chose the parity right.
+
+Or, if you think about this is
+in the triangular case, which
+
+I don't think anyone's
+tried to adapt
+
+this algorithm to
+the triangular grid,
+
+maybe you can get
+no exposed node.
+
+So that would be pretty neat.
+
+Of course reality, it probably
+does not fold on a lattice,
+
+but it's an approximation.
+
+Now, one of the observed
+features in protein folding
+
+is they tend to fold
+to the same shape.
+
+It's actually a hard
+thing to measure,
+
+but that's the
+general consensus,
+
+that at least most proteins
+in a non diseased organism
+
+fold always to the
+same shape, at least
+
+in the same environment.
+
+So if you want to model
+that in the HP model,
+
+and you pretend that, really, we
+are finding optimal solutions--
+
+because it's a
+little hard to define
+
+what locally optimal means.
+
+But that would be an
+interesting direction.
+
+It would be nice
+to find proteins
+
+where locally optimal
+equals globally optimal,
+
+but lacking definitions
+of those terms,
+
+no one has tried to prove that.
+
+It could pick a good direction.
+
+But if you believe in
+optimality, then at least
+
+you hope that the
+optimal are unique.
+
+So you take a typical
+example of the optimal,
+
+like if they're all blue,
+then every folding is optimal.
+
+So there's exponentially
+many of them.
+
+But if you have any hope
+of getting unique folding,
+
+you'd really like
+unique optimal foldings.
+
+The theorem is these exist.
+
+And the 2D squared
+grid, they exist
+
+for all even n, for
+closed chains-- mostly,
+
+we care about open chains,
+but for closed chains,
+
+you could prove these
+exist for all even n--
+
+and for open chains, they
+exist for all doubly even n.
+
+This is a theorem by
+a bunch of people.
+
+Oswin Aicholzer, David
+Bremner, me, Hank Meijer,
+
+Vera Sacristan,
+and Michael Soss,
+
+we talked about last time.
+
+So here they are
+for closed chains.
+
+It's a pretty simple example,
+basically alternating red blue,
+
+but at the end, you have two
+blue nodes to make the corner.
+
+That is not the optimal folding.
+
+The optimal folding is this.
+
+So there's only
+two exposed ends.
+
+There's one down here,
+and one on the top.
+
+So there's no surprises that
+it's optimal, a little less
+
+obvious that it's
+uniquely optimal.
+
+But there it is.
+
+And this works for any even n.
+
+In general, it depends a little
+bit on your the n mod four, so
+
+that's why we are drawing
+two pictures here,
+
+to check that it works for
+both congruences mod four.
+
+It has to be even
+for closed chain
+
+and must be even, so
+this is really for all m
+
+that there's closed
+chains, there
+
+are unique-- there are
+examples of HP chains
+
+that have unique
+optimal foldings.
+
+Here, it's just to do you end
+going horizontal or n going
+
+vertical?
+
+Not a big difference.
+
+I have a proof by picture that
+this is the optimal folding.
+
+So remember there
+are two-- we talk
+
+about H-H edges and H-H bonds.
+
+These are what we
+call P-P edges.
+
+And I remember when writing this
+paper, one of the co-authors,
+
+I won't say which one,
+saying call me juvenile,
+
+but I don't want to have a paper
+that talks about P-P edges.
+
+And I convinced him to keep it.
+
+So we have-- it's
+really only obvious
+
+when you say it out loud,
+which sadly I have to do here.
+
+But you have two of those
+edges, all blue edges,
+
+we might also call them.
+
+And they really should
+be on the boundary
+
+because you have to have
+exposed ends on the boundary,
+
+on the bounding
+box is what I mean.
+
+So if you put too many red
+guys on the bounding box,
+
+you're going to
+lose lots of bonds.
+
+So those two blue guys
+should be on the boundary.
+
+Some two edges have
+to be on the boundary,
+
+so it's best to have
+the two blue ones.
+
+So we could show you in optimal
+solutions, that is the case.
+
+Now, you decompose
+into two chains
+
+that connect the two ends.
+
+There's connecting
+this end to the left
+
+and connecting this end up and
+around to the other blue node
+
+at the end.
+
+And if you check all of
+the red notes on this side
+
+have even parity, let's say,
+and all the red nodes on this
+
+die have odd parity
+because it alternates.
+
+So there's no way
+that you could have
+
+bonds within one
+of those chains.
+
+That's not drawn here.
+
+The other thing is because
+these two blue edges are
+
+on the boundary, you cannot
+have a bond on the outside
+
+because there's
+no hope for that.
+
+You can only have bonds on the
+inside of that closed loop.
+
+Here, we're using that
+it's a closed loop.
+
+So you have bonds on the inside,
+and then you argue, well,
+
+because it's bipartite graph
+and because it's planar,
+
+you can't have any
+crossings in these bonds
+
+because you're embedding
+this thing in the plane,
+
+really you basically
+have to alternate.
+
+There's actually two ways
+you could try to alternate.
+
+You start on this side or
+if you start on this side.
+
+You try to realize
+them geometrically.
+
+When you do this alternation,
+you decompose your thing
+
+into squares.
+
+Only in one case does it work,
+and you get this picture.
+
+And then once you
+have the squares,
+
+there's a unique way
+to glue them together.
+
+So that's how the proof goes.
+
+It's pretty easy once you
+get the right limits in place
+
+for closed chains.
+
+Let me show you what
+happens for open chains.
+
+Take the same example for open
+chains, and it's almost unique.
+
+In the double even case,
+like 16, it is unique.
+
+In the only singlely even,
+so two mod four case,
+
+like 18, you have this issue.
+
+So the way we set
+up is we do not
+
+have the blue blue at
+the end to turn around.
+
+That is the best
+we know how to do.
+
+And there are
+these two-foldings,
+
+how you might achieve it.
+
+So here, we wrap around and get
+a little triad of blues here.
+
+Because we have
+a red n point, we
+
+can actually get
+three bonds into it.
+
+Or, we can do the
+intended folding.
+
+Now, it's a pretty small change,
+so it's approximately unique,
+
+but that's the best we know for
+open chains, only singly even
+
+length.
+
+Or for odd length, we also don't
+know anything that's optimal.
+
+Of course there are things
+that are almost optimal.
+
+You just add a little end.
+
+Won't make a big difference,
+but interesting open problem.
+
+Also open, whether any
+of these unique results--
+
+uniqueness results
+extend to other grids,
+
+like triangular grid.
+
+That would be nice because here
+we're really exploiting parity,
+
+and that's kind of cheating.
+
+Certainly, parity is not
+such a big deal in real life,
+
+but I don't know.
+
+Could be.
+
+The approximation algorithm's
+generalized to other grids,
+
+not necessarily this one,
+but some constant factor
+
+approximation have
+been obtained.
+
+Uniqueness is open.
+
+The really cool open
+question here, I think,
+
+is protein design.
+
+HP model is simple enough
+we can think about it.
+
+And while folding-- finding
+the optimal folding of a given
+
+protein is NP-hard, if I
+get to design the protein,
+
+and say, well, I'd really like
+to fold into-- I don't know.
+
+The letter m-- how do I make a
+protein fold into the letter m,
+
+at least approximately?
+
+So ideally, it should still
+have a unique optimal folding,
+
+so we generalize
+this result, but it
+
+can match any target shape.
+
+Here, we're matching
+a diagonal line
+
+up to some constant
+factor resolution.
+
+Can we match any shape up
+to some constant factor
+
+resolution?
+
+I think the answer
+should be yes.
+
+And then you should be able
+to solve that polynomial time.
+
+In the same way that origami
+design is a lot easier
+
+than origami
+foldability, here, I
+
+think protein design
+should be a lot easier
+
+than protein folding.
+
+But no one has worked on that.
+
+I think it's a
+really cool problem.
+
+To bad I'm mentioning it
+so late in the semester,
+
+but we can work on it
+in the problem session.
+
+So ends my coverage
+of protein folding.
+
+Obviously, there's tons
+of work I'm not covering,
+
+but I'm focusing on the
+very algorithmic stuff.
+
+Any questions before we go?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: In these models
+you have, are these
+
+supposed to equal
+number of P and H,
+
+can you get in situations
+where you're way
+
+overbeared with P
+or H, and then it's
+
+going to be harder to
+find an optimal folding.
+
+Or, is it not
+realistic because these
+
+are such-- these are small
+sets of the entire protein?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So the question
+is whether-- Does
+
+it matter the ratio between the
+number of H nodes and P nodes.
+
+I think the easy-- A sure
+thing is I don't know.
+
+My guess is, in
+reality, the number of H
+
+and P's are within a constant
+factor of each other,
+
+for some constant.
+
+I don't think the
+constant matters too much.
+
+Although if there's an
+overwhelming majority
+
+of H's or P's, the problem
+might become easier.
+
+My guess also is in
+the NP-hardness proof
+
+although it's been a
+while since I read it.
+
+There's probably a
+constant factor again.
+
+But maybe you could show
+if there's-- for example,
+
+if there's a constant
+number of h nodes,
+
+I'll bet you can solve
+it in polynomial time.
+
+That's maybe-- That's
+a new open problem.
+
+I should write it down.
+
+Good question.
+
+AUDIENCE: If there is a
+wrong factor between them,
+
+wouldn't we see
+that at the model
+
+because it just wouldn't work?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, this model makes
+sense for any number of reds
+
+and H's and P's, but uniqueness
+is probably hard to obtain
+
+if you have a small number
+of H's or if you have a huge
+
+number of H's.
+
+If you don't have enough--
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you have
+H's on the order of the square
+
+of the P's, then there
+are at least two H's?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Kind of
+makes sense, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+actually we have
+
+a theorem along those lines,
+which is not published
+
+so that's why I'm
+not talking about it.
+
+You can achieve the number
+of H's as square the number
+
+of P's.
+
+I imagine that's the limit--
+and still get uniqueness.
+
+I imagine that's the limit.
+
+We really ought to
+write that result
+
+that it's from seven years
+ago, so unlikely at this point.
+
+Other questions?
+
+So we go onto
+interlocked 3D chains,
+
+which is related in that
+it's in 3D and its chains.
+
+So related to the
+mechanical protein folding
+
+we did last class,
+except here, mostly,
+
+I'm going to think about
+universal joints again,
+
+so I can do whatever I want.
+
+I don't have to hold
+the angles fixed.
+
+At the end, I'll
+mention how things
+
+change a little bit for when
+you have fixed angle chains.
+
+But universals more fun.
+
+So the motivation
+here is we have
+
+our good friend the
+knitting needles example,
+
+or maybe our mortal
+enemy, depending
+
+on how you like
+to think of that.
+
+One, two, three, four, five.
+
+And remember-- never
+mind the edge lengths.
+
+I'm not going to worry
+about edge links here.
+
+With five bars, you
+can lock the chain.
+
+So an interesting
+question is what
+
+if I had less than five
+chains, say length 4 chains,
+
+but I had more than one of them.
+
+Now certainly, each
+chain will be unlocked.
+
+That's a known result by
+Cantrell and Johnson '96.
+
+'96, '98?
+
+'96.
+
+But what if I have two four
+chains, can they interlock?
+
+The answer turns out to be yes.
+
+The original motivation
+for this proble,--
+
+it's a neat question by itself,
+but the original motivation is
+
+something called
+Lubiw's problem.
+
+Many of you met Anna Lubiw,
+she's one of my Ph.D. Advisors.
+
+Last year, she was
+here on sabbatical.
+
+And the question
+is the following--
+
+so she posed this back
+in 2000, a long time ago.
+
+What is the minimum
+number of cuts
+
+you have to make in a 3D
+chain in order to unlock it?
+
+I say unlocked meaning we
+know they are locked chains.
+
+Suppose I want to make the
+configuration space connected,
+
+but I allow cheating and
+I allow cutting vertices.
+
+How many do I have to cut?
+
+And say the chain has n bars.
+
+Then, as a function of n,
+how many cuts do I need?
+
+And the answer at this
+point, in the worst case,
+
+we know is between about
+n over 2 and n over 4.
+
+So it's at least 4
+over n minus 1 over 4.
+
+And it's at most 4
+n minus 3 over 2.
+
+And I'll prove to you
+both of those results.
+
+So we know roughly its theta n.
+
+It's in a constant
+factor of n, but we
+
+don't know exactly
+what the constant is,
+
+still a neat problem.
+
+Originally this motivation
+here is, well, maybe-- there's
+
+some theories that
+in real proteins,
+
+maybe they disconnect their
+bonds for a little while
+
+so they can pass through
+and make things cross.
+
+How many disconnections
+would you
+
+need because that might
+require a lot of energy?
+
+The answer is a lot if
+you have a long protein.
+
+in the worst case of course.
+
+Real proteins have unit edge
+lengths almost equal angles,
+
+so maybe the answers
+change in that case,
+
+but given that we don't
+even know whether it's
+
+a locked chain, in
+those situations,
+
+it's pretty hard
+for us to answer
+
+something more
+complicated like this.
+
+So let me start with
+the lower bound.
+
+You need to make at least
+n over 4 cuts almost.
+
+Any ideas how to do that
+before I show you the answer?
+
+Given the one tool we have,
+which is the knitting needles.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I mean
+if you [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Just
+connect a whole bunch
+
+of knitting needles together.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Now, knitting needles
+has five edges,
+
+so that would naturally
+give n over 5.
+
+But if you're a little bit
+clever, you can share edges.
+
+If you share the long edges
+from one knitting needle
+
+to the next, and you get about
+4 bars per knitting needle,
+
+except the very first bar which
+have to count extra, and so
+
+that's the n minus
+1 divided by 4.
+
+Now if you don't cut
+one of the vertices--
+
+and here, we're
+considering vertex cuts--
+
+if you don't cut
+one of those four
+
+vertices of that
+knitting needle,
+
+the whole thing will be
+locked because that's
+
+a knitting needle.
+
+So you have to cut one of those
+four, and one of those four,
+
+and one of those four just for
+the pieces to not be locked.
+
+The trouble is-- so the natural
+algorithm, if I give you
+
+some big complicated chain,
+is cut every fourth vertex.
+
+That we know does not work.
+
+I think I have to
+wait to see that one.
+
+Let me tell you what's
+known about interlocking,
+
+and then we'll get back
+to Lubiw's problem.
+
+But at least we've
+proved this part.
+
+And next thing I want to
+do is prove this part.
+
+And to show you how
+we might do that, I
+
+think I need a whole board.
+
+We're going to think about
+an open chain of length 2--
+
+let me make a little
+more room-- 2,
+
+3, 4 interlocking with-- start
+with an open chain of length 2,
+
+3, or 4.
+
+There's going to be other
+results, but it's a good start.
+
+So for 2, 2 chains, I
+claim are always separable.
+
+And I'm going to put
+a little asterisk
+
+to mean another thing is true.
+
+A 2 chain and a 3 chain
+is always separable.
+
+A 2 chain and a 4 chain
+is always separable.
+
+This matrix is symmetric.
+
+A 3 chain versus a 3
+chain also is separable.
+
+But everything else,
+you can interlock.
+
+I guess I haven't
+defined interlock.
+
+Be a good idea.
+
+I call a bunch of-- a
+collection of chains
+
+separable if they can all fly to
+infinity away from each other.
+
+So the distances
+between them can
+
+get arbitrarily large,
+otherwise they're interlocked.
+
+And usually, that will
+mean that no pair of them
+
+can fly away from each other.
+
+Here, we're just
+thinking about two
+
+at once, so it's either
+separable or interlocked.
+
+So this is a worry
+if you're thinking
+
+about cutting this apart.
+
+You cut every fourth
+bar-- fourth vertex,
+
+if I get the counting
+right, I think
+
+that means you have length
+4 chains connecting them.
+
+Now, we know length 4
+chains can't be locked,
+
+but they could be interlocked.
+
+And so you could
+actually build an example
+
+where if you do the simple
+pattern of every fourth cut,
+
+you will get interlocking.
+
+It's still open whether you
+could be clever and still
+
+only make about n over 4
+cuts and get everything
+
+to separate, but to solve
+that, you'd have to get around
+
+this boundary, this annoying
+situation, which we don't fully
+
+have characterized.
+
+We just have examples.
+
+And we also thought
+about-- and we'll
+
+get to this later--
+if you try interlock
+
+an open chain with
+a closed chain.
+
+With two closed
+chains, it's trivial.
+
+You can just make a
+knot, or make a link.
+
+I guess is the proper term.
+
+But an open versus a closed is
+more interesting, especially
+
+if that closed guy
+is not itself a knot.
+
+I think up to length 5.
+
+Yeah, I think the
+smallest, locked,
+
+closed chain is of length 6.
+
+Never showed it to you,
+but that is a known fact.
+
+So up to 5, we know this
+thing is not by itself locked,
+
+so it's not really cheating
+compared to an open chain.
+
+Then, the answer is separable,
+separable, separable.
+
+It's really hard to lock
+things with a 2 chain.
+
+2 chains, we call hairpins.
+
+That's a 2 chain.
+
+Everything else is interlocked.
+
+Basically, the same results
+hold whether one of your chains
+
+is opened or closed because
+notice there's a shift here.
+
+The smallest closed
+chains have length 3,
+
+and the smallest open chain
+is really of length 2.
+
+I guess you could
+consider single bars,
+
+but they don't usually do much.
+
+You're can just slide them
+out parallel to themselves.
+
+So there's a shift
+in the indices
+
+here, and that's why there's
+a shift in the matrix.
+
+Sounds ominous.
+
+A shift in the matrix,
+what will we do?
+
+But they're basically the same.
+
+So I'm going to show most
+of these results to you.
+
+The stars mean that even if
+I give you-- get this right--
+
+even if I give you a whole
+bunch more hairpins-- so
+
+for this result, it's
+the most interesting.
+
+I take a 3 chain, a 3 chain,
+and then a millionaire hairpins,
+
+a million 2 chains.
+
+Still, they can separate.
+
+And all the results
+with stars, you
+
+can add arbitrarily
+many hairpins.
+
+These two are the most
+interesting, a 4 chain
+
+with any number
+of hairpins, a 2,
+
+3 chain with any
+number of hairpins.
+
+These results do
+not hold or we don't
+
+know how to prove it anyway.
+
+That's the summary.
+
+There's one question that's
+not answered by this table
+
+because it's how low can
+you go and get interlocking.
+
+This is saying, well, once you
+get to a 3 chain and a 4 chain,
+
+you can interlock.
+
+It's the minimum.
+
+But what if you have a bunch
+of 2 chains or even just one?
+
+Can I interlock it with
+some chain of some length?
+
+Let's say, I mean up to
+4 is the most interesting
+
+because once you get to 5,
+you can have knitting needles.
+
+But suppose I take longer
+open chains down here,
+
+but I require that they're
+not themselves locked.
+
+Can I interlock
+it with a hairpin?
+
+It has practical
+applications to hair I guess.
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+So this first example
+is a 16 chain.
+
+That's the gray part.
+
+Wow!
+
+It's hard to even
+follow the ends.
+
+Here's one end.
+
+And here's another end
+and 16 bars in the middle.
+
+And then the red
+thing is a 2 chain,
+
+and this is a model of
+that thing, physical model.
+
+And it's locked.
+
+Sorry, it's interlocked,
+I should say.
+
+I'm pretty sure you take
+either of the chains,
+
+obviously with the
+hairpin, but also
+
+for the really
+complicated 16 chain,
+
+it will unfold by itself.
+
+But with a hairpin, it is
+held open at that angle
+
+and can't unfold.
+
+The best bound so far is an
+11 chain versus a 2 chain.
+
+It's conjectured to be optimal.
+
+There's various
+reasons to believe
+
+at least this interlocking
+trick where you-- basically,
+
+all the hairpin can do is
+hold an angle open or try to.
+
+And this seems to be the
+smallest way to interlock it
+
+up there and the smallest way
+to interlock it on either side.
+
+And these are zooms.
+
+This is of one of these corners.
+
+This is of the top part.
+
+So those, by
+themselves, if you're
+
+trying to do these
+three interlock tricks,
+
+these are minimal, we think.
+
+But as an assembly, it's
+conjectured to be optimal,
+
+but we don't know
+how to prove that.
+
+But at least these
+guys are interlocked,
+
+so 11 chain with a 2 chain.
+
+So those don't fit on the
+table because the table's not
+
+large enough.
+
+But let me start
+with this result.
+
+So the easiest
+thing to do is show
+
+that if I have any finite
+set of hairpins, 2 chains,
+
+they never interlock.
+
+This is actually an old
+result although it was never
+
+phrased this way until
+earlier this decade,
+
+I guess, by de Brujin, a famous
+Dutch mathematician from 1954.
+
+He proved essentially this.
+
+He proved a simpler
+version which was then
+
+generalized in 1984 by
+Robert Dawson in Canada.
+
+And they proved
+something more general.
+
+They said, well-- I will say
+a hairpin is star-shaped,
+
+meaning if you were right here,
+here's your eye at this point,
+
+you can see the entire
+interior of the shape
+
+without leaving the shape.
+
+So that's a star-shaped figure.
+
+And these guys proved that
+for star-shaped figures,
+
+there's a way to
+always separate them
+
+without even changing
+any of the angles.
+
+There's no folding involved.
+
+You could think
+of rigid 2 chains.
+
+They can all fly
+apart from each other.
+
+How do you do it?
+
+Some fun geometry.
+
+You say, I have my favorite
+0, 0, 0 in three space.
+
+I just want to scale
+everything from the point,
+
+make space bigger.
+
+What will happen to
+these poor little chains?
+
+They get bigger.
+
+They'll get longer.
+
+As they get longer,
+just cut them off again.
+
+But the result is
+that these points
+
+will fly away from each other.
+
+And so all of these two
+chains are going to separate.
+
+The lengths get longer, but I
+can always cut them shorter.
+
+And if I scale
+space, obviously if I
+
+didn't have
+self-intersection before,
+
+I still won't have
+self-intersection.
+
+So it's a fun motion.
+
+We tried to draw it in the book.
+
+It's a little hard to draw.
+
+So we have the red, green,
+and, blue-- hopefully,
+
+you're not colorblind--
+hairpins hanging out.
+
+They're not hitting each other.
+
+Here's the origin.
+
+We scale everything, so the blue
+guy goes to the dashed blue.
+
+Green goes to the dashed green.
+
+It looks weird.
+
+It's all over the place.
+
+And you're stretching
+for this point,
+
+so as you go farther
+away, it's bigger.
+
+Red guy expands to
+the dashed red guy.
+
+What's not shown here is
+then you clip the red things.
+
+Because everything
+gets longer, you
+
+can always clip to
+the original lengths.
+
+And that's a motion
+of these chains.
+
+You're not changing the angle.
+
+Scaling preserves angles.
+
+And everything flies
+way for each other.
+
+So a very nice trick
+from a long time ago.
+
+Once you get to 3 chains,
+this doesn't work.
+
+And so if we want to
+prove this result, which
+
+would subsume these guys, we
+need to do a little more work.
+
+Although a very
+similar trick works.
+
+So let me show you why two
+open 3 chains separate.
+
+Even if you add arbitrarily
+many extra hairpins-- that's
+
+the star-- Two 3
+chains always separate.
+
+I guess suppose we're
+in a generic situation.
+
+Nothing aligns that shouldn't.
+
+I have one 3 chain, or
+something like this.
+
+And I have another one.
+
+Let's make it interesting.
+
+Is that possible?
+
+Maybe.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Probably you want these
+guys to be pretty long.
+
+Do some crazy whatever.
+
+That is two 3 chains
+if I drew it right.
+
+And the claim is you can
+always separate them.
+
+So here's the deal.
+
+I have this middle bar.
+
+There's a whole family of planes
+that are parallel to that bar,
+
+in fact, a lot of planes.
+
+There's what?
+
+Three dimensions of planes.
+
+There's a two dimensional
+family of planes
+
+that are parallel to that bar.
+
+There's a two dimensional family
+of planes that are parallel
+
+to that bar, meaning
+if you extend it,
+
+it doesn't hit the plane
+or lies in the plane.
+
+So there's actually a plane
+that is parallel to both bars.
+
+In fact, there's a whole
+one dimensional family
+
+of that, if I
+figured it out right.
+
+So you can actually find a
+plane that bisects the two bars.
+
+So there's one on one side,
+one on the other side.
+
+And even if the bars extended,
+it would not hit the plane.
+
+So there's some plane
+in the middle here.
+
+Really hard to draw in 3D.
+
+Actually, I think
+I have a picture.
+
+It might be a little
+easier to see.
+
+So it looks something like this.
+
+You have to believe me.
+
+This is general case.
+
+You have the red chain
+and the blue chain.
+
+The middle bars are on
+opposite sides of the plane,
+
+and they're parallel
+to the plane.
+
+Now what we do is
+scale, but we only
+
+scale in z, so
+non-uniform scaling.
+
+This will not preserve angles.
+
+Here, we're going to fold.
+
+So the result, we scale
+from z equals zero,
+
+so these guys get pushed down.
+
+Those guys get pushed up.
+
+Scaling in z, again, does not
+cause any self-intersection.
+
+And because we made
+these guys parallel,
+
+these edge lengths
+will be preserved.
+
+That's the key.
+
+The end bars will
+get longer, but I
+
+don't care if they get longer.
+
+I can always cut them shorter.
+
+So that's the trick.
+
+Yeah, they'll always
+get longer, even
+
+if they don't go
+to the other side.
+
+So that's how you can
+just pull them apart.
+
+And also, if there
+are 2 chains in here,
+
+they will also just fly
+away from each other.
+
+So eventually,
+everything will get
+
+far away unless they happen
+to have the same z-coordinate,
+
+but then it's degenerate.
+
+Just perturbed a little bit.
+
+Jason?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this the
+case where the two
+
+bars are coplanar and parallel?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I said at the beginning
+generic, so in particular,
+
+I want to assume that these
+guys are not coplanar,
+
+otherwise, you could just
+perturb it a little bit.
+
+As long as they're not touching,
+you can wiggle everybody.
+
+Good point.
+
+That's two 3 chains.
+
+There's one more result
+in the separability.
+
+We've done all of these
+separability results here.
+
+The next one would be this,
+which is the same as this.
+
+So here we have a 4
+chain versus a 2 chain.
+
+Basically, the same trick works.
+
+I just have reorient to put
+middle bars in the xy plane.
+
+So in other words,
+there's two middle bars.
+
+They live in a plane
+because they share a vertex.
+
+So think of that as the plane
+and then scale perpendicular
+
+to the that.
+
+Same trick works.
+
+So 4 chains versus
+various 2 chains.
+
+Again, we preserve the
+lengths of the two middle bars
+
+because they lie on the plane.
+
+So there's no scaling
+that happens in the plane,
+
+and in the generic
+case, everybody
+
+will be off the
+plane, and they fly.
+
+Cool.
+
+So that proves all of
+these separability results.
+
+I'm not going to do these
+closed chain ones here.
+
+You can read the paper
+if you're interested.
+
+At this point, we can go
+back to Lubiw's problem
+
+and prove this result.
+
+So basic algorithm is
+cut every other vertex.
+
+You'll get a whole
+bunch of hairpins.
+
+Hairpins, we know, separate.
+
+But we can be slightly
+more efficient
+
+by leaving an initial segment
+of 4 chain or two 3 chains.
+
+I think it comes out
+to the same number.
+
+And you end up saving three
+if we computed this right.
+
+So you get n minus 3 over 2.
+
+I think our first bound on this
+problem was n minus 1 over 2,
+
+and then we improved by 1
+although I have to n minus 3
+
+over 2.
+
+That has stood the
+best bound since.
+
+Basically, because with
+interlocked stuff-- after that,
+
+you get interlocked.
+
+And if you're going
+to avoid interlocking,
+
+you have to be clever.
+
+You can't just use the numbers.
+
+So that is all we know
+about Lubiw's problem.
+
+Now, I get to show you all
+the fun interlocked examples.
+
+We're going to do pretty
+much all of these.
+
+So we start with one of
+the prettiest examples,
+
+the threefold symmetric.
+
+This is three 3 chains.
+
+So that's not even drawn here.
+
+Because this table is about
+pairwise interactions.
+
+We know that two 3 chains-- we
+just proved two 3 chains cannot
+
+interlock, but
+three of them can.
+
+That's the only case where
+that question is interesting.
+
+So everybody else,
+you can interlock.
+
+Unless you have 2 chains,
+and we know those don't help.
+
+So three 3 chains interlock.
+
+I'm not going to try
+to prove that here.
+
+It's a pretty
+complicated argument
+
+where you look at
+the center edges.
+
+You look at the convex
+whole of those edges
+
+and argue these guys can't
+stick into the center.
+
+It's a geometric argument.
+
+If you're interested,
+check out this paper.
+
+It's a pretty cool example.
+
+This was a great-- finally,
+I had a good exercise
+
+for using Rhino yesterday
+and drawing this figure.
+
+It was a lot of fun.
+
+This is a 3 chain and 4 chain.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+Just two different
+views of the same thing.
+
+And that proves this result,
+which is this result.
+
+It's pretty close, pretty tight.
+
+Again, it's a
+geometric argument.
+
+It's tricky.
+
+I'll go into it here.
+
+We found these by building
+lots of straw models
+
+and jiggling them
+around with string
+
+connecting the straws together.
+
+But then we had to prove it.
+
+For a while, we weren't
+sure whether a 3 and a 4
+
+could interlock.
+
+I think first we had a 4
+and a 4 or maybe 4 and a 5,
+
+and we kept working
+our way down.
+
+And now we know this is
+the smallest you can get.
+
+And now we go into
+the closed results.
+
+Because 4 and 4, that's of
+course easier than 3 and 4.
+
+So that's done.
+
+This is contained
+in those results.
+
+Now, we look at the
+closed examples.
+
+So this is going to be a
+closed triangle interlocking
+
+with an open 4 chain.
+
+And here I'm going to give
+you some of the details
+
+because this proof-- it's
+relatively easy to prove
+
+that this is interlock.
+
+You can use a more
+topological argument,
+
+which is what we're used to
+from the knitting needles.
+
+Remember we took a ball that
+separated the interior vertices
+
+from the endpoints.
+
+We said the endpoints
+really can't get in
+
+if we set the ball right.
+
+And therefore, you could connect
+the endpoints by a big rope,
+
+and then you have
+an Trefoil knot,
+
+and there's no way you can
+untie the knot with that
+
+having intersection somewhere.
+
+You can argue the rope
+never self intersects,
+
+so it must be the chain.
+
+We can do the same
+thing with this example,
+
+with a 4 chain interlocked
+with a triangle.
+
+And we'll sketch that proof.
+
+So I want to prove that those
+two guys are interlocked,
+
+so suppose that somehow they
+separate from each other.
+
+If there's a separating
+motion, there's
+
+a motion where the triangle
+actually doesn't move at all.
+
+So triangle's rigid,
+except that it
+
+can move by rigid motion,
+translation and rotation.
+
+But any motion I have, I can
+recenter things by relativity
+
+so that the
+triangles stays fixed
+
+and just the
+quadrilateral moves.
+
+So that's nice because a
+triangle is a natural thing
+
+to draw a sphere
+around, and I want
+
+to argue if these bars
+are really, really long,
+
+the endpoints will be
+outside this big sphere.
+
+So let me tell you how long.
+
+I have my triangle
+I'm going to draw
+
+a sphere that
+contains the triangle.
+
+Say this sphere has
+radius little r.
+
+Big R is going to be
+little r plus the sum
+
+of the middle bars, which
+should sound familiar from what
+
+we did with knitting needles.
+
+This is of the 4 chain.
+
+There's two middle bars.
+
+Add up their lengths.
+
+Add on r.
+
+This is just a big
+number, capital R.
+
+I'm going to make it bigger.
+
+So I have my little triangle.
+
+It has a tiny ball around it.
+
+I'm going to draw a
+pretty big sphere here
+
+of radius 15 r, an even
+bigger sphere of radius 20 r.
+
+And I don't need to be precise
+about exactly where the center
+
+is, but I guess it would
+be the center of this ball.
+
+Here's what I want to say.
+
+I'm supposing the lengths of
+these edges is more than 20 r.
+
+So initially, those
+bars go outside the box.
+
+The endpoints are
+outside of the big ball.
+
+Now, here's the claim.
+
+As long as the endpoints of
+the really long-- the endpoints
+
+of the 4 chain stay outside this
+ball, then the interior bars--
+
+these two middle bars-- have
+to stay inside this ball.
+
+This is just like
+the knitting needles.
+
+As long as the super
+long bars, the endpoints,
+
+stay outside this
+ball, the middle bars
+
+have to stay inside.
+
+That's just because those
+bars are so darn long.
+
+And so for as long
+as that holds,
+
+you can compute the
+topology-- I'm not
+
+going to try to draw it-- the
+topology of-- in this picture,
+
+if you connect to the
+ends of the purple guys,
+
+because they're outside the
+big ball, the 15 r ball--
+
+not sure I really
+need the 20 r ball,
+
+but the 15 r ball is the key--
+topology you get is this.
+
+That is the link
+between the circle,
+
+which is this nice loop.
+
+And the purple guy
+is that red loop
+
+if you just figure out what
+it looks like currently.
+
+And as long as the endpoints
+of these guys don't go inside
+
+and those guys
+remain on the inside,
+
+basically until something
+interesting happens,
+
+the topology has to be that.
+
+So at some point-- sorry,
+I said that slightly wrong.
+
+As long as the middle
+bars stay inside the ball
+
+and the endpoint stay
+outside the ball, a 15 r,
+
+this will be the case.
+
+They are not saying nothing
+interesting happened.
+
+So violation, the
+only way to open
+
+this thing could be an endpoint
+goes inside or a middle bar
+
+goes outside the ball.
+
+Consider the moment
+when that happens.
+
+If a middle bar, one
+in the middle vertices
+
+is going to go outside
+this 15 r radius ball,
+
+then you know that
+all of the middle bars
+
+are far away from this
+triangle because those edges
+
+very small compared
+to capital R.
+
+So we're 15 away.
+
+If you have one middle vertex
+that's outside, all of them
+
+are pretty close to outside.
+
+They're all going to
+be in some smaller ball
+
+here-- outside
+that smaller ball.
+
+The alternative is that
+one of the end-- that's
+
+not a contradiction yet,
+but we'll come back to it--
+
+the alternative is that one
+of the endpoints of the bars
+
+goes inside this
+radius 15 r ball.
+
+When that happens, because
+this bar is so long,
+
+the other end of the bar will
+actually be outside the sphere.
+
+And so then, again,
+all the middle guys
+
+are outside the sphere.
+
+So either way, you violate.
+
+I assumed this
+before, but now, I'm
+
+saying if you try to
+take these guys out
+
+or if you try to
+push this guy in,
+
+the middle guys are
+outside the ball already.
+
+So consider a situation when
+the middle edges are all outside
+
+the ball of radius 15 r.
+
+The only thing that could
+penetrate some tiny sphere,
+
+like this one of little r,
+only parts of the 4 chain
+
+that could penetrate
+that are the long bars
+
+because the middle
+stuff is too far away.
+
+The long bars are super long,
+so they could conceivably
+
+penetrate the triangle.
+
+All we really care about
+is piercing the center
+
+of the triangle
+because that's when
+
+we get interesting topology.
+
+We want to get this
+topology, but sadly, you
+
+could only get these topologies.
+
+I guess luckily.
+
+You can only get those
+three topologies,
+
+which don't match this one.
+
+And so there's no way
+to get continuously
+
+from one of these to the other.
+
+That's the argument.
+
+Let me say a little
+more which is
+
+if neither of the two long
+bars hit the triangle,
+
+then you trivially get this.
+
+You don't get any linking.
+
+If one of them strikes a
+triangle, you always get this.
+
+If two of them
+strike the triangle,
+
+it's possible to
+get this or this
+
+depending on how you link it up.
+
+And I'm not going
+to prove it here,
+
+but that's all you can get.
+
+And so if you can't get
+this one, you're in trouble.
+
+There's no continuous
+motion from this to those
+
+without crossing.
+
+So that's how it goes.
+
+And this is an example of
+a topological argument.
+
+You can use the same
+kind of argument
+
+to prove this last
+result, which is this one.
+
+But now this is not necessarily
+symmetric because one's closed,
+
+one's open.
+
+So this is a closed 4 chain
+quadrilateral, in other words,
+
+with an open 3 chain,
+which can also lock.
+
+And again, you can use
+the topological arguments.
+
+A little messy because now this
+is like a tetrahedron instead
+
+of a triangle, but the same
+tricks work and topology,
+
+luckily, doesn't match between
+the inside and outside cases.
+
+Cool.
+
+So that is interlocking
+and pretty much
+
+the entirety of this table.
+
+Now, there's a way to
+generalize this table,
+
+which is instead of saying,
+oh, I have universal joints.
+
+Everything's nice.
+
+I start thinking
+back to proteins
+
+and say, well, what if
+I had some fixed angles.
+
+What if some of the chains
+are fixed angles and others
+
+are universal?
+
+What if some of the
+chains were ridge?
+
+Because we know that rigid
+hairpins can separate
+
+without any folding whatsoever,
+what if some of them are rigid
+
+and some of them are fixed angle
+and some of them are universal?
+
+Well, we haven't done all of
+those results, but most of them
+
+for pairs, we have got
+universal and rigid.
+
+I mean a fixed angle 2
+chain is a rigid 2 chain,
+
+so there's only
+two columns there.
+
+Universal fixed angle rigid.
+
+Universal fixed angle rigid.
+
+And here we only
+get up to rigid.
+
+Yeah, I'm not sure if it makes
+a huge difference out there.
+
+Again, this is not
+a complete story.
+
+There other results
+that might fit in here.
+
+How far down do those minuses go
+if you don't have rigid parts?
+
+But let's see.
+
+The plus means
+there's locked things.
+
+The minus means they
+always separate.
+
+It's a little more concise.
+
+And we've sorted
+the rows and columns
+
+so that you get nice--
+conveniently you
+
+get a nice diagonal pattern,
+not perfect diagonal,
+
+but it's at least monotone.
+
+It makes sense that a
+rigid-- obviously, rigid
+
+is more fixed than
+a fixed angle.
+
+But it's not obvious
+that a universal 4 chain
+
+is going to lock more than
+a fixed angle 3 chain,
+
+but turns out that is the
+case for these examples.
+
+Now, you could consider
+triples of them,
+
+each with different properties.
+
+Then, you get a three
+dimensional table.
+
+That gets a little messier.
+
+Probably not a huge
+number of results
+
+are necessary along those lines.
+
+Here, we just needed the 2
+chains plus the three 3 chains
+
+were interlocked.
+
+So there's more work
+to be done here,
+
+but this was a lot of fun.
+
+And if you want to
+see the examples,
+
+you should check out this paper.
+
+This was basically
+for fun and to see how
+
+low could you go in
+terms of number of edges
+
+and various combinations
+of different parts.
+
+But it turns out this interlock
+stuff does have applications.
+
+I'm not going to
+call them practical
+
+because it's about
+another theory result.
+
+And its result, I mentioned.
+
+If you have some 3
+chain-- oh sorry.
+
+Some three dimensional chain--
+let's say universal joints--
+
+and you have two
+configurations, configuration a
+
+and configuration
+b, and you want
+
+to know is there a
+motion from configuration
+
+a to configuration b.
+
+This is PSPACE-complete,
+result by a bunch of Berliners
+
+from a few years ago.
+
+And basically, what they
+do is build a computer.
+
+I don't have the gadgets
+here to show you.
+
+But they build a computer
+with various moving parts
+
+and what not.
+
+To build the infrastructure
+of that computer,
+
+the rigid part doesn't move.
+
+They use interlocked chains.
+
+Basically, if you want to
+build a nice, rigid framework,
+
+like a truss, you can do it
+because you just take chains.
+
+I'm only allowed to make chains.
+
+I'm not allowed to make graphs.
+
+But if I bring two
+parts of the chain
+
+really close to each
+other, I can basically
+
+tie a knot by making
+lots of little links
+
+and using say an
+interlocked 3, 4 chain,
+
+interlock 3 chain with
+an interlocked 4 chain.
+
+In the same way
+when we're building
+
+the locked 11 chain
+with the lock 2 chain,
+
+you're tying little knots
+around various points.
+
+Here, we don't even
+have to be efficient,
+
+just constant numbers are fine.
+
+So you can build some rigid
+structure like a tetrahedron
+
+by taking one path here,
+making an interlock structure,
+
+making interlock structure,
+interlock, interlock.
+
+Could double traverse, I guess.
+
+And you can interlock
+everything using a chain.
+
+Build a rigid structure.
+
+Then, you go and build
+the flexible part.
+
+And that's the fun computation.
+
+But just to get off
+the ground and to build
+
+some rigid infrastructure,
+to build gadgets basically
+
+in your hardness proof,
+they use interlocked chains,
+
+which is pretty cool.
+
+This is a really interesting
+result, a very negative one.
+
+It's really hard to fold
+from one shape to another,
+
+but it uses this.
+
+They also prove the same thing
+for trees in two dimensions.
+
+For that, they used
+the lock trees--
+
+which we covered way
+back, lecture three
+
+or whatever-- these lock trees
+to build-- to basically fill
+
+rigid angles, to force things
+to be at particular angles,
+
+and then they have flexible
+parts to do the computer stuff.
+
+So it's fun.
+
+They use our little examples
+to build big computers.
+
+Still open, of
+course, is can I start
+
+from a straight
+configuration of the chain
+
+and can I get it to this.
+
+So in other words, given
+a chain, can I unfold it.
+
+We'd like to know whether
+that's polynomially
+
+solvable or empty complete.
+
+It is about characterizing
+lock chains in some sense.
+
+This is about going
+from arbitrary
+
+configuration to
+arbitrary configuration.
+
+And here, you're
+allowed to build
+
+rigid infrastructure
+which never moves.
+
+Here, everything would
+have to fall apart somehow,
+
+so you can't use
+interlock chains.
+
+You can't use lock trees in 2D.
+
+So this problem is still open.
+
+Seems quite
+difficult because you
+
+can't build any infrastructure
+the stays around forever.
+
+Everything would
+have to fall apart
+
+if your machine terminates.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Wanted to talk about
+that for a long time.
+
+Now that we have
+interlock chains,
+
+you get to see a little bit
+behind the scenes of what's
+
+happening.
+
+If you want to see
+the full proof,
+
+check out that paper by
+[INAUDIBLE], [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and [INAUDIBLE].
+
+All right.
+
+That's it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8hBr-bpykso.txt b/8hBr-bpykso.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12c92ef18a0ab1dfc500ce9d051c60b64e5a6ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8hBr-bpykso.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll create a heat map on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll create a heat map on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll create a heat map on
+a map of the United States we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of the United States we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of the United States we'll be
+using the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the data set
+murders dot CSV which is data provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders dot CSV which is data provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders dot CSV which is data provided
+by the FBI giving the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the FBI giving the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the FBI giving the total number of
+murders in the United States by state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders in the United States by state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders in the United States by state
+let's start by reading in our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by reading in our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by reading in our data set
+we'll call it murders and we'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it murders and we'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it murders and we'll use the
+read dot CSV function to read in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read dot CSV function to read in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read dot CSV function to read in the
+data file murders dot CSV let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file murders dot CSV let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file murders dot CSV let's take a
+look at the structure of this data using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of this data using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of this data using
+the STR function we have 51 observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STR function we have 51 observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STR function we have 51 observations
+for the 50 states plus Washington DC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 50 states plus Washington DC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 50 states plus Washington DC and
+6 different variables the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 different variables the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 different variables the name of the
+state the population the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the population the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the population the population
+density the number of murders the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the number of murders the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the number of murders the number
+of murders that used guns and the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of murders that used guns and the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of murders that used guns and the rate
+of gun ownership a map of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gun ownership a map of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gun ownership a map of the United
+States is included in our let's load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is included in our let's load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is included in our let's load the
+map and call it States map we can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and call it States map we can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and call it States map we can do so
+using the map underscore data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the map underscore data function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the map underscore data function
+where the only argument is state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the only argument is state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the only argument is state in
+quotes let's see what this looks like by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes let's see what this looks like by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes let's see what this looks like by
+typing STR States map this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing STR States map this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing STR States map this is just a
+data frame summarizing how to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame summarizing how to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame summarizing how to draw the
+United States to plot the map we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States to plot the map we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States to plot the map we'll use
+the polygon geometry of ggplot so type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polygon geometry of ggplot so type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polygon geometry of ggplot so type
+ggplot and then in parentheses our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot and then in parentheses our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot and then in parentheses our data
+frame is States map and then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is States map and then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is States map and then our
+aesthetic is x equals long the longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic is x equals long the longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic is x equals long the longitude
+variable in States math y equals lat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in States math y equals lat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in States math y equals lat
+the latitude variable and then group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude variable and then group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude variable and then group
+equals group this is the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals group this is the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals group this is the variable
+defining how to draw the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining how to draw the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining how to draw the United States
+into groups by state then close both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups by state then close both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups by state then close both
+parentheses here and we'll add Jia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses here and we'll add Jia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses here and we'll add Jia
+polygons where arguments here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygons where arguments here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygons where arguments here will be
+filled equals white will just fill all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled equals white will just fill all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled equals white will just fill all
+states and white and color equals black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and white and color equals black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and white and color equals black
+to outline the states in black now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outline the states in black now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outline the states in black now in
+your our graphics window you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your our graphics window you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your our graphics window you should see
+a map of the United States before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of the United States before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of the United States before we can
+plot our data on this map we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot our data on this map we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot our data on this map we need to
+make sure that the state names are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the state names are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the state names are the
+same in the murders data frame and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in the murders data frame and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in the murders data frame and in
+the States map data frame in the murders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the States map data frame in the murders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the States map data frame in the murders
+data frame our state names are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame our state names are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame our state names are in the
+state variable and they start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variable and they start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variable and they start with a
+capital letter but in the States map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital letter but in the States map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital letter but in the States map
+data frame our state names are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame our state names are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame our state names are in the
+region variable and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region variable and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region variable and they're all
+lowercase so let's create a new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase so let's create a new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase so let's create a new variable
+called region in our murders data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called region in our murders data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called region in our murders data frame
+to match the state name variable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the state name variable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the state name variable in the
+state's map data frame so we'll add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's map data frame so we'll add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's map data frame so we'll add to
+our murders data frame the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our murders data frame the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our murders data frame the variable
+region which will be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which will be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which will be equal to the
+lowercase version using the two lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase version using the two lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase version using the two lower
+function that we used in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we used in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we used in the text
+analytics lectures and the argument will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics lectures and the argument will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics lectures and the argument will
+be murders state this will just convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be murders state this will just convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be murders state this will just convert
+the state variable to all lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state variable to all lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state variable to all lowercase
+letters and store it as a new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and store it as a new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and store it as a new variable
+called region now we can join the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called region now we can join the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called region now we can join the states
+map data frame with the murders data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map data frame with the murders data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map data frame with the murders data
+frame by using the merge function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame by using the merge function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame by using the merge function which
+matches rows of the data frame based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches rows of the data frame based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches rows of the data frame based on
+a shared identifier we just defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared identifier we just defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared identifier we just defined the
+variable region which exists in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable region which exists in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable region which exists in both
+data frames so we'll call our new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frames so we'll call our new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frames so we'll call our new data
+frame murder map and we'll use the merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame murder map and we'll use the merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame murder map and we'll use the merge
+function where the first argument is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where the first argument is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where the first argument is our
+first data frame States map the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data frame States map the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data frame States map the second
+argument is our second data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is our second data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is our second data frame
+murders and the third argument is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders and the third argument is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders and the third argument is by
+equals region this is the identifier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals region this is the identifier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals region this is the identifier to
+use to merge the rows let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to merge the rows let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to merge the rows let's take a look
+at the data frame we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data frame we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data frame we
+is created using the STR function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created using the STR function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created using the STR function we
+have the same number of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of observations
+here that we had in the States map data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we had in the States map data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we had in the States map data
+frame but now we have both the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but now we have both the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but now we have both the variables
+from the States map data frame and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the States map data frame and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the States map data frame and the
+variables from the murders data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables from the murders data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables from the murders data frame
+which were matched up based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were matched up based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were matched up based on the
+region variable so now let's plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region variable so now let's plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region variable so now let's plot the
+number of murders on our map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of murders on our map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of murders on our map of the
+United States well again use the GG plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States well again use the GG plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States well again use the GG plot
+function but this time our data frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but this time our data frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but this time our data frame is
+murder map in our aesthetic we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder map in our aesthetic we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder map in our aesthetic we want to
+again say x equals long y equals lat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again say x equals long y equals lat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again say x equals long y equals lat and
+group equals group but we'll add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group equals group but we'll add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group equals group but we'll add one
+more argument this time which is fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more argument this time which is fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more argument this time which is fill
+equals murders so that the states will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals murders so that the states will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals murders so that the states will
+be colored according to the murders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be colored according to the murders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be colored according to the murders
+variable then we need to add the polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then we need to add the polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then we need to add the polygon
+geometry where the only argument here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry where the only argument here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry where the only argument here
+will be color equals black to outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be color equals black to outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be color equals black to outline
+the states in black like before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states in black like before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states in black like before and
+lastly we'll add scale fill gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we'll add scale fill gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we'll add scale fill gradient
+where the arguments here will put lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the arguments here will put lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the arguments here will put lo
+equals black and HI equals red to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals black and HI equals red to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals black and HI equals red to make
+our color scheme range from black to red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our color scheme range from black to red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our color scheme range from black to red
+and then guide equals legend to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then guide equals legend to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then guide equals legend to make
+sure we get a legend on our plot if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we get a legend on our plot if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we get a legend on our plot if you
+hit enter and look at your graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter and look at your graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter and look at your graphics
+window now you should see that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window now you should see that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window now you should see that each of
+the states is colored by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states is colored by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states is colored by the number of
+murders in that state states with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders in that state states with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders in that state states with a
+larger number of murders are more red so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number of murders are more red so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number of murders are more red so
+it looks like California and Texas have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like California and Texas have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like California and Texas have
+the largest number of murders but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest number of murders but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest number of murders but is
+that just because they're the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just because they're the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just because they're the most
+populous states let's create a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populous states let's create a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populous states let's create a map of
+the population of each state to check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of each state to check so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of each state to check so
+back in the art console hit the up arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the art console hit the up arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the art console hit the up arrow
+and then instead of fill equals murders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then instead of fill equals murders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then instead of fill equals murders
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+put fill equals population to color each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put fill equals population to color each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put fill equals population to color each
+state according to the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state according to the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state according to the population
+variable if you look at the graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable if you look at the graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable if you look at the graphics
+window we have a population map here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window we have a population map here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window we have a population map here
+which looks exactly the same as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks exactly the same as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks exactly the same as our
+murders map so we need to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders map so we need to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders map so we need to plot the
+murder rate instead of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder rate instead of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder rate instead of the number of
+murders to make sure we're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders to make sure we're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders to make sure we're not just
+plotting a population map so when our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting a population map so when our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting a population map so when our
+our consul let's create a new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consul let's create a new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consul let's create a new variable
+for the murder rate so in our murder map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the murder rate so in our murder map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the murder rate so in our murder map
+data frame will create the murder rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame will create the murder rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame will create the murder rate
+variable which is equal to murder math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is equal to murder math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is equal to murder math
+murders the number of murders divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders the number of murders divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murders the number of murders divided by
+murder map population times 100,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder map population times 100,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder map population times 100,000 so
+we've created a new variable that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created a new variable that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created a new variable that's the
+number of murders per 100,000 population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of murders per 100,000 population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of murders per 100,000 population
+now let's redo our plot with the fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's redo our plot with the fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's redo our plot with the fill
+equal to murder rate so hit the up arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to murder rate so hit the up arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to murder rate so hit the up arrow
+twice to get back to the plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to get back to the plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to get back to the plotting
+command and instead of fill equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and instead of fill equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and instead of fill equals
+population this time we'll put fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this time we'll put fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this time we'll put fill
+equals murder rate if you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals murder rate if you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals murder rate if you look at your
+graphics window now you should see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics window now you should see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics window now you should see that
+the plot is surprisingly maroon looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot is surprisingly maroon looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot is surprisingly maroon looking
+there aren't really any red states why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't really any red states why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't really any red states why
+it turns out that Washington DC is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that Washington DC is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that Washington DC is an
+outlier with a very high murder rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier with a very high murder rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier with a very high murder rate but
+it's such a small region on the map that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a small region on the map that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a small region on the map that
+we can't even see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't even see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't even see it
+so let's redo our plot are you moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's redo our plot are you moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's redo our plot are you moving
+any observations with murder rates above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any observations with murder rates above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any observations with murder rates above
+10 which we know will only exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 which we know will only exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 which we know will only exclude
+Washington DC keep in mind that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC keep in mind that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC keep in mind that when
+interpreting and explaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting and explaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting and explaining the
+resulting plot you should always know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting plot you should always know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting plot you should always know
+what you did to create it remove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did to create it remove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did to create it remove to
+Washington DC from the data so in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC from the data so in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC from the data so in your
+are console hit the up arrow again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are console hit the up arrow again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are console hit the up arrow again and
+this time after guide equals legend will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time after guide equals legend will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time after guide equals legend will
+type limits equals C and in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type limits equals C and in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type limits equals C and in parentheses
+0 comma 10 and hit enter now if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma 10 and hit enter now if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma 10 and hit enter now if you look
+back at your graphics window you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at your graphics window you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at your graphics window you can see
+a range of colors on the map in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of colors on the map in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of colors on the map in this
+video we saw how we can make a heat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we saw how we can make a heat map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we saw how we can make a heat map
+on a map of the United States which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a map of the United States which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a map of the United States which is
+very useful for organizations like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for organizations like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for organizations like the
+World Health Organization or government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Health Organization or government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Health Organization or government
+entities who want to show data to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities who want to show data to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities who want to show data to the
+public organized by state or country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public organized by state or country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public organized by state or country in
+the next video we'll conclude by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video we'll conclude by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video we'll conclude by
+discussing the analytics edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the analytics edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the analytics edge of
+predictive policing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8llkkbCPHb4.txt b/8llkkbCPHb4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..519eb464b1cc561fab2b5f5493b5e452645d5800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8llkkbCPHb4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the coefficients and choose K that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients and choose K that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients and choose K that we
+calculated in the previous segment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in the previous segment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in the previous segment are
+known as the binomial coefficients they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the binomial coefficients they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the binomial coefficients they
+are intimately related to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intimately related to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intimately related to certain
+probabilities associated with coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with coin
+tossing models the so called binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tossing models the so called binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tossing models the so called binomial
+probabilities this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities this is going to be our
+subject we consider a coin which we toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject we consider a coin which we toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject we consider a coin which we toss
+and times in a row independently for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times in a row independently for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times in a row independently for
+each one of the tosses of this coin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the tosses of this coin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the tosses of this coin we
+assume that there is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there is a certain
+probability P that the result is heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that the result is heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that the result is heads
+which of course implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course implies that the
+probability of obtaining tails in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining tails in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining tails in any
+particular toss is going to be 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular toss is going to be 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular toss is going to be 1 minus P
+the question we want to address is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we want to address is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we want to address is the
+following we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we want to calculate the
+probability that in those n independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in those n independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in those n independent
+coin tosses we're going to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses we're going to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses we're going to observe
+exactly K heads let us start working our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly K heads let us start working our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly K heads let us start working our
+way towards the solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way towards the solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way towards the solution to this problem
+by looking first at a simple setting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking first at a simple setting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking first at a simple setting and
+then move on so let us answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move on so let us answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move on so let us answer this
+simple question what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question what is the probability
+that we observe this particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we observe this particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we observe this particular sequence
+of course here we take an equal to 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here we take an equal to 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here we take an equal to 6 and
+we wish to calculate this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to calculate this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish to calculate this probability
+now because we have assumed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we have assumed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we have assumed that the
+coin tosses are independent we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses are independent we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses are independent we can
+multiply probabilities so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply probabilities so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply probabilities so the
+probability of this sequence is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this sequence is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this sequence is equal to
+the probability that the first toss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the first toss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the first toss is
+heads times the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads times the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads times the probability that the
+second toss is tails which is 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second toss is tails which is 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second toss is tails which is 1 minus P
+times the probability that the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that the third
+toss is tails which is 1 minus P times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is tails which is 1 minus P times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is tails which is 1 minus P times
+the probability of heads times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads times the
+probability of heads times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads times the
+probability of heads and by collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads and by collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads and by collecting
+terms this is P to the fourth times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this is P to the fourth times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this is P to the fourth times 1
+minus P to the second power more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P to the second power more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P to the second power more
+generally if I give you a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if I give you a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if I give you a particular
+sequence of heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of heads and
+as in this example and I asked you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this example and I asked you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this example and I asked you what
+is the probability that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that this particular
+sequence is observed then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is observed then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is observed then by
+generalizing from this answer or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing from this answer or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing from this answer or from
+the derivation of this answer you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of this answer you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of this answer you see
+that you're going to get P to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to get P to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to get P to the power
+number of heads and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads and the reason is that
+each time that there is a head showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time that there is a head showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time that there is a head showing
+up in this sequence there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this sequence there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this sequence there is a
+corresponding factor of P in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding factor of P in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding factor of P in this
+numerical answer and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answer and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical answer and then there are
+factors associated with tails each tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors associated with tails each tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors associated with tails each tail
+contributes a factor of 1 minus P and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes a factor of 1 minus P and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes a factor of 1 minus P and so
+we are going to have here 1 minus P to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to have here 1 minus P to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to have here 1 minus P to a
+power equal to the number of tails now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power equal to the number of tails now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power equal to the number of tails now
+if I ask you about the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you about the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you about the probability of a
+particular sequence and that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence and that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence and that particular
+sequence has happens to have exactly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has happens to have exactly K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has happens to have exactly K
+heads what is the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what is the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what is the probability of that
+sequence well we already calculated what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence well we already calculated what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence well we already calculated what
+it is it's the previous answer except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's the previous answer except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's the previous answer except
+that we use the symbol K instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use the symbol K instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use the symbol K instead of just
+writing out explicitly number of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out explicitly number of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out explicitly number of heads
+and the number of tails is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of tails is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of tails is the number of
+tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses
+- how many tosses resulted in heads now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- how many tosses resulted in heads now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- how many tosses resulted in heads now
+we're ready to consider the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to consider the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to consider the actual
+problem that we want to solve which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we want to solve which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we want to solve which is
+to calculate the probability of K heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the probability of K heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the probability of K heads
+the event of obtaining K hands can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of obtaining K hands can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of obtaining K hands can
+happen in many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in many different ways
+any particular K hat sequence makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular K hat sequence makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular K hat sequence makes that
+event to occur any particular K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event to occur any particular K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event to occur any particular K hat
+sequence has a probability equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has a probability equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has a probability equal to this
+expression the overall probability of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the overall probability of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the overall probability of K
+heads is going to be the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is going to be the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is going to be the probability of
+any particular K hat sequence times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular K hat sequence times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular K hat sequence times the
+number of K had sequences that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the reason why we can carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason why we can carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason why we can carry out this
+argument is the fact that any K had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the fact that any K had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is the fact that any K had
+sequence has the same probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has the same probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has the same probability
+otherwise we wouldn't be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we wouldn't be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we wouldn't be able to write
+down an answer which is just the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an answer which is just the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an answer which is just the product
+of two terms but because every K had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two terms but because every K had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two terms but because every K had
+sequence has the same probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has the same probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has the same probability to
+find the overall probability we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the overall probability we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the overall probability we take the
+probability of each one of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each one of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each one of them and
+multiplied with the number of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied with the number of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied with the number of how many
+of these we have so to make further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we have so to make further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we have so to make further
+progress now we need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress now we need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress now we need to calculate the
+number of possible K had sequences how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible K had sequences how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible K had sequences how
+many are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are there
+well specifying a K had sequence is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well specifying a K had sequence is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well specifying a K had sequence is the
+same as the following you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the following you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the following you think of
+having n time slots these time slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having n time slots these time slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having n time slots these time slots
+corresponds to the different doses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the different doses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the different doses of
+your coin and to specify a K head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coin and to specify a K head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coin and to specify a K head
+sequence you need to tell me which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you need to tell me which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence you need to tell me which ones
+of these slots happen to contain a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these slots happen to contain a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these slots happen to contain a head
+you need to tell me K of those slots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to tell me K of those slots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to tell me K of those slots so
+in other words what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what you're doing is
+you're specifying a subset of the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're specifying a subset of the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're specifying a subset of the set of
+these and slots a subset that has K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and slots a subset that has K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and slots a subset that has K
+elements you need to choose K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you need to choose K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you need to choose K of the
+slots out of the N and tell me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots out of the N and tell me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots out of the N and tell me that
+those case Lots have heads that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those case Lots have heads that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those case Lots have heads that's the
+way of specifying a particular K had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of specifying a particular K had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of specifying a particular K had
+sequence so what's the number of K had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so what's the number of K had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so what's the number of K had
+sequences well it's the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences well it's the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences well it's the same as the
+number of ways that you can choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that you can choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that you can choose K
+slots out of the n slots which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots out of the n slots which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots out of the n slots which is our
+binomial coefficient and choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient and choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient and choose K
+therefore the answer to our problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the answer to our problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the answer to our problem is
+this expression here times and choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here times and choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here times and choose K
+which is shown up here at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown up here at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown up here at this point we
+can pause and consider a simple question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pause and consider a simple question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pause and consider a simple question
+to check your understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check your understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check your understanding of the
+binomial probabilities
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8ryWylXv0WE.txt b/8ryWylXv0WE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4dbc9b54c5773e6567e4ecf1c56ef369806be38c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8ryWylXv0WE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will compare all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will compare all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will compare all the
+different methods we have seen so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods we have seen so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods we have seen so far in
+this course and review what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and review what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and review what they are
+used for their benefits and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for their benefits and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for their benefits and their
+limitations linear regression is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations linear regression is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations linear regression is used to
+predict a continuous outcome linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a continuous outcome linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a continuous outcome linear
+regression is simple and commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is simple and commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is simple and commonly used
+and it works on small and large data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works on small and large data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works on small and large data
+sets the downside is that it assumes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the downside is that it assumes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the downside is that it assumes a
+linear relationship if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship if we have a
+nonlinear relationship we need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear relationship we need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear relationship we need to add
+variables to our analysis for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to our analysis for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to our analysis for instance
+suppose y equals a log X plus B where X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose y equals a log X plus B where X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose y equals a log X plus B where X
+s theta and Y is what we need to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s theta and Y is what we need to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s theta and Y is what we need to predict
+to be able to find the coefficients a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to find the coefficients a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to find the coefficients a
+and B through linear regression we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B through linear regression we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B through linear regression we need
+to view log X as a new variable remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view log X as a new variable remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view log X as a new variable remember
+that we did this in the Google Flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did this in the Google Flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did this in the Google Flu
+homework problem logistic regression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem logistic regression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem logistic regression is
+used to predict a categorical outcome we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to predict a categorical outcome we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to predict a categorical outcome we
+mainly focus on binary outcomes like yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly focus on binary outcomes like yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly focus on binary outcomes like yes
+or no spell or bi accept or reject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no spell or bi accept or reject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no spell or bi accept or reject and
+so on we have seen it applied to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on we have seen it applied to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on we have seen it applied to predict
+the quality of care good or bad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of care good or bad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of care good or bad the
+winner of the US presidential election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner of the US presidential election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner of the US presidential election
+Republican or Democrat parole violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican or Democrat parole violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican or Democrat parole violation
+and loan repayment yes or no in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loan repayment yes or no in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loan repayment yes or no in addition
+to its relative simplicity logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its relative simplicity logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its relative simplicity logistic
+regression computes probabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression computes probabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression computes probabilities that
+can be used to assess the confidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to assess the confidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to assess the confidence of
+our prediction the downside is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prediction the downside is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prediction the downside is again
+similar to that of linear regression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that of linear regression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that of linear regression in
+the trees week we learned car which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees week we learned car which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees week we learned car which is
+used to predict if it's a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to predict if it's a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to predict if it's a powerful
+outcome with possibly more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome with possibly more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome with possibly more than two
+categories like quality rating from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories like quality rating from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories like quality rating from one
+to five and three decisions say buy sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five and three decisions say buy sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five and three decisions say buy sell
+or home it can also predict a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or home it can also predict a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or home it can also predict a continuous
+outcome such as salary or price we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome such as salary or price we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome such as salary or price we have
+seen it apply to predict life expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it apply to predict life expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it apply to predict life expectancy
+earnings from census data and letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings from census data and letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings from census data and letter
+recognition the power of card lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition the power of card lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition the power of card lies in
+the fact that it can handle nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it can handle nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it can handle nonlinear
+relationships between variables the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between variables the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between variables the tree
+representation makes it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation makes it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation makes it easy to
+visualize and interpret the results the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize and interpret the results the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize and interpret the results the
+downside is that card may not work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is that card may not work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is that card may not work very
+well on small data sets random forests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on small data sets random forests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on small data sets random forests
+is also used to predict categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also used to predict categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also used to predict categorical
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+or continuous outcomes its benefit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or continuous outcomes its benefit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or continuous outcomes its benefit over
+card is that it can improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is that it can improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is that it can improve the
+prediction accuracy however we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction accuracy however we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction accuracy however we need to
+adjust many parameters and it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust many parameters and it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust many parameters and it's not as
+easy to explain as car this week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to explain as car this week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to explain as car this week we
+learned here at Google clustering which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned here at Google clustering which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned here at Google clustering which
+is used to find similar groups an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to find similar groups an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to find similar groups an
+important aspect of clustering data into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect of clustering data into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect of clustering data into
+smaller groups is that we can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller groups is that we can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller groups is that we can improve
+our prediction accuracy by applying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prediction accuracy by applying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prediction accuracy by applying our
+predictive methods like logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive methods like logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive methods like logistic
+regression for instance on each cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for instance on each cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for instance on each cluster
+we expand on this cluster then predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand on this cluster then predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand on this cluster then predict
+idea in one of our homework problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in one of our homework problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in one of our homework problems
+hierarchical clustering is an attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering is an attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering is an attractive
+technique because we do not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique because we do not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique because we do not need to
+select the number of clusters before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the number of clusters before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the number of clusters before
+running the algorithm also we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the algorithm also we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the algorithm also we can
+visualize the clusters using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the clusters using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the clusters using a
+dendrogram the drawback though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrogram the drawback though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrogram the drawback though is that
+hierarchical clustering is hard to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering is hard to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering is hard to use
+on large datasets because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on large datasets because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on large datasets because of the
+pairwise distance calculation as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise distance calculation as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise distance calculation as we saw
+in this recitation an alternative method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recitation an alternative method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recitation an alternative method
+is k-means clustering which works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is k-means clustering which works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is k-means clustering which works well
+on datasets of any size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on datasets of any size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on datasets of any size
+however k-means requires selecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however k-means requires selecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however k-means requires selecting the
+number of clusters before running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of clusters before running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of clusters before running the
+algorithm this may not be a limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this may not be a limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this may not be a limitation
+if we have an intuition of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an intuition of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an intuition of the number of
+clusters we want to look at as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we want to look at as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we want to look at as in the
+medical image segmentation example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical image segmentation example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical image segmentation example I
+hope that this quick review give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that this quick review give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that this quick review give you a
+good refresher before the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good refresher before the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good refresher before the competition
+week good luck
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9YtmGy-wfE4.txt b/9YtmGy-wfE4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1faaaf5dd63a26586a1f111cda1db5962538bc20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9YtmGy-wfE4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9929 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's begin today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's begin today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's begin today
+I'm going to review linear algebra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to review linear algebra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to review linear algebra so
+I'm assuming that you already took some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that you already took some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that you already took some
+linear algebra course and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra course and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra course and I'm going to
+just review the relevant concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just review the relevant concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just review the relevant concept that
+will appear again and again throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear again and again throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear again and again throughout
+the course but do interrupt me if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but do interrupt me if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but do interrupt me if some
+concepts are not clear if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are not clear if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are not clear if you don't
+remember some concept from linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember some concept from linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember some concept from linear
+algebra I hope you do but yeah please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra I hope you do but yeah please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra I hope you do but yeah please
+let me know I I just don't know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I I just don't know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I I just don't know you have
+very different level of you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different level of you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different level of you have very
+different background knowledge so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different background knowledge so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different background knowledge so it's
+hard to tune to one special group so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tune to one special group so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tune to one special group so I
+tailored this lecture notes so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailored this lecture notes so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailored this lecture notes so that it's
+a review for those who took one the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review for those who took one the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review for those who took one the most
+basic linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic linear algebra
+course yeah so if you already have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah so if you already have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah so if you already have that
+experience and don't understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and don't understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and don't understand it
+please feel free to interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please feel free to interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please feel free to interrupt
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+okay so I want to start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices a matrix in a very simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a matrix in a very simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a matrix in a very simple form
+it's just a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a collection of
+numbers for example 1 2 3 2 3 4 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for example 1 2 3 2 3 4 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for example 1 2 3 2 3 4 four
+five I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I don't know
+10 you can pick any number of rows any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you can pick any number of rows any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you can pick any number of rows any
+number of columns you just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns you just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns you just write down
+numbers in a square format and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in a square format and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in a square format and that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Matrix what's special about it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what's special about it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what's special about it and so
+what kind of data can you arrange in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of data can you arrange in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of data can you arrange in a
+matrix so I'll take an example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so I'll take an example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so I'll take an example which is
+which looks relevant to us so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks relevant to us so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks relevant to us so for
+example we can index the rows by stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can index the rows by stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can index the rows by stocks
+or companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or companies like
+Apple know Morgan Stanley should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple know Morgan Stanley should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple know Morgan Stanley should be
+there what else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Google and then maybe we can index a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and then maybe we can index a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and then maybe we can index a
+column by dates so or yeah I'll say July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column by dates so or yeah I'll say July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column by dates so or yeah I'll say July
+1st October 1st September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st October 1st September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st October 1st September
+1st and the numbers you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st and the numbers you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st and the numbers you can pick
+whatever data you want but probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever data you want but probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever data you want but probably the
+sensible data will be the stock price on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible data will be the stock price on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible data will be the stock price on
+that day I don't know for example 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day I don't know for example 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day I don't know for example 400
+500 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 and
+5,000 that'll be great so these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 that'll be great so these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 that'll be great so these kind of
+datas that's just the Matrix okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datas that's just the Matrix okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datas that's just the Matrix okay so
+defining a matrix is really simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a matrix is really simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a matrix is really simple but
+why is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so
+powerful so that's an application point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so that's an application point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so that's an application point
+of view just it's a collection of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view just it's a collection of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view just it's a collection of data
+but from a theoretical point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix an M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix is a operator it defines a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a operator it defines a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a operator it defines a linear
+transformation a defines a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a defines a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a defines a linear
+transformation from the vector space n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the vector space n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the vector space n
+dimensional Vector space to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Vector space to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Vector space to the m
+dimensional Vector space that sounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Vector space that sounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Vector space that sounds a
+lot more abstract with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more abstract with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more abstract with this
+right okay so for example let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so for example let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so for example let's just
+take a very small example if a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a very small example if a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a very small example if a is a
+three 2x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix 2
+03 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 then
+23 * let's say 1 1 is just 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 * let's say 1 1 is just 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 * let's say 1 1 is just 2
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+right okay do that makes sense it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay do that makes sense it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay do that makes sense it's just
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+multiplication so now try to combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so now try to combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so now try to combine the
+point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view
+what does it mean to have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to have a linear
+transformation defined by a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation defined by a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation defined by a data set
+okay and things start to get confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and things start to get confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and things start to get confusing
+what is it why is a data why does a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it why is a data why does a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it why is a data why does a data
+set Define a linear transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Define a linear transformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Define a linear transformation and
+does it have any sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have any sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have any sensible
+meaning okay so that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning okay so that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning okay so that's a good question
+to have in mind today and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in mind today and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in mind today and try to
+remember this question because today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this question because today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this question because today
+I'll try to really develop a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to really develop a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to really develop a theory of
+igen values and IG vector vectors in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and IG vector vectors in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and IG vector vectors in a
+purely theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely theoretical
+language but it can be still it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but it can be still it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but it can be still it can
+still be applied to these data sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be applied to these data sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be applied to these data sets and
+give very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give very important
+very very important properties and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important properties and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important properties and very
+important what is it quantities you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what is it quantities you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what is it quantities you can
+get just some useful information out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just some useful information out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just some useful information out of
+it try to make sense out of why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to make sense out of why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to make sense out of why it
+happens okay so that will be the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so that will be the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so that will be the goal
+today so really treat linear algebra as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so really treat linear algebra as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so really treat linear algebra as
+theoretically thing but remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically thing but remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically thing but remember that
+there's some data set like really data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some data set like really data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some data set like really data
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+underlying and okay this doesn't go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying and okay this doesn't go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying and okay this doesn't go up
+that was a bad choice for my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a bad choice for my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a bad choice for my first
+board oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the most important concepts for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important concepts for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important concepts for us
+are the igen values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the igen values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the igen values and igen
+vectors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of a
+matrix which is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which is defined
+as uh a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh a real
+number Lambda and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Lambda and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Lambda and a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+v is an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+a if a * V = Lambda *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if a * V = Lambda *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if a * V = Lambda *
+V okay we also say that b is an IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so remember I values and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so remember I values and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so remember I values and I
+vectors always common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors always common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors always common
+Pairs and they are defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and they are defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and they are defined by the
+property that a * V is equal to Lambda *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that a * V is equal to Lambda *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that a * V is equal to Lambda *
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+okay first question does all Matrix have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first question does all Matrix have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first question does all Matrix have
+I values and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+no so okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so okay I'll
+re it looks like this is a very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re it looks like this is a very strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re it looks like this is a very strange
+equation to satisfy but if you change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to satisfy but if you change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to satisfy but if you change it
+in this form a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form a minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form a minus Lambda
+IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL
+Z that still looks strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that still looks strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that still looks strange
+but at least you understand that oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you understand that oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you understand that oh it's
+if and only if this can happen only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if this can happen only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if this can happen only if
+this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can happen
+happens only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens only
+if a minus Lambda I does not have full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a minus Lambda I does not have full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a minus Lambda I does not have full
+rank so determinant of aus Lambda I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so determinant of aus Lambda I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so determinant of aus Lambda I is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero if an only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Okay so
+now comes a very interesting observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes a very interesting observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes a very interesting observation
+determinant of a minus Lambda I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom of
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+n okay I made a mistake I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay I made a mistake I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay I made a mistake I should have
+this is only for n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+this is only for square matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only for square matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only for square matrices
+sorry it's a polinomial of degree n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's a polinomial of degree n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's a polinomial of degree n that
+means it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has a
+solution has tog of n in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so has a solution it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so has a solution it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so has a solution it might be a
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number I'm really sorry I'm nervous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm really sorry I'm nervous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm really sorry I'm nervous in
+front of the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the video
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+complex I understand why you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex I understand why you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex I understand why you're saying
+that it doesn't necessarily exist let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't necessarily exist let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't necessarily exist let me
+repeat I made few mistakes here so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat I made few mistakes here so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat I made few mistakes here so let
+me repeat here for a n byn Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a complex number Lambda and the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a complex number Lambda and the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a complex number Lambda and the vector
+v is an igen value and igen Vector if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is an igen value and igen Vector if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is an igen value and igen Vector if it
+satisfies this condition it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this condition it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this condition it doesn't have
+to be real sorry about that and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real sorry about that and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real sorry about that and now if
+you rephrase it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rephrase it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rephrase it this way
+because this is a polom it always has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a polom it always has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a polom it always has at
+least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+okay that was just a side point very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was just a side point very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was just a side point very
+theoretical so we see that there always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical so we see that there always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical so we see that there always
+exists at least one igen value and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at least one igen value and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at least one igen value and I
+Vector now we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now we saw the
+existence so what is the geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence so what is the geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence so what is the geometrical
+meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's go back to
+the linear transformation point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear transformation point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear transformation point of view
+so suppose a is a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix then a takes the vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R3 and transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it into another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into another vector
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R3 but if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 but if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 but if you have this
+relation what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what's going to happen
+is a when applied to V it will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a when applied to V it will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a when applied to V it will just
+scale the vector v so if if this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the vector v so if if this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the vector v so if if this was the
+original V A of V will just be Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original V A of V will just be Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original V A of V will just be Lambda
+time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this
+Vector that will be our a of V which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that will be our a of V which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that will be our a of V which is
+equal to Lambda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Lambda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Lambda of
+V so igen vectors are those special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so igen vectors are those special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so igen vectors are those special
+vectors which when applied this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which when applied this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which when applied this linear
+transformation just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation just gets
+scaled by some amount which where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some amount which where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some amount which where that
+amount is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount is exactly
+Lambda so what we established so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so what we established so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so what we established so far
+what we recall so far is every M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we recall so far is every M byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we recall so far is every M byn
+Matrix has at least one such Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has at least one such Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has at least one such Direction
+there is some Vector where the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some Vector where the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some Vector where the linear
+transformation defined by a just scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation defined by a just scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation defined by a just scales
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Vector which is quite interesting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is quite interesting if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is quite interesting if you
+never thought about it before there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought about it before there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought about it before there's no
+reason such vectors should exist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason such vectors should exist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason such vectors should exist of
+course I'm lying a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm lying a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm lying a little bit because
+this these might be complex vectors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these might be complex vectors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these might be complex vectors but
+at least in comp in the complex word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in comp in the complex word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in comp in the complex word is
+complex world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex world is
+true so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if you think about
+this this is very helpful it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is very helpful it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is very helpful it gives you
+these vectors from the these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors from the these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors from the these vectors
+point of view this linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view this linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view this linear transformation
+is really easy to understand okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really easy to understand okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really easy to understand okay that's
+why I values and I Vector are so good it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I values and I Vector are so good it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I values and I Vector are so good it
+breaks down the linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the linear transformation
+into really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into really simple
+operations so what let me make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so what let me make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so what let me make that
+formalize that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that a little bit
+more so in an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so in an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so in an extreme
+case a matrix an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix a we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalizable if there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh orthonormal Matrix I'll call what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orthonormal Matrix I'll call what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orthonormal Matrix I'll call what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a is equal to U * D * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to U * D * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to U * D * U
+inverse for a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D okay so let me iterate through this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay so let me iterate through this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay so let me iterate through this a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit what is an oron normal matrix it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what is an oron normal matrix it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what is an oron normal matrix it's a
+matrix defined by the relation U * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix defined by the relation U * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix defined by the relation U * U
+transforms is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms is equal to the
+identity what is a diagonal matrix is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity what is a diagonal matrix is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity what is a diagonal matrix is a
+matrix whose non-zero entries are all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix whose non-zero entries are all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix whose non-zero entries are all on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+diagonal all rests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all rests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all rests are
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay why is it so good to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is it so good to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is it so good to have this
+decomposition what it what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition what it what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition what it what does it mean
+to have an oron normal Matrix like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an oron normal Matrix like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an oron normal Matrix like this
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+means basically I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically I'll
+just explain what's happening if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explain what's happening if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explain what's happening if that
+happens if a matrix is diagonalizable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if a matrix is diagonalizable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if a matrix is diagonalizable if
+this a is diagonalizable there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a is diagonalizable there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a is diagonalizable there will be
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+directions V1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions V1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions V1 V2
+V3 such that when you apply this a B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 such that when you apply this a B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 such that when you apply this a B1
+scales by some Lambda 1 B2 scales by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales by some Lambda 1 B2 scales by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales by some Lambda 1 B2 scales by
+some Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Lambda
+2 and B3 scales by by some Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 so you can completely understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so you can completely understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so you can completely understand the
+transformation a just by looking just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a just by looking just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a just by looking just by
+just in terms of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of these three
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+this the stuff here will be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the stuff here will be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the stuff here will be the most
+important things you will use in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you will use in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you will use in linear
+algebra throughout this course so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra throughout this course so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra throughout this course so let me
+repeat it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it really
+slowly okay so an igen value and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly okay so an igen value and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly okay so an igen value and igen
+Vector is defined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is defined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is defined by this
+relation we know that there are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we know that there are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we know that there are at least
+one igen value for each Matrix and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one igen value for each Matrix and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one igen value for each Matrix and there
+is an IG Vector corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an IG Vector corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an IG Vector corresponding to
+it and IG vectors have this geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and IG vectors have this geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and IG vectors have this geometrical
+meaning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning where
+of vector an i Vector if the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector an i Vector if the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector an i Vector if the linear
+transformation defined by a just scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation defined by a just scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation defined by a just scal
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Vector so in our for our setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so in our for our setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so in our for our setting the
+real good matrices are the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real good matrices are the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real good matrices are the matrices
+which can be broken down into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be broken down into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be broken down into these
+directions and those directions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and those directions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and those directions are
+defined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by this
+U and D defines how much it will scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and D defines how much it will scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and D defines how much it will scale
+so in this case U will be our V1 V B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case U will be our V1 V B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case U will be our V1 V B2
+B3 and D will be our Lambda 1 Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 and D will be our Lambda 1 Lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 and D will be our Lambda 1 Lambda 2
+Lambda 3 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay so that is abstract now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so that is abstract now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so that is abstract now
+remember the question I posed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the question I posed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the question I posed in the
+beginning so remember that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so remember that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so remember that Matrix
+where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had
+stocks and dates and stock prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and dates and stock prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and dates and stock prices and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+entries what will an igen Vector of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries what will an igen Vector of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries what will an igen Vector of that
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+mean what will an igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what will an igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what will an igen value
+mean okay they try to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question it's not like it will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's not like it will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's not like it will have some
+physical counterpart but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical counterpart but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical counterpart but there's some
+really interesting thing going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing going on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay okay the bad news is that not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the bad news is that not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay the bad news is that not all
+matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are
+diagonalizable okay if a matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable okay if a matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable okay if a matrix is
+diagonalizable it's really to easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable it's really to easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable it's really to easy to
+understand what it does because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it does because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it does because it
+really breaks down into these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really breaks down into these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really breaks down into these three
+directions if it's a 3X3 it's an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if it's a 3X3 it's an N byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if it's a 3X3 it's an N byn
+it breaks down into n directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks down into n directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks down into n directions
+unfortunately not all Matrix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not all Matrix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not all Matrix are
+diagonalizable but there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable but there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable but there is a very
+special class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special class of
+matrices which are always diagonalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which are always diagonalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which are always diagonalizable
+and fortunately we will see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fortunately we will see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fortunately we will see those
+matrices throughout the course most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices throughout the course most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices throughout the course most of
+the matrices n byn matrices we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices n byn matrices we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices n byn matrices we will
+study are fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+category so an M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix a is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a is equal to a trans4 okay before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is equal to a trans4 okay before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is equal to a trans4 okay before
+proceeding uh please raise your hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding uh please raise your hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding uh please raise your hand if
+you're familiar with all the concept so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with all the concept so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with all the concept so
+far okay good a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feeling okay so a matrix is symmetric if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling okay so a matrix is symmetric if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling okay so a matrix is symmetric if
+it's equal to its transpose a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to its transpose a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to its transpose a transpose
+is obtained by taking the mirror image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained by taking the mirror image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained by taking the mirror image
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+okay and then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it is
+known that all symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are
+Dion ah I made another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dion ah I made another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dion ah I made another
+mistake or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally so this I missed matrixes or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+dialable so it's diagonalizable if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialable so it's diagonalizable if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialable so it's diagonalizable if we
+drop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition okay and replace it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invertible okay so symmetric mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible okay so symmetric mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible okay so symmetric mat
+matrices are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are really
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and fortunately most of the mat most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fortunately most of the mat most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fortunately most of the mat most of
+the N byn matrices that we we will study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N byn matrices that we we will study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N byn matrices that we we will study
+are symmetric just by the nature of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are symmetric just by the nature of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are symmetric just by the nature of it
+it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be
+symmetric the one I gave as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the one I gave as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the one I gave as an example
+is not symmetric it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not symmetric it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not symmetric it's not
+symmetric but I will address that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but I will address that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but I will address that issue
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+minute and another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and another important
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have real I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values so really this geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so really this geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so really this geometrical
+picture just the for symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just the for symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just the for symmetric matrices
+this picture is really a picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is really a picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is really a picture you
+should have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof of theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose Lambda is an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Lambda is an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Lambda is an igen
+value with igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v then by definition we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v then by definition we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v then by definition we have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay now multiply V transpose on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides at is Lambda time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides at is Lambda time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides at is Lambda time the
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C now take the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then first state conjugate we have v a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then first state conjugate we have v a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then first state conjugate we have v a
+t BT a TV and then take the conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t BT a TV and then take the conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t BT a TV and then take the conjugate of
+it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this side is equal to v t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b but because a is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric we see that a is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we see that a is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we see that a is equal to the
+conjugate complex conjugate of a so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate complex conjugate of a so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate complex conjugate of a so this
+expression and this expression is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this expression is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this expression is the
+same the right side should also be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the right side should also be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the right side should also be the
+same that means Lambda is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that means Lambda is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that means Lambda is equal to the
+conjugate of Lambda so Lambda has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of Lambda so Lambda has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of Lambda so Lambda has to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+so theorem one is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem one is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem one is a little bit more
+complicated and it involves more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it involves more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it involves more
+advanced concepts like uh bases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced concepts like uh bases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced concepts like uh bases and
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+Subspace and so on and those concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace and so on and those concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace and so on and those concepts
+are not really important for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really important for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really important for this class
+so I'll just skip the proof but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just skip the proof but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just skip the proof but it's
+really important to remember these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to remember these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to remember these two
+theorems whenever you see a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems whenever you see a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems whenever you see a symmetric
+Matrix you should really feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you should really feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you should really feel like you
+have control on it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control on it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control on it because
+you can diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and moreover all I values are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and moreover all I values are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and moreover all I values are real
+and you have really good control on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have really good control on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have really good control on
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrixes okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes okay that's
+good that was when everything went well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that was when everything went well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that was when everything went well
+we can diagonalize it so so far we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can diagonalize it so so far we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can diagonalize it so so far we saw
+that if uh for a symmetric Matrix we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if uh for a symmetric Matrix we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if uh for a symmetric Matrix we can
+diagonalize it it's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it it's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it it's really easy to
+understand but what about General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but what about General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but what about General
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices in general not all matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in general not all matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in general not all matrices are
+diagonalizable first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but sometimes we still want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes we still want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes we still want a
+decomposition like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition like
+this so uh diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was a = u * D * U transpose or U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+but we want something similar we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want something similar we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want something similar we want to
+understand uh so our goal want to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+Matrix give a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix give a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix give a matrix
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+through simple operations such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaling when The Matrix was a diagonal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling when The Matrix was a diagonal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling when The Matrix was a diagonal a
+diagonalizable matrix this was done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable matrix this was done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable matrix this was done this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+possible unfortunately it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalizable so we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable so we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable so we have to do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+else but yeah that so that's what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but yeah that so that's what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but yeah that so that's what I want
+to talk about and luckily the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and luckily the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and luckily the good news
+is there is a nice tool we can use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is a nice tool we can use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is a nice tool we can use for
+all matrices even though it's slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all matrices even though it's slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all matrices even though it's slightly
+weaker in fact a little bit more weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker in fact a little bit more weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker in fact a little bit more weaker
+than diagonal this diagonalization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than diagonal this diagonalization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than diagonal this diagonalization but
+still it distills some very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it distills some very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it distills some very important
+information of the Matrix so it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the Matrix so it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the Matrix so it's called
+singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decomposition so this will be our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so this will be our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so this will be our second
+tool of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of understanding
+matrices it's very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's very similar to this
+diagonalization or in other words I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization or in other words I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization or in other words I call
+this igen value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it has a slightly different form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a slightly different form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a slightly different form so
+what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+form so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so a
+theorem let a be an M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix then there always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then there always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then there always
+exists there always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists there always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists there always
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U or or the normal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and
+B such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a is equal to U * Sigma * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to U * Sigma * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to U * Sigma * V
+transpose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose for
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix let me parse through the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix let me parse through the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix let me parse through the theorem
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+more whenever you're given a matrix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more whenever you're given a matrix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more whenever you're given a matrix it
+doesn't even have to be a square Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be a square Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be a square Matrix
+anymore it can be non-symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it can be non-symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it can be non-symmetric so
+whenever you're given an M byn Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're given an M byn Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're given an M byn Matrix in
+general there always exist two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there always exist two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there always exist two matrices
+u and v which are or than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v which are or than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v which are or than
+normal such that a can be deom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal such that a can be deom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal such that a can be deom
+decomposed as U * Sigma * V transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed as U * Sigma * V transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed as U * Sigma * V transpose
+where Sigma is a diagonal matrix but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Sigma is a diagonal matrix but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Sigma is a diagonal matrix but now
+the sides of the Matrix are important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides of the Matrix are important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides of the Matrix are important so
+U is an M by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is an M by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is an M by m
+Matrix Sigma is an M byn Matrix and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Sigma is an M byn Matrix and B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Sigma is an M byn Matrix and B is
+an N byn Matrix that just denotes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N byn Matrix that just denotes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N byn Matrix that just denotes the
+size dimensions of the Matrix okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dimensions of the Matrix okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dimensions of the Matrix okay so
+what does what does it mean for an M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does what does it mean for an M byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does what does it mean for an M byn
+Matrix to be diagonal a diagonal it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to be diagonal a diagonal it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to be diagonal a diagonal it just
+mean the same thing so only the II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing so only the II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing so only the II
+entries are allowed to be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero I hate this so that was just bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I hate this so that was just bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I hate this so that was just bunch
+of words so let me raate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words so let me raate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words so let me raate
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+iish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part okay so let me compare now I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so let me compare now I value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so let me compare now I value
+decomposition with singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition with singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition with singular value
+decomposition so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so so this is
+EVD what we just saw before it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVD what we just saw before it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVD what we just saw before it only
+SVD this only works for M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD this only works for M byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD this only works for M byn
+matrices which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalizable uh SVD works for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable uh SVD works for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable uh SVD works for all
+General n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices however this is powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices however this is powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices however this is powerful
+because it gives you one frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives you one frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives you one frame
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+V1 let's say V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 let's say V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 let's say V2
+V3 for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 for which
+a acts as a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a acts as a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a acts as a scaling
+operator and like that a that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and like that a that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and like that a that's what a
+does a does a does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a does a does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a does a does
+okay that's because these U on the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's because these U on the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's because these U on the both
+sides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are
+equal however for singular value de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal however for singular value de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal however for singular value de
+composition this is called singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition this is called singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition this is called singular
+value decomposition I just erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what you have instead is first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what you have instead is first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what you have instead is first of all
+the spaces are different you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces are different you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces are different you take a
+vector in R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in R to the
+m and bring it to R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N by this operation a what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by this operation a what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by this operation a what's going to
+happen here is there will be one frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here is there will be one frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here is there will be one frame
+in here and one frame in here here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and one frame in here here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and one frame in here here so
+there will be vectors V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be vectors V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be vectors V1
+V2 V3 I don't know V4 like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 V3 I don't know V4 like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 V3 I don't know V4 like this and
+there will be vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be vectors
+U1 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 U2
+u3 like this here and what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3 like this here and what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u3 like this here and what's going to
+happen is when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is when you take
+V1 a will take V1 to U1 and scale it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 a will take V1 to U1 and scale it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 a will take V1 to U1 and scale it a
+little bit according to that diagonal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit according to that diagonal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit according to that diagonal a
+will take V2 to U2 we'll scale it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take V2 to U2 we'll scale it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take V2 to U2 we'll scale it it
+will take V3 to u3 scale it wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take V3 to u3 scale it wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take V3 to u3 scale it wait a
+minute but for B V4 we don't have u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but for B V4 we don't have u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but for B V4 we don't have u4
+what's going to happen if this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen if this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen if this just
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+disappear E4 when applied a will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear E4 when applied a will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear E4 when applied a will
+disappear okay so I know it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear okay so I know it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear okay so I know it's a very
+vague explanation but this geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague explanation but this geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague explanation but this geometric
+picture try to compare them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture try to compare them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture try to compare them a
+diagonalization igen value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization igen value decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization igen value decomposition
+Works within its frame so it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works within its frame so it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works within its frame so it's very very
+powerful you just have some directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you just have some directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you just have some directions
+and you scale those directions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you scale those directions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you scale those directions but the
+singular vality composition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vality composition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vality composition it's
+applicable to more General class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to more General class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to more General class of
+matrices but it's rather more restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but it's rather more restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but it's rather more restricted
+you have two frames one for the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two frames one for the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two frames one for the original
+space one for the Target space and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space one for the Target space and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space one for the Target space and what
+the linear transformation does is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear transformation does is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear transformation does is it's
+just sends one vector to another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sends one vector to another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sends one vector to another vector
+and scale it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now another good time to go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another good time to go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another good time to go back to that
+Matrix in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so remember that
+example we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had a
+vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and
+dates and the entry was St prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if it's a symmet n byn Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's a symmet n byn Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's a symmet n byn Matrix
+you can try to apply both s value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try to apply both s value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try to apply both s value
+composition and singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and singular value
+composition but what will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but what will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but what will be more
+sensible is singular value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible is singular value decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible is singular value decomposition
+in this case I won't explain why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I won't explain why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I won't explain why and
+what's Happening Here Peter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Happening Here Peter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Happening Here Peter will
+probably yeah it's you will come to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yeah it's you will come to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yeah it's you will come to it
+later but just try to do some imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but just try to do some imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but just try to do some imagining
+before listening what's really happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before listening what's really happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before listening what's really happening
+in real W so try to use your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real W so try to use your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real W so try to use your own
+imagination your own language to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination your own language to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination your own language to express
+see what happens for this Matrix what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens for this Matrix what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens for this Matrix what
+this decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition is
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just looks like totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just looks like totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just looks like totally
+nonsense why does this have even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense why does this have even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense why does this have even a
+geometry why does it Define a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry why does it Define a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry why does it Define a linear
+trans information and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans information and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans information and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+but it's just a beautiful Theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a beautiful Theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a beautiful Theory which
+is gives many useful information I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gives many useful information I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gives many useful information I can't
+really emphasize more because emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasize more because emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasize more because emphasize
+enough because really this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because really this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because really this is just
+Universal being used in all science SE I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal being used in all science SE I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal being used in all science SE I
+vality composition and single vality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vality composition and single vality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vality composition and single vality
+composition so not just for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so not just for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so not just for this course
+but pretty much in uh it's safe to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretty much in uh it's safe to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretty much in uh it's safe to say
+in every engineering you'll encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every engineering you'll encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every engineering you'll encounter
+one of the forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the forms
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me talk about the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me talk about the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me talk about the proof of the
+singular Val singular value composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular Val singular value composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular Val singular value composition
+and I will show you an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will show you an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will show you an example of what
+singular vality composition does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vality composition does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vality composition does for
+some example Matrix The Matrix that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example Matrix The Matrix that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example Matrix The Matrix that I
+chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the
+proof of singular value de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of singular value de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of singular value de
+composition which is interesting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition which is interesting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition which is interesting it
+relies on igen value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on igen value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on igen value the
+composition okay so given a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values of a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first observation that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first observation that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first observation that's a
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix so if you remember it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so if you remember it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so if you remember it will have
+real in values and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalizable so a t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+has I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values Lambda 1 Lambda 2 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Lambda 1 Lambda 2 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Lambda 1 Lambda 2 up
+to uh it's an M byn Matrix so l n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and corresponding I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+V1 V2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VN and so for convenience I will cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN and so for convenience I will cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN and so for convenience I will cut it
+at Lambda R and assume all rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Lambda R and assume all rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Lambda R and assume all rest is
+zero okay so there might be none which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so there might be none which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so there might be none which
+are zero in that case we use all the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero in that case we use all the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero in that case we use all the a
+values but I only am interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but I only am interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but I only am interested in
+nonzero values so I will say up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values so I will say up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values so I will say up to
+Lambda R they're non zero afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda R they're non zero afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda R they're non zero afterwards
+zero it's just a notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice and now I'm just going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and now I'm just going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and now I'm just going to make a
+claim that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that they're all
+positive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this
+part is kind of just believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is kind of just believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is kind of just believe
+me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so
+yeah then if that's the case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then if that's the case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then if that's the case we can
+rewrite the I values rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the I values rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the I values rewrite
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+values as Sigma 1 squ Sigma 2 squ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as Sigma 1 squ Sigma 2 squ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as Sigma 1 squ Sigma 2 squ the
+sigma r² and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was my first
+step my second step that was step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step my second step that was step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step my second step that was step
+one step two is to Define U of one as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step two is to Define U of one as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step two is to Define U of one as a
+* V1 over Sigma 1 U of 2 is a * V2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* V1 over Sigma 1 U of 2 is a * V2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* V1 over Sigma 1 U of 2 is a * V2 over
+Sigma 2 and U of r as a * V of R over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 and U of r as a * V of R over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 and U of r as a * V of R over
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+R and then U * r + 1 as up to 3 * m as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then U * r + 1 as up to 3 * m as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then U * r + 1 as up to 3 * m as
+complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the
+above into a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for those who don't understand just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who don't understand just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who don't understand just
+think of we pick U one up to ur first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of we pick U one up to ur first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of we pick U one up to ur first
+and then arbitrarily pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then arbitrarily pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then arbitrarily pick the
+rest and you'll see why I'm only I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and you'll see why I'm only I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and you'll see why I'm only I only
+care about the nonzero values because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the nonzero values because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the nonzero values because I
+have to divide by Sigma sigas the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide by Sigma sigas the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide by Sigma sigas the sigma
+values and if it's zero I can't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and if it's zero I can't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and if it's zero I can't do the
+division so that's why I identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so that's why I identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so that's why I identified
+those which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those which are not
+zero and then we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it doesn't look at all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it doesn't look at all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it doesn't look at all like
+we're done but I'm going to let my U be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done but I'm going to let my U be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done but I'm going to let my U be
+this U1 U2 up to U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U1 U2 up to U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U1 U2 up to U uh
+n sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V I'll pick as V1 V2 of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I'll pick as V1 V2 of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I'll pick as V1 V2 of to
+VR and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR and then
+v r + one up to VM this again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v r + one up to VM this again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v r + one up to VM this again just
+complete into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis now let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens okay so a * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so a * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so a * U
+transpose B uh Ah that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong I have to do U * a * B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I have to do U * a * B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I have to do U * a * B
+trans so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans so I was
+write V is n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M wa a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so U time future yeah that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so U time future yeah that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so U time future yeah that will
+be 1 U2 u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 U2 u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 U2 u
+m a b transpose will be B1 transpose V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a b transpose will be B1 transpose V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a b transpose will be B1 transpose V2
+transpose v n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I messed up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry I oh that's the form I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I oh that's the form I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I oh that's the form I want
+right yeah so I have to transpose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so I have to transpose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so I have to transpose you
+and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be
+there okay sorry uh oh yeah so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay sorry uh oh yeah so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay sorry uh oh yeah so thank
+thank you thank you for the correction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you for the correction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you for the correction I
+know this looks different from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks different from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks different from that
+but I mean if you flip the definition it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean if you flip the definition it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean if you flip the definition it
+will be the same so I'll just not stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same so I'll just not stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same so I'll just not stop
+making mistakes you have questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistakes you have questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistakes you have questions yeah
+so yeah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yeah that now makes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense okay thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay thank you very much
+and then you're going to have U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to have U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to have U
+transpose up to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose up to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose up to U
+transpose a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a *
+V because of the definition of v will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V because of the definition of v will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V because of the definition of v will be
+Lambda 1 of V1 a * V2 will be Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 of V1 a * V2 will be Lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 of V1 a * V2 will be Lambda 2
+of V2 up to Lambda r v r and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V2 up to Lambda r v r and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V2 up to Lambda r v r and the rest
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+zero these all to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's do a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do a few
+computations so U1 T * Lambda 1 V1 U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so U1 T * Lambda 1 V1 U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so U1 T * Lambda 1 V1 U1
+T and Lambda 1 V1 when you take the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Lambda 1 V1 when you take the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Lambda 1 V1 when you take the dot
+product what you're going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what you're going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what you're going to get is
+V1 t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 t a
+transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one ah sorry about that thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ah sorry about that thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ah sorry about that thing this is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A's I to find the I Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aose one okay then that's U1 transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aose one okay then that's U1 transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aose one okay then that's U1 transpose
+time Sig 1 * E1 that will be one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Sig 1 * E1 that will be one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Sig 1 * E1 that will be one uh
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah and then if you look at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then if you look at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then if you look at the second
+entry you want transpose side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 you get U1 transpose times Sigma 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U2 but I claim that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 but I claim that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 but I claim that this is equal to
+zero okay so why is that the case U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so why is that the case U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so why is that the case U1
+transpose is equal to V1 transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is equal to V1 transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is equal to V1 transpose a
+transpose over Sigma 1 and we have Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose over Sigma 1 and we have Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose over Sigma 1 and we have Sigma
+2 U2 is = to a * V2 Sig 2 those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U2 is = to a * V2 Sig 2 those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U2 is = to a * V2 Sig 2 those two
+cancels and we have V1 t a t a V2 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and we have V1 t a t a V2 Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and we have V1 t a t a V2 Sigma
+1 but V1 and V2 are two different igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but V1 and V2 are two different igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but V1 and V2 are two different igen
+vectors of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of this
+Matrix in the beginning we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the beginning we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the beginning we can have a
+orthonormal decomposition of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal decomposition of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal decomposition of a transpose
+a that means v1t * V2 time that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that means v1t * V2 time that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that means v1t * V2 time that has to
+be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero
+because that's an igen value we have V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's an igen value we have V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's an igen value we have V1
+T * Lambda 2 V2 over Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T * Lambda 2 V2 over Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T * Lambda 2 V2 over Sigma
+1 so we have Lambda 2 over Sigma 1 * V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we have Lambda 2 over Sigma 1 * V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we have Lambda 2 over Sigma 1 * V1
+transpose B2 these two are soling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B2 these two are soling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B2 these two are soling
+zero so if you do the computation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you do the computation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you do the computation what
+you're going to have is Sigma 1 Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have is Sigma 1 Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have is Sigma 1 Sigma 2
+on the diagonal up to Sigma R and then Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal up to Sigma R and then Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal up to Sigma R and then Z
+Z rest and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z rest and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z rest and Z
+rest okay sorry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest okay sorry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest okay sorry for the
+confusion actually the process is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion actually the process is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion actually the process is quite
+simple I was just lost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I was just lost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I was just lost in the
+computation in the middle so processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the middle so processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the middle so processes
+first look at a transpose a find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at a transpose a find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at a transpose a find the
+igen values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and igen
+vectors and using those they Define The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and using those they Define The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and using those they Define The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+B and you can Define The Matrix U by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you can Define The Matrix U by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you can Define The Matrix U by uh
+applying a * V over over Sigma each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a * V over over Sigma each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a * V over over Sigma each of
+those will Define the entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will Define the entries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will Define the entries of
+U the reason I wanted to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the reason I wanted to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the reason I wanted to go through this
+proof is because this gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is because this gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is because this gives you a
+process of finding a singular value DEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of finding a singular value DEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of finding a singular value DEC
+composition okay it was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition okay it was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition okay it was a little bit
+painful for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful for me
+but if you have a matrix there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a matrix there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a matrix there's just
+the simple steps you can follow to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple steps you can follow to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple steps you can follow to find
+the I uh singular value composition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I uh singular value composition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I uh singular value composition okay
+so look at this Matrix find this I Valu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this Matrix find this I Valu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this Matrix find this I Valu
+and IG vectors just arrange it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IG vectors just arrange it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IG vectors just arrange it in the
+right way of course the right way needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way of course the right way needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way of course the right way needs
+some practice to be done correctly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice to be done correctly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice to be done correctly but
+once you do that you just obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you do that you just obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you do that you just obtain a
+singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value
+composition and really I can't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and really I can't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and really I can't explain
+how powerful it is you will only later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful it is you will only later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful it is you will only later
+see it in the course how powerful this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the course how powerful this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the course how powerful this
+decomposition will be and only then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition will be and only then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition will be and only then
+you'll be more appreciate how good it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be more appreciate how good it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be more appreciate how good it is
+to have this decomposition and be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this decomposition and be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this decomposition and be able
+to compute it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute it so
+simply so let's try to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply so let's try to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply so let's try to do it by
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh it has to be oral or orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh it has to be oral or orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh it has to be oral or orthonormal
+yeah yeah should these should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beal these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also and that's a good point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and that's a good point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and that's a good point because
+that can be annoying when you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be annoying when you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be annoying when you want to do
+it by hand actually just decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by hand actually just decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by hand actually just decomposition
+you have to do some gram process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do some gram process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do some gram process or
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that but yeah when I mean by hand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah when I mean by hand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah when I mean by hand I
+don't really mean by hand other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really mean by hand other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really mean by hand other than
+when you're doing homework because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing homework because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing homework because you
+can use computer to do it and in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use computer to do it and in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use computer to do it and in fact if
+you use computer there are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use computer there are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use computer there are much better
+algorithm than this that are known which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm than this that are known which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm than this that are known which
+can do this a lot more quickly and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiently okay so let's try to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently okay so let's try to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently okay so let's try to do it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay so let a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so let a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so let a
+be Matrix 3 2 2 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Matrix 3 2 2 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Matrix 3 2 2 2 3
+-2 and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and we want to
+make the I value the composition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the I value the composition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the I value the composition of this
+okay a transpose a we have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a transpose a we have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a transpose a we have to compute
+that is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you'll
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+13 do 12 2 12 13 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me just say that the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are uh 0 9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh 0 9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh 0 9 and
+25 okay so in this algorithm Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 okay so in this algorithm Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 okay so in this algorithm Sigma 1
+square will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square will be
+25 Sigma Sigma 2 square will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 Sigma Sigma 2 square will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 Sigma Sigma 2 square will be
+9 and sigma 3 Square will be zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and sigma 3 Square will be zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and sigma 3 Square will be zero so we
+can take Sigma one to be five Sigma 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take Sigma one to be five Sigma 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take Sigma one to be five Sigma 2 to
+be three sigma 3 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three sigma 3 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three sigma 3 to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to find the
+corresponding igen vectors to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding igen vectors to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding igen vectors to find uh
+igen vectors to find the singular vality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors to find the singular vality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors to find the singular vality
+composition and I'll just do one just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and I'll just do one just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and I'll just do one just to
+remind you how to do the how to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to do the how to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to do the how to find an
+i Vector so a transpose a - 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Vector so a transpose a - 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Vector so a transpose a - 25
+I is equal to this subtract 25 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is equal to this subtract 25 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is equal to this subtract 25 from
+these entries you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entries you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entries you're going to get
+-12 12 2 12 -2 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-12 12 2 12 -2 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-12 12 2 12 -2 2 2
+-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+13 and then you have to find the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and then you have to find the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and then you have to find the vector
+which anales this Matrix and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which anales this Matrix and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which anales this Matrix and that will
+be I can take one of those M vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I can take one of those M vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I can take one of those M vectors to
+be just one 1/ < tk2 1/ < tk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just one 1/ < tk2 1/ < tk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just one 1/ < tk2 1/ < tk2
+0 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 after
+normalizing okay and then just do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing okay and then just do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing okay and then just do it for
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors yeah you find V2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors yeah you find V2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors yeah you find V2 to
+be 1/ < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1/ < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1/ < TK
+181 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+181 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+181 over
+18 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now then find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 to
+be the one that anat this but I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one that anat this but I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one that anat this but I'll just
+say it's XYZ this will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's XYZ this will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's XYZ this will not be
+important I'll explain why it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'll explain why it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'll explain why it's not that
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RB as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above actually there it was transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above actually there it was transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above actually there it was transposed
+so I will transpose it will be 1 > 2 1K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will transpose it will be 1 > 2 1K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will transpose it will be 1 > 2 1K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z B2 is that so we can write 1/k 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z B2 is that so we can write 1/k 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z B2 is that so we can write 1/k 18
+uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1
+18 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 4
+18 here just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and
+U will be defined as U1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U will be defined as U1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U will be defined as U1 and
+U2 where U1 is a * V1 / sigma1 U2 is a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 where U1 is a * V1 / sigma1 U2 is a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 where U1 is a * V1 / sigma1 U2 is a *
+V2 over Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 over Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 over Sigma
+2 so multiply a by this Vector divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so multiply a by this Vector divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so multiply a by this Vector divide by
+Sigma 1 to get you I already did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 to get you I already did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 to get you I already did the
+computation for you it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yes you get V1 V1 okay so if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes you get V1 V1 okay so if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes you get V1 V1 okay so if you did
+the competition right in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competition right in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competition right in the beginning
+to get the IG values then 8 a minus 25 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the IG values then 8 a minus 25 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the IG values then 8 a minus 25 I
+this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be
+what is it has to not have full rank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it has to not have full rank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it has to not have full rank so
+there has to be a vector v which when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a vector v which when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a vector v which when
+multiply by this gives 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by this gives 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by this gives 0 0 0
+vector and then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then you say
+ABC set it equal to 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC set it equal to 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC set it equal to 0 0
+0 and just solves the system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and just solves the system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and just solves the system of linear
+equations okay there will be several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay there will be several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay there will be several of
+them for example you could take one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example you could take one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example you could take one one
+Z as well but I just normalize it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as well but I just normalize it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as well but I just normalize it to be
+have Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Norm
+one so there's a lot of work involved if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a lot of work involved if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a lot of work involved if
+you want to do it by hand even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it by hand even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it by hand even though
+you can do it you have to find igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it you have to find igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it you have to find igen
+values find igen vectors in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values find igen vectors in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values find igen vectors in this case
+you have to find three of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find three of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find three of them and then
+you have to do more work and more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do more work and more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do more work and more work
+but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be
+done and we are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we are done
+now so now this decomposes a into U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so now this decomposes a into U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so now this decomposes a into U
+Sigma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V
+transformation so U is given as 1 / > 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so U is given as 1 / > 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so U is given as 1 / > 2
+1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2
+1/2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma was 5 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 and V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and V is
+this so V transpose POS is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so V transpose POS is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so V transpose POS is just
+transpose of that I'll just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of that I'll just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of that I'll just write it
+like that where V is that okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where V is that okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where V is that okay so we
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+decomposition and so let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and so let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and so let me actually
+write it because I want to show you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it because I want to show you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it because I want to show you why
+XYZ is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important 1 /un 2 1 > 2 0 1 / > 18 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important 1 /un 2 1 > 2 0 1 / > 18 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important 1 /un 2 1 > 2 0 1 / > 18 - 1
+18 18 x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 18 x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 18 x y
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+Okay the reason I'm saying this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the reason I'm saying this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the reason I'm saying this is not
+important is because I can just drop oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is because I can just drop oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is because I can just drop oh
+what what did I do do here it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x3 I can just drop this column and drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 I can just drop this column and drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 I can just drop this column and drop
+this column together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column together
+up let's be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for drop this and drop this all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drop this and drop this all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drop this and drop this all together
+okay so the message here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the message here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the message here is
+that the igen vectors corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the igen vectors corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the igen vectors corresponding to
+igen values zero are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values zero are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values zero are not
+important the only relevant ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the only relevant ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the only relevant ones are
+nonzero IG values so drop this and drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero IG values so drop this and drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero IG values so drop this and drop
+this that will save you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that will save you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that will save you some
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+so let me State a different form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me State a different form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me State a different form of
+singular Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+so this works in general as a corollary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this works in general as a corollary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this works in general as a corollary
+we get a simplified form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SBD where a becomes equal to U * Sigma *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBD where a becomes equal to U * Sigma *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBD where a becomes equal to U * Sigma *
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose and a was an M byn Matrix U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and a was an M byn Matrix U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and a was an M byn Matrix U is
+still an M bym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an M bym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an M bym
+Matrix but now Sigma is also M bym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but now Sigma is also M bym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but now Sigma is also M bym
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+this only works when m is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only works when m is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only works when m is less than
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M and V is a m byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and V is a m byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and V is a m byn
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+okay so the proof is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the proof is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the proof is exactly the same
+and the last step is just to drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last step is just to drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last step is just to drop the
+irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+information okay so I will not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so I will not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so I will not write
+down why it works but you can see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down why it works but you can see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down why it works but you can see if you
+go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+it you'll see that dropping this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll see that dropping this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll see that dropping this part
+just corresponds to exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponds to exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponds to exactly that
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a reduced
+form so let's see in the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so let's see in the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so let's see in the beginning we
+had a I erased a a was a 2x3 Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a I erased a a was a 2x3 Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a I erased a a was a 2x3 Matrix in
+the beginning and we obtained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and we obtained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and we obtained a
+decomposition into 2x two 2x2 and 2x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition into 2x two 2x2 and 2x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition into 2x two 2x2 and 2x3
+Matrix if we didn't delete these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if we didn't delete these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if we didn't delete these this
+column and this row we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and this row we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and this row we would have
+obtained a 2x2 * 2x3 * 3x3 Matrix but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a 2x2 * 2x3 * 3x3 Matrix but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a 2x2 * 2x3 * 3x3 Matrix but at
+now we can simplify it by removing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it might not look that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might not look that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might not look that much
+different on this board because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on this board because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on this board because I just
+erased one row but many matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased one row but many matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased one row but many matrices that
+you'll see in real application have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in real application have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in real application have a
+lot lower rank than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lower rank than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lower rank than the number of
+columns and rows so if R is a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and rows so if R is a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and rows so if R is a lot more
+smaller than both M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than both M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than both M and
+N then this part really are oh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N then this part really are oh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N then this part really are oh it's not
+obvious here but if M andn has a big gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious here but if M andn has a big gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious here but if M andn has a big gap
+here really the number of rows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really the number of rows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really the number of rows that
+number of columns that you're saving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns that you're saving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns that you're saving it
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous
+okay so to illustrate an example look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to illustrate an example look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to illustrate an example look at
+this now look at the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now look at the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now look at the stock
+prices where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices where you have
+companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and
+dates previously I just gave you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates previously I just gave you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates previously I just gave you an
+example of a 3X3 Matrix but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a 3X3 Matrix but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a 3X3 Matrix but it's more
+sensible to have dates lot more dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible to have dates lot more dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible to have dates lot more dates
+than companies so let's say you recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than companies so let's say you recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than companies so let's say you recorded
+365 days of a year even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 days of a year even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365 days of a year even though the
+market is not open all days and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is not open all days and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is not open all days and just
+like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five
+companies if you did a decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies if you did a decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies if you did a decomposition
+like this you'll have a 5x5 5x 365 365
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you'll have a 5x5 5x 365 365
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you'll have a 5x5 5x 365 365
+by 365 here but now in the reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 365 here but now in the reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 365 here but now in the reduced form
+you're saving a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saving a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saving a lot of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+okay so if you just look at the board it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just look at the board it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just look at the board it
+doesn't look like it's so powerful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it's so powerful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it's so powerful but
+in fact it is so that's a reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it is so that's a reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it is so that's a reduced form
+and that will be the form that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be the form that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be the form that you'll
+see most of the times this reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+okay so I made a lot of mistakes today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I made a lot of mistakes today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I made a lot of mistakes today I
+have one more topic but it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more topic but it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more topic but it's totally
+relevant topic uh so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant topic uh so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant topic uh so any questions
+before I move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh can you press the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+oh so in this data what it means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so in this data what it means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so in this data what it means you're
+you're asking what the IG vectors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what the IG vectors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what the IG vectors will
+mean over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean over this
+data uh it will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh it will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh it will give you
+some stocks that it will give you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stocks that it will give you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stocks that it will give you like
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+correlation okay so each igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation okay so each igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation okay so each igen Vector
+will give you a group of companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a group of companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a group of companies that
+are correlated somehow it measures their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated somehow it measures their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated somehow it measures their
+correlation with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with each other
+so I don't have a very good explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have a very good explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have a very good explanation
+what it physical meaning is maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it physical meaning is maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it physical meaning is maybe you
+can give us a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give us a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give us a little bit more
+um possibly I we we we we will get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um possibly I we we we we will get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um possibly I we we we we will get into
+this in later lectures but um the uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in later lectures but um the uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in later lectures but um the uh and
+the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value
+decomposition um what you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um what you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition um what you want to think
+of is these orthonormal matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is these orthonormal matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is these orthonormal matrices are
+really defining a new basis sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really defining a new basis sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really defining a new basis sort of an
+orthogonal basis so you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis so you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis so you're taking the
+original coordinate system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original coordinate system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original coordinate system and then
+you're rotating it and without changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rotating it and without changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rotating it and without changing
+or stretching or squeezing the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stretching or squeezing the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stretching or squeezing the data
+you're just rotating the axes so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just rotating the axes so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just rotating the axes so an
+orthonormal uh Matrix gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal uh Matrix gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal uh Matrix gives you the
+cosign of the new coordinate system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosign of the new coordinate system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosign of the new coordinate system with
+respect to the old one and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the old one and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the old one and so the
+singular value decomposition then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition then is
+simply sort of rotating the data into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sort of rotating the data into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sort of rotating the data into a
+different uh orientation and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh orientation and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh orientation and the uh
+principle or the uh uh orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle or the uh uh orthonormal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle or the uh uh orthonormal basis
+that you're transforming to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're transforming to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're transforming to is
+essentially the coordinates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the coordinates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the coordinates of the
+original data in the new in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data in the new in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data in the new in the
+transformed system so um as was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed system so um as was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed system so um as was
+commenting uh you're essentially looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting uh you're essentially looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting uh you're essentially looking
+at uh a representation of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh a representation of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh a representation of the original
+data points in a transform in a linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in a transform in a linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in a transform in a linearly
+transformed space and the correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed space and the correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed space and the correlations
+between different stocks say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different stocks say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different stocks say is
+represented by uh how those points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by uh how those points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by uh how those points are
+oriented in the new the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented in the new the transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented in the new the transform
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so yeah you'll have to see real data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you'll have to see real data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you'll have to see real data to
+really make sense out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense out of it
+yeah but another way to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but another way to think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but another way to think of it is
+where it comes from so all this singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from so all this singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from so all this singular
+value decomposition if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition if you remember the
+proof it comes from igen vectors and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it comes from igen vectors and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it comes from igen vectors and I
+values of a transpose a now if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a transpose a now if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a transpose a now if you look
+at a transpose a or I'll just say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a transpose a or I'll just say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a transpose a or I'll just say it's a
+transpose a a * a transpose it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a a * a transpose it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a a * a transpose it's pretty
+much the same if you look at a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same if you look at a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same if you look at a * a
+transpose you're going to get an M byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix okay and it will be indexed both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and it will be indexed both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and it will be indexed both
+by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+companies and the numbers here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and the numbers here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and the numbers here will
+represent how much the companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent how much the companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent how much the companies are
+related to each other how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other how much
+correlation they have between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation they have between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation they have between each
+other so by looking at the igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so by looking at the igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so by looking at the igen vectors
+of this Matrix you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix you're looking at the
+correlation between these stock prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between these stock prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between these stock prices
+let's say these Company stock prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these Company stock prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these Company stock prices and
+that information is represented inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is represented inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is represented inside
+the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value
+decomposition but again it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but again it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but again it's a lot
+better to understand if you have real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to understand if you have real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to understand if you have real
+numbers and real datas which you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and real datas which you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and real datas which you will
+have later so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have later so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have later so please
+yeah be excited and wait you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah be excited and wait you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah be excited and wait you're going to
+see some cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff okay so that was all for igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so that was all for igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so that was all for igen
+Valley decomposition and singular Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley decomposition and singular Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley decomposition and singular Valley
+decomposition and the last thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and the last thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and the last thing I want
+to mention today is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention today is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention today is something called
+parin frenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parin frenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parin frenia
+theorem this one even looks lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this one even looks lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this one even looks lot more
+theoretical than the ones I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical than the ones I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical than the ones I showed
+you but surprisingly a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but surprisingly a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but surprisingly a few years
+ago uh Steve Ross he's a faculty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh Steve Ross he's a faculty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh Steve Ross he's a faculty in the
+business school here found a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business school here found a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business school here found a very
+interesting result called Steve Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result called Steve Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result called Steve Ross
+recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+theorem that makes use of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that makes use of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that makes use of this theorem
+so makes use of paren forvia theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so makes use of paren forvia theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so makes use of paren forvia theorem
+that I will tell you today unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will tell you today unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will tell you today unfortunately
+you will only see a lecture on Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will only see a lecture on Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will only see a lecture on Steve
+Roth recovery theorem towards the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roth recovery theorem towards the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roth recovery theorem towards the end of
+the semester so I will try to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so I will try to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so I will try to recall
+what it is later but since we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is later but since we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is later but since we're talking
+about linear algebra today let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear algebra today let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear algebra today let me
+introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the
+the this is called parent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is called parent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is called parent for
+Venus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you really won't believe that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really won't believe that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really won't believe that it has
+any applications in finance because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any applications in finance because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any applications in finance because it
+just looks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theoretical okay I'm just stating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical okay I'm just stating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical okay I'm just stating a
+really weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weak
+form weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form weak
+form let a be a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let a be a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let a be a n
+byn symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix whose entries are all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix whose entries are all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix whose entries are all positive
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there are a few properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are a few properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are a few properties that
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+have first there exists an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first there exists an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first there exists an igen
+value there exists a largest igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there exists a largest igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there exists a largest igen
+value LDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value LDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value LDA
+zero such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero such
+that Lambda is less than Lambda 0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lambda is less than Lambda 0 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lambda is less than Lambda 0 well
+that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+closer this statement is really easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer this statement is really easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer this statement is really easy for
+symmetric Matrix so forget about you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix so forget about you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix so forget about you can
+you can drop symmetric but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can drop symmetric but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can drop symmetric but I'm just
+stating it because I'm going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating it because I'm going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating it because I'm going to prove
+only for this weak case just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for this weak case just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for this weak case just think about
+the statement when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement when it's not
+symmetric so if you have n byn Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so if you have n byn Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so if you have n byn Matrix
+whose entries are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose entries are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose entries are all
+positive then there exists an IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then there exists an IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then there exists an IG value
+Lambda z a real I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda z a real I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda z a real I
+value such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value such
+that the the absolute value of all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the absolute value of all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the absolute value of all other
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+values are strictly smaller than this IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are strictly smaller than this IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are strictly smaller than this IG
+value so remember that if it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so remember that if it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so remember that if it's not a
+symmetric Matrix they can be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix they can be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix they can be complex
+values this is saying that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this is saying that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this is saying that there's a
+unique igen value which has largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique igen value which has largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique igen value which has largest
+absolute value and moreover it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value and moreover it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value and moreover it's a real
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+okay second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay second
+part there exists an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part there exists an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part there exists an igen
+Vector uh positive IG VOR igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+corresponding to Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Lambda
+0 so the igen vector corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so the igen vector corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so the igen vector corresponding to
+this lambda zero has positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda zero has positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda zero has positive
+entries and the third part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and the third part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and the third part
+is Lambda 0 is an IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda 0 is an IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda 0 is an IG
+value of Multiplicity one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for those who know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who know what it
+is so this really is a unique gigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this really is a unique gigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this really is a unique gigen
+value with a unique gigen Vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with a unique gigen Vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with a unique gigen Vector which
+has positive entries and it's larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive entries and it's larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive entries and it's larger
+really larger than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really larger than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really larger than other
+values so from the mathematician point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so from the mathematician point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so from the mathematician point
+of view this has many applications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view this has many applications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view this has many applications is
+probability Theory my main research area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Theory my main research area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Theory my main research area
+is combinatorics discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is combinatorics discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is combinatorics discret
+mathematics it's also used in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it's also used in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it's also used in there so
+from the theoretical point of view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the theoretical point of view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the theoretical point of view this
+has been used in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been used in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been used in many
+contexts it's not a standard theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts it's not a standard theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts it's not a standard theorem
+taught in linear algebra so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in linear algebra so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in linear algebra so I don't
+think probably most of you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think probably most of you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think probably most of you haven't seen
+it before but it's a well-known result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before but it's a well-known result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before but it's a well-known result
+and with many uses theoretical uses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with many uses theoretical uses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with many uses theoretical uses but
+you also see one used in later as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see one used in later as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see one used in later as I
+mentioned in finance which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprising okay so let me just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising okay so let me just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising okay so let me just give you
+some feeling of why it happens I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feeling of why it happens I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feeling of why it happens I won't
+give you the full detail of a proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the full detail of a proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the full detail of a proof but
+just a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+description Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description Pro
+sketch when a is symmetric so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this
+statement okay if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it first of all a has real Egon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values okay I'll say it's Lambda 1 lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay I'll say it's Lambda 1 lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay I'll say it's Lambda 1 lamb
+2 up to Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 up to Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 up to Lambda
+n and at some point so I'll say up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and at some point so I'll say up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and at some point so I'll say up to
+Lambda I is greater than Z as to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I is greater than Z as to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I is greater than Z as to where
+is smaller than zero there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than zero there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than zero there are some
+positive ion values there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ion values there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ion values there are some
+negative ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative ion
+values so that's observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one things are e more easy to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one things are e more easy to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one things are e more easy to control
+because they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all
+real the first statement says that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real the first statement says that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real the first statement says that maybe
+I should have indexed as Lambda 0 I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have indexed as Lambda 0 I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have indexed as Lambda 0 I'll
+just call this Lambda 0 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this Lambda 0 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this Lambda 0 as
+well this Lambda 0 is in fact larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this Lambda 0 is in fact larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this Lambda 0 is in fact larger
+than absolute value than Lambda n that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than absolute value than Lambda n that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than absolute value than Lambda n that's
+the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+bullet so if they all have all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet so if they all have all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet so if they all have all positive
+entries then the positive largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries then the positive largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries then the positive largest
+positive igon value dominates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive igon value dominates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive igon value dominates the
+smallest negative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest negative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest negative I
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so why is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why is that the
+case first of all to see that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case first of all to see that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case first of all to see that you have
+to go through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through different
+steps so we go into observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two Lambda 1 so look at Lambda one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Lambda 1 so look at Lambda one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Lambda 1 so look at Lambda one
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+1 has an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that the
+case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's
+because you look at a * b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you look at a * b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you look at a * b
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V uh let me state it this way Lambda 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh let me state it this way Lambda 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh let me state it this way Lambda 0
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+maximum of all Lambda l z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct that so if you look at this if V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that so if you look at this if V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that so if you look at this if V
+has nonpositive entries if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nonpositive entries if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nonpositive entries if it has a
+negative entry if V has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry and flip it flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign and in this way obtain new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime since a has positive entries a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime since a has positive entries a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime since a has positive entries a has
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries what we conclude is that a * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries what we conclude is that a * e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries what we conclude is that a * e
+Prime will be larger than a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime will be larger than a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime will be larger than a *
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+you have to look okay think about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look okay think about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look okay think about if
+because it has positive entries if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has positive entries if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has positive entries if it
+had some negative part somewhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some negative part somewhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some negative part somewhere the
+magnitude will decrease so if you flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude will decrease so if you flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude will decrease so if you flip
+the sign it should increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign it should increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign it should increase the
+magnitude and this cannot happen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and this cannot happen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and this cannot happen this
+shouldn't happen should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen Okay that's where the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay that's where the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay that's where the positive
+entries part is used if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries part is used if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries part is used if you have
+positive entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive entries
+then yeah it should have the igon vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah it should have the igon vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah it should have the igon vector
+should have positive entries as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have positive entries as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have positive entries as well
+so uh I will yeah not work through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I will yeah not work through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I will yeah not work through the
+details of the rest I'll will post it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the rest I'll will post it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the rest I'll will post it on
+the lecture notes but really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture notes but really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture notes but really this
+theorem in fact can be stated in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in fact can be stated in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in fact can be stated in a lot
+more generality than this I'm stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generality than this I'm stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generality than this I'm stating
+only a very weak form it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a very weak form it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a very weak form it doesn't have to
+have all positive entries it has to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all positive entries it has to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all positive entries it has to only
+be something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something called
+irreducible which is a concept from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible which is a concept from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible which is a concept from
+probability Theory from Mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chains but yeah here we will only use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains but yeah here we will only use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains but yeah here we will only use it
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+setting so I will review it later before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so I will review it later before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so I will review it later before
+it's really being used but just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really being used but just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really being used but just remember
+that how this positive entries kick into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how this positive entries kick into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how this positive entries kick into
+this kind of statement where there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of statement where there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of statement where there is an
+IG value largest IG value why there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value largest IG value why there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value largest IG value why there has
+to be a vector which is all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a vector which is all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a vector which is all positive
+entries those will all play come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries those will all play come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries those will all play come into
+play later so I think that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play later so I think that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play later so I think that's it for
+today if you have any last minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay if not I will see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay if not I will see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay if not I will see you on
+Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9dHBTckFvME.txt b/9dHBTckFvME.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b27c0f77d5e73264eabbac143ae1c1f02233cda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9dHBTckFvME.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1250 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Let's talk about
+what Mendel really did in his
+
+experiments.
+
+So section one, Mendel's
+experiments.
+
+Mendel did a lot of really
+cool things.
+
+The first thing he did was, in
+order to study heredity, that
+
+was his assignment as a monk--
+go study heredity--
+
+he had to get some material
+to work with.
+
+He decided to use peas.
+
+Why peas?
+
+Well, there are a lot of
+varieties of peas in the
+
+market, many different
+kinds of peas.
+
+And you could breed
+them together.
+
+There were tall peas, short
+peas, green peas, yellow peas,
+
+round peas, wrinkled peas, all
+kinds of peas that you could
+
+find in the market.
+
+They grew very well
+in the garden.
+
+And when you're done with the
+experiment, you could feed
+
+them to the monks.
+
+So the first thing he did
+was he got his material.
+
+And did he immediately start
+crossing his peas together?
+
+No.
+
+What did he do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: He grew
+them separately.
+
+ERIC LANDER: He first grew
+them separately.
+
+Because he wanted to see if he
+was going to study how traits
+
+were inherited, he first had to
+do the control experiment.
+
+He first had to show that if he
+took each variety of peas,
+
+they would breed true.
+
+So the first thing is,
+Mendel did controls.
+
+That's an important thing
+we learned from Mendel.
+
+He took round peas.
+
+He took wrinkled peas.
+
+And he bred them with
+themselves.
+
+And they always came
+out round.
+
+And he took wrinkled peas and he
+bred them with themselves.
+
+And they came out wrinkled.
+
+And if they hadn't always come
+out round or hadn't always
+
+come out wrinkled, it would've
+been a much harder experiment
+
+to interpret later.
+
+So that was incredibly important
+thing to do, was do
+
+the controls, round
+and wrinkled.
+
+Then, when he was satisfied that
+he had pure breeding or
+
+true breeding plants, then and
+only then did he do an
+
+experiment.
+
+What experiment did he do?
+
+You all know Mendel.
+
+The truth is, this is not
+like a surprise here.
+
+So what did he do?
+
+He crossed the round
+and the wrinkled.
+
+I'm trying to draw out the new
+things here, but some of the
+
+old ones you know.
+
+And when he crossed round
+and wrinkled--
+
+We'll call this the
+F 0 generation.
+
+In the F 1 generation,
+what did he see?
+
+Round.
+
+You all know this.
+
+He saw all round.
+
+He didn't see puckered,
+slightly puckered or
+
+anything like that.
+
+He didn't see any wrinkles.
+
+They were all every bit as round
+as the rounds in the
+
+parental generation.
+
+That was an extremely important
+point, because of
+
+course, a competing theory of
+inheritance was blending
+
+inheritance, where the
+offspring would be
+
+intermediates.
+
+And the truth is almost every
+experiment that you do when
+
+you take plants and you cross
+them, or animals and you cross
+
+them, despite your biology
+textbook, shows blending
+
+inheritance.
+
+A tall plant and a short
+plant, you breed them.
+
+Almost always is
+a middle plant.
+
+But not for the peas.
+
+The peas were a beautiful
+system.
+
+And Mendel very lucky to have
+chosen it, because truth is,
+
+there was only one gene
+difference that was
+
+controlling these traits.
+
+If there'd been 10 genes
+controlling this, you'd get
+
+some blending, blah,
+blah, blah.
+
+But Mendel got a situation
+with really clean
+
+experimental data.
+
+The round was every
+bit as round.
+
+And so that said, no blending.
+
+Now what did he do?
+
+Next, what Mendel does is he
+crosses these round peas to
+
+themselves.
+
+He selfs them.
+
+So we're going to
+self the peas.
+
+The peas can be selfed.
+
+They have both male and female
+reproductive parts.
+
+And when he selfs them,
+they self pollinate.
+
+And what do they produce?
+
+Peas.
+
+That's good.
+
+They produce peas.
+
+And what does he notice?
+
+He notices that now they're
+not all round.
+
+Some of them are wrinkled.
+
+And the wrinkleds are every
+bit as wrinkled as the
+
+wrinkleds were in the parental
+generation F 0.
+
+And the round were every
+bit as round.
+
+So suddenly wrinkled
+had gone away.
+
+And what had happened?
+
+Sorry.
+
+Wrinkled had gone away
+in this generation.
+
+And now it had reappeared.
+
+The trait reappears.
+
+It's quantal.
+
+It's discrete.
+
+It's not blended
+out in any way.
+
+It's not blended.
+
+It's not imperfect.
+
+It's the same wrinkled that
+was there before.
+
+That's a big qualitative
+observation.
+
+This whole blending notion can't
+be right, at least for
+
+this experiment.
+
+Discreteness rules.
+
+So that was his experiment.
+
+Mendel could've written it up
+and said, wow, the traits
+
+don't blend.
+
+They're discrete.
+
+But Mendel, being an MIT kind
+of monk, went further.
+
+What did he do?
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: He repeated it.
+
+ERIC LANDER: He repeated it.
+
+And it still showed
+some rounds and
+
+wrinkleds and all that.
+
+But he was a very quantitative
+MIT monk.
+
+He counted them, which seems
+obvious, but ain't so obvious.
+
+He counted them.
+
+And what did he find?
+
+A fixed proportion?
+
+What?
+
+AUDIENCE: A ratio.
+
+ERIC LANDER: A ratio.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wasn't there 1:3?
+
+ERIC LANDER: 1:3 or 3:1 or
+something like that?
+
+No.
+
+No.
+
+Nope.
+
+No, he counted.
+
+He counted.
+
+And what he found was
+rounds: 5,474.
+
+Wrinkleds: 1,850.
+
+Ratio, not 3:1 at all.
+
+2.96:1.
+
+No, no, no.
+
+But you see, you say because
+your books all tell you 3:1,
+
+that it's obvious if you
+do that, you say,
+
+that must be 3:1.
+
+It not must be 3:1.
+
+It's 2.96:1.
+
+And if you do it again,
+you might get 2.87:1.
+
+And it actually takes quite an
+imagination to say, it's
+
+trying to be 3.
+
+Just think about it.
+
+You come to this experiment
+and you say, it's
+
+trying to be 3.
+
+That's a separate leap and
+an important leap.
+
+He counted.
+
+And he got numbers, 2.96:1.
+
+And he got other numbers.
+
+He then, as you've done so
+quickly, made a hypothesis.
+
+That hypothesis was that, in
+fact, this was trying to be
+
+3:1, that it quote "wanted to
+be 3:1." It was near 3:1.
+
+And that really the reason
+it was trying
+
+to be 3:1 was because--
+
+Well, there was a pretty
+nice explanation here.
+
+His cool explanation was, the
+round plants and the wrinkled
+
+plants, well he made
+up a model.
+
+These guys had two particles of
+inheritance, big R big R,
+
+little r little r.
+
+When you cross them together,
+these guys were
+
+big R, little r.
+
+And when you self them, if you
+randomly chose one particle
+
+from the sperm and one particle
+from the egg, ovule,
+
+you would have big R, big R, big
+R, little r, little r, big
+
+R, and little r, little r,
+all as possibilities.
+
+And that these guys, big R, big
+R, they would be round.
+
+Why would they be round?
+
+Well because that's what the
+parental generation here was.
+
+The little r little r, they
+would be wrinkled.
+
+Because that's the parental
+generation there.
+
+And these guys that have one of
+each, what would they be?
+
+Round, because we saw that in
+the F1 generation, one of each
+
+makes it round.
+
+So we had a model, a hypothesis,
+a model.
+
+Pretty cool.
+
+You can come up with this
+model by saying, the
+
+contribution from the male,
+the contribution from the
+
+female, this is the male
+gametes, the female gametes.
+
+You get this nice little thing
+sometimes referred to as a
+
+Punnett square.
+
+Although he didn't use
+Punnett squares.
+
+And Punnett wasn't born yet.
+
+Now what do you do?
+
+Mendel went out and got
+experimental material.
+
+He did controls.
+
+He did an experiment.
+
+He counted.
+
+He then made this creative leap
+to say, I see something
+
+cool going on.
+
+Integers are what's going on.
+
+And made up a model.
+
+What does a scientist
+do at that point?
+
+Sorry?
+
+Oh come on.
+
+In this modern world, if you got
+a result this cool, what
+
+would you be doing?
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Publish it.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Publish it right?
+
+You're going to get out there
+quickly and publish it.
+
+Mendel whips off an email to
+Nature in London, saying--
+
+Or whatever the 1865 emails.
+
+Actually it wasn't Nature.
+
+It gets published in the
+Proceedings of the Royal
+
+Society of Brun.
+
+But forgive me.
+
+I'll use Nature, OK.
+
+So he whips off an email to
+Nature, which is what we do
+
+today, telling the editor, we
+have this really cool result.
+
+I think it'll be of
+broad interest to
+
+the readers of Nature.
+
+We're going to try to send
+you a paper next week,
+
+et cetera, et cetera.
+
+Are you interested?
+
+They write back, oh yeah.
+
+We'd love to see your
+paper Gregor.
+
+And Mendel whips together
+a paper.
+
+What happens when Mendel whips
+together this paper and it
+
+goes off to London, to Nature,
+the offices of Nature?
+
+What does Nature do with it?
+
+They just set it and type
+and say, here it is?
+
+What's the scientific process?
+
+Peer review.
+
+Before you go print this thing,
+you've got to send it
+
+out to some other scientists
+as anonymous reviewers and
+
+say, we've received this paper,
+this correspondence
+
+from Brother Mendel
+in Moravia.
+
+Would you review it for the
+journal Nature and tell us
+
+your candid opinion?
+
+And they write it up.
+
+And they send it
+back to Nature.
+
+And Nature makes a decision
+whether to publish the paper.
+
+So you're the reviewers.
+
+Should we publish
+Mendel's paper?
+
+Who says yes?
+
+Who says no?
+
+Why no?
+
+AUDIENCE: He needs
+more examples.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Needs
+more examples.
+
+So you're right.
+
+One lousy trait.
+
+Mendel actually had seven
+traits in the paper.
+
+It turns out I didn't tell you
+them all, green and yellow,
+
+and tall and short.
+
+And they're all in the paper.
+
+He actually has seven separate
+examples that
+
+show the same thing.
+
+Should we publish it?
+
+Why not?
+
+It's just peas.
+
+Oh boy, you're churlish there.
+
+I mean, come on.
+
+It's peas.
+
+People eat a lot of peas.
+
+It's a result.
+
+It'll get others in the
+scientific community
+
+interested.
+
+AUDIENCE: Who are the
+peer reviewers?
+
+ERIC LANDER: You.
+
+I've assigned you as
+peer reviewers.
+
+I'm asking you, should we
+publish this thing?
+
+We got seven traits we're
+going to publish.
+
+And it's pretty cool.
+
+Nobody's ever reported this
+3:1 ratio in this model.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's true.
+
+But I wasn't the peer
+reviewer back then.
+
+ERIC LANDER: You are now.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then yes, I
+would publish it.
+
+ERIC LANDER: You'd publish it.
+
+OK.
+
+He'd publish it.
+
+Because nobody's
+reported this.
+
+It's pretty cool.
+
+The model perfectly
+fits the data.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's got to
+make predictions.
+
+ERIC LANDER: It's going
+to make predictions.
+
+But the model fits the data.
+
+AUDIENCE: The model needs to
+make predictions [INAUDIBLE]
+
+data.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Are you saying
+that we made up the model
+
+after we saw the data?
+
+And that it's not a surprise
+that the model fits the data?
+
+Yeah, that's right, isn't it.
+
+That's a real problem.
+
+If you make up models after they
+fit the data, they tend
+
+to fit the data.
+
+Well they do.
+
+That's a real problem.
+
+So the reviewers write back to
+Mendel and say, Mendel-- this
+
+isn't actually how it happened,
+you understand.
+
+But anyway, they write
+back to Mendel.
+
+They write back to the
+journal Nature.
+
+And they anonymously say, we
+would like to see some
+
+predictions of this model to
+see if this is really true.
+
+And Nature writes
+back to Mendel.
+
+And the email says, could
+you just show us some
+
+predictions from this?
+
+So to help Mendel out, what
+predictions can we make?
+
+What surprising predictions
+could you make for Mendel's
+
+experiment?
+
+Well, this experiment, round
+by wrinkled, gives round,
+
+gives some rounds and some
+wrinkles, which we think are
+
+big R, big R, big R, little
+r little r, big R,
+
+little r, little r.
+
+And that this is big R, big R.
+How could we prove something's
+
+going on in this generation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Self them.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Self them.
+
+If we pick out a round
+and self it,
+
+what's going to happen?
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: It depends
+on which round.
+
+ERIC LANDER: So how do I know
+which round to pick.
+
+They all look the same.
+
+AUDIENCE: You just
+try all of them.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Try all of them.
+
+If I try to all of them,
+what am I going to see?
+
+AUDIENCE: You'll see some that
+only produce rounds.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Produce rounds.
+
+About what fraction of them
+will only produce rounds?
+
+1/3.
+
+And what fraction will produce
+rounds and wrinkleds?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2/3.
+
+ERIC LANDER: 2/3.
+
+We have a prediction.
+
+Thank you.
+
+The prediction is,
+test the rounds.
+
+And although we don't know which
+are which, 1/3 of them
+
+will give rise to only rounds,
+whereas 2/3 of them will give
+
+rise to our 3:1 ratio.
+
+That is a non-obvious
+prediction.
+
+If this model weren't right,
+it's very surprising if you
+
+would have nailed
+that prediction.
+
+Nice.
+
+What other predictions
+can you make?
+
+What other crosses could
+you set up to test it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wrinkleds
+by wrinkleds.
+
+ERIC LANDER: The wrinkleds
+by themselves
+
+will only give wrinkles.
+
+And that's true.
+
+Bingo.
+
+So we're doing well.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wrinkleds
+with rounds.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Wrinkleds
+with rounds.
+
+So I could take these three
+rounds here and I can cross
+
+them to wrinkleds.
+
+What'll happen here?
+
+If this was rounds, rounds over
+wrinkled, wrinkled, it's
+
+going to give rise to what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Rounds.
+
+ERIC LANDER: All rounds.
+
+But if this is round wrinkled,
+what would it give rise to?
+
+AUDIENCE: Half and half.
+
+ERIC LANDER: 50:50.
+
+Half and half.
+
+Now we're cooking.
+
+There are all these predictions
+that start
+
+dropping out, because your model
+tells you things you
+
+haven't yet seen.
+
+Mendel writes back and says,
+I did all the experiments.
+
+I did what the referees
+requested.
+
+The referees get
+the paper back.
+
+They say, yes indeed, Mendel's
+done the experiments.
+
+We recommend publication.
+
+Nature publishes it.
+
+They put out a press release
+and all that.
+
+Mendel's on the evening news,
+that kind of thing.
+
+It didn't really happen
+that way exactly.
+
+But anyway, you get the point.
+
+That's the process
+of doing science.
+
+It's a cool process.
+
+And it's a back and forth.
+
+And it's a process of convincing
+people, and you
+
+convince them by predictions.
+
+And you can think of
+the kinds of cool
+
+predictions you could make.
+
+And that's what's fun about
+working in a lab, is making
+
+those kind of predictions.
+
+Now all right.
+
+I need to give you a
+few definitions.
+
+A gene.
+
+When I refer to a gene for the
+moment, I mean a discrete
+
+factor of inheritance, discrete
+particle, factor of
+
+inheritance, something
+like that.
+
+Because geneticists early on had
+no idea what genes were.
+
+You know perfectly well a
+gene is a DNA sequence,
+
+blah blah blah blah.
+
+But it's useful to be
+able to think about
+
+a gene in the abstract.
+
+It's the thing that controls a
+particular inheritance of a
+
+particular trait.
+
+Variant forms of a gene,
+alternative forms of a gene,
+
+are called alleles.
+
+When I write big R, little r,
+they are alleles of the gene
+
+for roundness.
+
+Allele, from the Greek meaning
+other or alternative.
+
+When I write genotype, I mean
+the combination of alleles
+
+that an individual has.
+
+Like when I write big R, big
+R, that's a genotype.
+
+Or big R, little
+r, or little r,
+
+little r, that's a genotype.
+
+When I say the word phenotype,
+what do I mean?
+
+A trait, an appearance.
+
+What are the traits under
+discussion here?
+
+Round and wrinkled.
+
+Geneticists are like
+mathematicians.
+
+They're very precise
+about their words.
+
+Now comes the ones that people
+always have trouble with,
+
+dominant and recessive.
+
+Phenotype 1 is dominant to
+phenotype 2 if the--
+
+Oops, sorry.
+
+I meant to add two words here.
+
+Heterozygote, homozygote,
+words you know as well.
+
+Heterozygote, having
+different alleles.
+
+Homozygote, having
+the same alleles.
+
+Different, same alleles.
+
+So a phenotype, phenotype 1 is
+dominant to phenotype 2 if the
+
+F1 heterozygote, the cross
+between them, has phenotype 1.
+
+Why did I write this in this
+wacky mathematical way?
+
+That says round is dominant to
+wrinkled if when I cross round
+
+to wrinkled, the offspring
+are round.
+
+So which is dominant,
+round or wrinkled?
+
+Which is dominant, big
+R, or little r?
+
+No.
+
+Big R is an allele.
+
+We said phenotypes are dominant,
+not alleles.
+
+We don't say big R is dominant
+to little r.
+
+We say round is dominant
+to wrinkled.
+
+Now this will bother
+you greatly.
+
+And it will bother about 95%
+of my biology colleagues.
+
+But geneticists who are careful
+use the word dominant
+
+and recessive to refer to
+phenotypes, not alleles.
+
+Why do I care?
+
+I care because big R, as a
+molecular allele, as a variant
+
+of a gene, might end up
+controlling three or five
+
+different traits.
+
+Some of the traits that big R
+controls could be dominant.
+
+Some of them could
+be recessive.
+
+Sickle cell anemia, there's
+a sickle cell mutation.
+
+Is that recessive or dominant?
+
+Sickle cell anemia
+is a recessive
+
+trait, a recessive phenotype.
+
+But sickle cell trait, the
+tendency for blood cells to
+
+sickle at low oxygen tension,
+is a dominant phenotype.
+
+The allele that causes sickle
+cell anemia causes a recessive
+
+trait, anemia, and a dominant
+trait that can be measured in
+
+heterzygotes.
+
+You'll forget this.
+
+Everyone will forget this.
+
+But I've at least told you
+once that alleles could
+
+control multiple phenotypes
+and do control multiple
+
+phenotypes.
+
+And that's why geneticists
+obsess about using the words
+
+recessive and dominant to refer
+to the phenotype, not
+
+the genotype.
+
+I've made my plea.
+
+Like all of my colleagues in
+the biology department, you
+
+will continue to misuse
+the word.
+
+But there's a better chance
+you'll get it right because
+
+I've made my little
+stand here.
+
+Recessive is the opposite
+of this.
+
+Good.
+
+This is mostly to say,
+geneticists try to think
+
+carefully about their words.
+
+Those are the definitions.
+
+You should be able to use the
+words gene, allele, genotype,
+
+heterzygote, homozygote,
+phenotype, dominant, recessive
+
+in a good way.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9gy-CAwx0Ls.txt b/9gy-CAwx0Ls.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4a51b9f6c32ec8a15f4bb332f9d6a0563f3f15b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9gy-CAwx0Ls.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we started discussing graphed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we started discussing graphed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we started discussing graphed
+limits and let me remind you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and let me remind you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and let me remind you some of the
+notions and definitions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions and definitions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions and definitions that were
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the main objects in graph limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main objects in graph limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main objects in graph limits
+is that of a graph on which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of a graph on which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of a graph on which are
+symmetric measurable functions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable functions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable functions from the
+Union Square to that unit interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union Square to that unit interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union Square to that unit interval so
+here symmetric means that W of x comma y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here symmetric means that W of x comma y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here symmetric means that W of x comma y
+equals to W of Y comma X we define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to W of Y comma X we define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to W of Y comma X we define a
+notion of convergence for a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence for a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence for a sequence of
+graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics
+I remember the notion of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember the notion of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember the notion of convergence is
+that a sequence is convergent if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sequence is convergent if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sequence is convergent if the
+sequence of homomorphism densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of homomorphism densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of homomorphism densities
+converges as n goes to infinity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as n goes to infinity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as n goes to infinity for
+every fixed F every fixed graph so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every fixed F every fixed graph so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every fixed F every fixed graph so this
+is how we define convergence so sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we define convergence so sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we define convergence so sequence
+of graphs or graphs they converge if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs or graphs they converge if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs or graphs they converge if all
+the homomorphism densities so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homomorphism densities so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homomorphism densities so you should
+think of this as sub graph statistics if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as sub graph statistics if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as sub graph statistics if
+all of these statistics converge we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these statistics converge we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these statistics converge we also
+say that a sequence converges to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a sequence converges to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a sequence converges to a
+particular limit if these homomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular limit if these homomorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular limit if these homomorphism
+densities converge to the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities converge to the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities converge to the corresponding
+homomorphism density of the limit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphism density of the limit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphism density of the limit for
+every ok so this is how we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ok so this is how we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ok so this is how we define
+convergence we also define this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we also define this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we also define this notion
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+distance and to do that we first define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and to do that we first define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and to do that we first define
+the cut norm to be the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut norm to be the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut norm to be the following
+quantity defined by taking two subsets s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity defined by taking two subsets s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity defined by taking two subsets s
+and T which are measurable everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T which are measurable everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T which are measurable everything so
+far it's going to be measurable and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's going to be measurable and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's going to be measurable and look
+at what is the maximum possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what is the maximum possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what is the maximum possible
+deviation of the integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the integral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the integral of this
+function on this box X cross T and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on this box X cross T and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on this box X cross T and here
+W you should think of it as taking real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W you should think of it as taking real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W you should think of it as taking real
+values allowing both positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values allowing both positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values allowing both positive and
+negative values because otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative values because otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative values because otherwise you
+should just take s and here to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just take s and here to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just take s and here to be the
+whole interval okay and this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole interval okay and this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole interval okay and this definition
+was motivated by our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was motivated by our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was motivated by our discussion of
+discrepancy coming from quasi randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy coming from quasi randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy coming from quasi randomness
+now if I give you two graphs or griffons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I give you two graphs or griffons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I give you two graphs or griffons
+and ask you to compare them you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask you to compare them you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask you to compare them you are
+allowed to permute the vertices in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to permute the vertices in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to permute the vertices in some
+sense so to find the best overlay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so to find the best overlay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so to find the best overlay and
+and that notion is captured in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that notion is captured in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that notion is captured in the
+definition of cut distance which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of cut distance which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of cut distance which is
+defined to be the following quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be the following quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be the following quantity
+where we consider over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we consider over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we consider over all possible
+measure preserving by directions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure preserving by directions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure preserving by directions from
+the interval to itself of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval to itself of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval to itself of the difference
+between these two griffons if I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two griffons if I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two griffons if I rotate
+one of them using this measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them using this measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them using this measure
+preserving bisection so think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving bisection so think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving bisection so think of this as
+permuting the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so these were the definitions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were the definitions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were the definitions that were
+involved last time and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved last time and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved last time and at the end of
+last lecture I stated three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture I stated three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture I stated three main
+theorems of graph limit theory so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems of graph limit theory so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems of graph limit theory so I
+forgot to mention how what are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention how what are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention how what are some of
+the histories of this this theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histories of this this theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histories of this this theory so
+there were a number of important papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a number of important papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a number of important papers
+that developed this very idea of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that developed this very idea of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that developed this very idea of graph
+limits which is actually somewhat if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits which is actually somewhat if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits which is actually somewhat if you
+think about anything all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about anything all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about anything all of
+combinatorics we like to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics we like to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics we like to deal with
+discrete objects and even the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete objects and even the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete objects and even the idea of
+taking a limit is rather novel so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a limit is rather novel so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a limit is rather novel so this
+work is due to you know a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is due to you know a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is due to you know a number of
+people in particular last Oh lavas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in particular last Oh lavas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in particular last Oh lavas
+played a very important central role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a very important central role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a very important central role in
+the development of this theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of this theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of this theory and
+various people came to this theory from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people came to this theory from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people came to this theory from
+different perspectives some from more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives some from more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives some from more
+pure perspectives and some form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure perspectives and some form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure perspectives and some form or
+applied perspectives and this theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied perspectives and this theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied perspectives and this theory is
+now getting used in more and more places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now getting used in more and more places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now getting used in more and more places
+including you know statistics machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including you know statistics machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including you know statistics machine
+learning and so on and I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and so on and I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and so on and I'll explain
+where that comes up just a little bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes up just a little bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes up just a little bit at
+the end of last lecture I stated three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last lecture I stated three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last lecture I stated three
+main theorems and what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorems and what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorems and what I want to do
+today is develop some tools so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is develop some tools so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is develop some tools so that we
+can prove those theorems in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove those theorems in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove those theorems in the next
+lecture I won't develop some tools in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I won't develop some tools in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I won't develop some tools in
+particular you will see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you will see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you will see some of the
+things that we've talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've talked about in the
+chapter on similarities regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on similarities regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on similarities regularity lemma
+come up again in a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up again in a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up again in a slightly different
+language so much of what I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so much of what I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so much of what I will say
+today hopefully should already be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today hopefully should already be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today hopefully should already be
+familiar to you but you will see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you but you will see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you but you will see it
+again from the perspective of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the perspective of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the perspective of graph
+limits but first before telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits but first before telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits but first before telling you
+about the tools I want to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tools I want to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tools I want to give you some
+more examples so one of the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples so one of the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples so one of the ways that
+motivated graph limits last time is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated graph limits last time is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated graph limits last time is this
+example of a erdos-renyi random graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a erdos-renyi random graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a erdos-renyi random graph or
+sequence of quasi random graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of quasi random graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of quasi random graphs
+converging to a constant but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to a constant but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to a constant but the
+constant graph on is the limit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant graph on is the limit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant graph on is the limit but
+whatever generalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever generalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever generalizations
+what about generalizations of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about generalizations of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about generalizations of that
+construction when your limit is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction when your limit is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction when your limit is not the
+constant so this leads to this idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this leads to this idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this leads to this idea of a
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+random graph which generalizes that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph which generalizes that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph which generalizes that of
+an erdos-renyi random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an erdos-renyi random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an erdos-renyi random graph
+so in address 20 we're looking at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in address 20 we're looking at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in address 20 we're looking at every
+edge occurring with the same probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge occurring with the same probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge occurring with the same probability
+P uniform throughout the graph but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P uniform throughout the graph but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P uniform throughout the graph but what
+I want to do now is allow you to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do now is allow you to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do now is allow you to change
+the edge probability somewhat and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge probability somewhat and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge probability somewhat and a
+special case of this so before giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of this so before giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of this so before giving
+you the more general definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more general definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more general definition a
+special case of this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of this is an important
+model of random graphs known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of random graphs known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of random graphs known as the
+stochastic block model in particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic block model in particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic block model in particular a
+two-block model consists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-block model consists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-block model consists of the
+following data where I'm looking at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following data where I'm looking at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following data where I'm looking at two
+types of vertices let's call them red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of vertices let's call them red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of vertices let's call them red
+and blue where the vertices are assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue where the vertices are assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue where the vertices are assigned
+the colors and random for example 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors and random for example 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors and random for example 5050
+but any other probability is fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any other probability is fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any other probability is fine and
+now I put down the edges according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I put down the edges according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I put down the edges according to
+which colors the two endpoints are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which colors the two endpoints are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which colors the two endpoints are so
+two red vertices are joined with edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red vertices are joined with edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red vertices are joined with edge
+probability P or R if I haven't red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P or R if I haven't red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P or R if I haven't red and
+blue then I may have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue then I may have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue then I may have a different
+probability joining them and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability joining them and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability joining them and likewise
+with blue blue like that so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blue blue like that so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blue blue like that so in other
+words I can encode this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can encode this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can encode this probability
+information in a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that way to diagnose oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that way to diagnose oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that way to diagnose oh it's
+symmetric across the diagonal okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric across the diagonal okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric across the diagonal okay so
+this is a slightly more general version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slightly more general version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slightly more general version
+of this rainy random graph where now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rainy random graph where now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rainy random graph where now I
+have potentially different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potentially different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potentially different types of
+vertices and you can Maginot these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you can Maginot these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you can Maginot these kinds
+of models are very importantly applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models are very importantly applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models are very importantly applied
+mathematics for modeling certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for modeling certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for modeling certain
+situations such as for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations such as for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations such as for example if you
+have you know people with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know people with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know people with different
+political party affiliations how likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political party affiliations how likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political party affiliations how likely
+are they to talk to each other so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they to talk to each other so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they to talk to each other so you
+can imagine you're some of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine you're some of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine you're some of these numbers
+might be bigger than others and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be bigger than others and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be bigger than others and you know
+there's an important statistical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important statistical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important statistical problem
+if I give you a graph can you cluster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you a graph can you cluster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you a graph can you cluster or
+classify the vertices according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the vertices according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the vertices according to their
+types if I do not show you in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types if I do not show you in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types if I do not show you in advance
+what the colors are but should show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the colors are but should show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the colors are but should show you
+what the output graph is so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output graph is so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output graph is so these are
+important statistical questions worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important statistical questions worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important statistical questions worth
+lots of applications this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of applications this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of applications this is an example
+of if you have only two blocks but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you have only two blocks but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you have only two blocks but of
+course you can have more than two blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can have more than two blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can have more than two blocks
+and the graphing context tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the graphing context tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the graphing context tells us that
+we should not limit ourselves to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not limit ourselves to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not limit ourselves to just
+blocks right if I give you any graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks right if I give you any graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks right if I give you any graph on
+W I can also construct a random graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I can also construct a random graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I can also construct a random graph so
+what I would like to do is to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is to consider
+the following construction where okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following construction where okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following construction where okay so
+this is called W random graph denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called W random graph denoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called W random graph denoted by
+G and W where I formed a graph using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and W where I formed a graph using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and W where I formed a graph using the
+following process first the vertex set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following process first the vertex set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following process first the vertex set
+is labeled by 1 through N and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is labeled by 1 through N and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is labeled by 1 through N and let me
+draw the vertex types by taking uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the vertex types by taking uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the vertex types by taking uniform
+random X 1 to xn a uniform iid so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random X 1 to xn a uniform iid so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random X 1 to xn a uniform iid so these
+are you think of them as the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you think of them as the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you think of them as the vertex
+colors the vertex types and I put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the vertex types and I put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the vertex types and I put an
+edge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and J with probability exactly W of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J with probability exactly W of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J with probability exactly W of X
+I XJ so for all I less than J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I XJ so for all I less than J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I XJ so for all I less than J
+independently that's the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently that's the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently that's the definition of a
+W random graph and the two-block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W random graph and the two-block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W random graph and the two-block
+stochastic model is a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic model is a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic model is a special case of
+this doubly random graph for the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doubly random graph for the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doubly random graph for the graph
+on which corresponds to this red blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which corresponds to this red blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which corresponds to this red blue
+picture here so the generation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here so the generation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here so the generation process
+would be I give you some X 1 X 2 X 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be I give you some X 1 X 2 X 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be I give you some X 1 X 2 X 3 and
+then likewise X 1 X 3 X 2 and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then likewise X 1 X 3 X 2 and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then likewise X 1 X 3 X 2 and then I
+evaluate what is the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate what is the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate what is the value of this
+graphing at at these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those are my edge probabilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are my edge probabilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are my edge probabilities so
+what I described it's a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I described it's a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I described it's a special case of
+this general W random graph any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general W random graph any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general W random graph any
+questions so like before an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so like before an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so like before an important
+statistical question is if I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical question is if I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical question is if I show you
+the graph can you tell me a good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph can you tell me a good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph can you tell me a good model
+for where this graph came from so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where this graph came from so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where this graph came from so that's
+something that it's one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it's one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it's one of the reasons
+why people in applied math might care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people in applied math might care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people in applied math might care
+about these types of constructions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these types of constructions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these types of constructions but
+for us let me talk about some theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've told you that the sequence of air -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you that the sequence of air -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you that the sequence of air -
+ranee random graphs converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranee random graphs converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranee random graphs converges to the
+constant graph on P so instead of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant graph on P so instead of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant graph on P so instead of taking
+a constant graph on P now I start with W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant graph on P now I start with W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant graph on P now I start with W
+random graph and you should expect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph and you should expect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph and you should expect and
+it is indeed true that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is indeed true that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is indeed true that this sequence
+converges to W limit let W be a graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for each n let me draw this graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each n let me draw this graph G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each n let me draw this graph G
+sub n using the W random graph model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n using the W random graph model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n using the W random graph model
+independently then with probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence converges to the graph on W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so in the sense that I've shown above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so in the sense that I've shown above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so in the sense that I've shown above
+described above so the statement tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described above so the statement tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described above so the statement tells
+us couple of things one that W random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us couple of things one that W random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us couple of things one that W random
+graphs converge to the limit W as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs converge to the limit W as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs converge to the limit W as you
+should expect and two that every graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect and two that every graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect and two that every graph
+every graph on W is the limit point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph on W is the limit point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph on W is the limit point of
+some sequence of graphs right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sequence of graphs right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sequence of graphs right so this is
+something that we never quite explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we never quite explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we never quite explicitly
+stated before so let me make this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated before so let me make this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated before so let me make this this
+remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+so in particular every W is the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular every W is the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular every W is the limit of
+some sequence of graphs just like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sequence of graphs just like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sequence of graphs just like every
+real number in analogy to what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number in analogy to what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number in analogy to what we said
+last time every real number is the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time every real number is the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time every real number is the limit
+of a sequence of rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequence of rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequence of rational numbers
+through rational approximation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through rational approximation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through rational approximation and this
+is some form of approximation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some form of approximation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some form of approximation by
+graphing by a sequence of graphs okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing by a sequence of graphs okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing by a sequence of graphs okay so
+I'm not going to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to prove this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to prove this theorem
+the proof is it's not difficult so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is it's not difficult so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is it's not difficult so it
+using that definition of subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that definition of subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that definition of subgraph
+convergence or the proof uses what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence or the proof uses what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence or the proof uses what's
+known as the Zuma's inequality so by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Zuma's inequality so by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Zuma's inequality so by an
+appropriate application of Zuma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate application of Zuma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate application of Zuma's
+inequality on the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality on the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality on the concentration of
+martingales one can improve one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales one can improve one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales one can improve one can
+prove this theorem here by estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem here by estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem here by estimating
+the probability that so show that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that so show that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that so show that to
+show that the probability that the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the probability that the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the probability that the f
+density in GN it is very close to the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in GN it is very close to the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in GN it is very close to the f
+density w with high probability okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density w with high probability okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density w with high probability okay any
+questions so far so this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far so this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far so this is an important
+example of you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of you know one of the
+motivations of graph limits but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations of graph limits but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations of graph limits but now
+let's get back to when I said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get back to when I said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get back to when I said earlier
+that I would like to develop a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like to develop a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like to develop a sequence
+of tools that will allow us to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools that will allow us to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools that will allow us to prove the
+main theorem stated at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorem stated at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorem stated at the end of the
+last lecture and this will sound very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture and this will sound very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture and this will sound very
+familiar because we're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar because we're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar because we're going to write
+down some lemma that we did back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some lemma that we did back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some lemma that we did back in the
+chapter of some released regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of some released regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of some released regularity
+lemma but now in the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma but now in the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma but now in the language of
+griffons so first there's a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons so first there's a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons so first there's a counting
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the goal of the counting lemon is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the counting lemon is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the counting lemon is to
+show that if you have two griffons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that if you have two griffons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that if you have two griffons
+which are close to each other in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are close to each other in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are close to each other in the
+sense of cut distance then there F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of cut distance then there F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of cut distance then there F
+densities are similar to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities are similar to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities are similar to each other so
+here's a statement W and you graph ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the earth density of W minus the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the earth density of W minus the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the earth density of W minus the F
+density of U their difference is no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of U their difference is no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of U their difference is no more
+than a constant to a number of edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a constant to a number of edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a constant to a number of edges of
+F times the cut distance between u and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so maybe some of you already see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe some of you already see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe some of you already see
+how to do this from our discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this from our discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this from our discussion on
+similarity regularity lemma the any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity regularity lemma the any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity regularity lemma the any case
+I want to just rewrite the proof again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just rewrite the proof again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just rewrite the proof again
+in the language of griffons and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language of griffons and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language of griffons and this
+will hopefully so we did two proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hopefully so we did two proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hopefully so we did two proofs of
+the triangle counting lemma 1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle counting lemma 1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle counting lemma 1 was
+hopefully more intuitive for you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully more intuitive for you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully more intuitive for you which
+is you pick a typical vertex has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you pick a typical vertex has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you pick a typical vertex has lots of
+neighbors on both sides and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors on both sides and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors on both sides and therefore
+lots of edges in between and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of edges in between and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of edges in between and then there
+was a second proof which I said was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a second proof which I said was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a second proof which I said was a
+more analytic proof where you took out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analytic proof where you took out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analytic proof where you took out
+one edge at a time and that proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge at a time and that proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge at a time and that proof
+I think it's technically easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's technically easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's technically easier to
+implement especially for general H but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement especially for general H but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement especially for general H but
+the first time you see it you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you see it you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you see it you might not
+quite see you know what the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite see you know what the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite see you know what the calculation
+was about so I want to do this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about so I want to do this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about so I want to do this exact
+same calculation again in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same calculation again in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same calculation again in the language
+of griffons and hopefully it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of griffons and hopefully it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of griffons and hopefully it should be
+clear this time yeah so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this time yeah so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this time yeah so this is the same
+as the counting lemma over epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the counting lemma over epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the counting lemma over epsilon
+regular pairs so it suffices to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular pairs so it suffices to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular pairs so it suffices to prove
+the inequality where the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality where the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality where the right hand side
+is replaced not by the cut distance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced not by the cut distance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced not by the cut distance but
+by the cut norm and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cut norm and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cut norm and the reason is that
+once you have the second inequality by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have the second inequality by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have the second inequality by
+taking an infimum over all major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an infimum over all major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an infimum over all major
+preserving by actions feet I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving by actions feet I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving by actions feet I noticed
+that that quality does not that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that quality does not that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that quality does not that change
+does not affect the F density by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the F density by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the F density by taking
+an infimum over feet you recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infimum over feet you recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infimum over feet you recover the
+first inequality I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inequality I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inequality I want to give you a
+small reformulation of the cut norm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small reformulation of the cut norm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small reformulation of the cut norm that
+will be useful for thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful for thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful for thinking about this
+counting lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a reformulation of a cut norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a reformulation of a cut norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a reformulation of a cut norm
+namely that I can define the cut norm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that I can define the cut norm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that I can define the cut norm so
+here W is taking real values not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here W is taking real values not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here W is taking real values not
+necessarily now negative so the cut norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily now negative so the cut norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily now negative so the cut norm
+we saw earlier is defined to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw earlier is defined to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw earlier is defined to be the
+supremum over all measurable subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum over all measurable subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum over all measurable subsets of
+the 0-1 interval of this integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0-1 interval of this integral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0-1 interval of this integral in
+absolute value but it turns out I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value but it turns out I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value but it turns out I can
+rewrite this supremum over a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this supremum over a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this supremum over a slightly
+larger set of objects instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger set of objects instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger set of objects instead of just
+looking over subsets of measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over subsets of measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over subsets of measurable
+instead of just looking over measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just looking over measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just looking over measurable
+subsets of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the interval
+let me now look at measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now look at measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now look at measurable functions
+but on you and so let me look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on you and so let me look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on you and so let me look at
+functions yeah so U and V from 0 1 to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions yeah so U and V from 0 1 to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions yeah so U and V from 0 1 to 0
+1 and as always everything is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and as always everything is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and as always everything is measurable
+of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following
+integral okay so I claim this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so I claim this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so I claim this is the
+this is true that's why I consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true that's why I consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true that's why I consider this
+integral where instead of integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral where instead of integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral where instead of integrating
+over a box now I'm integrating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a box now I'm integrating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a box now I'm integrating this
+expression okay so why is this true well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so why is this true well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so why is this true well
+one of the directions is easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the directions is easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the directions is easy to see
+because the right hand side is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the right hand side is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the right hand side is strictly
+an enlargement of the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enlargement of the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enlargement of the left hand side
+alright so by taking you to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so by taking you to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so by taking you to be the
+indicator function of s and need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator function of s and need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator function of s and need to be
+the indicator function of T you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of T you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of T you see that
+the right hand side in fact includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side in fact includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side in fact includes the
+left hand side in terms of what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side in terms of what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side in terms of what you are
+allowed to do but what about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do but what about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do but what about the other
+direction so for the other direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so for the other direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so for the other direction the
+main thing is to notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing is to notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing is to notice that the
+integral or the integrand what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or the integrand what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or the integrand what's inside
+this integral is bilinear in the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is bilinear in the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is bilinear in the values
+of U and V so in particular the extrema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U and V so in particular the extrema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U and V so in particular the extrema
+of this integral as you allow to vary U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this integral as you allow to vary U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this integral as you allow to vary U
+and V they are obtained so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V they are obtained so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V they are obtained so they are
+attained for W for u and V taking values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the endpoints 0 comma 1 they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the endpoints 0 comma 1 they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the endpoints 0 comma 1 they may be
+helpful to think about a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about a discrete
+setting when instead of this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting when instead of this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting when instead of this integral
+you have a matrix and two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a matrix and two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a matrix and two vectors
+multiplied from left and right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied from left and right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied from left and right and you
+had to decide you know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to decide you know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to decide you know what are the
+coordinates of those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of those vectors
+it's a bilinear form how do you maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bilinear form how do you maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bilinear form how do you maximize
+or minimize it have to change every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minimize it have to change every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minimize it have to change every
+entry to one of its two endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry to one of its two endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry to one of its two endpoints
+otherwise it can never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it can never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it can never be
+you never loose by doing that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never loose by doing that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never loose by doing that okay so
+think about it right so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it right so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it right so this is not
+difficult once you see it the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult once you see it the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult once you see it the right way
+but now we have this cut norm expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have this cut norm expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have this cut norm expressed
+over not set but over bounded functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over not set but over bounded functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over not set but over bounded functions
+and now I'm ready to prove the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm ready to prove the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm ready to prove the counting
+lemma and instead of writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and instead of writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and instead of writing down the
+whole proof for general H let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole proof for general H let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole proof for general H let me write
+down the calculation that illustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the calculation that illustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the calculation that illustrating
+it that illustrates this proof for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that illustrates this proof for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that illustrates this proof for
+triangles and the general proof is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and the general proof is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and the general proof is the
+same once you understand how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same once you understand how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same once you understand how this
+argument works and the argument works by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument works and the argument works by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument works and the argument works by
+considering the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the difference between these
+two F densities and what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two F densities and what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two F densities and what I want to do is
+so this is some integral right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some integral right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some integral right so this
+is this integral which I'll write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we would like to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would like to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would like to show that this
+quantity here is small if u and W are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here is small if u and W are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here is small if u and W are
+closing cut norm so let's write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing cut norm so let's write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing cut norm so let's write this
+integral as a telescoping sum where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as a telescoping sum where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as a telescoping sum where the
+first term is obtained by so by this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is obtained by so by this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is obtained by so by this I
+mean W of X comma Y minus U of X comma Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the second term of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second term of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second term of the
+telescoping sum so I you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping sum so I you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping sum so I you see what
+happens I change one factor at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally I change the third factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is an identity if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an identity if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an identity if you
+expand out all of these differences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand out all of these differences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand out all of these differences you
+see that everything intermediate cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that everything intermediate cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that everything intermediate cancels
+out so it's a telescoping sum but now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's a telescoping sum but now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's a telescoping sum but now I
+want to show that each term is small how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that each term is small how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that each term is small how
+can I show that each term is small look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I show that each term is small look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I show that each term is small look
+at this expression here I claim that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this expression here I claim that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this expression here I claim that for
+a fixed value of Z okay so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed value of Z okay so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed value of Z okay so imagine
+fixing Z and let x and y vary in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing Z and let x and y vary in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing Z and let x and y vary in this
+integral it has the form up there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it has the form up there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it has the form up there if you
+fix Z then you have this U and V coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix Z then you have this U and V coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix Z then you have this U and V coming
+from these two factors and they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two factors and they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two factors and they're both
+bounded between 0 and 1 so for a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded between 0 and 1 so for a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded between 0 and 1 so for a fixed
+value of Z this is at most W - you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Z this is at most W - you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Z this is at most W - you cut
+norm difference between W and you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm difference between W and you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm difference between W and you in
+absolute value so if I let Z vary it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value so if I let Z vary it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value so if I let Z vary it is
+still pounding absolute value by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pounding absolute value by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pounding absolute value by that
+quantity so therefore each yes bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so therefore each yes bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so therefore each yes bounded
+by W - you cut norm in absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by W - you cut norm in absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by W - you cut norm in absolute value
+and all three of them together we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three of them together we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three of them together we find
+that the whole thing is bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole thing is bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole thing is bounding
+absolute value by 3 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value by 3 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value by 3 times the
+cut norm difference okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut norm difference okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut norm difference okay and that
+finishes the proof of the candy mama for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes the proof of the candy mama for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes the proof of the candy mama for
+triangles of course if you have general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles of course if you have general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles of course if you have general
+h then you just have more terms you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h then you just have more terms you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h then you just have more terms you do
+you have a longer telescoping sum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a longer telescoping sum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a longer telescoping sum okay
+and you have this down okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this down okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this down okay so this is a
+counting lemma and the claim is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting lemma and the claim is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting lemma and the claim is exactly
+the same proof as the second proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same proof as the second proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same proof as the second proof of
+the county no matter we did when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county no matter we did when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county no matter we did when we
+discussed some reduced regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some reduced regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some reduced regularity lemma
+and it's counting lemma any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's counting lemma any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's counting lemma any questions
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me answer that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me answer that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me answer that in a second
+first this should be H F okay so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this should be H F okay so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this should be H F okay so your
+question was up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why wasn't sufficient to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wasn't sufficient to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wasn't sufficient to prove this
+version instead of that version it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version instead of that version it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version instead of that version it's not
+the question okay suppose you I prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question okay suppose you I prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question okay suppose you I prove it
+for this version so I know it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this version so I know it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this version so I know it this is
+true now I take infimum of both sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now I take infimum of both sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now I take infimum of both sides so
+now I consider infimum on both sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I consider infimum on both sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I consider infimum on both sides so
+then this is it's true right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is it's true right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is it's true right because
+it's true for every fee but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for every fee but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for every fee but the
+left-hand side doesn't change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side doesn't change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side doesn't change because
+the f density in a relabeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f density in a relabeling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f density in a relabeling of the
+vertices it's still it's still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it's still it's still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it's still it's still the same
+quantity whereas this one here is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity whereas this one here is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity whereas this one here is now
+that alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we see as a corollary of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see as a corollary of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see as a corollary of this
+country lemma is that if you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country lemma is that if you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country lemma is that if you are a
+Cauchy sequence with respect to the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cauchy sequence with respect to the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cauchy sequence with respect to the cut
+distance then the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance then the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance then the sequence is
+automatically convergent you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically convergent you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically convergent you call the
+definition of convergence convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of convergence convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of convergence convergence
+has to do with F densities converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with F densities converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with F densities converging
+and if you have a Cauchy sequence then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a Cauchy sequence then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a Cauchy sequence then
+the F densities converge and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F densities converge and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F densities converge and also
+related but different statement is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but different statement is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but different statement is that
+if you have a sequence WN that converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a sequence WN that converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a sequence WN that converges
+to W in cut distance then it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W in cut distance then it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W in cut distance then it implies
+that W n converges to W in a sense as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W n converges to W in a sense as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that W n converges to W in a sense as
+defined for F densities so this cut norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for F densities so this cut norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for F densities so this cut norm
+so qualitatively what the counting lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so qualitatively what the counting lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so qualitatively what the counting lemma
+says is that the cut norm is stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that the cut norm is stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that the cut norm is stronger
+than the notion of convergence coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the notion of convergence coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the notion of convergence coming
+from sub graph densities okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sub graph densities okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sub graph densities okay so this is
+one part of this regularity method right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of this regularity method right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of this regularity method right
+so the county lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the county lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the county lemma
+because the other part is the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other part is the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other part is the regularity
+lemma itself so that's the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma itself so that's the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma itself so that's the next thing
+we'll do and it turns out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do and it turns out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do and it turns out that we
+actually don't need a full strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need a full strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need a full strength of
+the regularity lemma we only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity lemma we only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity lemma we only need
+something called a weak regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the week regularity lemma says is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the week regularity lemma says is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the week regularity lemma says is I
+mean you still have a partition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you still have a partition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you still have a partition of the
+vertices so let me now stated for graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so let me now stated for graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so let me now stated for graph
+ons so for a partition P so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons so for a partition P so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons so for a partition P so I have a
+partition of the vertex set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the vertex set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the vertex set and a
+symmetric measurable function W I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable function W I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable function W I'm just
+going to admit the word measurable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to admit the word measurable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to admit the word measurable from
+now on everything will be measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on everything will be measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on everything will be measurable
+what I can do is okay all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is okay all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is okay all of these
+assets are also measurable I can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets are also measurable I can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets are also measurable I can define
+what's known as a stepping operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a stepping operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a stepping operator that
+sends W to this object W sub P obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends W to this object W sub P obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends W to this object W sub P obtained
+by averaging over the steps SI cross SJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by averaging over the steps SI cross SJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by averaging over the steps SI cross SJ
+and replacing that graph on by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replacing that graph on by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replacing that graph on by its
+average over each step precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I obtain a new graph on a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I obtain a new graph on a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I obtain a new graph on a new
+symmetric measurable function W sub P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable function W sub P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable function W sub P
+where the value on X comma Y is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the value on X comma Y is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the value on X comma Y is defined
+to be the following quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if X comma white lies in as I cross s J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X comma white lies in as I cross s J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X comma white lies in as I cross s J
+so pictorially what happens is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pictorially what happens is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pictorially what happens is that you
+look at your graph on there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your graph on there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your graph on there's a
+partition of the vertex set so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the vertex set so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the vertex set so to speak
+the interval doesn't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval doesn't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval doesn't have to be a
+partition in two intervals before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition in two intervals before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition in two intervals before
+illustrations posted no it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations posted no it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations posted no it looks like
+that and what I do is I take this w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what I do is I take this w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what I do is I take this w and
+I replace it by a new graph on a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replace it by a new graph on a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replace it by a new graph on a new
+symmetric measurable function W so P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable function W so P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric measurable function W so P
+obtained by averaging take each box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by averaging take each box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by averaging take each box
+replace it by its average put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by its average put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by its average put the
+average into the box so this is what W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average into the box so this is what W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average into the box so this is what W
+star P they're supposed to be just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star P they're supposed to be just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star P they're supposed to be just a few
+minor technicalities if if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor technicalities if if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor technicalities if if this
+denominator is equal to zero let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is equal to zero let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is equal to zero let's
+ignore the set I mean then then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the set I mean then then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the set I mean then then you have
+a zero major set anyways so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero major set anyways so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero major set anyways so we we
+ignored that set so everything will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored that set so everything will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored that set so everything will be
+treated up to measure zero changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated up to measure zero changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated up to measure zero changing the
+function on measure zero sets so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on measure zero sets so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on measure zero sets so it
+doesn't really matter if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter if you're not
+strictly allowed to do this division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this operator plays an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this operator plays an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this operator plays an important
+role in the regularity lemma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the regularity lemma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the regularity lemma because
+it's how we think about partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how we think about partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how we think about partitioning
+what happens to a graph under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to a graph under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to a graph under
+partitioning it has several other names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning it has several other names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning it has several other names
+if you look at it from slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it from slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it from slightly
+different perspectives so you can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives so you can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives so you can view
+it as a projection in the sense of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a projection in the sense of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a projection in the sense of a
+Hilbert in the sense of Hilbert space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert in the sense of Hilbert space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert in the sense of Hilbert space so
+in the Hilbert space of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the unit square the stepping operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit square the stepping operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit square the stepping operator
+is a projection onto the subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a projection onto the subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a projection onto the subspace of
+constants subspace of functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants subspace of functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants subspace of functions that are
+constant on each step so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on each step so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on each step so that's one
+interpretation another interpretation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation another interpretation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation another interpretation is
+that this operation is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operation is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operation is also a
+conditional expectation if you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation if you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation if you know what
+a conditional expectation actually is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional expectation actually is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional expectation actually is in
+the sense of probability theory then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of probability theory then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of probability theory then so
+then that's what happens here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's what happens here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's what happens here if you
+view 0 1 squared as a probability space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view 0 1 squared as a probability space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view 0 1 squared as a probability space
+then what we're doing is we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're doing is we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're doing is we're doing
+conditional expectation relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation relative to the
+sigma-algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma-algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma-algebra
+generated by these steps ok so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by these steps ok so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by these steps ok so these are
+just couple ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just couple ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just couple ways of thinking about
+what's going on they might be somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on they might be somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on they might be somewhat
+helpful later on if you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful later on if you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful later on if you're familiar with
+these notions but if you're not don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notions but if you're not don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notions but if you're not don't
+worry about it concretely it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it concretely it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it concretely it's what
+happens up there ok so now let me state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens up there ok so now let me state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens up there ok so now let me state
+the week regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the week regularity lemma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the week regularity lemma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the week regularity lemma is
+attributed to freeze and canon oboe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to freeze and canon oboe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to freeze and canon oboe
+their work predates the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work predates the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work predates the language of
+graphics so it's stated in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics so it's stated in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics so it's stated in the language
+of graphs but it's the same proof so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs but it's the same proof so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs but it's the same proof so let
+me state it for you both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me state it for you both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me state it for you both in terms of
+graphs and in graphs what it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and in graphs what it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and in graphs what it says is
+that for every epsilon and every graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every epsilon and every graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every epsilon and every graph
+on W there exists a partition they noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on W there exists a partition they noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on W there exists a partition they noted
+P of 0 1 interval and now I tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0 1 interval and now I tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0 1 interval and now I tell you how
+many sets they are so it's a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sets they are so it's a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sets they are so it's a partition
+into so not a tower type number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so not a tower type number of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so not a tower type number of parts
+but only roughly an exponential number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only roughly an exponential number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only roughly an exponential number
+of parts for to the one over epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts for to the one over epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts for to the one over epsilon
+squared measurable sets such that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared measurable sets such that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared measurable sets such that if we
+apply the stepping operator to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the stepping operator to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the stepping operator to this
+graph on we obtain an approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on we obtain an approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on we obtain an approximation of
+the graph on in the cut norm so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph on in the cut norm so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph on in the cut norm so that's
+the statement of the week regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of the week regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of the week regularity
+lemma there exist a partition such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma there exist a partition such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma there exist a partition such that
+if you do this stepping then you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this stepping then you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this stepping then you obtain
+an approximation so I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation so I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation so I want you to think
+about what this has to do with the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this has to do with the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this has to do with the usual
+version of somewhere this regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of somewhere this regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of somewhere this regularity
+lemma that you seen earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma that you seen earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma that you seen earlier
+so hopefully you should realize morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you should realize morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you should realize morally
+they're about the same types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about the same types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about the same types of
+statements and not more important how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and not more important how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and not more important how
+are they different from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they different from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they different from each other and
+now let me state a version for graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me state a version for graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me state a version for graphs
+all right so which is similar but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so which is similar but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so which is similar but not
+exactly the same as what we've what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as what we've what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as what we've what we
+just saw for graph ons so it's ok so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw for graph ons so it's ok so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw for graph ons so it's ok so let
+me let me state it so for graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the week regularity lemma says that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week regularity lemma says that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week regularity lemma says that okay
+so so for craft so let me define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for craft so let me define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for craft so let me define a
+partition P of the vertex set is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P of the vertex set is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P of the vertex set is called
+weekly epsilon regular if the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly epsilon regular if the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly epsilon regular if the following
+is true if it is the case that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true if it is the case that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true if it is the case that whenever
+I look at two vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at two vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at two vertex
+sub sets a and B of the vertex set of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sets a and B of the vertex set of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sets a and B of the vertex set of G
+then the number of vertices between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of vertices between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of vertices between a
+and B is what you should expect based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is what you should expect based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is what you should expect based on
+the density information that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density information that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density information that comes out
+of this partition namely if I sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this partition namely if I sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this partition namely if I sum over
+all the parts of the partition look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts of the partition look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts of the partition look at
+how many vertices from a lie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vertices from a lie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vertices from a lie in the
+corresponding parts and then multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts and then multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts and then multiply by
+the edge density between these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge density between these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge density between these parts
+so that's your predicted value based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's your predicted value based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's your predicted value based on
+the data that comes out of the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that comes out of the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that comes out of the partition
+so claim that this is the actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so claim that this is the actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so claim that this is the actual number
+of edges this is the predicted number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges this is the predicted number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges this is the predicted number of
+edges and those two numbers should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and those two numbers should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and those two numbers should be
+similar to each other by most epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other by most epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other by most epsilon
+and where n is the number of vertices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where n is the number of vertices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where n is the number of vertices so
+this is the definition of what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the definition of what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the definition of what it means
+for a partition to be weakly epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a partition to be weakly epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a partition to be weakly epsilon
+regular okay so it's important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular okay so it's important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular okay so it's important to think
+about why this is weaker it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this is weaker it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this is weaker it's called
+weak right so why is a weaker than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak right so why is a weaker than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak right so why is a weaker than the
+notion of epsilon regularity so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of epsilon regularity so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of epsilon regularity so why is
+it weaker so previously we had epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it weaker so previously we had epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it weaker so previously we had epsilon
+regular partition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition in
+definition of similarities regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of similarities regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of similarities regularity
+lemma is Absalon regular partition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is Absalon regular partition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is Absalon regular partition and
+here notion of a weekly epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notion of a weekly epsilon regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notion of a weekly epsilon regular
+so why is this a lot weaker it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this a lot weaker it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this a lot weaker it is not
+saying that individual pairs of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that individual pairs of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that individual pairs of parts
+are epsilon regular and eventually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are epsilon regular and eventually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are epsilon regular and eventually we're
+going to have this number of parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this number of parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this number of parts so
+our state a theorem in a second so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our state a theorem in a second so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our state a theorem in a second so these
+sizes of the parts are much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the parts are much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the parts are much smaller than
+epsilon fraction but what this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon fraction but what this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon fraction but what this weak
+notion of regularity says if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity says if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of regularity says if you look at
+it globally right so not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it globally right so not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it globally right so not looking at
+specific parts but looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific parts but looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific parts but looking at it
+globally then this partition is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally then this partition is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally then this partition is a good
+approximation of what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of what's going on in the
+actual graph okay so it's worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual graph okay so it's worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual graph okay so it's worth thinking
+about it's really worth thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's really worth thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's really worth thinking about
+what's the difference between this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between this weak
+notion and the usual notion but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion and the usual notion but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion and the usual notion but first
+let me state this regularity lemma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me state this regularity lemma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me state this regularity lemma so
+the weak regularity lemma for graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that for every epsilon and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for every epsilon and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for every epsilon and every
+graph G there exists a weekly epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G there exists a weekly epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G there exists a weekly epsilon
+regular partition of the vertex set of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition of the vertex set of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition of the vertex set of G
+into at most four to the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into at most four to the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into at most four to the one over
+epsilon squared parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you might wonder why we why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might wonder why we why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might wonder why we why did
+freezing current come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing current come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing current come up with this
+notion of regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a weaker result if you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weaker result if you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weaker result if you don't care
+about the bounds because a epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bounds because a epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bounds because a epsilon
+regular partition will be automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition will be automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition will be automatically
+weakly epsilon regular okay so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly epsilon regular okay so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly epsilon regular okay so maybe
+with small changes of epsilon if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small changes of epsilon if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small changes of epsilon if you
+wish but but basically this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish but but basically this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish but but basically this this is a
+weaker notion compared to what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker notion compared to what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker notion compared to what we had
+before but of course the advantage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but of course the advantage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but of course the advantage is
+that you have a much more reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a much more reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a much more reasonable
+number of parts right it's not a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parts right it's not a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parts right it's not a power
+it's just a single exponential and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a single exponential and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a single exponential and this
+is important and their motivation was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important and their motivation was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important and their motivation was a
+computer science and algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and algorithm
+application so I want to take a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so I want to take a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so I want to take a brief
+detour and mention mention why you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour and mention mention why you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour and mention mention why you might
+care about epsilon weakly epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about epsilon weakly epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about epsilon weakly epsilon
+regular partitions in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partitions in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partitions in particular the
+problem that is of interest is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that is of interest is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that is of interest is in
+approximating something called a max cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating something called a max cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating something called a max cut
+so the max cut prom asks you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the max cut prom asks you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the max cut prom asks you to
+determine given a graph G find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine given a graph G find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine given a graph G find the
+maximum over all subsets of vertices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all subsets of vertices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all subsets of vertices the
+maximum number of vertices between a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of vertices between a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of vertices between a set
+and its complement that's called a cut I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its complement that's called a cut I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its complement that's called a cut I
+give you a graph and I want to know find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a graph and I want to know find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a graph and I want to know find
+this s so that do you can have as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s so that do you can have as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s so that do you can have as many
+edges across this set as possible this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges across this set as possible this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges across this set as possible this
+is an important problem in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important problem in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important problem in computer
+science extremely important problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science extremely important problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science extremely important problem and
+the status of this problem is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status of this problem is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status of this problem is that it is
+known to be difficult to get it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be difficult to get it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be difficult to get it you know
+even within 1% so the best algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within 1% so the best algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within 1% so the best algorithm is
+due to comments and Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so important algorithm that was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important algorithm that was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important algorithm that was one of
+the foundational algorithms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundational algorithms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundational algorithms in
+semi-definite programming so agree dated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite programming so agree dated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite programming so agree dated
+word semi definite programming came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word semi definite programming came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word semi definite programming came up
+or during this course when we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or during this course when we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or during this course when we discussed
+growth index inequality so they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth index inequality so they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth index inequality so they came up
+with an approximation algorithm so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an approximation algorithm so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an approximation algorithm so here
+I'm only talking about polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only talking about polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only talking about polynomial time
+so efficient algorithms approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so efficient algorithms approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so efficient algorithms approximation
+algorithm with approximation ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm with approximation ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm with approximation ratio
+around point a seven eight so one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around point a seven eight so one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around point a seven eight so one can
+obtain a cut that is within basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a cut that is within basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a cut that is within basically
+thirteen percent of the maximum okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen percent of the maximum okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen percent of the maximum okay so
+it's an approximation algorithm however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an approximation algorithm however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an approximation algorithm however
+it is known that it is hard in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known that it is hard in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known that it is hard in the sense
+of complexity theory like np-hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity theory like np-hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity theory like np-hard to
+approximate beyond the ratio 16 / 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate beyond the ratio 16 / 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate beyond the ratio 16 / 17
+which is around point four nine one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is around point four nine one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is around point four nine one and
+there is an important conjecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an important conjecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an important conjecturing
+computer science called a unique games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science called a unique games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science called a unique games
+conjecture that if that conjecture were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that if that conjecture were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that if that conjecture were
+true then it would be difficult it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then it would be difficult it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then it would be difficult it will
+be also and be hard to approximate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also and be hard to approximate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also and be hard to approximate but
+young the Romans Williamson ratio and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young the Romans Williamson ratio and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young the Romans Williamson ratio and so
+this indicates the status of this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indicates the status of this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indicates the status of this from
+there it is difficult to do an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is difficult to do an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is difficult to do an epsilon
+approximation but if the graph I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but if the graph I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but if the graph I give
+you is dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tense now meaning a quadratic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense now meaning a quadratic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense now meaning a quadratic number of
+edges where n is the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges where n is the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges where n is the number of vertices
+then it turns out that the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out that the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out that the regularity
+type algorithms right so that theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type algorithms right so that theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type algorithms right so that theorem
+combined with the algorithmic versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the algorithmic versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the algorithmic versions
+allows you to get polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to get polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to get polynomial time
+approximation algorithms so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation algorithms so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation algorithms so this is
+polynomial time approximation schemes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time approximation schemes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time approximation schemes so
+one can approximate up to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can approximate up to 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can approximate up to 1 minus
+epsilon ratio so you know one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon ratio so you know one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon ratio so you know one can
+approximate up to an epsilon N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate up to an epsilon N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate up to an epsilon N squared
+additive error in polynomial time so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive error in polynomial time so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive error in polynomial time so in
+particular if I willing to lose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I willing to lose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I willing to lose you know
+point or 1 and squared then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or 1 and squared then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or 1 and squared then there's an
+algorithm to approximate the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to approximate the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to approximate the size of the
+maxcut and that algorithm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxcut and that algorithm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxcut and that algorithm basically
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+I mean without giving you any details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean without giving you any details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean without giving you any details
+whatsoever the algorithm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever the algorithm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever the algorithm essentially
+comes from first finding a regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from first finding a regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from first finding a regularity
+partitioned ok so the partition breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned ok so the partition breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned ok so the partition breaks
+this set of vertices into some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of vertices into some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of vertices into some number of
+pieces and now I search over search over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and now I search over search over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and now I search over search over
+all possible ratios to divide each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a bounded number of parts each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bounded number of parts each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bounded number of parts each
+one in ohms I decide to I cut this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in ohms I decide to I cut this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in ohms I decide to I cut this up
+half half to I cut it up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half to I cut it up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half to I cut it up you know
+one-third two-thirds and so on and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third two-thirds and so on and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third two-thirds and so on and those
+numbers alone because of this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers alone because of this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers alone because of this definition
+of weekly epsilon regular once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weekly epsilon regular once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weekly epsilon regular once you know
+what this intersections of a be is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this intersections of a be is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this intersections of a be is that
+say a compliment is what individual sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a compliment is what individual sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a compliment is what individual sets
+then I basically know the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I basically know the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I basically know the number of
+edges so I can approximate the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so I can approximate the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so I can approximate the size of
+the max cut using an epsilon a weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max cut using an epsilon a weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max cut using an epsilon a weekly
+epsilon regular partition alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular partition alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular partition alright so
+that was the motivation for these weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the motivation for these weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the motivation for these weekly
+epsilon partitions at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon partitions at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon partitions at least the
+algorithmic applications any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's take a quick break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a quick break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a quick break and
+then afterwards I want to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then afterwards I want to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then afterwards I want to show you the
+proof of the week regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so let me start the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let me start the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let me start the proof of the
+week regularity lemma and the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week regularity lemma and the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week regularity lemma and the proof is
+by this energy increment argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this energy increment argument so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this energy increment argument so
+let's see what this energy increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what this energy increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what this energy increment
+argument looks like in the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument looks like in the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument looks like in the language of
+griffons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons
+so energy now means L - L - energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy now means L - L - energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy now means L - L - energy
+increment okay so the statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment okay so the statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment okay so the statement of this
+lemma is that if you have W a graphing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is that if you have W a graphing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is that if you have W a graphing
+and P a partition 0 comma 1 interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P a partition 0 comma 1 interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P a partition 0 comma 1 interval and
+such that always measurable pieces I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that always measurable pieces I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that always measurable pieces I'm
+not going to even write it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to even write it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to even write it always
+measurable pieces and such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable pieces and such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable pieces and such that the
+difference between W and W steps piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between W and W steps piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between W and W steps piece
+averaged over steps P is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged over steps P is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged over steps P is bigger than
+Epsilon so this is the notion of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so this is the notion of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so this is the notion of not
+being not epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not epsilon regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not epsilon regular
+in leader in the weak sense not weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in leader in the weak sense not weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in leader in the weak sense not weekly
+epsilon regular then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular then there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular then there exists a
+refinement P prime of P dividing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of P into at most four parts such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of P into at most four parts such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of P into at most four parts such
+that the two norm increases by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two norm increases by more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two norm increases by more than
+epsilon squared under this refinement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared under this refinement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon squared under this refinement so
+should be similar and should be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be similar and should be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be similar and should be familiar
+to you because we have similar arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because we have similar arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because we have similar arguments
+from similarities regularity lemma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from similarities regularity lemma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from similarities regularity lemma so
+let's see the proof because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the proof because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the proof because you have
+violation of epsilon weak epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of epsilon weak epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of epsilon weak epsilon
+regularity there exists sets s and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity there exists sets s and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity there exists sets s and T
+measurable subsets of zero one interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subsets of zero one interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subsets of zero one interval
+such that this integral evaluated over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this integral evaluated over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this integral evaluated over s
+cross T is more than epsilon in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross T is more than epsilon in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross T is more than epsilon in absolute
+value so now let me take P prime to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so now let me take P prime to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so now let me take P prime to be
+the common refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of pee by introducing soccer by just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pee by introducing soccer by just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pee by introducing soccer by just the
+refinement of P by introducing s and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement of P by introducing s and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement of P by introducing s and T
+into this partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this partition
+okay so throw s and T in and break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so throw s and T in and break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so throw s and T in and break
+everything according to s and T and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything according to s and T and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything according to s and T and so
+each part becomes at most four sub parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part becomes at most four sub parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part becomes at most four sub parts
+so that's the and most four sub parts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the and most four sub parts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the and most four sub parts I
+now need to show that half an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now need to show that half an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now need to show that half an energy
+increment and to do this let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment and to do this let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment and to do this let me first
+perform the following calculation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the following calculation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the following calculation so
+remember this symbol here is the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this symbol here is the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this symbol here is the inner
+product obtained by multiplying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product obtained by multiplying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product obtained by multiplying and
+integrating over the entire box I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the entire box I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the entire box I claim
+that that inner product equals to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that inner product equals to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that inner product equals to the
+inner product between WP + WP prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product between WP + WP prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product between WP + WP prime
+because what happens here is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens here is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens here is we are
+looking at a situation where WP prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a situation where WP prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a situation where WP prime is
+constant on each part so when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on each part so when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on each part so when I do this
+in a product I can replace W by is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a product I can replace W by is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a product I can replace W by is its
+average and likewise over here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and likewise over here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and likewise over here I can
+also replace it by its average and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also replace it by its average and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also replace it by its average and you
+end up being the same you end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being the same you end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being the same you end up having
+the same average and these two averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same average and these two averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same average and these two averages
+are both just what happens if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both just what happens if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both just what happens if you do
+stepping by P you also have that W has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping by P you also have that W has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping by P you also have that W has
+inner product with 1 sub s cross T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with 1 sub s cross T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with 1 sub s cross T the
+same stat of T prime by the same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stat of T prime by the same reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stat of T prime by the same reason
+because over s cross team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so s cross T it's a union of the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s cross T it's a union of the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s cross T it's a union of the parts
+of P prime union of hearts okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P prime union of hearts okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P prime union of hearts okay so let's
+see with those observations you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with those observations you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with those observations you find
+that okay so this is true just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is true just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is true just from the
+first equality so now let me draw you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right triangle so you have a right angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle so you have a right angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle so you have a right angle
+because you have an inner product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an inner product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an inner product that
+is 0 so by Pythagorean theorem okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 so by Pythagorean theorem okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 so by Pythagorean theorem okay so
+what is this hypotenuse you add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this hypotenuse you add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this hypotenuse you add these
+two vectors and find that this W P Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors and find that this W P Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors and find that this W P Prime
+so by Pythagorean theorem we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by Pythagorean theorem we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by Pythagorean theorem we find that
+the l2 norm of W P prime equals to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l2 norm of W P prime equals to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l2 norm of W P prime equals to the
+out to norm of some of the l2 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to norm of some of the l2 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to norm of some of the l2 norm
+squared of the two legs of this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the two legs of this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the two legs of this right
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the other hand this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this quantity here
+okay so let's think about that kanji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think about that kanji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think about that kanji
+over there it's the soup of I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there it's the soup of I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there it's the soup of I mean it's
+it's an l2 norm so in particular it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an l2 norm so in particular it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an l2 norm so in particular it has
+at least this quantity here which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this quantity here which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this quantity here which you
+can derive in one of many ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive in one of many ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive in one of many ways for
+example by Cauchy Schwarz inequality or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by Cauchy Schwarz inequality or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by Cauchy Schwarz inequality or
+go from l2 to l1 and then pass down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from l2 to l1 and then pass down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from l2 to l1 and then pass down to
+r1 okay so so this is this is true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 okay so so this is this is true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 okay so so this is this is true okay
+so let's say by Cauchy Schwarz right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this quantity here we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this quantity here we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this quantity here we said was
+bigger than Epsilon so as a result its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Epsilon so as a result its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Epsilon so as a result its
+final quantity this l2 norm of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final quantity this l2 norm of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final quantity this l2 norm of the new
+refinement increases from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement increases from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement increases from the previous
+one by more than epsilon squared okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by more than epsilon squared okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by more than epsilon squared okay so
+this is the all true energy increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the all true energy increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the all true energy increment
+argument I claim it's the same argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I claim it's the same argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I claim it's the same argument
+basically as the one that we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as the one that we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as the one that we did for
+similarities regularity lemma and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma and I
+encourage you to go back and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go back and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go back and compare
+them to see why they are the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see why they are the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see why they are the same or
+moving on so the other part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on so the other part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on so the other part of
+regularity lemma is to iterate this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma is to iterate this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma is to iterate this this
+approach right so you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach right so you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach right so you have something
+which is not epsilon regular we find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not epsilon regular we find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not epsilon regular we find it
+and then iterate and you cannot proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then iterate and you cannot proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then iterate and you cannot proceed
+more than a pound the number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a pound the number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a pound the number of times
+because energy is always bounded between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because energy is always bounded between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because energy is always bounded between
+0 and 1 so for every epsilon bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 so for every epsilon bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 so for every epsilon bigger than
+0 and graph on W suppose you have P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and graph on W suppose you have P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and graph on W suppose you have P not
+a partition of 0 1 interval into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition of 0 1 interval into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition of 0 1 interval into
+measurable sets then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets then there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets then there exists a
+partition P that cuts up each part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh peanut into at most four to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh peanut into at most four to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh peanut into at most four to the one
+over epsilon parts such that W minus W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over epsilon parts such that W minus W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over epsilon parts such that W minus W
+sub P yes at most epsilon so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub P yes at most epsilon so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub P yes at most epsilon so basically
+we stating the week regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stating the week regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stating the week regularity lemma
+over there but with a small difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but with a small difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but with a small difference
+which will become useful later on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will become useful later on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will become useful later on when
+we prove compactness namely I'm allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove compactness namely I'm allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove compactness namely I'm allowed
+to start with any partition instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with any partition instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with any partition instead of
+starting with a trivial partition I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a trivial partition I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a trivial partition I can
+start with any partition this was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with any partition this was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with any partition this was also
+true when we were talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when we were talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when we were talking about some
+radius regularity lemma although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius regularity lemma although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius regularity lemma although I
+didn't stress that point it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stress that point it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stress that point it's certainly
+the case here I mean the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case here I mean the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case here I mean the proof is
+exactly the same with or without this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same with or without this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same with or without this
+extra this this place this extra P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra this this place this extra P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra this this place this extra P not
+really plays insignificant role what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really plays insignificant role what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really plays insignificant role what
+happens as in the proof of some Randy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as in the proof of some Randy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as in the proof of some Randy's
+regularity lemma is how we repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma is how we repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma is how we repeatedly
+apply the previous lemma to obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the previous lemma to obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the previous lemma to obtain the
+sequence of partitions of the zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions of the zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions of the zero one
+interval where each step either we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval where each step either we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval where each step either we find
+that we obtain some partition P sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we obtain some partition P sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we obtain some partition P sub I
+such that it's a good approximation of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's a good approximation of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's a good approximation of W
+in which case we stop so or the l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we stop so or the l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we stop so or the l2
+energy increases by more than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases by more than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases by more than epsilon
+square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and
+since the final energy is always at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the final energy is always at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the final energy is always at most
+one so it's always bounded between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's always bounded between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's always bounded between 0 and
+1 we must stop after at most one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we must stop after at most one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we must stop after at most one over
+epsilon square steps and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon square steps and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon square steps and if you
+calculate a number of parts each part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a number of parts each part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a number of parts each part is
+subdivided into at most four parts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided into at most four parts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided into at most four parts on
+each step which gives you the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step which gives you the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step which gives you the conclusion
+on the final number of parts it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final number of parts it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final number of parts it's a very
+similar to what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that concludes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that concludes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that concludes the
+discussion of the week regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the week regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the week regularity lemma
+so basically the same proof but weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the same proof but weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the same proof but weaker
+conclusion and better quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and better quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and better quantitative
+balance the next thing and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the next thing and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the next thing and the final
+thing I want to discuss today is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to discuss today is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to discuss today is a new
+ingredient which we haven't seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient which we haven't seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient which we haven't seen before
+and but that will play an important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but that will play an important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but that will play an important role
+in the proof of the compactness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof of the compactness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof of the compactness in
+particular the proof of the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the proof of the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the proof of the existence of
+the limit and this is something where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and this is something where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and this is something where I
+need to discuss martingales so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to discuss martingales so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to discuss martingales so
+martingale is an important object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale is an important object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale is an important object in
+probability theory it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory it's a random
+sequence ok so wall look at the squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence ok so wall look at the squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence ok so wall look at the squeeze
+sequences so indexed by non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so indexed by non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so indexed by non-negative
+integers and a martingale is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and a martingale is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and a martingale is such a
+sequence where if I'm interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence where if I'm interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence where if I'm interested in the
+expectation of the next term and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the next term and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the next term and even if
+you know all the previous terms so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the previous terms so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the previous terms so you
+have full knowledge of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full knowledge of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full knowledge of the sequence
+before time N and you want to predict on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before time N and you want to predict on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before time N and you want to predict on
+expectation what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation what the
+is then you cannot do better than simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then you cannot do better than simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then you cannot do better than simply
+predicting the last term that you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the last term that you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the last term that you saw
+okay so this is the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the definition of a
+martingale you know to to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale you know to to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale you know to to do this
+formally I need to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally I need to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally I need to talk about
+filtrations and whatnot in measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtrations and whatnot in measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtrations and whatnot in measure
+theory but let me let me not do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but let me let me not do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but let me let me not do that and
+okay so this is how you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is how you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is how you think about
+martingales and a couple of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales and a couple of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales and a couple of important
+examples are martingales so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are martingales so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are martingales so the first
+one is comes from the the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is comes from the the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is comes from the the reason why
+these things are called martingales is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are called martingales is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are called martingales is
+that there is a gambling strategy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a gambling strategy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a gambling strategy which
+is related to to such a sequence where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to to such a sequence where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to to such a sequence where
+let's say you consider a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you consider a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you consider a sequence of
+fair coin tosses okay so so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin tosses okay so so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin tosses okay so so here's what
+we're going to do so suppose we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so suppose we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so suppose we consider
+a betting strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and X sub n is equal to your balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and and suppose that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and suppose that we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and suppose that we're looking
+at a fair casino where the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fair casino where the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fair casino where the expectation
+of every every game is exactly zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every every game is exactly zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every every game is exactly zero then
+this is a martingale right so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a martingale right so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a martingale right so imagine
+you have a sequence of coin flips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sequence of coin flips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sequence of coin flips and
+you win $1 for each head and lose $1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you win $1 for each head and lose $1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you win $1 for each head and lose $1 for
+each tail when you're at time five if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each tail when you're at time five if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each tail when you're at time five if
+you have no two dollars in your pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no two dollars in your pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no two dollars in your pocket
+then at time 5 plus 1 you expect to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time 5 plus 1 you expect to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time 5 plus 1 you expect to also
+have that many dollars it might go up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many dollars it might go up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many dollars it might go up it
+might go down but in expectation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go down but in expectation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go down but in expectation it
+doesn't change so a question okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so a question okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so a question okay so
+there's ask but is there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ask but is there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ask but is there some
+independence condition required and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence condition required and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence condition required and the
+answer's no so there's no independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer's no so there's no independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer's no so there's no independence
+condition that is required so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that is required so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that is required so the
+definition of a martingale is just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a martingale is just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a martingale is just if
+even with complete knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with complete knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with complete knowledge of the
+sequence up to a certain point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence up to a certain point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence up to a certain point the
+difference going forward is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference going forward is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference going forward is zero in
+expectation so for example okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so for example okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so for example okay so
+here's another example of a martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of a martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of a martingale
+which actually turns out to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually turns out to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually turns out to be more
+relevant to to our use namely that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to to our use namely that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to to our use namely that if I
+have some hidden think of X as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some hidden think of X as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some hidden think of X as some
+hidden random variable okay so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden random variable okay so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden random variable okay so something
+that you know you have no idea but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you have no idea but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you have no idea but you
+can observe it at time and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe it at time and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe it at time and based on
+information up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and so for example suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so for example suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so for example suppose you have
+no idea you know who is going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea you know who is going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea you know who is going to you
+know win the presidential election and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know win the presidential election and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know win the presidential election and
+really nobody has any idea but as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nobody has any idea but as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nobody has any idea but as time
+proceeds you make an educated guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds you make an educated guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds you make an educated guess
+based on the information that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the information that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the information that you have
+all the information you have up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information you have up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information you have up to that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and that information becomes a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that information becomes a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that information becomes a larger
+and larger set as time moves forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger set as time moves forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger set as time moves forward
+your prediction there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prediction there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prediction there's going to be a
+random variable that goes up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that goes up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that goes up and down
+and that will be a martingale because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be a martingale because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be a martingale because
+like so how I predict today based on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so how I predict today based on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so how I predict today based on you
+know what are all the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are all the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are all the possibilities
+happening going forward well one of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening going forward well one of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening going forward well one of many
+things could happen but if I knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could happen but if I knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could happen but if I knew that
+my ex my prediction is going to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ex my prediction is going to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ex my prediction is going to in
+expectation shift upwards then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation shift upwards then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation shift upwards then I
+shouldn't have predicted when I predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have predicted when I predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have predicted when I predict
+today I should have predicted upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I should have predicted upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I should have predicted upwards
+anyway okay so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so this is another
+construction of martingales so this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of martingales so this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of martingales so this also
+comes up you know you could have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up you know you could have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up you know you could have other
+you know more pure mathematics type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more pure mathematics type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more pure mathematics type
+explanations where suppose I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations where suppose I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations where suppose I want to
+know you know is a what is the chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know is a what is the chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know is a what is the chromatic
+number of a random graph and I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a random graph and I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a random graph and I show you
+that graph one edge at a time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph one edge at a time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph one edge at a time you can
+predict the expectation you can find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the expectation you can find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the expectation you can find an
+expectation of this graph statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this graph statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this graph statistic
+based on what you've seen up to time N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you've seen up to time N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you've seen up to time N
+and that sequence will be a martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sequence will be a martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sequence will be a martingale
+an important property of a martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important property of a martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important property of a martingale
+just known as the martingale convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just known as the martingale convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just known as the martingale convergence
+theorem and that's need for the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and that's need for the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and that's need for the proof of
+the existence of the limit next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set up every bounded martingale so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up every bounded martingale so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up every bounded martingale so for
+example suppose your martingale only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose your martingale only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose your martingale only
+takes values between 0 & 1 so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values between 0 & 1 so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values between 0 & 1 so every
+bounded martingale converges almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded martingale converges almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded martingale converges almost
+surely you cannot have a martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely you cannot have a martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely you cannot have a martingale
+which you expect to go constantly go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you expect to go constantly go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you expect to go constantly go up
+and down ok so I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down ok so I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down ok so I want to show you a
+proof of this fact let me just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact let me just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact let me just mention
+that the bandit condition is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bandit condition is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bandit condition is a little
+bit stronger than what we actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit stronger than what we actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit stronger than what we actually need
+from the proof you see that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the proof you see that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the proof you see that you really
+only need them to be l1 bounded it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need them to be l1 bounded it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need them to be l1 bounded it's
+enough and more generally there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and more generally there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and more generally there's a
+condition called uniform integrability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I won't explain all right ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't explain all right ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't explain all right ok so
+let me show you a proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a proof of the
+martingale convergence theorem and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem and I'm
+going to be somewhat informal somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be somewhat informal somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be somewhat informal somewhat
+Cavalier because I don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavalier because I don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavalier because I don't want to get
+into the some of the fine details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the some of the fine details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the some of the fine details of
+probability theory but you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory but you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory but you know if you
+have taken something like 18 6 5 6 7 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken something like 18 6 5 6 7 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken something like 18 6 5 6 7 5
+probability theory then you can fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory then you can fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory then you can fill in
+all those details and this proof is so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those details and this proof is so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those details and this proof is so I
+like this proof because it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this proof because it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this proof because it's kind of a
+proof by gambling so I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by gambling so I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by gambling so I want to tell you
+a story which should convince you that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story which should convince you that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story which should convince you that a
+martingale cannot keep going up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale cannot keep going up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale cannot keep going up and down
+it must converge almost surely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must converge almost surely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must converge almost surely so
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn X sub n doesn't converge and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn X sub n doesn't converge and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn X sub n doesn't converge and here
+okay so this is why I said I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is why I said I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is why I said I'm gonna be
+somewhat cavalier with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat cavalier with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat cavalier with probability
+theory so when I say this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so when I say this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so when I say this doesn't
+converge I mean a specific instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge I mean a specific instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge I mean a specific instance of
+the sequence doesn't converge okay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence doesn't converge okay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence doesn't converge okay some
+specific realization if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific realization if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific realization if it doesn't
+converge then there exists a and B both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge then there exists a and B both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge then there exists a and B both
+rational numbers between 0 and 1 such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers between 0 and 1 such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers between 0 and 1 such
+that the sequence crosses the interval a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence crosses the interval a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence crosses the interval a
+B infinitely many times so by crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B infinitely many times so by crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B infinitely many times so by crossing
+this interval and what I mean is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and what I mean is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and what I mean is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so I have ok so there's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have ok so there's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have ok so there's an important
+picture which will help a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which will help a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which will help a lot in
+understanding this theorem so imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this theorem so imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this theorem so imagine I
+have this time N and I have a and B so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this time N and I have a and B so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this time N and I have a and B so I
+have this martingale it's realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this martingale it's realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this martingale it's realization
+curd okay so that's instance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curd okay so that's instance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curd okay so that's instance of this
+martingale and by crossing I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale and by crossing I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale and by crossing I mean a
+sequence that ok so here's here's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that ok so here's here's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that ok so here's here's what I
+mean by crossing I start below a and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by crossing I start below a and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by crossing I start below a and so
+I start blow a and I go up off B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start blow a and I go up off B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start blow a and I go up off B and
+then wait until I come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wait until I come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wait until I come back
+below a and I call up off B we did until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a and I call up off B we did until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a and I call up off B we did until
+I come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back
+so do you like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I start below a and how the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start below a and how the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start below a and how the first
+time I go above B and then I stop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go above B and then I stop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go above B and then I stop that
+sequence so they are so those are the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so they are so those are the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so they are so those are the up
+crossings of this martingale up crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings of this martingale up crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings of this martingale up crossing
+we start below a and then you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start below a and then you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start below a and then you end up
+above B so if you don't converge then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above B so if you don't converge then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above B so if you don't converge then
+there exists such a and B so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists such a and B so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists such a and B so there are
+infinitely many such crossings so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many such crossings so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many such crossings so this
+is this is just fact you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is just fact you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is just fact you know it's it's
+not hard to see and one more show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard to see and one more show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard to see and one more show is
+that this doesn't happen except with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this doesn't happen except with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this doesn't happen except with
+probability zero so we'll show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability zero so we'll show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability zero so we'll show that this
+occurs with probability zero and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with probability zero and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with probability zero and because
+the only countably many rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only countably many rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only countably many rational numbers
+we find that X sub n converges with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that X sub n converges with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that X sub n converges with
+probability one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are up crossings so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are up crossings so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are up crossings so I didn't
+define it but hopefully you understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it but hopefully you understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it but hopefully you understood
+from my picture in my description and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my picture in my description and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my picture in my description and
+let me define by X u sub n to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me define by X u sub n to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me define by X u sub n to be the
+number of up crossings up to time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of up crossings up to time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of up crossings up to time so the
+number of such up crossings now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of such up crossings now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of such up crossings now let me
+consider a betting strategy basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a betting strategy basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a betting strategy basically I
+want to make money and I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make money and I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make money and I want to make
+money by following these up crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by following these up crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by following these up crossings
+okay so every time you give me a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every time you give me a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every time you give me a number
+and so think of this as the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so think of this as the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so think of this as the stock market
+so it's a fair stock market where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a fair stock market where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a fair stock market where you
+tell me the price and I get a decide do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the price and I get a decide do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the price and I get a decide do
+I want to buy or don't want to sell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to buy or don't want to sell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to buy or don't want to sell so
+consider the betting strategy we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time at any time we're going to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at any time we're going to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at any time we're going to hold
+either 0 or 1 share of the stock which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 0 or 1 share of the stock which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 0 or 1 share of the stock which
+has this moving prices and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this moving prices and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this moving prices and what we're
+going to do is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn is less than a it's less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is less than a it's less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is less than a it's less than the
+lower bound then we're going to buy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound then we're going to buy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound then we're going to buy and
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ok so meaning 1 until the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the price reaches above B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price reaches above B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price reaches above B and then
+and then sell as soon as the price as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sell as soon as the price as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sell as soon as the price as
+soon as the first time we see the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as the first time we see the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as the first time we see the price
+goes above B ok so this is the betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes above B ok so this is the betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes above B ok so this is the betting
+strategy and it's something which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and it's something which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and it's something which you
+can implement if you see a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement if you see a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement if you see a sequence of
+prices you can implement this strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you can implement this strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you can implement this strategy
+and this you already hopefully see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you already hopefully see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you already hopefully see if
+you have many up crossings that each up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many up crossings that each up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many up crossings that each up
+crossing you make money each up costing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing you make money each up costing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing you make money each up costing
+you make money and this is almost too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money and this is almost too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money and this is almost too
+good to be true and in fact we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to be true and in fact we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to be true and in fact we see that
+the total gain from this strategy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total gain from this strategy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total gain from this strategy like
+so if you start with some balance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start with some balance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start with some balance what
+do you get at the end is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get at the end is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get at the end is at least
+there's difference from a to P times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's difference from a to P times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's difference from a to P times the
+number of up crossings okay there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of up crossings okay there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of up crossings okay there's you
+might start somewhere you buy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start somewhere you buy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start somewhere you buy and then
+you just lose everything so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just lose everything so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just lose everything so so there's
+might be an initial cost and that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an initial cost and that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an initial cost and that cost
+is bounded because we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded because we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded because we start with a
+bounded martingale I so suppose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supposed martingales always between 0 &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed martingales always between 0 &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed martingales always between 0 &
+1 start with a bounded martingale but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 start with a bounded martingale but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 start with a bounded martingale but on
+the other hand there's a theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand there's a theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand there's a theorem about
+martingales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales
+which is not hard to deduce from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not hard to deduce from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not hard to deduce from the
+definition that no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that no matter what the
+betting strategy is the gang and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting strategy is the gang and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting strategy is the gang and any
+particular time must be 0 in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a property of the
+martingale so zero equals to expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale so zero equals to expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale so zero equals to expect a
+gain which is at least P minus a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain which is at least P minus a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain which is at least P minus a times
+the expected number of up crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of up crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of up crossings
+minus one and thus the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and thus the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and thus the expected number
+of up crossings up to time n is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up crossings up to time n is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up crossings up to time n is at most
+one over B minus a now we let and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over B minus a now we let and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over B minus a now we let and go to
+infinity and let u sub infinity be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and let u sub infinity be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and let u sub infinity be the
+total number of up crossings by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of up crossings by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of up crossings by the
+monotone convergence theorem in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone convergence theorem in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone convergence theorem in this
+limit by monotone convergence theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit by monotone convergence theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit by monotone convergence theorem
+the limit of these use events it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of these use events it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of these use events it can
+never go down it's always no it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go down it's always no it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go down it's always no it's always
+weakly increasing converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly increasing converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly increasing converges to
+expectation of the total number of up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the total number of up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the total number of up
+crossings so now in particular you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings so now in particular you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings so now in particular you know
+that the total number of up crossings is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total number of up crossings is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total number of up crossings is
+at most some finite number so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most some finite number so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most some finite number so in
+particular the probability that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the probability that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the probability that you have
+infinitely many crossings is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many crossings is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many crossings is zero so
+with probability 0 you cross infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 0 you cross infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 0 you cross infinitely
+many times which proves our claim over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times which proves our claim over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times which proves our claim over
+there and which concludes the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and which concludes the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and which concludes the proof of
+the claim that the martingale converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that the martingale converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim that the martingale converges
+almost shortly ok so that proves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost shortly ok so that proves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost shortly ok so that proves the
+martingale convergence term so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence term so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence term so next time
+will you combine everything that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you combine everything that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you combine everything that we did
+today to prove the three main terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to prove the three main terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to prove the three main terms that
+we stated last time on graph limits
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9yGxpWVWYDY.txt b/9yGxpWVWYDY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0856c79edffc98e490c72d56949bb34ce1b9260d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9yGxpWVWYDY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today uh our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today uh our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so today uh our goal is
+to really go through this uh the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really go through this uh the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really go through this uh the paper
+that you read uh maybe last night uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you read uh maybe last night uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you read uh maybe last night uh by
+De lawn optimality an evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De lawn optimality an evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De lawn optimality an evolutionary
+tuning of the expression level of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning of the expression level of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning of the expression level of a
+protein uh it was published in nature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh it was published in nature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh it was published in nature in
+2005 I think that it's uh it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 I think that it's uh it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 I think that it's uh it's a very
+interesting paper exploring some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting paper exploring some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting paper exploring some kind of
+big General ideas uh I think it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big General ideas uh I think it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big General ideas uh I think it's also
+uh in some ways rather um rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some ways rather um rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some ways rather um rather
+misleading and so I'll we'll we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading and so I'll we'll we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading and so I'll we'll we'll try
+to understand you know discuss the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand you know discuss the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand you know discuss the ways
+in which uh the the connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh the the connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh the the connections between
+experiment Theory prediction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment Theory prediction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment Theory prediction and so
+forth um how they all how they all play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um how they all how they all play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um how they all how they all play
+out in the context of of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the context of of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the context of of this problem
+right before we get going too much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before we get going too much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before we get going too much on
+the science I just want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science I just want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science I just want to remind
+everyone that uh Andrew will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that uh Andrew will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that uh Andrew will not be
+having office hours today he is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having office hours today he is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having office hours today he is off
+interviewing for um mdphd programs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing for um mdphd programs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing for um mdphd programs right
+now uh so but I hope that I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so but I hope that I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so but I hope that I hope that
+you uh if you had questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if you had questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if you had questions about the
+problems that I hope that us sawab uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I hope that us sawab uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I hope that us sawab uh
+last night you might be able to grab him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night you might be able to grab him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night you might be able to grab him
+after the lecture today um but yes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lecture today um but yes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lecture today um but yes all
+right any any any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any any any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any any any other questions about
+anything before we get going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I think that uh this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I think that uh this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I think that uh this paper
+uh and in general I guess the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in general I guess the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in general I guess the lecture
+today is is really uh a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is is really uh a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is is really uh a combination of
+trying to start thinking about uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to start thinking about uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to start thinking about uh maybe
+laboratory Evolution or uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory Evolution or uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory Evolution or uh kind of
+population level phenomena in general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population level phenomena in general um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population level phenomena in general um
+as well as uh this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh this question of
+optimization in terms of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in terms of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in terms of protein
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+okay all right so um all right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so um all right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so um all right can
+somebody just maybe summarize is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just maybe summarize is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just maybe summarize is the the
+big idea of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper yes please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper yes please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper yes please
+um protein expression levels uh evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um protein expression levels uh evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um protein expression levels uh evolve
+to Optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Optimal
+values right okay so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right okay so that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right okay so that's that's the
+argument at least right and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument at least right and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument at least right and they they
+have a very nice uh first sentence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice uh first sentence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice uh first sentence here
+different proteins have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins have different
+expression levels right you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels right you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels right you know it's
+hard to argue with that statement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to argue with that statement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to argue with that statement you
+know nice concise but the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nice concise but the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nice concise but the question is
+well you know why and I'd say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know why and I'd say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know why and I'd say that uh
+there is a a range of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a range of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a range of different
+philosophical opinions uh out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical opinions uh out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical opinions uh out in the
+world uh I'd say that uh some group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh I'd say that uh some group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh I'd say that uh some group and
+that is very much reflected in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very much reflected in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very much reflected in this
+study is trying to think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is trying to think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is trying to think about this in
+the context of optimization right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of optimization right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of optimization right well
+maybe the reason that we see a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the reason that we see a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the reason that we see a given
+level of expression of some protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of expression of some protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of expression of some protein is
+because at least over evolutionary time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at least over evolutionary time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at least over evolutionary time
+in some ancestral environment that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ancestral environment that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ancestral environment that we
+don't know but maybe it evolved uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but maybe it evolved uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but maybe it evolved uh to
+optimize some cost benefit problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize some cost benefit problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize some cost benefit problem right
+now then I'd say that there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then I'd say that there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then I'd say that there there's
+another kind of General philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of General philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of General philosophical
+approach that tends to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that tends to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that tends to be a little bit
+more uh agnostic or just maybe more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh agnostic or just maybe more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh agnostic or just maybe more that
+more of a sense that certainly things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a sense that certainly things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a sense that certainly things
+could have evolved to optimize something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have evolved to optimize something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have evolved to optimize something
+but we can never really know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can never really know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can never really know where they
+evolved in so we shouldn't be going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in so we shouldn't be going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in so we shouldn't be going out
+on a limb on these things and um given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a limb on these things and um given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a limb on these things and um given
+that this is philosophy I will maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is philosophy I will maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is philosophy I will maybe not
+require that you agree with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that you agree with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that you agree with any
+particular standpoint but I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular standpoint but I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular standpoint but I will say
+that it's at least worth thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's at least worth thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's at least worth thinking about
+the question and maybe you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question and maybe you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question and maybe you can do
+measurements to to illuminate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to to illuminate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to to illuminate whether
+this all these ideas might make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all these ideas might make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all these ideas might make sense
+right uh and and then we'll we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and then we'll we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and then we'll we'll try to
+uh over the next you know hour and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the next you know hour and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over the next you know hour and a
+half figure out to what degree uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half figure out to what degree uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half figure out to what degree uh this
+paper has you know maybe should convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper has you know maybe should convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper has you know maybe should convince
+us of uh this optimization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us of uh this optimization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us of uh this optimization in the
+context of this particular um protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this particular um protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this particular um protein
+right now uh even if it's the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh even if it's the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh even if it's the case that
+somebody convinces you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody convinces you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody convinces you maybe
+that expression of the Lac operon maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression of the Lac operon maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression of the Lac operon maybe
+does optimize some cost benefit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does optimize some cost benefit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does optimize some cost benefit that
+does not prove that every protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not prove that every protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not prove that every protein
+optimize things right so don't um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize things right so don't um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize things right so don't um you
+know don't get overwhelmed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't get overwhelmed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't get overwhelmed or
+underwhelmed or whatever it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwhelmed or whatever it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwhelmed or whatever it might be
+okay um all right so can let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right so can let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right so can let's just
+first make sure uh that we're uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first make sure uh that we're uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first make sure uh that we're uh we
+understand what we mean by costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we mean by costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we mean by costs and
+benefits in this case all right uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in this case all right uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in this case all right uh can
+somebody pick one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what what is a cost and benefit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what is a cost and benefit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what what is a cost and benefit in
+in the context of maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right
+requires requires resources of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires requires resources of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires requires resources of some sort
+or another to um to express these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proteins you know and and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you know and and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you know and and this can
+manifest in many different ways but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest in many different ways but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest in many different ways but but
+certainly if you were not making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you were not making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you were not making these
+proteins you could have been making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you could have been making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you could have been making some
+other proteins and so you know if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins and so you know if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins and so you know if these
+proteins are not helping you then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are not helping you then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are not helping you then maybe
+something else would have right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else would have right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else would have right you know
+but there there are many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there there are many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there there are many different ways
+of looking at this right but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at this right but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at this right but um but
+there is some finite number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some finite number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some finite number of things
+that the cell can do okay um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell can do okay um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell can do okay um all right
+and the benefits of course in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the benefits of course in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the benefits of course in in the
+case and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and this is this is
+in the case of the Lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the Lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the Lac
+operon what does uh what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon what does uh what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon what does uh what does this
+network allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network allow us to
+do yeah you get to consume the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah you get to consume the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah you get to consume the energy
+lactose yes F that's right you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose yes F that's right you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose yes F that's right you get to
+consume lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume lactose
+right in in this for this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in in this for this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in in this for this in this
+case now we've already spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now we've already spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now we've already spent some time
+thinking or discussing uh the Lac opon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or discussing uh the Lac opon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or discussing uh the Lac opon
+um what were the two key components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what were the two key components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what were the two key components in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here in the lock off run what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the lock off run what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the lock off run what you know
+if you were a cell and you wanted to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a cell and you wanted to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a cell and you wanted to eat
+lactose what would you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I'm picking somebody to yes please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lack okay right so the lack genes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack okay right so the lack genes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack okay right so the lack genes but
+what what maybe in more a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what maybe in more a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what maybe in more a little bit
+more detail what do we what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail what do we what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail what do we what do we mean
+when we say the lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes well I mean there there's um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes well I mean there there's um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes well I mean there there's um I
+mean just it's not just lactose but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just it's not just lactose but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just it's not just lactose but I
+mean what what are the things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what what are the things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what what are the things that have
+to happen if you want to eat anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if you want to eat anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if you want to eat anything I
+guess you know you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell right so you first have to import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so you first have to import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so you first have to import
+it okay now in some cases this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now in some cases this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now in some cases this can be
+done may you know for some maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done may you know for some maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done may you know for some maybe
+nutrients it could be done even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients it could be done even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients it could be done even
+passively if it crosses the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively if it crosses the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively if it crosses the membrane
+easily but for for most of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily but for for most of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily but for for most of the things
+that you might think about you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think about you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think about you actually
+have to do active import right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do active import right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do active import right so this
+is done by what anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y right so lack Y is U is is a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so lack Y is U is is a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so lack Y is U is is a membrane
+protein that Imports uh Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that Imports uh Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that Imports uh Imports
+lactose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then and then what do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then what do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then what do you need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doab right you have to you then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doab right you have to you then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doab right you have to you then you have
+to um you have to eat it somehow right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you have to eat it somehow right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you have to eat it somehow right
+now of course metabolism is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course metabolism is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course metabolism is a very
+complicated thing but um the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing but um the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing but um the the key
+thing that's different between lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's different between lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's different between lactose
+and maybe the other uh the simple sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the other uh the simple sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the other uh the simple sugars
+is that you first have to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you first have to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you first have to break down
+break down the lactose into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down the lactose into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down the lactose into its
+constituent parts so lactose is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent parts so lactose is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent parts so lactose is a
+disaccharide composed of two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaccharide composed of two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaccharide composed of two simple
+monosaccharides right so what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides right so what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides right so what you need
+is you need this Lac Z beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you need this Lac Z beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you need this Lac Z beta
+galactosidase in order to cleave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactosidase in order to cleave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactosidase in order to cleave that
+Bond and then you have the two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond and then you have the two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond and then you have the two simple
+amount of monosaccharides that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of monosaccharides that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of monosaccharides that can be
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+eaten okay all right now the Lac operon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten okay all right now the Lac operon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten okay all right now the Lac operon
+also has this lack a and it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has this lack a and it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has this lack a and it's not quite
+obvious what that thing does so nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what that thing does so nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what that thing does so nobody
+ever talks about it but there is a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talks about it but there is a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talks about it but there is a third
+protein there okay but what we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein there okay but what we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein there okay but what we always
+talk about is Lac y that's required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is Lac y that's required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is Lac y that's required to
+import the lactose and then Lac Z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import the lactose and then Lac Z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import the lactose and then Lac Z that
+is required to um to break the lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to um to break the lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to um to break the lactose
+down into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into its
+monosaccharides okay and then the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides okay and then the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides okay and then the idea
+you know and that's not sufficient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's not sufficient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's not sufficient you
+don't you don't take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't take those
+monosaccharides and instantly make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides and instantly make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosaccharides and instantly make more
+cells out of it but the idea is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells out of it but the idea is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells out of it but the idea is that the
+rest of the metab metabolic Machinery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the metab metabolic Machinery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the metab metabolic Machinery is
+kind of there anyways to do other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there anyways to do other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there anyways to do other you
+know that's kind of some some assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's kind of some some assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's kind of some some assumption
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay all right can somebody uh explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right can somebody uh explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right can somebody uh explain
+how it is that they measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that they measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that they measured the
+cost of expressing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right and there was no lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right and there was no lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right and there was no lactose
+around so it was only the cost and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so it was only the cost and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so it was only the cost and no
+benefits and they Meed all right perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and they Meed all right perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and they Meed all right perfect
+okay so there are several key things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are several key things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are several key things in
+here so first of all normally what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so first of all normally what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so first of all normally what we do
+is uh it's lactose inside the cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it's lactose inside the cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it's lactose inside the cell that
+causes this lack repressor to fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this lack repressor to fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this lack repressor to fall off
+and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get
+expression of um of the lack off run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of um of the lack off run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of um of the lack off run
+right so but but in order to kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but but in order to kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but but in order to kind of um
+Sid step or circumvent that normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid step or circumvent that normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid step or circumvent that normal
+Network what we are doing in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network what we are doing in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network what we are doing in this case
+is adding ipdg okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding ipdg okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding ipdg okay so
+ipdg allows one to get expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipdg allows one to get expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipdg allows one to get expression
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um so this this and what they typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this this and what they typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this this and what they typically
+say is this it it stops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is this it it stops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is this it it stops the
+inhibition of uh this lack uh lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition of uh this lack uh lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition of uh this lack uh lack
+promoter where you get lack Z and lack y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+now the the idea here is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the idea here is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the idea here is that you can
+control the level of expression of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the level of expression of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the level of expression of this
+opon right because what we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opon right because what we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opon right because what we really want
+is is we want to get or we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is we want to get or we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is we want to get or we want to
+measure a plot of something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a plot of something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a plot of something that you
+would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call
+cost and we'll be we'll explore a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and we'll be we'll explore a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and we'll be we'll explore a little
+bit more what that means as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more what that means as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more what that means as a function
+of uh the Lac opon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression and and this is often done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and and this is often done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and and this is often done
+relative to uh the full induction of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to uh the full induction of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to uh the full induction of of
+the wild type black opon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild type black opon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild type black opon
+okay and this is a relative growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a relative growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a relative growth rate
+reduction so this is basically a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so this is basically a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so this is basically a this is
+a percentage say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percentage say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percentage say
+decrease in growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate okay now uh there was a key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay now uh there was a key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay now uh there was a key thing
+that you brought up which is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you brought up which is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you brought up which is that you
+want to measure the growth rate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure the growth rate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure the growth rate in the
+ab absence of lactose right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab absence of lactose right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab absence of lactose right because
+otherwise as we increase the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise as we increase the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise as we increase the level of
+expression here so we're controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here so we're controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here so we're controlling
+this by ipg right so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by ipg right so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by ipg right so there's some
+mapping from ipg concentration to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from ipg concentration to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from ipg concentration to the
+level of expression here okay but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of expression here okay but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of expression here okay but we
+want to do we want to be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we want to be able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we want to be able to measure
+the cost separate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost separate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost separate from the
+benefits right so it's important then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits right so it's important then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits right so it's important then to
+grow this in the absence of lactose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow this in the absence of lactose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow this in the absence of lactose okay
+so say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say no
+lactose okay all right but if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay all right but if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay all right but if I just
+take bacteria and I put them in a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take bacteria and I put them in a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take bacteria and I put them in a tube
+without you know with say minimal media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know with say minimal media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know with say minimal media
+salts so forth but no lactose are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salts so forth but no lactose are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salts so forth but no lactose are they
+are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to
+grow I mean they need they need to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow I mean they need they need to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow I mean they need they need to grow
+on something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is it that the authors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+yes that's right they added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right they added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right they added some
+glycerol right uh and in in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol right uh and in in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol right uh and in in different
+parts I think it 0.1% glycerol does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I think it 0.1% glycerol does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I think it 0.1% glycerol does
+anybody happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody happen to
+remember um I think for most of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um I think for most of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um I think for most of it it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+0.1% okay what we'll say a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1% okay what we'll say a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1% okay what we'll say a little bit of
+small concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glycerol okay so the idea is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol okay so the idea is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol okay so the idea is that this
+is kind of a a second rate carbon Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a a second rate carbon Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a a second rate carbon Source
+right so the the bacteria are not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the bacteria are not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the bacteria are not super
+happy but they're okay right uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but they're okay right uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but they're okay right uh and then
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+then given this what they what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given this what they what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given this what they what they were
+able to demonstrate is that if they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to demonstrate is that if they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to demonstrate is that if they did
+add lactose they would have grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add lactose they would have grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add lactose they would have grown
+faster okay so there's a sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so there's a sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so there's a sense that the
+lactose does help the cells okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose does help the cells okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose does help the cells okay but you
+have to have some glycerol otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some glycerol otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some glycerol otherwise you
+can't really measure these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really measure these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really measure these things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well you're not see okay so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you're not see okay so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you're not see okay so first
+of all what I was saying is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what I was saying is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what I was saying is that you
+have to have some carbon Source sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some carbon Source sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some carbon Source sure
+okay right so if you know so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so if you know so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so if you know so you have to
+do something right you know and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something right you know and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something right you know and you know
+it's just good conceptually make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just good conceptually make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just good conceptually make sure
+you think about how you would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how you would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how you would actually
+do this experiment now you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this experiment now you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this experiment now you have to do
+you have to add some carbon SS but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add some carbon SS but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add some carbon SS but the
+question is well what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well what happens if you
+just added a a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added a a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added a a bunch of
+glucose right um now in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose right um now in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose right um now in that case
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+for for for some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for some of the other
+experiments I think that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I think that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I think that would have
+caused problems in the sense that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused problems in the sense that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused problems in the sense that then
+then there would not be any benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would not be any benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would not be any benefits
+associated with with growing uh or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with growing uh or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with growing uh or with
+adding um increasing lack lack operon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding um increasing lack lack operon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding um increasing lack lack operon
+expression right for for this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right for for this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right for for this experiment
+in principle one could have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle one could have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle one could have done that
+although you would you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you would you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you would you really want to
+measure the costs and Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the costs and Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the costs and Associated
+benefits in some environment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in some environment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits in some environment which
+you're going to be doing the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing the later
+experiment so I think it's really um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I think it's really um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I think it's really um I
+think from a conceptual standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think from a conceptual standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think from a conceptual standpoint of
+principle you could measure this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you could measure this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you could measure this in in
+glucose right but uh but but then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose right but uh but but then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose right but uh but but then you'd
+always worry oh well maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always worry oh well maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always worry oh well maybe it's
+different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh yeah yeah right yeah so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah yeah right yeah so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah yeah right yeah so you you
+could have broken that but yeah but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have broken that but yeah but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have broken that but yeah but but
+there's yeah so the other issue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yeah so the other issue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yeah so the other issue is that
+um in in principle uh and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in principle uh and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in principle uh and they don't
+talked about this here but if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this here but if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this here but if you had a
+bunch of glucose then then you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of glucose then then you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of glucose then then you'd have to
+have another mutant in order to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another mutant in order to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another mutant in order to break
+the glucose repression of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose repression of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose repression of the you know
+because if you have this preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have this preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have this preferred
+carbon Source glucose then uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Source glucose then uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Source glucose then uh then
+you'll naturally repress um via CRP all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll naturally repress um via CRP all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll naturally repress um via CRP all
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+um all the alternative modes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the alternative modes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the alternative modes of of
+carbon metabolism just because glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon metabolism just because glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon metabolism just because glucose
+was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best all right and what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best all right and what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best all right and what what was the
+key conclusion from this first uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot all right nonlinear right the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot all right nonlinear right the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot all right nonlinear right the cost
+is a function of the lack expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the lack expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the lack expression and
+it grows super linearly I always forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows super linearly I always forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows super linearly I always forget
+what the difference between concave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference between concave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference between concave and
+convex is I don't know if other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex is I don't know if other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex is I don't know if other people
+have this particular brain problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this particular brain problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this particular brain problem right
+but second derivative is positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but second derivative is positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but second derivative is positive right
+in particular what that means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular what that means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular what that means that if
+you do draw some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do draw some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do draw some sort of
+like line right then you know they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like line right then you know they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like line right then you know they have
+data that looks something like okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that looks something like okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that looks something like okay so
+at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here
+0.5 we have something that kind of Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 we have something that kind of Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 we have something that kind of Falls
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+here right they had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right they had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right they had about
+0.25 and it it was also a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 and it it was also a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 and it it was also a little bit
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+below across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below across
+they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+75 and then they had a one right why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 and then they had a one right why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 and then they had a one right why is
+it that they can't go above one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here why why do they not have more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why why do they not have more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why why do they not have more data
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here expression full expression you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here expression full expression you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here expression full expression you
+can't have more expression than full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have more expression than full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have more expression than full
+expression with this promoter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with this promoter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with this promoter right
+because what they're doing is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what they're doing is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what they're doing is they're
+adding ipg so they can titrate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding ipg so they can titrate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding ipg so they can titrate between
+kind of zero and maximal expression from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of zero and maximal expression from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of zero and maximal expression from
+this peroor in principle you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peroor in principle you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peroor in principle you could
+always get another one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get another one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get another one and then you
+should be able to go out further right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to go out further right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to go out further right
+okay right and uh and and at maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and uh and and at maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and uh and and at maximal
+expression they measure about a 4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression they measure about a 4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression they measure about a 4%
+growth deficit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.04
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04
+okay just give a sense of scale so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just give a sense of scale so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just give a sense of scale so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4%
+deficit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now I want to ask a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to ask a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to ask a more general
+question all right so let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so let's imagine that
+you are measuring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity all right so we'll say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity all right so we'll say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity all right so we'll say this is
+some quantity y as a function of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity y as a function of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity y as a function of X and
+let's imagine that the true Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that the true Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that the true Y is a
+function of X looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X looks
+like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay
+something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay
+now you go and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you go and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you go and you
+measure at multiple values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X this this curve right because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this this curve right because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this this curve right because we're
+very interested in what this curve looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested in what this curve looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested in what this curve looks
+like okay now the question is um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay now the question is um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay now the question is um what
+fraction of the uh error bars will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the uh error bars will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the uh error bars will
+contain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain this
+curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+contain this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain this true
+curve so I'm assuming that this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so I'm assuming that this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so I'm assuming that this is this
+curve is is you know is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is is you know is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is is you know is the is the
+god-given actual thing you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-given actual thing you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-given actual thing you're you're
+meas you know so you measure this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas you know so you measure this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas you know so you measure this thing
+you measure this quantity with noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so you we measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so you we measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so you we measure this
+some number of times some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of times some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of times some number of
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay do you do you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you do you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you do you understand the
+question all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so
+here contained The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here contained The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here contained The
+Curve there it didn't okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curve there it didn't okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curve there it didn't okay so what
+fraction of the air bars um will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the air bars um will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the air bars um will
+contain that that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so uh okay so uh and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh okay so uh and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh okay so uh and indeed
+what we want you know it's always good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want you know it's always good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want you know it's always good
+all right what were the error bars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what were the error bars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what were the error bars in
+the figure 2 a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right well okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right well okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right well okay so they
+experimental error right incidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental error right incidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental error right incidentally
+how is it that they actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that they actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that they actually measure
+these things does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so the these are actually a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the these are actually a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the these are actually a result
+of um growing on a 96 well like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um growing on a 96 well like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um growing on a 96 well like a
+microtiter plate where they used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtiter plate where they used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtiter plate where they used a
+checkerboard pattern and they take uh 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard pattern and they take uh 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard pattern and they take uh 48
+different cultures and they measure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures and they measure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures and they measure uh
+the growth rates for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rates for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rates for each one
+individually and they take um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and they take um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and they take um then
+they're plotting the standard error of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're plotting the standard error of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're plotting the standard error of
+the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right uh do do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right uh do do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right uh do do you do you
+understand what I'm trying to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what I'm trying to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what I'm trying to ask
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+of you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St well let's let's we're yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St well let's let's we're yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St well let's let's we're yeah okay so
+this is a good question all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good question all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good question all right well
+well fine okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it depends on N where n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it depends on N where n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it depends on N where n is the
+number of samples that we took at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+location all right question yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location all right question yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location all right question yeah yeah
+the standard error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just all right so right so standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all right so right so standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all right so right so standard
+error the mean this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error the mean this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error the mean this is an important
+question um right what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um right what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um right what you do is you
+calculate the standard deviation divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the standard deviation divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the standard deviation divide
+by the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the square root of
+n okay now I I always forget whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay now I I always forget whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay now I I always forget whether
+it's n or n minus one now um we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n or n minus one now um we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n or n minus one now um we already
+did one n minus one right so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one n minus one right so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one n minus one right so okay so
+it's you measure you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you measure you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you measure you measure the
+standard deviation of the data standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of the data standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of the data standard
+deviation in y divid root n where n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation in y divid root n where n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation in y divid root n where n is
+the number of measurements you took at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of measurements you took at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of measurements you took at
+that at that point okay but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at that point okay but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at that point okay but of course
+when you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure
+the standard deviation you there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation you there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation you there was
+already an N minus one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already an N minus one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already an N minus one right
+I have I have I lost to minus one do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I have I lost to minus one do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I have I lost to minus one do you
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um yes and and we're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yes and and we're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yes and and we're going to spend
+a lot of time talking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time talking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time talking about what the
+difference is between a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between a standard
+deviation and a standard error the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and a standard error the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and a standard error the mean
+and it depends on what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends on what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends on what you're trying to
+ask okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right do you guys understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do you guys understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do you guys understand what
+I'm trying to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right well let's just see where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right well let's just see where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right well let's just see where we
+are and then we'll we'll discuss okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then we'll we'll discuss okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then we'll we'll discuss okay
+ready uh three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay all right so we got um many A's B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we got um many A's B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we got um many A's B's
+C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's
+nobody likes D um okay but um it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody likes D um okay but um it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody likes D um okay but um it's very
+common to see that okay um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to see that okay um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to see that okay um all right
+let's go ahead and um it's worthwhile I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and um it's worthwhile I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and um it's worthwhile I
+think that there are enough there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there are enough there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there are enough there's
+enough variation to um to decide and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough variation to um to decide and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough variation to um to decide and if
+if you and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you and in
+particular but with your neighbor try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular but with your neighbor try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular but with your neighbor try to
+agree on why or why not it might depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on why or why not it might depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on why or why not it might depend
+on n and so forth okay right we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n and so forth okay right we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n and so forth okay right we'll we'll
+just have a minute to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think okay now that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right why why don't we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why why don't we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why why don't we go ahead and
+and reconvene so we can kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reconvene so we can kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reconvene so we can kind of try to
+figure out what what is going on here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what is going on here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what is going on here um
+I just want to see I just want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to see I just want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to see I just want to see
+where uh if anybody is change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if anybody is change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if anybody is change their
+opinion as a result of discussing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion as a result of discussing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion as a result of discussing with
+their neighbor all right let's let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighbor all right let's let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighbor all right let's let's see
+it 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 3 2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+1 some people are not even willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 some people are not even willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 some people are not even willing to
+all right okay so this interesting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so this interesting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so this interesting all
+right so now actually it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now actually it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now actually it seems like
+there is some convergence to uh to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some convergence to uh to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some convergence to uh to this
+all right um I feel like the you guys um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um I feel like the you guys um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um I feel like the you guys um
+in general have uh more accurate votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general have uh more accurate votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general have uh more accurate votes
+than past years somehow I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than past years somehow I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than past years somehow I don't know if
+um all right okay so okay so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right okay so okay so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right okay so okay so let's let's
+try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out
+why it might be that and what this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it might be that and what this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it might be that and what this thing
+standard deviation yeah let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation yeah let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation yeah let's try to
+figure out what all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what all these things are
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay so the idea is that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the idea is that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the idea is that we're going
+to measure some quantity but with um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure some quantity but with um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure some quantity but with um but
+it's a it's a it's a measurement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's a measurement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's a measurement with
+error and for now we'll just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and for now we'll just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and for now we'll just assume that
+the measurement error is uh is is gy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement error is uh is is gy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement error is uh is is gy
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+for because otherwise we get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because otherwise we get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because otherwise we get confused
+and everything all right um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything all right um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything all right um okay so
+let's say um so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say um so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say um so what we're going to do
+is we're going to measure some quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to measure some quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to measure some quantity
+with error okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's now what we're interested in is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now what we're interested in is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now what we're interested in is not
+really the width of the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the width of the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the width of the resulting
+distribution because that's a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because that's a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because that's a result of
+how accurate you know how good we are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate you know how good we are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate you know how good we are as
+experimentalists right what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists right what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists right what we're really
+interested in is um is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is um is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is um is this true
+quantity so the mean of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so the mean of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so the mean of our
+distribution right we want to know mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you read the supplemental section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you read the supplemental section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you read the supplemental section
+of this paper what you'll see is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paper what you'll see is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this paper what you'll see is that uh
+there's a significant standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant standard deviation
+to their measurements um where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their measurements um where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their measurements um where the
+standard deviation you know they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation you know they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation you know they don't
+actually quote exactly what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quote exactly what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quote exactly what it is but
+they have plots of the histograms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have plots of the histograms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have plots of the histograms which
+um where you know where like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you know where like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you know where like for example
+this is a histogram of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a histogram of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a histogram of the different
+growth rate measurements across those 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate measurements across those 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate measurements across those 48
+samples um and actually in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples um and actually in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples um and actually in this case
+even um even more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even um even more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even um even more than that
+um but what you see is that there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what you see is that there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what you see is that there's the
+the standard deviation might be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation might be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation might be three
+4% right so the standard deviation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% right so the standard deviation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% right so the standard deviation is
+actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's you know big right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know big right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know big right now the
+question is uh what we really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh what we really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh what we really want to
+know is how the mean of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how the mean of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how the mean of these
+distributions are shifting is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are shifting is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are shifting is we want to
+know something about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about this
+true underlying growth rate deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true underlying growth rate deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true underlying growth rate deficit
+right because we're each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we're each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we're each individual
+measurement is a a rather noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is a a rather noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is a a rather noisy
+measurement okay and indeed in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement okay and indeed in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement okay and indeed in this case
+the noise is larger than the signal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise is larger than the signal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise is larger than the signal but
+if we believe that we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we believe that we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we believe that we don't have a
+shifting systematic error then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting systematic error then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting systematic error then we can
+average that out just by making many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that out just by making many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that out just by making many
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so the question is so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the question is so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the question is so so
+the standard error of the mean what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error of the mean what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error of the mean what it's
+telling us about is that if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us about is that if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us about is that if you if you
+measure this quantity and times you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this quantity and times you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this quantity and times you get
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+okay and so if if let's say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if if let's say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if if let's say that this is
+a it's a little bit of a broad somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a little bit of a broad somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a little bit of a broad somehow
+Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so this is a the a histogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this is a the a histogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this is a the a histogram of
+our measurements of this thing okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurements of this thing okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurements of this thing okay what
+we want to know is is the is the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know is is the is the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know is is the is the mean of
+this distribution right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution right so this is
+similar to our discussion of super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to our discussion of super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to our discussion of super
+resolution microscopy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution microscopy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution microscopy right
+and and the question is how will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the question is how will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the question is how will this
+how will the mean be distributed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the mean be distributed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the mean be distributed if you
+have these n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements it's a gussian distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements it's a gussian distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements it's a gussian distribution
+right and it's a you know it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's a you know it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's a you know it's certainly
+a gaan distribution because of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaan distribution because of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaan distribution because of course if
+we what we're doing is we're measuring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we what we're doing is we're measuring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we what we're doing is we're measuring a
+bunch of gaussians and we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of gaussians and we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of gaussians and we're going to uh
+you know we're going to add them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to add them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to add them all
+together and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we're going to
+calculate the mean so we definitely get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the mean so we definitely get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the mean so we definitely get
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+gaussian right and indeed this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian right and indeed this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian right and indeed this is also
+because a central limit theorem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a central limit theorem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a central limit theorem this
+also saying that even if your errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying that even if your errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying that even if your errors
+were not distributed super gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not distributed super gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not distributed super gaussian
+right even if they were a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if they were a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if they were a little bit
+funny shaped the resulting distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny shaped the resulting distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny shaped the resulting distributions
+of the means will look more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the means will look more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the means will look more like a
+gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+okay now what we often plot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we often plot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we often plot is the
+standard error of the mean which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error of the mean which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error of the mean which is kind
+of the plus or minus one Sigma of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plus or minus one Sigma of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plus or minus one Sigma of the
+distribution of the mean okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the mean okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the mean okay so if we
+go and we we sample from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and we we sample from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and we we sample from this
+distribution n times we'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution n times we'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution n times we'll get some
+value if we sample from it again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if we sample from it again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if we sample from it again we'll
+get some other value so forth now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some other value so forth now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some other value so forth now the
+distribution of the means we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the means we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the means we're going to
+calculate is not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is not going to be a
+representation of the full standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the full standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the full standard
+deviation but rather it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation but rather it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation but rather it's going to be
+suppressed by this by this root n where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed by this by this root n where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed by this by this root n where
+n is the number that we're sampling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the number that we're sampling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the number that we're sampling so
+if you look at the histogram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the histogram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the histogram of the
+means you're going to get a gaussian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're going to get a gaussian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're going to get a gaussian in
+here okay that's not a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's not a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's not a very nice
+gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+but right with uh with a width that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right with uh with a width that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right with uh with a width that is
+uh kind of the is the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of the is the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of the is the standard deviation
+divided by root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now if we assume that we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we assume that we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we assume that we don't have
+any systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any systematic
+error then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error then
+this distribution of means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution of means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution of means that you
+would have calculated right it's gxy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have calculated right it's gxy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have calculated right it's gxy and
+it's centered on the right value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centered on the right value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centered on the right value
+but with about a third of the time it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with about a third of the time it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with about a third of the time it'll
+it'll be beyond the plus or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be beyond the plus or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be beyond the plus or minus one
+Sigma right what that means is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma right what that means is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma right what that means is that it's
+about a third of the time if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the time if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the time if you plot
+this standard ER the mean it should fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard ER the mean it should fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard ER the mean it should fall
+off of the kind of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the kind of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the kind of true
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+okay and this uh basically does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this uh basically does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this uh basically does not
+depend on N right and can somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on N right and can somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on N right and can somebody say
+why why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why it
+doesn't okay I think yeah yeah I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't okay I think yeah yeah I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't okay I think yeah yeah I think I
+was sort of confusing myself but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of confusing myself but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of confusing myself but this
+this makes sense so yeah I mean you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense so yeah I mean you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense so yeah I mean you you
+know that these a bars will shrink if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these a bars will shrink if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these a bars will shrink if
+you take more measurements but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take more measurements but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take more measurements but on the
+other hand the actual measurements will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the actual measurements will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the actual measurements will
+be closer that's right to that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closer that's right to that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closer that's right to that's right
+the True Values that's right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the True Values that's right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the True Values that's right so what
+happens is that as you sample from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that as you sample from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that as you sample from this
+distribution a larger number end times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a larger number end times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a larger number end times
+then your aor bars shrink but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your aor bars shrink but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your aor bars shrink but your
+measurements get closer to the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements get closer to the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements get closer to the curve and
+those two effects cancel so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two effects cancel so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two effects cancel so you should
+end up roughly with um you know 2/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up roughly with um you know 2/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up roughly with um you know 2/3 of
+the air bars you know containing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air bars you know containing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air bars you know containing this
+curve or one third falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve or one third falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve or one third falling
+off right and I think that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right and I think that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right and I think that this is a
+little bit surprising is there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit surprising is there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit surprising is there's always
+a sense that we feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that we feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that we feel
+that there's something wrong with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something wrong with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something wrong with our
+measurements or something wrong with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or something wrong with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or something wrong with our
+model or whatnot if uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or whatnot if uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or whatnot if uh if
+any error bar does not contain the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any error bar does not contain the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any error bar does not contain the line
+right I mean I feel like I often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I feel like I often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I feel like I often see
+there's this there's this effort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this there's this effort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this there's this effort that
+people have to try to make it so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to try to make it so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to try to make it so that um
+that anir you know these a Ballers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anir you know these a Ballers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anir you know these a Ballers
+always overlap with some underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always overlap with some underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always overlap with some underlying
+curve that is supposed to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that is supposed to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that is supposed to represent
+reality right but um that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality right but um that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality right but um that's not in
+principle supposed to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle supposed to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle supposed to be true
+okay okay are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay are there any questions about
+where we are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are right
+now okay right now what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay right now what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay right now what I want to do is
+something slightly different which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly different which is
+ask let's say that this is a curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask let's say that this is a curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask let's say that this is a curve that
+is not you know the underlying reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know the underlying reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know the underlying reality
+but is instead a fit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is instead a fit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is instead a fit to the
+data right how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right how does this
+change anything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything that we
+um anything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said or it
+does all right well okay let's do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all right well okay let's do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all right well okay let's do you
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+okay okay so we're going to say do fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we're going to say do fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we're going to say do fit
+okay question is does uh does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question is does uh does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question is does uh does this
+change the thing here do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+okay yeah change okay all right a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah change okay all right a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah change okay all right a is
+yes B is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah well let's say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah well let's say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah well let's say that you know
+that this was um this was a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was um this was a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was um this was a curve
+predicted by some fancy Theory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by some fancy Theory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by some fancy Theory but
+there's a you know you know they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you know you know they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you know you know they you
+know that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to
+specify you know the mass of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify you know the mass of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify you know the mass of something
+and the you I know there two you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you I know there two you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you I know there two you know
+two things you have to specify and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things you have to specify and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things you have to specify and so
+what you do is you fit and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you fit and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you fit and and the
+question is does it change what fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does it change what fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does it change what fraction
+of the air bars you expect to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air bars you expect to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air bars you expect to contain
+the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true
+curve ready all is is it not clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve ready all is is it not clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve ready all is is it not clear what
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cur right so the true curves all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur right so the true curves all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur right so the true curves all right
+we don't need to get in too much into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to get in too much into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to get in too much into
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+um right but you know I mean I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but you know I mean I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but you know I mean I you know
+the right the reason we're doing science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the reason we're doing science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the reason we're doing science
+is to try to get you know to look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to get you know to look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to get you know to look into
+the mind of God right so we we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind of God right so we we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mind of God right so we we're doing
+a fit to try to yeah but I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fit to try to yeah but I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fit to try to yeah but I mean you can
+fit anything you know what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit anything you know what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit anything you know what does that
+mean do you see what I mean like I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you see what I mean like I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean do you see what I mean like I could
+I could cook a curve that passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay all right yeah yeah yeah okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right yeah yeah yeah okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right yeah yeah yeah okay so I
+think but I think you're you're arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but I think you're you're arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but I think you're you're arguing
+for something already maybe um yeah know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something already maybe um yeah know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something already maybe um yeah know
+but let's just say that this was a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just say that this was a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just say that this was a you
+know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean
+okay let's just for concreteness let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just for concreteness let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just for concreteness let's
+say that I measured at 15 values of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I measured at 15 values of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I measured at 15 values of X I
+have some error bars and some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some error bars and some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some error bars and some you know
+but then you know I needed three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know I needed three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know I needed three
+parameters to characterize this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to characterize this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to characterize this curve
+and so those those I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those those I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those those I used to
+fit are you happier with three fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit are you happier with three fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit are you happier with three fitting
+parameters and 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and 15
+measurements all right let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements all right let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements all right let's just see
+where we are okay ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are okay ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are okay ready three two
+one okay so we have um a majority of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have um a majority of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have um a majority of a
+but a significant minority of B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a significant minority of B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a significant minority of B okay
+right and okay so and just to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and okay so and just to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and okay so and just to be a
+little more concrete can somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more concrete can somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more concrete can somebody say
+why they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah right so the fit is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right so the fit is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right so the fit is somehow
+trying to get the curve to go near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the curve to go near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the curve to go near the
+error bars right and we're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars right and we're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars right and we're typically
+when we do a fit we're typically Trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a fit we're typically Trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a fit we're typically Trying
+to minimize this mean squared error or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize this mean squared error or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize this mean squared error or
+deviation from our curve to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from our curve to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from our curve to the to the
+data point right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point right okay
+and how and and how how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how and and how how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how and and how how much do you
+expect this to have make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this to have make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this to have make a difference
+all right so for concreteness again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for concreteness again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for concreteness again
+let's say that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I had
+15 15 values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 15 values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 15 values of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+okay you know that I that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know that I that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know that I that I was
+measuring things that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring things that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring things that right
+now we expect say five of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we expect say five of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we expect say five of them
+five will uh will miss true curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five will uh will miss true curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five will uh will miss true curve
+okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we
+decided roughly now the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided roughly now the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided roughly now the question is what
+happens if we use what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we use what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we use what happens if we
+instead of having this true curve if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having this true curve if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having this true curve if we
+we do a fit using these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a fit using these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a fit using these three
+parameters how much of a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters how much of a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters how much of a difference
+should it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it
+make to this very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to this very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to this very very
+roughly okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now I'm asking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm asking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm asking how
+many of um roughly how many of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of um roughly how many of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of um roughly how many of these uh
+error bars do you expect to then miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars do you expect to then miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars do you expect to then miss
+the fitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitted
+curve okay and and this is with we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and and this is with we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and and this is with we we
+used three fitting parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say Okay that was parameters over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay that was parameters over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay that was parameters over there
+all right do you understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do you understand the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do you understand the question
+right so instead of plotting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of plotting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of plotting this
+god-given curve instead we're plotting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-given curve instead we're plotting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-given curve instead we're plotting a
+curve that I'm giving you where I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that I'm giving you where I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that I'm giving you where I use
+three fitting parameters to fit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fitting parameters to fit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fitting parameters to fit to the
+data and I I mean I I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I I mean I I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I I mean I I'm just trying to
+get roughly I think that this is I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get roughly I think that this is I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get roughly I think that this is I'm not
+a rigorous statement I'm about to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigorous statement I'm about to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigorous statement I'm about to make
+but just so that we're all roughly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just so that we're all roughly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just so that we're all roughly on
+the same page all right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same page all right ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same page all right ready three two
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah you know um right so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you know um right so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you know um right so you know
+it'll be somewhere in here okay um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be somewhere in here okay um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be somewhere in here okay um and I
+think this is not quite quite true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is not quite quite true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is not quite quite true but
+the idea is that um in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that um in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that um in particular if you
+fit if you make n measurements and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit if you make n measurements and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit if you make n measurements and then
+you use n fitting parameters in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use n fitting parameters in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use n fitting parameters in general
+you will get a perfect fit I.E the Curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get a perfect fit I.E the Curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get a perfect fit I.E the Curve
+will go through every single data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through every single data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through every single data point
+amazingly perfectly right so if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly perfectly right so if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly perfectly right so if I give
+you 15 measurements across here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 15 measurements across here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 15 measurements across here and then
+I give you a 15 degree polinomial I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a 15 degree polinomial I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a 15 degree polinomial I
+guess we only need a 14 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we only need a 14 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we only need a 14 degree
+polinomial right with 15 free parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial right with 15 free parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial right with 15 free parameters
+then that polinomial will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that polinomial will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that polinomial will go through
+every one of your data points spoton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of your data points spoton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of your data points spoton
+okay not even a question of whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not even a question of whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not even a question of whether it
+fit whether it goes through the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit whether it goes through the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit whether it goes through the error
+bars I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars I'm I'm
+saying literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right uh right and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right uh right and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right uh right and that's just
+because you're just solving an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just solving an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just solving an equation
+at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+stage okay now um this is a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay now um this is a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay now um this is a stupid
+statement except that once you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement except that once you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement except that once you're kind
+of like you know In the Heat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know In the Heat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know In the Heat of the
+Moment you know eagerly trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment you know eagerly trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment you know eagerly trying to do
+some fitting for your advisor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fitting for your advisor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fitting for your advisor or
+whatever um it's easy to fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um it's easy to fall into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um it's easy to fall into this
+trap where you just kind of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap where you just kind of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap where you just kind of like you
+know add extra parameters and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know add extra parameters and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know add extra parameters and then you
+know and then I definitely remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then I definitely remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then I definitely remember in
+graduate school I was like surprised I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school I was like surprised I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school I was like surprised I
+was like oh this thing it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh this thing it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh this thing it works
+wonderfully right right it's like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully right right it's like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully right right it's like it
+seems to it's like magically goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to it's like magically goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to it's like magically goes
+through all my data you know I mean um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all my data you know I mean um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all my data you know I mean um
+and then but then I feel very stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then but then I feel very stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then but then I feel very stupid
+like you know 30 seconds later but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know 30 seconds later but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know 30 seconds later but um
+but this is just a very uh easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just a very uh easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just a very uh easy thing to
+screw up and forget about okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up and forget about okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up and forget about okay all right
+so what this is saying is that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is saying is that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is saying is that if you if
+you see a cur if you're if in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a cur if you're if in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a cur if you're if in the course
+of your work or if you're reading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your work or if you're reading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your work or if you're reading a
+paper um and you see uh you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um and you see uh you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um and you see uh you see some
+curve that and you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that and you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that and you want to know
+something about um maybe how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about um maybe how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about um maybe how much
+information is it or whether things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is it or whether things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is it or whether things look
+reasonable given the data it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable given the data it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable given the data it's it's
+useful to kind of Orient yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to kind of Orient yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to kind of Orient yourself
+relative to to these statements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to to these statements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to to these statements okay
+that uh depending on how many free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh depending on how many free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh depending on how many free
+parameters you're kind of using you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you're kind of using you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you're kind of using you
+expect uh larger or smaller number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh larger or smaller number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh larger or smaller number of
+these data points to kind of go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data points to kind of go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data points to kind of go through
+the through the curve that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but I would just want to stress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would just want to stress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would just want to stress that
+you don't want to be anywhere close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to be anywhere close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to be anywhere close to
+the point where you have the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you have the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you have the number of
+parameters equal the number of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters equal the number of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters equal the number of you know
+uh the number of uh kind of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of uh kind of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of uh kind of measurements
+that you're making right and for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making right and for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making right and for any
+sort of reasonably reasonable curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reasonably reasonable curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reasonably reasonable curve
+describing what you hope is reality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing what you hope is reality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing what you hope is reality you
+expect some some of those um data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some some of those um data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some some of those um data points
+with their error bars to kind of miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their error bars to kind of miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their error bars to kind of miss
+the curve and that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and that doesn't mean that
+they're sloppy experimentalists it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sloppy experimentalists it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sloppy experimentalists it
+doesn't mean whatever you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay now coming back to the task at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now coming back to the task at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now coming back to the task at
+hand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh
+right do do you understand why uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do do you understand why uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do do you understand why uh why
+they're plotting the standard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're plotting the standard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're plotting the standard of the
+mean rather than the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean rather than the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean rather than the standard
+deviation okay right because what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay right because what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay right because what you're
+interested in in principle is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in principle is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in principle is not the
+the question you're trying to answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you're trying to answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you're trying to answer is
+not how variable are their measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how variable are their measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how variable are their measurements
+but to what certainty can they claim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to what certainty can they claim to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to what certainty can they claim to
+know the actual you know god-given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the actual you know god-given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the actual you know god-given
+real cost associated with Express ing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real cost associated with Express ing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real cost associated with Express ing
+these proteins as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins as a function of the
+expression level and for that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level and for that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level and for that you really
+want to ask about the standard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean okay um great now um now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay um great now um now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay um great now um now okay so
+now we can come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can come back
+and ask about um you why why did I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask about um you why why did I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask about um you why why did I just
+spend half an hour talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend half an hour talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend half an hour talking
+about standard eror the mean standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standard eror the mean standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standard eror the mean standard
+deviations fitting to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you guys are probably all asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you guys are probably all asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you guys are probably all asking
+yourself that question uh but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that question uh but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that question uh but does
+anybody have an answer why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you can fit with different curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can fit with different curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can fit with different curves
+if you yeah I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you yeah I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you yeah I think that
+that's hard to argue with that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard to argue with that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard to argue with that statement
+but the statement is a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the statement is a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the statement is a little bit like
+different proteins have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins have different
+expression levels right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels right
+um all right but a yeah a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right but a yeah a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right but a yeah a little more
+concrete Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah right I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah okay so I you know okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay so I you know okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay so I you know okay so I
+think that this is a tricky thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is a tricky thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is a tricky thing you
+know the data certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the data certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the data certainly
+do argue for a super linear cost but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do argue for a super linear cost but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do argue for a super linear cost but I
+would say it they argue for it rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it they argue for it rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it they argue for it rather
+weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly
+okay and that if you if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that if you if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that if you if you look at
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+data and you just fit a line you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you just fit a line you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you just fit a line you would
+say you know it's maybe okay right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know it's maybe okay right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know it's maybe okay right it's
+not you know and of course once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know and of course once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know and of course once again
+should we be surprised that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be surprised that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be surprised that the
+quadratic fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic fits
+better no right and this is a very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better no right and this is a very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better no right and this is a very you
+know dangerous thing if you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dangerous thing if you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dangerous thing if you're comparing
+models you know it'll always be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you know it'll always be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you know it'll always be the case
+if you add another parameter it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add another parameter it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add another parameter it will
+look better right um but the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look better right um but the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look better right um but the question
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+is how strong of a case should we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how strong of a case should we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how strong of a case should we make
+of this and then how important is it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and then how important is it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and then how important is it for
+you know the conclusions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the conclusions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the conclusions of the
+study okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay
+now they in addition to the line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they in addition to the line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they in addition to the line and the
+quadratic they had another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic they had another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic they had another
+curve in here which looks like let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in here which looks like let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in here which looks like let me
+see if I can get it right for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is
+fine tricky thing okay so I'm all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine tricky thing okay so I'm all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine tricky thing okay so I'm all right
+so that's the DAT that's the dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the DAT that's the dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the DAT that's the dash line
+looks very similar to the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to the solid
+quadratic line okay and can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic line okay and can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic line okay and can somebody
+remind us what the difference was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us what the difference was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us what the difference was
+between between those two uh nonlinear C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between those two uh nonlinear C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between those two uh nonlinear C
+curves that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had I mean why do they have two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I mean why do they have two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I mean why do they have two curves
+that look so similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think the dash line corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the dash line corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the dash line corresponds to
+some model where there's only so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model where there's only so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model where there's only so much of
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+resour right okay so my dash line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resour right okay so my dash line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resour right okay so my dash line is
+their red line just to okay dashed red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their red line just to okay dashed red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their red line just to okay dashed red
+in the paper right so so it's some it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper right so so it's some it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper right so so it's some it's
+this line where there's a finite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line where there's a finite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line where there's a finite amount
+of resources or protein making Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources or protein making Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources or protein making Machinery
+that the cell has and if you use them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell has and if you use them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell has and if you use them up
+then you don't get any growth right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't get any growth right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't get any growth right and
+of course that statement is kind of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that statement is kind of has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that statement is kind of has
+to be true on some level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true on some level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true on some level and the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+whether scale that's relevant here exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether scale that's relevant here exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether scale that's relevant here exact
+right right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right
+um right certainly okay I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right certainly okay I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right certainly okay I would say that
+one question is whether you can reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question is whether you can reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question is whether you can reject
+the hypothesis that uh this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that uh this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that uh this cost
+function is a line another question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a line another question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a line another question is
+whether you can distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can distinguish between the
+two qu quadratic or the two nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two qu quadratic or the two nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two qu quadratic or the two nonlinear
+curves based on the data right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves based on the data right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves based on the data right and I
+think the answer to the second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer to the second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer to the second question
+is certainly not right they don't claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly not right they don't claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly not right they don't claim
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+can right but um but it's it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right but um but it's it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right but um but it's it's important
+to Just note that there just it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Just note that there just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Just note that there just it's just
+impossible for them to disting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for them to disting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for them to disting those
+those curves are so so similar over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves are so so similar over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves are so so similar over the
+entire range where they have data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire range where they have data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire range where they have data that
+there it's going to be impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going to be impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going to be impossible to
+distinguish those those two things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish those those two things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish those those two things okay
+but does it matter which of the two cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it matter which of the two cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it matter which of the two cost
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+is is the true cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+zero where are still the same um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero where are still the same um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero where are still the same um okay so
+right so what you're saying is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're saying is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're saying is that the
+two cost functions they have they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cost functions they have they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cost functions they have they're um
+they they behave similarly over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they behave similarly over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they behave similarly over the
+range that is relevant maybe so then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that is relevant maybe so then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that is relevant maybe so then it
+doesn't therefore it doesn't matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't therefore it doesn't matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't therefore it doesn't matter is
+that or am I okay um all right so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or am I okay um all right so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or am I okay um all right so why do
+they have two cost functions there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two cost functions there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two cost functions there then
+why why two nonlinear cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions just
+to provide Variety in our modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right yeah so okay right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right yeah so okay right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right yeah so okay right so and
+what what's the what's the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the what's the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the what's the later
+experiment they're going to do just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they're going to do just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they're going to do just so
+that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah you regret opening your around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you regret opening your around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you regret opening your around
+now okay yeah so what what is that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay yeah so what what is that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay yeah so what what is that okay
+so yeah so what is the experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so what is the experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so what is the experiment that
+they're they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're going to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+meit okay so the're next going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meit okay so the're next going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meit okay so the're next going to
+measure the benefit but that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the benefit but that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the benefit but that's this
+question about the two cost functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the two cost functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the two cost functions is
+not is not somehow relevant yet for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not somehow relevant yet for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not somehow relevant yet for the
+benefit part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right after after a long time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right after after a long time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right after after a long time right
+so they actually do laboratory Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they actually do laboratory Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they actually do laboratory Evolution
+experiments where they grow uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they grow uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they grow uh these
+bacterial populations in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial populations in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial populations in different
+lactose concentrations and they look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose concentrations and they look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose concentrations and they look to
+see what level of the lack operon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what level of the lack operon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what level of the lack operon
+expression does the population evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression does the population evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression does the population evolve
+too okay right so what they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay right so what they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay right so what they're trying to
+do here is they're trying to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is they're trying to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is they're trying to say okay
+well we can measure some costs as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can measure some costs as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can measure some costs as a
+function of expression maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of expression maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of expression maybe we can
+measure some benefits as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some benefits as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some benefits as a function of
+expression and then from that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and then from that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and then from that we'd like
+to be able to predict where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to predict where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to predict where the
+population will evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now right and and and they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right and and and they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right and and and they have these
+two nonlinear cost functions which based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nonlinear cost functions which based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nonlinear cost functions which based
+on the data they have they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data they have they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data they have they can't
+distinguish but they say oh well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish but they say oh well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish but they say oh well they're
+both kind of reasonable cost functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both kind of reasonable cost functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both kind of reasonable cost functions
+um and and in some ways maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in some ways maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in some ways maybe the
+problem here is that they the two cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that they the two cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that they the two cost
+functions are are end up being wildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are are end up being wildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are are end up being wildly
+different in terms of predicting um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in terms of predicting um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in terms of predicting um what
+happens for large uh lack concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for large uh lack concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for large uh lack concentrations
+where you would want to express more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would want to express more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would want to express more of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein right do you guys do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein right do you guys do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein right do you guys do you
+remember this or not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this or not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this or not sort of
+okay okay all right and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay all right and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay all right and that's actually
+well you might as well just look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might as well just look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might as well just look at that
+right so that's figure four if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's figure four if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's figure four if you uh
+that's uh the normalized laxi activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the normalized laxi activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the normalized laxi activity
+that the populations evolve to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the populations evolve to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the populations evolve to as a
+function of the lactose concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the lactose concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the lactose concentration
+they're evolving in what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're evolving in what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're evolving in what you see is that
+uh you know this red curve corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this red curve corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this red curve corresponding
+to the finite resources cost function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite resources cost function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite resources cost function it
+explains the data whereas the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the data whereas the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the data whereas the other ones
+very much do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much do
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+okay all right and that's just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right and that's just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right and that's just because
+these other models then would predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other models then would predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other models then would predict
+that if you grow the cells in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you grow the cells in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you grow the cells in a lot of
+lactose they should Express you know out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose they should Express you know out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose they should Express you know out
+to five times the lack expression you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five times the lack expression you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five times the lack expression you
+know much much much more right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much much much more right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much much much more right which is
+not what they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what they see
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay but but the idea of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay but but the idea of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay but but the idea of of
+evolution is that Evolution can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is that Evolution can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is that Evolution can make it
+a stronger promoter right so because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger promoter right so because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger promoter right so because one
+thing one statement is given this DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one statement is given this DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one statement is given this DNA
+sequence at that promoter how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at that promoter how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at that promoter how much
+expression can you get and the most you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression can you get and the most you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression can you get and the most you
+can get is this amount that's normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get is this amount that's normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get is this amount that's normalized
+to one but if you make mutations in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one but if you make mutations in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one but if you make mutations in that
+promoter then you can then you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter then you can then you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter then you can then you could go
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further right so the question now is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right so the question now is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right so the question now is um
+after you know we kind of tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know we kind of tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know we kind of tell you the
+results of these Evolution experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of these Evolution experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of these Evolution experiments
+how um how much should that favor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um how much should that favor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um how much should that favor this
+dashed Red Line the super linear cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed Red Line the super linear cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed Red Line the super linear cost
+function with finite resources right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with finite resources right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with finite resources right
+and on one level you'd say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on one level you'd say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on one level you'd say oh well
+that's pretty compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty compelling
+okay on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level later people that have come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level later people that have come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level later people that have come and
+measured this find that it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this find that it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this find that it's basically a
+line okay um okay so okay so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay um okay so okay so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay um okay so okay so then the
+question you know so all right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know so all right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know so all right so it
+seems to basically be not true within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to basically be not true within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to basically be not true within
+this range I mean it it is the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range I mean it it is the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range I mean it it is the case that
+if you go out far enough then the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go out far enough then the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go out far enough then the growth
+does go to zero but we're that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go to zero but we're that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does go to zero but we're that's that's
+much further out right yes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment right okay so actually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right okay so actually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right okay so actually one of
+these curves yeah so the the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves yeah so the the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves yeah so the the triangle
+the sort of teal triangle does it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of teal triangle does it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of teal triangle does it it is
+indeed higher up and it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed higher up and it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed higher up and it it's kind of
+here right so they do have a data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so they do have a data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so they do have a data point
+that is further Beyond and is is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is further Beyond and is is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is further Beyond and is is again
+above above that curve right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above above that curve right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above above that curve right so that
+that does provide somewhat further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does provide somewhat further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does provide somewhat further
+support for a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model um but again there's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um but again there's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um but again there's a question of
+how strong that should be and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong that should be and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong that should be and so forth
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+indeed um I'd say like for example Terry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed um I'd say like for example Terry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed um I'd say like for example Terry
+hu has spent a lot of time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu has spent a lot of time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu has spent a lot of time uh
+characterizing growth uh rates as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing growth uh rates as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing growth uh rates as a
+function of many many things um and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of many many things um and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of many many things um and he
+has um a lot of if you if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um a lot of if you if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um a lot of if you if you measure
+the the the relative growth rate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the relative growth rate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the relative growth rate as a
+function of um protein ex you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of um protein ex you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of um protein ex you know a
+nonuseful protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonuseful protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonuseful protein
+expression um and and what he finds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um and and what he finds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um and and what he finds is
+that this thing basically looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing basically looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing basically looks like a
+line in this axis where and and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in this axis where and and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in this axis where and and it it
+saturates at around when if you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates at around when if you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates at around when if you're at
+30% maybe of uh of total protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% maybe of uh of total protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% maybe of uh of total protein
+expression right so this is a lot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right so this is a lot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right so this is a lot okay
+but this is kind of where you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is kind of where you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is kind of where you know the
+cell just can't handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell just can't handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell just can't handle
+that okay um and so Terry H has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um and so Terry H has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um and so Terry H has has
+recently U been exploring a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently U been exploring a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently U been exploring a lot of these
+sort of phenomenological growth laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of phenomenological growth laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of phenomenological growth laws
+where he um he imposes costs of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he um he imposes costs of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he um he imposes costs of various
+sorts and then looks at uh the how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts and then looks at uh the how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts and then looks at uh the how the
+cell kind of responds and what he finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell kind of responds and what he finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell kind of responds and what he finds
+is just a remarkably large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a remarkably large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a remarkably large number of
+lines in various spaces that um I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in various spaces that um I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in various spaces that um I find
+very surprising uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very surprising uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very surprising uh and
+um but that he can he can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that he can he can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that he can he can understand
+using kind of some phenomenological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of some phenomenological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of some phenomenological
+modeling okay but this is kind of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling okay but this is kind of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling okay but this is kind of one of
+like a dozen lines that he sees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dozen lines that he sees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dozen lines that he sees of
+various axes doing things okay um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various axes doing things okay um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various axes doing things okay um but
+the the point here is that as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point here is that as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point here is that as a function
+of the level of expression of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the level of expression of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the level of expression of these
+nonuseful proteins what you what he sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonuseful proteins what you what he sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonuseful proteins what you what he sees
+is that for a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for a variety of different
+proteins including beta gal but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins including beta gal but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins including beta gal but also
+beta lactamase and other uh proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta lactamase and other uh proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta lactamase and other uh proteins
+that are not being used in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not being used in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not being used in that
+particular environment what he sees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment what he sees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment what he sees is
+that the there's there's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there's there's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there's there's basically a
+linear U cost growth uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear U cost growth uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear U cost growth uh as
+uh as you you impose this this nonuseful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you you impose this this nonuseful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you you impose this this nonuseful
+protein expression okay um so I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein expression okay um so I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein expression okay um so I'd say
+that that that this basic statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that this basic statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that this basic statement of
+it being not this non the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being not this non the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being not this non the statement of
+of cost being super linear I I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost being super linear I I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost being super linear I I think uh
+ends up not being true okay now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up not being true okay now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up not being true okay now what
+does it mean for this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right so it's it's you know it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so it's it's you know it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so it's it's you know it's an
+interesting right it's very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right it's very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right it's very interesting
+hypothesis they did nice Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis they did nice Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis they did nice Evolution
+experiments where they saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they saw the
+population adapt to different levels um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population adapt to different levels um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population adapt to different levels um
+but what does it mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean about the
+predictions in particular you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions in particular you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions in particular you know in
+the sense of if you measure costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of if you measure costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of if you measure costs and
+benefits then you want to predict where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits then you want to predict where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits then you want to predict where
+it's going to evolve um what does um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to evolve um what does um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to evolve um what does um
+what what happens if if it's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens if if it's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens if if it's the case
+that cost as a function of expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost as a function of expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost as a function of expression is
+actually linear then what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually linear then what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually linear then what does that mean
+for their ability to predict what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their ability to predict what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their ability to predict what's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen seems like if they use their same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh right so the problem is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh right so the problem is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh right so the problem is that if
+you actually use a linear function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually use a linear function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually use a linear function here
+then um their their model doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um their their model doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um their their model doesn't even
+predict um that there should be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict um that there should be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict um that there should be an
+Optimum because their benefit function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum because their benefit function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum because their benefit function
+ends up also being essentially linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up also being essentially linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up also being essentially linear
+with the amount of of this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amount of of this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amount of of this protein
+expressed so if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so if you have two
+lines right okay so overall so growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines right okay so overall so growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines right okay so overall so growth
+you know is something like goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is something like goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is something like goes as
+benefits minus costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits minus costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits minus costs
+right so and this is maybe this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and this is maybe this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and this is maybe this is a
+relative growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative growth
+right so if you have a line here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a line here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a line here and a
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+here no Optimum right so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no Optimum right so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no Optimum right so that's kind of
+a bummer right uh but it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bummer right uh but it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bummer right uh but it doesn't mean
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's I mean in in biology eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean in in biology eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean in in biology eventually
+things are nonlinear right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are nonlinear right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are nonlinear right so there
+should be some optimum optimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some optimum optimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some optimum optimum and
+actually what I would say is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I would say is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I would say is that I
+think that the nonlinearity is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the nonlinearity is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the nonlinearity is probably
+actually here that's the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here that's the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here that's the nonlinearity
+that's relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant
+maybe is is dominated by by on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is is dominated by by on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is is dominated by by on the
+benefit side rather than the cost side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit side rather than the cost side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit side rather than the cost side
+right so what my guess of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what my guess of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what my guess of what's going
+on here is that rather than the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here is that rather than the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here is that rather than the costs
+growing super linearly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing super linearly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing super linearly with the
+expression level rather the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level rather the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level rather the benefits
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+sublinear with the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level and why might why might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be right you know at some point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right you know at some point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right you know at some point it's
+just that the cell doesn't need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the cell doesn't need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the cell doesn't need more
+sugar right then and then it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar right then and then it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar right then and then it's not going
+to be as useful right and even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as useful right and even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as useful right and even before
+you get to that regime I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to that regime I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to that regime I think there
+there there are various ways in which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are various ways in which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are various ways in which uh
+cells may be able to use use the um use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells may be able to use use the um use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells may be able to use use the um use
+the sugar more or less efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar more or less efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar more or less efficiently
+depending on how much they have of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much they have of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much they have of it
+which means that as you know and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that as you know and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that as you know and this is
+just like for us you know the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for us you know the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for us you know the first
+slice of pizza is great but then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza is great but then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza is great but then once
+you're at the fifth one you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the fifth one you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the fifth one you start to
+feel a little bit full right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a little bit full right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a little bit full right so in
+general benefits as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything should have some saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything should have some saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything should have some saturating
+kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh and and my sense is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and my sense is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and my sense is that this
+is basically why there's an OP Optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically why there's an OP Optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically why there's an OP Optimum
+here okay now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now of
+course they they're very I'd say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they they're very I'd say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they they're very I'd say that
+they're um all these cost functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um all these cost functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um all these cost functions
+behave very similarly in here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave very similarly in here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave very similarly in here so the
+predictions that they make in here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that they make in here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that they make in here are
+really not very sensitive to the which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not very sensitive to the which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not very sensitive to the which
+of the cost functions they use and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost functions they use and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost functions they use and those
+are all still then relevant and valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all still then relevant and valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all still then relevant and valid
+right it's uh the question is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's uh the question is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's uh the question is just
+trying to predict what happens beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict what happens beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict what happens beyond
+the range you have data is very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range you have data is very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range you have data is very hard
+because it depends very much on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it depends very much on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it depends very much on what
+your curve does past that region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your curve does past that region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your curve does past that region right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay but we haven't um so I I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but we haven't um so I I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but we haven't um so I I I guess
+i' I've made an argument that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've made an argument that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've made an argument that I think
+that in maybe what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in maybe what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in maybe what's happening is that
+the benefit function here is nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit function here is nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit function here is nonlinear
+but what what did they actually do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what did they actually do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what did they actually do to
+measure the benefits because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the benefits because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the benefits because this is
+this is not I think totally obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not I think totally obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not I think totally obvious
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what what should I be plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what what should I be plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what what should I be plotting
+okay well this is still a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is still a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is still a relative
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+uh and here this was actually lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here this was actually lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here this was actually lactose
+concentration so this is not lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so this is not lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so this is not lack
+expression which is the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is the most obvious
+thing that you would want to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you would want to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you would want to do but
+that's harder right um and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder right um and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder right um and what they
+show is that their model is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that their model is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that their model is sort of
+consistent on this axis okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent on this axis okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent on this axis okay this is
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactose okay and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that here is zero in the absence of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here is zero in the absence of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here is zero in the absence of any
+lactose if you induce the Lac operon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose if you induce the Lac operon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose if you induce the Lac operon
+then you're at this minus 4 and a half%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're at this minus 4 and a half%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're at this minus 4 and a half%
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+whatnot okay so it's kind of starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot okay so it's kind of starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot okay so it's kind of starts out
+uh down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down
+here and then up here it comes out out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then up here it comes out out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then up here it comes out out
+to above 0.1 so so this is the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to above 0.1 so so this is the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to above 0.1 so so this is the four
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+4.5% this is up here around 10% and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5% this is up here around 10% and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5% this is up here around 10% and you
+end up with a curve that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of goes from you know four or five%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes from you know four or five%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes from you know four or five%
+deficit up to 10 or 11 kind of percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit up to 10 or 11 kind of percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit up to 10 or 11 kind of percent
+advantage and this is at this is at full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and this is at this is at full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and this is at this is at full
+induction of the Lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction of the Lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction of the Lac
+opon okay you know what what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opon okay you know what what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opon okay you know what what this is
+saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that
+you know if you're making the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're making the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're making the proteins
+to to break down consume lactose then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to break down consume lactose then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to break down consume lactose then
+there's a cost right that's just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cost right that's just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cost right that's just how
+they plotted it right but that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they plotted it right but that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they plotted it right but that the
+benefits do indeed outweigh the costs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits do indeed outweigh the costs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits do indeed outweigh the costs at
+some concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactose okay but then here there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay but then here there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay but then here there's uh
+there's a saturation and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a saturation and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a saturation and here the
+saturation in their model they they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation in their model they they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation in their model they they get
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+saturation just because of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation just because of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation just because of uh the the
+Dynamics of import right so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of import right so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of import right so what they
+assume is that there's michelis mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is that there's michelis mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is that there's michelis mean
+kinetics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics for
+import right so that the import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate kind of goes um goes as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate kind of goes um goes as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate kind of goes um goes as the uh
+concentration of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of uh the
+lactose divided by some K plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose divided by some K plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose divided by some K plus the
+concentration again of lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration again of lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration again of lactose
+right right so because Mel's me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so because Mel's me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so because Mel's me
+Dynamics okay um but of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay um but of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay um but of course if you
+have more of the protein La y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of the protein La y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of the protein La y then
+you'll be able to import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to import
+more right so just because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so just because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right so just because you have
+saturation as a function of lactose does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation as a function of lactose does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation as a function of lactose does
+not mean that you'll have saturation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mean that you'll have saturation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mean that you'll have saturation in
+terms of uh the number of proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh the number of proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh the number of proteins that
+you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making
+right do you understand why I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you understand why I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you understand why I'm saying
+that okay um you know and indeed I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um you know and indeed I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um you know and indeed I would
+say that many um many underlying models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that many um many underlying models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that many um many underlying models
+could have been consistent with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been consistent with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been consistent with this
+data as well so I I'd say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as well so I I'd say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as well so I I'd say that this
+their data does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data does not
+um reject the hypothesis that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reject the hypothesis that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reject the hypothesis that the
+benefit function is function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit function is function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit function is function is
+sublinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so like you could imagine that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like you could imagine that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like you could imagine that by
+Evolution something happen there so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution something happen there so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution something happen there so why
+would youis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay okay so you're you're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so you're you're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so you're you're saying that
+um Evolution might be able to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Evolution might be able to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Evolution might be able to change
+other things as well to kind of fiddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well to kind of fiddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well to kind of fiddle
+yeah um I think this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I think this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I think this is an important
+question and and I think the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and I think the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and I think the basic
+answer is that there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that there are some things
+that are easier for evolution to do than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are easier for evolution to do than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are easier for evolution to do than
+others uh and also that some things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh and also that some things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh and also that some things have
+maybe already been optimized okay now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe already been optimized okay now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe already been optimized okay now in
+relative to this point so they they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this point so they they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this point so they they did
+these laboratory Evolution experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laboratory Evolution experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these laboratory Evolution experiments
+and there was one category of mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was one category of mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was one category of mutation
+that they did not C does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did not C does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did not C does anybody
+remember what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was right what what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right what what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right what what's the most
+straightforward way of kind of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way of kind of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way of kind of getting
+around all this cost benefit discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all this cost benefit discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all this cost benefit discussion
+that we've just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the one thing that they did not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one thing that they did not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one thing that they did not see
+was um significant improvements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um significant improvements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um significant improvements in the
+enzyme okay so they they checked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme okay so they they checked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme okay so they they checked and
+they they found that they did not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they found that they did not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they found that they did not see
+any increase in the laxi activity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any increase in the laxi activity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any increase in the laxi activity um
+normalized by the amount of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by the amount of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by the amount of uh of the
+laxity that was being made okay now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laxity that was being made okay now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laxity that was being made okay now uh
+that might make sense because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make sense because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make sense because if you
+know this this enzyme has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this enzyme has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this enzyme has already been
+you know gone through millions of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know gone through millions of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know gone through millions of years
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+optimization to to break down lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to to break down lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to to break down lactose
+then it's reasonable to say oh well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's reasonable to say oh well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's reasonable to say oh well in
+the next 500 Generations in the lab they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 500 Generations in the lab they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 500 Generations in the lab they
+maybe won't improve okay of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe won't improve okay of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe won't improve okay of course you
+always have to be careful about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be careful about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be careful about this
+because it could be that some sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could be that some sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could be that some sequence
+SL structure is best when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL structure is best when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL structure is best when you're
+thinking about yeah when is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about yeah when is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about yeah when is it that
+eoline might see lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our gut right okay so you imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gut right okay so you imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gut right okay so you imagine you
+have bacteria in the gut that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bacteria in the gut that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bacteria in the gut that's a
+different environment than in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environment than in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environment than in the lab
+right so it it could be very well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it it could be very well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it it could be very well that
+the enzyme because of the ph and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme because of the ph and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme because of the ph and all
+these other things uh the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things uh the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things uh the enzyme
+actually could adapt to the lab even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could adapt to the lab even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could adapt to the lab even
+though it may have already be been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it may have already be been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it may have already be been
+adapted to our gut so you have so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted to our gut so you have so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted to our gut so you have so you
+have to be careful about this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful about this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful about this kind of
+argument always right but um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument always right but um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument always right but um but you
+know of course once you see the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of course once you see the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of course once you see the result
+then you say oh well that's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say oh well that's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say oh well that's because of
+this right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right okay
+uh all right so I just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so I just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so I just want to make sure
+we know what these experiments look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what these experiments look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what these experiments look like
+so they they went for 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Generations okay um so it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations okay um so it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations okay um so it's useful to
+ask how long this experiment should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right is it closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+days 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weeks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right anytime you you read about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anytime you you read about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anytime you you read about an
+experiment U it's useful just to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment U it's useful just to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment U it's useful just to have
+some notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion
+of what the authors went through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the authors went through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the authors went through in
+order to bring you the results you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to bring you the results you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to bring you the results you're
+reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um if you uh are not sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you uh are not sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you uh are not sure you can
+just make a guess okay ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a guess okay ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a guess okay ready three two
+one all right so we have some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have some number of
+A's some number of B's and a couple C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's some number of B's and a couple C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's some number of B's and a couple C's
+okay well you know one thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you know one thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you know one thing you might
+say is you know how how fast can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is you know how how fast can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is you know how how fast can you
+call I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I
+divide okay so well you know on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide okay so well you know on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide okay so well you know on one
+level you might say oh well 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you might say oh well 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you might say oh well 20
+minutes right that should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes right that should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes right that should give
+us what 75ish Generations a day so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what 75ish Generations a day so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what 75ish Generations a day so we
+should be able to get here all right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get here all right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get here all right in
+a week or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week or something
+right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe
+okay but that's not what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's not what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's not what they
+did okay you know for several reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay you know for several reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay you know for several reasons
+first of all this would be in rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this would be in rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this would be in rich
+media in the environment that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in the environment that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in the environment that they're
+doing this in it's a bit slower but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in it's a bit slower but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in it's a bit slower but that
+that would get you maybe to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would get you maybe to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would get you maybe to the three
+you know you know two three week Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know two three week Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know two three week Mark
+okay but that still is not what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that still is not what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that still is not what happened
+right they actually had to go for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they actually had to go for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they actually had to go for three
+months okay and um and this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months okay and um and this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months okay and um and this is because
+experiments are not always keeping cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are not always keeping cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are not always keeping cells
+constantly dividing at their maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly dividing at their maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly dividing at their maximal
+rates right the standard way that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates right the standard way that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates right the standard way that we do
+this is what's known as kind of daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's known as kind of daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's known as kind of daily
+batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch
+culture and does any know how much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and does any know how much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and does any know how much they
+diluted by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day um yeah so I think it was it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um yeah so I think it was it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um yeah so I think it was it was it
+was deluding by a factor of 100 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was deluding by a factor of 100 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was deluding by a factor of 100 right so
+it's um daily batch culture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um daily batch culture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um daily batch culture with
+100x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dilution right which corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution right which corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution right which corresponds to
+about I think 6.6 Generations per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is very far from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is very far from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is very far from what you
+would think of as kind of the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of as kind of the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of as kind of the the best
+they could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could possibly
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+right and and what it means is that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and what it means is that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and what it means is that yeah
+it does take about three months for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does take about three months for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does take about three months for them
+to have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have done this
+experiment okay it also means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay it also means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay it also means that if
+you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the number over the course of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number over the course of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number over the course of each
+day right they they this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right they they this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right they they this is n
+Max and they do dilute this is n Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and they do dilute this is n Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and they do dilute this is n Max
+over 100 right so they dilute by factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 right so they dilute by factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 right so they dilute by factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+100 okay when you transfer cells from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 okay when you transfer cells from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 okay when you transfer cells from a
+saturated State into new environment do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated State into new environment do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated State into new environment do
+they start dividing immediately for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start dividing immediately for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start dividing immediately for
+those of you who have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have done this
+experiments no it's going to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments no it's going to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments no it's going to take an
+hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or
+two for them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for them to get
+going but then they're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but then they're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but then they're going to start
+dividing and this is on a log scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing and this is on a log scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing and this is on a log scale
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log in right then what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in right then what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in right then what you'll see is
+they kind of go they they're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of go they they're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of go they they're dividing
+exponentially and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and then they
+saturate inde they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate inde they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate inde they're going to
+saturate for amount a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate for amount a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate for amount a fair amount of
+time right so this this might be an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so this this might be an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so this this might be an hour
+or two this is might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two this is might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two this is might
+be say five hours but then you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be say five hours but then you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be say five hours but then you still
+have another roughly 20 hours to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another roughly 20 hours to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another roughly 20 hours to go
+right before the next solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the next solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the next solution
+right and then we repeat okay so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we repeat okay so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we repeat okay so they're
+actually saturated for a fair fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saturated for a fair fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saturated for a fair fair
+fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+okay now in in all these discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in in all these discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in in all these discussions of
+laboratory Evolution and and many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory Evolution and and many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory Evolution and and many of the
+calculations we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're going to be doing
+over the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple of
+weeks the uh we we'll typically assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks the uh we we'll typically assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks the uh we we'll typically assume
+that what is being optimized is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is being optimized is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is being optimized is the
+growth rate the rate of division okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate the rate of division okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate the rate of division okay
+but you can imagine there being other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine there being other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine there being other
+things that might possibly be optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might possibly be optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that might possibly be optimized
+in the course of these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of these sorts of
+experiments can somebody volunteer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments can somebody volunteer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments can somebody volunteer what
+or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things right so you could imagine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so you could imagine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so you could imagine if you
+could just you know eek out one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just you know eek out one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just you know eek out one more
+division out there right then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division out there right then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division out there right then you could
+get an advantage and there's a whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an advantage and there's a whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an advantage and there's a whole set
+of interesting things these growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things these growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things these growth
+Advantage at stationary phase or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage at stationary phase or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage at stationary phase or the
+gasp mutants where the focus is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasp mutants where the focus is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasp mutants where the focus is on
+trying to do well here and also you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do well here and also you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do well here and also you can
+imagine related maybe a um if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine related maybe a um if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine related maybe a um if you do
+better out for this Peri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better out for this Peri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better out for this Peri
+uh cells will event will start dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cells will event will start dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cells will event will start dying
+eventually right so if you have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually right so if you have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually right so if you have a low
+rate of death at saturation then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of death at saturation then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of death at saturation then you can
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+spread okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah um right so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah um right so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah um right so I think it's
+basically that when when the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that when when the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that when when the cells are
+saturated they're um they generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated they're um they generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated they're um they generally
+enter um a rather distinct physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter um a rather distinct physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter um a rather distinct physiological
+state as compared to the dividing State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state as compared to the dividing State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state as compared to the dividing State
+and I think the the longer they sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the the longer they sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the the longer they sit in
+this saturated phase the longer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this saturated phase the longer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this saturated phase the longer it's
+going to take them to get going and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take them to get going and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take them to get going and um
+the next day for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day for example
+you and it's it's also the case that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it's it's also the case that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it's it's also the case that uh
+cells in these in like saturated culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in these in like saturated culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in these in like saturated culture
+tend to be more resistant to a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be more resistant to a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be more resistant to a variety
+of perturbations of various sorts if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perturbations of various sorts if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perturbations of various sorts if you
+know if you're talking about heat salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're talking about heat salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're talking about heat salt
+you know this that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this that the other
+thing but what's something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but what's something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but what's something else that
+could be optimized here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you imagining you're a cell you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagining you're a cell you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagining you're a cell you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+spread what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay right so we're saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay right so we're saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay right so we're saying that the
+media is specified uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media is specified uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media is specified uh by the
+experimentalist so you're just you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist so you're just you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist so you're just you're
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell in this gonan experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you can eat the other cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can eat the other cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can eat the other cells
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um well and in particular actually out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well and in particular actually out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well and in particular actually out
+here this is part of how the gas mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is part of how the gas mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is part of how the gas mutants
+spread is that they you when other cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is that they you when other cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is that they you when other cells
+start to die they lice their contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to die they lice their contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to die they lice their contents
+and then um and then the the cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and then the the cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and then the the cells that
+are surviving can actually eat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surviving can actually eat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surviving can actually eat the
+contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents
+they a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they a way
+to coate cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so I'm actually assuming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so I'm actually assuming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so I'm actually assuming here
+it's well mixed so that uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well mixed so that uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well mixed so that uh so that
+that's not U yeah but that that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not U yeah but that that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not U yeah but that that in
+principle would not be an issue but U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle would not be an issue but U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle would not be an issue but U
+yes so you can imagine spatial effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you can imagine spatial effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you can imagine spatial effects
+of various sorts being relevant um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various sorts being relevant um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various sorts being relevant um yeah
+I guess I just remember I just drew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I just remember I just drew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I just remember I just drew this
+up here to highlight that in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here to highlight that in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here to highlight that in principle
+you can also um Min uh decrease the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also um Min uh decrease the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also um Min uh decrease the lag
+lag time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag time all
+right so if you if you start dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you if you start dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you if you start dividing
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+rapidly the beginning of the day then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the beginning of the day then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the beginning of the day then um
+then you can you'll get to spread before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you'll get to spread before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you'll get to spread before
+your neighbors and your genotypes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors and your genotypes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors and your genotypes will
+indeed spread right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed spread right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed spread right yeah
+so I just about like is it true that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just about like is it true that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just about like is it true that a
+lot of the cells would have could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the cells would have could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the cells would have could
+survive then be the same cell for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive then be the same cell for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive then be the same cell for that
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+duration when they were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration when they were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration when they were in the
+stationary SP right you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary SP right you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary SP right you're asking
+whether the the yeah whetherell entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the the yeah whetherell entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the the yeah whetherell entered
+the beginning of the stationary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the stationary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the stationary that
+same cell would have Prett good CH yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cell would have Prett good CH yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cell would have Prett good CH yeah
+you know I think uh over over I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think uh over over I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think uh over over I think
+this of 12h hour type period I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of 12h hour type period I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of 12h hour type period I think the
+answer is yes but if you go for um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes but if you go for um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes but if you go for um an
+extra day or two then I think you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra day or two then I think you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra day or two then I think you'll
+you'll you can start getting extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you can start getting extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you can start getting extensive
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+death knows maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death knows maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death knows maybe
+long clock to to split yes right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long clock to to split yes right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long clock to to split yes right yeah
+yeah yeah so people have thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so people have thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so people have thought about
+and I'm not sure if this this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not sure if this this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not sure if this this particular
+effect is yeah yeah right um but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is yeah yeah right um but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is yeah yeah right um but I just
+want to mention that this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention that this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention that this this is
+something that you kind of maybe would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you kind of maybe would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you kind of maybe would
+expect and you you see in these um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and you you see in these um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and you you see in these um so
+there are famous set of experiments done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are famous set of experiments done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are famous set of experiments done
+by Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Richard
+lski um at uh at Michigan State where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lski um at uh at Michigan State where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lski um at uh at Michigan State where
+he's um he's been dividing you know six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's um he's been dividing you know six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's um he's been dividing you know six
+or eight um you know doing daily batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight um you know doing daily batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight um you know doing daily batch
+Solutions of um eoli cultures now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of um eoli cultures now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of um eoli cultures now for
+for decades okay so he started I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades okay so he started I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades okay so he started I don't
+know late 80s or so I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know late 80s or so I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know late 80s or so I don't know if you
+guys remember yeah but um yeah so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember yeah but um yeah so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember yeah but um yeah so he's
+gone tens of thousands of generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone tens of thousands of generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone tens of thousands of generations
+and has seen uh a bunch of remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has seen uh a bunch of remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has seen uh a bunch of remarkable
+things one of the things that he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the things that he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the things that he has
+seen as as you might have expected is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as as you might have expected is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as as you might have expected is a
+decrease in the lag time of the bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the lag time of the bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the lag time of the bacteria
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay all right so now okay so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now okay so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now okay so what we
+have now is a situation where they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now is a situation where they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now is a situation where they um
+they add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add
+ipg so that the um all the cells are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipg so that the um all the cells are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipg so that the um all the cells are in
+principle start out expressing the Lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle start out expressing the Lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle start out expressing the Lac
+opon and then they grow uh they grow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opon and then they grow uh they grow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opon and then they grow uh they grow the
+cells over time what they see is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells over time what they see is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells over time what they see is that um
+The Lax Z activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it starts out at being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it starts out at being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it starts out at being one
+normalized right uh for all the cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized right uh for all the cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized right uh for all the cultures
+because there's um ipg so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's um ipg so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's um ipg so it doesn't
+matter how much lactus there is but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much lactus there is but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much lactus there is but what
+they see is that is that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time they see things that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right so the the 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so the the 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so the the 0.5
+millimar lactose didn't change very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimar lactose didn't change very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimar lactose didn't change very much
+but if you look at uh some of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at uh some of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at uh some of the others
+like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactose there was significant decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose there was significant decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose there was significant decrease
+in expression whereas up here at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expression whereas up here at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expression whereas up here at for
+example 2 Millar lactose they see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 2 Millar lactose they see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 2 Millar lactose they see an
+increase okay right so what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase okay right so what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase okay right so what you see is
+that U there really are evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U there really are evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U there really are evolutionary
+changes of uh these strains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of uh these strains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of uh these strains
+because and it's very very very relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and it's very very very relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and it's very very very relevant
+that they they had ipg in the media so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they had ipg in the media so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they had ipg in the media so
+if if if they did this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if they did this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if they did this experiment
+without ipg do you have any sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ipg do you have any sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ipg do you have any sense of
+what what would kind of happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would kind of happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would kind of happen to the
+cells I mean how would that change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells I mean how would that change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells I mean how would that change the
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right so the the the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so the the the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so the the the expression
+would be determined by the lactose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be determined by the lactose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be determined by the lactose but
+let's say that after let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that after let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that after let's say that
+after 500 Generations we put them all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 500 Generations we put them all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 500 Generations we put them all in
+a millimolar lactose how do you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millimolar lactose how do you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millimolar lactose how do you how
+different do you think they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be I mean do you think that the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean do you think that the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean do you think that the culture
+grown for example in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown for example in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown for example in the absence of
+lactose do you think that it would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose do you think that it would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose do you think that it would still
+be able to eat lactose after 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to eat lactose after 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to eat lactose after 500
+Generations in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+hm yes okay and yeah so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm yes okay and yeah so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm yes okay and yeah so what's the
+difference I mean why why why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I mean why why why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I mean why why why are you
+saying yes or what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well yeah right so okay so what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well yeah right so okay so what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well yeah right so okay so what so
+this is an experiment with ipg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I'm just trying to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm just trying to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm just trying to think about
+or imagine what would have happened if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imagine what would have happened if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imagine what would have happened if
+they had done the same experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had done the same experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had done the same experiment
+without ipg right just growing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ipg right just growing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ipg right just growing in that
+environment in particular if you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in particular if you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in particular if you grow
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ipg and then minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipg and then minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipg and then minus
+lactose for for 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose for for 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose for for 500
+Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations
+okay okay and then what I want to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and then what I want to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and then what I want to ask is
+okay let's say you go over there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say you go over there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say you go over there and you
+just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactose will the cells do you think be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose will the cells do you think be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose will the cells do you think be
+able to grow on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactose okay yeah so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay yeah so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay yeah so why is it
+that here the answer seems to be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so here we've evolved a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we've evolved a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we've evolved a population
+that um not only is it not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um not only is it not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um not only is it not it's not
+expressing the laxi activity here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the laxi activity here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the laxi activity here but
+indeed if you put lactose in there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you put lactose in there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you put lactose in there it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+Express right so these these cells can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express right so these these cells can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express right so these these cells can
+no longer grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer grow on
+lactose okay so what what's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay so what what's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose okay so what what's the key
+difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here
+yeah yeah right now I think this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right now I think this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right now I think this is this
+is just really important right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just really important right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just really important right so in
+this case there's approximately we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's approximately we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's approximately we'll
+say no cost to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no cost to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no cost to having
+um having the Lac oper on there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having the Lac oper on there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having the Lac oper on there because
+it's just not being expressed okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not being expressed okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not being expressed okay so
+then the only cost is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only cost is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only cost is associated with
+DNA replication right so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication right so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication right so the the
+advantage associated with uh shutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage associated with uh shutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage associated with uh shutting
+off or removing the ability to grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or removing the ability to grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or removing the ability to grow on
+lactoses is really minimal and indeed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactoses is really minimal and indeed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactoses is really minimal and indeed in
+this culture uh they they actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this culture uh they they actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this culture uh they they actually they
+the authors did say uh what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entire Gene is deleted right yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Gene is deleted right yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Gene is deleted right yeah right
+right so it was almost a KB was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it was almost a KB was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it was almost a KB was just
+removed from the genome and that KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the genome and that KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the genome and that KB
+included the the the promoter and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the the the promoter and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the the the promoter and so it
+was um so that it just yeah unable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um so that it just yeah unable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um so that it just yeah unable so
+it's not going to be able to grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be able to grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be able to grow on
+lactose anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose anymore
+okay um but the key thing is here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but the key thing is here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but the key thing is here these
+these cells were subject to this 5% cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells were subject to this 5% cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells were subject to this 5% cost
+Associated making the Lac opon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated making the Lac opon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated making the Lac opon right
+which means that that mutant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that that mutant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that that mutant that
+appeared it had a 5% advantage and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared it had a 5% advantage and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared it had a 5% advantage and so
+was able to spread throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to spread throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to spread throughout the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+okay whereas what they could see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas what they could see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas what they could see is that
+um the level the evolved laxi activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the level the evolved laxi activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the level the evolved laxi activity
+indeed was different depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed was different depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed was different depending on how
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+lactose they had in the culture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose they had in the culture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose they had in the culture right
+and this is in the presence of ipg so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in the presence of ipg so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in the presence of ipg so
+there was um that they removed that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was um that they removed that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was um that they removed that that
+feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh yeah and and and in these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah and and and in these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah and and and in these experiments
+any way you slice it the normalized laxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way you slice it the normalized laxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way you slice it the normalized laxi
+activity did not go above around 1.2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity did not go above around 1.2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity did not go above around 1.2 or
+1.3 right so there is some nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 right so there is some nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 right so there is some nonlinearity
+that is somehow constraining those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is somehow constraining those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is somehow constraining those cells
+from going up to to um to to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going up to to um to to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going up to to um to to increase
+expression very much beyond the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression very much beyond the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression very much beyond the wild
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right we are um out of time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right we are um out of time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right we are um out of time but
+on uh on Tuesday we'll we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on Tuesday we'll we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on Tuesday we'll we'll start
+talking about um Evol ution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um Evol ution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um Evol ution in
+particular in the context of neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the context of neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the context of neutral
+Evolution as kind of a null model to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution as kind of a null model to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution as kind of a null model to try
+to understand these Dynamics and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand these Dynamics and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand these Dynamics and we will
+also talk more about why it takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk more about why it takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk more about why it takes as
+long as it does before you start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it does before you start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it does before you start seeing
+anything happening here right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening here right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening here right if you
+have any questions please feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions please feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions please feel free to
+come on up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AW3a2ECNFlE.txt b/AW3a2ECNFlE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2ca6fa1509016bab2757b266068ec5919f3e410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AW3a2ECNFlE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today is is not exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today is is not exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today is is not exactly a
+midpoint point of the course but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint point of the course but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint point of the course but it is a
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+lecture between you know these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture between you know these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture between you know these these
+macro Financial models with micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro Financial models with micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro Financial models with micro
+underpinnings today we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings today we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings today we're going to go
+through the measurement and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the measurement and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the measurement and then in
+subsequent lectures Focus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures Focus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures Focus uh
+on testing for the micro underpinnings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on testing for the micro underpinnings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on testing for the micro underpinnings I
+mean everything is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everything is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everything is connected to
+everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+so there's a quote I don't know many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a quote I don't know many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a quote I don't know many of
+you may be familiar with it it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be familiar with it it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be familiar with it it's really
+quite good Lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good Lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good Lord
+Kelvin in physical science the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin in physical science the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin in physical science the First
+Essential step in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essential step in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essential step in the direction of
+learning any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning any
+subject is Define the principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is Define the principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is Define the principles of
+numerical Reckoning and practicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical Reckoning and practicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical Reckoning and practicable
+methods for measuring some quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for measuring some quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for measuring some quality
+connected with it I often say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with it I often say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with it I often say that you
+can measure when you can measure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure when you can measure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure when you can measure what
+you're speaking about and express it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're speaking about and express it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're speaking about and express it in
+numbers you know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you know something about
+it but when you cannot measure it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but when you cannot measure it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but when you cannot measure it you
+cannot express it in numbers your M your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express it in numbers your M your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express it in numbers your M your
+knowledge is of a meager and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is of a meager and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is of a meager and
+unsatisfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfactory
+kind it may be the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it may be the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it may be the beginning of
+knowledge but you have scarcely in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but you have scarcely in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but you have scarcely in your
+thoughts Advanced to the stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts Advanced to the stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts Advanced to the stage of
+science whatever that matter may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science whatever that matter may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science whatever that matter may
+be so of course today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so of course today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so of course today we're going to
+talk about measurement and this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about measurement and this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about measurement and this this is
+not an economics quote this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an economics quote this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an economics quote this this is a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+um related to both economics and impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to both economics and impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to both economics and impact
+evaluation it's Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation it's Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation it's Bill
+Gates he's talking about the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates he's talking about the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates he's talking about the steam
+engine and this book I think he must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and this book I think he must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and this book I think he must
+have read on the most powerful ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read on the most powerful ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read on the most powerful ideal
+idea in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the
+world uh which is about measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh which is about measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh which is about measuring the
+energy output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy output of
+engines with this micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines with this micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines with this micro
+micrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrometer
+um the point he's quoting Mr Rosen is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point he's quoting Mr Rosen is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point he's quoting Mr Rosen is to
+see incremental design changes that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see incremental design changes that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see incremental design changes that led
+to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve
+mainly what you want higher power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly what you want higher power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly what you want higher power and
+less consumption of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less consumption of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less consumption of the
+coal and it was this interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal and it was this interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal and it was this interaction between
+experimenting trying things measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting trying things measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting trying things measuring
+precisely given the goal and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely given the goal and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely given the goal and then
+innovating some more that led to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating some more that led to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating some more that led to this
+high-powered steam engine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-powered steam engine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-powered steam engine which
+revolutionized uh the world essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized uh the world essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized uh the world essentially
+um so he's saying he struck how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he's saying he struck how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he's saying he struck how
+important it is to measure to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it is to measure to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it is to measure to improve
+the Human Condition and how incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Human Condition and how incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Human Condition and how incredible
+the progress could be if you set a goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress could be if you set a goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress could be if you set a goal
+and measure it um but then he goes on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure it um but then he goes on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure it um but then he goes on to
+say uh that he is also amazed how little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh that he is also amazed how little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh that he is also amazed how little
+this is actually done and how hard it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually done and how hard it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually done and how hard it is
+to do it to get it right he gives an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it to get it right he gives an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it to get it right he gives an
+example of foreign aid just measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of foreign aid just measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of foreign aid just measuring
+the dollars say that flow rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollars say that flow rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollars say that flow rather than
+the underlying impact that it may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying impact that it may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying impact that it may or may
+not have on household business or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have on household business or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have on household business or or
+country welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country welfare
+um so the type of measurements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the type of measurements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the type of measurements that are
+needed are those that allow us to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed are those that allow us to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed are those that allow us to assess
+performance and gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and gauge
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this
+is the end of what Bill Gates was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the end of what Bill Gates was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the end of what Bill Gates was saying
+and the rest is something I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is something I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is something I want to say
+um measurement is tricky in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um measurement is tricky in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um measurement is tricky in the sense
+that he's really not saying just to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's really not saying just to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's really not saying just to go
+out and measure anything you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and measure anything you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and measure anything you want to
+consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the
+goal uh for a while the Gates Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal uh for a while the Gates Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal uh for a while the Gates Foundation
+was promoting savings accounts having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was promoting savings accounts having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was promoting savings accounts having
+poor people have access to savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people have access to savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people have access to savings
+account as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account as a kind of
+Panacea uh and indeed wanted to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panacea uh and indeed wanted to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panacea uh and indeed wanted to measure
+the number of households out there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of households out there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of households out there now
+who have them and track Improvement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have them and track Improvement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have them and track Improvement and
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+new world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new world
+survey done by the gallop Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey done by the gallop Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey done by the gallop Foundation
+Gall Gallup people who do the polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gall Gallup people who do the polls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gall Gallup people who do the polls
+actually have survey techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have survey techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have survey techniques
+worldwide um but of course from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide um but of course from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide um but of course from our
+perspective just having a savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective just having a savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective just having a savings
+account may not accomplish much it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account may not accomplish much it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account may not accomplish much it's not
+a kind of measurement that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of measurement that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of measurement that's really
+assessing the impact on people you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing the impact on people you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing the impact on people you'd
+like to know what impact it's having on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know what impact it's having on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know what impact it's having on
+welfare that is to say on actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare that is to say on actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare that is to say on actually using
+it or better ability to smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or better ability to smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or better ability to smooth
+consumption or Finance Investments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption or Finance Investments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption or Finance Investments and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+um well fortunately in economics we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well fortunately in economics we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well fortunately in economics we have
+one set of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of measurement
+tools uh that are common and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools uh that are common and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools uh that are common and they're
+also consistent with the theme of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consistent with the theme of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consistent with the theme of the
+lectures namely there's measurement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures namely there's measurement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures namely there's measurement at
+the individual household level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual household level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual household level that's
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+consistent with measurement of the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with measurement of the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with measurement of the flow
+of funds across countries and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funds across countries and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funds across countries and everything
+in between and what I'm going to uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and what I'm going to uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and what I'm going to uh try
+to through today but here's a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to through today but here's a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to through today but here's a quick
+summary of it is uh is what these tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of it is uh is what these tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of it is uh is what these tools
+are basically you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically you start with the
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+accounts uh for a household or a firm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts uh for a household or a firm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts uh for a household or a firm so
+that would be the balance sheet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the balance sheet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the balance sheet the
+income statement and the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement and the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement and the statement of
+cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+flow uh you may associate that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh you may associate that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh you may associate that language
+with corporate financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with corporate financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with corporate financial
+accounting and wonder perhaps about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting and wonder perhaps about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting and wonder perhaps about its
+relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance
+but they are The Benchmark standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are The Benchmark standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are The Benchmark standards and
+they can be applied to households and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be applied to households and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be applied to households and
+especially to households running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to households running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to households running
+businesses which is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses which is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses which is the typical
+Enterprise in developing countries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise in developing countries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise in developing countries so
+I'll show you in a moment exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a moment exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a moment exactly
+how this can be done uh what use can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this can be done uh what use can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this can be done uh what use can you
+make of these things again I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of these things again I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of these things again I'm going to
+try to buttress my case that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to buttress my case that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to buttress my case that it's not
+just measurement for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measurement for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measurement for the sake of
+measurement but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement but actually
+uh that you can use these measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you can use these measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you can use these measurements
+so in this case we'll draw a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we'll draw a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we'll draw a distinction
+between productivity and the return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between productivity and the return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between productivity and the return on
+assets versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets versus
+liquidity uh some a distinction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity uh some a distinction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity uh some a distinction you
+could not make if you were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not make if you were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not make if you were not
+clearheaded as in applying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearheaded as in applying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearheaded as in applying these
+Financial accounts or at least it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial accounts or at least it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial accounts or at least it would
+be quite easy to make mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite easy to make mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite easy to make mistakes
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+uh and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how where where wealth is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how where where wealth is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how where where wealth is coming from
+and how wealth changes over time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how wealth changes over time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how wealth changes over time at the
+household level that gets you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household level that gets you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household level that gets you into
+poverty Dynamics you can start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty Dynamics you can start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty Dynamics you can start thinking
+about the mechanics that underly changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanics that underly changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanics that underly changes
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and again in an application take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again in an application take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again in an application take a
+look at how households are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how households are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how households are uh
+making a distinction apparently between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a distinction apparently between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a distinction apparently between
+savings savings rates and productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings savings rates and productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings savings rates and productivity
+in terms of what they do in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what they do in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what they do in their own
+investment I think you've seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I think you've seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment I think you've seen in the
+recitation section sort of a precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation section sort of a precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation section sort of a precursor
+of this in terms of the tie data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in terms of the tie data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in terms of the tie data and
+some case studies so in some sense we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some case studies so in some sense we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some case studies so in some sense we're
+going to go back to the basics and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to the basics and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to the basics and and
+talk about the financial accounts but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the financial accounts but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the financial accounts but at
+least you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have a good
+motivation already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation already uh
+for for what households are doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for what households are doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for what households are doing um
+then we can aggregate up from households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can aggregate up from households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can aggregate up from households
+say all households in a village and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all households in a village and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all households in a village and
+create something like the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something like the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something like the national
+income accounts except they're not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income accounts except they're not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income accounts except they're not at
+the national level they're Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national level they're Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national level they're Village
+income accounts but we have the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income accounts but we have the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income accounts but we have the standard
+savings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and
+investment uh GDP numbers um and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment uh GDP numbers um and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment uh GDP numbers um and indeed
+we get balance of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get balance of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get balance of payments
+at the uh at the Village level or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh at the Village level or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh at the Village level or
+Regional level just so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional level just so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional level just so you can see
+what's going on within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on within the
+country not just of the country relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country not just of the country relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country not just of the country relative
+to other and again you you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other and again you you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other and again you you've seen this
+come up in the lectures China provincial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in the lectures China provincial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in the lectures China provincial
+level China at the national level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level China at the national level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level China at the national level
+relative to the rest of the world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the rest of the world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the rest of the world um
+flows across sectors that differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows across sectors that differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows across sectors that differ in
+obstacles to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we'll get
+to uh flow of funds accounting which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh flow of funds accounting which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh flow of funds accounting which I
+like to think of as the the nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of as the the nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of as the the nuts and
+bolts of the financial system actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts of the financial system actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts of the financial system actually
+measured so you don't just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so you don't just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so you don't just have to
+imagine what's going on in a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what's going on in a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what's going on in a country
+over time in response to shocks you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time in response to shocks you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time in response to shocks you can
+actually see it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in the
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so first paper up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first paper up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first paper up up
+H not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work it's not cut off too much maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's not cut off too much maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's not cut off too much maybe
+it's all right is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+create well I'm just not fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough create the balance sheet income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough create the balance sheet income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough create the balance sheet income
+statement and statement of cash flow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and statement of cash flow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and statement of cash flow for
+these households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these households
+in order to make the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make the distinction between
+productivity and uh and liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and uh and liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and uh and liquidity
+so uh this is a quote from Deon that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a quote from Deon that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a quote from Deon that I
+Al often show um the only way to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al often show um the only way to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al often show um the only way to obtain
+these measures is by imposing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measures is by imposing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measures is by imposing an
+accounting framework on the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting framework on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting framework on the data
+painstakingly construct estimates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstakingly construct estimates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstakingly construct estimates from
+Myriad responses to questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Myriad responses to questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Myriad responses to questions about the
+specific components that contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific components that contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific components that contribute to
+the total so actually there's a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total so actually there's a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total so actually there's a computer
+code that's you know 18 to 20 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's you know 18 to 20 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's you know 18 to 20 pages
+single single line code and it operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single line code and it operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single line code and it operates
+on the tie data it of course searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tie data it of course searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tie data it of course searches
+over all the questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the questions in the
+questionnaire in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaire in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaire in order to be able to
+extract the key variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the key variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the key variables that are
+needed line by line to create these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed line by line to create these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed line by line to create these uh
+Financial accounts we didn't begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial accounts we didn't begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial accounts we didn't begin with
+the financial accounts I wish we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial accounts I wish we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial accounts I wish we had
+because in certain certain instances it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in certain certain instances it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in certain certain instances it
+would have helped us measure better this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have helped us measure better this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have helped us measure better this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+something we came to afterwards when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we came to afterwards when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we came to afterwards when we
+were just struggling with a simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just struggling with a simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just struggling with a simple idea
+of what do we really mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what do we really mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what do we really mean by
+income something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basic the you look at yeah version one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic the you look at yeah version one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic the you look at yeah version one
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay uh so what are the problems when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so what are the problems when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so what are the problems when
+you have these high frequency monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these high frequency monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these high frequency monthly
+data or to some degree even annual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or to some degree even annual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or to some degree even annual data
+there's a difference in timing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference in timing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference in timing between
+say when inputs are purchased and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when inputs are purchased and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when inputs are purchased and when
+their outputs are sold if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their outputs are sold if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their outputs are sold if you think
+about Farmers they only sell at Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Farmers they only sell at Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Farmers they only sell at Harvest
+Time and they're using inputs along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time and they're using inputs along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time and they're using inputs along the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um it's true for businesses too who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's true for businesses too who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's true for businesses too who
+don't don't sell instantaneously they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't sell instantaneously they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't sell instantaneously they
+have to acquire inputs to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to acquire inputs to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to acquire inputs to produce
+something or buy goods for inventory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or buy goods for inventory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or buy goods for inventory to
+stock and then subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and then subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and then subsequently
+sell um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell um
+we are worried about liquidity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are worried about liquidity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are worried about liquidity on the
+other hand you know so smoothing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you know so smoothing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you know so smoothing of
+consumption protection of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption protection of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption protection of investment
+from cash flow financing of budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cash flow financing of budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cash flow financing of budget
+deficits uh so we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits uh so we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits uh so we want to make
+distinction between cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between cash
+flow uh in terms of liquidity and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh in terms of liquidity and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh in terms of liquidity and kind
+of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall
+performance the key idea with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance the key idea with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance the key idea with
+performance is an acrel notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is an acrel notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is an acrel notion of
+accounting which is simple to say mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting which is simple to say mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting which is simple to say mainly
+you do not book or subtract expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not book or subtract expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not book or subtract expenses
+until the output is sold it's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the output is sold it's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the output is sold it's the idea
+of corporate finance you have projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporate finance you have projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporate finance you have projects
+not occupations you buy assets you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occupations you buy assets you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occupations you buy assets you have
+an idea you need to fund it you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea you need to fund it you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea you need to fund it you buy
+equipment and you don't expect a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and you don't expect a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and you don't expect a return
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+away um so you know for the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um so you know for the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um so you know for the short run
+you have lots of negative profits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of negative profits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of negative profits but
+it's just a cash outflow so you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a cash outflow so you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a cash outflow so you wait
+till you can get the big picture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you can get the big picture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you can get the big picture which
+is when you get the revenue then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you get the revenue then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you get the revenue then you
+subtract off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the
+inputs but financing the inputs along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but financing the inputs along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but financing the inputs along
+the way that's a liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's a liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's a liquidity
+issue anded if if you're running out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue anded if if you're running out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue anded if if you're running out you
+may you know not invest even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may you know not invest even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may you know not invest even though
+you're underlying project or idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're underlying project or idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're underlying project or idea is
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successful um so so we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um so so we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um so so we go to the
+financial accounts now vieing households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial accounts now vieing households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial accounts now vieing households
+as firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as firms
+um we have to draw some parallels assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have to draw some parallels assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have to draw some parallels assets
+are kind of easy to think about both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of easy to think about both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of easy to think about both on
+the household side and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household side and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household side and on
+the on the firm side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the firm side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the firm side
+um households have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um households have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um households have
+debt uh just like firms have liabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt uh just like firms have liabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt uh just like firms have liabilities
+so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are
+straightforward uh parallel Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward uh parallel Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward uh parallel Concepts
+when you when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you think about
+wealth wealth is really net worth on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth wealth is really net worth on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth wealth is really net worth on the
+household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+side uh the language for firms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh the language for firms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh the language for firms is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+Equity it's the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity it's the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity it's the amount of the
+owner investment in the Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner investment in the Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner investment in the Enterprise
+that's built up over time that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built up over time that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built up over time that is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um as different from the fact that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as different from the fact that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as different from the fact that some
+of the equipment gets owned by Outsiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equipment gets owned by Outsiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equipment gets owned by Outsiders
+who finan the project by Lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the the sources of this wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the sources of this wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the sources of this wealth
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+basically uh savings like retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh savings like retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh savings like retained
+earnings savings for households retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings savings for households retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings savings for households retained
+earnings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings for
+businesses uh that part of the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses uh that part of the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses uh that part of the profits
+that you put back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put back into the
+business uh but also potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh but also potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh but also potentially
+contributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed
+Capital uh which I'll come to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh which I'll come to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh which I'll come to in a
+minute this is this may strike you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this is this may strike you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this is this may strike you as
+odd at first I'm not sure consumption on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd at first I'm not sure consumption on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd at first I'm not sure consumption on
+the household side is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household side is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household side is the same as
+dividends on the firm side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends on the firm side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends on the firm side
+so the I consumption we think we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the I consumption we think we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the I consumption we think we know
+but dividends is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but dividends is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but dividends is like a
+firm paying either the inside owners or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm paying either the inside owners or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm paying either the inside owners or
+outside investors part of the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside investors part of the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside investors part of the return
+Stream So that stuff isn't going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stream So that stuff isn't going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stream So that stuff isn't going into
+the firm anymore it's not retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm anymore it's not retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm anymore it's not retained
+earnings it's kind of the the the fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings it's kind of the the the fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings it's kind of the the the fruit
+that you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to
+enjoy this is also a bit of a stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this is also a bit of a stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this is also a bit of a stretch
+and and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and can be
+problematic incoming gifts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic incoming gifts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic incoming gifts on the
+household side what do we do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household side what do we do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household side what do we do with them
+in the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial
+accounts gifts aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts gifts aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts gifts aren't
+really income in some sense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really income in some sense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really income in some sense in the
+corporate Financial sense because income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Financial sense because income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Financial sense because income
+is a return stream off of projects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a return stream off of projects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a return stream off of projects but
+gifts that's just some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts that's just some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts that's just some something
+somebody gave you well so we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave you well so we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave you well so we ended up
+thinking about gifts as financing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about gifts as financing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about gifts as financing so the
+idea is someone gives you a gift you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is someone gives you a gift you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is someone gives you a gift you
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+implicit idea of reciprocity so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit idea of reciprocity so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit idea of reciprocity so they're
+in effect helping your Enterprise They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect helping your Enterprise They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect helping your Enterprise They
+investing your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing your in your
+Enterprise um even though the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise um even though the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise um even though the contract
+may not be nearly as formal as say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be nearly as formal as say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be nearly as formal as say an
+equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+Arrangement um and finally the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement um and finally the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement um and finally the household
+budget constraint is like the firm cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint is like the firm cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint is like the firm cash
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+constraint um so again we can therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint um so again we can therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint um so again we can therefore
+distinguish assets versus wealth note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish assets versus wealth note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish assets versus wealth note
+how easy it would be to make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy it would be to make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy it would be to make a mistake
+there isn't that the same thing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't that the same thing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't that the same thing no
+remember the liabilities get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the liabilities get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the liabilities get
+subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted
+um from assets to create quote wealth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from assets to create quote wealth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from assets to create quote wealth or
+net worth acral versus cash flow I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net worth acral versus cash flow I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net worth acral versus cash flow I've
+said often enough savings as a budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said often enough savings as a budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said often enough savings as a budget
+surplus as in cash flow so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus as in cash flow so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus as in cash flow so you know you
+had more coming in in Revenue than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more coming in in Revenue than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more coming in in Revenue than you
+had outflows in terms of expenses versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had outflows in terms of expenses versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had outflows in terms of expenses versus
+a a different notion of savings and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a different notion of savings and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a different notion of savings and that
+savings has in wealth accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings has in wealth accumulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings has in wealth accumulation
+that's where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where do you
+put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the
+increasing uh wealth that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh wealth that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh wealth that you're
+acquiring that's more like a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring that's more like a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring that's more like a portfolio
+problem um and therefore we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and therefore we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and therefore we need to
+distinguish liquidity management from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish liquidity management from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish liquidity management from
+Asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Management so quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management so quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management so quick
+review by the way I'm really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by the way I'm really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by the way I'm really going to
+struggle today to make sure you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle today to make sure you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle today to make sure you don't
+just sort of pass out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of pass out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of pass out on
+me uh because accounting has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh because accounting has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh because accounting has a
+reputation as being really boring and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation as being really boring and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation as being really boring and it
+is true that it gets you know more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that it gets you know more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that it gets you know more and
+more tedious and so you kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tedious and so you kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tedious and so you kind of like
+tune out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune out
+like uh okay you know I'll tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh okay you know I'll tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh okay you know I'll tolerate
+today but no you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but no you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but no you'll
+discover that when you start doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that when you start doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that when you start doing your
+research whether it's looking at data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research whether it's looking at data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research whether it's looking at data
+from surveys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surveys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surveys or
+Gathering data or trying to do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering data or trying to do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering data or trying to do then
+you'll come back and you'll you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come back and you'll you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come back and you'll you'll be
+much more interested in these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interested in these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interested in these things so
+the spirit with which I give the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit with which I give the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit with which I give the lecture
+today is not to bore you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is not to bore you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is not to bore you with the
+details even though at times it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details even though at times it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details even though at times it will be
+tempting because once you invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting because once you invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting because once you invested in
+this stuff you want to share that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff you want to share that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff you want to share that
+knowledge but rather to give you a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but rather to give you a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but rather to give you a a a
+reader's guide or a viewer's guide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader's guide or a viewer's guide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader's guide or a viewer's guide of
+what the key concepts are and how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the key concepts are and how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the key concepts are and how things
+fit together so that latter thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together so that latter thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together so that latter thing is
+what I want you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to take
+away so here is you know a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so here is you know a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so here is you know a typical
+balance sheet uh you've got assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet uh you've got assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet uh you've got assets and
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+liabilities the bottom line has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities the bottom line has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities the bottom line has to be
+the same now how does that happen well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same now how does that happen well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same now how does that happen well
+you really subtract liabilities off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really subtract liabilities off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really subtract liabilities off from
+the assets and hopefully assets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets and hopefully assets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets and hopefully assets are
+larger so the residual is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so the residual is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so the residual is basically
+Equity or net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity or net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity or net
+worth okay and then this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth okay and then this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth okay and then this is just an
+enumeration of the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumeration of the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumeration of the different kinds of
+assets which include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets which include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets which include
+Financial uh and Trade Credit and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial uh and Trade Credit and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial uh and Trade Credit and so on
+as well as if lending as well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as if lending as well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as if lending as well as you
+know your real physical fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your real physical fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your real physical fixed
+assets and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and uh
+liabilities kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities kind of
+obvious and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and so on
+so now let's get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get into
+some cases here the living standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases here the living standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases here the living standards
+measurement survey makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement survey makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement survey makes a
+mistake uh if you want to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh if you want to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh if you want to think of it
+that way they asked about inputs used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way they asked about inputs used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way they asked about inputs used
+over a specified cropping season and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a specified cropping season and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a specified cropping season and the
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+spent uh and implicitly they're equating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent uh and implicitly they're equating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent uh and implicitly they're equating
+them but they don't have to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they don't have to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they don't have to be equal to
+each other for one thing you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for one thing you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for one thing you could be
+using inputs in your farm that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using inputs in your farm that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using inputs in your farm that you
+acquired previously especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired previously especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired previously especially with
+monthly data it's likely you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly data it's likely you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly data it's likely you have some
+kind of input inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of input inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of input inventory
+uh and for that matter uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and for that matter uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and for that matter uh you could
+spend money and buy inputs but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money and buy inputs but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money and buy inputs but not
+actually put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put them on the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the same thing happens uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the same thing happens uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the same thing happens uh on the
+output side essentially um what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output side essentially um what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output side essentially um what do we do
+fortunately in the Thai survey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately in the Thai survey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately in the Thai survey we
+actually keep track of both inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep track of both inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep track of both inputs
+acquired since the previous interview as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired since the previous interview as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired since the previous interview as
+well as the actual use both value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the actual use both value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the actual use both value and
+quantity of input so we have this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of input so we have this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of input so we have this in
+input inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input inventory
+account uh you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh you know and
+revenues I say here but don't dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues I say here but don't dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues I say here but don't dwell on
+it you know so what do you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know so what do you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know so what do you do when you
+have the output well you could store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the output well you could store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the output well you could store it
+or you could sell it or you could eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could sell it or you could eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could sell it or you could eat it
+so you kind of have to create an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of have to create an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of have to create an output
+account we act as if output is sold at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account we act as if output is sold at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account we act as if output is sold at
+the time of harvest just to put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of harvest just to put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of harvest just to put an
+accurate value on it but when in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate value on it but when in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate value on it but when in fact
+they don't sell all of it or they eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't sell all of it or they eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't sell all of it or they eat
+some and store some you know then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and store some you know then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and store some you know then we
+create another sort of output inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another sort of output inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another sort of output inventory
+account so in highfrequency data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so in highfrequency data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so in highfrequency data this
+sort of inventory that you might your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inventory that you might your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inventory that you might your
+mind might glaze over when you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind might glaze over when you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind might glaze over when you look at a
+financial statement inventory may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial statement inventory may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial statement inventory may be a
+really key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key
+smoothing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing uh
+device and at the risk of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and at the risk of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and at the risk of getting
+carried away there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried away there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried away there's something called
+work in progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in progress
+inventory and uh that happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and uh that happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and uh that happens when
+you're using this acral notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using this acral notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using this acral notion of
+accounting where you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting where you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting where you don't want to
+subtract something off as an expense yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract something off as an expense yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract something off as an expense yet
+if you don't subtract it off as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't subtract it off as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't subtract it off as an
+expense then you know it's not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense then you know it's not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense then you know it's not on the
+income statement well where the heck is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement well where the heck is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement well where the heck is
+it well basically you act like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well basically you act like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well basically you act like you've
+created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an
+inventory of something like buying an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory of something like buying an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory of something like buying an
+asset so all the fertilizer that you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so all the fertilizer that you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so all the fertilizer that you put
+on the land and all of that stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the land and all of that stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the land and all of that stuff in the
+cruel notion is work in progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruel notion is work in progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruel notion is work in progress
+inventory it's producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crop yep so how do you um literally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop yep so how do you um literally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop yep so how do you um literally so
+how do you kind of ask so I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you kind of ask so I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you kind of ask so I'm assuming
+that in your Sur survey you ask kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your Sur survey you ask kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your Sur survey you ask kind of
+simpler question like just count assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler question like just count assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler question like just count assets
+and name yeah expenses and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and name yeah expenses and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and name yeah expenses and what you
+stuff like that um how can you be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um how can you be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um how can you be sure
+that your classification kind of is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your classification kind of is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your classification kind of is what
+it is in is it's in mind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in is it's in mind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in is it's in mind of the the
+households so like I understand sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households so like I understand sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households so like I understand sort of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+asset versus wealth thing and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset versus wealth thing and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset versus wealth thing and so on but
+when you go into this like inventories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into this like inventories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into this like inventories
+and stuff like that how we create that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that how we create that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that how we create that
+we don't ask the household what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't ask the household what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't ask the household what their
+work in progress inventory is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in progress inventory is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in progress inventory is we have
+that as a conceptual category as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a conceptual category as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a conceptual category as
+measured from other variables like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured from other variables like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured from other variables like what
+did they buy and not yet put on the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they buy and not yet put on the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they buy and not yet put on the land
+would would you think it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would you think it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would you think it's interesting
+to go see like whether that Ms it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go see like whether that Ms it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go see like whether that Ms it into
+some sort of yeah way so Chris Woodroof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of yeah way so Chris Woodroof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of yeah way so Chris Woodroof
+had done the inventory thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done the inventory thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done the inventory thing is the
+hardest thing to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing to get
+right uh and in fact when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and in fact when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and in fact when you think
+about it you buy maybe inputs at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you buy maybe inputs at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you buy maybe inputs at one
+price and you sell them in another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you sell them in another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you sell them in another so
+you can have or you know so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have or you know so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have or you know so you can have
+capital gains and losses on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital gains and losses on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital gains and losses on the on the
+inventory account yeah I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory account yeah I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory account yeah I mean and
+and so yeah so what Chris has done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah so what Chris has done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah so what Chris has done is
+actually he wrote a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he wrote a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he wrote a paper
+called and we take the opposite point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and we take the opposite point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and we take the opposite point of
+view but but his is you know how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but but his is you know how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but but his is you know how is the
+sausage made or don't ask what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sausage made or don't ask what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sausage made or don't ask what's in the
+sausage so he just ask households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sausage so he just ask households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sausage so he just ask households
+basically what their income is and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what their income is and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what their income is and uh
+and the view there is that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the view there is that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the view there is that somehow
+they're going to do better than asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do better than asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do better than asking
+all these detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these detailed
+questions we think it's better to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we think it's better to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we think it's better to ask
+the detailed questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed questions and then
+construct the income but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the income but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the income but you can
+certainly and we didn't do enough of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly and we didn't do enough of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly and we didn't do enough of
+this so yes you you should compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so yes you you should compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so yes you you should compare the
+answers of the households to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers of the households to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers of the households to
+see you know and do do the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know and do do the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know and do do the households
+have in mind some liquidity notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind some liquidity notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind some liquidity notion of
+income or do they have in mind some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or do they have in mind some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or do they have in mind some sort
+of rate of return calculation when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate of return calculation when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate of return calculation when you
+ask them what their income is in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what their income is in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what their income is in a given
+year maybe even like at an earlier stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year maybe even like at an earlier stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year maybe even like at an earlier stage
+so I think that in the in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that in the in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that in the in the whole
+boredom of accounting there's some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boredom of accounting there's some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boredom of accounting there's some like
+what I remember as more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I remember as more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I remember as more interesting
+stuff it's like everything that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's like everything that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's like everything that goes on
+those statements you can you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those statements you can you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those statements you can you know it's
+either market value I mean or cost value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either market value I mean or cost value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either market value I mean or cost value
+so there's all sorts of you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of you can you can
+and you can get all sorts of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get all sorts of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get all sorts of numbers
+depending on how you evaluate like value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you evaluate like value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you evaluate like value
+things so my my question would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so my my question would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so my my question would be in
+those in these settings where I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in these settings where I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in these settings where I would
+assume there's even more measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there's even more measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there's even more measurement
+error in like prices and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in like prices and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in like prices and everything else
+like how does that all come together how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does that all come together how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does that all come together how
+how do you think noise can so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think noise can so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think noise can so I'm going
+to take yeah so I'll take you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take yeah so I'll take you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take yeah so I'll take you through a
+paper we wrote I'm going to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we wrote I'm going to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we wrote I'm going to you know
+formalize the notion of rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize the notion of rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize the notion of rate of return
+on assets and then I'll show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on assets and then I'll show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on assets and then I'll show you one
+slide where we did a lot of what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide where we did a lot of what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide where we did a lot of what the the
+great virtue of having all the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great virtue of having all the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great virtue of having all the data is
+we could do these experiments say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do these experiments say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do these experiments say what
+if we didn't count something we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't count something we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't count something we actually
+measured or what if we you know change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured or what if we you know change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured or what if we you know change
+categories and put it in one place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and put it in one place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and put it in one place and
+the other so so we actually rank ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so so we actually rank ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so so we actually rank ordered
+the three things that matter most to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three things that matter most to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three things that matter most to
+measuring productivity so that we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring productivity so that we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring productivity so that we and
+especially other researchers might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially other researchers might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially other researchers might be
+able to do better or not have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do better or not have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do better or not have to worry
+about all the details on everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the details on everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the details on everything is
+more to the point yes so what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point yes so what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point yes so what do you do
+with households that also are running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with households that also are running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with households that also are running a
+business do you ask them only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business do you ask them only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business do you ask them only about
+household of inventories or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household of inventories or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household of inventories or the
+equivalent no we don't separate it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent no we don't separate it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent no we don't separate it at
+all okay so we treat it as an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so we treat it as an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so we treat it as an integrated
+unit and and again my view of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and and again my view of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and and again my view of it is
+households don't necessarily make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households don't necessarily make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households don't necessarily make that
+separation so we ask them you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so we ask them you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so we ask them you know what
+what is the profit from running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the profit from running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the profit from running the
+business you're asking them mentally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you're asking them mentally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you're asking them mentally to
+you know to separate out all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to separate out all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to separate out all these
+things if they have some money from wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if they have some money from wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if they have some money from wage
+earning and so on so we prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning and so on so we prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning and so on so we prefer to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes this his question um so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this his question um so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this his question um so in this
+sense in which you know households that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which you know households that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which you know households that
+also have business um are are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have business um are are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have business um are are just
+treated as business and consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as business and consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as business and consumption
+decisions are treated as a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are treated as a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are treated as a unitary
+things so really this notion of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so really this notion of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so really this notion of some
+sort of corporate thing going on um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of corporate thing going on um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of corporate thing going on um how
+do you then go into um have you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you then go into um have you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you then go into um have you thought
+of do you think would be interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do you think would be interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do you think would be interesting to
+like integrate that with household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like integrate that with household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like integrate that with household
+decision making modeling that is Al that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making modeling that is Al that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making modeling that is Al that
+also treats the household as a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also treats the household as a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also treats the household as a corporate
+firm so the idea of transaction costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm so the idea of transaction costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm so the idea of transaction costs
+within the household how like or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the household how like or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the household how like or the
+household then is still a unitary thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household then is still a unitary thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household then is still a unitary thing
+which maybe doesn't make much sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe doesn't make much sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe doesn't make much sense
+because there should be there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there should be there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there should be there could be
+like the woman as a manager of the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the woman as a manager of the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the woman as a manager of the yeah
+so there are two things going in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two things going in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two things going in you
+know on here you know one is household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on here you know one is household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on here you know one is household
+non-business activities and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-business activities and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-business activities and the other is
+business activities and we prefer to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business activities and we prefer to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business activities and we prefer to try
+to measure all of that and have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure all of that and have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure all of that and have an
+integrated account now in terms of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated account now in terms of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated account now in terms of a a
+household is collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household is collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household is collection of
+individuals you know could we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you know could we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you know could we do the
+accounting at the individual level uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting at the individual level uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting at the individual level uh in
+some instances we're painfully aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instances we're painfully aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instances we're painfully aware
+that this notion we have that this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this notion we have that this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this notion we have that this group
+of people is a household and as a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people is a household and as a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people is a household and as a unit
+is uh is stretching things and yet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is stretching things and yet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is stretching things and yet that
+was our starting point to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our starting point to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our starting point to have a
+household level survey for one thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household level survey for one thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household level survey for one thing the
+demands are even in the measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands are even in the measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands are even in the measurement of
+interviewing everybody individually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing everybody individually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing everybody individually is
+is horrendous also you know some assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horrendous also you know some assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horrendous also you know some assets
+are held jointly or people may disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held jointly or people may disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held jointly or people may disagree
+about who's got the real claims on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who's got the real claims on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who's got the real claims on them
+and uh I mean that said there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I mean that said there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I mean that said there are
+instances clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances clearly
+where um you know the husband may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um you know the husband may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um you know the husband may be
+hiding some of his income or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding some of his income or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding some of his income or you know
+the young young teenager still living at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young young teenager still living at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young young teenager still living at
+home actually has some some earnings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home actually has some some earnings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home actually has some some earnings in
+his or her bank account and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her bank account and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her bank account and that's kind
+of not co-mingled with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not co-mingled with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not co-mingled with the rest of the
+family budget and and those are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family budget and and those are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family budget and and those are real
+real problems for us yes I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems for us yes I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems for us yes I mean I think
+to be fair to some extent you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair to some extent you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair to some extent you can make
+that criticism of corporate accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that criticism of corporate accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that criticism of corporate accounting
+as well that maybe they're like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that maybe they're like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that maybe they're like they're
+not acting as a unit or you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acting as a unit or you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acting as a unit or you know there
+are people doing things that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people doing things that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people doing things that you can't
+see in the accounts and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the accounts and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the accounts and that you know
+just looking at a firm statement would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at a firm statement would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at a firm statement would
+be different if you were like to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different if you were like to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different if you were like to sit
+down with every member of a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with every member of a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with every member of a corporate
+firm and ask you know what did you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm and ask you know what did you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm and ask you know what did you spend
+money on this month where did you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on this month where did you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on this month where did you you
+know all stuff so I feel like to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all stuff so I feel like to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all stuff so I feel like to some
+extent the criticisms here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent the criticisms here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent the criticisms here are
+criticisms that apply to the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms that apply to the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms that apply to the general
+framework of accounting and not to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of accounting and not to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of accounting and not to the
+household speci I yeah there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household speci I yeah there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household speci I yeah there's some
+stuff I took out otherwise the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I took out otherwise the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I took out otherwise the lecture
+would be you know even longer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know even longer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know even longer which is
+you know are do these problems you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are do these problems you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are do these problems you have
+a conglomerate which consists of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conglomerate which consists of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conglomerate which consists of you
+know different firms and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different firms and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different firms and there are
+issues there about the flows from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues there about the flows from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues there about the flows from one to
+the other you know here you could treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you know here you could treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you know here you could treat
+a marriage for example le as the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marriage for example le as the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marriage for example le as the a
+merger of two firms and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger of two firms and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger of two firms and there is
+development literature like that Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development literature like that Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development literature like that Mark
+Rosen swag has written I think quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosen swag has written I think quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosen swag has written I think quite
+convincingly on the marriage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincingly on the marriage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincingly on the marriage of
+daughters as basically insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters as basically insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters as basically insurance and
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+transactions and uh and so on so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and uh and so on so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and uh and so on so you
+know there are a divorce is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are a divorce is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are a divorce is like a
+breakup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we try to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we try to measure
+liquidity and so it's tempting to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and so it's tempting to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and so it's tempting to just
+have everything in cash but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything in cash but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything in cash but actually
+here and in India you know grain rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in India you know grain rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in India you know grain rice
+here and uh sorghum and India is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh sorghum and India is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh sorghum and India is people
+borrow in lend in it they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow in lend in it they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow in lend in it they make
+commitments to paying it so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments to paying it so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments to paying it so we actually
+have in kind you know barter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in kind you know barter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in kind you know barter
+transactions now here again you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions now here again you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions now here again you could
+imagine and you know when I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine and you know when I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine and you know when I teach
+monetary econ iics we get into this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary econ iics we get into this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary econ iics we get into this for
+sure you know the the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you know the the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you know the the notion of
+liquidity is how quickly one could sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity is how quickly one could sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity is how quickly one could sell
+an asset or is there a deep market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset or is there a deep market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset or is there a deep market for
+it so this is again a both a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is again a both a judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is again a both a judgment
+call here because we aggregate it up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call here because we aggregate it up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call here because we aggregate it up but
+also opens up a really interesting sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also opens up a really interesting sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also opens up a really interesting sort
+of uh line of research where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh line of research where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh line of research where you can
+study liquidity and transactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study liquidity and transactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study liquidity and transactions in
+these Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Village
+economies uh you know what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies uh you know what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies uh you know what to do with
+livestock uh uh you know what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livestock uh uh you know what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livestock uh uh you know what is a
+cow a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow a cash
+cow well so we just you know separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow well so we just you know separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow well so we just you know separate
+the asset from the income and expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset from the income and expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset from the income and expense
+part so the cow is the asset the cow if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the cow is the asset the cow if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the cow is the asset the cow if
+it's young actually appreciates in value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's young actually appreciates in value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's young actually appreciates in value
+over time you get a capital gain out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you get a capital gain out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you get a capital gain out of
+it cattle can die prematurely you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cattle can die prematurely you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cattle can die prematurely you'll get
+a capital loss we actually try to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital loss we actually try to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital loss we actually try to to
+book all those things meanwhile the cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book all those things meanwhile the cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book all those things meanwhile the cow
+the dairy cattle up in local opy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dairy cattle up in local opy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dairy cattle up in local opy are
+delivering milk so that's the revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering milk so that's the revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering milk so that's the revenue
+stream off the asset actually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream off the asset actually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream off the asset actually it's a
+great analogy like fruit off the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great analogy like fruit off the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great analogy like fruit off the tree
+they're not Lucas trees they're I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not Lucas trees they're I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not Lucas trees they're I don't
+know lery animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lery animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lery animals
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um and gifts as I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and gifts as I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and gifts as I've said
+uh so I don't think I'll be labor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I don't think I'll be labor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I don't think I'll be labor that
+uh I spared you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I spared you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I spared you a
+lot just want to introduce the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot just want to introduce the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot just want to introduce the concept
+the underlying data you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying data you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying data you'll see a
+transaction like received wage wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction like received wage wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction like received wage wage
+income in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in
+cash now what to do with the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash now what to do with the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash now what to do with the answer to
+that you know 50 bot well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know 50 bot well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know 50 bot well it
+enters in all three income all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters in all three income all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters in all three income all three
+statements um you know basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements um you know basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements um you know basically the
+cash enters an increase in uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash enters an increase in uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash enters an increase in uh in the
+balance sheet it's an increase in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet it's an increase in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet it's an increase in a in a
+kind of asset it's revenue on the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of asset it's revenue on the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of asset it's revenue on the income
+statement and it's in coming cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and it's in coming cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and it's in coming cash flow
+on the on the statement of cash flow not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the statement of cash flow not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the statement of cash flow not
+every transaction in the data enter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every transaction in the data enter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every transaction in the data enter on
+all three accounts the struggle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three accounts the struggle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three accounts the struggle was
+deciding indeed where to put all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding indeed where to put all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding indeed where to put all of
+these things although the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things although the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things although the accounting
+standards Double Entry bookkeeping does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards Double Entry bookkeeping does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards Double Entry bookkeeping does
+provide a discipline and yes we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a discipline and yes we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a discipline and yes we made
+mistakes initially and things didn't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes initially and things didn't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes initially and things didn't add
+up so then we realized we hadn't entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so then we realized we hadn't entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so then we realized we hadn't entered
+things appropriately you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things appropriately you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things appropriately you know that's
+what double enter entry bookkeeping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what double enter entry bookkeeping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what double enter entry bookkeeping is
+some clerk having all the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clerk having all the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clerk having all the transactions
+and then doing the books quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then doing the books quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then doing the books quote unquote
+consists of entering all those daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of entering all those daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of entering all those daily
+transactions into ledgers and creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions into ledgers and creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions into ledgers and creating
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statements so these happen to all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so these happen to all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so these happen to all be
+cash transactions that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transactions that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transactions that's kind of an
+accident it's just the first page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident it's just the first page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident it's just the first page of
+about eight or 10 of them in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eight or 10 of them in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eight or 10 of them in the book
+and I'll skip the rest uh now let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll skip the rest uh now let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll skip the rest uh now let's talk
+about liquidity management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about liquidity management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about liquidity management
+here's a statement of cash flow D for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a statement of cash flow D for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a statement of cash flow D for
+deficit so you run a deficit the deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit so you run a deficit the deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit so you run a deficit the deficit
+say is the difference between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is the difference between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is the difference between your
+income in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in a
+month cash Revenue I should say and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month cash Revenue I should say and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month cash Revenue I should say and the
+uh and say consumption minus consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and say consumption minus consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and say consumption minus consumption
+minus investment okay so it's a deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus investment okay so it's a deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus investment okay so it's a deficit
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+had more demands for cash than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more demands for cash than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more demands for cash than you
+received in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received in cash
+well again by the construction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again by the construction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again by the construction of the
+accounts everything has to balance so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts everything has to balance so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts everything has to balance so we
+know exactly how a deficit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly how a deficit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly how a deficit is
+financed we even try to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financed we even try to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financed we even try to measure the
+currency so we have F1 through FN are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so we have F1 through FN are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so we have F1 through FN are
+these financing devices and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these financing devices and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these financing devices and then you can
+do a little math basically multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little math basically multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little math basically multiply both
+sides by D but D is the sum of the F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by D but D is the sum of the F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by D but D is the sum of the F so
+basically you you get this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you you get this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you you get this and then you
+square it and then you divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it and then you divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it and then you divide by the
+difference squared and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference squared and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference squared and all of a sudden
+you're looking at a variance d uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a variance d uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a variance d uh
+covariance decomposition which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance decomposition which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance decomposition which is
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+true so if you want to know the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if you want to know the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if you want to know the role
+that a particular financing device like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular financing device like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular financing device like
+F1 is playing in terms of smoothing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 is playing in terms of smoothing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 is playing in terms of smoothing the
+deficits uh it's basically like running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits uh it's basically like running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits uh it's basically like running
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+regression of the of the deficit onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of the of the deficit onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of the of the deficit onto
+the financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financing
+device um and getting a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device um and getting a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device um and getting a regression
+coefficient it's really cute that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient it's really cute that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient it's really cute that you
+could do it one financing device at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it one financing device at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it one financing device at a
+time and the sum of those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the sum of those coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the sum of those coefficients
+has to add up to one so this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to add up to one so this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to add up to one so this isn't the
+only way to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about this is variance covariance it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is variance covariance it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is variance covariance it not
+order of magnitude if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude if you have two
+devices that track each other perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that track each other perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that track each other perfectly
+but there's always a gap this thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's always a gap this thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's always a gap this thing will
+say it's the perfect smoother that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the perfect smoother that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the perfect smoother that's the
+thing that's used but in fact the Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's used but in fact the Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's used but in fact the Gap
+remains so you you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains so you you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains so you you have to be a little
+cautious about the interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious about the interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious about the interpretation
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so how do you finance well you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how do you finance well you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how do you finance well you could
+decrease your deposits if you have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease your deposits if you have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease your deposits if you have them
+in a financial institution you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a financial institution you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a financial institution you could
+uh this is an odd way to put it decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an odd way to put it decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an odd way to put it decrease
+in your net Rosa position which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your net Rosa position which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your net Rosa position which means
+basically you don't you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you don't you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you don't you don't want to
+pay in you want to get paid out you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in you want to get paid out you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in you want to get paid out you want
+to be a recipient recipient you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a recipient recipient you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a recipient recipient you could
+call in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in your
+loans uh you could borrow you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans uh you could borrow you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans uh you could borrow you could get
+gifts or decrease your cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts or decrease your cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts or decrease your cash
+Holdings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holdings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holdings and
+uh for two case study households we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for two case study households we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for two case study households we
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+measure uh and uh and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh and uh and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh and uh and and and you
+probably unfortunately can't see it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unfortunately can't see it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unfortunately can't see it very
+well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but
+uh this cache is close to 100 or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this cache is close to 100 or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this cache is close to 100 or one
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+100% uh these numbers though are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% uh these numbers though are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% uh these numbers though are the
+quartiles of the province in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartiles of the province in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartiles of the province in which this
+case study household a lives so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study household a lives so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study household a lives so you know
+the median is 76% this guy's actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median is 76% this guy's actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median is 76% this guy's actually on
+the high side but still three in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high side but still three in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high side but still three in this
+variance covariance sense 3/4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance covariance sense 3/4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance covariance sense 3/4 of the
+deficits of households in uh opy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits of households in uh opy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits of households in uh opy are
+financing their deficits with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing their deficits with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing their deficits with
+cash cash they're holding great gobs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash cash they're holding great gobs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash cash they're holding great gobs of
+it unbelievable amounts of it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unbelievable amounts of it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unbelievable amounts of it in the
+house and when they get these adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and when they get these adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and when they get these adverse
+shocks or they have more expenses than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks or they have more expenses than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks or they have more expenses than
+inputs outc comes the cash you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs outc comes the cash you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs outc comes the cash you know you
+want to say well why isn't is it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say well why isn't is it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say well why isn't is it in a
+savings account not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible now you know I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible now you know I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible now you know I was a
+little critical of just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little critical of just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little critical of just sort of
+measuring savings accounts well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring savings accounts well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring savings accounts well this is
+a measure of savings account I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of savings account I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of savings account I guess you
+know at the end of the day the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the end of the day the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the end of the day the issue is
+are they managing their cash well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they managing their cash well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they managing their cash well this
+is the starting point we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starting point we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starting point we have the
+measurement maybe they should be putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement maybe they should be putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement maybe they should be putting
+more of it in in the bank and taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it in in the bank and taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it in in the bank and taking it
+out when they need it they don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when they need it they don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when they need it they don't do it
+much so that is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that is a bit of a
+puzzle uh gifts and Loans are hung I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle uh gifts and Loans are hung I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle uh gifts and Loans are hung I
+think this is not this is out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is not this is out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is not this is out of the
+book and not the latest version this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and not the latest version this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and not the latest version this is
+the latest is it yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so you can see these upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so you can see these upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so you can see these upper
+quartiles uh are getting you know up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartiles uh are getting you know up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartiles uh are getting you know up to
+15 20 25% so gifts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 20 25% so gifts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 20 25% so gifts are
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+uh by some households substantially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by some households substantially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by some households substantially as
+well it's not just a pure you know cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not just a pure you know cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not just a pure you know cash
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and like that's cash management we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that's cash management we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like that's cash management we can
+talk about Asset Management it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Asset Management it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Asset Management it's really
+the same concept except instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concept except instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same concept except instead of
+operating on the cash flow you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the cash flow you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the cash flow you do this
+acral notion of accounting and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acral notion of accounting and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acral notion of accounting and look at
+sort of net savings you know and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of net savings you know and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of net savings you know and I'll
+this I'll come back to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll come back to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll come back to that later
+essentially and the portfolio management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and the portfolio management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and the portfolio management
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here in answer to the question that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in answer to the question that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in answer to the question that was
+raised earlier is looking at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised earlier is looking at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised earlier is looking at something
+like profits over assets which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like profits over assets which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like profits over assets which is a
+return on assets and then um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on assets and then um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on assets and then um you know
+creating 10 different measurements of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating 10 different measurements of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating 10 different measurements of it
+uh do you want to exclude household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you want to exclude household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you want to exclude household
+consumption of their own output and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of their own output and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of their own output and not
+counted into income uh we counted total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted into income uh we counted total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted into income uh we counted total
+utility expenses as a business expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility expenses as a business expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility expenses as a business expense
+maybe we shouldn't have done that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we shouldn't have done that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we shouldn't have done that maybe
+it was a household expense for quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a household expense for quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a household expense for quote
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+purposes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes um
+adds a service flow from fixed assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a service flow from fixed assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a service flow from fixed assets
+which would be very natural to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be very natural to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be very natural to do for
+durable goods we tried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable goods we tried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable goods we tried that
+um we could take income but then add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could take income but then add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could take income but then add
+gifts and transfers even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts and transfers even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts and transfers even though it's
+really not associated with a project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not associated with a project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not associated with a project and
+especially this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this sort of
+cash uh so it it turned out that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash uh so it it turned out that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash uh so it it turned out that the way
+you know this distinction of of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this distinction of of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this distinction of of cash
+versus acral was very important uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus acral was very important uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus acral was very important uh the
+treatment of gifts was very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of gifts was very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of gifts was very important
+and up here which I where I didn't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up here which I where I didn't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up here which I where I didn't start
+but I could is in trying to get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could is in trying to get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could is in trying to get at the
+cost of household labor own household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of household labor own household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of household labor own household
+labor used in production that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor used in production that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor used in production that is a
+monster difficulty because you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster difficulty because you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster difficulty because you don't see
+for many of them what they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of them what they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of them what they would have
+earned as wages in someone else's farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned as wages in someone else's farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned as wages in someone else's farm
+and so on yet yet it's clear that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on yet yet it's clear that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on yet yet it's clear that's very
+important it makes a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference so hopefully knowing that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so hopefully knowing that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so hopefully knowing that one
+can bend over backwards to try to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bend over backwards to try to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bend over backwards to try to get a
+better sense of the opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sense of the opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sense of the opportunity cost of
+Labor so as I said let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor so as I said let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor so as I said let's look at some
+uses of these this is a paper with a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of these this is a paper with a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of these this is a paper with a non
+um on the wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the wealth
+distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and
+uh and let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's look at that
+1% let's go get them let's get the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% let's go get them let's get the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% let's go get them let's get the top
+1% how much wealth does the top 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% how much wealth does the top 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% how much wealth does the top 1%
+have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's
+huge uh they start out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh they start out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh they start out in
+1999 with about 35% of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth
+now it's actually diminished this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's actually diminished this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's actually diminished this is
+the frankly a wonderful thing to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frankly a wonderful thing to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frankly a wonderful thing to have
+all these many many years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these many many years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these many many years of
+data um it's diminished to 26% what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um it's diminished to 26% what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um it's diminished to 26% what's
+going on is this stuff at the bottom end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is this stuff at the bottom end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is this stuff at the bottom end
+you know where you know the bottom 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where you know the bottom 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where you know the bottom 50%
+have 5% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 5% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 5% of the
+wealth by the way this is typical you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth by the way this is typical you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth by the way this is typical you
+know of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of the US
+and you know European history and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know European history and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know European history and you
+know it's very skewed wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very skewed wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's very skewed wealth
+distributions but this thing actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but this thing actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but this thing actually
+doubles over the space of uh about 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles over the space of uh about 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles over the space of uh about 12
+years here is this including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years here is this including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years here is this including
+cash yeah could be that cash it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be there was a question oh yes not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there was a question oh yes not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there was a question oh yes not this
+but what possible characteristics have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what possible characteristics have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what possible characteristics have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+right household M yeah we have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right household M yeah we have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right household M yeah we have all of
+that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the
+Democracy age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+yeah so so Whit in answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so Whit in answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so Whit in answer to your
+question we'll see what the that among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we'll see what the that among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we'll see what the that among
+some of these poor people they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these poor people they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these poor people they have a
+very high return on assets real physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high return on assets real physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high return on assets real physical
+assets and we'll see where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and we'll see where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and we'll see where they're
+putting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money uh so you know inequalities going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh so you know inequalities going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh so you know inequalities going
+down in some sense right so anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in some sense right so anyway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in some sense right so anyway this
+this is not the story of a poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the story of a poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the story of a poverty
+trap uh now I'm not claiming this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap uh now I'm not claiming this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap uh now I'm not claiming this is
+universal truth I'm not claiming there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal truth I'm not claiming there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal truth I'm not claiming there
+aren't poverty traps really and models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't poverty traps really and models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't poverty traps really and models
+and in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the real
+world uh you know many countries still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh you know many countries still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh you know many countries still
+have like India vast populations of poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like India vast populations of poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like India vast populations of poor
+people uh but you know maybe be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh but you know maybe be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh but you know maybe be a little
+leery that at least in the case of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leery that at least in the case of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leery that at least in the case of of
+Thailand there you know you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand there you know you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand there you know you think about
+starting at a low level and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a low level and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a low level and some of
+these guys remain in poverty but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys remain in poverty but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys remain in poverty but there's
+a huge growth Dynamic going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge growth Dynamic going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge growth Dynamic going
+on yes and how much of the vary in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yes and how much of the vary in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yes and how much of the vary in terms
+of the ual distribution of income how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ual distribution of income how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ual distribution of income how
+much of the very rich got surveyed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the very rich got surveyed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the very rich got surveyed you
+know how much is this is of this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much is this is of this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much is this is of this is this
+the people who got surveyed really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who got surveyed really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who got surveyed really like
+a trun distribution like the very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trun distribution like the very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trun distribution like the very rich
+didn't you know would at want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you know would at want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you know would at want to answer
+the survey you know this usual yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survey you know this usual yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survey you know this usual yeah it's
+uh well it's a stratified random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it's a stratified random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it's a stratified random sample
+in some cases we actually ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases we actually ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases we actually ended up with
+everybody in the village but the maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the village but the maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the village but the maybe
+only two out of the 16 or so Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two out of the 16 or so Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two out of the 16 or so Villages
+did that did that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that did that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that did that happen
+um I think the it's more typical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the it's more typical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the it's more typical that
+where the rich guys are hiding some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rich guys are hiding some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rich guys are hiding some of
+their assets rather than them not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets rather than them not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets rather than them not you
+know responding at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know responding at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know responding at
+all um I could not run these surveys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um I could not run these surveys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um I could not run these surveys on
+my own I have built up close friendships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own I have built up close friendships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own I have built up close friendships
+and collaborators in Thailand who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborators in Thailand who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborators in Thailand who are
+amazingly good at uh you know getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly good at uh you know getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly good at uh you know getting
+households to to participate and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households to to participate and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households to to participate and there
+are occasional scares you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are occasional scares you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are occasional scares you know where
+they think the government's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think the government's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think the government's going to
+start taxing them the chicken farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start taxing them the chicken farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start taxing them the chicken farmers
+were making great gobs and money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making great gobs and money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making great gobs and money and
+profits and the rumors circulated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and the rumors circulated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and the rumors circulated that
+uh you know they better conceal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know they better conceal their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know they better conceal their
+wealth they dropped out but we got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth they dropped out but we got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth they dropped out but we got them
+almost all of them back in after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of them back in after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of them back in after a while
+um so I told him that attrition is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I told him that attrition is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I told him that attrition is very
+low but what about the initial response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low but what about the initial response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low but what about the initial response
+rate was that close to 100% like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was that close to 100% like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was that close to 100% like when
+you actually went in yeah it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually went in yeah it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually went in yeah it was very
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+um what do they get for answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do they get for answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do they get for answering the
+survey I think that people get gifts bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey I think that people get gifts bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey I think that people get gifts bit
+no it's not not substantial it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not not substantial it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not not substantial it's just
+like give New Year's gifts so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like give New Year's gifts so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like give New Year's gifts so it's not
+worth their time so they don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth their time so they don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth their time so they don't look at
+it as a financial we give them a bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a financial we give them a bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a financial we give them a bottle
+of fish sauce or a blanket or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fish sauce or a blanket or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fish sauce or a blanket or something
+these are and that's a thae sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and that's a thae sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and that's a thae sort of
+cultural thing to establish you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural thing to establish you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural thing to establish you know
+Goodwill and that you care about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodwill and that you care about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodwill and that you care about a
+person we just did not and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we just did not and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we just did not and we
+deliberately avoided getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately avoided getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately avoided getting into the
+business of paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of paying
+people um because for one thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um because for one thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um because for one thing then
+other households in the village feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other households in the village feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other households in the village feel
+like you know they're getting cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know they're getting cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know they're getting cheated
+and yeah it's just it's so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah it's just it's so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah it's just it's so this is all
+voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary
+participation 13 years of households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation 13 years of households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation 13 years of households
+answering questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering questions
+monthly with only whatever it is 2% per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly with only whatever it is 2% per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly with only whatever it is 2% per
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dropping uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping uh so
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+uh there was a movie called falling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a movie called falling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a movie called falling down
+I don't remember that guy went berserko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember that guy went berserko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember that guy went berserko
+with a machine gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a machine gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a machine gun
+uh I always think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so not everybody's wealth is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so not everybody's wealth is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so not everybody's wealth is going up
+and in fact some people actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact some people actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact some people actually find
+their wealth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wealth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wealth is
+falling uh so we can track their net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling uh so we can track their net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling uh so we can track their net
+position in the distribution of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the distribution of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the distribution of wealth
+and uh and here you can see these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and here you can see these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and here you can see these people
+climb climbing up uh and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb climbing up uh and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb climbing up uh and other people
+quote falling down this is the histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote falling down this is the histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote falling down this is the histogram
+of the sort of in percentiles by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of in percentiles by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of in percentiles by the way
+the the average has to be zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average has to be zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average has to be zero because
+it's you know the net change is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know the net change is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know the net change is zero
+over all the households it's but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the households it's but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the households it's but but you
+can see you know some sub substantial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you know some sub substantial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you know some sub substantial uh
+one standard deviation is like 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one standard deviation is like 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one standard deviation is like 14
+percentage points so do you do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage points so do you do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage points so do you do you have
+any sense like falling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense like falling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense like falling down
+yeah so so I guess one thing that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I guess one thing that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I guess one thing that sort
+of got lost in the shuffle because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got lost in the shuffle because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got lost in the shuffle because we
+didn't decide clearly uh whether what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't decide clearly uh whether what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't decide clearly uh whether what
+would show it in the TA session or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show it in the TA session or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show it in the TA session or I
+would show it here is kind of a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show it here is kind of a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show it here is kind of a life
+cycle picture so so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle picture so so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle picture so so we've
+created by cohorts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by cohorts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by cohorts by
+age and you can see especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and you can see especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and you can see especially in the
+areas near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas near
+Bangkok uh a classic life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok uh a classic life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok uh a classic life
+cycle so so these households are young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so so these households are young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so so these households are young
+they start to accumulate wealth but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to accumulate wealth but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to accumulate wealth but you
+know after a while they especially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know after a while they especially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know after a while they especially as
+their income falls off they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income falls off they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income falls off they start
+running down their assets so this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down their assets so this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down their assets so this does
+not distinguish by age so it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not distinguish by age so it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not distinguish by age so it's a bit
+misleading it's not like there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading it's not like there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading it's not like there's some
+necessarily some Young household that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily some Young household that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily some Young household that's
+just consistently eating more than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consistently eating more than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consistently eating more than than
+their income there are households like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income there are households like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income there are households like
+that and that raises this issue before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that raises this issue before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that raises this issue before
+of you know what's going on I mean if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know what's going on I mean if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know what's going on I mean if a
+husband isn't there for example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband isn't there for example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband isn't there for example and the
+wife is running some hair salon she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife is running some hair salon she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife is running some hair salon she's
+consistently eating more than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently eating more than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently eating more than than the
+household income but you kind of wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household income but you kind of wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household income but you kind of wonder
+if there isn't something going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there isn't something going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there isn't something going on and
+and we just don't have the husband there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just don't have the husband there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just don't have the husband there
+who chooses either for personal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who chooses either for personal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who chooses either for personal or
+occupation reasons to be to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation reasons to be to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation reasons to be to be in
+Bangkok the whole time so then we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok the whole time so then we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok the whole time so then we get a
+misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading
+picture uh that she may be in trouble or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh that she may be in trouble or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh that she may be in trouble or
+or she may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she may
+know uh she may know more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh she may know more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh she may know more about the
+future than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future than we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so let's do a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a simple
+decomposition here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition here's
+savings savings on both sides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings savings on both sides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings savings on both sides in
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute
+amount uh and then divide and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount uh and then divide and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount uh and then divide and multiply
+by profits from the end household end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by profits from the end household end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by profits from the end household end
+businesses all of them summed up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses all of them summed up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses all of them summed up and
+divide and multiply by assets so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and multiply by assets so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and multiply by assets so that
+has to be true it's an identity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true it's an identity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true it's an identity but
+savings over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings over
+um uh basically profits is a savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh basically profits is a savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh basically profits is a savings
+rate out of income and profits over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate out of income and profits over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate out of income and profits over
+assets is the return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets is the return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets is the return on
+assets you know post multiplied by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets you know post multiplied by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets you know post multiplied by by
+the level of assets so um basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of assets so um basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of assets so um basically um
+you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the
+um the change in wealth or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the change in wealth or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the change in wealth or the
+percentage change in wealth and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change in wealth and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change in wealth and and
+wealth comes where is a change in wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth comes where is a change in wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth comes where is a change in wealth
+coming from it's coming from savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from it's coming from savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from it's coming from savings
+plus incoming gifts the savings thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus incoming gifts the savings thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus incoming gifts the savings thing is
+decomposed up here so part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed up here so part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed up here so part of the
+mechanical accounting drivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical accounting drivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical accounting drivers of
+increasing wealth has to do with savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing wealth has to do with savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing wealth has to do with savings
+rates and rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and rates of
+return on assets and maybe gifts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on assets and maybe gifts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on assets and maybe gifts if
+they're important so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important so here is
+um the correlation of the growth of net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the correlation of the growth of net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the correlation of the growth of net
+worth with savings rates and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth with savings rates and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth with savings rates and uh
+depending on whether the unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the unit of
+observation is household month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is household month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is household month or
+household year or households averaged up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household year or households averaged up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household year or households averaged up
+over all of the months and years of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the months and years of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the months and years of the
+data you do see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you do see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you do see some
+positive uh significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh significant
+correlations so in fact not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations so in fact not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations so in fact not too
+surprisingly some of the increase in net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly some of the increase in net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly some of the increase in net
+worth is coming from households who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth is coming from households who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth is coming from households who have
+high savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high savings
+rates but the bigger part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates but the bigger part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates but the bigger part of the
+story is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is the
+correlation with the return on assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with the return on assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with the return on assets
+and there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it's
+consistent pretty much at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent pretty much at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent pretty much at all
+levels um so so household by household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels um so so household by household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels um so so household by household
+with our measurement we look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our measurement we look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our measurement we look at their
+productivity in terms of rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity in terms of rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity in terms of rate of return
+and then see you know whether their net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see you know whether their net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see you know whether their net
+wealth is going up or down and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth is going up or down and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth is going up or down and it's the
+households who have high rates of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households who have high rates of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households who have high rates of return
+who have the high highest rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have the high highest rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have the high highest rates of
+increase in their net worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and it's quite persistent here we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's quite persistent here we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's quite persistent here we we
+look at return on assets in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at return on assets in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at return on assets in the first
+half and second half of the uh sample at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and second half of the uh sample at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and second half of the uh sample at
+the time that we did it um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that we did it um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that we did it um so you know
+if they were identical they would lie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were identical they would lie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were identical they would lie on
+a 45 degree line and these scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 45 degree line and these scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 45 degree line and these scatter
+points are close with one exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are close with one exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are close with one exception
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+burom oh you should be thinking models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burom oh you should be thinking models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burom oh you should be thinking models
+at this point remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point remember
+the productivity the tfp thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity the tfp thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity the tfp thing that
+that's the thing sitting outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing sitting outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing sitting outside
+multiplicatively in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicatively in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicatively in front of the
+production function these are household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function these are household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function these are household
+specific tfp numbers sort of it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific tfp numbers sort of it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific tfp numbers sort of it's not a
+very sophisticated production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated production function
+it's just linear so it's not really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just linear so it's not really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just linear so it's not really just
+you rather have like the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather have like the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather have like the marginal
+product of capital and pre- multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of capital and pre- multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of capital and pre- multiply
+this is a linear production function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear production function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear production function the
+marginal product is just the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product is just the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product is just the average
+uh but it's very persistent so in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's very persistent so in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's very persistent so in these
+models you know the issue is are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you know the issue is are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you know the issue is are those
+tfp shocks IID over households are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp shocks IID over households are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp shocks IID over households are they
+the same unless you get blasted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unless you get blasted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unless you get blasted with
+some Shock and uh and this suggests at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Shock and uh and this suggests at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Shock and uh and this suggests at
+the household level it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household level it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household level it's really quite
+persistent buram is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent buram is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent buram is an interesting
+exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception
+um and I'll just say it in words there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll just say it in words there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll just say it in words there
+are many more occupation shifts in buram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more occupation shifts in buram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more occupation shifts in buram
+than in the other three provinces it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the other three provinces it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the other three provinces it
+turns out you know these Villages aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you know these Villages aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you know these Villages aren't
+really Villages anymore they've paved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Villages anymore they've paved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Villages anymore they've paved
+over our soil moisture readers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our soil moisture readers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over our soil moisture readers and they
+become part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become part of the
+town uh there's a big construction boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town uh there's a big construction boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town uh there's a big construction boom
+Going On part of that is par rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Going On part of that is par rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Going On part of that is par rubber
+rubber part of it is uh Scandinavian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber part of it is uh Scandinavian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber part of it is uh Scandinavian
+tourists coming in marrying Thai women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourists coming in marrying Thai women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourists coming in marrying Thai women
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+staying um place is just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying um place is just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying um place is just like a
+construction boom so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction boom so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction boom so people
+shifted from rice growing or money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted from rice growing or money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted from rice growing or money
+lending or other things to laying tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending or other things to laying tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending or other things to laying tile
+and all these things and and they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these things and and they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these things and and they had a
+higher return on their assets as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher return on their assets as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher return on their assets as a
+result on average of those of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on average of those of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on average of those of those
+switches so that's kind of reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches so that's kind of reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches so that's kind of reassuring
+that's another sense in which households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another sense in which households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another sense in which households
+are aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of
+their success and here coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their success and here coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their success and here coming back to
+Wit's question if you partitioned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wit's question if you partitioned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wit's question if you partitioned into
+low medium and high return on assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low medium and high return on assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low medium and high return on assets and
+looked that you know what they did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked that you know what they did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked that you know what they did with
+their increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their increasing
+wealth um these high Roa guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth um these high Roa guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth um these high Roa guys are
+putting money back in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting money back in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting money back in the business
+they're buying equipment they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying equipment they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying equipment they're
+investing and putting it into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and putting it into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and putting it into their
+business so and that's not true of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so and that's not true of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so and that's not true of the
+medium or low Guys these guys are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium or low Guys these guys are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium or low Guys these guys are doing
+the financial assets so more of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial assets so more of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial assets so more of their
+increasing Financial wealth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Financial wealth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Financial wealth is
+potentially in cash but you know to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially in cash but you know to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially in cash but you know to the
+extent that we measure measured Roa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we measure measured Roa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we measure measured Roa
+accurately which we have tried very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately which we have tried very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately which we have tried very hard
+to do in all kinds of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in all kinds of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in all kinds of different ways
+we're getting the reinforcing message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the reinforcing message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the reinforcing message
+here that we've measured it accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we've measured it accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we've measured it accurately
+because they seem to do what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they seem to do what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they seem to do what you would
+think which is you're not going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think which is you're not going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think which is you're not going to put
+your money in a savings account when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money in a savings account when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money in a savings account when
+you've got a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a really high
+return and later in another lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and later in another lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and later in another lecture
+we'll try to adjust for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to adjust for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to adjust for
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now we'll aggregate up to villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll aggregate up to villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll aggregate up to villages
+uh and use those same Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and use those same Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and use those same Financial
+accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts
+um we do have to struggle again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we do have to struggle again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we do have to struggle again with
+this dual role that households play as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dual role that households play as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dual role that households play as
+consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and
+producers you know so much of Economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers you know so much of Economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers you know so much of Economics
+is driven by here is firms maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by here is firms maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by here is firms maximizing
+profits here's households maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits here's households maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits here's households maximizing
+utility these are households running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility these are households running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility these are households running
+businesses so what are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so what are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so what are we going to do
+and in particular what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what are we going to
+do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the
+labor well we made a decision although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor well we made a decision although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor well we made a decision although
+here we do check and do robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do check and do robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do check and do robustness
+checks and what I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and what I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and what I'm going to show you
+today is treating even the labor income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is treating even the labor income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is treating even the labor income
+as something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something like
+Consulting uh Consulting income like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting uh Consulting income like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting uh Consulting income like
+they're providing a service their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're providing a service their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're providing a service their
+business is to provide a labor service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is to provide a labor service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is to provide a labor service
+to other households and they get profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other households and they get profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other households and they get profits
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um now if you think about a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if you think about a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if you think about a production
+sector and and aggregate up you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and and aggregate up you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and and aggregate up you know to
+the extent that inputs from one business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that inputs from one business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that inputs from one business
+are the outputs from one business are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outputs from one business are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outputs from one business are an
+input to the other the net is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the other the net is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the other the net is zero and
+it doesn't count but in these Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't count but in these Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't count but in these Villages
+the output of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of one
+business could be someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business could be someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business could be someone else's
+consumption and it doesn't net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and it doesn't net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and it doesn't net
+out both get measured as it would if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out both get measured as it would if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out both get measured as it would if
+you're distinguishing households from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're distinguishing households from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're distinguishing households from
+from firms we can actually measured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from firms we can actually measured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from firms we can actually measured and
+asked about the transactions so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about the transactions so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about the transactions so we know
+the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction
+Partners almost we did screw up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners almost we did screw up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners almost we did screw up with
+consumption because we forgot to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption because we forgot to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption because we forgot to ask
+consistently where they buy stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently where they buy stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently where they buy stuff which
+has to do with the price thing also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the price thing also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the price thing also
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+earlier but fortunately and I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but fortunately and I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but fortunately and I'm sure
+you'll be more than happy to take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be more than happy to take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be more than happy to take my
+word for it there is an accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it there is an accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it there is an accounting
+identity so you can kind of back up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so you can kind of back up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so you can kind of back up as a
+residual how much of that uh output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual how much of that uh output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual how much of that uh output is
+basically sold and consumed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sold and consumed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sold and consumed in the
+village because we measured everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village because we measured everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village because we measured everything
+else in other words on the buying side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in other words on the buying side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in other words on the buying side
+we don't see it but because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see it but because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see it but because we don't
+know where they bought it but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they bought it but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they bought it but we
+actually figure out on the selling side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out on the selling side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out on the selling side
+that it came from somebody who produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from somebody who produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from somebody who produced
+it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+village uh measurement in you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village uh measurement in you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village uh measurement in you asked
+somebody asked about the rich guys not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked about the rich guys not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked about the rich guys not
+participating you know if a if a money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating you know if a if a money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating you know if a if a money
+lender were like the central node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender were like the central node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender were like the central node and
+the money lender refused to to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money lender refused to to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money lender refused to to answer
+our questions we're going to get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our questions we're going to get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our questions we're going to get really
+screwed up in terms of the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up in terms of the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up in terms of the flow of
+funds and and the balance of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and and the balance of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and and the balance of payments
+and everything else because we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else because we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else because we are going
+to act like the average over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act like the average over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act like the average over all the
+households in the village is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in the village is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in the village is the
+representation of what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what's going on in the
+village itself as a whole to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village itself as a whole to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village itself as a whole to the extent
+that there's measurement error but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's measurement error but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's measurement error but there
+it's IID over households and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's IID over households and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's IID over households and to the
+extent that we have a lot of households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we have a lot of households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we have a lot of households
+then hopefully that helps make the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully that helps make the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully that helps make the case
+that we've got a reasonably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+so you know how do you create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how do you create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how do you create these
+accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts
+uh what is G&P anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is G&P anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is G&P anyway
+GDP everyone seems to be obsessed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP everyone seems to be obsessed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP everyone seems to be obsessed about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay it just comes from the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just comes from the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just comes from the income
+statement so basically here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so basically here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so basically here's a
+statement of income it's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of income it's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of income it's what you would
+expect you've got revenues come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you've got revenues come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you've got revenues come from
+production or for that matter if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or for that matter if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or for that matter if you're
+a lender or a saver from interest you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lender or a saver from interest you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lender or a saver from interest you've
+got capital gains you subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got capital gains you subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got capital gains you subtract off
+Capital losses maybe you have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital losses maybe you have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital losses maybe you have sort of a
+paid payment from an insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid payment from an insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid payment from an insurance
+Indemnity so those are revenues here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indemnity so those are revenues here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indemnity so those are revenues here is
+basically expenses production expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically expenses production expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically expenses production expenses
+interest expenses on loans depreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest expenses on loans depreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest expenses on loans depreciation
+Insurance premum taxes Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know net income before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know net income before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know net income before
+tax but before income tax but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax but before income tax but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax but before income tax but after
+property tax you know is what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property tax you know is what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property tax you know is what makes
+these things Balan because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things Balan because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things Balan because this is
+basically the profit it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the profit it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the profit it's basically
+revenues less revenues less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues less revenues less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues less revenues less
+expenses so that should be comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses so that should be comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses so that should be comfortable
+sound sort of reassuringly familiar all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound sort of reassuringly familiar all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound sort of reassuringly familiar all
+do we do is basically take this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do is basically take this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do is basically take this stuff
+and subtract It Off from both sides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract It Off from both sides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract It Off from both sides that
+cancels it out on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels it out on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels it out on the right hand side
+and puts it on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts it on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts it on the left hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+so you know basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know basically you have
+production Revenue less production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production Revenue less production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production Revenue less production
+expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses
+uh and uh and that's basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and that's basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and that's basically um
+you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+rest I is equal to the payments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest I is equal to the payments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest I is equal to the payments to
+factors of production so you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of production so you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of production so you're paying
+stuff out in in interest you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out in in interest you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out in in interest you're paying
+out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in
+taxes uh depreciation is over here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes uh depreciation is over here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes uh depreciation is over here uh
+and you're paying out to the owners of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're paying out to the owners of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're paying out to the owners of
+the Enterprise namely profits you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enterprise namely profits you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enterprise namely profits you know
+so you may remember vaguely that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may remember vaguely that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may remember vaguely that there's
+two ways to measure income you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to measure income you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to measure income you know on
+sort of the output side and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the output side and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the output side and on the
+factor payment side and they add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor payment side and they add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor payment side and they add up to
+each other so you know this is value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you know this is value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you know this is value
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+basically you know the only catch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know the only catch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know the only catch here
+is the way we treated labor you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way we treated labor you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way we treated labor you know you
+don't see a labor expense over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a labor expense over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a labor expense over here
+because normally value added you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally value added you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally value added you're only
+subtracting off intermediate inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting off intermediate inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting off intermediate inputs and
+other purchased inputs but here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other purchased inputs but here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other purchased inputs but here you know
+we actually subtract off the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually subtract off the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually subtract off the labor
+because of the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way we
+conceptualize that problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize that problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize that problem um
+or that issue um so you want to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that issue um so you want to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that issue um so you want to see you
+know what's happening over time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's happening over time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's happening over time in the
+four provinces four Villages per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four provinces four Villages per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four provinces four Villages per
+Province uh taching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Province uh taching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Province uh taching
+sa GDP or really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa GDP or really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa GDP or really
+Village product is going down pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village product is going down pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village product is going down pretty
+consistently uh now what happened is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently uh now what happened is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently uh now what happened is the
+shrimp ponds basically people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrimp ponds basically people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrimp ponds basically people had
+converted yeah that stuff you're buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted yeah that stuff you're buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted yeah that stuff you're buying
+in Costco or Walmart those are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Costco or Walmart those are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Costco or Walmart those are typically
+Thai shrimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thai shrimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thai shrimp
+uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the
+ponds so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds so there's some
+disease and uh and so and and households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and uh and so and and households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and uh and so and and households
+some of them switched into fish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them switched into fish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them switched into fish and
+others now are actually with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now are actually with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now are actually with the world
+grain prices being relatively High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain prices being relatively High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain prices being relatively High
+they're refilling in the ponds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're refilling in the ponds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're refilling in the ponds and
+planting rice again um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting rice again um yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting rice again um yes
+what each of four Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of four Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of four Villages
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so you know you can see is every village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can see is every village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can see is every village
+like every other Village well to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every other Village well to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every other Village well to some
+degree yes but you know the levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree yes but you know the levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree yes but you know the levels are
+different and sometimes even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and sometimes even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and sometimes even the
+movements over time are a bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements over time are a bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements over time are a bit different
+uh another thing to watch out for is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing to watch out for is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing to watch out for is the
+scale here because in order to clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here because in order to clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here because in order to clearly
+display each Village each of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display each Village each of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display each Village each of the four
+villages in a province we're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages in a province we're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages in a province we're changing
+the scale of the province so cicat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of the province so cicat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of the province so cicat is a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+poorer than CH even in their worst days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer than CH even in their worst days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer than CH even in their worst days
+you know Ching s Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Ching s Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Ching s Villages
+are uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um better off substantially than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um better off substantially than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um better off substantially than than
+CET you know so the income levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CET you know so the income levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CET you know so the income levels are
+you know maybe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe on
+average three times higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average three times higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average three times higher in
+chinga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinga
+um they're almost ordered by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're almost ordered by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're almost ordered by their
+distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to
+Bangkok uh I won't bore you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok uh I won't bore you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangkok uh I won't bore you with this
+this is just to what the house do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to what the house do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to what the house do with
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+profits uh then the story is mostly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits uh then the story is mostly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits uh then the story is mostly in
+the Northeast they eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Northeast they eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Northeast they eat
+it um and in the central region they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and in the central region they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and in the central region they're
+more likely to put it back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to put it back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to put it back in the
+business or their Farm as retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or their Farm as retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or their Farm as retained
+earnings savings investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+account uh that's probably worth looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh that's probably worth looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh that's probably worth looking
+at here's the balance sheet so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here's the balance sheet so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here's the balance sheet so remember
+we had assets and liabilities and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had assets and liabilities and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had assets and liabilities and n
+worth this is the change over time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth this is the change over time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth this is the change over time in
+the balance sheet so it's like a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet so it's like a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet so it's like a first
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know changes in liabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know changes in liabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know changes in liabilities and
+changes in net worth must equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in net worth must equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in net worth must equal to the
+change in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in all the
+assets especially if you include change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets especially if you include change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets especially if you include change
+in net worth over there uh these could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in net worth over there uh these could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in net worth over there uh these could
+be Financial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Financial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Financial or
+real well hopefully this is comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real well hopefully this is comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real well hopefully this is comfortable
+and familiar you know just the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and familiar you know just the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and familiar you know just the notion of
+having assets and liabilities and net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having assets and liabilities and net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having assets and liabilities and net
+worth and taking a time difference what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and taking a time difference what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and taking a time difference what
+is the savings investment account well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the savings investment account well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the savings investment account well
+you just basically take the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just basically take the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just basically take the change in
+liabilities and put it on the leftand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities and put it on the leftand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities and put it on the leftand
+side you know that leaves the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know that leaves the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know that leaves the change in
+net worth on the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net worth on the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net worth on the right hand side and
+then what you do with it on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do with it on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do with it on the left
+hand side yes so before we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side yes so before we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side yes so before we were talking
+about household gifts um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about household gifts um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about household gifts um as
+Equity so does that mean that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity so does that mean that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity so does that mean that they get
+counted as Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted as Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted as Financial
+assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+or where where would where would gifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where where would where would gifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where where would where would gifts
+in a village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a village
+enter contributed capital capital yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter contributed capital capital yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter contributed capital capital yeah
+that's what we called it all right cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we called it all right cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we called it all right cool
+thanks I'm sorry just no no it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks I'm sorry just no no it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks I'm sorry just no no it's fine
+idea where that would go yeah yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea where that would go yeah yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea where that would go yeah yeah it's
+there because it had if they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it had if they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it had if they're getting
+gifts and not eating too much it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts and not eating too much it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts and not eating too much it should
+increase their wealth and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their wealth and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their wealth and therefore it
+should show up somewhere as either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up somewhere as either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up somewhere as either
+reduced debt or increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced debt or increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced debt or increased
+assets and that phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and that phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and that phenomenon
+depends a lot on on where you are so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on on where you are so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on on where you are so it
+enter both sides right enter as increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter both sides right enter as increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter both sides right enter as increase
+cash and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and then also
+increase contributed Capital the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase contributed Capital the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase contributed Capital the concept
+is here so basically say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here so basically say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here so basically say this is
+positive and your change uh in net worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and your change uh in net worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and your change uh in net worth
+is positive because either retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive because either retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive because either retained
+earnings or contributed capital and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings or contributed capital and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings or contributed capital and then
+the issue is portfolio management it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is portfolio management it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is portfolio management it's
+what did you do with it and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you do with it and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you do with it and you could
+put it in cash that's in financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in cash that's in financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in cash that's in financial
+assets but you could also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets but you could also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets but you could also you
+know have it in inventory as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have it in inventory as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have it in inventory as I was
+alluding to or have livestock assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to or have livestock assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to or have livestock assets
+other fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fixed
+assets so it's it's uh it's worthy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so it's it's uh it's worthy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so it's it's uh it's worthy of
+study to figure out what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to figure out what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to figure out what they're doing
+with it in some sense the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in some sense the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in some sense the idea is
+there's a reciprocity and the gift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reciprocity and the gift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reciprocity and the gift that
+I give to my NE to my buddy in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give to my NE to my buddy in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give to my NE to my buddy in the next
+Village is in some sense a residual PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village is in some sense a residual PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village is in some sense a residual PL
+so yeah yeah so yeah I guess that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah so yeah I guess that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah so yeah I guess that's why
+I mean extreme versions of that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean extreme versions of that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean extreme versions of that would be
+the kids that go off to bankco and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids that go off to bankco and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids that go off to bankco and they
+send money back now can you distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send money back now can you distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send money back now can you distinguish
+they just caring about their parents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just caring about their parents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just caring about their parents and
+there's a very strong Thai tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very strong Thai tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very strong Thai tradition
+there but you know then eventually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you know then eventually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you know then eventually they
+come back and run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and run the
+farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but it is it's it's it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it is it's it's it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it is it's it's it's a real
+incoming flow so we have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming flow so we have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming flow so we have to do something
+with it we could just not call it Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it we could just not call it Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it we could just not call it Equity
+or something and in effect that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and in effect that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and in effect that's what
+we're doing here is just keeping track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here is just keeping track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here is just keeping track
+of it separately as as a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it separately as as a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it separately as as a line
+item okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I guess I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I said
+this before Oh by the way on the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before Oh by the way on the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before Oh by the way on the life
+cycle diagrams it's really dramatic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle diagrams it's really dramatic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle diagrams it's really dramatic that
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+Northeast um you know wealth isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast um you know wealth isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast um you know wealth isn't
+dropping as these guys get older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping as these guys get older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping as these guys get older and
+likewise they're not accumulating a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise they're not accumulating a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise they're not accumulating a lot
+of financial or real assets as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial or real assets as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial or real assets as they're
+young and getting older either there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and getting older either there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and getting older either there
+doesn't seem to be this life cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be this life cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be this life cycle and
+the gifts just get bigger and bigger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gifts just get bigger and bigger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gifts just get bigger and bigger you
+don't have to get older to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to get older to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to get older to get those
+gifts it's the huge I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts it's the huge I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifts it's the huge I think it's
+overlapping Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping Generations
+essentially it's it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's it's really quite
+different between the Northeast and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the Northeast and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the Northeast and the
+and the central area and that's related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the central area and that's related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the central area and that's related
+because it's kind of showing up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of showing up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of showing up here so
+then we get to the balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+basically Villages trade they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Villages trade they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Villages trade they produce
+stuff and sell it and they buy stuff as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and sell it and they buy stuff as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and sell it and they buy stuff as
+inputs and buy consumption so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and buy consumption so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and buy consumption so we got
+sort of a trade balance that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a trade balance that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a trade balance that we
+measure uh you could add in interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh you could add in interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh you could add in interest
+earnings from quote abroad but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings from quote abroad but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings from quote abroad but it's
+really mostly from the same country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mostly from the same country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mostly from the same country
+they're getting interest on savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting interest on savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting interest on savings
+accounts that they held outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts that they held outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts that they held outside the
+village uh or in those gifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village uh or in those gifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village uh or in those gifts
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+um so you may or may not have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you may or may not have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you may or may not have seen this
+this gets really kind of confusing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets really kind of confusing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets really kind of confusing the
+way the standard accounting is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the standard accounting is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the standard accounting is done
+trade balance plus you know this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance plus you know this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance plus you know this other
+earnings on give and interest is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings on give and interest is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings on give and interest is called
+the current account and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current account and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current account and then you have
+the current account balanced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current account balanced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current account balanced with the
+financial account and the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial account and the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial account and the capital
+account but they didn't write current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but they didn't write current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but they didn't write current
+account equal Financial account so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account equal Financial account so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account equal Financial account so you
+know this stuff has to be if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff has to be if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff has to be if you're
+trading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading a
+lot like China you know and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like China you know and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like China you know and you have a
+big sort of current account this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sort of current account this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sort of current account this stuff
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+negative the negative in the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the negative in the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the negative in the financial
+account is actually quote a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is actually quote a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is actually quote a good thing
+in the sense that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you're
+accumulating um you're accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating um you're accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating um you're accumulating
+assets but it believe me it'll throw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets but it believe me it'll throw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets but it believe me it'll throw you
+every time when you start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time when you start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time when you start thinking about
+it uh and then I won't derive this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and then I won't derive this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and then I won't derive this for
+you but it turns out that you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it turns out that you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it turns out that you know if
+you take this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this sort
+of Keynesian looking thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Keynesian looking thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Keynesian looking thing which is
+really just a a accounting statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a a accounting statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a a accounting statement
+income less consumption less investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income less consumption less investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income less consumption less investment
+plus transfers that's not taxes has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus transfers that's not taxes has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus transfers that's not taxes has to
+be identically equal to the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identically equal to the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identically equal to the trade
+balance plus sort of capital account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance plus sort of capital account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance plus sort of capital account
+balance which we keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance which we keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance which we keep track of
+separately plus the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately plus the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately plus the change in
+inventories you know so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories you know so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories you know so so
+largely if they run an export Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely if they run an export Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely if they run an export Surplus
+they're going to save it but not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to save it but not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to save it but not quite
+because they have other ways of saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have other ways of saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have other ways of saving
+you have to adjust for changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to adjust for changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to adjust for changes in the
+capital buying and selling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital buying and selling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital buying and selling with
+foreigners so to speak and uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners so to speak and uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners so to speak and uh and the
+change in inventory so the the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in inventory so the the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in inventory so the the left hand
+side is the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the financial
+account it's not obvious how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account it's not obvious how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account it's not obvious how you get
+from this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to
+this and I decided not to try to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I decided not to try to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I decided not to try to derive
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+today but it is an identity one follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it is an identity one follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it is an identity one follows
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other uh and here the balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh and here the balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh and here the balance of
+payments accounts for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments accounts for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments accounts for these
+Villages um mostly the story is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages um mostly the story is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages um mostly the story is they're
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+surpluses the trade or trade in current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses the trade or trade in current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses the trade or trade in current
+account is this blue or blue red stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is this blue or blue red stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is this blue or blue red stuff
+and uh although here you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh although here you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh although here you see a
+difference chter s is getting in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference chter s is getting in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference chter s is getting in trouble
+it's its balance of payments is uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its balance of payments is uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its balance of payments is uh going
+down in the sense that it's running less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the sense that it's running less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the sense that it's running less
+and less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less of a
+surplus uh whereas lery is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus uh whereas lery is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus uh whereas lery is the other
+story it's always increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's always increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's always increasing the
+difference between red and blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between red and blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between red and blue is
+basically the the GIFs that play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the GIFs that play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the GIFs that play a
+bigger role in the Northeast and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger role in the Northeast and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger role in the Northeast and here's
+an instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of
+buram uh coming off the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buram uh coming off the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buram uh coming off the financial crisis
+which was 1997 98 but anyway they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 1997 98 but anyway they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 1997 98 but anyway they
+actually ran a balance of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ran a balance of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ran a balance of payments
+deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit
+um so this opens up the whole Vista of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this opens up the whole Vista of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this opens up the whole Vista of
+international economics and what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international economics and what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international economics and what's going
+on using those kinds of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using those kinds of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using those kinds of ways of
+conceptualizing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing the the
+problem uh and you know just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and you know just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and you know just to remind
+you CU I promised an application for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you CU I promised an application for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you CU I promised an application for
+each section we've had tons of models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each section we've had tons of models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each section we've had tons of models of
+the role of financing constraints or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of financing constraints or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of financing constraints or
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+obstacles in in growth and tfp and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles in in growth and tfp and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles in in growth and tfp and so on
+and so forth so here's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so here's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so here's just
+some model uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model uh with
+Arch uh where we do the following we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arch uh where we do the following we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arch uh where we do the following we
+take these villages to be small open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these villages to be small open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these villages to be small open
+economies we see a drop in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we see a drop in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we see a drop in the interest
+rate it's actually true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's actually true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's actually true
+worldwide uh and uh we see the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide uh and uh we see the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide uh and uh we see the number of
+new loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new loans
+increasing uh this has to do in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh this has to do in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh this has to do in part
+with this Village fund stuff um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Village fund stuff um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Village fund stuff um that
+we'll talk about later the million bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later the million bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later the million bot
+Fund in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fund in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fund in
+Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand
+um this this is the collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is the collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is the collateral
+constraint this is a model thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint this is a model thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint this is a model thing so
+we're going to we're going to act as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to act as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to act as if
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Innovation associated with more loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation associated with more loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation associated with more loans
+was like a weakening of the borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a weakening of the borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a weakening of the borrowing
+constraint and feed it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and feed it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and feed it into a
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+um and uh and it's a a trade model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and it's a a trade model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and it's a a trade model with
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underpinnings and it predicts things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and it predicts things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and it predicts things
+like the relative price of agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the relative price of agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the relative price of agriculture
+relative to manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to manufactured
+goods in the model and in the data we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the model and in the data we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods in the model and in the data we're
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+close and uh a real goal was to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and uh a real goal was to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and uh a real goal was to try to
+get the wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the wages
+right and here is the actual and model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here is the actual and model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here is the actual and model
+you know driven uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know driven uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know driven uh real
+wages you know why is this a struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages you know why is this a struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages you know why is this a struggle
+you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about
+hexine you know that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexine you know that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexine you know that has to do with the
+area around Bangkok being very Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area around Bangkok being very Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area around Bangkok being very Capital
+intensive and uh not having so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and uh not having so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and uh not having so much
+labor so interest rates you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor so interest rates you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor so interest rates you know are
+lower and wages are higher in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and wages are higher in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and wages are higher in the
+Northeast it's the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast it's the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast it's the other way around
+because capital and wealth is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because capital and wealth is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because capital and wealth is relatively
+low so you think that over time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so you think that over time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so you think that over time you're
+going to get convergence which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get convergence which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get convergence which means
+wages ought to be dropping in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages ought to be dropping in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages ought to be dropping in the
+central area and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central area and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central area and they're
+not you know so then you introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know so then you introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know so then you introduce this
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+constraint and you get the Dynamics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and you get the Dynamics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and you get the Dynamics that
+have to do with choosing occupations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with choosing occupations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with choosing occupations and
+so on so that hopefully you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so that hopefully you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so that hopefully you remember
+enough from the other papers that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough from the other papers that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough from the other papers that we
+covered to kind of imagine how how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered to kind of imagine how how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered to kind of imagine how how one
+would fill this out and we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill this out and we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill this out and we're actually
+at these calibrated values we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these calibrated values we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these calibrated values we're
+actually actually matching quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually matching quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually matching quite well
+all the income shares for wages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the income shares for wages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the income shares for wages uh
+manufacturing and and agriculture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and and agriculture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and and agriculture um
+yep I might remember wrong which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep I might remember wrong which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep I might remember wrong which is
+yeah it's very likely but um in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's very likely but um in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's very likely but um in your
+paper with kosi um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with kosi um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with kosi um on the
+medum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medum
+yes um is it um the interest rate wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um is it um the interest rate wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um is it um the interest rate wasn't
+moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with
+the with the with the intervention was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the with the intervention was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the with the intervention was
+it so you now you just said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you now you just said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you now you just said that the
+interest rate drop has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate drop has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate drop has to do with the
+with the million B remember what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the million B remember what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the million B remember what we're
+doing kind of variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing kind of variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing kind of variation in the
+cross-section as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section as a function of the
+percentage of households in the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of households in the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of households in the village
+so the per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the per capita
+treatment is uh we're seeing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is uh we're seeing whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is uh we're seeing whether
+that has an impact on the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an impact on the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an impact on the interest rate
+what I showed you was the time variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you was the time variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you was the time variation
+in the interest rate so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interest rate so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interest rate so it's a very
+different object yeah so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object yeah so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object yeah so that's kind of
+like differenced out basically it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like differenced out basically it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like differenced out basically it's the
+relative difference from the trend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative difference from the trend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative difference from the trend and
+whether the million bot fund had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the million bot fund had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the million bot fund had
+something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay the last thing is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay the last thing is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay the last thing is of
+funds these are the flow of funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds these are the flow of funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds these are the flow of funds
+accounts for Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for Thailand
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+uh you know a quick introduction to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a quick introduction to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a quick introduction to flow
+of funds you've got non-financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funds you've got non-financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funds you've got non-financial
+corporations Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations Financial
+corporations uh government households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations uh government households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations uh government households
+and not for-profit corporations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not for-profit corporations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not for-profit corporations and the
+rest of the world those are the sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world those are the sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world those are the sectors
+and then you have acquisition of assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have acquisition of assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have acquisition of assets
+and they're actually in detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're actually in detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're actually in detailed
+Financial accounts when they flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial accounts when they flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial accounts when they flow of
+funds accounts when they exist you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds accounts when they exist you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds accounts when they exist you got
+money and gold and currency Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and gold and currency Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and gold and currency Securities
+loans and so on you know so acquiring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and so on you know so acquiring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and so on you know so acquiring a
+loan means basically you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan means basically you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan means basically you're a
+lender on the other hand you've got sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender on the other hand you've got sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender on the other hand you've got sort
+of liabilities down here and so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liabilities down here and so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liabilities down here and so that you
+can have a loan which represents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a loan which represents an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a loan which represents an
+increase in borrowing it takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in borrowing it takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in borrowing it takes a lot of
+concentration to constantly remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to constantly remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to constantly remember
+uses means putting money you know so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses means putting money you know so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses means putting money you know so the
+idea is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you
+run you have positive savings where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run you have positive savings where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run you have positive savings where do
+you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your
+money and that you could put it here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and that you could put it here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and that you could put it here or
+you could reduce your deficits or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could reduce your deficits or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could reduce your deficits or if you
+reduce your liabilities if you run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your liabilities if you run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your liabilities if you run it
+the other way and you have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way and you have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way and you have negative
+savings or something then you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings or something then you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings or something then you've got to
+increase your liabilities or run down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your liabilities or run down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your liabilities or run down
+and sell off some assets that you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell off some assets that you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell off some assets that you own
+these are the traditional labor labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the traditional labor labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the traditional labor labels
+in flow of funds by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flow of funds by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flow of funds by
+sector uh is there a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh is there a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh is there a relationship
+between flow of funds and the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between flow of funds and the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between flow of funds and the national
+income accounts Yes actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income accounts Yes actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income accounts Yes actually in
+principle they should all be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they should all be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they should all be consistent
+with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+another but they're often not the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but they're often not the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but they're often not the thing
+that is most consistent is flow of funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is most consistent is flow of funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is most consistent is flow of funds
+into and out of financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and out of financial institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and out of financial institutions
+because commercial Banks and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because commercial Banks and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because commercial Banks and other
+Financial corporations are required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial corporations are required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial corporations are required to
+report to regulators and the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to regulators and the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to regulators and the central
+Bank keeps track of things so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank keeps track of things so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank keeps track of things so we see
+most accurately deposits coming in loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most accurately deposits coming in loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most accurately deposits coming in loans
+going out for financial corporations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out for financial corporations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out for financial corporations we
+often see little or anything of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see little or anything of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see little or anything of the
+transactions between the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions between the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions between the other
+sectors there are national income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors there are national income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors there are national income and
+product account for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product account for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product account for those
+sectors and we see therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and we see therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and we see therefore
+savings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings for
+those but those savings numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but those savings numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but those savings numbers are
+often radically different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often radically different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often radically different from the
+savings we would impute from just seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings we would impute from just seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings we would impute from just seeing
+transactions uh with the measured formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions uh with the measured formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions uh with the measured formal
+financial sector another way to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector another way to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector another way to say this
+if you read Deton and so on you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read Deton and so on you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read Deton and so on you know the
+savings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you
+see coming from household surveys gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see coming from household surveys gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see coming from household surveys gives
+you very very different numbers than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very very different numbers than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very very different numbers than the
+savings you'll see at the level of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you'll see at the level of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you'll see at the level of of
+the national income accounts and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national income accounts and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national income accounts and that's
+because the measurement is missing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the measurement is missing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the measurement is missing so
+households get treated as the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households get treated as the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households get treated as the residual
+in the national income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accounts but flow of funds data do exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts but flow of funds data do exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts but flow of funds data do exist
+and to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to some
+extent um they can be created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent um they can be created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent um they can be created and
+Thailand is for example uh and Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand is for example uh and Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand is for example uh and Mexico
+creating improved uh Financial flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating improved uh Financial flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating improved uh Financial flow of
+funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds
+accounts I'd like to think we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts I'd like to think we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts I'd like to think we had
+something to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with that
+um we can also it at the Village level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can also it at the Village level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can also it at the Village level
+I've shown you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you a
+lot but let me just jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but let me just jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but let me just jump
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh at the national aggregate level these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the national aggregate level these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the national aggregate level these
+are the traditional sectors and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the traditional sectors and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the traditional sectors and here's a
+diamond and basically you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond and basically you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond and basically you can see from
+the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standpoint of
+banks households are interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks households are interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks households are interior
+basically households are investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically households are investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically households are investing in
+Banks but that's a liability for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks but that's a liability for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks but that's a liability for the
+banking sector savings accounts are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sector savings accounts are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sector savings accounts are to
+be paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paid
+back uh you know on the other hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh you know on the other hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh you know on the other hand in
+this period between ' 08 and uh 04 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period between ' 08 and uh 04 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period between ' 08 and uh 04 and
+08 uh you know the banking sector was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+08 uh you know the banking sector was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+08 uh you know the banking sector was
+investing in the rest of the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in the rest of the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in the rest of the world and
+that had to do with Thailand running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to do with Thailand running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to do with Thailand running a
+balance of payment Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of payment Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of payment Surplus
+um but this is at the Village level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is at the Village level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is at the Village level and
+here you can distinguish you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can distinguish you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can distinguish you know
+Financial corporations transactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial corporations transactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial corporations transactions with
+businesses outside the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses outside the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses outside the village
+transactions of the village funds we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions of the village funds we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions of the village funds we
+just talked about and you can see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about and you can see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about and you can see them
+using currency you know running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using currency you know running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using currency you know running
+surpluses or deficits with these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses or deficits with these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses or deficits with these other
+entities in terms of the objects so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities in terms of the objects so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities in terms of the objects so the
+point here is that it's a common way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that it's a common way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that it's a common way of
+measuring and it doesn't just have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring and it doesn't just have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring and it doesn't just have to be
+applied as it is conventionally at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied as it is conventionally at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied as it is conventionally at the
+national level flow of funds can zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level flow of funds can zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level flow of funds can zoom in
+and zoom out by region and tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zoom out by region and tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zoom out by region and tell you
+which objects moving around over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which objects moving around over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which objects moving around over time
+and in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this uh you can read it in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh you can read it in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh you can read it in a little more
+Leisure Style on your own uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure Style on your own uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure Style on your own uh there's
+papers of Grier and and Guido
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers of Grier and and Guido
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers of Grier and and Guido
+lorenzon and Monica pii and Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenzon and Monica pii and Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorenzon and Monica pii and Martin
+Schneider and uh these are granted about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schneider and uh these are granted about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schneider and uh these are granted about
+the us but it's basically looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us but it's basically looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us but it's basically looking at the
+household sector uh and going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household sector uh and going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household sector uh and going to the
+flow of funds data in the US to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of funds data in the US to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of funds data in the US to measure
+changes in savings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in savings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in savings and
+borrowing um and this same language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing um and this same language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing um and this same language that
+they use to try to understand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use to try to understand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use to try to understand you know
+what happens in a financial crisis when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in a financial crisis when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in a financial crisis when
+all of a sudden you can't borrow as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you can't borrow as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you can't borrow as much
+because the banks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the banks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the banks are
+tight uh or in Monica's case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight uh or in Monica's case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight uh or in Monica's case what
+happens when there are many many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when there are many many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when there are many many more
+young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+people entering and they have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people entering and they have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people entering and they have certain
+expectations about inflation and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations about inflation and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations about inflation and uh and
+they you know each one of these pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know each one of these pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know each one of these pairs of
+authors is doing this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors is doing this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors is doing this kind of uh
+experiment in the context of a model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in the context of a model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in the context of a model so
+the these very same models that rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these very same models that rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these very same models that rely
+that sort of macroaggregate looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of macroaggregate looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of macroaggregate looking
+though at sectors in the US also apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at sectors in the US also apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at sectors in the US also apply
+to developing countries and fact wo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to developing countries and fact wo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to developing countries and fact wo's
+model is eily similar although none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is eily similar although none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is eily similar although none of
+us recognized it at the time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us recognized it at the time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us recognized it at the time to the
+model that Joe and I used to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that Joe and I used to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that Joe and I used to analyze the
+uh the village Fund in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thailand e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BZTWXl9QNK8.txt b/BZTWXl9QNK8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd74ca4a18ecdb24deefa792f03a5f7740a1147c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BZTWXl9QNK8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys let's uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys let's uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys let's uh get
+started so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so today we're going to talk
+about network security and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about network security and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about network security and in particular
+we're going to talk about this paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about this paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about this paper on
+tcpip security by this guy Steve bivin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcpip security by this guy Steve bivin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcpip security by this guy Steve bivin
+who used to be at AT&T and now is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who used to be at AT&T and now is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who used to be at AT&T and now is at
+Columbia um one interesting thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia um one interesting thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia um one interesting thing about
+this paper is it's actually a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is it's actually a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is it's actually a relatively
+old paper it's like more than 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old paper it's like more than 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old paper it's like more than 10 years
+old and in fact it's commentary on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and in fact it's commentary on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and in fact it's commentary on a
+paper that was 10 years before that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that was 10 years before that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that was 10 years before that um
+and uh many of you guys actually asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many of you guys actually asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many of you guys actually asked
+like why why are we reading this if many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why are we reading this if many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why are we reading this if many
+of these problems have been solved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems have been solved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems have been solved in
+today's TCP protocol Stacks so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's TCP protocol Stacks so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's TCP protocol Stacks so one
+interesting point well so so it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point well so so it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point well so so it's true
+that some of these problems that Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these problems that Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these problems that Steve
+describes in this paper have been solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes in this paper have been solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes in this paper have been solved
+since then um some of them are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then um some of them are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then um some of them are still
+actually problems today we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually problems today we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually problems today we'll sort of
+look at that and see um what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and see um what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and see um what's going on
+um but you might actually Wonder like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you might actually Wonder like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you might actually Wonder like
+why didn't people solve all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't people solve all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't people solve all these
+problems in the first place like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the first place like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the first place like when
+were they were designing TCP what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were designing TCP what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were designing TCP what were
+they thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thinking
+and it's actually not clear so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually not clear so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually not clear so what do
+you guys think why wasn't TCP designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think why wasn't TCP designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think why wasn't TCP designed
+to be secure with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be secure with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be secure with all these
+considerations up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations up
+front yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front yeah any
+guesses all right anyone else yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses all right anyone else yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses all right anyone else yeah the
+internet was a much more trusting place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was a much more trusting place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was a much more trusting place
+yeah like this is like almost literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like this is like almost literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like this is like almost literally
+a quote from this guy's paper yeah he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote from this guy's paper yeah he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote from this guy's paper yeah he he
+at the time the whole internet set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time the whole internet set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time the whole internet set of
+protocols was designed I guess about 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols was designed I guess about 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols was designed I guess about 40
+years ago now uh the requirements were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now uh the requirements were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now uh the requirements were
+totally different it was to connect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different it was to connect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different it was to connect a
+bunch of relatively trusting sites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of relatively trusting sites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of relatively trusting sites that
+all knew each other by name uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all knew each other by name uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all knew each other by name uh and I
+think this is often the case in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is often the case in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is often the case in any
+system that becomes successful the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that becomes successful the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that becomes successful the
+requirements change so it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements change so it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements change so it used to be
+that this is a you know a protocol for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a you know a protocol for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a you know a protocol for a
+small number of sites now it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of sites now it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of sites now it's the
+entire world and you don't know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world and you don't know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world and you don't know all the
+people connected to the internet by name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people connected to the internet by name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people connected to the internet by name
+anymore you can't call them up on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can't call them up on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can't call them up on a
+phone if they do something bad Etc so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone if they do something bad Etc so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone if they do something bad Etc so I
+think this is a story for many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a story for many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a story for many of the
+protocols we look at and many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols we look at and many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols we look at and many of you
+guys have questions like what the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have questions like what the hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have questions like what the hell
+were these guys thinking this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these guys thinking this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these guys thinking this is so
+broken but in fact they were designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken but in fact they were designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken but in fact they were designing a
+totally different system that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different system that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different system that got
+adopted same for the web like we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted same for the web like we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted same for the web like we were
+looking at in the last couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at in the last couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at in the last couple of weeks
+it was designed for a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was designed for a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was designed for a very different
+goal and it extended and you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and it extended and you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and it extended and you sort of
+have these growing pains you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these growing pains you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these growing pains you have to
+figure out how to make the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to make the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to make the protocol
+adapt to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to new
+requirements and another thing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and another thing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and another thing that uh
+somewhat suddenly happened is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat suddenly happened is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat suddenly happened is I think
+people people also in the process gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people also in the process gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people also in the process gained
+a much greater appreciation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much greater appreciation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much greater appreciation for the
+kinds of problems you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems you have to worry
+about in security and it used to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in security and it used to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in security and it used to be the
+case that you didn't really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you didn't really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you didn't really understand
+all the things that you should worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that you should worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that you should worry
+about an attacker doing to your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an attacker doing to your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an attacker doing to your system
+and I think it's partly for this reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's partly for this reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's partly for this reason
+that's sort of interesting to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of interesting to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of interesting to look at
+what happened to TCP security what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to TCP security what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to TCP security what went
+wrong how could you fix it Etc to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong how could you fix it Etc to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong how could you fix it Etc to both
+figure out what kinds of problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what kinds of problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what kinds of problems you
+might want to avoid when designing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to avoid when designing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to avoid when designing your
+own protocols and also what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own protocols and also what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own protocols and also what's the right
+mindset for thinking about these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset for thinking about these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset for thinking about these kinds
+of attacks how do you figure out what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attacks how do you figure out what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attacks how do you figure out what an
+attacker might be able to do in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker might be able to do in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker might be able to do in your own
+protocol when you're designing it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol when you're designing it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol when you're designing it so you
+can avoid similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can avoid similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can avoid similar
+pitfalls all right so with that Preamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls all right so with that Preamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls all right so with that Preamble
+aside let's actually start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside let's actually start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside let's actually start talking about
+what the paper is about so how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the paper is about so how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the paper is about so how should we
+think about Security in a network so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Security in a network so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Security in a network so I
+guess we could try to start from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we could try to start from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we could try to start from first
+principles and try to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and try to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and try to figure out what is
+our threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our threat
+model so what do we think the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so what do we think the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so what do we think the attacker
+is going to be able to do in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be able to do in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be able to do in our
+Network well relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network well relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network well relatively
+straightforwardly there's presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly there's presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly there's presumably
+being able to intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packets and probably being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets and probably being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets and probably being able to
+modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so if you send a packet over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if you send a packet over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if you send a packet over the
+network it might be prudent to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it might be prudent to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it might be prudent to assume
+that some bad guy out there is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some bad guy out there is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some bad guy out there is going to
+see your packet and might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your packet and might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your packet and might be able to
+change it before it reaches its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it before it reaches its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it before it reaches its
+destination might be able to drop it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination might be able to drop it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination might be able to drop it and
+in fact might be able to inject packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact might be able to inject packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact might be able to inject packets
+of their own that you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own that you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own that you never
+sent with arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent with arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent with arbitrary
+contents and uh probably so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents and uh probably so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents and uh probably so this is you
+can sort of come up with fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of come up with fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of come up with fairly
+straightforwardly by just thinking well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly by just thinking well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly by just thinking well
+you know if you don't trust the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't trust the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't trust the network
+you know some some bad gu is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some bad gu is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some bad gu is going to
+send arbitrary packets see yours modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send arbitrary packets see yours modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send arbitrary packets see yours modify
+them Etc somewhat more worryingly uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Etc somewhat more worryingly uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Etc somewhat more worryingly uh as
+this paper talks about the bad guy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper talks about the bad guy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper talks about the bad guy can
+also participate in your protocols they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also participate in your protocols they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also participate in your protocols they
+have their own machine right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own machine right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own machine right so the
+attacker has their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has their own
+computer that they have full control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that they have full control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that they have full control
+over so even if all the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so even if all the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so even if all the computers
+that you trust are reasonably maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you trust are reasonably maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you trust are reasonably maintained
+they all behave correctly the bad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all behave correctly the bad guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all behave correctly the bad guy
+has his own computer that he can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his own computer that he can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his own computer that he can make it
+do whatever he wants and in fact he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever he wants and in fact he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever he wants and in fact he can
+participate in any protocol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in any protocol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in any protocol or
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so if you have a routing protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you have a routing protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you have a routing protocol
+which involves many people talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves many people talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves many people talking to
+each other uh at some scale it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other uh at some scale it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other uh at some scale it's
+probably going to be impractical to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be impractical to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be impractical to keep
+the bad guys out if you're running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guys out if you're running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guys out if you're running a
+routing protocol with 10 participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing protocol with 10 participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing protocol with 10 participants
+then maybe you can just call all them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you can just call all them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you can just call all them up
+and say well yeah yeah I know all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well yeah yeah I know all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well yeah yeah I know all you
+guys but at the scale of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but at the scale of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but at the scale of the internet
+today it's infeasible to have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's infeasible to have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's infeasible to have sort of
+direct knowledge of what everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct knowledge of what everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct knowledge of what everyone else
+or who everyone else in this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who everyone else in this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who everyone else in this protocol is
+so probably some bad guy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably some bad guy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably some bad guy is going to be
+participating in your protocols or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in your protocols or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in your protocols or
+distributed systems and it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed systems and it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed systems and it's important
+to design distributed systems that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design distributed systems that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design distributed systems that can
+nonetheless do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless do something
+reasonable with that all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable with that all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable with that all right so what
+are the implications of all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the implications of all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the implications of all these things
+I guess we'll go down the list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we'll go down the list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we'll go down the list so
+intercepting is uh at some level easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting is uh at some level easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting is uh at some level easy to
+sort of understand well you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand well you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand well you know you
+shouldn't send any important data over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't send any important data over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't send any important data over
+the netk work if you expect a bad guy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the netk work if you expect a bad guy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the netk work if you expect a bad guy to
+intercept them or at least not in clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept them or at least not in clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept them or at least not in clear
+Tex maybe you shouldn't encrypt your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex maybe you shouldn't encrypt your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex maybe you shouldn't encrypt your
+data so that seems relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that seems relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that seems relatively
+straightforward to sort of figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to sort of figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to sort of figure out
+although still you should sort of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although still you should sort of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although still you should sort of keep
+in mind of course when designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind of course when designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind of course when designing
+protocols now injecting packets is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols now injecting packets is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols now injecting packets is a
+turns out to be a much lead to a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a much lead to a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a much lead to a much
+wider range of interesting problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider range of interesting problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider range of interesting problems that
+this paper talks about uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper talks about uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper talks about uh and in
+particular attackers can inject packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular attackers can inject packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular attackers can inject packets
+that can be pretend to be from any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be pretend to be from any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be pretend to be from any other
+sender right because the way this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender right because the way this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender right because the way this works
+in IP is that the IP packet itself has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IP is that the IP packet itself has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IP is that the IP packet itself has a
+header that contains the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header that contains the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header that contains the source of the
+packet and the destination and it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the destination and it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the destination and it's up
+to the whoever creates the packet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whoever creates the packet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whoever creates the packet to
+fill in the right values for the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the right values for the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the right values for the source
+and destination and no one checks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destination and no one checks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destination and no one checks that
+the source is necessarily the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source is necessarily the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source is necessarily the correct
+one uh there's some filtering going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh there's some filtering going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh there's some filtering going on
+these days but it's uh sort of Fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days but it's uh sort of Fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days but it's uh sort of Fairly
+spotty and it's hard to rely on so to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotty and it's hard to rely on so to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotty and it's hard to rely on so to a
+first approximation an attacker could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation an attacker could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation an attacker could
+fill in any IP address as the source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in any IP address as the source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in any IP address as the source and
+it'll get to the destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get to the destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get to the destination
+correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and
+it's interesting to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to try to figure out
+like what could an attacker do with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what could an attacker do with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what could an attacker do with such
+a capability of sending arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability of sending arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability of sending arbitrary
+packets now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets now in
+the several weeks up up this like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the several weeks up up this like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the several weeks up up this like in
+buff overflows and web security we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buff overflows and web security we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buff overflows and web security we
+looked at to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at to a large extent
+implementation bugs like how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation bugs like how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation bugs like how could you
+exploit a buffer overflow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit a buffer overflow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit a buffer overflow and
+interestingly the author of this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the author of this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the author of this paper
+is actually not at all interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not at all interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not at all interested in
+implementation bugs he's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation bugs he's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation bugs he's really
+interested in protocol errors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in protocol errors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in protocol errors or
+protocol mistakes so what's the big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol mistakes so what's the big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol mistakes so what's the big deal
+why is he down on implementation box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is he down on implementation box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is he down on implementation box
+even though we spend several weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we spend several weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we spend several weeks
+looking at them why does it matter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at them why does it matter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at them why does it matter yeah
+because we have to keep this box to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to keep this box to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to keep this box to be
+comp yeah so this is the really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp yeah so this is the really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp yeah so this is the really big
+bummer about a bug in your protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer about a bug in your protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer about a bug in your protocol
+design because it's hard to change so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design because it's hard to change so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design because it's hard to change so if
+you have an implementation bug well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an implementation bug well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an implementation bug well you
+had a mem copy or a printf of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a mem copy or a printf of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a mem copy or a printf of some sort
+that didn't change the range okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't change the range okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't change the range okay well
+you had a range check and it still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a range check and it still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a range check and it still works
+and now it's also secure so that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's also secure so that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's also secure so that's great
+but if you have some bug in the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have some bug in the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have some bug in the protocol
+specification in how the protocol has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification in how the protocol has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification in how the protocol has to
+work then fixing a bug is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work then fixing a bug is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work then fixing a bug is going to
+require fixing a protocol which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require fixing a protocol which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require fixing a protocol which means
+potentially affecting all the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially affecting all the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially affecting all the systems
+that are out there speaking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are out there speaking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are out there speaking this
+protocol so if we find some problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so if we find some problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so if we find some problem in
+TCP this is potentially quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP this is potentially quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP this is potentially quite
+devastating because every machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating because every machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating because every machine that
+uses TCP is going to have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses TCP is going to have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses TCP is going to have to change
+because it's going to be hard to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be hard to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be hard to make it
+potentially backwards compatible we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially backwards compatible we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially backwards compatible we'll
+see exactly what these bugs are but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly what these bugs are but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly what these bugs are but I
+think this is the real reason he's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the real reason he's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the real reason he's so
+excited about looking at protocol bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about looking at protocol bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about looking at protocol bugs
+because they're fairly fundamental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're fairly fundamental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're fairly fundamental to
+the sort of TCP protocol that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of TCP protocol that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of TCP protocol that everyone
+agrees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees to
+speak so let's look at one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak so let's look at one of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak so let's look at one of these guys
+so one uh sort of the first example he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one uh sort of the first example he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one uh sort of the first example he
+points out is has to do with how TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out is has to do with how TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out is has to do with how TCP
+sequence numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers
+work so just to sort of re explain Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so just to sort of re explain Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so just to sort of re explain Yeah
+question I'm just curious this is tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm just curious this is tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm just curious this is tin
+off topic yeah let's say you do find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off topic yeah let's say you do find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off topic yeah let's say you do find a
+TCP how do you make the change how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP how do you make the change how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP how do you make the change how do
+you tell all the computers in the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell all the computers in the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell all the computers in the World
+to Change yeah I think it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Change yeah I think it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Change yeah I think it's a huge
+problem like what if you find a bug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like what if you find a bug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like what if you find a bug in
+TCP well it's not clear what to do and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP well it's not clear what to do and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP well it's not clear what to do and I
+think the authors here struggle a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the authors here struggle a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the authors here struggle a lot
+with it and in many ways if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and in many ways if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and in many ways if you could
+redesign TCP many of these bugs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign TCP many of these bugs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign TCP many of these bugs are
+relatively easy to fix if you knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to fix if you knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to fix if you knew what
+to look for ahead of time but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for ahead of time but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for ahead of time but because
+TCP is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP is sort of
+fixed relatively hard to fix uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed relatively hard to fix uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed relatively hard to fix uh or
+change um what ends up happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um what ends up happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um what ends up happening is that
+people or designers try to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or designers try to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or designers try to look for
+backwards compatible tweaks that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible tweaks that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible tweaks that either
+allow old implementations to coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow old implementations to coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow old implementations to coexist
+with a new implementation or to add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new implementation or to add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new implementation or to add some
+optional field that if it's there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional field that if it's there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional field that if it's there then
+the communication is more secure in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication is more secure in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication is more secure in some
+way um but it is a big problem like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um but it is a big problem like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um but it is a big problem like if
+it's if it's some security issue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's some security issue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's some security issue that's
+deeply ingrained in TCP then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply ingrained in TCP then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply ingrained in TCP then it's going
+to be it's going to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be a pretty
+humongous issue for everyone to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humongous issue for everyone to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humongous issue for everyone to just
+pack up and move on to TCP version you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack up and move on to TCP version you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack up and move on to TCP version you
+know whatever n plus1 uh and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever n plus1 uh and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever n plus1 uh and you know
+you can look at IPv6 as one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at IPv6 as one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at IPv6 as one example of
+this not happening right like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not happening right like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not happening right like we've
+known this prom was going to come up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known this prom was going to come up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known this prom was going to come up for
+like 15 years or 20 years IPv6 has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 years or 20 years IPv6 has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 years or 20 years IPv6 has been
+around for well over 10 years now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for well over 10 years now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for well over 10 years now and
+it's just hard to convince people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just hard to convince people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just hard to convince people to
+move away from ipv4 it's good enough it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from ipv4 it's good enough it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from ipv4 it's good enough it
+sort of works it's uh it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of works it's uh it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of works it's uh it's a lot of
+overhead to move over and no one else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead to move over and no one else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead to move over and no one else is
+speaking IPv6 so why should I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking IPv6 so why should I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking IPv6 so why should I start
+speaking this bizarre protocol that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking this bizarre protocol that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking this bizarre protocol that no
+one else is going to speak to me to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else is going to speak to me to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else is going to speak to me to me
+so it's like slowly moving along but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like slowly moving along but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like slowly moving along but I
+think it takes a long time and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it takes a long time and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it takes a long time and there's
+got to be really some motivation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be really some motivation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be really some motivation to
+migrate uh and um backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate uh and um backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate uh and um backwards
+compatibility helps a lot not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility helps a lot not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility helps a lot not good
+enough for I guess IPv6 IPv6 has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for I guess IPv6 IPv6 has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for I guess IPv6 IPv6 has lots of
+backwards compatibility plans in it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatibility plans in it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatibility plans in it like
+you can talk to an ipv4 host from IPv6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk to an ipv4 host from IPv6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk to an ipv4 host from IPv6
+so there you know they try to engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you know they try to engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you know they try to engineer
+all the support but still it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the support but still it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the support but still it's hard to
+convince people to upgrade um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people to upgrade um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people to upgrade um all right
+um but yeah so looking back at TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah so looking back at TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah so looking back at TCP
+sequence numbers we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers we're going to look at
+actually two problems that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two problems that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two problems that have to do
+with how the TCP handshake works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how the TCP handshake works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how the TCP handshake works so
+let's just spend a little bit of time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just spend a little bit of time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just spend a little bit of time um
+working out what are the details of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out what are the details of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out what are the details of how
+a TCP connection gets initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TCP connection gets initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TCP connection gets initially
+established so there's basically three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so there's basically three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so there's basically three
+uh packets that have to get sent uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh packets that have to get sent uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh packets that have to get sent uh in
+order for a new TCP connection to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for a new TCP connection to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for a new TCP connection to be
+established so a client uh generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so a client uh generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so a client uh generates a
+packet to connect to a server and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet to connect to a server and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet to connect to a server and it
+says well here's my IP address C client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well here's my IP address C client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well here's my IP address C client
+I'm sending this to the server and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sending this to the server and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sending this to the server and
+there's various Fields but the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various Fields but the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various Fields but the ones that
+are interesting for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting for the purpose of this
+discussion is going to be a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is going to be a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is going to be a sequence
+number so there's going to be a syn flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so there's going to be a syn flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so there's going to be a syn flag
+saying I want to synchronize State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I want to synchronize State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I want to synchronize State and
+establish a new connection and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a new connection and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a new connection and you
+include a client sequence number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a client sequence number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a client sequence number in the
+initial packet then when the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial packet then when the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial packet then when the server
+receives this the server uh is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives this the server uh is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives this the server uh is going to
+look and say well a client wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and say well a client wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and say well a client wants to
+connect to me so I'll send a packet back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to me so I'll send a packet back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to me so I'll send a packet back
+to whatever this address is whoever said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever this address is whoever said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever this address is whoever said
+they were trying to connect to me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to connect to me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to connect to me so
+it'll send a packet from the server to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll send a packet from the server to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll send a packet from the server to
+the client uh and include its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client uh and include its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client uh and include its own
+synchronization number SN server and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization number SN server and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization number SN server and
+it'll acknowledge the client's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and finally the client uh replies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and finally the client uh replies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and finally the client uh replies
+back acknowledging the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back acknowledging the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back acknowledging the server
+sychronization number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sychronization number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sychronization number
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+acknowledge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge uh
+SNS and now the client can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS and now the client can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS and now the client can actually
+start sending data so in order to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sending data so in order to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sending data so in order to send
+data the client has to uh include some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the client has to uh include some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the client has to uh include some
+data in the packet and also put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the packet and also put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the packet and also put in the
+sequence number of the client to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number of the client to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number of the client to
+indicate that this is actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that this is actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that this is actually sort of
+legitimate client data at the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate client data at the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate client data at the start of
+the connection it's not some data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection it's not some data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection it's not some data from
+later on for example that just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on for example that just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on for example that just happens
+to arrive now because the server missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrive now because the server missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrive now because the server missed
+some initial parts of the data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial parts of the data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial parts of the data so
+originally all these sequence numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally all these sequence numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally all these sequence numbers
+were meant for uh ensuring inorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were meant for uh ensuring inorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were meant for uh ensuring inorder
+delivery of packets so you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of packets so you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery of packets so you know if the
+client sends two packets the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client sends two packets the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client sends two packets the one that
+has the initial sequence number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the initial sequence number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the initial sequence number that's
+the first chunk of data and the one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first chunk of data and the one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first chunk of data and the one with
+the next sequence numb is the next chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next sequence numb is the next chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next sequence numb is the next chunk
+of data but it turns out to also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data but it turns out to also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data but it turns out to also be
+useful for providing some security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for providing some security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for providing some security
+properties here's an example of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here's an example of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here's an example of these
+requirements changing so initially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements changing so initially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements changing so initially no
+one was thinking TCP provides any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was thinking TCP provides any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was thinking TCP provides any
+security properties but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security properties but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security properties but then
+applications started using TCP and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications started using TCP and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications started using TCP and sort
+of relying on these TCP connections not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relying on these TCP connections not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relying on these TCP connections not
+being able to be broken by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to be broken by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to be broken by some
+arbitrary attacker or no an attacker not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary attacker or no an attacker not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary attacker or no an attacker not
+being able to inject data into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to inject data into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to inject data into your
+existing TCP connection and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing TCP connection and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing TCP connection and all of a
+sudden this mechanism that was initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden this mechanism that was initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden this mechanism that was initially
+meant for just packet ordering now gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant for just packet ordering now gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant for just packet ordering now gets
+used to guarantee some semblance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to guarantee some semblance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to guarantee some semblance of
+security for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security for these
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+um I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess the
+problem stems from what could a server I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem stems from what could a server I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem stems from what could a server I
+guess assume about this uh TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess assume about this uh TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess assume about this uh TCP
+connection so typically the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so typically the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so typically the server
+assumes that or you know implicitly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that or you know implicitly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that or you know implicitly you
+might imagine the server could assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine the server could assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine the server could assume
+that this connection is established with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this connection is established with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this connection is established with
+the right client at this IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right client at this IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right client at this IP address
+C seems like a natural thing to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C seems like a natural thing to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C seems like a natural thing to assume
+is there any basis for making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any basis for making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any basis for making this
+assumption like should like if a server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption like should like if a server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption like should like if a server
+gets this message saying you know here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this message saying you know here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this message saying you know here's
+some data on this connection from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data on this connection from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data on this connection from a
+client to a server and it has sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to a server and it has sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to a server and it has sequence
+number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number c
+why might the server conclude that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might the server conclude that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might the server conclude that this
+was actually the the real client sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the the real client sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the the real client sending
+this guess the sequence hard to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guess the sequence hard to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guess the sequence hard to guess
+right so that's sort of the implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's sort of the implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's sort of the implicit
+thing going on that it has to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing going on that it has to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing going on that it has to have the
+right sequence number c here and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sequence number c here and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sequence number c here and uh in
+order for this connection to got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this connection to got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this connection to got
+established the client must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the client must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the client must have
+acknowledged the server sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged the server sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged the server sequence number
+s here and the server sequence number s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s here and the server sequence number s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s here and the server sequence number s
+was only sent by the server to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only sent by the server to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only sent by the server to the
+intended client IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended client IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended client IP address
+yeah how many bits are available for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many bits are available for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many bits are available for the
+sequence number so sequence numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number so sequence numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number so sequence numbers in
+TCP are 32 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP are 32 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP are 32 bits
+long so it's like not entirely easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so it's like not entirely easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so it's like not entirely easy to
+guess so if if it was really a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so if if it was really a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so if if it was really a random
+32-bit number it would be hard to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit number it would be hard to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit number it would be hard to just
+guess and you'd probably waste a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and you'd probably waste a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and you'd probably waste a lot of
+bandwidth trying to guess this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth trying to guess this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth trying to guess this yeah
+question the data sequence number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the data sequence number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the data sequence number is
+higher than the initial sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the initial sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the initial sequence number
+Yeah so basically these things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah so basically these things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah so basically these things get
+incremented so every time you send a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented so every time you send a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented so every time you send a sin
+that counts as one bite against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that counts as one bite against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that counts as one bite against your
+sequence number so this is snc I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number so this is snc I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number so this is snc I think
+actually what happens is this is snc +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what happens is this is snc +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what happens is this is snc +
+one and then it goes on from there so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then it goes on from there so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then it goes on from there so if
+you send five bytes and the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send five bytes and the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send five bytes and the next one is
+snc initial plus six um so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snc initial plus six um so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snc initial plus six um so it just
+counts the bytes that you sent and sins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the bytes that you sent and sins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the bytes that you sent and sins
+count as one bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as one bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as one bite
+each makees sense other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each makees sense other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each makees sense other questions about
+this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right
+so typically um or at least the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically um or at least the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically um or at least the way the
+TCP specification recommended that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP specification recommended that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP specification recommended that
+people choose these sequence numbers was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose these sequence numbers was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose these sequence numbers was
+uh to increment them at some roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to increment them at some roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to increment them at some roughly
+fixed rate so the initial RFC suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed rate so the initial RFC suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed rate so the initial RFC suggested
+that you increment these things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you increment these things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you increment these things at
+something like 250,000 units just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 250,000 units just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 250,000 units just like
+plus 250,000 per second and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 250,000 per second and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 250,000 per second and the reason
+that it wasn't entirely random is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't entirely random is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't entirely random is that
+these sequence numbers are actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sequence numbers are actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sequence numbers are actually used
+to prevent out of order packets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent out of order packets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent out of order packets or
+packets from previous connections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets from previous connections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets from previous connections from
+interfering with new connections so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with new connections so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with new connections so if
+every time you establish a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you establish a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you establish a new
+connection you chose a completely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection you chose a completely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection you chose a completely random
+sequence number number then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number number then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number number then there's some
+chance if you establish lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance if you establish lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance if you establish lots of
+connections over and over that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections over and over that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections over and over that some
+packet from a previous connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet from a previous connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet from a previous connection is
+going to have a similar enough sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a similar enough sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a similar enough sequence
+number to your new connection that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to your new connection that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to your new connection that's
+going to be accepted as a valid piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be accepted as a valid piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be accepted as a valid piece of
+data on that new connection so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on that new connection so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on that new connection so this is
+something that the TCP designers worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the TCP designers worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the TCP designers worried
+a lot about these out of order packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about these out of order packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about these out of order packets
+or delayed packets so as a result they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or delayed packets so as a result they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or delayed packets so as a result they
+really wanted these sequence numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted these sequence numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted these sequence numbers to
+progress in a roughly monotonic manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in a roughly monotonic manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in a roughly monotonic manner
+over time even across connections so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time even across connections so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time even across connections so if
+I open one connection it might have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I open one connection it might have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I open one connection it might have the
+same source and destination port numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same source and destination port numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same source and destination port numbers
+IP addresses Etc but because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses Etc but because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses Etc but because I
+established this connection now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established this connection now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established this connection now instead
+of earlier packets from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of earlier packets from earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of earlier packets from earlier
+hopefully aren't going to match up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully aren't going to match up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully aren't going to match up with
+the sequence numbers I have for my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence numbers I have for my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence numbers I have for my new
+connection so this was a mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so this was a mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so this was a mechanism to
+prevent confusion across sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent confusion across sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent confusion across sort of
+repeated sort of connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated sort of connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated sort of connection
+establishment yeah so if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment yeah so if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment yeah so if you don't know
+exactly like how much you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like how much you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like how much you know your
+other that you're talking to is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that you're talking to is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that you're talking to is going to
+increment the sequence how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the sequence how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the sequence how do you know
+like the packet you're getting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the packet you're getting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the packet you're getting is the
+next packet if there wasn't some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next packet if there wasn't some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next packet if there wasn't some like
+intermediate packet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate packet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate packet that
+so typically you remember the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically you remember the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically you remember the last
+packet you received and if the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet you received and if the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet you received and if the next
+sequence number is exactly that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number is exactly that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number is exactly that then
+this is the next packet in sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the next packet in sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the next packet in sequence so
+for example here the server knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here the server knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here the server knows that
+I've seen exactly SN C plus1 worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen exactly SN C plus1 worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen exactly SN C plus1 worth of
+data if the next packet has sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if the next packet has sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if the next packet has sequence
+number SN C plus one that's the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number SN C plus one that's the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number SN C plus one that's the next one
+so so you're saying that like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you're saying that like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you're saying that like when you
+establish the sequence number then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the sequence number then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the sequence number then after
+that you're committing it only oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're committing it only oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're committing it only oh
+absolutely yeah yeah yeah so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah yeah yeah so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah yeah yeah so these
+sequence numbers one initially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers one initially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers one initially when you
+establish it they get picked According
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish it they get picked According
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish it they get picked According
+to some plan we'll talk about that plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some plan we'll talk about that plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some plan we'll talk about that plan
+you can sort of think they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think they might be
+random but over time they have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but over time they have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but over time they have to have
+some flow for initial sequence numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flow for initial sequence numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flow for initial sequence numbers
+for connection but then within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for connection but then within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for connection but then within a
+connection once they're established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection once they're established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection once they're established
+that's it they're fixed and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it they're fixed and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it they're fixed and they just
+tick along as the data gets sent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick along as the data gets sent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick along as the data gets sent on the
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+exactly make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly make
+sense all right so there were some plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so there were some plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so there were some plans
+suggested for how to manage these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested for how to manage these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested for how to manage these
+sequence numbers and it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers and it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers and it was actually
+reasonable plan for avoiding duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable plan for avoiding duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable plan for avoiding duplicate
+packets in the network causing trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the network causing trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the network causing trouble
+but the the problem uh of course showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the problem uh of course showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the problem uh of course showed
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that attackers were able to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attackers were able to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attackers were able to sort of
+guess these sequence numbers because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess these sequence numbers because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess these sequence numbers because the
+SE there wasn't a lot of Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE there wasn't a lot of Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE there wasn't a lot of Randomness
+being chosen so the way that the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chosen so the way that the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chosen so the way that the host
+machine would choose these sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine would choose these sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine would choose these sequence
+numbers they have just a running counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they have just a running counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they have just a running counter
+in memory every second they bump it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory every second they bump it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory every second they bump it by
+250,000 and every time a new connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 and every time a new connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 and every time a new connection
+comes in they also bump it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in they also bump it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in they also bump it by some
+constant like 64k or 128k I forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant like 64k or 128k I forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant like 64k or 128k I forget the
+exact number so this was Rel atively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number so this was Rel atively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number so this was Rel atively
+easy to guess as you can tell you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to guess as you can tell you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to guess as you can tell you send
+them a connection request and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a connection request and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a connection request and you see
+what what sequence number comes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what sequence number comes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what sequence number comes back and
+then you know the next one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the next one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the next one is going to
+be 64k higher than that so there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 64k higher than that so there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 64k higher than that so there wasn't
+a huge amount of Randomness uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of Randomness uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of Randomness uh in this
+protocol so we can just sketch out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so we can just sketch out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so we can just sketch out what
+this looks like so if I'm an attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like so if I'm an attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like so if I'm an attacker
+that wants to connect to a server but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to connect to a server but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to connect to a server but
+pretend to be from a particular IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend to be from a particular IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend to be from a particular IP
+address then what I might do is send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address then what I might do is send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address then what I might do is send a
+request to the server very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to the server very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to the server very much like the
+first step there include the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step there include the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step there include the some
+initial sequence number that I choose at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sequence number that I choose at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sequence number that I choose at
+this point any sequence number is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point any sequence number is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point any sequence number is just
+as good because the server shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good because the server shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good because the server shouldn't
+have any assumptions about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any assumptions about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any assumptions about what the
+client sequence number is now what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client sequence number is now what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client sequence number is now what does
+the server do the server gets the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server do the server gets the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server do the server gets the same
+packet as before so it responds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet as before so it responds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet as before so it responds in the
+same way as before it sends a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as before it sends a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as before it sends a packet
+back to the client with some server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the client with some server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the client with some server
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+number and acknowledges snc and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and acknowledges snc and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and acknowledges snc and now the
+attacker if it if the attacker wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker if it if the attacker wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker if it if the attacker wants to
+establish a connection it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a connection it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a connection it needs to
+somehow synthesize a packet that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow synthesize a packet that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow synthesize a packet that looks
+exactly like the third packet over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the third packet over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the third packet over there
+so it needs to send a packet from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to send a packet from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to send a packet from a
+client to the server that's easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to the server that's easy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to the server that's easy enough
+you just fill in these values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just fill in these values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just fill in these values in the
+header but you have to acknowledge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header but you have to acknowledge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header but you have to acknowledge this
+server sequence number SNS and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server sequence number SNS and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server sequence number SNS and this is
+where sort of the pr start if the SNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the pr start if the SNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the pr start if the SNS
+value is relatively easy to guess then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is relatively easy to guess then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is relatively easy to guess then
+the attacker is good to go and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker is good to go and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker is good to go and now the
+server thinks they have an established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server thinks they have an established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server thinks they have an established
+connection with a client coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with a client coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with a client coming from
+this IP address and now an attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IP address and now an attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IP address and now an attacker
+could inject data into this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could inject data into this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could inject data into this connection
+just as before they just synthesize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as before they just synthesize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as before they just synthesize a
+packet that looks like this that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that looks like this that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that looks like this that has the
+data and it has the client sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it has the client sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it has the client sequence
+number that in fact the adversary chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that in fact the adversary chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that in fact the adversary chose
+maybe it's plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's plus one
+here but it all hinges on being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it all hinges on being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it all hinges on being able to
+guess this particular server supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this particular server supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this particular server supplied
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+number all right does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right does this make sense
+yeah what's the reason that the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the reason that the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the reason that the server
+sequence number isn't completely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number isn't completely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number isn't completely random
+so there's two reasons one as I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two reasons one as I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two reasons one as I was uh
+describing earlier uh the server wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing earlier uh the server wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing earlier uh the server wants
+to make sure that packets from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that packets from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that packets from different
+connections over time don't get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections over time don't get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections over time don't get confused
+for one another so if you establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one another so if you establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one another so if you establish a
+connection from One Source port to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from One Source port to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from One Source port to
+another destination port and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another destination port and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another destination port and then you
+close the connection establish another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the connection establish another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the connection establish another
+one with the same source and destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the same source and destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the same source and destination
+Port you want to make sure the packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port you want to make sure the packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port you want to make sure the packets
+from one connection don't appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one connection don't appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one connection don't appear to be
+valid in another connection does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid in another connection does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid in another connection does the
+server so the the server sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so the the server sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so the the server sequence number
+is incremented for every one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incremented for every one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incremented for every one of their
+packets well so this is the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets well so this is the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets well so this is the sequence
+number so this the sequence numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this the sequence numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this the sequence numbers
+within a connection as I was describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a connection as I was describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a connection as I was describing
+get bumped with all the data in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bumped with all the data in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bumped with all the data in a
+connection but there's also the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but there's also the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but there's also the question
+of how do you choose the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how do you choose the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how do you choose the initial
+sequence number here and that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number here and that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number here and that gets
+bumped for every time a new connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped for every time a new connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped for every time a new connection
+is established so the hope is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established so the hope is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established so the hope is that by
+the time it wraps around 2 to the 32 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it wraps around 2 to the 32 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it wraps around 2 to the 32 and
+comes back that there's been enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back that there's been enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back that there's been enough time
+so that all old packets in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all old packets in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all old packets in the network
+have actually been dropped and will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually been dropped and will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually been dropped and will not
+appear as duplicates anymore so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as duplicates anymore so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as duplicates anymore so that's
+the reason why they don't just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they don't just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they don't just choose
+random points or they didn't initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random points or they didn't initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random points or they didn't initially
+choose random points yeah this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose random points yeah this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose random points yeah this is a
+problem between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem between
+connections for a connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections for a connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections for a connection between the
+same guy the same time the same server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guy the same time the same server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guy the same time the same server
+the same Source Port the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Source Port the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Source Port the same
+destination that's right and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination that's right and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination that's right and you're
+worried about old pack this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about old pack this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about old pack this is what the
+original yeah TCP designers were worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original yeah TCP designers were worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original yeah TCP designers were worried
+about which is why they prescribe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is why they prescribe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is why they prescribe this
+way of picking these initial sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of picking these initial sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of picking these initial sequence
+numbers different new connections you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers different new connections you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers different new connections you
+could differentiate that's right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could differentiate that's right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could differentiate that's right yeah so
+then I don't see why the incrementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't see why the incrementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't see why the incrementing
+stuff and not just pick randomly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and not just pick randomly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and not just pick randomly so I
+think the reason they don't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reason they don't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reason they don't pick
+randomly is that if you did pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly is that if you did pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly is that if you did pick
+randomly and you established I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and you established I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and you established I don't
+know a thousand connections within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a thousand connections within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a thousand connections within a
+short amount of time from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time from the same
+source to the same destination then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to the same destination then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to the same destination then um
+well every one of them is some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well every one of them is some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well every one of them is some random
+value module 2 to the 32 and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value module 2 to the 32 and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value module 2 to the 32 and now there's
+a non-trivial chance that some packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-trivial chance that some packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-trivial chance that some packet
+from one connection will be delayed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one connection will be delayed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one connection will be delayed in
+the network and eventually show up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and eventually show up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and eventually show up again
+and will get confused for a packet from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will get confused for a packet from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will get confused for a packet from
+another connection this is just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another connection this is just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another connection this is just sort of
+not not nothing to do with security this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not nothing to do with security this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not nothing to do with security this
+was just their design consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just their design consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just their design consideration
+initially for uh reliable delivery yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially for uh reliable delivery yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially for uh reliable delivery yeah
+this isend to be some other client to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isend to be some other client to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isend to be some other client to
+the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server
+sorry this is this is attack some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is this is attack some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is this is attack some other
+Cent that's right yeah so we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cent that's right yeah so we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cent that's right yeah so we haven't
+actually said why this is interesting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said why this is interesting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said why this is interesting at
+all for the attacker to do like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for the attacker to do like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for the attacker to do like why
+bother he could disc connect from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother he could disc connect from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother he could disc connect from his
+own IP address right so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own IP address right so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own IP address right so what happens
+like for the server like uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the server like uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the server like uh what happens
+to the other computer like who a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other computer like who a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other computer like who a is
+pring to be and he receives an ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pring to be and he receives an ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pring to be and he receives an ask
+something he never said yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he never said yes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he never said yes this is
+actually an interesting question like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an interesting question like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an interesting question like
+what happens here right so this packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here right so this packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here right so this packet
+doesn't just get dropped it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just get dropped it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just get dropped it actually
+goes to this computer and what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to this computer and what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to this computer and what happens
+yeah in the pi they just mentioned like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the pi they just mentioned like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the pi they just mentioned like
+you try and do it like they would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and do it like they would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and do it like they would try
+and do it when the other computer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it when the other computer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it when the other computer was
+like updating or rebooting or off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like updating or rebooting or off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like updating or rebooting or off or
+something right certainly if those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right certainly if those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right certainly if those other
+computer is offline the packet will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is offline the packet will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is offline the packet will just
+get dropped and you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get dropped and you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get dropped and you don't have to worry
+about it too much if a computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it too much if a computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it too much if a computer is
+actually listening on that IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually listening on that IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually listening on that IP address
+then in the TCP protocol you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the TCP protocol you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the TCP protocol you're supposed
+to send a reset packet uh resetting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a reset packet uh resetting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a reset packet uh resetting the
+connection because this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because this is not a
+connection that the computer C knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that the computer C knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that the computer C knows
+about and in TCP this is presumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and in TCP this is presumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and in TCP this is presumed to be
+because this is some old packet that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is some old packet that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is some old packet that I
+you know requested long ago but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know requested long ago but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know requested long ago but I've
+since forgot about it so the machine C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since forgot about it so the machine C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since forgot about it so the machine C
+here might send a packet uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might send a packet uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might send a packet uh to the
+server saying I want to reset uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server saying I want to reset uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server saying I want to reset uh you
+know I actually I forget exactly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I actually I forget exactly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I actually I forget exactly which
+sequence number goes in there but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number goes in there but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number goes in there but the uh
+client C here knows all the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client C here knows all the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client C here knows all the sequence
+numbers and can send any sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and can send any sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and can send any sequence number
+as necessary and reset this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as necessary and reset this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as necessary and reset this connection
+so if this computer C is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this computer C is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this computer C is going to do
+this then it might interfere with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it might interfere with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it might interfere with your
+plan to establish a connection because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to establish a connection because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to establish a connection because
+when s gets this packet it says oh sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when s gets this packet it says oh sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when s gets this packet it says oh sure
+if you don't want it I'll reset your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want it I'll reset your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want it I'll reset your
+connection uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh there are some
+implementation is bugs that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is bugs that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is bugs that you might
+exploit to or at least the author talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit to or at least the author talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit to or at least the author talks
+about an adversary potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an adversary potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an adversary potentially
+exploiting that would prevent client C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting that would prevent client C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting that would prevent client C
+from responding so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from responding so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from responding so for example if you
+flood C with lots of packets that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood C with lots of packets that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood C with lots of packets that's an
+easy way to get them to drop this one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to get them to drop this one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to get them to drop this one it
+turns out there's other more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's other more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's other more interesting
+bugs that don't require flooding C with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that don't require flooding C with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that don't require flooding C with
+lots of packets that still get C to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of packets that still get C to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of packets that still get C to drop
+this packet or at least it used to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packet or at least it used to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packet or at least it used to on
+some implementations of TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implementations of TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some implementations of TCP
+Stacks yeah presumably those firewalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacks yeah presumably those firewalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacks yeah presumably those firewalls
+would also that this one no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also that this one no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also that this one no the
+sin this that came into a client and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin this that came into a client and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin this that came into a client and the
+client didn't originally send a s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client didn't originally send a s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client didn't originally send a s to
+that server then the fire is Dr I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that server then the fire is Dr I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that server then the fire is Dr I
+depends yeah so certainly if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends yeah so certainly if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends yeah so certainly if you have a
+very sophisticated stateful firewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated stateful firewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated stateful firewall
+that keeps track of all existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps track of all existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps track of all existing
+connections or for example if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or for example if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or for example if you have a
+natat then this might happen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natat then this might happen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natat then this might happen on the
+other hand that aat might actually send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand that aat might actually send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand that aat might actually send
+the rst on the behalf of the client um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rst on the behalf of the client um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rst on the behalf of the client um
+so it's not clear I think this is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not clear I think this is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not clear I think this is not as
+common so for example on a Comcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so for example on a Comcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so for example on a Comcast
+network I certainly don't have anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I certainly don't have anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I certainly don't have anyone
+intercepting these packets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting these packets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting these packets and
+maintaining state for me and sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining state for me and sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining state for me and sending
+rsts on my behalf or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsts on my behalf or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsts on my behalf or anything like that
+yeah so why can the server have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why can the server have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why can the server have
+independent um sequence numbers for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um sequence numbers for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um sequence numbers for each
+like possible Source right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like possible Source right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like possible Source right so so
+actually this is in fact what TCP Stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is in fact what TCP Stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is in fact what TCP Stacks
+do today so this is one example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today so this is one example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today so this is one example of how
+do you fix this problem in a backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you fix this problem in a backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you fix this problem in a backwards
+compatible manner uh so we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible manner uh so we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible manner uh so we'll get to
+exactly the formulation of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the formulation of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the formulation of how you
+arrange this but yeah it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange this but yeah it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange this but yeah it turns out that
+if you look at this carefully as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this carefully as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this carefully as you
+doing you don't need to have the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you don't need to have the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you don't need to have the initial
+sequence number be Global you just scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number be Global you just scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number be Global you just scope
+it to every Source destination pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to every Source destination pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to every Source destination pair and
+then you have all the duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have all the duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have all the duplicate
+avoidance properties we had before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance properties we had before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance properties we had before and
+you have some security as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some security as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some security as well
+so just to sort of uh write this out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to sort of uh write this out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to sort of uh write this out on
+the board of like how the attacker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board of like how the attacker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board of like how the attacker is
+getting this initial sequence number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this initial sequence number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this initial sequence number the
+attacker would probably just send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker would probably just send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker would probably just send a
+connection from its own IP address to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from its own IP address to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from its own IP address to
+the server saying I want to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server saying I want to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server saying I want to you know
+establish a new connection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a new connection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a new connection and the
+server would send a response back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server would send a response back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server would send a response back to the
+attacker containing its own sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker containing its own sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker containing its own sequence
+number s and if these SNS for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number s and if these SNS for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number s and if these SNS for this
+connection and the SNS for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and the SNS for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and the SNS for this
+connection are related then this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection are related then this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection are related then this is a
+problem but you're saying let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but you're saying let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but you're saying let's make
+them not related because this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not related because this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not related because this is from a
+different address then this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different address then this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different address then this is not a
+problem anymore you can't guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anymore you can't guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anymore you can't guess what
+this SNS is going to be based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SNS is going to be based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SNS is going to be based on this
+SNS for a different connection yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS for a different connection yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS for a different connection yeah you
+still have a collision problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a collision problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a collision problem because
+you could engage with 32 bits of IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could engage with 32 bits of IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could engage with 32 bits of IP
+address your your PE so you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address your your PE so you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address your your PE so you have a lot
+of cords for each one of these you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cords for each one of these you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cords for each one of these you still
+have conflicting sequence numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conflicting sequence numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conflicting sequence numbers for
+all of these connections that you get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these connections that you get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these connections that you get so
+these uh sequence numbers are specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sequence numbers are specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sequence numbers are specific
+as it turns out to an IP address and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out to an IP address and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out to an IP address and a
+port number Source destination Tuple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port number Source destination Tuple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port number Source destination Tuple so
+if it's different ports then they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's different ports then they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's different ports then they don't
+interfere with each other at all oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each other at all oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each other at all oh
+because you're using the port that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're using the port that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're using the port that's
+right yeah you also use the port in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you also use the port in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you also use the port in this
+plan as well yeah right yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan as well yeah right yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan as well yeah right yeah so the
+ports are sort of below the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports are sort of below the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports are sort of below the sequence
+numbers if in some way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if in some way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if in some way of thinking about
+it yeah question but if the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah question but if the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah question but if the sequence
+numbers are Global then doesn't theing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are Global then doesn't theing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are Global then doesn't theing
+depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend
+on cents are yeah good point yeah so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cents are yeah good point yeah so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cents are yeah good point yeah so in
+fact if the server increments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if the server increments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if the server increments the
+sequence number by I don't know 64k I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number by I don't know 64k I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number by I don't know 64k I
+think it is or it was for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is or it was for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is or it was for every
+connection then well you connect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection then well you connect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection then well you connect and
+then maybe five other people connect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe five other people connect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe five other people connect and
+then you have to do this attack so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to do this attack so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to do this attack so to
+some extent you're right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent you're right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent you're right this is a
+little Troublesome on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Troublesome on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Troublesome on the other hand you
+could probably arrange it for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably arrange it for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably arrange it for your
+packet here to be delivered just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet here to be delivered just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet here to be delivered just before
+this packet so if you send these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packet so if you send these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packet so if you send these guys
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+back then there's a good chance they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then there's a good chance they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then there's a good chance they'll
+arrive at the server back to back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the server back to back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the server back to back the
+server will get this one respond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server will get this one respond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server will get this one respond with
+this sequence number it'll get the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence number it'll get the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence number it'll get the next
+one this one respond with the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one respond with the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one respond with the sequence
+number right afterwards and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right afterwards and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right afterwards and then you
+know exactly what to put in this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what to put in this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what to put in this third
+packet in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet in your
+sequence so I think this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so I think this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so I think this is not a
+foolproof method of connecting to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolproof method of connecting to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolproof method of connecting to a
+server there's some guessing involved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server there's some guessing involved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server there's some guessing involved uh
+but if you careful arrange your packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you careful arrange your packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you careful arrange your packets
+right then it's quite easy to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then it's quite easy to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then it's quite easy to make the
+right guess or maybe you try several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guess or maybe you try several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guess or maybe you try several
+times and you'll get lucky yeah even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you'll get lucky yeah even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you'll get lucky yeah even if
+like you know it's totally random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's totally random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's totally random and
+you have to guess it there only like 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to guess it there only like 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to guess it there only like 4
+billion possibilities it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion possibilities it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion possibilities it's not like a
+huge number right like I feel like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number right like I feel like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number right like I feel like in
+the course of a year you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a year you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a year you should be able
+to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like
+probably right yeah so I think it uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right yeah so I think it uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right yeah so I think it uh so
+you're absolutely right you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right you shouldn't
+really be relying on TCP to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be relying on TCP to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be relying on TCP to provide
+security uh you know very very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh you know very very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh you know very very strongly
+because you're right it's only 4 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're right it's only 4 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're right it's only 4 billion
+guesses and you can probably send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and you can probably send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and you can probably send that
+many packets you know certainly within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many packets you know certainly within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many packets you know certainly within a
+day uh if you have a fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh if you have a fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh if you have a fast enough
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+um so it's sort of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's sort of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's sort of an interesting
+argument we're having here in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we're having here in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we're having here in the sense
+that at some level TCP is hopelessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some level TCP is hopelessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some level TCP is hopelessly
+insecure because it's only 32 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure because it's only 32 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure because it's only 32 bits
+there's no way we could make it secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way we could make it secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way we could make it secure
+but I think many applications rely on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think many applications rely on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think many applications rely on it
+enough that not providing any security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that not providing any security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that not providing any security
+at all is so much of a nuisance that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all is so much of a nuisance that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all is so much of a nuisance that it
+really becomes a a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really becomes a a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really becomes a a problem but
+absolutely right so in practice you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right so in practice you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right so in practice you do
+want to do some sort of encryption on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some sort of encryption on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some sort of encryption on
+top of this that will provide stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this that will provide stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this that will provide stronger
+guarantees that no one tampered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that no one tampered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that no one tampered with
+your data that where the keys are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data that where the keys are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data that where the keys are more
+than 32 bits long um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 32 bits long um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 32 bits long um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so still turns out to be useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still turns out to be useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still turns out to be useful to
+prevent people from tampering with TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from tampering with TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from tampering with TCP
+Connections in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in most
+cases all right other questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases all right other questions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases all right other questions all
+right so let's see what actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see what actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see what actually goes
+wrong why is it a bad bad thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong why is it a bad bad thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong why is it a bad bad thing if
+people are able to spoof TCP connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are able to spoof TCP connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are able to spoof TCP connections
+from arbitrary addresses so one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from arbitrary addresses so one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from arbitrary addresses so one reason
+this is bad is uh if there's any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bad is uh if there's any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bad is uh if there's any kind of
+Ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ip
+based uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authorization so if some server decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization so if some server decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization so if some server decides
+whether an operation is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether an operation is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether an operation is going to be
+allowed or not based on the IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed or not based on the IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed or not based on the IP address
+it comes from then this is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from then this is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from then this is potentially
+going to be a problem for an attacker to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem for an attacker to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem for an attacker to
+spoof connections from an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoof connections from an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoof connections from an arbitrary
+Source address so one example where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source address so one example where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source address so one example where this
+was a problem and it largely isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a problem and it largely isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a problem and it largely isn't
+anymore is this family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is this family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is this family of
+commands or things like our login so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands or things like our login so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands or things like our login so it
+used to be the case that you could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the case that you could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the case that you could run
+something like our login into a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like our login into a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like our login into a machine
+let's say I don't know Athena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Diop mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diop mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diop mit.edu
+and if your connection was coming from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if your connection was coming from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if your connection was coming from a
+host at MIT then this art login command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host at MIT then this art login command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host at MIT then this art login command
+would succeed if you say oh yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would succeed if you say oh yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would succeed if you say oh yeah I'm
+user Alice on this machine let me log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user Alice on this machine let me log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user Alice on this machine let me log in
+as user Alice onto this other machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as user Alice onto this other machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as user Alice onto this other machine
+and it'll just trust that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll just trust that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll just trust that all the
+machines that mitu are trustworthy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that mitu are trustworthy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that mitu are trustworthy to
+make these statements uh I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these statements uh I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these statements uh I should say
+right like Athena dialup never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like Athena dialup never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like Athena dialup never actually
+had this problem it was using Kerberos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this problem it was using Kerberos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this problem it was using Kerberos
+from the very beginning but uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning but uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning but uh other
+systems uh certainly did have such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh certainly did have such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh certainly did have such
+problems and this is an example of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and this is an example of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and this is an example of using
+the IP address where the connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IP address where the connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IP address where the connection is
+coming from as some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from as some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from as some sort of a
+authentication mechanism for whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication mechanism for whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication mechanism for whether the
+caller or the client is trustworthy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller or the client is trustworthy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller or the client is trustworthy or
+not this is certainly used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is certainly used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is certainly used to be a
+problem isn't a problem anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem isn't a problem anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem isn't a problem anymore so
+relying on AP seems like a such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on AP seems like a such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on AP seems like a such a
+clearly bad plan yet this actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly bad plan yet this actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly bad plan yet this actually is
+still the case right so our login is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the case right so our login is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the case right so our login is
+gone it's basically replaced by SSH now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone it's basically replaced by SSH now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone it's basically replaced by SSH now
+so that's good um on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good um on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good um on the other hand
+there's still many other examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still many other examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still many other examples of
+protocols that rely on IP based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that rely on IP based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that rely on IP based
+authentication one of them is SMTP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication one of them is SMTP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication one of them is SMTP so
+when you send email use SMTP to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you send email use SMTP to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you send email use SMTP to talk to
+some mail server to send a message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mail server to send a message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mail server to send a message and
+to prevent spam many SMTP servers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent spam many SMTP servers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent spam many SMTP servers will
+only accept incoming messages from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only accept incoming messages from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only accept incoming messages from a
+particular Source IP address so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Source IP address so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Source IP address so for
+example Comcast mail server will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Comcast mail server will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Comcast mail server will only
+accept mail from Comcast IP addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept mail from Comcast IP addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept mail from Comcast IP addresses
+same for MIT mail servers will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for MIT mail servers will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for MIT mail servers will only
+accept mail from MIT IP addresses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept mail from MIT IP addresses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept mail from MIT IP addresses or
+there's at least one server that is&t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least one server that is&t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least one server that is&t
+runs that has this property um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs that has this property um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs that has this property um so this
+is a case where it's still the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case where it's still the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case where it's still the you know
+using IP based authentication um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using IP based authentication um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using IP based authentication um here
+it's not so bad right like worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so bad right like worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so bad right like worst case
+you'll send some piece of spam through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll send some piece of spam through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll send some piece of spam through a
+mail server so this is probably why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail server so this is probably why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail server so this is probably why
+they're still using it whereas things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still using it whereas things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still using it whereas things
+that allow you to log into an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to log into an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to log into an arbitrary
+account stopped using IP based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account stopped using IP based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account stopped using IP based
+authentication soes this make sense why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication soes this make sense why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication soes this make sense why
+is a bad plan and just to double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad plan and just to double check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad plan and just to double check
+right so so suppose that some server was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so suppose that some server was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so suppose that some server was
+using our login what should you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our login what should you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our login what should you do to
+attack it like what what bad thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack it like what what bad thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack it like what what bad thing would
+happen any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen any
+suggestions yeah just get it new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions yeah just get it new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions yeah just get it new
+computer and then like make a user that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then like make a user that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then like make a user that
+you want to log into and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to log into and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to log into and then the
+network yeah so you basically yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network yeah so you basically yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network yeah so you basically yeah you
+get your computer you synthesize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your computer you synthesize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your computer you synthesize this
+data to look like a legitimate set of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to look like a legitimate set of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to look like a legitimate set of R
+login commands that say oh log in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login commands that say oh log in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login commands that say oh log in as
+this user and run this command in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this user and run this command in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this user and run this command in my
+shell there you sort of synthesize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell there you sort of synthesize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell there you sort of synthesize this
+data and you mount this whole attack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you mount this whole attack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you mount this whole attack and
+send this data as if a legitimate user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this data as if a legitimate user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this data as if a legitimate user
+was interacting with a our login client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interacting with a our login client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interacting with a our login client
+and then you're good to go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're good to go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're good to go yeah
+absolutely okay so this is one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely okay so this is one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely okay so this is one reason
+why you probably don't want uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you probably don't want uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you probably don't want uh you know
+your TCP sequence numbers to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TCP sequence numbers to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TCP sequence numbers to be so
+guessable another problem is these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessable another problem is these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessable another problem is these uh
+reset attacks so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset attacks so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset attacks so uh you
+could much like we were able to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could much like we were able to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could much like we were able to send a
+sin packet uh if you know someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin packet uh if you know someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin packet uh if you know someone's
+sequence number you could also send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number you could also send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number you could also send a
+reset packet we sort of briefly talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset packet we sort of briefly talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset packet we sort of briefly talked
+about it here as the legitimate client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here as the legitimate client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here as the legitimate client
+potentially sending a reset to reset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially sending a reset to reset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially sending a reset to reset the
+fake connection that that hacker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake connection that that hacker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake connection that that hacker is
+establishing but in a similar vein the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing but in a similar vein the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing but in a similar vein the
+adversary could try to send reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary could try to send reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary could try to send reset
+packets for an existing connection if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets for an existing connection if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets for an existing connection if
+there's some way that the adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way that the adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way that the adversary
+knows what your sequence number is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what your sequence number is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what your sequence number is on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+connection so this is actually not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so this is actually not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so this is actually not clear
+if this is such a big problem or not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is such a big problem or not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is such a big problem or not at
+some level maybe you should be assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level maybe you should be assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level maybe you should be assuming
+that all your TCP connections could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all your TCP connections could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all your TCP connections could be
+broken at any time anyway it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken at any time anyway it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken at any time anyway it's not like
+the network is reliable so maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is reliable so maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is reliable so maybe you
+should be expecting your connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be expecting your connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be expecting your connections to
+drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+but one place where this turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one place where this turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one place where this turned out to
+be particularly not a good assumption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly not a good assumption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly not a good assumption to
+make is in the case of routers talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is in the case of routers talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is in the case of routers talking
+to one another so if you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another so if you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another so if you have multiple
+routers that uh speak some routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers that uh speak some routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers that uh speak some routing
+protocol then they're connected of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol then they're connected of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol then they're connected of
+course by some physical links but over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by some physical links but over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by some physical links but over
+these physical links they actually speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical links they actually speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical links they actually speak
+some Network protocol and that Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Network protocol and that Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Network protocol and that Network
+protocol runs over TCP so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol runs over TCP so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol runs over TCP so there's
+actually some TCP session running over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some TCP session running over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some TCP session running over
+each of these physical links that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these physical links that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these physical links that the
+routers use to exchange routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers use to exchange routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers use to exchange routing
+information so this is certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so this is certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so this is certainly the
+case for this protocol called bgp we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this protocol called bgp we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this protocol called bgp we'll
+talk about it a bit more in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it a bit more in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it a bit more in a
+second and bgp uses the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and bgp uses the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and bgp uses the fact that the
+TCP connection is alive to also infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP connection is alive to also infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP connection is alive to also infer
+that the link is alive so if the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the link is alive so if the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the link is alive so if the TCP
+connection breaks then the routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection breaks then the routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection breaks then the routers
+assume the link broke and they recompute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the link broke and they recompute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the link broke and they recompute
+all the routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the routing
+tables so if an adversary wants to mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables so if an adversary wants to mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables so if an adversary wants to mount
+some sort of a denial of service attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a denial of service attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a denial of service attack
+here they could try to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they could try to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they could try to guess the
+sequence numbers of these routers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers of these routers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers of these routers and
+reset these sessions so if the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset these sessions so if the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset these sessions so if the TCP
+session between two routers goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session between two routers goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session between two routers goes down
+the entire rout both routers decide oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire rout both routers decide oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire rout both routers decide oh
+this link is dead we have to recompute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link is dead we have to recompute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link is dead we have to recompute
+all the routing tables and the routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the routing tables and the routes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the routing tables and the routes
+change and then you might shoot down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then you might shoot down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then you might shoot down
+another link and and so on so a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another link and and so on so a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another link and and so on so a bit of a
+worrisome attack not because it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome attack not because it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome attack not because it sort of
+violates someone's you know secrecy Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates someone's you know secrecy Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates someone's you know secrecy Etc
+but or at least not directly but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but or at least not directly but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but or at least not directly but more
+because it it really causes a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it really causes a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it really causes a lot of uh
+you know availability problems for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know availability problems for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know availability problems for other
+users in the system yeah so if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users in the system yeah so if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users in the system yeah so if you're an
+attacker could you just uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker could you just uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker could you just uh and you
+wanted to Target one particular user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to Target one particular user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to Target one particular user
+could you just uh keep keep sending uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you just uh keep keep sending uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you just uh keep keep sending uh
+connection requests to a server on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection requests to a server on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection requests to a server on his
+IP and just making to keep droing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP and just making to keep droing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP and just making to keep droing
+connections to those servers and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to those servers and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to those servers and so you
+just accessing certain things well so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accessing certain things well so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just accessing certain things well so uh
+it requires you guessing so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires you guessing so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires you guessing so you're
+saying oh suppose I'm using Gmail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh suppose I'm using Gmail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh suppose I'm using Gmail and
+you want to stop me from learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stop me from learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stop me from learning
+something in Gmail you'll just send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in Gmail you'll just send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in Gmail you'll just send
+packets to my machine pretending to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets to my machine pretending to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets to my machine pretending to be
+from Gmail well you have to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Gmail well you have to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Gmail well you have to guess the
+right source and destination port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right source and destination port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right source and destination port
+numbers the destination port number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the destination port number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the destination port number is
+probably 443 because I'm using hgps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 443 because I'm using hgps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 443 because I'm using hgps but
+the source port number is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source port number is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source port number is going to be
+some random 16bit thing and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random 16bit thing and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random 16bit thing and it's also
+going to be the case that probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case that probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case that probably the
+sequence numbers are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers are going to be
+different so unless you guess a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so unless you guess a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so unless you guess a sequence
+number that's within you know my TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's within you know my TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's within you know my TCP
+window which is you know in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window which is you know in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window which is you know in the order of
+you know probably tens of kilobytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably tens of kilobytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably tens of kilobytes
+you're also going to be not successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to be not successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to be not successful
+in that regard so you have to guess fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that regard so you have to guess fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that regard so you have to guess fair
+amount of stuff that uh there's no sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that uh there's no sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that uh there's no sort
+of Oracle access to you can't just query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Oracle access to you can't just query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Oracle access to you can't just query
+the server and say well what is that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and say well what is that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and say well what is that guy
+sequence number uh so that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number uh so that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number uh so that's the reason
+why that doesn't work out as well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that doesn't work out as well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that doesn't work out as well yeah
+um so again right many of these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again right many of these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again right many of these issues
+were fixed including this rst based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fixed including this rst based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fixed including this rst based
+thing especially for bgp routers um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing especially for bgp routers um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing especially for bgp routers um the
+fix there's actually two sort of amusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix there's actually two sort of amusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix there's actually two sort of amusing
+fixes one really shows you how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes one really shows you how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes one really shows you how you can
+like carefully exploit existing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like carefully exploit existing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like carefully exploit existing things
+or take advantage of them to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take advantage of them to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take advantage of them to fix
+particular problems here the Insight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problems here the Insight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problems here the Insight is
+that these routers only want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these routers only want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these routers only want to talk to
+each other not to someone else over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other not to someone else over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other not to someone else over the
+network and as a result if the packet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and as a result if the packet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and as a result if the packet is
+coming not from the immediate router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming not from the immediate router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming not from the immediate router
+next across the link but from someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next across the link but from someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next across the link but from someone
+else I want to drop this pack packet all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I want to drop this pack packet all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I want to drop this pack packet all
+together and what the designers of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and what the designers of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and what the designers of these
+routing protocols realized is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing protocols realized is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing protocols realized is that
+there's this wonderful field in a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this wonderful field in a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this wonderful field in a packet
+called time to live it's an 8 bit field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time to live it's an 8 bit field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time to live it's an 8 bit field
+that gets decremented by every router to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets decremented by every router to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets decremented by every router to
+make sure that packets don't go into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that packets don't go into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that packets don't go into an
+infinite Loop so the highest the CTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Loop so the highest the CTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Loop so the highest the CTL
+value could ever be is 255 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value could ever be is 255 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value could ever be is 255 and then
+it'll get decremented from there so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get decremented from there so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get decremented from there so what
+these routing protocols do as sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routing protocols do as sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routing protocols do as sort of a
+clever hack is they only accept or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever hack is they only accept or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever hack is they only accept or uh
+they reject any packet with a TTL value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reject any packet with a TTL value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reject any packet with a TTL value
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+255 because if a packet has the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 because if a packet has the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 because if a packet has the value
+255 it must have come from the router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 it must have come from the router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 it must have come from the router
+just to the other side of this link and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the other side of this link and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the other side of this link and
+if an adversary tries to inject any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an adversary tries to inject any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an adversary tries to inject any
+packet to tamper with this existing bgp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet to tamper with this existing bgp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet to tamper with this existing bgp
+connection it'll have a TTL value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection it'll have a TTL value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection it'll have a TTL value less
+than 255 because it'll be decremented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 255 because it'll be decremented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 255 because it'll be decremented by
+some other routers along the path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other routers along the path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other routers along the path or
+including this one uh and then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this one uh and then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this one uh and then it'll
+just get rejected uh by the recipient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rejected uh by the recipient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rejected uh by the recipient so
+this is one example of a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one example of a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one example of a sort of a
+clever combination of techniques that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever combination of techniques that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever combination of techniques that's
+backwards compatible and solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible and solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatible and solves this
+very specific problem yeah the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific problem yeah the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific problem yeah the bottom
+right router also s something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right router also s something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right router also s something
+yeah so these routers are actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these routers are actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these routers are actually this
+is a physical router and it knows these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a physical router and it knows these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a physical router and it knows these
+are separate links so it looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separate links so it looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separate links so it looks at the
+TTL value and which link it came on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TTL value and which link it came on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TTL value and which link it came on uh
+so if a packet came in on this link it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a packet came in on this link it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a packet came in on this link it
+will not accept it for this uh TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not accept it for this uh TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not accept it for this uh TCP
+connection but you're right for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but you're right for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but you're right for the most
+part these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part these
+routers trust their immediate neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers trust their immediate neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers trust their immediate neighbors
+need not necessarily be the case but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not necessarily be the case but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not necessarily be the case but if
+you keep seeing this prom and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep seeing this prom and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep seeing this prom and you know
+you've implemented this hack then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've implemented this hack then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've implemented this hack then it
+must be one of your neighbors you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be one of your neighbors you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be one of your neighbors you're
+going to like look at TCP dump these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like look at TCP dump these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like look at TCP dump these
+interface well why why are you said me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface well why why are you said me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface well why why are you said me
+these reset packets so think at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reset packets so think at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reset packets so think at this
+prom it's not as big you can manage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prom it's not as big you can manage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prom it's not as big you can manage it
+by some out of band mechanism make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some out of band mechanism make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some out of band mechanism make sense
+all right there's other fixes for bgp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's other fixes for bgp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's other fixes for bgp
+that they implemented some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they implemented some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they implemented some form of
+header authentication md5 header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header authentication md5 header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header authentication md5 header
+authentication as well um but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication as well um but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication as well um but they're
+really targeted at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really targeted at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really targeted at this particular
+application where this reset attack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application where this reset attack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application where this reset attack is
+particularly bad but there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly bad but there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly bad but there's actually
+still a problem today right if I want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a problem today right if I want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a problem today right if I want if
+there are some long LIF connection out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some long LIF connection out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some long LIF connection out
+there that I really want to shoot down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that I really want to shoot down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that I really want to shoot down I
+just have to send you know some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to send you know some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to send you know some large
+number of rst packets probably on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rst packets probably on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rst packets probably on the
+order of you know hundreds of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of you know hundreds of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of you know hundreds of thousands
+or so but probably not exactly 4 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so but probably not exactly 4 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so but probably not exactly 4 billion
+uh because the servers are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the servers are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the servers are actually
+somewhat lack in terms of which sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat lack in terms of which sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat lack in terms of which sequence
+number they accept for a reset it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number they accept for a reset it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number they accept for a reset it can be
+any packet within a certain window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any packet within a certain window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any packet within a certain window and
+that case I could probably you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I could probably you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I could probably you know or
+any attacker could reset an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attacker could reset an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attacker could reset an existing
+connection with you know a modest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with you know a modest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with you know a modest but
+not a huge amount of effort that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge amount of effort that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a huge amount of effort that's still
+a problem uh and people haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem uh and people haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem uh and people haven't really
+found any great solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found any great solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found any great solution for
+that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense
+all right and I guess the sort of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I guess the sort of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I guess the sort of last
+uh bad thing that happens because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bad thing that happens because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bad thing that happens because these
+sequence numbers are somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers are somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers are somewhat
+predictable is just uh data injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable is just uh data injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable is just uh data injection
+into existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existing
+connections so suppose there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so suppose there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so suppose there's some
+protocol like you know our login but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol like you know our login but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol like you know our login but you
+know maybe our login doesn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe our login doesn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe our login doesn't you know
+some suppose we have some hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some suppose we have some hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some suppose we have some hypothetical
+protocol that's kind of like our login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that's kind of like our login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that's kind of like our login
+but actually doesn't do IP based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually doesn't do IP based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually doesn't do IP based
+authentication you have to type in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication you have to type in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication you have to type in your
+password to log in all this great stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password to log in all this great stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password to log in all this great stuff
+but the problem is once you've typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is once you've typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is once you've typed
+your password Maybe maybe your TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password Maybe maybe your TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password Maybe maybe your TCP
+connection is just established and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is just established and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is just established and can
+accept arbitrary data so I'll wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept arbitrary data so I'll wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept arbitrary data so I'll wait for
+one of you guys to log into a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you guys to log into a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you guys to log into a machine
+type in your password I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in your password I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in your password I don't know what
+that password is but once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that password is but once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that password is but once you've
+established a TCP connection I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established a TCP connection I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established a TCP connection I'll just
+try to guess your sequence number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to guess your sequence number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to guess your sequence number and
+inject some data into your existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject some data into your existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject some data into your existing
+connection so if I can guess your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so if I can guess your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so if I can guess your
+sequence numbers correctly then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers correctly then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers correctly then this
+allows me to make it pretend like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to make it pretend like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to make it pretend like you've
+typed some command after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed some command after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed some command after you
+authenticated correctly with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticated correctly with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticated correctly with your
+password so this all sort of suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password so this all sort of suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password so this all sort of suggest
+that you really don't want to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really don't want to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really don't want to rely on
+these uh 32 byte or 32 bits sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh 32 byte or 32 bits sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh 32 byte or 32 bits sorry um
+sequence numbers for providing security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers for providing security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers for providing security
+uh but let's actually see what modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's actually see what modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's actually see what modern
+TCP Stacks actually do to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP Stacks actually do to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP Stacks actually do to try to
+mitigate this problem so as we were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate this problem so as we were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate this problem so as we were sort
+of discussing I guess one approach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussing I guess one approach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussing I guess one approach that
+we'll look at in the next two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at in the next two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at in the next two lectures
+is how to implement some security at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to implement some security at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to implement some security at the
+application Level so we'll do some use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application Level so we'll do some use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application Level so we'll do some use
+cryptography to authenticate and encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to authenticate and encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to authenticate and encrypt
+and sign and uh verify messages at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign and uh verify messages at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign and uh verify messages at the
+application Level Without Really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application Level Without Really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application Level Without Really
+involving TCP so much but uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving TCP so much but uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving TCP so much but uh there are
+sort of existing applications that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of existing applications that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of existing applications that would
+benefit from making this slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from making this slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from making this slightly better
+um at least not make it so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least not make it so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least not make it so easy to
+exploit these problems um and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit these problems um and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit these problems um and the way
+that I guess people do this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess people do this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess people do this uh in
+practice today for example Linux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice today for example Linux and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice today for example Linux and
+windows is they implement the suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows is they implement the suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows is they implement the suggestion
+that sort of John gave earlier um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of John gave earlier um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of John gave earlier um that
+we maintain different initial sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maintain different initial sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maintain different initial sequence
+numbers for every Source destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for every Source destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for every Source destination
+pair so what uh most sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so what uh most sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so what uh most sort of
+TCP sin implementation ations do um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP sin implementation ations do um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP sin implementation ations do um is
+they still compute this initial sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still compute this initial sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still compute this initial sequence
+number uh as we were Computing before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh as we were Computing before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh as we were Computing before so
+this is the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the old
+style Isn let's say and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style Isn let's say and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style Isn let's say and in order to
+actually generate the actual Isn for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate the actual Isn for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate the actual Isn for any
+particular connection we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular connection we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular connection we're going to add
+a random 32-bit offset so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random 32-bit offset so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random 32-bit offset so we're going to
+include some sort of a function think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some sort of a function think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some sort of a function think of
+it as like a hash function like shaan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as like a hash function like shaan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as like a hash function like shaan or
+something maybe better uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe better uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe better uh and this is
+going to be a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a fun
+of the source IP The Source port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source IP The Source port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source IP The Source port
+number the destination IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the destination IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the destination IP address
+destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination
+port and some sort of a secret key that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port and some sort of a secret key that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port and some sort of a secret key that
+only the server knows in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the server knows in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the server knows in this case so
+this has the nice property that within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the nice property that within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the nice property that within
+any particular connection as identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular connection as identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular connection as identified
+by a source and destination IP port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a source and destination IP port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a source and destination IP port
+pair it still preserves all these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair it still preserves all these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair it still preserves all these nice
+properties of this old style sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this old style sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this old style sequence
+number algorithm had but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number algorithm had but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number algorithm had but if you have
+connections from different Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from different Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from different Source
+destination tupal then there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination tupal then there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination tupal then there's nothing
+you can learn about the exact value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn about the exact value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn about the exact value of
+another connection tupal sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another connection tupal sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another connection tupal sequence number
+and in fact you have to you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you have to you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you have to you would have
+to guess this key in order to uh infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess this key in order to uh infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess this key in order to uh infer
+that value and hopefully the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value and hopefully the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value and hopefully the server
+presumably the OS kernel stores this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the OS kernel stores this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the OS kernel stores this key
+somewhere in its memory and doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in its memory and doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in its memory and doesn't give
+it out to anyone else so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out to anyone else so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out to anyone else so this is how
+pretty much most TCP Stacks deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much most TCP Stacks deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much most TCP Stacks deal with
+this particular problem today to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem today to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem today to the
+extent Allowed by the sort of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent Allowed by the sort of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent Allowed by the sort of total
+32-bit sequence number it's not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit sequence number it's not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit sequence number it's not great
+but sort of works yeah you repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of works yeah you repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of works yeah you repeat that
+again like is the key unique to so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like is the key unique to so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like is the key unique to so so
+when my machine boots up or when every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my machine boots up or when every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my machine boots up or when every
+machine boots up it just generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine boots up it just generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine boots up it just generates a
+random key every time you reboot it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random key every time you reboot it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random key every time you reboot it it
+generates a new key and this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a new key and this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a new key and this means that
+every time that for a particular Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that for a particular Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that for a particular Source
+destination pair the sequence numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination pair the sequence numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination pair the sequence numbers
+Advance at the same rate as control this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance at the same rate as control this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance at the same rate as control this
+so for a given Source destination pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a given Source destination pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a given Source destination pair
+this thing is fixed so you observe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is fixed so you observe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is fixed so you observe your
+sequence numbers evolving Accord your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers evolving Accord your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers evolving Accord your
+initial sequence numbers for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sequence numbers for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sequence numbers for new
+connections evolving according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections evolving according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections evolving according to a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+algorithm so that still provides all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so that still provides all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so that still provides all
+these defenses against re uh old packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these defenses against re uh old packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these defenses against re uh old packets
+from previous connections being injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous connections being injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous connections being injected
+into new connections just like packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into new connections just like packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into new connections just like packet
+reordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordering
+problems so that still works and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so that still works and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so that still works and that's
+the only real thing for which we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only real thing for which we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only real thing for which we needed
+this sequence number choosing algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence number choosing algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence number choosing algorithm
+to prevent these duplicate pack from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent these duplicate pack from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent these duplicate pack from
+causing problems however the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing problems however the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing problems however the thing that
+we were exploiting before which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were exploiting before which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were exploiting before which is that
+if you get the sequence number for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the sequence number for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the sequence number for one
+connection from s to a or from a to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from s to a or from a to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from s to a or from a to S
+sorry then you from that you can infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then you from that you can infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then you from that you can infer
+the sequence number for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence number for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence number for a different
+connection that's now gone because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that's now gone because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that's now gone because every
+connection has a different offset sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection has a different offset sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection has a different offset sort
+of in this 32bit space as implemented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this 32bit space as implemented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this 32bit space as implemented by
+its F function so this completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its F function so this completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its F function so this completely
+decouples the of sequence initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouples the of sequence initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouples the of sequence initial
+sequence numberb seen by every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numberb seen by every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numberb seen by every
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection
+yeah what's the ining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the ining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the ining the
+key well if you don't include the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key well if you don't include the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key well if you don't include the key
+then I can connect to you I'll compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can connect to you I'll compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can connect to you I'll compute
+the same function f I'll subtract it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function f I'll subtract it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function f I'll subtract it out
+I'll get this I'll compute this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get this I'll compute this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get this I'll compute this function
+f for the connection I actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f for the connection I actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f for the connection I actually want to
+fake and I'll guess what the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake and I'll guess what the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake and I'll guess what the initial
+sequence number for that one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number for that one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number for that one is going to
+be so can you because machines now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so can you because machines now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so can you because machines now
+restart infrequently can you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart infrequently can you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart infrequently can you still
+reports what the key should be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports what the key should be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports what the key should be by
+reversing I think uh typically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing I think uh typically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing I think uh typically this
+function f is something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f is something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f is something like a
+cryptographically secure hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically secure hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically secure hash function
+which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a
+semi prooved property that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi prooved property that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi prooved property that it's very
+difficult it's cryptographically hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's cryptographically hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's cryptographically hard to
+invert it so even if you g were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it so even if you g were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it so even if you g were given
+the literal inputs and outputs of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literal inputs and outputs of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literal inputs and outputs of this
+hash function um well sorry if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function um well sorry if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function um well sorry if you were
+giving uh the outputs of the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving uh the outputs of the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving uh the outputs of the inputs and
+outputs of the cash except for this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of the cash except for this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of the cash except for this key
+part it would be very hard for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it would be very hard for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it would be very hard for you to
+guess what this key is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what this key is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what this key is like
+cryptographically even in an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically even in an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically even in an isolated
+setting so hopefully this will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so hopefully this will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so hopefully this will be at
+least as hard in this setting as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as hard in this setting as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as hard in this setting as well um
+so we'll talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk a little bit more about
+what these functions f are a bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these functions f are a bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these functions f are a bit later
+on and how you use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how you use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how you use them
+correctly make sense other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly make sense other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly make sense other questions
+about this particular problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular problem and
+solution all right so in fact so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so in fact so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so in fact so this is
+mostly sort of an example of these TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sort of an example of these TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sort of an example of these TCP
+sequence number attacks that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number attacks that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number attacks that you know
+aren't as relevant anymore because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as relevant anymore because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as relevant anymore because every
+operating system basically implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system basically implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system basically implements
+this plan these days so it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan these days so it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan these days so it's hard to
+infer what someone sequence number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what someone sequence number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what someone sequence number is
+going to be on the other hand people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the other hand people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the other hand people
+keep making the same mistakes so uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep making the same mistakes so uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep making the same mistakes so uh even
+after this was implemented for TCP um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this was implemented for TCP um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this was implemented for TCP um
+there's this other protocol called DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other protocol called DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other protocol called DNS
+that is hugely vulnerable to similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hugely vulnerable to similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hugely vulnerable to similar
+attacks um and the reason is that DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks um and the reason is that DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks um and the reason is that DNS
+actually runs over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs over
+UDP so UDP is a stateless protocol where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UDP so UDP is a stateless protocol where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UDP so UDP is a stateless protocol where
+you actually don't do uh any connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't do uh any connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't do uh any connection
+establishment where you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment where you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment where you exchange
+sequence numbers in UDP you simply send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers in UDP you simply send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers in UDP you simply send
+a request from your Source address to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a request from your Source address to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a request from your Source address to
+the server and the server figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and the server figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and the server figures out
+what the reply should be and sends it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the reply should be and sends it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the reply should be and sends it
+back to whatever Source address appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to whatever Source address appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to whatever Source address appeared
+in the packet so there's no time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the packet so there's no time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the packet so there's no time to
+really exchange or it's a single round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exchange or it's a single round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exchange or it's a single round
+trip so there's no time to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so there's no time to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so there's no time to exchange
+sequence numbers and to establish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers and to establish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence numbers and to establish that
+you ah yeah you're actually talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ah yeah you're actually talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ah yeah you're actually talking to
+the right guy so with DNS um as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right guy so with DNS um as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right guy so with DNS um as a result
+uh for a while it was quite easy to fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a while it was quite easy to fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a while it was quite easy to fake
+responses from a DNS server so how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses from a DNS server so how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses from a DNS server so how would
+a query look like in DNS typically well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query look like in DNS typically well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query look like in DNS typically well
+you send some query so suppose a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send some query so suppose a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send some query so suppose a client
+sends a packet from client to some DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a packet from client to some DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a packet from client to some DNS
+server so it knows the DNS server's IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so it knows the DNS server's IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so it knows the DNS server's IP
+address ahead of time maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address ahead of time maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address ahead of time maybe
+preconfigured somewhere saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconfigured somewhere saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconfigured somewhere saying well
+here's my query maybe you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my query maybe you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my query maybe you know I'm
+looking for mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for mit.edu
+and that's basically it and the servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically it and the servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically it and the servers
+destination port number is always 53 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination port number is always 53 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination port number is always 53 for
+DNS and the clients used to also run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS and the clients used to also run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS and the clients used to also run on
+the same port number for ease of use or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same port number for ease of use or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same port number for ease of use or
+something so you send this packet from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you send this packet from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you send this packet from
+the client on this port to the server on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client on this port to the server on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client on this port to the server on
+this port here's the query and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this port here's the query and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this port here's the query and the
+server eventually sends back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server eventually sends back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server eventually sends back
+reply saying you know mitu has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply saying you know mitu has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply saying you know mitu has a
+particular IP address 18.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something the problem is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the problem is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the problem is that some
+adversary could easily send a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary could easily send a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary could easily send a similar
+response packet pretending to be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response packet pretending to be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response packet pretending to be from
+the server and there's not a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and there's not a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and there's not a whole lot
+of Randomness here so if I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Randomness here so if I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Randomness here so if I know that
+you're trying to connect to mitu I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to connect to mitu I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to connect to mitu I'll
+just send a lot of packets like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a lot of packets like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a lot of packets like this to
+your machine I know exactly what DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine I know exactly what DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine I know exactly what DNS
+server you're going to query I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server you're going to query I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server you're going to query I know
+exactly what your IP address is I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what your IP address is I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what your IP address is I know
+the port numbers I know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port numbers I know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port numbers I know what you're
+querying for I can just Supply my own IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+querying for I can just Supply my own IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+querying for I can just Supply my own IP
+address here and if my packet gets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address here and if my packet gets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address here and if my packet gets there
+after you send this but before you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you send this but before you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you send this but before you get
+the real response your client machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real response your client machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real response your client machine is
+going to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use my
+packet so this is another example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet so this is another example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet so this is another example where
+not insufficient Randomness in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not insufficient Randomness in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not insufficient Randomness in this
+protocol makes it very easy to inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol makes it very easy to inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol makes it very easy to inject
+responses or inject packets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses or inject packets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses or inject packets in
+general and this actually some ways even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and this actually some ways even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and this actually some ways even
+worse than the previous attack because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than the previous attack because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than the previous attack because
+here you could convince a client to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could convince a client to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could convince a client to
+connect to another IP address altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to another IP address altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to another IP address altogether
+and it'll probably cach this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll probably cach this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll probably cach this result
+because DNS involves caching maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DNS involves caching maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DNS involves caching maybe you
+can supply a very long time to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supply a very long time to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supply a very long time to live in
+this response saying this is valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this response saying this is valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this response saying this is valid for
+years and then your client maybe until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then your client maybe until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then your client maybe until
+it reboots is going to keep using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reboots is going to keep using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reboots is going to keep using this
+IP address for MIT to ddu yeah you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address for MIT to ddu yeah you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address for MIT to ddu yeah you fix
+this by having a client include some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by having a client include some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by having a client include some
+random value in theery and the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random value in theery and the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random value in theery and the server
+has to it exactly that's right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to it exactly that's right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to it exactly that's right yeah so
+this is typically what people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically what people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically what people have done
+now the problem as we were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem as we were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem as we were sort of
+talking about earlier is backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier is backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about earlier is backwards
+compatibility uh it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility uh it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility uh it's very hard to
+change the DNS server software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the DNS server software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the DNS server software that
+everyone runs so you basically have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone runs so you basically have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone runs so you basically have to
+figure out where can you inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where can you inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where can you inject
+Randomness and people have figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and people have figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and people have figured out
+two places it's not great but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places it's not great but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places it's not great but basically
+there's a source port number which is 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source port number which is 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source port number which is 16
+bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of
+Randomness so if you can choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so if you can choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so if you can choose the
+source port number randomly then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source port number randomly then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source port number randomly then you get
+16 bits and there is also a query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 bits and there is also a query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 bits and there is also a query
+ID inside of the packet which is also 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID inside of the packet which is also 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID inside of the packet which is also 16
+bits and the server does Echo back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and the server does Echo back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and the server does Echo back the
+query ID so combining these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query ID so combining these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query ID so combining these two things
+together most resolvers these days get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together most resolvers these days get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together most resolvers these days get
+32 bits of Randomness out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 bits of Randomness out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 bits of Randomness out of this
+protocol and it again makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and it again makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and it again makes
+it noticeably harder but still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it noticeably harder but still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it noticeably harder but still not
+cryptographically perfect uh to fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically perfect uh to fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically perfect uh to fake
+this kind of response and have it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of response and have it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of response and have it be
+accepted by the client um but so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the client um but so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted by the client um but so these
+problems keep coming up unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems keep coming up unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems keep coming up unfortunately
+even though it was well understood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was well understood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was well understood for
+TCP people didn't well some people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP people didn't well some people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP people didn't well some people I
+guess suggested this might be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess suggested this might be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess suggested this might be a problem
+but it wasn't actually fixed until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't actually fixed until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't actually fixed until
+uh only a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only a few years
+ago make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago make
+sense all right so I guess uh maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess uh maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess uh maybe as
+on as side right there are solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as side right there are solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as side right there are solutions to
+this DNS problem as well by enforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNS problem as well by enforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNS problem as well by enforcing
+security for DNS at the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security for DNS at the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security for DNS at the application
+Level so instead of relying on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level so instead of relying on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level so instead of relying on these
+Randomness properties of small you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness properties of small you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness properties of small you know
+numbers of bits in the packet um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of bits in the packet um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of bits in the packet um you
+could try to you know use encryption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to you know use encryption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to you know use encryption in
+the DNS protocol so protocols like DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS protocol so protocols like DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS protocol so protocols like DNS
+SEC that the paper sort of briefly talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC that the paper sort of briefly talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC that the paper sort of briefly talks
+about try to do this so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about try to do this so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about try to do this so instead of
+relying on any network level security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on any network level security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on any network level security
+properties they require that all DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they require that all DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties they require that all DNS
+names have signatures attached to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names have signatures attached to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names have signatures attached to them
+that seems like a sensible plan but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a sensible plan but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a sensible plan but it
+turns out that working out the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that working out the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that working out the details
+is actually quite difficult so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite difficult so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite difficult so one
+example of U sort of a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of U sort of a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of U sort of a problem that
+showed up is name enumeration because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up is name enumeration because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up is name enumeration because in
+DNS you want to get responses well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS you want to get responses well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS you want to get responses well this
+name has that IP address or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name has that IP address or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name has that IP address or you could
+get a response saying no so sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a response saying no so sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a response saying no so sorry this
+name doesn't exist so you you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name doesn't exist so you you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name doesn't exist so you you want to
+sign that don't doesn't exist response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that don't doesn't exist response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that don't doesn't exist response
+as well because otherwise an adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because otherwise an adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because otherwise an adversary
+could send back a doesn't exist response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send back a doesn't exist response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send back a doesn't exist response
+and pretend that like a name doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend that like a name doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend that like a name doesn't
+exist even though it does so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist even though it does so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist even though it does so how do you
+sign responses that certain names don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign responses that certain names don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign responses that certain names don't
+exist ahead of time I guess one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist ahead of time I guess one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist ahead of time I guess one
+possibilities you could give your DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you could give your DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you could give your DNS
+server the key that signs all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server the key that signs all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server the key that signs all your
+records that seems like a bad plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records that seems like a bad plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records that seems like a bad plan
+because then someone that compromises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then someone that compromises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then someone that compromises
+your DNS server could walk away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNS server could walk away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNS server could walk away with
+this key so instead the model that DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key so instead the model that DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key so instead the model that DNS
+SEC operates under is that you sign all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC operates under is that you sign all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC operates under is that you sign all
+your names in your domain ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your names in your domain ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your names in your domain ahead of time
+and you give this signed blob to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you give this signed blob to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you give this signed blob to your
+DNS server and the DNS server can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS server and the DNS server can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS server and the DNS server can then
+respond to any queries but even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to any queries but even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to any queries but even if it's
+compromised there's not much else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised there's not much else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised there's not much else that
+that hacker can do all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hacker can do all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hacker can do all these things are
+signed and the key is not to be found on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed and the key is not to be found on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed and the key is not to be found on
+the DNS server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS server
+itself so the DNS St protocol had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so the DNS St protocol had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so the DNS St protocol had this
+clever mechanism uh called nsec for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever mechanism uh called nsec for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever mechanism uh called nsec for
+signing nonexistent records and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing nonexistent records and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing nonexistent records and the way
+to do this is by signing gaps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is by signing gaps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is by signing gaps in the
+namespace so it might say well um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace so it might say well um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace so it might say well um an
+nsec record might say well there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nsec record might say well there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nsec record might say well there is a
+name called food. mit.edu and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name called food. mit.edu and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name called food. mit.edu and the next
+uh name alphabetically is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh name alphabetically is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh name alphabetically is uh
+maybe go mit. and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go mit. and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe go mit. and there's nothing
+alphabetically in between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetically in between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetically in between these two
+names so if you query for a name between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names so if you query for a name between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names so if you query for a name between
+these two names alphabetically sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two names alphabetically sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two names alphabetically sorted
+then the server could send back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the server could send back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the server could send back this
+signed message saying oh there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed message saying oh there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed message saying oh there's nothing
+between these two names you can safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two names you can safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two names you can safely
+return doesn't exist but then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return doesn't exist but then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return doesn't exist but then this
+allows some attacker to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows some attacker to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows some attacker to completely
+enumerate your domain name you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate your domain name you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate your domain name you could
+just ask for some domain name and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask for some domain name and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask for some domain name and find
+this record and say oh yeah great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this record and say oh yeah great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this record and say oh yeah great so
+these two things exist let me query for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things exist let me query for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things exist let me query for
+you know Goa mit. that'll give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Goa mit. that'll give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Goa mit. that'll give me a
+response saying what's the next name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response saying what's the next name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response saying what's the next name in
+your domain Etc so it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your domain Etc so it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your domain Etc so it's actually a
+little bit hard to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to come up with the
+right protocol that both preserves all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right protocol that both preserves all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right protocol that both preserves all
+the nice properties of DNS and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice properties of DNS and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice properties of DNS and um
+prevents name enumeration and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents name enumeration and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents name enumeration and other
+problems there's actually a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there's actually a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there's actually a nice thing
+now called nsec 3 that tries to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called nsec 3 that tries to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called nsec 3 that tries to solve
+this problem partially sort of works not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem partially sort of works not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem partially sort of works not
+um we'll see I guess what gets adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll see I guess what gets adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll see I guess what gets adopted
+yeah is there any kind of signing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there any kind of signing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there any kind of signing of
+non-existent top level domains yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent top level domains yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent top level domains yeah I
+think actually yeah the the dot domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually yeah the the dot domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually yeah the the dot domain
+is just another domain and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another domain and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another domain and they
+similarly have this mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly have this mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly have this mechanism
+implemented as well so actually Dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented as well so actually Dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented as well so actually Dot and
+com now Implement DNS SEC and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com now Implement DNS SEC and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com now Implement DNS SEC and there's
+all these records there that say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these records there that say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these records there that say well
+you know dot you know in is a domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dot you know in is a domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dot you know in is a domain
+name that exists and Dot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that exists and Dot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that exists and Dot you know
+something else exists and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else exists and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else exists and there's
+nothing in between uh so there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in between uh so there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in between uh so there's all
+these signatur other than denal service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signatur other than denal service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signatur other than denal service
+why do we care so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care so much about
+domain names within MIT well probably we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain names within MIT well probably we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain names within MIT well probably we
+don't like actually there's a text file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like actually there's a text file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like actually there's a text file
+in MIT in AFS that lists all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MIT in AFS that lists all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MIT in AFS that lists all these
+domain names at MIT anyway but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain names at MIT anyway but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain names at MIT anyway but I think
+in general some companies feel a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general some companies feel a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general some companies feel a little
+uneasy about revealing this uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneasy about revealing this uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneasy about revealing this uh they
+often have internal names that sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have internal names that sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have internal names that sit in
+DNS that aren't actually ever should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS that aren't actually ever should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS that aren't actually ever should
+should never be exposed to the outside I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never be exposed to the outside I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never be exposed to the outside I
+think it's actually this fuzzy area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually this fuzzy area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually this fuzzy area
+where it was never really formalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was never really formalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was never really formalized
+what guarantees DNS was providing to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what guarantees DNS was providing to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what guarantees DNS was providing to you
+or was not and people started assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or was not and people started assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or was not and people started assuming
+things like well if we stick some name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like well if we stick some name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like well if we stick some name
+and it's not really publicized anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not really publicized anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not really publicized anywhere
+then it's probably secure here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's probably secure here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's probably secure here I think
+this is another place where this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another place where this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another place where this system
+doesn't have a clear spec in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a clear spec in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a clear spec in terms of
+what it has and doesn't have to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it has and doesn't have to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it has and doesn't have to provide
+and when you make some changes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you make some changes like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you make some changes like this
+then people say ah yeah I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people say ah yeah I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people say ah yeah I was sort of
+relying on that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on that why
+not yeah like a replay attack where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah like a replay attack where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah like a replay attack where like
+you could send in Old Gap signature yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could send in Old Gap signature yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could send in Old Gap signature yeah
+there's actually timeouts on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually timeouts on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually timeouts on these
+things so when you sign this I I'm say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so when you sign this I I'm say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so when you sign this I I'm say
+you actually sign and say I am signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually sign and say I am signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually sign and say I am signing
+that this uh sort of set of names is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh sort of set of names is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh sort of set of names is
+valid for know a week and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for know a week and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for know a week and then the
+clients if they have a synchronized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients if they have a synchronized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients if they have a synchronized
+clock then they can reject old signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock then they can reject old signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock then they can reject old signed
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+sense all right so um so this is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so um so this is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so um so this is on the
+sort of TCP Sin Sin you know guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of TCP Sin Sin you know guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of TCP Sin Sin you know guessing
+attacks um another interesting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks um another interesting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks um another interesting problem
+that also comes up in the TCP case uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also comes up in the TCP case uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also comes up in the TCP case uh is
+a denial of service attack that exploits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denial of service attack that exploits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denial of service attack that exploits
+the fact that the server has to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the server has to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the server has to store
+some state so if we look at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some state so if we look at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some state so if we look at this uh
+handshake that uh we had on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshake that uh we had on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshake that uh we had on the board
+before we'll see that when a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we'll see that when a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we'll see that when a client
+establishes a connection to the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes a connection to the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes a connection to the server
+the server um has to actually remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server um has to actually remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server um has to actually remember
+this sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence number
+snc so the server has to maintain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snc so the server has to maintain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snc so the server has to maintain some
+data structure on the side that says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure on the side that says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure on the side that says for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+connection here's the sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here's the sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here's the sequence number
+and it's going to say well you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to say well you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to say well you know my
+connection from C to S has the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from C to S has the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from C to S has the sequence
+number SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number SN
+C and the the reason the server has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the the reason the server has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the the reason the server has to
+store this table is because the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this table is because the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this table is because the server
+needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+to figure out what snc value to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what snc value to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what snc value to accept
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+later does this make sense always also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later does this make sense always also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later does this make sense always also
+needs uh yeah the server also needs SNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs uh yeah the server also needs SNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs uh yeah the server also needs SNS
+I guess yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess yeah so
+yeah y absolutely but it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah y absolutely but it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah y absolutely but it turns out that
+well yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah you're
+right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the
+problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that
+actually yeah you're right SNS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah you're right SNS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah you're right SNS is
+actually much more important sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more important sorry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more important sorry yeah
+but yeah it needs to store both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it needs to store both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it needs to store both
+absolutely uh SNS is actually much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh SNS is actually much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh SNS is actually much more
+important because SNS is how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because SNS is how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because SNS is how you know
+that you're talking to the right guy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're talking to the right guy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're talking to the right guy uh
+yeah uh the problem is that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the problem is that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the problem is that there's no
+real bound on the size of this table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real bound on the size of this table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real bound on the size of this table so
+you you you might get packets from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you might get packets from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you might get packets from some
+machine you don't even know who sent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you don't even know who sent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you don't even know who sent it
+you just get a packet that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a packet that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a packet that looks like
+this with a a source address that claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a a source address that claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a a source address that claims
+to be C and in order to potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be C and in order to potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be C and in order to potentially
+accept a connection later from this IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a connection later from this IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a connection later from this IP
+address you have have to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address you have have to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address you have have to create this
+table entry and these table entries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table entry and these table entries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table entry and these table entries are
+somewhat long lived because maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat long lived because maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat long lived because maybe
+someone is connecting to you from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is connecting to you from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is connecting to you from a
+really far away place there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far away place there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far away place there's lots of
+packet loss so it might be not not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss so it might be not not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss so it might be not not for
+you know maybe a minute until someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a minute until someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a minute until someone
+finishes this TCP handshake in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes this TCP handshake in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes this TCP handshake in the worst
+case so you have to store this state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so you have to store this state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so you have to store this state in
+your TCP stack for a relatively long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TCP stack for a relatively long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TCP stack for a relatively long
+time and there's no way to sort of guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there's no way to sort of guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there's no way to sort of guess
+whether this is a valid connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is a valid connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is a valid connection
+attempt or not so one denial of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt or not so one denial of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt or not so one denial of service
+attack that people discovered against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that people discovered against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that people discovered against
+most TCP Stacks is to Simply send lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most TCP Stacks is to Simply send lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most TCP Stacks is to Simply send lots
+of packets like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets like
+this so if I'm an attacker then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if I'm an attacker then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if I'm an attacker then I'll
+just send lots of syn packets to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send lots of syn packets to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send lots of syn packets to a
+particular server and get it to fill up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular server and get it to fill up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular server and get it to fill up
+its table uh and the problem is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its table uh and the problem is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its table uh and the problem is that you
+know in in the best case maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in the best case maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in the best case maybe the
+attacker just always uses the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker just always uses the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker just always uses the same
+Source IP address in that case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source IP address in that case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source IP address in that case you can
+just say well you know every client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well you know every client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well you know every client
+machine is allowed you know two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is allowed you know two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is allowed you know two entries
+in my table or something like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my table or something like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my table or something like this and
+then you know the attacker can use up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the attacker can use up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the attacker can use up
+two table entries but not much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two table entries but not much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two table entries but not much more
+the problem of course is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of course is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of course is that the
+attacker can fake these client IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can fake these client IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can fake these client IP
+addresses make them look random and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses make them look random and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses make them look random and then
+for the server it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the server it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the server it's going to be very
+difficult to distinguish whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to distinguish whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to distinguish whether this is
+a attacker trying to connect to me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a attacker trying to connect to me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a attacker trying to connect to me or
+some client I've never heard of before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some client I've never heard of before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some client I've never heard of before
+so if you're some website that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're some website that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're some website that's
+supposed to accept connections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to accept connections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to accept connections from
+anywhere in the world this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the world this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the world this is going to
+be a big problem because either you deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big problem because either you deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big problem because either you deny
+access to everyone or you have to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to everyone or you have to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to everyone or you have to store
+state for all these mostly fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for all these mostly fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for all these mostly fake
+connection attempts that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection attempts that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection attempts that makes
+sense so this is a bit of a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so this is a bit of a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so this is a bit of a problem for
+TCP and in fact for most protocols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP and in fact for most protocols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP and in fact for most protocols that
+allow some sort of connection initiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow some sort of connection initiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow some sort of connection initiation
+and the server has to store state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server has to store state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server has to store state so
+there are some fixes we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some fixes we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some fixes we'll talk about in
+a second what workaround TCP implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second what workaround TCP implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second what workaround TCP implements
+to try to deal with this problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to deal with this problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to deal with this problem this is
+called sin flooding uh in TCP uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sin flooding uh in TCP uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sin flooding uh in TCP uh but in
+general this is a problem that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a problem that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a problem that's worth
+knowing about and trying to avoid in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about and trying to avoid in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about and trying to avoid in any
+protocol you design on top as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you design on top as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you design on top as well so
+you want to make sure that the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that the server
+doesn't have to keep State until it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to keep State until it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to keep State until it can
+actually authenticate and identify who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually authenticate and identify who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually authenticate and identify who
+is the client because by that time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the client because by that time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the client because by that time if
+you identified who the client is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identified who the client is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identified who the client is you've
+authenticated them somehow then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticated them somehow then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticated them somehow then you can
+actually make a decision well every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a decision well every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a decision well every
+client is allowed to only connect once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client is allowed to only connect once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client is allowed to only connect once
+or something and then I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and then I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and then I'm not going to
+keep more State here the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep more State here the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep more State here the problem is
+you're guaranteeing that your store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're guaranteeing that your store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're guaranteeing that your store
+State before you have any idea who it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State before you have any idea who it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State before you have any idea who it is
+that is connecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is connecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is connecting to
+you so let's look at how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so let's look at how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so let's look at how you can
+actually solve this uh sin flooding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this uh sin flooding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this uh sin flooding
+attack where you can where the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack where you can where the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack where you can where the server
+accumulates lots of state so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates lots of state so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates lots of state so of course
+you know if we could change gcp again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we could change gcp again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we could change gcp again
+you could fix this pretty easily by well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fix this pretty easily by well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fix this pretty easily by well
+I don't know using cryptography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know using cryptography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know using cryptography or
+something or CH changing exactly who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or CH changing exactly who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or CH changing exactly who's
+responsible for storing what state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for storing what state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for storing what state but
+the problem is we have TCP as is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is we have TCP as is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is we have TCP as is and
+could we fix this problem without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we fix this problem without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we fix this problem without
+changing the TCP wire protocol so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the TCP wire protocol so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the TCP wire protocol so this
+is again sort of an exercise in trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again sort of an exercise in trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again sort of an exercise in trying
+to figure out well what exactly could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out well what exactly could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out well what exactly could we
+what what tricks we could play or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what tricks we could play or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what tricks we could play or
+exactly what assumptions we could relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what assumptions we could relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what assumptions we could relax
+and still sort of stick to the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still sort of stick to the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still sort of stick to the TCP
+header format and other things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header format and other things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header format and other things and the
+trick is to in fact figure out a clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to in fact figure out a clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to in fact figure out a clever
+way to make the server stateless without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make the server stateless without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make the server stateless without
+having to so basically the server isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to so basically the server isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to so basically the server isn't
+going to have to keep this table around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to keep this table around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to keep this table around
+in memory and the way we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory and the way we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory and the way we're going to do
+this is by carefully choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by carefully choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by carefully choosing
+SNS instead of using this formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS instead of using this formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS instead of using this formula we
+were looking at before where we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at before where we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at before where we would
+add this function we're instead going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this function we're instead going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this function we're instead going to
+choose this uh sequence number in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this uh sequence number in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this uh sequence number in a
+different way and here's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and here's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and here's the sort of
+I'll give you exactly the formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you exactly the formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you exactly the formula and
+then we'll talk about why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about why this is
+actually interesting and what nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting and what nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting and what nice
+properties it has so if the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it has so if the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it has so if the server
+detects that it's under this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects that it's under this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects that it's under this kind of
+attack it's going to switch into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack it's going to switch into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack it's going to switch into this
+mode where it chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where it chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where it chooses
+SNS uh using this formula uh of um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS uh using this formula uh of um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNS uh using this formula uh of um sort
+of applying basically the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applying basically the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applying basically the same or
+similar kind of function f we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of function f we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of function f we saw
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh and what it's going to apply to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what it's going to apply to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what it's going to apply to is
+the source IP you know destination IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source IP you know destination IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source IP you know destination IP
+the same things as before source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things as before source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things as before source
+Port destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port destination
+port and also a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stamp and uh you know also a key in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp and uh you know also a key in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp and uh you know also a key in here
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well and we're going to concatenate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we're going to concatenate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we're going to concatenate it
+with a time stamp as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time stamp as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time stamp as
+well so this time stamp is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this time stamp is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this time stamp is going to be
+fairly coarse grained it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly coarse grained it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly coarse grained it's going to be
+on order of minutes so it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on order of minutes so it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on order of minutes so it's you know
+every minute the time stamp ticks up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minute the time stamp ticks up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minute the time stamp ticks up by
+one it's a very coarse grain time um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a very coarse grain time um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a very coarse grain time um and
+you know there's probably some split uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's probably some split uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's probably some split uh
+between this part of the header and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this part of the header and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this part of the header and this
+part of the header this time stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the header this time stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the header this time stamp
+doesn't need a whole lot of bits so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need a whole lot of bits so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need a whole lot of bits so I
+forget exactly what this protocol does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget exactly what this protocol does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget exactly what this protocol does
+in real machines but you could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real machines but you could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real machines but you could easily
+imagine maybe using eight bits for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine maybe using eight bits for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine maybe using eight bits for the
+time stamp and maybe using 24 bits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamp and maybe using 24 bits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamp and maybe using 24 bits for
+this chunk of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chunk of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chunk of the sequence
+number all right so why is this a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right so why is this a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right so why is this a good
+plan like what what's going on here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan like what what's going on here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan like what what's going on here why
+this weird formula so I think we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird formula so I think we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird formula so I think we have to
+remember what was the property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what was the property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what was the property that we
+were trying to achieve with the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to achieve with the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to achieve with the sequence
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so there's two things going on one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things going on one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things going on one was
+that this defense against duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this defense against duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this defense against duplicated
+packets that we were trying to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets that we were trying to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets that we were trying to achieve
+by maybe the formula is still here nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by maybe the formula is still here nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by maybe the formula is still here nope
+oh yeah yeah here right so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah here right so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah here right so just to
+compare these guys so when we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these guys so when we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these guys so when we're not
+under attack we were previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack we were previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack we were previously
+maintaining this old style sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining this old style sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining this old style sequence
+number scheme to prevent duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number scheme to prevent duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number scheme to prevent duplicate
+packets from previous connections all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets from previous connections all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets from previous connections all
+this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this good
+stuff turns out people couldn't figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff turns out people couldn't figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff turns out people couldn't figure
+out a way to defend against these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to defend against these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to defend against these kinds
+of sin flooding attacks without giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin flooding attacks without giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin flooding attacks without giving
+up on this property so basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on this property so basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on this property so basically saying
+well you know here's one plan that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know here's one plan that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know here's one plan that works
+well in some situations here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in some situations here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in some situations here's a
+different plan where we'll give up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plan where we'll give up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plan where we'll give up on
+that Isn old style component and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Isn old style component and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Isn old style component and instead
+we'll focus on just ensuring that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on just ensuring that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on just ensuring that if
+someone presents us this sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone presents us this sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone presents us this sequence number
+s in response to a packet like here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in response to a packet like here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in response to a packet like here then
+we know it must have been the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it must have been the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it must have been the right
+client so remember that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so remember that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so remember that in order to
+prevent IP spoofing attacks we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent IP spoofing attacks we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent IP spoofing attacks we sort of
+rely on this SNS value so if the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on this SNS value so if the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on this SNS value so if the server
+sends this SNS value to some client then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends this SNS value to some client then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends this SNS value to some client then
+hopefully only that client can send us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully only that client can send us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully only that client can send us
+back the correct SNS value and finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the correct SNS value and finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the correct SNS value and finish
+establishing the connection and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing the connection and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing the connection and this is
+why we had to store it in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we had to store it in this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we had to store it in this table
+over here because otherwise how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because otherwise how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because otherwise how do we
+know if this is a real response or fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is a real response or fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is a real response or fake
+response and the reason for using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the reason for using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the reason for using this
+function f here is that now we can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f here is that now we can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f here is that now we can maybe
+not store this table in memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not store this table in memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not store this table in memory and
+instead when a connection attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead when a connection attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead when a connection attempt
+arrives here we're going to compute SNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives here we're going to compute SNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives here we're going to compute SNS
+according to this formula over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this formula over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this formula over here and
+just send it back to whatever client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send it back to whatever client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send it back to whatever client
+pretends to have connected to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretends to have connected to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretends to have connected to us and
+then we'll forget all about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll forget all about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll forget all about this
+connection and then if this third packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and then if this third packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and then if this third packet
+eventually comes through and its SNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually comes through and its SNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually comes through and its SNS
+value here matches what we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here matches what we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here matches what we would expect
+to see then we'll say oh yeah this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see then we'll say oh yeah this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see then we'll say oh yeah this must
+have been someone got our response from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been someone got our response from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been someone got our response from
+step two and finally sent it back to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two and finally sent it back to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two and finally sent it back to us
+and now we finally commit after step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we finally commit after step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we finally commit after step
+three to storing a real entry for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to storing a real entry for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to storing a real entry for this
+TCP connection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP connection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP connection in
+memory so this is a way to sort of defer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so this is a way to sort of defer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so this is a way to sort of defer
+the storage of the state at the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage of the state at the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage of the state at the server
+by requiring the server the client to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring the server the client to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring the server the client to
+Echo back this exact value and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echo back this exact value and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echo back this exact value and by
+constructing it in this careful way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing it in this careful way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing it in this careful way we
+can actually check whether the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually check whether the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually check whether the client
+just made up this value or if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made up this value or if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made up this value or if it's the
+real thing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing we were
+expecting does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting does that make sense
+yeah yeah so snc now we basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so snc now we basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so snc now we basically we
+don't store it it's maybe not great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't store it it's maybe not great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't store it it's maybe not great uh
+but uh so it is yeah so in fact in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so it is yeah so in fact in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so it is yeah so in fact in I
+guess what what really happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what what really happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what what really happens is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um I didn't show it here but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't show it here but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't show it here but there's
+probably going to be a sort of a null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be a sort of a null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be a sort of a null
+data field here that says this packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data field here that says this packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data field here that says this packet
+has no data but it still includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no data but it still includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no data but it still includes the
+sequence number SN C just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number SN C just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number SN C just because
+there's a field for it so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a field for it so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a field for it so this is how
+the server can reconstruct what this snc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server can reconstruct what this snc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server can reconstruct what this snc
+value is because the client is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is because the client is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is because the client is going to
+include in this packet anyway it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in this packet anyway it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in this packet anyway it wasn't
+relevant before but it sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant before but it sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant before but it sort of is
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+now and we're not going to check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we're not going to check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we're not going to check it
+against anything but turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against anything but turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against anything but turns out to be
+pretty much good enough right it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much good enough right it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much good enough right it has
+some unfortunate consequences like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unfortunate consequences like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unfortunate consequences like if
+this sence well there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sence well there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sence well there are some
+complicated things you might abuse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things you might abuse here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things you might abuse here
+but it doesn't seem to be that bad uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't seem to be that bad uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't seem to be that bad uh it
+seems certainly better than the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems certainly better than the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems certainly better than the server
+filling up its memory and stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up its memory and stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling up its memory and stopping
+serving requests altogether um but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving requests altogether um but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving requests altogether um but yeah
+and and we don't include it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we don't include it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we don't include it in this
+computation because the only thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because the only thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because the only thing we
+care about here is offloading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about here is offloading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about here is offloading the
+storage of this table and making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of this table and making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of this table and making sure
+that the only connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only connections that
+eventually do get established are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually do get established are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually do get established are
+legitimate clients because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate clients because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate clients because then
+hopefully we can say well you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we can say well you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we can say well you know if
+this client is establishing a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this client is establishing a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this client is establishing a million
+connections to me I'll I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to me I'll I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to me I'll I'll stop
+accepting connections from him that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting connections from him that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting connections from him that's
+easy enough finally uh the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy enough finally uh the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy enough finally uh the problem is
+that all these Source addresses of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these Source addresses of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these Source addresses of there
+spoofed are hard to distinguish from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoofed are hard to distinguish from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoofed are hard to distinguish from
+legitimate clients make sense yeah would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate clients make sense yeah would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate clients make sense yeah would
+you need to score time stamp ah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to score time stamp ah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to score time stamp ah so the
+clever thing the reason this time stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever thing the reason this time stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever thing the reason this time stamp
+is sort of on the side here is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of on the side here is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of on the side here is that when
+we receive this SNS value in step three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we receive this SNS value in step three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we receive this SNS value in step three
+we need to figure out how to compute how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to figure out how to compute how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to figure out how to compute how
+do you compute the input to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compute the input to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compute the input to this
+function f to check whether it's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f to check whether it's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f to check whether it's correct
+so we actually we take the time stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually we take the time stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually we take the time stamp
+from the end of the packet and we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end of the packet and we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end of the packet and we use
+that inside of this uh computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside of this uh computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside of this uh computation
+everything else we can reconstruct we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we can reconstruct we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we can reconstruct we
+know who just sent us that third step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who just sent us that third step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who just sent us that third step in
+packet we have all these fields we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet we have all these fields we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet we have all these fields we have
+our key which is again still secret and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key which is again still secret and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key which is again still secret and
+this time stamp just comes from the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time stamp just comes from the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time stamp just comes from the end
+of the sequence number from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence number from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence number from the last
+eight bits and then it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bits and then it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight bits and then it might be that
+we'll discard time we reject time stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discard time we reject time stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discard time we reject time stamps
+that are too old uh just to thisw Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are too old uh just to thisw Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are too old uh just to thisw Old
+connections yeah so I'm guessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections yeah so I'm guessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections yeah so I'm guessing the
+reason you only use this when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you only use this when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you only use this when you're
+under attack is because you lose eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack is because you lose eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack is because you lose eight
+bits of security or whatever yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of security or whatever yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of security or whatever yeah so
+it's not great right like it has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not great right like it has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not great right like it has many
+bad properties one is you lose sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad properties one is you lose sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad properties one is you lose sort of
+lose eight bits of security in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose eight bits of security in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose eight bits of security in some
+sense because now the unguessable part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because now the unguessable part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because now the unguessable part
+is just 24 bits instead of 32 bits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 24 bits instead of 32 bits um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 24 bits instead of 32 bits um
+another problem is what happens if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is what happens if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is what happens if uh
+you lose certain packets so um if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose certain packets so um if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose certain packets so um if this
+packet is lost uh so typically in TC p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is lost uh so typically in TC p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is lost uh so typically in TC p
+uh there's someone responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's someone responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's someone responsible for
+retransmitting something if a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitting something if a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitting something if a particular
+packet is lost and in TCP if the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is lost and in TCP if the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is lost and in TCP if the third
+packet is lost then the client might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is lost then the client might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is lost then the client might not
+be waiting for anything or sorry maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be waiting for anything or sorry maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be waiting for anything or sorry maybe
+the protocol we're writing on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol we're writing on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol we're writing on top of
+this TCP connection is one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this TCP connection is one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this TCP connection is one where the
+server is supposed to say say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is supposed to say say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is supposed to say say say
+something initially so I connect I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something initially so I connect I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something initially so I connect I just
+listen and the server sends you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen and the server sends you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen and the server sends you know in
+SMTP for example the server is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SMTP for example the server is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SMTP for example the server is supposed
+to send me some sort of a initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send me some sort of a initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send me some sort of a initial
+greeting in the protocol so okay suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeting in the protocol so okay suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeting in the protocol so okay suppose
+I'm connecting to an SMTP server I send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting to an SMTP server I send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting to an SMTP server I send
+my third packet I think I'm done I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my third packet I think I'm done I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my third packet I think I'm done I I'm
+just waiting for the server to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just waiting for the server to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just waiting for the server to tell me
+you know greetings this is an sppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know greetings this is an sppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know greetings this is an sppp
+server please send mail this packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server please send mail this packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server please send mail this packet
+could get lost and in real TCP the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get lost and in real TCP the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get lost and in real TCP the way
+this gets handled is that the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets handled is that the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets handled is that the server
+from step two remembers that hey I send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from step two remembers that hey I send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from step two remembers that hey I send
+this response I never heard back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this response I never heard back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this response I never heard back this
+third thing so it's the server that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing so it's the server that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing so it's the server that's
+supposed to resend this packet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to resend this packet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to resend this packet to
+trigger the client to resend this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the client to resend this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the client to resend this third
+packet of course if the server isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet of course if the server isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet of course if the server isn't
+storting any state it has no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storting any state it has no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storting any state it has no idea what
+to resend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resend
+so this actually makes connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually makes connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually makes connection
+establishment potentially uh problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment potentially uh problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment potentially uh problematic
+where you could enter this weird state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could enter this weird state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could enter this weird state
+where both sides are waiting for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both sides are waiting for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both sides are waiting for each
+other well the server doesn't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well the server doesn't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well the server doesn't even know
+whether it's waiting for anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's waiting for anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's waiting for anything and
+the client is waiting for the server but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client is waiting for the server but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client is waiting for the server but
+the server basically dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server basically dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server basically dropped
+responsibility by not starting state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility by not starting state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility by not starting state so
+this uh this is another reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is another reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is another reason why you
+don't run this in production mode all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run this in production mode all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run this in production mode all
+the time yeah presumably also you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time yeah presumably also you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time yeah presumably also you could
+have data comms if you have two if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data comms if you have two if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data comms if you have two if you
+establish two very short connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish two very short connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish two very short connections
+right after each other from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after each other from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after each other from the same
+absolutely yeah so another thing is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah so another thing is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah so another thing is of
+course because we gave up on using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because we gave up on using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because we gave up on using this
+Isn old style part we now give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn old style part we now give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn old style part we now give up
+protection against these multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against these multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against these multiple
+Connections in a short time period being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in a short time period being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in a short time period being
+in independent from one another so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in independent from one another so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in independent from one another so I
+think there's a number of trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a number of trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a number of trade-offs
+like we just talked about three there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we just talked about three there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we just talked about three there's
+several more things you worry about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more things you worry about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more things you worry about uh
+but uh it's not great right like if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's not great right like if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's not great right like if we
+could design a parle from scratch to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could design a parle from scratch to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could design a parle from scratch to be
+better we could just have a separate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we could just have a separate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we could just have a separate you
+know nice you know 64-bit header for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nice you know 64-bit header for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nice you know 64-bit header for
+this and a 64-bit value for this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and a 64-bit value for this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and a 64-bit value for this and
+then we could enable this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could enable this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could enable this all the time
+without giving up the other stuff stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving up the other stuff stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving up the other stuff stuff
+and all these nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these nice things
+but yeah just have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah just have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah just have on the
+SS St two and do they have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS St two and do they have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS St two and do they have to be the
+thing this SNS and this SNS yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this SNS and this SNS yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this SNS and this SNS yeah because
+otherwise you have no idea if the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have no idea if the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have no idea if the server
+has no way to conclude that this client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no way to conclude that this client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no way to conclude that this client
+got our packet if if the server didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our packet if if the server didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our packet if if the server didn't
+check that this SNS was the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this SNS was the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this SNS was the same value
+from before then these attacks would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before then these attacks would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before then these attacks would be
+even worse because I could fake a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse because I could fake a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse because I could fake a
+connection from some arbitrary IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from some arbitrary IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from some arbitrary IP
+address then you know get this response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address then you know get this response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address then you know get this response
+maybe I don't even get it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't even get it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't even get it because it
+goes to a different then I establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a different then I establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a different then I establish a
+connection from some other IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from some other IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection from some other IP address
+and then the server is maintaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the server is maintaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the server is maintaining a
+whole live connection probably a server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole live connection probably a server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole live connection probably a server
+process on the other side waiting for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process on the other side waiting for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process on the other side waiting for me
+to send data and and so on but the t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send data and and so on but the t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send data and and so on but the t is
+going to be different right so like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different right so like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different right so like how
+can like the server recalculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like the server recalculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like the server recalculate that
+with a new time St and now the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new time St and now the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new time St and now the one
+before if it doesn't any St so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if it doesn't any St so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if it doesn't any St so the way
+this works is this time stamp as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is this time stamp as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is this time stamp as I was
+saying our course grains that are on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying our course grains that are on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying our course grains that are on a
+scale of minutes so if you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of minutes so if you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of minutes so if you connect
+within the same minute then you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same minute then you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same minute then you're in
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+shape and if you connect at a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and if you connect at a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and if you connect at a minute
+boundary well too bad I mean the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary well too bad I mean the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary well too bad I mean the server
+like yet another problem with the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yet another problem with the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yet another problem with the scheme
+it's imperfect in many ways but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imperfect in many ways but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imperfect in many ways but most
+operating system including Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system including Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system including Linux
+actually have ways of detecting if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have ways of detecting if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have ways of detecting if
+there's too many entries building up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's too many entries building up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's too many entries building up in
+this table that aren't being completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table that aren't being completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table that aren't being completed
+it switches to this other scheme instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it switches to this other scheme instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it switches to this other scheme instead
+to make sure it doesn't overflow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure it doesn't overflow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure it doesn't overflow this
+table yeah uh so if the attacker has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table yeah uh so if the attacker has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table yeah uh so if the attacker has
+control of a lot of IP addresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of a lot of IP addresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of a lot of IP addresses and
+they do this and even if you switch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this and even if you switch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this and even if you switch it
+the yeah so then actually there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah so then actually there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah so then actually there's not
+much you can do right then uh the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you can do right then uh the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you can do right then uh the reason
+that we were so worried about the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were so worried about the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were so worried about the scheme
+in the first place is because we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place is because we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place is because we wanted
+to filter out or somehow distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter out or somehow distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter out or somehow distinguish
+between the attacker and the good guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the attacker and the good guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the attacker and the good guys
+and if the attacker has more IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the attacker has more IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the attacker has more IP
+addresses and just controls more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and just controls more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and just controls more
+machines than the good guys then he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines than the good guys then he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines than the good guys then he can
+just connect to our server and request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect to our server and request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect to our server and request
+lots of web pages or maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of web pages or maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of web pages or maintain
+connections and it's very hard then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and it's very hard then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and it's very hard then
+going to be for the server to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be for the server to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be for the server to
+distinguish whether these are legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish whether these are legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish whether these are legitimate
+clients or just the attacker tying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients or just the attacker tying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients or just the attacker tying up
+resources the server so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources the server so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources the server so you're
+absolutely right that this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that this only
+addresses the case where the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses the case where the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses the case where the attacker
+has a small number of IP addresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small number of IP addresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small number of IP addresses and
+wants to amplify his effects uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to amplify his effects uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to amplify his effects uh but it
+is a worry and in fact you know today it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a worry and in fact you know today it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a worry and in fact you know today it
+might be that some attackers control a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that some attackers control a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that some attackers control a
+large number of compromised machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of compromised machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of compromised machines
+like you know just dustop Machines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know just dustop Machines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know just dustop Machines of
+someone that didn't you know patch their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that didn't you know patch their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that didn't you know patch their
+machine correctly and then they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine correctly and then they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine correctly and then they could
+just Mount denial of service Stacks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Mount denial of service Stacks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Mount denial of service Stacks from
+this distributed set of machines all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distributed set of machines all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distributed set of machines all
+over the world uh and that's pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world uh and that's pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world uh and that's pretty hard
+to defend against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defend against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defend against
+um so another actually interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another actually interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another actually interesting thing
+I want to uh mention is uh denial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to uh mention is uh denial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to uh mention is uh denial of
+service attacks but in the in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service attacks but in the in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service attacks but in the in this in
+the particular way that Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular way that Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular way that Network
+protocols make them worse um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols make them worse um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols make them worse um I guess
+Network protocols allowed an Al service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network protocols allowed an Al service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network protocols allowed an Al service
+XX in the first place sorry uh but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX in the first place sorry uh but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX in the first place sorry uh but there
+are some Network protocols that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some Network protocols that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some Network protocols that are
+particularly susceptible to abuse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly susceptible to abuse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly susceptible to abuse uh
+and probably a good example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably a good example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably a good example of that is
+again this DNS protocol that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this DNS protocol that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this DNS protocol that we were
+looking at before so the DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at before so the DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at before so the DNS
+protocol we still have it here involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol we still have it here involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol we still have it here involves
+the client sending a request to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client sending a request to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client sending a request to the
+server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server
+and the server sending a response back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server sending a response back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server sending a response back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+client and in many cases the response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and in many cases the response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and in many cases the response is
+larger than the request the request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the request the request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the request the request
+could be just tell me about mit.edu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just tell me about mit.edu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just tell me about mit.edu and
+the response might be all the records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response might be all the records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response might be all the records
+the server has about mitu the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server has about mitu the email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server has about mitu the email
+address the mail server for mitu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the mail server for mitu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the mail server for mitu
+assigned record if it's using DNS SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned record if it's using DNS SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned record if it's using DNS SEC
+and so on so the query might be 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so the query might be 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so the query might be 100
+bytes the response could well be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes the response could well be over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes the response could well be over
+1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000
+bytes so suppose that you want to flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes so suppose that you want to flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes so suppose that you want to flood
+some some guy with lots of packets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some guy with lots of packets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some guy with lots of packets or
+lots of bandwidth well you might only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of bandwidth well you might only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of bandwidth well you might only be
+able to send a small amount of bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to send a small amount of bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to send a small amount of bandwidth
+but what you could do is you could fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you could do is you could fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you could do is you could fake
+queries to DNS servers on behalf of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries to DNS servers on behalf of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries to DNS servers on behalf of that
+guy so you only have to send 100 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so you only have to send 100 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so you only have to send 100 bytes
+to some DNS server pretending to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some DNS server pretending to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some DNS server pretending to be a
+query from that poor guy and the DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query from that poor guy and the DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query from that poor guy and the DNS
+server is going to send a thousand bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to send a thousand bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to send a thousand bytes
+to him on your behalf so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him on your behalf so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him on your behalf so this is a
+problematic feature of this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic feature of this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic feature of this protocol
+because it allows you to amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows you to amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows you to amplify
+bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth
+attacks and partly for the same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and partly for the same reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and partly for the same reason
+we're talking about with TCP sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about with TCP sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about with TCP sin
+flooding attacks it's very hard for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding attacks it's very hard for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding attacks it's very hard for the
+server for the DNS server in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server for the DNS server in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server for the DNS server in this case
+to know whether this request is valid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether this request is valid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether this request is valid or
+not because there's no authentication or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because there's no authentication or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because there's no authentication or
+no sort of sequence number exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sort of sequence number exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sort of sequence number exchanges
+going on to tell that this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to tell that this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to tell that this is the right
+guy connecting to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy connecting to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy connecting to you
+Etc so in fact this is actually still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so in fact this is actually still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so in fact this is actually still a
+problem in DNS today and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in DNS today and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in DNS today and it actually
+gets used quite frequently to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets used quite frequently to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets used quite frequently to attack
+people with bandwidth attacks so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with bandwidth attacks so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with bandwidth attacks so if you
+have a certain amount of bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain amount of bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain amount of bandwidth
+you'll be that much more effective if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be that much more effective if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be that much more effective if
+you reflect your attack off of a DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect your attack off of a DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect your attack off of a DNS
+server and these Ro DNS servers are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and these Ro DNS servers are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and these Ro DNS servers are very
+well provisioned and they basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well provisioned and they basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well provisioned and they basically have
+to respond to every query out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to every query out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to every query out there
+because if they stop responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they stop responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they stop responding to
+requests then probably some legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests then probably some legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests then probably some legitimate
+requests are going to get dropped so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests are going to get dropped so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests are going to get dropped so
+this is a big problem in practice Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big problem in practice Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big problem in practice Yeah
+so if you can s State on the DNS server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can s State on the DNS server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can s State on the DNS server
+is reasonable to say that the victim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reasonable to say that the victim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reasonable to say that the victim
+will never send this many DNS requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never send this many DNS requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never send this many DNS requests
+or never reply to right yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or never reply to right yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or never reply to right yeah so it's
+possible to maybe modify the DNS server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to maybe modify the DNS server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to maybe modify the DNS server
+to keep some sort of State like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep some sort of State like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep some sort of State like this
+that's the reason why this board still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why this board still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why this board still
+works now because they don't sort State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now because they don't sort State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now because they don't sort State
+yeah well I think people are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I think people are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I think people are starting to
+modify DNS servers to try to store State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify DNS servers to try to store State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify DNS servers to try to store State
+on the other hand there's so many DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand there's so many DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand there's so many DNS
+servers out there that it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers out there that it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers out there that it doesn't matter
+even if you appear to do you know 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you appear to do you know 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you appear to do you know 10
+queries against every DNS server but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries against every DNS server but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries against every DNS server but
+still every packet gets Amplified by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still every packet gets Amplified by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still every packet gets Amplified by you
+know some significant factor and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some significant factor and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some significant factor and they
+have to respond because maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to respond because maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to respond because maybe that
+client really is trying to issue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client really is trying to issue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client really is trying to issue this
+query um so this is the problem yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query um so this is the problem yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query um so this is the problem yeah so
+you're right if this was one DNS server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right if this was one DNS server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right if this was one DNS server
+then this would be maybe not as big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be maybe not as big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be maybe not as big of a
+deal the problem is also that the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal the problem is also that the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal the problem is also that the root
+servers for DNS for example aren't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers for DNS for example aren't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers for DNS for example aren't a
+single machine it's actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single machine it's actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single machine it's actually you know
+racks and racks of servers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racks and racks of servers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racks and racks of servers because
+they're so heavily used and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so heavily used and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so heavily used and trying to
+maintain the state across all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the state across all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the state across all these
+machines is probably nontrivial so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines is probably nontrivial so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines is probably nontrivial so you
+know as it gets abused more probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as it gets abused more probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as it gets abused more probably
+it'll be more worthwhile to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be more worthwhile to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be more worthwhile to maintain
+this state but uh here's another I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state but uh here's another I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state but uh here's another I guess
+a general principle you want to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general principle you want to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general principle you want to follow
+in sort of any protocol is well might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of any protocol is well might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of any protocol is well might be
+a good principle um is to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good principle um is to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good principle um is to make the
+client do at least as much work as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client do at least as much work as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client do at least as much work as the
+server is doing so here the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is doing so here the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is doing so here the problem is
+the client isn't doing as much work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client isn't doing as much work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client isn't doing as much work as
+the server and that's why the server can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and that's why the server can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server and that's why the server can
+help the client amplify this attack if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the client amplify this attack if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the client amplify this attack if
+you were redesigning DNS from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were redesigning DNS from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were redesigning DNS from scratch
+and this was really your big concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was really your big concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was really your big concern
+then it would probably be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would probably be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would probably be fairly
+straightforward to fix this the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to fix this the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to fix this the client
+has to send a request that's has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to send a request that's has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to send a request that's has you
+know extra padding bites just there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know extra padding bites just there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know extra padding bites just there just
+wasting bandwidth and then the server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting bandwidth and then the server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting bandwidth and then the server is
+going to respond back with a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to respond back with a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to respond back with a response
+that that's at most as big as that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's at most as big as that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's at most as big as that and
+if you wanted a response that's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted a response that's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted a response that's bigger
+maybe the server will say sorry your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the server will say sorry your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the server will say sorry your
+padding wasn't big enough send me more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding wasn't big enough send me more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding wasn't big enough send me more
+padding and this way you guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding and this way you guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding and this way you guarantee that
+the DNS server cannot be used ever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS server cannot be used ever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS server cannot be used ever to
+amplify these kinds of bandwidth attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify these kinds of bandwidth attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify these kinds of bandwidth attacks
+so there's some some and there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some some and there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some some and there actually
+these kinds of problems happen also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of problems happen also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of problems happen also at
+higher levels as well so in web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels as well so in web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels as well so in web
+applications you often have uh web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you often have uh web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you often have uh web
+services that do lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that do lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that do lots and lots of
+computation on behalf of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on behalf of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on behalf of a single
+request and there's often denial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request and there's often denial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request and there's often denial of
+service attacks at that level where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service attacks at that level where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service attacks at that level where
+adversaries you know know that a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries you know know that a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries you know know that a certain
+operation is very expensive and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is very expensive and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is very expensive and they'll
+just ask for that operation to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask for that operation to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask for that operation to be done
+over and over again and unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and unless you
+carefully design your particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully design your particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully design your particle and
+application to allow the client to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to allow the client to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to allow the client to prove
+that oh I'm burning it as much work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh I'm burning it as much work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh I'm burning it as much work as
+you uh or something like this then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh or something like this then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh or something like this then it's
+hard to defend against these things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to defend against these things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to defend against these things as
+well make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well make
+sense all right so I guess the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess the last
+thing I want to briefly touch on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to briefly touch on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to briefly touch on that
+the paper talked about as well is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper talked about as well is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper talked about as well is these
+routing attacks and the reason these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing attacks and the reason these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing attacks and the reason these
+attacks are interesting is they're maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are interesting is they're maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are interesting is they're maybe
+popping up a level above these just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping up a level above these just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping up a level above these just
+protocol transport level issues and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol transport level issues and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol transport level issues and look
+at what goes wrong in an application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what goes wrong in an application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what goes wrong in an application and
+the routing particle is a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routing particle is a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routing particle is a particularly
+interesting example because it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example because it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example because it's often
+the place where trust and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where trust and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where trust and sort of
+initial you know configuration gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial you know configuration gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial you know configuration gets
+bootstrapped in the first place uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapped in the first place uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapped in the first place uh and
+it's easy to sort of get that wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to sort of get that wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to sort of get that wrong and
+there's even today there's not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even today there's not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even today there's not great
+authentication mechanisms for that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication mechanisms for that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication mechanisms for that uh
+perhaps the clearest example is the DHCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the clearest example is the DHCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the clearest example is the DHCP
+protocol that all of you guys use when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that all of you guys use when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that all of you guys use when
+you open a computer or connect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open a computer or connect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open a computer or connect it to
+some Wireless or wired Network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Wireless or wired Network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Wireless or wired Network the
+computer just sends out a packet saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer just sends out a packet saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer just sends out a packet saying
+I want an IP address and other stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want an IP address and other stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want an IP address and other stuff and
+some DHCP server at MIT typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some DHCP server at MIT typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some DHCP server at MIT typically
+receives that packet and sends you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives that packet and sends you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives that packet and sends you back
+here here's an IP address here's an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's an IP address here's an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's an IP address here's an IP
+address that you should use and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that you should use and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that you should use and also
+here's the DNS server you should use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the DNS server you should use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the DNS server you should use and
+other interesting configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting configuration
+data and the problem is that the DHCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the problem is that the DHCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the problem is that the DHCP
+request packet is just broadcast on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request packet is just broadcast on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request packet is just broadcast on a
+local network trying to reach the DHCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local network trying to reach the DHCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local network trying to reach the DHCP
+server because you actually don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server because you actually don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server because you actually don't know
+what the DHCP server isn't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the DHCP server isn't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the DHCP server isn't going to be
+ahead of time you're just plugging into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time you're just plugging into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time you're just plugging into
+some Network the first time you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Network the first time you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Network the first time you've been
+here let's say and your client doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say and your client doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say and your client doesn't
+know what else to do or who to trust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what else to do or who to trust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what else to do or who to trust and
+consequently any machine on the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently any machine on the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently any machine on the local
+network could intercept these DHCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network could intercept these DHCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network could intercept these DHCP
+requests and respond back with any IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests and respond back with any IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests and respond back with any IP
+address that the client could use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that the client could use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that the client could use and
+also maybe tell the client hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also maybe tell the client hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also maybe tell the client hey you
+should use my DNS server instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use my DNS server instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use my DNS server instead of the
+real one and then you could intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real one and then you could intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real one and then you could intercept
+all future DNS requests from the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all future DNS requests from the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all future DNS requests from the client
+and so on that Mak sense so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that Mak sense so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that Mak sense so I think
+these Protocols are fairly tricky to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Protocols are fairly tricky to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Protocols are fairly tricky to get
+right and at a global scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at a global scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at a global scale the
+protocols like bgp allow any participant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols like bgp allow any participant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols like bgp allow any participant
+to announce a particular IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to announce a particular IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to announce a particular IP address
+prefix for the world to you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix for the world to you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix for the world to you to sort of
+know about and Route packets towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about and Route packets towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about and Route packets towards the
+attacker so if there's certainly been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker so if there's certainly been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker so if there's certainly been
+attacks where some you know router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks where some you know router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks where some you know router
+participating in bgp says oh I uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in bgp says oh I uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in bgp says oh I uh I'm
+you know a very quick way to reach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a very quick way to reach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a very quick way to reach this
+particular IP address range and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular IP address range and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular IP address range and then all
+the routers in the world say okay sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routers in the world say okay sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routers in the world say okay sure
+I'll I'll we'll send those packets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll we'll send those packets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll we'll send those packets to
+you uh and uh this probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh and uh this probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh and uh this probably the most
+frequent abuse of this is by spammers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent abuse of this is by spammers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent abuse of this is by spammers
+who want to send spam but they their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to send spam but they their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to send spam but they their own
+IP addresses are blacklisted everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses are blacklisted everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses are blacklisted everywhere
+because they are sending spam so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are sending spam so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are sending spam so they
+just pick some random IP address they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick some random IP address they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick some random IP address they
+announce that oh yeah this IP address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce that oh yeah this IP address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce that oh yeah this IP address is
+now here and then they sort of announce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here and then they sort of announce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here and then they sort of announce
+this IP address send spam from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IP address send spam from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IP address send spam from it and
+then disconnect uh and and gets abused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then disconnect uh and and gets abused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then disconnect uh and and gets abused a
+fair amount this way sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount this way sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount this way sort of getting
+less now but it's kind of hard to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less now but it's kind of hard to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less now but it's kind of hard to fix
+because um in order to fix it you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um in order to fix it you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um in order to fix it you have
+to know whether someone really owns an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether someone really owns an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether someone really owns an
+IP address or not and it's hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address or not and it's hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address or not and it's hard to do
+without establishing some Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without establishing some Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without establishing some Global
+database of maybe cryptographic keys for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of maybe cryptographic keys for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of maybe cryptographic keys for
+every ISP in the world and it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ISP in the world and it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ISP in the world and it takes a
+quite a bit of effort by someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of effort by someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of effort by someone to
+build this database same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this database same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this database same problem
+actually applies to DNS SEC as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applies to DNS SEC as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applies to DNS SEC as well in
+order to know which signature to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know which signature to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know which signature to look
+for in DNS you have to have a crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in DNS you have to have a crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in DNS you have to have a crypto
+graphic key associated with every entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic key associated with every entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic key associated with every entity
+in the world and it's not there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and it's not there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and it's not there now
+maybe it'll get buil up slowly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'll get buil up slowly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'll get buil up slowly but
+certainly one big problem for adopting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one big problem for adopting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one big problem for adopting
+DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS
+SE all right so I guess the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE all right so I guess the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE all right so I guess the thing to
+take away from this is maybe just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away from this is maybe just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away from this is maybe just a
+bunch of lessons about what not to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lessons about what not to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lessons about what not to do in
+general in protocols but also actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in protocols but also actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in protocols but also actually
+one thing I want to mention is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want to mention is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want to mention is that
+while probably secrecy and integrity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while probably secrecy and integrity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while probably secrecy and integrity are
+good properties to try to enforce at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good properties to try to enforce at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good properties to try to enforce at
+higher levels of abstraction like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels of abstraction like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels of abstraction like in
+cryptographic Protocols of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic Protocols of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic Protocols of the
+application and we'll look at that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and we'll look at that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and we'll look at that in
+next lectures one thing that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lectures one thing that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lectures one thing that you really
+do want from the network is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want from the network is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want from the network is some sort of
+availability and dos resistance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability and dos resistance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability and dos resistance because
+these properties are much harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties are much harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties are much harder to
+achieve at higher levels in the stack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve at higher levels in the stack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve at higher levels in the stack so
+you really want to avoid things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to avoid things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to avoid things like
+maybe these amplification attacks maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these amplification attacks maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these amplification attacks maybe
+these uh you know sin flooding attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh you know sin flooding attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh you know sin flooding attacks
+uh maybe these rst attacks where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe these rst attacks where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe these rst attacks where you can
+shoot down an arbitrary person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot down an arbitrary person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot down an arbitrary person's
+connection these are things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection these are things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection these are things that are
+really damaging at the low level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really damaging at the low level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really damaging at the low level and
+that are hard to fix higher up but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard to fix higher up but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard to fix higher up but the
+integrity and confidentiality you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity and confidentiality you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity and confidentiality you can
+more or less solve with encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less solve with encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less solve with encryption and
+we'll talk about how we do that in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how we do that in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how we do that in uh
+next lecture on coros so you is then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Bhbk4bWV1Uc.txt b/Bhbk4bWV1Uc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fe47e2e092d4df2f58652de46ee8255ba0a7c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Bhbk4bWV1Uc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today is sort of the
+culmination of everything we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of everything we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of everything we've been
+doing in the model free optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the model free optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the model free optimal control
+okay so we talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked a lot about
+um the policy gradient methods so under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the policy gradient methods so under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the policy gradient methods so under
+the model fre category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we've talked a lot about model 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've talked a lot about model 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've talked a lot about model 3
+policy gradient methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the last week or so we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last week or so we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last week or so we spent
+talking about model free methods based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about model free methods based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about model free methods based
+on learning value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+okay now both of those have their some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now both of those have their some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now both of those have their some
+pros and some cons to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and some cons to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and some cons to them
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the policy gradient methods what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the policy gradient methods what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the policy gradient methods what's
+good about policy gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods they scale with you say the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they scale with you say the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they scale with you say the same
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right um they can scale well to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um they can scale well to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um they can scale well to high
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimensions we we'll qualify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's actually still only a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's actually still only a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's actually still only a local
+search that's why they scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that's why they scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that's why they scale
+right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the
+performance of the model free methods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the model free methods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the model free methods to
+grades with the number of policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades with the number of policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades with the number of policy
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you have a infinite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a infinite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a infinite dimensional
+system with one parameter you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with one parameter you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with one parameter you want to
+optimize then you're in pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize then you're in pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize then you're in pretty good
+shape with a policy gradient method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+um what else what are other pros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else what are other pros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else what are other pros and
+cons of policy gradient methods what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons of policy gradient methods what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons of policy gradient methods what's a
+what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+con I said a lot of it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con I said a lot of it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con I said a lot of it in the
+parenthesis are already but it's local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are some other cons about policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some other cons about policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some other cons about policy
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+methods have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very yeah right so so this performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very yeah right so so this performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very yeah right so so this performance
+degradation typically is summarized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation typically is summarized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation typically is summarized by
+people say they tend to have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say they tend to have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say they tend to have high
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right variance in the update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which can lead to mean that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can lead to mean that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can lead to mean that you need
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge right fundamentally if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge right fundamentally if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge right fundamentally if we're
+we're sampling policy space and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling policy space and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling policy space and making
+some stochastic update it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stochastic update it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stochastic update it might be that
+we it requires many many samples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it requires many many samples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it requires many many samples for
+instance to accurately made the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to accurately made the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to accurately made the gradient
+and if we're making a move after every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're making a move after every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're making a move after every
+sample then it might take many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample then it might take many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample then it might take many many
+trials for us to find the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials for us to find the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials for us to find the minimum of
+that it's a noisy descent yeah you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a noisy descent yeah you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a noisy descent yeah you also
+have to choose like step an ADA or good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose like step an ADA or good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose like step an ADA or good
+good that wasn't even on my list but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that wasn't even on my list but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that wasn't even on my list but I
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+okay I'll put it right up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one one other very big um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one one other very big um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one one other very big um
+advantage to the policy grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+smth they take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smth they take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smth they take advantage of
+smoothness they require smoothness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness they require smoothness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness they require smoothness to
+work you know maybe it's that's both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know maybe it's that's both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know maybe it's that's both a
+pro and a con right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the big one that we haven't said yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the big one that we haven't said yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the big one that we haven't said yet
+I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is
+um the convergence is sort of virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the convergence is sort of virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the convergence is sort of virtually
+guaranteed you're doing a direct search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed you're doing a direct search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed you're doing a direct search
+and exactly you're doing a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly you're doing a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly you're doing a stochastic
+gradient descent and exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent and exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent and exactly the
+parameters you care about convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you care about convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you care about convergence is
+sort of trivial and guaranteed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that turns out to be probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be probably one of the
+biggest motivating reasons for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest motivating reasons for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest motivating reasons for the
+community to have put their efforts into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to have put their efforts into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to have put their efforts into
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+gradient because if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient because if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient because if you look at the
+value function methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in many cases now I told you about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases now I told you about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases now I told you about one
+case with function approximation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with function approximation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with function approximation it's
+still linear function approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still linear function approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still linear function approximation
+where there's stronger convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's stronger convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's stronger convergence
+results and that was the least squarest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and that was the least squarest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and that was the least squarest
+policy iteration but most of the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy iteration but most of the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy iteration but most of the cases
+we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've
+had the convergence results were fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the convergence results were fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the convergence results were fairly
+weak we told you that temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak we told you that temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak we told you that temporal
+difference learning converges if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference learning converges if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference learning converges if the
+policy remains fixed okay but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy remains fixed okay but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy remains fixed okay but if you're
+not careful if you do temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not careful if you do temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not careful if you do temporal
+difference learning with the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference learning with the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference learning with the policy
+changing with a function approximator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing with a function approximator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing with a function approximator
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+convergence is not guaranteed okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is not guaranteed okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is not guaranteed okay in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+um they often I mean a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they often I mean a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they often I mean a lot of these
+methods struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods struggle
+uh with convergence not just the proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with convergence not just the proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with convergence not just the proofs
+which are more involved but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are more involved but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are more involved but there's a
+handful of I guess sort of in the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of I guess sort of in the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of I guess sort of in the um the
+big switch from value methods to policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big switch from value methods to policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big switch from value methods to policy
+gradient methods there were a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient methods there were a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient methods there were a number of
+papers showing sort of trivial examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um can I call them TD control methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I call them TD control methods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I call them TD control methods so
+um temporal difference learning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um temporal difference learning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um temporal difference learning where
+you're actually also updating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually also updating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually also updating your
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+um of TD control methods with function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+which diverge right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there was even one that uh I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was even one that uh I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was even one that uh I think it
+might have been um I forget who it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been um I forget who it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been um I forget who it might
+have been Leman be's example but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been Leman be's example but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been Leman be's example but where
+where they actually showed that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they actually showed that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they actually showed that um that
+the method will actually oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method will actually oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method will actually oscillate
+between the best possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the best possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the best possible uh
+representation of the value function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the value function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the value function and
+the worst possible representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible representation of the
+value function and it sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function and it sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function and it sort of you know
+stably oscillated between the two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stably oscillated between the two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stably oscillated between the two right
+uh which was obviously something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which was obviously something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which was obviously something that
+they cooked up but still that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cooked up but still that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cooked up but still that makes the
+point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um even the the convergence result we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even the the convergence result we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even the the convergence result we
+did give you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did give you for
+lspi the SES policy iteration still had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lspi the SES policy iteration still had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lspi the SES policy iteration still had
+no guarantee that it wasn't going to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no guarantee that it wasn't going to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no guarantee that it wasn't going to it
+could certainly oscillate they gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly oscillate they gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly oscillate they gave a
+bound on the oscillation but that bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the oscillation but that bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the oscillation but that bound
+has to be interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be interpreted
+um the T even the lspi could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the T even the lspi could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the T even the lspi could still
+oscillate and that's one of the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate and that's one of the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate and that's one of the stronger
+convergence results we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence results we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence results we
+have okay um but they're relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay um but they're relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay um but they're relatively
+efficient right so we we put up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient right so we we put up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient right so we we put up with a
+lot of that and we keep trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that and we keep trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that and we keep trying to use
+them because they're efficient to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're efficient to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're efficient to learn
+in the sense that you're just learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you're just learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you're just learning a
+a scalar value over all your States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar value over all your States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar value over all your States and
+actions that's a relatively compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that's a relatively compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that's a relatively compact
+thing to learn I told you I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to learn I told you I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to learn I told you I tried to
+argue last time that it's even more it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue last time that it's even more it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue last time that it's even more it's
+easier than learning a model even by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than learning a model even by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than learning a model even by
+just dimensionality arguments um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dimensionality arguments um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dimensionality arguments um and
+they tend to be efficient because the TD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be efficient because the TD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be efficient because the TD
+methods in particular reuse your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in particular reuse your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in particular reuse your
+estimates and they tend to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and they tend to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and they tend to be efficient
+in data they reuse old estimates they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data they reuse old estimates they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data they reuse old estimates they
+use your old estimate of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your old estimate of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your old estimate of the value
+function to update your new estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to update your new estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to update your new estimate of
+the uh of the algorithm so they so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the algorithm so they so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the algorithm so they so when
+they do work they tend to learn faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do work they tend to learn faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do work they tend to learn faster
+um and they can now with the the leas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can now with the the leas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can now with the the leas
+squares methods they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares methods they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares methods they tend to be
+efficient in data and sort of therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in data and sort of therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in data and sort of therefore
+in time number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time number of
+Trials when these things do work they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials when these things do work they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials when these things do work they're
+the tool of choice the problem is um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool of choice the problem is um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool of choice the problem is um and
+there are great examples of them working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are great examples of them working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are great examples of them working
+but there's there's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's not enough
+guarantees of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working and if you want to sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and if you want to sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and if you want to sort of um
+summarize why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize why
+these value methods struggle and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these value methods struggle and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these value methods struggle and why
+they can struggle to converge and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can struggle to converge and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can struggle to converge and they
+even diverge you could sort of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even diverge you could sort of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even diverge you could sort of think of
+it in a single line I think the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a single line I think the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a single line I think the basic
+fundamental problem with the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem with the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem with the value
+methods is that a very small change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is that a very small change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods is that a very small change in
+your estimate of the value function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimate of the value function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimate of the value function you
+make a little change can cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little change can cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little change can cause a
+dramatic change in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic change in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic change in your
+policy right so let's say my value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy right so let's say my value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy right so let's say my value
+function is tipped this way right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is tipped this way right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is tipped this way right and I
+changed my parameters a little bit now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my parameters a little bit now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my parameters a little bit now
+it's tipped this way my policy just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tipped this way my policy just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tipped this way my policy just went
+from going you know left to going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going you know left to going right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going you know left to going right
+for instance instance and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance instance and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance instance and now you're
+trying to to update your value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to update your value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to update your value function
+on the as the policy changed and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the as the policy changed and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the as the policy changed and just
+things start can start oscillating out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things start can start oscillating out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things start can start oscillating out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+control does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a
+reasonably accurate I think lay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably accurate I think lay of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably accurate I think lay of the
+land in the in the methods we told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in the in the methods we told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in the in the methods we told you
+about so far okay if you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far okay if you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far okay if you can find a
+Value method that converges nicely use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value method that converges nicely use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value method that converges nicely use
+it it's going to be faster than a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's going to be faster than a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's going to be faster than a policy
+gradient method it's more efficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method it's more efficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method it's more efficient in
+reing data you're learning a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reing data you're learning a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reing data you're learning a fairly
+compact structure value duration has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact structure value duration has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact structure value duration has
+always been our most efficient algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been our most efficient algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been our most efficient algorithm
+when it works um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it works um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it works um
+but the policy grading algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the policy grading algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the policy grading algorithms are
+guaranteed to work right and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to work right and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to work right and they're
+fairly simple to to implement and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple to to implement and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple to to implement and they
+can just be sort of local search in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just be sort of local search in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just be sort of local search in the
+policy space directly in the space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy space directly in the space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy space directly in the space that
+you care about really your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about really your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about really your
+policy so the big idea which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so the big idea which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so the big idea which is the
+culmination of the the methods we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of the the methods we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of the the methods we've
+talked about in the model free stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the model free stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the model free stuff so
+far is to try to take the advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is to try to take the advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is to try to take the advantages of
+both by putting them together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both by putting them together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both by putting them together okay
+represent both a value function and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent both a value function and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent both a value function and a
+policy simultaneously there's extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy simultaneously there's extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy simultaneously there's extra
+representational cost there but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational cost there but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational cost there but if
+you're willing to do that and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to do that and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to do that and make
+slower changes to the policy based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower changes to the policy based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower changes to the policy based on
+guesses that are come from the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses that are come from the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses that are come from the value
+function then you can overcome a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then you can overcome a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then you can overcome a lot of
+the stability problems of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability problems of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability problems of the value
+methods get you get the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods get you get the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods get you get the strong
+convergence results of the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence results of the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence results of the policy
+gradient and you get some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and you get some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and you get some of the the
+more uh ideally efficiency you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh ideally efficiency you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh ideally efficiency you can
+reduce your variance of your update you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your variance of your update you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your variance of your update you
+make more effective updates by using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more effective updates by using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more effective updates by using a
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the actor is the playful name for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actor is the playful name for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actor is the playful name for the
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+right and the critic is your Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the critic is your Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the critic is your Value
+Estimate telling you how well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estimate telling you how well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estimate telling you how well you're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and one of the big Ideas there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one of the big Ideas there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one of the big Ideas there is
+you'd like it to be a two-time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like it to be a two-time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like it to be a two-time scale
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policies changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slower than the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the greedy
+policy from the value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um the ideas and actor critic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um the ideas and actor critic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um the ideas and actor critic
+are actually very very simple the proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually very very simple the proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually very very simple the proofs
+are ugly um there's only a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ugly um there's only a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ugly um there's only a handful of
+papers you got to look at if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you got to look at if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you got to look at if you want to
+get into the the dirt um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the the dirt um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the the dirt um but
+um these I think are the algorithms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these I think are the algorithms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these I think are the algorithms of
+choice today for a model-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice today for a model-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice today for a model-free
+optimization okay so just to give you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization okay so just to give you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization okay so just to give you so
+a couple of the uh the key papers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of the uh the key papers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of the uh the key papers here
+so cond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cond and
+SAS John's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAS John's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAS John's right
+upstairs have an actor critic paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs have an actor critic paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs have an actor critic paper in
+2003 that has all the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 that has all the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 that has all the algorithm
+derivation and proofs um Sutton has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and proofs um Sutton has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and proofs um Sutton has a
+similar one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar one um
+99 that's called policy gradient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 that's called policy gradient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 that's called policy gradient but
+it's actually the same sort of math as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the same sort of math as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the same sort of math as
+in condence at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seas and then um our friend Yan Peters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seas and then um our friend Yan Peters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seas and then um our friend Yan Peters
+has got a a newer take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a a newer take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a a newer take on
+it he calls natural actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+critic which is a popular one today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic which is a popular one today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic which is a popular one today
+should be easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be easy to find
+okay so what I want to give you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to give you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to give you the the
+basic tools and then instead of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tools and then instead of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tools and then instead of getting
+into all the math I'll give you a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all the math I'll give you a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all the math I'll give you a case
+study okay which was my thesis works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so probably John already said quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably John already said quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably John already said quickly
+what the big idea was right so John told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the big idea was right so John told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the big idea was right so John told
+you about um the reinforced type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms and the weight peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in the reinforced algorithms um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the reinforced algorithms um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the reinforced algorithms um we
+have some parameter Vector let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some parameter Vector let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some parameter Vector let's call it
+Alpha and I'm going to change Alpha with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and I'm going to change Alpha with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and I'm going to change Alpha with
+a very simple update rule in the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple update rule in the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple update rule in the simple
+case maybe I'll run my system twice I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case maybe I'll run my system twice I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case maybe I'll run my system twice I'll
+run it once with um the I'll get once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it once with um the I'll get once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it once with um the I'll get once
+I'll sample the output with Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll sample the output with Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll sample the output with Alpha and
+then I once I'll do it with Alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I once I'll do it with Alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I once I'll do it with Alpha plus
+some noise let's say say I'll run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noise let's say say I'll run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noise let's say say I'll run it
+from the same initial condition compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same initial condition compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same initial condition compare
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and if it and then multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if it and then multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if it and then multiply the
+difference times the noise I added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and that's actually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's actually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's actually a good
+estimator a reasonable estimator of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator a reasonable estimator of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator a reasonable estimator of the
+gradient and If I multiply by the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and If I multiply by the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and If I multiply by the by
+learning rate then I got a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate then I got a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate then I got a gradient
+descent type upd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent type upd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent type upd
+dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is not useful in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is not useful in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is not useful in its
+current form done told you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current form done told you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current form done told you about the
+better forms of it too but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better forms of it too but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better forms of it too but but the
+problem with this is that I have to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this is that I have to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this is that I have to run
+um run the system twice from exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um run the system twice from exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um run the system twice from exactly the
+same initial conditions you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same initial conditions you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same initial conditions you don't want
+to run two trials you know you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run two trials you know you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run two trials you know you want to
+simulate the thing exactly twice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the thing exactly twice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the thing exactly twice um
+for uh for your robot for every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for your robot for every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for your robot for every one
+update and it sort of assumes that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update and it sort of assumes that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update and it sort of assumes that this
+is a determinist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a determinist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a determinist
+update the more general form here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the more general form here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the more general form here would
+be to not um keep not run the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to not um keep not run the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to not um keep not run the system
+twice but use for instance some estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice but use for instance some estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice but use for instance some estimate
+of what what reward I'd expect to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what reward I'd expect to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what reward I'd expect to get
+from this initial condition and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this initial condition and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this initial condition and compare
+that to the the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the the learning
+trial so we just went from policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial so we just went from policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial so we just went from policy
+gradient to actor critic just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient to actor critic just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient to actor critic just like that
+this is the simplest form of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest form of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest form of it but
+let's think about what what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what what just
+happened okay so if I do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay so if I do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay so if I do have an
+estimate of of my value function I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of of my value function I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of of my value function I have
+an estimate of my cost to go from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of my cost to go from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of my cost to go from every
+state right then that helps me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right then that helps me make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right then that helps me make a
+policy gradient update because if I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy gradient update because if I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy gradient update because if I run
+a single trial right then I can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single trial right then I can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single trial right then I can compare
+my the reward I I expected to get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the reward I I expected to get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the reward I I expected to get with
+the reward I actually got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reward I actually got very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reward I actually got very
+compactly okay so this is the reward I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly okay so this is the reward I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly okay so this is the reward I
+actually got I run a trial one trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got I run a trial one trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got I run a trial one trial
+even if it's noisy with with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's noisy with with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's noisy with with my
+perturbed parameters I change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed parameters I change my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed parameters I change my
+parameters a little bit I run a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters a little bit I run a trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters a little bit I run a trial
+and what I want to efficiently do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to efficiently do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to efficiently do is
+compare to the reward I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the reward I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to the reward I should have
+expected to get given I had my old the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to get given I had my old the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to get given I had my old the
+parameters I had a minute ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I had a minute ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I had a minute ago right
+that's nothing but a value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing but a value function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing but a value function
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here okay so the simplest way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the simplest way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the simplest way to think
+about an actor critic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an actor critic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an actor critic
+algorithm is is go ahead and use a TD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is is go ahead and use a TD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is is go ahead and use a TD
+learning kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm every time I'm running my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm every time I'm running my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm every time I'm running my
+robot go ahead and work on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot go ahead and work on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot go ahead and work on in the
+background learning up learning a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background learning up learning a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background learning up learning a value
+function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the
+system and simply use that to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and simply use that to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and simply use that to compare
+the samples you get from your policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples you get from your policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples you get from your policy
+search do you guys remember the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search do you guys remember the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search do you guys remember the sort of
+weight peration type updates enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight peration type updates enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight peration type updates enough for
+that to make sense yeah so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make sense yeah so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make sense yeah so in this case
+that J hat you're not getting simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J hat you're not getting simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J hat you're not getting simulation
+system just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just some
+expectation excellent yeah that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation excellent yeah that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation excellent yeah that's what
+that you're getting it from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting it from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting it from from
+temporal difference learning in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal difference learning in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal difference learning in the case
+of a stochastic um system right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stochastic um system right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stochastic um system right where
+both of these are going to be noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are going to be noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are going to be noisy
+random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables
+this actually can be better than running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually can be better than running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually can be better than running
+it twice because this is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it twice because this is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it twice because this is the expected
+value right accumulated through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right accumulated through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right accumulated through
+experience right and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right and that's what you
+really want to compare your your noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compare your your noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compare your your noisy
+sample to the expected value right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to the expected value right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to the expected value right so in
+the stochastic case you actually um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic case you actually um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic case you actually um you
+do better by comparing it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better by comparing it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better by comparing it to the
+expected value of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update what you can
+show um by various tools is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show um by various tools is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show um by various tools is that
+comparing to the the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to the the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to the the expected value of
+your update which is the the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your update which is the the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your update which is the the value
+function here can dramatically reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here can dramatically reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here can dramatically reduce
+the variance of your estimator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you should always think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you should always think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you should always think about
+policy gradient as every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy gradient as every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy gradient as every one of these
+steps is trying to estimate the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is trying to estimate the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is trying to estimate the change
+in the learn in the Performance Based On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the learn in the Performance Based On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the learn in the Performance Based On
+A change in parameters but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A change in parameters but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A change in parameters but in
+general it's it's what you get back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's it's what you get back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's it's what you get back is
+the the true gradient plus a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the true gradient plus a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the true gradient plus a bunch of
+noise because you're just taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise because you're just taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise because you're just taking a
+random sample here in one dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample here in one dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample here in one dimension of
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is a good estimate of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a good estimate of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a good estimate of the value
+function then it can reduce the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then it can reduce the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then it can reduce the variance
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+update bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you the guarantees of convergence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the guarantees of convergence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the guarantees of convergence are
+still intact because you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still intact because you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still intact because you're doing
+gradient descent you can actually do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent you can actually do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent you can actually do you
+can do almost anything here this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do almost anything here this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do almost anything here this can be
+zero and gradient descend the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and gradient descend the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and gradient descend the policy
+gradient actually still converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient actually still converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient actually still converges
+doesn't converge very fast but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't converge very fast but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't converge very fast but you can
+still show that it'll on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still show that it'll on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still show that it'll on average
+converge okay so it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so it's actually quite
+robust to the um to the the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to the um to the the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to the um to the the thing you
+subtract out because especially if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract out because especially if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract out because especially if if
+this thing doesn't depend on on Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doesn't depend on on Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doesn't depend on on Alpha
+then it has zero expectation so the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has zero expectation so the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has zero expectation so the it
+doesn't even affect the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even affect the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even affect the expected value
+of your update so it actually does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your update so it actually does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your update so it actually does not
+affect the convergence results at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the convergence results at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the convergence results at all
+all right so the convergence results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the convergence results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the convergence results are
+still intact but this performance should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still intact but this performance should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still intact but this performance should
+get better because you have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better because you have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better because you have a better
+estimate of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of your
+J right and that should be intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J right and that should be intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J right and that should be intuitively
+obvious actually right if I if um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious actually right if I if um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious actually right if I if um you
+know if I if I did a did something and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I if I did a did something and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I if I did a did something and I
+said how' I do and and uh elor just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how' I do and and uh elor just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how' I do and and uh elor just
+always said you know you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always said you know you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always said you know you should have
+gotten a four you know every single time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a four you know every single time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a four you know every single time
+if I got a lousy estimator of how much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I got a lousy estimator of how much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I got a lousy estimator of how much I
+how how well I should have done I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how well I should have done I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how well I should have done I like
+look I got a six that time and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I got a six that time and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I got a six that time and he says
+you should have had a four six you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have had a four six you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have had a four six you
+should have had a four that he's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had a four that he's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had a four that he's giving
+me no information and that's not helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me no information and that's not helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me no information and that's not helping
+me evaluate my my policy right if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me evaluate my my policy right if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me evaluate my my policy right if if
+someone said okay we did something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said okay we did something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said okay we did something a
+little different you know I expected you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different you know I expected you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different you know I expected you
+to get a six but you got a 6.1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a six but you got a 6.1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a six but you got a 6.1 well
+that's a much CLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much CLE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much CLE
+learning signal for me to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah worst possible yeah absolutely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah worst possible yeah absolutely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah worst possible yeah absolutely so
+so the the so the important point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the so the important point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the so the important point is
+that it's got to be uncorrelated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got to be uncorrelated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got to be uncorrelated with
+the noise you add to your system okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise you add to your system okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise you add to your system okay if
+it's not correlated with the noise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not correlated with the noise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not correlated with the noise you
+add in then it's actually goes out goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in then it's actually goes out goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in then it's actually goes out goes
+away in expectation so the variance can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in expectation so the variance can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in expectation so the variance can
+be very bad if you have the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very bad if you have the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very bad if you have the worst
+possible Value Estimate but uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Value Estimate but uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Value Estimate but uh but the
+um the convergence still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the convergence still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the convergence still
+happens MH like I said a zero actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens MH like I said a zero actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens MH like I said a zero actually
+works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right
+so which is sort of surprising right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is sort of surprising right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is sort of surprising right if
+I have a if I have a reward function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a if I have a reward function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a if I have a reward function
+that always returns between Zer and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always returns between Zer and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always returns between Zer and 10
+right and I'm trying to optimize my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm trying to optimize my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm trying to optimize my uh
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+update then I would always move in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update then I would always move in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update then I would always move in the
+direction of the noise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the noise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the noise I
+add but I move more often in the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add but I move more often in the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add but I move more often in the ones
+that gave me high SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me high SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave me high SC
+and actually it still does its gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it still does its gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it still does its gradient
+descend on the on the cost function sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend on the on the cost function sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend on the on the cost function sort
+of you it's actually worth uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you it's actually worth uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you it's actually worth uh thinking
+about that it's actually pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it's actually pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it's actually pretty cool
+that that it's so robust that estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's so robust that estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it's so robust that estimator
+but certainly with a good estimator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly with a good estimator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly with a good estimator uh
+it works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works better
+um I don't know how much John told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know how much John told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know how much John told you
+but we don't actually like talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't actually like talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't actually like talking about
+the variance we like talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance we like talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance we like talking about the
+signal of noise ratio did you tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of noise ratio did you tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of noise ratio did you tell them
+about signal noise ratio John remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signal noise ratio John remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signal noise ratio John remember
+quickly yeah so John's got a nice paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly yeah so John's got a nice paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly yeah so John's got a nice paper
+maybe he was being modest John has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he was being modest John has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he was being modest John has a
+nice paper analyzing the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper analyzing the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper analyzing the performance of
+these uh with a signal of noise ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh with a signal of noise ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh with a signal of noise ratio
+analysis which I which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um another way to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another way to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another way to look at the
+performance of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update so that's enough to do to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so that's enough to do to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so that's enough to do to take
+the power of the U value methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the U value methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the U value methods and
+start putting them to use in the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting them to use in the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting them to use in the policy
+gradient methods okay the cool thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient methods okay the cool thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient methods okay the cool thing is
+like I said said as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said said as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said said as long as it's
+uncorrelated with Z it can be a very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with Z it can be a very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with Z it can be a very bad
+approximate of the value function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate of the value function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate of the value function it
+won't break convergence the better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't break convergence the better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't break convergence the better the
+Value Estimate the faster your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value Estimate the faster your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value Estimate the faster your
+convergence is okay this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is okay this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is okay this isn't the
+update that people typically use when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update that people typically use when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update that people typically use when
+they talk about actor critic updates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about actor critic updates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about actor critic updates the
+Condon seus one has a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condon seus one has a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condon seus one has a slightly more
+beautiful thing this is this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing this is this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing this is this is maybe
+what you think of as a as an episodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think of as a as an episodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think of as a as an episodic
+update right this is a I just said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update right this is a I just said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update right this is a I just said we
+started an initial condition X maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started an initial condition X maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started an initial condition X maybe I
+should have written x0 or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have written x0 or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have written x0 or something but
+we started an initial condition X we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started an initial condition X we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started an initial condition X we run
+our robot for a little bit with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our robot for a little bit with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our robot for a little bit with this
+parameters We compare it to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters We compare it to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters We compare it to what we
+expected right and we make an update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected right and we make an update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected right and we make an update
+maybe once per trial that's a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe once per trial that's a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe once per trial that's a perfectly
+good algorithm for making an update once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm for making an update once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm for making an update once
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+trial there's a more beautiful sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial there's a more beautiful sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial there's a more beautiful sort of
+online update right if you actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online update right if you actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online update right if you actually want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's say you have an um an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say you have an um an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say you have an um an infinite
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+thing infinite Horizon problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's actually a theorem I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a theorem I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a theorem I've I've
+debated how much of this to go into but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debated how much of this to go into but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debated how much of this to go into but
+I'll I'll least list the theorem for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll least list the theorem for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll least list the theorem for you
+because it's nice um they call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's nice um they call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's nice um they call the
+policy gradient theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+um partial J partial Alpha where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partial J partial Alpha where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partial J partial Alpha where in the
+infinite Horizon case it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Horizon case it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Horizon case it's it's
+typically um there's different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um there's different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um there's different ways to
+Define infinite Horizons this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define infinite Horizons this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define infinite Horizons this is
+typically done in an average reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setting it can be made to work for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it can be made to work for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it can be made to work for other
+um for other formulations but I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for other formulations but I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for other formulations but I'll just
+be careful to say the one that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to say the one that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to say the one that I know
+it's correct proof for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's correct proof for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's correct proof for for
+um the policy gradient can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the policy gradient can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the policy gradient can actually be
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+as um let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out this guy is the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this guy is the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this guy is the stationary
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+executing of of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing of of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing of of the state
+action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of
+executing Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing Pi of
+alpha this guy is the Q function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this guy is the Q function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this guy is the Q function
+executing Alpha the True Q function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing Alpha the True Q function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing Alpha the True Q function
+right this is the state action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this guy is actually the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy is actually the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy is actually the gradient of
+the log probabilities which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log probabilities which is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log probabilities which is the same
+thing we saw in the policy gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we saw in the policy gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we saw in the policy gradient
+algorithms the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities of executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi yeah
+gradient of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the log
+probability I'm I'm not trying to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'm I'm not trying to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I'm I'm not trying to give
+you enough to completely get this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enough to completely get this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enough to completely get this but
+just I want you to know that it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I want you to know that it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I want you to know that it exists
+and knowwhere to find it okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowwhere to find it okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowwhere to find it okay and it
+what it reveals is um a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it reveals is um a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it reveals is um a very nice
+relationship between uh the Q function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between uh the Q function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between uh the Q function
+and the um the gradients that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um the gradients that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um the gradients that we were
+already Computing in our reinforc type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already Computing in our reinforc type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already Computing in our reinforc type
+algorithms okay and it turns out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay and it turns out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay and it turns out an
+update of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this gradient of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this gradient of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this gradient of the log
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+again just WR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that would that would be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that would that would be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that would that would be doing
+gradient descent on this if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent on this if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent on this if you're
+running from sample paths this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from sample paths this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from sample paths this term
+disappears if I'm just pulling um X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears if I'm just pulling um X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears if I'm just pulling um X and
+U from the distribution that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U from the distribution that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U from the distribution that happens
+when I run the system that gives me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I run the system that gives me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I run the system that gives me this
+stationary distribution coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary distribution coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary distribution coefficient for
+free okay and then if I if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay and then if I if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay and then if I if I could
+somehow multiply the true Q function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow multiply the true Q function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow multiply the true Q function
+times my eligibility this one I this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times my eligibility this one I this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times my eligibility this one I this one
+I definitely have access to this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I definitely have access to this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I definitely have access to this one I
+can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only
+guess CU I have access to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess CU I have access to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess CU I have access to my
+policy I can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but this guy I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate okay so if I put if I put a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate okay so if I put if I put a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate okay so if I put if I put a hat
+on there that's actually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there that's actually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there that's actually a good
+estimator of the um policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the um policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the um policy
+gradient using an approximate Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient using an approximate Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient using an approximate Q
+function and in the case where you hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in the case where you hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in the case where you hold
+up your updates for a long time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your updates for a long time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your updates for a long time and then
+make an estimate in an episodic case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an estimate in an episodic case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an estimate in an episodic case it
+actually sort of it it results to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of it it results to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of it it results to that
+actual that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual that
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay getting to that from with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay getting to that from with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay getting to that from with a
+more detailed explanation is painful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed explanation is painful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed explanation is painful but
+it's uh it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's good to
+know I think the way you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the way you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the way you're going to
+appreciate actor critic algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate actor critic algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate actor critic algorithms
+though is by seeing them work okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is by seeing them work okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is by seeing them work okay so
+let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me
+um show you how I made them work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um show you how I made them work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um show you how I made them work on a
+walking robot for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot for my
+thesis I might have already done this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis I might have already done this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis I might have already done this is
+it going to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since I think everybody's here maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I think everybody's here maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I think everybody's here maybe we
+should do while it's booting I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do while it's booting I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do while it's booting I'll I'll
+do a quick contact switch let's should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick contact switch let's should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick contact switch let's should
+we figure out projects real quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out projects real quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out projects real quick and
+then we'll go back I don't want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go back I don't want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go back I don't want to run
+out of time and forget to say all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time and forget to say all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time and forget to say all the
+last details about the projects yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow we we never I never remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we we never I never remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we we never I never remembered
+to uh post the syllabus with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh post the syllabus with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh post the syllabus with all the
+dates on there we're posting it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates on there we're posting it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates on there we're posting it now but
+I can't believe I didn't post it a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't believe I didn't post it a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't believe I didn't post it a long
+time ago on the website um but I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago on the website um but I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago on the website um but I hope
+you know that last that the the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that last that the the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that last that the the end of
+term is coming fast yeah uh and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is coming fast yeah uh and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is coming fast yeah uh and you know
+you're doing a write up right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a write up right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a write up right and that
+write up I don't you could take we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up I don't you could take we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up I don't you could take we're
+going to say um that the 21st is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say um that the 21st is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say um that the 21st is the uh
+which is basically the last day I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the last day I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the last day I can
+possibly still grade them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly still grade them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly still grade them by
+um the write up as described which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the write up as described which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the write up as described which is
+sort of a I said six pages sort of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a I said six pages sort of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a I said six pages sort of in a
+ikra type format um is going to be due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikra type format um is going to be due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikra type format um is going to be due
+on May 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+online okay but next week last week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay but next week last week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay but next week last week of
+term already we're going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term already we're going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term already we're going to try to do
+oral presentations to you guys can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral presentations to you guys can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral presentations to you guys can tell
+me can 8 minutes each is what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me can 8 minutes each is what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me can 8 minutes each is what what it
+works out to be um you get to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be um you get to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be um you get to tell us
+what you you've been working on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for each
+project um so there's a few of you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um so there's a few of you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um so there's a few of you that
+are working in pairs but we'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working in pairs but we'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working in pairs but we'll still
+just do eight minutes per project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do eight minutes per project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do eight minutes per project
+and we have 19 total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projects so I figure we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so I figure we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so I figure we do
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+uh sorry nine um next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thursday which is got to be the 14th is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday which is got to be the 14th is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday which is got to be the 14th is
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+514 and nine on 512 working back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+514 and nine on 512 working back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+514 and nine on 512 working back
+here which leaves some unlucky son of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which leaves some unlucky son of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which leaves some unlucky son of a
+gun going on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay and the way I've always done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and the way I've always done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and the way I've always done
+this is I have a mat lab script here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I have a mat lab script here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I have a mat lab script here
+that uh will it has everybody's name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh will it has everybody's name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh will it has everybody's name in
+it yeah why is it not on here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a mat lab script with all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a mat lab script with all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a mat lab script with all your
+names in it okay and uh I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names in it okay and uh I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names in it okay and uh I'm going to do
+a random perm on the names and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random perm on the names and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random perm on the names and it'll
+print up uh what day you're going maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print up uh what day you're going maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print up uh what day you're going maybe
+In fairness to that person would we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fairness to that person would we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fairness to that person would we all
+be happy to like stay an extra 8 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy to like stay an extra 8 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy to like stay an extra 8 minutes
+on whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whatever it is
+Tuesday let's do it this way first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday let's do it this way first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday let's do it this way first and
+then we'll we'll figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll figure it
+out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh
+and um yeah so I'm going to call Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um yeah so I'm going to call Rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um yeah so I'm going to call Rand
+Perman mat lab and for dramatic effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perman mat lab and for dramatic effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perman mat lab and for dramatic effect
+this year I've added pause statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I've added pause statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I've added pause statements
+between uh the print commands so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the print commands so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the print commands so uh we
+should have a good time with this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a good time with this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a good time with this I
+think I will at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I will at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I will at
+least okay good um let's make this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least okay good um let's make this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least okay good um let's make this nice
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big I actually um I was going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I actually um I was going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I actually um I was going to just
+use a few slides from the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a few slides from the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a few slides from the middle of this
+but I thought I at least let you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I at least let you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I at least let you see
+sort of the motivation behind it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the motivation behind it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the motivation behind it which
+you know very well and I'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very well and I'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very well and I'll go through
+quickly but um just to see at least my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but um just to see at least my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but um just to see at least my
+take on it in 2005 which hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on it in 2005 which hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on it in 2005 which hasn't changed
+a whole lot it's it's matured I hope but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot it's it's matured I hope but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot it's it's matured I hope but
+uh uh I've told you about walking robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I've told you about walking robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I've told you about walking robots
+we spent more time talking about passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent more time talking about passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent more time talking about passive
+Walkers than we talked about um some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walkers than we talked about um some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walkers than we talked about um some of
+the other approaches but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other approaches but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other approaches but there's
+actually a lot of good walking robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of good walking robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of good walking robots
+out there even in 2005 there were a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there even in 2005 there were a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there even in 2005 there were a lot
+of good ones this one is M2 from the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good ones this one is M2 from the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good ones this one is M2 from the leg
+lab the wiring could have been cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the wiring could have been cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the wiring could have been cleaner
+but uh uh it's actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh it's actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh it's actually a pretty
+beautiful robot in a lot of ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful robot in a lot of ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful robot in a lot of ways the
+simulations of it are great the it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of it are great the it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of it are great the it's it
+hasn't walked very nicely yet but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't walked very nicely yet but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't walked very nicely yet but it's a
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+um Honda's azimo had sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Honda's azimo had sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Honda's azimo had sort of the same
+sort of humble beginnings if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of humble beginnings if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of humble beginnings if you can
+imagine it's not really fair that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's not really fair that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's not really fair that
+academics have to compete with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics have to compete with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics have to compete with people
+like Honda right I mean so our robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Honda right I mean so our robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Honda right I mean so our robots
+looked like what I saw she start on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like what I saw she start on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like what I saw she start on the
+last page and aimo looks like it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last page and aimo looks like it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last page and aimo looks like it looks
+like but it's kind of fun to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it's kind of fun to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it's kind of fun to see what
+aimo where aimo came from so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimo where aimo came from so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimo where aimo came from so this is
+azimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azimo
+0.0 right and this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0 right and this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0 right and this is actually the
+progression of their Asimo robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the first one they told the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first one they told the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first one they told the world
+about in '97 rocked the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in '97 rocked the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in '97 rocked the world of
+Robotics we were I was in the leg lab I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robotics we were I was in the leg lab I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robotics we were I was in the leg lab I
+remember at the time we were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at the time we were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at the time we were kind of
+like oh wow they did that well we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wow they did that well we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wow they did that well we got to
+that sort of changes our view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of changes our view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of changes our view of the
+world uh that's P3 and that's azmo right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh that's P3 and that's azmo right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh that's P3 and that's azmo right
+really really still one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really still one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really still one of the most
+beautiful robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful robots
+around um you know about underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um you know about underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um you know about underactuated
+systems I don't have to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I don't have to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I don't have to tell you that
+you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about
+acrobats uh you know walking is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobats uh you know walking is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobats uh you know walking is um
+underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated
+right just to say it again and I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just to say it again and I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just to say it again and I said it
+quickly but essentially the way azimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but essentially the way azimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but essentially the way azimo
+works is they are trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is they are trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is they are trying to avoid
+underactuation right when you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuation right when you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuation right when you watch
+videos of azimo Walking it's always got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of azimo Walking it's always got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of azimo Walking it's always got
+its foot flat on the ground there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its foot flat on the ground there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its foot flat on the ground there's an
+exception where it runs I that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception where it runs I that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception where it runs I that you know
+Aero phase that you need a high-speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aero phase that you need a high-speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aero phase that you need a high-speed
+camera to see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera to see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera to see but
+um uh it's true um and that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's true um and that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's true um and that's just a
+small uh sort of deviation where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh sort of deviation where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh sort of deviation where they
+sort of turn off the stability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of turn off the stability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of turn off the stability of the
+control system for long enough and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system for long enough and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system for long enough and they
+can recover their controller is robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover their controller is robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover their controller is robust
+enough in the flat on the ground phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in the flat on the ground phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in the flat on the ground phase
+that they can catch small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can catch small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can catch small uh
+disturbances which are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances which are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances which are their
+uncontrolled aerial phase okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled aerial phase okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled aerial phase okay so for
+the most part they keep their flat foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part they keep their flat foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part they keep their flat foot
+um their foot flat on the ground they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their foot flat on the ground they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their foot flat on the ground they
+assume that their foot is bolted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that their foot is bolted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that their foot is bolted to the
+ground which would make them fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground which would make them fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground which would make them fully
+actuated right and then they do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated right and then they do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated right and then they do a lot of
+work to make sure that that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to make sure that that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to make sure that that assumption
+stays valid so they're constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays valid so they're constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays valid so they're constantly
+estimating the center of pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the center of pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the center of pressure of
+that foot and trying to keep it inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that foot and trying to keep it inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that foot and trying to keep it inside
+the foot which means the foot will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foot which means the foot will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foot which means the foot will not
+tip and this is if you've heard of zmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and this is if you've heard of zmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and this is if you've heard of zmp
+control that's the zmp control idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's the zmp control idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's the zmp control idea okay
+and then they do you know good robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they do you know good robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they do you know good robotics
+in between there they they're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between there they they're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between there they they're designing
+desired trajectories carefully they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired trajectories carefully they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired trajectories carefully they're
+keeping the knees bent to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the knees bent to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the knees bent to avoid
+singularities they're doing um some it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities they're doing um some it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities they're doing um some it
+depends on the story I've heard good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the story I've heard good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the story I've heard good um
+claims that they do very smart adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that they do very smart adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that they do very smart adaptive
+trajectory tracking control I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory tracking control I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory tracking control I've heard
+more recently that they just do PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently that they just do PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently that they just do PD
+control and that's good enough because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that's good enough because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that's good enough because
+they've got these enormous gear ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got these enormous gear ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got these enormous gear ratios
+and uh um that's good enough okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um that's good enough okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um that's good enough okay so um
+you've seen asmo working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem with it is that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with it is that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with it is that it's really
+inefficient right uses way too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right uses way too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right uses way too much
+energy uh walks slowly and has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh walks slowly and has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh walks slowly and has no
+robustness right I've told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story here's one view of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story here's one view of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story here's one view of everything
+we've been doing in this class right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing in this class right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing in this class right the
+fundamental thing that azimo is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing that azimo is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing that azimo is not
+doing in its control system is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in its control system is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in its control system is thinking
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+future okay so the if if you were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay so the if if you were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay so the if if you were taking
+a reinforcement learning class you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reinforcement learning class you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reinforcement learning class you would
+have started off with talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started off with talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started off with talking about
+delayed reward and that's how what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed reward and that's how what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed reward and that's how what makes
+the learning problem difficult right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning problem difficult right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning problem difficult right I
+didn't use the words delayed reward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the words delayed reward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the words delayed reward in
+this class but it's actually exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but it's actually exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but it's actually exactly the
+same thing the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the fact that we're
+optimizing a cost function over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing a cost function over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing a cost function over some
+interval into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into the
+future right means that we're I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future right means that we're I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future right means that we're I'm
+thinking about the future I'm planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the future I'm planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the future I'm planning
+over the future I'm doing uh long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the future I'm doing uh long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the future I'm doing uh long-term
+planning and if you think about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and if you think about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and if you think about having
+to wait till the end of that future to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait till the end of that future to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait till the end of that future to
+get to figure out if if what you did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to figure out if if what you did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to figure out if if what you did was
+made sense that's the delayed reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense that's the delayed reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense that's the delayed reward
+problem it's exactly the thing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's exactly the thing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's exactly the thing that um
+reinforcement learning fol BS use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning fol BS use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning fol BS use to
+convince other people that reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince other people that reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince other people that reinforcement
+learning is hard okay so so the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is hard okay so so the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is hard okay so so the problem
+in Walking is that you that you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Walking is that you that you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Walking is that you that you could do
+better if you stop just trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you stop just trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you stop just trying to be
+fully actuated all the time but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully actuated all the time but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully actuated all the time but you
+start thinking about the future think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about the future think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about the future think
+about long-term stability instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about long-term stability instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about long-term stability instead of
+trying to be fully actuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be fully actuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be fully actuated
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um The Hoppers there are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Hoppers there are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Hoppers there are examples of
+really dynamically dexterous Locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dynamically dexterous Locomotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dynamically dexterous Locomotion
+but uh but there's not General solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but there's not General solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but there's not General solutions
+to that that's what this class has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that's what this class has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that's what this class has been
+trying to go for so we do optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go for so we do optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go for so we do optimal
+control um we would love to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um we would love to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um we would love to have
+analytical approximations for optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical approximations for optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical approximations for optimal
+control for full humanoids like azimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for full humanoids like azimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for full humanoids like azimo
+love to have it don't have it don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have it don't have it don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have it don't have it don't you
+know we're not even close you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not even close you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not even close you know the
+tools that we have now um but even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we have now um but even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we have now um but even if we
+did have an analytical approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have an analytical approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have an analytical approximation
+optimal control maybe we will in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control maybe we will in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control maybe we will in a few
+years who knows um we'd still like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years who knows um we'd still like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years who knows um we'd still like to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+learning right all this model free stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right all this model free stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right all this model free stuff
+is still valuable because if the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still valuable because if the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still valuable because if the world
+changes you'd like to adapt right so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you'd like to adapt right so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you'd like to adapt right so my
+thesis was basically about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis was basically about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis was basically about trying to
+show that I could do online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that I could do online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that I could do online
+um optimization on a real root system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um optimization on a real root system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um optimization on a real root system in
+real time and I told you about Andrew's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and I told you about Andrew's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and I told you about Andrew's
+helicopters um there's a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters um there's a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters um there's a lot of work on
+Sony dogs that do open loop trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony dogs that do open loop trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony dogs that do open loop trajectory
+optimization from trial and error so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization from trial and error so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization from trial and error so you
+know Sony came out and they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Sony came out and they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Sony came out and they have this
+sort of walking gate right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of walking gate right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of walking gate right and then
+people started using them for soccer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started using them for soccer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started using them for soccer and
+they said how fast can we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said how fast can we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said how fast can we make this
+thing go it turns out the fastest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go it turns out the fastest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go it turns out the fastest thing
+to do on an eyebow is to make it walk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on an eyebow is to make it walk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on an eyebow is to make it walk on
+its knees like this right and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its knees like this right and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its knees like this right and they found
+that from a policy gradient search where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from a policy gradient search where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from a policy gradient search where
+they basically made the dog walking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically made the dog walking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically made the dog walking back
+and forth between sort of a pink cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between sort of a pink cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between sort of a pink cone
+and a blue cone just back and forth all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a blue cone just back and forth all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a blue cone just back and forth all
+day long doing policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day long doing policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day long doing policy
+gradient and they figured out this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and they figured out this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and they figured out this this
+is a nice fast way to go and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice fast way to go and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice fast way to go and then they
+won the soccer competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the soccer competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the soccer competition
+yeah I'm not actually sure if that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not actually sure if that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not actually sure if that last
+part is true I don't know who won but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is true I don't know who won but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is true I don't know who won but um
+I'd like to think it's true um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to think it's true um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to think it's true um there are
+people that do a lot of walking robots I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do a lot of walking robots I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do a lot of walking robots I
+think I showed you the UNH bipeds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I showed you the UNH bipeds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I showed you the UNH bipeds that
+were uh some of the first learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh some of the first learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh some of the first learning
+bipeds right um I've told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipeds right um I've told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipeds right um I've told you about
+these all term right so there's large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all term right so there's large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all term right so there's large
+continuous State and action spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous State and action spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous State and action spaces
+complex Dynamics we want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Dynamics we want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Dynamics we want to minimize the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+Trials um the Dynamics are are tough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials um the Dynamics are are tough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials um the Dynamics are are tough for
+walking because of the collisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking because of the collisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking because of the collisions and
+there's this delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this delayed
+reward so in my thesis the thing I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward so in my thesis the thing I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward so in my thesis the thing I did
+was tried to build a robot that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was tried to build a robot that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was tried to build a robot that made
+that learned well that was my goal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learned well that was my goal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learned well that was my goal I
+simultaneously design a good Learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously design a good Learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously design a good Learning
+System but also build a robot where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System but also build a robot where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System but also build a robot where
+learning would work really well instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning would work really well instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning would work really well instead
+of working on asmo I worked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on asmo I worked on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on asmo I worked on this
+little dinky thing I called toddler yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dinky thing I called toddler yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dinky thing I called toddler yeah
+okay and I spent a lot of time on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I spent a lot of time on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I spent a lot of time on that
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+robot um so you know about passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot um so you know about passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot um so you know about passive
+walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is the simplest this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the simplest this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the simplest this is the
+first passive Walker I built you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first passive Walker I built you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first passive Walker I built you know um
+passive walking 101 here um so sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive walking 101 here um so sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive walking 101 here um so sort of a
+Funny Story I mean I I I was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funny Story I mean I I I was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funny Story I mean I I I was in a
+neuroscience lab right I worked with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience lab right I worked with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience lab right I worked with the
+leg lab but my adviser was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg lab but my adviser was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg lab but my adviser was in
+Neuroscience um they spent lots of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience um they spent lots of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience um they spent lots of money
+on you know microscopes and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know microscopes and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know microscopes and lots of
+money so at some point I said can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so at some point I said can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so at some point I said can I
+spend a little bit of money on a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of money on a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of money on a machine
+shop and it I promise it'll cost less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop and it I promise it'll cost less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop and it I promise it'll cost less
+than the lens you just spent on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the lens you just spent on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the lens you just spent on that one
+microscope and so he gave me a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and so he gave me a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and so he gave me a little
+bit of money to go down I was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money to go down I was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money to go down I was in a
+basically a closet at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a closet at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a closet at the end of the
+hall um my tools looked like things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall um my tools looked like things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall um my tools looked like things like
+this like I couldn't even afford another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like I couldn't even afford another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like I couldn't even afford another
+piece of rubber when I cut off a corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of rubber when I cut off a corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of rubber when I cut off a corner
+you know so I uh and that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so I uh and that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so I uh and that's actually a
+CD rack that I got rid of somewhere uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD rack that I got rid of somewhere uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD rack that I got rid of somewhere uh
+and that's you know that's my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know that's my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know that's my little
+wooden ramp that I was doing for Passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden ramp that I was doing for Passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden ramp that I was doing for Passive
+walking um but we built these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking um but we built these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking um but we built these little
+passive Walkers with a little sheline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Walkers with a little sheline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Walkers with a little sheline
+CNC mill um that walk sta in 3D down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNC mill um that walk sta in 3D down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNC mill um that walk sta in 3D down a
+small ramp yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ramp yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ramp yeah
+don't know why it's playing badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so that was the first steps if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that was the first steps if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that was the first steps if we
+want to do walking it's not hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do walking it's not hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do walking it's not hard you
+just um those those feet are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um those those feet are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um those those feet are actually
+cnced out spend a lot of time on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cnced out spend a lot of time on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cnced out spend a lot of time on those
+feet they're a curvature that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet they're a curvature that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet they're a curvature that was
+designed carefully to to get stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed carefully to to get stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed carefully to to get stability
+it's just a simple joint yeah just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a simple joint yeah just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a simple joint yeah just a
+just a pin joint but that's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pin joint but that's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pin joint but that's a you know
+walking robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot
+right at the time you know uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the time you know uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the time you know uh people
+have been working on of walkers for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been working on of walkers for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been working on of walkers for a
+long time but nobody had sort of done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but nobody had sort of done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but nobody had sort of done
+the the obvious thing which was to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the obvious thing which was to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the obvious thing which was to add a
+few Motors and make it walk on the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Motors and make it walk on the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Motors and make it walk on the flat
+nobody had done it so that's what I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had done it so that's what I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had done it so that's what I set
+out to do with the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to do with the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to do with the learning
+um turns out a few people did it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out a few people did it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out a few people did it around
+the same time so we wrote a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so we wrote a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so we wrote a paper
+together but the basic story was we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but the basic story was we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but the basic story was we went
+from this simple thing that was passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this simple thing that was passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this simple thing that was passive
+to the actuated version um the hip joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actuated version um the hip joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actuated version um the hip joint
+here on this robot is still passive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this robot is still passive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this robot is still passive okay
+put actuators in at the ankle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put actuators in at the ankle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put actuators in at the ankle so we
+added new degrees of freedom with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added new degrees of freedom with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added new degrees of freedom with
+actuators so that it could push off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators so that it could push off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators so that it could push off the
+ground but still keep its mostly passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground but still keep its mostly passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground but still keep its mostly passive
+gate it's actually you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate it's actually you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate it's actually you know it's
+extruded stock here with that's stacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extruded stock here with that's stacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extruded stock here with that's stacked
+with gyros and rate Gyros and um all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gyros and rate Gyros and um all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gyros and rate Gyros and um all the
+kinds of sensors it's got a 700 me mehz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sensors it's got a 700 me mehz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sensors it's got a 700 me mehz
+pennium in its belly which kind of stung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennium in its belly which kind of stung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennium in its belly which kind of stung
+in retrospect I couldn't make it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrospect I couldn't make it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrospect I couldn't make it very
+many efficiency arguments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many efficiency arguments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many efficiency arguments about the
+robot because it's carrying a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot because it's carrying a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot because it's carrying a computer
+the size of my desktop at the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of my desktop at the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of my desktop at the time you
+know and so so there's there's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so so there's there's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so so there's there's five
+batteries total on the system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries total on the system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries total on the system right
+those four are powering the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four are powering the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four are powering the computer
+there's one little one in there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little one in there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little one in there that's
+powering the motors um and and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering the motors um and and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering the motors um and and still
+those big four drained like 50% faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those big four drained like 50% faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those big four drained like 50% faster
+than the other ones um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other ones um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other ones um but it's
+computationally powerful right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally powerful right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally powerful right I
+actually ran a little web server off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ran a little web server off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ran a little web server off
+there just because I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just because I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just because I thought it was
+funny um and uh um the arms look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny um and uh um the arms look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny um and uh um the arms look like
+you add I've added degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add I've added degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add I've added degrees of freedom
+but actually they're mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually they're mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually they're mechanically
+attached to the opposite legs so so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the opposite legs so so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the opposite legs so so when
+I moved this that bar across the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved this that bar across the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved this that bar across the front
+was making that coupling happen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making that coupling happen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making that coupling happen which is
+important for the 3D walking because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the 3D walking because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the 3D walking because if
+you if you want to walk down if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you want to walk down if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you want to walk down if you have
+no arms and you swing a big heavy foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arms and you swing a big heavy foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arms and you swing a big heavy foot
+then you're going to get a big yaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to get a big yaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to get a big yaw
+moment and the robots off walk like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and the robots off walk like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and the robots off walk like this
+and went off the side of the ramp so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went off the side of the ramp so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went off the side of the ramp so you
+put the big batteries on the side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the big batteries on the side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the big batteries on the side and
+then everything walks straight and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything walks straight and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything walks straight and it's
+good so in total there's nine degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so in total there's nine degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so in total there's nine degrees of
+freedom if you count um all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom if you count um all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom if you count um all the things
+that could possibly move and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could possibly move and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could possibly move and there's
+four Motors to to do the control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Motors to to do the control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Motors to to do the control so
+that's underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's underactuated
+right um got the robot Dynamics oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um got the robot Dynamics oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um got the robot Dynamics oops
+I've used a Mac now and I used to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used a Mac now and I used to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used a Mac now and I used to use a
+windows so apparently my U is now oh hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows so apparently my U is now oh hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows so apparently my U is now oh hat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sorry that but that's actually toao okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that but that's actually toao okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that but that's actually toao okay
+so TOA um yeah so I had most almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so TOA um yeah so I had most almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so TOA um yeah so I had most almost the
+the um the manipulator equations but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the manipulator equations but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the manipulator equations but I I
+had to go through this little hobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go through this little hobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go through this little hobby
+Servo so it wasn't quite the manipulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Servo so it wasn't quite the manipulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Servo so it wasn't quite the manipulator
+equation um and the goal was to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and the goal was to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um and the goal was to find a
+control policy Pi that was so so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control policy Pi that was so so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control policy Pi that was so so it was
+already stable down a small ramp and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already stable down a small ramp and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already stable down a small ramp and the
+way I formulated the problem is I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I formulated the problem is I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I formulated the problem is I wanted
+to take that same limit cycle that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that same limit cycle that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that same limit cycle that I
+could find experimentally down a ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find experimentally down a ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find experimentally down a ramp
+and make it so it worked on whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it so it worked on whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it so it worked on whatever
+slope so make that return turn map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so make that return turn map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so make that return turn map
+Dynamics invariant to slope and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics invariant to slope and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics invariant to slope and to do
+that you need to add energy and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to add energy and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to add energy and you need
+to find a control policy so my goal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a control policy so my goal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a control policy so my goal was
+to find um this Pi um that stabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find um this Pi um that stabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find um this Pi um that stabilized
+the limit cycle solution that I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit cycle solution that I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit cycle solution that I saw
+downhill to make it work on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill to make it work on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill to make it work on any
+slope so this was the um just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so this was the um just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so this was the um just showing
+that toddler with its um computer turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toddler with its um computer turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toddler with its um computer turned
+off it's Motors are turned on actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's Motors are turned on actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's Motors are turned on actually
+this one is even the the motors are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is even the the motors are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is even the the motors are off
+and there's just little splints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's just little splints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's just little splints on the
+ankle just showing that it was also Al a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankle just showing that it was also Al a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankle just showing that it was also Al a
+passive Walker and showing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Walker and showing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Walker and showing that I
+dramatically improved my Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically improved my Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically improved my Hardware
+experience by getting a little proor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience by getting a little proor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience by getting a little proor
+treadmill that was off the back lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill that was off the back lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill that was off the back lot and
+I painted it yellow and stuff so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I painted it yellow and stuff so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I painted it yellow and stuff so um so
+this thing would actually walk all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would actually walk all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would actually walk all day
+long um it would so uh I put it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um it would so uh I put it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um it would so uh I put it's it's a
+little trick at the very edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick at the very edge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick at the very edge in the
+middle there's nothing going on but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's nothing going on but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's nothing going on but at
+the very edge of the treadmill I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very edge of the treadmill I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very edge of the treadmill I put a
+little lip there so if it happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lip there so if it happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lip there so if it happened to
+wander itself over to the side it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander itself over to the side it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander itself over to the side it would
+hit that lip and walk back towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit that lip and walk back towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit that lip and walk back towards the
+middle okay and I put a little wedge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay and I put a little wedge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay and I put a little wedge on
+the front and on the back so it was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and on the back so it was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and on the back so it was sort
+of he would try to stay in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he would try to stay in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he would try to stay in the middle of
+the treadmill and that thing would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treadmill and that thing would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treadmill and that thing would just
+walk all day long it' drive you crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk all day long it' drive you crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk all day long it' drive you crazy
+hearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing the
+footstep all day long but uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footstep all day long but uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footstep all day long but uh but it
+worked it worked well it still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked it worked well it still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked it worked well it still works
+today most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today most of the time
+um so I I I used the words policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I I used the words policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I I used the words policy
+gradient but this was really an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient but this was really an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient but this was really an actor
+critic um algorithm okay so I I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic um algorithm okay so I I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic um algorithm okay so I I used
+linear it's actually a ber Centric Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's actually a ber Centric Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's actually a ber Centric Grid
+in Fe but a linear function approximator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fe but a linear function approximator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fe but a linear function approximator
+and the basic story was policy gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic story was policy gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic story was policy gradient
+okay so um it was something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um it was something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um it was something in between
+this perfectly online um at every DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfectly online um at every DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perfectly online um at every DT
+make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an
+update uh and it was it was not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh and it was it was not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update uh and it was it was not quite
+the episodic run a trial stop run trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episodic run a trial stop run trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episodic run a trial stop run trial
+stop the cost function was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the cost function was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the cost function was really a
+long-term cost um but I did it once per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost um but I did it once per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost um but I did it once per
+footstep okay so every time the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footstep okay so every time the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footstep okay so every time the robot
+literally took a footstep I would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally took a footstep I would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally took a footstep I would make a
+small change to the policy parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to the policy parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to the policy parameters
+see how well it walked see where hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how well it walked see where hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how well it walked see where hit the
+return map and then change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return map and then change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return map and then change the
+parameters again change the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters again change the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters again change the parameters
+again okay and every time that foot hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and every time that foot hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and every time that foot hit
+the ground I would evaluate the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground I would evaluate the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground I would evaluate the uh the
+change in Walking performance and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Walking performance and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Walking performance and make
+the change in in W based on that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in in W based on that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in in W based on that result
+okay I'll show you the algorithm that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll show you the algorithm that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll show you the algorithm that I
+used in a second which you'll now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in a second which you'll now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in a second which you'll now
+recognize so the way to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize so the way to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize so the way to think about that
+sampling in W is that you're estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling in W is that you're estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling in W is that you're estimating
+the policy gradient and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy gradient and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy gradient and you're
+performing online stochastic gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing online stochastic gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing online stochastic gradient
+descent right so um at the time the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent right so um at the time the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent right so um at the time the way
+I described the big challenge is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described the big challenge is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described the big challenge is what
+the cost function for walking and um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function for walking and um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function for walking and um how
+do you achieve fast provable convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you achieve fast provable convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you achieve fast provable convergence
+despite noisy gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite noisy gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite noisy gradient
+estimates you guys know about return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates you guys know about return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates you guys know about return
+Maps this is my picture of return maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps this is my picture of return maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps this is my picture of return maps
+from a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a long time
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+um so this is the Vander oscillator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the Vander oscillator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the Vander oscillator this
+is the return map here um the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the return map here um the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the return map here um the important
+Point here so this is the samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here so this is the samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here so this is the samples and
+the return map this is the velocity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return map this is the velocity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return map this is the velocity at
+the N Crossing versus the velocity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N Crossing versus the velocity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N Crossing versus the velocity at
+the N plus one crossing the blue line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus one crossing the blue line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus one crossing the blue line is
+the line of slope one so it's stable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of slope one so it's stable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of slope one so it's stable um
+the Vanderpool oscillator because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vanderpool oscillator because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vanderpool oscillator because it's
+above the line here and below the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line here and below the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line here and below the line
+there and you can evaluate local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can evaluate local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can evaluate local
+stability by linearizing and taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability by linearizing and taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability by linearizing and taking the
+igen values we've talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values we've talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values we've talked about these
+things um but I know you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um but I know you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um but I know you know I don't
+know if I made the point nicely before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I made the point nicely before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I made the point nicely before
+that if you could pick anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you could pick anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you could pick anything you
+could if you'd want your return map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you'd want your return map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you'd want your return map to
+look like anything in the world if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like anything in the world if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like anything in the world if you
+could pick what would you pick um you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick what would you pick um you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick what would you pick um you'd
+pick a flat line right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a flat line right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a flat line right that's the
+deadbeat controller I used I did use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadbeat controller I used I did use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadbeat controller I used I did use the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+deadbe um so that's where my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadbe um so that's where my cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadbe um so that's where my cost
+function came from okay the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function came from okay the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function came from okay the cost
+function that tried to say this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that tried to say this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that tried to say this the
+robot was walking well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wow
+um penalized my instantaneous cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um penalized my instantaneous cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um penalized my instantaneous cost
+function penalized the square distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function penalized the square distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function penalized the square distance
+between my my sample on the return map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my my sample on the return map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my my sample on the return map
+and the desired return map which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the desired return map which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the desired return map which is that
+green line okay so basically I wanted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line okay so basically I wanted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line okay so basically I wanted I
+tried to drive the system to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to drive the system to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to drive the system to have a
+deadbeat controller okay and I did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadbeat controller okay and I did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadbeat controller okay and I did and
+there's limits there's actuator limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's limits there's actuator limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's limits there's actuator limits
+it's going to mean it's never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to mean it's never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to mean it's never going to
+get there but my cost function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there but my cost function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there but my cost function was
+trying to force that every time I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to force that every time I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to force that every time I got a
+sample trying to push that sample more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample trying to push that sample more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample trying to push that sample more
+towards the deadbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controller then basically it worked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller then basically it worked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller then basically it worked it
+worked really well the robot began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well the robot began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well the robot began
+walking began walking in 1 minute which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking began walking in 1 minute which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking began walking in 1 minute which
+means it started getting uh its foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it started getting uh its foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it started getting uh its foot
+cleared right so the first thing if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared right so the first thing if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared right so the first thing if I
+set W equal to zero it was configured so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set W equal to zero it was configured so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set W equal to zero it was configured so
+that when the policy parameters were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the policy parameters were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the policy parameters were
+zero it was a passive Walker so I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it was a passive Walker so I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it was a passive Walker so I put it
+on flat I picked it up I picked it up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on flat I picked it up I picked it up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on flat I picked it up I picked it up a
+lot right I drop it it runs out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right I drop it it runs out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right I drop it it runs out of
+energy and stands still because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and stands still because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and stands still because it was
+it's just a passive Walker it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a passive Walker it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a passive Walker it's not
+getting energy from um it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting energy from um it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting energy from um it's just it's
+only losing energy okay so now I pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only losing energy okay so now I pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only losing energy okay so now I pick it
+up I drop it and every time it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I drop it and every time it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I drop it and every time it takes a
+step it's twiddling the parameters at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step it's twiddling the parameters at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step it's twiddling the parameters at
+the ankle a little bit okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ankle a little bit okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ankle a little bit okay so it
+started going going like this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started going going like this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started going going like this a little
+bit and then after about a minute of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then after about a minute of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then after about a minute of of
+dropping it and quickly I wrote a script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping it and quickly I wrote a script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping it and quickly I wrote a script
+that would kick it into place so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would kick it into place so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would kick it into place so I
+stopped dropping it okay so I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped dropping it okay so I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped dropping it okay so I got a
+little script so it go like this and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little script so it go like this and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little script so it go like this and in
+about one minute it was getting it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one minute it was getting it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one minute it was getting it was
+sort of marching in place okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of marching in place okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of marching in place okay and then
+I started driving it around I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started driving it around I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started driving it around I had a
+little joystick which said I want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little joystick which said I want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little joystick which said I want your
+desired body to go like this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired body to go like this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired body to go like this and it
+started walking around and about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started walking around and about 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started walking around and about 5
+minutes it was walking uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it was walking uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it was walking uh sort of
+walking around I'll show you the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around I'll show you the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around I'll show you the video
+here in a second uh and then I I said 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a second uh and then I I said 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a second uh and then I I said 20
+minutes was for convergence that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes was for convergence that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes was for convergence that was
+conservative most of the time it was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative most of the time it was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative most of the time it was 10
+minutes it would converge to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it would converge to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it would converge to the the
+policy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that
+was locally optimal in this policy class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was locally optimal in this policy class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was locally optimal in this policy class
+but worked very well and I just started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but worked very well and I just started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but worked very well and I just started
+send it off the hall down the hall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it off the hall down the hall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it off the hall down the hall and
+it it would walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it would walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it would walk
+okay and doing the stability analysis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and doing the stability analysis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and doing the stability analysis it
+showed the learn controllers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the learn controllers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the learn controllers is
+considerably more stable than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more stable than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more stable than than the
+controllers I designed by hand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers I designed by hand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers I designed by hand which
+were I spent a long time on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I spent a long time on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I spent a long time on those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um and now here's a really key Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now here's a really key Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now here's a really key Point
+okay so oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oops
+um you might ask how much is this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might ask how much is this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might ask how much is this sort
+of approximate value function how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approximate value function how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approximate value function how
+important is that that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that that's sort of the
+topic for today right how important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for today right how important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for today right how important is
+this approximate value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate value
+function Well turns out if I if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Well turns out if I if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Well turns out if I if I were
+to um reset the policy I just set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um reset the policy I just set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um reset the policy I just set the
+par parameter policy parameters to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par parameter policy parameters to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par parameter policy parameters to zero
+again but keep the value function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but keep the value function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but keep the value function from
+the previous time it learned okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time it learned okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time it learned okay then
+the whole thing it starts it it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing it starts it it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing it starts it it the
+whole thing speeds up dramatically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing speeds up dramatically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing speeds up dramatically right
+so instead of converging in 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of converging in 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of converging in 20 minutes
+the thing converges in like 2 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing converges in like 2 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing converges in like 2 minutes
+okay so just by virtue of of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just by virtue of of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just by virtue of of having a
+good Value Estimate there learning goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Value Estimate there learning goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Value Estimate there learning goes
+dramatically faster and it's only when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically faster and it's only when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically faster and it's only when I
+have to learn them both simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn them both simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn them both simultaneously
+that it takes more like 10 or 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes more like 10 or 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes more like 10 or 20 minutes
+and it worked so fast that I never built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked so fast that I never built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked so fast that I never built
+a robot I never built a model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot I never built a model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot I never built a model for the
+robot right actually I you know I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot right actually I you know I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot right actually I you know I tried
+later it's it's tough the nemics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's it's tough the nemics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's it's tough the nemics are
+that are I mean the it's a it's a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are I mean the it's a it's a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are I mean the it's a it's a curved
+foot with rubber on it right uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot with rubber on it right uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot with rubber on it right uh it was
+just it was very hard to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was very hard to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was very hard to model
+accurately um um and I didn't need to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um um and I didn't need to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um um and I didn't need to it
+work it learned very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it learned very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it learned very quickly
+um quickly enough that it was adapting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quickly enough that it was adapting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quickly enough that it was adapting
+to the train as it walked all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the train as it walked all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the train as it walked all right so
+here's the here's the point gray maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the point gray maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the point gray maps
+from that little toddler robot projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that little toddler robot projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that little toddler robot projected
+onto a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a plane
+um so I you know I picked it up a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I you know I picked it up a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I you know I picked it up a bunch
+of times I tried to make it just walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I tried to make it just walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I tried to make it just walk in
+place here um before learning it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here um before learning it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here um before learning it was
+obviously only stable at the z0 fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously only stable at the z0 fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously only stable at the z0 fix
+point it was running out of energy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it was running out of energy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it was running out of energy on
+every step and going to zero after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step and going to zero after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step and going to zero after
+learning this is what the return map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this is what the return map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this is what the return map
+looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+like okay um so it actually could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay um so it actually could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay um so it actually could start
+from stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stopped
+reliably right this is actually far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably right this is actually far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably right this is actually far
+better than I expected it to do okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I expected it to do okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I expected it to do okay if
+you if you do your little um staircase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you do your little um staircase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you do your little um staircase
+analysis of this right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this right so it
+um it gets up to the fix point in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it gets up to the fix point in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it gets up to the fix point in two
+steps or three steps for most initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps or three steps for most initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps or three steps for most initial
+conditions b b b b right and from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions b b b b right and from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions b b b b right and from a very
+large range of initial conditions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large range of initial conditions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large range of initial conditions as
+large as I cared to sample from so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as I cared to sample from so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as I cared to sample from so you
+could you could go up there and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could go up there and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could go up there and people
+did actually when you know had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually when you know had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually when you know had a little
+after we got it working we sort of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we got it working we sort of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we got it working we sort of had
+the Press came and um and then everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Press came and um and then everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Press came and um and then everybody
+was asking me can can you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking me can can you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking me can can you know the
+reporters are saying can I have my kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporters are saying can I have my kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporters are saying can I have my kid
+play with the robot or can I can we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the robot or can I can we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the robot or can I can we put
+it on a treadmill in the gym or can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a treadmill in the gym or can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a treadmill in the gym or can we
+you know Rich Sutton um put his fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Rich Sutton um put his fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Rich Sutton um put his fingers
+under it and was like you know playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it and was like you know playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it and was like you know playing
+with it at dips one time um so it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it at dips one time um so it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it at dips one time um so it got
+Disturbed in every possible way and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disturbed in every possible way and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disturbed in every possible way and for
+the most part it worked really I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part it worked really I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part it worked really I mean so
+you could give it a big push this way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give it a big push this way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could give it a big push this way it
+actually takes energy out and comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually takes energy out and comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually takes energy out and comes back
+and and recovers in like two steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and recovers in like two steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and recovers in like two steps you
+stop it it goes back up and it recovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it it goes back up and it recovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it it goes back up and it recovers
+and if the um the worst case um I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the um the worst case um I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the um the worst case um I had
+some demo to give or something and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demo to give or something and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demo to give or something and I
+took it out of the case um it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it out of the case um it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it out of the case um it had
+traveled through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled through the
+airport the Customs people always asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport the Customs people always asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport the Customs people always asked
+me if it had um you know commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if it had um you know commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if it had um you know commercial
+value uh doesn't have commercial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh doesn't have commercial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh doesn't have commercial value
+um and uh but it it broke somehow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh but it it broke somehow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh but it it broke somehow in the
+in the travel you know and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the travel you know and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the travel you know and I didn't
+realize it I took it up picked it picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it I took it up picked it picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it I took it up picked it picked
+it up and had to do its demo and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and had to do its demo and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and had to do its demo and it's
+going like this and it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like this and it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like this and it's it's sort of
+walking it looks a little funny people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking it looks a little funny people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking it looks a little funny people
+were still relatively happy with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still relatively happy with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still relatively happy with it
+turns out the ankle had it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the ankle had it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the ankle had it completely
+snapped but in just a few steps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped but in just a few steps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapped but in just a few steps it
+actually found a policy that was walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found a policy that was walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found a policy that was walking
+with a broken ankle right so it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a broken ankle right so it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a broken ankle right so it works it
+really worked um it really did work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked um it really did work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked um it really did work I
+I'm not sure you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure you know I mean
+yeah it really worked okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it really worked okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it really worked okay so here's the
+here's the basic video um this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the basic video um this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the basic video um this was uh
+you know the beginning I was paranoid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the beginning I was paranoid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the beginning I was paranoid so
+I had pads on it to make sure it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had pads on it to make sure it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had pads on it to make sure it didn't
+fall down and break um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down and break um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down and break um this is the
+little policy that would kick it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little policy that would kick it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little policy that would kick it up into
+a random initial condition like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random initial condition like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random initial condition like that and
+then it's now it's learning it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's now it's learning it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's now it's learning it falls
+down I don't know why it's playing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I don't know why it's playing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I don't know why it's playing so
+badly um this is after a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly um this is after a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly um this is after a few minutes
+it's stepping in place it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stepping in place it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stepping in place it's
+walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then I start driving it around I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I start driving it around I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I start driving it around I
+say okay let's walk around and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's walk around and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's walk around and it
+stumbles um but really really fast I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbles um but really really fast I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbles um but really really fast I
+learned a policy that could stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right and after a few minutes oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and after a few minutes oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and after a few minutes oh yeah
+this is the disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the disturbance
+tests I for actually I haven't shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests I for actually I haven't shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests I for actually I haven't shown
+these in a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in a long
+time um it's really robust to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um it's really robust to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um it's really robust to those
+things and then you could send it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then you could send it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then you could send it off
+down the hall now this is a little robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hall now this is a little robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hall now this is a little robot
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+big feet admittedly but um um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big feet admittedly but um um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big feet admittedly but um um you know
+it's like the lenium in e25 this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the lenium in e25 this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the lenium in e25 this was an
+e25 was really not flat I mean I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e25 was really not flat I mean I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e25 was really not flat I mean I it's
+sort of embarrassing to tell people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of embarrassing to tell people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of embarrassing to tell people like
+look at the look at the floor it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the look at the floor it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the look at the floor it's not
+flat but um for that robot I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat but um for that robot I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat but um for that robot I mean
+there's huge disturbances it was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge disturbances it was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge disturbances it was that
+walked down the the um the floor but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked down the the um the floor but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked down the the um the floor but it
+was the policy parameters were changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the policy parameters were changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the policy parameters were changing
+quite a bit you could walk off tile onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit you could walk off tile onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit you could walk off tile onto
+carpet and in a few steps it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpet and in a few steps it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpet and in a few steps it would
+adjust its parameters and keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust its parameters and keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust its parameters and keep on
+walking this was it um walking from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking this was it um walking from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking this was it um walking from from
+e25 towards the media lab if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e25 towards the media lab if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e25 towards the media lab if you
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so one of the things I said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so one of the things I said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so one of the things I said is
+um the different one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the different one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the different one of the problems
+with the Value Estimate is you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Value Estimate is you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Value Estimate is you make a
+small change in the value function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change in the value function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change in the value function you
+get a big change in the policy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a big change in the policy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a big change in the policy um
+theoretically no problem in practice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically no problem in practice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically no problem in practice you
+don't probably want that right one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't probably want that right one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't probably want that right one of
+the beautiful things about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful things about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful things about the the
+policy gradient algorithms is you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy gradient algorithms is you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy gradient algorithms is you make a
+small change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to the
+policy it doesn't look like the robot's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it doesn't look like the robot's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy it doesn't look like the robot's
+doing crazy so every time everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing crazy so every time everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing crazy so every time everything you
+saw there it was always learning right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw there it was always learning right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw there it was always learning right
+learning did not look like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning did not look like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning did not look like a big
+deviation from nominal Behavior I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from nominal Behavior I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from nominal Behavior I never
+turned off learning with this right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off learning with this right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off learning with this right it
+turned out in the in the policy gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out in the in the policy gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out in the in the policy gradient
+setting I could add such a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I could add such a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I could add such a small amount
+of noise to the policy parameters which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise to the policy parameters which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise to the policy parameters which
+was a berry Centric grid over the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a berry Centric grid over the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a berry Centric grid over the um the
+state space such a small amount of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space such a small amount of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space such a small amount of noise
+that you couldn't even tell it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't even tell it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't even tell it was
+learning right but it was enough to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right but it was enough to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning right but it was enough to pull
+out a gradient estimate and keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a gradient estimate and keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a gradient estimate and keep going
+right so so it it didn't look like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it it didn't look like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it it didn't look like it
+was trying random things it didn't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying random things it didn't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying random things it didn't try
+but then if it walked off onto carpet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if it walked off onto carpet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if it walked off onto carpet it
+did a bad thing it would it would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a bad thing it would it would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a bad thing it would it would still
+adapt that was something I didn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt that was something I didn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt that was something I didn't expect
+that worked it would just it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked it would just it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked it would just it was a very
+nice sort of match between the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice sort of match between the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice sort of match between the amount of
+noise you had to add and the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you had to add and the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you had to add and the speed of
+learning um the Value Estimate was a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um the Value Estimate was a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um the Value Estimate was a low
+dimensional approximation of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional approximation of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional approximation of the value
+function um very low like ridiculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um very low like ridiculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um very low like ridiculously
+low one dimension right um but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low one dimension right um but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low one dimension right um but it was
+sufficient to decrease the variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to decrease the variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to decrease the variance and
+allow fast convergence it I never got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow fast convergence it I never got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow fast convergence it I never got it
+to work before I put a value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and here's Al's question so I ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and here's Al's question so I ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and here's Al's question so I ended
+up choosing gamma to be pretty low gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up choosing gamma to be pretty low gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up choosing gamma to be pretty low gamma
+was was 02 some I did try with zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was 02 some I did try with zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was 02 some I did try with zero at
+times what did that mean so that so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what did that mean so that so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what did that mean so that so um
+that's how far I carried back my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how far I carried back my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how far I carried back my
+eligibility which means how many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility which means how many steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility which means how many steps
+am I looking at it's a you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I looking at it's a you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I looking at it's a you could think
+of it as a receiving Horizon optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a receiving Horizon optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a receiving Horizon optimal
+control how many steps ahead do you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how many steps ahead do you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control how many steps ahead do you look
+right except it's discounted okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right except it's discounted okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right except it's discounted okay so um
+so point two is really heavy discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so point two is really heavy discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so point two is really heavy discounting
+really really heavy it means I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really heavy it means I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really heavy it means I was
+basically looking one step ahead and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking one step ahead and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking one step ahead and and
+not worrying about um things well into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worrying about um things well into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worrying about um things well into
+the future which made my learning faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future which made my learning faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future which made my learning faster
+but meant I didn't take really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but meant I didn't take really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but meant I didn't take really
+aggressive Corrections that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive Corrections that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive Corrections that were
+multi-step sort of Corrections only very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step sort of Corrections only very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step sort of Corrections only very
+rarely if the cost really warranted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely if the cost really warranted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely if the cost really warranted it
+okay so that was always something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was always something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was always something I
+thought would be cool if I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought would be cool if I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought would be cool if I could get
+that higher and it and show a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher and it and show a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher and it and show a reason why
+um multi-step corrections made it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multi-step corrections made it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multi-step corrections made it a lot
+more stable did it not work as well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable did it not work as well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable did it not work as well with
+it didn't learn as fast right at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't learn as fast right at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't learn as fast right at some
+point I decided I'm going to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I decided I'm going to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I decided I'm going to try to make
+the point that these things can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that these things can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that these things can really
+learn fast and so I started turning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn fast and so I started turning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn fast and so I started turning all
+the knobs you know simple policy simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knobs you know simple policy simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knobs you know simple policy simple
+value function low um look ahead and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function low um look ahead and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value function low um look ahead and it
+it worked but it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked but it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked but it was it was
+fast is the camera you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast is the camera you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast is the camera you use
+U is it the same as Lambda or it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is it the same as Lambda or it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is it the same as Lambda or it's it's
+um it's like it's a gamma in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like it's a gamma in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like it's a gamma in a
+discounted um reward formulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted um reward formulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted um reward formulation so
+there is no eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no eligible
+trace the eligibility trace for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the eligibility trace for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the eligibility trace for the
+reinforce in a discounted problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce in a discounted problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce in a discounted problem is the
+same as the discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor so um in my lab now we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so um in my lab now we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so um in my lab now we're doing a
+lot of these modelbased things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these modelbased things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these modelbased things we're
+doing lqr trees we're doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lqr trees we're doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lqr trees we're doing a lot of
+things in fact um the the linear control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact um the the linear control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact um the the linear control
+started working so beautifully in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working so beautifully in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working so beautifully in
+simulation the Rick um Corey is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the Rick um Corey is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the Rick um Corey is one of
+our guys uh he started josing me he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guys uh he started josing me he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guys uh he started josing me he said
+he's like why didn't you just do lqr on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like why didn't you just do lqr on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like why didn't you just do lqr on
+toddler and and he was giving me a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toddler and and he was giving me a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toddler and and he was giving me a hard
+time for a long time now he's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a long time now he's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a long time now he's asking
+about model free methods again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about model free methods again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about model free methods again because
+um uh it's really hard to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's really hard to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's really hard to get a good
+model of of of very underactuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of of of very underactuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of of of very underactuated
+systems I mean it um the plane that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I mean it um the plane that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I mean it um the plane that I'll
+tell you about more on Thursday but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about more on Thursday but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about more on Thursday but our
+perching plane which you've seen quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching plane which you've seen quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching plane which you've seen quickly
+um is one actuator and and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one actuator and and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one actuator and and depending on
+how you count the elevator eight degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you count the elevator eight degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you count the elevator eight degrees
+of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom
+roughly and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and um
+uh it's sorry eight State variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sorry eight State variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sorry eight State variables and
+uh it's just very very hard to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just very very hard to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just very very hard to build a
+good model for that that's accurate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model for that that's accurate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model for that that's accurate for
+the long trajectory the the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long trajectory the the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long trajectory the the trajectory
+all the way to the perch such that lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the perch such that lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the perch such that lqr
+can just stabilize it we're trying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just stabilize it we're trying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just stabilize it we're trying um
+but there's something sort of beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something sort of beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something sort of beautiful
+about these things that just work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things that just work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things that just work um
+without building a perfect model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without building a perfect model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without building a perfect model
+okay um the big picture is roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the big picture is roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the big picture is roughly the
+class you saw um this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you saw um this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you saw um this is this is
+actually I had forgotten about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I had forgotten about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I had forgotten about this is
+one my backup slides for from before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one my backup slides for from before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one my backup slides for from before but
+um this is the the basic learning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the the basic learning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the the basic learning um
+plot which is just one um averaged run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which is just one um averaged run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which is just one um averaged run
+here from um if I if I reset the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from um if I if I reset the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from um if I if I reset the the
+learning parameters how quickly would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning parameters how quickly would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning parameters how quickly would it
+minimize the average onestep error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the average onestep error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the average onestep error and
+it was pretty fast and the number of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty fast and the number of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty fast and the number of um
+actually that's a lot of steps that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a lot of steps that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a lot of steps that's
+more than I remembered but this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I remembered but this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I remembered but this takes
+steps once a second and so in a handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps once a second and so in a handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps once a second and so in a handful
+of minutes it does hundreds of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minutes it does hundreds of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minutes it does hundreds of steps
+okay and this is the policy in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the policy in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the policy in two
+dimensions that it learned um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that it learned um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that it learned um so if you
+have if you think about it Theta roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you think about it Theta roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you think about it Theta roll
+and Theta roll dot it's sort of I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta roll dot it's sort of I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta roll dot it's sort of I don't
+know if you have enough in intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have enough in intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have enough in intuition
+about this but uh sort of ying and yang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but uh sort of ying and yang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but uh sort of ying and yang
+of uh U of the toddler was that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh U of the toddler was that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh U of the toddler was that you had
+you wanted to to push when you're um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to to push when you're um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to to push when you're um in
+this side of the face portrait and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the face portrait and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the face portrait and and
+push with this foot when you're on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push with this foot when you're on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push with this foot when you're on this
+side of the face portrit I did things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the face portrit I did things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the face portrit I did things
+like I mirrored the the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mirrored the the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mirrored the the you know the
+left um the left ankle was doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um the left ankle was doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um the left ankle was doing the the
+inverse the mirror of the right ankle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the mirror of the right ankle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the mirror of the right ankle
+right so um everything I could do to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um everything I could do to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um everything I could do to try
+to minimize the size of the function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the size of the function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the size of the function I
+was learning and that's actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was learning and that's actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was learning and that's actually sort of
+a beautiful picture of of um how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful picture of of um how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful picture of of um how it
+needed to push in order to to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to push in order to to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to push in order to to stabilize
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gate any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's um you
+know that's one success story from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one success story from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one success story from from
+model-free learning on real robots it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model-free learning on real robots it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model-free learning on real robots it
+learns in a few minutes there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns in a few minutes there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns in a few minutes there's other
+success stories I'll try to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success stories I'll try to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success stories I'll try to talk about
+more of them on Thursday but at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them on Thursday but at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them on Thursday but at this
+point I've basically given you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I've basically given you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I've basically given you all the
+tools that we talk about uh in research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we talk about uh in research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we talk about uh in research
+um to make these robots tick there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make these robots tick there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make these robots tick there's
+State estimation I didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State estimation I didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State estimation I didn't talk about
+there's mors this ID that we that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mors this ID that we that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mors this ID that we that we
+didn't talk about but this is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about but this is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about but this is you've
+given it given you a pretty big um swath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it given you a pretty big um swath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it given you a pretty big um swath
+of of algorithms here so really I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of algorithms here so really I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of algorithms here so really I want
+to now I want to hear from you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now I want to hear from you next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now I want to hear from you next week
+and I want to uh to give you a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to uh to give you a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to uh to give you a few more
+case studies so you so you feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case studies so you so you feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case studies so you so you feel that
+these things actually work in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things actually work in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things actually work in practice
+and you go off and you use them in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go off and you use them in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go off and you use them in your
+research yeah John if there's not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research yeah John if there's not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research yeah John if there's not a lot
+of step to step coupling and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of step to step coupling and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of step to step coupling and a lot
+of interest step stochasticity then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest step stochasticity then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest step stochasticity then it
+wouldn't make sense to have a large gam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make sense to have a large gam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make sense to have a large gam
+anyway right there would be no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway right there would be no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway right there would be no reason
+large would be a faulty way of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large would be a faulty way of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large would be a faulty way of trying to
+interpret that data right um yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that data right um yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that data right um yeah I mean
+I think that so Katie's stuff The Meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that so Katie's stuff The Meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that so Katie's stuff The Meta
+stability stuff argued that that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability stuff argued that that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability stuff argued that that for
+most of these walking systems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these walking systems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these walking systems that you
+don't it doesn't make sense to look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it doesn't make sense to look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it doesn't make sense to look very
+far in the future anyways because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in the future anyways because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in the future anyways because the
+the Dynamics of the system mix with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the system mix with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the system mix with the
+stochasticity which I think is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity which I think is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity which I think is the same
+thing you just said yeah yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you just said yeah yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you just said yeah yeah the
+general dimensions and of the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general dimensions and of the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general dimensions and of the robot
+including the big feed and stuff where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the big feed and stuff where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the big feed and stuff where
+you you're designing that robot thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're designing that robot thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're designing that robot thinking
+about this uh model for learning when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh model for learning when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh model for learning when
+you started because it's not big right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started because it's not big right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started because it's not big right
+so that helps it be a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that helps it be a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that helps it be a lot more
+stable good so I'm glad you asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable good so I'm glad you asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable good so I'm glad you asked that
+so so one um so it's definitely a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one um so it's definitely a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one um so it's definitely a very
+stable which was experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable which was experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable which was experimentally
+convenient um right because I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient um right because I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient um right because I didn't
+have to pick it up as much but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick it up as much but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick it up as much but it
+actually learns fine when it starts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learns fine when it starts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learns fine when it starts off
+unstable so the way I tested that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so the way I tested that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so the way I tested that is if
+the ramp was very steep okay then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ramp was very steep okay then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ramp was very steep okay then it's
+starts oscillating it falls off sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts oscillating it falls off sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts oscillating it falls off sideways
+so just to to show that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to to show that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to to show that it could
+stabilize an unstable limit cycle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize an unstable limit cycle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize an unstable limit cycle with
+the same cost function it's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cost function it's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cost function it's absolutely
+no no different I I showed that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no different I I showed that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no different I I showed that it
+stabilized that and it just meant I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized that and it just meant I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized that and it just meant I had
+to pick it up when it fell down a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick it up when it fell down a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick it up when it fell down a bunch
+of times uh but the same algorithm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times uh but the same algorithm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times uh but the same algorithm works
+for that so it's not really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so it's not really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so it's not really the
+stability that it was counting on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability that it was counting on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability that it was counting on that
+was just experimentally um nice the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just experimentally um nice the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just experimentally um nice the big
+clown feet and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clown feet and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clown feet and everything
+were um because that's how I knew how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um because that's how I knew how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um because that's how I knew how to
+tune the passive gate right and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune the passive gate right and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune the passive gate right and in the
+passive Walkers we work on these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Walkers we work on these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Walkers we work on these days
+you you see Point feet because I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see Point feet because I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see Point feet because I I want
+I care about rough terrain now and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about rough terrain now and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about rough terrain now and those
+clown feet are not good for rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clown feet are not good for rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clown feet are not good for rough
+terrain so we could try to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain so we could try to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain so we could try to get rid of
+that you wanted to scale that up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wanted to scale that up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wanted to scale that up to the
+dimensions of the other two robots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the other two robots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the other two robots that
+uhhuh have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh have the same
+success gotcha um yeah I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success gotcha um yeah I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success gotcha um yeah I think I think
+it's fine I I think that it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine I I think that it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine I I think that it would look
+ridiculous that big maybe but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous that big maybe but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous that big maybe but you know
+and I wouldn't scale the feet quite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wouldn't scale the feet quite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wouldn't scale the feet quite that
+big right that would be like you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right that would be like you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right that would be like you know uh
+yeah ridiculous but uh but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ridiculous but uh but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ridiculous but uh but I don't think
+there's any scaling issues there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any scaling issues there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any scaling issues there really
+um it's the inertia the relative links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the inertia the relative links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the inertia the relative links
+that matters and I think you can scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters and I think you can scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters and I think you can scale
+that properly yeah at some point you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that properly yeah at some point you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that properly yeah at some point you're
+going to just look ridiculous if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just look ridiculous if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just look ridiculous if you
+don't have knees and you're that big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have knees and you're that big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have knees and you're that big so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah energetically the the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah energetically the the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah energetically the the mechanical
+cost of Transport if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of Transport if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of Transport if you just look at
+the power coming out of the batteries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power coming out of the batteries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power coming out of the batteries or
+sorry actually the work done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry actually the work done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry actually the work done by the
+actuators the actual work done by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators the actual work done by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators the actual work done by by the
+actuators that was you know comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators that was you know comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators that was you know comparable
+to a human you know 20 times better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human you know 20 times better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human you know 20 times better than
+aimo but if you plot the current coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimo but if you plot the current coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimo but if you plot the current coming
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+batteries uh it was like three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries uh it was like three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries uh it was like three times
+worse than asmo or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than asmo or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than asmo or something like that
+because it's got this little itty bitty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got this little itty bitty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got this little itty bitty
+steps and really big computer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and really big computer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and really big computer and that
+was uh in retrospect maybe not the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh in retrospect maybe not the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh in retrospect maybe not the best
+decision although I never had to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision although I never had to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision although I never had to worry
+about computation right I never had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computation right I never had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computation right I never had to
+optimize my algorithms to run on a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize my algorithms to run on a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize my algorithms to run on a small
+embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded
+chip can you talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip can you talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip can you talk a little bit about the
+parameters like station you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters like station you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters like station you can actually
+see it here um so this is the the ber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here um so this is the the ber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here um so this is the the ber
+Centric um policy space that uh was were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric um policy space that uh was were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric um policy space that uh was were
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+parameters yeah so you know it's it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters yeah so you know it's it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters yeah so you know it's it was
+tiled over 0.5 to 0.5 roughly and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled over 0.5 to 0.5 roughly and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled over 0.5 to 0.5 roughly and those
+are that's you can see the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that's you can see the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that's you can see the density of
+the tiling there yeah and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiling there yeah and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiling there yeah and that was
+trained those are so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained those are so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained those are so there was no
+generalization so the fact that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization so the fact that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization so the fact that those
+look like sort of consistent blobs was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like sort of consistent blobs was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like sort of consistent blobs was
+just from experience and eligibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from experience and eligibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from experience and eligibility
+traces carrying through um and but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces carrying through um and but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces carrying through um and but those
+you know there those are not constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there those are not constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there those are not constrained
+by the function approximator to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the function approximator to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the function approximator to be
+similar more than one block away there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar more than one block away there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar more than one block away there's
+literally a ber Centric grid there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a ber Centric grid there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a ber Centric grid there and
+then the Value Estimate was um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Value Estimate was um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Value Estimate was um it was
+theta equals zero the the the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero the the the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero the the the different
+Theta dot so it was just the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot so it was just the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot so it was just the same size
+tiles but a line just straight up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles but a line just straight up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles but a line just straight up the
+middle so your joystick would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so your joystick would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so your joystick would just
+change the Theta or not the Theta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Theta or not the Theta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Theta or not the Theta but
+the it would just change the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it would just change the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it would just change the position
+the joystick was so so the policy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joystick was so so the policy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joystick was so so the policy was
+mostly for the side to side angles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for the side to side angles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for the side to side angles which
+would give me limit cycle stability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me limit cycle stability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me limit cycle stability and
+then I could just joystick control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could just joystick control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could just joystick control the
+front to back angles so this thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to back angles so this thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to back angles so this thing if
+you just lean it forward it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just lean it forward it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just lean it forward it starts
+walking forward even uphill right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking forward even uphill right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking forward even uphill right that's
+fine you lean it back it starts walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you lean it back it starts walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you lean it back it starts walking
+back it was really basically this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it was really basically this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it was really basically this yeah
+and if you want it to turn you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want it to turn you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want it to turn you kind of
+go like this and it would you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this and it would you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this and it would you know do
+its thing right um so that was it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thing right um so that was it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thing right um so that was it it
+wasn't sort of Highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sort of Highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sort of Highly
+maneuverable yeah it seems like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverable yeah it seems like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverable yeah it seems like there
+was some convenience to like the step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some convenience to like the step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some convenience to like the step to
+step or having you know each step being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step or having you know each step being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step or having you know each step being
+like AAL section in your map yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like AAL section in your map yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like AAL section in your map yeah I
+don't know if that would work for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that would work for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that would work for like
+flapping if you know absolutely be uper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping if you know absolutely be uper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping if you know absolutely be uper
+down as a similar kind of thing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a similar kind of thing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a similar kind of thing I think
+it would what we're thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would what we're thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would what we're thinking about it
+that way so you're absolutely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so you're absolutely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so you're absolutely right so
+it was nice to be able to it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was nice to be able to it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was nice to be able to it was very
+important to be able to add noise by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to add noise by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to add noise by
+sort of making a a change a persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of making a a change a persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of making a a change a persistent
+change in my policy so this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in my policy so this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in my policy so this this whole
+function adding noise meant this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function adding noise meant this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function adding noise meant this whole
+function would would change a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would would change a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would would change a little bit
+right and then it would stay constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it would stay constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it would stay constant
+for that whole run and then change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that whole run and then change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that whole run and then change a
+little bit if you add noise every DT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you add noise every DT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you add noise every DT for
+instance then that thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then that thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then that thing you have to
+worry about it filtering out with motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it filtering out with motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it filtering out with motors
+and stuff like this this was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like this this was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like this this was actually a
+very convenient discretization in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient discretization in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient discretization in time
+on the POR cray map yeah so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the POR cray map yeah so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the POR cray map yeah so I think that
+was one of the keys to success John the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the keys to success John the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the keys to success John the
+actions which you took were they uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions which you took were they uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions which you took were they uh just
+pushing off with the sort of stance foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing off with the sort of stance foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing off with the sort of stance foot
+that Servo or pulling or yeah pulling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Servo or pulling or yeah pulling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Servo or pulling or yeah pulling it
+back up but yes so you just the St that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up but yes so you just the St that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up but yes so you just the St that
+was the action time the units were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the action time the units were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the action time the units were
+probably were I guess they were scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably were I guess they were scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably were I guess they were scaled
+out I did actually do the kinematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I did actually do the kinematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I did actually do the kinematics of
+the link so it was literally a a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link so it was literally a a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link so it was literally a a linear
+command in uh those are probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command in uh those are probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command in uh those are probably you
+know meters or something in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know meters or something in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know meters or something in the in
+the I no it's way too big the touch down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I no it's way too big the touch down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I no it's way too big the touch down
+that was touching down but that touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was touching down but that touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was touching down but that touch
+down always touch down the same angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down always touch down the same angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down always touch down the same angle
+nope the the swing foot was also being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope the the swing foot was also being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope the the swing foot was also being
+controlled so and it would get a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so and it would get a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so and it would get a big
+penalty actually if uh if it if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty actually if uh if it if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty actually if uh if it if it was
+sort of at a weird angle when it touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at a weird angle when it touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at a weird angle when it touched
+down it would hit and it would lose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it would hit and it would lose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it would hit and it would lose all
+its energy but that was it was free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its energy but that was it was free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its energy but that was it was free to
+make that mistake so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that mistake so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that mistake so you have two
+actions then the act two dimensions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions then the act two dimensions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions then the act two dimensions then
+measuring no it's well it's it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring no it's well it's it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring no it's well it's it's one
+action but the policy is being run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action but the policy is being run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action but the policy is being run on
+two different actuators at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different actuators at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different actuators at the same time
+so one of them is over in this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them is over in this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them is over in this of the
+state space and the other ones over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space and the other ones over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space and the other ones over on
+this side of the state space at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the state space at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the state space at the same
+time okay so it just use different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so it just use different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so it just use different data
+but okay yeah so it just it was learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay yeah so it just it was learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay yeah so it just it was learning
+on both both of those sides at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I'm a big fan of Simplicity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm a big fan of Simplicity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm a big fan of Simplicity it's
+easy to make things that work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make things that work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make things that work I mean
+it's it's I think it's a good way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I think it's a good way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I think it's a good way to get
+things working so the the test will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things working so the the test will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things working so the the test will be
+as as we go forward and and how complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as we go forward and and how complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as we go forward and and how complex
+we can make these things but um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make these things but um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make these things but um in the
+sort of the simple case it worked really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well great okay so uh thanks for putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well great okay so uh thanks for putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well great okay so uh thanks for putting
+up with the randomized uh algorithm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the randomized uh algorithm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the randomized uh algorithm uh
+we'll see you on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CAEyIum3cWI.txt b/CAEyIum3cWI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ed5e1096872ed6f07f59a8c88c6be53f189f50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CAEyIum3cWI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'd like to move now to a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd like to move now to a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd like to move now to a special
+announcement and bring back president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement and bring back president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement and bring back president
+Susan hawfield uh who will describe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan hawfield uh who will describe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan hawfield uh who will describe uh
+the next chapter I would say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next chapter I would say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next chapter I would say in the
+unfolding of the open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'll talk with you yeah you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'll talk with you yeah you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'll talk with you yeah you don't
+have to sit here you may move back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to um thank you all that was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um thank you all that was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um thank you all that was a great
+panel thank you thank you audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel thank you thank you audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel thank you thank you audience
+participants also that is open sourcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants also that is open sourcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants also that is open sourcing
+um of information you all participate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of information you all participate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of information you all participate so
+I get I get the great fun uh of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get I get the great fun uh of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get I get the great fun uh of today
+which is announcing uh the next chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is announcing uh the next chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is announcing uh the next chapter
+in open course Weare now as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open course Weare now as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open course Weare now as you have
+probably gathered over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably gathered over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably gathered over the course of
+today if you all weren't there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you all weren't there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you all weren't there at the
+very beginning that open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning that open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning that open course Weare
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+designed um really for University and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed um really for University and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed um really for University and
+college faculty and their students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college faculty and their students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college faculty and their students and
+the idea was to share what we do on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to share what we do on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to share what we do on this
+campus with what happens on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus with what happens on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus with what happens on other
+campuses and um it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses and um it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses and um it has been
+successful I would say probably Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful I would say probably Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful I would say probably Beyond
+almost anyone's wildest uh Wildest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anyone's wildest uh Wildest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anyone's wildest uh Wildest
+Dreams uh depending on how you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreams uh depending on how you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreams uh depending on how you count
+visits uh to might to the open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits uh to might to the open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits uh to might to the open course
+where whether it's just our open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where whether it's just our open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where whether it's just our open course
+whereare to many of the mirror sites of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare to many of the mirror sites of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare to many of the mirror sites of
+the translation sites about you know 1.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation sites about you know 1.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation sites about you know 1.8
+million people visit open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people visit open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people visit open courseware
+over the course of a month astonishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of a month astonishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of a month astonishingly
+successful um among the perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um among the perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um among the perhaps more
+surprising statistics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising statistics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising statistics from
+ocw um are that first about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw um are that first about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw um are that first about about
+60% of the use of ocw is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of the use of ocw is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of the use of ocw is coming from
+outside of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the United
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the United
+States and um even though it was
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+ align:start position:0%
+States and um even though it was
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+States and um even though it was
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+designed for college and university
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+designed for college and university
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+professors and their students about half
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+of the users of open course whereare are
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+of the users of open course whereare are
+independent
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+ align:start position:0%
+independent
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+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+Learners that I have to tell you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners that I have to tell you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners that I have to tell you is the
+most surprising statistic for me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most surprising statistic for me now
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+most surprising statistic for me now
+among these independent Learners or
+
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+among these independent Learners or
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+that we imagined would be the recipients
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+ align:start position:0%
+of open course Weare are on the order of
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+ align:start position:0%
+of open course Weare are on the order of
+15,000 High School participants a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15,000 High School participants a month
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+15,000 High School participants a month
+about um 5,000 students in 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um 5,000 students in 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um 5,000 students in 10,000
+teachers now we have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers now we have to remember that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers now we have to remember that
+open courseware is MIT coursework it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware is MIT coursework it's
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+not standard you know this is a pretty
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+not standard you know this is a pretty
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+not standard you know this is a pretty
+high level coursework and um it's uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level coursework and um it's uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level coursework and um it's uh was
+bit I would say surprising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I would say surprising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I would say surprising and
+encouraging to all of us to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging to all of us to learn about
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+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging to all of us to learn about
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+um as many of you know that as demand
+for educating u in the United States um
+
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+for educating u in the United States um
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+whereare materials uh to supplement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare materials uh to supplement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare materials uh to supplement uh
+their standard High School curriculum in
+
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+their standard High School curriculum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ways that are no longer possible just
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+ align:start position:0%
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+materials um and one of the questions
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+materials um and one of the questions
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+that we looked at with open course
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at with open course
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+ align:start position:0%
+whereare is how could we serve this
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+
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+particular population better and how
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+
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+particular population better and how
+could we Inspire them uh so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we Inspire them uh so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we Inspire them uh so today we're
+announcing the new chapter the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing the new chapter the next
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+ align:start position:0%
+announcing the new chapter the next
+chapter in open course Weare which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in open course Weare which is a
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+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in open course Weare which is a
+new program and it's um I would say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new program and it's um I would say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new program and it's um I would say we
+would call it a pilot program although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it a pilot program although
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it a pilot program although
+it's so welldeveloped that it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so welldeveloped that it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so welldeveloped that it's a little
+bit larger than a pilot um it builds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit larger than a pilot um it builds on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit larger than a pilot um it builds on
+the foundations of open courseware with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundations of open courseware with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundations of open courseware with
+the goal of making ocw more accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of making ocw more accessible
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of making ocw more accessible
+and more useful for high school students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more useful for high school students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more useful for high school students
+and teachers it's called highlights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+high school highlights for high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school highlights for high school
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+ align:start position:0%
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+is a custom IED portal into ocw into its
+
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+content that's been designed
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+content that's been designed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students and teachers and our
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+school students and teachers and our
+idea is to share mit's expertise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to share mit's expertise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to share mit's expertise in the
+Trove of exceptional teaching resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trove of exceptional teaching resources
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trove of exceptional teaching resources
+that exist on ocw in a way that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist on ocw in a way that will
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+ align:start position:0%
+that exist on ocw in a way that will
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+better serve the high school students
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and teachers who have interest in and
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+ align:start position:0%
+and teachers who have interest in and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and teachers who have interest in and
+hunger for these
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+ align:start position:0%
+hunger for these
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+ align:start position:0%
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+materials we also hope that providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we also hope that providing a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we also hope that providing a
+window a more useful window into MIT ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window a more useful window into MIT ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window a more useful window into MIT ocw
+will inspire more students in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will inspire more students in high
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+school to pursue careers in science and
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+
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+engineering to pursue studies at a
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um open course Weare there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open course Weare there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open course Weare there'll be a
+little video in a minute telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video in a minute telling you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video in a minute telling you
+about the details of it but as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the details of it but as I said
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the details of it but as I said
+it's a portal specifically designed for
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+um many people have asked me is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many people have asked me is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many people have asked me is why
+would MIT get involved in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would MIT get involved in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would MIT get involved in high school
+education K through2 education and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education K through2 education and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education K through2 education and it's
+something that MIT has been interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that MIT has been interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that MIT has been interested
+and actually involved in for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually involved in for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually involved in for a very long
+time we have a distinguished history and
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+time we have a distinguished history and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have a distinguished history and
+tradition of Public Service in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of Public Service in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of Public Service in the 1950s
+MIT in collaboration with the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in collaboration with the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in collaboration with the physical
+science study committee transformed high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science study committee transformed high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science study committee transformed high
+school and college physics education
+
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+school and college physics education
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and college physics education
+through the pssc
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+through the pssc
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+
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+through the pssc
+curricula I used it when I was in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula I used it when I was in high
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula I used it when I was in high
+school um it was not that well branded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um it was not that well branded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um it was not that well branded
+so I didn't know until I arrived at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't know until I arrived at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't know until I arrived at MIT
+that the physics curriculum I studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physics curriculum I studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physics curriculum I studied in
+high school actually came out of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school actually came out of MIT
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school actually came out of MIT
+many of this audience probably used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of this audience probably used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of this audience probably used the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+materials um today on campus there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um today on campus there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um today on campus there are
+over 40 programs that reach out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 40 programs that reach out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 40 programs that reach out into the
+k through2 Community to students and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k through2 Community to students and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k through2 Community to students and to
+teachers to try uh to provide whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers to try uh to provide whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers to try uh to provide whatever
+help we can to increase the entrance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help we can to increase the entrance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help we can to increase the entrance and
+enthusiasm for science engineering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for science engineering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for science engineering um
+we're doing this because Across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this because Across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this because Across the
+Nation there's a general recognition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation there's a general recognition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation there's a general recognition of
+the uh need for better quality K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh need for better quality K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh need for better quality K
+through2 science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through2 science and engineering
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+through2 science and engineering
+education um and math and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education um and math and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education um and math and let me just
+read from uh a speech that Bill Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from uh a speech that Bill Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from uh a speech that Bill Gates
+gave at the National Education Summit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave at the National Education Summit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave at the National Education Summit on
+high schools in February 2005 um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools in February 2005 um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools in February 2005 um that
+kind of casts our dilemma in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of casts our dilemma in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of casts our dilemma in particular
+Stark form particularly Stark forms when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark form particularly Stark forms when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark form particularly Stark forms when
+I compare our high schools to what I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compare our high schools to what I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compare our high schools to what I see
+when I'm traveling abroad I'm terrified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm traveling abroad I'm terrified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm traveling abroad I'm terrified
+for our Workforce of tomorrow in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our Workforce of tomorrow in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our Workforce of tomorrow in math
+and science our fourth graders are among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science our fourth graders are among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science our fourth graders are among
+the top students in the world by 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top students in the world by 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top students in the world by 8th
+grade they're in the middle of the pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade they're in the middle of the pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade they're in the middle of the pack
+by 12th grade us students are scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12th grade us students are scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12th grade us students are scoring
+near the bottom of all industrialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the bottom of all industrialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the bottom of all industrialized
+nations um in a survey in The Chronicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations um in a survey in The Chronicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations um in a survey in The Chronicle
+of Higher Education in January 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Higher Education in January 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Higher Education in January 2006
+about 30 32% of college faculty thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 32% of college faculty thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 32% of college faculty thought
+that high school students are only
+
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+that high school students are only
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+ align:start position:0%
+that high school students are only
+somewhat well prepared for college
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+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat well prepared for college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat well prepared for college
+studies in math and science and only 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in math and science and only 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in math and science and only 5%
+found their students to be well prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found their students to be well prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found their students to be well prepared
+I think at this point almost everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at this point almost everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at this point almost everyone
+recognizes that this is a national Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that this is a national Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that this is a national Pro
+uh problem and I would say in the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem and I would say in the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem and I would say in the eyes
+of many including myself this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many including myself this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many including myself this is a
+national crisis uh highlights for high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national crisis uh highlights for high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national crisis uh highlights for high
+school represents a small step on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school represents a small step on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school represents a small step on the
+part of MIT to help address this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of MIT to help address this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of MIT to help address this uh
+important Challenge and over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Challenge and over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Challenge and over the next
+couple of months as we roll out uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of months as we roll out uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of months as we roll out uh for
+use highlights for high school we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use highlights for high school we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use highlights for high school we're
+going to be using our portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using our portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using our portfolio
+evaluation tools to measure access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation tools to measure access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation tools to measure access to
+the site efficacy of the site the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site efficacy of the site the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site efficacy of the site the impact
+of the program uh to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program uh to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program uh to understand what
+works and what doesn't to inform us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and what doesn't to inform us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and what doesn't to inform us as
+we move into the next stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move into the next stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move into the next stages
+stages um highlights for high school was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages um highlights for high school was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages um highlights for high school was
+developed with the help of MIT faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with the help of MIT faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with the help of MIT faculty
+MIT students High School teachers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students High School teachers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students High School teachers and
+high school students and we welcome many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school students and we welcome many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school students and we welcome many
+of the people who helped put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people who helped put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people who helped put together
+highlights for high school here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights for high school here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights for high school here today
+um of course none of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course none of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course none of these kinds of
+efforts come without cost and highight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts come without cost and highight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts come without cost and highight
+for high school was made possible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school was made possible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high school was made possible by
+generous financial support by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous financial support by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous financial support by many
+people and I want to comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I want to comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I want to comment
+particularly on Charlene and Derry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on Charlene and Derry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on Charlene and Derry
+capsel who are with us today Charlene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsel who are with us today Charlene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsel who are with us today Charlene
+and Derry great to have you with us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Derry great to have you with us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Derry great to have you with us as
+we launch the next chapter uh Barry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we launch the next chapter uh Barry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we launch the next chapter uh Barry and
+Stacy Newman and the Lord Foundation who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy Newman and the Lord Foundation who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stacy Newman and the Lord Foundation who
+chairman Sheldon buckler was with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman Sheldon buckler was with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman Sheldon buckler was with us
+today Sheldon welcome to MIT thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today Sheldon welcome to MIT thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today Sheldon welcome to MIT thank you
+for your help and next we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your help and next we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your help and next we're going to
+show you a very short video that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a very short video that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a very short video that gives
+you more details about highlights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more details about highlights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more details about highlights for
+high school
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CaoJ_Z4g7FQ.txt b/CaoJ_Z4g7FQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc6339e08169be75e2da8fc74da85a092ba8c2e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CaoJ_Z4g7FQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi
+my name is amit gandhi and i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is amit gandhi and i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is amit gandhi and i'm a
+graduate researcher at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate researcher at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate researcher at mit
+welcome to this course on exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this course on exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this course on exploring
+fairness and machine learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and machine learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and machine learning for
+international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+i'm going to present the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to present the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to present the motivation for
+this course why it is important to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course why it is important to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course why it is important to pay
+attention to ethics and appropriate use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to ethics and appropriate use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to ethics and appropriate use
+and the topics we will be covering let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the topics we will be covering let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the topics we will be covering let's
+start with an introduction to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an introduction to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an introduction to how
+machine learning is being used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is being used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is being used in
+international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+as a brief review machine learning is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a brief review machine learning is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a brief review machine learning is a
+branch of artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of artificial intelligence
+in which software learns how to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which software learns how to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which software learns how to perform
+a task based on experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a task based on experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a task based on experience
+as opposed to being explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to being explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to being explicitly
+programmed as a result this emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed as a result this emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed as a result this emerging
+technology is widely applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is widely applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is widely applicable
+across many fields and can leverage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many fields and can leverage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many fields and can leverage the
+power of data in ways that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of data in ways that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of data in ways that were
+previously impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously impossible
+some application areas for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some application areas for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some application areas for machine
+learning include medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning include medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning include medicine
+workforce development and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce development and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce development and financial
+inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+in the next few slides i will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few slides i will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few slides i will talk about
+some of the ways machine learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways machine learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways machine learning is
+being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used
+and we will go more in depth about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will go more in depth about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will go more in depth about
+ethical usage of machine learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical usage of machine learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical usage of machine learning in
+later modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later modules
+in the healthcare sector significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the healthcare sector significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the healthcare sector significant
+advances in machine learning have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in machine learning have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in machine learning have
+allowed for rapid diagnostics of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for rapid diagnostics of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for rapid diagnostics of medical
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+several organizations are developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several organizations are developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several organizations are developing
+tools ranging from sensors to smartphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools ranging from sensors to smartphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools ranging from sensors to smartphone
+apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps
+for community health workers to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for community health workers to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for community health workers to collect
+patient data get novel insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient data get novel insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient data get novel insights into
+patterns of disease spread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of disease spread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of disease spread and
+occurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence
+and perform diagnostics away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perform diagnostics away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perform diagnostics away from
+hospitals and clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and clinics
+significantly increasing the access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly increasing the access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly increasing the access and
+quality of medical care available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of medical care available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of medical care available to
+individuals in remote areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in remote areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in remote areas
+in workforce development machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in workforce development machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in workforce development machine
+learning can reduce unemployment rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can reduce unemployment rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can reduce unemployment rates
+by pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pairing
+skilled individuals with appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled individuals with appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled individuals with appropriate
+jobs for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs for example
+in india hiring managers pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india hiring managers pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india hiring managers pay more
+attention to credentials and skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to credentials and skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to credentials and skills
+making it difficult for uncredential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it difficult for uncredential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it difficult for uncredential
+people to get hired or promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get hired or promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get hired or promoted
+aspiring minds is an indian company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiring minds is an indian company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiring minds is an indian company that
+has developed a computer test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed a computer test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed a computer test that
+determines applicants strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines applicants strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines applicants strengths
+and connects them to better paying jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connects them to better paying jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connects them to better paying jobs
+in financial inclusion several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in financial inclusion several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in financial inclusion several
+organizations are using machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are using machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are using machine learning
+to determine creditworthiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine creditworthiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine creditworthiness of
+individuals in areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in areas
+where other formalized credit systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other formalized credit systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other formalized credit systems
+may not be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be available
+or accessible these companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accessible these companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accessible these companies are
+deploying pay-as-you-go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying pay-as-you-go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying pay-as-you-go
+services ranging from solar lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services ranging from solar lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services ranging from solar lighting
+systems to agricultural inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to agricultural inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to agricultural inputs
+and are generating and gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are generating and gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are generating and gathering
+non-traditional data on user assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional data on user assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional data on user assets and
+repayments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayments
+this data can be used to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data can be used to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data can be used to determine
+credit worthiness using machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit worthiness using machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit worthiness using machine learning
+enabling individuals to access loans or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling individuals to access loans or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling individuals to access loans or
+financing that were otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing that were otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing that were otherwise
+inaccessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible
+machine learning techniques have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning techniques have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning techniques have been
+around for decades but have increased in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for decades but have increased in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for decades but have increased in
+usage in recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage in recent years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage in recent years
+over the past decade this technology has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past decade this technology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past decade this technology has
+become more accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more accessible
+machine learning is being taught at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is being taught at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is being taught at many
+universities across the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities across the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities across the world
+and several data analysis platforms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several data analysis platforms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several data analysis platforms have
+released machine learning libraries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released machine learning libraries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released machine learning libraries and
+toolboxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolboxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolboxes
+for example with scikit-learn an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with scikit-learn an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with scikit-learn an open
+source python library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source python library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source python library
+someone familiar with programming can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone familiar with programming can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone familiar with programming can
+get started with training machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started with training machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started with training machine
+learning models within a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning models within a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning models within a few days
+while the applications of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the applications of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the applications of machine
+learning are great it is also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are great it is also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are great it is also important
+to acknowledge its limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acknowledge its limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acknowledge its limitations
+the impacts of machine learning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts of machine learning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts of machine learning on
+society are still not well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are still not well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are still not well understood
+without careful attention to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without careful attention to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without careful attention to these
+issues we run the risk of applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we run the risk of applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we run the risk of applying
+systems that are not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are not only
+ineffective but could also harm people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective but could also harm people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective but could also harm people
+by reinforcing existing patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reinforcing existing patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reinforcing existing patterns of
+social inequity and exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social inequity and exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social inequity and exclusion
+there's a large community of research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large community of research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large community of research in
+this area in developed countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area in developed countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area in developed countries
+such as the fat or ai now groups a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the fat or ai now groups a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the fat or ai now groups a
+well-known example is about gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known example is about gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known example is about gender
+differentiated credit scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated credit scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated credit scoring
+low-income women in developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income women in developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income women in developing countries
+often lack credit histories and formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often lack credit histories and formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often lack credit histories and formal
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+despite evidence showing that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite evidence showing that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite evidence showing that these
+women default on loans less than men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women default on loans less than men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women default on loans less than men
+the lack of data makes it difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of data makes it difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of data makes it difficult for
+lending organizations to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending organizations to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending organizations to provide
+these women loans as a result taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women loans as a result taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women loans as a result taking
+predatory loans from informal lenders is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predatory loans from informal lenders is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predatory loans from informal lenders is
+a common practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common practice
+while many of these concepts translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while many of these concepts translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while many of these concepts translate
+to ethics and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ethics and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ethics and machine learning
+research about fairness and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research about fairness and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research about fairness and machine
+learning specifically for issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning specifically for issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning specifically for issues
+relevant to international development is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to international development is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to international development is
+at an early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an early stage
+ongoing efforts to ensure ethical usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing efforts to ensure ethical usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing efforts to ensure ethical usage
+of this technology will be discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this technology will be discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this technology will be discussed in
+the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video
+we will cover content from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will cover content from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will cover content from an
+appropriate usage framework developed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate usage framework developed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate usage framework developed by
+the center for digital development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for digital development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for digital development
+at the us agency for international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the us agency for international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the us agency for international
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+in the second set of modules we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second set of modules we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second set of modules we will
+present case studies of organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present case studies of organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present case studies of organizations
+that are currently using machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are currently using machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are currently using machine
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+in international development and discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in international development and discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in international development and discuss
+potential ethical issues that may arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential ethical issues that may arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential ethical issues that may arise
+in these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these examples
+at a high level we will present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level we will present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level we will present
+approaches on how to address these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches on how to address these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches on how to address these
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+and what the outcomes could mean in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the outcomes could mean in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the outcomes could mean in the
+third set of modules we will present a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third set of modules we will present a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third set of modules we will present a
+framework for addressing ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for addressing ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for addressing ethical
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+content will include protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content will include protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content will include protected
+attributes fairness through unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes fairness through unawareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes fairness through unawareness
+choices and fairness criteria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and fairness criteria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and fairness criteria and
+techniques for mitigating bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for mitigating bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for mitigating bias
+in the fourth set of modules we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fourth set of modules we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fourth set of modules we will
+present case studies from organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present case studies from organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present case studies from organizations
+with examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with examples of how
+machine learning could be implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning could be implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning could be implemented
+appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately
+thank you for taking the time to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for taking the time to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for taking the time to watch
+these videos and we hope that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos and we hope that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos and we hope that you will
+continue to watch the rest of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to watch the rest of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to watch the rest of the series
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DU0_NM0mZPE.txt b/DU0_NM0mZPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..013c81e1931a99013dc0ce9d51cfa2de6a5207fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DU0_NM0mZPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll add the hour of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll add the hour of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll add the hour of the
+day to our line plot and then create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to our line plot and then create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to our line plot and then create an
+alternative visualization using a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative visualization using a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative visualization using a heat
+map we can do this by creating a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map we can do this by creating a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map we can do this by creating a line
+for each day of the week and making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each day of the week and making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each day of the week and making the
+x-axis the hour of the day we first need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis the hour of the day we first need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis the hour of the day we first need
+to create a counts table for the weekday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a counts table for the weekday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a counts table for the weekday
+an hour so we'll use the table function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour so we'll use the table function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour so we'll use the table function
+and give us the first variable the we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give us the first variable the we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give us the first variable the we'd
+a variable in our data frame and as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable in our data frame and as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable in our data frame and as the
+second variable the our variable this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variable the our variable this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variable the our variable this
+table gives for each day of the week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table gives for each day of the week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table gives for each day of the week in
+each hour the total number of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each hour the total number of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each hour the total number of motor
+vehicle thefts that occurred for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle thefts that occurred for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle thefts that occurred for example
+on Friday at 4 a.m. there were 473 motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday at 4 a.m. there were 473 motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday at 4 a.m. there were 473 motor
+vehicle thefts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle thefts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle thefts
+whereas on Saturday at midnight there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on Saturday at midnight there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on Saturday at midnight there
+were 2050 motor vehicle thefts let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 2050 motor vehicle thefts let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 2050 motor vehicle thefts let's
+save this table to a data frame so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save this table to a data frame so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save this table to a data frame so that
+we can use it in our visualizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use it in our visualizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use it in our visualizations
+we'll call it day hour counts and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it day hour counts and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it day hour counts and use
+the AAS data frame function run on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AAS data frame function run on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AAS data frame function run on our
+table where the first variable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table where the first variable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table where the first variable is the
+weekday and the second variable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekday and the second variable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekday and the second variable is the
+hour let's take a look at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour let's take a look at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour let's take a look at the structure
+of the data frame we just created we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data frame we just created we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data frame we just created we can
+see that we have a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we have a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we have a hundred and
+sixty-eight observations one for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-eight observations one for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-eight observations one for each
+day of the week and our pair and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the week and our pair and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the week and our pair and three
+different variables the first variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables the first variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables the first variable
+var1 gives the day of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+var1 gives the day of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+var1 gives the day of the week
+the second variable var two gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second variable var two gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second variable var two gives the
+hour of the day and the third variable F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of the day and the third variable F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of the day and the third variable F
+our EQ for frequency gives the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our EQ for frequency gives the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our EQ for frequency gives the total
+crime count let's convert the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime count let's convert the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime count let's convert the second
+variable var to two actual numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable var to two actual numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable var to two actual numbers and
+call it hour since this is the hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it hour since this is the hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it hour since this is the hour of
+the day and it makes sense that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and it makes sense that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and it makes sense that it's
+numerical so we'll add a new variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical so we'll add a new variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical so we'll add a new variable to
+our data frame called hour and set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data frame called hour and set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data frame called hour and set that
+equal to is numeric run on a s character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to is numeric run on a s character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to is numeric run on a s character
+run on a variable day our counts dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on a variable day our counts dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on a variable day our counts dollar
+sign bar - this is how we convert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign bar - this is how we convert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign bar - this is how we convert a
+factor variable to a numeric variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor variable to a numeric variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor variable to a numeric variable
+now we're ready to create our plot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to create our plot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ready to create our plot we
+just need to change the group to var 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to change the group to var 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to change the group to var 1
+which is the day of the week so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the day of the week so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the day of the week so we'll
+use the ggplot function where our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the ggplot function where our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the ggplot function where our data
+frame is day hour counts and then in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is day hour counts and then in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is day hour counts and then in our
+aesthetic we want the x-axis to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic we want the x-axis to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic we want the x-axis to be our
+this time the y-axis to be frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the y-axis to be frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the y-axis to be frequency and
+then in the GM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the GM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the GM
+like we used in the previous video we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we used in the previous video we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we used in the previous video we
+want the aesthetic to have the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the aesthetic to have the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the aesthetic to have the group
+equal to var 1 which is the day of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to var 1 which is the day of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to var 1 which is the day of the
+week go ahead and hit enter you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week go ahead and hit enter you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week go ahead and hit enter you should
+see a new plot show up in the graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a new plot show up in the graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a new plot show up in the graphics
+window it has seven lines one for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window it has seven lines one for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window it has seven lines one for each
+day of the week well this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the week well this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the week well this is interesting
+we can't tell which line is which day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't tell which line is which day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't tell which line is which day so
+let's change the colors of the lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change the colors of the lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change the colors of the lines to
+correspond to the days of the week to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the days of the week to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the days of the week to do
+that just scroll up in your are console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just scroll up in your are console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just scroll up in your are console
+and after group equals var one add color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after group equals var one add color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after group equals var one add color
+equals var one this will make the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals var one this will make the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals var one this will make the colors
+of the lines correspond to the day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lines correspond to the day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lines correspond to the day of
+the week after that parentheses and type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week after that parentheses and type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week after that parentheses and type
+comma and then size equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and then size equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and then size equals two
+we'll make our lines a little thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make our lines a little thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make our lines a little thicker
+now in our plot each line is colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in our plot each line is colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in our plot each line is colored
+corresponding to the day of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the day of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the day of the week
+this helps us see that on Saturday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps us see that on Saturday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps us see that on Saturday and
+Sunday for example the green and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday for example the green and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday for example the green and the
+teal lines there's less motor vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teal lines there's less motor vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teal lines there's less motor vehicle
+thefts in the morning well we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thefts in the morning well we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thefts in the morning well we can get
+some information from this plot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information from this plot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information from this plot it's
+still quite hard to interpret seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite hard to interpret seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite hard to interpret seven
+lines is a lot let's instead visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is a lot let's instead visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is a lot let's instead visualize
+the same information with the heat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information with the heat map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information with the heat map
+to make a heat map we'll use our data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a heat map we'll use our data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a heat map we'll use our data in
+our data frame day our counts first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data frame day our counts first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data frame day our counts first
+though we need to fix the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we need to fix the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we need to fix the order of the
+days so that they'll show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so that they'll show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so that they'll show up in
+chronological order instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronological order instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronological order instead of an
+alphabetical order we'll do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order we'll do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order we'll do the same
+thing we did in the preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we did in the preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we did in the preview
+video so 4-day hour counts var1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so 4-day hour counts var1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so 4-day hour counts var1 which is
+the day of the week we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day of the week we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day of the week we're going to use
+the factor function where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor function where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor function where the first
+argument is our variable day our counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is our variable day our counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is our variable day our counts
+var 1 the second argument is ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+var 1 the second argument is ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+var 1 the second argument is ordered
+equals true and the third argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and the third argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and the third argument is
+the order we want the days of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order we want the days of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order we want the days of the week
+to show up in so we'll set levels equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show up in so we'll set levels equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show up in so we'll set levels equals
+and then see and then list our days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see and then list our days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see and then list our days of
+the week let's put the week days first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week let's put the week days first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week let's put the week days first
+in the weekends at the end so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weekends at the end so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weekends at the end so we'll
+start with Monday and then Tuesday then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Monday and then Tuesday then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Monday and then Tuesday then
+Wednesday then Thursday Friday Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday then Thursday Friday Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday then Thursday Friday Saturday
+and Sunday now let's make our heat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sunday now let's make our heat map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sunday now let's make our heat map
+will use the ggplot function like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the ggplot function like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the ggplot function like we
+always do and give our data frame name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do and give our data frame name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do and give our data frame name
+day our counts then in our aesthetic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day our counts then in our aesthetic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day our counts then in our aesthetic we
+want the x-axis to be the hour of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the x-axis to be the hour of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the x-axis to be the hour of the
+day and the y-axis to be the day of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and the y-axis to be the day of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and the y-axis to be the day of the
+week which is var 1 then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week which is var 1 then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week which is var 1 then we're going to
+add Jeon underscore tile this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Jeon underscore tile this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Jeon underscore tile this is the
+function we use to make a heat map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we use to make a heat map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we use to make a heat map and
+then in the aesthetic for our tiles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the aesthetic for our tiles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the aesthetic for our tiles we
+want the fill to be equal to frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the fill to be equal to frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the fill to be equal to frequency
+this will define the colors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will define the colors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will define the colors of the
+rectangles in our heat map to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles in our heat map to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles in our heat map to correspond
+to the total crime you should see a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total crime you should see a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total crime you should see a heat
+map pop up in your graphics window so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map pop up in your graphics window so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map pop up in your graphics window so
+how do we read this for each hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we read this for each hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we read this for each hour and
+each day of the week we have a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day of the week we have a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day of the week we have a rectangle
+in our heat map the color of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our heat map the color of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our heat map the color of that
+rectangle indicates the frequency or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle indicates the frequency or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle indicates the frequency or the
+number of crimes that occur in that hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of crimes that occur in that hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of crimes that occur in that hour
+and on that day our legend tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that day our legend tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that day our legend tells us that
+lighter colors correspond to more crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter colors correspond to more crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter colors correspond to more crime
+so we can see that a lot of crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see that a lot of crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see that a lot of crime
+happens around midnight particularly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens around midnight particularly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens around midnight particularly on
+the weekends we can change the label on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekends we can change the label on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekends we can change the label on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+legend and get rid of the while able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend and get rid of the while able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend and get rid of the while able to
+make our plot a little nicer we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our plot a little nicer we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our plot a little nicer we can do
+this by just scrolling up to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by just scrolling up to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by just scrolling up to our
+previous command in our our console and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command in our our console and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command in our our console and
+then adding scale underscore fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adding scale underscore fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adding scale underscore fill
+underscore gradient this defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore gradient this defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore gradient this defines
+properties of the legend and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the legend and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the legend and we want
+name equals and in quotes total m/v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name equals and in quotes total m/v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name equals and in quotes total m/v
+theft's for total motor vehicle thefts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let's add in the theme axis dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's add in the theme axis dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's add in the theme axis dot
+title dot y equals element underscore of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title dot y equals element underscore of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title dot y equals element underscore of
+blank this is what you can do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank this is what you can do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank this is what you can do if you
+want to get rid of one of the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of one of the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of one of the axis
+labels go ahead and hit enter and now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels go ahead and hit enter and now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels go ahead and hit enter and now on
+our key map the legend is titled total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key map the legend is titled total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key map the legend is titled total
+MV thefts and the y axis label is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV thefts and the y axis label is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV thefts and the y axis label is gone
+we can also change the color scheme we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also change the color scheme we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also change the color scheme we
+can do this by scrolling up in our R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this by scrolling up in our R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this by scrolling up in our R
+console and going to that scale fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and going to that scale fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and going to that scale fill
+gradient function the one that defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient function the one that defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient function the one that defines
+properties of our legend and after name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of our legend and after name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of our legend and after name
+equals total motor vehicle thefts type a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals total motor vehicle thefts type a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals total motor vehicle thefts type a
+comma and then type lo equals and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and then type lo equals and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and then type lo equals and in
+quotes white and high equals in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes white and high equals in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes white and high equals in quotes
+red will make lower values correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red will make lower values correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red will make lower values correspond to
+white colors and higher values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white colors and higher values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white colors and higher values
+correspond to red colors if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to red colors if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to red colors if you hit
+enter a new plot should show up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a new plot should show up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a new plot should show up with
+different colors this is a common color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors this is a common color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors this is a common color
+scheme in policing it shows the hotspots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme in policing it shows the hotspots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme in policing it shows the hotspots
+or the places with more crime in red so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the places with more crime in red so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the places with more crime in red so
+now the most crime is shown by the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the most crime is shown by the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the most crime is shown by the right
+spots and the least crime is shown by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and the least crime is shown by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and the least crime is shown by
+the lighter areas it looks like Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighter areas it looks like Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighter areas it looks like Friday
+night is a pretty common time for motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night is a pretty common time for motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night is a pretty common time for motor
+vehicle thefts we saw something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle thefts we saw something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle thefts we saw something that we
+didn't really see in the heat map before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really see in the heat map before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really see in the heat map before
+it's often useful to change the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often useful to change the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often useful to change the color
+scheme depending on whether you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme depending on whether you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme depending on whether you want
+high values or low values to pop out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high values or low values to pop out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high values or low values to pop out and
+the feeling you want the plot to portray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeling you want the plot to portray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeling you want the plot to portray
+in this video we've seen how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we've seen how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we've seen how to
+some new types of plots in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new types of plots in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new types of plots in the next
+video we'll see how to add data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll see how to add data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll see how to add data to
+geographical maps
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DsmkIG4-hrQ.txt b/DsmkIG4-hrQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec641534fd312efa08b21166a29a9c6deead1699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DsmkIG4-hrQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should we get started yes Oh apologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we get started yes Oh apologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we get started yes Oh apologies
+for the notes being posted so late I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the notes being posted so late I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the notes being posted so late I had
+trouble with the new two-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the new two-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the new two-factor
+authentication system which I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication system which I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication system which I need to
+get into stellar and put things up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into stellar and put things up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into stellar and put things up there
+my phone wasn't working so I had to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my phone wasn't working so I had to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my phone wasn't working so I had to find
+my iPad someplace and use that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my iPad someplace and use that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my iPad someplace and use that to get
+credentials to login so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials to login so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials to login so if you don't
+have them don't worry about it the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them don't worry about it the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them don't worry about it the full
+notes are posted online no missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are posted online no missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are posted online no missing
+pieces so you can utilize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you can utilize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you can utilize those
+afterwards if something's unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards if something's unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards if something's unclear
+alright so your quizzes are graded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so your quizzes are graded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so your quizzes are graded the
+TAS have them I think overall we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAS have them I think overall we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAS have them I think overall we were
+really pleased with the outcome of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pleased with the outcome of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pleased with the outcome of this
+quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz
+it's very conceptual in nature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very conceptual in nature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very conceptual in nature we
+thought people really understood a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought people really understood a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought people really understood a lot
+of the material quite well and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material quite well and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material quite well and you can
+see that from the distribution of scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that from the distribution of scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that from the distribution of scores
+so the mean on the quiz was about 77 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mean on the quiz was about 77 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mean on the quiz was about 77 a
+standard deviation of 12 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of 12 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of 12 I think
+everyone did really quite well and I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone did really quite well and I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone did really quite well and I'm a
+number of the problems perfect solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the problems perfect solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the problems perfect solutions
+were posted so I'll take a second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were posted so I'll take a second here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were posted so I'll take a second here
+if there any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there any questions about the
+material that was on the quiz or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that was on the quiz or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that was on the quiz or the
+format of it that you'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of it that you'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of it that you'd like to have
+addressed we're happy to answer them no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did it seem like it took too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it seem like it took too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it seem like it took too much time
+to complete all three questions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete all three questions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete all three questions and the
+two hours allotted or is it about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours allotted or is it about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours allotted or is it about the
+right length of material for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right length of material for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right length of material for for the
+time slot so we vetted it with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot so we vetted it with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot so we vetted it with the two
+TAS and it took each of them less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAS and it took each of them less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAS and it took each of them less than
+an hour to complete it so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to complete it so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to complete it so that was a
+good sign that we thought you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sign that we thought you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sign that we thought you guys
+should be able to get through most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get through most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get through most of
+the material in two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material in two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material in two hours
+okay so let's recap we're gonna move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's recap we're gonna move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's recap we're gonna move on
+today to a topic called differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to a topic called differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to a topic called differential
+algebraic equations but before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations but before doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations but before doing
+that there a couple of couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there a couple of couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there a couple of couple of
+concepts I want to review from numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts I want to review from numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts I want to review from numerical
+integration or actually concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration or actually concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration or actually concepts that
+weren't covered when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't covered when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't covered when we talked about
+numerical integration on Friday that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration on Friday that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration on Friday that I
+think are important and then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are important and then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are important and then I want to
+review briefly implicit methods for ODI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review briefly implicit methods for ODI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review briefly implicit methods for ODI
+BP's because those are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP's because those are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP's because those are going to be
+important for differential algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for differential algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for differential algebraic
+equations so for numerical integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so for numerical integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so for numerical integration
+we talked about quadrature various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about quadrature various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about quadrature various
+integrals how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals how did
+quadrature formulas but there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature formulas but there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature formulas but there's actually
+one type of integral we didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of integral we didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of integral we didn't talk
+about there which is sort of improper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there which is sort of improper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there which is sort of improper
+integrals where the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals where the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals where the limits of
+integration are unbounded and these come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration are unbounded and these come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration are unbounded and these come
+up all the time and engineering problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time and engineering problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time and engineering problems
+okay we'd like to know what the say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'd like to know what the say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'd like to know what the say
+integrated response if some function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated response if some function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated response if some function is
+over all possible times and we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible times and we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible times and we may have
+to evaluate that numerically so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate that numerically so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate that numerically so how do
+you do those sorts of integrals and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do those sorts of integrals and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do those sorts of integrals and it
+turns out the strategy that's most often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the strategy that's most often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the strategy that's most often
+used is to divide this domain up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used is to divide this domain up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used is to divide this domain up into
+two pieces right one piece which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces right one piece which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces right one piece which is a
+proper integral over a finite domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper integral over a finite domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper integral over a finite domain and
+another piece which is an improper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece which is an improper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece which is an improper
+integral over an infinite domain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over an infinite domain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over an infinite domain this
+first integral you can handle it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integral you can handle it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integral you can handle it with an
+OD IVP method or some high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD IVP method or some high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD IVP method or some high order
+polynomial interpolation but the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial interpolation but the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial interpolation but the second
+one we have to do differently right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have to do differently right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have to do differently right and
+there couple of ways to do this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there couple of ways to do this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there couple of ways to do this one is
+to transform variables so you map this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform variables so you map this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform variables so you map this
+domain onto a finite domain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain onto a finite domain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain onto a finite domain and the
+other option is to substitute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other option is to substitute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other option is to substitute an
+asymptotic approximation so we say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic approximation so we say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic approximation so we say when
+say tau is large f of tau has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tau is large f of tau has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tau is large f of tau has a
+characteristic asymptotic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic asymptotic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic asymptotic approximation
+maybe it's exponentially decaying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's exponentially decaying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's exponentially decaying okay
+and we take the integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take the integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take the integral of that
+asymptotic approximation and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic approximation and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic approximation and the more
+accurate that approximation is right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate that approximation is right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate that approximation is right the
+better our approximation for this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better our approximation for this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better our approximation for this whole
+integral will be there's another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be there's another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be there's another type of
+integral that we have to do where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have to do where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have to do where the
+same idea can be applied and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea can be applied and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea can be applied and that's the
+integral that's the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's the integral over
+integrable singularities so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable singularities so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable singularities so here's an
+example okay so say we want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so say we want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so say we want to integrate
+the function cosine of tau over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function cosine of tau over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function cosine of tau over square
+root of tau from 0 to some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of tau from 0 to some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of tau from 0 to some finite
+positive time point ok as tau goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive time point ok as tau goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive time point ok as tau goes to 0
+cosine goes to 1 and square root of tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine goes to 1 and square root of tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine goes to 1 and square root of tau
+diverges but this integral actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges but this integral actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges but this integral actually has
+a finite value right this 1 over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite value right this 1 over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite value right this 1 over square
+root of tau that's an integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of tau that's an integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of tau that's an integrable
+singularity so how do you do this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity so how do you do this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity so how do you do this well
+you want to split the domain again into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to split the domain again into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to split the domain again into
+two parts one part that contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts one part that contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts one part that contains the
+integrable singularity and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable singularity and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable singularity and the other
+part which excludes it and in the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which excludes it and in the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which excludes it and in the part
+that contains the singularity right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains the singularity right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains the singularity right we
+might do an asymptotic expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do an asymptotic expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do an asymptotic expansion of the
+function and integrate each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and integrate each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and integrate each of those
+asymptotically accurate terms separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically accurate terms separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically accurate terms separately
+ok so the integral of 1 over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the integral of 1 over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the integral of 1 over square root
+of tau is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tau is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tau is going to
+us to Tao not to the 1/2 the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to Tao not to the 1/2 the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to Tao not to the 1/2 the integral of
+this ratio here is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio here is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio here is going to give us
+minus 1/2 T naught to the 5 halves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 T naught to the 5 halves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 T naught to the 5 halves and
+then we have an integral over a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an integral over a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an integral over a finite
+domain which doesn't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain which doesn't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain which doesn't include the
+singularity right and the accuracy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity right and the accuracy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity right and the accuracy that
+this methods can be dictated by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methods can be dictated by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methods can be dictated by two
+things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now
+one is how accurately can we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is how accurately can we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is how accurately can we do this
+integral and the other is how accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the other is how accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the other is how accurate
+is our asymptotic expansion here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our asymptotic expansion here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our asymptotic expansion here right
+so if we want higher accuracy we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want higher accuracy we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want higher accuracy we need
+more terms we might need to be selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more terms we might need to be selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more terms we might need to be selective
+about how we choose the endpoint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we choose the endpoint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we choose the endpoint for
+this domain in order to minimize the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domain in order to minimize the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domain in order to minimize the air
+there are lots of methods to do this Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so you know these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you know these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you know these things right
+if I try to integrate 1 over X right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I try to integrate 1 over X right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I try to integrate 1 over X right as
+X goes to 0 right this thing will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to 0 right this thing will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to 0 right this thing will always
+diverge you know the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge you know the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge you know the you know the
+antiderivative of 1 over X is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiderivative of 1 over X is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiderivative of 1 over X is going to
+be the log and the log diverges right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the log and the log diverges right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the log and the log diverges right so
+powers weaker than 1 over X like 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers weaker than 1 over X like 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers weaker than 1 over X like 1 over
+X to the one-half right don't diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the one-half right don't diverge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the one-half right don't diverge
+like the log they actually go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the log they actually go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the log they actually go to a
+finite value the log is like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite value the log is like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite value the log is like the most
+weakly singular function there is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly singular function there is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly singular function there is and
+integrals over weaker powers of 1 over X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals over weaker powers of 1 over X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals over weaker powers of 1 over X
+actually don't produce a singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't produce a singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't produce a singularity
+anymore they're they're what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore they're they're what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore they're they're what we call
+integrable singularities the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable singularities the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable singularities the function
+itself diverges but its integral does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself diverges but its integral does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself diverges but its integral does
+not right so they usually have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right so they usually have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right so they usually have this
+asymptotic power law type behavior ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic power law type behavior ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic power law type behavior ok so
+they come up all the time right we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up all the time right we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up all the time right we see
+these things in places like say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in places like say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in places like say
+squeezing a thin film of fluid between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing a thin film of fluid between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing a thin film of fluid between
+two plates like how long does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plates like how long does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plates like how long does it take
+for these two plates to come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two plates to come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two plates to come together
+you might you might say well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you might say well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you might say well it's the
+place get closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place get closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place get closer and closer together
+right the pressure starts to diverge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the pressure starts to diverge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the pressure starts to diverge in
+the gap and they'll never come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap and they'll never come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap and they'll never come together
+but maybe maybe depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe maybe depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe maybe depending on the
+geometry of the plates there can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the plates there can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the plates there can be a
+sort of finite time at which they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of finite time at which they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of finite time at which they'll
+come together depends on their geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together depends on their geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together depends on their geometry
+ok ok so that's one topic I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok ok so that's one topic I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok ok so that's one topic I think that's
+useful because these things come up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because these things come up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because these things come up all
+the time and you can't actually handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and you can't actually handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and you can't actually handle
+those cases with quadrature by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases with quadrature by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases with quadrature by itself
+right the function diverges there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the function diverges there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the function diverges there's no
+polynomial interpolation that's suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial interpolation that's suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial interpolation that's suitable
+to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match
+so the quadrature can't handle it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quadrature can't handle it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quadrature can't handle it and if
+you're trying to integrate over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to integrate over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to integrate over an
+infinite domain well you know good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite domain well you know good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite domain well you know good luck
+right you're never gonna be able to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're never gonna be able to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're never gonna be able to fit
+enough points in to know that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough points in to know that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough points in to know that you've
+accurately integrated out to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately integrated out to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately integrated out to infinity
+I'll give you the other thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you the other thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you the other thing I want to
+recap here and this is a problem for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap here and this is a problem for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap here and this is a problem for you
+to try so here we have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try so here we have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try so here we have a simple
+first-order ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order ordinary differential
+equation we want to use the implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we want to use the implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we want to use the implicit
+Euler method to solve it so can you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method to solve it so can you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method to solve it so can you give
+a closed-form solution for like one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed-form solution for like one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed-form solution for like one step
+of the implicit Euler method or for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implicit Euler method or for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implicit Euler method or for n
+steps of the implicit Euler method what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the implicit Euler method what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the implicit Euler method what
+result does that produce can you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result does that produce can you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result does that produce can you compute
+this do you guys talk about backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do you guys talk about backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do you guys talk about backward
+Euler methods for backward Euler methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler methods for backward Euler methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler methods for backward Euler methods
+for ODI vp's backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ODI vp's backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ODI vp's backwards difference
+methods in general and the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in general and the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in general and the backward
+Euler method specifically no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method specifically no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method specifically no okay
+clearly I should I should have been here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I should I should have been here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I should I should have been here
+okay right so what's the strategy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so what's the strategy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so what's the strategy right
+we have to approximate the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to approximate the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to approximate the derivative
+yes right so the approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the approximation for the
+derivative we use is a finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we use is a finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we use is a finite difference
+approximation right so we write DX DT as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right so we write DX DT as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right so we write DX DT as
+X at a point K plus 1 minus X at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at a point K plus 1 minus X at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at a point K plus 1 minus X at the
+point K divided by delta T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point K divided by delta T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point K divided by delta T right
+backwards difference we evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference we evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference we evaluate the
+right hand side of the OD IVP at k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the OD IVP at k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the OD IVP at k plus
+1 right XK plus 1 and then we solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right XK plus 1 and then we solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right XK plus 1 and then we solve for
+XK plus ones we just substitute in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK plus ones we just substitute in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK plus ones we just substitute in here
+backwards difference approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference approximation for
+the differential and XK plus 1 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential and XK plus 1 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential and XK plus 1 for the
+right hand side we find that XK plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we find that XK plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we find that XK plus 1
+will be 1 over 1 minus delta T times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1 over 1 minus delta T times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1 over 1 minus delta T times
+this lambda okay times XK and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda okay times XK and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda okay times XK and if we
+iterate this from K equals 0 up to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate this from K equals 0 up to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate this from K equals 0 up to some
+finite K it's like multiplying by powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite K it's like multiplying by powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite K it's like multiplying by powers
+of 1 over 1 minus delta T times lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over 1 minus delta T times lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over 1 minus delta T times lambda
+yes this make sense okay so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this make sense okay so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this make sense okay so our
+backwards euler solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards euler solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards euler solution to this
+fundamental problem it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem it's going to look
+like this and a lot of times we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and a lot of times we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and a lot of times we ask
+about the stability of these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stability of these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stability of these sorts of
+solutions right so if for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions right so if for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions right so if for example the
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+- this equation was supposed to decay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- this equation was supposed to decay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- this equation was supposed to decay to
+zero we would expect our numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we would expect our numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we would expect our numerical
+method to also yield results which decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to also yield results which decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to also yield results which decay
+to zero and we would call that stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and we would call that stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and we would call that stable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we want to know under what conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know under what conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know under what conditions
+write this XK for example go to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this XK for example go to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this XK for example go to zero as
+I change the product delta T times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change the product delta T times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change the product delta T times
+lambda lambda could be a real number it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda lambda could be a real number it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda lambda could be a real number it
+could be a complex number - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a complex number - okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a complex number - okay
+those who doesn't really matter so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who doesn't really matter so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who doesn't really matter so what
+needs to be true for XK to decay to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be true for XK to decay to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be true for XK to decay to zero
+as K gets big well what needs to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as K gets big well what needs to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as K gets big well what needs to be true
+is this quantity in parentheses needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this quantity in parentheses needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this quantity in parentheses needs to
+be smaller than one taking lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller than one taking lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller than one taking lots of
+products of things that are smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of things that are smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of things that are smaller than
+one that will continue to shrink XK from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that will continue to shrink XK from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that will continue to shrink XK from
+X zero until it goes to zero if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X zero until it goes to zero if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X zero until it goes to zero if this is
+smaller than one right then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one right then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one right then this
+quantity down here needs to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity down here needs to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity down here needs to be bigger
+than 1 in absolute value okay then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 in absolute value okay then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 in absolute value okay then I'll
+get solutions that's slowly decay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get solutions that's slowly decay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get solutions that's slowly decay to
+zero so if I ask for what values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if I ask for what values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if I ask for what values of
+Delta T times lambda is the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta T times lambda is the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta T times lambda is the absolute
+value of this thing bigger than one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this thing bigger than one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this thing bigger than one and
+I allow lambda to be a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I allow lambda to be a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I allow lambda to be a complex number
+for example I'll find out that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I'll find out that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I'll find out that's true
+when 1 minus Delta T times the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when 1 minus Delta T times the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when 1 minus Delta T times the real part
+of lambda squared plus delta T times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda squared plus delta T times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda squared plus delta T times the
+imaginary part of lambda squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of lambda squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of lambda squared is
+bigger than 1 and if I plot the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 and if I plot the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 and if I plot the real
+part of delta T times lambda versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of delta T times lambda versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of delta T times lambda versus the
+imaginary part of delta T times lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of delta T times lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of delta T times lambda
+this inequality is represented by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is represented by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is represented by this
+pink zone on the outside of the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink zone on the outside of the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink zone on the outside of the circle
+so any values of delta T times lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any values of delta T times lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any values of delta T times lambda
+that live in this pink area will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live in this pink area will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live in this pink area will give
+stable integration ok the solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable integration ok the solution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable integration ok the solution right
+XK will decay to 0 as K goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK will decay to 0 as K goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK will decay to 0 as K goes to infinity
+yeah that makes sense yeah this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that makes sense yeah this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that makes sense yeah this is a
+little funny though what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funny though what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funny though what does the
+solution to this equation do when lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation do when lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation do when lambda
+is bigger than 1 but when it's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than 1 but when it's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than 1 but when it's bigger
+than 0 excuse me when lambdas bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 excuse me when lambdas bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 excuse me when lambdas bigger
+than 0 what does the solution to this o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 what does the solution to this o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 what does the solution to this o
+dibp do does it decay it blows up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dibp do does it decay it blows up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dibp do does it decay it blows up right
+grows exponentially but the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows exponentially but the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows exponentially but the numerical
+method here when I have lambdas bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method here when I have lambdas bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method here when I have lambdas bigger
+than 0 can be stable and produced decane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 can be stable and produced decane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 can be stable and produced decane
+solutions so this is sort of peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so this is sort of peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so this is sort of peculiar
+right so we're often concerned when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're often concerned when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're often concerned when we
+solve ODI vp's we try to use these sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ODI vp's we try to use these sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ODI vp's we try to use these sorts
+of backwards difference methods these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backwards difference methods these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backwards difference methods these
+implicit methods to solve them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit methods to solve them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit methods to solve them we're
+often concerned with getting stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often concerned with getting stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often concerned with getting stability
+right we want to get solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to get solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to get solutions that
+decay when they're supposed to decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay when they're supposed to decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay when they're supposed to decay
+sometimes we get solutions that decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we get solutions that decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we get solutions that decay
+even when the solution is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the solution is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the solution is supposed to
+blow up so that's sort of funny right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up so that's sort of funny right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up so that's sort of funny right so
+the exact solution should look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution should look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution should look like this
+okay but they're gonna be circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they're gonna be circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they're gonna be circumstances
+where lambdas bigger than zero in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where lambdas bigger than zero in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where lambdas bigger than zero in fact
+lambdas bigger than lambda delta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas bigger than lambda delta T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas bigger than lambda delta T is
+bigger than two okay along the real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than two okay along the real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than two okay along the real axis
+where things the solution will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things the solution will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things the solution will actually
+blow up rather than decay away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up rather than decay away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up rather than decay away so
+stability and accuracy don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and accuracy don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and accuracy don't always
+correlate with each other okay we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate with each other okay we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate with each other okay we really
+have to understand the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand the underlying
+dynamics of the problem we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the problem we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the problem we're trying to
+solve before we choose a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve before we choose a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve before we choose a numerical
+method to apply to it and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to apply to it and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to apply to it and this is going
+to be true of differential algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true of differential algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true of differential algebraic
+equations as well as any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as well as any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as well as any questions about
+this there's a discussion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's a discussion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's a discussion of these
+things in your textbook okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your textbook okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your textbook okay
+these sorts of stability regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of stability regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of stability regions
+associated with different backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with different backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with different backwards
+difference methods the implicit Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference methods the implicit Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference methods the implicit Euler
+method is one backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is one backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is one backwards difference
+formula it's the simplest one okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's the simplest one okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's the simplest one okay it's
+the least accurate one that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least accurate one that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least accurate one that you can
+derive but it's an easy one to use but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive but it's an easy one to use but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive but it's an easy one to use but
+now we want to move on to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to move on to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to move on to a different
+sort of problem this one that we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of problem this one that we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of problem this one that we come
+across in engineering all the time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in engineering all the time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in engineering all the time these
+problems are called differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are called differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are called differential
+algebraic equations and they're problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations and they're problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations and they're problems
+of the sort a function of some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort a function of some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort a function of some state
+variables and the derivatives of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the derivatives of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the derivatives of those
+state variables and time is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variables and time is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state variables and time is equal to
+zero and there's some initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's some initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's some initial condition
+the state variables at time zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state variables at time zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state variables at time zero is
+equal to some X naught so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some X naught so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some X naught so this is a
+vector valued function of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued function of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued function of a vector
+valued state and it's time derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued state and it's time derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued state and it's time derivatives
+and we want to understand the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to understand the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to understand the dynamics
+of this system how does X vary with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system how does X vary with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system how does X vary with time
+in a way that's consistent with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's consistent with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's consistent with this
+governing equation usually we call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equation usually we call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equation usually we call these
+well posed problems when the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well posed problems when the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well posed problems when the dimension
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+variable and the function are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the function are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the function are the same
+right they both live in the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they both live in the vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they both live in the vector space
+RN so have n different states I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN so have n different states I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN so have n different states I've been
+different functions that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions that I have to
+satisfy and I want to understand how X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and I want to understand how X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and I want to understand how X
+varies with time here's an example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with time here's an example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with time here's an example okay
+a stirred tank I called a stirred tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stirred tank I called a stirred tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stirred tank I called a stirred tank
+example one so into the stirred tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one so into the stirred tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one so into the stirred tank
+comes some some concentration of solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes some some concentration of solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes some some concentration of solute
+right out of the stirred tank comes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the stirred tank comes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of the stirred tank comes some
+different concentration of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentration of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentration of the same
+solute we want to model the dynamics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute we want to model the dynamics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute we want to model the dynamics as
+a function of time so we know right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time so we know right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time so we know right that
+a material balance of the solute on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material balance of the solute on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material balance of the solute on the
+stirred tank if it's well mixed will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred tank if it's well mixed will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred tank if it's well mixed will
+tell us the dc2 DT right is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the dc2 DT right is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the dc2 DT right is related to
+you know the volumetric flow rate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the volumetric flow rate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the volumetric flow rate into
+the tank divided by the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank divided by the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank divided by the volume of the
+fin tank multiplied by the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin tank multiplied by the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin tank multiplied by the difference
+between C 1 and C 2 the amount carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between C 1 and C 2 the amount carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between C 1 and C 2 the amount carried
+in and the amount carried out of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the amount carried out of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the amount carried out of the of
+the tank yes now let's put a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank yes now let's put a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank yes now let's put a constraint
+in here - let's suppose we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here - let's suppose we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here - let's suppose we're trying to
+control this tank in some way so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this tank in some way so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this tank in some way so we say
+that C 1 of time has got to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C 1 of time has got to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C 1 of time has got to be equal to
+some control signal gamma of T ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control signal gamma of T ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control signal gamma of T ok and
+then we want to understand the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to understand the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to understand the dynamics
+of this system right at time zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system right at time zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system right at time zero right
+C 2 is some C naught the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 is some C naught the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 is some C naught the initial
+concentration of the tank and C 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the tank and C 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the tank and C 1 is
+whatever the initial value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the initial value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the initial value of this
+control signal is and the solution is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control signal is and the solution is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control signal is and the solution is C
+1 equals gamma of T and C 2 is well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equals gamma of T and C 2 is well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equals gamma of T and C 2 is well the
+initial concentrations got to decay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentrations got to decay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentrations got to decay out
+exponentially and then I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and then I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and then I've got to
+integrate over how the input is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over how the input is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over how the input is changing
+in time those also produce exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time those also produce exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time those also produce exponential
+decay so if the input is a little Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so if the input is a little Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so if the input is a little Delta
+function spike then I'll get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function spike then I'll get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function spike then I'll get an
+exponential decay leaving the tank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay leaving the tank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay leaving the tank the
+inputs changing dynamically in time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs changing dynamically in time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs changing dynamically in time I
+need this convolution of the input with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this convolution of the input with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this convolution of the input with
+this interval and so you just solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and so you just solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and so you just solve this
+system this ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this ordinary differential
+equation by substituting C 1 in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by substituting C 1 in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by substituting C 1 in there
+but this is not just that this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not just that this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not just that this system of
+equations here is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here is not just a
+differential equation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's a
+differential equation and an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and an algebraic
+equation right there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right there's something
+peculiar about that that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar about that that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar about that that's different
+than just solving systems of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just solving systems of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just solving systems of ordinary
+differential equations oftentimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations oftentimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations oftentimes in
+we just we write down all the governing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just we write down all the governing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just we write down all the governing
+equations associated with the model some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations associated with the model some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations associated with the model some
+of them may be differentials some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them may be differentials some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them may be differentials some of
+them may be algebraic there are times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them may be algebraic there are times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them may be algebraic there are times
+when we can look at those equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can look at those equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can look at those equations and
+see clever substitutions that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see clever substitutions that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see clever substitutions that we can
+make but if you have a hundred equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but if you have a hundred equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but if you have a hundred equations
+or a thousand equations or a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a thousand equations or a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a thousand equations or a million
+equations there's no way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there's no way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there's no way to do that
+reliably we just find out wind up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably we just find out wind up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably we just find out wind up with a
+system of ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of ordinary differential
+equations and algebraic equations mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and algebraic equations mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and algebraic equations mixed
+together and we have to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we have to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we have to solve these
+reliably here's another example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably here's another example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably here's another example so
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+so me let me write this in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so me let me write this in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so me let me write this in this form
+right so we said this should be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we said this should be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we said this should be a vector
+valued function of the states and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function of the states and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function of the states and the
+derivatives of the states the states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the states the states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the states the states are
+the concentration C 1 and C 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration C 1 and C 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration C 1 and C 2 and the
+derivative here is DC 2 DT so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here is DC 2 DT so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here is DC 2 DT so here's my
+vector valued function the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued function the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued function the first element
+is this and it's equal to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this and it's equal to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this and it's equal to zero the
+second element is this and it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element is this and it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element is this and it's equal to
+zero here's my initial condition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here's my initial condition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here's my initial condition right
+over the states so I can just transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the states so I can just transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the states so I can just transform
+that list of equations to the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list of equations to the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list of equations to the sort of
+canonical form for a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical form for a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical form for a differential
+algebraic equation here's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation here's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation here's a separate
+example ok suppose instead right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example ok suppose instead right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example ok suppose instead right I'm
+trying to either control or make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to either control or make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to either control or make a
+measurement of the outlet concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of the outlet concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of the outlet concentration
+C 2 and we call that gamma of T and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 and we call that gamma of T and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 and we call that gamma of T and I
+want to know now what is C 2 and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know now what is C 2 and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know now what is C 2 and what is
+C 1 so now I've got to solve this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 so now I've got to solve this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 so now I've got to solve this system
+of equations for C 2 and C 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations for C 2 and C 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations for C 2 and C 1 the
+solution for C 2 is easy I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for C 2 is easy I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for C 2 is easy I know that
+right C 2 is gamma by definition I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right C 2 is gamma by definition I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right C 2 is gamma by definition I got
+to substitute this into the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to substitute this into the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to substitute this into the first
+equation and solve for C 1 I see C 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for C 1 I see C 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for C 1 I see C 1 is
+gamma plus V over Q gamma dot okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma plus V over Q gamma dot okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma plus V over Q gamma dot okay and I
+have to have initial conditions to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have initial conditions to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have initial conditions to go
+along with this there's something funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this there's something funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this there's something funny
+here right we can see the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right we can see the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right we can see the initial
+condition for C 2 has to be gamma naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for C 2 has to be gamma naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for C 2 has to be gamma naught
+the initial condition for C 1 what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition for C 1 what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition for C 1 what does
+that have to be well it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be well it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be well it needs to be
+consistent with the solution here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the solution here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the solution here there
+are no free variables when I solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no free variables when I solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no free variables when I solved this
+equation for C 1 isn't like solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C 1 isn't like solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C 1 isn't like solving a
+differential equation having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation having a
+coefficient to specify right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to specify right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to specify right so it
+better be the case that this see not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be the case that this see not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be the case that this see not
+here is the same as gamma naught plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same as gamma naught plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same as gamma naught plus V
+over Q gamma dot not right somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q gamma dot not right somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q gamma dot not right somehow I
+have to know this input signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know this input signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know this input signal to
+prescribe the initial conditions for c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the initial conditions for c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the initial conditions for c1
+so that's peculiar and different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's peculiar and different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's peculiar and different from
+just OD e IV Peas you see this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just OD e IV Peas you see this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just OD e IV Peas you see this picture
+say let's go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's go together
+the solution is funny to right suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is funny to right suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is funny to right suppose
+we were trying to use this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were trying to use this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were trying to use this system of
+equations to do the following right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to do the following right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to do the following right
+we're trying to measure c2 and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure c2 and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure c2 and use the
+measurement of c2 to predict c1 so gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of c2 to predict c1 so gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of c2 to predict c1 so gamma
+is the measurement and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the measurement and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the measurement and we're trying to
+solve this system of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of differential
+algebraic equations to predict what c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations to predict what c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations to predict what c1
+is right well all measurements incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right well all measurements incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right well all measurements incur
+numerical error right so even though our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical error right so even though our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical error right so even though our
+signal for gamma that we measure may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for gamma that we measure may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for gamma that we measure may be
+continuous right it's bouncing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right it's bouncing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right it's bouncing around
+wildly right it's not a constant signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly right it's not a constant signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly right it's not a constant signal
+it's gonna move around a great deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna move around a great deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna move around a great deal and
+c1 our predicted value for c1 depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 our predicted value for c1 depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 our predicted value for c1 depends on
+the derivatives of gamma which means c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of gamma which means c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of gamma which means c1
+it's going to be incredibly sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be incredibly sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be incredibly sensitive to
+how that measurement is made okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that measurement is made okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that measurement is made okay so
+that's peculiar it means that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's peculiar it means that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's peculiar it means that there's
+gonna be a lot of problems with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a lot of problems with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a lot of problems with like
+stable e solving these equations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable e solving these equations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable e solving these equations because
+the solutions can admit cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions can admit cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions can admit cases where
+they're not integrals of the input but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not integrals of the input but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not integrals of the input but
+they're actually related to derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually related to derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually related to derivatives
+of the input look at the solution back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input look at the solution back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input look at the solution back
+here again sorry the solution here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again sorry the solution here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again sorry the solution here was
+related to an integral of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to an integral of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to an integral of the input
+suppose I was making a measurement of c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I was making a measurement of c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I was making a measurement of c1
+in trying to predict c2 instead right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to predict c2 instead right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to predict c2 instead right my
+prediction for c2 would be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for c2 would be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for c2 would be related to
+the integral of that measured signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of that measured signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of that measured signal and
+we know integrals smooth signals out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know integrals smooth signals out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know integrals smooth signals out so
+it's not going to be so sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be so sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be so sensitive to the
+measurement so one way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so one way of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so one way of doing this
+seems really sensible and the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really sensible and the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really sensible and the other way
+of doing it seems a little bizarre right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it seems a little bizarre right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it seems a little bizarre right
+well we can construct these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can construct these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can construct these equations
+however we want ok so there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we want ok so there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we want ok so there's something
+about how we formulate models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we formulate models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we formulate models that are
+going to make them either easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make them either easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make them either easily
+solvable as the da's or quite difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable as the da's or quite difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable as the da's or quite difficult
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+so these pop up all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these pop up all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these pop up all the time in
+engineering problems right they pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problems right they pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problems right they pop up
+in dynamic simulations where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dynamic simulations where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dynamic simulations where we have
+some sort of underlying conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of underlying conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of underlying conservation
+principle or constraints or equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle or constraints or equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle or constraints or equilibria
+right so if we have to conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we have to conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we have to conserve
+something like total energy total mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like total energy total mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like total energy total mass
+total momentum total particle number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total momentum total particle number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total momentum total particle number
+total atomic species total charge there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total atomic species total charge there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total atomic species total charge there
+always be an algebraic constraint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an algebraic constraint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an algebraic constraint that
+tells us right the total mass has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us right the total mass has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us right the total mass has to
+stay this or the total number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay this or the total number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay this or the total number of atoms
+of a certain type has to stay this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain type has to stay this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain type has to stay this yeah
+Ian so a good question let me go back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian so a good question let me go back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian so a good question let me go back so
+they're fundamentally different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fundamentally different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fundamentally different problems
+so in one case I specified the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one case I specified the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one case I specified the value of
+c2 to be this gamma I tried to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 to be this gamma I tried to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 to be this gamma I tried to make a
+measurement of c2 and then predict c1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of c2 and then predict c1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of c2 and then predict c1 in
+the other case I specified c1 I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case I specified c1 I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case I specified c1 I tried to
+measure c1 and predict c2 right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure c1 and predict c2 right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure c1 and predict c2 right so one
+case I measured the input and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I measured the input and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I measured the input and tried to
+predict the output to the tank and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the output to the tank and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the output to the tank and in
+the other case I measured the output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case I measured the output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case I measured the output and
+tried to use it to predict the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to use it to predict the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to use it to predict the input
+yeah yes that's right that's right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes that's right that's right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes that's right that's right so I
+formulated the model differently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated the model differently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated the model differently the
+same underlying system but I formulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same underlying system but I formulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same underlying system but I formulated
+the model differently and that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model differently and that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model differently and that led to
+completely different behavior in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different behavior in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different behavior in the
+underlying solution to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying solution to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying solution to the differential
+algebraic equations so you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations so you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations so you've already
+solve problems that involve conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems that involve conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems that involve conservation
+you've done things like OD IV Peas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done things like OD IV Peas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done things like OD IV Peas on
+batch reactors where the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch reactors where the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch reactors where the total amount of
+material and the reactor had to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the reactor had to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the reactor had to remain
+constant instead he price all for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant instead he price all for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant instead he price all for the
+dynamics of each of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of each of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of each of the components
+undergoing the reaction you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing the reaction you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing the reaction you might have
+checked to see if at each point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked to see if at each point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked to see if at each point in time
+right the total mass and the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the total mass and the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the total mass and the reactor
+stayed the same because you solved all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same because you solved all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same because you solved all
+these differential equations they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differential equations they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differential equations they were
+interconnected with each other but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected with each other but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected with each other but they
+all incurred some numerical error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all incurred some numerical error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all incurred some numerical error
+it's possible that numerical error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that numerical error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that numerical error
+accrues in a way that actually has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accrues in a way that actually has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accrues in a way that actually has you
+losing mass from your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing mass from your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing mass from your system
+right so there may be benefits actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there may be benefits actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there may be benefits actually
+trying to solve these sorts of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve these sorts of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve these sorts of systems
+of equations with say one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations with say one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations with say one less
+differential equation for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for one of the
+components and instead an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and instead an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and instead an algebraic
+constraint governing the total mass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint governing the total mass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint governing the total mass or
+total number of moles in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of moles in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of moles in the system
+right okay so these pop up all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so these pop up all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so these pop up all the time
+you see them in models of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them in models of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them in models of reaction
+networks where we try to use like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks where we try to use like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks where we try to use like a
+pseudo steady state approximation we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo steady state approximation we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo steady state approximation we say
+some reactions go so fast that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactions go so fast that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactions go so fast that they
+equilibrate so they're not governed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate so they're not governed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate so they're not governed by
+differential equations but by but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but by but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but by but
+governed by algebraic equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by algebraic equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by algebraic equations for
+equilibria right they can pop up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria right they can pop up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria right they can pop up in
+models of control where we neglect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of control where we neglect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of control where we neglect the
+controller dynamics okay so you say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller dynamics okay so you say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller dynamics okay so you say I'm
+gonna try to control this process and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to control this process and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to control this process and I
+get to instantaneously turn on or off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to instantaneously turn on or off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to instantaneously turn on or off
+this valve in response to a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this valve in response to a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this valve in response to a measurement
+will actually controllers have inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually controllers have inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually controllers have inherent
+dynamics in them okay but if I don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in them okay but if I don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in them okay but if I don't put
+those dynamics in then I may get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dynamics in then I may get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dynamics in then I may get an
+algebraic equation instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation instead of a
+differential equation for how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for how the
+control process occurs now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control process occurs now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control process occurs now there are
+different types of DA's that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of DA's that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of DA's that we talked
+about so there's one type that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there's one type that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there's one type that's called
+semi explicit okay da YZ and in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi explicit okay da YZ and in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi explicit okay da YZ and in these
+types of differential algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of differential algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of differential algebraic
+equations we can write them in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we can write them in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we can write them in the form
+M DX DT is equal to f of X and T some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M DX DT is equal to f of X and T some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M DX DT is equal to f of X and T some
+initial condition you said well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition you said well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition you said well this
+looks like an OD e ivp M is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an OD e ivp M is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an OD e ivp M is called the
+mass matrix and it may or may not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix and it may or may not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass matrix and it may or may not be the
+case that M is invertible M may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that M is invertible M may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that M is invertible M may or may
+not be a full rank matrix look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a full rank matrix look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a full rank matrix look at that
+stirred tank example one okay this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred tank example one okay this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred tank example one okay this was
+the underlying equation f of X and DX DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying equation f of X and DX DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying equation f of X and DX DT
+and T I can write it in semi explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T I can write it in semi explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T I can write it in semi explicit
+form if C has two components C 1 and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if C has two components C 1 and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if C has two components C 1 and C 2
+right then DC 2 DT oops this is a typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then DC 2 DT oops this is a typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then DC 2 DT oops this is a typo
+here I really apologize this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I really apologize this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I really apologize this should be a
+0 and this element should be a 1 I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this element should be a 1 I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this element should be a 1 I'll
+correct that online I apologize for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that online I apologize for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that online I apologize for that
+right so this should be this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this should be this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this should be this may
+Tricks multiplied with this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tricks multiplied with this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tricks multiplied with this differential
+should give me DC 2 DT this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give me DC 2 DT this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give me DC 2 DT this term here
+and a 0 for the second equation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 0 for the second equation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 0 for the second equation and then
+I've got Q over V multiplying C 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got Q over V multiplying C 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got Q over V multiplying C 1 and
+minus C 2 so that gives me the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C 2 so that gives me the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C 2 so that gives me the first
+line here I've got minus C 1 coming on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here I've got minus C 1 coming on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here I've got minus C 1 coming on
+the second equation here and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation here and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation here and those
+balance with a 0 and a gamma right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance with a 0 and a gamma right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance with a 0 and a gamma right so
+the lower line reads like this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower line reads like this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower line reads like this equation
+here and the upper line fix this typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the upper line fix this typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the upper line fix this typo
+replace 0 with 1 reads like the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace 0 with 1 reads like the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace 0 with 1 reads like the upper
+equation here this is the semi explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here this is the semi explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here this is the semi explicit
+form of the differential equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the differential equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the differential equation you
+see this mass matrix is singular and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this mass matrix is singular and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this mass matrix is singular and as
+a row that's all zeros there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row that's all zeros there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row that's all zeros there's no way to
+invert this matrix and convert it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this matrix and convert it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this matrix and convert it into a
+system of Oh div peas which you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Oh div peas which you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Oh div peas which you already
+know how to solve right if the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve right if the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve right if the mass
+matrix is full rank which can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is full rank which can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is full rank which can happen
+okay you can formulate your model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can formulate your model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can formulate your model in
+such a way that it takes on this semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it takes on this semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it takes on this semi
+explicit form but if the mass matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit form but if the mass matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit form but if the mass matrix is
+full rank and invertible then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rank and invertible then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rank and invertible then you just
+invert the mass matrix and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the mass matrix and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the mass matrix and now you can
+apply all your OD IVP techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all your OD IVP techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all your OD IVP techniques to
+solve this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this thing
+ok the mass matrix doesn't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the mass matrix doesn't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the mass matrix doesn't need to be
+constant right could depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right could depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right could depend on the
+concentration okay it can depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration okay it can depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration okay it can depend on the
+states as well in this form I just chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states as well in this form I just chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states as well in this form I just chose
+an example where that isn't the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where that isn't the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where that isn't the case but
+in general can depend on the states if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general can depend on the states if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general can depend on the states if
+it depends on the states and we invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the states and we invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the states and we invert
+it that we need to be sure that the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we need to be sure that the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we need to be sure that the mass
+matrix is invertible for all values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is invertible for all values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is invertible for all values of
+the states which may or may not be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states which may or may not be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states which may or may not be easy
+to insure so here's what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insure so here's what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insure so here's what I'd like you to
+try to do so here's that stirred tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do so here's that stirred tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do so here's that stirred tank
+example 2 ok the only difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 2 ok the only difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 2 ok the only difference between
+this and the previous one is that C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the previous one is that C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the previous one is that C 2
+now is set equal to gamma instead of C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is set equal to gamma instead of C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is set equal to gamma instead of C 1
+I want you to try to write it in semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to try to write it in semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to try to write it in semi
+explicit form this sort of test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit form this sort of test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit form this sort of test of
+understanding right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding right
+can you define the mass matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you define the mass matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you define the mass matrix right
+can you write out the right-hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you write out the right-hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you write out the right-hand side of
+the equation in so many explicit form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation in so many explicit form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation in so many explicit form
+take a second work with your neighbor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a second work with your neighbor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a second work with your neighbor so
+you can figure out how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey so you can look back on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so you can look back on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so you can look back on the previous
+slide actually the semi explicit form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide actually the semi explicit form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide actually the semi explicit form is
+gonna be the same right this is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same right this is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same right this is a zero
+that's a 1 okay the only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 1 okay the only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 1 okay the only difference is
+going to be c2 is now balanced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be c2 is now balanced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be c2 is now balanced with
+gamma the input so this minus 1 is got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the input so this minus 1 is got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the input so this minus 1 is got a
+shift over so I switch to zero for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over so I switch to zero for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over so I switch to zero for the
+minus 1 you get the something that sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 you get the something that sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 you get the something that sent
+me explicit for him ok there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explicit for him ok there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explicit for him ok there's another
+way that these equations can pop up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these equations can pop up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these equations can pop up okay
+so we only have this mass matrix and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have this mass matrix and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have this mass matrix and it
+might be the case that M is diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case that M is diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case that M is diagonal
+okay over many of the states and then 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay over many of the states and then 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay over many of the states and then 0
+for all the other states so we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the other states so we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the other states so we might be
+able to write the equation in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write the equation in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write the equation in this form
+this comes up all the time so we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes up all the time so we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes up all the time so we might
+be able to write DX DT is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to write DX DT is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to write DX DT is a function of
+X Y and T and 0 is equal to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and T and 0 is equal to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and T and 0 is equal to another
+function of X Y and T we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X Y and T we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X Y and T we have some
+initial conditions it prescribed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions it prescribed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions it prescribed for the
+X's of which we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's of which we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's of which we're taking the
+differential in one of these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential in one of these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential in one of these equations
+and we've also got to satisfy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've also got to satisfy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've also got to satisfy those
+initial conditions right for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right for these
+variables Y associated with the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Y associated with the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Y associated with the second
+nonlinear equation the X's are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation the X's are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation the X's are called
+the differential States because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential States because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential States because they're
+involved in equations where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in equations where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in equations where they're
+different difference with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different difference with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different difference with respect to
+time or the differential with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the differential with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the differential with respect to
+time is taken Y are called the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is taken Y are called the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is taken Y are called the algebraic
+states because they only appear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states because they only appear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states because they only appear as
+themselves and not as their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and not as their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and not as their time
+differential in any of these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential in any of these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential in any of these equations
+okay so we might want to solve for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we might want to solve for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we might want to solve for both
+the differential and the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential and the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential and the algebraic
+States simultaneously right we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States simultaneously right we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States simultaneously right we have to
+know these algebraic States to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these algebraic States to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these algebraic States to determine
+the differential States we have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential States we have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential States we have to know
+the differential States to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential States to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential States to determine the
+algebraic States yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right so here here the X that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so here here the X that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so here here the X that I
+have is not all of the states right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is not all of the states right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is not all of the states right it's
+not all of the unknowns it's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of the unknowns it's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of the unknowns it's only the
+set of the unknowns of which I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the unknowns of which I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the unknowns of which I have to
+take a differential that's right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a differential that's right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a differential that's right that's
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we sort of tooled down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we sort of tooled down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we sort of tooled down right
+this kinds of equations we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinds of equations we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinds of equations we might want to
+look at right we've gone from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at right we've gone from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at right we've gone from the
+generic differential algebraic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic differential algebraic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic differential algebraic equation
+to a semi explicit form to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a semi explicit form to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a semi explicit form to this
+splitting this differential algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting this differential algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting this differential algebraic
+splitting many problems can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting many problems can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting many problems can be
+formulated in this fashion okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated in this fashion okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated in this fashion okay this
+one's the easiest one to kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the easiest one to kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the easiest one to kind of think
+about so that's the one that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that's the one that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that's the one that we'll
+discuss for most of most of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at some examples examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples examples are
+interesting to think about so here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about so here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about so here's one
+okay think about a mass spring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about a mass spring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about a mass spring system
+there's an algebraic equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an algebraic equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an algebraic equation that
+governs a conserved quantity the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs a conserved quantity the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs a conserved quantity the total
+energy of this mass spring system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this mass spring system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this mass spring system right
+so the kinetic energy one-half M times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy one-half M times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy one-half M times
+the velocity of the mass squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the mass squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the mass squared plus
+write the energy stored in the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the energy stored in the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the energy stored in the spring
+one-half KX squared has got to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half KX squared has got to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half KX squared has got to be equal
+to the total energy and the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total energy and the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total energy and the total energy
+can't change in time okay so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change in time okay so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change in time okay so we have a
+differential algebraic equation right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equation right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equation right we
+have a differential State because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential State because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential State because we're
+taking the time derivative of x and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the time derivative of x and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the time derivative of x and we'd
+like to be able to determine write X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to determine write X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to determine write X as
+a function of time so f of X X dot and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time so f of X X dot and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time so f of X X dot and T
+right that's this equation one-half MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's this equation one-half MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's this equation one-half MV
+squared plus one-half KX squared minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus one-half KX squared minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus one-half KX squared minus C
+is equal to zero we'd like to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero we'd like to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero we'd like to solve this
+differential algebraic equation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equation it's
+well posed we have one equation for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well posed we have one equation for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well posed we have one equation for one
+unknown right one state the equation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown right one state the equation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown right one state the equation has
+a solution which is a times cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution which is a times cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution which is a times cosine Omega
+T it's not the only possible solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's not the only possible solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T it's not the only possible solution
+it's a solution to this equation we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solution to this equation we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solution to this equation we can
+substitute that solution into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that solution into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that solution into the
+equation and determine for example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and determine for example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and determine for example what
+this oscillation frequency Omega has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation frequency Omega has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation frequency Omega has to
+be it's square root of K over m or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's square root of K over m or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's square root of K over m or what
+the amplitude has to be it's the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude has to be it's the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude has to be it's the square
+root of e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of e over
+okay okay so you've seen this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so you've seen this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so you've seen this from
+physics before we've already solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics before we've already solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics before we've already solved
+differential algebraic equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equations the
+thing you saw before though right was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you saw before though right was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you saw before though right was
+actually conservation of momentum right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conservation of momentum right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conservation of momentum right
+you converted this entirely to a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you converted this entirely to a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you converted this entirely to a second
+order differential equation in X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation in X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation in X and
+solved it but in principle we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it but in principle we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it but in principle we could have
+tried to find various solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to find various solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to find various solutions to this
+equation instead we would have said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation instead we would have said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation instead we would have said well
+we've observed masses and Springs and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've observed masses and Springs and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've observed masses and Springs and we
+know they oscillate in time so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they oscillate in time so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they oscillate in time so let's
+propose some asila Tauri solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose some asila Tauri solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose some asila Tauri solutions and
+see what values of the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what values of the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what values of the amplitude and
+Omega we need to satisfy this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we need to satisfy this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we need to satisfy this equation
+oh damn a perfectly acceptable way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh damn a perfectly acceptable way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh damn a perfectly acceptable way of
+solving this problem of the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem of the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem of the thing is
+right this mass-spring problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this mass-spring problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this mass-spring problem the
+differential algebraic equation contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equation contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equation contains
+nonlinearities with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with respect to the
+states okay so it's nonlinear and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay so it's nonlinear and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay so it's nonlinear and the
+velocity and it's nonlinear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it's nonlinear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it's nonlinear in the
+position nonlinear equations in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position nonlinear equations in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position nonlinear equations in general
+are hard to solve okay when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to solve okay when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to solve okay when you
+converted that to a momentum balance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted that to a momentum balance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted that to a momentum balance you
+got linear equations right you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got linear equations right you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got linear equations right you got the
+second derivative of position was equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of position was equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of position was equal
+to stiffness over mass times position as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stiffness over mass times position as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stiffness over mass times position as
+a linear differential equation to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear differential equation to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear differential equation to solve
+which is easy to solve so you got higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is easy to solve so you got higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is easy to solve so you got higher
+order differentials but you linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differentials but you linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differentials but you linearize
+the equation so made it easier to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so made it easier to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so made it easier to solve
+in a certain sense but we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense but we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense but we'd like to
+sometimes understand right what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes understand right what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes understand right what we can
+do with these equations are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these equations are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these equations are there
+certain limiting cases where we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limiting cases where we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limiting cases where we can do
+interesting things with these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things with these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things with these equations
+I'm gonna show you one now so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna show you one now so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna show you one now so in the
+case where the Jacobian of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the Jacobian of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the Jacobian of this function
+f with respect to the differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to the differential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to the differential of
+the state variable so take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state variable so take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state variable so take the
+derivative of F with respect to X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of F with respect to X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of F with respect to X dot
+and hold time and the state constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold time and the state constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold time and the state constant
+this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix
+well that's full rank then the DA can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's full rank then the DA can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's full rank then the DA can be
+represented as an equivalent OTE okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as an equivalent OTE okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as an equivalent OTE okay
+here's how you can show that right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you can show that right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you can show that right the
+total differential of F is this Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential of F is this Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential of F is this Jacobian
+with respect to X dot times the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X dot times the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X dot times the change
+in X dot plus the Jacobian with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X dot plus the Jacobian with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X dot plus the Jacobian with respect
+to X times the change in X plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X times the change in X plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X times the change in X plus the
+partial derivative of F with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of F with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of F with respect to
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+the change in time and this total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in time and this total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in time and this total
+differential has to be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential has to be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential has to be equal to zero
+because F is equal to zero for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F is equal to zero for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F is equal to zero for all
+states in time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in time okay
+so let's divide by DT right we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's divide by DT right we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's divide by DT right we'd like to
+know how f changes with time it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how f changes with time it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how f changes with time it's a
+total differential of F with time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential of F with time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total differential of F with time we
+divide each of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide each of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide each of these little
+differentials by time and then we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials by time and then we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials by time and then we solve
+for D X DT that's going to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D X DT that's going to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D X DT that's going to involve
+moving this term to the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this term to the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this term to the other side of
+the equation and inverting this Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and inverting this Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and inverting this Jacobian
+so if I can invert the Jacobian then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can invert the Jacobian then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can invert the Jacobian then I
+can convert my da system into a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert my da system into a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert my da system into a system
+of o DS right this equals zero shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o DS right this equals zero shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o DS right this equals zero shouldn't
+be here I apologize that's another typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here I apologize that's another typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here I apologize that's another typo
+right I move this term to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I move this term to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I move this term to the other side
+of the equation to where the zero is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation to where the zero is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation to where the zero is and
+I solve so went from a first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve so went from a first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve so went from a first-order
+equation a first-order equation in X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a first-order equation in X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a first-order equation in X to
+a second-order equation in X right two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second-order equation in X right two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second-order equation in X right two
+differentials of X with time instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials of X with time instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials of X with time instead of
+one differential of X with time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one differential of X with time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one differential of X with time but I
+could convert it to an equivalent system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could convert it to an equivalent system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could convert it to an equivalent system
+of ordinary differential equations does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary differential equations does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary differential equations does
+that make sense do you see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense do you see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense do you see how that
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+any questions let's go back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions let's go back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions let's go back and look at
+an example right the mass spring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example right the mass spring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example right the mass spring system
+okay so here's our OD e that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our OD e that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our OD e that we're
+trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve
+I'm sorry our Dae that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry our Dae that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry our Dae that we're trying to
+solve can you convert this right to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve can you convert this right to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve can you convert this right to an
+equivalent ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent ordinary differential
+equation using the approach I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using the approach I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using the approach I just
+described I think you guys can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described I think you guys can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described I think you guys can figure
+that out try it you can work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SR they're tired or friendships have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SR they're tired or friendships have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SR they're tired or friendships have
+been destroyed over the midterm season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been destroyed over the midterm season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been destroyed over the midterm season
+maybe both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so let's compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's compute the
+things we need to know we needed to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we need to know we needed to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we need to know we needed to know
+the partials right of this F with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials right of this F with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partials right of this F with
+respect to the states and with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the states and with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the states and with respect
+to time so partial F with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time so partial F with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time so partial F with respect to X
+dot holding all the other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot holding all the other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot holding all the other variables
+constant is MX dot partial F with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is MX dot partial F with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is MX dot partial F with
+respect to X is KX right partial F with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X is KX right partial F with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X is KX right partial F with
+respect to T is T okay and I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T is T okay and I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T is T okay and I told you
+before that you could write this as DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that you could write this as DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that you could write this as DX
+DT is equal to write DF DX dot inverse x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to write DF DX dot inverse x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to write DF DX dot inverse x
+is equal to minus DF DX dot inverse x DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus DF DX dot inverse x DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus DF DX dot inverse x DF
+DX right this was on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right this was on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right this was on the previous slide
+which just gives you conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just gives you conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just gives you conservation of
+momentum right this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right this gives you the
+acceleration is equal to the force minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is equal to the force minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is equal to the force minus
+KX divided by the mass M so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX divided by the mass M so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX divided by the mass M so we could
+solve either write the Dae or the OD e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a more complicated example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more complicated example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more complicated example okay
+but it works well it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works well it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it works well it's more complicated
+so a lot of times we do molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of times we do molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of times we do molecular
+dynamics simulations right we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics simulations right we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics simulations right we try to
+model molecules moving around there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model molecules moving around there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model molecules moving around there we
+also want to conserve energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to conserve energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to conserve energy right
+there's usually conserved quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually conserved quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually conserved quantity
+something we're trying to hold constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're trying to hold constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're trying to hold constant
+so suppose we try to do that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we try to do that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we try to do that the total
+energy in this system of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this system of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this system of molecules
+maybe it's 1/2 the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's 1/2 the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's 1/2 the mass times the
+velocity squared now X is the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared now X is the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared now X is the position
+of all these molecules and X naught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these molecules and X naught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these molecules and X naught is
+the velocity of all these molecules plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of all these molecules plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of all these molecules plus
+the potential energy which is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy which is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy which is a function
+of X right function of their positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X right function of their positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X right function of their positions
+okay so the Dae representing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the Dae representing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the Dae representing this
+constraint is this it's the same as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is this it's the same as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is this it's the same as for
+the mass spring system or replaced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass spring system or replaced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass spring system or replaced the
+potential energy with a generic one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy with a generic one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy with a generic one it's
+actually isn't a well-posed Dae we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually isn't a well-posed Dae we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually isn't a well-posed Dae we have
+one equation for let's see if we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation for let's see if we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation for let's see if we have n
+molecules in here we have 3 n states can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in here we have 3 n states can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in here we have 3 n states can
+move around in three dimensions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around in three dimensions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around in three dimensions so this
+is a really ill posed equation ok if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really ill posed equation ok if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really ill posed equation ok if we
+try to apply the same procedure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to apply the same procedure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to apply the same procedure that we
+say well this quantity still should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this quantity still should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this quantity still should be
+conserved right over time it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved right over time it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved right over time it needs to be
+equal to zero then we can try to we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then we can try to we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then we can try to we try
+to compute all these differentials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute all these differentials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute all these differentials but
+we'll find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out that
+partial F partial X dot the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X dot the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X dot the Jacobian
+right of F with respect to X dot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of F with respect to X dot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of F with respect to X dot that's
+just that's just the momentum right son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just the momentum right son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just the momentum right son
+of matrix it's not invertible okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix it's not invertible okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix it's not invertible okay so we
+can't convert this equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't convert this equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't convert this equation to
+equivalent system of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent system of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent system of ordinary
+differential equations that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that was just
+something pathological for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pathological for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pathological for
+one-dimensional system instead what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional system instead what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional system instead what we
+find is zero is equal to the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is zero is equal to the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is zero is equal to the velocity
+dotted with the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with the mass times the
+acceleration plus the gradient in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration plus the gradient in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration plus the gradient in the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+okay so minus the forces acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so minus the forces acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so minus the forces acting on the
+molecules we know that if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we know that if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we know that if we were to
+integrate the equations of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the equations of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the equations of motion for
+the molecules exactly right the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules exactly right the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules exactly right the momentum
+balances for those molecules exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances for those molecules exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances for those molecules exactly
+then this term here would always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term here would always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term here would always be
+equal to zero and we'd satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and we'd satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and we'd satisfy
+conservation of energy of course all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy of course all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy of course all
+solutions of ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of ordinary differential
+equations require approximations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations require approximations okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations require approximations okay so
+as you move the molecules around their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move the molecules around their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move the molecules around their
+velocities and positions will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and positions will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and positions will tend to
+drift away from the solution where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift away from the solution where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift away from the solution where this
+is exactly imbalancing equal to zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly imbalancing equal to zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly imbalancing equal to zero if
+you desire to do that in a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you desire to do that in a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you desire to do that in a molecular
+dynamics simulation then you better have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics simulation then you better have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics simulation then you better have
+a method that somehow respects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method that somehow respects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method that somehow respects this
+geometric property and said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric property and said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric property and said that the
+velocities are orthogonal to M X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities are orthogonal to M X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities are orthogonal to M X dot
+plus grad V and there is a set of OD IVP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus grad V and there is a set of OD IVP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus grad V and there is a set of OD IVP
+methods that do that they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that do that they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that do that they're called
+symplectic integrators right and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symplectic integrators right and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symplectic integrators right and they
+integrate the equations of motion while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the equations of motion while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the equations of motion while
+can exerting some control over the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exerting some control over the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exerting some control over the air
+and the total energy so if you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total energy so if you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total energy so if you were just
+the tank-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank-like
+OD 4 v and try to solve this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD 4 v and try to solve this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD 4 v and try to solve this system of
+equations over a long times you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations over a long times you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations over a long times you would
+find that the energy drifts away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the energy drifts away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the energy drifts away from
+the place where it's started ok even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where it's started ok even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where it's started ok even
+though your positions are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though your positions are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though your positions are being
+integrated with reasonable accuracy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with reasonable accuracy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with reasonable accuracy over
+time the energy will drift away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the energy will drift away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the energy will drift away from
+where you started the system will heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started the system will heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started the system will heat
+up effectively or cool down that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up effectively or cool down that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up effectively or cool down that's
+undesirable if you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable if you're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable if you're trying to do
+modeling so in step one uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so in step one uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so in step one uses the
+symplectic integrators which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symplectic integrators which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symplectic integrators which are
+designed right to control the air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed right to control the air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed right to control the air and
+the energy in addition to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in addition to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in addition to integrate the
+equations of motion so you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion so you can look
+those up and read about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up and read about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up and read about them
+I think they're quite quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're quite quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're quite quite interesting
+and you can do molecular modeling right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do molecular modeling right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do molecular modeling right
+you'd like to understand better how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to understand better how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to understand better how they
+work but actually conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but actually conservation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but actually conservation of energy
+here doesn't give us a well-posed da we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't give us a well-posed da we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't give us a well-posed da we
+actually need the momentum equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need the momentum equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need the momentum equation
+to formulate or to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate or to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate or to determine the
+trajectories of the molecules okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories of the molecules okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories of the molecules okay let's
+talk about their numerical simulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about their numerical simulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about their numerical simulation so
+let's think about these semi explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about these semi explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about these semi explicit
+daes the ones that can be split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes the ones that can be split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes the ones that can be split between
+differential and algebraic states it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and algebraic states it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and algebraic states it's
+kind of useful to look at this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of useful to look at this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of useful to look at this problem
+in particular and you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular and you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular and you might say well
+let's let's do the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do the simplest possible
+thing let's do the forward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's do the forward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's do the forward Euler
+approximation so let's take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so let's take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so let's take our
+derivative here and represent it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here and represent it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here and represent it as the
+state evaluated at X plus Delta t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state evaluated at X plus Delta t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state evaluated at X plus Delta t minus
+the state at T divided by delta T let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at T divided by delta T let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at T divided by delta T let's
+make the right-hand side of our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right-hand side of our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right-hand side of our equation
+be evaluated at time T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated at time T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated at time T okay
+now let's try to step in time do time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to step in time do time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to step in time do time
+marching forward to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching forward to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching forward to determine the
+trajectory of X and T okay how do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of X and T okay how do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of X and T okay how do the
+states change we see the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states change we see the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states change we see the first equation
+is an easy one to solve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an easy one to solve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an easy one to solve because
+presumably I know X of T and Y of T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably I know X of T and Y of T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably I know X of T and Y of T okay
+well do I know Y of T y if T has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do I know Y of T y if T has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do I know Y of T y if T has to
+satisfy this second equation so first if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this second equation so first if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this second equation so first if
+I know X of T I need to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know X of T I need to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know X of T I need to solve this
+nonlinear equation to determine y of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation to determine y of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation to determine y of T
+then I know X of T and Y of T and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know X of T and Y of T and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know X of T and Y of T and I can
+step forward in time to determine X of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward in time to determine X of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward in time to determine X of T
+plus delta T okay so every iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T okay so every iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T okay so every iteration
+here with the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the simplest possible
+approximation for the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the differential
+requires solution of a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires solution of a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires solution of a system of
+nonlinear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we already saw before the forward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw before the forward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw before the forward Euler
+approximations not not a great one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations not not a great one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations not not a great one to
+apply to solutions of IDE IV Peas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to solutions of IDE IV Peas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to solutions of IDE IV Peas
+because that's very limited stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's very limited stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's very limited stability
+properties okay he needs small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay he needs small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay he needs small time
+steps in order to stable integrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in order to stable integrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in order to stable integrate in
+time so even though this seemed like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so even though this seemed like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so even though this seemed like it
+was easy to get a solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy to get a solution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy to get a solution for the
+differential equation we've always got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation we've always got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation we've always got
+to solve that satisfy this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that satisfy this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that satisfy this nonlinear
+equation here so inherently simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here so inherently simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here so inherently simulation
+of DA es are implicit right they require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DA es are implicit right they require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DA es are implicit right they require
+solution of nonlinear equations in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of nonlinear equations in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of nonlinear equations in order
+to advance in time so actually no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance in time so actually no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advance in time so actually no point
+in using this weakly stable method where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in using this weakly stable method where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in using this weakly stable method where
+I need very small time steps it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need very small time steps it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need very small time steps it makes
+more sense to choose a naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense to choose a naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense to choose a naturally
+implicit method for the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit method for the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit method for the differential
+equation right where I can take big time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right where I can take big time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right where I can take big time
+steps and still have reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and still have reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and still have reasonable
+stability of the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the inter
+raishin that make sense okay consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raishin that make sense okay consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raishin that make sense okay consider
+now the fully implicit Dae right so f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fully implicit Dae right so f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fully implicit Dae right so f of
+X X dot and T is equal to zero and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X dot and T is equal to zero and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X dot and T is equal to zero and I
+have some set of initial conditions X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some set of initial conditions X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some set of initial conditions X of
+zero is equal to X naught here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is equal to X naught here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is equal to X naught here there's
+no way in general to avoid solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way in general to avoid solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way in general to avoid solving
+systems of nonlinear equations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of nonlinear equations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of nonlinear equations and so
+one substitutes often backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one substitutes often backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one substitutes often backwards
+difference approximations for X dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximations for X dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximations for X dot and
+then you solve for the next point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you solve for the next point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you solve for the next point in
+time so here's an example with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here's an example with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here's an example with the
+backward Euler implicit Euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler implicit Euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler implicit Euler's
+proximation so I replaced the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximation so I replaced the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximation so I replaced the time
+derivative with the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with the difference between
+the state at each point TK and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at each point TK and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at each point TK and the state
+of point TK minus 1 divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point TK minus 1 divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point TK minus 1 divided by the
+difference between TK and TK minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between TK and TK minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between TK and TK minus 1 and
+the other state variables are evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other state variables are evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other state variables are evaluated
+at TK so exit TK and evaluate time at TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TK so exit TK and evaluate time at TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TK so exit TK and evaluate time at TK
+and I try to satisfy this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to satisfy this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to satisfy this equation and
+use it to determine X of TK so I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to determine X of TK so I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to determine X of TK so I solve
+this system of nonlinear equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of nonlinear equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of nonlinear equations for
+exit TK and I go to the next point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit TK and I go to the next point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit TK and I go to the next point in
+time TK plus 1 and I solved the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time TK plus 1 and I solved the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time TK plus 1 and I solved the same
+equation but replacing TK with TK plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but replacing TK with TK plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but replacing TK with TK plus 1
+and TK minus 1 with TK right so at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TK minus 1 with TK right so at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TK minus 1 with TK right so at each
+iteration I solve a system of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I solve a system of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I solve a system of nonlinear
+equations no more painful than doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations no more painful than doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations no more painful than doing the
+forward Euler approximation I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Euler approximation I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Euler approximation I showed you
+before ok so that's good but still a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before ok so that's good but still a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before ok so that's good but still a lot
+of work we might wonder how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work we might wonder how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work we might wonder how do we
+control the error in these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the error in these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the error in these sorts of
+approximations and so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and so that's what we're
+gonna talk about next so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about next so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about next so here's the
+equivalent time marching formula applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent time marching formula applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent time marching formula applied
+to a semi explicit Dae okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a semi explicit Dae okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a semi explicit Dae okay
+so I've got to satisfy I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got to satisfy I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got to satisfy I've got to
+satisfy the equation 0 is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the equation 0 is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the equation 0 is equal to the
+derivative of X with respect to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of X with respect to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of X with respect to time
+which I approximate with the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I approximate with the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I approximate with the backward
+Euler approximation minus F evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler approximation minus F evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler approximation minus F evaluated at
+TK and the equation G of X of T k y TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK and the equation G of X of T k y TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK and the equation G of X of T k y TK
+right for this X of TK and actually Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for this X of TK and actually Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for this X of TK and actually Y of
+TK is well I'm sorry I left that off y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK is well I'm sorry I left that off y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK is well I'm sorry I left that off y
+of TK as well right gotta solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TK as well right gotta solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TK as well right gotta solve for the
+differential and the algebraic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and the algebraic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and the algebraic state
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+okay and he's a backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he's a backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he's a backwards difference
+formula to try to do this in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to try to do this in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to try to do this in a stable
+way one way to think about in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one way to think about in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one way to think about in particular
+these sorts of daes is as exceptionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of daes is as exceptionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of daes is as exceptionally
+stiff ordinary differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff ordinary differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff ordinary differential equations
+did you guys discuss stiffness right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys discuss stiffness right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys discuss stiffness right so
+imagine if I replace this zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I replace this zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I replace this zero right
+with say dy DT and I introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say dy DT and I introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say dy DT and I introduced a
+constant on the right hand side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on the right hand side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on the right hand side a
+multiplicative constant say say 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constant say say 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constant say say 1 over
+lambda here right let's say lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda here right let's say lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda here right let's say lambda
+actions they introduce a multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions they introduce a multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions they introduce a multiplicative
+constant lambda on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lambda on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lambda on the right hand side
+here so as lambda becomes very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so as lambda becomes very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so as lambda becomes very large
+right the system becomes increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the system becomes increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the system becomes increasingly
+stiff right the dynamics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff right the dynamics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff right the dynamics of this
+equation take place over very very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation take place over very very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation take place over very very short
+time scales so short in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales so short in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales so short in fact that
+eventually right if I let lambda diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually right if I let lambda diverge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually right if I let lambda diverge
+to infinity of just got to satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of just got to satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of just got to satisfy this
+algebraic equation in each point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation in each point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation in each point in time
+so these are exceptionally stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are exceptionally stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are exceptionally stiff
+equations and the methods for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the methods for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the methods for solving
+these equations share a lot in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations share a lot in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations share a lot in common
+with stiff o de IVP solvers okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stiff o de IVP solvers okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stiff o de IVP solvers okay so we
+get a couple minutes left I'm gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a couple minutes left I'm gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a couple minutes left I'm gonna work
+through some some examples okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some some examples okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some some examples okay so
+consider the stirred tank example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the stirred tank example one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the stirred tank example one
+right DC 2 DT right it's related to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right DC 2 DT right it's related to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right DC 2 DT right it's related to Q
+over V flow rate over volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V flow rate over volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V flow rate over volume the
+difference in the concentrations coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the concentrations coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the concentrations coming
+in and out of the tank and c1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of the tank and c1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of the tank and c1 is equal
+to this input signal gamma maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this input signal gamma maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this input signal gamma maybe that's
+a measurement and I'm trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement and I'm trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement and I'm trying to predict
+C - so can you apply the backward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C - so can you apply the backward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C - so can you apply the backward Euler
+method to these equations to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to these equations to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to these equations to determine
+c1 and c2 what would one step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 and c2 what would one step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 and c2 what would one step of the
+backward Euler method look like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler method look like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler method look like right
+say going from time 0 to time delta T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say going from time 0 to time delta T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say going from time 0 to time delta T or
+time T to T plus delta T or TK to Tk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T to T plus delta T or TK to Tk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T to T plus delta T or TK to Tk
+plus 1 however you want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to get something like this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get something like this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get something like this right so
+this equation is easy right c1 at TK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is easy right c1 at TK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is easy right c1 at TK is
+gamma of TK right I got a substitute up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of TK right I got a substitute up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of TK right I got a substitute up
+here right c2 of TK minus c2 of TK minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right c2 of TK minus c2 of TK minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right c2 of TK minus c2 of TK minus
+1 over delta T just DK minus TK minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over delta T just DK minus TK minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over delta T just DK minus TK minus 1
+and then solve for c2 of DK and they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve for c2 of DK and they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve for c2 of DK and they get
+a formula like this ok this formula was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula like this ok this formula was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula like this ok this formula was
+based on an approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an approximation for the
+derivative which right had a leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which right had a leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which right had a leading
+order error that was proportional to TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order error that was proportional to TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order error that was proportional to TK
+minus TK minus 1 okay and when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus TK minus 1 okay and when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus TK minus 1 okay and when I go
+through and I solve for c2 of TK the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and I solve for c2 of TK the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and I solve for c2 of TK the
+leading order error in c2 right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order error in c2 right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order error in c2 right the
+local truncation error is gonna be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local truncation error is gonna be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local truncation error is gonna be order
+TK minus TK minus 1 squared okay so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK minus TK minus 1 squared okay so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK minus TK minus 1 squared okay so as I
+shrink the spacing between right each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the spacing between right each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the spacing between right each of
+my two time points the local accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two time points the local accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two time points the local accuracy
+right the air induced in one advance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the air induced in one advance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the air induced in one advance of
+this time stepping algorithm is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time stepping algorithm is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time stepping algorithm is gonna
+scale like the step size squared so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale like the step size squared so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale like the step size squared so I
+have the air the air I have the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the air the air I have the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the air the air I have the spacing
+the air will go down by a factor of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air will go down by a factor of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air will go down by a factor of four
+I reduce the spacing by an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I reduce the spacing by an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I reduce the spacing by an order of
+magnitude the air will go down by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the air will go down by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the air will go down by two
+orders of magnitudes really desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitudes really desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitudes really desirable
+sort of error control in a method and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of error control in a method and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of error control in a method and we
+can do better you've seen us do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better you've seen us do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better you've seen us do better
+with other methods let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other methods let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other methods let's look at this
+equation now okay so it's a stirred tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now okay so it's a stirred tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now okay so it's a stirred tank
+example two I just replaced c1 with C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two I just replaced c1 with C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two I just replaced c1 with C to
+you know if I write this one down I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I write this one down I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I write this one down I'll
+just show it to you the notes are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show it to you the notes are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show it to you the notes are on
+line so you're not missing anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you're not missing anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you're not missing anything you
+know all these things will pop up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these things will pop up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these things will pop up in the
+notes online so c2 at TK is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes online so c2 at TK is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes online so c2 at TK is equal to
+gamma of TK I got to come up to my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of TK I got to come up to my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of TK I got to come up to my first
+equation now and I have to substitute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now and I have to substitute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now and I have to substitute an
+approximation for the derivative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the derivative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the derivative it's
+this the backwards difference formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the backwards difference formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the backwards difference formula so
+I find C 1 of TK is C 2 of TK plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find C 1 of TK is C 2 of TK plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find C 1 of TK is C 2 of TK plus V
+over Q C 2 of TK minus C 2 of TK minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q C 2 of TK minus C 2 of TK minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q C 2 of TK minus C 2 of TK minus 1
+divided by the time step remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time step remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time step remember this
+approximation for the derivative has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the derivative has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the derivative has a
+leading order air that goes like TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order air that goes like TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order air that goes like TK
+minus TK minus 1 so my approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus TK minus 1 so my approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus TK minus 1 so my approximation for
+C 1 the local approximation for C 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 the local approximation for C 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 the local approximation for C 1 is
+not second-order accurate it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not second-order accurate it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not second-order accurate it's only
+first order accurate okay I applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order accurate okay I applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order accurate okay I applied the
+same approximation method to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same approximation method to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same approximation method to both
+equations one equation I got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one equation I got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one equation I got something
+that was second-order accurate the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was second-order accurate the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was second-order accurate the next
+equation I got something that was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I got something that was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I got something that was first
+order accurate they look almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accurate they look almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accurate they look almost
+identical right it might be hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right it might be hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right it might be hard to see
+from the star why it should work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the star why it should work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the star why it should work out
+that way that's how it works out let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way that's how it works out let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way that's how it works out let's
+do one more example here's a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more example here's a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more example here's a system of
+daes right c2 dot is equal to c1 c3 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes right c2 dot is equal to c1 c3 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes right c2 dot is equal to c1 c3 dot
+is equal to C 2 and 0 is equal to c3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to C 2 and 0 is equal to c3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to C 2 and 0 is equal to c3
+minus gamma so gamma again is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma so gamma again is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma so gamma again is some
+measurement we solved this equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we solved this equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we solved this equation to
+determine c3 we substitute c3 up here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c3 we substitute c3 up here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c3 we substitute c3 up here to
+determine c2 we substitute c2 up here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c2 we substitute c2 up here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c2 we substitute c2 up here to
+determine c1 but we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c1 but we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c1 but we want to find the
+solution with the backward Euler method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the backward Euler method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the backward Euler method
+right and the solution there is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the solution there is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the solution there is going to
+be c3 right of TK is gamma of T k c2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be c3 right of TK is gamma of T k c2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be c3 right of TK is gamma of T k c2 is
+related to the derivative of C 3 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the derivative of C 3 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the derivative of C 3 so I
+use my backwards difference formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my backwards difference formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my backwards difference formula for
+the derivative of c3 c1 is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of c3 c1 is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of c3 c1 is related to
+the derivative of c2 so use my backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of c2 so use my backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of c2 so use my backward
+difference formula for c2 but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula for c2 but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula for c2 but how
+accurate are each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate are each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate are each of these
+approximations so here I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations so here I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations so here I have to
+determine c2 from an approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c2 from an approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine c2 from an approximation for
+the derivative of C 3 we know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of C 3 we know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of C 3 we know this
+backwards difference approximation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference approximation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference approximation as a
+leading order error proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order error proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order error proportional to
+delta T the time step ok now I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T the time step ok now I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T the time step ok now I got to
+approximate c1 okay with the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate c1 okay with the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate c1 okay with the finite
+difference of backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of backwards difference
+approximation in c2 we know this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in c2 we know this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in c2 we know this should
+incur in error proportional to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur in error proportional to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur in error proportional to the time
+step delta-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step delta-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step delta-t
+except I don't know c2 a TK exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I don't know c2 a TK exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I don't know c2 a TK exactly
+right actually c2 of TK right the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually c2 of TK right the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually c2 of TK right the exact
+value of C 2 at TK is this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of C 2 at TK is this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of C 2 at TK is this plus
+something proportional to the time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something proportional to the time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something proportional to the time step
+which means the exact value of c1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the exact value of c1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the exact value of c1 is
+this plus something that's order 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus something that's order 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus something that's order 1
+because I carry over the air from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I carry over the air from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I carry over the air from my
+solution to the previous equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the previous equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the previous equation I
+divide it by the time step so I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the time step so I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the time step so I went
+from having something well see the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having something well see the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having something well see the first
+equation had order delta T squared local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation had order delta T squared local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation had order delta T squared local
+truncation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error
+as I shrink the spacing right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I shrink the spacing right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I shrink the spacing right my
+solution gets more and more locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution gets more and more locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution gets more and more locally
+accurate and it seems to you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and it seems to you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and it seems to you know it
+seems to do it in in a fairly robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to do it in in a fairly robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to do it in in a fairly robust
+fashion the next set system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the next set system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the next set system of equations
+we solve had a local truncation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve had a local truncation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve had a local truncation error
+proportional to Delta t again I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta t again I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta t again I can
+shrink Delta T and I can make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink Delta T and I can make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink Delta T and I can make my
+solution more and more accurate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution more and more accurate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution more and more accurate that
+seems like what you want a new numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like what you want a new numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like what you want a new numerical
+algorithm this one there's no hope right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this one there's no hope right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this one there's no hope right
+change Delta t who knows what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Delta t who knows what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Delta t who knows what you're
+gonna get okay and this looks fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get okay and this looks fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get okay and this looks fairly
+innocuous okay you just look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocuous okay you just look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocuous okay you just look at it and
+say well okay well that's let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well okay well that's let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well okay well that's let's just
+let's solve it and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve it and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve it and see what happens
+right well actually you can't solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well actually you can't solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well actually you can't solve this
+problem accurately with the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem accurately with the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem accurately with the backward
+Euler method okay there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method okay there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method okay there's something
+fundamentally different about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different about this
+problem from the previous one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the previous one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from the previous one there's
+something fundamentally different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different about
+stirred-tank example two from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred-tank example two from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred-tank example two from
+stirred-tank example one right you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred-tank example one right you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred-tank example one right you might
+have already perceived that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already perceived that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already perceived that you can see
+what's going on here right c3 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here right c3 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here right c3 is equal
+to gamma that's the exact solution c2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma that's the exact solution c2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma that's the exact solution c2 is
+equal to gamma dot and c1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to gamma dot and c1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to gamma dot and c1 is equal to
+two derivatives of gamma the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of gamma the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of gamma the exact
+solution to this equation so c1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation so c1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation so c1 is
+incredibly sensitive to changes in gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly sensitive to changes in gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly sensitive to changes in gamma
+right that's peculiar and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's peculiar and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's peculiar and it has
+important numerical consequences so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important numerical consequences so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important numerical consequences so I'm
+gonna show you write our next lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you write our next lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you write our next lecture on
+Wednesday how to formalize right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday how to formalize right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday how to formalize right and
+understanding of the differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the differences between
+these problems and we'll talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and we'll talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and we'll talk about some
+more some more subtleties associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more some more subtleties associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more some more subtleties associated
+with differential algebraic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with differential algebraic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with differential algebraic equations
+you guys can pick up your quizzes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can pick up your quizzes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can pick up your quizzes we
+should do it we should do it outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it we should do it outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it we should do it outside
+rather than inside because the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than inside because the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than inside because the next
+class has to start
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ELBh60GU5yE.txt b/ELBh60GU5yE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1822662d2fefdab34ed4b06e83b2a89e371bb360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ELBh60GU5yE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we talked about the broley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about the broley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about the broley
+wavelengths and uh our conclusion was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and uh our conclusion was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and uh our conclusion was at
+the end of the day that we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day that we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day that we could write
+the plain wave that corresponded to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plain wave that corresponded to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plain wave that corresponded to a
+matter particle with some momentum p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter particle with some momentum p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter particle with some momentum p and
+some energy e so that was our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy e so that was our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy e so that was our main
+result last time the F the final form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result last time the F the final form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result last time the F the final form
+for the wave so we had a p of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave so we had a p of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave so we had a p of x and
+t that was e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t that was e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t that was e to the I
+KX - I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX - I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX - I Omega
+T and that was the matter wave with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and that was the matter wave with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and that was the matter wave with the
+relations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that
+P is equal to h k so this represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is equal to h k so this represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is equal to h k so this represents a
+particle with momentum P where p is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with momentum P where p is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with momentum P where p is H
+bar and this number that appears here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and this number that appears here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and this number that appears here
+the wave number and with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave number and with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave number and with energy
+e equal to H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e equal to H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e equal to H bar
+Omega where Omega is that number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega where Omega is that number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega where Omega is that number that
+appears in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the time
+exponential nevertheless we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential nevertheless we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential nevertheless we were talking
+or we could talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could talk about um
+non-relativistic particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic particles and
+non-relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic
+particles and this is our focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and this is our focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and this is our focus of
+attention and in this case e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and in this case e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and in this case e is equal to
+p^2 / 2 m that formula that expresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 / 2 m that formula that expresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 / 2 m that formula that expresses
+the kinetic energy in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy in terms of the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+MV so uh this is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV so uh this is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV so uh this is the wave
+function wave function for a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wave function for a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wave function for a free
+particle for a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle and the task that we have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the task that we have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the task that we have today
+is to try to use this inside this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to use this inside this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to use this inside this wave
+function to figure fure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to figure fure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to figure fure out what is the
+equation that governs General wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that governs General wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that governs General wave
+function so you see we've been led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you see we've been led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you see we've been led to
+this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave
+function by postulates of the brogle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by postulates of the brogle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by postulates of the brogle and
+experiments Devon and germer and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments Devon and germer and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments Devon and germer and others
+that prove that particles like electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prove that particles like electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prove that particles like electrons
+have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wave
+properties but uh to put this on a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties but uh to put this on a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties but uh to put this on a solid
+footing you need to obtain this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing you need to obtain this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing you need to obtain this from
+some equation that would say okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equation that would say okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equation that would say okay if you
+have a free particle what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free particle what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free particle what are the
+solutions and you should find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you should find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you should find this
+solution perhaps you will find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution perhaps you will find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution perhaps you will find more
+solutions and you will understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you will understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you will understand the
+problem better and finally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem better and finally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem better and finally if you
+understand the problem of a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the problem of a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the problem of a free
+particle there is a good chance you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle there is a good chance you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle there is a good chance you can
+generalize this and write equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this and write equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this and write equation for a
+particle that moves under the influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that moves under the influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that moves under the influence
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+potentials so basically what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so basically what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so basically what I'm going
+to do by trying to figure out how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do by trying to figure out how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do by trying to figure out how this
+wave emerges from an equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave emerges from an equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave emerges from an equation is
+motivate and eventually give you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate and eventually give you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate and eventually give you by the
+middle of this lecture the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this lecture the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this lecture the shinger
+equation so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's what we're going to
+try to do and uh the first thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do and uh the first thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do and uh the first thing is uh
+to try to understand what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand what kind of
+equation this uh wave function satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this uh wave function satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this uh wave function satisfies
+so you want to think of different IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to think of different IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to think of different IAL
+equations like wave equations maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like wave equations maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like wave equations maybe it's
+some kind of wave equation um we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of wave equation um we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of wave equation um we'll see
+it's kind of a variant of that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a variant of that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a variant of that but uh
+one thing we could say is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we could say is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we could say is that you know
+you have this wave function here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this wave function here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this wave function here and you
+wish to know for example what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to know for example what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to know for example what is the
+momentum well you should look at K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum well you should look at K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum well you should look at K the
+number that multiplies the X here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that multiplies the X here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that multiplies the X here and
+multiply by H bar and that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by H bar and that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by H bar and that would give
+you the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the momentum
+but another way of doing it would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another way of doing it would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another way of doing it would be to
+do the following to say well H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following to say well H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following to say well H bar over
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+DDX of s of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of s of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of s of x and
+t calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t calculate this
+thing now if I differentiate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now if I differentiate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now if I differentiate with
+respect to X I get here I * K going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X I get here I * K going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X I get here I * K going down
+the I cancels this I and I get H bar k K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I cancels this I and I get H bar k K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I cancels this I and I get H bar k K
+so I get h k times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential and that is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and that is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and that is equal to the
+value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+momentum times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the wave
+so here is this wave actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is this wave actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is this wave actually
+satisfies a funny equation not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies a funny equation not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies a funny equation not quite the
+differential equation we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation we're looking for
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+but you can act with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can act with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can act with a different
+differential operator a derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator a derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator a derivative is
+something we call a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call a differential
+operator it operates on functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it operates on functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it operates on functions and
+takes the derivative and when it acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the derivative and when it acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the derivative and when it acts on
+this wave function it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function it gives you the
+momentum times the wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the wave function and
+this momentum here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this momentum here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this momentum here is a
+number here you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator an operator just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator an operator just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator an operator just means
+something that acts on functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that acts on functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that acts on functions and
+gives you functions so taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you functions so taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you functions so taking a
+derivative of a function is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a function is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a function is still a
+function so that's an operator so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's an operator so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's an operator so we are
+LED here to think of this operator as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED here to think of this operator as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED here to think of this operator as
+the operator that reveals for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator that reveals for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator that reveals for you the
+momentum of the free particle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the free particle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the free particle because
+acting on the wave function it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the wave function it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the wave function it gives you
+the momentum times the wave function now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum times the wave function now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum times the wave function now
+it couldn't be that acting on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't be that acting on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't be that acting on the wave
+function just gives you the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just gives you the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just gives you the momentum
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the exponential doesn't disappear after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential doesn't disappear after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential doesn't disappear after
+the differential operator acts so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential operator acts so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential operator acts so it
+actually the operator acting on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the operator acting on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the operator acting on the wave
+function gives you a number times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives you a number times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives you a number times the
+wave function and that number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and that number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and that number is the
+momentum so uh we will call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so uh we will call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so uh we will call this
+operator given that it gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator given that it gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator given that it gives us the
+momentum the momentum operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+operator and to distinguish it from p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and to distinguish it from p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and to distinguish it from p
+we'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a
+hat is defined to be H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DDX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX and
+uh therefore for our free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh therefore for our free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh therefore for our free
+particle you can write what we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you can write what we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you can write what we've just
+derived in a brief way writing P hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived in a brief way writing P hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived in a brief way writing P hat
+acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on
+P where this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P where this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P where this means
+operator acting on P gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on P gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on P gives you the
+momentum of this state times P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this state times P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this state times P of
+x t and that's a number so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t and that's a number so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t and that's a number so this is an
+operator state number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so we say a few things this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so we say a few things this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so we say a few things this a
+language that we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we're going to be using
+all the time we call this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time we call this wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time we call this wave function
+this p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p
+if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+true this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holds then we say that SI of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds then we say that SI of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds then we say that SI of x and
+t is an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I
+state of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the momentum
+operator and that language comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and that language comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and that language comes from
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+algebra uh linear algebra in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh linear algebra in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh linear algebra in which you
+have a matrix and a vector and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix and a vector and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix and a vector and when the
+Matrix on a vector gives you a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix on a vector gives you a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix on a vector gives you a number
+times the same Vector we say that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the same Vector we say that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the same Vector we say that that
+Vector is an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is an igen
+Vector of the Matrix here we call it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the Matrix here we call it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the Matrix here we call it an
+igen State you probably nobody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen State you probably nobody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen State you probably nobody would
+complain if you called it an igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain if you called it an igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain if you called it an igen Vector
+but the igen state would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the igen state would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the igen state would be more
+appropriate so it's an igen state of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate so it's an igen state of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate so it's an igen state of P
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+general if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+a and a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a function
+f such that a acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f such that a acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f such that a acting on
+fi is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fi we say that fi is an igen state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi we say that fi is an igen state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi we say that fi is an igen state of
+the operator and in fact I value Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator and in fact I value Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator and in fact I value Alpha
+so here is an i z of p with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value of P the number P because acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P the number P because acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P the number P because acting
+on the wave function gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wave function gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wave function gives you the
+number P times that wave function not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number P times that wave function not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number P times that wave function not
+every wave function will be an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every wave function will be an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every wave function will be an igen
+State just like when you have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State just like when you have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State just like when you have a matrix
+acting on most vectors A Matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on most vectors A Matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on most vectors A Matrix will
+rotate the vector and move it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the vector and move it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the vector and move it into
+something else but sometimes a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but sometimes a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but sometimes a matrix
+acting on a vector will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a vector will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a vector will give you the
+same Vector up to a constant and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Vector up to a constant and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Vector up to a constant and then
+you've got an igen vector and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an igen vector and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an igen vector and here we
+have an igen state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an igen state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an igen state so
+uh another way of expressing this is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another way of expressing this is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another way of expressing this is we
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+P of XT this P of X andt is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of XT this P of X andt is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of XT this P of X andt is a state
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+momentum it's important terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's important terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's important terminology
+definite momentum means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite momentum means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite momentum means that if you
+measured it you would find the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured it you would find the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured it you would find the momentum
+p and the momentum there would be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the momentum there would be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the momentum there would be no
+uncertainty on this measurement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty on this measurement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty on this measurement you
+measure and you always get p and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you always get p and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you always get p and that's
+what intuitively we have because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what intuitively we have because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what intuitively we have because we
+decided that this was the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this was the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this was the wave function
+for a free particle with momentum P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a free particle with momentum P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a free particle with momentum P so
+uh as long as we just have that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as we just have that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as we just have that we have
+that SI is a state of definite momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SI is a state of definite momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SI is a state of definite momentum
+this is an interesting statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting statement that
+will apply for many things as we go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will apply for many things as we go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will apply for many things as we go in
+the course but now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but now let's
+consider another aspect of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider another aspect of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider another aspect of this equation
+so we succeeded with that and we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we succeeded with that and we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we succeeded with that and we can ask
+if there's a similar thing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a similar thing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a similar thing that we can
+do to figure out the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to figure out the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to figure out the energy of the
+particle and indeed we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and indeed we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and indeed we can do the
+following we can do I bar DDT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and if we have that we'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if we have that we'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if we have that we'll take the
+derivative now this time we'll have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now this time we'll have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now this time we'll have I
+bar and when we differentiate that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and when we differentiate that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and when we differentiate that wave
+function with respect to time we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to time we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to time we get
+minus I Omega times the wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega times the wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega times the wave function so
+I * minus I is 1 and you get H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I * minus I is 1 and you get H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I * minus I is 1 and you get H bar Omega
+P success that was the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P success that was the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P success that was the energy of the
+particle times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+of and this looks quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and this looks quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and this looks quite interesting
+already this is a number again and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this is a number again and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this is a number again and this
+is a Time derivative of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Time derivative of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Time derivative of the wave
+function but uh we can put more physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but uh we can put more physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but uh we can put more physics
+into this because in a sense uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this because in a sense uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this because in a sense uh well
+this differential equation tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation tells
+you how a wave function with energy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how a wave function with energy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how a wave function with energy e
+what the time dependence of that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the time dependence of that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the time dependence of that wave
+function is but that wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is but that wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is but that wave function
+already in our case is a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in our case is a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in our case is a wave function
+of definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of definite
+momentum so somehow the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so somehow the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so somehow the information that
+this missing there is that the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this missing there is that the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this missing there is that the energy is
+p^2 / 2 m so from we have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 / 2 m so from we have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 / 2 m so from we have that the
+energy is p^2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is p^2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is p^2 over 2
+m so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so let's
+try to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think of the
+energy as an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as an operator
+and look you could say the energy well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look you could say the energy well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look you could say the energy well
+this is the energy operator acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy operator acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy operator acting on
+the way function gives you the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way function gives you the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way function gives you the energy
+that is true but it's too general not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true but it's too general not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true but it's too general not
+interesting enough at this point what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enough at this point what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enough at this point what is
+really interesting is that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting is that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting is that the energy
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+formula and that's the physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and that's the physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and that's the physics of the
+particle the formula for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the formula for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the formula for the energy
+depends on the momentum so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the momentum so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the momentum so we want to
+capture that so let's see look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that so let's see look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that so let's see look what
+we're going to do we're going to do a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do we're going to do a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do we're going to do a a
+relatively simple thing in which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple thing in which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple thing in which we're
+going to walk back this so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk back this so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk back this so I'm going to
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+E and I'm going to invent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and I'm going to invent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and I'm going to invent an
+operator acting on P that gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on P that gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on P that gives you this
+energy so I'm going to invent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so I'm going to invent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so I'm going to invent an
+o v and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that well
+e is equal to p^2 / 2 m * P it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to p^2 / 2 m * P it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to p^2 / 2 m * P it's a
+number * P but then you say oh P but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number * P but then you say oh P but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number * P but then you say oh P but I
+remember p i could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember p i could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember p i could write
+it as an operator so if I have P *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an operator so if I have P *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an operator so if I have P *
+P um I could write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um I could write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um I could write it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+p/ 2 m h bar over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p/ 2 m h bar over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p/ 2 m h bar over I
+DDX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+now please listen with lots of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now please listen with lots of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now please listen with lots of attention
+I'm going to do simple things it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do simple things it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do simple things it's very
+easy to get confused with the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get confused with the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get confused with the notation
+if I make a little typo and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make a little typo and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make a little typo and what I'm
+writing I can confuse you for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I can confuse you for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I can confuse you for a long
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so so far these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far these are
+numbers number this is a number times P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers number this is a number times P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers number this is a number times P
+but this P * p is p which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this P * p is p which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this P * p is p which is that
+operator there so I wrote it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way I want to make one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh yes thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+now the question is can I move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is can I move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is can I move this
+P close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opinions yes you asking this just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions yes you asking this just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions yes you asking this just a
+constant correct p is a constant p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant correct p is a constant p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant correct p is a constant p is
+not a constant derivatives or but P at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a constant derivatives or but P at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a constant derivatives or but P at
+this moment is a number so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment is a number so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment is a number so it doesn't
+care about the derivatives and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the derivatives and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the derivatives and it goes
+in so I'll write it as 1/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I'll write it as 1/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I'll write it as 1/ 2
+m h over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m h over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m h over I
+DDX and here I'll put p p where is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX and here I'll put p p where is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX and here I'll put p p where is that
+number but now P I can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but now P I can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but now P I can write it as
+whatever it is which is H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is which is H over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is which is H over I
+DDX and Pepi is again H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DDX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX
+SI so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI so here we
+go we have obtained and let me write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we have obtained and let me write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we have obtained and let me write the
+equation in slightly reverse form um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in slightly reverse form um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in slightly reverse form um
+minus because of the two I one over 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because of the two I one over 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because of the two I one over 2 m
+two partial derivatives is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two partial derivatives is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two partial derivatives is a second
+order partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order partial
+derivative on p h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative on p h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative on p h
+bar^ SAR / 2 m DC d x that's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar^ SAR / 2 m DC d x that's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar^ SAR / 2 m DC d x that's a whole
+right hand side is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e so the number e * p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so the number e * p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so the number e * p is
+this so we could call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we could call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we could call this
+thing the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Operator and it has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the energy operator acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy operator acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy operator acting on this
+wave function is in fact equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is in fact equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is in fact equal to the
+energy times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so this state again is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this state again is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this state again is an
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+State energy operator on the state is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State energy operator on the state is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State energy operator on the state is an
+energy times the same state so is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy times the same state so is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy times the same state so is an
+energy ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ion
+state is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state or a state of definite energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or a state of definite energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or a state of definite energy or
+an energy ion state with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy ion state with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy ion state with energy
+E I can make it clear for you that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I can make it clear for you that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I can make it clear for you that in
+fact this energy operator as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this energy operator as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this energy operator as you've
+noticed the only thing that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed the only thing that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed the only thing that it is
+is - h^2 / 2 m DC dx^ 2 but where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - h^2 / 2 m DC dx^ 2 but where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - h^2 / 2 m DC dx^ 2 but where it
+came from it's clear that it's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from it's clear that it's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from it's clear that it's nothing
+else but 1/ 2 m p hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but 1/ 2 m p hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but 1/ 2 m p hat
+squared because P hat is indeed H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because P hat is indeed H over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because P hat is indeed H over I
+DDX uh so if you do this computation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX uh so if you do this computation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX uh so if you do this computation how
+much is this this is a p Hat Time P hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is this this is a p Hat Time P hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is this this is a p Hat Time P hat
+that's P hat square and that's H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P hat square and that's H over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P hat square and that's H over I
+DDX H over I DDX and uh that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX H over I DDX and uh that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX H over I DDX and uh that gives you
+the answer so the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer so the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer so the energy
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+is p^ 2qu over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m all right so actually at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m all right so actually at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m all right so actually at this moment
+we do have the a shinger equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have the a shinger equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have the a shinger equation for
+the first time time if we combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time time if we combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time time if we combine the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+line over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over
+there I H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I H
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+DDT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of
+Si is equal to e but Epi I will write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si is equal to e but Epi I will write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si is equal to e but Epi I will write it
+as minus h^2 / 2 m thec the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as minus h^2 / 2 m thec the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as minus h^2 / 2 m thec the
+x² s
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EO9OVMFuWvw.txt b/EO9OVMFuWvw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63f332dcea186b08ab819497b281fb2939d85b37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EO9OVMFuWvw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so this is our last video in the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our last video in the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our last video in the chapter
+on adrenal physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on adrenal physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on adrenal physics
+and we'll talk about mass scales and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about mass scales and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about mass scales and the
+nature of the neutrino particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the neutrino particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the neutrino particle
+very briefly when we think about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly when we think about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly when we think about how we
+can measure the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the neutrino
+masses there's a number of methods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses there's a number of methods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses there's a number of methods which
+come to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to mind
+the first one is to you know just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is to you know just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is to you know just look
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+into the universe and try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the universe and try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the universe and try to understand
+how much matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much matter
+in total could come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total could come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total could come from
+as a source from neutrinos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a source from neutrinos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a source from neutrinos and
+one has to make assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to make assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to make assumptions about the
+model the cosmological models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the cosmological models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the cosmological models
+at hand but if one accepts us those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand but if one accepts us those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand but if one accepts us those
+potential biases or model dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential biases or model dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential biases or model dependencies
+one finds that there's a reach potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one finds that there's a reach potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one finds that there's a reach potential
+rate of this kind of mass measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this kind of mass measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this kind of mass measurements
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+20 to 50 meb milli electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 50 meb milli electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 50 meb milli electron volts
+and the current best limits are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current best limits are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current best limits are in the
+order of 0.1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 0.1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 0.1 to
+1 electron volt a second source and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 electron volt a second source and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 electron volt a second source and i'll
+talk more about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this later
+is the study of neutrino less better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the study of neutrino less better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the study of neutrino less better
+decay double beta decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay double beta decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay double beta decays
+here the current best limits are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the current best limits are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the current best limits are in the
+order of 0.2 to 0.4 electron volts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 0.2 to 0.4 electron volts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 0.2 to 0.4 electron volts and
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+chance to reach 20 to 50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to reach 20 to 50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to reach 20 to 50 million
+electron voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron voice
+this kind of measurement will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of measurement will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of measurement will also
+answer the question whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question whether or not the
+neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino
+is a direct particle or marijuana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct particle or marijuana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct particle or marijuana
+particle as we discussed in earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as we discussed in earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as we discussed in earlier
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+and then there is the more classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is the more classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is the more classical
+approach of measuring the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of measuring the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of measuring the mass of
+a neutrino from the endpoint spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutrino from the endpoint spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutrino from the endpoint spectrum
+of beta decays and so here the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta decays and so here the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta decays and so here the current
+best limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best limit
+is from the catrin experiment and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the catrin experiment and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the catrin experiment and i'll
+talk about this on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this on the next slide
+and it's in the order of one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in the order of one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in the order of one electron
+volt and there's a potential reach to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt and there's a potential reach to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt and there's a potential reach to go
+down to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 40
+million electrons so currently so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million electrons so currently so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million electrons so currently so the
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+is in the order of the the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the order of the the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the order of the the range of
+of limits is in the order of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limits is in the order of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limits is in the order of one
+electron volts or a bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts or a bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts or a bit better
+and one will be able to go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one will be able to go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one will be able to go down to
+limits in the order of 20 to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits in the order of 20 to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits in the order of 20 to 50
+milli electrons so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli electrons so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli electrons so here is
+in a cartoon of how those measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cartoon of how those measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cartoon of how those measurements
+are being conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being conducted
+one starts with trithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uses better decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses better decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses better decay
+and this lecture overall is a good kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this lecture overall is a good kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this lecture overall is a good kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+first entry into the nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry into the nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry into the nuclear physics
+program where we discuss better decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where we discuss better decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where we discuss better decays
+and other nuclear decays in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other nuclear decays in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other nuclear decays in more detail
+what we find here is that you find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find here is that you find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find here is that you find an
+electron and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then
+neutrino anti-neutrino in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino anti-neutrino in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino anti-neutrino in this case
+being emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being emitted
+and so the the name of the game is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the name of the game is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the name of the game is now
+to measure the electron energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the electron energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the electron energy
+as precisely as possible and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as precisely as possible and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as precisely as possible and then
+find a sensitivity of the neutrino mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a sensitivity of the neutrino mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a sensitivity of the neutrino mass
+in the endpoint spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the endpoint spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the endpoint spectrum
+and those small differences here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those small differences here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those small differences here in the
+endpoint spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint spectrum
+there then leads to understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then leads to understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then leads to understanding of the
+mass of the nurturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the nurturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the nurturing
+neutrino because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total energy in the collision needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy in the collision needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy in the collision needs
+to be preserved and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be preserved and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be preserved and so
+the entire story here is about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire story here is about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire story here is about how
+precisely can we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely can we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely can we measure
+the energy of the electron in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the electron in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the electron in order to
+infer the neutrino mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the neutrino mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the neutrino mass
+in there and so the latest result came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and so the latest result came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and so the latest result came
+out last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last year
+from the cartoon experiment um and shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cartoon experiment um and shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cartoon experiment um and shows
+that we can set an upper limb the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can set an upper limb the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can set an upper limb the result
+is consistent with a neutrino mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with a neutrino mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with a neutrino mass of
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and that we can set an upper limit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we can set an upper limit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we can set an upper limit at
+ninety percent confidence level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent confidence level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent confidence level
+that's a neutrino electron neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a neutrino electron neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a neutrino electron neutrino
+is of mass of 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of mass of 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of mass of 1.1
+electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just as a reminder we measure the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a reminder we measure the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a reminder we measure the mass
+of the electron neutrino in this decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron neutrino in this decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron neutrino in this decay
+which is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum
+of the individual components um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual components um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual components um
+mass eigenstate which make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass eigenstate which make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass eigenstate which make up the
+electromagnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnet
+um to set the historical context in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to set the historical context in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to set the historical context in this
+discussion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here
+we find you know that this latest result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find you know that this latest result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find you know that this latest result
+is an improvement of the order a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an improvement of the order a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an improvement of the order a factor
+of two compared to previous result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two compared to previous result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two compared to previous result
+um by by other experiments which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by other experiments which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by other experiments which has a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+very similar very similar job to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar very similar job to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar very similar job to measure
+the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron
+energy in better decays in the endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in better decays in the endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in better decays in the endpoint
+the endpoint spectrum of better decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoint spectrum of better decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoint spectrum of better decays
+there's a new new approach which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new new approach which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new new approach which has
+been proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proposed by
+geofomacio here from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geofomacio here from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geofomacio here from mit
+um which changes the way the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which changes the way the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which changes the way the electron
+energy is being measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is being measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is being measured
+so the idea is to have the decay happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is to have the decay happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is to have the decay happen
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in magnetic fields and use um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnetic fields and use um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnetic fields and use um the
+klystron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+klystron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+klystron
+cytosol cyclotron radiation of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol cyclotron radiation of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol cyclotron radiation of single
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+so the the the advantage here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the advantage here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the advantage here is that
+one doesn't have to move the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't have to move the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't have to move the electron
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+into a spectrometer but can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a spectrometer but can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a spectrometer but can immediately
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+um the energy of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the measurement of the energy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measurement of the energy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measurement of the energy then
+turns into a measurement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into a measurement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into a measurement of the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+and basically measures the cycle turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically measures the cycle turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically measures the cycle turn
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+of the electron circling around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron circling around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron circling around in a
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+and so it turns out that one one moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turns out that one one moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turns out that one one moves
+the measurement of the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement of the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement of the energy of the
+electron into a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into a measurement
+of of a frequency and those frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a frequency and those frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a frequency and those frequency
+can be measured with very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be measured with very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be measured with very very high
+precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some
+some hope that this kind of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope that this kind of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope that this kind of measurement
+lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+very very precise results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very precise results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very precise results of the
+energy of the electron and reset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron and reset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron and reset the
+mass of the nutrient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the last slide here is now how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last slide here is now how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last slide here is now how can we
+figure out whether or not the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether or not the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether or not the neutrino
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+the rock or majorana nature and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock or majorana nature and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock or majorana nature and this can
+be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done
+or the highest sensitivity comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the highest sensitivity comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the highest sensitivity comes from
+so-called neutrinoless double beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called neutrinoless double beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called neutrinoless double beta
+decays so one starts with nuclear decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so one starts with nuclear decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so one starts with nuclear decays
+where two electrons are emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where two electrons are emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where two electrons are emitted
+no neutrino and so this requires that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no neutrino and so this requires that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no neutrino and so this requires that in
+this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process
+there's a transition which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transition which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transition which includes
+neutrino where the neutrino has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino where the neutrino has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino where the neutrino has to be
+its own anti-particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own anti-particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own anti-particle
+and that just means that the neutrino is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just means that the neutrino is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just means that the neutrino is
+of marijuana nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of marijuana nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of marijuana nature
+this is being done by measuring again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being done by measuring again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being done by measuring again
+the energy spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy spectrum
+you typically have background all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically have background all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically have background all kinds
+of background contributions but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of background contributions but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of background contributions but also
+backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds
+from double beta decays with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from double beta decays with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from double beta decays with two
+neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos
+so you see the spectrum here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the spectrum here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the spectrum here and then
+you look at the endpoint of this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the endpoint of this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the endpoint of this part
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+find that there's this peak a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that there's this peak a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that there's this peak a very
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+sharp peak of energies of the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp peak of energies of the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp peak of energies of the energies
+of the two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two electrons
+the issue is that forecasting where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is that forecasting where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is that forecasting where this
+peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak is
+requires a proper knowledge of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a proper knowledge of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a proper knowledge of this of
+the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics
+inside the nuclei here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the nuclei here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the nuclei here
+and you know those measurements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know those measurements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know those measurements are
+being conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conducted
+there's many of them conducted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many of them conducted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many of them conducted in
+various nuclear transitions or decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nuclear transitions or decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nuclear transitions or decays
+and they haven't yielded a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they haven't yielded a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they haven't yielded a positive
+result yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result yet
+research is still going on in this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EOl5lfyE1to.txt b/EOl5lfyE1to.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7add2c8a667d4ad13cb8e08a141d8d1699c0a659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EOl5lfyE1to.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14944 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we'll be doing is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll be doing is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll be doing is getting
+started with our panel discussion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with our panel discussion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with our panel discussion uh
+we have structured this discussion uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have structured this discussion uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have structured this discussion uh to
+leave a lot of time for questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a lot of time for questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a lot of time for questions and
+answers and discussion from the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and discussion from the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and discussion from the floor
+so this afternoon we've heard about ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this afternoon we've heard about ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this afternoon we've heard about ways
+in which open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which open courseware
+and similar resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similar resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similar resources
+are being transformational in how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being transformational in how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being transformational in how people
+get access to information and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get access to information and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get access to information and how they
+use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+now i'm going to turn our attention more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to turn our attention more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to turn our attention more
+to the future and the changes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future and the changes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future and the changes we're
+likely to see in the years to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to see in the years to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to see in the years to come
+my pleasure to introduce this panel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pleasure to introduce this panel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pleasure to introduce this panel uh
+the moderator for the panel is professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moderator for the panel is professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moderator for the panel is professor
+hal abelson he's a class of 1922
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hal abelson he's a class of 1922
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hal abelson he's a class of 1922
+professor of computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of computer science and
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+in the mit department of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mit department of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mit department of electrical
+engineering and computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and computer science
+he's joined in the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's joined in the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's joined in the panel
+by three distinguished individuals dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three distinguished individuals dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three distinguished individuals dr
+charles vest who of course all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles vest who of course all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles vest who of course all of us
+here know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here know
+extraordinarily well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily well
+is currently the president of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is currently the president of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is currently the president of the
+national academy of engineering and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national academy of engineering and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national academy of engineering and of
+course the president emeritus of mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the president emeritus of mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the president emeritus of mit
+john celie brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john celie brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john celie brown
+is the chief innovation officer of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the chief innovation officer of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the chief innovation officer of 12
+entrepreneuring and the former chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneuring and the former chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneuring and the former chief
+scientist of xerox corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist of xerox corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist of xerox corporation
+and then sam petroder is the chairman of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sam petroder is the chairman of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sam petroder is the chairman of
+the india knowledge commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the india knowledge commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the india knowledge commission
+as well as the chairman and ceo of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the chairman and ceo of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the chairman and ceo of world
+tell limited how we'll introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell limited how we'll introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell limited how we'll introduce the
+panel's topic and the questions our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel's topic and the questions our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel's topic and the questions our
+panelists will be addressing he'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists will be addressing he'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists will be addressing he'll just
+he'll briefly describe that each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll briefly describe that each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll briefly describe that each of the
+panelists will make a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists will make a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists will make a brief
+statement about those questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about those questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about those questions and then
+how we'll control the flow of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll control the flow of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll control the flow of questions
+and answers from the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answers from the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answers from the floor
+please help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i wanted to start by saying how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to start by saying how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to start by saying how i
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+what i want to say is to yell we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to say is to yell we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to say is to yell we did it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes
+and that comes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes with a
+a certain amount amount of pride susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount amount of pride susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount amount of pride susan
+you heard susan mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard susan mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard susan mention
+a little while ago that we have mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while ago that we have mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while ago that we have mit
+students using open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students using open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students using open courseware
+in teaching mit courses at places around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teaching mit courses at places around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teaching mit courses at places around
+the world including china one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world including china one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world including china one of those
+cities is dalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is dalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is dalian
+so the students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the students are
+going to die and learning that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die and learning that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die and learning that it's not
+enough to change light bulbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to change light bulbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to change light bulbs
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a lot of people have a lot of friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have a lot of friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have a lot of friends
+here in dalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in dalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in dalian
+but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main
+the main emotion i feel right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main emotion i feel right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main emotion i feel right now
+is one of tremendous humility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of tremendous humility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of tremendous humility
+and it's a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a sense of
+how tiny a step we have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tiny a step we have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tiny a step we have made
+and how tiny a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how tiny a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how tiny a part
+of this transformation is mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this transformation is mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this transformation is mit open
+courseware tom talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware tom talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware tom talked about
+the change from globalization 1.0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change from globalization 1.0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change from globalization 1.0 to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+amazing emerging thing that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing emerging thing that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing emerging thing that's happening
+and i think what mit opencourseware has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think what mit opencourseware has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think what mit opencourseware has
+led us to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led us to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led us to do is to
+see that we're in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we're in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we're in something like
+education 1.0 we weren't we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education 1.0 we weren't we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education 1.0 we weren't we couldn't
+even see that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see that before
+and now the question is what comes next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the question is what comes next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the question is what comes next
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+what are the opportunities that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the opportunities that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the opportunities that come
+what what are the things that having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the things that having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the things that having
+gotten to this point we can't predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to this point we can't predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to this point we can't predict
+but we can maybe maybe try to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can maybe maybe try to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can maybe maybe try to imagine
+and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have
+a tremendous panel of three people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous panel of three people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous panel of three people to
+help us imagine it uh sam patrotta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us imagine it uh sam patrotta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us imagine it uh sam patrotta is
+chairman and ceo of world tell limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman and ceo of world tell limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman and ceo of world tell limited
+he's science he was science advisor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's science he was science advisor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's science he was science advisor to
+uh prime minister rajiv gandhi and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prime minister rajiv gandhi and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prime minister rajiv gandhi and was
+responsible then for india's foreign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible then for india's foreign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible then for india's foreign and
+domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+telecommunications policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications policies
+he's been a force for innovation since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been a force for innovation since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been a force for innovation since
+the 1960s when he invented what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s when he invented what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s when he invented what's
+considered the first electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the first electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the first electronic
+diary one of the first examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diary one of the first examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diary one of the first examples of
+handheld computing he's particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld computing he's particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld computing he's particularly
+known for having introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for having introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for having introduced
+microprocessors and telephone switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessors and telephone switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessors and telephone switches
+sam is widely considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sam is widely considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sam is widely considered
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+responsible for india's communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for india's communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for india's communications
+revolution and this began with a crusade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and this began with a crusade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and this began with a crusade
+in the 1980s where he worked for prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s where he worked for prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s where he worked for prime
+minister indira gandhi on a one rupee a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister indira gandhi on a one rupee a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister indira gandhi on a one rupee a
+year salary where he put together a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year salary where he put together a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year salary where he put together a team
+of professionals a digital switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professionals a digital switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of professionals a digital switching
+system set up rural exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system set up rural exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system set up rural exchanges
+set up the factories that made the fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the factories that made the fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the factories that made the fiber
+optic cables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic cables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic cables
+introduced automatic dialing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced automatic dialing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced automatic dialing
+international dialing in 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international dialing in 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international dialing in 1980
+india had about a million telephones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india had about a million telephones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india had about a million telephones
+altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether
+and by 2000 three-quarters of india's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by 2000 three-quarters of india's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by 2000 three-quarters of india's
+half-million villagers had phone service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-million villagers had phone service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-million villagers had phone service
+sam is currently chairman of india's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sam is currently chairman of india's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sam is currently chairman of india's
+national knowledge commission which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national knowledge commission which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national knowledge commission which is a
+high-level advisory committee to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level advisory committee to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level advisory committee to the
+prime minister whose objective is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minister whose objective is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minister whose objective is to
+transform india into a knowledge society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform india into a knowledge society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform india into a knowledge society
+he is passionate about the hunger for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is passionate about the hunger for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is passionate about the hunger for
+education in india and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in india and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in india and the fact that
+education is the key to economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is the key to economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is the key to economic
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+and that the key to that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the key to that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the key to that is the
+expansion of universities and colleges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of universities and colleges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of universities and colleges
+and he's often quoted as saying why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's often quoted as saying why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's often quoted as saying why does
+india have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india have uh
+seven iits when we could have 70.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven iits when we could have 70.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven iits when we could have 70.
+john celie brown is the inspirational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john celie brown is the inspirational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john celie brown is the inspirational
+seer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seer
+for the age of people and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the age of people and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the age of people and information
+he's he's been chief scientist of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's been chief scientist of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's been chief scientist of the
+xerox corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox corporation
+a position he held for 20 years director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position he held for 20 years director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position he held for 20 years director
+of xerox palo alto research center when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xerox palo alto research center when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xerox palo alto research center when
+that was the leading computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the leading computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the leading computer science
+research center in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research center in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research center in the world
+he was the first computing research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the first computing research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the first computing research
+manager to really focus on the profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager to really focus on the profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager to really focus on the profound
+relations between information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between information technology
+and social issues and to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social issues and to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social issues and to bring
+sociologists and architects into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists and architects into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists and architects into the
+computing research community he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing research community he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing research community he's
+written widely on research management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written widely on research management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written widely on research management
+and on innovation and on the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on innovation and on the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on innovation and on the human
+context in which information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which information technology
+is embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embedded
+john's leadership in technology goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john's leadership in technology goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john's leadership in technology goes
+back to the 60s when he created what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the 60s when he created what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the 60s when he created what is
+still one of the world's best examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one of the world's best examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one of the world's best examples
+of artificial intelligence-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artificial intelligence-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artificial intelligence-based
+computing tutoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing tutoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing tutoring
+and he maintained that during his years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he maintained that during his years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he maintained that during his years
+at xerox when he was co-founder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at xerox when he was co-founder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at xerox when he was co-founder of the
+xerox institute for research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox institute for research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox institute for research and
+learning and it persists to the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and it persists to the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and it persists to the present
+day with his thoughts and writing on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with his thoughts and writing on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with his thoughts and writing on how
+the net is changing the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net is changing the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net is changing the fundamental
+relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between
+people and knowledge and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and knowledge and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and knowledge and between
+learning and society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've been asked to do many silly things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been asked to do many silly things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been asked to do many silly things
+when i've been at mit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i've been at mit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i've been at mit but
+ranking up there was the silliest is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking up there was the silliest is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking up there was the silliest is the
+idea that i would be introducing chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that i would be introducing chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that i would be introducing chuck
+vest to an mit audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest to an mit audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest to an mit audience
+so let me just say that people talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just say that people talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just say that people talked a
+lot about the genesis of open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about the genesis of open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about the genesis of open courseware
+and i won't repeat that but i do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't repeat that but i do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't repeat that but i do want to
+say it was chuck and his administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was chuck and his administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was chuck and his administration
+who took this nutty idea that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took this nutty idea that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took this nutty idea that was
+presented by a bunch of faculty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by a bunch of faculty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by a bunch of faculty and
+glued that to a sense of a institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued that to a sense of a institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued that to a sense of a institutional
+vision and a sense of the civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and a sense of the civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and a sense of the civic
+responsibility of a university in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of a university in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of a university in the
+modern age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern age
+but i've got to say that as honored as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've got to say that as honored as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've got to say that as honored as
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+to have our guests the real honor is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our guests the real honor is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our guests the real honor is you
+both the people who've made it but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the people who've made it but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the people who've made it but all
+also many of the leaders of the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also many of the leaders of the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also many of the leaders of the open
+educational resources community who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources community who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources community who are
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so we don't want this to be a one-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want this to be a one-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want this to be a one-way
+discussion of hearing great thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of hearing great thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of hearing great thoughts
+this is really meant to be a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really meant to be a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really meant to be a discussion
+and a hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hope
+that maybe we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we can all
+together start imagining something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together start imagining something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together start imagining something this
+afternoon that'll take us from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon that'll take us from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon that'll take us from this
+education 1.0 finally seen in a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education 1.0 finally seen in a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education 1.0 finally seen in a global
+context to something that could be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to something that could be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to something that could be much
+much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater
+so chuck let me ask you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chuck let me ask you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chuck let me ask you to start
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+the views i'm going to express are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the views i'm going to express are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the views i'm going to express are
+solely my own and neither those of mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely my own and neither those of mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely my own and neither those of mit
+nor the nae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the nae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the nae
+i'd like to begin sneaking up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to begin sneaking up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to begin sneaking up on the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+by looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking back
+very briefly at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly at the beginning
+and looking at the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the present and
+giving you my idea of what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you my idea of what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you my idea of what some of the
+big forces are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big forces are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big forces are out there
+first of all the question in 1999 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the question in 1999 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the question in 1999 when
+all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+were residential universities dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were residential universities dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were residential universities dying
+dinosaurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+would information technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would information technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would information technology and
+so-called distance learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called distance learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called distance learning
+render residential universities obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render residential universities obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render residential universities obsolete
+and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way
+was there a great opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a great opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a great opportunity for
+universities to make a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to make a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to make a whole lot of
+money by teaching other people at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by teaching other people at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by teaching other people at a
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+mediated by information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated by information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated by information technology
+and the answer that mit's faculty gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer that mit's faculty gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer that mit's faculty gave
+to that was of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that was of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that was of course
+ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw
+so at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the time
+mit's open courseware initiative was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open courseware initiative was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open courseware initiative was
+absolutely counter to the trends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely counter to the trends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely counter to the trends of the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+it was revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was revolutionary
+and tom i don't know we used the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tom i don't know we used the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tom i don't know we used the word
+harm but we certainly knew it was risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm but we certainly knew it was risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm but we certainly knew it was risky
+revolutionary and risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary and risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary and risky
+and it was entirely consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was entirely consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was entirely consistent
+with mit's culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mit's culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mit's culture
+and tradition if it weren't for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tradition if it weren't for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tradition if it weren't for that we
+wouldn't be sitting here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be sitting here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be sitting here today
+and also to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to me
+the fact that ocw is actually realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that ocw is actually realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that ocw is actually realized
+and funded at least up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and funded at least up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and funded at least up to this point
+demonstrates the power of a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates the power of a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates the power of a good idea
+if you have a really good idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a really good idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a really good idea in
+today's world and in this great nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's world and in this great nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's world and in this great nation
+you can still find a way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still find a way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still find a way to do it
+and above all i always viewed and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above all i always viewed and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above all i always viewed and i
+think my colleagues did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my colleagues did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my colleagues did
+ocw as an adventure we really didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw as an adventure we really didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw as an adventure we really didn't
+know where it was going to lead when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it was going to lead when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it was going to lead when we
+started out and you'll hear lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out and you'll hear lots more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out and you'll hear lots more
+about where it has led today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where it has led today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where it has led today
+so some personal beliefs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some personal beliefs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some personal beliefs and
+observations about all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about all of this
+i'm a great believer in fact i'm in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a great believer in fact i'm in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a great believer in fact i'm in love
+with the residential university because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the residential university because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the residential university because
+i still believe that nothing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still believe that nothing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still believe that nothing can
+actually replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually replace
+the magic that occurs when you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic that occurs when you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic that occurs when you get a
+bunch of bright motivated diverse young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bright motivated diverse young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bright motivated diverse young
+men and women around 18 19 20 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women around 18 19 20 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women around 18 19 20 years of
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+coming together living learning in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together living learning in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together living learning in a
+very intense environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intense environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intense environment
+teaching and learning no matter how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning no matter how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning no matter how they
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+are really deeply human activities and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really deeply human activities and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really deeply human activities and i
+think as we try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as we try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as we try to understand the
+potential for technology and all this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for technology and all this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for technology and all this we
+must remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must remember
+teaching and learning are deeply human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning are deeply human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning are deeply human
+activities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but
+there is also no question then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also no question then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also no question then and
+certainly no question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no question now
+that computers and communications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computers and communications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computers and communications that
+is information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is information technology
+are clearly a hugely transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly a hugely transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly a hugely transformative
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+history tells us that technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history tells us that technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history tells us that technological
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+always outpaces social progress so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always outpaces social progress so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always outpaces social progress so the
+kind of conclusion that i drew from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conclusion that i drew from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conclusion that i drew from this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i think that in in fact that is what ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that in in fact that is what ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that in in fact that is what ocw
+represents is that what began to emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents is that what began to emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents is that what began to emerge
+at least for a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for a period
+was a way in which relatively stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way in which relatively stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way in which relatively stable and
+indeed conservative institutions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed conservative institutions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed conservative institutions like
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+can develop enormous synergies through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop enormous synergies through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop enormous synergies through
+the use of ever expanding technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of ever expanding technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of ever expanding technological
+tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+so you can at once be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can at once be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can at once be
+conservative and then in very new ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and then in very new ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and then in very new ways
+evolving and innovating very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and innovating very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and innovating very rapidly
+so add to all this the fact that mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so add to all this the fact that mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so add to all this the fact that mit's
+ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw
+combines the educational quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines the educational quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines the educational quality
+and pedagogical approach and ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pedagogical approach and ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pedagogical approach and ways of
+organizing knowledge of a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing knowledge of a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing knowledge of a great
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the democratizing and empowering forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the democratizing and empowering forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the democratizing and empowering forces
+of the internet and the world wide web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internet and the world wide web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internet and the world wide web
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+increasingly interconnected world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly interconnected world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly interconnected world that
+we just have heard so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have heard so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have heard so much about
+but of course there is much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there is much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there is much more than
+just mit's educational content going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mit's educational content going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mit's educational content going up
+on the web everywhere for everybody for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web everywhere for everybody for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web everywhere for everybody for
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+there was a whole movement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a whole movement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a whole movement which
+actually preceded it starting with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually preceded it starting with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually preceded it starting with uh
+building vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building vast
+digital archives of scholarly materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital archives of scholarly materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital archives of scholarly materials
+starting with things like jstor and art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with things like jstor and art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with things like jstor and art
+store and on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and on and on
+there is open digital publication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is open digital publication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is open digital publication that
+has developed things like the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed things like the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed things like the public
+library of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of science
+there's open academic software platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's open academic software platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's open academic software platforms
+and pedagogy like sakai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pedagogy like sakai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pedagogy like sakai
+and all kinds of other open content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all kinds of other open content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all kinds of other open content
+initiatives around the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives around the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives around the country and
+around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world
+and i want to particularly mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to particularly mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to particularly mention
+quickly something that we really haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly something that we really haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly something that we really haven't
+talked much about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked much about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked much about today
+which is the promise of web lab which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the promise of web lab which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the promise of web lab which
+again was started here by mit faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again was started here by mit faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again was started here by mit faculty
+particularly colleague jesus del alamo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly colleague jesus del alamo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly colleague jesus del alamo
+which already although in an embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which already although in an embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which already although in an embryonic
+way it's real is allowing young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's real is allowing young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's real is allowing young people
+in say sub-saharan africa to sit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say sub-saharan africa to sit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say sub-saharan africa to sit around
+in front of a laptop and in fact control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of a laptop and in fact control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of a laptop and in fact control
+real experiments for educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments for educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments for educational
+purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes
+using equipment that may be an industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using equipment that may be an industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using equipment that may be an industry
+maybe at mit maybe at stanford what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe at mit maybe at stanford what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe at mit maybe at stanford what have
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so there's a whole lot more out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole lot more out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole lot more out there
+and also if we step back there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if we step back there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if we step back there's a huge
+number of driving forces that are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of driving forces that are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of driving forces that are kind
+of pushing and shoving and shaping all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pushing and shoving and shaping all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pushing and shoving and shaping all
+this or at least creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or at least creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or at least creating the
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+one is the connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the connectivity
+that worldwide connectivity that tom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worldwide connectivity that tom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worldwide connectivity that tom has
+so eloquently explained to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so eloquently explained to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so eloquently explained to us
+and second is in fact globalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second is in fact globalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second is in fact globalization
+itself this new world in which we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this new world in which we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this new world in which we must
+compete and cooperate simultaneously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete and cooperate simultaneously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete and cooperate simultaneously in
+all kinds of different ways across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different ways across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different ways across
+traditional boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional boundaries
+and third and all of you travel like i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third and all of you travel like i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third and all of you travel like i'm
+fortunate to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to be able to do
+the rest of the world whether we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world whether we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world whether we know it
+or not in this country the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in this country the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in this country the rest of the
+world is really tuning in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is really tuning in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is really tuning in to the
+increasing importance of education they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing importance of education they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing importance of education they
+really are understanding that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are understanding that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are understanding that if the
+young people aren't educated they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people aren't educated they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people aren't educated they're not
+going to be able to play in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to play in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to play in this
+evolving world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving world
+so what all of this leads to is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all of this leads to is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all of this leads to is what i
+like to call the meta university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call the meta university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call the meta university
+the meta university something i may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meta university something i may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meta university something i may
+return to in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to in a minute
+is really a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a new
+digital substrate or infrastructure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital substrate or infrastructure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital substrate or infrastructure of
+all this content all these platforms all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this content all these platforms all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this content all these platforms all
+this connectivity that teachers learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connectivity that teachers learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connectivity that teachers learners
+and institutions worldwide can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and institutions worldwide can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and institutions worldwide can build
+their own education for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own education for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own education for their own
+purposes shape to their own context upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes shape to their own context upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes shape to their own context upon
+so on to the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on to the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on to the future
+first let's start with the pragmatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's start with the pragmatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's start with the pragmatics
+how the future plays out not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the future plays out not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the future plays out not just for
+mit ocw but for the entire open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit ocw but for the entire open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit ocw but for the entire open
+course and open content movement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and open content movement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and open content movement is
+going to depend on how well and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on how well and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on how well and how
+creatively we meet at least four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively we meet at least four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively we meet at least four
+barriers or obstacles and they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers or obstacles and they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers or obstacles and they really
+are obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obvious
+one is intellectual property can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is intellectual property can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is intellectual property can we
+really pick up and run with creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pick up and run with creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pick up and run with creative
+commons and so forth and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and so forth and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and so forth and have the
+commitment to work with what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to work with what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to work with what we have to
+work to enable us to have this openness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to enable us to have this openness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to enable us to have this openness
+in an age of ownership of property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an age of ownership of property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an age of ownership of property
+second is quality control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is quality control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is quality control
+the web by definition is the wild west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web by definition is the wild west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web by definition is the wild west
+of information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and
+if people are going to be serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are going to be serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are going to be serious
+learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners
+somehow things like the imprimatur of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow things like the imprimatur of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow things like the imprimatur of
+great universities like this are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great universities like this are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great universities like this are going
+to be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important
+third is of course how do you meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is of course how do you meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is of course how do you meet the
+costs i sometimes give talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs i sometimes give talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs i sometimes give talks about
+things like ocw and i have a slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like ocw and i have a slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like ocw and i have a slide that
+say what's the business model and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the business model and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the business model and then i
+say next slide please and we go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say next slide please and we go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say next slide please and we go on to
+the next topic because we are providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic because we are providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic because we are providing
+a free good somebody ultimately has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free good somebody ultimately has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free good somebody ultimately has to
+see the value and pay for it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the value and pay for it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the value and pay for it in this
+open sharing way will we do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sharing way will we do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sharing way will we do that by
+partnering are there new funding models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering are there new funding models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering are there new funding models
+susan and the whole team here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susan and the whole team here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susan and the whole team here are
+thinking very hard about these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking very hard about these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking very hard about these issues
+going forward and of course finally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward and of course finally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward and of course finally is
+bandwidth we're all used to having lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth we're all used to having lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth we're all used to having lots
+of connectivity and bandwidth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of connectivity and bandwidth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of connectivity and bandwidth but
+despite the flattening of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the flattening of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the flattening of the world
+there's still plenty of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still plenty of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still plenty of places
+who don't have it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have it in the
+extent that it is needed and so new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that it is needed and so new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that it is needed and so new
+delivery mechanisms like the creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery mechanisms like the creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery mechanisms like the creative
+use of ipods and so forth and so on has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of ipods and so forth and so on has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of ipods and so forth and so on has
+to be a big player going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a big player going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a big player going forward
+so what's the conclusion i draw about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the conclusion i draw about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the conclusion i draw about
+draw from all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from all this
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+in addition to having a great idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to having a great idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to having a great idea that
+came from this extraordinary faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from this extraordinary faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from this extraordinary faculty
+committee most of the members of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee most of the members of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee most of the members of which
+you met just a few moments ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you met just a few moments ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you met just a few moments ago
+mit ocw had first mover advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit ocw had first mover advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit ocw had first mover advantage
+first mover advantage coupled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mover advantage coupled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mover advantage coupled with
+an institutional quality level and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an institutional quality level and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an institutional quality level and a
+literally iconic recognition factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally iconic recognition factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally iconic recognition factor
+around the world combining those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world combining those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world combining those two
+things allowed us i believe to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things allowed us i believe to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things allowed us i believe to move
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+and also and keep this in mind as we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also and keep this in mind as we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also and keep this in mind as we try
+to think through the the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through the the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through the the future and
+decide what waiting function to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what waiting function to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what waiting function to put on
+all the things john's going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things john's going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things john's going to tell us
+we had what was fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had what was fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had what was fundamentally
+a very simple accessible product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple accessible product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple accessible product
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+wrestling with that tension about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestling with that tension about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestling with that tension about what's
+innovative new and different and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative new and different and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative new and different and what is
+really easy to put in people's hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to put in people's hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to put in people's hands and
+use is i think a lot of what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is i think a lot of what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is i think a lot of what we have to
+think forward in the whole movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think forward in the whole movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think forward in the whole movement
+going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward
+ocw here and elsewhere is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw here and elsewhere is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw here and elsewhere is going to have
+to thrive based on i think at least four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thrive based on i think at least four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thrive based on i think at least four
+things one excellent standards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one excellent standards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one excellent standards of
+quality and as i say the sort of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and as i say the sort of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and as i say the sort of quality
+control and recognition factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and recognition factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and recognition factors
+scale and comprehensiveness were what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and comprehensiveness were what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and comprehensiveness were what
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+particularly unique about open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unique about open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unique about open
+courseware there was nothing new about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware there was nothing new about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware there was nothing new about
+the idea of putting some material on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of putting some material on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of putting some material on the
+web it was the scale and institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it was the scale and institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it was the scale and institutional
+comprehensiveness that gave it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensiveness that gave it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensiveness that gave it its
+uniqueness and still gives it uniqueness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness and still gives it uniqueness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness and still gives it uniqueness
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+it will thrive depending on our ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will thrive depending on our ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will thrive depending on our ability
+and will to continue to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will to continue to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will to continue to define the
+cutting edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting edge
+and in fact to innovate fast and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact to innovate fast and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact to innovate fast and well
+which is what of course has to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what of course has to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what of course has to go on
+everywhere in this globalized world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in this globalized world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in this globalized world
+and finally i would put out that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally i would put out that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally i would put out that it will
+thrive depending on how we address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrive depending on how we address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrive depending on how we address the
+widening uses because we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening uses because we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening uses because we've talked about
+this as this wonderful global free good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as this wonderful global free good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as this wonderful global free good
+which is something i passionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something i passionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something i passionately
+believe in but it's having enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in but it's having enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in but it's having enormous
+impact inside mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact inside mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact inside mit
+students and faculty members using it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and faculty members using it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and faculty members using it as
+kind of a time clutch to shift forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a time clutch to shift forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a time clutch to shift forward
+to see how fundamentals are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how fundamentals are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how fundamentals are going to be
+applied in later courses or to look from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in later courses or to look from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in later courses or to look from
+a course backward to refresh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course backward to refresh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course backward to refresh and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+uh what can we do in the daunting tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what can we do in the daunting tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what can we do in the daunting tasks
+facing this nation and and others in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing this nation and and others in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing this nation and and others in
+secondary education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education
+and lifelong learning something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lifelong learning something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lifelong learning something that has
+just got to be a reality in any advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got to be a reality in any advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got to be a reality in any advanced
+society today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society today
+and i believe that mit ocw must by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe that mit ocw must by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe that mit ocw must by
+definition thrive on globalization we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition thrive on globalization we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition thrive on globalization we
+must embrace openness and the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must embrace openness and the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must embrace openness and the creation
+of electronic-based learning communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electronic-based learning communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electronic-based learning communities
+we must continue to define the cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must continue to define the cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must continue to define the cutting
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+while remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while remaining
+widely globally accessible in what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely globally accessible in what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely globally accessible in what we do
+and above all we will thrive if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above all we will thrive if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above all we will thrive if and only
+if we continue as you have done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we continue as you have done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we continue as you have done so
+marvelously really standing tall for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelously really standing tall for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelously really standing tall for the
+basic principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principle
+of sharing and empowerment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sharing and empowerment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sharing and empowerment
+i was going to read you two paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to read you two paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to read you two paragraphs
+from a book i wrote on the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a book i wrote on the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a book i wrote on the meta
+university but i'm going to skip that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university but i'm going to skip that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university but i'm going to skip that so
+we can go on and hear from sam what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go on and hear from sam what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go on and hear from sam what is
+really happening beyond the boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happening beyond the boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happening beyond the boundaries
+of cambridge thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+i'd like to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to comment on
+ocw from the viewpoint of india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw from the viewpoint of india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw from the viewpoint of india
+india is a country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india is a country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india is a country in
+hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurry
+growing at the rate of nine percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the rate of nine percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the rate of nine percent
+1.1 billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 billion people
+550 million below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 million below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 million below
+age of 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 25
+expanding everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding everywhere
+and demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demanding
+low-cost solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost solutions
+just to give you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i entered telecom scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i entered telecom scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i entered telecom scene
+in 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 80s
+we had about 2 million telephones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had about 2 million telephones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had about 2 million telephones
+for the entire country of 750 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire country of 750 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire country of 750 million
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+today we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have
+or we are adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we are adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we are adding
+seven to eight million cell phones every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to eight million cell phones every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to eight million cell phones every
+month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cost structure is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost structure is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost structure is such
+that while world is looking at 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while world is looking at 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while world is looking at 11
+aarpu average revenue per user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aarpu average revenue per user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aarpu average revenue per user
+india can survive and flourish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india can survive and flourish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india can survive and flourish
+with five dollar arpu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today our main need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today our main need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today our main need is
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+and low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low cost
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this process of development we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of development we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of development we
+recognize we have serious skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize we have serious skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize we have serious skill
+shortages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortages
+we don't have enough engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have enough engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have enough engineers
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers
+including truck drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including truck drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including truck drivers
+today india needs 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today india needs 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today india needs 500
+000 trained truck drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 trained truck drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 trained truck drivers
+a lot of crazy people driving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of this
+prime minister of india decided to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minister of india decided to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minister of india decided to set
+up a national knowledge commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a national knowledge commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a national knowledge commission
+a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years ago
+we have seven members in the commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seven members in the commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seven members in the commission
+we meet once every two months for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet once every two months for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet once every two months for three
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and we look at five areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at five areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at five areas
+of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge
+access to knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to knowledge
+to us that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that means
+literacy languages translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy languages translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy languages translations
+libraries networks portals reservations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries networks portals reservations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries networks portals reservations
+affirmative action programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative action programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative action programs
+then we look at knowledge concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look at knowledge concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look at knowledge concepts
+primary education secondary education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary education secondary education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary education secondary education
+distance learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning
+open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware
+higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vocational education so and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocational education so and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocational education so and so forth
+we also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also look at
+creation of knowledge science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of knowledge science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of knowledge science and
+technology patents copyright trademark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology patents copyright trademark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology patents copyright trademark
+entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship
+innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations
+application of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of knowledge
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+agricultural health and small and medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural health and small and medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural health and small and medium
+scale industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale industries
+and finally e-governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in education we are focused on three key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education we are focused on three key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education we are focused on three key
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+we don't have enough schools enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have enough schools enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have enough schools enough
+teachers enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers enough
+professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors
+at all levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second excellence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second excellence
+leaving aside top tier of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving aside top tier of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving aside top tier of maybe
+five percent of universities iit's iims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent of universities iit's iims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent of universities iit's iims
+and some other universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other universities
+quality of education at university level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of education at university level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of education at university level
+is very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very poor
+and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third
+equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+we have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sure
+that poorest of the poor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poorest of the poor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poorest of the poor can
+have the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity
+to go to the best schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a result of all these discussions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of all these discussions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of all these discussions in
+the last two years government of india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two years government of india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two years government of india
+has decided to quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has decided to quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has decided to quadruple
+investments in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in education
+in the next five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next five years
+according to eleventh plan indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to eleventh plan indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to eleventh plan indian
+government would be spending 65 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would be spending 65 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would be spending 65 billion
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in education
+we are building 30 new major national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are building 30 new major national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are building 30 new major national
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+4 000 colleges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 000 colleges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 000 colleges
+providing additional meals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing additional meals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing additional meals
+to 60 million children mid-day meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 million children mid-day meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 million children mid-day meal
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+we want to grow from 320 universities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to grow from 320 universities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to grow from 320 universities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next five years how do we do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next five years how do we do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next five years how do we do all of
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+we are beginning to ask questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are beginning to ask questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are beginning to ask questions that
+we have never asked before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have never asked before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have never asked before
+questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like
+do you really need classroom to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today when you think of education you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when you think of education you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when you think of education you
+think of duster blackbird chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of duster blackbird chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of duster blackbird chalk
+teacher textbook exam grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher textbook exam grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher textbook exam grades
+so and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so forth
+so that's one fundamental question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one fundamental question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one fundamental question we
+are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asking
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+what's the role of the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of the teacher
+traditionally teacher has been busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally teacher has been busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally teacher has been busy
+creating content and delivering content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating content and delivering content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating content and delivering content
+can i take that away from teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i take that away from teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i take that away from teacher
+and have content created somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have content created somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have content created somewhere else
+and delivered through electronic media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delivered through electronic media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delivered through electronic media
+so future teacher would be more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so future teacher would be more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so future teacher would be more of a
+mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+what would the university of 2050 look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the university of 2050 look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the university of 2050 look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they would
+have a campus like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a campus like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a campus like this
+today when we are building university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when we are building university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today when we are building university
+automatically we are going off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically we are going off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically we are going off and
+acquiring 500 acre land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creating huge amount of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating huge amount of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating huge amount of buildings
+and people like me are saying look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people like me are saying look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people like me are saying look this
+is not feasible we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not feasible we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not feasible we just don't have
+enough resources in spite of 65 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough resources in spite of 65 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough resources in spite of 65 billion
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+train teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train teachers
+and to create infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to create infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to create infrastructure
+and that's where i believe ocw kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where i believe ocw kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where i believe ocw kind of
+an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+gives some hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some hope
+we don't know how it's going to unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how it's going to unfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how it's going to unfold
+we had a group on ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a group on ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a group on ocw
+in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india
+we had one of your mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one of your mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one of your mit
+representative on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative on the
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+vijay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we spent about six nine months studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent about six nine months studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent about six nine months studying
+the whole subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole subject
+and we have submitted recommendations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have submitted recommendations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have submitted recommendations to
+the prime minister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime minister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime minister
+our normal process is we have a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal process is we have a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal process is we have a working
+group set up on a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group set up on a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group set up on a subject
+and we deal with about 50 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we deal with about 50 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we deal with about 50 different
+subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects
+like say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say
+national knowledge network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national knowledge network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national knowledge network
+we would have about 30 people working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have about 30 people working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have about 30 people working on
+national knowledge network spend nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national knowledge network spend nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national knowledge network spend nine
+months come back with a white paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months come back with a white paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months come back with a white paper
+which we would debate at the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would debate at the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would debate at the national
+knowledge commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge commission
+and the output would be a three-page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output would be a three-page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output would be a three-page
+letter from me to the prime minister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter from me to the prime minister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter from me to the prime minister
+saying we suggest following things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we suggest following things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we suggest following things
+for the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the government
+we are planning to build a knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are planning to build a knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are planning to build a knowledge
+network to connect 5000 locations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to connect 5000 locations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to connect 5000 locations with
+one gigabit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gigabit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gigabit
+broadband connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband connectivity
+to connect all our universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect all our universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect all our universities
+major libraries r d institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major libraries r d institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major libraries r d institutions
+agricultural research and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural research and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural research and health
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ocw becomes an important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw becomes an important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw becomes an important part
+of our effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our effort
+we are still learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are still learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are still learning
+we are not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not very clear
+as to where we are headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to where we are headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to where we are headed
+but i see a lot of hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i see a lot of hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i see a lot of hope
+and i hope we can work with mit to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope we can work with mit to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope we can work with mit to learn
+more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this
+experiment some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment some more
+and get some help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some help
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to do something slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do something slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do something slightly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+but building on everything we've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but building on everything we've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but building on everything we've heard
+today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and
+tom also pulling off some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tom also pulling off some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tom also pulling off some of the things
+you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying
+i'm really struck um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really struck um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really struck um
+you know i spent some time in india and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i spent some time in india and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i spent some time in india and
+wrote a helped write a report called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a helped write a report called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a helped write a report called
+minds on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds on fire
+the interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting question
+how do we get minds on fire is not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get minds on fire is not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get minds on fire is not our
+real challenge the challenge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real challenge the challenge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real challenge the challenge of
+imagination inspiration and intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination inspiration and intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination inspiration and intuition
+i think those triads are very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think those triads are very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think those triads are very powerful
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+i thought it was strange to come to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was strange to come to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was strange to come to mit
+to talk about inspiration imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about inspiration imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about inspiration imagination
+and so on because every time i come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on because every time i come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on because every time i come here
+i walk across campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i walk across campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i walk across campus
+i run into students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i run into students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i run into students
+i gotta tell you the students on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gotta tell you the students on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gotta tell you the students on this
+campus have more fire in the belly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus have more fire in the belly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus have more fire in the belly
+mine's on fire than any place i know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine's on fire than any place i know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine's on fire than any place i know of
+in the world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world um
+i'm not going to comment about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to comment about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to comment about the
+faculty i'm talking about the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't meet the faculty very often but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't meet the faculty very often but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't meet the faculty very often but
+the students you meet in the bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students you meet in the bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students you meet in the bars and
+things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this
+and it's really interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really interesting and
+you step back a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step back a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step back a moment
+you might even say back to the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might even say back to the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might even say back to the future
+and you go back to the origins of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go back to the origins of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go back to the origins of most
+of our physical sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our physical sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our physical sciences
+and you recognize that science grew out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recognize that science grew out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recognize that science grew out
+of tinkering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tinkering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tinkering
+we were tinkerers and we were tinkerers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were tinkerers and we were tinkerers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were tinkerers and we were tinkerers
+and we were bloggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were bloggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were bloggers
+those bloggers happen to be formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bloggers happen to be formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bloggers happen to be formed
+called letters into royal society of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called letters into royal society of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called letters into royal society of
+letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+but that's how science got off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how science got off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how science got off the
+ground to a very large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to a very large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to a very large extent
+i think tom if you go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think tom if you go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think tom if you go back to your
+platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform
+we're now beginning to enter a new world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now beginning to enter a new world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now beginning to enter a new world
+a new flat kind of world with a new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new flat kind of world with a new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new flat kind of world with a new kind
+of platform a platform fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of platform a platform fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of platform a platform fundamentally
+empowering tinkerers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering tinkerers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering tinkerers
+all kinds of tinkerers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of tinkerers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of tinkerers
+some might call them mashups i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some might call them mashups i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some might call them mashups i might
+call them remix some might call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them remix some might call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them remix some might call them
+actually engaging in tinkering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engaging in tinkering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engaging in tinkering in the
+old style tinkering that built our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old style tinkering that built our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old style tinkering that built our
+automotive industry i might point out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive industry i might point out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive industry i might point out in
+the 1900s and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1900s and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1900s and so on and so forth
+tinkering building real stuff as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering building real stuff as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering building real stuff as well
+i'm really struck let's take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really struck let's take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really struck let's take some
+examples think about open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples think about open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples think about open source
+we may actually be enculturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may actually be enculturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may actually be enculturating
+maybe a million students not into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a million students not into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a million students not into the
+theory of computer science but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of computer science but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of computer science but the
+practices of certain communities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of certain communities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of certain communities of
+computer science communities of practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science communities of practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science communities of practice
+different open source communities linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different open source communities linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different open source communities linux
+communities different than the apache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities different than the apache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities different than the apache
+community it's different than red hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it's different than red hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it's different than red hat
+each of these communities have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these communities have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these communities have their own
+kind of distinctness distinctiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distinctness distinctiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distinctness distinctiveness
+sensibilities and so on but you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibilities and so on but you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibilities and so on but you have the
+passion to join those and enjoying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion to join those and enjoying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion to join those and enjoying those
+you pick up their practices their ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick up their practices their ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick up their practices their ways
+of looking at the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the world
+let's go on that's so obvious but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on that's so obvious but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on that's so obvious but it is
+pretty pervasive around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pervasive around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pervasive around the world
+let's talk about astronomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about astronomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about astronomy
+think about for the moment the fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for the moment the fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for the moment the fox
+telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope
+two beautiful telescopes one i know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two beautiful telescopes one i know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two beautiful telescopes one i know well
+in maui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maui
+i'm actually paid for by by the english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually paid for by by the english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually paid for by by the english
+government actually by a man named folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government actually by a man named folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government actually by a man named folks
+and this is a completely robotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a completely robotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a completely robotically
+driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven
+telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope
+students all over england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all over england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all over england
+australia and now opened up through ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australia and now opened up through ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+australia and now opened up through ocw
+a limited amount can actually program up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited amount can actually program up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited amount can actually program up
+interesting experiments to run on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiments to run on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiments to run on this
+telescope there's only one catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope there's only one catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope there's only one catch
+the catch is you got to make it open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catch is you got to make it open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catch is you got to make it open
+source that's to say that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that's to say that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that's to say that you have to
+put whatever you take up on the net and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put whatever you take up on the net and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put whatever you take up on the net and
+you have to give your interpretations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to give your interpretations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to give your interpretations to
+that and other people from the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and other people from the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and other people from the community
+including professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including professionals
+are there to comment on what you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to comment on what you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to comment on what you do with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a new kind of learning community between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of learning community between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of learning community between
+i'm going to come back to it amateurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to come back to it amateurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to come back to it amateurs
+and professionals is starting to emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and professionals is starting to emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and professionals is starting to emerge
+here just naturally in the white space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just naturally in the white space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just naturally in the white space
+so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak
+what do we have here in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here in boston
+something called the micro observatory a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the micro observatory a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the micro observatory a
+micro observatory up the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro observatory up the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro observatory up the street
+has either two or three telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has either two or three telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has either two or three telescopes
+robotic telescopes fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic telescopes fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic telescopes fairly simple
+telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes
+interestingly every night this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly every night this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly every night this week
+before i got on the airplane last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i got on the airplane last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i got on the airplane last night
+i have grabbed time on those telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have grabbed time on those telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have grabbed time on those telescopes
+and made certain measurements that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made certain measurements that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made certain measurements that get
+delivered to me in the morning to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to me in the morning to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to me in the morning to go
+over and then i can put it through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then i can put it through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then i can put it through my
+own digital signal processing algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own digital signal processing algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own digital signal processing algorithms
+because they give it to me in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they give it to me in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they give it to me in the right
+kind of format to actually be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of format to actually be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of format to actually be able to do
+even more processing on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more processing on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more processing on that
+now let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about
+the world of insects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of insects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of insects
+by the way today's kids aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way today's kids aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way today's kids aren't
+necessarily turned on by digital chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily turned on by digital chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily turned on by digital chips
+like we were they are turned on by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were they are turned on by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were they are turned on by how
+bugs work how the animal world works now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs work how the animal world works now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs work how the animal world works now
+let's think about bug scope bug scope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about bug scope bug scope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about bug scope bug scope is
+a fairly serious electron scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly serious electron scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly serious electron scanning
+microscope again robotically controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope again robotically controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope again robotically controlled
+and put on the net kids from all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put on the net kids from all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put on the net kids from all over
+can submit samples they get prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can submit samples they get prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can submit samples they get prepared
+and actually high school students from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually high school students from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually high school students from
+around the world can use that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world can use that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world can use that as a
+remote instrument to explore things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote instrument to explore things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote instrument to explore things
+kids get turned on by this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids get turned on by this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids get turned on by this kind of
+tinkering they can actually as i did by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering they can actually as i did by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering they can actually as i did by
+mistake two nights ago drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake two nights ago drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake two nights ago drastically
+overexposed things on one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexposed things on one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexposed things on one of your
+telescopes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes here
+you learn by failure you learn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn by failure you learn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn by failure you learn by
+tinkering again now think about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering again now think about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering again now think about going
+back to the topic that tom ended with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the topic that tom ended with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the topic that tom ended with
+the whole issue of global climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole issue of global climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole issue of global climate change
+and what are we doing both to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are we doing both to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are we doing both to the water
+and to the climate think what global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the climate think what global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the climate think what global
+labs does in terms of empowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs does in terms of empowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs does in terms of empowering the
+world's kids to go out and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's kids to go out and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's kids to go out and take
+measurements around the world of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements around the world of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements around the world of water
+for example and then compile that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and then compile that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and then compile that data
+together run analyses off it and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together run analyses off it and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together run analyses off it and so on
+and so forth and of course what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and of course what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and of course what do you
+have here when i first got this idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here when i first got this idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here when i first got this idea is
+ilab or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ilab or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ilab or
+is it now called weblab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it now called weblab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it now called weblab
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay i only knew it as ilab uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i only knew it as ilab uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i only knew it as ilab uh in terms
+of a very interesting set of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very interesting set of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very interesting set of heat
+exchangers that i can actually run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers that i can actually run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers that i can actually run
+remote experiments this way so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote experiments this way so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote experiments this way so i just
+want to call it our attention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it our attention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it our attention that
+although ocw in the first phase looked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although ocw in the first phase looked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although ocw in the first phase looked a
+lot at content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at content
+maybe the next stage is to also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the next stage is to also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the next stage is to also look at
+activities and what are the activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and what are the activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and what are the activities
+you do around this content having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do around this content having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do around this content having to do
+with tools having to do with instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tools having to do with instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tools having to do with instruments
+because we can virtually put any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can virtually put any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can virtually put any
+instrument we want today on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument we want today on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument we want today on the web
+and most schools can't afford the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most schools can't afford the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most schools can't afford the three
+or four million dollars for the fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four million dollars for the fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four million dollars for the fancy
+electron scanning microscope but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scanning microscope but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scanning microscope but the
+nation can afford that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation can afford that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation can afford that
+it can be put on the terror grid if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be put on the terror grid if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be put on the terror grid if
+nothing else and so i think we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else and so i think we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else and so i think we have an
+ability to bring back tinkering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to bring back tinkering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to bring back tinkering
+the tinkering that actually is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tinkering that actually is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tinkering that actually is the basis
+of our intuition because it is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our intuition because it is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our intuition because it is one thing
+to be inspired but if you're inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be inspired but if you're inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be inspired but if you're inspired
+without intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without intuition
+then that's only so good but most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's only so good but most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's only so good but most of us
+get our intuition from playing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our intuition from playing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our intuition from playing around
+with stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stuff
+and that stuff can be done remotely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that stuff can be done remotely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that stuff can be done remotely and
+by the way it can also be done in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it can also be done in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it can also be done in terms
+of things like tech shop in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like tech shop in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like tech shop in terms of
+machine control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine control
+computer controlled machining tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer controlled machining tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer controlled machining tools
+building real things again like neil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building real things again like neil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building real things again like neil
+gershenfeld has led here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gershenfeld has led here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gershenfeld has led here in the in the
+media lab so i really think that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab so i really think that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab so i really think that we're
+beginning to build another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to build another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to build another kind of
+platform tom a platform that brings all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform tom a platform that brings all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform tom a platform that brings all
+the kind of content we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of content we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of content we're talking
+activities we're talking but now tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities we're talking but now tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities we're talking but now tools
+many many tools into kind of an informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many tools into kind of an informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many tools into kind of an informal
+learning context where tinkering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning context where tinkering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning context where tinkering can
+come back because i really think content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back because i really think content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back because i really think content
+plus tinkering with real tools really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus tinkering with real tools really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus tinkering with real tools really
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+lay the foundation for a way to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay the foundation for a way to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay the foundation for a way to kind of
+get gut understanding for things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gut understanding for things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gut understanding for things and
+reignite passion not just on mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reignite passion not just on mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reignite passion not just on mit
+students which you have no problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students which you have no problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students which you have no problem with
+here but for the rest of this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but for the rest of this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but for the rest of this country
+which we do have a problem with thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we do have a problem with thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we do have a problem with thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we'd like to hear from some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'd like to hear from some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'd like to hear from some of you
+they're microphones being around they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're microphones being around they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're microphones being around they're
+supposed to be microphones going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'd like to hear some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to hear some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd like to hear some of your
+visions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions and
+some of what you think and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what you think and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what you think and if you don't
+volunteer we will call on you i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer we will call on you i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer we will call on you i'm a
+professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up there here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there here
+i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to
+ask you to look again at this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to look again at this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to look again at this notion of
+tinkering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering
+because i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i remember
+talking to colleagues of mine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to colleagues of mine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to colleagues of mine in
+engineering saying that what's wrong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering saying that what's wrong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering saying that what's wrong is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the devices that are now available you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices that are now available you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices that are now available you
+can't tinker with anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tinker with anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tinker with anymore
+so how can you tinkle tinker with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can you tinkle tinker with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can you tinkle tinker with an
+ipod those are the engineers who grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipod those are the engineers who grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipod those are the engineers who grew up
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+watches apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watches apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watches apart
+so tinkering i think is not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tinkering i think is not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tinkering i think is not the right
+word or at least you have to rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or at least you have to rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or at least you have to rethink
+what you mean by tinkering because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean by tinkering because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean by tinkering because
+you're tinkering with things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tinkering with things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tinkering with things that are
+really quite abstract now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite abstract now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite abstract now
+and that seems to me to be in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems to me to be in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems to me to be in a kind of
+a collision course with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collision course with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collision course with what
+you said sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said sir
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+you need 500 000 truck drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 500 000 truck drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 500 000 truck drivers
+those are really two different worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really two different worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really two different worlds
+the world of the truck driver and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of the truck driver and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of the truck driver and the
+guy who's going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who's going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who's going to uh
+tinker in your sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinker in your sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinker in your sense
+and what worries me is how you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what worries me is how you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what worries me is how you're going
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+how are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to
+mash those worlds together are you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash those worlds together are you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash those worlds together are you for
+example going to think well the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example going to think well the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example going to think well the way to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+might be to take up the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to take up the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to take up the technology of
+driverless cars that we're doing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driverless cars that we're doing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driverless cars that we're doing here so
+that you can free up those 500 000 truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can free up those 500 000 truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can free up those 500 000 truck
+drivers to tinker the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers to tinker the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers to tinker the way
+a user wanted to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user wanted to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user wanted to do it
+so those were just some of the thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those were just some of the thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those were just some of the thoughts
+that i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is not to buy 500 000 trucks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is not to buy 500 000 trucks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is not to buy 500 000 trucks to
+train truck drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train truck drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train truck drivers
+but the idea is to get some technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is to get some technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is to get some technology
+to help in the training of 500 000 truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help in the training of 500 000 truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help in the training of 500 000 truck
+drivers otherwise you will never do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers otherwise you will never do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers otherwise you will never do it
+i think technology is the hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think technology is the hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think technology is the hope
+to meet the kind of scale we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet the kind of scale we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet the kind of scale we are talking
+about what i was concerned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i was concerned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i was concerned is
+don't you aren't the 500 000 truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you aren't the 500 000 truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you aren't the 500 000 truck
+drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers
+sort of excluded from the tinkering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of excluded from the tinkering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of excluded from the tinkering
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+maybe that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's okay
+i don't think everybody i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think everybody i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think everybody i don't think
+everybody would be capable of tinkering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would be capable of tinkering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would be capable of tinkering
+i don't expect everybody to be tinkering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't expect everybody to be tinkering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't expect everybody to be tinkering
+but if some people tinker enough to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if some people tinker enough to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if some people tinker enough to come
+up with something interesting for truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something interesting for truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something interesting for truck
+driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver
+that's more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more interesting
+that's how i look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i look at it
+yeah yeah i i have kind of mixed kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah i i have kind of mixed kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah i i have kind of mixed kind of
+i mean i understand exactly where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i understand exactly where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i understand exactly where you're
+coming from and in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and in fact um
+you know what really struck me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what really struck me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what really struck me is that
+most of us grew up as tinkerers till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us grew up as tinkerers till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us grew up as tinkerers till
+about 1980. and then tinkerine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1980. and then tinkerine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1980. and then tinkerine
+disappeared um and i in my fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared um and i in my fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared um and i in my fancy
+terminology i said everything became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology i said everything became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology i said everything became
+cognitively impenetrable means i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitively impenetrable means i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitively impenetrable means i
+couldn't grok it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't grok it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't grok it
+and what hit me is about 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what hit me is about 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what hit me is about 1995
+i suddenly discovered tinkering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suddenly discovered tinkering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suddenly discovered tinkering was
+coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back
+and was coming back by the way in media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was coming back by the way in media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was coming back by the way in media
+and kids were doing incredible remixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kids were doing incredible remixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kids were doing incredible remixes
+mashups and so on and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mashups and so on and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mashups and so on and so forth and
+starting from that platform you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from that platform you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from that platform you know
+that kind of tinkering really did take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of tinkering really did take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of tinkering really did take
+off and just look at youtube and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and just look at youtube and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and just look at youtube and a lot
+of that actually comes from all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that actually comes from all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that actually comes from all kinds of
+tinkering with content with media modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering with content with media modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering with content with media modes
+of expression and so on so that i saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expression and so on so that i saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expression and so on so that i saw is
+the beginning platform and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning platform and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning platform and then i
+started realizing more and more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started realizing more and more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started realizing more and more of these
+tools are now being made robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools are now being made robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools are now being made robotic
+robotically capable that actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotically capable that actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotically capable that actually if you
+join the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the community
+the community actually as a set of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community actually as a set of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community actually as a set of pure
+learners actually is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners actually is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners actually is a pretty
+interesting scaffolding structure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting scaffolding structure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting scaffolding structure and so
+it's kind of looking at the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of looking at the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of looking at the notion of
+the long tail in terms of these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long tail in terms of these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long tail in terms of these very
+niche communities that you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche communities that you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche communities that you may want to
+be passionately kind of joining so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passionately kind of joining so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passionately kind of joining so i
+mean i think the story i agree has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i think the story i agree has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i think the story i agree has
+gotten more complicated and i was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten more complicated and i was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten more complicated and i was very
+happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see
+um a movement called make it's more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a movement called make it's more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a movement called make it's more on
+the west coast and the east coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west coast and the east coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west coast and the east coast
+although i think it's propagating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i think it's propagating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i think it's propagating over
+here too where now you're finding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too where now you're finding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too where now you're finding in
+essence community libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence community libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence community libraries
+that are now setting themselves up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are now setting themselves up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are now setting themselves up the
+particular thing called tech shop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing called tech shop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing called tech shop in
+menlo park where basically you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menlo park where basically you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menlo park where basically you can get
+as a student now or myself as an ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student now or myself as an ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student now or myself as an ancient
+can get access to almost any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get access to almost any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get access to almost any kind of
+mechanical device to kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical device to kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical device to kind of do
+you know machine controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know machine controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know machine controlled
+computer-controlled lathing and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-controlled lathing and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-controlled lathing and building
+stuff with the physical stuff and so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with the physical stuff and so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with the physical stuff and so i
+actually think that we're finding new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that we're finding new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that we're finding new
+ways to fill that gap but no we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to fill that gap but no we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to fill that gap but no we're not
+going to be opening chips and watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be opening chips and watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be opening chips and watching
+how they work um i agree with you but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they work um i agree with you but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they work um i agree with you but i
+think that somehow tinkering is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that somehow tinkering is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that somehow tinkering is going to
+be happening at a higher level now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening at a higher level now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening at a higher level now your
+real point is are we just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real point is are we just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real point is are we just talking about
+the abstract tinkering with ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstract tinkering with ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstract tinkering with ideas of
+course is what you do in good share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is what you do in good share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is what you do in good share of
+science but i think if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but i think if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but i think if you look at the
+remix game in media you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remix game in media you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remix game in media you're really
+thinking about emotion you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about emotion you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about emotion you're thinking
+about communication you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication you're thinking
+about other things that underlie how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things that underlie how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things that underlie how do
+you communicate and capture people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you communicate and capture people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you communicate and capture people's
+attention and i think that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and i think that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and i think that's going to be
+a new kind of tinkering that i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of tinkering that i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of tinkering that i think is
+going to be critical at all stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be critical at all stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be critical at all stages of
+the kinds of economy we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was wanting to draw the attention back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was wanting to draw the attention back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was wanting to draw the attention back
+to teaching and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teaching and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teaching and learning
+and propose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and propose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and propose to
+propose to the panel a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to the panel a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to the panel a question
+it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me
+that most of us in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of us in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of us in the room
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+grown up in a world in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown up in a world in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown up in a world in which the
+information and knowledge that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and knowledge that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and knowledge that we
+consumed or learned or acted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed or learned or acted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed or learned or acted with
+was structured say by the dewey decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was structured say by the dewey decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was structured say by the dewey decimal
+system or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or by
+traditional classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional classroom
+based disciplinary categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based disciplinary categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based disciplinary categories
+and as i see a new generation coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i see a new generation coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i see a new generation coming up
+with google searches and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with google searches and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with google searches and so forth
+and as i look at my son who is a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i look at my son who is a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i look at my son who is a senior
+in university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in university
+doing papers and being able to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing papers and being able to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing papers and being able to put
+things together in the way that i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together in the way that i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together in the way that i would
+never have been able even to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been able even to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been able even to imagine
+when i was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was a student
+i'm just wondering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just wondering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just wondering if
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+new technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies
+isn't rewiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't rewiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't rewiring
+the brains of our children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brains of our children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brains of our children
+in such ways that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such ways that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such ways that we can't
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+imagine or catch up with as we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine or catch up with as we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine or catch up with as we think
+about the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of
+teaching and learning i'm wondering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning i'm wondering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning i'm wondering if
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+access to human knowledge isn't being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to human knowledge isn't being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to human knowledge isn't being so
+restructured that we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructured that we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructured that we now have
+different i hate to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different i hate to use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different i hate to use the word
+paradigms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms
+to to imagine as we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to imagine as we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to imagine as we think about the
+future of of learning and education i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of of learning and education i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of of learning and education i'm
+wondering if the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if the panel
+had any of the panel have thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any of the panel have thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any of the panel have thought about
+that or considered it as we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or considered it as we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or considered it as we think about
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we don't have the answers but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we don't have the answers but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we don't have the answers but we
+have lots of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of questions
+one question is why does it take four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question is why does it take four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question is why does it take four
+years to get a bs in something who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to get a bs in something who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to get a bs in something who came
+up with that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that idea valid today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that idea valid today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that idea valid today
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+why does it take so many courses to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it take so many courses to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it take so many courses to get
+a masters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a masters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a masters
+can we change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i do agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do agree
+that all of the paradigms of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the paradigms of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the paradigms of the past
+needs to be questioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be questioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be questioned
+role of teacher role of classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of teacher role of classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of teacher role of classroom
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+the kind of material we teach is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of material we teach is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of material we teach is it
+relevant today i know this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant today i know this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant today i know this kind of stuff
+we teach in india today in many cases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach in india today in many cases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach in india today in many cases is
+absolutely irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely irrelevant
+i don't care about the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about the history of
+british raj in india anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british raj in india anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british raj in india anymore
+so i don't need to learn about george v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't need to learn about george v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't need to learn about george v
+it's not relevant to me but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not relevant to me but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not relevant to me but we still
+teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i do agree that this is the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i do agree that this is the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i do agree that this is the time to
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+i think the answer to your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the answer to your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the answer to your question is
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+but what we do about it i have no idea i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we do about it i have no idea i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we do about it i have no idea i
+think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one
+question i only want to disagree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i only want to disagree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i only want to disagree with
+you one thing somebody has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one thing somebody has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one thing somebody has to be
+learning about and thinking about george
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about and thinking about george
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about and thinking about george
+the fifth sure we have to don't teach me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth sure we have to don't teach me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth sure we have to don't teach me
+as a engineering student perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a engineering student perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a engineering student perhaps
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and it's okay it's your privilege if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's okay it's your privilege if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's okay it's your privilege if you
+want to learn learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn learn
+but don't force me into it i i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't force me into it i i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't force me into it i i think the
+one point i do want to make to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point i do want to make to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point i do want to make to this is
+really uh embedded in something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh embedded in something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh embedded in something that
+john select brown said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john select brown said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john select brown said
+and that's one of the really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the really exciting
+things that's happening today whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's happening today whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's happening today whether
+it's tinkering-based or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tinkering-based or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tinkering-based or not
+are the increase of learning communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the increase of learning communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the increase of learning communities
+where you have older people who may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have older people who may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have older people who may have
+some wisdom but not a clue what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wisdom but not a clue what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wisdom but not a clue what's
+actually going on and you have young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on and you have young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on and you have young
+people who do think in absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do think in absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do think in absolutely
+different ways and i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and i think this
+continual mixing beyond the formal based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual mixing beyond the formal based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual mixing beyond the formal based
+learning is really exciting and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is really exciting and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is really exciting and i don't
+know where it's going to lead but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it's going to lead but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it's going to lead but i
+think it's going to lead in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to lead in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to lead in a good
+direction but unfortunately people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but unfortunately people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but unfortunately people who
+are planning education are all in 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are planning education are all in 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are planning education are all in 60s
+no i agree yeah but you know chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i agree yeah but you know chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i agree yeah but you know chuck
+your observation is what really sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your observation is what really sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your observation is what really sets the
+stage for a culture of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for a culture of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for a culture of learning
+i mean because now that really if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean because now that really if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean because now that really if you
+can get these types of communities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these types of communities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these types of communities to
+self-form and interact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-form and interact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-form and interact you know
+productively as i think they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productively as i think they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productively as i think they are
+happening um that is probably the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um that is probably the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um that is probably the single
+best way to you know to crack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to you know to crack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to you know to crack the
+original problem of lifelong learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem of lifelong learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem of lifelong learning
+that you know that ocw started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that ocw started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that ocw started out with
+but two brief comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two brief comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two brief comments
+you know one thing that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one thing that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one thing that's really
+happening um and you guys know it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um and you guys know it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um and you guys know it here
+tremendously well um is the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously well um is the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously well um is the role of
+visualization i mean many kids today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization i mean many kids today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization i mean many kids today are
+much more are really in fact most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more are really in fact most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more are really in fact most of us
+in this room are probably much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room are probably much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room are probably much more
+visual than we want to kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual than we want to kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual than we want to kind of really
+understand our ability to do incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand our ability to do incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand our ability to do incredible
+visualizations of very complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations of very complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations of very complex systems
+really provide you kind of a gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really provide you kind of a gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really provide you kind of a gut
+intuition again of something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition again of something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition again of something that is
+very hard to capture just by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to capture just by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to capture just by looking at
+partial differential equations i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations i think
+the second thing is we've got to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is we've got to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is we've got to pay a
+little bit attention to reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit attention to reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit attention to reading
+practices because the reading practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices because the reading practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices because the reading practices
+are going to be changing let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be changing let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be changing let me just
+look at wikipedia which was talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at wikipedia which was talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at wikipedia which was talked about
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catches
+when you ask the quality of stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask the quality of stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask the quality of stuff on
+media wikipedia and compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media wikipedia and compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media wikipedia and compare it to
+britannica that's not necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britannica that's not necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britannica that's not necessarily a
+well-formed question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-formed question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-formed question
+because the reading practices of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reading practices of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reading practices of a
+skilled person in britannica are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled person in britannica are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled person in britannica are
+completely different than the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different than the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different than the reading
+practices of a skilled person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of a skilled person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of a skilled person in
+wikipedia because if you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikipedia because if you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikipedia because if you know how to
+read wikipedia you know how to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read wikipedia you know how to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read wikipedia you know how to go to the
+edit page you know how to see what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit page you know how to see what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit page you know how to see what are
+the edits what are the rollbacks so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edits what are the rollbacks so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edits what are the rollbacks so you
+know how to find out what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to find out what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to find out what's being
+contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested
+so now you have a window into the con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a window into the con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a window into the con
+what is conte what is the contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is conte what is the contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is conte what is the contested
+knowledge part of that definition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge part of that definition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge part of that definition which
+gives you a tremendous insight which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a tremendous insight which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a tremendous insight which you
+almost never see because we have opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never see because we have opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never see because we have opened
+up that completely so now you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that completely so now you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that completely so now you see what
+is still under negotiation or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still under negotiation or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still under negotiation or being
+contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested
+that is a new practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a new practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a new practice
+so i think the the issue that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think the the issue that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think the the issue that you
+brought up really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up really is
+it's kind of the the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the the answer to the
+question i asked is what can we imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i asked is what can we imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i asked is what can we imagine
+coming after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming after
+education 1.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education 1.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education 1.0
+so those of us who think about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of us who think about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of us who think about the world
+wide web and how it's put together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide web and how it's put together in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide web and how it's put together in a
+in a technical architectural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a technical architectural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a technical architectural way
+the web is designed in a very particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web is designed in a very particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web is designed in a very particular
+way so that every piece of it can link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that every piece of it can link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that every piece of it can link
+to every other piece of it it sounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other piece of it it sounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other piece of it it sounds a
+little trivial now but to say that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trivial now but to say that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trivial now but to say that in
+1992 would have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 would have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 would have been a
+revelation and what's happening now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation and what's happening now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation and what's happening now is
+we have the ability to take knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ability to take knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ability to take knowledge
+and organize it so that every piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organize it so that every piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organize it so that every piece of
+it can link to every other piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can link to every other piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can link to every other piece of it
+on a very fine grained scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a very fine grained scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a very fine grained scale
+that brings up the possibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings up the possibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings up the possibility of the
+kinds of things that that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that that you've been
+talking about about sort of niche you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about sort of niche you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about about sort of niche you
+know personalized learning experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know personalized learning experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know personalized learning experiences
+based on putting things together but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on putting things together but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on putting things together but at
+the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time
+it raises this issue about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises this issue about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises this issue about what's
+quality what's an education if it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality what's an education if it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality what's an education if it's sort
+of random putting together we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random putting together we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random putting together we don't know
+how to how to judge that how to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to judge that how to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to judge that how to assess
+it and i think that's one of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and i think that's one of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and i think that's one of the real
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+that as we look ahead from what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we look ahead from what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we look ahead from what this
+revolution is ringing that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution is ringing that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution is ringing that we're going
+to have to face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to face
+larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a proposition to the to the group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition to the to the group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition to the to the group and
+let you react to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you react to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you react to it
+um we live in a world because of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we live in a world because of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we live in a world because of all the
+changes that have already been noted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that have already been noted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that have already been noted by
+the various speakers including tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various speakers including tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various speakers including tom
+in which knowledge has been democratized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which knowledge has been democratized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which knowledge has been democratized
+um and access to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and access to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and access to it
+has been greatly increased and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been greatly increased and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been greatly increased and we've
+greatly reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly reduced
+the cost of gaining access to knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of gaining access to knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of gaining access to knowledge
+to learning and to the tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learning and to the tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learning and to the tools of
+knowledge and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and learning
+colleges and universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges and universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges and universities
+convey knowledge they teach that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey knowledge they teach that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey knowledge they teach that's one
+function that we we perform but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we we perform but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we we perform but the
+other thing which we do is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing which we do is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing which we do is that we
+certify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify
+we we send signals to the world that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we send signals to the world that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we send signals to the world that in
+fact in fact people have acquired it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact people have acquired it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact people have acquired it and
+the proposition that i'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposition that i'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposition that i'd like you to
+react to is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to is that
+in a world in which knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a world in which knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a world in which knowledge is
+becoming more diffuse and access to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more diffuse and access to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more diffuse and access to it
+is becoming much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming much easier
+that ironically the value of the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ironically the value of the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ironically the value of the signals
+that are being provided by institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being provided by institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being provided by institutions
+like this one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one are
+ever more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever more
+valuable
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+ align:start position:0%
+valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable
+and so we have more and more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have more and more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have more and more people
+in fact trying to gain access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact trying to gain access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact trying to gain access to the
+signal that is represented by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that is represented by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that is represented by having
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied at an institution like this when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied at an institution like this when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge is is that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge is is that much more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and diffuse that's a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and diffuse that's a
+proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+mr president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+larry i'm not sure i grasped totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry i'm not sure i grasped totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry i'm not sure i grasped totally
+what what you wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you wanted to say
+if if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we go back
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i agree that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's very exciting today what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's very exciting today what we've
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all said many different ways is with the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information which by the way
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+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information which by the way
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+cases useful ways
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+ align:start position:0%
+cases useful ways
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+ align:start position:0%
+and that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that our
+traditional roles in universities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional roles in universities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional roles in universities of
+certifying that
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+ align:start position:0%
+certifying that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+certifying that
+yes this young woman knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this young woman knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this young woman knows the
+fundamentals of the following profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of the following profession
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of the following profession
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in question but i i'm not sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in question but i i'm not sure it
+is if you think of it as only one stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you think of it as only one stage
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you think of it as only one stage
+along a life of learning and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a life of learning and working
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a life of learning and working
+but then the fact that uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the fact that uh that we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the fact that uh that we
+amplify
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+ align:start position:0%
+amplify
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+ align:start position:0%
+amplify
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+ align:start position:0%
+signals
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you put it i think is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you put it i think is very important
+one of the things i tried to say uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things i tried to say uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things i tried to say uh a
+little earlier today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little earlier today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little earlier today
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i thought was really important
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i thought was really important
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+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+about ocw was that it put out there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ocw was that it put out there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ocw was that it put out there the
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+thoughts of our faculty about how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts of our faculty about how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge should be organized
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge should be organized
+and what our fundamental pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what our fundamental pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what our fundamental pedagogy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+and i think that's probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's probably more
+important than the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the details of the
+content but i'm not sure exactly how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but i'm not sure exactly how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but i'm not sure exactly how to
+answer your question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question about
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and what it says to us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and what it says to us about the
+amplification of these signals really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification of these signals really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification of these signals really is
+other than that we should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that we should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that we should be very
+careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is more of a comment actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is more of a comment actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is more of a comment actually uh
+so we all understand that content needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all understand that content needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all understand that content needs
+to be engaging if you put it somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be engaging if you put it somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be engaging if you put it somewhere
+and the two examples that recently came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two examples that recently came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two examples that recently came
+from mit are actually how tunes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit are actually how tunes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit are actually how tunes which is
+a comic book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic book
+uh written about how to make stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh written about how to make stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh written about how to make stuff and
+then drew andy synthetic biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then drew andy synthetic biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then drew andy synthetic biology
+so do you see ocw actually playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see ocw actually playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see ocw actually playing a
+much more important role in this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important role in this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important role in this type of
+a content creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a content creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a content creation
+or actually at least promoting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually at least promoting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually at least promoting it
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean i certainly i certainly see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i certainly i certainly see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i certainly i certainly see that
+it could i mean one of the things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could i mean one of the things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could i mean one of the things that's
+to my mind a little bit absent from ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mind a little bit absent from ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mind a little bit absent from ocw
+are more materials that are written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more materials that are written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more materials that are written by
+mit students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students
+both of the things you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the things you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the things you mentioned
+are examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of that
+but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i
+also i also think there's this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i also think there's this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i also think there's this constant
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tug of war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug of war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug of war
+between a lot of things that are made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a lot of things that are made by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a lot of things that are made by
+a lot of people
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+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people
+and saying this is the mit curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying this is the mit curriculum
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying this is the mit curriculum
+put up as a something for the world to
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+ align:start position:0%
+put up as a something for the world to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up as a something for the world to
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+ align:start position:0%
+examine in the world to build on and for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine in the world to build on and for
+me this is a this is a real issue going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is a this is a real issue going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is a this is a real issue going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and how we resolve it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and how we resolve it
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+ align:start position:0%
+but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+i guess the other thing i wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the other thing i wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the other thing i wanted to say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this is too much about mit and ocw i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too much about mit and ocw i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too much about mit and ocw i'd
+like to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to hear
+i warned you i'd i'd call on you i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i warned you i'd i'd call on you i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i warned you i'd i'd call on you i'd
+like to hear dick rowe actually talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to hear dick rowe actually talk a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to hear dick rowe actually talk a
+little bit about this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this notion of
+empowerment and how you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment and how you think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment and how you think about that
+so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe
+if you give your question and then ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give your question and then ask
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give your question and then ask
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again speak having quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again speak having quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again speak having quit
+a subject on ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject on ocw
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject on ocw
+i suspect that there's a lot of faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suspect that there's a lot of faculty
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suspect that there's a lot of faculty
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be willing to
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+ align:start position:0%
+augment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment
+much like wikipedia and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like wikipedia and the question is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like wikipedia and the question is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a model that people come up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a model that people come up
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+for
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+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+an in-between model where you where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in-between model where you where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in-between model where you where you
+maintain excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain excellence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain excellence
+and at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time
+draw on this huge energy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on this huge energy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on this huge energy from the
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+to develop materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+mike can talk about this at uh uh mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mike can talk about this at uh uh mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mike can talk about this at uh uh mike
+smith but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smith but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smith but
+i mean one of the kind of next stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean one of the kind of next stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean one of the kind of next stages of
+a lot of this open education resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this open education resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this open education resource
+movement has to do with how do you close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement has to do with how do you close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement has to do with how do you close
+the loop in various ways i mean take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop in various ways i mean take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop in various ways i mean take a
+piece of material you know a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of material you know a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of material you know a course
+remash it uh remix it and mash it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remash it uh remix it and mash it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remash it uh remix it and mash it up in
+different cultures all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures all over the world
+what an incredible learning opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an incredible learning opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an incredible learning opportunity
+that is what are the mind bugs students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what are the mind bugs students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what are the mind bugs students
+of different cultures have when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different cultures have when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different cultures have when they
+read your text and so on so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read your text and so on so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read your text and so on so how do you
+actually feed all that stuff back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feed all that stuff back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feed all that stuff back
+you know it is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is a very interesting
+question um then how do you start to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um then how do you start to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um then how do you start to let
+other people be able to add material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people be able to add material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people be able to add material to
+it which is like what connections does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is like what connections does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is like what connections does
+how do you then try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you then try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you then try to figure out what
+hold it now i've lost the warrants uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it now i've lost the warrants uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it now i've lost the warrants uh
+and so you know this is a this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know this is a this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know this is a this is kind
+of pandora's box but i think we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pandora's box but i think we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pandora's box but i think we're going
+to find some very clever types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some very clever types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some very clever types of
+recommendation systems warranting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation systems warranting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation systems warranting
+systems lenses that you can put over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems lenses that you can put over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems lenses that you can put over
+this material to see you know which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material to see you know which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material to see you know which of
+this material has been vetted by whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material has been vetted by whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material has been vetted by whom
+and so on and so forth so i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth so i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth so i think this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this is a new kind of a platform i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a new kind of a platform i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a new kind of a platform i think
+we're just at the very beginning to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just at the very beginning to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just at the very beginning to be
+able to uh understand how to really play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh understand how to really play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh understand how to really play
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+just just very quickly on this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just very quickly on this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just very quickly on this this is
+why i use this term meta university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i use this term meta university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i use this term meta university
+because i think it is a platform it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think it is a platform it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think it is a platform it's an
+infrastructure and at least for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and at least for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and at least for the
+foreseeable future i think the loop's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseeable future i think the loop's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseeable future i think the loop's
+not going to be closed it's going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be closed it's going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be closed it's going to run
+open loop that's what we're observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop that's what we're observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop that's what we're observing
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+and so i when we first got started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i when we first got started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i when we first got started in
+this my assumption was that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my assumption was that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my assumption was that it would
+ultimately morph into something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately morph into something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately morph into something like
+more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like
+linux or wikipedia where the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linux or wikipedia where the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linux or wikipedia where the community
+was really building a thing but i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really building a thing but i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really building a thing but i'm not
+sure there's going to be a thing i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's going to be a thing i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's going to be a thing i think
+there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be
+a big multiplicity of things built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big multiplicity of things built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big multiplicity of things built on
+this platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this platform
+by the way i wasn't implying it'd be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i wasn't implying it'd be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i wasn't implying it'd be one
+thing no no no okay right i mean loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing no no no okay right i mean loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing no no no okay right i mean loops
+can be closed on niches yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be closed on niches yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be closed on niches yeah
+dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick
+yeah um dick rowe i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um dick rowe i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um dick rowe i'm
+with open learning exchange which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with open learning exchange which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with open learning exchange which is
+kind of a child if you will of ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a child if you will of ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a child if you will of ocw
+we're we're we're starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're starting with the
+assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that
+to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really
+meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the
+goal of universal basic education you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of universal basic education you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of universal basic education you
+have to start with with young kids you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start with with young kids you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start with with young kids you
+have to start basically the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start basically the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start basically the elementary
+and then following with a secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then following with a secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then following with a secondary
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+and we're starting also with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting also with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting also with the
+assumption that forget for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that forget for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that forget for this to
+happen it has to be done at that local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it has to be done at that local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it has to be done at that local
+country level it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country level it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country level it can't be
+a central place which is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central place which is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central place which is then
+distributed but in fact the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but in fact the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but in fact the actual
+course development has to be done within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course development has to be done within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course development has to be done within
+the context of each country so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of each country so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of each country so we've
+identified 100 countries around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified 100 countries around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified 100 countries around the
+world where we're helping to open what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where we're helping to open what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where we're helping to open what
+we're calling open learning exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling open learning exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling open learning exchange
+centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers
+that have the responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the responsibility for
+defining what it is needed for to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what it is needed for to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what it is needed for to meet
+the goal by 2015 of universal basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal by 2015 of universal basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal by 2015 of universal basic
+education for their country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for their country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for their country
+and to have the resources to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have the resources to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have the resources to be able to
+develop that content in an open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that content in an open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that content in an open source
+manner to my to my left here is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner to my to my left here is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner to my to my left here is uh is
+matthew carlos who is the librarian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matthew carlos who is the librarian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matthew carlos who is the librarian for
+the billion kids library we have an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billion kids library we have an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billion kids library we have an open
+source free billion kids library that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source free billion kids library that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source free billion kids library that
+we're developing where all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're developing where all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're developing where all of the
+content developed in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content developed in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content developed in each of these
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+customized and localized for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized and localized for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized and localized for that
+country in fact is shared on a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in fact is shared on a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in fact is shared on a global
+basis through this billion kids library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis through this billion kids library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis through this billion kids library
+a key element of that which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key element of that which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key element of that which is the
+quality control issue the certification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control issue the certification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control issue the certification
+is that every item in that library will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every item in that library will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every item in that library will
+have a field for comment and rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a field for comment and rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a field for comment and rating
+and the comments you have to be a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comments you have to be a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comments you have to be a member
+of the network to comment and rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network to comment and rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network to comment and rate but
+then we know a bit about who those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know a bit about who those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know a bit about who those are
+so that fourth grade math teacher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that fourth grade math teacher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that fourth grade math teacher in
+brazil can say give me the fourth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazil can say give me the fourth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazil can say give me the fourth grade
+math courses that have been rated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math courses that have been rated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math courses that have been rated by
+teachers and students at least a four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and students at least a four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and students at least a four or
+five right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five right
+five star rating that way they can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five star rating that way they can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five star rating that way they can begin
+select by the users themselves what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select by the users themselves what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select by the users themselves what is
+quality and not and it's all an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and not and it's all an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and not and it's all an open
+source it really spins off of ocw if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source it really spins off of ocw if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source it really spins off of ocw if
+that's the idea so we think of ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so we think of ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so we think of ourselves
+as the child of ocw focusing primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the child of ocw focusing primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the child of ocw focusing primarily
+on elementary education but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on elementary education but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on elementary education but also
+addressing and hopefully with mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and hopefully with mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and hopefully with mit
+addressing some of the secondaries as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of the secondaries as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of the secondaries as
+well but our focus is really on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay elementary and then mary can i ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay elementary and then mary can i ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay elementary and then mary can i ask
+you to speak next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first question up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question up there
+so my question um or more comment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question um or more comment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question um or more comment to
+address the issue of scalability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the issue of scalability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the issue of scalability that
+was talked about earlier um and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about earlier um and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about earlier um and also the
+the problem that we seem to see about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we seem to see about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we seem to see about if
+you open it to everyone and everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open it to everyone and everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open it to everyone and everyone can
+address or and everyone can add to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or and everyone can add to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or and everyone can add to it
+then you lose the warrants that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you lose the warrants that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you lose the warrants that you were
+talking about but why not do what a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but why not do what a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but why not do what a lot
+of companies do which is outsource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies do which is outsource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies do which is outsource
+different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts
+of the business so to speak so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the business so to speak so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the business so to speak so for
+example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with
+so mit we're really good at engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mit we're really good at engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mit we're really good at engineering
+and with some other fields and so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with some other fields and so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with some other fields and so we do
+that really well and those sections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really well and those sections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really well and those sections and
+open courseware are done really well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware are done really well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware are done really well but
+then there's like other fields so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's like other fields so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's like other fields so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+truck driving we don't do that at mit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck driving we don't do that at mit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck driving we don't do that at mit so
+we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have
+people who do do that who their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do do that who their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do do that who their
+profession is training truck drivers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession is training truck drivers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession is training truck drivers and
+then if mit or some other organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if mit or some other organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if mit or some other organization
+kind of certifies that and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of certifies that and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of certifies that and then it
+becomes part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes part of
+the website so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so it's kind of
+a mechanism of outsourcing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanism of outsourcing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanism of outsourcing and then
+bringing back into the fold and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing back into the fold and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing back into the fold and then
+that way you get your warrants because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you get your warrants because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you get your warrants because
+the people who are doing or who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are doing or who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are doing or who are
+adding the content of that specific area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the content of that specific area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the content of that specific area
+are then professionals in their field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then professionals in their field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then professionals in their field
+they know what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what they're doing
+and so then that's where you'd get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that's where you'd get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that's where you'd get your
+warrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrants
+i think it's already happening to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's already happening to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's already happening to some
+extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent
+you know like medical education is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like medical education is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like medical education is being
+done by somebody stanford is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by somebody stanford is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by somebody stanford is doing
+something you know people in japan are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know people in japan are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know people in japan are
+doing something you know south koreans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something you know south koreans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something you know south koreans
+are doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing something
+indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indian
+iits are doing something so it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iits are doing something so it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iits are doing something so it's already
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+it's little early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do want to
+i feel a little bit nervous about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel a little bit nervous about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel a little bit nervous about a
+model like that because this isn't about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like that because this isn't about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like that because this isn't about
+you know mit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mit and
+20 other places dividing up knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 other places dividing up knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 other places dividing up knowledge
+and providing certification that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and providing certification that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and providing certification that's
+that's not the way this platform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the way this platform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the way this platform is
+going to grow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grow as
+chuck and john just said this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck and john just said this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck and john just said this is not
+it's not at the place where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not at the place where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not at the place where it is
+appropriate or even possible to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate or even possible to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate or even possible to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+about closing it off this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about closing it off this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about closing it off this is not
+you know mit statement in open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mit statement in open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mit statement in open course
+here's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we do
+you don't have to like what we do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to like what we do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to like what we do you
+don't have to think it's any good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think it's any good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think it's any good but
+it's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what we do
+and there have to be lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have to be lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have to be lots of other
+places that say here's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that say here's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that say here's what we do
+um you mentioned medical education let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you mentioned medical education let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you mentioned medical education let
+me just marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just marry
+mary to say something about tusk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mary to say something about tusk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mary to say something about tusk
+hi i'm mary lee from tufts university uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm mary lee from tufts university uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm mary lee from tufts university uh
+we have been working on the tufts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been working on the tufts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been working on the tufts
+university sciences knowledge base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university sciences knowledge base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university sciences knowledge base
+for about 12 years now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 12 years now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 12 years now and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+a system that is built with open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that is built with open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that is built with open source
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+that's a powerful infrastructure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a powerful infrastructure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a powerful infrastructure for
+health sciences education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health sciences education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health sciences education
+what it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it allows
+institutions to do is build their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions to do is build their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions to do is build their own
+content but also share it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but also share it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but also share it
+the system is used by several schools in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is used by several schools in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is used by several schools in
+the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+several countries in africa and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several countries in africa and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several countries in africa and actually
+more recently in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently in india
+and it allows faculty actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows faculty actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows faculty actually to
+collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate
+not only across disciplines but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only across disciplines but also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only across disciplines but also
+across countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across countries
+so faculty as their share we also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faculty as their share we also are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faculty as their share we also are
+part of the open courseware consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the open courseware consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the open courseware consortium
+uh we have courses from our medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have courses from our medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have courses from our medical
+school dental school veterinary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school dental school veterinary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school dental school veterinary school
+nutrition school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition school
+uh as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as
+our fletcher school law and diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fletcher school law and diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fletcher school law and diplomacy
+and these courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these courses
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these courses
+certainly are shared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are shared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are shared but
+we also do curriculum co-development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also do curriculum co-development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also do curriculum co-development
+with these countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these countries
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these countries
+so our faculty and medicine and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our faculty and medicine and public
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+so our faculty and medicine and public
+health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+health
+and these other disciplines
+
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+and these other disciplines
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+and these other disciplines
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+actually work with faculty in these
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+actually work with faculty in these
+other countries to create content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries to create content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries to create content that
+is locally relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is locally relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is locally relevant
+so it's a it's a combination of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's a combination of sharing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a it's a combination of sharing
+core content on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core content on that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+core content on that
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to leverage faculty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to leverage faculty that
+some of these countries do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these countries do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these countries do not have
+so for instance in on the consortium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance in on the consortium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance in on the consortium in
+east africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east africa
+there is one pathologist who flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one pathologist who flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one pathologist who flies
+across three countries to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across three countries to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across three countries to teach
+pathology to medical students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology to medical students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology to medical students
+well with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with uh
+sharing content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing content
+uh you can actually have other faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can actually have other faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can actually have other faculty
+at these institutions help to teach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these institutions help to teach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these institutions help to teach that
+pathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology
+um in addition to that one pathologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition to that one pathologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition to that one pathologist
+who's who's the expert who's flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's the expert who's flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's the expert who's flying
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+um so i think we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i think we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i think we're going to see
+a pretty rapid development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty rapid development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty rapid development
+in these in these countries which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these in these countries which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these in these countries which really
+have major faculty shortages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have major faculty shortages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have major faculty shortages
+but able to leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but able to leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but able to leverage
+faculty from here from other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty from here from other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty from here from other countries
+who are willing to share their content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to share their content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to share their content
+and co-develop the content which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-develop the content which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-develop the content which then
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+customized to the local needs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized to the local needs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized to the local needs and
+the other thing that the system allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that the system allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that the system allows
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+because it's a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very powerful
+database structure every learning object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database structure every learning object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database structure every learning object
+that's in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the system
+is tagged with metadata so that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tagged with metadata so that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tagged with metadata so that all of
+the content can be reused and repurposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content can be reused and repurposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content can be reused and repurposed
+and so histology which is taught about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so histology which is taught about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so histology which is taught about
+across dental the dental curriculum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across dental the dental curriculum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across dental the dental curriculum the
+veterinary curriculum the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary curriculum the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary curriculum the medical
+curriculum actually those learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum actually those learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum actually those learning
+objects can be used and reused across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects can be used and reused across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects can be used and reused across
+all those disciplines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those disciplines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those disciplines so
+it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows
+incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+leveraging of the content not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging of the content not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging of the content not only
+within an institution but across all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an institution but across all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an institution but across all of
+these institutions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these institutions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these institutions that are
+participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i may just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i may just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i may just say
+one thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we have to
+pay a lot of attention to is a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a lot of attention to is a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a lot of attention to is a multiple
+meanings to content and you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings to content and you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings to content and you know your
+content in terms of learning objects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in terms of learning objects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in terms of learning objects is
+both content and activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both content and activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both content and activities
+and a lot of the repositioning of it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the repositioning of it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the repositioning of it to
+different cultures different contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures different contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures different contexts
+has to do with actually changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with actually changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with actually changing the
+activities and i think we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and i think we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and i think we kind of
+overlook how rich we could get if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlook how rich we could get if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlook how rich we could get if people
+contributed new kinds of activities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed new kinds of activities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed new kinds of activities you
+know to the content so to speak in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to the content so to speak in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to the content so to speak in terms
+of you know because very often for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know because very often for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know because very often for
+example it is the problem sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is the problem sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is the problem sets that
+really determine how good a course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determine how good a course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determine how good a course is
+and finding better and better problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding better and better problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding better and better problems
+such as something can be done in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as something can be done in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as something can be done in a very
+kind of microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could i just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i just uh
+ask the the members of the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the the members of the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the the members of the panel
+if you would concur that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would concur that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would concur that
+the configuration of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of control
+the the ability and i think the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ability and i think the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ability and i think the question
+about verifying learning that was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about verifying learning that was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about verifying learning that was asked
+by this gentleman over here earlier goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this gentleman over here earlier goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this gentleman over here earlier goes
+to the heart of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heart of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heart of it
+or one element of the heart of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one element of the heart of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one element of the heart of it that
+we have a very set established in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very set established in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very set established in the
+united states and most other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states and most other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states and most other countries
+concept a hierarchy of power control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept a hierarchy of power control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept a hierarchy of power control and
+authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+in which standards are determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which standards are determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which standards are determined by
+experts who almost always have been men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts who almost always have been men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts who almost always have been men
+in rooms with the door closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rooms with the door closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rooms with the door closed
+riding the encyclopedia britannica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding the encyclopedia britannica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding the encyclopedia britannica
+now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm
+charactering it of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charactering it of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charactering it of course
+against which now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which now you have
+legions of people in a flat world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legions of people in a flat world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legions of people in a flat world
+reinterpreting and remodifying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreting and remodifying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreting and remodifying and
+restating and dare we say socializing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restating and dare we say socializing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restating and dare we say socializing
+standards and reality and modifying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and reality and modifying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and reality and modifying it
+in a way that is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is literally
+uncontrollable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrollable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrollable
+by any terms that we have understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any terms that we have understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any terms that we have understood
+historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically
+and so to me one of the riddles we face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to me one of the riddles we face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to me one of the riddles we face
+as we go forward because i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go forward because i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go forward because i think it's
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+trying to stop water from going down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stop water from going down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stop water from going down a
+mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain
+you aren't going to stop the tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't going to stop the tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't going to stop the tendency
+what we have to figure out is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to figure out is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to figure out is how to
+understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+that then led me to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then led me to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then led me to think
+about an itinerant professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an itinerant professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an itinerant professor
+in the 15th century going to a village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 15th century going to a village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 15th century going to a village
+and talking to people how different is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking to people how different is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking to people how different is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+from a learning group formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a learning group formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a learning group formed
+on the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the net
+that begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that begins to
+talk with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with each other
+about something they share in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something they share in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something they share in common
+the former led to something we know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the former led to something we know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the former led to something we know as
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+and what we're trying to imagine now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're trying to imagine now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're trying to imagine now is
+what the latter will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the latter will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the latter will lead to
+in some future iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some future iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some future iteration
+but under it is the societal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under it is the societal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under it is the societal control
+it seems to me in determination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me in determination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me in determination and
+definition of quality and standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of quality and standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of quality and standards
+and i'm i'm curious as to whether people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm i'm curious as to whether people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm i'm curious as to whether people
+i'm not i'm worried about it i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm worried about it i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm worried about it i'm not
+worried in a negative sense about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried in a negative sense about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried in a negative sense about it
+but in how do we understand it how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in how do we understand it how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in how do we understand it how do we
+get on this horse and write it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this horse and write it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this horse and write it and
+understand it do you see those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it do you see those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it do you see those kinds of
+things up for grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up for grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up for grabs
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+migration we've started where we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration we've started where we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration we've started where we don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+where the ultimate destination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment
+i think we have the modern day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we have the modern day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we have the modern day
+equivalent of the itinerant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the itinerant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the itinerant
+professor comes by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor comes by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor comes by and
+leaves his notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves his notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves his notes
+here's what i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what i know
+and then leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then leaves the
+conversation and the group continues i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and the group continues i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and the group continues i
+think that's really what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's really what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's really what we are
+talking about here and i recognize now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here and i recognize now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here and i recognize now
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+why i missed larry's point because i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i missed larry's point because i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i missed larry's point because i was
+answering it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering it in the context of
+that person leaving the notes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person leaving the notes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person leaving the notes can
+certify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify
+the quality of the information knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the information knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the information knowledge
+and structure that he or she has left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structure that he or she has left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structure that he or she has left
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we are not at least at this point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not at least at this point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not at least at this point in the
+business of certifying what the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of certifying what the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of certifying what the people
+have gained from that and did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gained from that and did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gained from that and did it
+and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether
+they are now qualified in in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now qualified in in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now qualified in in some way
+and what is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is interesting
+many things it's fascinating about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things it's fascinating about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things it's fascinating about the
+evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of
+both mit's ocw and the larger notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mit's ocw and the larger notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mit's ocw and the larger notion
+and the larger movement is what i tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the larger movement is what i tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the larger movement is what i tried
+to say about the origins was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about the origins was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about the origins was really
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what does a university do in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a university do in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a university do in this world
+and the real excitement that is emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real excitement that is emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real excitement that is emerging
+is what individuals do with it and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what individuals do with it and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what individuals do with it and i
+don't think we know how we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we know how we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we know how we do that
+second level of certification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second level of certification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second level of certification
+or whether we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether we should
+you know again the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again the different types of
+signals that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that we're going to be
+encountering and one of those signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering and one of those signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering and one of those signals
+are going to be more the portfolios i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be more the portfolios i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be more the portfolios i
+mean so somebody comes to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so somebody comes to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so somebody comes to you and
+presents a portfolio uh just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents a portfolio uh just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents a portfolio uh just like
+seriously i don't look if somebody they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously i don't look if somebody they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously i don't look if somebody they
+come from mit i look at what lab do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from mit i look at what lab do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from mit i look at what lab do they
+come from who do they study under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from who do they study under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from who do they study under
+there's a much more micro thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a much more micro thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a much more micro thing we
+already use in terms of those signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already use in terms of those signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already use in terms of those signals
+and i think looking at a portfolio now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think looking at a portfolio now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think looking at a portfolio now
+the question is at some point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is at some point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is at some point that
+finesse is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finesse is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finesse is a problem
+who has the authority to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the authority to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the authority to be able to
+evaluate the the portfolio but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the the portfolio but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the the portfolio but but you
+know what is so wonderful and we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is so wonderful and we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is so wonderful and we tend to
+over journalize this in open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over journalize this in open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over journalize this in open source
+you know truth is determined by does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know truth is determined by does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know truth is determined by does
+this code run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code run
+you know so you actually have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you actually have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you actually have an
+arbitrator sitting behind the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrator sitting behind the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrator sitting behind the scenes
+there which simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which simplified
+the mechanisms to make open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms to make open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms to make open source
+really flourish we move to these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really flourish we move to these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really flourish we move to these other
+domains we don't have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains we don't have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains we don't have that kind of
+intrinsic arbitrator so we come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic arbitrator so we come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic arbitrator so we come back to
+much more serious types of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my comment perhaps addresses questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my comment perhaps addresses questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my comment perhaps addresses questions
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay my comment addresses perhaps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my comment addresses perhaps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my comment addresses perhaps this
+question that has been discussed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that has been discussed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that has been discussed in the
+last few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few minutes
+if we are all moving to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are all moving to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are all moving to individual
+learners and that this platform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners and that this platform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners and that this platform is
+providing that opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that opportunity
+then is there no room for the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is there no room for the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is there no room for the meta
+learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner
+because it seems to me that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to me that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to me that if you
+cannot certify what is being learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot certify what is being learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot certify what is being learned and
+if the market is not clearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the market is not clearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the market is not clearing the
+tinkering products because if the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering products because if the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering products because if the if you
+are tinkering with products the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tinkering with products the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tinkering with products the market
+can clear those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clear those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clear those
+who is going to be clearing the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to be clearing the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to be clearing the market
+of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning
+uh is is there no room for a meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is there no room for a meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is there no room for a meta
+learner and i think that's perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner and i think that's perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner and i think that's perhaps a
+question that i'm posing to the panel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i'm posing to the panel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i'm posing to the panel to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+what your thoughts are on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i don't think anyone knows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm very optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm very optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm very optimistic
+so if we relate this to what peter just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we relate this to what peter just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we relate this to what peter just
+asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+where's the authoritative place and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the authoritative place and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the authoritative place and who
+is going to be doing this you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be doing this you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be doing this you know this
+is exactly if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly if we go back
+four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years
+the the discussion that the news media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the discussion that the news media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the discussion that the news media
+was having around blogs right there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having around blogs right there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having around blogs right there all
+these people are going to put stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are going to put stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are going to put stuff on
+the internet and there's all this junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and there's all this junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and there's all this junk
+and all this crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this crap
+you know and that's not over yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's not over yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's not over yet
+but the result has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the result has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the result has been
+there is still the notion of quality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still the notion of quality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still the notion of quality but
+it's based on an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on an incredibly
+richer version of discourse and what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer version of discourse and what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer version of discourse and what i
+would hope is that we'll see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hope is that we'll see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hope is that we'll see the same
+kind of thing happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing happen
+as you open up these these sort of micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you open up these these sort of micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you open up these these sort of micro
+ways to get together for education now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get together for education now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get together for education now
+you know this isn't going to happen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this isn't going to happen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this isn't going to happen for
+several for several years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several for several years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several for several years but
+the other thing that it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that it tells you
+from the world of blogs is that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the world of blogs is that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the world of blogs is that it could
+happen pretty fast once it gets going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen pretty fast once it gets going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen pretty fast once it gets going so
+i'm pretty optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pretty optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pretty optimistic
+and take multiple forms right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EZCmSXZnT6Q.txt b/EZCmSXZnT6Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb8b3cbfb48f9c107c929498908a8733203470c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EZCmSXZnT6Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my name is Alena peasanty I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my name is Alena peasanty I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my name is Alena peasanty I was a
+usual fellows 18 graduate student I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual fellows 18 graduate student I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual fellows 18 graduate student I was
+working with Anjali at an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Anjali at an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Anjali at an independent
+study for farmers economy and the usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for farmers economy and the usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for farmers economy and the usage
+of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there is an ever-increasing need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an ever-increasing need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an ever-increasing need to
+invest in agriculture and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in agriculture and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in agriculture and one of the
+biggest challenge for that is the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge for that is the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge for that is the credit
+access for affordable loans for farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access for affordable loans for farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access for affordable loans for farmers
+and we have been discussing with Angela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have been discussing with Angela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have been discussing with Angela
+about how we can use technology to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we can use technology to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we can use technology to solve
+decision and what is the design of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and what is the design of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and what is the design of this
+technology that we can use for farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we can use for farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we can use for farmers
+that they can have better access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can have better access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can have better access to
+credit but not only that how we can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit but not only that how we can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit but not only that how we can help
+the lenders to access those farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenders to access those farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenders to access those farmers
+which are mostly in remote areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mostly in remote areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mostly in remote areas and
+they lack data so we have been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lack data so we have been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lack data so we have been working
+with Anjali on thinking on this in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Anjali on thinking on this in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Anjali on thinking on this in these
+these problems and also restructuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and also restructuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and also restructuring
+the right questions that we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right questions that we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right questions that we should think
+about to find us the proper solutions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to find us the proper solutions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to find us the proper solutions we
+thought it was moral design thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was moral design thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was moral design thinking and
+design of thinking about the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of thinking about the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of thinking about the process and
+how is the clients and how are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the clients and how are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the clients and how are the the
+the not the clients but the farmers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the clients but the farmers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the clients but the farmers in
+the lenders perspective with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenders perspective with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenders perspective with their
+lenses so what are they they main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses so what are they they main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses so what are they they main
+questions that they do while they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they do while they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that they do while they are in
+the credit process right and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit process right and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit process right and what are
+they start to squat today what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to squat today what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to squat today what are the
+failures of the status quo and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures of the status quo and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures of the status quo and where we
+find the technologies that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the technologies that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the technologies that have a
+compelling user case to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling user case to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling user case to deliver
+solutions for lack of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for lack of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for lack of data and
+connection between farmers and lenders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between farmers and lenders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between farmers and lenders
+so it was very a systematic approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was very a systematic approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was very a systematic approach
+that we have been noting and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have been noting and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have been noting and how we
+think of all those technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all those technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all those technologies and
+innovation and deploy discharge to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and deploy discharge to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and deploy discharge to this
+to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I manage my time with weekly meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I manage my time with weekly meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I manage my time with weekly meetings
+with Anjali for a period of time we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Anjali for a period of time we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Anjali for a period of time we set
+up very narrowed deliverables and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very narrowed deliverables and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very narrowed deliverables and during
+that process we were iterating with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process we were iterating with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process we were iterating with some
+of the professors and some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the professors and some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the professors and some of the the
+resources that I needed and I took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that I needed and I took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that I needed and I took that
+the discipline so having that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discipline so having that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discipline so having that in my
+schedule so we could deliver and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so we could deliver and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so we could deliver and have
+credible fruitful discussions every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible fruitful discussions every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible fruitful discussions every
+meeting that we we had together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I learned in this process with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I learned in this process with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I learned in this process with
+her is was how to we systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her is was how to we systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her is was how to we systematically
+think or how we make we make the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or how we make we make the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or how we make we make the right
+questions and from the right questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and from the right questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and from the right questions
+we started to find the solutions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to find the solutions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to find the solutions which
+derives to the right questions and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives to the right questions and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives to the right questions and where
+do we find the resources and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find the resources and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find the resources and it's a
+system dynamic way of doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamic way of doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dynamic way of doing a
+formulating your New York problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating your New York problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating your New York problem
+statement which was very helpful for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which was very helpful for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which was very helpful for me
+on in the industry so in the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Angele was super relevant to help us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angele was super relevant to help us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angele was super relevant to help us to
+think okay to solve this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay to solve this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay to solve this for this
+challenge we need an expert in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge we need an expert in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge we need an expert in different
+areas who are the experts and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas who are the experts and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas who are the experts and she
+connected us with the those experts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected us with the those experts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected us with the those experts that
+eventually came up and helped us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually came up and helped us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually came up and helped us to
+contribute in also she connected us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute in also she connected us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute in also she connected us with
+many entrepreneurs and also companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many entrepreneurs and also companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many entrepreneurs and also companies
+outside the scope of MIT for example she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the scope of MIT for example she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the scope of MIT for example she
+connected us with a guy from India from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected us with a guy from India from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected us with a guy from India from
+one of the largest solar panel companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest solar panel companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest solar panel companies
+who also in certain says assist you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who also in certain says assist you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who also in certain says assist you in
+contact with us on thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with us on thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with us on thinking about
+contribution with data center who also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution with data center who also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution with data center who also
+will contribute with our research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think they that that's the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they that that's the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they that that's the environment
+that MIT brings to you it's quite unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT brings to you it's quite unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT brings to you it's quite unique
+right this possibility that helped us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this possibility that helped us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this possibility that helped us to
+connect with people from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with people from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with people from different
+backgrounds not only that they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds not only that they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds not only that they are the
+experts in the in the background in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the in the background in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the in the background in the
+world they're most renewable faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they're most renewable faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they're most renewable faculty
+members scientists they will add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members scientists they will add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members scientists they will add your
+different perspective if there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective if there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective if there is this
+ocean of a think of different ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean of a think of different ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean of a think of different ideas
+different perspectives that helps you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives that helps you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives that helps you to
+build up your own this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up your own this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up your own this is something that
+was is unique at MIT also the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is unique at MIT also the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is unique at MIT also the capacity
+of the connection right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the connection right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the connection right because the
+world expands to you and they opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world expands to you and they opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world expands to you and they opens
+because you're an at MIT so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're an at MIT so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're an at MIT so there is
+nothing equal like that at all we in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing equal like that at all we in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing equal like that at all we in any
+other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I all the other feedbacks that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I all the other feedbacks that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I all the other feedbacks that I was
+integrating through the connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating through the connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating through the connections that
+we establish through the process in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we establish through the process in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we establish through the process in this
+course were quite valuable actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were quite valuable actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were quite valuable actually
+every feedback every iteration shape it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every feedback every iteration shape it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every feedback every iteration shape it
+somehow the process of what we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the process of what we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the process of what we are doing
+now and that's the valuable thing of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that's the valuable thing of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and that's the valuable thing of of
+this course right is also to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course right is also to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course right is also to have the
+possibility to hear other opinions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to hear other opinions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to hear other opinions not
+only if you stay on your own path you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you stay on your own path you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you stay on your own path you're
+blind to what is new or outside and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind to what is new or outside and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind to what is new or outside and that
+prevents us somehow to make innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents us somehow to make innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents us somehow to make innovation
+which is not the case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the case here
+it's you've seen so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you've seen so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you've seen so many different
+things sometimes that you never fought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sometimes that you never fought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sometimes that you never fought
+before and that changes and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that changes and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that changes and that
+improves what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess the biggest challenge for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the biggest challenge for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the biggest challenge for in
+this process was still having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process was still having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process was still having the
+discipline to find a proper the having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline to find a proper the having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline to find a proper the having
+discipline in this structure to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline in this structure to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline in this structure to find the
+solutions because our are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions because our are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions because our are so many
+elements because you learn how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because you learn how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because you learn how to think
+and sing the whole world and to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sing the whole world and to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sing the whole world and to try to
+grasp the answers and in a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp the answers and in a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp the answers and in a systematic
+and organized way was for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organized way was for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organized way was for me and
+challenging the beginning but I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging the beginning but I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging the beginning but I learned
+how to navigate that eventually later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to navigate that eventually later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to navigate that eventually later
+so it's an hour it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an hour it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an hour it's an interesting
+process that you learn it how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you learn it how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you learn it how to deal
+with so many variables and make the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so many variables and make the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so many variables and make the in
+making the puzzles to deliver to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the puzzles to deliver to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the puzzles to deliver to you a
+whole a clear and transparent picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this project won it there is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this project won it there is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this project won it there is such
+two branches of that one is a start-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branches of that one is a start-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branches of that one is a start-up
+that I'm doing which we already are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing which we already are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing which we already are
+creating the FinTech which is exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the FinTech which is exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the FinTech which is exclusive
+dedicated to the agriculture market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to the agriculture market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to the agriculture market
+which it's the first in its in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's the first in its in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's the first in its in the
+market where we use data analytics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where we use data analytics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where we use data analytics and
+we designer the process in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we designer the process in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we designer the process in this course
+to improve and deliver better financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve and deliver better financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve and deliver better financial
+solutions to both lenders and farmers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to both lenders and farmers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to both lenders and farmers so
+we allow them to have affordable loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow them to have affordable loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow them to have affordable loans
+and on top of that there is also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on top of that there is also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on top of that there is also because
+this is so unique and so new in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so unique and so new in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so unique and so new in the
+world we are doing a research with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we are doing a research with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we are doing a research with
+Angela and other professors of senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angela and other professors of senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angela and other professors of senior
+faculty members at MIT with support from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members at MIT with support from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members at MIT with support from
+the data center as well - he studied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data center as well - he studied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data center as well - he studied the
+economic behavior of farmers and lenders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic behavior of farmers and lenders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic behavior of farmers and lenders
+with more data this data will help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more data this data will help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more data this data will help to
+solve for the problems of sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the problems of sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the problems of sustainable
+financier and economy a conclusion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financier and economy a conclusion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financier and economy a conclusion we
+don't know so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know so that's one of the
+investigations that we are doing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations that we are doing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations that we are doing that's
+one of the next challenge and again some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the next challenge and again some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the next challenge and again some
+of the answers for that we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answers for that we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answers for that we are trying to
+find with the for this question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EmSmaW-ud6A.txt b/EmSmaW-ud6A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b447dc73dd3dd6a6b4ad61a891ee86d0cd85da50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EmSmaW-ud6A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everybody to
+our lecture 14 of 6006 this is our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture 14 of 6006 this is our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture 14 of 6006 this is our last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+on uh graph algorithms in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh graph algorithms in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh graph algorithms in particular
+the last lecture we'll have on weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we'll have on weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we'll have on weighted
+shortest paths uh but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths uh but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths uh but we're going to
+talk about a slightly different problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a slightly different problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a slightly different problem
+today uh different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh different than
+single source shortest paths we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single source shortest paths we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single source shortest paths we're going
+to be talking about all pairs shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about all pairs shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about all pairs shortest
+paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+okay but first let's review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but first let's review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but first let's review
+our single source shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our single source shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our single source shortest paths
+algorithms we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we had
+bfs dag relaxation dijkstra which we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bfs dag relaxation dijkstra which we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bfs dag relaxation dijkstra which we saw
+last time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time which
+you know gets pretty close to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know gets pretty close to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know gets pretty close to linear
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+v log v plus e is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v log v plus e is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v log v plus e is pretty
+close to linear it's much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to linear it's much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to linear it's much closer to
+linear than the general algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear than the general algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear than the general algorithm
+algorithm we have for solving single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we have for solving single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we have for solving single
+source shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source shortest paths
+namely bellman ford which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely bellman ford which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely bellman ford which is a little
+bit more like quadratic this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like quadratic this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like quadratic this is like the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+for sparse graphs this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sparse graphs this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sparse graphs this is like the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+sorting using insertion sort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting using insertion sort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting using insertion sort and
+n squared and merge sort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squared and merge sort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squared and merge sort in
+n log n for example right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n for example right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n for example right we're going to
+get a actually quite a big bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a actually quite a big bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a actually quite a big bonus
+for large input sizes by using dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large input sizes by using dijkstra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large input sizes by using dijkstra
+when we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can
+okay today we're going to be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today we're going to be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today we're going to be focusing on
+this new problem called all pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new problem called all pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new problem called all pair
+shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+it's not really complicated instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really complicated instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really complicated instead of
+having a single source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a single source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a single source
+we are essentially wanting to give in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are essentially wanting to give in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are essentially wanting to give in an
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we've got a graph v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've got a graph v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've got a graph v
+e and we've got a weight function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and we've got a weight function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and we've got a weight function
+from the edges to the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edges to the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edges to the integers
+right this is our general weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is our general weighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is our general weighted graph
+we want our output to be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the shortest path distance from u to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path distance from u to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path distance from u to v
+for every u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every u and v
+in our vertex set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our vertex set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our vertex set right
+that's what we want to return now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one caveat here that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one caveat here that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one caveat here that if if
+there's a negative weight cycle in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative weight cycle in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative weight cycle in our
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+in other words if any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if any of these
+delta uvs is minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta uvs is minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta uvs is minus infinity
+there's a negative weight cycle in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative weight cycle in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a negative weight cycle in our
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+so unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless
+i guess or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess or
+abort if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort if
+g contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g contains
+a negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay so
+we're not actually going to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually going to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually going to worry about
+negative weight cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycles
+in today's class if we have a graph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's class if we have a graph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's class if we have a graph it
+could have negative weights right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have negative weights right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have negative weights right these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+any integers could include negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any integers could include negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any integers could include negative
+weight edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as long as all of our path distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as all of our path distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as all of our path distances
+are you know bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know bounded
+from below none of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below none of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from below none of them are
+negative infinity we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity we don't have any
+negative weight cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycles
+then i want you to output all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i want you to output all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i want you to output all of the
+shortest path distances now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distances now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distances now
+in particular this output could any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this output could any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this output could any of
+these outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outputs
+needs to have size theta of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have size theta of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have size theta of v
+squared right because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right because for
+every pair of vertices i need to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair of vertices i need to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair of vertices i need to return
+to you a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a number
+or infinity or minus infinity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or infinity or minus infinity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or infinity or minus infinity or
+something like that but we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but we are not
+dealing with the case with minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the case with minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the case with minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+the output could have size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output could have size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output could have size
+this is a theta here it does have size v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a theta here it does have size v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a theta here it does have size v
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+right but in particular it's at least v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in particular it's at least v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in particular it's at least v
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+because i need to give a number for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i need to give a number for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i need to give a number for each
+pair of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of vertices
+and so we couldn't hope for linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we couldn't hope for linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we couldn't hope for linear time
+in the size of this graph for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size of this graph for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size of this graph for this
+problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right
+single source tortoise paths for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single source tortoise paths for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single source tortoise paths for certain
+versions of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the problem
+we need to read the graph and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to read the graph and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to read the graph and so we need
+to use linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use linear time
+but in this problem our output has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this problem our output has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this problem our output has
+quadratic size in the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic size in the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic size in the number of vertices
+so in a sense we can't do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense we can't do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense we can't do better than
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right we can't do better than quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can't do better than quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can't do better than quadratic
+and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually
+what's one way we could solve all pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one way we could solve all pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one way we could solve all pairs
+shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+by using stuff we've already done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using stuff we've already done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using stuff we've already done in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+that's why i put this slide up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i put this slide up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i put this slide up here
+right yeah we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we could just
+solve a single source shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a single source shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a single source shortest paths
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+from every vertex in my graph you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every vertex in my graph you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every vertex in my graph you know
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+seems like a stupid thing to do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a stupid thing to do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a stupid thing to do right
+it's almost brute force on the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost brute force on the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost brute force on the vertices
+but it's certainly a way we could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly a way we could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly a way we could solve
+this problem in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in polynomial time
+right and we could definitely solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order
+v squared e time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using bellman ford right we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using bellman ford right we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using bellman ford right we just take
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+steps of bellman ford and deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of bellman ford and deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of bellman ford and deal with
+a graph on any set of vertices right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph on any set of vertices right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph on any set of vertices right we
+can do better than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do better than this
+we can do better than this for graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do better than this for graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do better than this for graphs
+that are special in some way right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are special in some way right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are special in some way right we
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+v times v plus e v times linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times v plus e v times linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times v plus e v times linear
+if our weights are positive and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our weights are positive and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our weights are positive and bounded
+we can use bfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use bfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use bfs
+v times or if our graph doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times or if our graph doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times or if our graph doesn't have
+cycles we could use dag relaxation v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles we could use dag relaxation v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles we could use dag relaxation v
+times or if our graph had non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or if our graph had non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or if our graph had non-negative
+edge weights we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weights we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weights we could get
+basically v squared log v plus v times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically v squared log v plus v times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically v squared log v plus v times
+e right and that's actually not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right and that's actually not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right and that's actually not bad
+in sparse graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what bellman ford would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if we had dijkstra's for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had dijkstra's for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had dijkstra's for example
+if we had all positive net edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had all positive net edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had all positive net edge weights
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+non-negatives sorry we could get v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negatives sorry we could get v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negatives sorry we could get v
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+log v plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log v plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log v plus
+v v e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v v e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v v e
+time this is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is v
+times dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do these running times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do these running times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do these running times
+compare this is v times bellman ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this is v times bellman ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this is v times bellman ford
+this is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is v
+times dijkstra in a spot let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times dijkstra in a spot let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times dijkstra in a spot let's let's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+get a feel for this separation here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feel for this separation here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feel for this separation here if
+if we had a sparse graph where v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a sparse graph where v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a sparse graph where v is
+upper bounded by the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by the number of vertices
+this one looks like v squared log v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks like v squared log v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks like v squared log v
+this one looks like v cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks like v cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks like v cubed
+and we need to spend at least v squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to spend at least v squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to spend at least v squared
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right so actually this is really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually this is really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually this is really close
+to linear in the size of the graph just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to linear in the size of the graph just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to linear in the size of the graph just
+off by a log factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a log factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a log factor
+just like sorting would entail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like sorting would entail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like sorting would entail
+and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would have a linear factor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a linear factor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a linear factor right
+in the sparse graph this would be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sparse graph this would be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sparse graph this would be a a
+linear factor worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor worse than
+this instead of a logarithmic factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of a logarithmic factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of a logarithmic factor
+again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this
+linear to log separation we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear to log separation we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear to log separation we don't want
+to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do
+this running time if we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this running time if we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this running time if we don't have to
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's the name of the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of the game and
+really all we're going to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all we're going to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all we're going to do in this
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+is try to solve how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to solve how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to solve how we can
+make this running time faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this running time faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this running time faster
+by doing something a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing something a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing something a little bit more
+intelligent than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent than
+running a single source shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a single source shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a single source shortest path
+algorithm from every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from every vertex
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+how are we going to do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do that well
+we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what are we doing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what are we doing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what are we doing right
+the idea here if we had a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh should my graph be directed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should my graph be directed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should my graph be directed or
+undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected
+i'm not sure let's see if we can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure let's see if we can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure let's see if we can make a
+directed graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph
+okay so here's a directed graph why do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a directed graph why do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a directed graph why do i
+not care about undirected graphs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not care about undirected graphs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not care about undirected graphs can
+anyone tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't care about undirected graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about undirected graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about undirected graphs
+because if i had an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i could detect whether it had negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could detect whether it had negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could detect whether it had negative
+weight cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycles
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in constant time all right sorry in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time all right sorry in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time all right sorry in in
+linear time i could just check each edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time i could just check each edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time i could just check each edge
+see if it has negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because a negative weight edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a negative weight edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a negative weight edge
+undirected edge is a cycle of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected edge is a cycle of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected edge is a cycle of negative
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+so i could just if it has any negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could just if it has any negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could just if it has any negative
+edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weights
+i could return in linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could return in linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could return in linear time
+that it does and i can abort or it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does and i can abort or it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does and i can abort or it has
+only positive weights and i can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only positive weights and i can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only positive weights and i can still
+use dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dijkstra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dijkstra
+so that's all good so we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all good so we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all good so we're only
+concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about
+needing to run bellman ford on directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to run bellman ford on directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to run bellman ford on directed
+graphs that potentially have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that potentially have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that potentially have negative
+edge weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weight
+okay so here's a graph let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a graph let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a graph let's see
+is this a graph that i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a graph that i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a graph that i want
+sure let's say we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that direction and this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and this direction
+okay say we have a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay say we have a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay say we have a directed
+graph like this and let's say this is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like this and let's say this is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like this and let's say this is s
+this is our source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our source
+okay and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have
+weights being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights being
+2 sorry weights being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sorry weights being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sorry weights being
+4 1 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 1 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 1 1 2
+2 2 2. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 2. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 2. okay
+so this is an example of a graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a graph we
+might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to
+run all pairs shortest paths on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all pairs shortest paths on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all pairs shortest paths on
+maybe we also have negative weights in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we also have negative weights in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we also have negative weights in
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in particular this has a negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this has a negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this has a negative weight
+cycle i don't want negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle i don't want negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle i don't want negative weight
+cycles so i'm going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles so i'm going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles so i'm going to make this
+zero okay so this graph doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this graph doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this graph doesn't have
+negative weight cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycles
+great that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's
+true great all right so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true great all right so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true great all right so here's an
+example that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we might
+want to compute shortest paths on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute shortest paths on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute shortest paths on
+there's no s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no s
+in all pairs shortest paths but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all pairs shortest paths but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all pairs shortest paths but i'm
+going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about
+a couple shortest paths from s in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple shortest paths from s in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple shortest paths from s in my
+next argument so i'm just labeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next argument so i'm just labeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next argument so i'm just labeling that
+uh vertex as s okay the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex as s okay the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex as s okay the claim
+the the approach we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the approach we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the approach we're going to do we're
+going to try to take a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to take a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to take a graph
+that has negative edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has negative edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has negative edge weights
+directed graph we don't know if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph we don't know if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph we don't know if it has
+negative cycles or not yet but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cycles or not yet but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cycles or not yet but we want
+to compute all pair shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute all pair shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute all pair shortest paths
+not in this running time but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this running time but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this running time but in this
+running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time
+how could we do that well maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we do that well maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we do that well maybe it's
+possible that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that we can
+change the weight of every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the weight of every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the weight of every edge
+so that they're all positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're all positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're all positive but
+shortest paths are preserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths are preserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths are preserved so
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+if a particular path like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a particular path like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a particular path like
+okay the shortest path from s to t here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the shortest path from s to t here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the shortest path from s to t here
+is one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one two three
+right i could change edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could change edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could change edge weights
+uh in this graph say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this graph say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this graph say
+for example if i changed 1 to 0 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i changed 1 to 0 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i changed 1 to 0 here
+that would still make this a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would still make this a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would still make this a shortest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+right i haven't done i've reweighted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i haven't done i've reweighted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i haven't done i've reweighted the
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+shortest paths have to be the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths have to be the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths have to be the same in
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh
+sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not a shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a shortest path
+i'll make that minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then these both two and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these both two and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these both two and i think
+and this four man i really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this four man i really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this four man i really should have
+done my example beforehand okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done my example beforehand okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done my example beforehand okay
+so this still doesn't have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this still doesn't have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this still doesn't have negative
+weight cycles it has a negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycles it has a negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycles it has a negative weight
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+but this path is longer than this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this path is longer than this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this path is longer than this path
+so when this was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this was one
+this had length of three which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had length of three which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had length of three which was
+shorter than this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is length four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is length four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is length four
+okay cool so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so this
+is the shortest path from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shortest path from s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shortest path from s to t
+i could change weights in this graph for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could change weights in this graph for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could change weights in this graph for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+changing two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing two to three
+and one to zero that changed weights in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one to zero that changed weights in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one to zero that changed weights in
+my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph
+but shortest paths remain the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shortest paths remain the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shortest paths remain the same
+so maybe there's a way i could re-weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's a way i could re-weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's a way i could re-weight
+my edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my edges
+so that shortest paths stay the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shortest paths stay the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shortest paths stay the same
+shortest paths are preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths are preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths are preserved
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to put this back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to put this back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to put this back to where
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+all right so idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make edge
+weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shortest paths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths okay
+in other words just re-weight the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words just re-weight the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words just re-weight the edges
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so that shortest paths in g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shortest paths in g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shortest paths in g
+this is g after we rewrite we'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is g after we rewrite we'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is g after we rewrite we'll go to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+graph g prime with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph g prime with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph g prime with the same
+combinatorial structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial structure
+just different edge weights and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different edge weights and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different edge weights and we want
+shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+we want these weights to all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want these weights to all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want these weights to all be
+non-negative and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and we want
+shortest paths if there's a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths if there's a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths if there's a shortest
+path in g it continues to be a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path in g it continues to be a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path in g it continues to be a shortest
+path in the re-weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path in the re-weighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path in the re-weighted graph
+that's the goal for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we can do that transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can do that transformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can do that transformation and
+this is non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is non-negative
+then we're done right we're done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're done right we're done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're done right we're done because
+we can just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just run
+dijkstra v times on that new graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get the shortest path distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the shortest path distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the shortest path distances
+construct the shortest path tree from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the shortest path tree from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the shortest path tree from
+those distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distances
+and then traverse that tree in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then traverse that tree in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then traverse that tree in the
+original graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph
+and compute shortest paths along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute shortest paths along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute shortest paths along that
+tree so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so that's
+that's the claim claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the claim claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the claim claim
+we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in
+g so we're going to restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so we're going to restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so we're going to restrict
+g prime to have with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-negative edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative edge weights
+if we have such a g prime with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have such a g prime with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have such a g prime with
+non-negative edge weights we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative edge weights we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative edge weights we can compute
+distances in g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in g
+from distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in g prime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g prime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g prime in
+v times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times
+v plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which is smaller than our dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is smaller than our dijkstra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is smaller than our dijkstra
+running time right this is our dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time right this is our dijkstra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time right this is our dijkstra
+running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time
+and this is smaller than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is smaller than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is smaller than that so
+that would be fine right what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be fine right what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be fine right what do we do
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+our new graph g prime it has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new graph g prime it has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new graph g prime it has all
+positive edge weights so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive edge weights so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive edge weights so we
+run all pair shortest paths in here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all pair shortest paths in here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all pair shortest paths in here by
+just running dijkstra v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running dijkstra v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running dijkstra v
+times and then for each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then for each vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then for each vertex
+s we have some shortest path tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we have some shortest path tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we have some shortest path tree
+to all the things that's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the things that's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the things that's connected to
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+we can look at that path in g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at that path in g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at that path in g
+this is the same combinatorial graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same combinatorial graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same combinatorial graph
+just with different edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with different edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with different edge weights
+we can look at that same tree i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at that same tree i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at that same tree i'm not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be able to draw the exact same tree here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw the exact same tree here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw the exact same tree here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but what i can do is i can just bfs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i can do is i can just bfs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i can do is i can just bfs or
+dfs along this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfs along this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfs along this tree
+and every time i have an edge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time i have an edge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time i have an edge because
+each one of these is a shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is a shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is a shortest path
+in this tree i can just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree i can just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree i can just compute
+every time i traverse an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what its shortest path distance is in g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its shortest path distance is in g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its shortest path distance is in g
+in linear time for that vertex for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time for that vertex for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time for that vertex for that
+particular s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular s
+i do that over all s's and i get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do that over all s's and i get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do that over all s's and i get this
+running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time
+okay so that's the goal here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the goal here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the goal here all right
+so we first wanted to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we were wanting to make edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were wanting to make edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were wanting to make edge weights
+non-negative while preserving shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative while preserving shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative while preserving shortest
+paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+because if we could do that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we could do that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we could do that we could
+solve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve our
+original all-pair shortest paths problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original all-pair shortest paths problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original all-pair shortest paths problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is the proof sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the proof sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the proof sketch
+but how can we do this but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't even seem like this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even seem like this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even seem like this could be
+possible generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible generally
+right how can i just re-weight the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how can i just re-weight the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how can i just re-weight the edges
+and maintain that the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain that the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain that the shortest path
+trees are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are the same
+that seems like hard to do and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like hard to do and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like hard to do and in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+if there are there's a negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are there's a negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are there's a negative weight
+cycle in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in this graph
+it's impossible to do right so claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if g contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a negative weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the exclamation point is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the exclamation point is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the exclamation point is just
+my comment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my comment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my comment here
+so if g contains a negative weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if g contains a negative weight cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if g contains a negative weight cycle
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+in particular the shortest path distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the shortest path distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the shortest path distance
+or a shortest path in g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a shortest path in g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a shortest path in g
+right if this is g say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is g say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is g say we have a
+negative weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycle
+directed cycle c here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed cycle c here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed cycle c here
+in particular the shortest path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the shortest path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the shortest path from
+this vertex on the cycle to this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex on the cycle to this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex on the cycle to this vertex
+on the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is its shortest path it's infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its shortest path it's infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its shortest path it's infinite
+a shortest path is infinite around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path is infinite around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path is infinite around this
+cycle you just keep going around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you just keep going around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you just keep going around the
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+over and over and over again because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again because it
+has negative weight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has negative weight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has negative weight right
+weight of c is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of c is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of c is less than
+zero strictly right that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero strictly right that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero strictly right that's what a
+negative weight cycle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycle is
+okay so the shortest path a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the shortest path a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the shortest path a shortest
+path from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s to t
+has infinite length and in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has infinite length and in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has infinite length and in particular is
+non-simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-simple
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+shortest path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to t
+is non-simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-simple
+but as we proved in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we proved in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we proved in the last lecture
+shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-negative weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are what are simple right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are simple right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are simple right because
+they're exist shortest path trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a contradiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a contradiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a contradiction so
+this is not possible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not possible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not possible okay
+so given a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a graph
+with negative weights but no negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative weights but no negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative weights but no negative
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+it's still not clear how we could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not clear how we could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not clear how we could find
+such a re-weighting of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a re-weighting of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a re-weighting of the graph
+can we do this well we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this well we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this well we're going to
+exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit
+a little idea here how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little idea here how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little idea here how can we
+transform the weights of a path well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the weights of a path well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the weights of a path well how
+what's a a silly idea i have this silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a a silly idea i have this silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a a silly idea i have this silly
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+if i don't want negative edge weights in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i don't want negative edge weights in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i don't want negative edge weights in
+this graph uh this is messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph uh this is messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph uh this is messy
+in the back we got edge weights 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back we got edge weights 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back we got edge weights 1 minus
+2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 0
+1 4 5 and 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 5 and 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 5 and 1.
+there's only one negative edge weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one negative edge weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one negative edge weight
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+what if i just added a large number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i just added a large number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i just added a large number or
+in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+the the negative of the smallest edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the negative of the smallest edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the negative of the smallest edge in
+my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph
+to every edge in my graph then i'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every edge in my graph then i'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every edge in my graph then i'll have
+a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph
+with non-negative weights fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-negative weights fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-negative weights fantastic
+why is that not a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that not a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that not a good idea
+well in particular if i did that to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in particular if i did that to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in particular if i did that to this
+graph if i added 2 to every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph if i added 2 to every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph if i added 2 to every edge
+the weight of this path which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of this path which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of this path which was the
+shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+changed from weight three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to weight nine because i added two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight nine because i added two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight nine because i added two for
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+edge but this path which wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but this path which wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but this path which wasn't the
+shortest path in the original graph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path in the original graph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path in the original graph it
+had weight four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had weight four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had weight four
+increased only by two now that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased only by two now that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased only by two now that is the
+shortest path or it's a shorter path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path or it's a shorter path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path or it's a shorter path
+than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one
+so this one can't be a shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one can't be a shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one can't be a shortest path
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that transformation sure would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that transformation sure would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that transformation sure would make
+all the edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edge weights
+non-negative but would not preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but would not preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but would not preserve
+shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+right in particular if i added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in particular if i added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in particular if i added
+the same edge weight to every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same edge weight to every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same edge weight to every edge
+i will bias toward taking paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will bias toward taking paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will bias toward taking paths
+that have fewer edges not just smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have fewer edges not just smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have fewer edges not just smaller
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+okay so that first idea doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that first idea doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that first idea doesn't work
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+add large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add large
+number to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to each
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bad uh makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does
+not preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shortest paths so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths so this is a
+not a good idea bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea bad idea
+is there any way you can think of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any way you can think of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any way you can think of to
+modify the edge weights in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the edge weights in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the edge weights in a graph
+in any way that will preserve shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any way that will preserve shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any way that will preserve shortest
+paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a
+an idea for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is kind of this critical step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of this critical step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of this critical step in
+johnson's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnson's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnson's and
+a lot of graph transformation algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of graph transformation algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of graph transformation algorithms
+if i have a vertex say this middle guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a vertex say this middle guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a vertex say this middle guy
+say v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from v goes through an outgoing edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v goes through an outgoing edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v goes through an outgoing edge of
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+and every path going into v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes through an edge going into v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through an edge going into v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through an edge going into v
+i haven't said anything it is i've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't said anything it is i've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't said anything it is i've said
+very stupid things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid things
+but that observation is critical here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that observation is critical here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that observation is critical here if
+i add a number or let me see if i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add a number or let me see if i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add a number or let me see if i got
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+in terms of adding and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of adding and subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of adding and subtracting
+if i add a number to all outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add a number to all outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add a number to all outgoing edges
+from a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vertex
+and i subtract that same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i subtract that same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i subtract that same number
+from all uh from the weights of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all uh from the weights of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all uh from the weights of all of
+the incoming edges to that vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming edges to that vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming edges to that vertex
+then every path from v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every path from v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every path from v
+is changed by the same amount because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changed by the same amount because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changed by the same amount because
+every path from v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every path from v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every path from v
+goes through one of those outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through one of those outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through one of those outgoing edges
+and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any
+path going into v has also changed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path going into v has also changed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path going into v has also changed by
+the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount
+in particular it's changed by a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it's changed by a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it's changed by a negative
+whatever we added to the outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we added to the outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we added to the outgoing edges
+so such a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such a transformation
+adding a number from all the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a number from all the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a number from all the outgoing
+edges from a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges from a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges from a vertex
+and subtracting that same number from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting that same number from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting that same number from
+all the incoming edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the incoming edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the incoming edges
+preserves shortest paths that's a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves shortest paths that's a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves shortest paths that's a claim
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a better idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a better idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a better idea
+given vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vertex
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add i'm going to
+put this on two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this on two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this on two lines
+add weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h to all
+outgoing yeah outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract
+weight to all incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+so that's the idea and the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation
+you know shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why is that it's kind of the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that it's kind of the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that it's kind of the exact
+same argument that i had over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument that i had over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument that i had over there
+right proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider any path in my graph right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any path in my graph right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any path in my graph right
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path could go through v many times or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path could go through v many times or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path could go through v many times or it
+could go through v net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through v net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through v net
+not at all if my path if i if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all if my path if i if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all if my path if i if i have a
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+in my original graph g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then with pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with pathway
+w of pi right this is my path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of pi right this is my path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of pi right this is my path
+it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v
+some number of times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of times okay
+so i'm gonna say this is going from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna say this is going from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna say this is going from s to
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+if it crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it crosses
+v if it never crosses v if it never it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v if it never crosses v if it never it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v if it never crosses v if it never it
+touches v the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches v the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches v the
+vertex that i transformed then i argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that i transformed then i argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that i transformed then i argue
+that the pathway is the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pathway is the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pathway is the same right
+because i didn't do anything to edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i didn't do anything to edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i didn't do anything to edges
+that are in this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in this path
+alternatively this thing goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively this thing goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively this thing goes through
+v sometimes if it goes through v in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+how has the weight of my path changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how has the weight of my path changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how has the weight of my path changed
+well it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it hasn't
+right because i added a number to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i added a number to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i added a number to all
+outgoing edges so there's an outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges so there's an outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges so there's an outgoing
+edge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here
+with weight i've changed by way h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weight i've changed by way h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weight i've changed by way h
+and there's an incoming edge here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an incoming edge here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an incoming edge here that
+i've changed by weight negative h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've changed by weight negative h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've changed by weight negative h
+so these cancel out and you've got zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these cancel out and you've got zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these cancel out and you've got zero
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so passing through a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so passing through a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so passing through a vertex
+doesn't change the weight of my path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the weight of my path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the weight of my path
+the only way i could change the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way i could change the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way i could change the weight
+of my path is if v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my path is if v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my path is if v
+is the start vertex or the n vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the start vertex or the n vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the start vertex or the n vertex
+right so it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's possible that
+s is my vertex or t is my vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is my vertex or t is my vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is my vertex or t is my vertex
+well for any vertex for any path leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for any vertex for any path leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for any vertex for any path leaving
+v i will have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i will have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i will have increased
+the weight of that that that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of that that that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of that that that path
+by h right because i added away h to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by h right because i added away h to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by h right because i added away h to all
+outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges
+so again while the path weight has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again while the path weight has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again while the path weight has
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+since all of the paths leaving the have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all of the paths leaving the have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all of the paths leaving the have
+changed by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by the same amount
+a shortest path will still be a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path will still be a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path will still be a shortest
+path and same goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and same goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and same goes for
+t if t the n vertex is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t if t the n vertex is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t if t the n vertex is v
+i'll have subtracted h from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have subtracted h from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have subtracted h from all
+of my incoming edges which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my incoming edges which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my incoming edges which means that
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+path ending at t any directed path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path ending at t any directed path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path ending at t any directed path
+ending at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at t
+also changes by the same value and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changes by the same value and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changes by the same value and so
+shortest paths will must be preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths will must be preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths will must be preserved
+so shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preserved so that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved so that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved so that's pretty cool
+transformation i can assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation i can assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation i can assign
+for any vertex such a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any vertex such a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any vertex such a transformation
+which affects all of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which affects all of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which affects all of the edges
+surrounding it right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it right by
+by this h additive factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this h additive factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this h additive factor
+either added or subtracted so maybe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either added or subtracted so maybe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either added or subtracted so maybe and
+i can do this independently for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do this independently for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do this independently for every
+vertex right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex right
+if shortest paths were preserved by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if shortest paths were preserved by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if shortest paths were preserved by me
+doing this to one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this to one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this to one vertex
+then if i do it to another vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i do it to another vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i do it to another vertex
+then shortest paths are still preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then shortest paths are still preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then shortest paths are still preserved
+and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's
+let's prove that real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what i'm going to do is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what i'm going to do is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what i'm going to do is i'm
+going to want to do this to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do this to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do this to give me
+flexibility for changing all the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for changing all the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for changing all the edge
+weights in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in my graph
+to have this property i'm going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function h
+that maps vertices to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to make a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g prime
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+above transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above transformation
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+vertex in v okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in v okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in v okay
+so i'm going to set a number an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to set a number an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to set a number an
+h for each vertex these are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h for each vertex these are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h for each vertex these are independent
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and i'm going to add that potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to add that potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to add that potential to
+all outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all outgoing edges
+and i'm going to subtract that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to subtract that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to subtract that potential
+from all incoming edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all incoming edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all incoming edges
+this transformation is going to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation is going to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation is going to preserve
+shortest paths let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths let's
+let's actually be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually be a little bit more
+rigorous that that's the case when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous that that's the case when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous that that's the case when we do
+this multiple times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiple times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiple times okay
+so claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shortest paths are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right well that's again not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well that's again not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well that's again not so
+difficult to see let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see let's
+consider a path from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a path from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a path from s
+to t passes through a bunch of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t passes through a bunch of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t passes through a bunch of vertices
+i'm going to label these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to label these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to label these as
+v 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 0 to
+v k so that i can kind of number them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v k so that i can kind of number them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v k so that i can kind of number them
+all right this is v one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is v one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is v one here
+this is a directed path okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a directed path okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a directed path okay
+v one two three four four all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v one two three four four all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v one two three four four all the way up
+to k okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k okay
+there are k edges in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are k edges in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are k edges in this graph
+right i claim to you that any path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i claim to you that any path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i claim to you that any path
+from v 0 to v k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v 0 to v k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v 0 to v k
+any shortest path from v 0 to v k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shortest path from v 0 to v k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shortest path from v 0 to v k
+remains the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains the shortest path
+after i we everything in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i we everything in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i we everything in this way
+okay so let's say this is path pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say this is path pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say this is path pi
+and so it has weight w pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has weight w pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has weight w pi
+which is really just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really just the sum
+of all of the edge weights from v i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the edge weights from v i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the edge weights from v i
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+to v i for i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v i for i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v i for i
+equals 1 to k right this is poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to k right this is poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to k right this is poor
+notation this is the weight of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is the weight of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is the weight of the edge
+from the i minus 1 to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the i minus 1 to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the i minus 1 to i
+right and we've got my indexes from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we've got my indexes from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we've got my indexes from 1
+that's the first edge 2k which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first edge 2k which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first edge 2k which is the
+last edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last edge
+right so that's the weight of my path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the weight of my path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the weight of my path
+the weight of my transformed path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of my transformed path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of my transformed path
+i'm going to do it down here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do it down here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do it down here it's a
+little iffy the weight of my transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little iffy the weight of my transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little iffy the weight of my transform
+path i'm going to say is the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path i'm going to say is the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path i'm going to say is the weight
+in this new re uh weighted graph g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new re uh weighted graph g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new re uh weighted graph g
+prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime okay
+this weight of that same path right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weight of that same path right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weight of that same path right it's
+the same path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same path
+is just going to be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be the sum
+of all of the re-weighted edges so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the re-weighted edges so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the re-weighted edges so i
+equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1
+to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of my original weight of my edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my original weight of my edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my original weight of my edge
+so from 0 i minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from 0 i minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from 0 i minus 1
+to v i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v i
+but what did i do this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did i do this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did i do this edge
+is out going from v i minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out going from v i minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out going from v i minus one
+so it's outgoing so i add that weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's outgoing so i add that weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's outgoing so i add that weight
+that that potential sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that potential sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that potential sorry
+but that edge is also incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that edge is also incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that edge is also incoming
+into v i right so when i reweighted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into v i right so when i reweighted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into v i right so when i reweighted the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+i got a subtraction of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what happens here in the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what happens here in the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what happens here in the sum
+this term if i just took the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term if i just took the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term if i just took the sum
+over this term that's exactly my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this term that's exactly my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this term that's exactly my
+original pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original pathway
+right so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you'll notice that this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll notice that this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll notice that this sum
+has k terms and this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has k terms and this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has k terms and this sum
+has the subtraction of k other terms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the subtraction of k other terms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the subtraction of k other terms but
+most of these terms are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these terms are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these terms are equal
+right along the path all the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the path all the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the path all the incoming
+and outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outgoing edges
+cancel out right so we're left with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out right so we're left with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out right so we're left with only
+adding the potential at the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the potential at the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the potential at the starting
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+and subtracting the potential at the la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting the potential at the la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting the potential at the la
+final vertex right so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final vertex right so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final vertex right so we've got
+add h v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add h v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add h v
+0 minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus h
+v k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why is that good well that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that good well that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that good well that's good
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+every path from v 0 to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every path from v 0 to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every path from v 0 to v
+k starts at v 0 and ends at v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k starts at v 0 and ends at v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k starts at v 0 and ends at v
+k that's just that's how it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k that's just that's how it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k that's just that's how it is that's
+how we've defined paths going from v 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've defined paths going from v 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've defined paths going from v 0
+to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v
+k but every such path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k but every such path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k but every such path
+we transform the weight of that path by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transform the weight of that path by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transform the weight of that path by
+adding a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a con
+by adding a constant associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding a constant associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding a constant associated with the
+start and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and adding
+this value associated with the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value associated with the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value associated with the end and
+so every path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every path
+going from v 0 to v k changes by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from v 0 to v k changes by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from v 0 to v k changes by the
+same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount
+right and so if this path p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if this path p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if this path p
+pi was shortest it's still shortest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi was shortest it's still shortest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi was shortest it's still shortest in
+the re-rated graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re-rated graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re-rated graph
+because i've just changed all paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've just changed all paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've just changed all paths
+between those two vertices by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two vertices by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two vertices by the same
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+it's this is kind of like a telescoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is kind of like a telescoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is kind of like a telescoping
+argument here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here
+uh in in that kind of proof right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in that kind of proof right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in that kind of proof right so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+uh the weight changes right it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the weight changes right it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the weight changes right it could
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+but it changes all paths between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it changes all paths between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it changes all paths between these
+two vertices by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices by the same amount
+which means that shortest paths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that shortest paths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that shortest paths are
+still shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still shortest
+awesome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay
+so the name of the game here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the name of the game here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the name of the game here
+is now we have this really flexible tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we have this really flexible tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we have this really flexible tool
+right we have this tool where we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have this tool where we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have this tool where we can add
+or subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtract
+weight from various edges but we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight from various edges but we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight from various edges but we have to
+do so in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in a kind of
+localized constrained way right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized constrained way right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized constrained way right we have
+to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the same thing
+around each vertex but it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each vertex but it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each vertex but it seems like a
+powerful transformation technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful transformation technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful transformation technique
+that maybe we can get this this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we can get this this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we can get this this thing
+that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want
+which is a g prime a re-weighting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a g prime a re-weighting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a g prime a re-weighting of the
+graph where all the edge weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where all the edge weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where all the edge weights are
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+or non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does there exist an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does there exist an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does there exist an
+h such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h such that
+the weights are all positive what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights are all positive what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights are all positive what does
+that mean w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean w
+prime uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the weight in my new graph in g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the weight in my new graph in g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the weight in my new graph in g
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+i want these modified weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this modified weight of my graph i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this modified weight of my graph i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this modified weight of my graph i
+want each of these to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-negative so does there exist such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so does there exist such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so does there exist such a
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+huh well if i rearrange this equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh well if i rearrange this equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh well if i rearrange this equation a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+this side i get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side i get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side i get something that looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+h of v needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of v needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of v needs to be
+less than or equal to h of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to h of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to h of u
+plus the weight of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the weight of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the weight of some
+edge from u to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge from u to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge from u to v
+huh what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh what does that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh what does that look like
+that looks like almost exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like almost exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like almost exactly the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+of the triangle inequality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the triangle inequality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the triangle inequality right
+shortest path from some vertex here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from some vertex here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from some vertex here and
+the shortest path distance from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path distance from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path distance from the same
+vertex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here
+this is just a statement of the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a statement of the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a statement of the triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+right so if we can set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we can set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we can set these
+h's to be the shortest path distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's to be the shortest path distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's to be the shortest path distance
+from some vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some vertex
+and those shortest path distances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those shortest path distances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those shortest path distances are
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and none not minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none not minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none not minus infinity
+then this thing will hold by triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing will hold by triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing will hold by triangle
+inequality and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and in particular
+if we were to re-weight the edges based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to re-weight the edges based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to re-weight the edges based
+on those values of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those values of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those values of h
+then we get new edge weights that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get new edge weights that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get new edge weights that are
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay but
+there might not be any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might not be any vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might not be any vertex
+from which we can access which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which we can access which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which we can access which is which
+we can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reach
+all vertices in the graph right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices in the graph right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices in the graph right in
+particular my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular my graph
+might not even be connected right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i want this property i need all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want this property i need all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want this property i need all of
+these i don't gain any information if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these i don't gain any information if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these i don't gain any information if
+these things are infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are infinite
+right i it's it exhaustively true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i it's it exhaustively true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i it's it exhaustively true
+infinity is i i don't even know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is i i don't even know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is i i don't even know how to
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+infinity and infinity plus a constant i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and infinity plus a constant i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and infinity plus a constant i
+i don't know right so i need all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know right so i need all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know right so i need all of
+these things to be finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to be finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to be finite
+so how can i make those things finite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can i make those things finite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can i make those things finite so
+here's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the next
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with
+zero weight edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v in v right we take our original graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in v right we take our original graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in v right we take our original graph
+we add a new super node or auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a new super node or auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a new super node or auxiliary
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+s with a zero weight edge to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with a zero weight edge to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s with a zero weight edge to every
+vertex in my graph right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in my graph right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in my graph right
+what does that look like this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that look like this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that look like this is like
+there's my original graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my original graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my original graph
+and now i have this vertex s but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have this vertex s but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have this vertex s but it has
+directed edges into all of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges into all of the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges into all of the vertices
+with zero weight that's our picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero weight that's our picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero weight that's our picture
+and this new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this new thing
+right i'm going to call maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm going to call maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm going to call maybe my
+s graph now all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the claim is well now if i run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is well now if i run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is well now if i run
+some shortest path algorithm single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortest path algorithm single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortest path algorithm single
+source shortest path algorithm this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source shortest path algorithm this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source shortest path algorithm this time
+from s to compute the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to compute the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to compute the shortest path
+distance to all of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the shortest path distance to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path distance to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path distance to each of
+the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices
+can't be positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be positive right
+because there's a zero weight edge so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a zero weight edge so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a zero weight edge so a
+minimum weight path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight path
+is going to be no bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be no bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be no bigger than zero
+if it's finite then there's a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's finite then there's a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's finite then there's a finite
+length shortest path if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length shortest path if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length shortest path if it's
+minus infinity then there's a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity then there's a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity then there's a negative
+weight cycle in my graph and i can stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycle in my graph and i can stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycle in my graph and i can stop
+right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so
+there are either two situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are either two situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are either two situations
+if delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta
+sv equals minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sv equals minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sv equals minus infinity
+so i guess this is run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+single source shortest paths from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s and really because this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and really because this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and really because this graph
+could contain negative edge weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain negative edge weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain negative edge weights and
+could contain negative cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain negative cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain negative cycles
+we can't really do better than running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't really do better than running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't really do better than running
+bellman ford here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellman ford here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellman ford here
+right from s to compute these paths if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from s to compute these paths if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from s to compute these paths if
+there exists in this new graph this gs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists in this new graph this gs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists in this new graph this gs
+if there exists a vertex that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a vertex that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a vertex that has
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+infinite weight in the re-weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the original graph g g hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original graph g g hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original graph g g hasn't been
+reweighted yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighted yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighted yet
+if there's a negative weight distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a negative weight distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a negative weight distance
+from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it
+then there was a negative weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the original graph why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original graph why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original graph why is that
+well if this was set to minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this was set to minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this was set to minus infinity
+then there is some negative weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is some negative weight cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is some negative weight cycle
+in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+right the worry is that that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the worry is that that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the worry is that that negative
+weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycle
+was added to my graph by adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was added to my graph by adding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was added to my graph by adding this
+vertex s but what do i know about vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s but what do i know about vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s but what do i know about vertex
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+it has no incoming edges right so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no incoming edges right so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no incoming edges right so no
+negative weight cycle could go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycle could go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weight cycle could go through
+s right so any negative weight cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so any negative weight cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so any negative weight cycle
+was in the original graph and so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the original graph and so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the original graph and so i can
+abort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort
+abort yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort yay
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do i do well i know these shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i do well i know these shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i do well i know these shortest
+path distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path distances
+here would satisfy the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would satisfy the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would satisfy the triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+right so if i re-weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with h of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with h of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with h of v
+equal to delta s of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to delta s of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to delta s of v
+right if we set our potentials in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we set our potentials in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we set our potentials in our
+reweighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighted graph
+to be the shortest path distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the shortest path distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the shortest path distance from
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+super node s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super node s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super node s
+it satisfies the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the triangle inequality
+right and because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and because there's no
+negative cycles all of these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cycles all of these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cycles all of these values are
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+and then this re-weighting will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this re-weighting will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this re-weighting will lead to
+a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph
+with strictly or not strictly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strictly or not strictly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strictly or not strictly uh
+strictly no negative weights or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly no negative weights or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly no negative weights or uh
+non-negative weights okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative weights okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative weights okay great
+so that's basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the idea behind johnson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea behind johnson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea behind johnson's
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really a reduction problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a reduction problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a reduction problem a
+reduction algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction algorithm
+we're reducing from solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reducing from solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reducing from solving
+kind of signed all pair shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of signed all pair shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of signed all pair shortest paths
+graphs where their weights could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where their weights could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where their weights could be
+positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+and we're reducing to creating a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're reducing to creating a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're reducing to creating a graph
+that has the same shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same shortest paths
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+but only has non-negative edge weight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only has non-negative edge weight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only has non-negative edge weight so
+we're reducing from a signed context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reducing from a signed context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reducing from a signed context
+to a non-negative weight context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a non-negative weight context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a non-negative weight context
+right so johnson's algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the steps construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g s from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g s from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g s from
+g right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g right
+just as up here right i make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as up here right i make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as up here right i make a new
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+s i put a zero weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i put a zero weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i put a zero weight
+directed edge from s to every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edge from s to every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edge from s to every vertex
+okay so that's the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the first step
+second step compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d s v for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s v for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s v for all
+v in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in v
+i e or e g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e or e g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e or e g
+i guess really it should be ie because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess really it should be ie because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess really it should be ie because i
+don't really have another option here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have another option here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have another option here
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+by bellman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bellman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bellman
+ford this is a single run of bellman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford this is a single run of bellman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford this is a single run of bellman
+ford here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute and then there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and then there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and then there are two
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+if there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists
+a delta sv that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta sv that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta sv that's
+minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then abort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+our we re-weight the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we re-weight the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we re-weight the graph
+according to this re-weighting scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this re-weighting scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this re-weighting scheme
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by re-weighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each edge
+in my original graph to have weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my original graph to have weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my original graph to have weight
+our new weight which is our old weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new weight which is our old weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new weight which is our old weight
+plus our transformation now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus our transformation now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus our transformation now our
+transformation is now going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is now going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is now going to set
+hv to this delta sv right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hv to this delta sv right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hv to this delta sv right
+so i'm going to add delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to add delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to add delta
+s u and subtract delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s u and subtract delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s u and subtract delta
+s v that's our rewaiting scheme i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s v that's our rewaiting scheme i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s v that's our rewaiting scheme i'm just
+identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying
+hv with this shortest path distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hv with this shortest path distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hv with this shortest path distance here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i after i re-weighted that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i after i re-weighted that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i after i re-weighted that i can
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all pairs shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairs shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairs shortest paths
+on g prime with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on g prime with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on g prime with
+dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g shortest path distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g shortest path distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g shortest path distances
+from g prime shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right compute these distances from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right compute these distances from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right compute these distances from the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+using this algorithm up here can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this algorithm up here can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this algorithm up here can compute
+distances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in
+g from distances in g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g from distances in g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g from distances in g prime
+in linear time or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time or sorry
+v times linear time linear time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times linear time linear time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times linear time linear time for
+each s for each vertex in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each s for each vertex in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each s for each vertex in my graph
+okay so that's the algorithm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the algorithm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the algorithm it's
+basically correctness is trivial right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically correctness is trivial right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically correctness is trivial right
+we already proved the whole part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already proved the whole part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already proved the whole part of this
+lecture the interesting part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the interesting part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the interesting part of this
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+was proving that if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proving that if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proving that if we had a
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+based on a potential function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a potential function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a potential function that
+changed outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed outgoing edges
+in a symmetrically opposite way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a symmetrically opposite way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a symmetrically opposite way as
+incoming edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges
+then that preserves shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then realizing that the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then realizing that the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then realizing that the triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enforces this condition that edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces this condition that edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces this condition that edge
+weights will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights will be
+positive or non-negative under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+re-weighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-weighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-weighting
+so we find shortest path distances from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find shortest path distances from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find shortest path distances from
+some other arbitrary vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other arbitrary vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other arbitrary vertex
+and set our potential functions to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set our potential functions to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set our potential functions to be
+those shortest path distance weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shortest path distance weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shortest path distance weights
+we do the re-weighting because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the re-weighting because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the re-weighting because that
+re-weighting preserves shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-weighting preserves shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-weighting preserves shortest paths
+which we already argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we already argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we already argued
+right then we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we can do
+then then this has positive edge weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then this has positive edge weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then this has positive edge weight
+so dijkstra applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dijkstra applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dijkstra applies
+and then computing this takes a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then computing this takes a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then computing this takes a small
+amount of time okay what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time okay what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time okay what is the
+running time of this algorithm so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this algorithm so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this algorithm so this
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+reconstructing this thing this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing this thing this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing this thing this takes
+linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time
+right i'm just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just making a new graph of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just making a new graph of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just making a new graph of the same
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+except i added v edges and one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except i added v edges and one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except i added v edges and one vertex
+okay computing doing bellman ford on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay computing doing bellman ford on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay computing doing bellman ford on
+this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+modified graph that's just i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified graph that's just i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified graph that's just i'm doing
+that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once
+that takes v times e time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing this check that that just take i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this check that that just take i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this check that that just take i'm
+looping over from my vertices that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping over from my vertices that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping over from my vertices that just
+takes v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes v
+time otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing this re-weighting i change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this re-weighting i change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this re-weighting i change the
+weight of every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of every edge
+so that takes order e time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then solving g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solving g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solving g prime
+solving all pair shortest paths on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving all pair shortest paths on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving all pair shortest paths on the
+modified edge weight graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified edge weight graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified edge weight graph
+with dijkstra takes v times dijkstra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dijkstra takes v times dijkstra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dijkstra takes v times dijkstra
+right that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use a little bit more board space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a little bit more board space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a little bit more board space here
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+v times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times
+v log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v log
+v plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time right which is actually the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right which is actually the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right which is actually the running
+time that we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we're looking for
+right i wanted to reduce to not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i wanted to reduce to not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i wanted to reduce to not using
+more than this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this time
+we used this amount of time let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used this amount of time let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used this amount of time let's make
+sure we still didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we still didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we still didn't use
+even more after that we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more after that we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more after that we compute
+these paths as proved before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths as proved before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths as proved before in
+v times v plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times v plus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times v plus e
+which is smaller than that right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller than that right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller than that right and so
+summing up all of these running times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up all of these running times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up all of these running times
+this one dominates and so johnson's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one dominates and so johnson's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one dominates and so johnson's can
+solve signed weighted all pairs shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve signed weighted all pairs shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve signed weighted all pairs shortest
+paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths
+signed all pair shortest paths not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed all pair shortest paths not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed all pair shortest paths not in
+v times bellman ford like we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times bellman ford like we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times bellman ford like we had before
+up here but faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here but faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here but faster
+in nearly linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nearly linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nearly linear
+for sparse graphs just without this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sparse graphs just without this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sparse graphs just without this
+log factor so we got a quite a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log factor so we got a quite a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log factor so we got a quite a big
+improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement
+right so that's the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the nice thing about
+all pair shortest paths is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pair shortest paths is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pair shortest paths is that
+really we don't have to incur this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we don't have to incur this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we don't have to incur this this
+big cost uh in the context of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cost uh in the context of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cost uh in the context of negative
+weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights
+essentially we just run bellman ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we just run bellman ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we just run bellman ford
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+to see if there is a negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there is a negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there is a negative weight
+cycle in my graph if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in my graph if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in my graph if it is
+i save a lot of work by stopping early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i save a lot of work by stopping early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i save a lot of work by stopping early
+okay so that's johnson's that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's johnson's that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's johnson's that's the end
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+graphs lectures we'll be having a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs lectures we'll be having a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs lectures we'll be having a review
+and problem session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problem session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problem session
+about how to solve problems graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to solve problems graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to solve problems graph
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+using this material but we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this material but we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this material but we've we've
+talked about a lot of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a lot of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a lot of different things
+so far we've talked about graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've talked about graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've talked about graph
+reachability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability
+connected components detecting cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components detecting cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components detecting cycles
+detecting topological sore orders of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting topological sore orders of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting topological sore orders of a
+dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag
+we've talked about finding negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about finding negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about finding negative
+weight cycles single source shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycles single source shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycles single source shortest
+path algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path algorithms
+and now finally today all pair shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now finally today all pair shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now finally today all pair shortest
+path algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path algorithms
+with a new algorithm that's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new algorithm that's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new algorithm that's really not
+a an entirely new algorithm right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an entirely new algorithm right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an entirely new algorithm right we
+didn't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do
+any proof by induction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any proof by induction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any proof by induction here
+really the heavy work that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the heavy work that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the heavy work that's happening
+is we're reducing to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're reducing to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're reducing to using
+either dykstra or bellman ford to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either dykstra or bellman ford to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either dykstra or bellman ford to do the
+heavy lifting of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy lifting of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy lifting of finding
+single shorts shortest paths efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single shorts shortest paths efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single shorts shortest paths efficiently
+right so johnson's is really just glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so johnson's is really just glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so johnson's is really just glue
+to uh transform a graph in a clever way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh transform a graph in a clever way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh transform a graph in a clever way
+and then reducing to using some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reducing to using some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reducing to using some of these
+shortest paths algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths algorithms
+faster okay so that's our unit on graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so that's our unit on graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay so that's our unit on graphs
+our next lecture will start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next lecture will start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next lecture will start talking
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a
+general form of not presenting you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form of not presenting you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form of not presenting you with
+an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm
+but how to design your own algorithm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to design your own algorithm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to design your own algorithm in
+the context of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of dynamic
+programming okay so see you next lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ErZpH8eUB1Q.txt b/ErZpH8eUB1Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a96e065995b169a891768ad1ea316d7f23289d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ErZpH8eUB1Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's still the question is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still the question is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still the question is we've
+we've got an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an upper bound
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but uh we need to know the value to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we need to know the value to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we need to know the value to its
+cost so it's expected value information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so it's expected value information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so it's expected value information
+from a test sufficiently greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a test sufficiently greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a test sufficiently greater than
+its cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+so we've we've organized it we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've we've organized it we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've we've organized it we've done
+this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+is it worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worthwhile
+so it's clearly if the cost of the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's clearly if the cost of the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's clearly if the cost of the test
+is greater than the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the expected value
+perfect information you can reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect information you can reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect information you can reject the
+test so that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so that's a good thing
+the pragmatic rule of thumb that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pragmatic rule of thumb that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pragmatic rule of thumb that i've
+seen by comparing some calculations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by comparing some calculations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by comparing some calculations with
+the results is that if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results is that if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results is that if it's
+if the cost is greater than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cost is greater than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cost is greater than 50
+of the expected value perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value perfect
+information it's not worthwhile either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's not worthwhile either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it's not worthwhile either
+can i document this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i document this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i document this
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+uh this is sort of my take on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is sort of my take on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is sort of my take on it
+but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+not improbable and so far as a real test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not improbable and so far as a real test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not improbable and so far as a real test
+are not close to perfect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not close to perfect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not close to perfect um
+that that we know that so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we know that so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we know that so that we can
+then think about all right um we maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about all right um we maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about all right um we maybe
+we ought to reject it anyway so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to reject it anyway so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to reject it anyway so we
+create if you want a sort of area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create if you want a sort of area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create if you want a sort of area where
+at least it's plausible now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's plausible now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's plausible now
+if you're in that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in that range
+and it's a big decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big decision
+so if i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i was
+consulting to use for example robert i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting to use for example robert i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting to use for example robert i
+might say well look calculate this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well look calculate this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well look calculate this it's
+really easy to do see if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to do see if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to do see if you're in a
+plausible range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible range
+if you're in a plausible range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a plausible range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a plausible range
+then it might be worthwhile to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might be worthwhile to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might be worthwhile to go
+through a more detailed analysis to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a more detailed analysis to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a more detailed analysis to see
+uh if it's worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's worthwhile
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+otherwise don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise don't bother
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i think that you create a plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that you create a plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that you create a plausible
+range now you might say well that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range now you might say well that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range now you might say well that's too
+tough maybe it should be less than 75 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough maybe it should be less than 75 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough maybe it should be less than 75 or
+maybe it's not tough enough but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not tough enough but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not tough enough but the
+point is you can use this device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you can use this device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you can use this device
+to show whether the proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show whether the proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show whether the proposal
+passes what some people call the giggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes what some people call the giggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes what some people call the giggle
+test is it in the right range or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is it in the right range or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is it in the right range or it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+too far out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far out
+too close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to
+it'd be too close to being perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be too close to being perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be too close to being perfect
+information to be credible or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to be credible or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to be credible or it's
+beyond perfect information so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond perfect information so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond perfect information so you
+establish a range of possibilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a range of possibilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a range of possibilities for
+which you have discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have discussion
+and you could then augment that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could then augment that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could then augment that with
+more detail but at this moment it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but at this moment it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but at this moment it gives
+you a quick and dirty but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick and dirty but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick and dirty but
+uh way of assessing whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way of assessing whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way of assessing whether or not you
+should even consider the the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even consider the the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even consider the the argument
+defined as the ballpark you can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the ballpark you can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the ballpark you can be in
+and the area we can be in and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the area we can be in and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the area we can be in and um
+go with that that's that's what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with that that's that's what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with that that's that's what i'm
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now
+zoom out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out of this
+and think about the whole approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about the whole approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about the whole approach
+so that the decision to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the decision to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the decision to um
+collect information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect information
+is basically a decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a decision to
+implies a decision to assert flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a decision to assert flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a decision to assert flexibility
+into your development strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your development strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your development strategy
+in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words
+the moment you say hmm we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you say hmm we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you say hmm we don't really
+know the these we've recognized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the these we've recognized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the these we've recognized this
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+but we don't have to live with them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have to live with them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have to live with them we
+should explore them a bit figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should explore them a bit figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should explore them a bit figure out
+what might be happening here should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be happening here should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be happening here should we
+have this test or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this test or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this test or not
+and the rationale for that is well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rationale for that is well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rationale for that is well if we
+find out things are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out things are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out things are going to be
+different than we imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than we imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than we imagined
+well we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should
+change our results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our results so
+the value of the information is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the information is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the information is a way of
+valuing the flexibility that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing the flexibility that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing the flexibility that that you
+might come up with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come up with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come up with so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+practical lesson in way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical lesson in way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical lesson in way is
+we need to recognize uncertainty that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to recognize uncertainty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to recognize uncertainty that
+was the first message of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first message of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first message of this course
+because the uncertainty shows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uncertainty shows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uncertainty shows that the
+value of a project is different than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a project is different than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a project is different than it
+would be under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be under the
+deterministic fairy tale analysis so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic fairy tale analysis so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic fairy tale analysis so you
+should recognize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should recognize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should recognize it
+you should recognize it because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should recognize it because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should recognize it because it will
+give you some other possibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some other possibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some other possibilities and
+that the better design might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the better design might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the better design might be
+different from not just less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from not just less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from not just less or
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+the calculations with the deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations with the deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations with the deterministic
+numbers but might be a different result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but might be a different result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but might be a different result
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+but you should then go further to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should then go further to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should then go further to say
+well having recognized the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well having recognized the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well having recognized the uncertainty
+in general let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general let's
+think about some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some ways
+build into our design and management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build into our design and management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build into our design and management
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+some way of gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of gathering
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+they can be expensive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be expensive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be expensive or
+or not so expensive or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so expensive or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so expensive or whatever
+to see what we should do and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what we should do and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what we should do and how we
+should do it so and use that as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it so and use that as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it so and use that as part of
+your strategy to have a flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your strategy to have a flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your strategy to have a flexible
+strategy to respond to the situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to respond to the situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to respond to the situations
+that they develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the overall takeaway now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall takeaway now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall takeaway now
+is that the information can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the information can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the information can increase the
+value significantly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value significantly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value significantly of
+a of a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a project
+and you need to estimate the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to estimate the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to estimate the expected
+values information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values information
+in terms of the expected improved value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the expected improved value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the expected improved value
+of your optimal strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expected value of performation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of performation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of performation is a
+way to establish an upper bound on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to establish an upper bound on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to establish an upper bound on this
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+attractive because it's really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive because it's really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive because it's really very
+simple to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to do
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um it puts it tells you whether in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it puts it tells you whether in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it puts it tells you whether in the
+or you're in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in the right
+area the right ballpark whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the right ballpark whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the right ballpark whether it
+passes the giggle test other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes the giggle test other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes the giggle test other kinds of
+uh shorthand ways to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shorthand ways to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shorthand ways to describe it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+part of the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the information
+collection is one way to begin to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is one way to begin to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is one way to begin to insert
+the flexibility in a system design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility in a system design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility in a system design and
+development process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process
+so that's the main takeaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F8u6CDGr5wY.txt b/F8u6CDGr5wY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ac2f91da05ba1f838236662b6a487e1a06d0123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F8u6CDGr5wY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+afternoon I think these clocks may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon I think these clocks may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon I think these clocks may be a
+little bit fast but we'll get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway all right so last week we moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right so last week we moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right so last week we moved
+the transition from thermodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition from thermodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition from thermodynamics and
+talking about Delta G's and Delta H in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta G's and Delta H in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta G's and Delta H in
+chemical equilibrium start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium start talking about
+K's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's
+and we talked about later's principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about later's principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about later's principle
+applying a stress to the system that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a stress to the system that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a stress to the system that the
+system will respond in such a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will respond in such a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will respond in such a way to
+minimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that
+stress so today we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so today we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so today we're going to start
+talking about acids and bases and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about acids and bases and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about acids and bases and this
+is acidbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acidbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acidbase
+equilibrium so we are continuing to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so we are continuing to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so we are continuing to talk
+about chemical equilibrium but chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemical equilibrium but chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemical equilibrium but chemical
+equilibrium as applied to acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as applied to acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as applied to acids and
+bases and acid base equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and acid base equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and acid base equilibrium
+is of particular importance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of particular importance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of particular importance in
+biological systems because the pH at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems because the pH at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems because the pH at
+which a reaction occurs is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a reaction occurs is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a reaction occurs is very
+important in the body if the pH is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the body if the pH is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the body if the pH is not
+maintained there are serious problems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained there are serious problems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained there are serious problems a
+lot of enzymes use acidbase catalysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enzymes use acidbase catalysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enzymes use acidbase catalysis to
+catalyze their reactions so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze their reactions so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze their reactions so these are
+again fundamental principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fundamental principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fundamental principles of
+biological systems and a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems and a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems and a direct
+application of chemical equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of chemical equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of chemical equilibrium so
+today uh we'll continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh we'll continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh we'll continue with this
+and we'll also uh throughout this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also uh throughout this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also uh throughout this part
+go back and talk about how this relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and talk about how this relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and talk about how this relates
+to thermodynamics so there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thermodynamics so there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thermodynamics so there'll be a
+little review uh for the test on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little review uh for the test on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little review uh for the test on
+Wednesday uh somewhere in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday uh somewhere in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday uh somewhere in the middle of
+the lecture where we go back and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture where we go back and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture where we go back and we're
+talking about how this relates to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how this relates to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how this relates to Delta
+G's so are there any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's so are there any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's so are there any questions about the
+exam on Wednesday any technical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam on Wednesday any technical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam on Wednesday any technical things
+so that'll be in the same place as last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be in the same place as last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be in the same place as last
+time instructions for the exam should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instructions for the exam should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instructions for the exam should be
+posted on the web as well as extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web as well as extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web as well as extra
+problems and all the Tas have special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and all the Tas have special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and all the Tas have special
+office hours uh many of the Tas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours uh many of the Tas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours uh many of the Tas are
+handing back problem sets so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing back problem sets so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing back problem sets so you might
+want to check with your ta before you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check with your ta before you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check with your ta before you uh
+leave class today to see if your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave class today to see if your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave class today to see if your problem
+Set uh is available to help you review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh is available to help you review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh is available to help you review
+and of course there'll be uh recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there'll be uh recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there'll be uh recitation
+tomorrow which we'll talk more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow which we'll talk more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow which we'll talk more about the
+exam on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday all right so let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday all right so let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday all right so let's get started
+with acidbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with acidbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with acidbase
+equilibrium and this is in chapter 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and this is in chapter 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and this is in chapter 10 of
+your book book and uh there's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book book and uh there's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book book and uh there's a number
+of topics that we hope to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topics that we hope to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topics that we hope to get through
+today so this is sort of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this is sort of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this is sort of all the
+introductory material to acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory material to acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory material to acids and bases
+and it'll be the the buildup for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be the the buildup for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be the the buildup for what
+you need for the next uh couple lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for the next uh couple lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for the next uh couple lectures
+we have few uh three lectures on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic so when we start sort of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so when we start sort of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so when we start sort of a new
+unit the first thing we look at are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit the first thing we look at are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit the first thing we look at are
+definitions and there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and there's several
+different definitions of acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions of acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions of acids and bases
+some are more narrow to the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are more narrow to the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are more narrow to the ones that
+are really quite broad so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite broad so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite broad so we're going to
+start with the most narrow definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the most narrow definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the most narrow definition
+and build our way up to the uh broadest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build our way up to the uh broadest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build our way up to the uh broadest
+definition so uh in the most narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so uh in the most narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so uh in the most narrow
+definition just considers an acid as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition just considers an acid as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition just considers an acid as any
+substance that when dissolved in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that when dissolved in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that when dissolved in water
+increases the concentration of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the concentration of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the concentration of hydrogen
+ions or um also known as protons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions or um also known as protons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions or um also known as protons in
+solution and a base is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and a base is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and a base is something that
+would increase the amount of hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase the amount of hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase the amount of hydroxide
+ion concentration when that base is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration when that base is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration when that base is put
+in water so that's the narrowest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition we can go on and then uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we can go on and then uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we can go on and then uh with
+the Bron Lowry acid and base and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bron Lowry acid and base and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bron Lowry acid and base and this is
+what mostly we'll be using in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mostly we'll be using in this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mostly we'll be using in this part
+of the course where an acid is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course where an acid is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course where an acid is defined
+as something that donates a hydrogen ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that donates a hydrogen ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that donates a hydrogen ion
+or a proton and a base is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a proton and a base is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a proton and a base is something that
+can accept that hydrogen ion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proton all right so let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so let's take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's take something
+ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Co in aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution put it in liquid water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there will be an equilibrium that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be an equilibrium that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be an equilibrium that's
+form arrows back and forth that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form arrows back and forth that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form arrows back and forth that'll
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h3o+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o+ and
+ch3 Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus now according to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now according to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now according to this uh
+definition here the acid is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here the acid is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here the acid is the
+substance that is donating the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is donating the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is donating the hydrogen
+ion or proton so in this case this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or proton so in this case this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or proton so in this case this would
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+acid it's donating this proton or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid it's donating this proton or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid it's donating this proton or
+hydrogen atom ion to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom ion to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom ion to a
+base and this is the base the base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and this is the base the base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and this is the base the base is
+doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the
+accepting and when this base accepts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting and when this base accepts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting and when this base accepts the
+hydrogen ion it forms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion it forms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion it forms this
+which is its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is its conjugate
+acid and the original acid when it loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and the original acid when it loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and the original acid when it loses
+the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+ion forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion forms a
+base over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base over
+here and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then are what is known as conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then are what is known as conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then are what is known as conjugate acid
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs conjugate acid
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs so note that here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so note that here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so note that here instead of
+forming H+ we're forming hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming H+ we're forming hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming H+ we're forming hydronium
+ion because that's more accurate as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion because that's more accurate as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion because that's more accurate as to
+what's actually happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+so hydronium ion all right so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydronium ion all right so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydronium ion all right so let's look
+at a little uh movie that shows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a little uh movie that shows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a little uh movie that shows this
+happening where the hydrogen ion or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening where the hydrogen ion or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening where the hydrogen ion or the
+proton is given up by the acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is given up by the acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is given up by the acid and
+accepted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base so this uh starts out this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so this uh starts out this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so this uh starts out this little
+movie these are just water molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie these are just water molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie these are just water molecules in
+red is oxygen and the hydrogens are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is oxygen and the hydrogens are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is oxygen and the hydrogens are in
+White and the acid's going to come in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White and the acid's going to come in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White and the acid's going to come in in
+green and it has has hydrogen ions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and it has has hydrogen ions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and it has has hydrogen ions or
+protons on it here it's reacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons on it here it's reacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons on it here it's reacting with
+the water and now you formed hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and now you formed hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and now you formed hydronium
+ion and now one water reacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and now one water reacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and now one water reacted with
+another and you have a hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you have a hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and you have a hydronium ion
+there so once you've uh once one water's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so once you've uh once one water's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so once you've uh once one water's
+accepted it it can pass it along so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted it it can pass it along so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted it it can pass it along so
+let's just look at that one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at that one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at that one more
+time and you can see the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can see the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can see the interaction of
+that acid so here water is acting as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acid so here water is acting as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acid so here water is acting as the
+base it's accepting uh that hydrogen ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base it's accepting uh that hydrogen ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base it's accepting uh that hydrogen ion
+and it's now forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydronium all right so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium all right so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium all right so this means that
+you have to have these conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have these conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have these conjugate acid
+based pairs when when an acid donates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based pairs when when an acid donates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based pairs when when an acid donates
+its proton it's going to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its proton it's going to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its proton it's going to form a
+conjugate base when a base accepts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base when a base accepts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base when a base accepts a
+proton it's going to form a conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's going to form a conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's going to form a conjugate
+acid so the conjugate base of an acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so the conjugate base of an acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so the conjugate base of an acid is
+a base that's formed when the acid has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base that's formed when the acid has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base that's formed when the acid has
+donated its hydrogen ion the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donated its hydrogen ion the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donated its hydrogen ion the conjugate
+acid of a base base is the acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid of a base base is the acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid of a base base is the acid that
+forms after the base accepts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms after the base accepts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms after the base accepts the
+hydrogen ion so these then as indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion so these then as indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion so these then as indicated
+on the board you have a conjugate pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board you have a conjugate pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board you have a conjugate pair
+here the acid and its conjugate base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the acid and its conjugate base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the acid and its conjugate base and
+here we have the base and its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the base and its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the base and its conjugate
+acid another conjugate acid base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair now let's look at two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples and consider in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and consider in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and consider in these
+reactions which are the conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions which are the conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions which are the conjugate acid
+base pairs what's acting as the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs what's acting as the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs what's acting as the acid
+what's acting as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base so here we have a reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so here we have a reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so here we have a reaction of
+something with water and it's forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with water and it's forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with water and it's forming
+hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium
+ions and CO3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and CO3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and CO3
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 all right so is this acting as an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right so is this acting as an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right so is this acting as an acid
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+base it's acting as an acid so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base it's acting as an acid so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base it's acting as an acid so it's
+giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving
+up a hydrogen ion or proton to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a hydrogen ion or proton to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a hydrogen ion or proton to the water
+which is acting as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is acting as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is acting as the
+base and when it gives when it gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and when it gives when it gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and when it gives when it gives a
+proton to this it forms the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to this it forms the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to this it forms the conjugate
+acid so this is like the example we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so this is like the example we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so this is like the example we saw
+before and what's left when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what's left when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what's left when you take the
+uh proton or hydrogen ion off of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proton or hydrogen ion off of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proton or hydrogen ion off of this
+acid is the conjugate base over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now let's consider another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example now if we take the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now if we take the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now if we take the same two
+things but write different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if this equation was presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this equation was presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this equation was presented to
+you and you look at the products formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you look at the products formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you look at the products formed
+on the other side and you're asked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and you're asked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and you're asked is
+this acting now as an acid or a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acting now as an acid or a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acting now as an acid or a base
+what would the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the answer
+be it's now it's acting as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base so it's accepting hydrogen ion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so it's accepting hydrogen ion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so it's accepting hydrogen ion from
+this water which is acting as an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this water which is acting as an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this water which is acting as an acid
+and when it acts as an acid and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it acts as an acid and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it acts as an acid and it gives
+up a hydrogen ion or proton it forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a hydrogen ion or proton it forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a hydrogen ion or proton it forms
+this conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conjugate
+base and when this molecule accepts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and when this molecule accepts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and when this molecule accepts an
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+hydrogen then it forms this conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it forms this conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it forms this conjugate
+acid over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid over
+here so you see that water can act as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you see that water can act as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you see that water can act as an
+acid or a base and it'll do this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or a base and it'll do this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or a base and it'll do this uh in
+in a number of occasions and that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of occasions and that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of occasions and that has a
+a special name when that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special name when that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special name when that's
+possible so you have to look at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so you have to look at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so you have to look at each
+equation to see what's going on always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to see what's going on always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to see what's going on always
+ask the question what's donating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question what's donating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question what's donating the
+hydrogen ion or what's accepting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or what's accepting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or what's accepting which
+will tell you whether it's acting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you whether it's acting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you whether it's acting in
+that particular example as an acid or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular example as an acid or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular example as an acid or a
+base several things can act as both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base several things can act as both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base several things can act as both and
+so um you're aeric it can molecule can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you're aeric it can molecule can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you're aeric it can molecule can
+function as e an acid or base depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as e an acid or base depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as e an acid or base depending
+on on the conditions and water is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the conditions and water is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the conditions and water is is a
+good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so finally let's look at our third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so finally let's look at our third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so finally let's look at our third
+example which we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which we're actually going to
+not talk about too much in this unit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk about too much in this unit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk about too much in this unit but
+come back to later in the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to later in the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to later in the course but
+just so you have all the definitions up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you have all the definitions up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you have all the definitions up
+front and after we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and after we go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and after we go through this
+definition we're going to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we're going to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we're going to go back and
+talk more about water water is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about water water is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about water water is very
+important in these acid base uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in these acid base uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in these acid base uh uh
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+so the final definition is uh the ls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final definition is uh the ls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final definition is uh the ls
+acid and base and here it's more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and base and here it's more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and base and here it's more General
+because it's not even considering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not even considering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not even considering a
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ion so here a base is Def defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion so here a base is Def defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion so here a base is Def defined as a
+species that can donate lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that can donate lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that can donate lone pair
+electrons and in AES as a species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in AES as a species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in AES as a species that
+accepts those electrons so here could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts those electrons so here could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts those electrons so here could be
+an example of things acting as acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of things acting as acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of things acting as acids and
+Lewis acids and Lewis BAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here this base is a species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here this base is a species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here this base is a species that
+could donate lone pair electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could donate lone pair electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could donate lone pair electrons and
+over here you have something that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you have something that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you have something that could
+accept those lone pair electrons so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept those lone pair electrons so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept those lone pair electrons so this
+is the most broad definition because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most broad definition because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most broad definition because it
+doesn't even include a hydrogen ion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even include a hydrogen ion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even include a hydrogen ion so
+we're going to come back to this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this later
+and we talk about U mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about U mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about U mechanisms of
+catalyzing reactions uh catalysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzing reactions uh catalysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzing reactions uh catalysts
+because some Catalyst acts as leis acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some Catalyst acts as leis acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some Catalyst acts as leis acids
+so we come back to this later but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come back to this later but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come back to this later but just
+so you know all of the the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know all of the the the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know all of the the the various
+different definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different definitions
+now all right so now we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right so now we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right so now we're going to go
+back to the sort of more uh bronstad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the sort of more uh bronstad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the sort of more uh bronstad
+Lowry definitions when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lowry definitions when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lowry definitions when we talk about
+what is donating protons or hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is donating protons or hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is donating protons or hydrogen
+ions and what's accepting so we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and what's accepting so we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and what's accepting so we saw that
+water has some fairly unique properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water has some fairly unique properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water has some fairly unique properties
+and so if water can act as an acid or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if water can act as an acid or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if water can act as an acid or a
+base water seems like it could react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base water seems like it could react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base water seems like it could react
+with water and do a reaction this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water and do a reaction this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water and do a reaction this up
+here so if you had water acting as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you had water acting as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you had water acting as an
+acid and water acting as a base you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and water acting as a base you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and water acting as a base you
+could be forming a conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be forming a conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be forming a conjugate acid
+hydronium ion and also the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion and also the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion and also the conjugate
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+hydroxide so this raises the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide so this raises the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide so this raises the question
+then if you have a glass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have a glass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have a glass of
+water how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water how much
+H2O are you going to have in that glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O are you going to have in that glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O are you going to have in that glass
+of water and how much H hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water and how much H hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water and how much H hydronium ion
+and how much hydroxide ion would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much hydroxide ion would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much hydroxide ion would be in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+water so we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that how much water is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much water is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much water is in
+water okay so here's our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay so here's our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay so here's our equation
+again and what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and what we're really
+asking is what is K so for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is what is K so for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is what is K so for at
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+conditions we want to know how do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we want to know how do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we want to know how do the
+ratios ratio of products compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios ratio of products compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios ratio of products compare to
+reactants so how much of these ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so how much of these ionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so how much of these ionized
+species do you have how much product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species do you have how much product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species do you have how much product
+over the liquid water that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the liquid water that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the liquid water that's
+K so how do we figure this out how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so how do we figure this out how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so how do we figure this out how do we
+find how do we find k for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find how do we find k for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find how do we find k for this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+reaction well here are some of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction well here are some of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction well here are some of our our
+uh old familiar ways of relating terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh old familiar ways of relating terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh old familiar ways of relating terms
+involving K so we have Delta G KN =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving K so we have Delta G KN =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving K so we have Delta G KN =
+minus RT * the natural log of K so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RT * the natural log of K so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RT * the natural log of K so if we
+know Delta G KN then we can find K at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Delta G KN then we can find K at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Delta G KN then we can find K at a
+particular temperature knowing the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular temperature knowing the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular temperature knowing the gas
+constant so we can uh rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so we can uh rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so we can uh rearrange this
+expression here to uh solve for K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here to uh solve for K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here to uh solve for K in
+terms of Delta G KN and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Delta G KN and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Delta G KN and we're going to
+do this at room temperature and just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this at room temperature and just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this at room temperature and just a
+reminder that's gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so first we need Delta G KN so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so first we need Delta G KN so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so first we need Delta G KN so
+there's a couple of different ways one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of different ways one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of different ways one
+can calculate Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate Delta G
+KN and uh you might want to just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and uh you might want to just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and uh you might want to just sort of
+think in your head for a minute what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in your head for a minute what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in your head for a minute what are
+those ways because that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ways because that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ways because that's an important
+useful thing to know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday so this is one of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so this is one of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so this is one of the possible
+ways if you know something about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if you know something about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if you know something about about
+the Delta G not of formation of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta G not of formation of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta G not of formation of products
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+reactants what is the other equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants what is the other equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants what is the other equation
+that you might use to find Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G yeah I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G yeah I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G yeah I heard
+it so this one that one should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this one that one should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this one that one should look
+familiar to you as well uh this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you as well uh this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you as well uh this will be
+on on Wednesday's or this is material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on Wednesday's or this is material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on Wednesday's or this is material on
+Wednesday's exam I haven't seen the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's exam I haven't seen the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's exam I haven't seen the exam
+but that's certainly something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's certainly something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's certainly something you
+should should look familiar to you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should look familiar to you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should look familiar to you for
+for that exam and it also shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that exam and it also shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that exam and it also shows the
+connection between the material that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the material that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the material that was
+covered on exam 2 and the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on exam 2 and the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on exam 2 and the material that
+we're doing now so everything that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now so everything that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now so everything that that
+you're learning for exam two will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning for exam two will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning for exam two will be uh
+useful in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the
+future all right so let's just calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future all right so let's just calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future all right so let's just calculate
+this one way so um and I've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one way so um and I've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one way so um and I've done the
+math out here for you so if we look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math out here for you so if we look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math out here for you so if we look up
+all of these values and we plug them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values and we plug them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values and we plug them in
+we find that this Delta G KN is Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that this Delta G KN is Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that this Delta G KN is Plus
+79.89 kles per mole so it's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+79.89 kles per mole so it's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+79.89 kles per mole so it's a fairly
+large positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large positive
+number so if we have a fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if we have a fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if we have a fairly large
+positive number for Delta G KN what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number for Delta G KN what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number for Delta G KN what do
+we predict about the size of K is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict about the size of K is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict about the size of K is it
+going to be a big number or a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a big number or a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a big number or a small
+number it'll be a small number and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it'll be a small number and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it'll be a small number and so
+you could actually calculate that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually calculate that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually calculate that from
+the this equation or just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this equation or just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this equation or just sort of
+remember the relationship if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the relationship if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the relationship if you're just
+asked qualitatively if it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked qualitatively if it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked qualitatively if it should be
+large or small but we can actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or small but we can actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or small but we can actually go
+through and calculate what K would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and calculate what K would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and calculate what K would be at
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+temperature and the answer is 1.0 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the answer is 1.0 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the answer is 1.0 * 10
+to theus1 14th at room temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theus1 14th at room temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theus1 14th at room temperature and
+this number um you'll see a lot in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number um you'll see a lot in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number um you'll see a lot in uh
+the next for for quite a quite a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next for for quite a quite a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next for for quite a quite a while
+the next problem set in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem set in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem set in many many
+lectures that'll become a familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that'll become a familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that'll become a familiar
+number to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to you
+all right so that means this is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that means this is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that means this is a fairly
+small number so that means that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number so that means that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number so that means that most of
+the water is actually H2O a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is actually H2O a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is actually H2O a very small
+percentage of water is ionized at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of water is ionized at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of water is ionized at room
+temperature so there isn't that much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so there isn't that much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so there isn't that much in
+terms of hydronium ion or hydroxide ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of hydronium ion or hydroxide ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of hydronium ion or hydroxide ions
+in your water a small percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your water a small percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your water a small percentage of the
+water molecules are ionized or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules are ionized or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules are ionized or in this
+uh charged form so not much of this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh charged form so not much of this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh charged form so not much of this at
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this lots of water in a glass of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lots of water in a glass of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lots of water in a glass of water
+one hopes all right so this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hopes all right so this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hopes all right so this equilibrium
+constant has a special name which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has a special name which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has a special name which is uh
+why it's going to become very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's going to become very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's going to become very familiar
+to you as as the lectures go on and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you as as the lectures go on and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you as as the lectures go on and this
+name is KW W for water so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is KW W for water so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is KW W for water so the
+equilibrium constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for
+water and pretty much all of the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and pretty much all of the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and pretty much all of the acid
+base uh things that we will be doing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh things that we will be doing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh things that we will be doing are
+at room temperature to make your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature to make your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature to make your life
+easier so that's why it'll become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so that's why it'll become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so that's why it'll become
+particularly familiar all right so KW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly familiar all right so KW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly familiar all right so KW
+can be expressed in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed in terms of the
+concentration of hydronium ions times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydronium ions times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydronium ions times
+hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide
+ions and I just wanted to uh make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and I just wanted to uh make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and I just wanted to uh make a
+point I think you've we've talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think you've we've talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think you've we've talked a
+little about this before perhaps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about this before perhaps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about this before perhaps but
+here we're not including this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're not including this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're not including this bottom
+term so we don't have the water down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we don't have the water down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we don't have the water down
+here KW is just equal to these two not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here KW is just equal to these two not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here KW is just equal to these two not
+over the uh the two water molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the uh the two water molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the uh the two water molecules in
+liquid and that's because if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and that's because if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and that's because if you have a
+material that's nearly pure you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's nearly pure you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's nearly pure you don't
+include it in your equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it in your equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it in your equilibrium
+Expressions so if it's something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so if it's something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so if it's something in
+solvent the concentration in water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent the concentration in water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent the concentration in water is
+the solvent is just not changing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent is just not changing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent is just not changing very
+much under these conditions so we it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much under these conditions so we it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much under these conditions so we it
+gets left out so this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets left out so this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets left out so this is something that
+that you'll see uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times all right so KW is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all right so KW is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all right so KW is the equilibrium
+constant and it's the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it's the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it's the product of
+hydronium ion times hydroxide ion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion times hydroxide ion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion times hydroxide ion and
+it's always going to be 1.0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be 1.0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be 1.0 *
+10-14 at a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so
+um now we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're going to look
+at definitions of pH and P and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at definitions of pH and P and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at definitions of pH and P and come back
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+KW I think I'll do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+pH pH equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH pH equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH pH equals minus
+log of the hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the hydronium ion
+concentration and p o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and p o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and p o
+P equals minus log of the hydroxide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals minus log of the hydroxide ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals minus log of the hydroxide ion
+concentration we just saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration we just saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration we just saw that
+KW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW
+equals the hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the hydronium ion
+concentration times the hydroxide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times the hydroxide ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times the hydroxide ion
+concentration so now if we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so now if we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so now if we take this
+expression and we put logs on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we put logs on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and we put logs on both sides
+and minus signs on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus signs on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus signs on both sides
+we can come up with that minus log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come up with that minus log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come up with that minus log of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+KW minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW minus
+log of hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of hydronium ion
+concentration minus log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration minus log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration minus log of
+hydroxide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide ion
+concentration and find that P KW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and find that P KW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and find that P KW
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH
+plus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's going to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+14. at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14. at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14. at room
+temperature so you see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you see that there's a
+relationship between pkw pH and P that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between pkw pH and P that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between pkw pH and P that's
+derived from this equation from KW being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from this equation from KW being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from this equation from KW being
+equal to the hydroxide times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the hydroxide times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the hydroxide times the
+hydronium ion concentrations and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion concentrations and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion concentrations and these
+are all useful things to remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all useful things to remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all useful things to remember in
+doing the problems because if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the problems because if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the problems because if you're if
+you're given a PO and ask for a p pH at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a PO and ask for a p pH at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a PO and ask for a p pH at
+room temperature you can use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature you can use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature you can use those
+equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interconvert it also turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert it also turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert it also turns out to be
+important in terms of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of thinking about the
+strengths of acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bases so let's look at strengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases so let's look at strengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases so let's look at strengths of
+acids and bases and terms of pH the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases and terms of pH the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases and terms of pH the
+relationship between pH and acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between pH and acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between pH and acids and
+bases so the pH of pure water should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases so the pH of pure water should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases so the pH of pure water should be
+seven and that's neutral seven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and that's neutral seven is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and that's neutral seven is
+neutral pH an acid solution is anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pH an acid solution is anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pH an acid solution is anything
+less than pH of 7 a basic solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than pH of 7 a basic solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than pH of 7 a basic solution is
+anything greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything greater than
+seven and the EPA defines corrosive as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and the EPA defines corrosive as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and the EPA defines corrosive as
+substances that yield ph's lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that yield ph's lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that yield ph's lower than
+three or higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12.5 so here on uh the pH scale over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5 so here on uh the pH scale over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5 so here on uh the pH scale over
+here and on the other side it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and on the other side it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and on the other side it has
+hydronium ion concentrations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion concentrations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion concentrations we're
+neutral in uh the center here at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral in uh the center here at seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral in uh the center here at seven
+we're acidic anywhere below neutral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're acidic anywhere below neutral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're acidic anywhere below neutral and
+we're corrosive below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're corrosive below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're corrosive below
+three and uh we're basic above seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and uh we're basic above seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and uh we're basic above seven and
+we start to get corrosive above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12.5 so now we're just going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5 so now we're just going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5 so now we're just going to look at
+the pH of a couple of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH of a couple of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH of a couple of different things
+to give you a sense of where they fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of where they fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of where they fit in
+uh in terms of whether some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of whether some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of whether some of the
+things that you commonly use are acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you commonly use are acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you commonly use are acids
+or bases or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bases or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bases or
+corrosive so um what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive so um what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive so um what I'm going to do is
+ask for a couple of volunteers we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a couple of volunteers we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a couple of volunteers we have
+some pH paper uh this is not accurate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pH paper uh this is not accurate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pH paper uh this is not accurate to
+very many significant figures uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many significant figures uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many significant figures uh but you
+can dip it into the material and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can dip it into the material and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can dip it into the material and then
+look to see what PH it is by the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what PH it is by the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what PH it is by the color
+change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so
+um here we have some glass cleaner which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we have some glass cleaner which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we have some glass cleaner which
+is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ammonia and we also have some lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and we also have some lemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and we also have some lemon
+juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a volunteer here who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a volunteer here who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a volunteer here who wants to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+PH okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks we have
+soda Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda Dr
+Pepper and I'm not making Dr Pepper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepper and I'm not making Dr Pepper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepper and I'm not making Dr Pepper
+happens to be my favorite so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be my favorite so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be my favorite so I'm not
+trying to uh draw any bad conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh draw any bad conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh draw any bad conclusions
+for any particular soda product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone else want to measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pH all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I
+also got some tap water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT so uh we have to get the pH paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so uh we have to get the pH paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so uh we have to get the pH paper
+back see I trouble getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open lemon juice yeah MIT water we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open lemon juice yeah MIT water we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open lemon juice yeah MIT water we need
+the ammonia too do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia too do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia too do you have a
+measurement over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over
+here three and that was for the soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you want someone want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want someone want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want someone want to do the
+ammonia in there do you want to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia in there do you want to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia in there do you want to pass
+pass that down can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yes I read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here I can take this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I can take this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I can take this didn't
+realize what for MIT six for MIT water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we have for the ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a day 10 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a day 10 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a day 10 10 or
+11 10 or 11 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ammonia okay so this shows that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia okay so this shows that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia okay so this shows that it's
+safer to clean than it is to drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soda okay so that gives you some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda okay so that gives you some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda okay so that gives you some general
+sense um only lemon juice is really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um only lemon juice is really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um only lemon juice is really in
+the corrosive range although soda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrosive range although soda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrosive range although soda is
+kind of right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of right on the
+borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline
+um and so the MIT water is is uh not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the MIT water is is uh not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the MIT water is is uh not not
+totally neutral according to this now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally neutral according to this now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally neutral according to this now we
+don't have a lot of significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of significant figures
+in these measurements and actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these measurements and actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these measurements and actually a
+better way to measure PH they're these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to measure PH they're these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to measure PH they're these
+pH electrodes which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH electrodes which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH electrodes which we'll talk about
+later but actually measuring a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but actually measuring a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but actually measuring a lot of
+significant figures for pH doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures for pH doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures for pH doesn't work
+even when you have uh something better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you have uh something better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you have uh something better
+than the pH paper and so if on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the pH paper and so if on any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the pH paper and so if on any of
+your sets or tests you seem to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sets or tests you seem to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sets or tests you seem to have a
+lot of significant figures for pH it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of significant figures for pH it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of significant figures for pH it
+probably indicates that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably indicates that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably indicates that there's some
+problem there because that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there because that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there because that would
+actually be highly unlikely that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be highly unlikely that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be highly unlikely that it
+could be measured that well uh just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be measured that well uh just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be measured that well uh just so
+just a little uh tip for uh proof raing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little uh tip for uh proof raing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little uh tip for uh proof raing
+your problems so one reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problems so one reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problems so one reason why the
+water might not be neutral is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water might not be neutral is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water might not be neutral is that it
+may have some salt in it and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have some salt in it and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have some salt in it and so we're
+going to be talking about problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about problems of
+salt and water and depending on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt and water and depending on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt and water and depending on what the
+salt is it can give rise to a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt is it can give rise to a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt is it can give rise to a slightly
+acidic or slightly basic Bic uh pH of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic or slightly basic Bic uh pH of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic or slightly basic Bic uh pH of
+the water so we're going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so we're going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so we're going to be uh
+talking about that as uh as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that as uh as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that as uh as these
+lectures go on so this gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures go on so this gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures go on so this gives you a
+little bit of a sense of the strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a sense of the strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a sense of the strengths
+of particular materials in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particular materials in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particular materials in terms of of
+pH okay so let's do some definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH okay so let's do some definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH okay so let's do some definitions of
+acids and bases in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water all right so first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water all right so first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water all right so first we're going to
+look at an acid and water and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an acid and water and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an acid and water and we're
+going to be defining a new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defining a new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defining a new form of
+equilibrium constant and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant and then we're
+going to lead into talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead into talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead into talking about
+strengths of particular acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bases so here we have an acid in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation so we'll take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid and it's dissolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and it's dissolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and it's dissolved in
+water and an acid dissolved in water if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and an acid dissolved in water if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and an acid dissolved in water if
+it's an acid it's going to be giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an acid it's going to be giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an acid it's going to be giving up
+its hydrogen ion to the water so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its hydrogen ion to the water so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its hydrogen ion to the water so you're
+going to be forming hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be forming hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be forming hydronium
+ion and you're going to be forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and you're going to be forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and you're going to be forming a
+conjugate base of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid so now if you're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so now if you're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so now if you're going to talk
+about the equilibrium of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equilibrium of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the equilibrium of this reaction
+which is a way of getting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a way of getting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a way of getting at the
+strength of the particular acid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the particular acid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the particular acid that's
+in water we're going to be talking if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water we're going to be talking if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water we're going to be talking if
+you're talking about an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an equilibrium
+constant you're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you're talking about a
+k but here we're going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k but here we're going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k but here we're going to talk about a
+special kind of K which is a Ka which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of K which is a Ka which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of K which is a Ka which is
+often called the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the acid
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant which is just the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is just the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is just the equilibrium
+constant for an acid in water so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for an acid in water so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for an acid in water so we'll
+have a lot of Ka and as you'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of Ka and as you'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of Ka and as you'll see in a
+few minutes we're going to have some KBs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes we're going to have some KBs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes we're going to have some KBs
+as well for a a base reaction in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for a a base reaction in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for a a base reaction in water
+so Ka you're going to do it the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ka you're going to do it the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ka you're going to do it the same way
+you've done other equilibrium constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done other equilibrium constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done other equilibrium constants
+products over reaction reactants so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reaction reactants so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reaction reactants so we
+have hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hydronium
+ion the conjugate base which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants and here reactants we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and here reactants we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and here reactants we're not
+including the liquid water because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the liquid water because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the liquid water because
+that's the solvent and it's not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the solvent and it's not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the solvent and it's not changing
+very much it's concentration isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much it's concentration isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much it's concentration isn't
+changing much uh during this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing much uh during this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing much uh during this equilibrium
+so it gets left out of the expression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets left out of the expression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets left out of the expression so
+this is the complete expression then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete expression then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete expression then and
+we could look up the value of Ka or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look up the value of Ka or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look up the value of Ka or we
+could determine it if we were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could determine it if we were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could determine it if we were given
+concentrations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at
+equilibrium but a lot of these we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but a lot of these we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but a lot of these we can
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+up and so this value is 7.6 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so this value is 7.6 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so this value is 7.6 *
+10-5 at a at a room temperature which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-5 at a at a room temperature which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-5 at a at a room temperature which is
+pretty much where we're going to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much where we're going to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much where we're going to do all
+of these types of problems so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of problems so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of problems so this is a
+fairly small small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly small small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly small small
+Ka and so what that's going to mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and so what that's going to mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and so what that's going to mean is
+that this acid when put in water is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this acid when put in water is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this acid when put in water is not
+going to ionize very much it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ionize very much it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ionize very much it's not
+forming many of these products here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming many of these products here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming many of these products here so
+this is a this is a small number not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a small number not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a small number not a
+lot of products just a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionization not too much ionization when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization not too much ionization when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization not too much ionization when
+this acid is put in water so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acid is put in water so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acid is put in water so that's
+going to mean that it's a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean that it's a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean that it's a weak
+acid so weak acid is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so weak acid is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so weak acid is something that
+doesn't ionize very much when it's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ionize very much when it's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ionize very much when it's put
+in water a strong acid is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water a strong acid is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water a strong acid is something that
+ionizes quite a bit and so this acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes quite a bit and so this acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes quite a bit and so this acid and
+water is not going to make the pH all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is not going to make the pH all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is not going to make the pH all
+that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh sorry 1.76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah just copied that down wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just copied that down wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just copied that down wrong so
+it's still either one is pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still either one is pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still either one is pretty small
+because of the 10 the minus5 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the 10 the minus5 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the 10 the minus5 that's
+really the thing you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the thing you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the thing you're going to be
+you're going to be looking at is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be looking at is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be looking at is what's
+over here uh in terms of whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh in terms of whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh in terms of whether it's
+greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one
+or less greater than one or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less greater than one or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less greater than one or less than
+one so let's just give you that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's just give you that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's just give you that that
+definition right now so a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right now so a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right now so a strong
+acid is going to be something where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is going to be something where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is going to be something where the
+KA is larger than one and weak is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KA is larger than one and weak is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KA is larger than one and weak is going
+to be less than one and almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than one and almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than one and almost all the
+acids we talk about are going to be weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids we talk about are going to be weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids we talk about are going to be weak
+acids they're only a handful of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids they're only a handful of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids they're only a handful of strong
+acids and this is even more true with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and this is even more true with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and this is even more true with
+bases there's basically one strong base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases there's basically one strong base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases there's basically one strong base
+we're going to talk about everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about everything
+else is kind of weak so it has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is kind of weak so it has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is kind of weak so it has to be a
+very strong acid for this to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong acid for this to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong acid for this to be true
+greater than one so you see down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one so you see down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one so you see down here
+this says 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says 10 the
+minus5 so that's a fairly weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 so that's a fairly weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 so that's a fairly weak
+acid so let me just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so let me just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so let me just give you some
+generic ways that these acid and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic ways that these acid and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic ways that these acid and water
+problems will be written so the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be written so the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will be written so the way that
+we wrote this example on the board we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote this example on the board we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote this example on the board we
+could write this as H in front of an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this as H in front of an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this as H in front of an a
+where a stands for the acid in water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a stands for the acid in water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a stands for the acid in water is
+going to go to hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to hydronium ion
+concentration and the conjugate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and the conjugate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and the conjugate base
+which is indicated by the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is indicated by the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is indicated by the a
+minus now you may also see this another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now you may also see this another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now you may also see this another
+way and so I wanted to point this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so I wanted to point this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so I wanted to point this out
+now that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that this
+bh+ could also be can is also an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bh+ could also be can is also an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bh+ could also be can is also an acid
+under these the way that this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these the way that this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these the way that this expression
+is written so here it's giving up its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written so here it's giving up its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written so here it's giving up its
+hydrogen ion or proton to water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or proton to water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion or proton to water which is
+forming uh the conjugate acid over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming uh the conjugate acid over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming uh the conjugate acid over here
+and um and here you're forming a base so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and here you're forming a base so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and here you're forming a base so
+both of these uh could be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these uh could be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these uh could be considered
+acids because they're both giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids because they're both giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids because they're both giving up
+their hydrogen ion to a base forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hydrogen ion to a base forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hydrogen ion to a base forming a
+conjugate base so over on the top you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base so over on the top you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base so over on the top you
+have a neutral to negatively charged or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neutral to negatively charged or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neutral to negatively charged or
+plus to neutral on this side and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus to neutral on this side and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus to neutral on this side and it can
+be written both ways often the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written both ways often the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written both ways often the bottom
+one is indicating when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is indicating when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is indicating when you take the
+conjugate uh acid of a base and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate uh acid of a base and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate uh acid of a base and put it
+in water so uh don't get confused if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water so uh don't get confused if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water so uh don't get confused if you
+see these written these different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these written these different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these written these different ways
+and in any case if you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any case if you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any case if you're talking about
+anything being a strong acid you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything being a strong acid you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything being a strong acid you're
+wondering whether the KA is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether the KA is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether the KA is bigger
+number than one uh which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number than one uh which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number than one uh which means that
+pretty much you're ionizing completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you're ionizing completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you're ionizing completely
+you're putting that acid in water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting that acid in water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting that acid in water and
+it's going all the way it's ionizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going all the way it's ionizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going all the way it's ionizing
+completely it's forming as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it's forming as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it's forming as much
+hydronium ions as the amount of acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ions as the amount of acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ions as the amount of acid
+that you put in water so it's ionizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put in water so it's ionizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put in water so it's ionizing
+completely and a weak acid means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and a weak acid means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and a weak acid means that
+you're not ionizing that much you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not ionizing that much you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not ionizing that much you're not
+forming that much hydronium ion when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that much hydronium ion when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that much hydronium ion when you
+put the acid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water and you can also consider whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you can also consider whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you can also consider whether
+something's a strong acid uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's a strong acid uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's a strong acid uh in terms of
+its PKA as well not just its Ka and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its PKA as well not just its Ka and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its PKA as well not just its Ka and you
+remember the uh relationship here so PKA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the uh relationship here so PKA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the uh relationship here so PKA
+equals minus log of Ka and so we saw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus log of Ka and so we saw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus log of Ka and so we saw you
+know with uh the p KW before so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with uh the p KW before so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with uh the p KW before so these
+are the the same expressions and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the same expressions and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the same expressions and so if
+you have a small value less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a small value less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a small value less than one
+here if this is small you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this is small you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this is small you're going to
+have a higher value for PKA and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher value for PKA and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher value for PKA and so the
+higher the value the weaker the acid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the value the weaker the acid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the value the weaker the acid so
+you can think about whether something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about whether something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about whether something's
+a weak acid in terms of its Ka or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weak acid in terms of its Ka or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weak acid in terms of its Ka or in
+terms of its PKA depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its PKA depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its PKA depending on what
+information is given to you and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is given to you and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is given to you and that's
+the relationship between those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here are some examples of acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples of acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples of acids and
+there's a bunch of these that'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of these that'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of these that'll be in
+your book so um up here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book so um up here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book so um up here we have the
+strong acids and you can see these Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids and you can see these Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids and you can see these Ka
+numbers are enormous they're very big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are enormous they're very big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are enormous they're very big so
+you go pretty much all to product you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go pretty much all to product you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go pretty much all to product you go
+all to hydronium ion concentration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to hydronium ion concentration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to hydronium ion concentration so
+they ionize completely up here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ionize completely up here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ionize completely up here and the
+ones you'll see the most are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'll see the most are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you'll see the most are probably
+hydrochloric acid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid um
+hydrobromic acid those would be the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrobromic acid those would be the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrobromic acid those would be the ones
+that you'll probably see uh in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll probably see uh in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll probably see uh in problem
+sets in the book and then we go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in the book and then we go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in the book and then we go from the
+strong acids down here weak these are Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids down here weak these are Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids down here weak these are Ka
+of less than one and so here you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less than one and so here you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less than one and so here you don't
+have nearly as much ionization and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nearly as much ionization and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nearly as much ionization and of
+course when these numbers get small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when these numbers get small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when these numbers get small the
+pka also gets uh bigger and we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka also gets uh bigger and we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka also gets uh bigger and we can keep
+going there are a lot of acids uh keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there are a lot of acids uh keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there are a lot of acids uh keep
+going down here to where you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here to where you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here to where you have really
+truly small Ka numbers and quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly small Ka numbers and quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly small Ka numbers and quite large
+PKA so these would be uh very weak very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA so these would be uh very weak very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA so these would be uh very weak very
+very little ionization when you put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little ionization when you put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little ionization when you put that
+on that acid into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water okay let's do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bases okay so let's look at a Bas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases okay so let's look at a Bas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases okay so let's look at a Bas in
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take
+NH3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water the base will accept a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the base will accept a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the base will accept a hydrogen
+and ion forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ion forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ion forming
+nh4+ and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4+ and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4+ and the
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+hydroxide so when you have a base in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide so when you have a base in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide so when you have a base in
+water you are going to form hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you are going to form hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you are going to form hydroxide
+when you have an acid in water you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an acid in water you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an acid in water you're
+going to be forming hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be forming hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be forming hydronium
+ions so in this base in water you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so in this base in water you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so in this base in water you're
+going to be talking about the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about the base
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant which is you'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is you'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is you'll be talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KB and so KB is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and so KB is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and so KB is going to be equal to the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+products at equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products at equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products at equal
+ibrium over the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibrium over the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibrium over the concentration of
+reactants again water is not included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants again water is not included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants again water is not included
+it's our solvent in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our solvent in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our solvent in this
+case and the KB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the KB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the KB
+here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to
+1.8 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 *
+10-5 so it's a fairly small number again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-5 so it's a fairly small number again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-5 so it's a fairly small number again
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+25° so again it's a fairly small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25° so again it's a fairly small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25° so again it's a fairly small number
+so if you have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a small
+KB then it's a weak base you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB then it's a weak base you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB then it's a weak base you don't have
+much ionization to form the hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much ionization to form the hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much ionization to form the hydroxide
+ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion
+concentration so it's fairly weak if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so it's fairly weak if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so it's fairly weak if it
+doesn't ionize very much if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ionize very much if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ionize very much if it has a
+small K means it doesn't ionize very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small K means it doesn't ionize very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small K means it doesn't ionize very
+much so this would not give rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so this would not give rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so this would not give rise to a
+corrosive in the basic category because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive in the basic category because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive in the basic category because
+uh you're not ionizing that much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not ionizing that much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not ionizing that much you're
+not forming that much hydroxide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forming that much hydroxide ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forming that much hydroxide ion
+so we can do the same thing then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do the same thing then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do the same thing then for
+bases as we did for acids and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases as we did for acids and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases as we did for acids and we can
+write generic equations and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write generic equations and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write generic equations and you should
+get used to writing these equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to writing these equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to writing these equations in
+fact on exams sometimes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact on exams sometimes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact on exams sometimes the the
+molecules are given as acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are given as acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are given as acids and bases
+are fairly long and so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly long and so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly long and so if you want to
+just write it as a generic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it as a generic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it as a generic equation
+rather than considering the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than considering the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than considering the whole
+molecule I will give you full credit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule I will give you full credit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule I will give you full credit for
+that if you write it correctly um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write it correctly um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write it correctly um so it
+can be written in terms of the base B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in terms of the base B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in terms of the base B in
+water going to bh+ and hydroxide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water going to bh+ and hydroxide ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water going to bh+ and hydroxide ion
+base B and water you could also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B and water you could also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B and water you could also talk
+about base a minus in water going to ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about base a minus in water going to ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about base a minus in water going to ha
+the conjugate acid and hydroxide so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate acid and hydroxide so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate acid and hydroxide so a
+base in water should always give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in water should always give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in water should always give you
+hydroxide otherwise you've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide otherwise you've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide otherwise you've written
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+incorrectly all right then how strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly all right then how strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly all right then how strong
+the base is depends on how much much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base is depends on how much much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base is depends on how much much it
+ionizes to give the hydroxide ion and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes to give the hydroxide ion and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes to give the hydroxide ion and so
+if you have a large number it's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a large number it's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a large number it's a strong
+base and really the only strong base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and really the only strong base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and really the only strong base
+we're going to talk about in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in this class
+is when you actually add something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you actually add something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you actually add something like
+sodium hydroxide to your Solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium hydroxide to your Solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium hydroxide to your Solution that's
+very strong that'll ionize completely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong that'll ionize completely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong that'll ionize completely it
+already is a hydroxide ion um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is a hydroxide ion um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is a hydroxide ion um you can
+also use the same equation you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use the same equation you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use the same equation you talk
+about uh pkbs instead of PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh pkbs instead of PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh pkbs instead of PK
+these are a little less common um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a little less common um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a little less common um in
+Biochemistry organic chemistry you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry organic chemistry you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry organic chemistry you're
+going to talk a lot about PKA you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a lot about PKA you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a lot about PKA you don't
+see pkbs that much so most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pkbs that much so most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pkbs that much so most of the time
+you just are going to convert them over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just are going to convert them over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just are going to convert them over
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+pka's uh but it has the same expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka's uh but it has the same expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka's uh but it has the same expression
+and so um these are again uh inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um these are again uh inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um these are again uh inversely
+related so if you have a large pkb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so if you have a large pkb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so if you have a large pkb
+you'll have a weaker a weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base and here are some examples of bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and here are some examples of bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and here are some examples of bases
+and um in the book and there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in the book and there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in the book and there are a lot
+fewer of these that you actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer of these that you actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer of these that you actually work
+with and so uh and there's none on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so uh and there's none on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so uh and there's none on this
+table that you would consider truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you would consider truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you would consider truly
+strong so you have weak bases here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong so you have weak bases here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong so you have weak bases here that
+don't ionize very much and they get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ionize very much and they get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ionize very much and they get a
+bit stronger down down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so what else is true about these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what else is true about these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what else is true about these is
+that there's a relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a relationship between the
+conjugate acid and the conjugate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid and the conjugate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid and the conjugate base
+so if you have a strong acid its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a strong acid its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a strong acid its
+conjugate is going to be weak if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate is going to be weak if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate is going to be weak if you
+have a strong base its conjugate acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong base its conjugate acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong base its conjugate acid is
+going to be weak so you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be weak so you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be weak so you're not going to
+have something that's strong and strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's strong and strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's strong and strong
+that's just that's just not possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's just not possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's just not possible and
+I'll prove that in a few minutes but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll prove that in a few minutes but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll prove that in a few minutes but if
+you if you look at at this table if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you look at at this table if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you look at at this table if you
+have something that's like a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's like a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's like a strong
+really strong acid here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong acid here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong acid here
+HCL then its conjugate is CL minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HCL then its conjugate is CL minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HCL then its conjugate is CL minus and
+that that's ineffective as a base it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's ineffective as a base it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's ineffective as a base it
+doesn't do it doesn't do anything so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it doesn't do anything so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it doesn't do anything so um
+here if you have really strong you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have really strong you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have really strong you
+basically it's conjugate is worthless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's conjugate is worthless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's conjugate is worthless
+for anything so um then as you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything so um then as you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything so um then as you go down
+if you're sort of moderately weak on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sort of moderately weak on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sort of moderately weak on one
+side then you'll have very weak on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then you'll have very weak on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then you'll have very weak on the
+other side you don't have to worry too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side you don't have to worry too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side you don't have to worry too
+much about this if you just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about this if you just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about this if you just want to say
+it's going to be weak and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be weak and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be weak and it's going to
+be weak to make uh things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weak to make uh things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weak to make uh things a little bit
+bit easier and if you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier and if you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier and if you have something
+that's a really strong base on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really strong base on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really strong base on this side
+then it's conj get acid is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's conj get acid is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's conj get acid is also going to
+be completely ineffective as an acid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely ineffective as an acid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely ineffective as an acid so
+when some we're defining things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some we're defining things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some we're defining things as
+strong is where they basically push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong is where they basically push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong is where they basically push the
+equilibrium all the way to the ions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all the way to the ions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all the way to the ions and
+it's not going to come back the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to come back the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to come back the other
+way at all so when it's strong you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at all so when it's strong you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at all so when it's strong you're
+really talking about a reaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about a reaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about a reaction that's
+all the way driven to to form to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way driven to to form to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way driven to to form to the
+ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+okay so now I'm going to um prove to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm going to um prove to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm going to um prove to you
+that you can't have they can't both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strong there's chalk all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong there's chalk all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong there's chalk all right so let's
+look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an
+example so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if we have
+NH3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 in
+water going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water going to
+nh4 plus hydroxide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to write an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to write an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to write an equilibrium
+constant for this what am I writing a Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for this what am I writing a Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for this what am I writing a Ka
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KB is this a base in water or an acid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB is this a base in water or an acid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB is this a base in water or an acid in
+water base and how did I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water base and how did I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water base and how did I know
+that because you're forming hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're forming hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're forming hydroxide
+ion right so this is a KB and so KB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion right so this is a KB and so KB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion right so this is a KB and so KB is
+going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal
+to the products of the base and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the products of the base and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the products of the base and water
+over the reactant and again water isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the reactant and again water isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the reactant and again water isn't
+included now I'm going to write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included now I'm going to write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included now I'm going to write an
+equation for this guy the conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this guy the conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this guy the conjugate acid
+of this base in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water and now I'm forming hydronium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and now I'm forming hydronium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and now I'm forming hydronium ions
+and the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conjugate
+base so here I have a base the base in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so here I have a base the base in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so here I have a base the base in
+water and here I have the conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and here I have the conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and here I have the conjugate acid
+in water so now now I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water so now now I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water so now now I'm talking
+about the KA which is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the KA which is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the KA which is going to be equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+products hydronium ion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products hydronium ion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products hydronium ion and
+NH3 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+nh4+ again water isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4+ again water isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4+ again water isn't
+included and now if I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included and now if I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included and now if I'm going to take
+those two and multiply them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and multiply them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and multiply them together
+the ka's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ka's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ka's and the
+KBS and if I did that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBS and if I did that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBS and if I did that if I
+multiplied Ka a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied Ka a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied Ka a times
+KB then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB then
+nh4+ is going to drop out because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4+ is going to drop out because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4+ is going to drop out because it's
+on the top here and it's on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top here and it's on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top here and it's on the bottom
+here and NH3 is going to drop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and NH3 is going to drop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and NH3 is going to drop out
+because it's on the top and the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on the top and the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on the top and the bottom
+and we'll find that Ka time KB is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll find that Ka time KB is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll find that Ka time KB is equal
+to hydroxide concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times hydronium ion
+concentration and what else is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and what else is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and what else is that
+equal to hydroxide ion concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to hydroxide ion concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to hydroxide ion concentration
+times hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration yeah so that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration yeah so that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration yeah so that's equal to
+KW and we can write another expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW and we can write another expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KW and we can write another expression
+here which then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which then is that
+PKA plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA plus
+pkb is equal to pkw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pkb is equal to pkw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pkb is equal to pkw
+and that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to
+14.00 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14.00 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14.00 at
+25° so there's a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25° so there's a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25° so there's a relationship between
+the conjugate acid and the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate acid and the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate acid and the conjugate
+base they can't both be very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base they can't both be very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base they can't both be very large
+numbers these guys have to add up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these guys have to add up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these guys have to add up so
+that's a mathematical way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mathematical way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mathematical way to think about
+the fact either the equilibrium is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact either the equilibrium is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact either the equilibrium is going
+to rely in One Direction or in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely in One Direction or in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely in One Direction or in the other
+direction it can't be kind of going both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it can't be kind of going both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it can't be kind of going both
+directions to a large extent ENT these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions to a large extent ENT these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions to a large extent ENT these
+things all uh come together and and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all uh come together and and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all uh come together and and add
+up together all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up together all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up together all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+oops so just to um maybe I'll do I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so just to um maybe I'll do I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so just to um maybe I'll do I can
+use this board right here so just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this board right here so just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this board right here so just in
+terms of defining a strong a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of defining a strong a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of defining a strong a strong
+acid if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid if you have the
+ha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha in
+water then if it's strong it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then if it's strong it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then if it's strong it's being
+basically all going to the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all going to the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all going to the conjugate
+base and hydronium ion there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and hydronium ion there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and hydronium ion there's really
+not much coming back here it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much coming back here it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much coming back here it's very
+small or sort of non-existent if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or sort of non-existent if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or sort of non-existent if this is
+strong this is sort of ineffective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong this is sort of ineffective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong this is sort of ineffective it's
+not pushing back this way you're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pushing back this way you're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pushing back this way you're pretty
+much all going to your conjugate and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all going to your conjugate and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all going to your conjugate and if
+you have a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base strong base in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base strong base in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base strong base in water
+it's again pretty much all going to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again pretty much all going to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again pretty much all going to that
+conjugate acid and hydroxide ion there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid and hydroxide ion there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid and hydroxide ion there's
+really not much coming back in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not much coming back in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not much coming back in that
+direction so we're going to assume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we're going to assume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we're going to assume for
+strong acids and strong bases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids and strong bases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids and strong bases that
+however much of this we're adding we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however much of this we're adding we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however much of this we're adding we're
+creating pretty much the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating pretty much the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating pretty much the same exact
+amount of this and the same exact amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of this and the same exact amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of this and the same exact amount
+of that all right so we'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that all right so we'll stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that all right so we'll stop there
+for uh today good luck on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FJVOh57UxL8.txt b/FJVOh57UxL8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d91a89846c665791ed52e778c248b0fb5c14b34e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FJVOh57UxL8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um let's continue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's continue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's continue so
+this is actually in some sense a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually in some sense a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually in some sense a key
+breaking point in the course which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking point in the course which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking point in the course which is in
+such that's what we've done so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that's what we've done so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that's what we've done so far is
+give you a set of tools to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a set of tools to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a set of tools to understand
+how to think about how consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about how consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about how consumers and
+producers make decisions and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers make decisions and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers make decisions and then to
+understand how you compare positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you compare positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you compare positive and
+normative implications of economics what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative implications of economics what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative implications of economics what
+we're gonna do for the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do for the rest of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do for the rest of the class
+for the rest of the semester is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the semester is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the semester is we're
+gonna start talk about how you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start talk about how you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start talk about how you apply
+those tools to more realistic situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tools to more realistic situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tools to more realistic situations
+let me into your very first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me into your very first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me into your very first question
+what you learned today is not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned today is not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned today is not on the
+midterm okay so that's the question no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm okay so that's the question no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm okay so that's the question no
+it's all in your mind because it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in your mind because it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in your mind because it is so
+the midterm tomorrow night will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm tomorrow night will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm tomorrow night will cover
+everything through through what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything through through what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything through through what we
+covered through last week but we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered through last week but we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered through last week but we learned
+today will not be on the midterm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will not be on the midterm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will not be on the midterm but
+don't leave because it will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave because it will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave because it will be on the
+final and it is interesting so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and it is interesting so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and it is interesting so what
+we're gonna do today is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do today is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do today is talk about
+taking the tools we developed so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the tools we developed so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the tools we developed so far in
+this class and applying to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and applying to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and applying to more
+realistic situations and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic situations and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic situations and the more
+realistic situation we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic situation we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic situation we're going to start
+with is the case of monopolies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is the case of monopolies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is the case of monopolies and
+we're going to talk about monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about monopoly
+profit maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization
+now so far on the producer side we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far on the producer side we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far on the producer side we've
+been discussing one extreme of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing one extreme of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing one extreme of how the
+markets organized which is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets organized which is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets organized which is perfect
+competition and perfect competition is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and perfect competition is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and perfect competition is a
+wonderful sort of theoretical benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful sort of theoretical benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful sort of theoretical benchmark
+but never actually exists in reality no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never actually exists in reality no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never actually exists in reality no
+market is perfectly competitive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is perfectly competitive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is perfectly competitive the
+other extreme is not widely applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other extreme is not widely applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other extreme is not widely applicable
+but still does exist in reality which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still does exist in reality which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still does exist in reality which is
+monopoly okay monopoly is a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly okay monopoly is a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly okay monopoly is a situation
+where a market only has one firm in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a market only has one firm in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a market only has one firm in it
+so a market with one firm is a monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a market with one firm is a monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a market with one firm is a monopoly
+market okay so so that's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay so so that's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay so so that's basically a
+case where you have only one firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have only one firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have only one firm
+providing the good okay now in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the good okay now in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the good okay now in reality
+most markets fall between perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most markets fall between perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most markets fall between perfect
+competition which never truly exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which never truly exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which never truly exists and
+monopoly which rarely exists most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly which rarely exists most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly which rarely exists most
+markets are in between we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are in between we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are in between we call them
+oligopolies that's markets with several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolies that's markets with several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolies that's markets with several
+several firms but not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several firms but not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several firms but not perfectly
+competing and we'll get to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing and we'll get to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing and we'll get to that but
+that's one of the harder things we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the harder things we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the harder things we'll
+cover so we're gonna start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so we're gonna start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so we're gonna start with this
+other extreme of Monopoly which gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other extreme of Monopoly which gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other extreme of Monopoly which gives us
+a lot of the insights we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the insights we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the insights we need for
+oligopoly but in a much simpler case now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly but in a much simpler case now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly but in a much simpler case now
+the key thing with monopoly the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing with monopoly the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing with monopoly the key
+difference from what we've done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from what we've done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from what we've done so far
+is that now firms are gonna be price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now firms are gonna be price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now firms are gonna be price
+makers not price takers that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers not price takers that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers not price takers that's gonna be
+the key change from the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key change from the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key change from the part of the
+competitive situation perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive situation perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive situation perfectly
+competitive situation from any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive situation from any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive situation from any given
+firms perspective the price is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms perspective the price is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms perspective the price is something
+given them by the great market okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given them by the great market okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given them by the great market okay we
+talked with our two diagrams side by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with our two diagrams side by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with our two diagrams side by
+side about how the market gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side about how the market gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side about how the market gives the
+price but we sort of from any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but we sort of from any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but we sort of from any given
+perspective they were a price taker they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective they were a price taker they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective they were a price taker they
+couldn't affect the price monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't affect the price monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't affect the price monopolist
+however when you're the only firm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when you're the only firm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when you're the only firm you
+get to set the price so monopolist are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to set the price so monopolist are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to set the price so monopolist are
+gonna be price makers not price takers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be price makers not price takers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be price makers not price takers
+and that's what would that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what would that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what would that's gonna
+change the dynamics of everything we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dynamics of everything we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dynamics of everything we do
+and that'll be our focus today okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be our focus today okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be our focus today okay so
+that's gonna be the big the big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the big the big change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the big the big change
+will go for competitive markets -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go for competitive markets -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go for competitive markets -
+monopoly markets okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly markets okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly markets okay now
+for the first two-thirds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first two-thirds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first two-thirds or
+three-quarters of the lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarters of the lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarters of the lecture we're
+gonna make one other assumption we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make one other assumption we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make one other assumption we are
+gonna assume there is one price in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume there is one price in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume there is one price in this
+market that is no price discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this monopolist sets the price but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monopolist sets the price but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monopolist sets the price but he
+sets one price for everybody so Van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets one price for everybody so Van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets one price for everybody so Van
+AAPIs is selling a good they sell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAPIs is selling a good they sell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAPIs is selling a good they sell that
+at one price too everybody buys the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one price too everybody buys the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one price too everybody buys the good
+now once again this is not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once again this is not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once again this is not super
+realistic monopolist often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic monopolist often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic monopolist often have
+different price for goods but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price for goods but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price for goods but it's a
+it's a very important helpful extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important helpful extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important helpful extreme
+and you got to remember that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got to remember that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got to remember that we're
+imposing this constraint cuz it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing this constraint cuz it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing this constraint cuz it's gonna
+drive the intuition I'm gonna come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the intuition I'm gonna come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the intuition I'm gonna come to
+next okay so you're a firm selling good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay so you're a firm selling good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay so you're a firm selling good
+at one price you offer it up anybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one price you offer it up anybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one price you offer it up anybody can
+buy it at that price okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it at that price okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it at that price okay
+now what we're gonna do if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're gonna do if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're gonna do if you remember
+I'm gonna up the fundamental part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna up the fundamental part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna up the fundamental part of
+consumer of producer that holds is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer of producer that holds is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer of producer that holds is the
+gold monopolist is to Max's profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold monopolist is to Max's profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold monopolist is to Max's profit
+maximizes profits okay which is revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes profits okay which is revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes profits okay which is revenues
+minus costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus costs and
+as we showed before profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we showed before profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we showed before profits are
+maximized when marginal revenue equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized when marginal revenue equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized when marginal revenue equals
+marginal cost that's the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost that's the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost that's the profit
+maximization point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization point
+now nothing on the cost side is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now nothing on the cost side is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now nothing on the cost side is going to
+change so monopolist monopolist but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so monopolist monopolist but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so monopolist monopolist but the
+way we get cost curves doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we get cost curves doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we get cost curves doesn't change
+that's all about remember because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about remember because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about remember because that
+just comes the technology of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comes the technology of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comes the technology of production
+and that comes from input prices okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from input prices okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from input prices okay so
+nothing on the cost side is gonna change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on the cost side is gonna change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on the cost side is gonna change
+all that hard and somewhat boring work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that hard and somewhat boring work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that hard and somewhat boring work
+we did deriving cost functions and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did deriving cost functions and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did deriving cost functions and stuff
+that all is that's done the only place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all is that's done the only place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all is that's done the only place
+monopoly gets exciting is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly gets exciting is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly gets exciting is on the
+marginal revenue side because before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue side because before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue side because before we
+said marginal revenue is just price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said marginal revenue is just price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said marginal revenue is just price for
+a price taker but that's no longer true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price taker but that's no longer true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price taker but that's no longer true
+margin remember is no longer just price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin remember is no longer just price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin remember is no longer just price
+now Marg remedies can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Marg remedies can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Marg remedies can be more
+interesting so the monopoly difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so the monopoly difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so the monopoly difference
+if you will or the imperfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will or the imperfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will or the imperfect competition
+difference doesn't come at all from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference doesn't come at all from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference doesn't come at all from the
+cost side that side is done doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost side that side is done doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost side that side is done doesn't
+matter what kind of market you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of market you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of market you're
+looking at okay all the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at okay all the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at okay all the interesting
+action here is on the revenue side as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action here is on the revenue side as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action here is on the revenue side as we
+think about Monopoly and oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Monopoly and oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Monopoly and oligopoly
+markets okay so to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets okay so to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets okay so to think about that
+let's go to figure eleven one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure eleven one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure eleven one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+think about let's start by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about let's start by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about let's start by thinking
+about a competitive firm this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a competitive firm this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a competitive firm this is a
+diagram I could have shown earlier it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I could have shown earlier it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I could have shown earlier it
+just sort of is the way to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of is the way to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of is the way to think about a
+competitive firm think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firm think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firm think about a
+competitive firms profits so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firms profits so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firms profits so imagine
+that um this firm to make life easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this firm to make life easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this firm to make life easy
+let's imagine that um we have a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that um we have a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that um we have a firm
+with marginal cost to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with marginal cost to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with marginal cost to zero
+okay so you've got demand curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got demand curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got demand curve and
+so therefore any money you make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore any money you make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore any money you make is
+profit and we're in the short-run okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and we're in the short-run okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and we're in the short-run okay
+so there's profit in the short-run even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's profit in the short-run even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's profit in the short-run even
+for this perfectly competitive firm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this perfectly competitive firm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this perfectly competitive firm but
+a perfectly competitive firm face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly competitive firm face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly competitive firm face the
+horizontal demand curve so if they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal demand curve so if they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal demand curve so if they sell
+Q units okay they make profits of area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q units okay they make profits of area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q units okay they make profits of area a
+which is simply Q times P one little Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply Q times P one little Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply Q times P one little Q
+times P one if they sell Q plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P one if they sell Q plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P one if they sell Q plus one
+units they make an extra profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units they make an extra profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units they make an extra profit
+rectangle of B so literally the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of B so literally the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of B so literally the marginal
+the extra profit they make is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra profit they make is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra profit they make is just the
+amount P it's 1 times P 1 the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount P it's 1 times P 1 the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount P it's 1 times P 1 the the
+horizontal distance from Q to Q plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance from Q to Q plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance from Q to Q plus 1
+is 1 the vertical distance is P 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 the vertical distance is P 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 the vertical distance is P 1 so the
+marginal profit is just the price ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal profit is just the price ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal profit is just the price ok
+marginal revenue I'm sorry it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue I'm sorry it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue I'm sorry it's just a
+price yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is it in the short-run there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it in the short-run there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it in the short-run there can be
+right in the short-run there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the short-run there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the short-run there can be
+profited market in the long run there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profited market in the long run there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profited market in the long run there's
+no profit ok so basically their marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no profit ok so basically their marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no profit ok so basically their marginal
+revenue what they make that next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue what they make that next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue what they make that next unit
+they make is the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make is the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make is the price
+ok now let's think about a monopoly firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now let's think about a monopoly firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now let's think about a monopoly firm
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+monopoly firm does not face a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly firm does not face a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly firm does not face a perfectly
+elastic demand curve because a monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic demand curve because a monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic demand curve because a monopoly
+firms demand curve is the whole market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms demand curve is the whole market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms demand curve is the whole market
+notice little Q has become big Q on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice little Q has become big Q on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice little Q has become big Q on the
+x axis the monopolist no longer faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis the monopolist no longer faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis the monopolist no longer faces
+only their perfectly elastic firm demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only their perfectly elastic firm demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only their perfectly elastic firm demand
+they face a market demand which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they face a market demand which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they face a market demand which can be
+aim degree of elasticity but typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim degree of elasticity but typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim degree of elasticity but typically
+is somewhat elastic it's downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat elastic it's downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat elastic it's downward
+sloping now let's say your monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping now let's say your monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping now let's say your monopolist
+and you're selling big Q units at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're selling big Q units at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're selling big Q units at a
+price p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p1
+your rep your profits are C plus a once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rep your profits are C plus a once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rep your profits are C plus a once
+again that's a marginal cost of 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a marginal cost of 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a marginal cost of 0 to
+make this easy RC plus a now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this easy RC plus a now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this easy RC plus a now let's say
+you want to sell one more unit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sell one more unit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sell one more unit well
+what's different what's different is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's different what's different is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's different what's different is now
+you're facing a downward sloping demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing a downward sloping demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing a downward sloping demand
+curve so if you want to sell one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so if you want to sell one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so if you want to sell one more
+unit you have to lower the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you have to lower the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you have to lower the price
+that's the difference if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference if you want to
+sell another unit you can only do so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell another unit you can only do so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell another unit you can only do so by
+lowering the price and your a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the price and your a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the price and your a price
+maker so you have to rate to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker so you have to rate to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker so you have to rate to do that so
+if you want to sell another unit two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to sell another unit two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to sell another unit two
+things are gonna happen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are gonna happen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are gonna happen a
+you were gonna sell a second unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were gonna sell a second unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were gonna sell a second unit and
+make money on that unit that's the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money on that unit that's the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money on that unit that's the area
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+but B I guess a 1 into 1 you sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but B I guess a 1 into 1 you sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but B I guess a 1 into 1 you sell a
+second year that's the area B 2 you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year that's the area B 2 you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year that's the area B 2 you will
+lose money on all the other units you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money on all the other units you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money on all the other units you
+sold because now you have to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold because now you have to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold because now you have to lower the
+price because remember there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because remember there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because remember there's only one
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+okay so basically you used to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically you used to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically you used to make a
+plus C now you make a plus B you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C now you make a plus B you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C now you make a plus B you've
+added B but you've lost C so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added B but you've lost C so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added B but you've lost C so what is the
+margin revenue the modular monopolist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin revenue the modular monopolist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin revenue the modular monopolist is
+now the area B mines the area C or p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the area B mines the area C or p2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the area B mines the area C or p2
+which is area B 1 times P 2 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is area B 1 times P 2 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is area B 1 times P 2 minus P
+2 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus P
+1 minus P 2 times Q 0 the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P 2 times Q 0 the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P 2 times Q 0 the original
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+okay this is the area C but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the area C but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the area C but this is the
+area B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area B
+the original quantity times the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original quantity times the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original quantity times the change
+in price so your Mars revenue is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price so your Mars revenue is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price so your Mars revenue is not
+this simple just price for and more now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple just price for and more now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple just price for and more now
+it's this more complicated term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this more complicated term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this more complicated term
+okay more generally marginal revenue can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay more generally marginal revenue can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay more generally marginal revenue can
+be defined as the marginal revenue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined as the marginal revenue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined as the marginal revenue is
+defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+marginal revenue is defined as P plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta P Delta Q times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P Delta Q times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P Delta Q times Q
+that's marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's marginal revenue
+okay the first term is positive that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first term is positive that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first term is positive that's
+the money you make on the next unit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money you make on the next unit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money you make on the next unit the
+second term is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is negative
+because by definition the dam may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by definition the dam may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by definition the dam may
+encourage downward sloping where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage downward sloping where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage downward sloping where there's
+no given goods anymore in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no given goods anymore in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no given goods anymore in this class
+demand may be on a test but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand may be on a test but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand may be on a test but not in
+reality the demand curves downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the demand curves downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the demand curves downward
+sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping
+okay so this term is negative now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this term is negative now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this term is negative now once
+again I'm writing Delta but really its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm writing Delta but really its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm writing Delta but really its
+derivative so this is all increment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is all increment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is all increment this
+is all this is sort of epsilon changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all this is sort of epsilon changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all this is sort of epsilon changes
+this is Q zero okay this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Q zero okay this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Q zero okay this is sort of
+epsilon changes but the bottom lines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon changes but the bottom lines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon changes but the bottom lines for
+an epsilon change in price you get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an epsilon change in price you get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an epsilon change in price you get for
+an epsilon change in quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an epsilon change in quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an epsilon change in quantity
+you get the the price on the unit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the the price on the unit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the the price on the unit you
+sell - the money lost the news you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell - the money lost the news you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell - the money lost the news you can
+no longer sell okay this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer sell okay this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer sell okay this is the key
+intuition a monopoly math they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition a monopoly math they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition a monopoly math they can't
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is your marginal revenue I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your marginal revenue I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your marginal revenue I just did
+it graphically that's that's that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it graphically that's that's that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it graphically that's that's that that's
+your marginal revenue you just see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your marginal revenue you just see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your marginal revenue you just see that
+from the graph okay I just rewrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the graph okay I just rewrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the graph okay I just rewrote it
+here okay so base or for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so base or for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so base or for those of you
+into calculus if you just differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into calculus if you just differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into calculus if you just differentiate
+just if those who are who are who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if those who are who are who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if those who are who are who have
+your calculus you just write you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculus you just write you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculus you just write you know
+DRD to do you revenue DQ okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRD to do you revenue DQ okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRD to do you revenue DQ okay what do
+you get you get P plus DP DQ times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get P plus DP DQ times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get P plus DP DQ times Q
+that's just the derivative of the rep of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the derivative of the rep of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the derivative of the rep of
+revenue with respect to quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue with respect to quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue with respect to quantity
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's think and tula what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think and tula what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think and tula what's going on
+here this is very very important what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is very very important what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is very very important what's
+going on here is to sell another unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is to sell another unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is to sell another unit
+you have to lower your price you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lower your price you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lower your price you're
+working away down your demand curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working away down your demand curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working away down your demand curve and
+therefore it offsets the benefit you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it offsets the benefit you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it offsets the benefit you get
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+selling another unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling another unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling another unit
+okay I liked I like to call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I liked I like to call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I liked I like to call this the
+poisoning effect I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean it's not original to me but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not original to me but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not original to me but it's a
+term that I've heard use that I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that I've heard use that I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that I've heard use that I like the
+poisoning effect the idea is that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect the idea is that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect the idea is that to
+sell another unit I have to poison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell another unit I have to poison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell another unit I have to poison
+myself a little bit by lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a little bit by lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a little bit by lowering the
+price at all the previous units I sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at all the previous units I sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at all the previous units I sold
+okay if I want to go out in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I want to go out in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I want to go out in the market
+and force consumers to buy one more unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and force consumers to buy one more unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and force consumers to buy one more unit
+I've got to lower the price on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to lower the price on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to lower the price on all the
+units which offsets money I used to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units which offsets money I used to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units which offsets money I used to make
+so that's why we call it a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we call it a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we call it a sort of
+poisoning effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect
+now why doesn't a competitive firm face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why doesn't a competitive firm face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why doesn't a competitive firm face
+this issue why we just bringing this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue why we just bringing this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue why we just bringing this up
+now why does the monopoly firm face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does the monopoly firm face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does the monopoly firm face of
+poisoning effect a competitive firm does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect a competitive firm does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect a competitive firm does
+it or I'll turn another one ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or I'll turn another one ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or I'll turn another one ask the
+question is in what situation monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is in what situation monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is in what situation monopoly
+firm not face a poisoning effect yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they're not but that's X all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not but that's X all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not but that's X all right
+the competitive firms a price taker but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive firms a price taker but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive firms a price taker but
+in particular even even though the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular even even though the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular even even though the price
+taker Y when they sell more quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taker Y when they sell more quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taker Y when they sell more quantity is
+there no poisoning effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no poisoning effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no poisoning effect
+yeah demand is perfectly in the one man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah demand is perfectly in the one man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah demand is perfectly in the one man
+is perfectly elastic the firm face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly elastic the firm face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly elastic the firm face of
+perfect last so likewise a monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect last so likewise a monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect last so likewise a monopolist
+facing a perfectly elastic demand would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a perfectly elastic demand would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a perfectly elastic demand would
+also have no poisoning effect think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have no poisoning effect think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have no poisoning effect think of
+it this way what is DP DQ with perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way what is DP DQ with perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way what is DP DQ with perfectly
+last demand zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last demand zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last demand zero
+the price doesn't change you sell more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price doesn't change you sell more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price doesn't change you sell more
+so the reason the the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason the the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason the the perfectly
+competitive firm face no poison effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firm face no poison effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firm face no poison effect
+is because it's facing a it doesn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's facing a it doesn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's facing a it doesn't the
+price doesn't have to change to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price doesn't have to change to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price doesn't have to change to sell
+more units okay but a monopolist face to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more units okay but a monopolist face to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more units okay but a monopolist face to
+poison effect because it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison effect because it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison effect because it's got a
+downward sloping demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping demand curve
+okay so we can actually see this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can actually see this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can actually see this so what
+we want to do in Figure eleven three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do in Figure eleven three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do in Figure eleven three is
+we graph the monopolist marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we graph the monopolist marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we graph the monopolist marginal revenue
+curve so let's actually work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so let's actually work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so let's actually work out the
+math here let's imagine there's a demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here let's imagine there's a demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here let's imagine there's a demand
+curve let's imagine that I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve let's imagine that I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve let's imagine that I've got a
+demand curve and I'm just making this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve and I'm just making this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve and I'm just making this up
+demands of the form Q equals 24 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands of the form Q equals 24 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands of the form Q equals 24 minus P
+okay let's just say that's the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just say that's the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just say that's the demand
+curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay
+now the first step is to flip the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first step is to flip the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first step is to flip the way
+the expresses and write this right price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expresses and write this right price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expresses and write this right price
+a function of quantity because now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of quantity because now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of quantity because now the
+monopolist choosing this price so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist choosing this price so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist choosing this price so we can
+write the P equals 24 minus Q okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the P equals 24 minus Q okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the P equals 24 minus Q okay just
+inverting it writing price of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting it writing price of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting it writing price of function
+of quantity okay so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantity okay so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantity okay so in this case
+revenues which are equal to P times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues which are equal to P times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues which are equal to P times Q
+are equal to 24 Q minus Q squared I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to 24 Q minus Q squared I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to 24 Q minus Q squared I just
+multiply through by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by Q
+so marginal revenues differentiating are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so marginal revenues differentiating are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so marginal revenues differentiating are
+just 24 minus 2q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 24 minus 2q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 24 minus 2q
+okay so once again this is a new sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once again this is a new sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once again this is a new sort of
+mathematical trick deal to get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick deal to get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick deal to get used to
+flip the demand curves to Express price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the demand curves to Express price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the demand curves to Express price
+of functional quantity multiply through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functional quantity multiply through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functional quantity multiply through
+by Q and then differentiate and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Q and then differentiate and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Q and then differentiate and you get
+that marginal revenue is 24 minus 2q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that marginal revenue is 24 minus 2q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that marginal revenue is 24 minus 2q
+so you can see that in figure 11 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that in figure 11 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that in figure 11 3 the
+MA a revenue curve is the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA a revenue curve is the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA a revenue curve is the demand curve
+shifted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in
+okay now in fact this nice relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in fact this nice relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in fact this nice relationship
+will not always hold this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not always hold this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not always hold this sort of
+picture of a marginal revenue curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a marginal revenue curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a marginal revenue curve
+being the demand curve shifting will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the demand curve shifting will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the demand curve shifting will not
+always hold it only holds for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hold it only holds for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hold it only holds for certain
+functional forms mostly we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms mostly we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms mostly we'll use
+functional forints where it holds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forints where it holds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forints where it holds the
+main lesson is the marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main lesson is the marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main lesson is the marginal revenue
+curve has to be at or below the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve has to be at or below the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve has to be at or below the demand
+curve that's the proof okay whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's the proof okay whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's the proof okay whether it
+has this nice sort of shifted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this nice sort of shifted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this nice sort of shifted in
+relationship that depends very much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that depends very much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that depends very much on
+functional form but what is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form but what is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form but what is absolutely
+true is the marginal revenue curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is the marginal revenue curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is the marginal revenue curve is
+always everywhere at or below the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always everywhere at or below the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always everywhere at or below the demand
+curve why because the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve why because the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve why because the demand curve
+because by selling an X unit you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by selling an X unit you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by selling an X unit you're
+gonna make less to this poisoning effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make less to this poisoning effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make less to this poisoning effect
+so marginal revenue curve is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so marginal revenue curve is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so marginal revenue curve is always
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+the demand curve alright question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve alright question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve alright question about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+let's go on and let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on and let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on and let's talk about the
+critical relationship I just developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical relationship I just developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical relationship I just developed
+intuitive let's do it mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive let's do it mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive let's do it mathematically
+between marginal revenue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between marginal revenue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between marginal revenue and the
+elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+okay so take this um we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so take this um we've got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so take this um we've got our
+marginal revenue expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue expression
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marginal revenue equals P plus Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue equals P plus Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue equals P plus Delta P
+Delta Q times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Q times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Q times Q
+okay now take that expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now take that expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now take that expression and
+multiply and divide by P so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and divide by P so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and divide by P so I'm just
+gonna take this expression I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take this expression I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take this expression I'm gonna
+multiply and divide by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and divide by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and divide by P
+okay then I'm gonna get P plus Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I'm gonna get P plus Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I'm gonna get P plus Delta P
+over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P
+Delta Q over Q times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Q over Q times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Q over Q times
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+over P Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P plus P I'm sorry nope that's wrong my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P plus P I'm sorry nope that's wrong my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P plus P I'm sorry nope that's wrong my
+bad don't write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna write it as a multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write it as a multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write it as a multiplying
+divided by P Pleet P plus P times ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P Pleet P plus P times ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P Pleet P plus P times ya
+Delta P Delta Q times Q over P I skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P Delta Q times Q over P I skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P Delta Q times Q over P I skipped
+a step okay so I just multiplied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step okay so I just multiplied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step okay so I just multiplied and
+divided by P multiplied divided by P P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P multiplied divided by P P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P multiplied divided by P P
+plus P times Delta Q Delta P over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P times Delta Q Delta P over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P times Delta Q Delta P over Delta
+Q times Q over P okay now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q times Q over P okay now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q times Q over P okay now if you look at
+this expression Delta P over Delta Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression Delta P over Delta Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression Delta P over Delta Q
+times Q over P that is the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q over P that is the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q over P that is the inverse of
+the elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand
+so you can rewrite this as P plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can rewrite this as P plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can rewrite this as P plus P
+times 1 over the elasticity of demand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over the elasticity of demand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over the elasticity of demand or
+we're adding one more time that marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding one more time that marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding one more time that marginal
+revenue equals P times 1 plus 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue equals P times 1 plus 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue equals P times 1 plus 1 over the
+elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+marginal revenue equals P times 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue equals P times 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue equals P times 1 plus 1
+over the elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the elasticity of demand
+okay so think about this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so think about this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so think about this for a second
+this gets the intuition we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets the intuition we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets the intuition we just talked
+about if he is if the last thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if he is if the last thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if he is if the last thing that is
+negative infinite is negative infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinite is negative infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinite is negative infinity
+okay I had it wrong with zeroth law says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I had it wrong with zeroth law says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I had it wrong with zeroth law says
+demands negative infinity then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands negative infinity then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands negative infinity then you have
+a competitive market perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitive market perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitive market perfectly
+competitive market license demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market license demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market license demand
+negative infinity so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity so you get a
+competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market
+ok as the elasticity of demand but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok as the elasticity of demand but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok as the elasticity of demand but if
+the elasticity of demand arm is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand arm is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand arm is zero
+if the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the elasticity of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if the elasticity of mangos like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the elasticity of mangos like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the elasticity of mangos like you
+less is demands negative one let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less is demands negative one let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less is demands negative one let's do
+that case so negative infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case so negative infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case so negative infinity is
+perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive
+okay what about negative one what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about negative one what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about negative one what's
+special about the elastic demand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about the elastic demand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about the elastic demand of
+negative one in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one in this case
+what's the marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal revenue
+zero that's the case going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the case going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the case going back to
+figure eleven to where B and C exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eleven to where B and C exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eleven to where B and C exactly
+cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out
+so you probably thought about this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you probably thought about this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you probably thought about this when
+you loved this graph you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you loved this graph you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you loved this graph you probably
+quickly ask yourself well should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly ask yourself well should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly ask yourself well should the
+monopolist try to sell more or not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist try to sell more or not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist try to sell more or not well
+the answer is the elastic demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the elastic demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the elastic demand is
+minus one they're indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one they're indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one they're indifferent
+so this is sort of the important insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the important insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the important insight
+with elastic demand a minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elastic demand a minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elastic demand a minus one the
+monopolist is indifferent about selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist is indifferent about selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist is indifferent about selling
+another unit because what they gain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit because what they gain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit because what they gain from
+selling unit they lose on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling unit they lose on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling unit they lose on the previous
+units if the elasticity main is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units if the elasticity main is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units if the elasticity main is greater
+than minus one an absolute value then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus one an absolute value then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus one an absolute value then
+they're gonna lose money by selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna lose money by selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna lose money by selling
+additional units if the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional units if the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional units if the elasticity of
+demand is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is less than one
+then they're gonna make money by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're gonna make money by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're gonna make money by by by
+by selling the shown units but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selling the shown units but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selling the shown units but let's say
+I'm skipping ahead let's go on and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping ahead let's go on and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping ahead let's go on and talk
+about profit maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about profit maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about profit maximization
+okay so let's go on and take the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go on and take the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go on and take the next
+step which is a monopoly profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which is a monopoly profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which is a monopoly profit
+maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization
+imagine monopolist cost function curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine monopolist cost function curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine monopolist cost function curve
+is of the form twelve plus Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form twelve plus Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form twelve plus Q squared
+let's take this a monopolist and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this a monopolist and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this a monopolist and write
+down cost function of twelve plus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down cost function of twelve plus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down cost function of twelve plus Q
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+okay so with this cost function marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this cost function marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this cost function marginal
+cost equals to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals to Q
+okay that's marginal cost with this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's marginal cost with this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's marginal cost with this cost
+function okay so what's the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so what's the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so what's the profit
+maximization rule it's that marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization rule it's that marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization rule it's that marginal
+revenue equals marginal cost well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue equals marginal cost well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue equals marginal cost well
+marginal revenue we wrote down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue we wrote down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue we wrote down here is
+24 minus 2q so it's where 24 minus 2q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 minus 2q so it's where 24 minus 2q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 minus 2q so it's where 24 minus 2q
+equals marginal I should equals marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal I should equals marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal I should equals marginal
+cost now we're not the less here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now we're not the less here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now we're not the less here's the
+trick little Q and big Q are the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick little Q and big Q are the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick little Q and big Q are the same so
+I wrote little Q here but if you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote little Q here but if you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote little Q here but if you're the
+only firm in the market little Q and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only firm in the market little Q and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only firm in the market little Q and big
+Q are the same right it's only one firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q are the same right it's only one firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q are the same right it's only one firm
+in the market so 24 minus 2q equals I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market so 24 minus 2q equals I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market so 24 minus 2q equals I'll
+make this a big Q now equals to Q so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a big Q now equals to Q so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a big Q now equals to Q so so
+the optimization point is where 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization point is where 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization point is where 24
+equals for Q or star equals six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals for Q or star equals six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals for Q or star equals six
+that's the optimal that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the optimal that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the optimal that's the
+profit-maximizing sale on quantity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit-maximizing sale on quantity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit-maximizing sale on quantity for
+the monopolist is where 24 minus 2q or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monopolist is where 24 minus 2q or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monopolist is where 24 minus 2q or
+larger amigos marginal costs we derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amigos marginal costs we derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amigos marginal costs we derive
+marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue
+okay marginal costs we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay marginal costs we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay marginal costs we know how to
+derive from a cost function we set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from a cost function we set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from a cost function we set them
+equal and we get the optimizing quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and we get the optimizing quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and we get the optimizing quantity
+okay and you can see this in figure 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see this in figure 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see this in figure 11
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure 11 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 11 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 11 for
+shows what's going on here so the I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what's going on here so the I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what's going on here so the I've
+driven all the way I've drawn all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven all the way I've drawn all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven all the way I've drawn all the
+various cost curves for this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cost curves for this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cost curves for this cost
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay I've driven all the various cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've driven all the various cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've driven all the various cost
+first for this cost function you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for this cost function you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for this cost function you can see
+the marginal cost curve and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost curve and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost curve and then you can
+see it intersects the marginal revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it intersects the marginal revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it intersects the marginal revenue
+curve at a quantity of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at a quantity of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at a quantity of six
+intersects the marginal revenue curve at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects the marginal revenue curve at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects the marginal revenue curve at
+a quantity of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity of six
+okay what is the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the price
+so we raise their hand and tell me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we raise their hand and tell me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we raise their hand and tell me tell
+me why the quantity six what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why the quantity six what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why the quantity six what's what's
+prices in monopoly set yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in monopoly set yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in monopoly set yeah
+eighteen why you're supposed to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen why you're supposed to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen why you're supposed to get that
+wrong you didn't you didn't you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you didn't you didn't you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you didn't you didn't you didn't
+follow my instruction so you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow my instruction so you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow my instruction so you can get it
+wrong you got it right I'm just joking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you got it right I'm just joking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you got it right I'm just joking
+how does you know is 18 and not twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does you know is 18 and not twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does you know is 18 and not twelve
+usually that's 12 that's the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's 12 that's the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's 12 that's the point where
+the curves intersect why is it 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even the monopolist as powerful as he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the monopolist as powerful as he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the monopolist as powerful as he is
+has to respect demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to respect demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to respect demand
+so the monopolist is they're gonna sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the monopolist is they're gonna sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the monopolist is they're gonna sell
+six units they have to choose a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six units they have to choose a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six units they have to choose a price
+such that people want to buy six units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that people want to buy six units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that people want to buy six units
+so your intuition which is my fault I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your intuition which is my fault I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your intuition which is my fault I've
+always said look with the curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always said look with the curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always said look with the curves
+intersect to a quantity in a price your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect to a quantity in a price your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect to a quantity in a price your
+quick intuition which was to look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick intuition which was to look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick intuition which was to look and
+say the price was 12 which was the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the price was 12 which was the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the price was 12 which was the wrong
+answer I usually get okay it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I usually get okay it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I usually get okay it's wrong
+because you need to actually respect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to actually respect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to actually respect the
+demand curve so monopolist solves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve so monopolist solves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve so monopolist solves for
+the optimal quantity but then to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal quantity but then to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal quantity but then to get the
+optimum price he has to plug this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum price he has to plug this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum price he has to plug this back
+of the main curve or what's demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main curve or what's demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main curve or what's demand
+demand is 24 minus P so I'm sorry it's P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is 24 minus P so I'm sorry it's P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is 24 minus P so I'm sorry it's P
+equals 24 minus Q that's our man so if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 24 minus Q that's our man so if Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 24 minus Q that's our man so if Q
+star is 6 then price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is 6 then price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is 6 then price is
+24-6 or 18 P star is 18 and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-6 or 18 P star is 18 and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24-6 or 18 P star is 18 and that is what
+you will get wrong on when you wait to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get wrong on when you wait to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get wrong on when you wait to
+do this if you're gonna get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if you're gonna get anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if you're gonna get anything
+wrong I monopolies problem this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I monopolies problem this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I monopolies problem this is what
+you're gonna get wrong okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get wrong okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get wrong okay which is
+remembering you can't just at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering you can't just at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering you can't just at the end
+you have to an extra step here to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to an extra step here to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to an extra step here to get
+the price you have to solve for quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price you have to solve for quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price you have to solve for quantity
+but then respect the demand curve to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then respect the demand curve to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then respect the demand curve to get
+the price there's a question somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price there's a question somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price there's a question somewhere
+okay yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's pretty much yes it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much yes it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much yes it's pretty much
+meaningless basically that intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless basically that intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless basically that intersection
+used to pin down the quantity but price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to pin down the quantity but price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to pin down the quantity but price
+has to come for demand curve because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come for demand curve because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come for demand curve because you
+have to respect you can't sell something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to respect you can't sell something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to respect you can't sell something
+consumers don't want to buy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers don't want to buy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers don't want to buy okay so
+you've got to respect that demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to respect that demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to respect that demand curve
+okay and in fact you can show yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact you can show yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact you can show yourself
+so so basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically um that's a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically um that's a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically um that's a price
+profit maximization except this stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization except this stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization except this stupid
+goddamn shutdown Rule still holds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goddamn shutdown Rule still holds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goddamn shutdown Rule still holds in the
+short-run we still suspect the shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run we still suspect the shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run we still suspect the shut down
+world so you still have to check its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so you still have to check its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so you still have to check its
+price less than average variable cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price less than average variable cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price less than average variable cost
+now once again in this function okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once again in this function okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once again in this function okay in
+this foot you have to check if the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this foot you have to check if the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this foot you have to check if the price
+so even if profits are negative you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if profits are negative you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if profits are negative you're
+still gonna have to check if price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gonna have to check if price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gonna have to check if price is
+greater than average variable cost now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than average variable cost now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than average variable cost now
+here at six units the average variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at six units the average variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at six units the average variable
+cost is six you see we can see see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is six you see we can see see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is six you see we can see see the
+dashed line if we sell six units the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line if we sell six units the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line if we sell six units the
+average variable cost is six so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variable cost is six so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variable cost is six so clearly
+price is greater than a travel cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is greater than a travel cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is greater than a travel cost you
+wouldn't shut down you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't shut down you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't shut down you're making
+positive profits in fact you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive profits in fact you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive profits in fact you're making
+profits of 60 okay so you wouldn't shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of 60 okay so you wouldn't shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of 60 okay so you wouldn't shut
+down but you always do have to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but you always do have to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but you always do have to check the
+shutdown rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown rule
+okay so that's how you do a monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how you do a monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how you do a monopoly
+problem okay just to go back how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay just to go back how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay just to go back how do you
+Monopoly problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly problem
+you'll be given a cost function you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be given a cost function you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be given a cost function you know
+what to do those in your sleep and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do those in your sleep and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do those in your sleep and a
+demand function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function
+the demand function gets turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand function gets turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand function gets turned into
+marginal revenue function simply through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue function simply through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue function simply through
+these couple of steps so demand function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of steps so demand function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of steps so demand function
+gives you a marginal revenue function if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a marginal revenue function if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a marginal revenue function if
+you have marginal revenue of marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have marginal revenue of marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have marginal revenue of marginal
+then you know how to solve for optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know how to solve for optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know how to solve for optimal
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+if you have optimal quantity in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have optimal quantity in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have optimal quantity in you
+respect the demand curve you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect the demand curve you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect the demand curve you know how to
+solve for price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for price
+once you have a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a price
+okay and an average cost curve you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and an average cost curve you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and an average cost curve you can
+both check the shutdown rule and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both check the shutdown rule and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both check the shutdown rule and compute
+profits profits are simply the price you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits profits are simply the price you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits profits are simply the price you
+get minus average costs so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus average costs so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus average costs so we can
+compute the profit and check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the profit and check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the profit and check the
+shutdown rule okay so the only thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown rule okay so the only thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown rule okay so the only thing we
+did here that's new is this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here that's new is this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here that's new is this sort of
+interesting quirk that we have this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quirk that we have this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quirk that we have this new
+marginal revenue function otherwise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue function otherwise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue function otherwise it's
+the same sort of analysis we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of analysis we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of analysis we did before
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this should be doable with some practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be doable with some practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be doable with some practice
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the key a key concept here that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key a key concept here that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key a key concept here that we need
+to think about that comes the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that comes the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that comes the question
+you might have asked yourself at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have asked yourself at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have asked yourself at some
+point you might have said well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you might have said well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you might have said well if
+monopolists are the only firm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolists are the only firm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolists are the only firm in the
+market why don't they just charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market why don't they just charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market why don't they just charge
+whatever they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want
+why do they have to why are they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they have to why are they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do they have to why are they sort of
+constrained by this sort of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by this sort of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by this sort of mathematics
+we've done before and to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done before and to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done before and to answer this
+let's turn to the concept of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to the concept of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to the concept of market
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+the market power of monopolist we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market power of monopolist we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market power of monopolist we will
+define as their ability to charge price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as their ability to charge price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as their ability to charge price
+greater than marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than marginal cost
+your billing and charge price greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your billing and charge price greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your billing and charge price greater
+than marginal cost is your market power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than marginal cost is your market power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than marginal cost is your market power
+in other words competitive firms have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words competitive firms have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words competitive firms have no
+market power they have to charge a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market power they have to charge a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market power they have to charge a price
+that's the same as their marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as their marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as their marginal cost
+and that's why they make no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why they make no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why they make no money
+monopolist have market power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist have market power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist have market power
+okay so now let's return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's return to the
+condition for profit maximization we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for profit maximization we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for profit maximization we
+said that marginal revenue can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that marginal revenue can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that marginal revenue can be
+rewritten as price times 1 plus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewritten as price times 1 plus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewritten as price times 1 plus 1 over
+the elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand
+right that equals marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that equals marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that equals marginal cost
+okay so we can rewrite this as marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can rewrite this as marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can rewrite this as marginal
+cost over price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost over price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost over price
+equals 1 plus 1 over the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 plus 1 over the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 plus 1 over the elasticity of
+demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and
+this is the monopolist market power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the monopolist market power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the monopolist market power
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+so if we define the market so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we define the market so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we define the market so we can
+define something we call a markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define something we call a markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define something we call a markup
+casually we can call profits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually we can call profits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually we can call profits but
+technically it's the markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's the markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's the markup
+okay as the percentage markup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as the percentage markup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as the percentage markup of
+Annapolis can make as P minus MC over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annapolis can make as P minus MC over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annapolis can make as P minus MC over P
+how much of the price is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the price is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the price is actually a
+markup over costs okay sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup over costs okay sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup over costs okay sort of an
+intuitive concept so basically how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive concept so basically how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive concept so basically how much
+of the money you get for the unit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the money you get for the unit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the money you get for the unit is a
+markup as a share of the money you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup as a share of the money you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup as a share of the money you get
+then that is simply that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is simply that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is simply that is equal to
+minus one over the elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over the elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over the elasticity of demand
+so the monopolist markup is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the monopolist markup is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the monopolist markup is equal to one
+over the minus one of your lesson demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the minus one of your lesson demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the minus one of your lesson demand
+okay so the elastic demand is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the elastic demand is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the elastic demand is negative
+infinity that is a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that is a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that is a perfectly competitive
+market then the markup is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then the markup is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then the markup is what
+zero just like competitive firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero just like competitive firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero just like competitive firm
+competitive firms have to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firms have to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firms have to charge
+marginal cost but as the man gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost but as the man gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost but as the man gets more
+inelastic the monopolist gains power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic the monopolist gains power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic the monopolist gains power to
+mark up the price and make money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark up the price and make money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark up the price and make money and
+this answers our question of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answers our question of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answers our question of why
+monopolist aren't infinitely powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist aren't infinitely powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist aren't infinitely powerful
+what is the limiting factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the limiting factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the limiting factor of
+monopolist it's not other firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist it's not other firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist it's not other firms
+producing their good what's the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing their good what's the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing their good what's the limiting
+factor a monopolist yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a monopolist yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a monopolist yeah
+yeah it's other products so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's other products so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's other products so think about
+a monopolist and insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monopolist and insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monopolist and insulin
+they can charge where the hell they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can charge where the hell they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can charge where the hell they want
+right because basically there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because basically there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because basically there's nothing
+else to buy that may be multiple insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to buy that may be multiple insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to buy that may be multiple insulin
+products but imagine one insulin product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but imagine one insulin product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but imagine one insulin product
+okay so nothing could strange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nothing could strange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nothing could strange that
+madhabs he should charge an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madhabs he should charge an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madhabs he should charge an infinite
+price up to like what Congress will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price up to like what Congress will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price up to like what Congress will put
+up with okay but if you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with okay but if you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with okay but if you think about a
+monopolist in a good where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist in a good where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist in a good where there's a
+substitute so if I'm the monopolist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute so if I'm the monopolist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute so if I'm the monopolist in
+gum if I'm a gum mapa list okay then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum if I'm a gum mapa list okay then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum if I'm a gum mapa list okay then I'm
+constrained by what how much people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by what how much people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by what how much people want
+to eventually it'll just substitute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eventually it'll just substitute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eventually it'll just substitute to
+candy okay anything so I'm constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy okay anything so I'm constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy okay anything so I'm constrained
+not by competitors in my market but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by competitors in my market but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by competitors in my market but by
+the fact that consumers can substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that consumers can substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that consumers can substitute
+to other goods so what's the limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other goods so what's the limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other goods so what's the limit on
+monopolist consumers we're the limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist consumers we're the limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist consumers we're the limit on
+monopolist our willingness to put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist our willingness to put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist our willingness to put up
+with that good rose to other goods ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that good rose to other goods ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that good rose to other goods ie
+our elasticity of demand is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our elasticity of demand is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our elasticity of demand is the only
+thing limiting monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing limiting monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing limiting monopolist
+okay so basically there is market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically there is market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically there is market
+discipline innopolis even though they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline innopolis even though they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline innopolis even though they're
+the only provider of a good they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only provider of a good they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only provider of a good they still
+subject to market discipline it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to market discipline it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to market discipline it's just a
+discipline doesn't come from other firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline doesn't come from other firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline doesn't come from other firms
+it comes from consumers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from consumers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from consumers okay
+so a great example of this is let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a great example of this is let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a great example of this is let's look
+if you go on at least as of last year if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go on at least as of last year if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go on at least as of last year if
+you go on Amazon and look at the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on Amazon and look at the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on Amazon and look at the prices
+of two goods that you've probably had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two goods that you've probably had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two goods that you've probably had to
+consume in high school Huckleberry Finn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume in high school Huckleberry Finn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume in high school Huckleberry Finn
+and Great Gatsby two books okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Great Gatsby two books okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Great Gatsby two books okay that
+many of you had to consume in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you had to consume in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you had to consume in high
+school you had to read Huckleberry Finn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you had to read Huckleberry Finn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you had to read Huckleberry Finn
+you had to drink a Greek cake the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to drink a Greek cake the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to drink a Greek cake the Great
+Gatsby they're both comparable lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gatsby they're both comparable lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gatsby they're both comparable lengths
+great grass he's a little shorter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great grass he's a little shorter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great grass he's a little shorter I
+think but they're both comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but they're both comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but they're both comparable
+lengths the production costs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths the production costs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths the production costs the
+marginal cost of producing sprite pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of producing sprite pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of producing sprite pretty
+comparable okay but if you go on Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable okay but if you go on Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable okay but if you go on Amazon
+Huck Finn costs four dollars and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huck Finn costs four dollars and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huck Finn costs four dollars and the
+Great Gatsby costs $16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Gatsby costs $16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Gatsby costs $16
+now why is this why is this and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this why is this and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this why is this and we know
+why is Great Gatsby cost four times much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's interesting that's not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting that's not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting that's not enough to
+explain it's not bad enough places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it's not bad enough places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it's not bad enough places
+fortunately to explain that what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately to explain that what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately to explain that what else is
+going on anyone know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly the Great Gatsby still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the Great Gatsby still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the Great Gatsby still has
+copyright protection that is only only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright protection that is only only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright protection that is only only
+people who get permission from the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who get permission from the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who get permission from the great
+from William F moon scott Fitzgerald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from William F moon scott Fitzgerald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from William F moon scott Fitzgerald's
+descendants F scott Fitzgerald I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants F scott Fitzgerald I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants F scott Fitzgerald I'm
+sorry's four descendants get to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry's four descendants get to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry's four descendants get to produce
+it they have a monopoly on the good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they have a monopoly on the good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they have a monopoly on the good that
+is the Great Gatsby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Great Gatsby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Great Gatsby
+Huck Finn it turns out that 75 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huck Finn it turns out that 75 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huck Finn it turns out that 75 years
+after an author's death copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an author's death copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an author's death copyright
+protection expires f scott Fitzgerald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection expires f scott Fitzgerald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection expires f scott Fitzgerald
+hasn't been dead for 75 years Mark Twain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been dead for 75 years Mark Twain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been dead for 75 years Mark Twain
+has sock fin can now be produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sock fin can now be produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sock fin can now be produced by
+anyone you can go out tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone you can go out tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone you can go out tomorrow and
+produce a copy of Huck Finn and sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a copy of Huck Finn and sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a copy of Huck Finn and sell it
+so we think probably Huck Finn should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think probably Huck Finn should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think probably Huck Finn should be
+produced in a pretty competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in a pretty competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in a pretty competitive market
+that is basically the four dollars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically the four dollars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically the four dollars you
+pay Huck Finn should be roughly the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay Huck Finn should be roughly the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay Huck Finn should be roughly the cost
+of producing a book I think I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing a book I think I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing a book I think I know
+Marcos perfectly competitive a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marcos perfectly competitive a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marcos perfectly competitive a little
+market but not much where's the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but not much where's the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but not much where's the Great
+Gatsby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gatsby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gatsby
+it's not limited by competition but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not limited by competition but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not limited by competition but it
+is limited by the fact that if they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited by the fact that if they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited by the fact that if they try
+to charge 500 bucks for Great Gatsby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge 500 bucks for Great Gatsby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge 500 bucks for Great Gatsby
+teachers would have signed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers would have signed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers would have signed something
+else okay there's still a limit it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay there's still a limit it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay there's still a limit it's the
+only 16 dollars that's not a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 16 dollars that's not a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 16 dollars that's not a whole lot
+for one of the great works of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of the great works of literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of the great works of literature
+okay it's the only 16 dollars so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the only 16 dollars so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the only 16 dollars so why is
+only 16 dollars because it's limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 16 dollars because it's limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 16 dollars because it's limited by
+the fact there are other great works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact there are other great works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact there are other great works of
+literature people can turn to so Huck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature people can turn to so Huck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature people can turn to so Huck
+Finn is limited by the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finn is limited by the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finn is limited by the competition
+within the within the market for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within the market for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within the market for those
+across producers producing this imagines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across producers producing this imagines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across producers producing this imagines
+good probably pretty close to perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probably pretty close to perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probably pretty close to perfectly
+competitive market right it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market right it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market right it's pretty
+easy to just set up a shop and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to just set up a shop and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to just set up a shop and produce
+Huck Finn whereas the great gatsby has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huck Finn whereas the great gatsby has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huck Finn whereas the great gatsby has
+this extra effect which is copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra effect which is copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra effect which is copyright
+protected so it's only limited by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected so it's only limited by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected so it's only limited by by the
+elasticity demand yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great point last is demand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point last is demand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point last is demand I
+should say the last thing demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the last thing demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the last thing demand for
+that good we're one of the substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good we're one of the substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good we're one of the substitutes
+could be an illegal substitute that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an illegal substitute that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an illegal substitute that's a
+good point okay so let's go on and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point okay so let's go on and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point okay so let's go on and talk
+about the next topic I want to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next topic I want to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next topic I want to cover
+today which is how do we because now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is how do we because now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is how do we because now we
+have a new set of tools we've developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new set of tools we've developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new set of tools we've developed
+that's really cool which lets us ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool which lets us ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool which lets us ask the
+question not just what do monopolies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question not just what do monopolies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question not just what do monopolies do
+but how do we feel about it that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we feel about it that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we feel about it that is we
+can now turn to talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now turn to talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now turn to talking about the
+welfare effects of monopolies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare effects of monopolies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare effects of monopolies
+what are the welfare effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare effects of
+monopolies how do we feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies how do we feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies how do we feel about
+monopolies well let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies well let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies well let's start with the
+standard case that is the case we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard case that is the case we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard case that is the case we've
+covered so far as opposed to a case I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so far as opposed to a case I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so far as opposed to a case I'll
+cover in a minute okay and let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in a minute okay and let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in a minute okay and let's look at
+figure eleven five which is the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eleven five which is the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eleven five which is the example
+we just solved for okay the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just solved for okay the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just solved for okay the example
+where demand equals twenty four minus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where demand equals twenty four minus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where demand equals twenty four minus Q
+and cost is twelve plus Q squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cost is twelve plus Q squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cost is twelve plus Q squared okay
+so here we once again what do we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we once again what do we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we once again what do we do we
+set marginal cost equal the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set marginal cost equal the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set marginal cost equal the marginal
+revenue so they sell six units we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue so they sell six units we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue so they sell six units we then
+say what price permits them to sell six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what price permits them to sell six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what price permits them to sell six
+units the price of 18 so the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units the price of 18 so the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units the price of 18 so the equilibrium
+is that a price of a is that Edelen lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a price of a is that Edelen lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a price of a is that Edelen lamp
+Ephraim a little M for monopoly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ephraim a little M for monopoly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ephraim a little M for monopoly okay
+they sell six units at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell six units at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell six units at a price of
+eighteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen
+well at that equilibrium what's consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that equilibrium what's consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that equilibrium what's consumer
+surplus it's a the area under the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus it's a the area under the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus it's a the area under the demand
+curve above the price so consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above the price so consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above the price so consumer
+surplus is area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is area a
+what's producer surplus it's B plus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's producer surplus it's B plus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's producer surplus it's B plus D
+the area below the price above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area below the price above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area below the price above the
+supply curve but only for the units that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve but only for the units that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve but only for the units that
+are sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sold
+okay so the consumer it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the consumer it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the consumer it gets a
+the producer gets B plus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producer gets B plus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producer gets B plus D
+okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+C plus E is not our units that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus E is not our units that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus E is not our units that are not
+sold for which the marginal for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold for which the marginal for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold for which the marginal for which
+the willingness to pay is above the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willingness to pay is above the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willingness to pay is above the ones
+supply and what do we call those units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and what do we call those units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and what do we call those units
+units that are not sold some raise their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that are not sold some raise their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that are not sold some raise their
+hand tell me units that are not sold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand tell me units that are not sold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand tell me units that are not sold for
+chalupa is above the willing to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalupa is above the willing to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalupa is above the willing to supply
+yeah deadweight loss those are units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah deadweight loss those are units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah deadweight loss those are units
+that's an inefficiency those units that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an inefficiency those units that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an inefficiency those units that
+are not sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sold
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+efficiently should be that is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently should be that is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently should be that is we've
+broken this our first example ever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken this our first example ever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken this our first example ever this
+is a super exciting moment a breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a super exciting moment a breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a super exciting moment a breaking
+the first fundamental theorem of welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first fundamental theorem of welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first fundamental theorem of welfare
+economics the first fundamental theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the first fundamental theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the first fundamental theory
+economics was that the equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics was that the equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics was that the equilibrium the
+competitive equilibrium okay maximizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibrium okay maximizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibrium okay maximizes
+welfare well that's no longer true here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare well that's no longer true here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare well that's no longer true here
+we have an equilibrium that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an equilibrium that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an equilibrium that comes out of
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+okay it's what the market delivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's what the market delivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's what the market delivers
+but it doesn't maximize welfare there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't maximize welfare there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't maximize welfare there's
+a deadweight loss and that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deadweight loss and that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deadweight loss and that's because the
+markets imperfectly competitive this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets imperfectly competitive this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets imperfectly competitive this is
+our first ever example of what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first ever example of what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first ever example of what we call a
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's what from my perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what from my perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what from my perspective
+makes economics fund okay there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes economics fund okay there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes economics fund okay there were no
+market failures if all markets function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failures if all markets function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failures if all markets function
+the way we said they function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we said they function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we said they function then
+basically we could have been largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we could have been largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we could have been largely
+done with the course by now okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the course by now okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the course by now okay what
+makes us all interesting is markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes us all interesting is markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes us all interesting is markets
+don't function the way we said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't function the way we said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't function the way we said they
+function in that extreme case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in that extreme case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in that extreme case and
+therefore markets a market failure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore markets a market failure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore markets a market failure is
+defined as a case where the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a case where the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a case where the market
+equilibrium does not maximize social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium does not maximize social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium does not maximize social
+welfare so whenever the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare so whenever the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare so whenever the market
+equilibrium does not maximize social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium does not maximize social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium does not maximize social
+welfare you've got a market failure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare you've got a market failure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare you've got a market failure in
+the perfectly competitive case we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive case we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive case we didn't
+have a failure because the market like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a failure because the market like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a failure because the market like a
+little B maximize welfare that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B maximize welfare that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B maximize welfare that's not
+true here now the market equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here now the market equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here now the market equilibrium
+does not maximize welfare therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not maximize welfare therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not maximize welfare therefore it's
+a market failure hint what's exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market failure hint what's exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market failure hint what's exciting
+about that to me is that means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that to me is that means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that to me is that means there
+might be potential role for policy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be potential role for policy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be potential role for policy okay
+so far in this course the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in this course the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in this course the government's
+just been a bad guys they're nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been a bad guys they're nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been a bad guys they're nothing but
+set mean minimum wages and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set mean minimum wages and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set mean minimum wages and things like
+that and terrible price ceilings but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and terrible price ceilings but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and terrible price ceilings but in
+fact as we'll see next time this starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as we'll see next time this starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as we'll see next time this starts
+to introduce the role for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the role for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the role for the
+government's a good guy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's a good guy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's a good guy okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what makes two drives intuition will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes two drives intuition will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes two drives intuition will
+make this more interesting let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more interesting let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more interesting let's
+contrast that to the more realistic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that to the more realistic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that to the more realistic case
+of price discrimination or potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price discrimination or potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price discrimination or potentially
+more realistic case of price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic case of price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic case of price
+discrimination now what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination now what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination now what happens if we
+don't force the monopolist to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't force the monopolist to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't force the monopolist to only
+charge one price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge one price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge one price
+what if we allow the monopolist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we allow the monopolist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we allow the monopolist to
+charge different prices to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge different prices to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge different prices to different
+consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+here's a cool conclusion actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cool conclusion actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cool conclusion actually kind
+of crazy conclusion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy conclusion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy conclusion if
+monopolist can perfectly price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist can perfectly price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist can perfectly price
+discriminate that is they can sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate that is they can sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate that is they can sell a
+separate price for every consumer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate price for every consumer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate price for every consumer then
+monopoly is welfare maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly is welfare maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly is welfare maximizing
+if monopolist could set a perfect price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if monopolist could set a perfect price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if monopolist could set a perfect price
+for every consumer then monopoly does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every consumer then monopoly does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every consumer then monopoly does
+maximize social welfare to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize social welfare to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize social welfare to see that
+simply look at figure eleven six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's take a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a perfectly
+price-discriminating monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating monopolist
+let's think about what this prices they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what this prices they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what this prices they
+said well essentially what they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well essentially what they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well essentially what they're going
+to do is set price where a perverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is set price where a perverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is set price where a perverse
+criminai monopolist is going to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminai monopolist is going to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminai monopolist is going to set the
+price for each unit to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for each unit to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for each unit to what
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the demand the willingness to pay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand the willingness to pay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand the willingness to pay if
+you're perfectly price-discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perfectly price-discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perfectly price-discriminating
+you will screw consumers to the max and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will screw consumers to the max and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will screw consumers to the max and
+how do you do that by delivering them no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that by delivering them no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that by delivering them no
+surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus
+by taking all the surplus for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking all the surplus for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking all the surplus for yourself
+so for the first unit you charge five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the first unit you charge five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the first unit you charge five
+for the second unit you charge for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second unit you charge for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second unit you charge for and
+for the sixth unit you charge 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sixth unit you charge 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sixth unit you charge 18
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+her sweat streaming up now the priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her sweat streaming up now the priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her sweat streaming up now the priest
+monopolist stopped at six why do we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist stopped at six why do we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist stopped at six why do we stop
+at six because the cell the seventh unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six because the cell the seventh unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six because the cell the seventh unit
+would have lost the money he would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have lost the money he would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have lost the money he would have
+had to lower the price in all previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to lower the price in all previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to lower the price in all previous
+units but the price humanopolis has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but the price humanopolis has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but the price humanopolis has no
+poisoning effect because he doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect because he doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect because he doesn't have
+to lower the price on the previous units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the price on the previous units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the price on the previous units
+he can say for that seventh unit I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can say for that seventh unit I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can say for that seventh unit I'm
+gonna sell that one at seventeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sell that one at seventeen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sell that one at seventeen
+I'm gonna make seventeen I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make seventeen I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make seventeen I'm not gonna
+lose any money because I can keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose any money because I can keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose any money because I can keep the
+other prices the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other prices the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other prices the same
+so the perfectly price-discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the perfectly price-discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the perfectly price-discriminating
+monopolist you get rid of the poisoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist you get rid of the poisoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist you get rid of the poisoning
+effect thing just marched their way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect thing just marched their way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect thing just marched their way down
+the demand curve charging every consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve charging every consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve charging every consumer
+exactly their willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly their willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly their willingness to pay
+therefore they will continue to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they will continue to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they will continue to produce
+until the competitive equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the competitive equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the competitive equilibrium
+they will continue to proves until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will continue to proves until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will continue to proves until
+willingness to pay equals willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay equals willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay equals willing to
+supply but they will capture all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply but they will capture all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply but they will capture all the
+surplus so the new equilibria will be EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so the new equilibria will be EC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so the new equilibria will be EC
+the competitive equilibrium but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive equilibrium but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive equilibrium but the
+entire surplus goes to the monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire surplus goes to the monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire surplus goes to the monopolist
+so the fascinating case there's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fascinating case there's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fascinating case there's we
+maximize social welfare but only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize social welfare but only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize social welfare but only because
+we define social off in this peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define social off in this peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define social off in this peculiar
+way which is the simple sum of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is the simple sum of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is the simple sum of consumer
+producer surplus here producers get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer surplus here producers get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer surplus here producers get all
+the surplus therefore welfare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surplus therefore welfare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surplus therefore welfare is
+maximized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized
+so perfectly price is crating monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfectly price is crating monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfectly price is crating monopolist
+okay gets back some eyes social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gets back some eyes social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gets back some eyes social welfare
+okay now there's two interesting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's two interesting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's two interesting points
+that come out of this okay point one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of this okay point one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of this okay point one is
+this is a cool way to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cool way to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cool way to understand why
+does the deadweight loss for monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the deadweight loss for monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the deadweight loss for monopoly
+it's cool to understand because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool to understand because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool to understand because you can
+see you can focus on that point East sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can focus on that point East sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can focus on that point East sub
+N and think about why the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and think about why the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and think about why the perfectly
+price scrim innopolis gets to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price scrim innopolis gets to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price scrim innopolis gets to sell
+another unit and the regular monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit and the regular monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit and the regular monopolist
+doesn't because the regular monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't because the regular monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't because the regular monopolist
+has the poison effect and the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the poison effect and the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the poison effect and the perfectly
+price-discriminating monopolist does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating monopolist does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating monopolist does not
+so it's a good way to sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good way to sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good way to sort of think
+about that intuition of the poisoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that intuition of the poisoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that intuition of the poisoning
+effect that's lesson one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that's lesson one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that's lesson one
+lesson two is gee we may want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson two is gee we may want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson two is gee we may want to think
+about definition of welfare that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about definition of welfare that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about definition of welfare that's not
+just a sum of consumer producer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sum of consumer producer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sum of consumer producer surplus
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+model of welfare that delivers the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of welfare that delivers the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of welfare that delivers the fact
+that a producer that can screw every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a producer that can screw every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a producer that can screw every
+single consumer out of any of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single consumer out of any of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single consumer out of any of their
+surplus is the best possible outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is the best possible outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is the best possible outcome
+might not be a model we're so happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be a model we're so happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be a model we're so happy with
+okay but that we can come back to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that we can come back to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that we can come back to but
+for now it's a nice extreme and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now it's a nice extreme and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now it's a nice extreme and in fact
+in reality no firm is heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality no firm is heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality no firm is heard
+price-discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating
+okay Amazon tried to be there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Amazon tried to be there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Amazon tried to be there was a
+controversy number years ago where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy number years ago where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy number years ago where
+Amazon would set your price according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon would set your price according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon would set your price according to
+your what's a little string a numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what's a little string a numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what's a little string a numbers
+address IP address they literally would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address IP address they literally would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address IP address they literally would
+set prices by IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set prices by IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set prices by IP address
+they'd literally say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd literally say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd literally say well you know
+you're coming for an IP address that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming for an IP address that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming for an IP address that's
+for example you're in a high high income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you're in a high high income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you're in a high high income
+area I'm gonna charge you more you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I'm gonna charge you more you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I'm gonna charge you more you're in
+a university therefore you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university therefore you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university therefore you need this
+book for a course therefore I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book for a course therefore I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book for a course therefore I'm gonna
+charge you more etc that they got busted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you more etc that they got busted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you more etc that they got busted
+and that was found illegal but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was found illegal but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was found illegal but just
+because you can't perfectly price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't perfectly price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't perfectly price
+discriminate doesn't mean we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate doesn't mean we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate doesn't mean we don't have
+lots of examples of partial price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples of partial price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples of partial price
+discrimination so what are examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination so what are examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination so what are examples in
+the real world a price discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world a price discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world a price discrimination
+what if firms do and what's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if firms do and what's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if firms do and what's the general
+let me ask the the tell me what friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask the the tell me what friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask the the tell me what friends
+do and also mono what's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and also mono what's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and also mono what's the general
+principle what's the basic idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle what's the basic idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle what's the basic idea that
+firms if you want to price discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms if you want to price discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms if you want to price discriminate
+what do you want to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to figure out what is
+your goal to figure out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the elasticity is low because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity is low because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity is low because
+they have to go if you're gonna buy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go if you're gonna buy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go if you're gonna buy two
+days before you got to go okay if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days before you got to go okay if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days before you got to go okay if you're
+buying six months before you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying six months before you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying six months before you know you
+might have to go that day you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to go that day you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to go that day you might not
+have to go that day you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go that day you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go that day you might have to
+but if you're buying last minute you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're buying last minute you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're buying last minute you got
+to go so your elasticity is lower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so your elasticity is lower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so your elasticity is lower so
+price-discriminating monopolist look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating monopolist look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price-discriminating monopolist look for
+signals of elasticity that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals of elasticity that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals of elasticity that's their
+search there's they can't literally no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search there's they can't literally no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search there's they can't literally no
+your willingness to pay amazon tried but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay amazon tried but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay amazon tried but
+even amazon couldn't perfectly no your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even amazon couldn't perfectly no your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even amazon couldn't perfectly no your
+willingness to pay so they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay so they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay so they're looking
+for signals that are correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for signals that are correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for signals that are correlated with
+your willingness to pay one signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay one signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your willingness to pay one signal is
+whether you want to fly at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to fly at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to fly at the last
+minute that means you have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that means you have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that means you have a low
+elasticity you're screwed you got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity you're screwed you got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity you're screwed you got to go
+what's another thing airlines do what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another thing airlines do what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another thing airlines do what's
+another signal of alaska see the airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another signal of alaska see the airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another signal of alaska see the airline
+juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice
+how else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they don't I don't know if I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't I don't know if I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't I don't know if I actually
+use that how long you been the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that how long you been the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that how long you been the website
+they could that'd be kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could that'd be kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could that'd be kind of interesting
+yeah I don't know but but that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know but but that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know but but that that's
+pretty subtle what's the more blunt one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty subtle what's the more blunt one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty subtle what's the more blunt one
+they use even before websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use even before websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use even before websites
+so ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ya
+know even before search I know you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even before search I know you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even before search I know you guys
+go for the Internet but there was life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the Internet but there was life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the Internet but there was life
+before the internet and even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the internet and even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the internet and even before the
+internet Airlines price discriminator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Airlines price discriminator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Airlines price discriminator
+what did they what did they do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they what did they do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they what did they do in the
+back yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah
+yeah different levels of flight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah different levels of flight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah different levels of flight right
+why is a first-class ticket more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a first-class ticket more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is a first-class ticket more than a
+coach ticket because rich guys are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach ticket because rich guys are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach ticket because rich guys are less
+elastic than poor guys okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic than poor guys okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic than poor guys okay so basically
+another way of price discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of price discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of price discriminating
+within the same flight is by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same flight is by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same flight is by having
+different quality so what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quality so what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quality so what they do is
+they say we're gonna give you a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say we're gonna give you a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say we're gonna give you a higher
+quality product but look first-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality product but look first-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality product but look first-class
+business so I flew business class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so I flew business class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so I flew business class for
+the first time my life was very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time my life was very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time my life was very excited
+went to India flew business class it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to India flew business class it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to India flew business class it was
+awesome okay but it raised the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay but it raised the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome okay but it raised the price
+taken from a thousand a twenty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from a thousand a twenty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from a thousand a twenty five
+hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+now it was better but it wasn't fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it was better but it wasn't fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it was better but it wasn't fifteen
+hundred dollars better okay or certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars better okay or certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars better okay or certain
+Lim put this let me sit Meuse rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lim put this let me sit Meuse rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lim put this let me sit Meuse rephrase
+that it costs more but it still didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it costs more but it still didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it costs more but it still didn't
+cost fifteen hundred dollars more I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost fifteen hundred dollars more I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost fifteen hundred dollars more I got
+a bigger seat and like you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger seat and like you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger seat and like you know people
+slaved over me but like it certainly did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaved over me but like it certainly did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaved over me but like it certainly did
+not cost them fifteen hundred dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cost them fifteen hundred dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cost them fifteen hundred dollars to
+bribe that service they clearly made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribe that service they clearly made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribe that service they clearly made
+more of a markup on the business class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a markup on the business class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a markup on the business class
+seat than they did in the coach seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat than they did in the coach seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat than they did in the coach seat
+because I was less elastic why cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was less elastic why cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was less elastic why cuz
+someone else is paying for my flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is paying for my flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is paying for my flight
+okay so I was less elastic and that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was less elastic and that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was less elastic and that's if
+you talk to people in business class not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to people in business class not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to people in business class not
+I'm gonna paying for their own flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna paying for their own flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna paying for their own flights
+they were they're super rich or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they're super rich or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they're super rich or other
+companies paying okay so the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies paying okay so the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies paying okay so the bottom line
+that's another way online scripted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way online scripted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way online scripted so
+let's get away from Airlines what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get away from Airlines what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get away from Airlines what are
+other examples of price discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of price discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of price discrimination
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+think I have to look this up I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have to look this up I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have to look this up I think
+they're not allowed to do that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowed to do that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowed to do that they're
+allowed to that in targeting advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to that in targeting advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to that in targeting advertising
+but I don't know if they'll I did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know if they'll I did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know if they'll I did it in
+setting the price I don't know a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the price I don't know a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the price I don't know a company
+glad to do that setting the price yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly or that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or that's exactly right
+restaurants are supermarkets now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants are supermarkets now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants are supermarkets now here's
+what's interesting if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting if you look at
+McDonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's
+okay its prices I know this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay its prices I know this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay its prices I know this is true for
+both basically if you look like like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both basically if you look like like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both basically if you look like like if
+if I buy make when I buy McDonald's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I buy make when I buy McDonald's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I buy make when I buy McDonald's on
+the highway out in the suburbs it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway out in the suburbs it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway out in the suburbs it's more
+expensive than I buy here in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than I buy here in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than I buy here in Cambridge
+why is that why why is why is a big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that why why is why is a big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that why why is why is a big so
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah I'm like I'm driving where am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm like I'm driving where am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm like I'm driving where am I
+gonna go I can't say oh it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go I can't say oh it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go I can't say oh it's too
+expensive going next door so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive going next door so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive going next door so that's an
+example inner-city pricing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example inner-city pricing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example inner-city pricing our
+supermarkets charge much higher prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets charge much higher prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarkets charge much higher prices
+in the city than out of the city they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city than out of the city they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city than out of the city they
+might think that's sort of strange okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that's sort of strange okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that's sort of strange okay
+but that's because in the city people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's because in the city people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's because in the city people
+have to walk to get their don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk to get their don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk to get their don't have a
+lot of options there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of options there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of options there's not a lot of
+shopping I would say they can drive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping I would say they can drive from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping I would say they can drive from
+supermarket - supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket - supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket - supermarket
+okay so there's all these complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's all these complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's all these complicated
+things that go into it one of my let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into it one of my let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into it one of my let me
+sort of show you my couple of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you my couple of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you my couple of my
+favorite examples one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite examples one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite examples one of my favorite
+examples is early bird specials now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is early bird specials now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is early bird specials now you
+guys might not know about this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys might not know about this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys might not know about this but you
+might have hung out with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have hung out with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have hung out with your
+grandparents and known that like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents and known that like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents and known that like if you
+go to a restaurant sometimes before five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a restaurant sometimes before five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a restaurant sometimes before five
+o'clock or 5:30 it's cheaper or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock or 5:30 it's cheaper or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock or 5:30 it's cheaper or if you
+go to Matt and Alma if you go to matinee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Matt and Alma if you go to matinee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Matt and Alma if you go to matinee
+movie a movie during the day is cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie a movie during the day is cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie a movie during the day is cheaper
+than a movie at night say movie why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a movie at night say movie why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a movie at night say movie why why
+is a movie during the day cheaper than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a movie during the day cheaper than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a movie during the day cheaper than a
+movie at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're purposely looking for cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're purposely looking for cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're purposely looking for cheaper
+options you're more elastic during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you're more elastic during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you're more elastic during the
+day because basically you're an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because basically you're an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because basically you're an old
+retired person's got nothing but time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired person's got nothing but time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired person's got nothing but time in
+their hands it's like you can shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands it's like you can shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands it's like you can shop
+around movie theatres you can decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around movie theatres you can decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around movie theatres you can decide to
+go the movie or take a nap etc okay same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the movie or take a nap etc okay same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the movie or take a nap etc okay same
+thing with early dinner specials people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with early dinner specials people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with early dinner specials people
+who have more time to shop are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have more time to shop are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have more time to shop are more
+elastic at night you're going out to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic at night you're going out to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic at night you're going out to see
+the movie these are people you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie these are people you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie these are people you know in
+some sense it's sort of interesting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense it's sort of interesting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense it's sort of interesting you
+think midnight movies I don't this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think midnight movies I don't this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think midnight movies I don't this is
+true midnight movie should charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true midnight movie should charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true midnight movie should charge in
+most of all because that's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of all because that's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of all because that's a bunch of
+insane fans right you have to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane fans right you have to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane fans right you have to see the
+movie first seems like the midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie first seems like the midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie first seems like the midnight
+showing should charge the most I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing should charge the most I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing should charge the most I don't
+know if that's true that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's true that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's true that'd be
+interesting to look at okay that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at okay that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at okay that's one
+example another example I love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example another example I love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example another example I love is
+Disneyland Disneyland and Disney World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disneyland Disneyland and Disney World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disneyland Disneyland and Disney World
+charge less if you live within 20 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge less if you live within 20 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge less if you live within 20 or so
+miles of the park why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles of the park why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles of the park why
+because you can go whenever so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can go whenever so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can go whenever so when I
+took my kids to Disney World if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took my kids to Disney World if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took my kids to Disney World if I want
+to set oh I'm sorry kids was ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set oh I'm sorry kids was ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set oh I'm sorry kids was ten dollars
+one I thought we're not going okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I thought we're not going okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I thought we're not going okay when
+how to ride it on my hands once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to ride it on my hands once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to ride it on my hands once you're
+there you're inelastic you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're inelastic you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're inelastic you're going to
+Disney World it's nothing else to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney World it's nothing else to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney World it's nothing else to do in
+Orlando I mean but there's other parks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orlando I mean but there's other parks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orlando I mean but there's other parks I
+guess but like but if you live locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but like but if you live locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but like but if you live locally
+you can decide you to go or not okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide you to go or not okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide you to go or not okay and
+then probably the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably the most interesting
+recent example is Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent example is Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent example is Tesla
+so during did I tell you guys to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during did I tell you guys to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so during did I tell you guys to test
+the hurricane story yet I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurricane story yet I don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurricane story yet I don't think so
+right okay so during the hurricane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so during the hurricane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so during the hurricane in
+Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida
+Parham I guess it was in Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parham I guess it was in Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parham I guess it was in Florida
+Tesla so Tesla sold two cars two models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla so Tesla sold two cars two models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla so Tesla sold two cars two models
+the cheaper model the more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheaper model the more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheaper model the more expensive
+model and the more expensive model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the more expensive model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the more expensive model has
+some nice doodads but most importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice doodads but most importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice doodads but most importantly
+the end the battery lasted longer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the battery lasted longer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the battery lasted longer the
+cheaper models like 300 miles the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper models like 300 miles the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper models like 300 miles the more
+expensive models like 500 miles during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive models like 500 miles during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive models like 500 miles during
+hurricane Emma Tesla as a good gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane Emma Tesla as a good gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane Emma Tesla as a good gesture
+of goodwill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodwill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodwill
+okay said hey guys who drives a cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay said hey guys who drives a cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay said hey guys who drives a cheap
+car you can now drive 500 miles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you can now drive 500 miles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you can now drive 500 miles and
+they're like what the hell it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like what the hell it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like what the hell it's the same
+battery Tesla said well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery Tesla said well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery Tesla said well it turns out
+it's the it's the same battery the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the same battery the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the same battery the owner
+is a piece of software that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece of software that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece of software that we could
+turn off our on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off our on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off our on
+so why did Tesla do that why did Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did Tesla do that why did Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did Tesla do that why did Tesla
+have a piece of software they turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of software they turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of software they turn off
+our on and turn it off for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our on and turn it off for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our on and turn it off for some people
+to make them drive less why did they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them drive less why did they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them drive less why did they do
+that there's someone else involved can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's someone else involved can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's someone else involved can
+anyone tell me about what Tesla saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone tell me about what Tesla saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone tell me about what Tesla saw
+besides you I must be an what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides you I must be an what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides you I must be an what
+else what's the other what's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's the other what's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's the other what's the kind of
+what what sort of Tesla's thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what sort of Tesla's thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what sort of Tesla's thought
+process actually was perfect economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually was perfect economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually was perfect economics
+Yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right
+price information but how how you price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price information but how how you price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price information but how how you price
+screaming by making some people yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more expensive exactly it's like first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive exactly it's like first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive exactly it's like first
+class your base is saying I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class your base is saying I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class your base is saying I want to
+charge more for a better product I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more for a better product I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more for a better product I can't
+charge more for the same product so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more for the same product so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more for the same product so if I
+give everyone five hundred miles I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everyone five hundred miles I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everyone five hundred miles I can't
+charge more but by making one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more but by making one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge more but by making one product
+better I can separate demand I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I can separate demand I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I can separate demand I could
+sell the expensive practical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the expensive practical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the expensive practical about
+lowlifes to demand consumers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowlifes to demand consumers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowlifes to demand consumers and the
+less expensive the high elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive the high elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive the high elasticity
+demand but it's actually the same damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand but it's actually the same damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand but it's actually the same damn
+product I just did it as a way to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I just did it as a way to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I just did it as a way to price
+discriminate so Tesla an effort to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate so Tesla an effort to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate so Tesla an effort to be
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+secure screwed themselves by revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure screwed themselves by revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure screwed themselves by revealing
+that they had been actually falsely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had been actually falsely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had been actually falsely
+screw you know screwing consumers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you know screwing consumers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you know screwing consumers it's
+not stuck it's good economics it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stuck it's good economics it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stuck it's good economics it makes
+total sense okay this actually follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense okay this actually follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense okay this actually follows
+one last example when the first laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last example when the first laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last example when the first laser
+printers came out okay it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers came out okay it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers came out okay it turned out
+that you could buy one for home that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could buy one for home that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could buy one for home that was
+like half the prices one for office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half the prices one for office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half the prices one for office and
+someone took them apart and found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone took them apart and found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone took them apart and found the
+one for home was the one for the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for home was the one for the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for home was the one for the office
+plus an extra piece that made it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an extra piece that made it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an extra piece that made it go
+slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+okay and they did that simply because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they did that simply because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they did that simply because
+they knew the office guys were less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew the office guys were less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew the office guys were less
+price elastic than the home guys so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price elastic than the home guys so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price elastic than the home guys so what
+an expensive one so they said the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expensive one so they said the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expensive one so they said the office
+ones faster isn't this cool was fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones faster isn't this cool was fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones faster isn't this cool was fast
+slow because they didn't add an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow because they didn't add an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow because they didn't add an extra
+piece that made it go slower okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that made it go slower okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that made it go slower okay and
+that's the same thing so let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing so let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing so let's stop
+there and we'll come back and talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we'll come back and talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we'll come back and talk more
+monopoly good luck tomorrow night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly good luck tomorrow night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly good luck tomorrow night and
+we'll talk more about monopoly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about monopoly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about monopoly on
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Fg6W-rcCTlc.txt b/Fg6W-rcCTlc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..756f31b7307e17a6ecebcc27edbe923087cc8ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fg6W-rcCTlc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+guest lectures are an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lectures are an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lectures are an important part of
+visualized in Japan the residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized in Japan the residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized in Japan the residential
+course each time I teach it I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course each time I teach it I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course each time I teach it I have
+professor John tower a guest lecturer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor John tower a guest lecturer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor John tower a guest lecturer at
+least once sometimes twice so I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once sometimes twice so I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once sometimes twice so I also
+invite dr. Ellen Sebring who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite dr. Ellen Sebring who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite dr. Ellen Sebring who is a
+specialist on visual culture and history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist on visual culture and history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist on visual culture and history
+and to prepare for these guest lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to prepare for these guest lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to prepare for these guest lectures
+I asked the guest lectures to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked the guest lectures to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked the guest lectures to give me
+some assignment to give the students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assignment to give the students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assignment to give the students in
+the case of Professor John dollar he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Professor John dollar he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Professor John dollar he
+gave me series of questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me series of questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me series of questions about the
+MOOC content what did they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOC content what did they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOC content what did they think about
+this what did they think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what did they think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what did they think about this
+how'd they improve the MOOC and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how'd they improve the MOOC and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how'd they improve the MOOC and the
+students wrote like a single page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students wrote like a single page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students wrote like a single page
+single-spaced and I gave that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-spaced and I gave that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-spaced and I gave that to
+professor darrall ahead of time and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor darrall ahead of time and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor darrall ahead of time and he
+read it and I think he spent almost half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and I think he spent almost half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and I think he spent almost half
+the class talking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class talking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class talking about what the
+students wrote now these students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students wrote now these students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students wrote now these students are
+very very engaged with the class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FgCxLh3Y7pI.txt b/FgCxLh3Y7pI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b52331b0dc751a91139c66a490d0f65b4e6df92b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FgCxLh3Y7pI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the first video of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the first video of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the first video of the third
+topic for 21m 383 and this is on streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for 21m 383 and this is on streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for 21m 383 and this is on streams
+as containers in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as containers in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as containers in music
+21 nearly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 nearly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 nearly all
+computational music processing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational music processing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational music processing systems
+especially those that work with scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those that work with scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those that work with scores
+have a concept cep of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concept cep of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concept cep of a
+container and something that's contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container and something that's contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container and something that's contained
+in it size they're called leaves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it size they're called leaves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it size they're called leaves um
+sometimes they're in music 21 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're in music 21 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're in music 21 they're
+called elements or boringly music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called elements or boringly music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called elements or boringly music 21
+objects and there usually the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and there usually the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and there usually the concept of
+a container whether called it or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a container whether called it or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a container whether called it or not the
+concept of a leaf whether called it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a leaf whether called it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a leaf whether called it or
+not and a third thing we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and a third thing we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and a third thing we'll talk about
+later called spanners This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later called spanners This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later called spanners This is the
+representation from a python music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation from a python music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation from a python music
+composition toolkit that works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition toolkit that works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition toolkit that works with
+musical scores called objat which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical scores called objat which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical scores called objat which uses
+leaes containers spanners and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaes containers spanners and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaes containers spanners and something
+they call indicators which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call indicators which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call indicators which are
+attributes in music 21 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes in music 21 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes in music 21 will be
+attributes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes on
+elements so now that we've seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so now that we've seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so now that we've seen how
+containers and elements or leaves work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers and elements or leaves work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers and elements or leaves work
+in general let's look at how containers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general let's look at how containers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general let's look at how containers
+work in music 21 where they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in music 21 where they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in music 21 where they're called
+streams
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ftq9vbN-WGw.txt b/Ftq9vbN-WGw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdf4f1fac09c290e3967eea986176cfb537699e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ftq9vbN-WGw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um welcome to the Center for advancement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome to the Center for advancement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome to the Center for advancement
+studies um I'm so happy to see you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies um I'm so happy to see you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies um I'm so happy to see you all
+here there's a bunch of unfamiliar fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a bunch of unfamiliar fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a bunch of unfamiliar fa
+again unfamiliar faes every time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unfamiliar faes every time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unfamiliar faes every time is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+um so because there are people here who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so because there are people here who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so because there are people here who
+don't know what we do I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what we do I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what we do I'm just going to
+quickly tell you what we do and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly tell you what we do and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly tell you what we do and I'm
+going to give you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a little bit of
+biographical information on our guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographical information on our guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographical information on our guest
+Starling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starling and
+then um we are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um we are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um we are an
+organization uh sort of we're we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh sort of we're we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh sort of we're we're a
+small artist Community inside inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small artist Community inside inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small artist Community inside inside the
+School of Architecture here um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Architecture here um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Architecture here um we have
+the program has three parts uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program has three parts uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program has three parts uh our
+visiting artists our artist fellows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting artists our artist fellows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting artists our artist fellows and
+our Mt student residencies um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Mt student residencies um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Mt student residencies um when
+artists present their work um they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists present their work um they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists present their work um they also
+do ay doing here spend today um walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ay doing here spend today um walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ay doing here spend today um walking
+around looking at um differents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around looking at um differents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around looking at um differents
+and tomorrow it's a pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tomorrow it's a pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tomorrow it's a pretty interesting
+way for us to integrate um what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for us to integrate um what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for us to integrate um what we're
+doing as MIT and Inu to the prac very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as MIT and Inu to the prac very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as MIT and Inu to the prac very
+interesting artists um once artists do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting artists um once artists do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting artists um once artists do a
+site visit they come to us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site visit they come to us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site visit they come to us with a
+proposal for longer project and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal for longer project and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal for longer project and we put
+together a JY we select from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a JY we select from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a JY we select from those
+projects for a longer and select one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects for a longer and select one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects for a longer and select one of
+those projects to be to be realized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those projects to be to be realized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those projects to be to be realized the
+following year um our student residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following year um our student residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following year um our student residents
+are um graduate students in other MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um graduate students in other MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um graduate students in other MIT
+departments one on this year at T um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments one on this year at T um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments one on this year at T um and
+they are they're also artists and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they're also artists and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they're also artists and they
+help us link our visitors back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us link our visitors back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us link our visitors back into
+their home communities um so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their home communities um so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their home communities um so that's what
+this is this is all all part this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is all all part this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is all all part this is
+artist bu um So currently Sim I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist bu um So currently Sim I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist bu um So currently Sim I think he
+actually needs a lot of introduction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs a lot of introduction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs a lot of introduction um
+he is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+um he's come here byin he's however um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's come here byin he's however um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's come here byin he's however um
+he's currently the subject of the solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's currently the subject of the solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's currently the subject of the solo
+exhibition um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition um
+at uh at the buzil um a he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at the buzil um a he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at the buzil um a he's the
+recipient of the 2005er prize um he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient of the 2005er prize um he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient of the 2005er prize um he's
+had other solo shows at tap modern at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had other solo shows at tap modern at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had other solo shows at tap modern at
+the Modern glasow uccl hammer in La pus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Modern glasow uccl hammer in La pus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Modern glasow uccl hammer in La pus
+FR it in Stockholm and session among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR it in Stockholm and session among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR it in Stockholm and session among
+others and he's also taken part in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and he's also taken part in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and he's also taken part in such
+major surveys as the South La he Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major surveys as the South La he Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major surveys as the South La he Co
+represented Scotland at the v c while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented Scotland at the v c while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented Scotland at the v c while
+being featured in one of the best shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being featured in one of the best shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being featured in one of the best shows
+there as well called IND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well called IND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well called IND
+and two other shows uh I want mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two other shows uh I want mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two other shows uh I want mention
+GPS too and the moderns at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS too and the moderns at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS too and the moderns at
+Tes in turn um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+now thank you for coming um it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now thank you for coming um it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now thank you for coming um it's really
+nice to be here and um come and talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to be here and um come and talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to be here and um come and talk a
+little bit about some of my work some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of my work some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of my work some of
+my projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my projects
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the I guess what what you'll soon sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess what what you'll soon sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess what what you'll soon sort
+of realize is that the work that I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of realize is that the work that I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of realize is that the work that I make
+is quite I mean formally it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite I mean formally it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite I mean formally it's incredibly
+diverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse and
+um I guess it has I mean there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess it has I mean there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess it has I mean there there are
+certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of
+um uh themes running through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh themes running through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh themes running through the
+practice which I've been kind of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice which I've been kind of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice which I've been kind of working
+with um over the last sort of 10 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um over the last sort of 10 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um over the last sort of 10 or 15
+years um and usually I try and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um and usually I try and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um and usually I try and kind of
+weav a different path through the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weav a different path through the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weav a different path through the work
+every time I make a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I make a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I make a talk
+um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+um um I kind of like I mean in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I kind of like I mean in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I kind of like I mean in a way
+making making talks is very much sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making making talks is very much sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making making talks is very much sort of
+I really think of it as being very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really think of it as being very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really think of it as being very much
+part of the practice um partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the practice um partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the practice um partly because
+the work um as you'll see it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work um as you'll see it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work um as you'll see it's kind of
+it has a quite sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a quite sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a quite sort
+of an anecdotal existence very often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an anecdotal existence very often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an anecdotal existence very often and
+it and it also involves performance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it also involves performance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it also involves performance to
+to varying degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to varying degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to varying degrees
+um I'm not a performer by any means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not a performer by any means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not a performer by any means and
+I always kind of disappear from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always kind of disappear from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always kind of disappear from from the
+work um when it's uh experienced by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um when it's uh experienced by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um when it's uh experienced by an
+audience but um there is that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but um there is that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but um there is that sort of
+Dimension to it and um so for me making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension to it and um so for me making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension to it and um so for me making
+making talks about the works are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making talks about the works are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making talks about the works are very
+kind kind of natural thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind kind of natural thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind kind of natural thing to
+do um and um so I'm really just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um and um so I'm really just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um and um so I'm really just going to
+I'm going to start to um sort of pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start to um sort of pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start to um sort of pick a
+a path through various projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path through various projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path through various projects that
+I've been making um the the earliest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been making um the the earliest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been making um the the earliest of
+which is um about 5 years old now um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um about 5 years old now um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um about 5 years old now um and
+um I'm not going to really talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not going to really talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not going to really talk about
+the sort of thematics from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thematics from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thematics from the beginning
+but I think it'll sort of slowly start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it'll sort of slowly start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it'll sort of slowly start
+to unfold as we go through um if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold as we go through um if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold as we go through um if people
+have questions as we go along then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions as we go along then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions as we go along then then
+that's fine but um we'll also have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but um we'll also have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but um we'll also have some
+time at the end for questions so um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the end for questions so um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the end for questions so um uh
+don't feel desperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel desperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel desperate
+um one of the one of the sort of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the one of the sort of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the one of the sort of um the
+things I've been sort of preoccupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've been sort of preoccupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've been sort of preoccupied
+with I suppose um over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I suppose um over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I suppose um over the
+last few years has been a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years has been a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years has been a kind of
+interest in in I mean in a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in in I mean in a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in in I mean in a very general
+sense in a sort of understanding of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in a sort of understanding of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in a sort of understanding of of
+uh what can Loosely be described as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what can Loosely be described as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what can Loosely be described as kind
+of globalization and and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of globalization and and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of globalization and and looking at
+various kind of narratives that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kind of narratives that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kind of narratives that um that
+spring from that um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring from that um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring from that um kind of
+understanding of the world and um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world and um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world and um one of
+the things I've been very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've been very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've been very interested in
+is is the the way plants the way sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the the way plants the way sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the the way plants the way sort of
+nature um moves around the world um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um moves around the world um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um moves around the world um in
+um sort of increasingly rapid um ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of increasingly rapid um ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of increasingly rapid um ways
+and um I lived in Scotland for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I lived in Scotland for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I lived in Scotland for a long
+time in um in Glasgow and um made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in um in Glasgow and um made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in um in Glasgow and um made a
+number of Works related to this plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Works related to this plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Works related to this plant
+which is um it's a rododendron uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um it's a rododendron uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um it's a rododendron uh called
+rododendron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rododendron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rododendron
+ponticum and um it was uh first brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponticum and um it was uh first brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponticum and um it was uh first brought
+to Britain by a Swedish botanist who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Britain by a Swedish botanist who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Britain by a Swedish botanist who was
+a a student of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a student of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a student of
+lenus and um he went to the south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenus and um he went to the south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenus and um he went to the south of
+Spain he was actually studying the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain he was actually studying the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain he was actually studying the the
+the grazing patterns of sheep or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grazing patterns of sheep or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grazing patterns of sheep or
+something in Spain but he found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in Spain but he found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in Spain but he found a
+little um sort of colony of um roded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um sort of colony of um roded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um sort of colony of um roded
+endons growing in the Hills between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endons growing in the Hills between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endons growing in the Hills between
+Cadiz and jalta and he brought some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadiz and jalta and he brought some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadiz and jalta and he brought some of
+these back to to Britain and um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back to to Britain and um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back to to Britain and um from
+there um this was in um in 1756 and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um this was in um in 1756 and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um this was in um in 1756 and from
+there they were um introduced first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were um introduced first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were um introduced first of
+all into sort of ornamental Gardens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all into sort of ornamental Gardens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all into sort of ornamental Gardens and
+of course they hopped over the wall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they hopped over the wall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they hopped over the wall of
+the garden and um became a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden and um became a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden and um became a kind
+of essentially a huge problem a weed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially a huge problem a weed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially a huge problem a weed um
+particularly in Scotland um where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in Scotland um where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in Scotland um where they
+seem to love the climate and um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to love the climate and um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to love the climate and um they're
+really a big problem now for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a big problem now for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a big problem now for kind of
+conservationists and um I was invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservationists and um I was invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservationists and um I was invited
+um yeah some years ago now to to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah some years ago now to to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah some years ago now to to make a
+a a public art project for this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a public art project for this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a public art project for this piece of
+land it's a it's a a piece of Heath land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it's a it's a a piece of Heath land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it's a it's a a piece of Heath land
+which is as I'm sure you know a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as I'm sure you know a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as I'm sure you know a very
+kind of sensitive and particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sensitive and particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sensitive and particular kind of
+configuration of of plants and animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of of plants and animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of of plants and animals
+and um it's also a uh a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's also a uh a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's also a uh a sort of
+ecosystem which is uh constantly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem which is uh constantly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem which is uh constantly sort of
+under threat and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under threat and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under threat and one of the things that
+it's under threat from in Scotland is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's under threat from in Scotland is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's under threat from in Scotland is
+Rod dendrons um and I was I I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod dendrons um and I was I I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod dendrons um and I was I I I was
+invited basically to make some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited basically to make some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited basically to make some kind of a
+sculpture or something to put on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture or something to put on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture or something to put on this
+piece of Heath land but I felt very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Heath land but I felt very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Heath land but I felt very
+uncomfortable about that it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable about that it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable about that it's a very
+beautiful place and it's somewhere where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful place and it's somewhere where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful place and it's somewhere where
+people go and walk their dogs and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go and walk their dogs and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go and walk their dogs and you
+know and so I I decided to um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so I I decided to um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so I I decided to um I
+investigate a little bit the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate a little bit the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate a little bit the the the
+sort of um the sort of problems of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um the sort of problems of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um the sort of problems of of
+running the the the heath land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the the the heath land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the the the heath land and
+maintaining it and and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining it and and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining it and and one of the things
+that I came across was this kind of huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I came across was this kind of huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I came across was this kind of huge
+problem that they have with the roded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that they have with the roded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that they have with the roded
+endons and they were the guys who ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endons and they were the guys who ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endons and they were the guys who ran
+the the the area were about to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the area were about to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the area were about to sort of
+cut down a lot of these plants um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down a lot of these plants um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down a lot of these plants um and
+Destroy them so I I sort of came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destroy them so I I sort of came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destroy them so I I sort of came up with
+the idea of rather than introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of rather than introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of rather than introducing
+something to the to the the heath land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the to the the heath land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the to the the heath land
+to to sort of remove something so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to sort of remove something so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to sort of remove something so I I
+made a proposal to return um some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a proposal to return um some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a proposal to return um some of
+these Road of dendron ponum to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Road of dendron ponum to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Road of dendron ponum to to the
+hills um where they came from in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills um where they came from in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills um where they came from in the
+south of Spain and um I I dug up seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Spain and um I I dug up seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Spain and um I I dug up seven
+of the plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plants and
+um packed them into my Volvo estate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um packed them into my Volvo estate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um packed them into my Volvo estate and
+drove um from the north of Scotland to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove um from the north of Scotland to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove um from the north of Scotland to
+the south of Spain and um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south of Spain and um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south of Spain and um sort
+of I don't know reintroduced them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know reintroduced them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know reintroduced them to
+their ancestors I suppose um and planted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ancestors I suppose um and planted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ancestors I suppose um and planted
+them back um in in amongst the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back um in in amongst the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back um in in amongst the the
+roaded entrance where they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I kind of generated some art on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I kind of generated some art on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I kind of generated some art on the
+way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um this Photograph on the on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Photograph on the on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Photograph on the on the right
+hand side was made um somewhere outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side was made um somewhere outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side was made um somewhere outside
+Bordeaux on the trip and what I did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bordeaux on the trip and what I did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bordeaux on the trip and what I did was
+I I just made a series of photographs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just made a series of photographs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just made a series of photographs um
+which which sort of documented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which sort of documented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which sort of documented the
+plants and the car and um etc etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and the car and um etc etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and the car and um etc etc and
+there it was kind of configured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was kind of configured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was kind of configured in
+exactly the same way in each in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way in each in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way in each in each
+location as I stopped on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location as I stopped on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location as I stopped on the on the
+route to water the plants and and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to water the plants and and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to water the plants and and give
+them some air and stuff and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some air and stuff and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some air and stuff and then this
+became a a very very simple um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a a very very simple um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a a very very simple um sort of
+video piece which was a sort of a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video piece which was a sort of a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video piece which was a sort of a bit of
+a slide dissolve work in a sense so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide dissolve work in a sense so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide dissolve work in a sense so you
+move from the north of Scotland to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from the north of Scotland to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from the north of Scotland to the
+south of Spain in the company of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Spain in the company of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Spain in the company of these
+plants and eventually to um the Park Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and eventually to um the Park Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and eventually to um the Park Los
+alono Carles where they where they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alono Carles where they where they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alono Carles where they where they um
+came from originally um so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from originally um so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from originally um so it's a it's a
+kind of in a way I put it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in a way I put it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in a way I put it at the
+beginning of the talk because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the talk because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the talk because it's a
+very sort of simple manifestation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of simple manifestation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of simple manifestation of of
+of my work in a way thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my work in a way thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my work in a way thinking about what
+it means to move something from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to move something from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to move something from one
+place to another um from inside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another um from inside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another um from inside to
+outside or from one country to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside or from one country to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside or from one country to another
+and etc etc um or or or thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc etc um or or or thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc etc um or or or thinking about a
+kind of turning a narrative very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of turning a narrative very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of turning a narrative very simply
+upside down um a kind of return if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down um a kind of return if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down um a kind of return if you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um the the next the next project which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the next the next project which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the next the next project which
+is of course absolutely related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course absolutely related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course absolutely related to the
+the first um is is something that I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first um is is something that I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first um is is something that I made
+for the Venice Bean Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Venice Bean Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Venice Bean Al
+um it's a project called Island for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a project called Island for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a project called Island for
+weeds and um it it's it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeds and um it it's it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeds and um it it's it's very much
+connected with the same story this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with the same story this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with the same story this
+Photograph on the left hand side is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photograph on the left hand side is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photograph on the left hand side is um
+the national park of Scotland which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national park of Scotland which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national park of Scotland which is
+um a very new idea it's Scotland was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a very new idea it's Scotland was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a very new idea it's Scotland was
+never really sort of allowed a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really sort of allowed a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really sort of allowed a national
+park for some reason or they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park for some reason or they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park for some reason or they never
+really knew how to to deal with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knew how to to deal with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knew how to to deal with it so
+about four or five years ago um they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four or five years ago um they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four or five years ago um they um
+started a national park which was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a national park which was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a national park which was just
+about sort of defining an area of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of defining an area of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of defining an area of kind
+of um of of land and it's just outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of of land and it's just outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of of land and it's just outside
+Glasgow um and it's it's based around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow um and it's it's based around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow um and it's it's based around
+this large lake called lo lo Lomond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large lake called lo lo Lomond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large lake called lo lo Lomond and
+um it's a very very beautiful place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a very very beautiful place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a very very beautiful place but
+one of the things of course that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things of course that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things of course that the
+when you start trying to Define as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start trying to Define as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start trying to Define as
+National Parks do when they you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Parks do when they you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Parks do when they you start
+trying to Define in a way your cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Define in a way your cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Define in a way your cultural
+identity through through your your sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity through through your your sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity through through your your sort
+of natural um uh environment things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural um uh environment things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural um uh environment things like
+roaded endrance become kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaded endrance become kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaded endrance become kind of
+problematic because nobody really knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because nobody really knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because nobody really knows
+how to deal with them they're on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with them they're on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with them they're on the one
+hand they are on every single sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they are on every single sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they are on every single sort of
+picturesque calendar of Scotland that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picturesque calendar of Scotland that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picturesque calendar of Scotland that
+exists um and on the other hand they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um and on the other hand they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um and on the other hand they're
+a huge problem a pest they're sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge problem a pest they're sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge problem a pest they're sort of a
+non-indigenous plant and um so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-indigenous plant and um so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-indigenous plant and um so I thought
+it would be really interesting to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really interesting to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really interesting to try
+and sort of work with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of work with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of work with this sort of
+problem um within the the national park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um within the the national park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um within the the national park
+so I came up with this idea working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I came up with this idea working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I came up with this idea working with
+a a marine engineer to make a a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a marine engineer to make a a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a marine engineer to make a a sort of
+floating um Island to um sort of sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating um Island to um sort of sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating um Island to um sort of sustain
+and contain a group of of of plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contain a group of of of plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contain a group of of of plants and
+um this project went on for 2 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this project went on for 2 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this project went on for 2 years
+years or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so and
+um eventually it it became a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um eventually it it became a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um eventually it it became a kind of
+sort of I don't know rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I don't know rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I don't know rather
+controversial in a way because one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial in a way because one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial in a way because one of
+the funders for the the National Park is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funders for the the National Park is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funders for the the National Park is
+um Scottish national Heritage and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Scottish national Heritage and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Scottish national Heritage and they
+were putting money into making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were putting money into making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were putting money into making these
+public works but they also give about5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public works but they also give about5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public works but they also give about5
+million a year to Farmers and land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a year to Farmers and land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a year to Farmers and land
+owners to destroy these roded endrum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners to destroy these roded endrum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners to destroy these roded endrum so
+they they kind of they they feared some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they kind of they they feared some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they kind of they they feared some
+kind of crazy media a backlash against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy media a backlash against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy media a backlash against
+them saying on the one hand you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them saying on the one hand you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them saying on the one hand you're
+protecting these plants and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting these plants and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting these plants and then you're
+spending £5 million um destroying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending £5 million um destroying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending £5 million um destroying them
+you know isn't there a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know isn't there a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know isn't there a contradiction
+there and they they basically they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they they basically they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they they basically they got
+cold feet about the whole thing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold feet about the whole thing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold feet about the whole thing and they
+backed off from the project and um so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed off from the project and um so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed off from the project and um so in
+a way as a kind of Revenge um to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way as a kind of Revenge um to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way as a kind of Revenge um to sort of
+throw it back in their faces a bit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it back in their faces a bit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it back in their faces a bit when
+I was invited to um to Venice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was invited to um to Venice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was invited to um to Venice for the
+ban Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban Al
+um I decided to sort of present the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I decided to sort of present the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I decided to sort of present the work
+um a little bit out of out of context um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit out of out of context um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit out of out of context um
+and um we built a a rather smaller but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we built a a rather smaller but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we built a a rather smaller but
+but sort of working model of the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of working model of the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of working model of the island
+um and it was shown in this fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it was shown in this fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it was shown in this fantastic
+Palazzo overlooking the Grand Canal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palazzo overlooking the Grand Canal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palazzo overlooking the Grand Canal um
+and it was a sort of of course in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a sort of of course in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a sort of of course in this
+kind of floating city it seemed to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of floating city it seemed to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of floating city it seemed to sort
+of make sense and it also had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make sense and it also had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make sense and it also had a very
+nice relationship to these rather sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice relationship to these rather sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice relationship to these rather sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um overthe top Camp uh paintings um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overthe top Camp uh paintings um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overthe top Camp uh paintings um that
+sort of line the walls of the of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of line the walls of the of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of line the walls of the of the um
+of the Palazzo and it was almost as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Palazzo and it was almost as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Palazzo and it was almost as if
+it was kind of tugging on its chains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of tugging on its chains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of tugging on its chains to
+try and get into the the Grand Canal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and get into the the Grand Canal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and get into the the Grand Canal and
+escape to Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape to Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape to Freedom
+somehow and it it also had a lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and it it also had a lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and it it also had a lovely
+relationship to this extremely ornate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to this extremely ornate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to this extremely ornate
+Morano glass chandelier it was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morano glass chandelier it was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morano glass chandelier it was almost
+like an upside down version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an upside down version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an upside down version of that
+somehow down the other side of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow down the other side of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow down the other side of the space
+down the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the other end of the
+space so that was Island for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that was Island for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that was Island for
+weeds and I guess I made that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeds and I guess I made that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeds and I guess I made that I don't
+know four years ago now or something 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four years ago now or something 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four years ago now or something 3
+years ago I don't know yeah and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I don't know yeah and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I don't know yeah and these
+are the two anchors which would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two anchors which would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two anchors which would have
+sort of tethered it to the bottom of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tethered it to the bottom of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tethered it to the bottom of uh
+Lo LOM and had it ever floated we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo LOM and had it ever floated we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo LOM and had it ever floated we're
+still trying to find a home for it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to find a home for it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to find a home for it on
+the water so if anybody has a big pond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so if anybody has a big pond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water so if anybody has a big pond
+that they want a little island for I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want a little island for I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want a little island for I'm
+up for offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the next the next project that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next the next project that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next the next project that I'm
+going to talk about um sort of comes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about um sort of comes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about um sort of comes and
+in fact comes quite in a way very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact comes quite in a way very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact comes quite in a way very
+directly from the work I did with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the work I did with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the work I did with the
+roaded entrance in Spain when I was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaded entrance in Spain when I was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaded entrance in Spain when I was kind
+of researching the the sort of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of researching the the sort of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of researching the the sort of history
+of these plants um a friend of mine said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these plants um a friend of mine said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these plants um a friend of mine said
+oh you have to go go to um go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you have to go go to um go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you have to go go to um go to the
+tabanus desert when you go and and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabanus desert when you go and and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabanus desert when you go and and have
+a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the
+um the cactuses there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cactuses there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cactuses there
+um the Tanis desert is the the only um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Tanis desert is the the only um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Tanis desert is the the only um
+sort of true desert in in Europe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of true desert in in Europe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of true desert in in Europe it's a
+very small area um and it's growing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small area um and it's growing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small area um and it's growing all
+the time it's it's um like much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's it's um like much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's it's um like much of the
+south of Spain it's getting drier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Spain it's getting drier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Spain it's getting drier and
+drier and hotter and hotter and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drier and hotter and hotter and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drier and hotter and hotter and um the
+European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European
+um uh Community a few years ago sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Community a few years ago sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Community a few years ago sort of
+Pumped lots of money in to try and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pumped lots of money in to try and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pumped lots of money in to try and sort
+of deal with this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deal with this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deal with this problem
+um and it's a really it's a for me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a really it's a for me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a really it's a for me it's
+a really interesting kind of area um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really interesting kind of area um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really interesting kind of area um for
+many reasons um it sort of has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons um it sort of has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons um it sort of has this
+sense of being I don't know like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of being I don't know like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of being I don't know like a
+vision of the future or something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the future or something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the future or something um
+it's somewhere you can imagine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere you can imagine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere you can imagine you know
+JG Ballard or somebody writing a a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JG Ballard or somebody writing a a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JG Ballard or somebody writing a a book
+um it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it has these huge areas of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has these huge areas of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has these huge areas of of um
+what's called plasticulture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called plasticulture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called plasticulture which is
+basically farming um under sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically farming um under sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically farming um under sort of
+plastic tents um which happens all year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tents um which happens all year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tents um which happens all year
+round to grow vegetables flowers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round to grow vegetables flowers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round to grow vegetables flowers and
+things for the north of Europe um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the north of Europe um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the north of Europe um it's a
+huge employer um they're digging they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge employer um they're digging they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge employer um they're digging they're
+they're pumping water from deeper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pumping water from deeper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pumping water from deeper and
+deeper underground to sort of sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper underground to sort of sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper underground to sort of sustain
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um agriculture they don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um agriculture they don't actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um agriculture they don't actually know
+how long the water's going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the water's going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the water's going to sort of
+last so it's a strange it's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last so it's a strange it's a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last so it's a strange it's a strange
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um a strange phenomena there's 's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a strange phenomena there's 's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a strange phenomena there's 's also
+this rather beautiful um solar research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rather beautiful um solar research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rather beautiful um solar research
+center um which again was set up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center um which again was set up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center um which again was set up with
+with European money to try and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with European money to try and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with European money to try and one of
+the main roles of the place is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main roles of the place is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main roles of the place is to try
+and use solar power to turn seawater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use solar power to turn seawater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use solar power to turn seawater
+into fresh water and use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fresh water and use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fresh water and use it for
+irrigating the desert and for farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigating the desert and for farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigating the desert and for farming
+and all these other kinds of things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other kinds of things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other kinds of things um
+so there's this sort of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this sort of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this sort of strange
+Collision of very Hightech and very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision of very Hightech and very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision of very Hightech and very low
+Tech um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech um kind of
+practices and then of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices and then of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices and then of course there's
+um Sergio Leon who um filmed a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sergio Leon who um filmed a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sergio Leon who um filmed a lot of
+his Spaghetti Westerns in in the Tanis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Spaghetti Westerns in in the Tanis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Spaghetti Westerns in in the Tanis
+desert um in the 1960s and' 70s and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert um in the 1960s and' 70s and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert um in the 1960s and' 70s and um
+they've made a bit of a kind of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've made a bit of a kind of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've made a bit of a kind of culture
+industry out of the the remains of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry out of the the remains of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry out of the the remains of that
+practice and they're actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and they're actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and they're actually still
+making films there when I was there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making films there when I was there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making films there when I was there they
+were shooting a a French Western I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting a a French Western I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting a a French Western I
+wasn't quite sure what that was but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite sure what that was but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite sure what that was but um
+and um it's kind of funny to see it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's kind of funny to see it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's kind of funny to see it was
+it was basic in a way it's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was basic in a way it's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was basic in a way it's a sort of a
+piece of globalization in itself this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of globalization in itself this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of globalization in itself this
+idea of trying to find somewhere sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of trying to find somewhere sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of trying to find somewhere sort of
+Cheaper to make films that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheaper to make films that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheaper to make films that look like
+they're shot in Texas or Arizona or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shot in Texas or Arizona or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shot in Texas or Arizona or
+something and and Leon's solution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and Leon's solution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and Leon's solution was
+was the Tanis desert um and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Tanis desert um and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Tanis desert um and you can
+still go and see all these um film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go and see all these um film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go and see all these um film
+sets but what what I was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets but what what I was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets but what what I was interested in
+was the the the planting that was had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the the planting that was had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the the planting that was had
+been going on over the years um in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on over the years um in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on over the years um in and
+around the film sets um a lot of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the film sets um a lot of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the film sets um a lot of kind of
+introduced um species of of cacti which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced um species of of cacti which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced um species of of cacti which
+kind of basically served as props for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of basically served as props for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of basically served as props for
+the filming of of of of the films um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filming of of of of the films um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filming of of of of the films um and
+uh there are various kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are various kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are various kind of the most
+common is this um plop Puna cactus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is this um plop Puna cactus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is this um plop Puna cactus of
+course the sort of prickly peir but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the sort of prickly peir but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the sort of prickly peir but
+there's all sorts around and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts around and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts around and they've
+been PL they've been planted over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been PL they've been planted over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been PL they've been planted over the
+years um they're not all original Leoni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um they're not all original Leoni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um they're not all original Leoni
+cactuses I'm afraid to say but um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactuses I'm afraid to say but um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactuses I'm afraid to say but um yeah
+and um I I was uh I was invited to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I I was uh I was invited to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I I was uh I was invited to to
+make an exhibition at um at porus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an exhibition at um at porus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an exhibition at um at porus which
+is a a gallery space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a gallery space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a gallery space in
+um in uh in Frankfurt um where I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in uh in Frankfurt um where I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in uh in Frankfurt um where I teach
+as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and
+um I I decided to make a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I decided to make a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I decided to make a sort of a
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+around around one of these cactuses from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around around one of these cactuses from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around around one of these cactuses from
+from the film sets and so I went I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the film sets and so I went I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the film sets and so I went I went
+to Spain I drove again I took my my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Spain I drove again I took my my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Spain I drove again I took my my my
+trusty red Volvo with me and I drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusty red Volvo with me and I drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusty red Volvo with me and I drove
+South um to the tanus desert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South um to the tanus desert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South um to the tanus desert and
+I managed managed to persuade the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I managed managed to persuade the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I managed managed to persuade the people
+who um run the uh the film sets now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um run the uh the film sets now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um run the uh the film sets now to
+let me dig up one of their cactuses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me dig up one of their cactuses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me dig up one of their cactuses I
+had to sort of pay them a rather he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sort of pay them a rather he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sort of pay them a rather he
+backhander um and uh and so I so I dug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backhander um and uh and so I so I dug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backhander um and uh and so I so I dug
+up what something called a surus cactus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what something called a surus cactus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what something called a surus cactus
+and I stuck it in the car and I drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I stuck it in the car and I drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I stuck it in the car and I drove
+back to to Frankfurt with it to a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to Frankfurt with it to a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to Frankfurt with it to a kind
+of rather wintry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rather wintry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rather wintry uh
+Frankfurt and I made a I made a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frankfurt and I made a I made a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frankfurt and I made a I made a project
+in the gallery called catine house which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gallery called catine house which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gallery called catine house which
+means Cactus house in in uh in German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Cactus house in in uh in German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Cactus house in in uh in German
+and it's a kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a kind of um
+it's a sort of collision of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of collision of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of collision of a
+fantastically efficient um Survivor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically efficient um Survivor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastically efficient um Survivor the
+cactus and this incredibly inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus and this incredibly inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus and this incredibly inefficient
+organism that man invented um at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that man invented um at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that man invented um at the end
+of the 19th century um the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century um the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century um the internal
+combustion engine and um one object kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine and um one object kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine and um one object kind
+of sustains the other in a rather sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sustains the other in a rather sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sustains the other in a rather sort
+of perverse way what I did was I removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perverse way what I did was I removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perverse way what I did was I removed
+the the the engine from my car and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the engine from my car and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the engine from my car and in
+installed it as a heating system for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed it as a heating system for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed it as a heating system for the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+space so to create create a kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so to create create a kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so to create create a kind of nice
+climate in in cold old Frankfurt for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate in in cold old Frankfurt for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate in in cold old Frankfurt for the
+cactus and um the the car was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus and um the the car was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus and um the the car was um
+reconnected to the engine with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnected to the engine with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnected to the engine with sort of
+30 m of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 m of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 m of
+piping and electrical cables and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping and electrical cables and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping and electrical cables and all the
+other things that you need to make uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you need to make uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you need to make uh an
+engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine
+run and um each morning the the Gallery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and um each morning the the Gallery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and um each morning the the Gallery
+assistant would would um open up the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant would would um open up the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant would would um open up the the
+Volvo sit in the in the in the driver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volvo sit in the in the in the driver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volvo sit in the in the in the driver's
+seat and turn on the um ignition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat and turn on the um ignition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat and turn on the um ignition and the
+car came on in the exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car came on in the exhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car came on in the exhibition
+space and um you could kind of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and um you could kind of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and um you could kind of control
+the heat of the Space by pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of the Space by pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of the Space by pulling the
+choke in an out um so the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke in an out um so the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke in an out um so the the sort of
+idling speed of the car um engine sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idling speed of the car um engine sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idling speed of the car um engine sort
+of controlled the the the space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controlled the the the space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controlled the the the space in the
+the heat in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course the the petrol was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the the petrol was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the the petrol was
+still in the petrol tank and the exhaust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the petrol tank and the exhaust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the petrol tank and the exhaust
+came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the
+exhaust etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust etc
+etc it's an ugly big thing a Volvo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc it's an ugly big thing a Volvo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc it's an ugly big thing a Volvo
+engine I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine I tell
+you excuse me and we had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excuse me and we had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excuse me and we had a little
+thermometer on the wall just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer on the wall just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer on the wall just sort of
+monitoring um the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room so it's a sort of diagram of how an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so it's a sort of diagram of how an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so it's a sort of diagram of how an
+internal combustion engine works in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way the other the other project um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the other the other project um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the other the other project um that
+that kind of came out of um my trips to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of came out of um my trips to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of came out of um my trips to
+the Tanis desert was um something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tanis desert was um something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tanis desert was um something called
+the Tanis desert run which um I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tanis desert run which um I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tanis desert run which um I realized
+about 18 months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18 months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18 months ago
+um and um it's of course BAS B on a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um it's of course BAS B on a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um it's of course BAS B on a a
+project that um Chris buron made in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that um Chris buron made in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that um Chris buron made in in
+Death Valley in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Death Valley in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Death Valley in in
+1976 called the Death Valley run which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 called the Death Valley run which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 called the Death Valley run which
+was he built a um a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he built a um a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he built a um a very
+small um a sort of moped using a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um a sort of moped using a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um a sort of moped using a very
+small Japanese engine um and he made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Japanese engine um and he made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Japanese engine um and he made the
+sort of most efficient Crossing of Death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of most efficient Crossing of Death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of most efficient Crossing of Death
+Valley that he he could um with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley that he he could um with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley that he he could um with this um
+this very sort of ergonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very sort of ergonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very sort of ergonomic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+moped I think it took him 7 hours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moped I think it took him 7 hours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moped I think it took him 7 hours or
+something to go the the the distance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to go the the the distance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to go the the the distance um
+and he carried some fuel on the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he carried some fuel on the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he carried some fuel on the back of
+the bike to to refill the the fuel tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bike to to refill the the fuel tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bike to to refill the the fuel tank
+etc etc and um I thought it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc and um I thought it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc and um I thought it was kind of
+a nice a nice idea to to sort of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice a nice idea to to sort of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice a nice idea to to sort of in a
+way re recreate this this this trip but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way re recreate this this this trip but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way re recreate this this this trip but
+in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of
+etts wild west in um in the south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etts wild west in um in the south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etts wild west in um in the south of
+Spain and so I built a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and so I built a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and so I built a kind of
+contemporary I don't know descendant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary I don't know descendant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary I don't know descendant if
+you like of of burden's little moped um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like of of burden's little moped um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like of of burden's little moped um
+using a a fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a fuel
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+um which is of course has a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is of course has a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is of course has a sort of
+slightly perverse relationship to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly perverse relationship to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly perverse relationship to a
+desert because the only waste product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert because the only waste product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert because the only waste product
+that it produces is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it produces is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it produces is
+water and um I made a a crossing of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and um I made a a crossing of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and um I made a a crossing of um
+the tus desert which is a mere 42 miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tus desert which is a mere 42 miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tus desert which is a mere 42 miles
+or something on my fuel cell powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something on my fuel cell powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something on my fuel cell powered
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+moped the fuel cell the fuel cell was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moped the fuel cell the fuel cell was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moped the fuel cell the fuel cell was
+actually invented um really early in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invented um really early in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invented um really early in in
+the 1830s by a British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1830s by a British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1830s by a British
+um chemist called William Grove um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemist called William Grove um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemist called William Grove um but
+sort of following the the rise and Rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of following the the rise and Rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of following the the rise and Rise
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+um um the sort of petroleum age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the sort of petroleum age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the sort of petroleum age
+um it it sort of died away for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it sort of died away for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it sort of died away for a long
+time and and was sort of um rediscovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and was sort of um rediscovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and was sort of um rediscovered
+much much later as a as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much later as a as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much later as a as a sort of
+feasible alternative to the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible alternative to the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible alternative to the internal
+combustion engine or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine or whatever and
+um this is a a a sort of commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a a a sort of commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a a a sort of commercially
+available fuel cell made by a company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available fuel cell made by a company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available fuel cell made by a company in
+Canada called called ballad which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada called called ballad which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada called called ballad which is
+basically a sort of yeah a generator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a sort of yeah a generator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a sort of yeah a generator for
+electricity and I got these these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and I got these these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and I got these these very
+lightweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+gas bottles to to to sort of carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrogen and O over the 42 miles I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and O over the 42 miles I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and O over the 42 miles I I
+managed to collect um about 600 mlit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to collect um about 600 mlit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to collect um about 600 mlit of
+of um water um a lot of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um water um a lot of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um water um a lot of the water
+actually sort of evaporates and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of evaporates and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of evaporates and and you
+lose it but I I collected quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose it but I I collected quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose it but I I collected quite a lot of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually made the moped's made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually made the moped's made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually made the moped's made from
+two um rally racing bikes kind of welded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um rally racing bikes kind of welded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um rally racing bikes kind of welded
+together cuz the fuel cell so big it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together cuz the fuel cell so big it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together cuz the fuel cell so big it
+wouldn't fit in a normal um bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't fit in a normal um bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't fit in a normal um bicycle
+frame and I sort of made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and I sort of made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and I sort of made
+some improvised snaps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some improvised snaps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some improvised snaps on
+Route um I tend to do these things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Route um I tend to do these things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Route um I tend to do these things um
+alone so it's always a bit of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so it's always a bit of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so it's always a bit of a problem
+sort of documenting things but um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of documenting things but um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of documenting things but um yeah
+somehow it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's nice to
+do and then I I kind of I I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then I I kind of I I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then I I kind of I I made the
+piece that that was presented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that that was presented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that that was presented in the
+exhibition in the end was was a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in the end was was a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in the end was was a sort of
+um uh I I I collect as I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I I I collect as I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I I I collect as I said I
+collected 600 mL of water which I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected 600 mL of water which I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected 600 mL of water which I then
+used to make this kind of rather crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make this kind of rather crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make this kind of rather crude
+um almost naive kind of watercolor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost naive kind of watercolor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost naive kind of watercolor of
+one of the cactuses that I I passed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cactuses that I I passed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cactuses that I I passed on
+Route um across the desert one of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Route um across the desert one of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Route um across the desert one of the um
+plop pontia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plop pontia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plop pontia
+cactuses um so that was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactuses um so that was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactuses um so that was sort of
+contained in this in this sealed vitrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this in this sealed vitrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this in this sealed vitrine
+this perspects vitrine um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perspects vitrine um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perspects vitrine um and um
+yeah I suppose as a little kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I suppose as a little kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I suppose as a little kind
+of I don't know sort of Nod to Hans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know sort of Nod to Hans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know sort of Nod to Hans
+Hacker's condensation Cube or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hacker's condensation Cube or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hacker's condensation Cube or something
+I thought it would be nice to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it would be nice to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it would be nice to sort of
+contain the whole the whole little sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the whole the whole little sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the whole the whole little sort
+of ecosystem of the project in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecosystem of the project in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecosystem of the project in this
+perspect box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the I don't actually kind of in a way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I don't actually kind of in a way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I don't actually kind of in a way I
+don't sort of feel so I don't know why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of feel so I don't know why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of feel so I don't know why I
+decided to do this I don't usually talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do this I don't usually talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do this I don't usually talk
+about projects that I'm still working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about projects that I'm still working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about projects that I'm still working on
+cuz I I always think it's probably bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I I always think it's probably bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I I always think it's probably bad
+luck or something but um I um I'm in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck or something but um I um I'm in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck or something but um I um I'm in in
+the process of of making a a project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of of making a a project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of of making a a project in
+in Toronto for the power plant um for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Toronto for the power plant um for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Toronto for the power plant um for an
+exhibition I'm making there later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition I'm making there later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition I'm making there later in the
+year and um which is also related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and um which is also related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and um which is also related to
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um non-indigenous species to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um non-indigenous species to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um non-indigenous species to kind of
+infestations if you like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infestations if you like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infestations if you like and
+um it's it's um again it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's um again it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's um again it's a sort of
+um in a way like the Tanis desert run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way like the Tanis desert run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way like the Tanis desert run
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of is direct ly sort of appropriated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is direct ly sort of appropriated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is direct ly sort of appropriated
+from from the Chris burden piece um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the Chris burden piece um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the Chris burden piece um I'm
+I'm using a a work by Henry Moore um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using a a work by Henry Moore um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using a a work by Henry Moore um
+Henry Moore has a very sort of close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Moore has a very sort of close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Moore has a very sort of close
+relationship to to Toronto he he was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to to Toronto he he was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to to Toronto he he was he
+was commissioned to make various large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was commissioned to make various large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was commissioned to make various large
+public sculptures there and he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sculptures there and he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sculptures there and he was very
+he was very imp impressed by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was very imp impressed by the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was very imp impressed by the the
+sort of local government and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of local government and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of local government and the way
+they managed to raise quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they managed to raise quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they managed to raise quite a lot of
+money to make all these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to make all these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to make all these projects
+possible and so he at the end of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and so he at the end of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and so he at the end of his
+life he he left a quite a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life he he left a quite a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life he he left a quite a large number
+of his his Works to the ago the Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his his Works to the ago the Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his his Works to the ago the Art
+Gallery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallery of
+Ontario and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario and
+um Henry Moore had a bit of a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Henry Moore had a bit of a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Henry Moore had a bit of a sort of
+pun of picking up stones on beaches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pun of picking up stones on beaches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pun of picking up stones on beaches and
+um he used to find these little pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he used to find these little pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he used to find these little pieces
+of flint and then use them as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flint and then use them as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flint and then use them as sort of
+the starting point for for sort of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point for for sort of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point for for sort of large
+figurative sculptures and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurative sculptures and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurative sculptures and um
+um it this kind of this idea um somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it this kind of this idea um somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it this kind of this idea um somehow
+in my mind collided with this um problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind collided with this um problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind collided with this um problem
+that they have in in the Great Lakes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have in in the Great Lakes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have in in the Great Lakes in
+general um but particularly in Lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um but particularly in Lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um but particularly in Lake
+Ontario with with zebra muscles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario with with zebra muscles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario with with zebra muscles which
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+introduced by accident um into the lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by accident um into the lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by accident um into the lake
+in the kind of buge water from Trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kind of buge water from Trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kind of buge water from Trading
+ships um and um they come originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships um and um they come originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships um and um they come originally
+from around the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around the uh the
+Baltic um and um no from the Black Sea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltic um and um no from the Black Sea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltic um and um no from the Black Sea I
+beg your pardon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg your pardon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg your pardon and
+um so they they they've radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they they they've radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they they they've radically
+altered the the sort of ecosystem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered the the sort of ecosystem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered the the sort of ecosystem of the
+lake and nobody really knows how what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake and nobody really knows how what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake and nobody really knows how what's
+going to happen now but um there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen now but um there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen now but um there is this
+rumor that they're starting to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rumor that they're starting to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rumor that they're starting to sort of
+die off cuz basically what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die off cuz basically what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die off cuz basically what they do is
+they clean everything out of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they clean everything out of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they clean everything out of the water
+all the kind of anything you can eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of anything you can eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of anything you can eat
+they'll they'll eat it um so they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll they'll eat it um so they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll they'll eat it um so they sort
+of filter water they're actually used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filter water they're actually used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filter water they're actually used in
+in in Lakes very often to to clean sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Lakes very often to to clean sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Lakes very often to to clean sort
+of pollution and things so um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pollution and things so um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pollution and things so um there is
+this rumor that they're starting to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rumor that they're starting to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rumor that they're starting to sort
+of defeat themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defeat themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defeat themselves
+almost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost so
+um yeah I decided to sort of make a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I decided to sort of make a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I decided to sort of make a a a
+kind of a work that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a work that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a work that's a sort of
+collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+between the sort of Henry Moore story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the sort of Henry Moore story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the sort of Henry Moore story
+and the and the story of the the Zebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the story of the the Zebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the story of the the Zebra
+muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+and um yeah this is the one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um yeah this is the one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um yeah this is the one of the major
+works that that Henry Moore made in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that that Henry Moore made in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that that Henry Moore made in in
+Toronto it's in a a major sort of Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto it's in a a major sort of Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto it's in a a major sort of Public
+Square it's called the Archer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it's called the Archer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it's called the Archer and then
+this is the ago where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ago where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ago where the
+um the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the work that
+I'm sort of co-opting uh comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from when of course when when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when of course when when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when of course when when I started
+to sort of think about make the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of think about make the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of think about make the a
+project with the the muscles of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project with the the muscles of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project with the the muscles of course
+this man um Marcel bruti came came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man um Marcel bruti came came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man um Marcel bruti came came to
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+um uh and it sort of has a nice relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and it sort of has a nice relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and it sort of has a nice relation
+to to he he of course was using the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to he he of course was using the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to he he of course was using the the
+muscle as this kind of symbol of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle as this kind of symbol of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle as this kind of symbol of of um
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Belgium and um made various pieces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgium and um made various pieces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgium and um made various pieces um
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+encrusting muscle shells onto to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrusting muscle shells onto to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrusting muscle shells onto to to
+surface the piece the the postcard on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the piece the the postcard on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the piece the the postcard on on
+the right hand side is is called um Pano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is is called um Pano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is is called um Pano
+de Mo um and it's a it's a a wooden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Mo um and it's a it's a a wooden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Mo um and it's a it's a a wooden
+panel covered in these like a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel covered in these like a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel covered in these like a kind of
+abstract painting almost covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract painting almost covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract painting almost covered in
+these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these
+muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what what what I'm actually doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what what I'm actually doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what what I'm actually doing for
+the project is is this this is a a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project is is this this is a a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project is is this this is a a piece
+Henry Moore made between 1954 in 1955
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Moore made between 1954 in 1955
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Moore made between 1954 in 1955
+and it's called um Warrior warrior with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called um Warrior warrior with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called um Warrior warrior with
+a shield um it's a a bronze piece um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shield um it's a a bronze piece um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shield um it's a a bronze piece um
+about I don't know five five or six feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I don't know five five or six feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I don't know five five or six feet
+high um and um it's one of the works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high um and um it's one of the works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high um and um it's one of the works in
+the the ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ago
+collection and um after an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and um after an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and um after an extremely
+long process of sort of negotiation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long process of sort of negotiation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long process of sort of negotiation with
+the ago and with the Henry Moore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ago and with the Henry Moore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ago and with the Henry Moore
+Foundation in Britain um we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation in Britain um we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation in Britain um we are in the
+process of making a um a replica of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of making a um a replica of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of making a um a replica of um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture
+which fairly shortly will be thrown into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fairly shortly will be thrown into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fairly shortly will be thrown into
+Lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake
+Ontario um and will sit about 10 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario um and will sit about 10 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario um and will sit about 10 m
+um down um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um down um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um down um and
+hopefully will become kind of home to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will become kind of home to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will become kind of home to
+quite a lot of um Zebra muscles but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of um Zebra muscles but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of um Zebra muscles but it's
+one of these things I don't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things I don't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things I don't know it's
+like never work with small children or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like never work with small children or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like never work with small children or
+mollusks I don't know it's sort of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mollusks I don't know it's sort of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mollusks I don't know it's sort of it's
+a little bit scary cuz we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit scary cuz we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit scary cuz we're going to
+we're going to sort of fish this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of fish this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of fish this thing
+out of the the lake um probably a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the the lake um probably a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the the lake um probably a few
+weeks before the exhibition begins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks before the exhibition begins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks before the exhibition begins and
+uh maybe there's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe there's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe there's not going to be
+anything on it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on it I don't
+know so um yeah it's a kind of yeah an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so um yeah it's a kind of yeah an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so um yeah it's a kind of yeah an
+infestation piece somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the the ne the next work um that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the ne the next work um that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the ne the next work um that that
+I'm going to talk about is is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about is is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about is is something
+that I made um in tyin um a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made um in tyin um a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made um in tyin um a few years
+ago um it's a piece that I showed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um it's a piece that I showed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um it's a piece that I showed I
+showed it at the the Venice banale also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it at the the Venice banale also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it at the the Venice banale also
+the same year that the the island for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same year that the the island for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same year that the the island for
+weeds was shown so some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeds was shown so some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeds was shown so some of you may have
+seen it there I don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it there I don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it there I don't know um
+again it's a a project that that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a a project that that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a a project that that sort
+of came out of its out of its sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of came out of its out of its sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of came out of its out of its sort of
+out of its context very much and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of its context very much and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of its context very much and um
+about came out of sort of stories um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about came out of sort of stories um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about came out of sort of stories um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um sort of connect with with sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of connect with with sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of connect with with sort of a
+global understanding of the world a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global understanding of the world a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global understanding of the world a
+global market in this case and um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global market in this case and um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global market in this case and um it's a
+it's a project called um Flagger this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a project called um Flagger this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a project called um Flagger this is
+the the the famous lingotto Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the famous lingotto Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the famous lingotto Factory
+um in the heart of um tyin this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the heart of um tyin this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the heart of um tyin this is the
+the the test track where they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the test track where they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the test track where they used to
+drive every car that came out of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive every car that came out of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive every car that came out of the um
+the factory would drive up onto the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory would drive up onto the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory would drive up onto the roof
+up this ramp and have a spin around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this ramp and have a spin around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this ramp and have a spin around the
+the test track just to sort of make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test track just to sort of make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test track just to sort of make sure
+it was all honky Dory before they sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all honky Dory before they sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all honky Dory before they sold
+it to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the car on the the car on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car on the the car on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car on the the car on the right hand
+side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+1974 um Fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 um Fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 um Fiat
+126 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126 which
+was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the
+last of the Fiat 126 is to be to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the Fiat 126 is to be to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the Fiat 126 is to be to be
+produced in in chin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in in chin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in in chin
+um Fiat kind of quite early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Fiat kind of quite early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Fiat kind of quite early on
+discovered that it was much much cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that it was much much cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that it was much much cheaper
+to build cars in Poland um so they set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build cars in Poland um so they set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build cars in Poland um so they set
+up a big um uh plant um in the south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a big um uh plant um in the south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a big um uh plant um in the south of
+in the south of Poland and the whole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the south of Poland and the whole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the south of Poland and the whole of
+the production of the 126 moved to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of the 126 moved to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of the 126 moved to um to
+Poland and um they kept making pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland and um they kept making pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland and um they kept making pretty
+much exactly the same car for 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much exactly the same car for 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much exactly the same car for 20 years
+in Poland which is quite a strange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Poland which is quite a strange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Poland which is quite a strange it
+could could only have happened under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could only have happened under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could only have happened under
+this kind of um Communist Regime um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of um Communist Regime um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of um Communist Regime um and
+the the one the Fiat 126 a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one the Fiat 126 a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one the Fiat 126 a little bit in
+the same way that the the Fiat 500 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that the the Fiat 500 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that the the Fiat 500 was
+really the kind of the Italian people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of the Italian people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of the Italian people's
+car um in in the 1950s and 60s the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um in in the 1950s and 60s the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um in in the 1950s and 60s the the
+the Fiat 126 became the Polish people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fiat 126 became the Polish people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fiat 126 became the Polish people's
+car and so I I decided to make a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and so I I decided to make a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and so I I decided to make a project
+um using this little red car we we man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using this little red car we we man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using this little red car we we man
+managed to sort of track one down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to sort of track one down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to sort of track one down it's
+very hard to find them now which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to find them now which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to find them now which which
+have the the kind of marking from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the kind of marking from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the kind of marking from the
+the urin factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urin factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urin factory
+and we we eventually sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we eventually sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we eventually sort of in the
+middle of nowhere found an old lady who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of nowhere found an old lady who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of nowhere found an old lady who
+sort of drove her car about twice a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of drove her car about twice a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of drove her car about twice a year
+as far as we could make out who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we could make out who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we could make out who who
+turned up with this Immaculate um 1974
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up with this Immaculate um 1974
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up with this Immaculate um 1974
+Fiat in her sort of Sunday Best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiat in her sort of Sunday Best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiat in her sort of Sunday Best and
+there was a tear in her eye when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a tear in her eye when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a tear in her eye when we
+drove away in her car but she was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove away in her car but she was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove away in her car but she was sort
+of happy to see it go as well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happy to see it go as well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happy to see it go as well I think
+and I drove the car from from tyin to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I drove the car from from tyin to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I drove the car from from tyin to to
+Poland and in Poland I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland and in Poland I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland and in Poland I um
+I found a a mechanic to work with and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a a mechanic to work with and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a a mechanic to work with and um
+we made a kind of an exchange a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a kind of an exchange a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a kind of an exchange a
+transformation of the car and um all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the car and um all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the car and um all of
+the the the sort of movable body parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the sort of movable body parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the sort of movable body parts
+of the 1974 Italian car were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1974 Italian car were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1974 Italian car were were
+replaced with um white polish produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with um white polish produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with um white polish produced
+body parts um which were manufactured um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body parts um which were manufactured um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body parts um which were manufactured um
+in 2000 and they still would fit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2000 and they still would fit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2000 and they still would fit on the
+the 1974 Car which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1974 Car which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1974 Car which is quite
+extraordinary um these are these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary um these are these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary um these are these are a
+few of the the sort of cars that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the the sort of cars that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the the sort of cars that I
+discovered when I arrived in in Poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered when I arrived in in Poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered when I arrived in in Poland
+there's a sort of whole culture of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of whole culture of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of whole culture of um
+sort of using and abusing these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using and abusing these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using and abusing these these
+cars and and a lot of them get sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and and a lot of them get sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and and a lot of them get sort of
+souped up and big engines stuck in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+souped up and big engines stuck in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+souped up and big engines stuck in them
+and um spoilers and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um spoilers and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um spoilers and things like
+that um and some of them just get kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and some of them just get kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and some of them just get kind
+of Forgotten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Forgotten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Forgotten and
+um but they're everywhere families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're everywhere families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're everywhere families of
+five would go on holiday and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five would go on holiday and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five would go on holiday and these
+things um in the summer it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um in the summer it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um in the summer it's quite
+extraordinary so this is the the altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary so this is the the altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary so this is the the altered
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+um and um I basically I once the once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um I basically I once the once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um I basically I once the once
+the work had been done at the garage I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work had been done at the garage I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work had been done at the garage I I
+drove the car back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove the car back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove the car back to
+um back to T in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back to T in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back to T in and
+um worked with um some engineers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worked with um some engineers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worked with um some engineers is
+there to install it in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to install it in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to install it in the in the
+gallery Franco noero the the gallerist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallery Franco noero the the gallerist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallery Franco noero the the gallerist
+he had a very very small space at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a very very small space at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a very very small space at the
+time and the car would just about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the car would just about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the car would just about sort
+of fit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fit in the
+door and um we yeah we installed the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and um we yeah we installed the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and um we yeah we installed the the
+car um pretty much like a a painting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um pretty much like a a painting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um pretty much like a a painting I
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+um in in the in the gallery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the in the gallery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the in the gallery
+um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's
+yeah it's just sort of hung on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just sort of hung on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just sort of hung on the wall
+um it was very nice watching people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was very nice watching people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was very nice watching people
+drive past looking for a parking space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive past looking for a parking space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive past looking for a parking space
+that was really that was really good fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really that was really good fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really that was really good fun
+so the car was there and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the car was there and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the car was there and then in the
+back space there was a um a text on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back space there was a um a text on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back space there was a um a text on the
+wall which just described very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall which just described very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall which just described very very
+simply the the the journey that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the the the journey that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the the the journey that had been
+made and the and the exchange of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and the and the exchange of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and the and the exchange of of of
+body parts um all of the all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body parts um all of the all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body parts um all of the all of the
+Polish fats have this PE for Poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polish fats have this PE for Poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polish fats have this PE for Poland
+after the one 126 which is how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the one 126 which is how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the one 126 which is how you can
+tell very often where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manufactured they actually made in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured they actually made in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured they actually made in in
+2000 when they when they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 when they when they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 when they when they stopped
+manufacturing the the car they made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the the car they made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the the car they made a
+special edition called the happy end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special edition called the happy end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special edition called the happy end um
+and uh yeah you see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around this is the the little text um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is the the little text um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is the the little text um on
+the wall it just says a Fiat 126
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall it just says a Fiat 126
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall it just says a Fiat 126
+produced in tyin Italy in 1974
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in tyin Italy in 1974
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in tyin Italy in 1974
+customized using Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized using Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized using Parts
+um produced and manufactured in Poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um produced and manufactured in Poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um produced and manufactured in Poland
+um following a journey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um following a journey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um following a journey of
+1,260 something kilomet from tyin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,260 something kilomet from tyin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,260 something kilomet from tyin to
+Chin so that's Flagger Flagger is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chin so that's Flagger Flagger is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chin so that's Flagger Flagger is the
+Pol polish word for a flag of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pol polish word for a flag of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pol polish word for a flag of course and
+the the car sort of sits somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the car sort of sits somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the car sort of sits somewhere
+between being a an Italian FL and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between being a an Italian FL and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between being a an Italian FL and a
+Polish flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polish flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polish flag
+somehow we also made a book I often I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we also made a book I often I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we also made a book I often I
+often make um books for for the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often make um books for for the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often make um books for for the projects
+and um they they've sort of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they they've sort of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they they've sort of again
+because of for the same reason I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of for the same reason I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of for the same reason I like
+sort of doing talks the the books are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of doing talks the the books are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of doing talks the the books are
+quite are quite key very often and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite are quite key very often and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite are quite key very often and and
+we managed to track down one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to track down one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to track down one of the
+original car manuals from from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original car manuals from from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original car manuals from from the the
+Fiat from the' 70s and I work with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiat from the' 70s and I work with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiat from the' 70s and I work with this
+wonderful graphic designer in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful graphic designer in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful graphic designer in in in
+Berlin called Philip Arnold and we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin called Philip Arnold and we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin called Philip Arnold and we um
+put together this um sort of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together this um sort of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together this um sort of almost
+faimily of the the original book um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faimily of the the original book um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faimily of the the original book um we
+actually had to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to sort
+of re redesign type faces and all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of re redesign type faces and all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of re redesign type faces and all sorts
+of things to get it to um to get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work and it had this rather Deluxe kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it had this rather Deluxe kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it had this rather Deluxe kind
+of fold out page with a a plan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fold out page with a a plan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fold out page with a a plan of the
+gallery and the position of the car on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallery and the position of the car on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallery and the position of the car on
+the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall
+we did actually remove the engine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did actually remove the engine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did actually remove the engine from
+the car cuz it was rather heavy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um in a way I suppose sort of continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way I suppose sort of continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a way I suppose sort of continuing
+this sort of idea of redeploying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of idea of redeploying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of idea of redeploying um
+existing artworks and objects um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing artworks and objects um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing artworks and objects um I
+thought I'd talk briefly about a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd talk briefly about a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd talk briefly about a project
+I made in in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made in in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made in in New York
+um 2 years ago um which was shown at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 years ago um which was shown at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2 years ago um which was shown at uh
+Casey Kaplan Gallery um and it it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casey Kaplan Gallery um and it it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casey Kaplan Gallery um and it it sort
+of involves various kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of involves various kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of involves various kind
+of well it sort of conflates various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well it sort of conflates various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well it sort of conflates various
+sort of stories and one of the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stories and one of the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stories and one of the stories
+is um the story of how um marel Dua I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the story of how um marel Dua I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the story of how um marel Dua I'm
+sure it's a story that all of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's a story that all of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's a story that all of you know
+it's very very sort of um well known now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very sort of um well known now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very sort of um well known now
+um Mar du was sort of acting as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mar du was sort of acting as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mar du was sort of acting as a as a
+sort of dealer in a way for for branzi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dealer in a way for for branzi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dealer in a way for for branzi
+who who was living in Paris and and Duan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was living in Paris and and Duan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was living in Paris and and Duan
+was making regular trips across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making regular trips across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making regular trips across the
+Atlantic to um to work and also to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic to um to work and also to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic to um to work and also to to um
+bring brano's work across to to sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring brano's work across to to sell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring brano's work across to to sell to
+collectors and things and um on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors and things and um on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors and things and um on one of
+these trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trips
+um Dua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dua
+um brought the the bird in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um brought the the bird in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um brought the the bird in space
+sculpture it's a a piece he made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture it's a a piece he made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture it's a a piece he made in
+1924 um and it was to be sold to Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 um and it was to be sold to Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 um and it was to be sold to Edward
+styen um the the photographer um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styen um the the photographer um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styen um the the photographer um and
+when they arrived when Dua arrived in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they arrived when Dua arrived in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they arrived when Dua arrived in in
+in New York um he went through customs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York um he went through customs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York um he went through customs
+with with the work and the Customs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the work and the Customs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the work and the Customs
+refused to accept the fact that what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to accept the fact that what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to accept the fact that what um
+Duan was presenting them with was was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duan was presenting them with was was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duan was presenting them with was was a
+an artwork they'd never seen anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artwork they'd never seen anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artwork they'd never seen anything
+quite like this before um and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like this before um and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like this before um and at the
+time um the um there was a a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um the um there was a a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um the um there was a a rather
+stiff import Duty on on metal objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff import Duty on on metal objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff import Duty on on metal objects
+coming into to um into America whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into to um into America whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into to um into America whereas
+with artworks there was no tax there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with artworks there was no tax there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with artworks there was no tax there was
+no import duty at all so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no import duty at all so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no import duty at all so basically the
+the US custom said no this isn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US custom said no this isn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US custom said no this isn't an
+artwork it's a piece of metal and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork it's a piece of metal and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork it's a piece of metal and they
+charged duon 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged duon 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged duon 40%
+tax to import the piece which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to import the piece which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to import the piece which of course
+Edward stiking as the buyer of the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward stiking as the buyer of the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward stiking as the buyer of the piece
+had to pay so in the end um bruzi took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to pay so in the end um bruzi took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to pay so in the end um bruzi took
+the US Customs to court to sort of fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Customs to court to sort of fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Customs to court to sort of fight
+this decision and there's this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision and there's this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision and there's this kind of
+amazingly bizarre transcript of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly bizarre transcript of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly bizarre transcript of the
+court case which is available as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court case which is available as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court case which is available as a as a
+book now um and in the end the the bruzi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book now um and in the end the the bruzi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book now um and in the end the the bruzi
+won the court case and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the court case and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the court case and they they
+redefined the um definition of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefined the um definition of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefined the um definition of an
+artwork within within the American legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork within within the American legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork within within the American legal
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um it's sort of I just threw this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of I just threw this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of I just threw this other
+image in of course the the bicycle wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in of course the the bicycle wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in of course the the bicycle wheel
+because they sort of in a way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they sort of in a way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they sort of in a way they
+there's this sort of anecdote the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of anecdote the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of anecdote the the
+the two the two pieces come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two pieces come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two pieces come from the
+same Source there was a a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Source there was a a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Source there was a a story about
+duchan and um branzi going to this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duchan and um branzi going to this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duchan and um branzi going to this um
+Air Show in Paris um in 19111 I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Show in Paris um in 19111 I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Show in Paris um in 19111 I think it
+was and just before ducha made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and just before ducha made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and just before ducha made the
+bicycle wheel and they sort of were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle wheel and they sort of were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle wheel and they sort of were
+recorded as having sort of marveled at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as having sort of marveled at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as having sort of marveled at
+these beautiful um metal propellers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful um metal propellers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful um metal propellers
+airlane propellers and of course since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlane propellers and of course since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlane propellers and of course since
+then there's been this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's been this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's been this sort of
+suggestion that um uh bruzi sort of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that um uh bruzi sort of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that um uh bruzi sort of got
+the idea for his um sort of anamorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea for his um sort of anamorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea for his um sort of anamorphic
+bird sculpture um from from this trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird sculpture um from from this trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird sculpture um from from this trip
+and and also uh duon perhaps is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mobile the the other two the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile the the other two the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile the the other two the other two
+characters involved in this this work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters involved in this this work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters involved in this this work um
+Mr Bush on the left and Mr Blair on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Bush on the left and Mr Blair on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Bush on the left and Mr Blair on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um Mr Blair is involved in a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mr Blair is involved in a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mr Blair is involved in a slight
+slightly oblique way because he there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly oblique way because he there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly oblique way because he there
+was a big Scandal a few years ago in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big Scandal a few years ago in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big Scandal a few years ago in in
+Britain because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain because um
+Tony Blair had written a rather nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Blair had written a rather nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Blair had written a rather nice
+letter on behalf of this steel tycoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter on behalf of this steel tycoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter on behalf of this steel tycoon
+called lakmi Mel um who um wanted to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lakmi Mel um who um wanted to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lakmi Mel um who um wanted to buy
+the Romanian steel industry um which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Romanian steel industry um which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Romanian steel industry um which was
+kind of falling apart and he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of falling apart and he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of falling apart and he has a
+reputation for sort of turning these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation for sort of turning these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation for sort of turning these
+things around and Mr Bush um in return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around and Mr Bush um in return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around and Mr Bush um in return
+for a rather large donation to the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a rather large donation to the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a rather large donation to the labor
+party um gave um his sort of backing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party um gave um his sort of backing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party um gave um his sort of backing to
+to M Mr Mel to the to the the Romanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M Mr Mel to the to the the Romanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M Mr Mel to the to the the Romanian
+government and Mr Mattel subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and Mr Mattel subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and Mr Mattel subsequently
+bought the Romanian nationalized steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the Romanian nationalized steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the Romanian nationalized steel
+industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and
+um around about the same time Mr Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around about the same time Mr Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around about the same time Mr Bush
+introduced a 40% tax on um steel coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a 40% tax on um steel coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a 40% tax on um steel coming
+into America um to sort of of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into America um to sort of of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into America um to sort of of course
+protect um the steel industry in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect um the steel industry in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect um the steel industry in in
+um uh in the states and probably win a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the states and probably win a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the states and probably win a
+few votes and various other things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few votes and various other things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few votes and various other things as
+well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+so I sort of yeah I decided to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of yeah I decided to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of yeah I decided to sort of
+yeah collapse these these sort of Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah collapse these these sort of Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah collapse these these sort of Two
+Tales one on top of the the story of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tales one on top of the the story of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tales one on top of the the story of the
+bird in space and the and the the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird in space and the and the the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird in space and the and the the sort
+of contemporary story of um the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contemporary story of um the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contemporary story of um the uh the
+steel tax and um I decided to import uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel tax and um I decided to import uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel tax and um I decided to import uh
+a piece of Steel into the states and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of Steel into the states and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of Steel into the states and an
+artwork rather than as a piece of Steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork rather than as a piece of Steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork rather than as a piece of Steel
+um to try and avoid the um the 40% tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to try and avoid the um the 40% tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to try and avoid the um the 40% tax
+on the on the um on the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the um on the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the um on the piece
+so we didn't really know what what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't really know what what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't really know what what was
+going to arrive I mean I sort of ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to arrive I mean I sort of ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to arrive I mean I sort of ordered
+something of a particular size and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a particular size and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a particular size and this
+incredibly Rusty but rather beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly Rusty but rather beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly Rusty but rather beautiful
+slab of 2 and A2 tons of Romanian steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab of 2 and A2 tons of Romanian steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab of 2 and A2 tons of Romanian steel
+turned up at the gallery one day um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up at the gallery one day um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up at the gallery one day um with
+this very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very beautiful
+Romanian sticker on it or rather sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanian sticker on it or rather sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanian sticker on it or rather sort of
+sprayed logo for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprayed logo for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprayed logo for the um
+cidex um steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cidex um steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cidex um steel
+plant which is one of the plants now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant which is one of the plants now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant which is one of the plants now
+owned by Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by Mr
+Mel um and the the the piece of Steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mel um and the the the piece of Steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mel um and the the the piece of Steel
+was was very very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was very very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was very very simply
+um installed in the gallery um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um installed in the gallery um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um installed in the gallery um it was
+kind of floated in a way as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of floated in a way as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of floated in a way as a sort of
+Nod back to bran I suppose um we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nod back to bran I suppose um we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nod back to bran I suppose um we we
+floated this 2 and 1/2 ton slab of Steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floated this 2 and 1/2 ton slab of Steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floated this 2 and 1/2 ton slab of Steel
+on these inflatable Jacks which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these inflatable Jacks which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these inflatable Jacks which are
+extraordinary things they're just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary things they're just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary things they're just these
+kind of rubber pillows uh and if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rubber pillows uh and if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rubber pillows uh and if you put
+some helium gas some inert gas into them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some helium gas some inert gas into them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some helium gas some inert gas into them
+they can lift I don't know 7 and A2 tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can lift I don't know 7 and A2 tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can lift I don't know 7 and A2 tons
+or something each of them um so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something each of them um so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something each of them um so the the
+this this the sort of really heavy piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this the sort of really heavy piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this the sort of really heavy piece
+of Romanian steel was kind of Flo Ed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Romanian steel was kind of Flo Ed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Romanian steel was kind of Flo Ed in
+the gallery in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gallery in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gallery in New York
+um for the exhibition I also made a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the exhibition I also made a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the exhibition I also made a a
+photo work which was sort of also shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo work which was sort of also shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo work which was sort of also shown
+at the same time which sort of came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time which sort of came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time which sort of came out
+of another project I mean I I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another project I mean I I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another project I mean I I won't go
+into the the details but of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the the details but of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the the details but of course it's
+a I I tried to make a a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I I tried to make a a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I I tried to make a a sort of a
+fiveman bicycle once and uh I just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveman bicycle once and uh I just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveman bicycle once and uh I just used
+standard Wheels to start with and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Wheels to start with and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Wheels to start with and it
+just didn't work and this is what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't work and this is what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't work and this is what was
+sort of generated from that so I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generated from that so I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generated from that so I made
+this I made this Photograph um as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I made this Photograph um as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I made this Photograph um as a
+result of that which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that which is sort of
+somewhere between duch's bicycle wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between duch's bicycle wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between duch's bicycle wheel
+and brano's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brano's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brano's sort of
+amorphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphic
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+um and then so sort of I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then so sort of I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then so sort of I suppose
+connected to that to this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to that to this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to that to this sort of
+international trade stories um when I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade stories um when I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade stories um when I I
+was I was invited a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I was invited a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I was invited a couple of years ago
+to think about making an exhibition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about making an exhibition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about making an exhibition in
+Switzerland in in the museum for gagan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland in in the museum for gagan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland in in the museum for gagan
+vs kunst in in Basel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs kunst in in Basel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs kunst in in Basel and
+um I'd been uh I've been reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd been uh I've been reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd been uh I've been reading
+about this fantastic um money-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this fantastic um money-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this fantastic um money-making
+scheme that the Swiss came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that the Swiss came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that the Swiss came up
+with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which
+involves at at nighttime the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves at at nighttime the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves at at nighttime the uh the
+Swiss buy cheap electricity from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss buy cheap electricity from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss buy cheap electricity from their
+neighbors when they don't need it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors when they don't need it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors when they don't need it and
+they use the electricity to pump water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the electricity to pump water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the electricity to pump water
+into holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into holding
+reservoirs and um then during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs and um then during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs and um then during the day
+when Italy and Germany and France are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Italy and Germany and France are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Italy and Germany and France are
+desperate for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate for energy
+they use the the the the reserves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the the the the reserves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the the the the reserves of
+water to generate hydroelectric power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to generate hydroelectric power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to generate hydroelectric power
+which they then sell back to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they then sell back to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they then sell back to their
+neighbors for much for much more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors for much for much more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors for much for much more money
+than they paid for it it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they paid for it it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they paid for it it's a kind of
+beautiful beautiful model somehow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful beautiful model somehow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful beautiful model somehow and
+this this sort of became I don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of became I don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of became I don't know it
+became the sort of the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the sort of the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the sort of the starting point
+for for sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for sort
+of I suppose it's it's anyway somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I suppose it's it's anyway somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I suppose it's it's anyway somehow
+connected to a lot of the projects I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a lot of the projects I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a lot of the projects I've
+made but it it it sort of became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but it it it sort of became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but it it it sort of became the
+sort of the starting point for thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the starting point for thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the starting point for thinking
+about the exhibition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the exhibition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the exhibition and
+um I uh I made various works that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I uh I made various works that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I uh I made various works that sort
+of had a very close relationship to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had a very close relationship to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had a very close relationship to to
+the river in Basel which is which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river in Basel which is which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river in Basel which is which is a
+very sort of the rine runs through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of the rine runs through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of the rine runs through the
+middle of Basel and it's a very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of Basel and it's a very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of Basel and it's a very sort of
+powerful sort of force um in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful sort of force um in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful sort of force um in the city
+um there's lots of kind of nice stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of kind of nice stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of kind of nice stories
+about like the the the C the c um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the the the C the c um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the the the C the c um the
+kst harer in Basel is actually built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kst harer in Basel is actually built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kst harer in Basel is actually built
+with money generated from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with money generated from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with money generated from one of the
+Ying fairies that run across the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ying fairies that run across the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ying fairies that run across the the
+river the the the association that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the the the association that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river the the the association that
+started the kunala they um they managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the kunala they um they managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the kunala they um they managed
+to get a license to run one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a license to run one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a license to run one of these
+faeries which is only driven by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faeries which is only driven by the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faeries which is only driven by the the
+current of the stream and you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of the stream and you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of the stream and you're sort of
+on a a a steel cable and you run back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a a a steel cable and you run back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a a a steel cable and you run back
+and forwards across the river and um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards across the river and um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards across the river and um I'm
+just going to drink some water so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to drink some water so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to drink some water so I
+don't choke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't choke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't choke to
+death so they ran the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so they ran the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so they ran the the
+Karine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karine um
+ran this Ferry for 25 years and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran this Ferry for 25 years and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran this Ferry for 25 years and all of
+the money from running the ferry they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from running the ferry they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from running the ferry they
+put into this pot and into the bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this pot and into the bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this pot and into the bank and
+they used that money to build this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used that money to build this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used that money to build this very
+beautiful exhibition space um so somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful exhibition space um so somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful exhibition space um so somehow
+I don't know the the river I it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the the river I it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the the river I it's just
+an example of one example of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of one example of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of one example of how the
+river is so sort of tied up with the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river is so sort of tied up with the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river is so sort of tied up with the way
+that the the city is is um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+and this is I I don't know I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I I don't know I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I I don't know I'm not going
+to talk so much about this work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk so much about this work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk so much about this work I mean
+in a way there's not so much to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way there's not so much to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way there's not so much to say I
+suppose but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose but it
+was I had from the very beginning I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I had from the very beginning I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I had from the very beginning I had
+an idea to they were just restoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea to they were just restoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea to they were just restoring the
+my show was the first show at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my show was the first show at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my show was the first show at the at the
+gagen Vats Museum after it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gagen Vats Museum after it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gagen Vats Museum after it had been
+restored and this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored and this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored and this sort
+of led me to think it would be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of led me to think it would be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of led me to think it would be nice to
+do something rather sort of destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something rather sort of destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something rather sort of destructive
+to it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it um
+so I came up with this idea to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I came up with this idea to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I came up with this idea to make a
+very very simple exchange of two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple exchange of two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple exchange of two parts
+of the building and the original plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building and the original plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building and the original plan
+was to take a 2 m diameter section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take a 2 m diameter section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take a 2 m diameter section of
+the concrete and plast a wall from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concrete and plast a wall from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concrete and plast a wall from the
+top floor of the museum and exchange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top floor of the museum and exchange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top floor of the museum and exchange it
+with the same size piece from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same size piece from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same size piece from from the
+bottom floor of the museum on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom floor of the museum on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom floor of the museum on a
+revolving metal arm so you'd end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolving metal arm so you'd end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolving metal arm so you'd end up
+pretty much with what you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much with what you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much with what you started with
+but the bottom would be the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom would be the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom would be the top and the
+top would be the bottom of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top would be the bottom of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top would be the bottom of course
+and again a bit like my Island for weeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again a bit like my Island for weeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again a bit like my Island for weeds
+that that was a sort of ongoing project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was a sort of ongoing project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was a sort of ongoing project
+for a long time and I was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and I was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and I was working with
+engineers and everything seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and everything seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and everything seemed to
+be going fine and then at the 11th Hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going fine and then at the 11th Hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going fine and then at the 11th Hour
+they they sort of pulled the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they sort of pulled the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they sort of pulled the people who
+owned the building not the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned the building not the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned the building not the people that
+run the museum but the people who owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the museum but the people who owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the museum but the people who owned
+the building that the museum is hous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building that the museum is hous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building that the museum is hous
+pulled the plug on it and I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled the plug on it and I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled the plug on it and I think it was
+because they actually were really scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they actually were really scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they actually were really scared
+that the building had been very badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the building had been very badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the building had been very badly
+built and they thought that if I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and they thought that if I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and they thought that if I started
+cutting holes in the wall that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting holes in the wall that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting holes in the wall that it might
+start to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to fall
+apart so um instead of that I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so um instead of that I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so um instead of that I I was
+still very keen that this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very keen that this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very keen that this very simple
+kind of in a way model um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in a way model um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in a way model um for the
+exhibition um would would somehow have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition um would would somehow have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition um would would somehow have a
+presence there so I made I made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence there so I made I made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence there so I made I made these
+sort of much smaller very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of much smaller very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of much smaller very simple
+um versions just using the 12 CM thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um versions just using the 12 CM thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um versions just using the 12 CM thick
+plasterboard wall that H that lines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasterboard wall that H that lines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasterboard wall that H that lines the
+the museum so I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the museum so I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the museum so I made
+this much lighter much simpler kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much lighter much simpler kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much lighter much simpler kind of
+work so we just exchanged um on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we just exchanged um on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we just exchanged um on on the
+ground floor there was a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground floor there was a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground floor there was a sort of
+horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+exchange and on the top floor there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and on the top floor there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and on the top floor there was
+a um a vertical um exchange from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a vertical um exchange from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a vertical um exchange from from
+top to bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to bottom
+so these these were there were lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these were there were lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these were there were lots of
+there was lots of screw holes from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was lots of screw holes from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was lots of screw holes from from
+sort of attaching the metal plate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of attaching the metal plate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of attaching the metal plate to the
+wall to sort of stabilize everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to sort of stabilize everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to sort of stabilize everything so
+they became very much like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became very much like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became very much like little
+drawings in in the space almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings in in the space almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings in in the space almost
+invisible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible at
+times um and then we just left the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um and then we just left the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um and then we just left the the
+hole as the the the central sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole as the the the central sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole as the the the central sort of
+access for the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece this is the these are I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece this is the these are I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece this is the these are I'm sure
+many of you will know these photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you will know these photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you will know these photographs
+they're by a very wonderful artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're by a very wonderful artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're by a very wonderful artist
+called Christopher Williams who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Christopher Williams who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Christopher Williams who who
+works in La um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in La um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in La um
+and um I've always been a bit of a fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I've always been a bit of a fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I've always been a bit of a fan
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I I sort of start started to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I sort of start started to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I sort of start started to think about
+these photographs again because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these photographs again because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these photographs again because there
+there photographs of he made seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there photographs of he made seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there photographs of he made seven
+photographs of this Dam um called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of this Dam um called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of this Dam um called the
+grand sance um which was when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand sance um which was when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand sance um which was when it was
+built in the 1950s was the the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in the 1950s was the the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in the 1950s was the the biggest
+dam of its kind in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam of its kind in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam of its kind in the world and
+um it was made the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was made the photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was made the photographs
+Williams's photographs are kind of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams's photographs are kind of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams's photographs are kind of in a
+way made as a as a sort of tribute to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way made as a as a sort of tribute to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way made as a as a sort of tribute to to
+Jean Luke God who's who's um Williams is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean Luke God who's who's um Williams is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean Luke God who's who's um Williams is
+a a big fan of Goda and um Goda made his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big fan of Goda and um Goda made his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big fan of Goda and um Goda made his
+first ever film um believe it or not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ever film um believe it or not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ever film um believe it or not at
+this Dam when it was being when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dam when it was being when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dam when it was being when it was
+being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being built
+um I think the I think the story goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the I think the story goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the I think the story goes
+that actually Goda was working as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually Goda was working as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually Goda was working as a as a
+laborer kind of um while he was studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laborer kind of um while he was studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laborer kind of um while he was studying
+or something on on the building of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something on on the building of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something on on the building of the
+dam and somebody found out that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam and somebody found out that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam and somebody found out that he was
+kind of making film and they asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of making film and they asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of making film and they asked him
+to make this short documentary about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this short documentary about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this short documentary about the
+the building of the dam I might be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of the dam I might be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of the dam I might be wrong
+about that but I think that's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but I think that's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but I think that's how it
+worked and he made this this film called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and he made this this film called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and he made this this film called
+um operation beton Operation con which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um operation beton Operation con which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um operation beton Operation con which
+is a sort of very sort of romanticized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of very sort of romanticized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of very sort of romanticized
+um sort of eulogy or something to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of eulogy or something to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of eulogy or something to to
+concrete and it's potential and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and it's potential and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and it's potential and so
+Williams made this sort of pilgrimage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams made this sort of pilgrimage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams made this sort of pilgrimage to
+to the dam and and made these seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dam and and made these seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dam and and made these seven
+photographs um and so I I I started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs um and so I I I started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs um and so I I I started to
+sort of think about trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about trying to sort of
+continue that that process um that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that that process um that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that that process um that sort
+of um sort of reference ual process if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um sort of reference ual process if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um sort of reference ual process if
+you like and I went I went to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like and I went I went to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like and I went I went to I
+discovered I tried to find out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered I tried to find out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered I tried to find out where
+these photographs were in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these photographs were in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these photographs were in the world and
+I went to all of the collections in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to all of the collections in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to all of the collections in in
+Europe where these seven photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe where these seven photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe where these seven photographs
+exist and um I um these are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and um I um these are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and um I um these are a couple
+more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and I made I made I made photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I made I made I made photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I made I made I made photographs
+of of interestingly enough the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of interestingly enough the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of interestingly enough the the
+photographs were all when I when I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs were all when I when I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs were all when I when I found
+them in the museum they were all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the museum they were all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the museum they were all in
+storage um and generally on these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage um and generally on these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage um and generally on these kind
+of big sort of sliding racks that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big sort of sliding racks that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big sort of sliding racks that that
+museums use for storing photographs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museums use for storing photographs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museums use for storing photographs and
+prints and things and so I made a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints and things and so I made a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints and things and so I made a series
+of 21 images of the three sets the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 21 images of the three sets the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 21 images of the three sets the three
+editions of these photographs that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editions of these photographs that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editions of these photographs that exist
+in in Munich and Berlin and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Munich and Berlin and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Munich and Berlin and and uh
+Rotterdam and then I sort of returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rotterdam and then I sort of returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rotterdam and then I sort of returned
+them in a way to to Swit land um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a way to to Swit land um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a way to to Swit land um these
+are just the the the work has this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the the the work has this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the the the work has this kind
+of extra sort of layer or Dimension if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra sort of layer or Dimension if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra sort of layer or Dimension if
+you like which is which is through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like which is which is through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like which is which is through the
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+physical in a way physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical in a way physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical in a way physical
+transformation of of of Williams's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of of of Williams's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of of of Williams's
+images his images are a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images his images are a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images his images are a kind of
+traditional Silver prints and I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Silver prints and I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Silver prints and I decided
+to sort of play with the almost the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of play with the almost the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of play with the almost the sort
+of the stuff of the photographs and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff of the photographs and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff of the photographs and I
+made a series my my 21 photographs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a series my my 21 photographs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a series my my 21 photographs were
+made with this very traditional um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made with this very traditional um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made with this very traditional um
+Platinum printing process and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum printing process and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum printing process and one of the
+one of the parts of of of making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the parts of of of making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the parts of of of making this
+and a few other projects was to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other projects was to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other projects was to make
+this trip to the the mine um which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip to the the mine um which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip to the the mine um which is um
+this is a a platinum mine in in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a platinum mine in in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a platinum mine in in South
+Africa in P Gus um it's a huge huge hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in P Gus um it's a huge huge hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in P Gus um it's a huge huge hole
+in the ground as you can see and I was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground as you can see and I was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground as you can see and I was I
+was really fascinated by one of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really fascinated by one of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really fascinated by one of one of
+the reasons Platinum is is so expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons Platinum is is so expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons Platinum is is so expensive
+is that it it requires huge amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it it requires huge amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it it requires huge amounts of
+energy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to to
+extract and is very sort of disperate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract and is very sort of disperate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract and is very sort of disperate in
+the Rock and um you need 20 tons of ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rock and um you need 20 tons of ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rock and um you need 20 tons of ore
+from this mine to make 1 oun of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this mine to make 1 oun of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this mine to make 1 oun of of
+platinum so there's this incredible sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum so there's this incredible sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum so there's this incredible sort
+of um yeah it's a sort of phenomena in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um yeah it's a sort of phenomena in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um yeah it's a sort of phenomena in a
+way and um so I I started to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and um so I I started to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and um so I I started to sort of
+think about this in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in relation to
+Williams's pictures of this mind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams's pictures of this mind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams's pictures of this mind this
+huge kind of engineer ing project um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge kind of engineer ing project um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge kind of engineer ing project um in
+Switzerland and again kind of forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and again kind of forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and again kind of forced
+these things together um in a way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together um in a way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together um in a way in the
+work and produced these um 20 I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and produced these um 20 I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and produced these um 20 I'm sorry
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+don't I don't have any details of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't have any details of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't have any details of of the
+photographs but you can probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs but you can probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs but you can probably just
+about see what's going on they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about see what's going on they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about see what's going on they they're
+just very simple sort of documents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very simple sort of documents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very simple sort of documents of
+Williams's 21 photographs some made very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams's 21 photographs some made very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams's 21 photographs some made very
+close up some made of the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up some made of the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up some made of the the whole
+storage where the the photographs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage where the the photographs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage where the the photographs were
+were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah and it the the piece has a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it the the piece has a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it the the piece has a has a
+very long title which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long title which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long title which is basically the
+story I told you at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I told you at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I told you at the beginning of
+explaining this work about how the Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this work about how the Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this work about how the Swiss
+buy cheap electricity from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cheap electricity from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cheap electricity from their
+neighbors at night and then use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors at night and then use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors at night and then use it to
+pump water into holding reservoirs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump water into holding reservoirs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump water into holding reservoirs and
+then during the day use it to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the day use it to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the day use it to generate
+electricity which they then sell back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity which they then sell back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity which they then sell back to
+their neighbors so it's it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighbors so it's it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighbors so it's it's a kind of
+yeah lots of kind of ideas I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lots of kind of ideas I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lots of kind of ideas I suppose
+packed into the one the one piece but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed into the one the one piece but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed into the one the one piece but
+somehow it has a very simple a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it has a very simple a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it has a very simple a very
+simple manifestation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple manifestation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple manifestation at the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+um I'm just going to talk about one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just going to talk about one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just going to talk about one more
+project which was also made for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which was also made for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which was also made for the same
+exhibition in in Basel which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in in Basel which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in in Basel which is
+the of course this kind of decrepit shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of course this kind of decrepit shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of course this kind of decrepit shed
+that you can see just around the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see just around the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see just around the corner
+from the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I I I kind of it's I've always I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I kind of it's I've always I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I kind of it's I've always I've
+always been an extremely lucky artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been an extremely lucky artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been an extremely lucky artist
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+um I kind of I often have these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I kind of I often have these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I kind of I often have these very
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um strong ideas in my head about a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strong ideas in my head about a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strong ideas in my head about a work
+that I want to make and um but it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to make and um but it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to make and um but it sort
+of always requires finding things and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of always requires finding things and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of always requires finding things and um
+for example I I once I once made a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I I once I once made a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I I once I once made a work
+for a show in Australia and I needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a show in Australia and I needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a show in Australia and I needed a
+Boler tree um and I sort of knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boler tree um and I sort of knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boler tree um and I sort of knew that
+Boler trees came from Ecuador um but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boler trees came from Ecuador um but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boler trees came from Ecuador um but not
+much more than that and so I wrote a fax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than that and so I wrote a fax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than that and so I wrote a fax
+to the the British Consul in in gu keil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the British Consul in in gu keil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the British Consul in in gu keil
+in Ecuador sort of saying um blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ecuador sort of saying um blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ecuador sort of saying um blah blah
+blah I'm doing this project I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah I'm doing this project I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah I'm doing this project I'm an
+artist and I wonder if you can point me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and I wonder if you can point me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and I wonder if you can point me
+in the right direction and then about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction and then about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction and then about 2
+hours later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later
+I got the same fact back with a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got the same fact back with a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got the same fact back with a sort of
+scribbled note on the bottom and it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribbled note on the bottom and it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribbled note on the bottom and it said
+uh yep no problem uh I have a banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yep no problem uh I have a banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yep no problem uh I have a banana
+plantation one of my bolster trees got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation one of my bolster trees got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation one of my bolster trees got
+struck by lightning 3 months ago it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by lightning 3 months ago it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by lightning 3 months ago it's
+yours I'll pick you up from the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours I'll pick you up from the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours I'll pick you up from the airport
+so I went I went to uh I went to Ecuador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went I went to uh I went to Ecuador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I went I went to uh I went to Ecuador
+and this guy arrived in a big Range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy arrived in a big Range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy arrived in a big Range
+Rover and with his diplomatic plates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rover and with his diplomatic plates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rover and with his diplomatic plates and
+drove me around and took me to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove me around and took me to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove me around and took me to his
+banana plantation and sure enough there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana plantation and sure enough there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana plantation and sure enough there
+was a big Boler tree and I could take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big Boler tree and I could take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big Boler tree and I could take as
+much as I wanted so these things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I wanted so these things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I wanted so these things kind of
+it's this sort of strange Serendipity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this sort of strange Serendipity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this sort of strange Serendipity
+somehow that that when you go looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that that when you go looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that that when you go looking
+for something you you tend to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something you you tend to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something you you tend to find it
+and this this project is absolutely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this project is absolutely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this project is absolutely a
+kind of case in point I suppose um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of case in point I suppose um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of case in point I suppose um I
+kind of had this it was a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of had this it was a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of had this it was a slightly
+half-baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-baked
+idea um again connected to the river in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um again connected to the river in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um again connected to the river in
+Basel um that I wanted to make a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basel um that I wanted to make a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basel um that I wanted to make a sort of
+piece of mobile architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of mobile architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of mobile architecture
+or a a sort of mobile architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a a sort of mobile architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a a sort of mobile architecture
+system if you like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you like and
+um I I I borrowed the the curator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I borrowed the the curator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I borrowed the the curator's
+bicycle and I went on a a ride up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle and I went on a a ride up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle and I went on a a ride up the
+river passed all these kind of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river passed all these kind of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river passed all these kind of chemical
+plants and etc etc and um I was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and etc etc and um I was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and etc etc and um I was getting
+a bit I was like 10 km outside town I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit I was like 10 km outside town I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit I was like 10 km outside town I
+was getting a bit sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting a bit sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting a bit sort
+of depressed or I don't know I'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depressed or I don't know I'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depressed or I don't know I'm never
+going to find anything and then I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find anything and then I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find anything and then I sort
+of came out into this clearing and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of came out into this clearing and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of came out into this clearing and there
+was this shed um this old wooden shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this shed um this old wooden shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this shed um this old wooden shed
+with a paddle on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a paddle on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a paddle on the
+side and uh it was just like a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh it was just like a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh it was just like a kind of a
+gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift
+somehow and um the whole project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and um the whole project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and um the whole project
+suddenly like in 20 seconds kind of fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly like in 20 seconds kind of fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly like in 20 seconds kind of fell
+into place um the paddle on the shed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place um the paddle on the shed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place um the paddle on the shed is
+is from a a traditional boat that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a a traditional boat that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a a traditional boat that they
+they still Sail on the um on the rine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still Sail on the um on the rine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still Sail on the um on the rine
+called or paddle on the rine I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called or paddle on the rine I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called or paddle on the rine I should
+say called a viding and it's um it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say called a viding and it's um it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say called a viding and it's um it used
+to be used for for kind of trade and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used for for kind of trade and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used for for kind of trade and and
+sort of moving stuff about but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of moving stuff about but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of moving stuff about but now it's
+just mostly a kind of um a sport they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mostly a kind of um a sport they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mostly a kind of um a sport they
+they sort of race these boats and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of race these boats and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of race these boats and it's a
+bit like a gondola you stand up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like a gondola you stand up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like a gondola you stand up in the
+back of the boat and you you push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the boat and you you push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the boat and you you push on
+this this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this long
+paddle and then on the way up the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle and then on the way up the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle and then on the way up the river
+you use a a pole very close to the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a a pole very close to the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a a pole very close to the bank
+where the water is not moving so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the water is not moving so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the water is not moving so fast
+and and move that way um and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and move that way um and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and move that way um and so there
+was this shed this this wooden structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this shed this this wooden structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this shed this this wooden structure
+with a paddle on the side and and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a paddle on the side and and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a paddle on the side and and as I
+say the rest is kind of yeah history it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the rest is kind of yeah history it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the rest is kind of yeah history it
+the the other piece of luck was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other piece of luck was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other piece of luck was that the
+people who owned the shed were desperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who owned the shed were desperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who owned the shed were desperate
+to get rid of it they they'd been sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of it they they'd been sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of it they they'd been sort
+of thinking about how to deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about how to deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about how to deal with it
+what they should do with it should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should do with it should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should do with it should we
+just burn it whatever and we we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just burn it whatever and we we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just burn it whatever and we we sort of
+phoned from the museum and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoned from the museum and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoned from the museum and they were
+said yeah of course you can have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah of course you can have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah of course you can have it and
+and they gave us a big space to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they gave us a big space to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they gave us a big space to work in
+as well so what what I did was um as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so what what I did was um as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so what what I did was um as you
+probably guessed by now is um built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably guessed by now is um built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably guessed by now is um built a
+viding from The Shed from the wood from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viding from The Shed from the wood from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viding from The Shed from the wood from
+the shed um with the help of two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shed um with the help of two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shed um with the help of two very
+nice artists Johannes and himo um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice artists Johannes and himo um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice artists Johannes and himo um it
+took yeah about 3 weeks or so to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the shed was every every part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the shed was every every part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the shed was every every part of the
+shed was numbered um and then the shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed was numbered um and then the shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed was numbered um and then the shed
+was kind of taken apart and um we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of taken apart and um we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of taken apart and um we sort
+of started to look for the best pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of started to look for the best pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of started to look for the best pieces
+of Timber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Timber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Timber
+um for building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for building this
+boat it was actually we discovered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat it was actually we discovered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat it was actually we discovered it
+the first wooden viding to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wooden viding to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wooden viding to have been
+built in in Basel for for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in in Basel for for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in in Basel for for many many
+years and the the people who owned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the the people who owned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the the people who owned the
+the viding club nearby were extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viding club nearby were extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viding club nearby were extremely
+excited and um kind of um yeah got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involved that I suppose that in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved that I suppose that in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved that I suppose that in a way
+the the the idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the idea for
+the the the project comes from this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the project comes from this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the project comes from this kind
+kind of age-old relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of age-old relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of age-old relationship between
+architecture and and boat building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and and boat building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and and boat building
+um the you know the Vikings for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you know the Vikings for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you know the Vikings for example
+when they turned up in Denmark in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they turned up in Denmark in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they turned up in Denmark in in in
+the winter would turn up turn their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter would turn up turn their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter would turn up turn their
+longboats upside down to make these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longboats upside down to make these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longboats upside down to make these very
+simple sort of shelters to keep the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sort of shelters to keep the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sort of shelters to keep the the
+cold weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold weather
+out and um the the sort of it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um the the sort of it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um the the sort of it it's it's
+there's always been this sort of link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always been this sort of link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always been this sort of link
+between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between
+architecture and and um boat building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and and um boat building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and and um boat building
+the the the word for the Nave of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the word for the Nave of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the word for the Nave of a
+church comes from the same source as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church comes from the same source as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church comes from the same source as
+Naval or navigation um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naval or navigation um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naval or navigation um because
+essentially it's a a boat upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a a boat upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a a boat upside down
+and the the RO the word I think the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the RO the word I think the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the RO the word I think the word
+in Japanese for a a a ceiling is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japanese for a a a ceiling is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japanese for a a a ceiling is the
+same as the floor of a boat or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the floor of a boat or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the floor of a boat or something
+that I don't know if that's true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know if that's true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know if that's true but
+that's what I read somewhere there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I read somewhere there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I read somewhere there's a
+very nice text by by Buckminster Fuller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice text by by Buckminster Fuller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice text by by Buckminster Fuller
+on the on the subject which I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the subject which I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the subject which I think he
+sort of wrote for for children or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote for for children or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote for for children or
+something but um yeah that was a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but um yeah that was a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but um yeah that was a bit of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inspiration anyway so we we set about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration anyway so we we set about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration anyway so we we set about
+um sort of refining the the Timber from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of refining the the Timber from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of refining the the Timber from
+the shed into something that resembled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shed into something that resembled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shed into something that resembled a
+a boat it's in a way it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boat it's in a way it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boat it's in a way it's probably the
+most simple boat you could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most simple boat you could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most simple boat you could possibly
+build um it's just three planks of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build um it's just three planks of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build um it's just three planks of wood
+held together with a series of of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together with a series of of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together with a series of of very
+simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribs and that's what it looked like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribs and that's what it looked like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribs and that's what it looked like um
+when it was finished um we were all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was finished um we were all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was finished um we were all very
+proud of it and the local vling Club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of it and the local vling Club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of it and the local vling Club
+turned up and roasted a a suckling pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up and roasted a a suckling pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up and roasted a a suckling pig
+on a spit and drank lots of beer and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spit and drank lots of beer and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spit and drank lots of beer and um
+fired a cannon and uh we we threw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired a cannon and uh we we threw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired a cannon and uh we we threw the
+boat into the water and then the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat into the water and then the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat into the water and then the sort of
+second phase of the project began and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second phase of the project began and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second phase of the project began and we
+started to um transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to um transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to um transport
+the the remains of the shed Downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the remains of the shed Downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the remains of the shed Downstream
+to the museum where the exhibition was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the museum where the exhibition was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the museum where the exhibition was
+happening um so the the boat became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um so the the boat became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um so the the boat became a
+kind of transport system for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transport system for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transport system for the for the
+structure it had been made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and the one of the the installers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the one of the the installers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the one of the the installers at
+the at the Museum turned out to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the Museum turned out to be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the Museum turned out to be a bit
+of a a dab hand with a a viding he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a dab hand with a a viding he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a dab hand with a a viding he'd
+done it a lot when he was a teenager so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it a lot when he was a teenager so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it a lot when he was a teenager so
+he agreed to to sort of man the man the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boat and of course going Downstream it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and of course going Downstream it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and of course going Downstream it's
+it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+straightforward cuz the current just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward cuz the current just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward cuz the current just
+carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you this is going through the huge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is going through the huge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is going through the huge um
+there's a they they also have a dam on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a they they also have a dam on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a they they also have a dam on
+the river which they use to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river which they use to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river which they use to generate
+power for the city um so you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for the city um so you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for the city um so you have to go
+through this lock at a certain point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this lock at a certain point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this lock at a certain point in
+the in the trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we we sort of took the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we we sort of took the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we we sort of took the boat
+apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and
+um which was quite hard to do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was quite hard to do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was quite hard to do actually
+it was uh yeah it had been such a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh yeah it had been such a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh yeah it had been such a sort
+of labor of love that yeah I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor of love that yeah I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor of love that yeah I couldn't
+really watch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really watch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really watch and
+uh and then we rebuilt the shed again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we rebuilt the shed again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we rebuilt the shed again in
+the museum um so it was a kind of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the museum um so it was a kind of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the museum um so it was a kind of it it
+was a sort of scarred a scarred version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sort of scarred a scarred version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sort of scarred a scarred version
+of the structure that we found up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure that we found up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure that we found up
+Upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream
+um but essentially essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but essentially essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but essentially essentially the same
+thing the one of the interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the one of the interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the one of the interesting things
+with that the the shed had actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the the shed had actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the the shed had actually been
+in many different locations throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different locations throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different locations throughout
+throughout its life um it had been a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its life um it had been a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its life um it had been a a a
+border patrol post at some point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border patrol post at some point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border patrol post at some point and
+then had been moved and moved again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had been moved and moved again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had been moved and moved again so
+there were all these kind of layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were all these kind of layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were all these kind of layers of
+History to the to the structure already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History to the to the structure already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History to the to the structure already
+so we were just kind of adding one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were just kind of adding one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were just kind of adding one more
+one more layer to the to the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more layer to the to the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more layer to the to the story of
+this this kind of slightly sad looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this kind of slightly sad looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this kind of slightly sad looking
+shed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed um
+and also it had been sort of repaired at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it had been sort of repaired at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it had been sort of repaired at
+different times in its life the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times in its life the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times in its life the the the
+roof and the floor were were much newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and the floor were were much newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and the floor were were much newer
+Timber than than the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and of course you could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and of course you could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and of course you could sort
+of particularly from the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particularly from the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particularly from the inside of the
+shed you could start to piece the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed you could start to piece the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed you could start to piece the boat
+together in your in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in your in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in your in your mind
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um look at all the the marks and cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look at all the the marks and cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look at all the the marks and cuts
+that were made to to to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boat that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat that's the
+end um yeah thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if anybody has a comment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if anybody has a comment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if anybody has a comment or
+a question or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question or anything
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but sorry what happened next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry what happened next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry what happened next to
+those they're back in the shed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're back in the shed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they're back in the shed they
+they're they're in the shed the shed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're in the shed the shed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're in the shed the shed is
+now in the collection of the museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the collection of the museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the collection of the museum
+actually so it's yeah it's going to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so it's yeah it's going to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so it's yeah it's going to stay
+there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how did you determine that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how did you determine that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how did you determine that there
+was enough wood in the shed to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough wood in the shed to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough wood in the shed to actually
+construct the boat before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the boat before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the boat before
+you I mean there was far more wood than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean there was far more wood than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean there was far more wood than
+we needed oh yeah yeah we just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed oh yeah yeah we just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed oh yeah yeah we just we
+probably used a quarter of the Timber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably used a quarter of the Timber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably used a quarter of the Timber
+from from the shed and the rest was as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the shed and the rest was as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the shed and the rest was as I
+said transported by a boat down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said transported by a boat down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said transported by a boat down
+Downstream so yeah I mean you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream so yeah I mean you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream so yeah I mean you can just
+see by yeah looking at a boat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by yeah looking at a boat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by yeah looking at a boat and
+looking at shed and realizing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at shed and realizing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at shed and realizing that it's
+going to work I mean the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work I mean the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work I mean the problem was
+that quite a lot of the wood was not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quite a lot of the wood was not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quite a lot of the wood was not in
+such good shape so quite a lot of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such good shape so quite a lot of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such good shape so quite a lot of it was
+a little bit rotten and full of bugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit rotten and full of bugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit rotten and full of bugs and
+stuff so um yeah we had to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so um yeah we had to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so um yeah we had to be very
+careful about you know picking the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about you know picking the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about you know picking the right
+most of the most of the wood for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the most of the wood for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the most of the wood for the
+bottom and the sides of the boat came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the sides of the boat came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the sides of the boat came
+from the floor and the ceiling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the floor and the ceiling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the floor and the ceiling of the
+the shed because they were they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shed because they were they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shed because they were they're much
+more recent I think the the guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent I think the the guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent I think the the guys who
+owned it said they probably from the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned it said they probably from the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned it said they probably from the 60s
+or something they they'd replaced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something they they'd replaced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something they they'd replaced the
+floor and the and the roof so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and the and the roof so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and the and the roof so they were
+in quite good shape um so we just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quite good shape um so we just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quite good shape um so we just had to
+eek out enough of the other Timber to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eek out enough of the other Timber to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eek out enough of the other Timber to
+make the the beam the the ribs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the the beam the the ribs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the the beam the the ribs of the
+boat we had we had to add one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat we had we had to add one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat we had we had to add one thing
+which was um some there's this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was um some there's this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was um some there's this stuff
+called corking which you put in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called corking which you put in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called corking which you put in the in
+the joins between the boards which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joins between the boards which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joins between the boards which is a
+cotton kind of rope which you bang into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton kind of rope which you bang into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton kind of rope which you bang into
+the c um into the seams but apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c um into the seams but apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c um into the seams but apart from
+that and a few screws and things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a few screws and things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a few screws and things that
+was pretty much and some glue that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty much and some glue that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty much and some glue that was
+pretty much yeah all shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm I'm curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm curious about
+how inherently performative all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inherently performative all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inherently performative all of your
+works are but at the exhibition stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works are but at the exhibition stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works are but at the exhibition stage
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+reserved they appear and I I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved they appear and I I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved they appear and I I'm just
+interested in hearing more about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hearing more about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hearing more about the the
+process of removing yourself or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of removing yourself or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of removing yourself or whether
+it's I mean as you create more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I mean as you create more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I mean as you create more and more
+of these are you more intrigued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are you more intrigued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are you more intrigued
+by is is the performance still just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by is is the performance still just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by is is the performance still just of
+work process or is it becoming a mormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work process or is it becoming a mormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work process or is it becoming a mormal
+canaps or or even the Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaps or or even the Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaps or or even the Human
+Relationships involved in the PES and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relationships involved in the PES and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relationships involved in the PES and
+then they're presented in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're presented in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're presented in a
+very I guess it's something that I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very I guess it's something that I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very I guess it's something that I'm I'm
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of I'm sort of thinking or rethinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm sort of thinking or rethinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm sort of thinking or rethinking
+all all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um but it's just I don't know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's just I don't know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's just I don't know it's it's
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+not on a on a very basic level it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on a on a very basic level it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on a on a very basic level it's not
+in my nature to sort of perform in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my nature to sort of perform in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my nature to sort of perform in that
+way you know although I'll do it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know although I'll do it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know although I'll do it in this
+kind of context it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of context it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of context it's it's just
+um I don't know I mean I suppose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I mean I suppose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I mean I suppose it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's a different it's a it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a different it's a it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a different it's a it's about
+not I don't in a way I don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't in a way I don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't in a way I don't want the
+work to be about a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to be about a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to be about a kind
+of it it it doesn't want to be too sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it it doesn't want to be too sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it it doesn't want to be too sort
+of gung-ho and Macho and sort of in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gung-ho and Macho and sort of in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gung-ho and Macho and sort of in in a
+way that perhaps you know burden can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that perhaps you know burden can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that perhaps you know burden can be
+or or it's it's not about sort of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or it's it's not about sort of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or it's it's not about sort of of
+putting yourself through something or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting yourself through something or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting yourself through something or um
+of course there's an element of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's an element of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's an element of that but
+I I don't want that to be the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want that to be the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want that to be the sort of
+concern of the work you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern of the work you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern of the work you know it's not
+about dragging my body over broken glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dragging my body over broken glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dragging my body over broken glass
+or you know it's it's it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know it's it's it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know it's it's it's much
+more um yeah I'm I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um yeah I'm I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um yeah I'm I like
+to I don't know just distance myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't know just distance myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't know just distance myself
+from it um but yeah it's an it's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it um but yeah it's an it's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it um but yeah it's an it's a sort
+of ongoing it's an ongoing thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ongoing it's an ongoing thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ongoing it's an ongoing thing I
+suppose and also how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's always this there there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always this there there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always this there there's always
+this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of
+anxiety because you're always leaving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety because you're always leaving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety because you're always leaving a
+lot of stuff out um when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff out um when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff out um when you when you
+make the exhibitions there's always sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the exhibitions there's always sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the exhibitions there's always sort
+of stuff that gets lost perhaps it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that gets lost perhaps it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that gets lost perhaps it kind
+of comes back in in situations like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes back in in situations like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes back in in situations like this
+or in cataloges or um but it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in cataloges or um but it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in cataloges or um but it it's it's
+it's a sort of yeah it's an ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of yeah it's an ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of yeah it's an ongoing
+discussion within the work I suppose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion within the work I suppose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion within the work I suppose and
+finding ways to to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding ways to to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding ways to to deal with that
+um but um yeah I don't really have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um yeah I don't really have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um yeah I don't really have I
+don't have a good answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a good answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a good answer to that
+question but yeah it's something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but yeah it's something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but yeah it's something I'm
+thinking about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah have you ever been invited to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah have you ever been invited to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah have you ever been invited to a
+situation in which you couldn't find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which you couldn't find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which you couldn't find a
+convergence of things to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work don't
+know I suppose you yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the I guess maybe maybe when I present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess maybe maybe when I present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess maybe maybe when I present
+the works like this I you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the works like this I you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the works like this I you know it
+probably seems all a bit sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seems all a bit sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seems all a bit sort of
+seamless and and like I have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamless and and like I have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamless and and like I have a very
+clear strategy or something but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear strategy or something but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear strategy or something but it's
+really not like that at all I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not like that at all I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not like that at all I mean I
+just um I think when I make these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um I think when I make these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um I think when I make these kind
+of you know slightly sort of themed sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know slightly sort of themed sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know slightly sort of themed sort
+of readings of the work or whatever then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of readings of the work or whatever then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of readings of the work or whatever then
+it it it sort of it seems much more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it sort of it seems much more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it sort of it seems much more like
+that than it is and it's the work is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than it is and it's the work is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than it is and it's the work is in
+invariably kind of very varied and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariably kind of very varied and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariably kind of very varied and and
+and the way it's generated is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it's generated is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it's generated is is very
+varied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied
+but somehow there's a yeah it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow there's a yeah it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow there's a yeah it's sort of
+you're it's you're always sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's you're always sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's you're always sort of
+bringing your baggage to a particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing your baggage to a particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing your baggage to a particular um
+situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+baggage combined with with the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggage combined with with the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggage combined with with the sort
+of the site or the context or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the site or the context or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the site or the context or whatever
+tends to to sort of function in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to to sort of function in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to to sort of function in a way
+so so far I don't know you always sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far I don't know you always sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far I don't know you always sort
+of find a way to to to negotiate it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of find a way to to to negotiate it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of find a way to to to negotiate it or
+navigate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate it
+um but it's not really yeah it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not really yeah it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not really yeah it's not so
+sort of systematic or anything the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of systematic or anything the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of systematic or anything the the
+approach I try and sort of approach each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I try and sort of approach each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I try and sort of approach each
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+quite I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite I don't
+know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort
+of a you I suppose but it yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a you I suppose but it yeah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a you I suppose but it yeah of course
+always always sort of bringing my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always sort of bringing my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always sort of bringing my my
+kind of ideas and concerns and interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ideas and concerns and interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ideas and concerns and interests
+with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's sometimes it's sometimes a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's sometimes it's sometimes a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's sometimes it's sometimes a it
+does sometimes feel like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sometimes feel like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sometimes feel like a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+pressure as cuz I because you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as cuz I because you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as cuz I because you sort of
+get a reputation for doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a reputation for doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a reputation for doing these
+projects which sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which sort
+of appear from from a kind of engaging M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appear from from a kind of engaging M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appear from from a kind of engaging M
+with a you know a particular situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a you know a particular situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a you know a particular situation
+and and you you feel people really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you you feel people really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you you feel people really want
+that from you and it's not always what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from you and it's not always what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from you and it's not always what I
+want to do so so it's sort of yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do so so it's sort of yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do so so it's sort of yeah I
+don't know I think this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think this is sort of
+sometimes a little bit of disappointment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit of disappointment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit of disappointment
+from people when I say I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people when I say I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people when I say I'm going to do
+you know something something completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something something completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something something completely
+different or so I don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or so I don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or so I don't know but
+yeah anybody yeah what did you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody yeah what did you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody yeah what did you do with
+the ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball of
+w i ah yeah I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w i ah yeah I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w i ah yeah I made a
+I made a radio controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a radio controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a radio controlled
+airplane with part of it not much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane with part of it not much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane with part of it not much of it
+but it was it was a project there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was it was a project there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was it was a project there's a
+there's a very beautiful house in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very beautiful house in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very beautiful house in the
+outskirts of Melbourne called um Heidi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outskirts of Melbourne called um Heidi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outskirts of Melbourne called um Heidi
+um which was built by these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was built by these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was built by these kind of
+patrons um called John and Sunday Reed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patrons um called John and Sunday Reed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patrons um called John and Sunday Reed
+and they they were they were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they were they were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they were they were sort of
+trying to create this real sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create this real sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create this real sort of
+Bohemian thing in in um in Mel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohemian thing in in um in Mel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohemian thing in in um in Mel
+um in the sort of 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sort of 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sort of 50s
+60s and they built a house for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and they built a house for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and they built a house for
+themselves with it it's really a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves with it it's really a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves with it it's really a kind of
+international modernist style house um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international modernist style house um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international modernist style house um
+designed by two Australian Architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by two Australian Architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by two Australian Architects
+called Neil Everest and um David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Neil Everest and um David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Neil Everest and um David
+mcglashan and it's beautiful beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcglashan and it's beautiful beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcglashan and it's beautiful beautiful
+house and they they they planted um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and they they they planted um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and they they they planted um they
+were they were very keen gardeners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were very keen gardeners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were very keen gardeners and
+they planted this incredible arborium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they planted this incredible arborium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they planted this incredible arborium
+with trees from all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trees from all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trees from all over the world
+um but also sort of in a way quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also sort of in a way quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also sort of in a way quite
+radically at the time they kept a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically at the time they kept a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically at the time they kept a lot of
+the indigenous trees that were growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indigenous trees that were growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indigenous trees that were growing
+on the land often they people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the land often they people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the land often they people would
+destroy them and and there's this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy them and and there's this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy them and and there's this very
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+tree um called a red a red river gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um called a red a red river gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um called a red a red river gum
+tree which has this fantastic Scar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which has this fantastic Scar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which has this fantastic Scar in
+The Bark which is um so the story goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Bark which is um so the story goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Bark which is um so the story goes
+from uh an Aboriginal uh boat builder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh an Aboriginal uh boat builder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh an Aboriginal uh boat builder
+who cut a piece of the bark to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cut a piece of the bark to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cut a piece of the bark to make
+these little it's just by a a river the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little it's just by a a river the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little it's just by a a river the
+house and um so this was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and um so this was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and um so this was a kind of
+trigger for for sort of making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger for for sort of making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger for for sort of making this
+project so I I I um I went to Ecuador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so I I I um I went to Ecuador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so I I I um I went to Ecuador
+and and found this tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and found this tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and found this tree and
+then used um a section of the tree to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then used um a section of the tree to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then used um a section of the tree to to
+build this small um radio control plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this small um radio control plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this small um radio control plane
+which was actually just flown once for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was actually just flown once for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was actually just flown once for
+the opening of the exhibition above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening of the exhibition above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening of the exhibition above the
+house um and then it was exhibited sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um and then it was exhibited sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um and then it was exhibited sort
+of with the the remains of the tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with the the remains of the tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with the the remains of the tree and
+one of the the rooms overlooking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the rooms overlooking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the rooms overlooking the
+garden and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it was a the plane is actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was a the plane is actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was a the plane is actually one
+of the planes that uh I sort of needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planes that uh I sort of needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planes that uh I sort of needed
+an excuse so I I flicked through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excuse so I I flicked through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excuse so I I flicked through
+um Loco's um towards a new architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Loco's um towards a new architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Loco's um towards a new architecture
+with this chapter about um Aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this chapter about um Aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this chapter about um Aviation
+design and found a little picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and found a little picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and found a little picture of a
+farm and mosquito from the 1920s and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm and mosquito from the 1920s and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm and mosquito from the 1920s and I
+managed to track down some plans for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to track down some plans for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to track down some plans for
+building this so I built a copy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+yeah was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was there
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there are different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are different types of
+returns in your work for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns in your work for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns in your work for instance the
+shed work it starts to a shed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed work it starts to a shed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed work it starts to a shed and then
+it's transformed to the boat and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transformed to the boat and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transformed to the boat and it
+returns to the shed trace of it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the shed trace of it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to the shed trace of it's I
+think you said scar yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you said scar yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you said scar yeah
+and then there are these returns to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are these returns to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are these returns to um
+du or frzi or Williams and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du or frzi or Williams and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du or frzi or Williams and I was
+wondering think of there being any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering think of there being any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering think of there being any
+correspondences between those types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of I I it's actually it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I I it's actually it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I I it's actually it's it's a it's a
+lovely idea it's not something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely idea it's not something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely idea it's not something that I
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of
+have been so conscious of but yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so conscious of but yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so conscious of but yeah I
+suppose there are there are kind of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there are there are kind of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there are there are kind of some
+maybe connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe connections
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I I suppose I suppose the the I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I suppose I suppose the the I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I suppose I suppose the the I mean
+one of the one of the links is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the links is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the links is that
+you're you're sort of dealing with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're sort of dealing with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're sort of dealing with with
+objects that you're sort of intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that you're sort of intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that you're sort of intervening
+with or or um scarring or remaking or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the yeah I mean there there's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the yeah I mean there there's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the yeah I mean there there's a sort
+of physical connection there I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical connection there I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical connection there I mean
+whether there's a a sort of more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a a sort of more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a a sort of more complex
+I don't know sort of historical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know sort of historical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know sort of historical thing
+going on I don't know really I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I don't know really I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I don't know really I haven't
+sort of it's not something I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it's not something I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it's not something I've sort of
+thought through but yeah no it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought through but yeah no it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought through but yeah no it's a nice
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notic uses as his Point of Departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notic uses as his Point of Departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notic uses as his Point of Departure
+photographs the down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs the down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs the down by
+in very close proximity to the show yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very close proximity to the show yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very close proximity to the show yeah
+and I'm just wondering something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just wondering something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just wondering something
+produced in that I mean no I mean I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in that I mean no I mean I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in that I mean no I mean I yeah
+I mean I I I mean I suppose for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I I I mean I suppose for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I I I mean I suppose for the the
+the the show in Basel for me was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the show in Basel for me was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the show in Basel for me was a
+really it was a real sort of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was a real sort of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was a real sort of experiment
+it was the first time that I'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the first time that I'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the first time that I'd really
+tried to bring a lot of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to bring a lot of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to bring a lot of projects
+together Under One Roof and to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Under One Roof and to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Under One Roof and to some
+projects which were new but also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which were new but also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which were new but also some
+projects which um kind of had other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which um kind of had other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which um kind of had other
+lives and I was trying to sort of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and I was trying to sort of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and I was trying to sort of work
+with again um and sort of build build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with again um and sort of build build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with again um and sort of build build
+some sort of new dialogues between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of new dialogues between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of new dialogues between all
+of these projects um but I was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects um but I was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects um but I was I was
+also sort of very conscious of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of very conscious of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of very conscious of trying to
+I'm not really answering your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not really answering your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not really answering your question
+but I I I was also very conscious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I I was also very conscious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I I was also very conscious of
+trying to build sort of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build sort of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build sort of different kinds
+of experience into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience into the into the
+exhibition so some of the you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition so some of the you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition so some of the you know some
+of the work um has has this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work um has has this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work um has has this sort
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+complexity and and uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and and uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and and uh sort
+of is is is sort of structured um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is is is sort of structured um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is is is sort of structured um in in
+a in a in a kind of I don't know webik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a in a kind of I don't know webik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a in a kind of I don't know webik
+way or something and then other works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or something and then other works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or something and then other works
+like the cuting piece is is very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cuting piece is is very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cuting piece is is very sort of
+reduced and sort of serves almost as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and sort of serves almost as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and sort of serves almost as a
+sort of diagram or a model for for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of diagram or a model for for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of diagram or a model for for some
+of the other um other more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other um other more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other um other more complex
+pieces so soort of to try and get in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so soort of to try and get in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so soort of to try and get in to
+try and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and get
+sort of very in a way very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very in a way very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very in a way very sort of
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+based um Works to to sort of talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based um Works to to sort of talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based um Works to to sort of talk to
+these sort of dumb much Dumber pieces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of dumb much Dumber pieces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of dumb much Dumber pieces in
+a way I suppose and to try and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way I suppose and to try and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way I suppose and to try and sort of
+um sort of see how that see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of see how that see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of see how that see how that
+worked to sort of create different Spa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to sort of create different Spa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to sort of create different Spa
+different kinds of spaces for people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of spaces for people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of spaces for people and
+also to think about think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to think about think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to think about think
+about the the the context for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the context for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the context for the
+exhibition in quite a sort of exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in quite a sort of exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in quite a sort of exploded
+way the to to to work with a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the to to to work with a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the to to to work with a very very
+localized context being the building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized context being the building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized context being the building and
+then this kind of the context of Basel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this kind of the context of Basel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this kind of the context of Basel
+and the river and then this kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the river and then this kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the river and then this kind of you
+know the story of the electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the story of the electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the story of the electricity and
+this kind of more sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of more sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of more sort of um
+International or Global sort of span for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International or Global sort of span for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International or Global sort of span for
+the for the work so yeah trying to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the work so yeah trying to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the work so yeah trying to sort
+of make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make all
+those things things sort of coexist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things things sort of coexist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things things sort of coexist so
+and also I suppose it's always it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I suppose it's always it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I suppose it's always it's
+always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a
+very when I'm making exhibitions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very when I'm making exhibitions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very when I'm making exhibitions it's
+it's it you know I I I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it you know I I I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it you know I I I sort of
+knew that the quality of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that the quality of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that the quality of the the the
+prints that I was making the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints that I was making the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints that I was making the the the
+sort of platinum print they they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of platinum print they they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of platinum print they they would
+sit very nicely with this kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit very nicely with this kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit very nicely with this kind of um
+moldy old shed somehow um so it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moldy old shed somehow um so it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moldy old shed somehow um so it's it
+it's on a very sort of um yeah sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on a very sort of um yeah sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on a very sort of um yeah sort of
+haptic or something level as well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haptic or something level as well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haptic or something level as well it's
+just yeah it's about stuff too so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah it's about stuff too so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah it's about stuff too so yeah
+sorry that was a very roundabout sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that was a very roundabout sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that was a very roundabout sort of
+approach but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah kind of a related question it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+and project I'm curious how you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and project I'm curious how you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and project I'm curious how you feel
+about the artifact results that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the artifact results that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the artifact results that actually
+gets um exhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets um exhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets um exhibited
+had some interesting ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some interesting ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some interesting ideas
+about what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+conses I I don't know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I I suppose I I always try and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I suppose I I always try and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I suppose I I always try and sort of
+maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a
+slight I don't know sort of am ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight I don't know sort of am ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight I don't know sort of am ambiguity
+in relation to that I mean because I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to that I mean because I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to that I mean because I for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+the of quite often the the projects sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of quite often the the projects sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of quite often the the projects sort
+of exist in in many different forms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exist in in many different forms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exist in in many different forms I
+mean like the the the the flager piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like the the the the flager piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like the the the the flager piece
+the car which I drove to Poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car which I drove to Poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car which I drove to Poland
+um for me in a way the the book is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me in a way the the book is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me in a way the the book is the
+project it's somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's somehow the
+most I don't know the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I don't know the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most I don't know the most important
+thing that was that that was generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was that that was generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was that that was generated
+from that I think um but it it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that I think um but it it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that I think um but it it does it
+does vary it sort of does vary from but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does vary it sort of does vary from but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does vary it sort of does vary from but
+I in I suppose I I I'm in in one in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in I suppose I I I'm in in one in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in I suppose I I I'm in in one in one
+sense as I was um saying just before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as I was um saying just before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as I was um saying just before the
+the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the
+physical um quality of the work is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical um quality of the work is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical um quality of the work is very
+very important to me it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to me it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to me it's it's sort of
+it it has to feel kind of invested in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has to feel kind of invested in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has to feel kind of invested in I
+suppose that that there's um that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that that there's um that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that that there's um that it can
+be sort of read in that way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of read in that way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of read in that way you can
+almost sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost sort
+of I don't know the hope is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know the hope is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I don't know the hope is that you can
+almost sort of feel the sort of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost sort of feel the sort of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost sort of feel the sort of energy
+that went into making the project in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into making the project in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into making the project in in
+the final object you know you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final object you know you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final object you know you can read
+the scars of of of the shed somehow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scars of of of the shed somehow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scars of of of the shed somehow so
+it is a very it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very it's a
+very yeah it's it's a very sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very yeah it's it's a very sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very yeah it's it's a very sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um I mean sort of like suppose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean sort of like suppose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean sort of like suppose like
+traditional sculptural sense of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional sculptural sense of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional sculptural sense of things
+in in that in that way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah I mean I like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I mean I like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I mean I like I
+like the idea of the the projects being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of the the projects being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of the the projects being
+quite you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite you know
+maybe a talk about a project is is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a talk about a project is is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a talk about a project is is as
+much a manifestation of the work as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a manifestation of the work as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a manifestation of the work as as
+as the book or the object or I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the book or the object or I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the book or the object or I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um probably shouldn't tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably shouldn't tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably shouldn't tell the
+collectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yeah yeah maybe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah yeah maybe yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah yeah maybe yeah
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asally get lost without this added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asally get lost without this added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asally get lost without this added
+component of of the talk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of of the talk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of of the talk of the
+presentation and unless you you also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and unless you you also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and unless you you also do
+it in some of the documentary um work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some of the documentary um work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some of the documentary um work is
+is the relationships that are developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relationships that are developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relationships that are developed
+in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to
+to make these projects happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these projects happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these projects happen the
+relationships in the the conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships in the the conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships in the the conversations
+and the and I wonder is this are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and I wonder is this are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and I wonder is this are these
+kind of talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talk
+presentations the the way that those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations the the way that those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations the the way that those um
+relationships are incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships are incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships are incorporated into the
+projects or are there is there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or are there is there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or are there is there other
+documentation like your books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation like your books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation like your books that
+record those they they do sometimes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record those they they do sometimes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record those they they do sometimes yeah
+to a certain extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent
+um but no yeah it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no yeah it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no yeah it's it's sort of
+inevitable but a lot of that stuff gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable but a lot of that stuff gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable but a lot of that stuff gets
+lost to most most people but um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost to most most people but um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost to most most people but um I mean
+it's a yeah it's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a yeah it's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a yeah it's such
+a I suppose that's why that's in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I suppose that's why that's in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I suppose that's why that's in a way
+one one of the reasons that the work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one of the reasons that the work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one of the reasons that the work has
+become so formally diverse is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so formally diverse is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so formally diverse is that I'm
+really I really love working with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I really love working with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I really love working with new
+people all the time with new skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all the time with new skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all the time with new skills and
+um you know going to this funny old shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know going to this funny old shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know going to this funny old shed
+on the back of a house in in the south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back of a house in in the south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back of a house in in the south
+of England to make platinum prints with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of England to make platinum prints with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of England to make platinum prints with
+this guy who's sort of um are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy who's sort of um are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy who's sort of um are you know
+working with these two artists to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these two artists to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these two artists to build
+this boat and there's there's it's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boat and there's there's it's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boat and there's there's it's such
+a it's such a kind of privilege in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's such a kind of privilege in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's such a kind of privilege in a way
+and yeah maybe it is a a frustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah maybe it is a a frustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah maybe it is a a frustration
+that that some of that stuff gets gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that some of that stuff gets gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that some of that stuff gets gets
+lost but I think very often it it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost but I think very often it it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost but I think very often it it's sort
+of those sorts of experiences feed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sorts of experiences feed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sorts of experiences feed back
+into the work later on and and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the work later on and and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the work later on and and perhaps
+manifest themselves in in another way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest themselves in in another way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest themselves in in another way um
+not explicitly but they're sort of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicitly but they're sort of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicitly but they're sort of there
+or thereabouts I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thereabouts I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thereabouts I suppose
+yeah no it's a it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's a it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's a it's a nice
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah yeah and it's amazing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and it's amazing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and it's amazing how
+incredibly generous people are as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly generous people are as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly generous people are as well
+you know if you can just sort of spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can just sort of spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can just sort of spark
+something that that but it's one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that but it's one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that but it's one one of
+the things that I've enjoyed is is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I've enjoyed is is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I've enjoyed is is sort
+of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a
+way people that that that I work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people that that that I work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people that that that I work with
+often there's a sense that I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a sense that I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a sense that I'm making
+work about them to a degree that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work about them to a degree that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work about them to a degree that I mean
+for example I made a I made a a work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I made a I made a a work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I made a I made a a work in
+uh in Romania um a few years ago for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Romania um a few years ago for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Romania um a few years ago for an
+exhibition in France I it was a one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in France I it was a one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in France I it was a one of
+the Frack spaces in in melier and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frack spaces in in melier and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frack spaces in in melier and they
+they I discovered that they produce all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I discovered that they produce all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I discovered that they produce all
+of their cataloges in Romania partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their cataloges in Romania partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their cataloges in Romania partly
+because it's cheaper to print things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheaper to print things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheaper to print things
+there um and partly because of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and partly because of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and partly because of a kind of
+strange um personal connection with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um personal connection with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um personal connection with the
+curator and the and Romania but um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curator and the and Romania but um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curator and the and Romania but um so I
+sort of set up this this project which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set up this this project which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set up this this project which
+involved going to Romania to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved going to Romania to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved going to Romania to produce a
+catalog which was sort of about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog which was sort of about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog which was sort of about making
+itself it was a sort of closed system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it was a sort of closed system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it was a sort of closed system
+around making a book for an exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around making a book for an exhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around making a book for an exhibition
+so I I went and worked with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I went and worked with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I went and worked with these
+printers in in Romania to to I took some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers in in Romania to to I took some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers in in Romania to to I took some
+photographs on the way to the The Print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs on the way to the The Print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs on the way to the The Print
+Works and then we used those to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works and then we used those to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works and then we used those to generate
+the first few pages of the book and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few pages of the book and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few pages of the book and then
+I photographed those pages being printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I photographed those pages being printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I photographed those pages being printed
+and blah blah blah and there was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blah blah blah and there was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blah blah blah and there was there
+was this very nice it was a it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this very nice it was a it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this very nice it was a it was a
+really nice experience CU you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice experience CU you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice experience CU you could
+there were this wonderful moments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were this wonderful moments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were this wonderful moments where
+you'd be printing a basically a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be printing a basically a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be printing a basically a picture
+of The Print Works and you could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Print Works and you could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Print Works and you could they
+would like do you think that yellow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like do you think that yellow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like do you think that yellow is
+the right color and you could just hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right color and you could just hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right color and you could just hold
+the page up to the wall where the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page up to the wall where the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page up to the wall where the yellow
+thing was and compare the two so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was and compare the two so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was and compare the two so it was
+it was a really nice it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a really nice it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a really nice it was a really
+nice process and there's a lot of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice process and there's a lot of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice process and there's a lot of yeah
+there's a lot of that that I suppose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of that that I suppose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of that that I suppose in
+in the way the way that I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way the way that I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way the way that I sort of
+formulate these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry
+sorry I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm actually
+really to buy something that you seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to buy something that you seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to buy something that you seem to
+be in your work which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in your work which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in your work which
+is something that seems to start out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that seems to start out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that seems to start out as
+sort of an intellectual interest or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an intellectual interest or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an intellectual interest or I
+guess I I would have thought this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I I would have thought this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I I would have thought this about
+your work before iuc speak that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work before iuc speak that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work before iuc speak that
+something starts have a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something starts have a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something starts have a sort of an
+intellectual interest that obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual interest that obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual interest that obviously you
+do a lot of research but by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of research but by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of research but by the end of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+project it seems like youve layered an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it seems like youve layered an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it seems like youve layered an
+incredible amount of tenderness around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible amount of tenderness around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible amount of tenderness around
+the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object that
+you first identify so I'm yeah I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first identify so I'm yeah I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first identify so I'm yeah I I mean
+I think with you ending with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think with you ending with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think with you ending with the the
+shed boat shed you know that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed boat shed you know that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed boat shed you know that is so
+apparent in in all the processings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in in all the processings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in in all the processings but
+then also the way that you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the way that you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the way that you're talking
+about it but then once I see that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but then once I see that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but then once I see that and
+then I sort of look back over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sort of look back over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sort of look back over the other
+work I'm just sort of rethinking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm just sort of rethinking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm just sort of rethinking you
+digging something up and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging something up and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging something up and you know
+bringing it some place but it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it some place but it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it some place but it almost
+feels like at the end I think I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like at the end I think I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like at the end I think I guess
+what I'm interested in is is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in is is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in is is how the
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+becomes so layered with your tenderness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so layered with your tenderness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so layered with your tenderness
+um and I just I just find that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I just I just find that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I just I just find that really
+interesting in this time in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in this time in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in this time in in
+Contemporary Art especially with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contemporary Art especially with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contemporary Art especially with the
+fact that if I especially with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if I especially with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if I especially with the fact
+that I didn't know that actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't know that actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't know that actually I
+didn't know know this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know know this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know know this about
+me I mean I guess I I guess I just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I mean I guess I I guess I just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I mean I guess I I guess I just would
+be interested in in what you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in in what you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in in what you think about
+that and um yeah I guess I just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um yeah I guess I just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um yeah I guess I just be
+interested in what you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what you think about
+that I don't know I it's it's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know I it's it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know I it's it's such a
+nice comment I don't know if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice comment I don't know if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice comment I don't know if I want to
+reply to it it's yeah tenderness it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to it it's yeah tenderness it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply to it it's yeah tenderness it's a
+it's the first time everybody said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first time everybody said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first time everybody said that
+about the work but maybe yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work but maybe yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work but maybe yeah it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I don't know what to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah um I don't know my mind's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah um I don't know my mind's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah um I don't know my mind's gone
+blank suddenly um but yeah let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank suddenly um but yeah let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank suddenly um but yeah let's just
+let that ride I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+good than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good than
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G7mqtB6npfE.txt b/G7mqtB6npfE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea727f391305c318448509f56d664bb70c97f448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G7mqtB6npfE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's start so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's start so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's start so today
+we're going to do some NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some NP hardness
+reductions so let's just do a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so let's just do a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so let's just do a quick
+recap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap of
+uh p and NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p and NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p and NP
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+see so p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so have a decision problem so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so have a decision problem so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so have a decision problem so an
+input X and you have some algorithm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X and you have some algorithm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X and you have some algorithm a
+and it spits out an answer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it spits out an answer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it spits out an answer which is
+either zero or one so that's a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or one so that's a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or one so that's a decision
+problem and uh if a problem is in P this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh if a problem is in P this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh if a problem is in P this
+algorithm a runs in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm a runs in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm a runs in polinomial
+time so what about NP so NP is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what about NP so NP is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what about NP so NP is when the
+solution is verifiable in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is verifiable in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is verifiable in polinomial
+time so let's say you have an input X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's say you have an input X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's say you have an input X
+and some Oracle which is which can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some Oracle which is which can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some Oracle which is which can run
+in exponential time or has infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exponential time or has infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exponential time or has infinite
+computation time gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation time gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation time gives you an
+answer so you you get X and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so you you get X and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so you you get X and you get an
+answer which is either zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which is either zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which is either zero or
+one and you also get a certificate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you also get a certificate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you also get a certificate so
+it's called you have a certificate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called you have a certificate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called you have a certificate and
+given these three values you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these three values you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these three values you can you can
+verify whether the solution was correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify whether the solution was correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify whether the solution was correct
+or not in polinomial time make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in polinomial time make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in polinomial time make sense
+okay so clearly if you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so clearly if you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so clearly if you can compute the
+answer in polinomial time you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in polinomial time you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in polinomial time you can also
+verify in polinomial time so p is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify in polinomial time so p is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify in polinomial time so p is a
+subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of
+NP and so that's it okay so now NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP and so that's it okay so now NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP and so that's it okay so now NP hard
+problems are problems that are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are problems that are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are problems that are at least
+as hard to solve as any problem in NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard to solve as any problem in NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard to solve as any problem in NP
+and so now we're today we're go some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we're today we're go some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we're today we're go some
+reductions so I think you did some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so I think you did some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so I think you did some in
+class uh Nintendo games or something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh Nintendo games or something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh Nintendo games or something is
+that what we did okay so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we did okay so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we did okay so today we're
+going to do some less interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do some less interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do some less interesting
+examples but uh let's see so so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but uh let's see so so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but uh let's see so so how do
+we do reductions so if we know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do reductions so if we know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do reductions so if we know that we
+have an we have a problem a which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an we have a problem a which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an we have a problem a which is a
+hard problem and we want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem and we want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem and we want to show that
+problem B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard so we want to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so we want to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so we want to draw this
+implication so if you want to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so if you want to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so if you want to draw this
+implication so this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so this is equivalent to
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if um if B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy then a is easy sorry other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way which is Contra positive so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is Contra positive so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is Contra positive so if you
+can so assuming that B has a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so assuming that B has a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so assuming that B has a polinomial
+Time solution a has a polinomial Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time solution a has a polinomial Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time solution a has a polinomial Time
+solution and that statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that statement is
+equivalent to saying if a is hard B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying if a is hard B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying if a is hard B is
+hard so if you know that a is a hard NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so if you know that a is a hard NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so if you know that a is a hard NP
+hard problem we can say that b is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem we can say that b is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem we can say that b is NP
+hard problem so first we show so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem so first we show so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem so first we show so so if
+you want to show that b is an NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show that b is an NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show that b is an NP hard
+problem first we show that b is an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem first we show that b is an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem first we show that b is an NP
+and then we show that b is hard okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we show that b is hard okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we show that b is hard okay so
+the way we do that so the way we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do that so the way we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do that so the way we do this
+step is let's so your so a looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is let's so your so a looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is let's so your so a looks like
+this you have your lgorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have your lgorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have your lgorithm
+uh and it spits out an answer in 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it spits out an answer in 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it spits out an answer in 0 to
+one and B looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and B looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and B looks like
+this let's say you have an input Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's say you have an input Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's say you have an input Y and
+it spits out and answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spits out and answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spits out and answer is
+0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to
+1 and you want to find the function R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and you want to find the function R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and you want to find the function R
+which takes your X and sends it to Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes your X and sends it to Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes your X and sends it to Y so
+basically if you know how to solve B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you know how to solve B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you know how to solve B
+very fast then you can take an input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast then you can take an input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast then you can take an input to
+a you can so you take X you transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can so you take X you transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can so you take X you transform
+it and then you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you apply
+B and the condition is that a applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the condition is that a applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the condition is that a applied to
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+is the same as B applied to rfx so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as B applied to rfx so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as B applied to rfx so
+basically what you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you're doing is you're
+showing that a is Easy by showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that a is Easy by showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that a is Easy by showing that
+you can use so let's say B is easy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use so let's say B is easy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use so let's say B is easy we
+can use B to compute a so then a must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use B to compute a so then a must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use B to compute a so then a must be
+easy but since we know that a is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but since we know that a is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but since we know that a is hard
+that there's something wrong in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something wrong in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something wrong in our
+logic so B must be hard does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+yes s of okay anyway so let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes s of okay anyway so let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes s of okay anyway so let's move on to
+let's move on to an actual problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to an actual problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to an actual problem so
+the first problem we're going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem we're going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem we're going to reduce
+is the hamiltonian path so one so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hamiltonian path so one so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hamiltonian path so one so a
+wellknown uh NP so well known NP heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellknown uh NP so well known NP heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellknown uh NP so well known NP heart
+problem is the hamiltonian cycle so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the hamiltonian cycle so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the hamiltonian cycle so here
+our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so it's a hamiltonian cycle what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it's a hamiltonian cycle what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it's a hamiltonian cycle what's
+hamiltonian cycle so hamiltonan cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle so hamiltonan cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle so hamiltonan cycle so
+let's say you have a graph so have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a graph so have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a graph so have this
+graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh
+let me draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay so hamiltonian cycle is a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so hamiltonian cycle is a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so hamiltonian cycle is a cycle
+in the graph which starts at some vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph which starts at some vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph which starts at some vertex
+visits all the other vertices and comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits all the other vertices and comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits all the other vertices and comes
+back to the starting vertex so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the starting vertex so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the starting vertex so in this
+case we could do something like um go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could do something like um go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could do something like um go
+here and then take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then take this
+vertex um go take this vertex take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex um go take this vertex take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex um go take this vertex take this
+vertex X and come back here so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex X and come back here so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex X and come back here so that is a
+valid hamiltonian cycle so this graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid hamiltonian cycle so this graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid hamiltonian cycle so this graph is
+hamiltonian cycle so the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle so the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle so the decision
+problem is here that given a graph does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is here that given a graph does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is here that given a graph does
+it have a hamiltonian cycle uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a hamiltonian cycle uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a hamiltonian cycle uh that
+problem is NP hard so you can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP hard so you can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP hard so you can't you
+can't solve it polinomial time so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve it polinomial time so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve it polinomial time so now
+the the new problem that we'll show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new problem that we'll show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new problem that we'll show is
+NP hard which is B is hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path so nowon path this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so nowon path this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so nowon path this is a very
+similar problem instead of cycle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problem instead of cycle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problem instead of cycle you
+just you require remove the requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you require remove the requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you require remove the requirement
+that you have to come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to come back to the
+starting point you can just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point you can just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point you can just start
+anywhere and visit all the vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere and visit all the vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere and visit all the vertices and
+stop so for example if you remove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so for example if you remove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so for example if you remove this
+Edge this graph no longer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge this graph no longer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge this graph no longer has
+hamiltonian cycle but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle but it has a
+hamiltonian path which is just this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path which is just this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path which is just this line
+so okay so so this is a simple reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so so this is a simple reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so so this is a simple reduction
+because the problems are uh very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the problems are uh very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the problems are uh very similar
+so the first step is of course saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first step is of course saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first step is of course saying
+showing that hamiltonian path is an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that hamiltonian path is an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that hamiltonian path is an NP
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that should be pretty clear because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should be pretty clear because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should be pretty clear because
+so what is our certificate here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is our certificate here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is our certificate here so if
+someone says okay I've solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says okay I've solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says okay I've solved the
+hamiltonian path and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path and this is my
+hamiltonian path so the hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path so the hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path so the hamiltonian and
+he gives you a certificate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gives you a certificate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gives you a certificate which is the
+actual path so you can always look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual path so you can always look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual path so you can always look at
+the certificate check the path and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate check the path and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate check the path and see
+if it's a valid path and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a valid path and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a valid path and then you can
+verify the answer in polinomial time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the answer in polinomial time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the answer in polinomial time so
+that's the linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the linear time
+verification so so this is this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so so this is this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so so this is this is true
+so now what we to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard so the way we do that is we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so the way we do that is we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so the way we do that is we do a
+reduction so the reduction is given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so the reduction is given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so the reduction is given an
+input to the original problem a so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the original problem a so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the original problem a so let's
+say an input to a is in the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph so and now you have to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so and now you have to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so and now you have to transform
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+graph somehow to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dash and then you have to argue that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash and then you have to argue that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash and then you have to argue that so
+this is this is the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the transformation
+R and you have to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and you have to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and you have to argue
+that the solution the answer that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution the answer that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution the answer that this
+will spit out is the same as the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spit out is the same as the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spit out is the same as the answer
+that this this would spit out so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this would spit out so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this would spit out so let's
+look at the transformation first anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the transformation first anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the transformation first anyone
+have any idea so let's say so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea so let's say so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea so let's say so you have a
+graph and it and you're that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it and you're that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and it and you're that's and
+you're using that to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using that to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using that to solve the
+hamiltonian cycle problem so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle problem so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle problem so how do you
+transform it in a way that lets you cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it in a way that lets you cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it in a way that lets you cast
+into hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulation yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation yes
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge not exact so you don't know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge not exact so you don't know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge not exact so you don't know so
+which Edge would you remove you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Edge would you remove you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Edge would you remove you don't
+know the H you can't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the H you can't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the H you can't find the
+hamiltonian cycle okay important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle okay important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle okay important point
+so there's no point doing this reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no point doing this reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no point doing this reduction
+unless this reduction is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless this reduction is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless this reduction is itself
+polinomial because otherwise this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial because otherwise this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial because otherwise this like
+hold strategy of transforming and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold strategy of transforming and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold strategy of transforming and then
+using B to find a doesn't work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using B to find a doesn't work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using B to find a doesn't work because
+if if the reduction is exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the reduction is exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the reduction is exponential time
+that doesn't help you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't help you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't help you so
+so so if so if you remove some edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if so if you remove some edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if so if you remove some edges
+you'll see that there is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there is still a
+hamiltonian cycle but if you remove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle but if you remove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle but if you remove some
+Edge so still it doesn't so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so still it doesn't so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so still it doesn't so you can't
+tell like that so you don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell like that so you don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell like that so you don't know which
+Edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge to
+remove so a better way to do about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove so a better way to do about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove so a better way to do about is
+this so let's say this is the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's say this is the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's say this is the rest of
+your graph and you just look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph and you just look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph and you just look at one
+vertex so look at one vertex V and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so look at one vertex V and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so look at one vertex V and let's
+say this is a directed graph if it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a directed graph if it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a directed graph if it's an
+undirected graph you can just like add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph you can just like add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph you can just like add
+one Edge there and one Edge back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge there and one Edge back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge there and one Edge back for
+everything so now you add a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so now you add a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so now you add a directed
+Edge along this sorry you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge along this sorry you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge along this sorry you look at all
+the directed edges so let's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directed edges so let's say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directed edges so let's say you have
+some edges coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges coming in
+and you have some edges going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so this is just a vertex and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is just a vertex and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is just a vertex and you
+just look at the rest of the graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the rest of the graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the rest of the graph and
+look at all the edges coming in and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the edges coming in and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the edges coming in and all
+the edges going out so this is an a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges going out so this is an a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges going out so this is an a this
+is the original problem and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the original problem and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the original problem and you
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+into you split the vertex into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you split the vertex into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you split the vertex into
+two so V Dash and vble dash let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so V Dash and vble dash let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so V Dash and vble dash let's say
+and in one of them you keep all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one of them you keep all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one of them you keep all the
+incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and the other one one contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the other one one contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the other one one contains all
+the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing
+edges does that transformation make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges does that transformation make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges does that transformation make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+intuitively so what do you have here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively so what do you have here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively so what do you have here so
+here you had so let's say let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you had so let's say let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you had so let's say let's say this
+graph had a hamiltonian cycle so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph had a hamiltonian cycle so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph had a hamiltonian cycle so this
+graph had some cycle which like went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph had some cycle which like went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph had some cycle which like went up
+here did some did something and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here did some did something and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here did some did something and came
+back so it would go like this it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so it would go like this it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so it would go like this it would
+do the cycle and come back so it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the cycle and come back so it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the cycle and come back so it there
+was some cycle and since the cycle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some cycle and since the cycle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some cycle and since the cycle it
+contains V so now what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains V so now what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains V so now what you're doing is
+you're splitting apart V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're splitting apart V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're splitting apart V and
+disconnecting them so you'll still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnecting them so you'll still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnecting them so you'll still have
+if you look at the original path it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the original path it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the original path it's
+still there but it's it's been slit up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there but it's it's been slit up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there but it's it's been slit up
+into a path now it's no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a path now it's no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a path now it's no longer a
+cycle make sense so now let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle make sense so now let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle make sense so now let's let's
+argue this more rigorously so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue this more rigorously so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue this more rigorously so what we
+want to say here is that let's say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say here is that let's say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say here is that let's say there
+was a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cycle
+here if there was a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if there was a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if there was a cycle
+here then is it clear that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then is it clear that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then is it clear that there is a
+path here because just take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here because just take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here because just take the same
+just take the same edges that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the same edges that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the same edges that you had
+before if you take the same edges they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you take the same edges they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you take the same edges they
+will now form a path instead of a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now form a path instead of a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now form a path instead of a cycle
+so cycle implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cycle implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cycle implies
+path does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense so the other way is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so the other way is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so the other way is a little more
+tricky so let's say you let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so let's say you let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so let's say you let's say you
+have a path let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a path let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a path let's say
+Okay Okay so let's say you had a path so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay so let's say you had a path so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay so let's say you had a path so
+that meant that that means that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant that that means that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant that that means that so let's
+draw this redraw this so it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this redraw this so it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this redraw this so it's more
+clear so we have this new graph where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so we have this new graph where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so we have this new graph where we
+have two vertices v-h and vble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two vertices v-h and vble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two vertices v-h and vble
+dash this has a bunch of incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash this has a bunch of incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash this has a bunch of incoming
+edges and this a bunch of outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges so now let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so now let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so now let's say you have a
+hamiltonian path in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian path in this
+graph so what does that mean so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so what does that mean so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so what does that mean so where
+where can the hamiltonian path start can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can the hamiltonian path start can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can the hamiltonian path start can
+it start anywhere where going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start anywhere where going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start anywhere where going to
+start right because V Prime doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right because V Prime doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right because V Prime doesn't have
+any incoming edges so it can't be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any incoming edges so it can't be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any incoming edges so it can't be in the
+middle of the path so the it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the path so the it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the path so the it has to
+start here so it starts it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here so it starts it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here so it starts it does
+something in there and where can it end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there and where can it end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there and where can it end
+it can only end similarly in V Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only end similarly in V Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only end similarly in V Dash
+because V Das doesn't have any outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V Das doesn't have any outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V Das doesn't have any outgoing
+edges so it can't be in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so it can't be in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so it can't be in the middle of
+the path so it has to end in v Dash so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path so it has to end in v Dash so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path so it has to end in v Dash so
+now if you have a path like that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a path like that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a path like that and you
+go back to this for this this graph so V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this for this this graph so V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this for this this graph so V
+and V Das V Das and V double Das are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V Das V Das and V double Das are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V Das V Das and V double Das are now
+the same vertex and that just that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vertex and that just that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vertex and that just that path
+just becomes a cycle now so path implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes a cycle now so path implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes a cycle now so path implies
+cycle so that so now now what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so that so now now what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so that so now now what we have is
+previously what we had right so now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously what we had right so now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously what we had right so now now
+we know that a of X or rather a of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that a of X or rather a of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that a of X or rather a of G
+here is equal to B of G Dash so G Das
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to B of G Dash so G Das
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to B of G Dash so G Das
+was transformation also notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was transformation also notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was transformation also notice that the
+transformation was just splitting up out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation was just splitting up out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation was just splitting up out
+a Vertex so it'll like take depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vertex so it'll like take depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Vertex so it'll like take depending on
+your representation of your graph it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your representation of your graph it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your representation of your graph it'll
+take something like constant time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something like constant time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something like constant time or
+linear time or something polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time or something polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time or something polinomial
+essentially so you get a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so you get a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so you get a polinomial
+deduction you after reduction you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction you after reduction you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction you after reduction you show
+that uh the answer to the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the answer to the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the answer to the reduced
+problem is the same as the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the same as the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the same as the answer to the
+original problem and and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem and and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem and and that means that
+this is this is also an NP heart problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is also an NP heart problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is also an NP heart problem
+by the argument given here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the argument given here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the argument given here okay
+questions does that makes sense yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions does that makes sense yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions does that makes sense yes so
+are you creating two veres for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you creating two veres for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you creating two veres for every
+vertex in the no just just one just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in the no just just one just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in the no just just one just pick
+any vertex doesn't matter because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex doesn't matter because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex doesn't matter because you
+have a cycle so if you take a take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cycle so if you take a take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cycle so if you take a take any
+vertex and split it apart you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path sense else okay let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path sense else okay let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path sense else okay let's move on to
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gra
+a okay so the next problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so the next problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so the next problem is
+so let's chuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so given a graph is there a k click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so given a graph is there a k click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so given a graph is there a k click
+does do people know what what a click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do people know what what a click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do people know what what a click
+is okay so what a so click is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so what a so click is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so what a so click is this so
+click is a set of vertices so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click is a set of vertices so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click is a set of vertices so let's say
+uh C subset of V so the set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C subset of V so the set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C subset of V so the set of vertices
+such that c is a complete graph so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that c is a complete graph so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that c is a complete graph so what
+is okay let's just draw a diagram that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay let's just draw a diagram that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay let's just draw a diagram that's
+really easier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in this example so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example so you have this
+graph draw the okay this one so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph draw the okay this one so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph draw the okay this one so look at
+look at this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this set of
+vertices every pair of them is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices every pair of them is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices every pair of them is connected
+to each other that means is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other that means is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other that means is that if you
+just look at just look at the graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at just look at the graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at just look at the graph with
+these vertices it's a complete graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices it's a complete graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices it's a complete graph so
+that's what's called a click okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's called a click okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's called a click okay and in
+this case this is a four click so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is a four click so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is a four click so you
+have four vertices this is a four click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the so the decision problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the so the decision problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the so the decision problem is
+given a graph does there exist a k click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a graph does there exist a k click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a graph does there exist a k click
+so this is again known to be an NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again known to be an NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again known to be an NP hard
+problem so now we will use this to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so now we will use this to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so now we will use this to show
+that this problem is NP hard so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this problem is NP hard so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this problem is NP hard so this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+so again so given a graph what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so given a graph what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so given a graph what is an
+independent set anyone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set anyone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set anyone want to
+explain okay so what an independent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain okay so what an independent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain okay so what an independent set
+is this so let's say you have a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so let's say you have a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so let's say you have a graph
+which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so kind of complimentary to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so kind of complimentary to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so kind of complimentary to the
+definition of a click an independent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a click an independent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a click an independent set
+is a set of vertices such that no pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of vertices such that no pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of vertices such that no pair
+of them has an edge between them so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has an edge between them so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has an edge between them so in
+this case if you took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if you took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if you took this
+vertex let's say you took this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex let's say you took this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex let's say you took this vertex
+you took this vertex this vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took this vertex this vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took this vertex this vertex and
+this vertex so you can see none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex so you can see none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex so you can see none of these
+vertices have an edge between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have an edge between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have an edge between them so
+that is an independent set so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an independent set so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an independent set so in this
+case you're taking a set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're taking a set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're taking a set of vertices
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+have which is a complete graph so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which is a complete graph so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which is a complete graph so all of
+them have edges between them and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have edges between them and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have edges between them and in this
+case you're taking vertices which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're taking vertices which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're taking vertices which are
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+disconnected so now we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected so now we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected so now we're going to try
+to find a reduction from this problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a reduction from this problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a reduction from this problem to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem so first of all independent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so first of all independent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so first of all independent set
+is in NP is that clear how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in NP is that clear how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in NP is that clear how would you
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+that so how would you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how would you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how would you create a
+certificate which would tell you that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate which would tell you that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate which would tell you that so
+how would someone create a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would someone create a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would someone create a certificate
+which would convince you in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would convince you in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would convince you in polinomial
+time that this is an NP this that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that this is an NP this that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that this is an NP this that this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+correct so just so the certificate would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so just so the certificate would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so just so the certificate would
+be just give you the independent set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just give you the independent set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just give you the independent set and
+you can check if something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check if something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check if something is
+independent set so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set so let's
+say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so
+given I let's Call The Independent set I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I let's Call The Independent set I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I let's Call The Independent set I
+so given a set of vertices you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a set of vertices you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a set of vertices you can
+verify that it's an independent set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it's an independent set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it's an independent set in
+polinomial time so you just like look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so you just like look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so you just like look at
+all pairs and check if there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairs and check if there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairs and check if there's an edge
+just some n Square n Cube whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some n Square n Cube whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some n Square n Cube whatever it's
+polinomial that's important okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that's important okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that's important okay so now
+let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+so so again as before you have a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so again as before you have a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so again as before you have a which
+is which is given by a graph and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is given by a graph and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is given by a graph and you
+want to transform it to something so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transform it to something so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transform it to something so the
+important thing to note here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to note here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to note here is
+that in in Click you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a click C all pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a click C all pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a click C all pairs of
+vertices connected in a in I no pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices connected in a in I no pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices connected in a in I no pair of
+vertices are connected so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are connected so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are connected so what what
+should be a logical transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a logical transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a logical transformation that
+would map a click to an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set what do you think you should do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set what do you think you should do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set what do you think you should do to
+the graph so it click becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+precisely yep exactly great so what ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely yep exactly great so what ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely yep exactly great so what ex
+so what all you have to do is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all you have to do is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all you have to do is if you
+want to turn a click into uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to turn a click into uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to turn a click into uh into
+independent set you just REM you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set you just REM you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set you just REM you just
+invert the you just uh what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the you just uh what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert the you just uh what is it
+complement the adjacency Matrix so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement the adjacency Matrix so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement the adjacency Matrix so every
+Edge that does not exist now exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge that does not exist now exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge that does not exist now exists and
+every Edge that did exist is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edge that did exist is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edge that did exist is gone
+so you create a graph G Dash with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you create a graph G Dash with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you create a graph G Dash with the
+same same vertices except the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same vertices except the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same vertices except the edges are
+now complemented so the E bar just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now complemented so the E bar just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now complemented so the E bar just means
+the edges that were not so let let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that were not so let let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that were not so let let's
+just draw an example so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw an example so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw an example so let's say you
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and okay and what does this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and okay and what does this become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and okay and what does this become
+so let's draw the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first okay let's go one by one so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay let's go one by one so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay let's go one by one so let's
+take this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this vertex
+so let's take this vertex and what edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take this vertex and what edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take this vertex and what edges
+does it have so it goes here it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have so it goes here it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have so it goes here it goes
+here it doesn't go here so we draw edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't go here so we draw edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't go here so we draw edge
+here it doesn't go there we draw another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't go there we draw another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't go there we draw another
+Edge there and it doesn't go there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge there and it doesn't go there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge there and it doesn't go there so we
+draw another Edge there now this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another Edge there now this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another Edge there now this vertex
+it's connected to all of these except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to all of these except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to all of these except
+this one so that means that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so that means that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so that means that there's an
+edge there uh let's take this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge there uh let's take this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge there uh let's take this vertex
+it's connected to everything oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to everything oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to everything oh it's
+connected to everything okay let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to everything okay let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to everything okay let's take
+this one it's connected to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's connected to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's connected to these two
+nothing else so we need to connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so we need to connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so we need to connect it
+to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this guy
+and I think that's it yeah uh similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's it yeah uh similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's it yeah uh similarly
+so proceeding this is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proceeding this is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proceeding this is connected to
+everything except that so I guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except that so I guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except that so I guess this
+goes there and I think that's it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there and I think that's it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there and I think that's it right
+or is there more uh three no okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there more uh three no okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there more uh three no okay so
+that is the complimentary graph I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the complimentary graph I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the complimentary graph I think
+so you can probably verify that so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can probably verify that so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can probably verify that so now
+let's look at the click in this graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the click in this graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the click in this graph so
+this is the click this is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the click this is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the click this is the largest
+click rather but this is a click you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click rather but this is a click you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click rather but this is a click you can
+have other clicks like for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other clicks like for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other clicks like for example this
+these three things are also a click so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three things are also a click so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three things are also a click so
+now look at what this is mapping to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at what this is mapping to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at what this is mapping to so
+this is mapping to this vertex this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mapping to this vertex this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mapping to this vertex this
+vertex this vertex and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex this vertex and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex this vertex and this
+vertex and you can see like that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and you can see like that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and you can see like that's an
+independent set so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set so does that
+transformation make sense okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation make sense okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation make sense okay so now
+the proof should be intuitively cure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof should be intuitively cure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof should be intuitively cure so
+let's just go through it like mightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go through it like mightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go through it like mightly
+rigorously so let's say you have a click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so you a click here for every pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you a click here for every pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you a click here for every pair
+of vertices in the click there an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices in the click there an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices in the click there an edge
+between them and so if that maps to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and so if that maps to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and so if that maps to uh
+so let's say click c maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say click c maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say click c maps
+to uh it just maps to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it just maps to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh it just maps to I
+so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all
+UV uh element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV uh element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV uh element of
+C you have UV element of e so for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you have UV element of e so for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you have UV element of e so for so
+since it's a click for every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a click for every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a click for every pair of
+vertices that that edge is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that that edge is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that that edge is in the
+original graph which means that UV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph which means that UV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph which means that UV is
+not an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element of
+e for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for
+All U comma V element of I so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All U comma V element of I so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All U comma V element of I so for every
+element for every UV elementy we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element for every UV elementy we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element for every UV elementy we have
+this which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which means
+that does that make sense so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense so that means
+that this is so the independ that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is so the independ that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is so the independ that's the
+independent set Criterion so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set Criterion so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set Criterion so now you
+have so you reduce click to Independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you reduce click to Independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you reduce click to Independent
+set and that means that independent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and that means that independent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and that means that independent set
+is now NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now NP
+hard okay how are you doing on time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay how are you doing on time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay how are you doing on time okay
+let's so now let's do a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so now let's do a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so now let's do a more complicated
+example any questions on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two make sense okay so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so let's start by raising something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's start by raising something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's start by raising something
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this's the next problem so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this's the next problem so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this's the next problem so as
+before our a is G click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and well so it says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well so it says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well so it says there's a
+click rather let's let's write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click rather let's let's write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click rather let's let's write this in
+this way click size greater than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way click size greater than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way click size greater than equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+K so that's the decision problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that's the decision problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that's the decision problem is
+there a click of size greater than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a click of size greater than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a click of size greater than equal
+to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K
+and B is uh it's called Max two side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is uh it's called Max two side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is uh it's called Max two side so
+what that means is that so it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that so it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that so it is is
+somewhat like normal two set except so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like normal two set except so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like normal two set except so
+basically you have some clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+literals so each of these literals can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals so each of these literals can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals so each of these literals can
+take values one or zero and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take values one or zero and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take values one or zero and each of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+Clauses is something like x i or XJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses is something like x i or XJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses is something like x i or XJ and
+actually there can be knots in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there can be knots in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there can be knots in front of
+this so let's call let's say x i not XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's call let's say x i not XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's call let's say x i not XJ
+or it can be other things so it's XI not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be other things so it's XI not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be other things so it's XI not
+XJ or not XJ XJ XI not XJ or x i XJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ or not XJ XJ XI not XJ or x i XJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ or not XJ XJ XI not XJ or x i XJ and
+so on and so forth so the just normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so the just normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so the just normal
+two so now the decision problem is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now the decision problem is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now the decision problem is to uh
+does there exist an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assignment such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment such
+that uh greater than equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Clauses so that is problem so is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so that is problem so is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so that is problem so is there
+an assignment to literals such that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment to literals such that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment to literals such that at
+least K of these claws are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least K of these claws are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least K of these claws are
+satisfied and so now we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and so now we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and so now we're going to show
+that it is with KCK click so again uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is with KCK click so again uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is with KCK click so again uh is
+it an NP so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an NP so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an NP so what is a
+certificate so how would you how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate so how would you how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate so how would you how would
+someone convince you that this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone convince you that this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone convince you that this problem
+like there's a Sol solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem great give you a solution yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem great give you a solution yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem great give you a solution yeah
+so like give you an assignment of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like give you an assignment of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like give you an assignment of values
+to literals and then you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literals and then you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literals and then you can go through
+all the Clauses and check them so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Clauses and check them so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Clauses and check them so if
+they give you like X1 equal to 1 X2 = X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you like X1 equal to 1 X2 = X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you like X1 equal to 1 X2 = X
+equal 0 X3 equal to 1 and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 X3 equal to 1 and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 X3 equal to 1 and so on and so
+forth you can then go through and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth you can then go through and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth you can then go through and check
+all the Clauses and see if greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Clauses and see if greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Clauses and see if greater than
+k equal them are satisfied so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal them are satisfied so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal them are satisfied so this is an
+NP so now let's try the reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so now let's try the reduction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so now let's try the reduction so
+this is how the reduction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the reduction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the reduction goes
+so let's see so actually you have K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see so actually you have K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see so actually you have K
+click or greater than equal to K click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather so that means you have a graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather so that means you have a graph uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather so that means you have a graph uh
+with a set of vertices and a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of vertices and a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of vertices and a set of
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+and let's say so let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say so let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say so let's say you have a
+click V Dash uh subset of v and mod of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click V Dash uh subset of v and mod of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click V Dash uh subset of v and mod of V
+Dash is greater than equal to K so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash is greater than equal to K so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash is greater than equal to K so now
+you want to somehow construct literals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to somehow construct literals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to somehow construct literals
+construct Clauses which will reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct Clauses which will reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct Clauses which will reflect
+this Behavior so first first of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Behavior so first first of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Behavior so first first of all this
+may not be clear right now but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be clear right now but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be clear right now but let's say
+we take some literals like this so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take some literals like this so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take some literals like this so let's
+say we take x i for all for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we take x i for all for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we take x i for all for all I
+element of V so for every vertex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of V so for every vertex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of V so for every vertex in the
+graph we take a literal so we have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we take a literal so we have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we take a literal so we have if
+the number of vertices is n we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices is n we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices is n we have n
+literals corresponding to each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals corresponding to each vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals corresponding to each vertex
+also we take a dummy literal let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we take a dummy literal let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we take a dummy literal let's call
+it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+Z so now how do we write our Clauses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so now how do we write our Clauses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so now how do we write our Clauses so
+the basic the general idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic the general idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic the general idea here is that
+if if a Vertex is in the click we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if a Vertex is in the click we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if a Vertex is in the click we will
+assign it one if it's not in the click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign it one if it's not in the click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign it one if it's not in the click
+we will assign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assign it
+zero so if we want so basically we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if we want so basically we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if we want so basically we want
+so everything outside outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything outside outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything outside outside of
+everything outside of the click is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything outside of the click is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything outside of the click is zero
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+Clause not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause not
+XI or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI or not
+XJ so what is this what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ so what is this what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ so what is this what what is the
+value of this Clause normally so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this Clause normally so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this Clause normally so let's
+say XI and XJ are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say XI and XJ are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say XI and XJ are both
+uh are both Outside The Click so I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are both Outside The Click so I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are both Outside The Click so I and J
+are both outside the click that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both outside the click that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both outside the click that means
+that this is both of them are zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is both of them are zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is both of them are zero and
+so this is true what if one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is true what if one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is true what if one of them is
+inside the click and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the click and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the click and the other one is
+outside it's still true because one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it's still true because one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it's still true because one of
+these knots is one and therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these knots is one and therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these knots is one and therefore it's
+still true let's say both I and J are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true let's say both I and J are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true let's say both I and J are
+inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+click so you have so in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click so you have so in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click so you have so in that case you
+have X not of XI is0 and N of X is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X not of XI is0 and N of X is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X not of XI is0 and N of X is also
+zero so this is that's the only case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is that's the only case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is that's the only case
+this is false so the way we take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is false so the way we take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is false so the way we take care of
+that so we want we're trying to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we want we're trying to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we want we're trying to Max
+maximize the number of true Clauses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of true Clauses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of true Clauses in
+some sense this is like a hand baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this is like a hand baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this is like a hand baby
+explanation of why we using this Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of why we using this Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of why we using this Clause
+so what we do instead of taking all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do instead of taking all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do instead of taking all of
+the X ixj pairs is we just take X ixj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X ixj pairs is we just take X ixj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X ixj pairs is we just take X ixj
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+that um that I comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J is not an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is not an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is not an element of
+e so what does that mean so now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so what does that mean so now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so what does that mean so now if you
+had the graph which look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now
+and let's label one two 3 4 so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's label one two 3 4 so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's label one two 3 4 so you would
+take not X1 and not X4 you would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take not X1 and not X4 you would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take not X1 and not X4 you would take
+not X1 and not X3 but you would not take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X1 and not X3 but you would not take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X1 and not X3 but you would not take
+not X2 and not X3 so what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X2 and not X3 so what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X2 and not X3 so what does that do
+that means that if you follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you follow the
+assignment according to the click rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment according to the click rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment according to the click rules
+for there for every I so if I and G are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there for every I so if I and G are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there for every I so if I and G are
+both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the
+click this this Clause will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click this this Clause will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click this this Clause will not be
+included does that make sense what set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included does that make sense what set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included does that make sense what set
+of Clauses we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's continue and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue and it'll be
+probably hopefully be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably hopefully be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably hopefully be a little more
+clear so the other sort of clause we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so the other sort of clause we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so the other sort of clause we're
+going to take is x i r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take is x i r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take is x i r
+z and the other one is Xi or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and the other one is Xi or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and the other one is Xi or not
+Z so the reason we're taking these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so the reason we're taking these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so the reason we're taking these is
+that if you wanted to Max Max two set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wanted to Max Max two set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wanted to Max Max two set on
+this on this alone you could just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this alone you could just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this alone you could just set
+everything to zero and that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to zero and that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to zero and that would give
+you a maximum so to sort of like not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a maximum so to sort of like not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a maximum so to sort of like not do
+that so to sort of minimize the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so to sort of minimize the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so to sort of minimize the number
+of things that you said to zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you said to zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you said to zero you
+doing this so this is this is just hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this so this is this is just hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this so this is this is just hand
+way we argument why you're doing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we argument why you're doing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we argument why you're doing this so
+let's actually try to do some analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually try to do some analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually try to do some analysis
+on this so let's say we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this so let's say we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this so let's say we do this
+transformation so do the Clauses make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so do the Clauses make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so do the Clauses make
+sense does the first Clause make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense does the first Clause make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense does the first Clause make sense
+if you have so you have not x i not XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have so you have not x i not XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have so you have not x i not XJ
+for every i j which is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every i j which is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every i j which is not in the
+graph so how does this work so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so how does this work so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so how does this work so let's say
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh let's call it V Dash such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh let's call it V Dash such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh let's call it V Dash such that
+size of v- is greater than equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of v- is greater than equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of v- is greater than equal to K
+actually let's just let's just make size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's just let's just make size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's just let's just make size
+of v- equal to K so if you have a click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v- equal to K so if you have a click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v- equal to K so if you have a click
+of size greater than equal to K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size greater than equal to K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size greater than equal to K of
+course you have a click of size equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have a click of size equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have a click of size equal to
+K you can just throw away some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you can just throw away some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you can just throw away some of the
+vertices so you take you take a v Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so you take you take a v Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so you take you take a v Dash
+such that this size is equal to K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this size is equal to K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this size is equal to K and
+you set x i is equal to 1 so you set x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set x i is equal to 1 so you set x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set x i is equal to 1 so you set x i
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one
+if I is element of V Dash zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is element of V Dash zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is element of V Dash zero
+if I is not an element of B Dash make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is not an element of B Dash make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is not an element of B Dash make
+sense so you set everything in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you set everything in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you set everything in your
+click to be one and everything outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click to be one and everything outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click to be one and everything outside
+to be zero and let let Z equal to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and let let Z equal to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and let let Z equal to one so
+you're starting with the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting with the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting with the assumption that
+so you're showing One Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're showing One Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're showing One Direction so
+you're showing that given that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing that given that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing that given that there is
+a click of size greater than equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a click of size greater than equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a click of size greater than equal to K
+and now we are going to construct a Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we are going to construct a Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we are going to construct a Max
+two set instance which has the satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set instance which has the satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set instance which has the satisfied
+number of classes greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of classes greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of classes greater than equal to
+K and then we'll show the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then we'll show the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then we'll show the other
+direction so so now let's look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so so now let's look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so so now let's look at how
+many Clauses we have to be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the first first type of clause was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first first type of clause was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first first type of clause was
+not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI
+uh or not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XJ so how many of these Clauses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ so how many of these Clauses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ so how many of these Clauses are
+being satisfied so first case I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being satisfied so first case I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being satisfied so first case I and J
+are both outside V Dash is the Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both outside V Dash is the Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both outside V Dash is the Clause
+satisfied in that case yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied in that case yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied in that case yes because
+you're by definition if they're outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're by definition if they're outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're by definition if they're outside
+V Das they're both zero so the knots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Das they're both zero so the knots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Das they're both zero so the knots are
+both one so they're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one so they're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one so they're one
+so if the I andj are outside V Das
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the I andj are outside V Das
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the I andj are outside V Das
+you're good so what about the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good so what about the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good so what about the case when
+one of them is inside V Dash is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is inside V Dash is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is inside V Dash is the
+cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfied so that yeah because one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so that yeah because one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so that yeah because one of
+them is one of one of them is zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is one of one of them is zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is one of one of them is zero which
+makes the knot one and the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the knot one and the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the knot one and the whole thing
+is it's an R so it's it's let's say both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's an R so it's it's let's say both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's an R so it's it's let's say both
+of them are inside V Dash let's say both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are inside V Dash let's say both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are inside V Dash let's say both
+I and J are inside V Dash then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J are inside V Dash then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J are inside V Dash then this
+class just doesn't exist because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class just doesn't exist because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class just doesn't exist because of the
+condition that IG had not elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that IG had not elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that IG had not elements of
+because if it's inside the click then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's inside the click then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's inside the click then
+that Ed obviously exists and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ed obviously exists and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ed obviously exists and therefore
+this Clause is not not in the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Clause is not not in the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Clause is not not in the set of
+Clauses we're using so essentially every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses we're using so essentially every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses we're using so essentially every
+Clause of this form will be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause of this form will be satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause of this form will be satisfied
+and how many Clauses of this form are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many Clauses of this form are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many Clauses of this form are
+there the number of Clauses of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the number of Clauses of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the number of Clauses of this form
+is just e bar where e is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e bar where e is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e bar where e is the
+complimentary Edge set of that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary Edge set of that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary Edge set of that graph
+that's e bar okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e bar okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e bar okay does that make
+sense so yeah all right uh next Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so yeah all right uh next Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so yeah all right uh next Clause
+is x i or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x i or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x i or
+Z so since we have we took Z to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so since we have we took Z to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so since we have we took Z to be
+one uh this Clause is always satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh this Clause is always satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh this Clause is always satisfied
+so this just gives us mod of V because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just gives us mod of V because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just gives us mod of V because
+so every so this is for every I so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every so this is for every I so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every so this is for every I so I
+should have mentioned that uh for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have mentioned that uh for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have mentioned that uh for all I
+and this also for all I so for every I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this also for all I so for every I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this also for all I so for every I
+so the how number of uh XI are V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the how number of uh XI are V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the how number of uh XI are V and
+that's it so the third type of clause is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so the third type of clause is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so the third type of clause is
+x i or uh not of Z so not of Z since Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or uh not of Z so not of Z since Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or uh not of Z so not of Z since Z
+is one not of Z is zero so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one not of Z is zero so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one not of Z is zero so the only
+cases where this Clause is true is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where this Clause is true is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where this Clause is true is where
+is when XI is one and XI is one only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when XI is one and XI is one only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when XI is one and XI is one only
+inside V Dash so the number of CLA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside V Dash so the number of CLA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside V Dash so the number of CLA is
+satisfied here is mod of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied here is mod of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied here is mod of V
+Das and mod of V Das is what it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Das and mod of V Das is what it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Das and mod of V Das is what it's just
+K can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can you see
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+the visible okay uh does that so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible okay uh does that so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible okay uh does that so all
+three cles make sense so can you see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cles make sense so can you see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cles make sense so can you see why
+the first one is uh it's the size of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is uh it's the size of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is uh it's the size of e
+bar because all the claws are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar because all the claws are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar because all the claws are
+satisfied the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the second one
+also all the Clause are satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all the Clause are satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all the Clause are satisfied
+because Z is one so that's every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Z is one so that's every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Z is one so that's every every
+Clause is just the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause is just the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause is just the number of vertices
+and the last one it's only satisfied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one it's only satisfied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one it's only satisfied for
+the cases where XI is one and XI is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases where XI is one and XI is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases where XI is one and XI is one
+only inside the click so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inside the click so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inside the click so that gives you
+the K things in the click so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K things in the click so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K things in the click so now we can
+finish formulating our transformation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish formulating our transformation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish formulating our transformation so
+our transformation was you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our transformation was you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our transformation was you set
+um so uh what was the transation yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh what was the transation yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh what was the transation yes so
+these are these are our Clauses and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are our Clauses and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are our Clauses and now
+we have to set the the K right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to set the the K right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to set the the K right so the
+max 2 set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max 2 set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max 2 set
+was with a condition of K so here you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with a condition of K so here you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with a condition of K so here you'll
+set it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to
+be mod of e bar plus mod of V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so does make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so does make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so does make sense so
+basically so our our Max two side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so our our Max two side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so our our Max two side
+problem so the reduction to the max two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the reduction to the max two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the reduction to the max two
+side problem so we specified the Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side problem so we specified the Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side problem so we specified the Clauses
+we specified the literals literals were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we specified the literals literals were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we specified the literals literals were
+x i for all IV and the dummy Z we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i for all IV and the dummy Z we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i for all IV and the dummy Z we
+specified the Clauses and we specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the Clauses and we specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the Clauses and we specified
+the threshold we're trying to achieve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold we're trying to achieve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold we're trying to achieve so
+that so those three things completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so those three things completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so those three things completely
+specify the max two side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the max two side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the max two side
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay so okay proceeding so observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay proceeding so observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay proceeding so observe that
+this just this so we just showed One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just this so we just showed One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just this so we just showed One
+Direction we showed that if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction we showed that if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction we showed that if there's a
+click of size greater than equal to K we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size greater than equal to K we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size greater than equal to K we
+reduce this to a click of size exactly k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this to a click of size exactly k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this to a click of size exactly k
+then we did then we did this assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we did then we did this assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we did then we did this assignment
+and we showed that the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed that the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed that the total number of
+Clauses being satisfied is mod of e bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses being satisfied is mod of e bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses being satisfied is mod of e bar
+plus mod of V plus K and that is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mod of V plus K and that is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mod of V plus K and that is that is
+the first Direction so now we shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Direction so now we shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Direction so now we shown that
+so uh if you have a solution to uh click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you have a solution to uh click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you have a solution to uh click
+we have a solution to Cas Max casad so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a solution to Cas Max casad so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a solution to Cas Max casad so
+now we do the other direction so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we do the other direction so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we do the other direction so let's
+say we have a solution to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a solution to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a solution to Max
+casad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's do this let's do it here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so this part is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so this part is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so this part is a little more
+tricky so we start with Max Kad has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so we start with Max Kad has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so we start with Max Kad has a
+number of satisfied Clauses which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfied Clauses which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfied Clauses which is
+greater than equal to mod of e bar plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to mod of e bar plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to mod of e bar plus
+V plus K so we know that so Ma so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus K so we know that so Ma so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus K so we know that so Ma so we
+know that maxat accepts so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that maxat accepts so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that maxat accepts so we need to
+know that so we Define we Define a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dash uh then this V Dash is in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash uh then this V Dash is in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash uh then this V Dash is in the graph
+for uh click as the set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh click as the set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh click as the set of vertices
+I such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I such
+that X of I is equal to 1 so if our Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of I is equal to 1 so if our Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of I is equal to 1 so if our Max
+say has that many things then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say has that many things then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say has that many things then there is
+some assignment to XI which satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assignment to XI which satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assignment to XI which satisfies
+that and we take that assignment and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we take that assignment and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we take that assignment and for
+every value that is one we put that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every value that is one we put that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every value that is one we put that in a
+it's not it's not a click yet but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a click yet but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a click yet but it's
+it's it's a con it's a click under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a con it's a click under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a con it's a click under
+construction so we like make this click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so we like make this click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so we like make this click
+under construction and we assign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under construction and we assign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under construction and we assign it
+values of all the vertices which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all the vertices which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all the vertices which are
+currently labeled y one but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently labeled y one but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently labeled y one but you don't
+know if that's a click right it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's a click right it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's a click right it could
+not be a click it could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a click it could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a click it could be something
+like let's say this is the current V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say this is the current V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say this is the current V
+Dash so V Dash could be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash so V Dash could be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash so V Dash could be something like
+you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these
+vertices and they s let's say some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and they s let's say some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and they s let's say some of
+them are connected but then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are connected but then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are connected but then you have
+this dangling guy so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dangling guy so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dangling guy so this is not
+connected this is not connected so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected this is not connected so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected this is not connected so it's
+not a click so let's say let's say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a click so let's say let's say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a click so let's say let's say um
+this is vertex I and this is vertex J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is vertex I and this is vertex J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is vertex I and this is vertex J
+and this whole thing is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole thing is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole thing is V
+Dash and let's say somehow you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash and let's say somehow you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash and let's say somehow you have this
+anomaly you have that this guy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly you have that this guy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly you have that this guy is not
+connected to all the vertices so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to all the vertices so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to all the vertices so let's
+take one such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one such
+pair and let's just say we remove we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and let's just say we remove we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and let's just say we remove we
+remove XI so we just take we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove XI so we just take we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove XI so we just take we just take
+the XI and remove it from V Dash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XI and remove it from V Dash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XI and remove it from V Dash and
+what that equates to in the max case at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that equates to in the max case at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that equates to in the max case at
+is setting XI to zero so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is setting XI to zero so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is setting XI to zero so we take the
+original satisfying assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original satisfying assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original satisfying assignment and
+change the value of XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the value of XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the value of XI
+so let's see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what that
+does so we take and set x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so we take and set x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so we take and set x
+i equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i equal to
+zero and X I was originally one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and X I was originally one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and X I was originally one
+so uh let's actually write it down so x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's actually write it down so x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's actually write it down so x
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+rather I comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather I comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather I comma
+J is not an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is not an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is not an element of
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so these IG were in the supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so these IG were in the supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so these IG were in the supposed to
+be click but the I comma J is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be click but the I comma J is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be click but the I comma J is not in the
+edge set so it's not actually a click so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge set so it's not actually a click so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge set so it's not actually a click so
+the way we resolve that is just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we resolve that is just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we resolve that is just like we
+do we say okay let's let's just forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we say okay let's let's just forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we say okay let's let's just forget
+about this vertex let's say just not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this vertex let's say just not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this vertex let's say just not in
+the click so we set XI to zero and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the click so we set XI to zero and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the click so we set XI to zero and what
+does that do let's look at how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that do let's look at how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that do let's look at how that
+affects the number of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the number of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the number of set
+Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses
+so the first one is XR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is XR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is XR
+Z so now here we have not set the set Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so now here we have not set the set Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so now here we have not set the set Z
+to be one this this has been like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one this this has been like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one this this has been like this
+is something in thing but we can just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something in thing but we can just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something in thing but we can just we
+can if Z is equal to zero we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if Z is equal to zero we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if Z is equal to zero we can just
+replace Z by not of Z so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace Z by not of Z so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace Z by not of Z so like the
+Clauses are symmetrical with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses are symmetrical with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses are symmetrical with respect to
+Z right so it's x i or Z or x i not Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right so it's x i or Z or x i not Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right so it's x i or Z or x i not Z so
+it doesn't matter which one we set to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which one we set to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which one we set to be
+one or zero like one of them is one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero like one of them is one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero like one of them is one one
+of them is zero so let's just say that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is zero so let's just say that Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is zero so let's just say that Z
+is one without loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one without loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one without loss of
+generality so what that does is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality so what that does is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality so what that does is so
+initially this Clause was one because Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially this Clause was one because Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially this Clause was one because Z
+is one and now it goes to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and now it goes to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and now it goes to one and
+nothing changes okay it's good sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes okay it's good sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes okay it's good sounds
+good what about the next one so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what about the next one so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what about the next one so now we
+have x i or uhor not of Z so however so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x i or uhor not of Z so however so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x i or uhor not of Z so however so
+not of Z is zero and XI just went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of Z is zero and XI just went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of Z is zero and XI just went from
+being one to being zero so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one to being zero so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one to being zero so what that
+what happens here is that initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is that initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is that initially the
+Clause value was one and now it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause value was one and now it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause value was one and now it goes to
+zero so we so that's not good because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we so that's not good because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we so that's not good because we
+just like we could have now now we no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we could have now now we no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we could have now now we no
+longer satisfying Max case at possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer satisfying Max case at possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer satisfying Max case at possibly
+because we had some number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had some number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had some number of satisfying
+Clauses which was above our threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses which was above our threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses which was above our threshold
+but now subra now we lose a clause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now subra now we lose a clause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now subra now we lose a clause and
+we could be going below the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could be going below the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could be going below the threshold
+but then we look at the third clause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we look at the third clause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we look at the third clause and
+what that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so let's let let's say look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's let let's say look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's let let's say look at this
+specific Clause the one which said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Clause the one which said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Clause the one which said that
+x i and XJ uh note that this Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i and XJ uh note that this Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i and XJ uh note that this Clause
+exists because uh X ixj is not an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists because uh X ixj is not an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists because uh X ixj is not an edge
+in E and therefore by that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E and therefore by that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E and therefore by that condition
+this Clause is exists in the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Clause is exists in the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Clause is exists in the set of
+Clauses so what was the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so what was the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so what was the value of this
+Clause initially before in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause initially before in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause initially before in the initial
+assignment what was the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment what was the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment what was the value of this
+Clause not that x i and J are both in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause not that x i and J are both in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause not that x i and J are both in V
+Dash so what was the value of that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash so what was the value of that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash so what was the value of that this
+clause in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause in the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+assignment before we set XI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment before we set XI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment before we set XI to
+zero what was the value of XI in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what was the value of XI in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what was the value of XI in the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assignment so yes why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one yeah so XI was in V Dash that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah so XI was in V Dash that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah so XI was in V Dash that's why
+so it's One X XJ was also in V Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's One X XJ was also in V Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's One X XJ was also in V Dash
+because that that's the anomaly we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that that's the anomaly we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that that's the anomaly we saw
+right there was not an edge in the click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there was not an edge in the click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there was not an edge in the click
+so this was originally so this was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was originally so this was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was originally so this was one
+and this was one so this was zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was one so this was zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was one so this was zero and
+this was zero and or z r Zer is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was zero and or z r Zer is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was zero and or z r Zer is so this
+used to be zero so what happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be zero so what happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be zero so what happens now
+though does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though does it
+change so it changes to one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so it changes to one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so it changes to one right
+because XI goes to zero now this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because XI goes to zero now this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because XI goes to zero now this thing
+becomes one and so change to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one and so change to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one and so change to one so
+there may be other Clauses with XI But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be other Clauses with XI But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be other Clauses with XI But
+realize that not of XI is so if XI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that not of XI is so if XI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that not of XI is so if XI is
+changing to zero not of XI is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing to zero not of XI is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing to zero not of XI is changing
+to one so whatever happens here it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so whatever happens here it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so whatever happens here it'll
+only increase the number of Clauses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only increase the number of Clauses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only increase the number of Clauses that
+are being satisfied so you lose only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being satisfied so you lose only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being satisfied so you lose only one
+but you can but you gain at least one So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can but you gain at least one So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can but you gain at least one So
+eventually it does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does not change the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does not change the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does not change the number of
+satisfied Clauses so that's important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied Clauses so that's important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied Clauses so that's important so
+what we did is we started with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we started with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we started with some
+satisfying assignment that we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment that we assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment that we assumed
+existed and then we just changed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and then we just changed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and then we just changed a
+variable and we said that it's still at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we said that it's still at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we said that it's still at
+least as many Clauses being satisfied so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as many Clauses being satisfied so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as many Clauses being satisfied so
+we did that and now we have one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that and now we have one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that and now we have one less
+vertex that is that is violating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that is that is violating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that is that is violating uh
+let's P this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so we have now we have one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we have now we have one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we have now we have one less
+vertex that is violating the click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that is violating the click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that is violating the click
+property so now we can now we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so now we can now we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so now we can now we can take
+this step it's like setting XI to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step it's like setting XI to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step it's like setting XI to zero
+we can just repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so how long do we repeat this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so how long do we repeat this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so how long do we repeat this so we
+repeat this still there are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this still there are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this still there are no longer
+any violations so every time we find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any violations so every time we find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any violations so every time we find a
+violation so once we delete x i so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation so once we delete x i so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation so once we delete x i so this
+is gone so now we look for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone so now we look for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone so now we look for the next
+violation the next violation is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation the next violation is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation the next violation is this
+Edge so there's no Edge there so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so there's no Edge there so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so there's no Edge there so we can
+either take this Vertex or let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either take this Vertex or let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either take this Vertex or let's call
+this SK so we can either remove XK or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SK so we can either remove XK or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SK so we can either remove XK or
+remove XJ so we remove one of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove XJ so we remove one of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove XJ so we remove one of them and
+if you see once you remove that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see once you remove that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see once you remove that you'll
+be end up it'll end up with a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be end up it'll end up with a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be end up it'll end up with a three
+click so what happens is once we repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click so what happens is once we repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click so what happens is once we repeat
+this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+v-h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-h
+is uh quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh quick
+so you could doeses that make sense why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could doeses that make sense why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could doeses that make sense why
+you can do that so you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that so you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that so you just keep
+deleting vertices until this is a click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting vertices until this is a click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting vertices until this is a click
+and that those those Clauses that Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those those Clauses that Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those those Clauses that Clause
+condition is still satisfied you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is still satisfied you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is still satisfied you still
+have greater than equal to that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have greater than equal to that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have greater than equal to that many
+Clauses so now let's look at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so now let's look at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so now let's look at what we
+have we have V Dash which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+and x i is equal to so when is X I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x i is equal to so when is X I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x i is equal to so when is X I so
+once you have done this like process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have done this like process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have done this like process as
+many times as you need when is x i equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times as you need when is x i equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times as you need when is x i equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+1 so remember that so V Das is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so remember that so V Das is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so remember that so V Das is also
+being updated every time you set XI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being updated every time you set XI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being updated every time you set XI to
+zero XI is being removed from V Dash so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero XI is being removed from V Dash so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero XI is being removed from V Dash so
+that property is always satisfied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property is always satisfied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property is always satisfied that
+Define v- equal to I for x i equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define v- equal to I for x i equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define v- equal to I for x i equal to 1
+that property is always invariant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property is always invariant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property is always invariant that
+means that even after doing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that even after doing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that even after doing all these
+repetitions you still have x i equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions you still have x i equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions you still have x i equal 1
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+um if only if i z and v Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if only if i z and v Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if only if i z and v Dash
+and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero
+otherwise so does that make sense why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so does that make sense why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so does that make sense why
+that property still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property still
+holds so you have a click and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds so you have a click and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds so you have a click and you have
+this assignment so that should take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment so that should take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment so that should take you
+back to this so remember where we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so remember where we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so remember where we took a
+click of size K and we found that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size K and we found that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size K and we found that if you
+go through all the algebra you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the algebra you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the algebra you will find
+something which is like um you will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is like um you will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is like um you will go
+through and you will get mod of e e bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you will get mod of e e bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you will get mod of e e bar
+plus mod of V plus mod of K right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mod of V plus mod of K right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mod of V plus mod of K right so
+here you have click so forget about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have click so forget about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have click so forget about what
+you did before so just like consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did before so just like consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did before so just like consider
+like this is an assignment according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is an assignment according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is an assignment according to
+those rules and those rules give give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rules and those rules give give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rules and those rules give give
+you that you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you should get
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+Clauses is equal to mod of e bar plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses is equal to mod of e bar plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses is equal to mod of e bar plus
+mod of V plus mod of V Dash realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod of V plus mod of V Dash realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod of V plus mod of V Dash realize that
+V Das here is not K does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Das here is not K does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Das here is not K does that make sense
+because V Dash is just you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V Dash is just you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V Dash is just you started with
+some set you you started deleting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set you you started deleting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set you you started deleting some
+elements you throw them through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you throw them through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you throw them through them
+away randomly but you ended up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away randomly but you ended up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away randomly but you ended up with some
+V Dash and by this argument you had e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Dash and by this argument you had e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Dash and by this argument you had e
+plus Mo of V plus mod of V Dash e bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Mo of V plus mod of V Dash e bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Mo of V plus mod of V Dash e bar
+from this Clause V Das from V from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this Clause V Das from V from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this Clause V Das from V from this
+Clause V Dash from this Clause so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause V Dash from this Clause so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause V Dash from this Clause so you
+going end up with this and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going end up with this and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going end up with this and you know that
+because of because of what we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of because of what we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of because of what we showed
+here does not change the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does not change the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does not change the number of
+satisfied Clauses it's still greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied Clauses it's still greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied Clauses it's still greater
+than equal to uh mod of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to uh mod of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to uh mod of e
+bar plus mod of V + K and you cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar plus mod of V + K and you cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar plus mod of V + K and you cancel
+this you cancel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you cancel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you cancel this
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+get you get mod of V Dash is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get mod of V Dash is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get mod of V Dash is greater
+than equal to K which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to K which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to K which means
+that that which means that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that which means that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that which means that you have a
+click of size greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click of size greater than equal to
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions does that make sense really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions does that make sense really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions does that make sense really
+all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+it okay that's good any case so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's good any case so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's good any case so so let's
+go back and see what what we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and see what what we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and see what what we are doing
+here so the way you're doing NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the way you're doing NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the way you're doing NP
+reductions is NP hard reductions is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions is NP hard reductions is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions is NP hard reductions is you
+take a problem that you already know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a problem that you already know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a problem that you already know is
+hard you take any random in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you take any random in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you take any random in any
+arbitrary instance instance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary instance instance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary instance instance of that
+problem and you transform the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you transform the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you transform the input and
+into an input to the problem that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an input to the problem that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an input to the problem that you're
+trying to show is hard so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show is hard so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show is hard so you take
+problem a which you know is hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a which you know is hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a which you know is hard you
+transform the input into an input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the input into an input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the input into an input for
+problem B and then you show that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B and then you show that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B and then you show that if you
+can solve a Sol problem B you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve a Sol problem B you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve a Sol problem B you'll be able
+to solve problem a but since you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problem a but since you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problem a but since you know
+you can't solve problem a in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't solve problem a in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't solve problem a in polinomial
+time you know that you can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know that you can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know that you can't solve
+problem B in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem B in polinomial
+time and the and the other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the and the other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the and the other important
+thing to notice here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice here is that the
+reduction needs to be polinomial time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction needs to be polinomial time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction needs to be polinomial time so
+let's look at this reduction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this reduction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this reduction for
+instance what are you doing here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what are you doing here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what are you doing here you're
+taking uh you're taking every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh you're taking every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh you're taking every vertex
+you're making a clause and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a clause and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a clause and how many
+Clauses do you have well you have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses do you have well you have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses do you have well you have about
+n Square Clauses here you have all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Square Clauses here you have all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Square Clauses here you have all n
+Clauses here and you have order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses here and you have order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses here and you have order n
+Clauses here the time to construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses here the time to construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses here the time to construct that
+is like roughly or n squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like roughly or n squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like roughly or n squ
+so you're constructing the causes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're constructing the causes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're constructing the causes in
+polinomial time so you have a pol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so you have a pol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so you have a pol
+polinomial time reduction and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reduction and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time reduction and if you
+reduce a known NP hard problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce a known NP hard problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce a known NP hard problem in
+polinomial time to an unknown problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time to an unknown problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time to an unknown problem
+you can show that as NP hard okay uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that as NP hard okay uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that as NP hard okay uh I
+don't think we have time to do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have time to do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have time to do another
+problem so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Gr_MZYzAWGI.txt b/Gr_MZYzAWGI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..607c51ccf1c1d52500f1a74796d6ae4511977493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Gr_MZYzAWGI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to talk about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about how one
+goes beyond the basic education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes beyond the basic education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes beyond the basic education and
+college degree into the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree into the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree into the world of
+lifelong learning in the past with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learning in the past with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learning in the past with a
+good education under your belt you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good education under your belt you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good education under your belt you could
+hope that your employer would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that your employer would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that your employer would take
+responsibility for providing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for providing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for providing more
+training and ongoing education but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and ongoing education but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and ongoing education but in
+today's world of work there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's world of work there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's world of work there's less
+training that's provided by employers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training that's provided by employers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training that's provided by employers so
+it's more important for individuals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more important for individuals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more important for individuals to
+think about what they need to do to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what they need to do to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what they need to do to take
+care of their lifelong learning needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of their lifelong learning needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of their lifelong learning needs
+that means you have to have a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to have a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to have a strategy
+so let's start with those in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with those in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with those in high school
+in high school the message that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school the message that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school the message that we
+emphasize is that it's important to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is that it's important to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize is that it's important to stay
+in school to work hard to graduate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school to work hard to graduate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school to work hard to graduate in
+good standing nothing is more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good standing nothing is more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good standing nothing is more important
+than that if you can while you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that if you can while you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that if you can while you are in
+high school get internships Co-op jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school get internships Co-op jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school get internships Co-op jobs
+part-time jobs in the summer or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time jobs in the summer or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time jobs in the summer or even
+during the school year if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the school year if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the school year if that's
+possible so that you can begin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that you can begin to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that you can begin to see
+what the world of work is like maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the world of work is like maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the world of work is like maybe you
+can meet some people who are good role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can meet some people who are good role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can meet some people who are good role
+models in the workplace maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in the workplace maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in the workplace maybe you can
+test whether you are really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test whether you are really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test whether you are really interested
+in one kind of a job or another maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one kind of a job or another maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one kind of a job or another maybe
+you can get some technical skills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some technical skills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some technical skills that
+will help you identify what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you identify what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you identify what you really
+are good at let me give you the advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good at let me give you the advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good at let me give you the advice
+of Dr James Foo an industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dr James Foo an industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dr James Foo an industrial
+psychologist who works with employers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who works with employers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who works with employers to
+match good talented young people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match good talented young people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match good talented young people with
+the jobs that are available Dr FICO says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs that are available Dr FICO says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs that are available Dr FICO says
+there are plenty of good jobs in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of good jobs in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of good jobs in my
+sectors manufacturing and law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors manufacturing and law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors manufacturing and law
+enforcement retirements are creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement retirements are creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement retirements are creating
+lots of opportunities employers expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of opportunities employers expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of opportunities employers expect
+much more of their employees today than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of their employees today than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of their employees today than
+at any time in my memory they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time in my memory they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time in my memory they want
+technical skills and they want a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical skills and they want a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical skills and they want a much
+higher caliber of job Readiness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher caliber of job Readiness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher caliber of job Readiness and
+character students best bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character students best bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character students best bet
+is to find mentors for whom they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find mentors for whom they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find mentors for whom they can
+learn from over a longer period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from over a longer period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from over a longer period of time
+and employers want a great deal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employers want a great deal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employers want a great deal of the
+following they want courage they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following they want courage they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following they want courage they want
+Integrity they want a Devotion to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity they want a Devotion to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity they want a Devotion to the
+job and a commitment to really doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and a commitment to really doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and a commitment to really doing a
+great job they want a vision for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great job they want a vision for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great job they want a vision for the
+future of what the work might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of what the work might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of what the work might look like
+they want a commitment to working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want a commitment to working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want a commitment to working in
+teams and yes of course they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams and yes of course they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams and yes of course they want
+technical competence the first four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical competence the first four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical competence the first four of
+these are the most desired and maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the most desired and maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the most desired and maybe the
+hardest to find according to Dr Foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest to find according to Dr Foo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest to find according to Dr Foo
+regardless of the age of the applicant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the age of the applicant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the age of the applicant
+but then he goes on to say that I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he goes on to say that I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he goes on to say that I find
+that the most critical language of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most critical language of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most critical language of the
+workplace today is the language of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace today is the language of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace today is the language of math
+a thorough knowledge of arithmetic he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thorough knowledge of arithmetic he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thorough knowledge of arithmetic he
+says yes he means basic math algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yes he means basic math algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yes he means basic math algebra
+geometry basic adding and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry basic adding and subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry basic adding and subtracting
+would do more for business success than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do more for business success than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do more for business success than
+any other single discipline outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other single discipline outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other single discipline outside of
+the character features mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character features mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character features mentioned earlier
+remember that the best mathematicians in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the best mathematicians in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the best mathematicians in
+the United States leted us into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States leted us into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States leted us into this
+recession a few years ago because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession a few years ago because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession a few years ago because they
+didn't understand the numbers that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand the numbers that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand the numbers that they
+were working with and how to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working with and how to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working with and how to really
+calculate risk what about those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate risk what about those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate risk what about those of you
+who are going to go on for technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to go on for technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to go on for technical
+degrees in community colleges after high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in community colleges after high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in community colleges after high
+school well here the key from all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school well here the key from all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school well here the key from all kinds
+of research and evidence is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and evidence is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and evidence is that the
+most important thing to do is to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing to do is to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing to do is to look
+for programs that are well linked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for programs that are well linked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for programs that are well linked to the
+Employers in your region and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Employers in your region and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Employers in your region and in the
+industry you want to work in employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you want to work in employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you want to work in employers
+working with community colleges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with community colleges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with community colleges and
+vocational schools designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocational schools designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocational schools designing the
+curriculum together providing advice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum together providing advice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum together providing advice and
+mentoring for students and then helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring for students and then helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring for students and then helping
+to make sure that the the skills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the the skills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the the skills that
+are being taught are the modern skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being taught are the modern skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being taught are the modern skills
+needed on the job the second feature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed on the job the second feature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed on the job the second feature is
+to make sure that these programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that these programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that these programs that
+you choose mix classroom experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose mix classroom experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose mix classroom experience and
+teaching with on the job opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching with on the job opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching with on the job opportunities
+to apply those skills and to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply those skills and to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply those skills and to see the
+relevance of the the material that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance of the the material that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance of the the material that you
+are learning in the classroom firsthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning in the classroom firsthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning in the classroom firsthand
+the third feature of a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third feature of a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third feature of a successful
+Community College and Vocational School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community College and Vocational School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community College and Vocational School
+is that they have success in placing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have success in placing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have success in placing
+graduates not only in that first job but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates not only in that first job but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates not only in that first job but
+with employers who have career Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with employers who have career Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with employers who have career Pathways
+that is job ladders that allow people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is job ladders that allow people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is job ladders that allow people to
+continue to learn and to advance over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to learn and to advance over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to learn and to advance over
+time and maybe to come back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and maybe to come back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and maybe to come back for
+refresher courses as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresher courses as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresher courses as as
+needed how about college graduates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed how about college graduates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed how about college graduates and
+college students well the thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students well the thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students well the thing to do
+here is to make sure again like in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to make sure again like in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to make sure again like in high
+school one gains experience while in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school one gains experience while in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school one gains experience while in
+school looking for those summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school looking for those summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school looking for those summer
+internships or Co-op placements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internships or Co-op placements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internships or Co-op placements in
+schools that provide that so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that provide that so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that provide that so that you
+can really start to build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really start to build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really start to build your
+Professional Network while you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professional Network while you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professional Network while you're still
+in school and again test whether you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school and again test whether you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school and again test whether you are
+really well suited for uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well suited for uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well suited for uh different
+kinds of jobs then it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of jobs then it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of jobs then it's important to
+seek out mentors on your first job the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek out mentors on your first job the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek out mentors on your first job the
+evidence is very clear that uh having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is very clear that uh having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is very clear that uh having a
+supervisor or a mentor from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor or a mentor from somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor or a mentor from somewhere
+else in the organization that helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the organization that helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the organization that helps you
+learn the ropes and can then vouch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the ropes and can then vouch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the ropes and can then vouch for
+you for other jobs as they come along is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for other jobs as they come along is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for other jobs as they come along is
+really critical to the your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical to the your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical to the your future
+success in that organization it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in that organization it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in that organization it's
+important that you pursue outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you pursue outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you pursue outside
+educational opportunities take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational opportunities take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational opportunities take advantage
+of all the universities like MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the universities like MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the universities like MIT and
+other Great Schools that are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Great Schools that are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Great Schools that are now
+providing online learning opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing online learning opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing online learning opportunities
+so that you can deepen your knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can deepen your knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can deepen your knowledge
+and broaden out your professional base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broaden out your professional base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broaden out your professional base
+over time it's also important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it's also important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it's also important that you
+maintain your professional networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain your professional networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain your professional networks and
+your contacts over time make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contacts over time make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contacts over time make sure that
+you are interacting with your peers ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interacting with your peers ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interacting with your peers ask
+your employers to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your employers to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your employers to make sure that you
+have opportunities to go to professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opportunities to go to professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opportunities to go to professional
+meetings and to stay current in what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and to stay current in what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and to stay current in what is
+going on and build those networks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and build those networks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and build those networks so
+that you have others who are sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have others who are sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have others who are sharing the
+same experiences and you are learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiences and you are learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiences and you are learning
+together and then finally It's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then finally It's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then finally It's always
+important to keep that resume up toate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep that resume up toate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep that resume up toate
+keep one foot in the external labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep one foot in the external labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep one foot in the external labor
+market because you never know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market because you never know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market because you never know when you
+will have to draw on it for looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to draw on it for looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to draw on it for looking for
+your next opportunity so I believe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next opportunity so I believe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next opportunity so I believe we
+are in a world where lifelong learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a world where lifelong learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a world where lifelong learning
+now becomes critical to long-term Career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now becomes critical to long-term Career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now becomes critical to long-term Career
+Success start by picking an occupation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Success start by picking an occupation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Success start by picking an occupation a
+profession that is of interest to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession that is of interest to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession that is of interest to you
+and then keep working on your career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keep working on your career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keep working on your career
+over time testing yourself am I staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time testing yourself am I staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time testing yourself am I staying
+current can I find a job in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current can I find a job in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current can I find a job in my
+profession outside of my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession outside of my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession outside of my current
+employer and do I keep my network uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer and do I keep my network uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer and do I keep my network uh
+strong and up toate so that I can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and up toate so that I can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and up toate so that I can draw
+on the assistance of other people as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the assistance of other people as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the assistance of other people as
+needed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HwGd1CPfIYk.txt b/HwGd1CPfIYk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e728048208c3452d93d179fd2f7af16611d73ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HwGd1CPfIYk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+PROFESSOR: --we'll start off
+with a little review, so you
+
+might chance it.
+
+We're in the middle of
+the chapter nine on
+
+convolutional codes.
+
+Today, I intend to hand
+out problem set six.
+
+I believe Ashish will have
+it when he gets here.
+
+And we'll hand it
+out at the end.
+
+Last time, I introduced you
+to a lot of things about
+
+convolutional codes and
+their encoders.
+
+I stressed that a convolutional
+encoder had two
+
+distinct characters.
+
+One is it's a linear
+time-invariant system.
+
+So we can use the linearity
+and time-invariance and
+
+algebraic analysis of
+convolutional codes.
+
+Secondly, I stressed that's it's
+a finite state system,
+
+because it's a finite memory
+system where each memory
+
+element has a finite number of
+possible values, over F2 or
+
+indeed over any finite field.
+
+And therefore, we
+can use that for
+
+different kinds of analysis.
+
+We use that, for instance, in
+conjunction with linear
+
+property to find the minimum
+distance to a particular code.
+
+And we'll see that that's the
+key to getting an efficient
+
+optimal maximum likelihood
+decoder --
+
+is the fact that we only have
+a finite number of states in
+
+this system.
+
+All right, so along the way I
+kind of went all over the map,
+
+as far as the introducing
+various algebraic quantities.
+
+I focused particularly on
+formal Laurent series.
+
+And I want to just give you a
+little table to make sure you
+
+have fixed in your mind what all
+these different kinds of
+
+sequences we're talking
+about are.
+
+On the left side, I have
+Laurent sequences.
+
+These are semi-infinite
+sequences that must
+
+start at some time.
+
+Their delay is not equal to
+minus infinity, which would be
+
+if it were all 1's forever.
+
+But their delay is
+some finite time.
+
+It could be negative,
+could be positive.
+
+That's their starting time.
+
+And then they could
+go on, possibly,
+
+infinitely into the future.
+
+And then, among those, we can
+look particularly at the ones
+
+that start at time 0 or later,
+whose delay is 0, or whose
+
+delay is non-negative.
+
+These are called the formal
+power series, and you've
+
+probably encountered
+them earlier.
+
+They're a lot more frequently
+encountered
+
+in mathematics algebra.
+
+The rational sequences are
+simply those that can be
+
+written in a very finite way as
+a numerator polynomial over
+
+a denominator polynomial.
+
+Because the formal Laurent
+series form a field, every
+
+element is invertible, and, in
+particular, every polynomial
+
+has an inverse, which, unless
+the polynomial is a monomial,
+
+is going to run on for an
+infinite length of time.
+
+But nonetheless, there is a
+subset, a countable subset of
+
+these sequences that we
+can write in this way.
+
+And we call these the rational
+sequences, and they're
+
+analogous to the rational
+numbers in the real field.
+
+And their particular
+characteristic, as we showed,
+
+is that they're eventually
+periodic.
+
+And it's easy to see that these,
+too, form a field.
+
+Obviously, the inverse of
+N of d over D of d is D
+
+of d over N of d.
+
+Provided that n of d is not
+equal to 0, the denominator is
+
+always required to be non-zero
+for a rational sequence.
+
+So that's a very nice subset.
+
+It may or may not have
+operational meaning.
+
+Certainly, when we're
+talking about
+
+realizations, it has meaning.
+
+And then the finite sequences,
+by eventually periodic, I will
+
+from now on include
+the finite case.
+
+If we have a finite sequence,
+then its end is all 0's, and
+
+that's certainly a periodic
+sequence.
+
+So I would say a finite
+sequence is
+
+also eventually periodic.
+
+But among the rational
+sequences we have,
+
+particularly the finite
+sequence, these do not form a
+
+field, because the non-monomial
+polynomials
+
+cannot be inverted.
+
+So these are merely a ring.
+
+However, D has an inverse.
+
+Over here on this side, D minus
+1 has an element of all
+
+these things.
+
+D has an inverse.
+
+Over here, on the causal side,
+these are the causal analogs
+
+to all of these.
+
+In the case of causal rational,
+we don't have
+
+particularly good notation.
+
+We just say these are the ones
+that are both causal, formal
+
+power series and rational.
+
+But they are important, because
+we've seen that it's
+
+this kind of sequence that you
+can get as the impulse
+
+response of a time-invariant
+linear system that is
+
+realizable.
+
+Realizable has two parts.
+
+One is the impulse response must
+start at time 0 or later,
+
+by physical causality.
+
+Two, the impulse response must
+be eventually periodic,
+
+therefore rational, if it's
+going to be realizable with a
+
+finite number of memory
+elements.
+
+So we include that in our
+definition of realizability.
+
+So these are sometimes called
+the realizable sequences, or
+
+the realizable D transforms.
+
+And these, of course, the causal
+finite sequences are
+
+the polynomials.
+
+These include the polynomials,
+which are trivially easy to
+
+realize with shift registers,
+as we saw in our example.
+
+So that's just a review of
+all these quantities.
+
+Does anyone feel the need for
+further elaboration or
+
+explanation?
+
+Or can we go forward
+with this?
+
+We tend to use all of them as we
+go along, so I want you to
+
+have them clearly in mind.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why was
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+uncountable?
+
+What was the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why is that
+uncountable?
+
+Try to count it.
+
+I could put it in one-to-one
+correspondence with a set of
+
+all binary expansions of the
+real numbers, and that's an
+
+uncountable set.
+
+Some of these side comments are
+just to trigger analogies
+
+in your mind, maybe make it more
+reasonable, what we're
+
+talking about.
+
+OK, so next.
+
+Just again, to continue a quick
+review, we talked about
+
+realizable linear time-invariant
+systems.
+
+First, we talked about single
+input, single output.
+
+I'm imposing an order that
+didn't necessarily exist.
+
+In any case, these are
+characterized by impulse
+
+response, g of D, which, for
+realizability, that implies
+
+that g of D is causal
+rational.
+
+The fact that it's rational
+means that we can write g of D
+
+as n of D over d of D. And the
+fact that it's causal, well,
+
+we would always reduce this to
+lowest terms in the first
+
+place, so there'd be no point
+carrying along common factors
+
+in the numerator and
+denominator.
+
+By inserting enough powers of D,
+we can make sure that both
+
+of these are polynomials.
+
+So if n of D, d of D are --
+
+we can ensure that they're
+actually polynomials, not just
+
+finite sequences.
+
+And if it's going to be causal,
+that means that
+
+we can always --
+
+if we remove common factors
+of D, that means that the
+
+numerator might still have
+factors of D in it, but the
+
+denominator can't have
+factors of D in it.
+
+You see that?
+
+Because, once we shift all these
+over as close to 0 as we
+
+can, the denominator has
+to be closer to 0.
+
+If D0 equals 1, that means 1
+over d of D is something that
+
+starts at times 0.
+
+We multiply times
+the numerator.
+
+In order to have the whole thing
+be causal, the numerator
+
+has to be causal, because a
+point I didn't mention, when
+
+you multiply formal Laurent
+sequences, their delays add.
+
+If a of D and b of D are
+Laurent, then the delay of a
+
+of D times b of D, defined as a
+convolution, is going to be
+
+the sum of the delays of each
+of the component sequence.
+
+You just take the lower order
+term on both and that's what
+
+determines the lower order term
+on the convolution, just
+
+like in polynomials and
+analogous to degrees.
+
+So from this, we find that we
+can always write a causal
+
+rational sequence in this
+form, if it isn't 0.
+
+If it is 0, we just take n of D
+to be 0, and d of D to be 1.
+
+And that satisfies
+this form, too.
+
+I guess I didn't even have
+to make that comment.
+
+We're already in that form.
+
+You can convince yourself this
+is a unique way to write a
+
+causal rational sequence.
+
+And every other way is just
+multiplying the numerator and
+
+the denominator by some common
+polynomial or finite sequence.
+
+So now we had a little theorem
+that says that, if g of D is
+
+causal rational, and therefore
+equal to n of D over d of D in
+
+this form, then realizable with
+how many memory elements?
+
+Does anyone remember?
+
+nu equals the maximum
+of the degrees.
+
+And I debated whether to
+actually do this in class, and
+
+I think it's worth taking a
+few minutes to actually do
+
+this in class.
+
+It'll also appear as the
+first homework problem.
+
+So this'll be a little head
+start on the homework.
+
+So anybody have any ideas how
+we can do this realization?
+
+What we want is a circuit with
+an input, u of D. Eventually,
+
+an output, y of D equals u of
+D times n of D over d of D.
+
+For these are both polynomials
+and D0 equals 1.
+
+A lot of you have probably seen
+this in discrete-time
+
+linear filters.
+
+It's going to be just
+the same technique.
+
+But if we don't have volunteers,
+I don't want to
+
+waste time.
+
+The key is to use --
+
+we're of course going to need
+feedback in general.
+
+To have a d of D, in general,
+will not be 1.
+
+If it's not 1, then we're
+going to get an infinite
+
+impulse response.
+
+To get an infinite impulse
+response, we need feedback.
+
+So we're going to need some
+feedback term in here.
+
+And here is the motivating
+idea of the construction.
+
+We want to create something
+here, v of D, which is
+
+basically equal to u of D over
+d of D. If we can do that,
+
+we'll be done.
+
+I'll show you why.
+
+So we created a different
+sequence, which is u of D
+
+divided by d of D. And then we
+pass that sequence through a
+
+shift register.
+
+And what do we get at
+the various stages
+
+of the shift register?
+
+Here we would get v of D delayed
+by one time unit, v of
+
+D delayed by two time units,
+and so forth, up to --
+
+let's make this nu.
+
+I want to realize it in nu
+memory elements, where nu is
+
+the maximum degree of either of
+these defining polynomials.
+
+So finally, out here, I
+get d nu of D, v of D.
+
+Now, what's the trick?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That is the idea.
+
+What do we get if we take out
+these various lines, which are
+
+v of D, through d to the nu v
+of D, and we make a linear
+
+combination of them?
+
+We're going to do this twice,
+actually, once to form the
+
+feedback, and once to
+form the output.
+
+For the feedback, let me not
+take this into the linear
+
+combination.
+
+Otherwise, I'd get a loop
+without a delay element in
+
+that, and that tends not
+to be well-defined.
+
+So I want to take a linear
+combination.
+
+In general, by taking a linear
+combination of these things, I
+
+can get the multiple of v of D
+times any polynomial degree,
+
+nu or less, just by taking
+the coefficients of that
+
+polynomial as my linear
+combination.
+
+Do you see that?
+
+I'm not seeing people's --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the linear
+combination
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+you also take the one with
+zero derivative.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're getting ahead
+of me, which is fine,
+
+but I'll ask for that comment
+in just a second.
+
+Let me first create
+the output.
+
+Suppose I had v of D equals u of
+D over d of D. Then to get
+
+the output, I simply want a
+linear combination, which will
+
+give me n of D times u of D over
+d of D. And that would be
+
+the correct output.
+
+And since n of D is a polynomial
+degree less than
+
+nu, I can do that by simply
+taking n nu times this, n nu
+
+minus 1 times that, n2 times
+that, n1 times that, and 0
+
+times that.
+
+And that will give me what I
+want as an output, if I'm
+
+successful in getting v of
+D of this form here.
+
+So let me try a similar
+trick up here.
+
+The trick is, I force d of D to
+start off with a 1, to have
+
+D0 equal 1.
+
+So what I'm going to create
+up here is the linear
+
+combination, d of D minus
+1 times v of D.
+
+First of all, let's verify
+that I can do that.
+
+d of D minus 1 is what?
+
+It's a polynomial.
+
+Its degree is the same as the
+degree of d of D. Now, if d of
+
+D is equal to 1, if the
+denominator is just 1, this
+
+whole thing falls out.
+
+I don't need anything
+coming in here.
+
+d of D is 1. v of D is equal
+to u of D, so that's the
+
+polynomial case where I
+don't need feedback.
+
+So let's assume d of D is not
+equal 1, therefore it's some
+
+polynomial of degree nu, degree
+of d of D, which is
+
+less than or equal to
+nu, and so is this.
+
+But by subtracting out the 1,
+I have no constant term.
+
+So it's going to be a multiple
+of D. That's another way of
+
+saying that.
+
+It's going to have no constant
+terms, so I only need to form
+
+a linear combination
+of these terms.
+
+So I can do it.
+
+Now, if I do that, let's just
+solve this equation.
+
+I create x of D. This is
+supposed to be a plus.
+
+This is supposed to be a minus,
+to work over any field.
+
+This trick works over real or
+complex, or what you'd like.
+
+x of D is u of d minus d of D
+minus 1, times v of d, times x
+
+of D. Maybe I should just
+call this v of d.
+
+Now I'm going to solve
+for v of D.
+
+So I actually have a v of D on
+both sides of the equation.
+
+This results in u of D equal
+v of D times d of D. And
+
+dividing both sides by d of D,
+I see that I succeeded in
+
+getting what I wanted.
+
+So this is a typical trick of
+realizing a rational impulse
+
+response by including a feedback
+loop and negative
+
+feedback in your system.
+
+This is done in the notes.
+
+I'm surprised if you haven't
+seen this before.
+
+Maybe it's that people in
+communications don't take
+
+circuits courses, or they don't
+take digital signal
+
+processing courses.
+
+Most people look puzzled.
+
+In any case, can you agree that,
+formally, I've shown
+
+that we get what we want here?
+
+So I've given a way of
+realizing, given a causal
+
+rational function, where nu is
+defined is the maximum degree
+
+of these two polynomials.
+
+There's a realization with
+nu memory elements.
+
+A little bit more work, we could
+prove that this is the
+
+minimum possible number
+of memory
+
+elements for this system.
+
+That gets into linear
+system theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I mean, what I want
+is down here, I want the sum
+
+of n_i times d to the i, v of D.
+So the linear coefficients
+
+are going to be these n_i.
+
+If I drew it out, I have
+n0 here, n1 here.
+
+So it's scalar linear
+combination, over F2.
+
+And what is that?
+
+v of D is common.
+
+That's just n of D times v
+of D. Same trick up here.
+
+Is that what was puzzling
+everybody?
+
+Think about it.
+
+What is a linear combination?
+
+Something that looks
+like that.
+
+The second part, let's
+now talk about a
+
+convolutional encoder.
+
+And we're just going to talk
+about rate 1/n in this course.
+
+So this is a single input.
+
+n output linear time
+invariant system.
+
+That's my definition, I guess,
+of what I mean by a
+
+convolutional encoder.
+
+And when I say linear
+time-invariant, I also want it
+
+to be a realizable, in the two
+senses that its impulse
+
+response is causal rational.
+
+So [INAUDIBLE]
+
+down.
+
+Now it's characterized by
+n-tuple of impulse responses.
+
+So it's going to be sum g of D
+equal to g1 of D, up to gn of
+
+D, where clearly all these have
+to be causal and rational
+
+in order for it to
+be realizable.
+
+If any one of them was not
+causal or not rational, then
+
+that individual impulse
+response wouldn't be
+
+realizable and the whole thing
+wouldn't be realizable.
+
+So where we have the gj of D
+are all causal rational.
+
+And now, again, I'm going to put
+this into a standard form.
+
+In general, this is going to
+be n1 of D over d1 of D, so
+
+forth, up to n_n of D over d_n
+of D. So I'm going to have
+
+different denominators for
+each of the numerators.
+
+But I can always put it into the
+form, n1 prime of D over a
+
+common numerator, d to D, and up
+to n_n prime of D over d of
+
+D. Let d of D be the least
+common multiple
+
+of all these d_i's.
+
+These are all polynomials.
+
+Least common multiple is
+well-defined from our
+
+discussion of factorization.
+
+So I can always put in the least
+common multiple here,
+
+and then whatever d1 lacks out
+of the least common multiple,
+
+I multiply top and bottom
+by both of that.
+
+I have the same rational
+function, now with a common
+
+denominator.
+
+So I'm always going to put
+it in that standard form.
+
+And then I will say this is
+always realizable, with nu
+
+equal now the max of
+any of the degrees
+
+that appears in here.
+
+So let me just abbreviate that
+by degree of the numerators,
+
+which I'll just write as vector
+n prime of D, or the
+
+degree of the denominator d, of
+the common denominator d of
+
+D. Now, that's very
+easy to see.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Can certainly realize
+the first one here
+
+just by doing that.
+
+Yes?
+
+If I want to just generate the
+first output, I build a
+
+circuit like this, and
+I don't need more of
+
+the new memory elements.
+
+There might even be some
+redundancy in that.
+
+All right, so how would I
+then realize the second?
+
+Is it just me?
+
+Nobody is volunteering
+anything.
+
+I've realized this.
+
+Now I'd like to realize
+a second output.
+
+Now I want to realize this.
+
+Make this n1 of D. I want to
+realize n2 of D over d of D,
+
+times u of D.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you so much.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just take out
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So all I need is the second
+linear combination.
+
+So let me just make this
+n linear combinations.
+
+Then we're going to
+have n outputs,
+
+an n-tuple of outputs.
+
+Then I can form each
+one as a linear
+
+combination of those up there.
+
+I really like more of you
+to be speaking up.
+
+Yes, thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's a second
+combination --
+
+I mean the inquiry should
+come [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but again, what
+I want to realize, I have
+
+all the delays of
+v of D up here.
+
+What I want to realize is n2
+of D times v of D, which is
+
+equal to that.
+
+n2 of D is the polynomial
+of degree less
+
+than or equal to nu.
+
+So I can do it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, but
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+parallel to that n1 D over d.
+
+The --
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+I'm confusing you because
+I put all these here.
+
+I actually wrote out the
+linear combination.
+
+To say what I just said, I
+really need to go back to my
+
+original form, forget these
+multipliers, do the
+
+multiplications in here.
+
+That's what I mean by the
+linear combinations.
+
+Now I'm OK.
+
+The inputs are just
+the shifts.
+
+Make a linear combination of
+them, that's the output.
+
+So easy proof.
+
+What's significantly harder to
+prove in this case is you
+
+can't do any better than.
+
+There aren't any realizations
+with fewer than nu, where nu
+
+is computed by first reducing
+to standard form and then
+
+evaluating this.
+
+That's the best you can do.
+
+But we aren't going to go into
+minimal system realizations,
+
+linear system realizations
+in this course.
+
+I'll just insert it.
+
+So this is how we can always
+build a convolutional encoder,
+
+whether it has feedback
+or not.
+
+And so whatever we come up with
+as nu, this'll basically
+
+determine the state complexity
+of our decoder.
+
+The state space is dimension
+nu, is finite dimension.
+
+And because we're over a finite
+field, the actual
+
+number of states is
+only 2 to the nu.
+
+Still can't get more than
+2 to the nu states for
+
+that system up there.
+
+So we're still in finite
+state world.
+
+So in particular, it's finite
+state realization.
+
+And again, this is
+if and only if.
+
+If we have if and only if, we
+have an n-tuple of causal
+
+rational, or even a matrix
+of causal rationals.
+
+We can make a realization
+like this.
+
+So that's convolutional
+encoders.
+
+At least write 1/n over F2.
+
+And now the next step was what's
+a convolutional code.
+
+And a convolutional code,
+we defined as, given a
+
+convolutional encoder, which
+is just the set of impulse
+
+response, given g of D, the
+corresponding convolutional
+
+code is just u of D, which is
+single sequence times this
+
+n-tuple of sequences, as u of
+D ranges through all the
+
+formal Laurent sequences.
+
+Sequences that start at some
+time in the all-zero state and
+
+then continue perhaps forever.
+
+It's very quick to
+show that C, its
+
+properties is it's linear.
+
+Obviously, it's a vector
+space over F2.
+
+Multiplication by scalars
+is trivial.
+
+Addition is trivial,
+so it's linear.
+
+And its time-invariant, meaning
+the shift of any code
+
+sequence is another
+code sequence.
+
+If I have one particular code
+sequence, and I want to see if
+
+the shift of that is in the
+code, well, that code sequence
+
+must have been generated by some
+use, so if I just shift
+
+the u by the amount of time
+that I want to shift the
+
+output, y, then I'll get
+the shifted output.
+
+So it's easy to show that D to
+the k of C is simply equal to
+
+C for any integer k.
+
+Actually, it just suffices to
+show that the single time unit
+
+shift is in the code, and that
+implies all the rest of this.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+We would want at least one of
+the g_i of D's to start at 0.
+
+Otherwise, they don't
+cancel out, do they?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So what you're saying is we
+don't want d to be a common
+
+factor of all the n of D's.
+
+And that's true.
+
+In fact, we don't want to have
+any common factors of
+
+all the n of D's.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The u we've
+defined, so it can
+
+start at any time.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So notice that these
+have separate algebraic
+
+characters.
+
+This is a Laurent sequence.
+
+These are called causal
+rational sequences.
+
+So they have different
+restrictions on them, but they
+
+play together that way.
+
+So where you're getting to is
+this idea of code equivalence.
+
+I can just keep going.
+
+So code equivalence, let's
+abbreviate it this way.
+
+g of D and some other n-tuple,
+g prime of D,
+
+generate the same code.
+
+We say that g of D generates
+C up here.
+
+So two different n-tuples
+generate the same code, C,
+
+which is our notion
+of equivalence.
+
+And we more or less proved last
+time it is true that g of
+
+D is some --
+
+this is just a single sequence
+multiple of g prime of D. So
+
+we have to have a of
+D not equal to 0.
+
+Otherwise, I think there could
+be any sequence there.
+
+So what you were saying is that,
+if all of these n's had
+
+a common factor of d, then why
+not just shift them all over?
+
+And that would be the same
+as multiplying --
+
+suppose we had a g prime of
+D where they all had d's.
+
+Suppose we just multiply
+them with d minus 1.
+
+We're still going to get the
+same code, but we're going to
+
+reduce the degrees of
+all the numerators.
+
+And therefore, we're likely to
+get a simpler realization.
+
+And that's the track we're
+going down right now.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: This would
+only shift the n's.
+
+I'm assuming that all the n
+of D's are multiples of d.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the root of d, right?
+
+So if you can reduce the d of
+D you can't save anything.
+
+PROFESSOR: You might not save
+anything if you've got a
+
+denominator, d of D, that
+has a larger degree.
+
+AUDIENCE: And that's
+always the case.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's not
+always the case.
+
+In the general case,
+either one of
+
+these things can dominate.
+
+In that picture we had, if we
+have a low degree, d of D,
+
+then it's only picking off of
+these first elements up here.
+
+AUDIENCE: But that definition
+states [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+is the maximum d and also
+the [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So we could have a big one here
+making the outputs, and a
+
+small one there going back.
+
+In fact, we could have
+d of D equal to 1.
+
+Then we'd have no feedback
+whatsoever.
+
+So it could be either way.
+
+But then given this code
+equivalence concept, suppose
+
+we have a d of D that
+is very big.
+
+Suppose it's dominated by
+d of D. What would be a
+
+good thing to do?
+
+We have a certain code we want
+to keep, but the nu, the
+
+numbers for the dimension of the
+state space is dominated
+
+by the degree of d of D. So
+suppose we have g of D equal
+
+to n of D over d of D. And we
+have degree of d of D is
+
+greater than degree of n
+of D. What would be a
+
+good thing to do?
+
+Why don't we just let g prime of
+D be equal to d of D times
+
+g of D, and that would
+be just n of D.
+
+So I'm going to convert from
+the code generated by these
+
+rational generators,
+which are infinite.
+
+I can easily just multiply out
+the denominator, and now I
+
+have a code generated just
+by the numerator terms.
+
+So it's feedback-free.
+
+That may or may not be
+important to me.
+
+Actually, it turns out it's very
+hard to make a case for
+
+not having feedback, but it's
+simpler, in any case.
+
+We don't have this feedback
+term in the encoders.
+
+So we get a feedback-free
+encoder.
+
+And if this is true,
+we may reduce --
+
+we can certainly never
+increase it.
+
+But if this were true, then
+we would reduce it.
+
+If on the other hand, this were
+less than or equal, then
+
+nu would remain the same.
+
+So that seems like that would
+be a good thing to do.
+
+So in fact, as I would advocate
+as a first step, that
+
+you clear the denominators,
+and just come up with a
+
+polynomial generator sequence
+which generates the same code.
+
+We're still going to have the
+same minimum distance, the
+
+same code sequence, the problem
+from the decoder's
+
+point of view is going to
+be absolutely unchanged.
+
+The decoder only cares what
+the consequences are.
+
+It wants to find the most
+likely one that was
+
+transmitted.
+
+So let's not make the encoder
+any more complicated
+
+than we have to.
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: nu doesn't change
+in this condition.
+
+nu does change in
+this condition.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we are always
+better off multiplying by g of
+
+D.
+
+PROFESSOR: We can't
+be worse off.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE: --or the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Got it.
+
+All right, so let's now talk
+about whether there's anything
+
+we can do to n of D. We already
+suggested that if all
+
+the n of D had a factor of
+d in them, why don't
+
+just take it out?
+
+Let's just write that down.
+
+If all n of D have a factor of
+d, then let's just transform n
+
+of D to d minus 1 n of D.
+
+So that reduces nu also.
+
+And let's, of course, do that
+as many times as we can.
+
+So it's a good idea to take
+out common factors of d.
+
+We get a simpler encoder.
+
+We're have a simpler
+state diagram.
+
+This leads us to a topic called
+catastrophicity, which
+
+is a misleading title because
+you have no idea where I'm
+
+going right now.
+
+So I'm actually going
+to try to fool you
+
+for a little while.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Quick question.
+
+In the definition of code
+equivalence, is there a
+
+restriction [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+that shouldn't be rational,
+shouldn't be causal?
+
+PROFESSOR: Should there be
+a restriction on this?
+
+Yes, of course.
+
+It has to be rational
+in order --
+
+But that's a consequence.
+
+If these are both causal
+rational, then what does a of
+
+D have to be?
+
+It has to be rational.
+
+It has to be non-zero.
+
+And does it have to be causal?
+
+No, in this case it's
+not causal.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+If there's a delay buried in g
+of D, if everything starts at
+
+time 1 or later, then a of D,
+in fact, can be non-causal.
+
+So the key restrictions are that
+these two guys have to be
+
+causal rational.
+
+And that will tell you
+restrictions on a.
+
+Let me introduce this
+by example.
+
+And I'll warn you that
+I'm going to try to
+
+fool you for a while.
+
+Let's just take a rate
+1/1 encoder.
+
+This may seem a little peculiar
+to you, because it
+
+has no redundancy, one
+input, one output.
+
+And I'm going to let g of
+D just be 1 plus d.
+
+So what do I mean?
+
+I'm going to try to get some
+mileage out of this encoder.
+
+Here's u of D. Here's y of D,
+equals 1 plus d times u of D.
+
+Now let's draw the state diagram
+for this encoder.
+
+It's only got two states.
+
+One is 0.
+
+If we get a 0 in, we of
+course put a 0 out.
+
+We get 0, 0.
+
+Or we could get a 1 in.
+
+In which case, we would
+get a 1 out.
+
+Sorry, that was just
+a single output.
+
+And go to 1.
+
+If we're in the 1 state,
+and we get a 0 in,
+
+then we get a 1 out.
+
+Whereas if we get a 1 in, then
+they're both 0, and we get the
+
+complement.
+
+So with the 1, we get a 0 out.
+
+So that's the state transition
+diagram of this encoder.
+
+Now, let's go through a similar
+kind of argument to
+
+what we went through to find
+the minimum distance was 5.
+
+This is a linear system, so we
+want to find the minimum
+
+non-zero weight of
+any code word.
+
+And here's my argument.
+
+There's a gold star to the first
+person who punches a
+
+hole in it.
+
+Any code word, you have to
+start in the 0 state, so
+
+you're always going to get at
+least one unit of distance
+
+when you go to the 1 state.
+
+You can stay out here as long
+as you like, but eventually
+
+you have to come back
+to the 0 state.
+
+And at that point, you're
+going to get
+
+another unit of distance.
+
+So I claim the minimum
+non-zero weight is 2.
+
+Is that correct?
+
+Let me try to create
+some doubt.
+
+What is the code here?
+
+The code is the set of all
+multiples of 1 plus d times u
+
+of D, where u of D is a formal
+Laurent sequence.
+
+What is that?
+
+I can write this briefly as
+just the set of all formal
+
+Laurent sequences
+times 1 plus d.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+1 minus d minus d squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+That's correct.
+
+That's what's wrong
+with my claim.
+
+Let me detour around here.
+
+Let me get an answer
+to this question.
+
+What is the code in this case?
+
+It's the set of all possible
+sequences you can get by
+
+multiplying 1 plus d times the
+formal Laurent sequence.
+
+What is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's just
+the set of all
+
+formal Laurent sequences.
+
+Certainly for every formal
+Laurent sequence, I can get
+
+such a sequence this way.
+
+In particular, the
+code includes 1.
+
+What do I need as an input to
+get the output sequence 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: String of 1's.
+
+PROFESSOR: String
+of 1's, right.
+
+So an example, if u of D is
+equal to 1/1 plus d, which is
+
+a string of 1's, then y of D is
+equal to 1 plus d times u
+
+of D, which is 1.
+
+1 plus d has an inverse,
+and this is it.
+
+So now we're coming back to
+Mr. Aggarwal's point.
+
+Suppose we put in u of D equals
+this sequence, all 0's
+
+before times 0, all
+1's after time 0.
+
+Then where will we go?
+
+We'll go 1, and then
+we'll just stay
+
+in this 0 loop forever.
+
+Anything wrong with that?
+
+Is that a code word?
+
+That is a code word, the way
+we've defined the code.
+
+If we had defined the code so
+that the u of D were only
+
+finite input sequences, then
+this claim would be correct.
+
+For any finite input sequence,
+we eventually have to come
+
+back to the 0 state.
+
+So this is true for finite
+inputs, not true
+
+for infinite inputs.
+
+So this is wrong.
+
+The fact is d3 equals 1.
+
+The minimum weight of
+this code is 1.
+
+But you see this is, first
+of all, it's a confusing
+
+situation for analytical
+purposes.
+
+Let me further indicate why
+it might be bad to have an
+
+encoder like this in general.
+
+The key catastrophicity, in
+general, will be defined as
+
+there are finite outputs
+generated by
+
+infinite inputs, as above.
+
+Or equivalently, there
+are 0 loops in the
+
+state transition diagram.
+
+So by choosing a proper input,
+you can just keep driving
+
+around a 0 loop forever.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the output is becoming finite,
+so it's actually --
+
+I'm just commenting on the
+whole catastrophicity.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well, I want
+to next tell you where
+
+catastrophicity comes from.
+
+The opposite of this property
+is non-catastrophicity.
+
+What we want is non-catastrophic
+encoders.
+
+We want encoders where, to get
+a finite output, you get a
+
+finite output only from
+finite inputs.
+
+That's better analytically and
+it's better in practice.
+
+Here, let me draw you the
+practical argument.
+
+We have, for this particular
+case, u of D comes in, gets
+
+multiplied by 1 plus d.
+
+That gives us y of D, which --
+
+let me just abbreviate it.
+
+We transmit that
+over a channel,
+
+and we get our decoder.
+
+Actually, decoder doesn't have
+much to do here, because all
+
+possible sequences are allowed
+at the output.
+
+So if this were a binary
+symmetric channel, the best
+
+the decoder could do would just
+be to put out whatever it
+
+sees as its guess, y-hat
+of D. So this
+
+is the decoder estimate.
+
+So in any case, this
+can differ by
+
+code words from that.
+
+All possible code words
+are possible.
+
+And given y-hat of D, to get
+back to u of D, what do we
+
+have to do?
+
+We have to divide by 1/1
+plus d, in effect,
+
+to invert this equation.
+
+For y of D is equal to 1 plus d
+times u of D, then the u of
+
+D that corresponds to a
+particular decoded code
+
+sequence, y-hat of D, we get
+by dividing by this.
+
+But this is infinite sequence.
+
+Suppose this makes
+just one error.
+
+It's possible for this to
+transmit all 0's, and for this
+
+to make just one error.
+
+That's a code word.
+
+That's a legitimate
+code sequence.
+
+So it's something the decoder
+might come up with.
+
+If it does that, then what's
+this going to look like?
+
+This is going to look like an
+infinite number of 1's,
+
+because this is the infinite
+input that causes this code
+
+sequence with a finite
+number of outputs.
+
+So it's precisely this
+condition, whenever we make an
+
+error that corresponds to a
+finite output sequence, and we
+
+translate it back to the encoder
+input, that's an
+
+infinite encoder input.
+
+There's a one-to-one
+correspondence between inputs
+
+and outputs.
+
+So it's got to happen whenever
+we make that type of error.
+
+And this is called catastrophic
+error
+
+propagation.
+
+The decoder hasn't done
+anything bad.
+
+It made one error, as it's going
+to do once in a while.
+
+But the consequences
+are catastrophic.
+
+We make an infinite number of
+errors in the bits that we
+
+actually deliver to the user.
+
+Now, of course, what's really
+going to happen is that
+
+sometime later the decoder
+is going to make
+
+another little error.
+
+And at that point, this will
+switch state again.
+
+So that will terminate the error
+burst when the decoder
+
+makes another error.
+
+But this is completely random.
+
+It may take a long time
+for this to happen,
+
+and it's not good.
+
+So for practical reasons, we
+don't want catastrophicity.
+
+I was going to give you another
+example, but in the
+
+interest of time, I'll
+just write it down.
+
+Here's another catastrophic
+example.
+
+Let me just do a rate 1/2
+encoder so it looks more
+
+reasonable.
+
+And we'll make it look
+very much like the
+
+encoders we've had.
+
+Our first example looks
+something like this.
+
+1 plus d squared.
+
+I'll say 1 plus d.
+
+So it's a feet-forward
+encoder.
+
+It looks perfectly reasonable.
+
+The top channel is impulse
+response, 1 plus d squared.
+
+The second output has impulse
+response, 1 plus d.
+
+If you look at the minimum
+weight for all finite
+
+sequences, it's 4, not quite
+as good as the other
+
+one which had 5.
+
+But is this catastrophic?
+
+Yes?
+
+Who said yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+So the same observation, if u
+of D is equal to 1/1 plus d,
+
+which is, again, this infinite
+sequence, then the output, y
+
+of D equals u of D, g
+of D, is equal to --
+
+1 plus d divides both of these,
+so we get 1 plus d1.
+
+We get a finite output
+sequence.
+
+You saw that immediately,
+because we know that
+
+polynomials are divisible by 1
+plus d if and only if they
+
+have an even number
+of non-zero terms.
+
+So that's a more elaborate
+example of where we can get
+
+catastrophic behavior.
+
+So what should we do here?
+
+Clearly, we should divide out
+the common factor from here.
+
+We can do that.
+
+If all of these polynomials
+have a common factor, we
+
+should divide it out.
+
+And we know that the code
+generated by -- if this is g
+
+of D, we're going to say g prime
+of D is equal to 1/1
+
+plus d times 1 plus d
+squared, 1 plus d.
+
+And that is -- we've already
+calculated --
+
+1 plus d1.
+
+So by doing that, first of
+all, we got rid of the
+
+catastrophicity.
+
+Second of all, again,
+we reduced nu.
+
+So this is clearly a very
+good thing to do.
+
+So more generally, going back
+here, if all n of D have any
+
+common factor --
+
+in other words, let's call --
+
+I've used d, so what'll I use?
+
+b of D equals the greatest
+common divisor of all of the n
+
+of D, 1 plus --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Who --
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think
+it could be 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: You're, once again,
+30 seconds ahead of me.
+
+So yes, that's what
+I'm going to say.
+
+If they all have a common
+factor, then they have a GCD
+
+that is not equal to 1.
+
+That's if and only if.
+
+So we're going to transform n
+of D to 1 over b of D. We're
+
+going to divide out the common
+factor, n of D. That will be
+
+our n prime.
+
+And now what have we achieved?
+
+We've achieved that there is
+no common factor of these n
+
+prime of D. So no common factor,
+which does turn out.
+
+So that will mean it's
+non-catastrophic, and,
+
+furthermore, will reduce nu by
+whatever the degree of this
+
+common factor was, degree
+of b of D. Let me
+
+write degree of GCD.
+
+We want them to have
+no common factor.
+
+We want the greatest common
+divisor to be 1.
+
+Another way of saying this is
+we want the ni of d to be
+
+relatively prime, the nj of
+d to be relatively prime.
+
+And if that's true, then
+can we prove that it's
+
+non-catastrophic, that if we
+have a finite output, that it
+
+must've been generated
+by a finite input?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, because u of D
+times n_i of D would have to
+
+be a polynomial to be
+catastrophic, and to get a
+
+polynomial.
+
+And u of D is rational.
+
+It has something in
+the denominator,
+
+because u of D is infinite.
+
+That denominator should
+then get cancelled
+
+out to one of these.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you have the
+argument in your head.
+
+Let me leave that as an exercise
+for the student,
+
+since at least a couple
+of you see it.
+
+The only way that you can get
+this behavior, if you have an
+
+infinite input which has in
+its denominator a common
+
+factor of all the n's.
+
+So if the n's have
+no common factor,
+
+then this can't happen.
+
+That's the outline
+of the argument.
+
+So what's our conclusion now?
+
+Since we have multiple encoders
+that generate the
+
+same code, we'd like to get the
+nicest one, in some sense,
+
+as our canonical encoder
+for a given code.
+
+So we have a given code.
+
+We can specify it by any causal
+
+rational transfer function.
+
+But then, having done that, we
+should clean this generator
+
+n-tuple up.
+
+We should multiply out by the
+least common multiple of all
+
+the divisors to make it
+polynomial, feedback-free,
+
+possibly reduce nu.
+
+And then we should check the
+numerators and see if they
+
+have any common factor, which
+could be d or it could be any
+
+polynomial.
+
+And whatever it is, we should
+divide that out.
+
+And that will certainly
+reduce nu.
+
+So at the end of the day, we
+have a canonical encoder,
+
+which is equal to
+g of D times --
+
+we want to multiply by the least
+common multiple of the
+
+denominators.
+
+We want to divide by the
+greatest common divisor of the
+
+numerators.
+
+And this will be some n prime
+of D, which will be
+
+polynomial.
+
+It will be delay-free.
+
+That means it doesn't have
+d as a common factor.
+
+It will be non-catastrophic.
+
+That means it doesn't
+have anything
+
+else as a common factor.
+
+And it will have minimal nu,
+for any encoder that can
+
+generate that same code.
+
+I haven't quite proved all those
+properties, but I think
+
+we're well along the way.
+
+So this is really --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+There should be at
+least n1 and n2.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, if we have a
+rate 1/1 code, we just have
+
+one of them, then what's the
+greatest common divisor?
+
+Suppose it's n of D over d of D.
+The greatest common divisor
+
+is n of D. The least common
+multiple is d of D. We get 1.
+
+So going through this exercise
+for any rate 1/1 code, we'll
+
+find that the canonical
+encoder is 1.
+
+And that is clearly what we want
+for a rate 1/1 encoder,
+
+because a rate 1/1 is always
+going to have an out.
+
+The code is just going to be the
+universe code of all the
+
+possible formal Laurent
+sequences.
+
+So we get down to the right
+encoder for that code, not
+
+some stupid encoder.
+
+And in a similar way, going
+through this process, we come
+
+up with the right encoder.
+
+Is this process unique?
+
+Is there only one encoder
+we could come up with?
+
+Think about it a little, and
+you could convince yourself
+
+there's only encoder that you
+can get from doing this.
+
+This is over F2.
+
+Over a larger field, it's unique
+up to units again, up
+
+to a non-zero scalar multiple,
+which of course you can define
+
+to be 1 and somehow
+make this unique.
+
+So it's basically a unique
+canonical encoder that has all
+
+of these properties.
+
+You get it in this way.
+
+So this is what we're
+always going to use.
+
+For instance, for our original
+encoder, 1 plus --
+
+what was it? --
+
+1 plus d squared, 1 plus
+d plus d squared.
+
+Is that already in
+canonical form?
+
+This is irreducible.
+
+This is divisible by 1 plus D,
+so these are relatively prime.
+
+It's feed-forward.
+
+It doesn't have any denominator
+terms, and it's
+
+delay-free.
+
+So it satisfies all of these,
+and clearly you can't
+
+manipulate it.
+
+The only ways you're allowed
+to manipulate it are by
+
+multiplying by a of D over b of
+D. And it's clear that if
+
+you have a non-trivial numerator
+or denominator, the
+
+numerator will make it
+catastrophic, the denominator
+
+will make it to have feedback.
+
+Now, as I was saying,
+there's really
+
+nothing wrong with feedback.
+
+And so some people prefer --
+
+the one thing that this doesn't
+have, in general, is
+
+it's not systematic.
+
+That means the input stream is
+not one of the output streams.
+
+So given a canonical encoder
+like this, can we always make
+
+it systematic?
+
+Yeah, we just divide by any
+of these polynomials.
+
+So here's an equivalent
+systematic encoder.
+
+For instance, if we divide
+both of these by 1 plus D
+
+squared, we get 1 plus
+D plus D squared,
+
+over 1 plus d squared.
+
+This now is not polynomial.
+
+It is delay-free.
+
+It's non-catastrophic.
+
+There's no 1 over something that
+we can put in to get a
+
+finite thing out.
+
+It turns out it's still
+minimal nu.
+
+We know how to realize this with
+two memory elements now.
+
+And in general, if you're
+not going to introduce a
+
+denominator term that has a
+greater degree than the
+
+maximum degree of the numerator
+terms, so it's still
+
+realizable with minimal nu.
+
+And so now it's systematic,
+but now it's not
+
+feedback-free.
+
+So I consider this one
+certainly the nicest.
+
+The canonical feedback-free
+encoder is the nicest one for
+
+analytical purposes, for
+instance, for trying to find
+
+minumum-weight finite
+code words.
+
+Because of the finite property,
+if we're looking for
+
+the non-catastrophic property,
+if we're looking for
+
+minimum-weight code words,
+we only have to
+
+look at finite inputs.
+
+We can now use the kind of
+analysis method that we use
+
+that says you always have to
+come back to the 0 state,
+
+because only finite inputs can
+produce finite outputs here.
+
+This also has that property.
+
+And people tended not to use
+these for a long time, but it
+
+was founded that in turbo codes,
+you want to have this,
+
+one of the generators
+be infinite.
+
+And it was also nice to have one
+of them be systematic, so
+
+that led to a revival of
+interest in systematic
+
+convolutional encoders.
+
+And this, again, it's
+a unique form.
+
+If you say the first one has to
+be the systematic one, then
+
+there's a unique equivalent
+systematic encoder that
+
+generates any code.
+
+So it's in alternative
+canonical form.
+
+Take your pick.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's systematic?
+
+PROFESSOR: What's systematic?
+
+Systematic means that the input
+that's appear unchanged
+
+as a subset of the
+output bits.
+
+For convolutional codes, it
+means that one of the output
+
+sequences, if you have a rate
+1/n encoder, one of the output
+
+sequences is simply equal
+to the input sequence.
+
+In other words, one
+of the transfer
+
+functions is equal to 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, very good.
+
+Excellent comment.
+
+Because now, if you have a
+finite output sequence, in
+
+particular you can just read
+off the input sequence, the
+
+information sequence, from this
+first term, and if the
+
+whole thing was finite,
+it's finite.
+
+So systematic directly ensures
+non-catastrophicity.
+
+Excellent, excellent comment.
+
+Which you might try to prove
+by the more elaborate
+
+techniques that we had.
+
+So that gets us pretty much
+through the algebra that I
+
+wanted to do.
+
+Now I want to --
+
+OK, good.
+
+Now let's go more to the
+finite state picture.
+
+And our objective here is mostly
+going to be to get to
+
+Viterbi decoding algorithm.
+
+But along the way, we'll see
+that we can use something like
+
+the Viterbi algorithm to compute
+minimum distances,
+
+too, once we have a finite state
+picture to the code.
+
+Again, take our example one,
+where g of D is 1 plus D
+
+squared, 1 plus D
+plus D squared.
+
+We have a state transition
+diagram,
+
+which looks like this.
+
+And I won't bother
+to label it.
+
+And that's a complete
+description of the encoder
+
+operation, if I put labels of
+inputs and outputs on all
+
+these states.
+
+So 0 slash 0,0, so forth,
+1 slash 1, 1.
+
+Just to draw the impulse
+response, 0, 0, 1,
+
+and 0 slash 1, 1.
+
+There's the basic impulse
+response going
+
+around, like that.
+
+Trellis diagram is
+a very redundant
+
+picture of the same thing.
+
+We can start out in the
+0 state that we like.
+
+Let's say we start off in the 0
+state at some time k, as we
+
+always are.
+
+We just don't know what k is.
+
+Then let's spread the
+state transition
+
+diagram out in time.
+
+Let's draw all the states
+again at time k plus 1.
+
+Actually, there are only
+two it can get to,
+
+at time k plus 1.
+
+So we can either stay in this
+state or we can go down here
+
+to this state, at the
+next unit of time.
+
+I'm just going to keep drawing
+all of the possible state
+
+trajectories or paths.
+
+At time 2, I can reach
+all possible states.
+
+0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1.
+
+Here again, I already
+know what these are.
+
+From here, I can
+get 1, 0, 2, 0.
+
+It goes with a 0, 1 out.
+
+So 1 goes with a 1, 0.
+
+And k plus 3, I now have all
+possible transitions.
+
+It's going to look like this.
+
+Where can I go from 0, 1?
+
+I can go back to here, or
+I could go to here.
+
+And I could label these.
+
+I should label these.
+
+But I won't.
+
+Here, I can go to these two.
+
+There are eight possible
+state transitions.
+
+k plus 4.
+
+It's completely repetitive,
+since it's a
+
+time-invariant system.
+
+I just keep going like this.
+
+And why have I gone to
+all this trouble?
+
+This clearly contains the same
+information as this diagram,
+
+but it's just spread
+out in time.
+
+The basic reason for doing it is
+that now there is a unique
+
+trellis path corresponding to
+every code word that can start
+
+at time k or later.
+
+So for instance, if I just have
+an impulse at time k and
+
+nothing else, then the unique
+trellis path is this.
+
+It starts at 0, goes through
+two non-zero states, comes
+
+back to 0, 0, and then stays
+in 0, 0 forever more.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I've just taken an
+arbitrary starting time, k.
+
+After a while, I'll
+just look at it --
+
+well, it's entrained.
+
+This is kind of the steady state
+version of the trellis.
+
+I've included a little
+starting part here.
+
+And if I terminated the trellis,
+then I would also
+
+have an ending time.
+
+We'll talk about that.
+
+So at this point, I just want
+you to see what the trellis
+
+diagram is.
+
+It's basically just an unrolling
+of the state
+
+transition diagram
+out in time.
+
+And it allows me
+to associate --
+
+there's a one-to-one
+correspondence now between
+
+code words that start at time k
+or later, and trellis paths.
+
+So every one corresponds
+to a unique, distinct
+
+path through the code.
+
+That's what we're going
+to use in decoding.
+
+Each of these paths represents
+one possible decision that the
+
+decoder could do about what
+was actually set.
+
+The decoder is actually going
+to try to find the best of
+
+these paths, in some sense, the
+one that's closest to the
+
+received sequence, in the
+Hamming distance or Euclidean
+
+distance, or likelihood sense.
+
+Let's pause for a second, and
+see how this could be used to
+
+compute the minimum distance
+of the code.
+
+Let's assume that I have a
+non-catastrophic encoder.
+
+Then I know the finite sequences
+are going to be
+
+those that start in the 0
+state, go through some
+
+trajectory through the state
+transition diagram, and then
+
+ultimately come back
+to the 0 state.
+
+If I have canonical encoder,
+I agreed what I'm
+
+going to use now.
+
+So one way of computing the
+minimum distance would just be
+
+to perform a search through
+here, and try to find the
+
+minimum detour, the minimum
+weight detour that starts in
+
+the 0 state, eventually gets
+back to the 0 state.
+
+It accumulates Hamming distance
+along the way.
+
+And that is the Hamming
+distance of
+
+some valid code sequence.
+
+So here, it's not very tough.
+
+And I've already gone
+through an argument.
+
+If you didn't know, you'd
+say, OK, here's the
+
+first one to look at.
+
+This is the only one that gets
+back in three time units.
+
+Let's look for the finite path
+that gets back to the 0 state
+
+in four time units.
+
+Again, there's only
+one of them.
+
+It looks like that, and it turns
+out it has weight 6.
+
+So this is, again, it always
+ends up with a 1:1 when it
+
+merges back in here.
+
+And this, I think, is 0, 1
+or something like that.
+
+The only 0, 0 path in
+here is this one.
+
+But you can easily see the 0,
+0 path doesn't form a loop.
+
+You can't proceed down
+0, 0 forever.
+
+So I go through here, and I've
+already got four units of
+
+distance up to here.
+
+In fact, I need to follow.
+
+Next time I explore out here,
+1, 1, 0, I've already got up
+
+to four units of distance.
+
+Now I know I'm always going
+to have two at the end.
+
+So any time I get to four
+or more, I can stop.
+
+And by that argument, I'm
+already done when
+
+I get to this one.
+
+Or if I didn't want to use
+that, I'd just explore --
+
+I already know that there's one
+of weight 5, the impulse
+
+response, so I'd explore all
+the possibilities out until
+
+they accumulated at least weight
+5, and assure myself
+
+that there was no way of getting
+back here with weight
+
+less than 5.
+
+And that would be a very
+systematic way of evaluating
+
+the minimum distance
+to the code.
+
+You can see you could do that
+for any generators.
+
+You with me?
+
+Just explore this little graph,
+picking up weight as
+
+you go along.
+
+That's basically the way the
+Viterbi algorithm goes as
+
+well, except what we do is we
+have some received pair at
+
+time k, r1 k, r2 k, r1 k
+plus 1, r2 k plus 1.
+
+We get two received symbols at
+every time, whatever channel
+
+we're going over.
+
+Assuming that the channel is
+memory-less, I get a some kind
+
+of distance or weight or
+likelihood weight at each
+
+time, and maximum likelihood
+sequence decoding amounts to
+
+finding the sequence that's
+closest, the code sequence
+
+that's closest in Hamming
+distance or Euclidean distance
+
+or likelihood distance to the
+transmitted sequence.
+
+So I can simply put a metric
+on each of these branches
+
+corresponding to
+what this was.
+
+Now, if it was a binary
+symmetric channel and I
+
+received 0, 0, then I'd have
+0 weight here, but weight 2
+
+here, in terms of Hamming
+distance from
+
+the received sequence.
+
+And similarly, as I go along,
+I'd have another set of
+
+metrics here.
+
+If I received 1, 1, then this
+one would have weight 2, this
+
+one would be good, no distance
+from the received sequence.
+
+Each of these would have
+distance 1 from
+
+the received sequence.
+
+So I get some kind of cost
+for every path in here.
+
+And then the decoding algorithm
+is simply a matter
+
+of finding the minimum
+cost path.
+
+You could all do that.
+
+We just had a celebration for
+Andy Viterbi out in USC, where
+
+he's given them $50 million, so
+they were very happy, and
+
+had a great celebration.
+
+And the thing he's best known
+for is the Viterbi algorithm.
+
+But what everybody knows is
+that, once you reduce the
+
+problem to this point, anybody
+could have come up with the
+
+Viterbi algorithm.
+
+The Viterbi algorithm is just a
+systematic way for trying to
+
+find the lowest-cost path as
+you go through a trellis.
+
+And if you know dynamic
+programming and it's obvious
+
+how to do it, or even if you
+don't, the next idea --
+
+do we have a minute?
+
+There's only one idea in the
+Viterbi algorithm, which is,
+
+when you get to this point,
+you can already make a
+
+decision about what the best
+path is to get to each of
+
+these states.
+
+If the closest path over the
+first three intervals is this
+
+one, not this one, say, then you
+can forget about this path
+
+because it's never going to be
+the first part of the ultimate
+
+closest path, because we're
+simply adding up independent
+
+cost, independent increments.
+
+So you can make a subdecision at
+each of these states, what
+
+the best path is up to that
+state, the closest path.
+
+And you only need to
+remember that.
+
+That's called a survivor.
+
+And this was basically, Viterbi
+was the first one to
+
+put down this algorithm
+with the survivor.
+
+You can make interim
+decisions.
+
+You can only keep
+the survivor.
+
+Then all you have to do is
+extend the survivor's one unit
+
+of time out here.
+
+Again, you have to add
+the new metric.
+
+You have to compare
+the metrics to see
+
+which one is better.
+
+You select the survivor, and
+once again, you've only got
+
+four survivors going forward.
+
+So you get an iterative
+recursive algorithm that just
+
+proceeds forward one unit of
+time at a time, and keeps
+
+finding the four best survivors,
+or in general, the
+
+2 to the nu best survivors at
+time k plus 3, k plus 4, k
+
+plus 5, ad infinitum.
+
+And that's the Viterbi
+algorithm.
+
+So once you've drawn this
+trellis picture, it's very
+
+clear how you should decode, and
+you get a very sufficient
+
+decoding algorithm.
+
+We'll come back next time.
+
+I'll do that a little
+bit more carefully.
+
+I'll talk about terminated
+codes.
+
+I'll talk about how it works
+when the code isn't
+
+terminated, and I'll talk about
+performance analysis.
+
+But we're actually pretty close
+to the end of chapter
+
+nine at this point.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I3PTLd7aO24.txt b/I3PTLd7aO24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca5e33aba833ac86c9c2090c1991b58283738419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I3PTLd7aO24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+um sort of pick up where we were on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of pick up where we were on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of pick up where we were on the
+most recent uh classes so in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent uh classes so in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent uh classes so in the last
+few class sessions we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few class sessions we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few class sessions we were looking at
+some changes in high energy particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes in high energy particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes in high energy particle
+theory uh in uh with the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh in uh with the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh in uh with the developer
+things like Quantum chromodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Quantum chromodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Quantum chromodynamics and
+so on and ways to try to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and ways to try to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and ways to try to make sense of
+very high energy interactions among uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy interactions among uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy interactions among uh
+Elementary particles or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles or at least
+particles in smaller than an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in smaller than an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in smaller than an atom and
+then in our most recent class session we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in our most recent class session we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in our most recent class session we
+looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+some of the um kind of shifts within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the um kind of shifts within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the um kind of shifts within the
+fields of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of study
+um including the emergence of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um including the emergence of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um including the emergence of this of
+this relatively new subfield called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively new subfield called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively new subfield called
+particle cosmology which really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cosmology which really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cosmology which really kind of
+came together in the mid starting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together in the mid starting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together in the mid starting in the
+mid 1970s partly because of some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1970s partly because of some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1970s partly because of some really
+exciting new ideas but also as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting new ideas but also as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting new ideas but also as we've
+looked at in some detail because of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in some detail because of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in some detail because of uh
+some broader kind of institutional even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some broader kind of institutional even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some broader kind of institutional even
+even geopolitical shifts uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even geopolitical shifts uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even geopolitical shifts uh in the
+physics profession that really helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics profession that really helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics profession that really helped
+some of these new ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these new ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these new ideas
+um kind of take hold in a way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of take hold in a way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of take hold in a way that they
+might not have uh in other times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have uh in other times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have uh in other times or
+places so today we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so today we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so today we're going to focus on
+a kind of example of that new subfield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of example of that new subfield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of example of that new subfield a
+relatively new subfield uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new subfield uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new subfield uh that's
+um known as as inflationary cosmology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um known as as inflationary cosmology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um known as as inflationary cosmology or
+simply Cosmic inflation so to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply Cosmic inflation so to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply Cosmic inflation so to make sense
+of that we're going to first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we're going to first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we're going to first look at
+some of the work uh to in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work uh to in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work uh to in in uh
+cosmology before this kind of merger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology before this kind of merger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology before this kind of merger of
+fields before uh particle cosmology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields before uh particle cosmology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields before uh particle cosmology
+really kind of came in into its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of came in into its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of came in into its own
+and then we'll look at um so we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll look at um so we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll look at um so we'll look
+at the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the the the
+uh coalescence of what can be called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coalescence of what can be called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coalescence of what can be called The
+Big Bang model still uh enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang model still uh enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang model still uh enormously
+successful framework for trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful framework for trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful framework for trying to make
+sense of very large scale changes in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of very large scale changes in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of very large scale changes in our
+universe over a long sweep of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe over a long sweep of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe over a long sweep of time and
+then we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see that
+already by the 1970s uh and 80s there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by the 1970s uh and 80s there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by the 1970s uh and 80s there
+were some kind of Curiosities or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some kind of Curiosities or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some kind of Curiosities or or
+maybe inconsistencies with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe inconsistencies with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe inconsistencies with that
+otherwise quite successful model and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise quite successful model and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise quite successful model and so
+people began thinking about shortcomings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began thinking about shortcomings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began thinking about shortcomings
+of the Big Bang model around the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Big Bang model around the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Big Bang model around the time
+that this new subfield of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this new subfield of particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this new subfield of particle
+cosmology began kind of uh to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology began kind of uh to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology began kind of uh to come
+together and then we'll see how Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we'll see how Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we'll see how Cosmic
+inflation emerged from that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation emerged from that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation emerged from that particular
+moment to try to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to try to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to try to address
+um some of the shortcomings while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the shortcomings while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the shortcomings while
+retaining some of the successes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining some of the successes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining some of the successes so
+there's a framework for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a framework for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a framework for trying to
+understand the the kind of uh evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the kind of uh evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the kind of uh evolution
+of our universe over a huge expanse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our universe over a huge expanse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our universe over a huge expanse of
+time increasingly using tools at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time increasingly using tools at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time increasingly using tools at the
+interface not just of Einstein's general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface not just of Einstein's general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface not just of Einstein's general
+theory of relativity but also ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity but also ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity but also ideas
+about particle physics and high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about particle physics and high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about particle physics and high energy
+phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+so that's raining today and the Asterix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's raining today and the Asterix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's raining today and the Asterix
+started to remind you there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to remind you there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to remind you there's a set of
+strictly optional lecture notes uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly optional lecture notes uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly optional lecture notes uh on
+the canvas site which go into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas site which go into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canvas site which go into a little
+bit more detail of some of these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail of some of these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail of some of these parts
+from the lecture uh again strictly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lecture uh again strictly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lecture uh again strictly for
+your own interest as your interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own interest as your interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own interest as your interest in
+time allows but if some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time allows but if some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time allows but if some of these things
+go by kind of quickly there's some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by kind of quickly there's some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by kind of quickly there's some more
+material there and again I'd be glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there and again I'd be glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there and again I'd be glad to
+chat more about this if questions come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat more about this if questions come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat more about this if questions come
+up beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up beyond that
+okay so oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oftentimes
+astronomers uh will describe the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers uh will describe the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers uh will describe the feature
+the sort of most Salient features of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of most Salient features of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of most Salient features of our
+universe in terms of what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in terms of what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in terms of what they call
+large scale structure it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale structure it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale structure it's really quite
+remarkable and this has been uh emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and this has been uh emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and this has been uh emerged
+this picture's been emerging really over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture's been emerging really over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture's been emerging really over
+a century for for a hundred years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century for for a hundred years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century for for a hundred years or
+even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+that when astronomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when astronomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when astronomers
+turn their telescopes to Sky and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn their telescopes to Sky and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn their telescopes to Sky and look at
+many different length scales many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different length scales many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different length scales many
+different characteristic lengths either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characteristic lengths either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characteristic lengths either
+um very very very large length scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very very very large length scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very very very large length scales
+this is a modern example from the Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a modern example from the Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a modern example from the Hubble
+Deep Fields the Hubble telescope Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep Fields the Hubble telescope Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep Fields the Hubble telescope Deep
+Field survey where you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field survey where you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field survey where you can look at
+clusters and even super clusters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and even super clusters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and even super clusters of
+galaxies on enormous scales tens or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies on enormous scales tens or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies on enormous scales tens or even
+um thousands of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thousands of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thousands of uh
+uh let's see I want to get my units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see I want to get my units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see I want to get my units
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+basically billions of light years across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically billions of light years across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically billions of light years across
+it's a huge scale or we can zoom in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge scale or we can zoom in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge scale or we can zoom in to
+the size of single galaxies like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of single galaxies like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of single galaxies like the
+Andromeda galaxy Oro and Milky Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andromeda galaxy Oro and Milky Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andromeda galaxy Oro and Milky Way
+galaxy or if we zoom in even closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy or if we zoom in even closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy or if we zoom in even closer to
+home with the solar system or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home with the solar system or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home with the solar system or even
+really in human terms there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in human terms there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in human terms there are
+concentrations of enormous matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of enormous matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of enormous matter and
+energy and activity separated by huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and activity separated by huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and activity separated by huge
+voids I like to make the joke with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids I like to make the joke with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids I like to make the joke with my
+apologies to Tiffany that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies to Tiffany that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies to Tiffany that in the
+Cambridge example we have all the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge example we have all the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge example we have all the stuff
+happening like by this data center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening like by this data center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening like by this data center
+whereas there's nothing at all happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas there's nothing at all happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas there's nothing at all happening
+at Harvard is that right Tiffany just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard is that right Tiffany just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard is that right Tiffany just a
+simple nod yes or no yeah okay sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple nod yes or no yeah okay sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple nod yes or no yeah okay sorry
+Tiffany I'm teasing the point is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiffany I'm teasing the point is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiffany I'm teasing the point is on
+scales from like you know kilometers out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales from like you know kilometers out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales from like you know kilometers out
+to billions of light years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to billions of light years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to billions of light years and
+everything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between
+we find this kind of lumpiness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find this kind of lumpiness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find this kind of lumpiness that
+there's a pattern to it matter is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern to it matter is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern to it matter is not
+uniformly smushed out in space thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly smushed out in space thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly smushed out in space thank
+goodness right there's actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness right there's actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness right there's actually sort of
+taming pockets of activities separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taming pockets of activities separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taming pockets of activities separated
+by large uh voids uh uh where where very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by large uh voids uh uh where where very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by large uh voids uh uh where where very
+little matter or energy is uh is located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little matter or energy is uh is located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little matter or energy is uh is located
+and so one of the questions is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the questions is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the questions is what
+could account for that structure across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could account for that structure across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could account for that structure across
+these scales from meters or kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scales from meters or kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scales from meters or kilometers
+up to tens of billions of light years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to tens of billions of light years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to tens of billions of light years
+it turns out that ordinary gravity even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that ordinary gravity even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that ordinary gravity even
+Newtonian gravity let alone Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian gravity let alone Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian gravity let alone Einstein's
+fancier version that we looked at uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier version that we looked at uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier version that we looked at uh in
+class general theory of relativity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class general theory of relativity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class general theory of relativity that
+these gravitational Frameworks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gravitational Frameworks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gravitational Frameworks are
+sufficient to help us make sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to help us make sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to help us make sense of this
+kind of uh hierarchy of scales of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh hierarchy of scales of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh hierarchy of scales of
+structure across large distance scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we assume to start there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume to start there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume to start there's some
+initial very tiny lumpiness to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial very tiny lumpiness to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial very tiny lumpiness to begin
+with if we assume some very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if we assume some very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if we assume some very tiny
+inhomogeneity a little bit of unevenness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneity a little bit of unevenness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneity a little bit of unevenness
+in the distribution of matter and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distribution of matter and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distribution of matter and energy
+at Early times then gravity will do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Early times then gravity will do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Early times then gravity will do the
+rest gravity will make those regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest gravity will make those regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest gravity will make those regions
+that happen have slightly more matter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen have slightly more matter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen have slightly more matter or
+energy per unit volume than average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per unit volume than average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per unit volume than average the
+gravitational force will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force will then
+attract more and more matter and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract more and more matter and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract more and more matter and energy
+to those local regions will become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those local regions will become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those local regions will become more
+and more dense more sort of pockets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more dense more sort of pockets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more dense more sort of pockets of
+activity and meanwhile the the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and meanwhile the the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and meanwhile the the areas
+that happen to start out with slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to start out with slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to start out with slightly
+less than average matter and energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than average matter and energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than average matter and energy per
+volume slightly under dense regions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume slightly under dense regions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume slightly under dense regions will
+become more and more further evacuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more further evacuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more further evacuated
+and so you can you can account for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can account for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can account for even
+in much more quantitative Precision much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much more quantitative Precision much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much more quantitative Precision much
+more detailed we can account for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed we can account for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed we can account for this
+array of structure from human size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of structure from human size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of structure from human size
+scales out to the super Galactic using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales out to the super Galactic using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales out to the super Galactic using
+really only gravity as long as we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only gravity as long as we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only gravity as long as we start
+with with some initial otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with some initial otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with some initial otherwise
+unaccounted for lumpiness a tiny amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccounted for lumpiness a tiny amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccounted for lumpiness a tiny amount
+of unevenness in the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unevenness in the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unevenness in the distribution of
+matter and energy will grow more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy will grow more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy will grow more and
+more uneven over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uneven over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uneven over time
+so a challenge for astronomers for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a challenge for astronomers for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a challenge for astronomers for a
+century or so has been to try to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century or so has been to try to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century or so has been to try to sort of
+make that account more precise and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that account more precise and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that account more precise and more
+quantitative and compare with more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative and compare with more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative and compare with more and
+more kinds of observations and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinds of observations and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinds of observations and there
+have been two main conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been two main conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been two main conceptual
+ingredients especially as we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients especially as we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients especially as we'll come to
+in the more recent versions of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more recent versions of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more recent versions of this in
+the era of particle cosmology one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the era of particle cosmology one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the era of particle cosmology one of the
+sets of tools the conceptual ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of tools the conceptual ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of tools the conceptual ingredients
+not surprisingly is some theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly is some theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly is some theory of
+gravity and and uh since the early years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and and uh since the early years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and and uh since the early years
+of the 20th century as we've seen many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century as we've seen many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century as we've seen many
+times in this class the framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class the framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class the framework of
+choice has been Einstein's general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice has been Einstein's general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice has been Einstein's general
+theory of relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity
+which as we've seen describes uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we've seen describes uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we've seen describes uh the
+phenomena that we associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that we associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that we associate with
+gravitation as really being nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation as really being nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation as really being nothing but
+geometry being local deformations local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry being local deformations local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry being local deformations local
+curvature in this almost physical type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature in this almost physical type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature in this almost physical type
+fabric of space-time in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric of space-time in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric of space-time in response to the
+distribution of matter and energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of matter and energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of matter and energy and
+the other main ingredient especially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other main ingredient especially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other main ingredient especially as
+I say a refined in recent years with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say a refined in recent years with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say a refined in recent years with
+insights from heinergy nuclear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights from heinergy nuclear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights from heinergy nuclear and
+particle physics has been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics has been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics has been some
+prevailing understanding of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing understanding of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing understanding of matter
+especially matter at very high energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially matter at very high energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially matter at very high energies
+and temperatures matter that consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperatures matter that consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperatures matter that consists of
+things like electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like electrons and
+photons matter that nowadays people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons matter that nowadays people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons matter that nowadays people are
+pretty well convinced consists of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well convinced consists of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well convinced consists of things
+like quarks and gluons and even some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quarks and gluons and even some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quarks and gluons and even some
+more exotic particles like the Higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exotic particles like the Higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exotic particles like the Higgs
+particle that we looked at at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that we looked at at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that we looked at at least a
+little briefly uh in the previous class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little briefly uh in the previous class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little briefly uh in the previous class
+so we have these two ingredients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these two ingredients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these two ingredients of the
+kind of the structure and behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the structure and behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the structure and behavior of
+space-time is governed presumably by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is governed presumably by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is governed presumably by
+Einstein's theory or something perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's theory or something perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's theory or something perhaps
+similar to it and then the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to it and then the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to it and then the stuff that's
+filling that space time an idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling that space time an idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling that space time an idea about
+matter especially how matter behaves at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter especially how matter behaves at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter especially how matter behaves at
+very high energies and densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energies and densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energies and densities
+so with those two ingredients the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those two ingredients the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those two ingredients the goal
+has been again for for many decades to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been again for for many decades to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been again for for many decades to
+account for the observational features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the observational features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the observational features
+of our universe even on very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our universe even on very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our universe even on very large
+scales so as a reminder the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so as a reminder the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so as a reminder the uh the
+so-called field equations of Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called field equations of Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called field equations of Einstein's
+general theory of relativity to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of relativity to take
+this deceptively simple looking form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deceptively simple looking form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deceptively simple looking form
+this side is what he had to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side is what he had to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side is what he had to learn from
+his friend Marcel Grossmont this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friend Marcel Grossmont this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friend Marcel Grossmont this is the
+geometry of a warping space time the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of a warping space time the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of a warping space time the way
+to quantify things like gradients rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify things like gradients rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify things like gradients rates
+of change of space and time and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of space and time and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of space and time and this
+tells you where this stuff is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where this stuff is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where this stuff is this is
+the distribution of matter and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of matter and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of matter and energy
+pretty soon after Einstein uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon after Einstein uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon after Einstein uh sort of
+arrived at this form of his field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at this form of his field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at this form of his field
+equations in November of 1915 within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in November of 1915 within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in November of 1915 within a
+few years Einstein himself and then soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years Einstein himself and then soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years Einstein himself and then soon
+several other colleagues began applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other colleagues began applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other colleagues began applying
+these equations not only to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations not only to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations not only to local
+phenomena like say the warping of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like say the warping of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like say the warping of space
+outside the sun uh let his uh friend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the sun uh let his uh friend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the sun uh let his uh friend uh
+uh Schwartz shield first Carl schwarziel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Schwartz shield first Carl schwarziel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Schwartz shield first Carl schwarziel
+first found an exact solution for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first found an exact solution for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first found an exact solution for uh
+very early in in this work not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in in this work not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in in this work not only for
+a local phenomena but actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local phenomena but actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local phenomena but actually for
+Global phenomena could one build at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global phenomena could one build at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global phenomena could one build at
+least a toy model of an entire universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a toy model of an entire universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a toy model of an entire universe
+that might satisfy or might be governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might satisfy or might be governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might satisfy or might be governed
+by Einstein's field equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Einstein's field equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Einstein's field equations and
+actually some other colleagues were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some other colleagues were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some other colleagues were very
+quick to find that there were some Exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to find that there were some Exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to find that there were some Exact
+Solutions even on This Global or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions even on This Global or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions even on This Global or
+Universal Cosmic scale that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal Cosmic scale that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal Cosmic scale that would
+satisfy Einstein's equation they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy Einstein's equation they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy Einstein's equation they took
+three particularly simple forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three particularly simple forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three particularly simple forms
+depending on the amount of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the amount of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the amount of stuff
+depending on the on the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the on the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the on the distribution of
+matter and energy if you assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy if you assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy if you assume that the
+matter energy was spread out perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter energy was spread out perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter energy was spread out perfectly
+uniformly as a toy model a uh a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly as a toy model a uh a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly as a toy model a uh a uniform
+density of stuff per volume then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of stuff per volume then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of stuff per volume then
+depending on whether there was more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether there was more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether there was more more
+than some critical value less than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some critical value less than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some critical value less than some
+critical value or exactly equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value or exactly equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value or exactly equal to some
+critical value you had these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value you had these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value you had these kind of
+Goldilocks situations for the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldilocks situations for the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldilocks situations for the global
+shape of space in response to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of space in response to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of space in response to how much
+stuff per volume was filling that toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff per volume was filling that toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff per volume was filling that toy
+universe if you had more than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe if you had more than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe if you had more than some
+critical value a critical value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value a critical value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value a critical value that
+came from the equations themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the equations themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the equations themselves
+above that an over dense region space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that an over dense region space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that an over dense region space
+itself would warp back onto itself like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would warp back onto itself like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would warp back onto itself like
+a closed sphere the surface of a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed sphere the surface of a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed sphere the surface of a closed
+sphere there'll be a positively curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere there'll be a positively curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere there'll be a positively curved
+geometry globally if you had less stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry globally if you had less stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry globally if you had less stuff
+per volume if the universe were under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume if the universe were under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume if the universe were under
+dense compared to that critical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense compared to that critical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense compared to that critical value
+then in fact the universe would kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact the universe would kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact the universe would kind of
+open up away from itself you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up away from itself you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up away from itself you'd have a
+hyperbolic solution or an open Geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic solution or an open Geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic solution or an open Geometry
+with negative curvature and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative curvature and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative curvature and only if the
+amount of stuff for volume were exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff for volume were exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff for volume were exactly
+equal to that critical value would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that critical value would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that critical value would the
+sections of space be flat obey these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of space be flat obey these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of space be flat obey these
+geometry of ordinary euclidean geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of ordinary euclidean geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of ordinary euclidean geometry
+and so um you could have these Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um you could have these Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um you could have these Global
+features for example on a positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for example on a positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for example on a positively
+curved uh geometrical surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved uh geometrical surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved uh geometrical surface uh
+parallel lines lines that are parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines lines that are parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines lines that are parallel
+at the equator like these here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equator like these here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equator like these here will
+actually converge at the pole so lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually converge at the pole so lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually converge at the pole so lines
+that are parallel in some part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are parallel in some part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are parallel in some part of the
+space will not remain parallel forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space will not remain parallel forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space will not remain parallel forever
+that breaks the euclidean Assumption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks the euclidean Assumption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks the euclidean Assumption the
+fifth postulate about parallel lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth postulate about parallel lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth postulate about parallel lines
+likewise on the positively curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise on the positively curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise on the positively curved
+surface you can draw a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you can draw a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you can draw a triangle
+and add up the sum of the angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add up the sum of the angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add up the sum of the angles and
+contained within that triangle and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within that triangle and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within that triangle and add
+up to more than 90 more than 180 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to more than 90 more than 180 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to more than 90 more than 180 degrees
+whereas euclidean triangles have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas euclidean triangles have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas euclidean triangles have to have
+exactly 100 degrees likewise for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 100 degrees likewise for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 100 degrees likewise for open
+Geometry parallel lines will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry parallel lines will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry parallel lines will actually
+diverge they'll get further and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge they'll get further and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge they'll get further and further
+apart from each other uh over distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from each other uh over distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from each other uh over distance
+instead of remaining parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of remaining parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of remaining parallel and
+triangles will sum up to have less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles will sum up to have less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles will sum up to have less than
+180 degrees of the internal angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 degrees of the internal angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 degrees of the internal angle so
+there are these self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these self-consistent
+non-euclidean geometries and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-euclidean geometries and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-euclidean geometries and they could
+apply not only to local physics like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply not only to local physics like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply not only to local physics like the
+warping of space-time outside a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warping of space-time outside a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warping of space-time outside a massive
+object like the Sun but even to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like the Sun but even to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like the Sun but even to these
+toy universities otherwise very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy universities otherwise very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy universities otherwise very simple
+universes simple models of a universe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes simple models of a universe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes simple models of a universe as
+a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+well very soon after that people not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well very soon after that people not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well very soon after that people not
+Einstein himself he thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein himself he thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein himself he thought this was
+horrible but some of his colleagues who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible but some of his colleagues who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible but some of his colleagues who
+began pursuing these uh cosmological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began pursuing these uh cosmological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began pursuing these uh cosmological
+Solutions began to realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions began to realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions began to realize that the
+Universe could not only have a shape at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe could not only have a shape at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe could not only have a shape at
+a given moment in time but it could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given moment in time but it could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given moment in time but it could the
+shape could change over time or great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape could change over time or great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape could change over time or great
+the size could change over time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size could change over time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size could change over time you
+could have expanding or collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have expanding or collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have expanding or collapsing
+Solutions also strictly consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions also strictly consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions also strictly consistent with
+Einstein's equations Einstein thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations Einstein thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations Einstein thought
+that was horrible he had a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was horrible he had a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was horrible he had a very strong
+kind of aesthetic and philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of aesthetic and philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of aesthetic and philosophical
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+for universe that had no beginning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for universe that had no beginning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for universe that had no beginning that
+was simply static that would look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply static that would look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply static that would look the
+same for any Observer at any moment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for any Observer at any moment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for any Observer at any moment for
+an infinite expanse of time but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite expanse of time but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite expanse of time but other
+colleagues showed at least it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues showed at least it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues showed at least it was
+consistent with his own equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with his own equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with his own equations to
+have universes that would change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have universes that would change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have universes that would change over
+time they could either expand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they could either expand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they could either expand or
+contract that was actually a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that was actually a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that was actually a prediction
+made by some of these colleagues even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by some of these colleagues even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by some of these colleagues even
+before some empirical Avenues began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some empirical Avenues began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some empirical Avenues began to
+come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+starting in the late 1920s with some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the late 1920s with some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the late 1920s with some at
+the time absolutely enormous telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time absolutely enormous telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time absolutely enormous telescopes
+now they're kind of pipsqueaks compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're kind of pipsqueaks compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're kind of pipsqueaks compared
+to what astronomers have today but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what astronomers have today but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what astronomers have today but at
+what was at the at the time some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was at the at the time some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was at the at the time some of the
+largest telescopes available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest telescopes available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest telescopes available on the
+planet astronomers like Edwin Hubble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet astronomers like Edwin Hubble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet astronomers like Edwin Hubble in
+Southern California were able to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southern California were able to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southern California were able to collect
+information and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and about
+not just the distribution of distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the distribution of distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the distribution of distant
+galaxies but could also measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies but could also measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies but could also measure how
+rapidly they were moving with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly they were moving with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly they were moving with respect to
+us by measuring a Doppler shift slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us by measuring a Doppler shift slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us by measuring a Doppler shift slight
+shifts in the spectral lines of those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts in the spectral lines of those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts in the spectral lines of those uh
+associated with those galaxies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with those galaxies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with those galaxies and
+Hubble found this remarkable Trend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble found this remarkable Trend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble found this remarkable Trend that
+the further away from us a given Galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further away from us a given Galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further away from us a given Galaxy
+was the faster it tended to be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the faster it tended to be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the faster it tended to be moving
+away from us further still so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from us further still so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from us further still so the
+objects that were relatively close to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that were relatively close to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that were relatively close to us
+were moving away from us at one average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving away from us at one average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving away from us at one average
+speed object that we're further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed object that we're further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed object that we're further away
+we're moving further away from us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving further away from us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving further away from us now
+we're moving even further away from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving even further away from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving even further away from us
+at a faster speed so it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a faster speed so it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a faster speed so it's a linear
+relationship remarkably close to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship remarkably close to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship remarkably close to linear
+relationship between the object's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the object's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the object's
+distance from us today and the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from us today and the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from us today and the rate at
+which they're moving further away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're moving further away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're moving further away from
+us that became known as Hubble's Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that became known as Hubble's Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that became known as Hubble's Law
+more recently amended to be the Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently amended to be the Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently amended to be the Hubble
+Le Matra law because it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le Matra law because it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le Matra law because it actually
+predicted first by a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted first by a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted first by a theoretical
+physicist even before Hubble had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist even before Hubble had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist even before Hubble had found
+that data now we have of course as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data now we have of course as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data now we have of course as you
+know the Hubble Space Telescope named in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Hubble Space Telescope named in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Hubble Space Telescope named in
+honor of Edwin Hubble which has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of Edwin Hubble which has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor of Edwin Hubble which has been
+able to extend this to extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to extend this to extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to extend this to extraordinarily
+far distances not just the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far distances not just the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far distances not just the ones that
+Hubble could access with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble could access with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble could access with his
+ground-based telescope and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground-based telescope and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground-based telescope and the basic
+Trend holds there's some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend holds there's some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend holds there's some interesting
+deviations but the idea is nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations but the idea is nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations but the idea is nonetheless
+evidence consistent with our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence consistent with our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence consistent with our universe
+expanding not just having a shape to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding not just having a shape to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding not just having a shape to it
+but actually stretching and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually stretching and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually stretching and getting
+larger over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger over time
+so you can actually then work backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually then work backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually then work backwards
+and say for how long has our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say for how long has our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say for how long has our universe
+our observable universe been stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our observable universe been stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our observable universe been stretching
+when did this kind of stretching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did this kind of stretching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did this kind of stretching or
+expanding phase begin you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding phase begin you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding phase begin you can kind of
+work it backwards and say given the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it backwards and say given the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it backwards and say given the rate
+of expansion that can be measured today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expansion that can be measured today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expansion that can be measured today
+whether with Hubble's techniques or now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether with Hubble's techniques or now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether with Hubble's techniques or now
+with the more modern ones with space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the more modern ones with space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the more modern ones with space
+based telescopes work it back and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based telescopes work it back and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based telescopes work it back and it's
+consistent with the beginning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the beginning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the beginning of that
+expansion being not quite 14 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion being not quite 14 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion being not quite 14 billion
+years ago billions of years ago but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago billions of years ago but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago billions of years ago but the
+our own Universe seems to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own Universe seems to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own Universe seems to have been
+stretching and getting larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching and getting larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching and getting larger and larger
+so this gentleman here whose name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gentleman here whose name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gentleman here whose name I
+already mentioned briefly uh Georges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned briefly uh Georges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned briefly uh Georges
+lemaitre was really at the Forefront of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemaitre was really at the Forefront of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemaitre was really at the Forefront of
+his work starting in the 1920s and 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work starting in the 1920s and 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work starting in the 1920s and 20s
+and throughout the 1930s you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the 1930s you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the 1930s you might
+notice in this Photograph he's wearing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this Photograph he's wearing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this Photograph he's wearing a
+Catholic priest's clerical collar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic priest's clerical collar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic priest's clerical collar
+there's original Matrix of I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's original Matrix of I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's original Matrix of I think a
+fascinating scholar he was indeed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating scholar he was indeed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating scholar he was indeed an
+ordained Catholic priest he was also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordained Catholic priest he was also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordained Catholic priest he was also an
+MIT trained PhD astrophysicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT trained PhD astrophysicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT trained PhD astrophysicist
+he studied briefly in he was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied briefly in he was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied briefly in he was originally
+Belgian he studied briefly in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgian he studied briefly in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgian he studied briefly in Cambridge
+England with one of the first converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England with one of the first converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England with one of the first converts
+to General activity Arthur Eddington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to General activity Arthur Eddington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to General activity Arthur Eddington
+then he came to MIT to finish his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he came to MIT to finish his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he came to MIT to finish his PhD
+and then was was Finding many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then was was Finding many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then was was Finding many of these
+solutions to Einstein's field equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Einstein's field equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Einstein's field equations
+even before Einstein did and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before Einstein did and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before Einstein did and in fact
+Einstein kept thinking he must be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein kept thinking he must be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein kept thinking he must be wrong
+and then La Matrix kept being right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then La Matrix kept being right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then La Matrix kept being right so
+they became a very nice colleagues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became a very nice colleagues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they became a very nice colleagues but
+Einstein started off but by always being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein started off but by always being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein started off but by always being
+frustrated that La maitre found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated that La maitre found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated that La maitre found
+solutions that Einstein found kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that Einstein found kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that Einstein found kind of
+abhorrent or disgusting and yet Le major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhorrent or disgusting and yet Le major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abhorrent or disgusting and yet Le major
+showed they were at least mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed they were at least mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed they were at least mathematically
+self-consistent and gradually became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent and gradually became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent and gradually became
+more and more relevant in the light of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more relevant in the light of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more relevant in the light of
+data like Edwin Hubble's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like Edwin Hubble's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like Edwin Hubble's about the
+expanding Universe La Mantra is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding Universe La Mantra is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding Universe La Mantra is one of
+the first to start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to start thinking about
+playing that film strip backwards say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that film strip backwards say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that film strip backwards say if
+things are are moving further apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are moving further apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are moving further apart from
+each other on average today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other on average today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other on average today
+and if the universe in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the universe in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the universe in general is
+expanding today then was it in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding today then was it in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding today then was it in fact
+smaller at earlier times you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller at earlier times you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller at earlier times you can imagine
+kind of playing a film strip backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of playing a film strip backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of playing a film strip backwards
+and watching this galaxy is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watching this galaxy is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watching this galaxy is actually
+approach each other as you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach each other as you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach each other as you look at
+earlier and earlier times heading back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and earlier times heading back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and earlier times heading back
+toward that roughly 14 billion year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward that roughly 14 billion year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward that roughly 14 billion year old
+starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+so it's really LA Metro who began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really LA Metro who began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really LA Metro who began
+writing about this both in technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about this both in technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about this both in technical
+papers and soon in some very Charming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and soon in some very Charming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and soon in some very Charming
+more popular books that if the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more popular books that if the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more popular books that if the universe
+is getting bigger today it must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting bigger today it must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting bigger today it must have
+been smaller in the past and what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been smaller in the past and what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been smaller in the past and what if you
+ride that all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride that all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride that all the way back
+was there a kind of primeval moment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a kind of primeval moment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a kind of primeval moment was
+there a single moment when all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a single moment when all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a single moment when all the
+matter of the universe at least all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of the universe at least all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of the universe at least all the
+matter that we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that we can see
+it was actually on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually on top of each other
+that the Universe should have started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe should have started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe should have started in
+a very very hot and dense State and been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very hot and dense State and been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very hot and dense State and been
+expanding ever since maybe infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding ever since maybe infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding ever since maybe infinitely
+dense but either way there was a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense but either way there was a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense but either way there was a moment
+when all the stuff that we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the stuff that we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the stuff that we see in the
+sky should have been closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky should have been closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky should have been closer and closer
+and closer together and been stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer together and been stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer together and been stretching
+and expanding ever since so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expanding ever since so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expanding ever since so it's the
+major who begins thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major who begins thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major who begins thinking about what
+comes to be known the Big Bang model he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to be known the Big Bang model he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to be known the Big Bang model he
+was calling it the Primeval Atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calling it the Primeval Atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calling it the Primeval Atom that
+there was this initial kind of Fireball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this initial kind of Fireball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this initial kind of Fireball
+from a very very hot dense State and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very very hot dense State and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very very hot dense State and it
+was very eager to understand the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very eager to understand the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very eager to understand the early
+stages of that expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of that expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of that expansion
+that's where things stood really through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where things stood really through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where things stood really through
+the 1930s as we saw there were a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s as we saw there were a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s as we saw there were a number
+of kind of disruptions uh when um much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of disruptions uh when um much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of disruptions uh when um much
+of the world descended into the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world descended into the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world descended into the second
+world war and then soon after the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and then soon after the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war and then soon after the second
+world war new groups began coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war new groups began coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war new groups began coming back
+to these somewhat old questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these somewhat old questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these somewhat old questions
+some of the newer groups had experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the newer groups had experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the newer groups had experience
+with things like the Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like the Manhattan Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like the Manhattan Project
+and in general were much better versed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general were much better versed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general were much better versed
+in things like Nuclear Physics but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like Nuclear Physics but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like Nuclear Physics but have
+been known even in lemaitre's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been known even in lemaitre's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been known even in lemaitre's day
+so they both the the field had expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they both the the field had expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they both the the field had expanded
+and some of these folks had Direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these folks had Direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these folks had Direct
+experience from things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience from things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience from things like the
+Manhattan Project one of them one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project one of them one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project one of them one of
+whom was actually uh George gamoff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom was actually uh George gamoff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom was actually uh George gamoff so
+one of the most active groups soon after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most active groups soon after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most active groups soon after
+the second world war was based at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war was based at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war was based at the
+advanced um excuse me the Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced um excuse me the Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced um excuse me the Applied
+Physics laboratory we looked briefly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics laboratory we looked briefly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics laboratory we looked briefly at
+this uh when we talked about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh when we talked about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh when we talked about the second
+world war that was another one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war that was another one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war that was another one of these
+um U.S based defense Laboratories built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U.S based defense Laboratories built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U.S based defense Laboratories built
+in a hurry to try to advance a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hurry to try to advance a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hurry to try to advance a bunch of
+wartime defense projects it was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wartime defense projects it was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wartime defense projects it was much
+like the MIT rad Lab at the Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the MIT rad Lab at the Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the MIT rad Lab at the Applied
+Physics lab they worked on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics lab they worked on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics lab they worked on things like
+proximity fuses and so on starting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity fuses and so on starting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity fuses and so on starting very
+soon after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the war
+there was some unclassified research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some unclassified research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some unclassified research
+going on at the at that research lab as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at the at that research lab as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at the at that research lab as
+well uh and George gamoff was advising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh and George gamoff was advising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh and George gamoff was advising
+two younger physicists Robert Hermann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two younger physicists Robert Hermann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two younger physicists Robert Hermann
+and Ralph Alford here's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ralph Alford here's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ralph Alford here's a famous
+composite photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite photograph
+um they're making more than a a not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're making more than a a not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're making more than a a not so
+subtle gesture the fact that gamoth was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle gesture the fact that gamoth was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle gesture the fact that gamoth was
+widely rumored at least to enjoy his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely rumored at least to enjoy his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely rumored at least to enjoy his
+drink so his head is emerging from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink so his head is emerging from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink so his head is emerging from the
+vapors of uh Cointreau of a liqueur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapors of uh Cointreau of a liqueur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapors of uh Cointreau of a liqueur so
+this was a trio that began coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a trio that began coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a trio that began coming back
+to some of these questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these questions about the
+very early Universe inspired by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early Universe inspired by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early Universe inspired by the
+writings of George lemaitre but now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings of George lemaitre but now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings of George lemaitre but now with
+a lot more uh knowledge about heinergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more uh knowledge about heinergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more uh knowledge about heinergy
+interactions among Elementary particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions among Elementary particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions among Elementary particles
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+and a series of really quite kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a series of really quite kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a series of really quite kind of
+ahead of its time farsighted sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of its time farsighted sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of its time farsighted sort of
+work starting in the late 1940s this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work starting in the late 1940s this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work starting in the late 1940s this
+Trio and a small number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trio and a small number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trio and a small number of other
+colleagues around the world began trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues around the world began trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues around the world began trying
+to fill in this picture this primeval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in this picture this primeval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in this picture this primeval
+Fireball picture and in fact uh it soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fireball picture and in fact uh it soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fireball picture and in fact uh it soon
+became known simply as the Big Bang mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became known simply as the Big Bang mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became known simply as the Big Bang mom
+they realize that if the universe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realize that if the universe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realize that if the universe was
+very hot and dense at Early times then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot and dense at Early times then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot and dense at Early times then
+the conditions in which these Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions in which these Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions in which these Elementary
+particles would find themselves should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles would find themselves should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles would find themselves should
+be quite different than what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite different than what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite different than what we find
+around uh commonly around ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh commonly around ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh commonly around ourselves
+today in particular at Early times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in particular at Early times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in particular at Early times the
+Ambient Energy the interaction that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambient Energy the interaction that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambient Energy the interaction that any
+random elementary particle would likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random elementary particle would likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random elementary particle would likely
+carry should be very very high the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry should be very very high the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry should be very very high the
+temperature after all is just a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature after all is just a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature after all is just a measure
+of kinetic energy of motion so if a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic energy of motion so if a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic energy of motion so if a very
+high temperature that's like saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature that's like saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature that's like saying that
+the average kinetic energy of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average kinetic energy of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average kinetic energy of each
+constituent each elementary particle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent each elementary particle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent each elementary particle was
+very high it could have been for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high it could have been for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high it could have been for example
+higher than the binding energy of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the binding energy of stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the binding energy of stable
+hydrogen atoms so every if that were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms so every if that were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms so every if that were the
+case and every time some positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and every time some positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and every time some positively
+charged nuclear particle like even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged nuclear particle like even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged nuclear particle like even just
+a single proton would approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single proton would approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single proton would approach
+or be in proximity to a negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be in proximity to a negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be in proximity to a negatively
+charged electron they might begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged electron they might begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged electron they might begin to
+form a stable electrically neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a stable electrically neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a stable electrically neutral
+hydrogen atom which of course is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom which of course is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom which of course is just a
+bound state of one electron and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state of one electron and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound state of one electron and one
+proton but before they could form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but before they could form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton but before they could form that
+single stable atom some ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stable atom some ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stable atom some ambient
+particles from the environment like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles from the environment like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles from the environment like a
+single Photon would have such high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Photon would have such high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Photon would have such high
+energy would come and zap them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy would come and zap them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy would come and zap them apart
+because the average energy of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the average energy of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the average energy of everything
+was higher than that binding energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was higher than that binding energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was higher than that binding energy of
+um the coulomb attraction of hydrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the coulomb attraction of hydrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the coulomb attraction of hydrating
+that so at Early times you would have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so at Early times you would have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so at Early times you would have an
+electrically charged plasma that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically charged plasma that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically charged plasma that the
+Universe would not be filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe would not be filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe would not be filled with
+electrically neutral atoms because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral atoms because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral atoms because they
+literally couldn't form yet because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally couldn't form yet because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally couldn't form yet because they
+were blasted apart every time a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were blasted apart every time a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were blasted apart every time a single
+putative atom got close enough to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putative atom got close enough to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putative atom got close enough to begin
+to form the average kind of jostling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the average kind of jostling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the average kind of jostling of
+all this high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high temperature
+uh junk in its environment would blast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh junk in its environment would blast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh junk in its environment would blast
+it apart so photons then become trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart so photons then become trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart so photons then become trapped
+between charged particles at Early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between charged particles at Early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between charged particles at Early times
+they begin to reason uh to piece all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin to reason uh to piece all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin to reason uh to piece all
+this together at Early times in Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this together at Early times in Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this together at Early times in Cosmic
+history the universe should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the universe should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the universe should have been
+opaque you literally couldn't wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque you literally couldn't wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque you literally couldn't wouldn't
+have been able to see anything because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to see anything because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to see anything because
+the mean free path of Any Given Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path of Any Given Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path of Any Given Photon
+would be very very short the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very very short the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very very short the photons
+would each be trapped like kicked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would each be trapped like kicked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would each be trapped like kicked like
+these um like soccer balls between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um like soccer balls between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um like soccer balls between all
+these loose electric charges that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loose electric charges that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loose electric charges that the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um you know light can't propagate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know light can't propagate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know light can't propagate in a
+in a Charged plasma because it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Charged plasma because it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Charged plasma because it's always
+balancing between uh these very nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing between uh these very nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing between uh these very nearby
+free electric charges so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electric charges so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electric charges so they could
+calculate and say when would that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and say when would that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and say when would that affect
+um go away well when the average or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go away well when the average or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go away well when the average or
+ambient temperature fell below the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient temperature fell below the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient temperature fell below the kind
+of average binding binding energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of average binding binding energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of average binding binding energy of a
+single hydrogen atom and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single hydrogen atom and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single hydrogen atom and that would
+happen at a distinct moment in Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at a distinct moment in Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at a distinct moment in Cosmic
+history so again they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so again they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so again they were trying to
+flesh out lemaitre's picture of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh out lemaitre's picture of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh out lemaitre's picture of an
+evolving Universe it wasn't just hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving Universe it wasn't just hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving Universe it wasn't just hot and
+dense at one time that that would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense at one time that that would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense at one time that that would mean
+that certain kinds of interactions among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain kinds of interactions among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain kinds of interactions among
+Elementary particles would uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles would uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles would uh would
+Dominate and then the those would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominate and then the those would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominate and then the those would change
+over time in particular as this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time in particular as this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time in particular as this entire
+hot ball of gas of charge plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot ball of gas of charge plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot ball of gas of charge plasma is
+expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding
+the average temperature should decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average temperature should decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average temperature should decrease
+inside much like the the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside much like the the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside much like the the temperature of
+a gas inside a balloon will fall as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gas inside a balloon will fall as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gas inside a balloon will fall as the
+balloon expands so as the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon expands so as the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon expands so as the volume of
+space stretches as you have an expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space stretches as you have an expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space stretches as you have an expanding
+universe as La Matrix showed uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe as La Matrix showed uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe as La Matrix showed uh what
+could be possible the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be possible the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be possible the average
+temperature of all the stuff inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of all the stuff inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of all the stuff inside it
+should fall it should fall in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should fall it should fall in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should fall it should fall in a
+quantitatively calculable way again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively calculable way again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively calculable way again
+using Einstein's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Einstein's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Einstein's equations
+so again they put numbers to that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again they put numbers to that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again they put numbers to that and so
+we'll add a at a particular moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add a at a particular moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add a at a particular moment in
+time now using the modern values they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now using the modern values they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now using the modern values they
+had the right idea the different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the right idea the different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the right idea the different values
+for some measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some measurements
+we now calculate at around 380 000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now calculate at around 380 000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now calculate at around 380 000 years
+after the start of that stretching after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the start of that stretching after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the start of that stretching after
+that Primeval Atom begins to expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Primeval Atom begins to expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Primeval Atom begins to expand the
+ambient or average temperature of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient or average temperature of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient or average temperature of all
+the junk inside that Universe should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junk inside that Universe should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junk inside that Universe should
+have fallen below this uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen below this uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen below this uh kind of
+coulomb attractive energy for neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulomb attractive energy for neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulomb attractive energy for neutral
+hydrogen so whereas at earlier times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so whereas at earlier times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so whereas at earlier times
+earlier than 380 000 years uh you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than 380 000 years uh you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than 380 000 years uh you would
+have a Charged plasma and an opaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Charged plasma and an opaque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Charged plasma and an opaque
+Universe at that moment the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe at that moment the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe at that moment the average
+energy per per photon or per elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per per photon or per elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per per photon or per elementary
+particle would fall so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle would fall so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle would fall so that you could
+actually begin to form stable uh atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually begin to form stable uh atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually begin to form stable uh atoms
+of hydrogen so only at that time a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen so only at that time a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen so only at that time a new
+phase in our in the universe would begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in our in the universe would begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in our in the universe would begin
+to unfold the universe would be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold the universe would be filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unfold the universe would be filled
+with neutral atoms of hydrogen and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neutral atoms of hydrogen and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neutral atoms of hydrogen and now
+you have a mean free path for light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mean free path for light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mean free path for light
+that's arbitrarily long light can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's arbitrarily long light can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's arbitrarily long light can pass
+through electrically neutral matter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electrically neutral matter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electrically neutral matter it
+does so in our own atmosphere let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so in our own atmosphere let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so in our own atmosphere let alone
+an empty space so once you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty space so once you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty space so once you can have a
+stable electrically neutral atoms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable electrically neutral atoms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable electrically neutral atoms like
+hydrogen atoms at a particular moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms at a particular moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms at a particular moment in
+the kind of cooling Evolution history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of cooling Evolution history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of cooling Evolution history of
+our universe only then would you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our universe only then would you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our universe only then would you have uh
+things like photons traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like photons traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like photons traveling
+macroscopic distances so at that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic distances so at that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic distances so at that after
+that time when the temperatures falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time when the temperatures falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time when the temperatures falling
+below about 10 000 degrees Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below about 10 000 degrees Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below about 10 000 degrees Kelvin
+photons are free and then they begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons are free and then they begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons are free and then they begin
+they they can now travel large distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can now travel large distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can now travel large distances
+and their uh their energy continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their uh their energy continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their uh their energy continues to
+um to redshift they lose energy as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to redshift they lose energy as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to redshift they lose energy as the
+universe continues to expand so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe continues to expand so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe continues to expand so the
+energy of those photons would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of those photons would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of those photons would have
+started at the equivalent of around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the equivalent of around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the equivalent of around 10
+000 degrees Kelvin and now today would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 degrees Kelvin and now today would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 degrees Kelvin and now today would
+be much much much lower than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much much much lower than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much much much lower than that
+because the university has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the university has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the university has been
+expanding and draining that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding and draining that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding and draining that average
+energy per particle over time so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per particle over time so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per particle over time so that
+today the university filled with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the university filled with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the university filled with this
+Remnant glow this is all work that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remnant glow this is all work that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remnant glow this is all work that they
+predict around 1948 49 50. gab off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict around 1948 49 50. gab off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict around 1948 49 50. gab off a
+Herman and Alpha so they are they argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herman and Alpha so they are they argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herman and Alpha so they are they argue
+that today this this bath of Remnant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today this this bath of Remnant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today this this bath of Remnant
+radiation for that early hot dense State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation for that early hot dense State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation for that early hot dense State
+should be filling the sky in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be filling the sky in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be filling the sky in every
+direction it should be more or less an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it should be more or less an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it should be more or less an
+even distribution a kind of uniform glow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even distribution a kind of uniform glow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even distribution a kind of uniform glow
+but instead of it being a very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of it being a very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of it being a very very high
+energy kind of X-ray or gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy kind of X-ray or gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy kind of X-ray or gamma ray
+radiation it should be redshifted all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it should be redshifted all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it should be redshifted all
+the way down in the into the low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down in the into the low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down in the into the low energy
+microwave band so this big this became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave band so this big this became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave band so this big this became
+known as The Cosmic microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as The Cosmic microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as The Cosmic microwave background
+radiation and they say this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and they say this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and they say this should be
+filling the sky it should be everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the sky it should be everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the sky it should be everywhere
+in a uniform pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uniform pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uniform pattern
+here's an aside I like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an aside I like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an aside I like to think about
+this that's very abstract I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's very abstract I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's very abstract I think about
+it as a kind of uh the evolution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a kind of uh the evolution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a kind of uh the evolution of a
+dance party it turns out I don't attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance party it turns out I don't attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance party it turns out I don't attend
+dance parties um very often this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance parties um very often this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance parties um very often this is what
+the internet tells me they look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet tells me they look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet tells me they look like so
+this I'm sure is accurate if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm sure is accurate if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm sure is accurate if you just
+Google dance party and throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google dance party and throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google dance party and throw away the
+bad pictures anyway so at Early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad pictures anyway so at Early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad pictures anyway so at Early times
+the DJ's playing some raucous you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DJ's playing some raucous you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DJ's playing some raucous you know
+house music and everyone's just around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house music and everyone's just around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house music and everyone's just around
+the average energy per dancer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy per dancer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy per dancer is very
+high so I'm told that's like the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so I'm told that's like the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so I'm told that's like the sort of
+charged particles uh where the mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles uh where the mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles uh where the mean free
+path is effectively zero no one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is effectively zero no one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is effectively zero no one could
+cross that that dance floor and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that that dance floor and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that that dance floor and then at
+a calculable moment if the DJ knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculable moment if the DJ knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculable moment if the DJ knows what
+she's doing she'll put on some slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing she'll put on some slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing she'll put on some slow
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+and you start having couples form like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start having couples form like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start having couples form like
+in Harry Potter at the Yule Ball again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Harry Potter at the Yule Ball again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Harry Potter at the Yule Ball again
+that's what I assume in school dances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I assume in school dances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I assume in school dances
+are like I don't know so at some later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like I don't know so at some later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like I don't know so at some later
+calculable moment the average energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable moment the average energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable moment the average energy in
+the room begins to fall the DJ reads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room begins to fall the DJ reads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room begins to fall the DJ reads the
+room and now you start having couples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and now you start having couples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and now you start having couples so
+that you actually could cross the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually could cross the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually could cross the floor
+because now you have a mean free path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you have a mean free path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you have a mean free path to
+cross the Dance Floor unlike that a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the Dance Floor unlike that a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the Dance Floor unlike that a very
+exciting early Universe phase when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting early Universe phase when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting early Universe phase when
+everything's just a mash or a mush this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's just a mash or a mush this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's just a mash or a mush this
+makes perfect sense to me you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes perfect sense to me you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes perfect sense to me you can tell
+me whether it's accurate or not anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me whether it's accurate or not anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me whether it's accurate or not anyway
+that's the that's the analogy for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the analogy for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the analogy for what
+uh gamoth uh Alpha and Hermann were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gamoth uh Alpha and Hermann were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gamoth uh Alpha and Hermann were
+putting real numbers to to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting real numbers to to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting real numbers to to try to make
+sense of these different phases of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of these different phases of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of these different phases of the
+very early Universe very high uh high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early Universe very high uh high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early Universe very high uh high
+temperature early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature early
+um dense State should be qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dense State should be qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dense State should be qualitatively
+different in its Behavior than a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in its Behavior than a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in its Behavior than a later
+lower energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy state
+so they predicted as early as 1948 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they predicted as early as 1948 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they predicted as early as 1948 that
+there should be this Remnant glow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be this Remnant glow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be this Remnant glow from
+The Big Bang all those photons that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Big Bang all those photons that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Big Bang all those photons that only
+then at 380 000 years after Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at 380 000 years after Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at 380 000 years after Big Bang
+were able to start streaming freely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to start streaming freely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to start streaming freely and
+the question was where is it well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was where is it well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was where is it well uh
+almost 20 years later 15 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 20 years later 15 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 20 years later 15 years later
+these two uh radio physicists working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh radio physicists working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh radio physicists working at
+Bell Labs Robert Wilson and Arno penzius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Labs Robert Wilson and Arno penzius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Labs Robert Wilson and Arno penzius
+we're using a new horn antenna so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a new horn antenna so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a new horn antenna so uh
+sensitive to radio microwave and Radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to radio microwave and Radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to radio microwave and Radio
+Band frequencies this is basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band frequencies this is basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band frequencies this is basically like
+leftover from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover from the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover from the early
+telecommunications age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications age
+soon after launches Sputnik lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after launches Sputnik lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after launches Sputnik lots of
+folks like private companies wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like private companies wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like private companies wanted to
+get into the satellite Communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the satellite Communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the satellite Communications
+business often as just bouncing radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business often as just bouncing radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business often as just bouncing radio
+waves off of reflectors in the sky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves off of reflectors in the sky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves off of reflectors in the sky in
+low earth orbit and then balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low earth orbit and then balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low earth orbit and then balancing
+signal back to Earth of course it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal back to Earth of course it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal back to Earth of course it became
+more and more sophisticated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more sophisticated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more sophisticated than that
+and they were actually given time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were actually given time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were actually given time on
+this telescope not only to fine-tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this telescope not only to fine-tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this telescope not only to fine-tune the
+kind of corporate program for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of corporate program for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of corporate program for for
+telephonics but also to conduct actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephonics but also to conduct actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephonics but also to conduct actual
+radio astronomy they were they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio astronomy they were they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio astronomy they were they were
+interested in the evolution of nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the evolution of nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the evolution of nearby
+galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies
+they were not doing cosmology they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not doing cosmology they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not doing cosmology they were
+interested in in radio signatures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in radio signatures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in radio signatures of
+near of of astronomically nearby things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near of of astronomically nearby things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near of of astronomically nearby things
+but they found this Remnant hum in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they found this Remnant hum in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they found this Remnant hum in their
+Electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics
+this should have been among the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have been among the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have been among the most
+precise instruments available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise instruments available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise instruments available on the
+planet for that uh band of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet for that uh band of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet for that uh band of the spectrum
+and they couldn't get rid of a residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they couldn't get rid of a residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they couldn't get rid of a residual
+Hub at one point they climbed inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hub at one point they climbed inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hub at one point they climbed inside
+that huge horn antenna on their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huge horn antenna on their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huge horn antenna on their hands
+and knees to scrub out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knees to scrub out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knees to scrub out what they
+graciously called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graciously called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graciously called
+um special dielectric materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um special dielectric materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um special dielectric materials from
+pigeons who had made a nest in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons who had made a nest in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons who had made a nest in there
+that of course meant pigeon droppings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course meant pigeon droppings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course meant pigeon droppings
+because they figured that might be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they figured that might be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they figured that might be uh
+messing with the electronics there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing with the electronics there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing with the electronics there's
+some extra insulating layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra insulating layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra insulating layer
+that didn't make a difference finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't make a difference finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't make a difference finally
+they were put in touch with a group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were put in touch with a group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were put in touch with a group at
+Princeton that was uh independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton that was uh independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton that was uh independently
+rediscovering many of the ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovering many of the ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovering many of the ideas from
+George gamoff and his group uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George gamoff and his group uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George gamoff and his group uh actually
+at the time unaware that gamoth had even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time unaware that gamoth had even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time unaware that gamoth had even
+done these calculations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these calculations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these calculations and they
+likewise convince themselves about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise convince themselves about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise convince themselves about this
+Cosmic microwave background radiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic microwave background radiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic microwave background radiation so
+now the group here there these folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the group here there these folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the group here there these folks
+were in southern Jersey they were close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in southern Jersey they were close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in southern Jersey they were close
+to Princeton they all got together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Princeton they all got together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Princeton they all got together they
+said oh what you found is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh what you found is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh what you found is actually the
+remnant glow from big bag this residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnant glow from big bag this residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnant glow from big bag this residual
+hum in your receiver consistent with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hum in your receiver consistent with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hum in your receiver consistent with an
+energy of about three degree above zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of about three degree above zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of about three degree above zero
+three degrees Kelvin was really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degrees Kelvin was really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degrees Kelvin was really the the
+leftover photons that Remnant hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover photons that Remnant hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover photons that Remnant hot
+radiation from The Big Bang that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from The Big Bang that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from The Big Bang that have
+been streaming freely for the next 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been streaming freely for the next 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been streaming freely for the next 14
+billion years and the average energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years and the average energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years and the average energy per
+photon had fallen steadily since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon had fallen steadily since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon had fallen steadily since the
+time when they were first released in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they were first released in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they were first released in
+that early dance party they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early dance party they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early dance party they were very
+soon afterwards awarded the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon afterwards awarded the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon afterwards awarded the Nobel Prize
+for Action detecting evidence of the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Action detecting evidence of the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Action detecting evidence of the Big
+Bang let me pause there and ask it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang let me pause there and ask it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang let me pause there and ask it any
+questions any questions on that stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any questions on that stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any questions on that stuff so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far this might be uh this might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far this might be uh this might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far this might be uh this might be a
+dumb question um but I guess I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb question um but I guess I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb question um but I guess I'm just
+I'm just wondering how if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering how if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering how if you have
+photons that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that are like
+like I I understand that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I understand that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I understand that you know
+um the photons from the CMB like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the photons from the CMB like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the photons from the CMB like their
+um us looking in the past but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um us looking in the past but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um us looking in the past but I don't
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+like why they're still there like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why they're still there like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why they're still there like why
+they haven't like passed this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't like passed this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't like passed this already
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I guess like you know are they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess like you know are they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess like you know are they like
+constantly being emitted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being emitted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being emitted or
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+why can't we why is it still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't we why is it still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't we why is it still there
+basically yeah thank you that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah thank you that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah thank you that's actually
+that's a really good question basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good question basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good question basically
+the idea is that they should be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that they should be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that they should be they
+should have been everywhere at once so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been everywhere at once so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been everywhere at once so
+the idea was the whole universe filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was the whole universe filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was the whole universe filled
+in the early times with very high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early times with very high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early times with very high energy
+particles that are at early early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are at early early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are at early early times
+two hundreds you to form stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundreds you to form stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundreds you to form stable
+electrically neutral atoms so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral atoms so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral atoms so you have
+this huge plasma everywhere not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge plasma everywhere not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge plasma everywhere not just in
+one one corner not just like over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one corner not just like over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one corner not just like over there
+in the sky but everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky but everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky but everywhere
+and likewise there are photons sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise there are photons sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise there are photons sort of
+everywhere it was at least the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it was at least the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it was at least the idea of a
+more or less uniformly distributed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uniformly distributed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uniformly distributed with
+no real pattern to it and so from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real pattern to it and so from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no real pattern to it and so from every
+part part of space from every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part part of space from every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part part of space from every single
+Direction in the sky those photons began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the sky those photons began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the sky those photons began
+to move freely at this single moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move freely at this single moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move freely at this single moment in
+time or a very short-lived Moment In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or a very short-lived Moment In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or a very short-lived Moment In
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+so basically the universe should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the universe should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the universe should have
+been filled with light uh originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been filled with light uh originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been filled with light uh originally
+very high energy and then actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy and then actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy and then actually the
+energy of that light should be falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that light should be falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that light should be falling
+uh as as the container expands so as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as the container expands so as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as the container expands so as the
+average energy inside that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy inside that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy inside that sort of
+balloon uh goes down so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon uh goes down so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon uh goes down so that we're
+basically just moving through a bath of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just moving through a bath of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just moving through a bath of
+light so the photons aren't coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so the photons aren't coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so the photons aren't coming from
+like that direction of the sky the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that direction of the sky the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that direction of the sky the way
+we think of with point-like sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of with point-like sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of with point-like sources
+there's a Galaxy there a quasar you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Galaxy there a quasar you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Galaxy there a quasar you know
+a particular bright star in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular bright star in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular bright star in our
+neighborhood the photons were everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood the photons were everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood the photons were everywhere
+and we're it's like sitting in a bathtub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're it's like sitting in a bathtub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're it's like sitting in a bathtub
+full of these photons and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of these photons and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of these photons and they're just
+losing their energy as as the um as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their energy as as the um as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their energy as as the um as the
+overall size of space uh continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall size of space uh continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall size of space uh continues to
+grow so the idea was that there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so the idea was that there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so the idea was that there should
+be so it's not just that they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so it's not just that they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so it's not just that they should
+have a particular temperature they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular temperature they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular temperature they
+should be everywhere in the sky was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be everywhere in the sky was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be everywhere in the sky was the
+idea a uniform pattern so if they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a uniform pattern so if they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a uniform pattern so if they could
+point that radio telescope in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that radio telescope in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that radio telescope in any
+direction uh and they should find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh and they should find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh and they should find more
+or less the same signal which is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the same signal which is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the same signal which is indeed
+what what they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they uh
+so imagine so think about sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine so think about sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine so think about sitting in a
+bathtub that at first is like boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub that at first is like boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub that at first is like boiling
+hot water and then you're sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot water and then you're sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot water and then you're sitting there
+while the while the water continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the while the water continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the while the water continues to
+cool down but you're still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down but you're still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down but you're still kind of
+immersed in that the light the light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in that the light the light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in that the light the light the
+photons are coming from every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons are coming from every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons are coming from every single
+region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space
+and all that's changing is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that's changing is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that's changing is there is
+their average temperature per photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average temperature per photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average temperature per photon
+is is the main idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the main idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the main idea
+another way saying that it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way saying that it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way saying that it's it's it's
+it's a it's a it's hard to get it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's hard to get it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a it's hard to get it's hard
+to go inside around believe me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go inside around believe me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go inside around believe me but
+instead of saying like the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying like the big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying like the big bang
+happened over there and things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over there and things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over there and things are
+stretching out from it the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching out from it the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching out from it the Big Bang
+happens everywhere so every place every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens everywhere so every place every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens everywhere so every place every
+part of space that we could see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of space that we could see today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of space that we could see today
+um once had been at the big bag so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once had been at the big bag so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once had been at the big bag so to
+speak the Big Bang happened there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the Big Bang happened there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the Big Bang happened there it
+happened at x equals zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at x equals zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at x equals zero and it's
+running the into any place we could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the into any place we could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the into any place we could put
+spatial coordinates to on this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial coordinates to on this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial coordinates to on this model
+those all experience the Big Bang at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all experience the Big Bang at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all experience the Big Bang at the
+same time so it wasn't the bang happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so it wasn't the bang happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so it wasn't the bang happened
+there and stuff was flowing outward from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and stuff was flowing outward from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and stuff was flowing outward from
+it towards us again think about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it towards us again think about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it towards us again think about being
+sort of inside a balloon or let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inside a balloon or let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inside a balloon or let's say a
+bathtub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathtub
+so there so the there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there so the there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there so the there should be a
+uniform set of properties filling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform set of properties filling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform set of properties filling that
+space and we're just immersing it trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we're just immersing it trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we're just immersing it trying
+to kind of measure it as we as we flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of measure it as we as we flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of measure it as we as we flow
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+I'll be glad to chat more about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be glad to chat more about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be glad to chat more about that but
+that's that's um um I say all that as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's um um I say all that as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's um um I say all that as if
+that's obvious it's not obvious I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obvious it's not obvious I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obvious it's not obvious I'd be
+glad to chat more about it but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad to chat more about it but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad to chat more about it but that's
+the kind of Reckoning that that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of Reckoning that that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of Reckoning that that people
+like lemacher got very comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lemacher got very comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lemacher got very comfortable with
+starting the 20s and 30s and it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the 20s and 30s and it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the 20s and 30s and it took
+other people a lot longer to try to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people a lot longer to try to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people a lot longer to try to kind
+of get their heads around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get their heads around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get their heads around
+Alex rightly puts in in the chat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex rightly puts in in the chat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex rightly puts in in the chat that
+Edwin Hubble was actually uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin Hubble was actually uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin Hubble was actually uh pretty
+lucky uh it's true there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky uh it's true there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky uh it's true there's been a
+tremendous amount of controversy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of controversy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of controversy right
+to this day or let's just say uh Earnest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day or let's just say uh Earnest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day or let's just say uh Earnest
+um disagreement over what's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disagreement over what's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um disagreement over what's called The
+Cosmic distance ladder which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic distance ladder which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic distance ladder which is to say
+it's actually pretty easy now relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty easy now relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty easy now relatively
+easy to measure the speeds with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to measure the speeds with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to measure the speeds with which
+objects are moving away from us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are moving away from us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are moving away from us because
+that has to do with spectroscopy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with spectroscopy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with spectroscopy we can
+measure these Atomic transition lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these Atomic transition lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these Atomic transition lines
+with great great accuracy and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great great accuracy and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great great accuracy and so you can
+just do a dopplerships say oh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a dopplerships say oh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a dopplerships say oh I would
+expect that line to be here it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that line to be here it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that line to be here it's over
+here and the difference is a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the difference is a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the difference is a direct
+measure of the of the relative speed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the of the relative speed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the of the relative speed the
+kind of recession speed what's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recession speed what's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recession speed what's not so
+easy is figure out how far away from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy is figure out how far away from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy is figure out how far away from us
+that thing is right now the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is right now the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is right now the actual
+distance right now we can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right now we can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right now we can get the
+velocity from from these very fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity from from these very fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity from from these very fancy
+spectroscopic I say we the people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic I say we the people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic I say we the people who do
+they're actually astronomers they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually astronomers they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually astronomers they they
+kindly share their information but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly share their information but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly share their information but you
+know one can do it well now whole teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one can do it well now whole teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one can do it well now whole teams
+can do it very very well what's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it very very well what's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it very very well what's hard to
+do is to calibrate What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to calibrate What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to calibrate What's called the
+distance ladder how far away is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance ladder how far away is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance ladder how far away is that
+object right now let alone how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right now let alone how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right now let alone how quickly
+is it continuing to move away and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it continuing to move away and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it continuing to move away and so
+this was especially off compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was especially off compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was especially off compared to
+modern day values in Hubble's time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern day values in Hubble's time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern day values in Hubble's time in
+fact his value was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact his value was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact his value was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well let's see 500 versus 70. so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see 500 versus 70. so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see 500 versus 70. so what we
+now call Hubble's parameter is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now call Hubble's parameter is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now call Hubble's parameter is roughly
+70 inappropriate units and he measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 inappropriate units and he measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 inappropriate units and he measured
+500. so he measured a much quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500. so he measured a much quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500. so he measured a much quicker
+average rate of expansion than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate of expansion than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate of expansion than what we
+have kind of mostly settled on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of mostly settled on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of mostly settled on today
+um but the basic picture was was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the basic picture was was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the basic picture was was there
+the picture was enough to get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture was enough to get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture was enough to get people to
+start paying attention a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start paying attention a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start paying attention a small number of
+people to pension pay attention to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to pension pay attention to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to pension pay attention to um
+George Le Matrix otherwise quite obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Le Matrix otherwise quite obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Le Matrix otherwise quite obscure
+mathematical Solutions so la Matra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Solutions so la Matra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Solutions so la Matra
+there's also a Russian and by then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a Russian and by then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a Russian and by then
+Soviet physicist uh Alexander Friedman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet physicist uh Alexander Friedman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet physicist uh Alexander Friedman
+who's doing very similar work a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing very similar work a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing very similar work a few of
+these mathematical physicists were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mathematical physicists were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mathematical physicists were using
+Einstein's equations in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations in ways that
+Einstein thought was awful as I said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein thought was awful as I said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein thought was awful as I said he
+was not at all a fan of this early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not at all a fan of this early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not at all a fan of this early on
+but it looked to many people who to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looked to many people who to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looked to many people who to the
+few people who paid any attention at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people who paid any attention at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people who paid any attention at all
+it looked like just a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like just a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like just a kind of
+mathematical curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical curiosity
+and it was only when paired with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was only when paired with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was only when paired with uh
+observations most famously from Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations most famously from Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations most famously from Hubble
+Hubble actually had a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble actually had a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble actually had a number of
+assistants and other groups began uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants and other groups began uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants and other groups began uh
+contributing as well but it was Hubble's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing as well but it was Hubble's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing as well but it was Hubble's
+data that got the biggest splash that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that got the biggest splash that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that got the biggest splash that
+made the biggest impact on the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the biggest impact on the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the biggest impact on the community
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+and regardless of whether we agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regardless of whether we agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regardless of whether we agree with
+the number he inferred of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number he inferred of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number he inferred of the actual
+rate it seemed pretty clear to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it seemed pretty clear to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it seemed pretty clear to many
+people at the time that this was a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at the time that this was a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at the time that this was a was
+consistent with an actual overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with an actual overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with an actual overall
+expansion with a change over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion with a change over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion with a change over time and
+that made these seemingly pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made these seemingly pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made these seemingly pure
+mathematical Solutions like Friedman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Solutions like Friedman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Solutions like Friedman's
+and especially the follow-up work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the follow-up work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the follow-up work by
+George lamentre that made those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George lamentre that made those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George lamentre that made those
+mathematical Solutions but much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Solutions but much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Solutions but much much
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+um curious and interesting than they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um curious and interesting than they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um curious and interesting than they had
+prior to Hubble's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to Hubble's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to Hubble's data
+although Alex you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Alex you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Alex you're absolutely right
+that his his value was if one took his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his his value was if one took his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his his value was if one took his
+value literally it looked like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value literally it looked like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value literally it looked like the
+universe would be younger than things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe would be younger than things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe would be younger than things
+inside it and that leads that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it and that leads that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it and that leads that's not good
+right so how could the Milky Way galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how could the Milky Way galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how could the Milky Way galaxy
+or even the planet Earth be older than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even the planet Earth be older than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even the planet Earth be older than
+the universe in which it resides so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe in which it resides so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe in which it resides so it
+did lead to these kinds of puzzles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did lead to these kinds of puzzles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did lead to these kinds of puzzles and
+that was eventually kind of smoothed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was eventually kind of smoothed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was eventually kind of smoothed
+over or or made more consistent by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or or made more consistent by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or or made more consistent by the
+1950s that took a while it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s that took a while it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s that took a while it's an
+excellent point any other questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent point any other questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent point any other questions on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a remarkably I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a remarkably I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a remarkably I think
+safe to say remarkably successful set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say remarkably successful set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say remarkably successful set of
+ideas that eventually becomes called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that eventually becomes called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that eventually becomes called The
+Big Bang model going all the way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang model going all the way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang model going all the way back to
+really to Einstein but especially people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to Einstein but especially people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to Einstein but especially people
+like George Le Matra a huge boost to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like George Le Matra a huge boost to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like George Le Matra a huge boost to try
+to give real quantitative kind of teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give real quantitative kind of teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give real quantitative kind of teeth
+to these internal phases or intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these internal phases or intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these internal phases or intermediate
+phases by people like George gamoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases by people like George gamoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases by people like George gamoff
+and his younger assistants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his younger assistants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his younger assistants
+and it starts to match observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts to match observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts to match observations
+really uh quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh quite well
+and yet we're not done and people began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we're not done and people began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet we're not done and people began
+to get worried about some of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get worried about some of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get worried about some of these uh
+features of the Big Bang model not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the Big Bang model not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the Big Bang model not only
+to cherish its successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cherish its successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cherish its successes
+so for this next part it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this next part it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this next part it's actually
+really helpful to adopt convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful to adopt convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful to adopt convenient
+coordinates if we accept the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if we accept the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if we accept the notion that
+there's a kind of universal stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of universal stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of universal stretching
+of space then it's actually helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space then it's actually helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space then it's actually helpful to
+kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um
+to to adopt coordinates that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to adopt coordinates that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to adopt coordinates that kind of
+take that into account so uh so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account so uh so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account so uh so what we
+what we tend to astronomers have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we tend to astronomers have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we tend to astronomers have done
+really for for Generations is to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for for Generations is to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for for Generations is to adopt
+what are called co-moving coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called co-moving coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called co-moving coordinates
+and then a physical coordinate and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a physical coordinate and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a physical coordinate and again
+at any given moment in time would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given moment in time would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given moment in time would be
+scaled by this Universal stretching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by this Universal stretching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by this Universal stretching this
+so-called scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scale factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scale factor
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+Hubble's data was consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble's data was consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble's data was consistent with
+galaxies sitting still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies sitting still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies sitting still
+at some fixed co-moving location they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some fixed co-moving location they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some fixed co-moving location they
+could you could plot down the Andromeda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could plot down the Andromeda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could plot down the Andromeda
+galaxy at R equals seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy at R equals seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy at R equals seven
+and then it's moving away from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's moving away from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's moving away from us
+because all of space is stretching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of space is stretching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of space is stretching in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+so you could have galaxies that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have galaxies that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have galaxies that are more
+or less sitting still locally but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less sitting still locally but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less sitting still locally but are
+receding from us just as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding from us just as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding from us just as we are
+receiving from them because the space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving from them because the space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving from them because the space in
+between is stretching and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is stretching and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is stretching and you can
+accommodate that by inserting this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate that by inserting this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate that by inserting this one
+kind of universal stretching function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of universal stretching function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of universal stretching function is
+called the scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the scale factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the scale factor
+so the distance between say the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance between say the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance between say the Milky
+Way and the Andromeda galaxy at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way and the Andromeda galaxy at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way and the Andromeda galaxy at any
+given time the physical distance really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time the physical distance really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time the physical distance really
+would change it is getting more distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change it is getting more distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change it is getting more distant
+over time because the space in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time because the space in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time because the space in between
+is stretching so if you plot things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stretching so if you plot things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stretching so if you plot things in
+terms of what's called co-moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's called co-moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's called co-moving
+distance you kind of scale out you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you kind of scale out you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you kind of scale out you take
+into account that Universal scaling then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that Universal scaling then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that Universal scaling then
+it would just look like milky ways at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just look like milky ways at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just look like milky ways at R
+equals zero and Andromeda is stuck at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and Andromeda is stuck at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and Andromeda is stuck at R
+equals seven in in these in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals seven in in these in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals seven in in these in these
+convenient coordinates then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient coordinates then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient coordinates then you have to
+be a little more clever to adopt your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more clever to adopt your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more clever to adopt your
+clock to make things again actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock to make things again actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock to make things again actually
+really simple this is actually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple this is actually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple this is actually called
+conformal time that remind might remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal time that remind might remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal time that remind might remind
+you of our beloved friends the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of our beloved friends the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of our beloved friends the 19th
+century Cambridge Wranglers is my blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Cambridge Wranglers is my blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Cambridge Wranglers is my blood
+we looked briefly at the Wrangler stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked briefly at the Wrangler stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked briefly at the Wrangler stuff
+at these conformal mappings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these conformal mappings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these conformal mappings
+we're really doing a wranglerish thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really doing a wranglerish thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really doing a wranglerish thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+very similar idea to adopt coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar idea to adopt coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar idea to adopt coordinates
+for the time for the rate at which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time for the rate at which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time for the rate at which we
+think clocks should tick to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think clocks should tick to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think clocks should tick to be
+convenient that also takes into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient that also takes into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient that also takes into account
+that changing stretching rates over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changing stretching rates over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changing stretching rates over time
+and so what we call conformal time often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we call conformal time often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we call conformal time often
+labeled by the Greek letter tau is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the Greek letter tau is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the Greek letter tau is
+basically a variable tick rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a variable tick rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a variable tick rate
+that is really convenient because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really convenient because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really convenient because then
+we can start making a dynamical changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start making a dynamical changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start making a dynamical changing
+space time look just like the space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time look just like the space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time look just like the space time
+of special relativity look just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special relativity look just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special relativity look just like a
+minkowski diagram why do we do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski diagram why do we do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski diagram why do we do all this
+funny stuff that I had to wave my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny stuff that I had to wave my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny stuff that I had to wave my hands
+around for combo of existence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for combo of existence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for combo of existence and
+conformal time because when we make plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal time because when we make plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal time because when we make plot
+space time plots where we use co-wooving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time plots where we use co-wooving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time plots where we use co-wooving
+distance rather than physical distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance rather than physical distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance rather than physical distance
+for the spatial part and conformal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spatial part and conformal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spatial part and conformal time
+this variable clock rate rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable clock rate rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable clock rate rather than
+what's called Cosmic time or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Cosmic time or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Cosmic time or sometimes
+it's simply called physical time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply called physical time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply called physical time then
+actually we get back to some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we get back to some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we get back to some simple
+looking Arrangements like light rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Arrangements like light rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Arrangements like light rays
+once again travel on 45 degree diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again travel on 45 degree diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again travel on 45 degree diagonals
+if we were to try to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to try to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to try to take into account
+the changing stretching rate of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing stretching rate of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing stretching rate of space
+these Paths of light rays have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Paths of light rays have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Paths of light rays have become
+these very complicated uh bent Twisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very complicated uh bent Twisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very complicated uh bent Twisted
+kind of pads but in these special very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pads but in these special very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pads but in these special very
+simplifying coordinates light just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying coordinates light just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying coordinates light just
+travels on 45 degree diagonals we sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels on 45 degree diagonals we sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels on 45 degree diagonals we sit
+still at a fixed value of co-moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at a fixed value of co-moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at a fixed value of co-moving
+location and then light comes to us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and then light comes to us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and then light comes to us at
+145 degrees that sounds very abstract we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 degrees that sounds very abstract we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 degrees that sounds very abstract we
+do that all the time this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that all the time this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that all the time this is just an
+example in space time of a conformal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in space time of a conformal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in space time of a conformal
+mapping of the sort that we all use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the sort that we all use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the sort that we all use
+every day like a Mercator Projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day like a Mercator Projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day like a Mercator Projection
+so what this does is it inserts certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this does is it inserts certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this does is it inserts certain
+kinds of um of of location dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of um of of location dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of um of of location dependent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um artifacts like Antarctica looks huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um artifacts like Antarctica looks huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um artifacts like Antarctica looks huge
+on a Mercator Projection or Greenland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Mercator Projection or Greenland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Mercator Projection or Greenland
+for that matter the surface area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter the surface area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter the surface area of
+Antarctic is nowhere near the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctic is nowhere near the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctic is nowhere near the surface
+area of Africa then it looks so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Africa then it looks so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Africa then it looks so much
+larger but that's because we've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger but that's because we've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger but that's because we've had a
+stretching in the amount of stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in the amount of stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in the amount of stretching
+increases toward the poles if we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases toward the poles if we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases toward the poles if we do a
+two-dimensional spatial conformal map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional spatial conformal map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional spatial conformal map
+we're doing the same thing here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the same thing here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the same thing here we're
+stretching our time coordinate so time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching our time coordinate so time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching our time coordinate so time
+gets more and more stretched out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more and more stretched out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more and more stretched out uh
+towards earlier times we we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards earlier times we we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards earlier times we we can take
+that into account we know how to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account we know how to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account we know how to use a
+Mercator Projection and it makes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercator Projection and it makes other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercator Projection and it makes other
+relationships remarkably easy likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships remarkably easy likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships remarkably easy likewise
+our conformal Maps here make the paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conformal Maps here make the paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conformal Maps here make the paths
+of light for example very easy to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light for example very easy to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light for example very easy to follow
+so this starts when people begin using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this starts when people begin using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this starts when people begin using
+these uh these convenient coordinates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these convenient coordinates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these convenient coordinates I
+also go back to some questions about or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go back to some questions about or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go back to some questions about or
+or features of the Big Bang model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or features of the Big Bang model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or features of the Big Bang model and
+these are start having new questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are start having new questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are start having new questions so
+we we talked briefly last time about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we talked briefly last time about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we talked briefly last time about
+Robert Dickey he was again a veteran of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Dickey he was again a veteran of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Dickey he was again a veteran of
+some of the wartime projects He was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the wartime projects He was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the wartime projects He was an
+expert in microwave Electronics a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in microwave Electronics a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in microwave Electronics a kind
+of radar rad lab veteran and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radar rad lab veteran and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radar rad lab veteran and after the
+war he went back to Princeton uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war he went back to Princeton uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war he went back to Princeton uh and
+about 10 years after that became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years after that became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years after that became very
+interested in general relativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in general relativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in general relativity and
+cosmology he began retooling his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology he began retooling his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology he began retooling his whole
+research group around questions related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group around questions related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group around questions related
+to things like the big bang we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things like the big bang we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things like the big bang we saw that
+in 1961 uh he published his alternate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1961 uh he published his alternate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1961 uh he published his alternate to
+Einstein's own theory of gravity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own theory of gravity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own theory of gravity the
+Brand's Dickie theory of gravity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brand's Dickie theory of gravity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brand's Dickie theory of gravity which
+you looked at last time it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at last time it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at last time it's the same
+Robert ticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert ticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert ticking
+so he introduced this conundrum uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he introduced this conundrum uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he introduced this conundrum uh in
+1969 so soon after the discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 so soon after the discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 so soon after the discovery of the
+cosmic microwave backer radiation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic microwave backer radiation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic microwave backer radiation where
+people began to take the Big Bang model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began to take the Big Bang model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began to take the Big Bang model
+more and more seriously including Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more seriously including Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more seriously including Robert
+Dickey he goes back to what I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey he goes back to what I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey he goes back to what I mentioned
+briefly before that according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly before that according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly before that according to
+Einstein's equations as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations as sort of
+clarified by people like uh Alexander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified by people like uh Alexander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified by people like uh Alexander
+Friedman and George Le matron you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman and George Le matron you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman and George Le matron you can
+have these very simple geometries at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these very simple geometries at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these very simple geometries at any
+given moment in time the shape of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment in time the shape of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment in time the shape of space
+could either have a positive geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either have a positive geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either have a positive geometry
+where it closes back on itself like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it closes back on itself like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it closes back on itself like the
+surface of a sphere an open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere an open or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere an open or
+negatively uh curved geometry or a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively uh curved geometry or a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively uh curved geometry or a flat
+geometry what controls which geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry what controls which geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry what controls which geometry
+you have is this ratio of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is this ratio of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is this ratio of the actual
+amount of stuff per volume the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff per volume the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff per volume the actual
+density of matter and energy per volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of matter and energy per volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of matter and energy per volume
+compared to some critical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some critical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some critical value
+so uh it became common after Dicky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it became common after Dicky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it became common after Dicky to
+just introduced the Greek letter Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just introduced the Greek letter Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just introduced the Greek letter Capital
+Omega simply to to refer to that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega simply to to refer to that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega simply to to refer to that ratio
+what's the ACT what's the ratio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ACT what's the ratio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ACT what's the ratio the
+actual stuff per volume in our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual stuff per volume in our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual stuff per volume in our universe
+compared to that critical value and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that critical value and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that critical value and only
+for that kind of Goldilocks solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of Goldilocks solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of Goldilocks solution we
+have exactly the balanced amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly the balanced amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly the balanced amount of
+stuff per volume would you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff per volume would you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff per volume would you expect to
+have space obey a euclidean geometry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have space obey a euclidean geometry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have space obey a euclidean geometry on
+large scales if Omega is larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scales if Omega is larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scales if Omega is larger than one
+you have more stuff for volume you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more stuff for volume you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more stuff for volume you have
+a positive curvature if Omega is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive curvature if Omega is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive curvature if Omega is smaller
+than one you have less stuff per volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one you have less stuff per volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one you have less stuff per volume
+than a critical value you expect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a critical value you expect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a critical value you expect it's
+open or hyperbolic geometry so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or hyperbolic geometry so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or hyperbolic geometry so far so
+good then Dicky plugged this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then Dicky plugged this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then Dicky plugged this quantity
+into Einstein's own equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Einstein's own equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Einstein's own equations
+so this is a Time dependent quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a Time dependent quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a Time dependent quantity
+after all we're talking about densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all we're talking about densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all we're talking about densities
+the density should depend on the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density should depend on the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density should depend on the volume
+it's stuff per volume if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stuff per volume if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stuff per volume if you have a
+universe expanding over time the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expanding over time the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expanding over time the volume
+should be changing over time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be changing over time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be changing over time so the
+density should presumably go down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density should presumably go down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density should presumably go down right
+the density should fall if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density should fall if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density should fall if you have a
+fixed amount of stuff in a space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed amount of stuff in a space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed amount of stuff in a space time
+and you ex you stretch that space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ex you stretch that space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ex you stretch that space the
+density Falls if you throw four marbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density Falls if you throw four marbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density Falls if you throw four marbles
+into a into a bucket you have a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a bucket you have a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a bucket you have a density
+of four per per per you know cubic liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four per per per you know cubic liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four per per per you know cubic liter
+let's say if the cubic liter bucket if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if the cubic liter bucket if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if the cubic liter bucket if
+you double size the bucket then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you double size the bucket then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you double size the bucket then you have
+only four marbles but now a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four marbles but now a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four marbles but now a larger
+volume intensity has gone down and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume intensity has gone down and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume intensity has gone down and so
+what what Dickey demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what Dickey demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what Dickey demonstrated
+is it a corny Einstein's equations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a corny Einstein's equations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a corny Einstein's equations this
+solution that that looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that that looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that that looks like the
+Goldilocks solution the spatially flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldilocks solution the spatially flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldilocks solution the spatially flat
+solution we have just the right amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have just the right amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have just the right amount
+of stuff per volume is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff per volume is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff per volume is actually an
+unstable Solutions an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable Solutions an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable Solutions an unstable
+equilibrium point of Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point of Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point of Einstein's
+equations a universe should be should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a universe should be should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a universe should be should
+generically become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically become more and more
+different from Flat over time and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from Flat over time and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from Flat over time and if you
+just plug in the notion that the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the notion that the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the notion that the density
+is falling like one over the volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling like one over the volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling like one over the volume the
+volume should go like the cube of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume should go like the cube of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume should go like the cube of the of
+the um kind of spatial Dimensions sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um kind of spatial Dimensions sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um kind of spatial Dimensions sort
+of go like a cubed so in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go like a cubed so in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go like a cubed so in fact this
+quantity for this part comes just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for this part comes just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for this part comes just for
+Einstein's equations 1 over a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations 1 over a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations 1 over a squared
+aiding that scale factor kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiding that scale factor kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiding that scale factor kind of like
+the radius at any given moment in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius at any given moment in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius at any given moment in time
+and rho is the density stuff per volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rho is the density stuff per volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rho is the density stuff per volume
+well if the row is going like 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the row is going like 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the row is going like 1 over a
+cubed then this whole quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then this whole quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then this whole quantity here
+should grow with a scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should grow with a scale factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should grow with a scale factor
+so the difference from a flat universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference from a flat universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference from a flat universe
+the deviation for spatial flatness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation for spatial flatness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation for spatial flatness
+Dickie shows generically should grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickie shows generically should grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickie shows generically should grow
+over time if a universe started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time if a universe started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time if a universe started out
+being close to but not identically equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being close to but not identically equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being close to but not identically equal
+to Flat at Early times it should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Flat at Early times it should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Flat at Early times it should look
+nothing like spatially flat at later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like spatially flat at later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like spatially flat at later
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+depending on this on the sign it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on this on the sign it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on this on the sign it could
+either become more and more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either become more and more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either become more and more like a
+hyperbolic saddle or more and more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic saddle or more and more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic saddle or more and more like
+a closed fear what it should not do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed fear what it should not do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed fear what it should not do is
+say looking anything like the flats the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say looking anything like the flats the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say looking anything like the flats the
+euclidean solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean solution
+so if you extrapolate this backwards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you extrapolate this backwards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you extrapolate this backwards to
+Early times like the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Early times like the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Early times like the time of
+nucleosynthesis for example uh or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosynthesis for example uh or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosynthesis for example uh or even
+to the times of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the times of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the times of um
+of when the the cosmic microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when the the cosmic microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when the the cosmic microwave
+background radiation was released you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation was released you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation was released you
+find that you have to fine-tune you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that you have to fine-tune you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that you have to fine-tune you have
+to have some reason why the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some reason why the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some reason why the amount of
+stuff per volume was not just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff per volume was not just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff per volume was not just in the
+neighborhood of that critical value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of that critical value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of that critical value but
+in fact was exponentially close to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact was exponentially close to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact was exponentially close to it
+you start as Dickie points out you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start as Dickie points out you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start as Dickie points out you have
+these exponential fine tunings for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponential fine tunings for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponential fine tunings for the
+universe to be even remotely close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe to be even remotely close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe to be even remotely close to a
+spatially flat or euclidean-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially flat or euclidean-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially flat or euclidean-like
+behavior today which was looking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior today which was looking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior today which was looking more
+and more consistent with observations by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more consistent with observations by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more consistent with observations by
+the 60s and 70s and 80s even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s and 70s and 80s even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s and 70s and 80s even if it
+wasn't compellingly equal to Flat it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't compellingly equal to Flat it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't compellingly equal to Flat it was
+this parameter Omega was say 0.3 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter Omega was say 0.3 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter Omega was say 0.3 it
+wasn't 10 to the minus 70. it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't 10 to the minus 70. it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't 10 to the minus 70. it wasn't
+five it was a 0.3 or 1.1 it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it was a 0.3 or 1.1 it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it was a 0.3 or 1.1 it was in the
+rough vicinity of one to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough vicinity of one to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough vicinity of one to the extent that
+the measurements could could converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements could could converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements could could converge
+the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations
+and yet a measurement of anywhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet a measurement of anywhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet a measurement of anywhere near
+one today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one today
+suggested it had to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested it had to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested it had to have been
+exponentially close to one at Early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially close to one at Early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially close to one at Early
+times and that seems like this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that seems like this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that seems like this very
+strange or unexplained fine-tuning if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange or unexplained fine-tuning if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange or unexplained fine-tuning if
+Universe has been stretching for 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe has been stretching for 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe has been stretching for 14
+billion years what set it to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years what set it to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years what set it to be so
+exponentially arbitrarily close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially arbitrarily close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially arbitrarily close to
+spatially Flat given that that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially Flat given that that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially Flat given that that is an
+unstable equilibrium points that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium points that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium points that became
+known as what as a flatness problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as what as a flatness problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as what as a flatness problem that
+was introduced by Bob Dickey in 1969
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by Bob Dickey in 1969
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by Bob Dickey in 1969
+Dickey actually was really thorough he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey actually was really thorough he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey actually was really thorough he
+was thinking about other things too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about other things too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about other things too so
+ten years later he introduced the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years later he introduced the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years later he introduced the next
+big real conundrum for the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big real conundrum for the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big real conundrum for the Big Bang
+model and this one he did with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this one he did with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this one he did with his
+younger student by that point his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger student by that point his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger student by that point his
+collaborator uh James Peebles you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator uh James Peebles you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator uh James Peebles you might
+know people's name he actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people's name he actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people's name he actually just
+received the Nobel Prize in physics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the Nobel Prize in physics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the Nobel Prize in physics a
+little over a year ago for much for much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a year ago for much for much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a year ago for much for much
+of this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this work
+people's had done his PhD with Dickie at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's had done his PhD with Dickie at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's had done his PhD with Dickie at
+Princeton so 10 years later Dickie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton so 10 years later Dickie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton so 10 years later Dickie and
+Peebles introduced what the second big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peebles introduced what the second big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peebles introduced what the second big
+conundrum and this one's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum and this one's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum and this one's called The
+Horizon problem so now let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon problem so now let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon problem so now let's go back to
+these very convenient conformal diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very convenient conformal diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very convenient conformal diagrams
+so I'm going to use the same funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use the same funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use the same funny
+coordinates I mentioned before I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates I mentioned before I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates I mentioned before I'm I'm
+mapping the history of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the history of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the history of the universe
+using co-moving distances so I've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using co-moving distances so I've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using co-moving distances so I've taken
+into account that Universal stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that Universal stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that Universal stretching
+of space and that variable clock rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space and that variable clock rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space and that variable clock rate
+that um that conformal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that conformal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that conformal time
+so now according to this very lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now according to this very lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now according to this very lovely
+picture that people like George gamoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that people like George gamoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that people like George gamoff
+and uh Ralph uh Alpha and Robert Hermann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Ralph uh Alpha and Robert Hermann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Ralph uh Alpha and Robert Hermann
+put together we should be receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together we should be receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together we should be receiving
+these micro photons today from literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these micro photons today from literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these micro photons today from literally
+every direction in the sky this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every direction in the sky this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every direction in the sky this goes
+back to Steven's question imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Steven's question imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Steven's question imagine you
+have a three-dimensional version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a three-dimensional version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a three-dimensional version of this
+everywhere in the sky you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the sky you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the sky you see these
+photons heading toward us some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons heading toward us some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons heading toward us some of them
+are heading away from us we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are heading away from us we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are heading away from us we're just
+immersed in the bath the ones that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in the bath the ones that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in the bath the ones that we
+see have been heading on trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see have been heading on trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see have been heading on trajectories
+toward us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward us
+since they were first released since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they were first released since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they were first released since
+that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment
+380 000 years after the big bang when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380 000 years after the big bang when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380 000 years after the big bang when
+photons could begin streaming freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons could begin streaming freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons could begin streaming freely
+when they could travel macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they could travel macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they could travel macroscopic
+distances because the universe is filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances because the universe is filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances because the universe is filled
+with electrically neutral matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrically neutral matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrically neutral matter
+there's some moments after which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some moments after which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some moments after which the
+photons begin traveling large distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons begin traveling large distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons begin traveling large distances
+they've been traveling that whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been traveling that whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been traveling that whole time
+until some of them enter our antennas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until some of them enter our antennas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until some of them enter our antennas
+and our satellites today so remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our satellites today so remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our satellites today so remember in
+these coordinates we sit still at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coordinates we sit still at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coordinates we sit still at some
+fixed value of co-moving location R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value of co-moving location R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value of co-moving location R
+equals seven or whatever you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals seven or whatever you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals seven or whatever you'd like
+could call R equals zero and then light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call R equals zero and then light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call R equals zero and then light
+travels on these lovely convenient 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels on these lovely convenient 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels on these lovely convenient 45
+degree diagonals so from this corner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree diagonals so from this corner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree diagonals so from this corner in
+the sky it's like looking pointing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky it's like looking pointing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky it's like looking pointing your
+telescope over there from this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope over there from this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope over there from this corner
+Sky it look in the opposite direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sky it look in the opposite direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sky it look in the opposite direction we
+receive this uniform bath of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive this uniform bath of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive this uniform bath of photons
+that have been traveling towards us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been traveling towards us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been traveling towards us this
+whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time
+well here's where Dicky and people start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's where Dicky and people start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's where Dicky and people start
+at raising some questions we receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at raising some questions we receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at raising some questions we receive
+this remarkable uniform signal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable uniform signal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable uniform signal on the
+sky today from opposite sides like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky today from opposite sides like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky today from opposite sides like from
+any direction that we point to our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any direction that we point to our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any direction that we point to our our
+radio telescopes both on Earth are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio telescopes both on Earth are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio telescopes both on Earth are now
+uh from satellites there's a co-moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from satellites there's a co-moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from satellites there's a co-moving
+distance Delta R across which we find we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Delta R across which we find we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Delta R across which we find we
+receive these photons and they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive these photons and they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive these photons and they look
+remarkably uniform however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably uniform however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably uniform however
+those photons were emitted at a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those photons were emitted at a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those photons were emitted at a finite
+age when the universe was only a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age when the universe was only a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age when the universe was only a short
+portion of its current age it was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of its current age it was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of its current age it was only
+380 000 years old as opposed to nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380 000 years old as opposed to nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+380 000 years old as opposed to nearly
+14 billion years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 billion years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 billion years old
+light can only but travel at a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light can only but travel at a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light can only but travel at a fixed
+speed at least according to Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at least according to Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at least according to Einstein's
+theory so if the universe has only been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so if the universe has only been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so if the universe has only been
+around for so long then light could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for so long then light could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for so long then light could only
+have traveled so far that's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have traveled so far that's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have traveled so far that's called The
+Horizon distance what's the furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon distance what's the furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon distance what's the furthest
+possible distance that a light beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible distance that a light beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible distance that a light beam
+could have traveled traveling at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have traveled traveling at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have traveled traveling at that
+constant speed of light for as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speed of light for as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speed of light for as long as
+it was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was able to
+so even though an actual physical light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though an actual physical light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though an actual physical light
+being couldn't have traveled because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being couldn't have traveled because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being couldn't have traveled because the
+universe was optically opaque any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was optically opaque any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was optically opaque any
+information any physical signal any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information any physical signal any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information any physical signal any
+Force anything that could is limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force anything that could is limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force anything that could is limited by
+Einstein's speed limit should only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's speed limit should only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's speed limit should only be
+able to travel up to and limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to travel up to and limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to travel up to and limited by the
+speed of light that means there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light that means there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light that means there's a
+furthest distance According to which any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest distance According to which any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest distance According to which any
+information or influence or physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or influence or physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or influence or physical
+force or anything could have traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force or anything could have traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force or anything could have traveled
+since the big bang up to the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the big bang up to the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the big bang up to the time when
+that radiation was first emitted that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radiation was first emitted that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radiation was first emitted that's
+called The Horizon distance and as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Horizon distance and as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Horizon distance and as they
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+for any finite age for any universe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any finite age for any universe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any finite age for any universe that
+has this beginning a finite time ago at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this beginning a finite time ago at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this beginning a finite time ago at
+any moment in time there's a furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any moment in time there's a furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any moment in time there's a furthest
+distance that anything traveling in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that anything traveling in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that anything traveling in a
+speed of light could possibly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light could possibly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light could possibly have
+gotten to yet that's called The Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to yet that's called The Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to yet that's called The Horizon
+business so what they show is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so what they show is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so what they show is that at
+the time that the microwave background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that the microwave background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that the microwave background
+photons began their their Journey when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons began their their Journey when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons began their their Journey when
+they first began to freeze stream the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first began to freeze stream the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first began to freeze stream the
+universe was still so young that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was still so young that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was still so young that the
+furthest possible distance that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest possible distance that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest possible distance that any
+causal influence should have been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal influence should have been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal influence should have been able
+to travel was a tiny fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel was a tiny fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel was a tiny fraction of the
+distance across which we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance across which we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance across which we actually
+measure remarkable uniform signals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure remarkable uniform signals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure remarkable uniform signals on
+the sky today so the Horizon distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky today so the Horizon distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky today so the Horizon distance
+was actually like a factor of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually like a factor of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually like a factor of a hundred
+shorter than the smoothness scale across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than the smoothness scale across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than the smoothness scale across
+which we receive remarkable uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we receive remarkable uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we receive remarkable uniform
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+how could that be if this portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that be if this portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that be if this portion of the
+sky never had a chance to become in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky never had a chance to become in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky never had a chance to become in in
+any kind of physical equilibrium or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of physical equilibrium or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of physical equilibrium or even
+exchange a single tweet to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a single tweet to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a single tweet to have
+absolutely no information in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no information in this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no information in this part
+of the sky about what the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky about what the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky about what the average
+conditions are in this part of the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are in this part of the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are in this part of the sky
+how could they have become uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could they have become uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could they have become uh
+indistinguishable in the signals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable in the signals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable in the signals we
+received today that became known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received today that became known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received today that became known as a
+horizon problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon problem
+and this was heightened when uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was heightened when uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was heightened when uh as as
+more and more data came in more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more data came in more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more data came in more and more
+careful observations in the microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful observations in the microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful observations in the microwave
+back radiation it became clear that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back radiation it became clear that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back radiation it became clear that that
+signal really is uniform to one part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal really is uniform to one part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal really is uniform to one part in
+a hundred thousand it's remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred thousand it's remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred thousand it's remarkably
+uniform to to a tiny fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform to to a tiny fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform to to a tiny fraction of a
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+or is it to one thousandth of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it to one thousandth of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it to one thousandth of one
+percent that signals uniform across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent that signals uniform across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent that signals uniform across
+every direction we look in the sky today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every direction we look in the sky today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every direction we look in the sky today
+even though it's coming from all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's coming from all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's coming from all these
+regions that when that light was emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that when that light was emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that when that light was emitted
+couldn't have possibly had any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have possibly had any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have possibly had any physical
+interaction with each other or had even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with each other or had even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with each other or had even
+a single you know kind of status update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single you know kind of status update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single you know kind of status update
+saying I'm going to release my photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm going to release my photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm going to release my photons
+at this temperature you should do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this temperature you should do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this temperature you should do the
+same so the time of light was emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so the time of light was emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so the time of light was emitted
+the the kind of um smoothness scale was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of um smoothness scale was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of um smoothness scale was
+much much larger than the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger than the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger than the kind of
+causally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causally
+um self-connected scale and that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um self-connected scale and that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um self-connected scale and that becomes
+known as a horizon problem so why on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a horizon problem so why on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a horizon problem so why on
+Earth would the CMB be so uniform today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth would the CMB be so uniform today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth would the CMB be so uniform today
+to this exponential accuracy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this exponential accuracy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this exponential accuracy from
+regions guy that were never ever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions guy that were never ever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions guy that were never ever in
+causal contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal contact
+plus why on Earth do we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus why on Earth do we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus why on Earth do we have this
+distribution of scales that I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of scales that I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of scales that I started
+off at the beginning where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at the beginning where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at the beginning where does
+large-scale structure come from oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale structure come from oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale structure come from oh I'm
+sorry I skipped it sorry this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I skipped it sorry this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I skipped it sorry this is my
+other my anthropomorphic analogy for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other my anthropomorphic analogy for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other my anthropomorphic analogy for why
+the Horizon problem should make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon problem should make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon problem should make you
+should give you pause this usually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you pause this usually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you pause this usually works
+better when we're meeting in person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when we're meeting in person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when we're meeting in person in
+an actual classroom but imagine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual classroom but imagine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual classroom but imagine you know
+we're all sitting in a nice big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all sitting in a nice big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all sitting in a nice big
+comfortable room uh socially distanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable room uh socially distanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable room uh socially distanced
+and everyone has come in the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone has come in the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone has come in the room and
+I've uh I've I've stolen your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've uh I've I've stolen your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've uh I've I've stolen your cell
+phones sorry you'll get it back I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones sorry you'll get it back I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones sorry you'll get it back I've
+temporarily taken your cell phones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily taken your cell phones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily taken your cell phones and
+your laptops I've blindfolded you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptops I've blindfolded you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptops I've blindfolded you all
+and and um put in earplugs and headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um put in earplugs and headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um put in earplugs and headed
+every single one of your ping pong ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of your ping pong ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of your ping pong ball
+I won't actually do this but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't actually do this but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't actually do this but you know
+just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine
+and then without any prior coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then without any prior coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then without any prior coordination
+to say please throw your ping-pong ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say please throw your ping-pong ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say please throw your ping-pong ball
+at the same speed at the same time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same speed at the same time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same speed at the same time to
+one part in 10 to the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part in 10 to the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part in 10 to the five
+without any chance to coordinate without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any chance to coordinate without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any chance to coordinate without
+anyone saying Ready set go or you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone saying Ready set go or you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone saying Ready set go or you be
+able to say to your neighbor here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say to your neighbor here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say to your neighbor here's my
+plan let's coordinate right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan let's coordinate right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan let's coordinate right that's what
+it's like to have these causally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like to have these causally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like to have these causally
+disjoint regions emitting these photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint regions emitting these photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint regions emitting these photons
+not just with kind of the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just with kind of the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just with kind of the same energy
+but the exact same energy released at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exact same energy released at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exact same energy released at
+the exact same time that's the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same time that's the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same time that's the point of
+this series of kind of ping pong balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of kind of ping pong balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of kind of ping pong balls
+distributed through space now as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed through space now as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed through space now as I was
+saying what about the lumps this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what about the lumps this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what about the lumps this entire
+Big Bang model has still had to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang model has still had to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang model has still had to assume
+kind of by Fiat with no real explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by Fiat with no real explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by Fiat with no real explanation
+that there was some initial lumpiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some initial lumpiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some initial lumpiness
+there's some in homogeneity that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some in homogeneity that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some in homogeneity that over
+time could then grow to become this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time could then grow to become this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time could then grow to become this
+cascading hierarchy of scales which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading hierarchy of scales which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading hierarchy of scales which I
+would have super customers galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have super customers galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have super customers galaxies
+separated by huge voids and all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by huge voids and all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by huge voids and all the rest
+so the Big Bang model had some amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Big Bang model had some amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Big Bang model had some amazing
+successes but some pretty stubborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes but some pretty stubborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes but some pretty stubborn
+quandaries as well so I'll pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quandaries as well so I'll pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quandaries as well so I'll pause there
+again and ask for questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and ask for questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and ask for questions about that
+any questions on on the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on on the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on on the kind of
+shortcomings of big bang as people began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings of big bang as people began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings of big bang as people began
+articulating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating them
+throughout the 60s and 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel free to jump in or use a chat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to jump in or use a chat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to jump in or use a chat or
+either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again there's more there's more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's more there's more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's more there's more on
+the kind of quantitative details of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of quantitative details of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of quantitative details of that
+in the in that optional primer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in that optional primer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in that optional primer you can
+find on the canvas site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on the canvas site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on the canvas site
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so Fisher asks is it useful to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Fisher asks is it useful to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Fisher asks is it useful to think of
+the universe as spherical still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe as spherical still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe as spherical still
+yeah these pictures get pretty hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these pictures get pretty hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these pictures get pretty hard so
+basically we can imagine at every we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can imagine at every we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can imagine at every we can
+imagine drawing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine drawing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine drawing um
+choosing some point of interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing some point of interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing some point of interest and
+drawing some sphere around it and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing some sphere around it and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing some sphere around it and asking
+what's happening in that region is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in that region is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in that region is that
+that region itself will grow over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region itself will grow over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region itself will grow over time
+and is that region representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that region representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that region representative of
+some larger sample from which it's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some larger sample from which it's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some larger sample from which it's taken
+so we can still draw ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can still draw ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can still draw ask about the
+behavior of some randomly drawn sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of some randomly drawn sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of some randomly drawn sphere
+even if the global shape of space not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the global shape of space not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the global shape of space not
+might not be spherical as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be spherical as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be spherical as you can
+imagine filling a perfectly rectilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine filling a perfectly rectilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine filling a perfectly rectilinear
+euclidean space with a bunch of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean space with a bunch of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean space with a bunch of of
+Representative Spears whose Behavior we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representative Spears whose Behavior we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representative Spears whose Behavior we
+could we could study now it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could study now it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could study now it could be
+that the entire universe has a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire universe has a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire universe has a global
+shape to it we could be living in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to it we could be living in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to it we could be living in a in a
+closed Universe where on the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed Universe where on the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed Universe where on the larger
+scales it actually looks like a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales it actually looks like a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales it actually looks like a sphere
+but we can again do the same trick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can again do the same trick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can again do the same trick we
+can still ask about locally let's fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still ask about locally let's fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still ask about locally let's fill
+it with some representative shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with some representative shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with some representative shape and
+ask about the average Behavior within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about the average Behavior within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about the average Behavior within
+that shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape
+so what what we mean by what spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what we mean by what spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what we mean by what spherical
+uh we we can you we can continue to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we can you we can continue to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we can you we can continue to use
+fears usefully even if we live in a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears usefully even if we live in a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears usefully even if we live in a flat
+universe as long as we're careful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe as long as we're careful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe as long as we're careful to
+distinguish a kind of sample volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a kind of sample volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a kind of sample volume
+versus the kind of global properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the kind of global properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the kind of global properties
+it's a good question Alex s what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question Alex s what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question Alex s what about
+the model problem yes very good so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model problem yes very good so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model problem yes very good so I
+left that one out that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that one out that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that one out that was that
+exercised Alan Guth in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised Alan Guth in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised Alan Guth in particular
+because maybe that's getting ahead maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe that's getting ahead maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe that's getting ahead maybe
+I'll talk a bit about that actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a bit about that actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a bit about that actually in
+the next next last part of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next next last part of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next next last part of the class
+that's a good question Alex any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question Alex any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question Alex any other
+questions about that about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that about the the
+shortcomings of Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me press on because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me press on because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me press on because these are
+extra questions Alex is already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra questions Alex is already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra questions Alex is already uh
+giving us a kind of segue to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a kind of segue to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a kind of segue to the next
+part which is great so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is great so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is great so let's
+go to that last part for class today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that last part for class today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that last part for class today I
+love this Photograph this is to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this Photograph this is to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this Photograph this is to me
+Priceless this is what Alan Guth looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priceless this is what Alan Guth looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priceless this is what Alan Guth looked
+like Circa 1980. I think MIT used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Circa 1980. I think MIT used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Circa 1980. I think MIT used to
+have a law that you had to dress so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a law that you had to dress so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a law that you had to dress so as
+to match your own Blackboard I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match your own Blackboard I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match your own Blackboard I think
+we've relaxed that rule anyway he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've relaxed that rule anyway he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've relaxed that rule anyway he was
+blending into his surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending into his surroundings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending into his surroundings
+his room like the university had been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his room like the university had been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his room like the university had been uh
+perfectly homogeneous and isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly homogeneous and isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly homogeneous and isotropic
+anyway here's a very young smiling Allen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here's a very young smiling Allen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here's a very young smiling Allen
+uh approximately 40 years ago he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approximately 40 years ago he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approximately 40 years ago he was
+wondering about these questions as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about these questions as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about these questions as well
+as we'll see in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see in a moment
+he was however coming at this having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was however coming at this having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was however coming at this having
+been trained at MIT in particle theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trained at MIT in particle theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trained at MIT in particle theory
+he was not trained in relativity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not trained in relativity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not trained in relativity or
+cosmology he was much more the same a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology he was much more the same a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology he was much more the same a
+generation as Tony Z whose work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation as Tony Z whose work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation as Tony Z whose work we
+talked about briefly in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about briefly in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about briefly in the previous
+lecture When Alan was in graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture When Alan was in graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture When Alan was in graduate school
+he was studying high energy physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was studying high energy physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was studying high energy physics and
+therefore therefore not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore therefore not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore therefore not
+um gravitational cosmology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gravitational cosmology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gravitational cosmology
+he wound up doing a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wound up doing a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wound up doing a series of
+postdoctoral studies he kind of liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral studies he kind of liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral studies he kind of liked
+Tony Z accidentally heard some talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Z accidentally heard some talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Z accidentally heard some talks
+about some of his early work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of his early work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of his early work in
+um gravitation in particular heard some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gravitation in particular heard some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gravitation in particular heard some
+lectures by Robert Dickey when Dicky was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures by Robert Dickey when Dicky was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures by Robert Dickey when Dicky was
+on the kind of lecture circuit talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of lecture circuit talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of lecture circuit talking
+about these Curiosities the shortcomings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these Curiosities the shortcomings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these Curiosities the shortcomings
+of the Big Bang model and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Big Bang model and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Big Bang model and that really
+stuck in Alan's mind he was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in Alan's mind he was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in Alan's mind he was not
+originally asking questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally asking questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally asking questions about the
+cosmos but he was kind of haphazardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos but he was kind of haphazardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos but he was kind of haphazardly
+encountering some of those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering some of those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering some of those questions
+again very much like like Tony's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very much like like Tony's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very much like like Tony's around
+the same time what Alan was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time what Alan was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time what Alan was interested
+in was in things like spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in was in things like spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in was in things like spontaneous
+symmetry breaking and the Higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry breaking and the Higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry breaking and the Higgs
+mechanism that was kind of all the rage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that was kind of all the rage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that was kind of all the rage
+for a lot of particle theorists uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of particle theorists uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of particle theorists uh in
+the early and mid 70s by then and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early and mid 70s by then and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early and mid 70s by then and he was
+wondering about shapes for the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about shapes for the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about shapes for the potential
+energy function of that Higgs field it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function of that Higgs field it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function of that Higgs field it
+might have a kind of extra structure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a kind of extra structure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a kind of extra structure it
+might be a kind of dimple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a kind of dimple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a kind of dimple
+up to that energy function we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that energy function we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that energy function we can
+imagine the higgsfield getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the higgsfield getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the higgsfield getting
+temporarily stuck at some metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily stuck at some metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily stuck at some metastable
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+at the origin of its own potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin of its own potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin of its own potential
+energy function where there's a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function where there's a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function where there's a barrier
+in any direction but it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any direction but it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any direction but it's not an
+infinitely High barrier so according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely High barrier so according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely High barrier so according to
+quantum theory that higgsfield should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory that higgsfield should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory that higgsfield should
+eventually Decay to the genuine Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually Decay to the genuine Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually Decay to the genuine Global
+State and lowest energy anywhere along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and lowest energy anywhere along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and lowest energy anywhere along
+this so-called vacuum Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called vacuum Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called vacuum Circle
+and Allah was realizing upon hearing Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Allah was realizing upon hearing Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Allah was realizing upon hearing Bob
+Dickey's lecture that that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey's lecture that that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey's lecture that that could have
+remarkable cosmological implications if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable cosmological implications if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable cosmological implications if
+there were a time even a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a time even a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a time even a short time
+during which the matter that's filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which the matter that's filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which the matter that's filling
+the universe could be temporarily stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe could be temporarily stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe could be temporarily stuck
+in a metastable state in which it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a metastable state in which it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a metastable state in which it had
+some non-zero potential energy but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-zero potential energy but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-zero potential energy but it
+couldn't release or relax that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't release or relax that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't release or relax that energy
+arbitrarily quickly because it's stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily quickly because it's stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily quickly because it's stuck
+in this metastable so-called false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this metastable so-called false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this metastable so-called false
+vacuum then that could have implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum then that could have implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum then that could have implications
+for the global shape of space and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the global shape of space and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the global shape of space and not
+just for Behavior Elementary particles I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Behavior Elementary particles I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Behavior Elementary particles I
+highlight the the day thank goodness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the the day thank goodness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the the day thank goodness for
+historians Alan is unbelievably anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians Alan is unbelievably anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians Alan is unbelievably anal
+retentive and writes everything down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retentive and writes everything down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retentive and writes everything down and
+has pretty neat handwriting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has pretty neat handwriting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has pretty neat handwriting a lot of
+people who write things down and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who write things down and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who write things down and have
+egregious handwriting and the smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious handwriting and the smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious handwriting and the smoke
+people don't write things down Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't write things down Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't write things down Alan
+although he likes to blend in with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he likes to blend in with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he likes to blend in with his
+Blackboard writes things down with neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard writes things down with neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard writes things down with neat
+handwriting and so I note the date 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting and so I note the date 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting and so I note the date 41
+years ago to the day today's December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago to the day today's December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago to the day today's December
+7th to the day he was up very late as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th to the day he was up very late as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th to the day he was up very late as is
+his wand piecing together his ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wand piecing together his ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wand piecing together his ideas
+about these higgs-like functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these higgs-like functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these higgs-like functions with
+these funny meta-stable states where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny meta-stable states where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny meta-stable states where the
+energy density of the universe could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density of the universe could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density of the universe could get
+trapped temporarily at some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped temporarily at some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped temporarily at some large
+non-zero value and he was putting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero value and he was putting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero value and he was putting that
+together in his mind with the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in his mind with the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in his mind with the lectures
+he had literally just heard from Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had literally just heard from Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had literally just heard from Robert
+Dickey not long before and he calls this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey not long before and he calls this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickey not long before and he calls this
+a spectacular realization so my request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectacular realization so my request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectacular realization so my request
+number three uh to you scientists is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three uh to you scientists is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three uh to you scientists is
+both write things down use neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both write things down use neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both write things down use neat
+hydrating and when you do something cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrating and when you do something cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrating and when you do something cool
+tell us it tell us that you're excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us it tell us that you're excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us it tell us that you're excited
+and put it in a box because when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in a box because when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in a box because when we're
+going through your notebooks honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through your notebooks honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through your notebooks honestly
+most of it's just garbage we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it's just garbage we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it's just garbage we just don't
+care but he actually does a favor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but he actually does a favor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but he actually does a favor and
+put it in a box pay attention to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a box pay attention to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a box pay attention to this
+his notebook's actually now on display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notebook's actually now on display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notebook's actually now on display
+in the Adler Planetarium in Chicago this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Adler Planetarium in Chicago this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Adler Planetarium in Chicago this
+literally this page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally this page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally this page
+he realized that this kind of feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he realized that this kind of feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he realized that this kind of feature
+could actually lead to a cosmologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually lead to a cosmologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually lead to a cosmologically
+distinct kind of evolution that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct kind of evolution that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct kind of evolution that if you
+have a period of time even briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a period of time even briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a period of time even briefly
+during which the energy density the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which the energy density the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which the energy density the the
+amount of stuff per volume gets stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff per volume gets stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff per volume gets stuck
+gets stuck at some non-zero value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck at some non-zero value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck at some non-zero value and
+can't change quickly the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change quickly the energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change quickly the energy density
+could remain constant if the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remain constant if the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remain constant if the energy
+density the stuff per volume remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the stuff per volume remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the stuff per volume remains
+constant then very counter-intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then very counter-intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then very counter-intuitively
+you have a runaway growth in the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a runaway growth in the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a runaway growth in the size of
+space that stretching function the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that stretching function the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that stretching function the scale
+factor going back just to Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor going back just to Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor going back just to Einstein's
+equations will grow exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will grow exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will grow exponentially
+quickly we'll have a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we'll have a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we'll have a period of
+accelerated expansion during which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated expansion during which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated expansion during which the
+universe won't just get bigger it'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe won't just get bigger it'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe won't just get bigger it'll get
+bigger faster if you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger faster if you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger faster if you have this kind of
+counter-intuitive even temporary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter-intuitive even temporary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter-intuitive even temporary phase
+during which the stuff for volume stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which the stuff for volume stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during which the stuff for volume stays
+constant even as the volume grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant even as the volume grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant even as the volume grows
+exponentially that could happen Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially that could happen Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially that could happen Alan
+began wondering if you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began wondering if you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began wondering if you have this kind of
+weird state of matter that was at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird state of matter that was at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird state of matter that was at least
+hypothetical and of right interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical and of right interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical and of right interest to
+particle physicists because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physicists because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physicists because they were
+worried about things like symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about things like symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about things like symmetry
+breaking in the Higgs mechanism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking in the Higgs mechanism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking in the Higgs mechanism that
+does not happen with you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not happen with you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not happen with you know kind of
+marbles in a bucket it does not happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles in a bucket it does not happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles in a bucket it does not happen
+with electrons or quarks or protons it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrons or quarks or protons it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrons or quarks or protons it
+happens for certain kinds of Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for certain kinds of Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for certain kinds of Elementary
+particles including things like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles including things like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles including things like these
+very simple Fields like the Higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Fields like the Higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Fields like the Higgs field
+the Higgs particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Higgs particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Higgs particle
+which for other reasons could have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for other reasons could have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for other reasons could have some
+funny shape to their potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny shape to their potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny shape to their potential energy
+function Alex I'm going to skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Alex I'm going to skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Alex I'm going to skip the
+multiple problem but it comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple problem but it comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple problem but it comes from this
+discussion as well and I'd be delighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as well and I'd be delighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as well and I'd be delighted
+to chat more about that if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chat more about that if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chat more about that if you'd like
+afterwards but in the interest of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards but in the interest of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards but in the interest of time
+uh this was Alan was worried about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was Alan was worried about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was Alan was worried about some
+exotic features from these Higgs Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic features from these Higgs Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic features from these Higgs Fields
+I can get kind of twisted up in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get kind of twisted up in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get kind of twisted up in some
+topological shape but he was really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological shape but he was really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological shape but he was really just
+wondering what happens if the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what happens if the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what happens if the universe
+gets stuck even temporarily such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck even temporarily such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck even temporarily such that
+the matter that dominates and fills it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter that dominates and fills it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter that dominates and fills it
+can't release or relax its potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't release or relax its potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't release or relax its potential
+energy arbitrarily quickly that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy arbitrarily quickly that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy arbitrarily quickly that's called
+a metastable state and if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metastable state and if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metastable state and if you go back to
+Einstein's equations exactly in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations exactly in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's equations exactly in the form
+that you begin learning from Bob Dickey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you begin learning from Bob Dickey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you begin learning from Bob Dickey
+from that series of lectures then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that series of lectures then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that series of lectures then you
+have these very different solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these very different solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these very different solutions for
+the average size of space it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average size of space it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average size of space it grows
+exponentially quickly and as Alan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially quickly and as Alan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially quickly and as Alan and
+others were quick to to confirm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others were quick to to confirm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others were quick to to confirm this
+happens kind of very naturally or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens kind of very naturally or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens kind of very naturally or at
+least it's a kind of feature that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's a kind of feature that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's a kind of feature that one
+stumbles upon readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbles upon readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbles upon readily
+if when studying these sort of exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when studying these sort of exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when studying these sort of exotic
+higgs-like fields from particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs-like fields from particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs-like fields from particle physics
+it does not happen with spin one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not happen with spin one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not happen with spin one-half
+particles for example it is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for example it is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for example it is not very
+easily happen even with photons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily happen even with photons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily happen even with photons or
+gluons or things that happens with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons or things that happens with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons or things that happens with these
+higgs-like scalar particles most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs-like scalar particles most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs-like scalar particles most
+naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally
+soon after that actually within a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after that actually within a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after that actually within a few
+months a number of other colleagues some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months a number of other colleagues some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months a number of other colleagues some
+in the United States some in in what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States some in in what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States some in in what was
+still then the Soviet Union we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still then the Soviet Union we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still then the Soviet Union we're
+finding similar behaviors but even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding similar behaviors but even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding similar behaviors but even an
+even more generic or simple Arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more generic or simple Arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more generic or simple Arrangements
+so uh Paul steinhardt was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Paul steinhardt was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Paul steinhardt was working with
+his then PhD student Andy Albrecht they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his then PhD student Andy Albrecht they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his then PhD student Andy Albrecht they
+were at the time at Penn University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the time at Penn University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the time at Penn University of
+Pennsylvania meanwhile in Moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania meanwhile in Moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania meanwhile in Moscow
+Alexandra sarabinski and Andre Linde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexandra sarabinski and Andre Linde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexandra sarabinski and Andre Linde
+were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working
+quite independently of steinhardt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite independently of steinhardt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite independently of steinhardt and
+Albrecht and then again realize that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albrecht and then again realize that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albrecht and then again realize that if
+you study the Dynamics the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study the Dynamics the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study the Dynamics the behavior of
+these exotic Quantum Fields like a Higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exotic Quantum Fields like a Higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exotic Quantum Fields like a Higgs
+field in a stretching space time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a stretching space time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a stretching space time if you
+take that stretching of space seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that stretching of space seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that stretching of space seriously
+then you don't even need to cook up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't even need to cook up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't even need to cook up
+those exotic higgs-like potentials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exotic higgs-like potentials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exotic higgs-like potentials that
+Alan was first thinking about quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan was first thinking about quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan was first thinking about quite
+generically you'll have a kind of damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically you'll have a kind of damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically you'll have a kind of damped
+oscillator Behavior if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator Behavior if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator Behavior if you look at the
+evolution of some field like the Higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of some field like the Higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of some field like the Higgs
+field it's self-consistent change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's self-consistent change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's self-consistent change over
+time it's equation of motion includes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's equation of motion includes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's equation of motion includes a
+kind of damping Factor like a damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of damping Factor like a damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of damping Factor like a damped
+oscillator this comes from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator this comes from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator this comes from the fact that
+space itself is stretching and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space itself is stretching and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space itself is stretching and that
+alone as it turns out is enough to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone as it turns out is enough to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone as it turns out is enough to find
+these self-consistent Solutions in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these self-consistent Solutions in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these self-consistent Solutions in which
+the field moves very slowly you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field moves very slowly you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field moves very slowly you can
+imagine you can imagine rolling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you can imagine rolling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you can imagine rolling down
+this hill rolling down sorry rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hill rolling down sorry rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hill rolling down sorry rolling
+down slowly as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down slowly as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down slowly as a function of time
+because it's uh it's like a frictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh it's like a frictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh it's like a frictional
+over damped oscillator again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over damped oscillator again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over damped oscillator again there's
+more of that in the primer if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of that in the primer if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of that in the primer if you're
+curious to see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious to see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious to see more
+even that not literally fixed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that not literally fixed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that not literally fixed uh
+Behavior it's literally it's changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior it's literally it's changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior it's literally it's changing
+it's changing slowly enough that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's changing slowly enough that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's changing slowly enough that will
+lead to a slowly enough changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a slowly enough changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a slowly enough changing
+potential energy trapped in that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy trapped in that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy trapped in that field
+then you'll still get these nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll still get these nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll still get these nearly
+exponential-like Solutions so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential-like Solutions so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential-like Solutions so you can
+have inflation happening even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inflation happening even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inflation happening even more
+generically as these folks began to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically as these folks began to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically as these folks began to find
+very soon after Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon after Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon after Alan
+even without worrying about a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without worrying about a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without worrying about a very
+particular shape for the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shape for the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shape for the potential
+energy function just to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function just to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function just to think about
+these fields like a higgs-like field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fields like a higgs-like field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fields like a higgs-like field in
+the early universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early universe
+so then you come back to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you come back to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you come back to those
+quandaries that Allen had first heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quandaries that Allen had first heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quandaries that Allen had first heard
+about from Bob Dickey and he asked how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from Bob Dickey and he asked how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from Bob Dickey and he asked how
+would these uh these things look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would these uh these things look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would these uh these things look if you
+now take into account this very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take into account this very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take into account this very early
+very brief phase of fast stretching of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief phase of fast stretching of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief phase of fast stretching of
+exponentially fast stretching of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially fast stretching of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially fast stretching of space
+go back to the equation that dick he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the equation that dick he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the equation that dick he had
+first written down for the flatness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first written down for the flatness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first written down for the flatness
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but now we have a phase during which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have a phase during which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have a phase during which the
+scale factor grows exponentially e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor grows exponentially e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor grows exponentially e to
+the something times T so it grows very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something times T so it grows very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something times T so it grows very
+fast in time while the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in time while the energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in time while the energy density
+remains nearly constant so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains nearly constant so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains nearly constant so instead of
+that falling with volume it temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that falling with volume it temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that falling with volume it temporarily
+remains nearly constant now you'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains nearly constant now you'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains nearly constant now you'd see
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+expression the deviation of the Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the deviation of the Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the deviation of the Universe
+from especially flat that deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from especially flat that deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from especially flat that deviation
+should rapidly fall to zero the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should rapidly fall to zero the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should rapidly fall to zero the universe
+today should look indistinguishable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today should look indistinguishable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today should look indistinguishable from
+a flat universe because the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat universe because the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat universe because the difference
+from flatness was driven to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flatness was driven to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flatness was driven to zero
+dynamically by having even a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically by having even a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically by having even a very brief
+phase of exponentially rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of exponentially rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of exponentially rapid
+accelerating expansion you drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating expansion you drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating expansion you drive the
+universe towards a flat shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe towards a flat shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe towards a flat shape
+rather than having it flow away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having it flow away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having it flow away from a
+flat shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat shape
+and again I go through that in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I go through that in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I go through that in more
+quantitative detail on the primer so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative detail on the primer so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative detail on the primer so the
+latest measurement from the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest measurement from the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest measurement from the plant
+collaboration using an above uh using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration using an above uh using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration using an above uh using a
+satellite is that this parameter in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite is that this parameter in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite is that this parameter in our
+actual Universe today is one to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Universe today is one to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Universe today is one to better
+than percent level accuracy now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than percent level accuracy now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than percent level accuracy now let me
+just pause I know I'm going to run along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause I know I'm going to run along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause I know I'm going to run along
+today but I just can't help myself when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I just can't help myself when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I just can't help myself when
+I was in graduate school not super long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in graduate school not super long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in graduate school not super long
+ago kind of long ago I was friends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago kind of long ago I was friends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago kind of long ago I was friends with
+a bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of uh
+observational astronomy grad students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomy grad students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational astronomy grad students in
+the dorm and they were basically mean my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorm and they were basically mean my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorm and they were basically mean my
+language teaching like you work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language teaching like you work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language teaching like you work on
+inflation but we know that Omega is 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation but we know that Omega is 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation but we know that Omega is 0.3
+so you're a loser like why do you waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're a loser like why do you waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're a loser like why do you waste
+your time on this some were nice but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time on this some were nice but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time on this some were nice but a
+lot of them are actually kind of mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them are actually kind of mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them are actually kind of mean I
+was like oh no you know like go look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh no you know like go look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh no you know like go look for
+more stuff you're missing two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff you're missing two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff you're missing two-thirds of
+the stuff out there just try again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff out there just try again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff out there just try again so
+maybe I was mean to but they were meaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I was mean to but they were meaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I was mean to but they were meaner
+there were more of them so when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were more of them so when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were more of them so when I was in
+grad school it looked very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school it looked very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school it looked very much like
+Omega was 0.3 and if you squinted at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega was 0.3 and if you squinted at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega was 0.3 and if you squinted at it
+you could make it maybe make it 0.35 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make it maybe make it 0.35 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make it maybe make it 0.35 it
+was not one according to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not one according to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not one according to best
+observations around the world today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations around the world today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations around the world today
+it's one to better than percent level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to better than percent level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to better than percent level
+accuracy and they can just stick it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and they can just stick it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and they can just stick it so I
+like sending them holiday cards saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sending them holiday cards saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sending them holiday cards saying
+thinking of you Omega is one see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of you Omega is one see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of you Omega is one see you
+next year anyway this is a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year anyway this is a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year anyway this is a remarkable
+shift even over the course of 20 to 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift even over the course of 20 to 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift even over the course of 20 to 25
+years let alone since the days of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years let alone since the days of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years let alone since the days of the
+major and Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and Hubble
+okay what about the more subtle one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about the more subtle one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about the more subtle one that
+Bob Dickey and James Peebles worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Dickey and James Peebles worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Dickey and James Peebles worked out
+called the so-called Horizon problems go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the so-called Horizon problems go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the so-called Horizon problems go
+back to our funny map our conformal map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our funny map our conformal map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our funny map our conformal map
+you remember the the how the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the the how the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the the how the Horizon
+problem was originally phrased because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was originally phrased because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was originally phrased because
+we thought there was an origin to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought there was an origin to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought there was an origin to all of
+time this big bang surface at Tau equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this big bang surface at Tau equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this big bang surface at Tau equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and if you out of the time between Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you out of the time between Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you out of the time between Tau
+equals zero and when those photons begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and when those photons begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and when those photons begin
+to travel uh freely there's only a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel uh freely there's only a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel uh freely there's only a fixed
+Horizon distance it was much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon distance it was much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon distance it was much smaller
+than the smoothness scale that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the smoothness scale that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the smoothness scale that we could
+measure empirically well if inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure empirically well if inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure empirically well if inflation
+happened there should have been a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there should have been a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there should have been a very
+brief period before what had previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief period before what had previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief period before what had previously
+been called the Big Bang so we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called the Big Bang so we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called the Big Bang so we're adding
+more real estate along our time axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more real estate along our time axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more real estate along our time axis
+we're unfurling a little bit extra time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're unfurling a little bit extra time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're unfurling a little bit extra time
+that hadn't been taken into account in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hadn't been taken into account in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hadn't been taken into account in
+the standard Big Bang model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard Big Bang model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard Big Bang model
+so if you if you allow for more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you allow for more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you allow for more time
+before what you would call the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what you would call the big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what you would call the big bang
+you can continue tracing those past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue tracing those past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue tracing those past
+light cones further and further back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cones further and further back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cones further and further back you
+see there should be some time earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there should be some time earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there should be some time earlier
+than what we were starting from during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we were starting from during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we were starting from during
+which all the past light cones from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all the past light cones from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all the past light cones from the
+entire region we see today would indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire region we see today would indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire region we see today would indeed
+have overlapped so then it would at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overlapped so then it would at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overlapped so then it would at
+least be plausible there's at least now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least be plausible there's at least now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least be plausible there's at least now
+a causally self-consistent mechanism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causally self-consistent mechanism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causally self-consistent mechanism by
+means of which the universe could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of which the universe could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of which the universe could have
+similar conditions everywhere because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar conditions everywhere because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar conditions everywhere because
+there actually were causally connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually were causally connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually were causally connected
+at a time before we had previously taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time before we had previously taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time before we had previously taken
+into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+so therefore you could have the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you could have the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you could have the Horizon
+distance the maximum causal distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the maximum causal distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the maximum causal distance
+becomes actually much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes actually much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes actually much larger than the
+smoothness scale that we measure so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness scale that we measure so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness scale that we measure so now
+the Horizon distance is larger because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon distance is larger because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon distance is larger because
+we there was more time than we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there was more time than we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there was more time than we hadn't
+yet taken into account any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet taken into account any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet taken into account any kind of
+causal influence would have had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal influence would have had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal influence would have had more
+time to propagate than we had previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to propagate than we had previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to propagate than we had previously
+accounted for so now you get the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for so now you get the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for so now you get the ratio
+at least in the right order you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the right order you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the right order you can have
+a horizon distance that is larger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizon distance that is larger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizon distance that is larger in
+fact it could be much much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it could be much much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it could be much much larger
+exponentially larger than the smoothness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially larger than the smoothness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially larger than the smoothness
+scale we we observe now remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we we observe now remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we we observe now remember this is
+a funny coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funny coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funny coordinate
+it takes an unbelievably short amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an unbelievably short amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an unbelievably short amount of
+physical or Cosmic time the time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical or Cosmic time the time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical or Cosmic time the time that we
+measure on our wrist watches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on our wrist watches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on our wrist watches to
+accomplish that in fact it takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that in fact it takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that in fact it takes about
+10 to the minus 36th of a single second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 36th of a single second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 36th of a single second
+that's all it takes for this inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it takes for this inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it takes for this inflation
+if the info if Universe expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the info if Universe expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the info if Universe expanded
+exponentially just for that Sub Sub sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially just for that Sub Sub sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially just for that Sub Sub sub
+link of an eye then all of a sudden the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link of an eye then all of a sudden the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link of an eye then all of a sudden the
+causal structure of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal structure of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal structure of the entire
+observable universe is turned upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable universe is turned upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable universe is turned upside
+down you you basically erase the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you you basically erase the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you you basically erase the Horizon
+problem because there actually was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because there actually was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because there actually was a
+time when all the stuff we see would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when all the stuff we see would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when all the stuff we see would
+have been in causal contact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in causal contact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in causal contact very
+comfortably in causal contact and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably in causal contact and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably in causal contact and the
+universe in that tiny blink a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in that tiny blink a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in that tiny blink a billion
+billion billion billion of a second grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion billion billion of a second grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion billion billion of a second grew
+by about 30 orders of magnitude it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about 30 orders of magnitude it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about 30 orders of magnitude it
+didn't keep doing that it's not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't keep doing that it's not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't keep doing that it's not doing
+wasn't doing that during the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't doing that during the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't doing that during the rest of
+this big bang Evolution there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big bang Evolution there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big bang Evolution there's this
+tiny blip and taking that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny blip and taking that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny blip and taking that into account
+suddenly rearranges the causal ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly rearranges the causal ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly rearranges the causal ordering
+and basically addresses these these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically addresses these these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically addresses these these uh
+these out of order causal conundrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out of order causal conundrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out of order causal conundrum
+so here's a plot uh in more familiar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a plot uh in more familiar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a plot uh in more familiar um
+uh coordinates going back now to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordinates going back now to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordinates going back now to time
+measured in seconds and space measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in seconds and space measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in seconds and space measured
+in meters rather than um co-moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meters rather than um co-moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meters rather than um co-moving
+distance and conformal time you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and conformal time you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and conformal time you can see
+that as you trace backwards from today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you trace backwards from today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you trace backwards from today
+instead of going back to saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going back to saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going back to saying the
+universe at Early times should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe at Early times should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe at Early times should have been
+on the order of one meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of one meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of one meter
+you say at those Early times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say at those Early times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say at those Early times the
+universe was actually exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was actually exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was actually exponentially
+tinier than you had thought it grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinier than you had thought it grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinier than you had thought it grew
+exponentially quickly to map onto where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially quickly to map onto where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially quickly to map onto where
+we see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see today
+and so the universe was so tiny it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the universe was so tiny it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the universe was so tiny it could
+very easily have been in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily have been in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily have been in a kind of
+equilibrium or at least a causally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium or at least a causally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium or at least a causally
+self-connected state so during this tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-connected state so during this tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-connected state so during this tiny
+blink of an eye the universe grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink of an eye the universe grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink of an eye the universe grew
+exponentially quickly and then mapped on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially quickly and then mapped on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially quickly and then mapped on
+to the standard Big Bang Evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the standard Big Bang Evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the standard Big Bang Evolution and
+that alone is enough to to address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone is enough to to address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone is enough to to address the
+flatness and Horizon problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatness and Horizon problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatness and Horizon problems
+it turns out it does more than that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it does more than that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it does more than that as
+well it's what gets I think even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's what gets I think even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's what gets I think even more
+exciting and what is occupied much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and what is occupied much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and what is occupied much of
+the community ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community ever since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community ever since
+that field that higgs-like field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field that higgs-like field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field that higgs-like field that
+was driving inflation that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was driving inflation that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was driving inflation that was very
+slowly evolving in its potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly evolving in its potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly evolving in its potential
+should have been subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been subject to the
+uncertainty principle just like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle just like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle just like all
+matters should be and this became clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters should be and this became clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters should be and this became clear
+to people about a year or so after Allen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people about a year or so after Allen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people about a year or so after Allen
+and Paul and Andy and all those folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul and Andy and all those folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul and Andy and all those folks
+began writing the first papers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began writing the first papers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began writing the first papers on
+inflation by 1982-83 pretty early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation by 1982-83 pretty early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation by 1982-83 pretty early on
+people realized that not only would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized that not only would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized that not only would you
+have a kind of gross feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of gross feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of gross feature of the
+evolution of those exotic particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of those exotic particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of those exotic particle
+physics-like Fields they should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics-like Fields they should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics-like Fields they should also
+have Quantum Wiggles because how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Quantum Wiggles because how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Quantum Wiggles because how could
+they not because they should be subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not because they should be subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not because they should be subject
+to a certain principles these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain principles these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain principles these are
+quantum Fields evolving in a dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum Fields evolving in a dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum Fields evolving in a dynamical
+space time it's still I still can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time it's still I still can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time it's still I still can't
+believe it but it is the case that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it but it is the case that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it but it is the case that you
+can study the evolution of those Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study the evolution of those Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study the evolution of those Quantum
+fluctuations with a remarkably simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations with a remarkably simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations with a remarkably simple
+looking oscillator equation I've hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking oscillator equation I've hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking oscillator equation I've hidden
+all the hard stuff in this term I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hard stuff in this term I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hard stuff in this term I made
+it look easy but you can actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look easy but you can actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look easy but you can actually take
+into account that that frictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that that frictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that that frictional
+damping the stretching of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the stretching of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the stretching of space
+and the and the reaction of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the reaction of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the reaction of that kind of
+uh jittering trampoline back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jittering trampoline back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jittering trampoline back on the
+evolution of matter we can solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of matter we can solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of matter we can solve these
+equations to unbelievable accuracy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to unbelievable accuracy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to unbelievable accuracy and
+realize that we should have a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we should have a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we should have a prediction
+today for tiny seeds tiny unevenness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for tiny seeds tiny unevenness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for tiny seeds tiny unevenness in
+the or in the very early distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or in the very early distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or in the very early distribution of
+matter and energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy because
+the universe was filled with Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe was filled with Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe was filled with Quantum
+Fields And as we've seen a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields And as we've seen a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields And as we've seen a number of
+times now Quantum Jitter the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now Quantum Jitter the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now Quantum Jitter the United
+principle means that we could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle means that we could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle means that we could never
+specify the energy of that field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the energy of that field to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the energy of that field to
+arbitrary Precision at any time at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Precision at any time at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Precision at any time at any
+given moment that field would be subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment that field would be subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment that field would be subject
+to slight slight Quantum fluctuations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slight slight Quantum fluctuations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slight slight Quantum fluctuations in
+the distribution of energy across space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of energy across space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of energy across space
+that starts to yield this tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to yield this tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to yield this tiny little
+fluctuation in why there's slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation in why there's slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation in why there's slightly more
+matter and energy in this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy in this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy in this region of
+space than the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space than the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space than the other one
+so that those now those very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that those now those very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that those now those very tiny
+Quantum scale fluctuations get stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum scale fluctuations get stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum scale fluctuations get stretched
+as the whole universe stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the whole universe stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the whole universe stretches
+as the scale factor grows exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the scale factor grows exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the scale factor grows exponentially
+you have the average length between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the average length between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the average length between the
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um you know distance between crests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know distance between crests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know distance between crests of
+those tiny Wiggles get stretched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tiny Wiggles get stretched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tiny Wiggles get stretched to
+Galactic and even super Galactic scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic and even super Galactic scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic and even super Galactic scales
+all within that blink of an eye so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all within that blink of an eye so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all within that blink of an eye so I
+have a reason why there's an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reason why there's an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reason why there's an in
+primordial in homogeneity and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial in homogeneity and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial in homogeneity and you also
+have reason why it's all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reason why it's all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reason why it's all the right
+length scales it's going to see Galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales it's going to see Galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales it's going to see Galaxy
+formation not kind of mess around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation not kind of mess around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation not kind of mess around with
+your with your atoms like a lamb shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your with your atoms like a lamb shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your with your atoms like a lamb shift
+because you have mattered uh in an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have mattered uh in an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have mattered uh in an early
+Quantum State as the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State as the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State as the universe is
+stretching exponentially so you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching exponentially so you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching exponentially so you can go
+back to now a much more modern picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to now a much more modern picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to now a much more modern picture
+of the very tiny lumpiness captured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very tiny lumpiness captured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very tiny lumpiness captured in
+that microwave background radiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microwave background radiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microwave background radiations
+from the plug satellite team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plug satellite team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plug satellite team is
+exaggerating with false color Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerating with false color Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerating with false color Imaging
+the slight one part in a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slight one part in a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slight one part in a hundred
+thousand offsets between the regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand offsets between the regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand offsets between the regions of
+the sky that are slightly uh higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky that are slightly uh higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky that are slightly uh higher
+energy photons in the CMB and slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy photons in the CMB and slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy photons in the CMB and slightly
+lower energy photons and the idea now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy photons and the idea now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy photons and the idea now is
+that the regions of the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the regions of the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the regions of the sky
+from which these photons were emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which these photons were emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which these photons were emitted
+are telling us about the very very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling us about the very very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling us about the very very tiny
+unevenness in the distribution of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenness in the distribution of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenness in the distribution of matter
+and energy at the moment those photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy at the moment those photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy at the moment those photons
+were emitted there was a tiny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were emitted there was a tiny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were emitted there was a tiny tiny
+little excess gravitational potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little excess gravitational potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little excess gravitational potential
+there was a little more stuff per volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little more stuff per volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little more stuff per volume
+at that region the photon then had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that region the photon then had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that region the photon then had to
+spend a little more energy climbing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little more energy climbing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little more energy climbing out
+of that gravitational well we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gravitational well we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gravitational well we should
+receive it today as being a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive it today as being a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive it today as being a little less
+energy than average very slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than average very slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than average very slightly less
+meanwhile other photons of regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile other photons of regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile other photons of regions that
+were slightly evacuated a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were slightly evacuated a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were slightly evacuated a little less
+dense than average so the photons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense than average so the photons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense than average so the photons we
+received today had to spend less energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received today had to spend less energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received today had to spend less energy
+gravitationally to overcome that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitationally to overcome that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitationally to overcome that very
+tiny gravitational potential they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny gravitational potential they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny gravitational potential they should
+have slightly more energy on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slightly more energy on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slightly more energy on average
+today than than the average so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than than the average so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than than the average so we can
+actually map the quantum fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually map the quantum fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually map the quantum fluctuations
+which kind of leave an imprint in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of leave an imprint in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of leave an imprint in this
+dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical
+fabric of space and time that then maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric of space and time that then maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric of space and time that then maps
+to this distribution of these very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this distribution of these very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this distribution of these very tiny
+unevenness in the CMD they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenness in the CMD they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenness in the CMD they have been
+mapped by three generations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped by three generations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped by three generations of
+satellites above the ground with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites above the ground with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites above the ground with
+increasingly precise ground-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly precise ground-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly precise ground-based
+measurements as well and each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements as well and each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements as well and each of these
+came out sort of with 10 years apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out sort of with 10 years apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out sort of with 10 years apart
+with an increase of about a fact of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an increase of about a fact of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an increase of about a fact of 30
+in the resolution the angular resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resolution the angular resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resolution the angular resolution
+of the sky I was a senior in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky I was a senior in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky I was a senior in college
+a long time ago when the first of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago when the first of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago when the first of these
+released their data in uh September 1992
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released their data in uh September 1992
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released their data in uh September 1992
+I was a senior that year and the Kobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a senior that year and the Kobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a senior that year and the Kobe
+team led actually in part by her own Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team led actually in part by her own Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team led actually in part by her own Ray
+Weiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weiss
+who later became very famous for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who later became very famous for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who later became very famous for his
+work on gravitational waves Ray was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on gravitational waves Ray was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on gravitational waves Ray was one
+of the science leaders for this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the science leaders for this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the science leaders for this early
+mission of NASA Mission they were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission of NASA Mission they were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission of NASA Mission they were the
+first ones to measure these tiny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones to measure these tiny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones to measure these tiny tiny
+fluctuations on the order about one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations on the order about one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations on the order about one part
+in a hundred thousand but over huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hundred thousand but over huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hundred thousand but over huge
+scales it was like they had very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales it was like they had very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales it was like they had very poor
+eyeglasses like it was very fuzzy very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses like it was very fuzzy very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses like it was very fuzzy very
+poor resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor resolution
+roughly 10 years later another NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 years later another NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 years later another NASA
+mission called wmap was able to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission called wmap was able to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission called wmap was able to increase
+the resolution by a factor of 30 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution by a factor of 30 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution by a factor of 30 and
+they released their date in 2003 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they released their date in 2003 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they released their date in 2003 then
+the Planck European Space Agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Planck European Space Agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Planck European Space Agency
+collaboration called the plug satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration called the plug satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration called the plug satellite
+release their data 10 years after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release their data 10 years after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release their data 10 years after that
+so in starting in 2013. with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in starting in 2013. with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in starting in 2013. with another
+factor of 30 in the spatial resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 30 in the spatial resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 30 in the spatial resolution
+and so we can now make plots like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can now make plots like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can now make plots like this
+the solid green line is the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid green line is the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid green line is the generic
+prediction from the simplest models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction from the simplest models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction from the simplest models of
+inflation what's the pattern of bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation what's the pattern of bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation what's the pattern of bumps
+and Wiggles on the skies you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wiggles on the skies you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wiggles on the skies you should see
+today is basically kind of fancy Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is basically kind of fancy Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is basically kind of fancy Fourier
+transform more or less what's the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform more or less what's the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform more or less what's the power
+on different angular scales that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different angular scales that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different angular scales that you
+should see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see today
+and you can actually measure many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually measure many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually measure many many
+quantities uh many features of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities uh many features of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities uh many features of that
+distribution uh the red dots are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh the red dots are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh the red dots are the
+actual observations and plug team and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual observations and plug team and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual observations and plug team and in
+many cases the error bars are expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases the error bars are expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases the error bars are expanded
+so we can see them with our naked eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see them with our naked eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see them with our naked eye
+this is such a precise set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a precise set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a precise set of
+measurements that in fact um sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that in fact um sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that in fact um sometimes
+we have to make the air bars larger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make the air bars larger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make the air bars larger so
+now not only do you know do we live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only do you know do we live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only do you know do we live in a
+universe that is indistinguishable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that is indistinguishable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that is indistinguishable from
+Flat as inflation suggests we should but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat as inflation suggests we should but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat as inflation suggests we should but
+the actual pattern of those Wiggles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual pattern of those Wiggles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual pattern of those Wiggles the
+pattern of the une very slight early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the une very slight early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the une very slight early
+unevenness in the sky matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenness in the sky matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unevenness in the sky matches
+predictions to again better than percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions to again better than percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions to again better than percent
+level accuracy I find that astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level accuracy I find that astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level accuracy I find that astonishing
+let me take a few more minutes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a few more minutes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a few more minutes there's
+one more set of things that were found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more set of things that were found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more set of things that were found
+or I should say were predicted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say were predicted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say were predicted so
+inflation should not only make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation should not only make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation should not only make these
+early primordial density perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early primordial density perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early primordial density perturbations
+where the photons should be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the photons should be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the photons should be slightly
+more or less energetic depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less energetic depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less energetic depending on the
+quantum fluctuations of that higgs-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum fluctuations of that higgs-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum fluctuations of that higgs-like
+field there should be primordial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field there should be primordial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field there should be primordial
+gravitational waves as well this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves as well this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves as well this is now
+much like the waves that Ray and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the waves that Ray and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the waves that Ray and his
+huge team found locally from a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge team found locally from a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge team found locally from a collision
+of say black holes there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say black holes there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say black holes there should be
+primordial gravitational waves excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial gravitational waves excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial gravitational waves excited
+by inflation as well and these are waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inflation as well and these are waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inflation as well and these are waves
+that actually stretch and squeeze space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually stretch and squeeze space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually stretch and squeeze space
+in a kind of two-dimensional pattern so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of two-dimensional pattern so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of two-dimensional pattern so
+these are mathematically more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mathematically more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mathematically more
+complicated structure you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated structure you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated structure you should have
+this kind of periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of periodic
+squeezing stretching and then inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing stretching and then inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing stretching and then inverted
+by 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 90 degrees
+so the aversities were found by the ligo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aversities were found by the ligo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aversities were found by the ligo
+collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration
+and announced early in 2016. these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and announced early in 2016. these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and announced early in 2016. these are
+not primordial these are from local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not primordial these are from local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not primordial these are from local
+effects like the Collision of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects like the Collision of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects like the Collision of black
+holes uh in our own Galaxy inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes uh in our own Galaxy inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes uh in our own Galaxy inflation
+says similar kinds of things should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says similar kinds of things should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says similar kinds of things should have
+been happening uh in the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been happening uh in the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been happening uh in the earliest
+moments everywhere in space through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments everywhere in space through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments everywhere in space through this
+very violent rapid stretching of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very violent rapid stretching of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very violent rapid stretching of space
+so go back to that kind of dance party I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go back to that kind of dance party I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go back to that kind of dance party I
+was telling you about before at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you about before at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you about before at the
+moment when uh the electrically neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when uh the electrically neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when uh the electrically neutral
+atoms start to form if there were this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms start to form if there were this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms start to form if there were this
+sea of uh or bath of gravitational waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea of uh or bath of gravitational waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea of uh or bath of gravitational waves
+then the kind of High School auditorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the kind of High School auditorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the kind of High School auditorium
+imagine where this dance is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine where this dance is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine where this dance is happening
+should have been subjected to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been subjected to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been subjected to this
+periodic very con very particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic very con very particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic very con very particular
+pattern of squeezing and stretching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of squeezing and stretching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of squeezing and stretching so
+while the atoms are forming they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the atoms are forming they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the atoms are forming they would
+have been going uh gravity was Rippling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been going uh gravity was Rippling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been going uh gravity was Rippling
+through them that should yield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them that should yield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them that should yield a
+characteristic twisting or curl pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic twisting or curl pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic twisting or curl pattern
+a polarization in that Cosmic microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarization in that Cosmic microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarization in that Cosmic microwave
+background radiation not only should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation not only should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation not only should
+they be slightly hotter and colder spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be slightly hotter and colder spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be slightly hotter and colder spots
+in the sky if you zoom in by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky if you zoom in by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky if you zoom in by a factor of
+uh of of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of another
+20 you should actually see a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 you should actually see a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 you should actually see a kind of
+Corkscrew pattern that the hotter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corkscrew pattern that the hotter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corkscrew pattern that the hotter and
+colder regions actually have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder regions actually have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder regions actually have this kind
+of twisting pattern which really is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twisting pattern which really is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twisting pattern which really is like
+that container of space time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that container of space time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that container of space time being
+stretched and squeezed as the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched and squeezed as the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched and squeezed as the gravity
+waves kind of uh ran through it in March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves kind of uh ran through it in March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves kind of uh ran through it in March
+of 2014 a team using uh the bicep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2014 a team using uh the bicep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2014 a team using uh the bicep
+satellite at the South Pole announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite at the South Pole announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite at the South Pole announced
+they had actually measured exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had actually measured exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had actually measured exactly that
+crook Street pattern this is from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crook Street pattern this is from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crook Street pattern this is from there
+they're now famous or inFAMOUS paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now famous or inFAMOUS paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now famous or inFAMOUS paper
+we had a celebration here at MIT this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a celebration here at MIT this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a celebration here at MIT this is
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+cheering on Andre Linde and members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheering on Andre Linde and members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheering on Andre Linde and members of
+the team the experimental team we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team the experimental team we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team the experimental team we had a
+toast with non-alcoholic cider and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast with non-alcoholic cider and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast with non-alcoholic cider and
+declare was middle afternoon we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare was middle afternoon we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare was middle afternoon we were
+getting drunk on the ideas but not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting drunk on the ideas but not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting drunk on the ideas but not on
+hard cider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard cider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard cider
+unfortunately pretty soon after that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately pretty soon after that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately pretty soon after that it
+turned out the bicep team had measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out the bicep team had measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out the bicep team had measured
+data consistent with local noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data consistent with local noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data consistent with local noise
+my friends many of my friends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends many of my friends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends many of my friends on the
+bicep team managed to find out the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicep team managed to find out the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicep team managed to find out the Milky
+Way galaxy is Dusty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy is Dusty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way galaxy is Dusty
+which we knew so they basically were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we knew so they basically were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we knew so they basically were
+they were the signal they had hoped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the signal they had hoped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the signal they had hoped to
+measure was actually swapped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure was actually swapped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure was actually swapped by
+foregrounds they had not yet been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foregrounds they had not yet been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foregrounds they had not yet been able
+to control and this was found by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control and this was found by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control and this was found by a
+number of very significant analyzes soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of very significant analyzes soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of very significant analyzes soon
+afterwards so it remains an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so it remains an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so it remains an open
+question to this day whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to this day whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to this day whether these
+primordial curling twisting patterns uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial curling twisting patterns uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial curling twisting patterns uh
+really can be detected maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can be detected maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can be detected maybe there's
+such small magnitude would be it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such small magnitude would be it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such small magnitude would be it'll
+evade our detection we don't know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evade our detection we don't know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evade our detection we don't know there
+are ongoing efforts to this day bicep is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ongoing efforts to this day bicep is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ongoing efforts to this day bicep is
+now souped up and they have a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now souped up and they have a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now souped up and they have a much more
+sophisticated series of telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated series of telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated series of telescopes
+there's another team also at the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another team also at the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another team also at the South
+Pole the plant satellite there's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole the plant satellite there's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole the plant satellite there's new
+efforts being built on the Atacama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts being built on the Atacama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts being built on the Atacama
+deserts very high altitude in Chile so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts very high altitude in Chile so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts very high altitude in Chile so
+stay tuned we'll hopefully learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay tuned we'll hopefully learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay tuned we'll hopefully learn more
+about that final prediction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that final prediction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that final prediction from
+inflation before too long let me wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation before too long let me wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation before too long let me wrap up
+Cosmic inflation arises from types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic inflation arises from types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic inflation arises from types of
+matter and interactions that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and interactions that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and interactions that we now
+don't know exist that are kind of heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exist that are kind of heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exist that are kind of heart
+and soul of this particle cosmology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soul of this particle cosmology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soul of this particle cosmology
+Community things like the Higgs boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community things like the Higgs boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community things like the Higgs boson
+and IT addresses several of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IT addresses several of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IT addresses several of these
+long-standing conundrum about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing conundrum about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing conundrum about the
+standard Big Bang model and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Big Bang model and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Big Bang model and make
+specific predictions what we should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific predictions what we should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific predictions what we should see
+on the sky today including very minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sky today including very minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sky today including very minute
+statistical predictions for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical predictions for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical predictions for things like
+the cosmic migrant background radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic migrant background radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic migrant background radiation
+and the simplest models fit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simplest models fit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simplest models fit to
+unbelievable accuracy despite what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable accuracy despite what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable accuracy despite what my
+main dorm mates used to say in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main dorm mates used to say in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main dorm mates used to say in the mid
+90s now we have extraordinary agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s now we have extraordinary agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s now we have extraordinary agreement
+with many many of these predictions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many of these predictions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many of these predictions of
+it not the final one so why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not the final one so why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not the final one so why is the
+universe lumpy why is this this Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe lumpy why is this this Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe lumpy why is this this Cascade
+of scales because space time is wiggly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scales because space time is wiggly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scales because space time is wiggly
+and matter is jiggly now there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter is jiggly now there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter is jiggly now there's an
+alternate hypothesis my final uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate hypothesis my final uh set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate hypothesis my final uh set of
+slides I mentioned this last time I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I mentioned this last time I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I mentioned this last time I just
+want to make it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it clear
+I mentioned that Alan Good's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that Alan Good's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that Alan Good's been
+working on this since around 1980 since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this since around 1980 since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this since around 1980 since
+December 7th 1979 in fact as you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 7th 1979 in fact as you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 7th 1979 in fact as you also
+know he's won many awards including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's won many awards including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's won many awards including the
+award from the Boston Globe for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award from the Boston Globe for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award from the Boston Globe for the
+messiest office in Boston this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiest office in Boston this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiest office in Boston this was
+published in the globe at the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the globe at the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the globe at the time that
+he won first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won first place
+they also published these photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also published these photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also published these photographs
+these are all shots from his office at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all shots from his office at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all shots from his office at
+the time I used to have to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I used to have to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I used to have to walk through
+that just to try to meet with my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to try to meet with my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to try to meet with my PhD
+advisor it was like not OSHA certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor it was like not OSHA certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor it was like not OSHA certified
+so an ultimate hypothesis for why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an ultimate hypothesis for why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an ultimate hypothesis for why the
+universe is so messy it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is so messy it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is so messy it's actually
+because Allen's been generating the mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Allen's been generating the mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Allen's been generating the mess
+in his own office and it's expanded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his own office and it's expanded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his own office and it's expanded to
+Cosmic scales so I'm going to close with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic scales so I'm going to close with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmic scales so I'm going to close with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and I'll be glad to stay a bit longer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be glad to stay a bit longer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be glad to stay a bit longer if
+people have questions again I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions again I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions again I'm sorry
+for running late feel free to drop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for running late feel free to drop off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for running late feel free to drop off
+if you need any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the photos of Ellen's office are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photos of Ellen's office are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photos of Ellen's office are on
+canvas if you want to study that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas if you want to study that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas if you want to study that part of
+today's lecture is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is probably the most
+important lesson you'll ever take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson you'll ever take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson you'll ever take away
+you can study those at your leisure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study those at your leisure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study those at your leisure as
+well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IQAqP6SOHhQ.txt b/IQAqP6SOHhQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a4a6b9fda7aa6febf86eb07c4e78a2e09beb280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IQAqP6SOHhQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so we're Team M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so we're Team M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so we're Team M2
+uh Team worms we Rectify microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Team worms we Rectify microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Team worms we Rectify microwave
+signals or at least we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or at least we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or at least we're trying to
+um I'm Zach I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+darl so first let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darl so first let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darl so first let's talk about
+motivation uh there were a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation uh there were a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation uh there were a couple of
+different options that could have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options that could have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options that could have um
+that we could have gone with um you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have gone with um you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have gone with um you this
+was pretty much the microwave team but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty much the microwave team but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty much the microwave team but
+originally solar power was also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally solar power was also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally solar power was also an
+option or other you know power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option or other you know power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option or other you know power
+transmission methods so why did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission methods so why did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission methods so why did we
+choose microwave why are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose microwave why are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose microwave why are we going to
+that uh not because of this not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh not because of this not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh not because of this not because
+microwave signals at about 2.4 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave signals at about 2.4 G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave signals at about 2.4 G
+can spin the hydrogen molecule and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spin the hydrogen molecule and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spin the hydrogen molecule and keep
+things up that's not the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up that's not the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up that's not the motivation for
+this um project motivation is microwaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um project motivation is microwaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um project motivation is microwaves
+very efficient for transmitting a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient for transmitting a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient for transmitting a large
+amount of power you know the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power you know the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power you know the small
+wavelength has a lot of power in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength has a lot of power in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength has a lot of power in it and
+um historically this is worked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um historically this is worked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um historically this is worked so
+basically when people want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when people want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when people want to create
+power transmission systems they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power transmission systems they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power transmission systems they will
+generally go to microwave when it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally go to microwave when it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally go to microwave when it's um
+you when they have high current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when they have high current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when they have high current
+applications and it also passes easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and it also passes easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and it also passes easily
+through the atmosphere which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the atmosphere which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the atmosphere which is
+important when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you're talking about
+applications so in this case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so in this case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so in this case it's the
+space elevator but um I'll discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space elevator but um I'll discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space elevator but um I'll discuss a
+couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so some uses uh aircrafts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so some uses uh aircrafts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so some uses uh aircrafts so
+sometimes you might want an aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might want an aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might want an aircraft
+which doesn't have power on board you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't have power on board you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't have power on board you
+want to actually beam the power uh Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually beam the power uh Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually beam the power uh Tesla
+um about 100 years ago you know worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about 100 years ago you know worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about 100 years ago you know worked
+trying you know some like uh Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying you know some like uh Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying you know some like uh Power
+transmission systems for aircrafts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission systems for aircrafts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission systems for aircrafts but
+also really um big push now is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really um big push now is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really um big push now is is
+transportation especially space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation especially space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation especially space
+applications and power so what about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and power so what about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and power so what about a
+uh solar power station that's just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solar power station that's just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solar power station that's just in
+geosynchronous orbit with the um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geosynchronous orbit with the um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geosynchronous orbit with the um you
+know with Earth that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with Earth that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with Earth that's actually
+receiving sun and then it can beam down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving sun and then it can beam down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving sun and then it can beam down
+that power to a um righten ofray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power to a um righten ofray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power to a um righten ofray
+basically okay um so those are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay um so those are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay um so those are some of
+the uses and why we why micro were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uses and why we why micro were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uses and why we why micro were
+chosen um now to cover what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen um now to cover what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen um now to cover what the
+requirements of this particular project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of this particular project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of this particular project
+was um we were the Rea team so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um we were the Rea team so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um we were the Rea team so we were
+focusing on the receiving side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the receiving side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the receiving side of the
+equation a rectenna is an antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a rectenna is an antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a rectenna is an antenna
+connected to a rectifying circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a rectifying circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a rectifying circuit that
+way you take a current that's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you take a current that's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you take a current that's coming in
+alternating and becomes a direct current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating and becomes a direct current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating and becomes a direct current
+um we had to provide enough power to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had to provide enough power to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had to provide enough power to the
+climber over 50 seconds to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber over 50 seconds to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber over 50 seconds to meet the
+following requirement requirements uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following requirement requirements uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following requirement requirements uh to
+its capacitor's arrays we the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its capacitor's arrays we the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its capacitor's arrays we the basically
+the capacitor ARR had to supply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor ARR had to supply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor ARR had to supply a
+certain thing to the climber and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain thing to the climber and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain thing to the climber and we were
+designing the thing feeding into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the thing feeding into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the thing feeding into the
+capacitor array so the capacitor AR had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor array so the capacitor AR had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor array so the capacitor AR had
+Supply 24 volts approximately 400 W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply 24 volts approximately 400 W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply 24 volts approximately 400 W of
+power and out of that you get 16.7 amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and out of that you get 16.7 amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and out of that you get 16.7 amps
+being drawn to capacitor right over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being drawn to capacitor right over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being drawn to capacitor right over time
+uh the other requirement we need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other requirement we need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other requirement we need to work
+with is we need to Shield the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is we need to Shield the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is we need to Shield the rest of
+the climber from the microwave Source uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climber from the microwave Source uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climber from the microwave Source uh
+you have a receiving end above that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a receiving end above that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a receiving end above that you
+have a bunch of electronics Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of electronics Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of electronics Motors
+things that determine and computers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that determine and computers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that determine and computers as
+well along with uh there's a wireless um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well along with uh there's a wireless um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well along with uh there's a wireless um
+connection on the climber that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection on the climber that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection on the climber that we're not
+we don't have to use it would be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to use it would be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to use it would be nice to
+use and to do such we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and to do such we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and to do such we have to have
+shielded between the receiving s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielded between the receiving s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielded between the receiving s the
+receiving panel and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofv so to cover some of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofv so to cover some of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofv so to cover some of the parameters
+um what we chose for our optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we chose for our optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we chose for our optimizing
+parameter was the efficiency of the rect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter was the efficiency of the rect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter was the efficiency of the rect
+panel um some of the constraints that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel um some of the constraints that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel um some of the constraints that we
+couldn't mess with with the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't mess with with the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't mess with with the size of the
+beam the speed of the climber uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the speed of the climber uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the speed of the climber uh we
+chose to keep the speed of the climber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to keep the speed of the climber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to keep the speed of the climber
+constant for this right here which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for this right here which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for this right here which I'm
+going to cover in a second um the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover in a second um the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover in a second um the amount
+of capacitor energy there specific rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capacitor energy there specific rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capacitor energy there specific rules
+that say we can only have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say we can only have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say we can only have a certain
+amount of energy on the climber in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy on the climber in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy on the climber in the
+capacitor at any one time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor at any one time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor at any one time and the
+efficiency of the climber we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the climber we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the climber we were
+working with a climber that was built we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a climber that was built we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a climber that was built we
+weren't allowed to modify the climber to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't allowed to modify the climber to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't allowed to modify the climber to
+change its efficiency um with this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its efficiency um with this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its efficiency um with this it
+was possible to generate a constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possible to generate a constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possible to generate a constrain
+equation which is right here um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is right here um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is right here um what
+this basically says is that the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically says is that the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically says is that the power
+that is currently stored in the climber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is currently stored in the climber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is currently stored in the climber
+so power out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so power out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so power out
+that say power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out I I think that's correct um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I I think that's correct um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I I think that's correct um
+basically the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the difference between the
+power leaving the climber and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power leaving the climber and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power leaving the climber and the power
+coming into the climber integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the climber integrated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the climber integrated over
+time must be between 0 and 1/4 total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time must be between 0 and 1/4 total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time must be between 0 and 1/4 total
+potential energy The Climb because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy The Climb because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy The Climb because that
+was the limits in the capacitor array um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the limits in the capacitor array um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the limits in the capacitor array um
+you can then take the power out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then take the power out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then take the power out and
+expand it into the density of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it into the density of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it into the density of the field
+times the ratio of the antenna per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the ratio of the antenna per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the ratio of the antenna per the
+overall rectenna panel times the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rectenna panel times the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rectenna panel times the overall
+area of the panel times the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the panel times the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the panel times the efficiency
+of the recta minus the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recta minus the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recta minus the speed of the
+climber or the energy of the climber the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber or the energy of the climber the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber or the energy of the climber the
+energy that the climber goes through per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the climber goes through per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the climber goes through per
+second divided by the efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second divided by the efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second divided by the efficiency of the
+climber integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so right an answer so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so right an answer so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so right an answer so how do we
+actually create a fairly efficient RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create a fairly efficient RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create a fairly efficient RNA
+right which we can actually pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which we can actually pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which we can actually pull the
+microwave uh how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave uh how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave uh how do we do
+that so basically since we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically since we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically since we don't really
+have all of the RF Theory background we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of the RF Theory background we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of the RF Theory background we
+kind of wanted to see what has worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wanted to see what has worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wanted to see what has worked in
+the past let's try to apply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past let's try to apply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past let's try to apply some
+mathematical models basically base our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models basically base our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models basically base our
+design on something which is been impr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on something which is been impr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on something which is been impr
+in P so we did a little bit of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P so we did a little bit of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P so we did a little bit of research
+uh we found one company or one um group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we found one company or one um group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we found one company or one um group
+um that created this myax uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that created this myax uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that created this myax uh which is a
+small airplane which actually receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small airplane which actually receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small airplane which actually receives
+uh microwave uh radiation that you beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microwave uh radiation that you beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microwave uh radiation that you beam
+up to it and the entire thing is powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to it and the entire thing is powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to it and the entire thing is powered
+just from that and I'll show a video in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from that and I'll show a video in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from that and I'll show a video in
+just a second of that and you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second of that and you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second of that and you could see
+this is the rect array right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rect array right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rect array right here and
+these small um you know receivers look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small um you know receivers look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small um you know receivers look a
+lot like what was presented a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like what was presented a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like what was presented a couple
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago uh also just some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh also just some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh also just some other things
+there's uh a re of pen which we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a re of pen which we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a re of pen which we found
+that where we kind of coined ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where we kind of coined ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where we kind of coined ourselves
+but it basically is a small rectified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it basically is a small rectified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it basically is a small rectified
+circuit a microwave um a little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit a microwave um a little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit a microwave um a little small
+antenna for about 2.4 gz so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna for about 2.4 gz so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna for about 2.4 gz so you can
+actually hold this in front of wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hold this in front of wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hold this in front of wave and
+a little LED will power from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little LED will power from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little LED will power from
+that and this is um the design that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is um the design that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is um the design that we
+finally ended up going with which um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally ended up going with which um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally ended up going with which um I
+me basically it's a text ANM University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me basically it's a text ANM University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me basically it's a text ANM University
+they uh published a paper defining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh published a paper defining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh published a paper defining this
+one right tenna um and we ended up going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right tenna um and we ended up going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right tenna um and we ended up going
+you know Bas design off of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bas design off of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Bas design off of that uh
+microwave you know just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave you know just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave you know just you know
+research really started after World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research really started after World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research really started after World War
+II as far as power transmission uh NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II as far as power transmission uh NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II as far as power transmission uh NASA
+really in 0s started to get involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in 0s started to get involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in 0s started to get involved
+with it and um now it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and um now it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and um now it's pretty much
+space based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mostly so you'll see a car which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly so you'll see a car which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly so you'll see a car which is
+going to be driving underneath and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be driving underneath and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be driving underneath and it's
+actually beaming the power up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually beaming the power up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually beaming the power up to this
+you can't see anything oh that's due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see anything oh that's due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see anything oh that's due to
+um change the screen resolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um change the screen resolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um change the screen resolution so
+there's the car right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is able to go up to 150 M um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is able to go up to 150 M um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is able to go up to 150 M um and
+still be powered and move so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be powered and move so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be powered and move so this is
+it's pretty good it's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good it's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good it's a pretty good
+model uh they were receiving 400 watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh they were receiving 400 watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh they were receiving 400 watts
+at 150 M they were receiving 400 watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 150 M they were receiving 400 watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 150 M they were receiving 400 watts
+per square meter with a uh I believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square meter with a uh I believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square meter with a uh I believe it
+was a 5 Kow output on their um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 5 Kow output on their um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 5 Kow output on their um you know
+transmission device in the car the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission device in the car the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission device in the car the
+receiver was just this just not that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver was just this just not that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver was just this just not that big
+yeah so you know basic um you rectifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you know basic um you rectifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you know basic um you rectifying
+circuit is it takes you know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is it takes you know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is it takes you know which is
+alternating um between positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating um between positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating um between positive and
+negative and using a diode we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and using a diode we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and using a diode we're using
+two diodes so it's a full wave rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two diodes so it's a full wave rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two diodes so it's a full wave rectifier
+as opposed to halfway so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to halfway so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to halfway so when the
+current going One Direction captures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going One Direction captures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going One Direction captures all
+of this through one diode when it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this through one diode when it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this through one diode when it's you
+know negative it's capturing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know negative it's capturing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know negative it's capturing through
+another diode and since you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another diode and since you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another diode and since you know this
+amplitude is going down from zero we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is going down from zero we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is going down from zero we use
+just basically a filtering capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically a filtering capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically a filtering capacitor
+just to kind of keep levels approxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable this was our initial um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this was our initial um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this was our initial um you know
+design kind of sketching it out what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design kind of sketching it out what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design kind of sketching it out what we
+wanted to go with is we wanted you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go with is we wanted you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go with is we wanted you know
+a large like array underneath this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large like array underneath this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large like array underneath this
+climber device so we created a basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber device so we created a basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climber device so we created a basically
+a thre layer system so the top layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thre layer system so the top layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thre layer system so the top layer and
+this is a scale model of it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scale model of it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scale model of it is a
+structural component um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural component um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural component um and this is
+going made out of carbon fiber so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going made out of carbon fiber so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going made out of carbon fiber so very
+lightweight but still fairly rigid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight but still fairly rigid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight but still fairly rigid and
+um you know we reduce some um holes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we reduce some um holes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we reduce some um holes just
+basically for weight considerations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for weight considerations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for weight considerations and
+then these holes they're scaled but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these holes they're scaled but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these holes they're scaled but um
+there are four brackets which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four brackets which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four brackets which will
+basically Mount to uh you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Mount to uh you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Mount to uh you'll see a
+picture of the entire climber um in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the entire climber um in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the entire climber um in just
+a second right here so it'll Mount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second right here so it'll Mount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second right here so it'll Mount to
+these legs which come down the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legs which come down the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legs which come down the little
+brackets there and uh this is the top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets there and uh this is the top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets there and uh this is the top so
+if you want to go back just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go back just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go back just one
+slide so then underneath that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so then underneath that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so then underneath that we're
+going to have uh basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have uh basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have uh basically a
+uh uh reflective material this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh reflective material this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh reflective material this is
+actually we're kind of combining two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're kind of combining two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're kind of combining two
+things in one ref this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in one ref this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in one ref this will be the
+carbon fiber right underneath that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fiber right underneath that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fiber right underneath that there
+will be a very thin layer of Steel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a very thin layer of Steel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a very thin layer of Steel which
+will basically reflect the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically reflect the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically reflect the micro
+radiation so this team you know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so this team you know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so this team you know with the
+first team that presented was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first team that presented was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first team that presented was saying
+they need to protect against 5.4 G I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to protect against 5.4 G I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to protect against 5.4 G I
+mean 5.8 gz radiation that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean 5.8 gz radiation that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean 5.8 gz radiation that's not going
+to be um necessary if this works out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um necessary if this works out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um necessary if this works out as
+long as you have some type of conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have some type of conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have some type of conductive
+metal between that and the the climber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal between that and the the climber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal between that and the the climber
+and the receiving array it will reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the receiving array it will reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the receiving array it will reflect
+has to be a certain width but it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a certain width but it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a certain width but it's so
+small it's probably not even something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's probably not even something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's probably not even something
+to consider you can check it but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider you can check it but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider you can check it but it's a
+fraction so the initial design really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so the initial design really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so the initial design really
+consideration very many weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration very many weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration very many weight
+considerations such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as so there's this one this is the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so there's this one this is the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so there's this one this is the panel
+which basically is the reflective panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically is the reflective panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically is the reflective panel
+and then underneath that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then underneath that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then underneath that we're going to
+have these boards which are basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these boards which are basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these boards which are basically um
+raenna arrays large arrays and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raenna arrays large arrays and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raenna arrays large arrays and that's
+going to be stuck to the underside using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stuck to the underside using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stuck to the underside using
+um like a foam thermal conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adhesive this is a schematic of um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesive this is a schematic of um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesive this is a schematic of um one
+sample panel so these panels will kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample panel so these panels will kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample panel so these panels will kind
+of go into a configuration almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go into a configuration almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go into a configuration almost like
+spokes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spokes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spokes on a
+wheel and you know here is a schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and you know here is a schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and you know here is a schematic
+and then a board layout uh you know di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a board layout uh you know di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a board layout uh you know di
+capacitor and these are the antennas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance estimate okay now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance estimate okay now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance estimate okay now that we
+had a prototype it was time to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a prototype it was time to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a prototype it was time to do some
+analysis or we didn't have a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or we didn't have a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or we didn't have a prototype
+we had a design it was time to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a design it was time to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a design it was time to do some
+analysis of the design and see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the design and see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the design and see how it
+perform specifically in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform specifically in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform specifically in relation to
+those equations I showed you earlier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations I showed you earlier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations I showed you earlier um
+here's the equations again just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the equations again just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the equations again just for
+review and then we took specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and then we took specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and then we took specific
+portions of these equations and set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of these equations and set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of these equations and set them
+to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set
+values uh at the very end after we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh at the very end after we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh at the very end after we set
+these values in uh the really big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values in uh the really big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values in uh the really big one
+right here is our use divided by R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is our use divided by R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is our use divided by R and
+on use because by using this design uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on use because by using this design uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on use because by using this design uh
+right here there was a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here there was a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here there was a very specific
+size to a retina panel and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size to a retina panel and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size to a retina panel and there was
+only these two antennas which had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these two antennas which had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these two antennas which had a very
+specific size we can only receive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific size we can only receive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific size we can only receive power
+from the microwave field at the antennas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the microwave field at the antennas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the microwave field at the antennas
+the rest of this was useless space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this was useless space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this was useless space and
+it has to be reflected in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be reflected in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be reflected in the equation
+which is right here you multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right here you multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right here you multiply the
+ratio of usable material divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of usable material divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of usable material divided by the
+rati by what could not be used actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rati by what could not be used actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rati by what could not be used actually
+that should have been everything um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have been everything um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have been everything um but
+I believe that was reflected in this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that was reflected in this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that was reflected in this so
+the answer to that was was 26 26% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that was was 26 26% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that was was 26 26% of the
+rectenna panel was usable what was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectenna panel was usable what was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectenna panel was usable what was an
+antenna the rest was just diodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna the rest was just diodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna the rest was just diodes and
+circuits and was not receiving power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and was not receiving power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and was not receiving power
+which would mean that you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would mean that you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would mean that you're basically
+right off the bat throwing away 34 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the bat throwing away 34 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the bat throwing away 34 of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+exactly so because we only had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so because we only had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so because we only had two
+variables the efficiency of the climber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the efficiency of the climber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the efficiency of the climber
+and efficiency of retina and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency of retina and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency of retina and we had a
+range we were capable to generate a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range we were capable to generate a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range we were capable to generate a um a
+bounding straight on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiencies basically by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies basically by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies basically by looking at
+this graph you can say the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph you can say the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph you can say the efficiency of
+our climber is 60% therefore our retinas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our climber is 60% therefore our retinas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our climber is 60% therefore our retinas
+must be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be between
+approximately 43%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 43%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 43%
+efficient and 97%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and 97%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and 97%
+efficient to change this the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to change this the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to change this the upper
+constraint would be could be moved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint would be could be moved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint would be could be moved but
+only if you increase the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you increase the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you increase the velocity
+there's various parameters you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various parameters you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various parameters you can play
+around with to change these constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with to change these constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with to change these constraints
+um the lower one's pretty much F fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lower one's pretty much F fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lower one's pretty much F fixed
+except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the
+fact that the ratio is extremely low if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the ratio is extremely low if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the ratio is extremely low if
+it was possible to increase that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was possible to increase that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was possible to increase that ratio
+significantly um you might sacrifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly um you might sacrifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly um you might sacrifice
+some efficiency of the rectenna but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some efficiency of the rectenna but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some efficiency of the rectenna but if
+you look at the equation the this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the equation the this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the equation the this thing
+the efficiency of the retina weighs has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of the retina weighs has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of the retina weighs has
+just as much weight as the ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much weight as the ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much weight as the ratio so
+there's a little bit of a trade there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a trade there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a trade there's
+there's a very good trade-off there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very good trade-off there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very good trade-off there um
+and this actually gets to a lesson we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually gets to a lesson we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually gets to a lesson we've
+learned which I'll come back to in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned which I'll come back to in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned which I'll come back to in just
+a little bit okay um also the minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit okay um also the minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit okay um also the minute
+warning all right the beam density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning all right the beam density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning all right the beam density
+estimation is both low and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is both low and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is both low and it's
+idealized it assumes one at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized it assumes one at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized it assumes one at least in
+this graph we assume that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph we assume that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph we assume that there was
+perfect cated radiation and nothing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect cated radiation and nothing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect cated radiation and nothing was
+lost okay manufacturing how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost okay manufacturing how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost okay manufacturing how do we
+actually make it so first PCB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it so first PCB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it so first PCB
+fabrication which would be these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication which would be these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication which would be these are a
+bunch of single panels um this is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of single panels um this is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of single panels um this is how it
+comes from the shop when you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the shop when you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the shop when you have it
+professionally prototyped but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally prototyped but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally prototyped but these are
+a bunch of single panels of rectan aray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of single panels of rectan aray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of single panels of rectan aray
+they're not connected to each other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not connected to each other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not connected to each other but
+this is basically what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what it's going to
+look like um you know once you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um you know once you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um you know once you have it
+professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional
+manufactured and how that works this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured and how that works this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured and how that works this is
+the Machinery here you basically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machinery here you basically have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machinery here you basically have a
+uh substrate in the center which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh substrate in the center which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh substrate in the center which is this
+plasticky material and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticky material and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticky material and then you have
+some type of conducting generally like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of conducting generally like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of conducting generally like a
+copper layer on top and bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper layer on top and bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper layer on top and bottom and
+really the most common way of creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the most common way of creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the most common way of creating
+this is you basically print on uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you basically print on uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you basically print on uh your
+traits so wherever you want you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits so wherever you want you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits so wherever you want you know
+conductivity you print that on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you print that on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you print that on using
+some type of um resistive ink um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of um resistive ink um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of um resistive ink um and
+that resistive ink when it's dipped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistive ink when it's dipped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistive ink when it's dipped into
+chemicals will protect the U conductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals will protect the U conductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals will protect the U conductive
+material in those points and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in those points and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in those points and the rest
+will basically the cylindr so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically the cylindr so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically the cylindr so what you
+have here is you know this was all fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is you know this was all fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is you know this was all fully
+covered by what's underneath this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by what's underneath this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by what's underneath this has a
+secondary layer on top of it now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary layer on top of it now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary layer on top of it now it's
+why even this is kind of greenish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why even this is kind of greenish okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why even this is kind of greenish okay
+but this is where was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is where was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is where was
+protected and here you see the panel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected and here you see the panel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected and here you see the panel and
+then this is the U you know two today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the U you know two today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the U you know two today
+Renna ARR we were kind of playing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renna ARR we were kind of playing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renna ARR we were kind of playing around
+with it I don't think you could see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I don't think you could see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I don't think you could see it
+the contrast is very low but um we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast is very low but um we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast is very low but um we were
+basically playing around with this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically playing around with this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically playing around with this the
+other day um around a microwave seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day um around a microwave seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day um around a microwave seeing
+if there's any leakage if we can detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any leakage if we can detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any leakage if we can detect
+anything and of course the tuning is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and of course the tuning is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and of course the tuning is not
+you know correct and we were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know correct and we were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know correct and we were kind of
+hacking to we like stick and we St in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking to we like stick and we St in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking to we like stick and we St in
+probes and we're just using a multimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes and we're just using a multimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes and we're just using a multimeter
+but when we turn on the microwave um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we turn on the microwave um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we turn on the microwave um you
+old microwave campus we were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old microwave campus we were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old microwave campus we were getting
+about half a volt um that was showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a volt um that was showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a volt um that was showing
+and it was very low current so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was very low current so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was very low current so you know
+you're not going to be microwaving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be microwaving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be microwaving your
+brain when you try to look at your meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain when you try to look at your meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain when you try to look at your meal
+but um it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's still
+significant and the water jet to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and the water jet to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and the water jet to create
+you know the um more Structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the um more Structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the um more Structural
+Materials in the shielding you all U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Materials in the shielding you all U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Materials in the shielding you all U
+understand how that exactly Works cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that exactly Works cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that exactly Works cost
+estimate um basically we uh came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate um basically we uh came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate um basically we uh came up with
+the conclusion something cost about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion something cost about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion something cost about
+$1,700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,700
+uh really the bulk of that is creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really the bulk of that is creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really the bulk of that is creating
+the circuit so having that prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit so having that prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit so having that prototype
+professionally uh because making it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally uh because making it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally uh because making it by
+hand is just really a hassle and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is just really a hassle and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is just really a hassle and it's
+not very exact it's not very um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very exact it's not very um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very exact it's not very um it's not
+going be very good just quickly I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be very good just quickly I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be very good just quickly I could
+go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back
+okay just to the cost okay um so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to the cost okay um so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to the cost okay um so yeah so
+we have um you know water machine rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um you know water machine rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um you know water machine rates
+and stuff a labor rate we brought down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff a labor rate we brought down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff a labor rate we brought down
+for assembling is we could just hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assembling is we could just hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assembling is we could just hire
+Europe up for $9 an hour have them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe up for $9 an hour have them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe up for $9 an hour have them um
+you assemble the device for us you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assemble the device for us you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assemble the device for us you guys
+are starting to talk like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to talk like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to talk like
+faculty keep going yeah so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty keep going yeah so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty keep going yeah so you could
+move on okay so future work to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on okay so future work to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on okay so future work to be done
+uh one thing that I think would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing that I think would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing that I think would be very
+valuable is to create an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable is to create an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable is to create an actual
+mathematical simulation I'm now using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical simulation I'm now using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical simulation I'm now using a
+pointer of the equations that were shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer of the equations that were shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer of the equations that were shown
+earlier especially say this by tweaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier especially say this by tweaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier especially say this by tweaking
+each of these you can determine what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these you can determine what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these you can determine what the
+best velocity is for your CL um the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best velocity is for your CL um the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best velocity is for your CL um the big
+thing is to change the rectenna design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to change the rectenna design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to change the rectenna design
+right now and this is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and this is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and this is actually going to
+skip ahead to Lessons Learned variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead to Lessons Learned variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead to Lessons Learned variable
+optimization can be subtle we chose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization can be subtle we chose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization can be subtle we chose our
+optimized variable to be the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized variable to be the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized variable to be the efficiency
+of the retina that's not what we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the retina that's not what we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the retina that's not what we should
+have chosen and this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen and this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen and this was actually
+brought up at one point between me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up at one point between me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up at one point between me and
+Zach and I it got glazed over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach and I it got glazed over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach and I it got glazed over um
+actually Zach brought it up it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Zach brought it up it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Zach brought it up it should
+have been the maximum amount of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the maximum amount of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the maximum amount of power
+you could have gotten out of the climber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have gotten out of the climber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have gotten out of the climber
+because the A&M design is designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the A&M design is designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the A&M design is designed for
+efficiency per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency per
+panel yeah not per the entire array the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel yeah not per the entire array the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel yeah not per the entire array the
+entire array itself there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire array itself there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire array itself there's that
+tradeoff I showed you between the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff I showed you between the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff I showed you between the ratio
+and the efficiency of the Reena P so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the efficiency of the Reena P so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the efficiency of the Reena P so the
+if we were to look at just one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to look at just one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to look at just one of those
+things and try and maximize it we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and try and maximize it we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and try and maximize it we would
+have had to both look at maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to both look at maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to both look at maximizing
+efficiency and minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and minimizing
+size if you look at the actual size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you look at the actual size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you look at the actual size of
+the patch antenna it's very small for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patch antenna it's very small for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patch antenna it's very small for
+the surface area whereas this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface area whereas this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface area whereas this is very
+dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense
+so when you don't try and maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you don't try and maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you don't try and maximize the
+efficiency of those recta panels it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of those recta panels it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of those recta panels it
+becomes much less complex and becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes much less complex and becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes much less complex and becomes
+actually cheaper because you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cheaper because you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cheaper because you're trying
+to get as much antenna area as POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get as much antenna area as POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get as much antenna area as POS
+you're you're trying to weigh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're trying to weigh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're trying to weigh between
+antenna area and rectenna effic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna area and rectenna effic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna area and rectenna effic the
+rectifying circuit efficiency um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifying circuit efficiency um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifying circuit efficiency um and
+then the final thing or for future work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final thing or for future work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final thing or for future work
+to be done is to do an actual build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done is to do an actual build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done is to do an actual build and
+test the equipment then tweak off then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the equipment then tweak off then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the equipment then tweak off then
+tweak the trade-off between efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak the trade-off between efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak the trade-off between efficiency
+and the area of the antenna till it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the area of the antenna till it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the area of the antenna till it's
+optimal finally Lessons Learned um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal finally Lessons Learned um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal finally Lessons Learned um um
+sometimes a fine T fine tuned answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a fine T fine tuned answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a fine T fine tuned answer is
+not necessarily the best answer uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the best answer uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the best answer uh you
+over constrain yourself you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over constrain yourself you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over constrain yourself you look at the
+wrong areas um the best way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong areas um the best way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong areas um the best way to get
+results is perform test Zach was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results is perform test Zach was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results is perform test Zach was talking
+about how we took that antenna right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we took that antenna right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we took that antenna right
+over there um the big one the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there um the big one the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there um the big one the one that
+was brought in on Tuesday sorry that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brought in on Tuesday sorry that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brought in on Tuesday sorry that one
+we hooked up a multimeter went to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hooked up a multimeter went to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hooked up a multimeter went to a
+microwave and we're like are we getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave and we're like are we getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave and we're like are we getting
+anything out of it yes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out of it yes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out of it yes there's a
+noticeable voltage drop across it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable voltage drop across it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable voltage drop across it um and
+you know it it gives you a better idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it gives you a better idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it gives you a better idea
+of what you're working with and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you're working with and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you're working with and have
+very well- defined goals when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well- defined goals when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well- defined goals when you start
+out to serve the team uh specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to serve the team uh specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to serve the team uh specifically
+those equations I developed up there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations I developed up there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations I developed up there if
+I had known that I was going in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had known that I was going in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had known that I was going in that the
+direction I eventually ended up in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I eventually ended up in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I eventually ended up in I
+originally just wrote the equations down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally just wrote the equations down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally just wrote the equations down
+and was like oh I can find a bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was like oh I can find a bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was like oh I can find a bounding
+envelope it would have been possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope it would have been possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope it would have been possible to
+currently build the simulation I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently build the simulation I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently build the simulation I've
+talked about for future work it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about for future work it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about for future work it would
+have been very easy to build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been very easy to build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been very easy to build it
+alongside it and then it'll show you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside it and then it'll show you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside it and then it'll show you all
+sorts of graphs which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of graphs which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of graphs which I
+can't okay that's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions um with that of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions um with that of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions um with that of the board
+you have um this one yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have um this one yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have um this one yeah I
+mean you're only using one side of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're only using one side of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're only using one side of it it
+appears that's cor um I mean couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that's cor um I mean couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that's cor um I mean couldn't
+you marketly increase the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you marketly increase the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you marketly increase the area
+efficiency by putting some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency by putting some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency by putting some of the
+circuitry on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry on the other
+side um well there's actual like RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um well there's actual like RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um well there's actual like RF
+considerations of all the spacing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations of all the spacing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations of all the spacing really
+matters for efficiency so perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for efficiency so perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for efficiency so perhaps you
+could maybe space them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe space them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe space them a little bit
+better but there's still like this Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but there's still like this Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but there's still like this Trace
+needs to go that link otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to go that link otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to go that link otherwise you're
+really going to strong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to strong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to strong with this
+efficiency it's the tradeoff thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency it's the tradeoff thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency it's the tradeoff thing we
+could this was brought in on Tuesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this was brought in on Tuesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this was brought in on Tuesday's
+lecture and we think it's a great design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and we think it's a great design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and we think it's a great design
+uh especially for we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially for we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially for we're going to be
+talking within M midet of putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking within M midet of putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking within M midet of putting the
+diodes and the rectifying circuit behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes and the rectifying circuit behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes and the rectifying circuit behind
+yeah that's and as a result you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's and as a result you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's and as a result you get this
+third dimension you say a lot of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third dimension you say a lot of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third dimension you say a lot of two
+dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+exactly you can put a bunch more pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you can put a bunch more pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you can put a bunch more pack
+antennas on the space the problem is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas on the space the problem is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas on the space the problem is of
+course there's an efficiency Tri yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's an efficiency Tri yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's an efficiency Tri yeah I
+mean in this case this is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this case this is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this case this is probably the
+better solution to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better solution to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better solution to do that because
+you're just trying to crank as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to crank as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to crank as much
+power as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible any other questions yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible any other questions yeah why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible any other questions yeah why
+you I the only part of the Rea that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I the only part of the Rea that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I the only part of the Rea that has
+to be actually um exposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be actually um exposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be actually um exposed to the
+microwave radiation is our two square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave radiation is our two square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave radiation is our two square
+patches so why can't you stack them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches so why can't you stack them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches so why can't you stack them on
+top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each
+other um stack them on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um stack them on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um stack them on top of each other
+have off and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you're using third you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're using third you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're using third you could
+probably do that exactly you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do that exactly you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do that exactly you could
+probably do that you just need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do that you just need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do that you just need to make
+sure that I mean that could be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that I mean that could be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that I mean that could be done and
+that's a good idea just you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea just you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea just you need to make
+sure that wherever you have you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that wherever you have you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that wherever you have you know the
+pan that even the the traces on wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan that even the the traces on wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan that even the the traces on wires
+and stuff are not blocking the patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff are not blocking the patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff are not blocking the patch
+antennas otherwise you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas otherwise you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas otherwise you're not going to
+block that radiation so be careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that radiation so be careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that radiation so be careful you
+should be D that that's possible yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be D that that's possible yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be D that that's possible yeah
+but um with the current idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um with the current idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um with the current idea of what
+we're going to do that's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that's not necessarily
+going to be that important but that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be that important but that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be that important but that is a
+per consideration this is a mely we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per consideration this is a mely we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per consideration this is a mely we're
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+it uh Thomas you had a question that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh Thomas you had a question that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh Thomas you had a question that was
+the same issue same issue I I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same issue same issue I I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same issue same issue I I had a
+question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the
+uh system system level trade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh system system level trade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh system system level trade the
+connections between the power beaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the power beaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the power beaming
+system the rect and then the climber you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the rect and then the climber you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the rect and then the climber you
+guys assume a 1 M radius an for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys assume a 1 M radius an for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys assume a 1 M radius an for your
+nominal calculations and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal calculations and that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal calculations and that gives you
+the you know the wats per square meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the wats per square meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the wats per square meter
+uh number that you have this um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number that you have this um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number that you have this um so what
+are the considerations if if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the considerations if if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the considerations if if you were
+I'm not sure if you're open to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if you're open to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if you're open to that but
+if you were open to reconsider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were open to reconsider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were open to reconsider the
+actual size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual size of the
+Rend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rend
+um I guess if you make it small it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess if you make it small it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess if you make it small it means
+you have to have a higher power density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a higher power density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a higher power density
+coming in if you make a bigger lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in if you make a bigger lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in if you make a bigger lower
+power density but a heavier antenna but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power density but a heavier antenna but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power density but a heavier antenna but
+maybe then the pointing gets easier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then the pointing gets easier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then the pointing gets easier or
+the you know the pointing accuracy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the pointing accuracy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the pointing accuracy can
+you discuss these TR off heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discuss these TR off heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discuss these TR off heavily
+dependent on actual be so what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on actual be so what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on actual be so what we wanted
+to do is we really didn't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we really didn't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we really didn't want to have
+um you know a bunch of surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a bunch of surface area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a bunch of surface area
+which was most of the time not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was most of the time not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was most of the time not going to
+be in the beam so we wanted to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the beam so we wanted to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the beam so we wanted to make sure
+that there's going to be some swing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be some swing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be some swing that
+pretty much we always want to have most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much we always want to have most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much we always want to have most
+of that right tent panel in the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that right tent panel in the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that right tent panel in the beam
+otherwise it it's just usess surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it it's just usess surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it it's just usess surface
+area so that was that consideration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so that was that consideration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so that was that consideration and
+then it came down to Let's maximize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it came down to Let's maximize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it came down to Let's maximize how
+much power we can get given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power we can get given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power we can get given that
+constraint but but where's the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint but but where's the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint but but where's the beam
+going to come from who's going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from who's going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from who's going to decide
+on we were operating on the diameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we were operating on the diameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we were operating on the diameter of
+that of the parabel dish we had chosen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the parabel dish we had chosen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the parabel dish we had chosen a
+diameter and then when talking to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and then when talking to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and then when talking to them
+um they were talking about focusing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they were talking about focusing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they were talking about focusing it
+on that D so that slightly changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that D so that slightly changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that D so that slightly changed
+things mid the damage is reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things mid the damage is reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things mid the damage is reasonable
+because if you make it larger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you make it larger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you make it larger than this
+the swing is going to push it out anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swing is going to push it out anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swing is going to push it out anyway
+and focusing the light you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focusing the light you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focusing the light you will see
+during our presentation what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our presentation what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our presentation what we have is
+power per cubic meter which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power per cubic meter which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power per cubic meter which is just
+right so we're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up you going to use your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computer thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IVVwFEnmFUk.txt b/IVVwFEnmFUk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e905fee020861af25d2e995b712a9be31bea6d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IVVwFEnmFUk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1534 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+I thought that today what I'd
+like to do is to in a sense
+
+clean up a few little things
+that were implied by our last
+
+lecture, things that bothered
+me a little bit and which I
+
+thought were worthy
+of discussing
+
+in more detail today.
+
+You may recall that last time
+we discussed the inverse of
+
+differentiation.
+
+And towards the end of the
+lecture, we pointed out that
+
+traditionally this operation
+was called
+
+the 'indefinite integral'.
+
+Now, you see, two points
+bothered me here.
+
+One is why the word integral?
+
+In other words, why not just
+'inverse derivative'?
+
+And we're going to talk about
+that in more detail later in
+
+the course.
+
+The other part that bothered me
+was the inference of what
+
+do you mean by the 'indefinite'
+integral, say, as
+
+opposed to the 'definite'
+integral?
+
+In essence then, I think that
+when you say indefinite
+
+integral, one probably assumes
+that there was something
+
+called the definite integral
+that exists.
+
+And in order not to prejudice
+anything and not to use the
+
+word definite integral in a
+context that I don't really
+
+want it in, I have entitled
+today's lecture The "Definite"
+
+Indefinite Integral.
+
+And let's see what this
+really means now.
+
+Recall that last time we used
+the notation that 'D inverse'
+
+'f of x' meant--
+
+and that was what?
+
+This is notation we used, and
+we said in the book but this
+
+was denoted by integral ''f of
+x' dx', and that this was
+
+called the indefinite
+integral.
+
+And what it meant was it was
+a name for all function 'G'
+
+whose derivative with respect
+to 'x' was 'f'.
+
+And by the mean value theorem,
+we also showed what?
+
+That another name for that
+set was simply what?
+
+If we knew one function whose
+derivative was 'f', call that
+
+capital 'F'.
+
+Then the family capital 'F of
+x' plus 'c' was another name
+
+for this set of functions.
+
+And by way of a review, let's
+do a typical problem that we
+
+could tackle last time.
+
+Let's see where the word
+'indefinite' comes from.
+
+You see, in a sense, the
+indefiniteness comes from the
+
+arbitrary constant 'c'.
+
+You see, let's suppose that we
+know that 'f prime of x' is 'x
+
+squared', and we now want
+to find out what
+
+'f of x' looks like.
+
+You see the inverse of
+differentiation again.
+
+We have the derivative.
+
+Well, we know that one function
+whose derivative is
+
+'x squared' is '1/3 x cubed'.
+
+Therefore, any other function
+whose derivative is 'x
+
+squared' must differ from '1/3
+x cubed' by a constant.
+
+Hence, we know that
+'f of x' is '1/3 x
+
+cubed' plus a constant.
+
+And it's this 'c' that makes
+this thing called the
+
+'indefinite' integral.
+
+You see, at this particular
+stage, 'c' could be any
+
+constant whatsoever, and
+this would still
+
+be a correct answer.
+
+We have only got a correct
+answer up to a family of
+
+functions which differ
+only by a constant.
+
+Now, if I specify one piece of
+information, which is called
+
+an 'initial condition',
+shall we say.
+
+In other words, let's suppose
+I specify that when 'x' is
+
+equal to 'x0', 'f of x' is
+equal to 'y sub 0', the
+
+subscript 0 here just being
+the abbreviation for a
+
+beginning point.
+
+In other words, I now specify
+one additional piece of
+
+information.
+
+Well, if I plug this back into
+the equation before, I get
+
+that 'f of x0', which is 'y0',
+equals '1/3 'x sub 0' cubed
+
+plus c', from which I can
+determine that 'c' is equal to
+
+''y0' minus '1/3 x0 cubed''.
+
+Now, notice that 'x0' and
+'y0' are given numbers.
+
+Consequently, 'c' here is
+a particular number.
+
+And 'c' being a constant, it
+means that whatever 'c' is for
+
+one given value of 'x', it
+must be that for all.
+
+So now what I can do is replace
+the indefinite 'c' by
+
+the definite specific value
+''y0' minus '1/3 x0 cubed''
+
+and arrive at the fact that 'f
+of x' is that unique function,
+
+the only function that there
+is: '1/3 x cubed' plus 'y0'
+
+minus '1/3 x0 cubed'.
+
+In other words, no more
+arbitrary constant in here.
+
+What is this function
+'f of x'?
+
+Well, it's the function whose
+derivative is 'x squared' and
+
+satisfies the condition that
+when 'x' is equal to 'x0', 'y'
+
+is equal to 'y0'.
+
+And if you want to see that in
+terms of our usual analogy of
+
+resorting to curve plotting,
+observe that what we can say
+
+here is what?
+
+The slope is 'x squared'.
+
+Therefore, the curve has the
+form 'y' equals '1/3
+
+x cubed plus c'.
+
+We now specify that the
+curve passes through
+
+the point (x0, y0).
+
+That helps us determine
+that 'c' is 'y0'
+
+minus '1/3 x0 cubed'.
+
+We put that value 'c' back into
+our original equation,
+
+and we wind up with 'y' equals
+'1/3 x cubed' plus 'y0' minus
+
+'1/3 x0 cubed'.
+
+And what is that particular
+curve?
+
+It's the curve that's
+characterized by the fact that
+
+its slope at any point (x , y)
+is given by 'x squared' and it
+
+passes through the
+point (x0, y0).
+
+In other words, notice then that
+if we know the slope of a
+
+curve and we know a point on the
+curve, in other words, we
+
+know the slope everywhere and we
+know a point that the curve
+
+passes through, it shouldn't
+seem too surprising that we
+
+can uniquely locate where the
+curve is at any time.
+
+And that's exactly
+what this says.
+
+We have a unique expression
+for this particular curve.
+
+Let's see if we can't generalize
+this result.
+
+And instead of talking about 'f
+of x' equals 'x squared',
+
+let's consider the following.
+
+Suppose we just generalize it.
+
+We have that we're given that
+'dy dx' is 'f of x' and the
+
+domain of 'f' is the closed
+interval from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+And now what we'd like to do is
+to find out what function
+
+'y' is specifically.
+
+Well, assume that 'g prime'
+is any function whose
+
+derivative is 'f'.
+
+And by the way, this is a
+pretty big assumption.
+
+In other words, it's one thing
+to say let's assume that we
+
+have a function whose
+derivative is 'f'.
+
+But for a given 'f', it may not
+be quite that simple to
+
+find what 'G' must be.
+
+And we'll talk about
+that in more detail
+
+as our course unfolds.
+
+But it's not always that simple
+to find a function
+
+which has a given derivative.
+
+We mentioned that in the
+last lecture, too.
+
+At any rate, all we're assuming
+now though is that by
+
+hook or by crook, somehow or
+other, we know a function 'G'
+
+whose derivative is 'f'.
+
+Then therefore, what we conclude
+is that since 'G' has
+
+the same derivative as 'y', that
+'y' must be 'G of x' plus
+
+a constant.
+
+Now, here's where the word
+'initial condition' comes in.
+
+We're starting this problem
+at 'x' equals 'a'.
+
+See, 'x' equals 'a'.
+
+What we assume is the curve has
+to be someplace when 'x'
+
+equals 'a'.
+
+Let's call that y-coordinate
+'y' of 'a'.
+
+In other words, 'y' of 'a' is
+equal to 'G of a' plus 'c',
+
+from which we determine that
+'c' is equal to 'y of
+
+a' minus 'G of a'.
+
+You see, the only indefinite
+thing in here is the 'y of a'.
+
+Because, you see, all we're
+saying is we know the
+
+x-coordinate when 'x' is 'a',
+and the curve can then pass
+
+through any point whose
+x-coordinate is 'a'.
+
+And all we're saying is let's
+call the y-coordinate of that
+
+point 'y of a'.
+
+At any rate, knowing what 'c'
+is, we now have that 'y of x'
+
+is 'G of x' plus 'y of
+a' minus 'G of a'.
+
+Now, in particular, from this,
+you see, notice from this, we
+
+can now find out what
+'y of b' is.
+
+Namely, we just replace 'x' by
+'b', and we get that 'y of b'
+
+is 'G of b' plus 'y of
+a' minus 'G of a'.
+
+And again, the only thing
+that's indefinite over
+
+here is 'y of a'.
+
+Now, to get rid of the only
+indefinite part, it seems
+
+rather clever that maybe all we
+should do is subtract 'y of
+
+a' from 'y to b'.
+
+If we do that, we get that 'y of
+b' minus 'y of a' is 'G of
+
+b' minus 'G of a'.
+
+Notice that name for 'y of b'
+minus 'y of a' is just the
+
+change in 'y' as 'x' moved
+from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+In other words, if we know the
+derivative of 'y' with respect
+
+to 'x' and we want to find out
+how much 'y' changed by as we
+
+moved from 'x' equals 'a' to 'x'
+equals 'b', all we have to
+
+do is to compute 'G of b' minus
+'G of a' where 'G' is
+
+'a' function whose derivative
+is 'f'.
+
+And by the way, that's all this
+notation means over here.
+
+This is read this evaluated at
+the upper value minus the
+
+value of this evaluated
+at the lower value.
+
+In fact, now I suppose the only
+problem that's dangling,
+
+as we said, you know, let 'G'
+be the function whose
+
+derivative is 'f'.
+
+There are many functions whose
+derivative is 'f' once we know
+
+one function whose derivative
+is 'f'.
+
+Which function should
+we use over here?
+
+And what I intend to show next
+is that it really doesn't make
+
+any difference.
+
+That's how definite
+this really is.
+
+Namely, let's suppose that 'H'
+is any other function whose
+
+derivative is 'f'.
+
+Well, if we use this particular
+expression, my
+
+claim is that the change in 'y'
+would be a 'H of b' minus
+
+'H of a', the same way
+as we did with 'G'.
+
+And the reason for this is that
+if 'H' and 'G' have the
+
+same derivative, then they
+differ by a constant.
+
+That means that 'H of x' is 'G
+of x' plus some constant,
+
+which I denote by 'c1' to
+indicate that this is no
+
+longer an arbitrary constant.
+
+What I'm saying is I've picked
+a particular 'H'.
+
+I have the 'G' of the
+previous problem.
+
+The difference is some
+specific constant
+
+which I call 'c1'.
+
+Well, at any rate, I can now
+compute 'H to b', which is
+
+just 'G of b' plus 'c1',
+'H of a', which is
+
+'G of a' plus 'c1'.
+
+And if I now subtract, I get
+'H of b' minus 'H of a' is
+
+equal to 'G of b' minus 'G of
+a' because the constant 'c1'
+
+drops out when I form
+the subtraction.
+
+In other words, notice that 'G
+of b' minus 'G of a' is a
+
+well-determined number
+independent of what function
+
+we choose whose derivative
+is 'f'.
+
+And to see what this thing
+means pictorially, just
+
+observe the following.
+
+Our geometric interpretation
+is this.
+
+Let's suppose that we have the
+curve 'y' equals 'G of x' on
+
+the closed interval
+from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+And what's the property
+of 'G'?
+
+It's derivative is 'f'.
+
+And now we look at 'H of x'.
+
+Now, what is 'H of x'?
+
+'H of x' is 'G of x'
+plus a constant.
+
+Graphically, what happens
+to a curve when
+
+you add on a constant?
+
+You see, adding on a constant
+just raises the curve.
+
+In other words, it displaces the
+curve parallel to itself
+
+vertically, in other words, with
+respect to the y-axis,
+
+that the constant just
+lifts the curve.
+
+In other words then, what we're
+saying is that when
+
+you're measuring the change in
+'y', observe that it really
+
+makes no difference whether
+you're talking about this or
+
+whether you're talking
+about this.
+
+Because since these two curves
+are parallel, you see, the
+
+displacements over these
+intervals are the same.
+
+In other words, all we're really
+saying, I guess, is
+
+that these two regions
+here are congruent.
+
+In fact, it might be wise in
+a sense to pick a new axis
+
+either way here, shift this
+thing over, and label this the
+
+'delta y' axis.
+
+And what you're really saying
+is the arbitrary constant
+
+doesn't really make
+any difference.
+
+Because what you've raised the
+curve by at this end, you
+
+raised it at this end, and
+consequently, the arbitrary
+
+constant drops out in
+determining the change in 'y'.
+
+Well, again, this may
+still seem abstract.
+
+Let's give a physical
+interpretation to what we're
+
+talking about right now.
+
+Let's suppose now that
+we have a particle
+
+moving along the x-axis.
+
+A particle is moving
+along the x-axis.
+
+We know that its speed at any
+time 't' is given by 't
+
+squared', and we know
+that the particles
+
+moves for one second.
+
+In other words, the domain
+of 't' here is the closed
+
+interval from 0 to 1.
+
+Now, we know that
+'v' is 'dx dt'.
+
+Therefore, since '1/3 t cubed'
+has its derivative equal to 't
+
+squared', 'x' must be '1/3
+t cubed' plus a constant.
+
+And here's where the
+word 'initial
+
+condition' comes in again.
+
+We're starting this problem
+when 't' equals 0.
+
+When 't' equals 0, the particle
+has to be someplace.
+
+Let's say it's at 'x'
+equals 'x sub 0'.
+
+That's 'x of 0', you see.
+
+And if we do this, notice
+that when 't' is 0,
+
+'x' is 'x sub 0'.
+
+That says that 'c'
+is 'x sub 0'.
+
+Replacing 'c' by 'x sub 0', we
+find that the particle moves
+
+according to the rule
+'x' equals '1/3 t
+
+cubed' plus 'x sub 0'.
+
+Now, we can find out where the
+particle is when 't' equals 1.
+
+When 't' equals 1, 'x'
+is '1/3 plus 'x0''.
+
+We know that when the particle
+started at 't' equals 0, 'x'
+
+of 0 was 'x sub 0'.
+
+And therefore, the change in
+'x', in other words, 'x'
+
+evaluated when 't' equals '1
+minus x' evaluated when 't'
+
+equals 0 is simply what? '1/3
+plus 'x0' minus 'x0'', or 1/3.
+
+In other words, in this
+particular problem, if we
+
+choose as our unit, say, feet
+and seconds, if a particle
+
+moves for 1 second according to
+the rule that speed in feet
+
+per second is the square of the
+time, in 1 second it has
+
+been displaced by a distance
+of 1/3 of a foot.
+
+And if I want to draw that for
+you, let me show you what's
+
+happening over here.
+
+What we're saying is
+here is a particle
+
+moving along the x-axis.
+
+when we start this problem
+at time 't' equals 0, the
+
+particle is at some point
+'x' equals 'x0'.
+
+We observe that the particle
+is moving because of the
+
+velocity 't squared', and that
+means it's always moving from
+
+left to right.
+
+And what we find is that when
+the time is 1, the particle is
+
+now at 'x0 + 1/3'.
+
+In other words, in this 1
+second, the particle has moved
+
+1/3 of a foot.
+
+By the way, to make a little
+interesting aside while we're
+
+here, and we'll come back to
+this in more detail also into
+
+future lectures, notice that
+since 'v' equals 't squared',
+
+when 't' is 0, the
+velocity is 0.
+
+And when 't' is 1, since 't
+squared' is then 1, the
+
+velocity is 1.
+
+Notice that the particle starts
+with 0 velocity, ends
+
+up with a velocity of 1, but the
+average velocity is not a
+
+half a foot per second.
+
+In other words, notice that the
+particle traveled a total
+
+distance of 1/3 of a
+foot in 1 second.
+
+In other words, the average
+speed was just 1/3 of a foot
+
+per second.
+
+And you see, notice that in this
+particular problem, since
+
+'v' is equal to 't
+squared', the
+
+acceleration is not a constant.
+
+The acceleration is '2t'.
+
+It's a variable.
+
+Notice, for example, that the
+time is approximately 7/10 of
+
+a second before the particle
+would move a half a foot.
+
+See, in other words, notice that
+the time has to be 7/10
+
+of a second before the
+velocity is 1/2.
+
+Namely, when you square
+0.7, you get 0.49.
+
+And notice again the
+nonlinearity of this, which,
+
+as I say, we'll come back to
+later, but I thought it was
+
+worth mentioning in
+passing over here.
+
+At any rate, let's generalize
+this velocity problem because
+
+I think it's much easier to
+think in terms of distance,
+
+rate, and time than in terms
+of slopes of curves.
+
+But let's just take
+a look here.
+
+The generalization is this.
+
+Let's oppose that we
+have a particle
+
+moving along the x-axis.
+
+Its speed at any time is given
+by 'v' equals 'f of t', and
+
+the time interval is from 't'
+equals 'a' to 't' equals 'b'.
+
+We assume that capital 'G' is
+any function whose derivative
+
+is 'f', and we then can conclude
+that therefore 'x'
+
+must be 'G of t' plus
+a constant.
+
+We also say OK, initially
+that's what?
+
+Not necessarily 0.
+
+Initially is when we
+start the problem.
+
+When 't' equals 'a', 'x of
+a' is 'G of a' plus 'c'.
+
+'x of t', therefore,
+is 'G of t'.
+
+Notice that 'c' is 'x of a'
+minus 'G of a', so 'x of t' is
+
+'G of t' plus 'x of
+a' minus 'G of a'.
+
+From this, just replacing 't'
+by 'b', I find that 'x of b'
+
+is 'G of b' plus 'x of
+a' minus 'G of a'.
+
+Again, this is the only
+indefinite part here.
+
+Notice, by the way, that this
+is mimicking what I did
+
+earlier for 'dy dx', but I
+wanted to go through this one
+
+more time in terms of a more
+tangible physical example.
+
+At any rate, if I now subtract
+'x of a' from this result, I
+
+wind up with that 'x of b' minus
+'x of a' is 'G of b'
+
+minus 'G of a'.
+
+In other words, the change in
+'x' on this time interval from
+
+'a' to 'b' is determined just
+by evaluating 'G of b' minus
+
+'G of a' where 'G'
+is any function
+
+whose derivative changes.
+
+See, a rather easy
+way of evaluating
+
+this particular thing.
+
+Now, again I should point out
+as an interesting physical
+
+aside that this 'delta x' is
+a displacement, not a total
+
+distance, and I'll explain
+what that means
+
+in terms of an example.
+
+You see, let's observe that in
+the problem that I did over
+
+here, in this particular problem
+over here, notice that
+
+the velocity was always
+positive.
+
+In given problems, the velocity
+can oscillate between
+
+positive and negative, meaning
+in terms of moving along the
+
+x-axis, the particle
+can sometimes move
+
+from left to right.
+
+Other times, it can from
+right to left.
+
+But at any rate, what I want
+to point out is that the
+
+change in 'x' is a displacement,
+a net change.
+
+Let me give you an example.
+
+Let's suppose again
+that a particle is
+
+moving along the x-axis.
+
+Now its speed 'v' is given
+by 't - 1' where 't' is
+
+between 0 and 2.
+
+Now, the function I'm looking
+for, 'x', must differ from a
+
+constant by a constant from any
+function whose derivative
+
+is 't - 1'.
+
+In particular, one function
+whose derivative is 't - 1' is
+
+'1/2 t squared' minus 't'.
+
+So whatever 'x' is, it
+must have what form?
+
+It's '1/2 t squared' minus
+'t' plus a constant.
+
+Now, I want to compute 'x'
+evaluated when 't' is 2, 'x'
+
+evaluated when 't' is 0, and
+take this difference because
+
+that will be the change in
+'x', you see, as 't'
+
+goes from 0 to 2.
+
+Well, at any rate, you see 'x of
+2', just putting 2 in here,
+
+gives me 1/2 of 4, which
+is 2, minus 2 plus
+
+'c', which is 'c'.
+
+'x of 0' is 'c', and therefore,
+'x of 2' minus 'x
+
+of 0' is 0.
+
+Or written more symbolically,
+'delta x' as 't' goes
+
+from 0 to 2 is 0.
+
+In other words, there
+is no change in 'x'.
+
+Now, obviously, we don't mean
+the particle didn't
+
+move in this case.
+
+For no motion, the velocity
+should be 0, but the velocity
+
+is 't - 1'.
+
+Let's see what really happened
+in this particular problem.
+
+To do this, I have drawn some
+separate graphs over here.
+
+The first one shows 'v'
+in terms of 't'.
+
+And what this shows is what?
+
+That when 't' is between 0
+and 1, 'v' is negative.
+
+Now, there's nothing imaginary,
+again recall, about
+
+a negative velocity.
+
+Remember, that since the
+particle is moving along the
+
+x-axis and the positive sense of
+the x-axis is from left to
+
+right, a negative velocity means
+that the particle is
+
+just moving from
+right to left.
+
+So what this says is the
+particle was moving from right
+
+to left for the first second
+and then from left to right
+
+for the second second.
+
+Also, if we now want to plot the
+distance versus the time,
+
+you see, what we see is that
+'x' is equal to '1/2 t
+
+squared' minus 't'.
+
+That's this particular shape.
+
+And the plus 'x sub 0' is
+our initial condition.
+
+In other words, this tells us
+lookit, when we started this
+
+problem at 't' equals 0, the
+particle was positioned at 'x'
+
+equals 'x sub 0'.
+
+And notice what this
+thing seems to say.
+
+This seems to say that what?
+
+You started here.
+
+Then for the first second, the
+displacement was decreasing.
+
+That means you were moving in
+the negative direction.
+
+And then you reached a certain
+peak here, and when you got
+
+down to this particular point,
+you started to come back.
+
+And at the end of the second
+second, your displacement was
+
+exactly what it was when
+you first started here.
+
+And by the way, let me again
+mention, this is not the graph
+
+of how the particle moved.
+
+The particle is moving
+horizontally along the x-axis.
+
+This graph is just how the
+displacement looks as a
+
+function of time.
+
+In fact, by the way, to see how
+we can eliminate the 'x
+
+sub 0' here, I have
+drawn one more.
+
+You'll notice that in our
+recipe, we said let's compute
+
+'1/2 t squared' minus 't'
+as 't' goes from 0 to 2.
+
+That was the special case where
+I replaced the x-axis by
+
+the 'delta x' axis.
+
+In other words, the curve 'x'
+equals '1/2 t squared' minus
+
+'t' would be this curve here.
+
+In other words, when
+'t' is 0, 'x' is 0.
+
+This says what?
+
+The change in 'x' when you start
+the problem is 0 because
+
+the particle hasn't moved yet.
+
+And this says what?
+
+The particle moves, reaches
+a minimum value
+
+when 't' equals 1.
+
+And when 't' equals 1, 'x'
+equals minus 1/2, and then
+
+comes back to 0 when
+'t' equals 2.
+
+In other words, physically what
+
+happened here is the following.
+
+We started this problem
+at 't' equals 0.
+
+At 't' equals 0, the particle
+had a certain displacement, a
+
+certain initial position which
+we'll call 'x sub 0'.
+
+And what happened in this
+problem is that for the first
+
+second, the particle moved
+from right to left.
+
+And when 't' was equal to 1,
+the particle was at the
+
+position 'x sub 0' minus 1/2,
+which is just another way of
+
+saying it was 1/2 of a unit, or
+in this case, 1/2 a foot to
+
+the left of its starting
+point.
+
+Then during the next second,
+the velocity is positive.
+
+The particle doubles back,
+returns to the point 'x0' when
+
+'t' equals 2, so that the
+displacement, meaning the net
+
+change in position during the
+time interval of this problem,
+
+the net distance
+traveled is 0.
+
+It started and finished
+at the same point.
+
+On the other hand, the total
+distance traveled is 1/2 a
+
+foot in this direction, 1/2 a
+foot in this direction, so
+
+therefore, a total of 1 foot.
+
+Well, you see, I thought this
+was a worthwhile discussion to
+
+have on distance,
+rate, and time.
+
+But I also thought another thing
+was rather important.
+
+Did you notice that except for
+my mentioning at the beginning
+
+of our lesson that the inverse
+derivative is called the
+
+indefinite integral, that the
+so-called integral sign has
+
+never appeared in anything
+that I've done.
+
+In other words, to emphasize
+what I was talking about in
+
+the last lecture, observe that
+I could get by wonderfully
+
+without ever having heard of
+an integral sign, without
+
+having heard of the phrase
+indefinite integral.
+
+At any rate, though, let me ask
+the following query, so to
+
+speak, to sort of lead into
+a summation point of view.
+
+Once we invent the notation
+integral ''f of x' dx' to
+
+denote the set of all functions
+'G' whose derivative
+
+is 'f', why not invent a new
+symbol, namely, what?
+
+We'll still use this integral
+sign, but now put that lower
+
+and upper bound on this thing.
+
+We'll call this the definite
+integral ''f of x' dx', or the
+
+definite indefinite integral--
+
+I put these limits
+on, 'a' to 'b'--
+
+to denote 'G of b' minus 'G of
+a' where 'G prime' is any
+
+function whose derivative
+is 'f'.
+
+In other words, to put this in
+still another perspective,
+
+remember the 'G' was a member
+of the family described by
+
+interval ''f of x' dx'.
+
+To indicate that I'm going to
+compute 'G of b', why not put
+
+a 'b' on top of this
+integral sign?
+
+And then to indicate that I'm
+going to subtract from that 'G
+
+of a', why not denote 'G of a'
+by the same integral sign with
+
+an a underneath it?
+
+And then symbolically, I can
+think of 'G of b' minus 'G of
+
+a' as being this expression
+here, which I will then
+
+abbreviate as--
+
+you see, in other words, I'll
+take this thing and say OK,
+
+this is now an abbreviation
+for what we have here.
+
+In other words, that when you
+see this thing, which we'll
+
+call the definite indefinite
+integral, ''f of x' dx' from
+
+'a' to 'b', this is just an
+abbreviation for what?
+
+'G of x', 'G of b' minus 'G of
+a' where 'G' is a function
+
+whose derivative is 'f'.
+
+And with this in mind
+now, I can summarize
+
+our lecture as follows.
+
+Suppose I know that 'dy dx' is
+'f of x', where 'x' is defined
+
+on the closed interval
+from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+Then the change in 'y' on this
+interval, in other words, the
+
+change in 'y' as 'x' goes from
+'a' to 'b' is given by the
+
+symbol integral 'a' to 'b' ''f
+of x' dx' where this symbol is
+
+defined to be 'G of x' evaluated
+between 'x' equals
+
+'a' and 'x' equals 'b', meaning
+'G of b' minus 'G of
+
+a', where 'G' is any function
+whose derivative is 'f'.
+
+Notice again then, in closing,
+that this particular symbol
+
+here, as far as I'm concerned,
+is artificial.
+
+I don't really need it.
+
+And whereas it might have been
+unfortunate to invent the
+
+phrase indefinite integral, it
+might be even more unfortunate
+
+to have two words sounding
+so much alike that
+
+are completely different.
+
+In other words, notice that when
+I write the integral sign
+
+from 'a' to 'b' ''f of x'
+dx', what this thing
+
+denotes is a number.
+
+It's a change in 'y'.
+
+Without the two numbers here,
+'a' and 'b', this denotes a
+
+set of functions, namely, all
+functions whose derivative
+
+with respect to 'x'
+is 'f of x'.
+
+Well, anyway, I hope that this
+straightens out, if nothing
+
+more, the difference between
+the words definite and
+
+indefinite.
+
+And we shall return to
+the subject called--
+
+or turn to the subject called
+integral calculus and bring
+
+this up in more detail
+from a different
+
+context in a little while.
+
+In the meantime, we'll have
+a little sojourn into the
+
+circular functions and revisit
+trigonometry for a few days
+
+while we allow this idea
+here to set more
+
+firmly in your mind.
+
+So until next time, goodbye.
+
+Funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the
+
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum
+Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JB1YIT1Z-oE.txt b/JB1YIT1Z-oE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c3c9a7c709fb4fb18899bddb41fe8b4f9ecc2bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JB1YIT1Z-oE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyhow this is where we ended the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow this is where we ended the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow this is where we ended the
+lecture last time we're finishing up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time we're finishing up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time we're finishing up we
+were talking about two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about two kinds of
+regulation with collect for cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation with collect for cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation with collect for cholesterol
+sense anyone using the transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense anyone using the transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense anyone using the transcription
+factor sterile responsive element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor sterile responsive element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor sterile responsive element
+binding protein and how we can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein and how we can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein and how we can use that
+when cholesterol levels are still raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when cholesterol levels are still raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when cholesterol levels are still raw
+level so low to up regulate the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so low to up regulate the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so low to up regulate the amount
+of sterile by turning on the genes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sterile by turning on the genes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sterile by turning on the genes for
+the biases that it sounds like okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biases that it sounds like okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biases that it sounds like okay and
+so that's what we were talking about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we were talking about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we were talking about at
+the end and this week in recitation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and this week in recitation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and this week in recitation as
+well and also you can turn on the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and also you can turn on the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and also you can turn on the gene
+for the LDL receptor which then allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the LDL receptor which then allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the LDL receptor which then allows
+you can't walk cholesterol in the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't walk cholesterol in the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't walk cholesterol in the diet
+and so what I wanted to do is and you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I wanted to do is and you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I wanted to do is and you it
+this week's problem set seven you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's problem set seven you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's problem set seven you are
+focused on looking at on this count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on looking at on this count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on looking at on this count
+protein and kind of you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and kind of you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and kind of you know what this
+top protein is doing and what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top protein is doing and what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top protein is doing and what you were
+seeing in that the data you were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in that the data you were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in that the data you were given
+which was taken from one of one paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was taken from one of one paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was taken from one of one paper
+there are many paper is trying to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many paper is trying to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many paper is trying to study
+these proteins to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins to understand what's
+going on with these complex membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with these complex membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with these complex membrane
+proteins weight is the sterile bind Hut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins weight is the sterile bind Hut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins weight is the sterile bind Hut
+is how is this your boy how does what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is this your boy how does what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is this your boy how does what is
+it that causes this chemistry to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that causes this chemistry to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that causes this chemistry to happen
+where this complex migrates from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this complex migrates from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this complex migrates from the
+endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi
+allows cleavage chemistry to happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows cleavage chemistry to happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows cleavage chemistry to happen and
+ultimately a little piece of DNA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately a little piece of DNA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately a little piece of DNA which
+binds to the sterile responsive element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to the sterile responsive element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to the sterile responsive element
+actually turn on a bunch of genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn on a bunch of genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn on a bunch of genes that
+we just talked about okay so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about okay so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about okay so I just
+wanted to say one or two words about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say one or two words about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say one or two words about the
+players and you've all sought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and you've all sought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and you've all sought about the
+players by now we're gonna come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players by now we're gonna come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players by now we're gonna come back and
+look at some of them in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of them in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of them in a few minutes
+but the key player in the in the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key player in the in the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key player in the in the scheme
+I just showed you with scalp and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed you with scalp and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed you with scalp and that
+was the focus of what you guys had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the focus of what you guys had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the focus of what you guys had to do
+when your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your problem set
+what you notice again is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you notice again is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you notice again is there's a
+sterile sensing domain okay and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile sensing domain okay and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile sensing domain okay and there is
+also I point out we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I point out we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I point out we'll come back to that
+at the end of today's lecture there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of today's lecture there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of today's lecture there's a
+sterile sensing domain in hmg-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile sensing domain in hmg-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile sensing domain in hmg-coa
+reductase which we will see is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase which we will see is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase which we will see is involved
+in post transcriptional regulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in post transcriptional regulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in post transcriptional regulation so
+we're still looking at transcriptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still looking at transcriptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still looking at transcriptional
+regulation now and that question is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation now and that question is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation now and that question is and
+then you have a bunch of other trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a bunch of other trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a bunch of other trans
+Hewett trans he will seize single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hewett trans he will seize single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hewett trans he will seize single
+transmembrane he will seize probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane he will seize probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane he will seize probably
+helical within the membrane and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical within the membrane and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical within the membrane and the
+question is how does this guy work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does this guy work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does this guy work to
+allow the model we showed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the model we showed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the model we showed in the
+previous slide so that defines all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide so that defines all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide so that defines all those
+terms hopefully here now familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms hopefully here now familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms hopefully here now familiar with
+all those terms it's written down at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those terms it's written down at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those terms it's written down at a
+place where you can go read about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you can go read about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you can go read about it
+again but this is a cartoon that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this is a cartoon that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this is a cartoon that you
+were dealing with and in the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dealing with and in the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dealing with and in the problem set
+and so the key question is most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key question is most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key question is most of these
+things are defined whether you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are defined whether you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are defined whether you have a
+transmembrane helix is defined by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix is defined by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix is defined by some
+kind of sequence gazing and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sequence gazing and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sequence gazing and then you
+have to do experiments to test whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do experiments to test whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do experiments to test whether
+the model is correct and we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is correct and we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is correct and we don't have
+any pictures of the Scout protein at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pictures of the Scout protein at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pictures of the Scout protein at all
+at this stage so the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage so the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage so the kinds of
+experiments that you were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that you were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that you were looking at
+your problem set are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set are the kinds of
+experiments that people are still doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that people are still doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that people are still doing
+to try to figure out how all was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to figure out how all was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to figure out how all was
+information is coordinated to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is coordinated to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is coordinated to allow the
+chemistry to happen or the migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to happen or the migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to happen or the migration
+from the ER to the golgi and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ER to the golgi and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ER to the golgi and we talked
+about last time we talked about zip code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time we talked about zip code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time we talked about zip code
+so if we look at scalp so we have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at scalp so we have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at scalp so we have eight
+transmembrane helix E's and at the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix E's and at the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix E's and at the key
+to weigh this the key to the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh this the key to the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh this the key to the way this
+works is that there's a little zip code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that there's a little zip code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that there's a little zip code
+and you've seen a zip code before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen a zip code before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen a zip code before
+transiently when we were looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently when we were looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently when we were looking at a
+zip code on the LDL receptor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code on the LDL receptor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code on the LDL receptor which
+targeted a p2 to then bring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted a p2 to then bring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted a p2 to then bring in the
+classroom coats make us laugh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom coats make us laugh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom coats make us laugh three
+encoded vesicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded vesicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded vesicles
+but I think what you'll see over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think what you'll see over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think what you'll see over the
+course of the rest of the semester there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the rest of the semester there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the rest of the semester there
+are lots of times three or four amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of times three or four amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of times three or four amino
+acid sequences that are the key that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sequences that are the key that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sequences that are the key that
+allows some kind of conformational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows some kind of conformational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows some kind of conformational
+change to occur which can trigger off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to occur which can trigger off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to occur which can trigger off a
+sequence of events that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events that people have
+found by doing a lot of studies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by doing a lot of studies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by doing a lot of studies on the
+system so the zip code here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the zip code here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the zip code here and that's
+what you were focused on in your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were focused on in your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were focused on in your problem
+set again and I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set again and I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set again and I don't expect you to
+remember any of this except to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any of this except to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any of this except to sort of
+know that these little zip codes play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these little zip codes play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these little zip codes play a
+role quite frequently in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role quite frequently in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role quite frequently in biological
+transformations of these complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of these complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of these complex systems
+and so here is the little zip code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here is the little zip code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here is the little zip code and
+we've been talking about so far what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about so far what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about so far what
+happens under low sterile levels where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens under low sterile levels where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens under low sterile levels where
+we want to make cholesterol or get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make cholesterol or get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make cholesterol or get more
+in from the diet okay and under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the diet okay and under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the diet okay and under these
+conditions that we want to make more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we want to make more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we want to make more if
+we want to make more cholesterol we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make more cholesterol we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make more cholesterol we have
+to turn on the biosynthetic machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on the biosynthetic machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on the biosynthetic machinery
+hmg-coa reductase or turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg-coa reductase or turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg-coa reductase or turn on the
+receptor that allow LDL receptor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that allow LDL receptor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that allow LDL receptor that
+allows you to take things into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to take things into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to take things into the cell
+and so this is proposed to be a key key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is proposed to be a key key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is proposed to be a key key
+player on in loop six and this loop six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player on in loop six and this loop six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player on in loop six and this loop six
+which is pretty big and you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty big and you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty big and you might ask
+yourself the question where did they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself the question where did they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself the question where did they get
+this loop so that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loop so that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loop so that's something that you
+have to design experiments to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design experiments to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design experiments to figure out
+what is cytoplasmic what faces the lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is cytoplasmic what faces the lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is cytoplasmic what faces the lumen
+how big of these loops all of that plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big of these loops all of that plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big of these loops all of that plays
+a role in thinking about how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role in thinking about how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role in thinking about how this works
+from a molecular perspective so loop six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a molecular perspective so loop six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a molecular perspective so loop six
+plays a key role and as does you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a key role and as does you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a key role and as does you would
+see from from your promise that loop one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from from your promise that loop one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from from your promise that loop one
+okay so what does loop six do the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does loop six do the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does loop six do the model
+the cartoon is shown over here under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon is shown over here under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon is shown over here under
+these conditions where you have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions where you have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions where you have low
+sterile this you're below whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile this you're below whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile this you're below whatever the
+membrane concentration is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane concentration is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane concentration is that you
+looked at for the recitation this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at for the recitation this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at for the recitation this week
+way down or three percent or less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down or three percent or less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down or three percent or less or
+something like that what happens is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that what happens is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that what happens is this
+little zip code is exposed and it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zip code is exposed and it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zip code is exposed and it in
+some way recruits proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way recruits proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way recruits proteins that are
+well then another complex process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then another complex process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then another complex process that
+we aren't going to talk about where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't going to talk about where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't going to talk about where you
+can butt off little vesicles where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can butt off little vesicles where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can butt off little vesicles where we're
+proteins of interest and also lipids can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of interest and also lipids can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of interest and also lipids can
+be moved from one membrane to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved from one membrane to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved from one membrane to another
+the ER in this case to the Golgi and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER in this case to the Golgi and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER in this case to the Golgi and so
+this interaction is a gtp ace here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interaction is a gtp ace here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interaction is a gtp ace here there
+are a couple of additional proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of additional proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of additional proteins that
+have been identified we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been identified we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been identified we're not going to
+talk about the details but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the details but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the details but this is the
+key to allow movement into the golgi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to allow movement into the golgi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to allow movement into the golgi
+which then you have the defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then you have the defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then you have the defined
+proteases that we've talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases that we've talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases that we've talked about before
+which allow cutting and allow the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow cutting and allow the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow cutting and allow the little
+piece with the helix-loop-helix at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with the helix-loop-helix at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with the helix-loop-helix at the
+n-terminus to become soluble and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminus to become soluble and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminus to become soluble and then
+move on to the cytosol okay so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the cytosol okay so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the cytosol okay so we want
+to ask the question now and spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question now and spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question now and spend a
+little bit of time what happens at hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time what happens at hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time what happens at hot
+with high sterile concentrations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high sterile concentrations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high sterile concentrations so
+everything we've looked at has been this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've looked at has been this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've looked at has been this
+is at low sterile concentrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at low sterile concentrations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at low sterile concentrations and
+under these conditions this zip code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these conditions this zip code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these conditions this zip code
+targets staff and srebp to the golgi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets staff and srebp to the golgi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets staff and srebp to the golgi
+okay so now we want to go to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to go to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to go to the second
+set of conditions and again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of conditions and again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of conditions and again in this
+week's recitation we're focused on high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's recitation we're focused on high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's recitation we're focused on high
+sterile low sterile concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile low sterile concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile low sterile concentration is
+high sterile what is it that allows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sterile what is it that allows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sterile what is it that allows this
+to prevent movement into the golgi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent movement into the golgi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent movement into the golgi so
+you can get this processing so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this processing so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this processing so you can
+turn on HMG reductase and LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on HMG reductase and LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on HMG reductase and LDL receptor
+biosynthesis and so the proposal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and so the proposal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and so the proposal has
+been so so in some way this is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so so in some way this is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so so in some way this is connected
+to several okay so we're at five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to several okay so we're at five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to several okay so we're at five or six
+percent sterile and the ER membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent sterile and the ER membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent sterile and the ER membrane
+that's the what we we we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the what we we we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the what we we we're gonna
+discuss today for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today for those of you who
+haven't had recitation how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had recitation how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had recitation how do you know
+what the turn-on versus the turn-off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the turn-on versus the turn-off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the turn-on versus the turn-off is
+for sterile levels you know where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sterile levels you know where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sterile levels you know where does
+it bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bind
+how does it mind okay all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it mind okay all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it mind okay all of that
+becomes pretty interesting and in hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes pretty interesting and in hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes pretty interesting and in hi
+sterile we now introduce yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile we now introduce yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile we now introduce yet another
+player so in addition to scalp we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so in addition to scalp we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so in addition to scalp we now
+have to pay attention to in cig and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay attention to in cig and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay attention to in cig and if
+so that's the other player will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other player will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other player will see that
+inks in cig is this protein that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inks in cig is this protein that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inks in cig is this protein that's the
+linchpin for all the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linchpin for all the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linchpin for all the regulatory
+mechanisms so if we go back here what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so if we go back here what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so if we go back here what do
+we see about in cig it's small it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see about in cig it's small it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see about in cig it's small it's much
+smaller than the scalp scalp is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the scalp scalp is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the scalp scalp is this
+huge protein here 1,200 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge protein here 1,200 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge protein here 1,200 amino acids
+here's 200 amino acids all transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 200 amino acids all transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 200 amino acids all transmembrane
+recently actually there was a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently actually there was a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently actually there was a structure
+not of the human system but of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of the human system but of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of the human system but of a
+bacterial system is found not found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial system is found not found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial system is found not found in
+the vast majority of bacteria but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of bacteria but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of bacteria but they
+found one and so they've gotten some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one and so they've gotten some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one and so they've gotten some
+they have proposed some model for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have proposed some model for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have proposed some model for how
+and thig could be in the membrane now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thig could be in the membrane now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thig could be in the membrane now
+one of the things that I thought find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I thought find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I thought find
+confusing to think about the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing to think about the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing to think about the molecular
+basis or what's going on which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis or what's going on which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis or what's going on which we don't
+know anything you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything you're looking at a
+cartoon level is you know we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon level is you know we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon level is you know we have so
+many transmembrane helix C's but is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transmembrane helix C's but is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transmembrane helix C's but is this
+thing a monomer is it a dimer is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a monomer is it a dimer is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a monomer is it a dimer is it a
+tetra mer is that a hexamer okay and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetra mer is that a hexamer okay and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetra mer is that a hexamer okay and how
+do you look at that because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you look at that because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you look at that because when you
+soluble I that you have to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble I that you have to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble I that you have to put it in
+detergent etc and is what you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent etc and is what you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent etc and is what you see in the
+test tube how do you relate it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube how do you relate it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube how do you relate it back to
+what's going on inside the cell and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside the cell and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside the cell and I
+think we really don't know okay most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we really don't know okay most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we really don't know okay most of
+these things both step and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things both step and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things both step and which is
+thought to be a tetra mer and now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be a tetra mer and now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be a tetra mer and now in
+this new paper they're claiming it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new paper they're claiming it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new paper they're claiming it's a
+trimer of dimers okay just adds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimer of dimers okay just adds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimer of dimers okay just adds to the
+complexity of trying to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of trying to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of trying to figure out how
+all these things interact so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things interact so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things interact so that's the
+issue with doing these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with doing these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with doing these kinds of
+experiments we don't have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we don't have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we don't have very good
+experiments we need people to invent new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we need people to invent new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we need people to invent new
+ways of trying to ferret out how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of trying to ferret out how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of trying to ferret out how these
+things interact within the membrane okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things interact within the membrane okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things interact within the membrane okay
+so here in cig is going to be a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in cig is going to be a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in cig is going to be a key
+player and scalp is also a key player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and scalp is also a key player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and scalp is also a key player
+and so somehow in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow in the presence of
+sterile so at high sterile and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile so at high sterile and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile so at high sterile and the
+presence of in Zig we need to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of in Zig we need to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of in Zig we need to get rid of
+zip code that's the bottom line so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code that's the bottom line so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip code that's the bottom line so the
+model is in the presence of sterile we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is in the presence of sterile we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is in the presence of sterile we
+remove you don't really remove it but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove you don't really remove it but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove you don't really remove it but we
+hide the zip code okay and when you hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the zip code okay and when you hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the zip code okay and when you hide
+the zip code so this is shown I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zip code so this is shown I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zip code so this is shown I'm not
+gonna draw this out on the board because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw this out on the board because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw this out on the board because
+I think this is they draw it better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is they draw it better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is they draw it better than
+I can do it and we really don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do it and we really don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do it and we really don't know
+what that's going on anyhow but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going on anyhow but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going on anyhow but again
+this comes from a region where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from a region where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from a region where it's
+accessible to another region where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to another region where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to another region where these
+proteins can no longer bind to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can no longer bind to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can no longer bind to do the
+transport of these proteins into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of these proteins into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of these proteins into the
+golgi so that means you never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi so that means you never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi so that means you never get
+processing of srebp to become active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of srebp to become active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of srebp to become active
+okay does everybody everybody understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does everybody everybody understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does everybody everybody understand
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so one of the questions is if I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the questions is if I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the questions is if I ask you
+to design an experiment hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design an experiment hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design an experiment hopefully you
+now starting to be able to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now starting to be able to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now starting to be able to think about
+designing experiments is there any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing experiments is there any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing experiments is there any kind
+of an experiment you might think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experiment you might think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experiment you might think you
+could do to to a simple experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to to a simple experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to to a simple experiment that
+you might be able to do or try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to do or try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to do or try to do
+that would allow you to show that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow you to show that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow you to show that you
+undergo nakhon a conformational change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo nakhon a conformational change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo nakhon a conformational change
+in the loop six anybody think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop six anybody think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop six anybody think of
+something so loop six this is big huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so loop six this is big huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so loop six this is big huge
+you know it's proposed to be a big huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's proposed to be a big huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's proposed to be a big huge
+piece of polypeptide and it's proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of polypeptide and it's proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of polypeptide and it's proposed
+to undergo you know this is a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo you know this is a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undergo you know this is a cartoon
+but a tremendous conformational change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a tremendous conformational change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a tremendous conformational change
+and so what you need is some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you need is some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you need is some kind of a
+simple probe that might tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probe that might tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probe that might tell you that
+it's undergone a conformational change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's undergone a conformational change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's undergone a conformational change
+and what might some kind of a probe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what might some kind of a probe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what might some kind of a probe like
+that B what might you how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B what might you how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B what might you how could you
+design something like that yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design something like that yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design something like that yeah okay so
+that would be one thing you could do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one thing you could do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one thing you could do you
+couldn't just do a phred experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't just do a phred experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't just do a phred experiment to
+do it what would you have to do yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it what would you have to do yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it what would you have to do yeah so
+you'd have to incorporate fluorophore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to incorporate fluorophore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to incorporate fluorophore so
+the issue with Fred is now not only now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue with Fred is now not only now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue with Fred is now not only now
+do you have one problem but so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have one problem but so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have one problem but so you can
+put it one place but now you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it one place but now you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it one place but now you've got to
+figure out where to put the second fret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where to put the second fret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where to put the second fret
+so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would
+a lot of experiments but now you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experiments but now you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experiments but now you can do
+mutagenesis so you could probably do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenesis so you could probably do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenesis so you could probably do an
+experiment like that is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like that is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like that is there anything
+else you could think about yeah which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you could think about yeah which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you could think about yeah which is
+known about the conformational rigidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about the conformational rigidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about the conformational rigidity
+of group sex and also I'm not sure I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of group sex and also I'm not sure I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of group sex and also I'm not sure I've
+never seen anything like a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen anything like a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen anything like a membrane
+protein but you could make you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein but you could make you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein but you could make you look at
+like proton exchange so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like proton exchange so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like proton exchange so that's a
+sophisticated experiment and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated experiment and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated experiment and I would say
+that probably wouldn't be my first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably wouldn't be my first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably wouldn't be my first first
+choice but it the idea that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice but it the idea that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice but it the idea that it's
+accessible is there any kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible is there any kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible is there any kind of an
+enzyme that you might be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that you might be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that you might be able to use
+that could you know again you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could you know again you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could you know again you'd have to
+be lucky but you could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lucky but you could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lucky but you could look at the
+sequence and think about this is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and think about this is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and think about this is there
+any kind of an enzyme you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of an enzyme you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of an enzyme you might be able
+to use that could sense a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that could sense a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that could sense a change in the
+conformation and it's on if the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation and it's on if the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation and it's on if the model is
+right it's on the cytoplasmic face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's on the cytoplasmic face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's on the cytoplasmic face and
+so the answer is people use trypsin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is people use trypsin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is people use trypsin okay
+so people back look at the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people back look at the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people back look at the sequence
+there's an arginine actually I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an arginine actually I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an arginine actually I don't
+wouldn't have expected you to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have expected you to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have expected you to see this
+although I think it is mentioned in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think it is mentioned in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think it is mentioned in one
+of the papers where it becomes much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers where it becomes much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers where it becomes much more
+accessible in one state than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible in one state than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible in one state than the other
+so you get proteolytic clipping but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get proteolytic clipping but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get proteolytic clipping but
+those are the kinds of things what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the kinds of things what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the kinds of things what what
+other kind of experiment could you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of experiment could you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of experiment could you do so
+you think you're undergoing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you're undergoing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you're undergoing a
+conformational change what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change what kinds of
+probes did did Liz talk about that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes did did Liz talk about that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes did did Liz talk about that might
+might allow you to see some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might allow you to see some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might allow you to see some kind of
+change in conformation so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in conformation so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in conformation so we have
+fluorescence probes which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence probes which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence probes which we haven't
+really talked about yet can you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked about yet can you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked about yet can you think of
+what other kinds of probes what cutt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other kinds of probes what cutt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other kinds of probes what cutt
+she's spent a whole recitation on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's spent a whole recitation on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's spent a whole recitation on it
+there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so some kind of cross-linking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so some kind of cross-linking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so some kind of cross-linking you
+might get information I that to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get information I that to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get information I that to do that
+again you've got to put in this cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've got to put in this cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've got to put in this cysteine
+I'm going to see so here you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see so here you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see so here you might have
+issues okay because you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay because you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay because you have all these
+two schemes down there so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two schemes down there so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two schemes down there so the question
+is could you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could you do that
+cysteine is the most easy that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine is the most easy that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine is the most easy that's the
+easiest sidechain to modify on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest sidechain to modify on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest sidechain to modify on the other
+hand it these systems are really playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it these systems are really playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it these systems are really playing
+a functional role there's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional role there's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional role there's no way you
+could modify it but those are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could modify it but those are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could modify it but those are the kinds
+of things hopefully you're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things hopefully you're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things hopefully you're starting to
+get a battery of tools that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a battery of tools that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a battery of tools that you're
+learning about with different systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about with different systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about with different systems
+that you could further probe this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could further probe this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could further probe this but
+you can just see that this is I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just see that this is I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just see that this is I think a
+really challenging problem so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging problem so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging problem so the idea
+is it does undergo a conformational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does undergo a conformational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does undergo a conformational
+change and you can no longer see the zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and you can no longer see the zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and you can no longer see the zip
+code it disappears and it resides and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it disappears and it resides and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it disappears and it resides and so
+the model then becomes here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model then becomes here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model then becomes here that the
+sterile binds to the sterile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile binds to the sterile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile binds to the sterile the
+sensitive binding domain okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive binding domain okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive binding domain okay and
+recruits insig is that true could in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruits insig is that true could in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruits insig is that true could in
+singh buying first and that the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singh buying first and that the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singh buying first and that the two of
+them together and in the paper that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and in the paper that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and in the paper that you
+were looking at in recitation this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at in recitation this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at in recitation this week
+the concentrations of insig were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of insig were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of insig were
+elevated and they got a result that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated and they got a result that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated and they got a result that you
+may or may not have been able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not have been able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not have been able to predict
+what the outcome would be so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the outcome would be so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the outcome would be so again the
+order of binding and an interaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of binding and an interaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of binding and an interaction I
+think really still remains something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really still remains something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really still remains something
+that needs to be studied so we just warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be studied so we just warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be studied so we just warm
+a complex in this case so we form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a complex so in the membrane yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex so in the membrane yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex so in the membrane yeah we
+have our er membrane we have n cig I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our er membrane we have n cig I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our er membrane we have n cig I'm
+not gonna draw the sig it overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna draw the sig it overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna draw the sig it overlaps
+somehow with stout okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with stout okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with stout okay
+step and then Scout somehow finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then Scout somehow finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then Scout somehow finds the
+sterile so you need to have a sterile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile so you need to have a sterile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile so you need to have a sterile
+here and this is a sterile sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a sterile sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a sterile sensitive
+domain and then up here you have a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then up here you have a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then up here you have a loop
+and the zipcode hides so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zipcode hides so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zipcode hides so that's the
+model okay and so that's that's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and so that's that's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and so that's that's as
+sophisticated as we can get at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as we can get at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as we can get at this
+stage which is for chemists not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage which is for chemists not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage which is for chemists not
+particularly sophisticated okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sophisticated okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sophisticated okay but
+that's still the model and models been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still the model and models been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still the model and models been
+in the literature for a long time and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature for a long time and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature for a long time and we
+don't know that much about it he is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that much about it he is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that much about it he is just
+another cartoon from another paper where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cartoon from another paper where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cartoon from another paper where
+again the little gold thing here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the little gold thing here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the little gold thing here is the
+insig this is scalp here's the sterile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insig this is scalp here's the sterile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insig this is scalp here's the sterile
+responsive binding element and here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive binding element and here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive binding element and here they
+don't show the hiding of the little zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show the hiding of the little zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show the hiding of the little zip
+code so this is the the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so this is the the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so this is the the model that
+people have put forward forward for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have put forward forward for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have put forward forward for how
+low cholesterol levels allow you to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cholesterol levels allow you to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cholesterol levels allow you to turn
+on the genes required to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the genes required to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the genes required to make more
+cholesterol what to take it up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what to take it up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what to take it up from the
+diet okay so that's the transcriptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet okay so that's the transcriptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet okay so that's the transcriptional
+model okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay
+so in the last lecture now what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the last lecture now what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the last lecture now what I want
+to focus on is post transcriptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on is post transcriptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on is post transcriptional
+regulation okay so this is lecture 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay so this is lecture 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay so this is lecture 5
+we're talking about post transcriptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you're gonna see we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're gonna see we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're gonna see we're gonna
+focus on again is our common player in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on again is our common player in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on again is our common player in
+both of these and in both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these and in both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these and in both of these
+regulatory mechanisms insig played a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms insig played a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms insig played a key
+role and and keeping srebp in the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and and keeping srebp in the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and and keeping srebp in the ER
+membrane we're gonna say in cig plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane we're gonna say in cig plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane we're gonna say in cig plays a
+key role also and destroying so at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role also and destroying so at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role also and destroying so at high
+cholesterol concentrations you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol concentrations you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol concentrations you don't
+want it to make anymore hmg-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to make anymore hmg-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to make anymore hmg-coa
+reductase and if you have a lot of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and if you have a lot of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and if you have a lot of it in
+the membrane you want to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane you want to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane you want to get rid of it
+so in sig and HMG huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in sig and HMG huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in sig and HMG huh
+we're gonna interact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna interact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna interact with each other
+based on so this is it hi sterile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on so this is it hi sterile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on so this is it hi sterile and
+what's going to happen is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is in a
+sophisticated way hm TR which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated way hm TR which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated way hm TR which makes
+cholesterol is targeted for degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is targeted for degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is targeted for degradation
+okay so this is the model we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the model we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the model we're gonna
+come back to this model over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this model over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this model over and over
+again I'm sorry my handwriting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm sorry my handwriting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm sorry my handwriting is
+getting worse but so we have n seg we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse but so we have n seg we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse but so we have n seg we
+have hm TR we want to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hm TR we want to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hm TR we want to get rid of it
+because we don't want to make any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't want to make any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't want to make any more
+cholesterol that's the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol that's the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol that's the bottom line
+so in fig is a player in both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fig is a player in both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fig is a player in both of these
+mechanisms okay so so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms okay so so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms okay so so what I want to do
+now in lecture five that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in lecture five that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in lecture five that's what this is
+here what I want to do in lecture five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I want to do in lecture five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I want to do in lecture five
+is really um talk about how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really um talk about how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really um talk about how you do
+degradation and eukaryotic cells okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and eukaryotic cells okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and eukaryotic cells okay in
+general and then what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and then what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and then what I'm going to do is
+come back and ask the question how is hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and ask the question how is hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and ask the question how is hm
+gr hmg-coa reductase targeted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr hmg-coa reductase targeted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr hmg-coa reductase targeted for
+degradation okay so that's the overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation okay so that's the overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation okay so that's the overview
+of where we're going it's pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we're going it's pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we're going it's pretty simple
+and we'll see that mechanism of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that mechanism of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that mechanism of the
+proteasome it has many it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome it has many it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome it has many it's much more
+complicated but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but there are many
+similarities between this painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities between this painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities between this painful
+chamber of doom and the one you saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber of doom and the one you saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber of doom and the one you saw with
+clip clip X mic clip X and P where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip clip X mic clip X and P where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip clip X mic clip X and P where you
+spent a lot of time discussing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time discussing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time discussing what we
+know about it from a more chemical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it from a more chemical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it from a more chemical and
+biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical
+that's okay and when I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay and when I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay and when I'm going to show
+you what the very end is not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the very end is not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the very end is not only does
+HMG co-reductase get targeted but now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HMG co-reductase get targeted but now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HMG co-reductase get targeted but now in
+the last couple years they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple years they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple years they found that
+all of the proteins involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the proteins involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the proteins involved in
+cholesterol homeostasis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis okay
+yep targeted by different pretty by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep targeted by different pretty by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep targeted by different pretty by
+different mechanisms to get degraded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanisms to get degraded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanisms to get degraded so
+protein degradation inside the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein degradation inside the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein degradation inside the cell is
+extremely complicated so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complicated so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complicated so what I'm going
+to do is give you an outline of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is give you an outline of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is give you an outline of a
+generic picture of how it gets degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic picture of how it gets degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic picture of how it gets degraded
+and the cavy idea is this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cavy idea is this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cavy idea is this is a very
+active area of research and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active area of research and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active area of research and I think
+you'll see why it's so complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why it's so complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why it's so complicated and
+then the next problem set problem set 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next problem set problem set 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next problem set problem set 8
+you know there's been a model in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's been a model in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's been a model in the
+literature that this is the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that this is the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that this is the equipment
+that targets this protein for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that targets this protein for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that targets this protein for
+degradation and I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and I'm going to give you a
+bunch of data that says that may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data that says that may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data that says that may not be
+correct okay so this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay so this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay so this is what you're
+dealing with I mean every time you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with I mean every time you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with I mean every time you pick
+up a journal is another model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a journal is another model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a journal is another model and
+perhaps there are five or six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there are five or six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there are five or six different
+ways no not that many three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways no not that many three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways no not that many three or four
+different ways that you can mediate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can mediate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can mediate the
+degradation and when their process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and when their process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and when their process of
+trying to unravel Asst okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to unravel Asst okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to unravel Asst okay so this is
+where we're going and so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going and so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going and so what I want to
+do is start out by looking at and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is start out by looking at and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is start out by looking at and then
+if we have time at the end I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have time at the end I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have time at the end I'll come
+back to both recitations but I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to both recitations but I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to both recitations but I probably
+won't have time at the end because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have time at the end because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have time at the end because I
+want to move on into the next modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move on into the next modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move on into the next modules
+okay so but you'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but you'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but you'll see that the
+recitations really are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations really are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations really are pretty much
+linked to what we're talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to what we're talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to what we're talking about in
+class so it's unfortunate they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so it's unfortunate they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so it's unfortunate they weren't
+timed a little better but that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timed a little better but that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timed a little better but that's the way
+life is when you're trying to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is when you're trying to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is when you're trying to balance
+all of these acts okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these acts okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these acts okay so this is the
+overview I'm not going to draw this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview I'm not going to draw this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview I'm not going to draw this on
+the board but I'm going to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but I'm going to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but I'm going to walk through
+it step by step okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it step by step okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it step by step okay so this is a
+cartoon overview you can see it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon overview you can see it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon overview you can see it's pretty
+old we've learned some stuff but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old we've learned some stuff but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old we've learned some stuff but there's
+a lot of stuff that remains unknown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff that remains unknown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff that remains unknown so
+let's just work through the cartoon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just work through the cartoon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just work through the cartoon and
+then we'll walk through who the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll walk through who the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll walk through who the players
+are what the model is and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what the model is and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what the model is and then in the
+end we're going to return to HMG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we're going to return to HMG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we're going to return to HMG
+co-reductase okay so we have a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase okay so we have a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase okay so we have a protein
+and we need to target it for degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to target it for degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to target it for degradation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you know I don't how does anything know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't how does anything know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't how does anything know
+that this is targeted for degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is targeted for degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is targeted for degradation
+the proteins the same in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins the same in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins the same in the beginning
+in the end how do we know what is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end how do we know what is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end how do we know what is why
+this protein has a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein has a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein has a different kind of
+half-life than some other protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life than some other protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life than some other protein okay
+we haven't discussed that but we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't discussed that but we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't discussed that but we asked
+the same question and bacterial systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question and bacterial systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question and bacterial systems
+and I'm gonna spend not very much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna spend not very much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna spend not very much time
+on it but the end terminus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but the end terminus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but the end terminus of the
+protein could be modified in any ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein could be modified in any ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein could be modified in any ways
+okay this is called the end and rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called the end and rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called the end and rule
+okay totally mind boggling I might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay totally mind boggling I might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay totally mind boggling I might give
+you a few examples of this on a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few examples of this on a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few examples of this on a problem
+set but you can add on amino acids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but you can add on amino acids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but you can add on amino acids to
+take off amino acids it changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off amino acids it changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off amino acids it changes the
+lifetime of the protein from units to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the protein from units to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the protein from units to
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+okay so this is like when this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like when this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like when this first
+came out I said there's no way that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out I said there's no way that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out I said there's no way that can
+be true so we're talking about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true so we're talking about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true so we're talking about a few
+amino acids just like we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids just like we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids just like we're talking
+about these zip codes over here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these zip codes over here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these zip codes over here it's
+true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay
+and the zip the the way the rules work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zip the the way the rules work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zip the the way the rules work
+or have evolved they're different in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have evolved they're different in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have evolved they're different in all
+organisms okay they're in all organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms okay they're in all organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms okay they're in all organisms
+but they're all distinct so another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all distinct so another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all distinct so another way
+that I think is key and we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is key and we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is key and we're still
+trying to figure this out is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure this out is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure this out is that many
+proteins are post-translationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are post-translationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are post-translationally
+modified by phosphorylation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by phosphorylation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by phosphorylation or
+hydroxylation or whatever i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation or whatever i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation or whatever i think that
+i'm not i think that's also a key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i think that's also a key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i think that's also a key thing
+that's gonna target them for degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna target them for degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna target them for degradation
+okay so we have a protein somehow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a protein somehow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a protein somehow it's
+gonna get targeted for degradation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get targeted for degradation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get targeted for degradation what
+does that so it turns out we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so it turns out we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so it turns out we're gonna be
+introduced to a molecule you saw in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to a molecule you saw in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to a molecule you saw in your
+first recitation ubiquitin okay small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recitation ubiquitin okay small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recitation ubiquitin okay small
+little protein like a rock 76 amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little protein like a rock 76 amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little protein like a rock 76 amino
+acids what is it doing it's like the SS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids what is it doing it's like the SS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids what is it doing it's like the SS
+are a tag except more complicated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a tag except more complicated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a tag except more complicated okay
+that you saw before and then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw before and then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw before and then we're gonna
+be introduced to three proteins II 1 e 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be introduced to three proteins II 1 e 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be introduced to three proteins II 1 e 2
+and e 3 and activating enzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e 3 and activating enzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e 3 and activating enzyme a
+conjugating enzyme in a log a's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugating enzyme in a log a's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugating enzyme in a log a's you know
+sort of define for you what the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of define for you what the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of define for you what the function
+of these three proteins are and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three proteins are and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three proteins are and you'll
+see that they require energy maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they require energy maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they require energy maybe not
+surprising the Nobel Prize was given for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising the Nobel Prize was given for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising the Nobel Prize was given for
+the work on discovery of how this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work on discovery of how this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work on discovery of how this little
+system works a number of years ago where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works a number of years ago where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works a number of years ago where
+a major player and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major player and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major player and that was a
+mechanistic entomologist named Ernie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic entomologist named Ernie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic entomologist named Ernie
+Rhodes who nobody ever heard of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhodes who nobody ever heard of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhodes who nobody ever heard of I
+remember when the Nobel Prize came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when the Nobel Prize came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when the Nobel Prize came out
+the chemist was saying who the hell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemist was saying who the hell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemist was saying who the hell is
+this guy well so that's he goes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy well so that's he goes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy well so that's he goes again
+they don't care about how enzymes work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care about how enzymes work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care about how enzymes work
+but what's amazing is this guy is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's amazing is this guy is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's amazing is this guy is one of
+those brilliant people he's dead no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those brilliant people he's dead no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those brilliant people he's dead no but
+he's one of the most brilliant people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's one of the most brilliant people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's one of the most brilliant people
+I've ever met and he was amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever met and he was amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever met and he was amazing
+he did thousands of things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did thousands of things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did thousands of things that were
+really creative and important but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really creative and important but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really creative and important but this
+is the one because he was hooked in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one because he was hooked in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one because he was hooked in with
+the guys that were doing the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys that were doing the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys that were doing the biology
+that that allowed him to elucidate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that allowed him to elucidate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that allowed him to elucidate what
+was going on so we're gonna take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on so we're gonna take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on so we're gonna take this
+little ubiquitin okay and somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ubiquitin okay and somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ubiquitin okay and somehow this
+equipment is going to attach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is going to attach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is going to attach the
+ubiquitin onto the protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin onto the protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin onto the protein that's
+targeted for degradation okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted for degradation okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted for degradation okay and we'll
+see that you have to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have to have multiple
+ubiquitin that's attached to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin that's attached to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin that's attached to get
+degraded okay that being said we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded okay that being said we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded okay that being said we now
+know that almost all proteins can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that almost all proteins can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that almost all proteins can be
+ubiquitinated okay we know ubiquitin has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitinated okay we know ubiquitin has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitinated okay we know ubiquitin has
+something like 20 homologs that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 homologs that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 homologs that look
+alike and they all do different biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike and they all do different biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike and they all do different biology
+okay so this is another example of post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is another example of post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is another example of post
+translational modification we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification we're only
+going to focus on targeting predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on targeting predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on targeting predict
+rotation okay that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay that's what I'm going to
+show you but the ubiquitin ohm is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you but the ubiquitin ohm is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you but the ubiquitin ohm is quite
+complicated okay so once it gets the BIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay so once it gets the BIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay so once it gets the BIC
+Wiggins attached what do you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggins attached what do you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggins attached what do you see here
+you see the proteosome this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the proteosome this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the proteosome this is the
+chamber of doom okay welcome back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber of doom okay welcome back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber of doom okay welcome back and
+look at that just like clip X and Clippy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that just like clip X and Clippy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that just like clip X and Clippy
+okay so you have clip P here the chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have clip P here the chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have clip P here the chamber
+of doom and then you have um little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doom and then you have um little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doom and then you have um little
+pieces on the top and the bottom of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces on the top and the bottom of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces on the top and the bottom of that
+which would be sort of like clip X a hex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be sort of like clip X a hex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be sort of like clip X a hex
+America ATPase we'll see it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America ATPase we'll see it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America ATPase we'll see it's much more
+complicated in human cells and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in human cells and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in human cells and so what
+do you have to do you have to unfold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do you have to unfold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do you have to unfold the
+protein you have to thread it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you have to thread it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you have to thread it into the
+chamber of tomb you have to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber of tomb you have to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber of tomb you have to break it
+down into pieces and you spit out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into pieces and you spit out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into pieces and you spit out the
+pieces this process requires ATP like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces this process requires ATP like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces this process requires ATP like
+you studied in the bacterial proteome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you studied in the bacterial proteome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you studied in the bacterial proteome
+and then you know you use their there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you use their there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you use their there
+are actually many different proteasomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually many different proteasomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually many different proteasomes
+in human cells and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human cells and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human cells and I'm just going to
+talk about the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the generic
+proteasome okay so that's the cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome okay so that's the cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome okay so that's the cartoon
+overview okay so I want to say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview okay so I want to say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview okay so I want to say a few
+things about so let's start by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about so let's start by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about so let's start by looking
+at the proteasome and again this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the proteasome and again this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the proteasome and again this is a
+human proteasome and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human proteasome and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human proteasome and if you look at
+these big machines you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big machines you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big machines you've already
+learned one way you characterized them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned one way you characterized them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned one way you characterized them
+is by their sedimentation in some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by their sedimentation in some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by their sedimentation in some kind
+of a centripetal field and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a centripetal field and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a centripetal field and so these
+things and when I great like a 26 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when I great like a 26 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when I great like a 26 s
+particle they have a sedimentation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle they have a sedimentation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle they have a sedimentation value
+of 26 so it's huge and it's like 2 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 26 so it's huge and it's like 2 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 26 so it's huge and it's like 2 point
+5 mega Dalton's so this is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 mega Dalton's so this is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 mega Dalton's so this is a huge
+machine that just like the ones you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that just like the ones you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that just like the ones you've
+been studying in the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying in the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying in the first part of the
+course so it turns out this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so it turns out this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so it turns out this can be
+divided into two parts as you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two parts as you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two parts as you've already
+seen and you can see over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and you can see over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and you can see over there
+you have the 20s which is the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 20s which is the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 20s which is the core
+proteasome and then you have a 19's lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome and then you have a 19's lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome and then you have a 19's lid
+actually you can have multiple lids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can have multiple lids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can have multiple lids and
+in these lids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these lids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these lids
+it could be you know 20 proteins 15 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be you know 20 proteins 15 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be you know 20 proteins 15 to
+20 proteins so the lid contain 15 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 proteins so the lid contain 15 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 proteins so the lid contain 15 to 20
+proteins we'll come back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we'll come back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we'll come back and look at
+this a little bit and so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit and so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit and so this is going
+to be in and among these things are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in and among these things are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in and among these things are the
+AAA plus ATP is which are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAA plus ATP is which are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAA plus ATP is which are actually quite
+distinct from what you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from what you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from what you're going to see
+what you have seen in the bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have seen in the bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have seen in the bacterial
+proteome so here again is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteome so here again is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteome so here again is going to be
+the 20s core here are the proteins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s core here are the proteins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s core here are the proteins so
+this 20s core here are the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 20s core here are the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 20s core here are the proteins
+involved in a lid some are tightly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a lid some are tightly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a lid some are tightly bound
+some are not tightly bound remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are not tightly bound remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are not tightly bound remember we
+had a hexameric a TPAs okay so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a hexameric a TPAs okay so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a hexameric a TPAs okay so our
+he I can't remember the acronym our PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I can't remember the acronym our PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I can't remember the acronym our PT
+is and there are six different ATP ASE's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and there are six different ATP ASE's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and there are six different ATP ASE's
+not one six okay but they form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one six okay but they form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one six okay but they form a
+hexameric structure and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexameric structure and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexameric structure and then you have a
+lot of additional proteins that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of additional proteins that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of additional proteins that we're
+going to come back and look at but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back and look at but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back and look at but one
+of them you might expect would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you might expect would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you might expect would be
+something that could recognize ubiquitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could recognize ubiquitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could recognize ubiquitin
+okay just like you had something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like you had something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like you had something that
+recognized the SSR a tag it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the SSR a tag it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the SSR a tag it turns out
+ubiquitin is recycled inside the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is recycled inside the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is recycled inside the cell so
+the equipment that allows you to cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment that allows you to cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment that allows you to cut off
+the ubiquitin so it can be used again d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ubiquitin so it can be used again d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ubiquitin so it can be used again d
+ubiquitinated enzymes is also located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitinated enzymes is also located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitinated enzymes is also located in
+the lid and you can also imagine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid and you can also imagine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid and you can also imagine there
+could be many kinds of adaptor proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be many kinds of adaptor proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be many kinds of adaptor proteins
+exactly because we're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because we're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because we're going to be able
+to degrade many many many proteins under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to degrade many many many proteins under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to degrade many many many proteins under
+different sets of conditions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of conditions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of conditions so this
+changes in composition okay as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in composition okay as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in composition okay as opposed
+to the 20's Prout the chamber of doom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 20's Prout the chamber of doom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 20's Prout the chamber of doom
+the 20s proteasome okay so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s proteasome okay so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s proteasome okay so let's look
+again at the core particle so the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at the core particle so the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at the core particle so the core
+protease must bre be aided CP and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease must bre be aided CP and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease must bre be aided CP and what
+do we know about this what we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about this what we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about this what we know is
+the following that it forms for hep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following that it forms for hep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following that it forms for hep
+numeric rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and the Rings so each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and the Rings so each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and the Rings so each one of
+these is a seven mer and it turns out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a seven mer and it turns out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a seven mer and it turns out we
+have two kinds they're actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two kinds they're actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two kinds they're actually pretty
+similar to each other just like and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other just like and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other just like and the
+pretty of the proteasome from bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty of the proteasome from bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty of the proteasome from bacteria
+but we have alpha we have beta we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have alpha we have beta we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have alpha we have beta we have
+beta and we have alpha okay and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and we have alpha okay and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and we have alpha okay and we call
+them we put eyes next to them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we put eyes next to them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we put eyes next to them because
+again they're not the same okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're not the same okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're not the same okay so
+they're all different so they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different so they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different so they're all
+structurally the same but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally the same but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally the same but they're all
+different so so I can be one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so so I can be one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so so I can be one through
+seven okay so what do we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven okay so what do we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven okay so what do we know from
+studies that people have done the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that people have done the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that people have done the key
+thing is alpha so these are alphas at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is alpha so these are alphas at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is alpha so these are alphas at
+the top and the bottom are inactive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the bottom are inactive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the bottom are inactive in
+terms of chemistry of peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of chemistry of peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of chemistry of peptide bond
+hydrolysis okay so all of the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis okay so all of the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis okay so all of the chemistry
+so these are each the the beta heptamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are each the the beta heptamer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are each the the beta heptamer
+is also these are in the center these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also these are in the center these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also these are in the center these
+are active okay so the activity is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active okay so the activity is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active okay so the activity is here
+and it's linked by to have turmeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linked by to have turmeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linked by to have turmeric
+rings that are inactive okay and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that are inactive okay and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that are inactive okay and so what
+do we know about beta okay so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about beta okay so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about beta okay so even
+though we have beta I where this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we have beta I where this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we have beta I where this is one
+three seven it turns out that four out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three seven it turns out that four out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three seven it turns out that four out
+of the seven betas are inactive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the seven betas are inactive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the seven betas are inactive okay
+so again you saw the complexity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you saw the complexity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you saw the complexity with
+with saunders talk on single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with saunders talk on single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with saunders talk on single molecule
+stuff on on Clippy right so four of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on on Clippy right so four of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on on Clippy right so four of the
+seven betas are inactive okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven betas are inactive okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven betas are inactive okay so that
+might not be so different but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be so different but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be so different but I think
+every proteasome even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every proteasome even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every proteasome even though the
+architecture is sort of similar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is sort of similar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is sort of similar has
+evolved slightly different strategies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved slightly different strategies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved slightly different strategies to
+deal with the same problem but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the same problem but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the same problem but what's
+interesting here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here is
+doesn't matter which one is which but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which one is which but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which one is which but
+the three betas that are active all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three betas that are active all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three betas that are active all have
+different specificities of peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specificities of peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specificities of peptide bond
+hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis
+okay so b1 has de specificity hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so b1 has de specificity hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so b1 has de specificity hopefully
+you all know what that means that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what that means that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what that means that that
+means simply for example if you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means simply for example if you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means simply for example if you had an
+aspartate and this is where the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and this is where the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and this is where the peptide
+bond cleavages they recognize aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond cleavages they recognize aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond cleavages they recognize aspartate
+and the p1 binding site okay so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the p1 binding site okay so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the p1 binding site okay so if they
+recognize aspartate and a glutamate p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize aspartate and a glutamate p2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize aspartate and a glutamate p2
+or I might have the numbers mixed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I might have the numbers mixed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I might have the numbers mixed up
+recognize lysine and arginine what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize lysine and arginine what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize lysine and arginine what does
+that look like we've seen this now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like we've seen this now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like we've seen this now a
+hundred times that should remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times that should remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times that should remind you of
+trypsin okay so we haven't yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsin okay so we haven't yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsin okay so we haven't yet another
+lysine arginine dependent protease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine arginine dependent protease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine arginine dependent protease and
+these are all over the place in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all over the place in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all over the place in the body
+so it's not just this one little site it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just this one little site it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just this one little site it
+is maybe in the proteasome but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe in the proteasome but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe in the proteasome but if you
+look at blood coagulation there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at blood coagulation there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at blood coagulation there is
+something like 15 lysine proteolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 15 lysine proteolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 15 lysine proteolysis and
+they better all be controlled otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they better all be controlled otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they better all be controlled otherwise
+we would clot all the time okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would clot all the time okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would clot all the time okay yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah do you mean that they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you mean that they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you mean that they can't
+catalyze any peptide bond but is it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze any peptide bond but is it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze any peptide bond but is it like
+as we saw where it changes or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw where it changes or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw where it changes or is it
+really get given or like a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get given or like a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get given or like a specific
+molecule like specific protease it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like specific protease it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like specific protease it's
+always like the same four units that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like the same four units that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like the same four units that are
+inactive it's always the same four that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive it's always the same four that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive it's always the same four that
+are inactive but how you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inactive but how you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inactive but how you know whether
+they locate how do you call one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they locate how do you call one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they locate how do you call one two
+three four and how they assemble it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and how they assemble it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and how they assemble it an
+interesting question that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that actually
+people are studying in thermophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are studying in thermophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are studying in thermophilic
+bacteria but you can imagine if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria but you can imagine if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria but you can imagine if they had
+to be I don't think they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I don't think they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I don't think they have to be
+predisposed that's why I'm saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed that's why I'm saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed that's why I'm saying the
+numbers don't make that much difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't make that much difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't make that much difference
+so it doesn't have to be b1 b2 b3 before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't have to be b1 b2 b3 before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't have to be b1 b2 b3 before
+b5 and you always see the same I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b5 and you always see the same I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b5 and you always see the same I don't
+think that's true but I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true but I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true but I don't really
+know I think so so you have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think so so you have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think so so you have a different
+specificity there and in the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity there and in the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity there and in the third one
+which they call I don't remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call I don't remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call I don't remember what
+they call it they call it before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it they call it before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it they call it before in the
+paper so maybe they know more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so maybe they know more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so maybe they know more about this
+and I do but you have hydrophobics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do but you have hydrophobics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do but you have hydrophobics and
+you have aromatics Witte where have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have aromatics Witte where have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have aromatics Witte where have you
+seen that kind of a protease before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that kind of a protease before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that kind of a protease before
+yeah chymotrypsin so you're seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah chymotrypsin so you're seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah chymotrypsin so you're seeing this
+these are the common proteases you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the common proteases you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the common proteases you find
+all over the place I mean we use them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place I mean we use them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place I mean we use them as
+tools all the time as biochemist these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools all the time as biochemist these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools all the time as biochemist these
+three there are many variations on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there are many variations on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there are many variations on on
+this theme so anyhow so what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theme so anyhow so what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theme so anyhow so what you have
+then is basically kept Americ units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is basically kept Americ units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is basically kept Americ units
+where the activity is here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the activity is here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the activity is here these are
+inactive and somehow you have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive and somehow you have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive and somehow you have to get the
+protein that's going to be degraded just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's going to be degraded just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's going to be degraded just
+like you did in the clip pea protein get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you did in the clip pea protein get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you did in the clip pea protein get
+it into the chamber of doom okay so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the chamber of doom okay so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the chamber of doom okay so okay
+so what do we know about the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know about the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know about the mechanism
+of cleavage so I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cleavage so I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cleavage so I'm not going to go
+through the mechanism in detail but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanism in detail but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanism in detail but the
+mechanism you're gonna say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you're gonna say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you're gonna say a few things
+the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is distinct in that what did you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distinct in that what did you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distinct in that what did you see in
+Clippy you had a serene a serene type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clippy you had a serene a serene type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clippy you had a serene a serene type
+protease that involved covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that involved covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that involved covalent
+catalysis okay here what you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis okay here what you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis okay here what you have in the
+human system is a threonine so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system is a threonine so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system is a threonine so that's
+sort of unusual load they were been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unusual load they were been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unusual load they were been a
+number of these since this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these since this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these since this was
+discovered a while back there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a while back there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a while back there have been
+a number of three three inning proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of three three inning proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of three three inning proteases
+so this is the rest of the protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the rest of the protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the rest of the protease
+proteasome okay so it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome okay so it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome okay so it turns out the
+threonine is at the end terminus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine is at the end terminus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine is at the end terminus of the
+proteasome okay so that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome okay so that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome okay so that becomes
+important in terms of its chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of its chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of its chemistry so
+this is the n terminus okay and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the n terminus okay and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the n terminus okay and the two
+things that you could picture that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could picture that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could picture that might
+be involved in catalysis based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in catalysis based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in catalysis based on what
+you've learned about the bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned about the bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned about the bacterial
+protease is that you have a serine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease is that you have a serine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease is that you have a serine you
+have a three-name they both have Oh Agis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a three-name they both have Oh Agis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a three-name they both have Oh Agis
+that could be involved in covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be involved in covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be involved in covalent
+catalysis and so this o is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis and so this o is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis and so this o is thought to be
+involved in covalent catalysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember what do you have and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what do you have and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what do you have and what do
+you have in the case of the clip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the case of the clip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the case of the clip the
+clip P protein what is what isn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip P protein what is what isn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip P protein what is what isn't what
+also is required between these sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is required between these sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is required between these sides of
+serine you need some kind of general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine you need some kind of general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine you need some kind of general I
+said some kind of general base catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said some kind of general base catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said some kind of general base catalyst
+and all these proteases in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these proteases in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these proteases in the case of
+serine proteases is usually histidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine proteases is usually histidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine proteases is usually histidine
+okay it's not a histidine in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not a histidine in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not a histidine in this case
+it is the n-terminal amino group of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the n-terminal amino group of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the n-terminal amino group of the
+protein is proposed to be the n-terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is proposed to be the n-terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is proposed to be the n-terminal
+amino group of the protein now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group of the protein now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group of the protein now if you
+look through the pka's of amino groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the pka's of amino groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the pka's of amino groups
+at the n-terminus verses lysine they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the n-terminus verses lysine they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the n-terminus verses lysine they're
+always lower okay so this amino group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lower okay so this amino group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lower okay so this amino group so
+the n-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amino group is thought to be the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group is thought to be the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group is thought to be the general
+base catalyst and the general acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base catalyst and the general acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base catalyst and the general acid
+catalyst in the mechanism okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst in the mechanism okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst in the mechanism okay so that's
+the proposal and I must say we are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal and I must say we are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal and I must say we are I
+don't think we know a whole heck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we know a whole heck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we know a whole heck of a
+lot I haven't read the literature Kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I haven't read the literature Kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I haven't read the literature Kevin
+there's not that many people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not that many people working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not that many people working
+about on the mechanism at this at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on the mechanism at this at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on the mechanism at this at this
+stage so this is the proposed mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so this is the proposed mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so this is the proposed mechanism
+so just put it in quotes proposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just put it in quotes proposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just put it in quotes proposed and
+it's completely sort of analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely sort of analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely sort of analogous to
+what what you went through in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you went through in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you went through in the first
+part of the sentence the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sentence the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sentence the first part of
+the semester so the amino group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so the amino group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so the amino group is
+deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated
+it's got to be deprotonated to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be deprotonated to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be deprotonated to function
+as a general base catalyst proposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a general base catalyst proposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a general base catalyst proposed to
+deprotonate the hydroxyl group of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonate the hydroxyl group of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonate the hydroxyl group of the
+threonine activated for nucleophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine activated for nucleophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine activated for nucleophilic
+attack somehow you know do you form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack somehow you know do you form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack somehow you know do you form an
+oxyanion hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxyanion hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxyanion hole
+whenever you see brackets that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see brackets that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see brackets that means we
+don't see it and it's a proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it and it's a proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it and it's a proposed
+intermediate from chemical studies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate from chemical studies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate from chemical studies we
+know tetrahedral intermediates exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tetrahedral intermediates exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tetrahedral intermediates exist in
+protease as no one has ever seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease as no one has ever seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease as no one has ever seen a
+tetrahedral intermediate okay so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral intermediate okay so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral intermediate okay so all
+these things you see and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you see and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you see and all these
+mechanisms are a figure figment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are a figure figment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are a figure figment of
+people's imaginations based on really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's imaginations based on really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's imaginations based on really
+sort of a thorough understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a thorough understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a thorough understanding of the
+chemistry of what's going on so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of what's going on so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of what's going on so when
+whenever you see brackets that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see brackets that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see brackets that means
+there's no direct evidence for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct evidence for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct evidence for its
+reasonable mechanism based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable mechanism based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable mechanism based on the
+chemistry and then what we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and then what we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and then what we need to do is
+we want to break down this tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to break down this tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to break down this tetrahedral
+intermediate and we want to cleave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and we want to cleave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and we want to cleave the
+image bond which is the goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image bond which is the goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image bond which is the goal of the
+proteasome and to do that we can now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome and to do that we can now use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome and to do that we can now use
+this amino group which we initially uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amino group which we initially uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amino group which we initially uses
+at general base catalyst as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at general base catalyst as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at general base catalyst as a general
+acid catalyst so that's the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid catalyst so that's the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid catalyst so that's the way the
+general acid catalysis comes in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general acid catalysis comes in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general acid catalysis comes in and you
+see this over and over again in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this over and over again in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this over and over again in biology
+you have one group and it can function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one group and it can function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one group and it can function
+as an acid and base catalyst and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an acid and base catalyst and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an acid and base catalyst and it
+gives you what does it give you a gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you what does it give you a gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you what does it give you a gives
+you an acyl enzyme ok so you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an acyl enzyme ok so you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an acyl enzyme ok so you've seen
+that before and now you just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before and now you just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before and now you just do the
+reverse of this reaction where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of this reaction where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of this reaction where this
+forms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms is
+general base catalyst to not debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general base catalyst to not debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general base catalyst to not debate
+water forming a tetrahedral intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water forming a tetrahedral intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water forming a tetrahedral intermediate
+and then loss of water to regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then loss of water to regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then loss of water to regenerate
+your starting material so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your starting material so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your starting material so that's a
+working hypothesis and I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis and I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis and I don't really
+want to spend any more time on that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend any more time on that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend any more time on that okay
+so that's the chemistry of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the chemistry of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the chemistry of the core
+particle okay and really sort of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay and really sort of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay and really sort of what we
+want to do now is focus on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is focus on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is focus on the real
+chemistry that's going to go on as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that's going to go on as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that's going to go on as kind
+of allow us to mediate degradation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allow us to mediate degradation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allow us to mediate degradation of
+proteins of interest as a regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of interest as a regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins of interest as a regulatory
+mechanism so the second thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so the second thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so the second thing that I
+want to talk about the second player I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the second player I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the second player I
+want to talk about is ubiquitin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about is ubiquitin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about is ubiquitin which
+you have all seen and this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all seen and this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all seen and this is the key
+tag that targets although it's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag that targets although it's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag that targets although it's a major
+tag but I think the tagging is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag but I think the tagging is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag but I think the tagging is much more
+complicated as I try to indicate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as I try to indicate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as I try to indicate in the
+first slide we just went over you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slide we just went over you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slide we just went over you you
+need something else to target your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something else to target your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something else to target your
+protein for degradation because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein for degradation because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein for degradation because you need
+to target the ubiquitination in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to target the ubiquitination in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to target the ubiquitination in the
+first place so something is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place so something is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place so something is going to be
+special about protein a and protein D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about protein a and protein D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about protein a and protein D
+that controls the lifetime inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the lifetime inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the lifetime inside the
+cell okay and this a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay and this a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay and this a lot of people are
+working on that so tag that targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that so tag that targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that so tag that targets
+let's call it a protein of the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a protein of the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a protein of the interest
+so this would be hmg-coa reductase for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be hmg-coa reductase for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be hmg-coa reductase for
+degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a key player and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a key player and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a key player and we're
+gonna spend a little bit of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend a little bit of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend a little bit of time talking
+about that but furthermore one ubiquitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but furthermore one ubiquitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but furthermore one ubiquitin
+is not enough you need to have poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not enough you need to have poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not enough you need to have poly
+ubiquitous okay so what we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous okay so what we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous okay so what we're gonna see
+is and I think this is still the rule it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I think this is still the rule it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I think this is still the rule it
+keeps changing but you need poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps changing but you need poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps changing but you need poly
+ubiquitous where n is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous where n is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous where n is greater than or
+equal to four for this targeting to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to four for this targeting to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to four for this targeting to work
+so once you know I don't know okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you know I don't know okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you know I don't know okay so
+now we're faced with the problem how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're faced with the problem how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're faced with the problem how do
+we stick this ubiquitin on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stick this ubiquitin on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stick this ubiquitin on to the
+protein that's gonna get degrade it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's gonna get degrade it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's gonna get degrade it so
+that's what we're focusing on okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're focusing on okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're focusing on okay so
+let's look a little bit at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look a little bit at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look a little bit at the structure
+of ubiquitin okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ubiquitin okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ubiquitin okay so here's the
+structure of ubiquitin and ubiquitin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of ubiquitin and ubiquitin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of ubiquitin and ubiquitin is
+76 amino acids okay it's a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 amino acids okay it's a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 amino acids okay it's a compact
+you've already looked at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already looked at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already looked at the structure
+of this guy and it's compact a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy and it's compact a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy and it's compact a little
+protein that has a c-terminal glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has a c-terminal glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has a c-terminal glycine
+let me write this out so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this out so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this out so this is a
+c-terminal glycine which is a key player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal glycine which is a key player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal glycine which is a key player
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in some of the pictures that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some of the pictures that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some of the pictures that you're
+gonna see that I've drawn or that I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that I've drawn or that I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that I've drawn or that I draw
+on the board this is gonna be a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board this is gonna be a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board this is gonna be a key
+player so I might write G 76 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so I might write G 76 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so I might write G 76 or
+something like that so glycine 76 is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so glycine 76 is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so glycine 76 is and
+all of these things and it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things and it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things and it's gonna be
+making the linkages we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the linkages we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the linkages we're gonna be
+looking at so you just need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so you just need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so you just need to remember
+that and if you look at where it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you look at where it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you look at where it is if
+you go back and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and you look at the
+structure it's on a flexible loop at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's on a flexible loop at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's on a flexible loop at the
+end okay so the other thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay so the other thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay so the other thing that you
+need to know about ubiquitin when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about ubiquitin when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about ubiquitin when we
+look at the structure is that it has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure is that it has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure is that it has it
+has seven like scenes okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seven like scenes okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seven like scenes okay so in the
+light scenes because this is a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light scenes because this is a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light scenes because this is a smaller
+located on the surface for targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located on the surface for targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located on the surface for targeting
+ubiquitin targeting proteins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin targeting proteins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin targeting proteins for
+degradation we're really going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation we're really going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation we're really going to be
+focusing on like lacy in 48 okay but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on like lacy in 48 okay but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on like lacy in 48 okay but all
+of the license can get modified that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the license can get modified that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the license can get modified that's
+just the complexity of it so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the complexity of it so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the complexity of it so we're gonna
+focus on lacy in 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on lacy in 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on lacy in 48
+okay okay so the key thing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the key thing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the key thing is what
+happens on what I'm going to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on what I'm going to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on what I'm going to show you is
+what the structure is so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure is so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure is so we have a
+protein of interest that's targeted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of interest that's targeted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of interest that's targeted for
+degradation and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and we're going to talk
+about how it's targeted it has a lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it's targeted it has a lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it's targeted it has a lysine
+on its surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its surface
+lacy on its surface which is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacy on its surface which is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacy on its surface which is somehow
+then going to be attached to glycine 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to be attached to glycine 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to be attached to glycine 76
+on the c-terminus of ubiquitin okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the c-terminus of ubiquitin okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the c-terminus of ubiquitin okay so
+this is gonna be part of ubiquitin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna be part of ubiquitin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna be part of ubiquitin okay
+so let me just write it I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write it I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write it I'm not gonna
+write this out anymore but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out anymore but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out anymore but this is a
+c-terminus so what's unusual about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminus so what's unusual about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminus so what's unusual about this
+bond I mean do you normally see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond I mean do you normally see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond I mean do you normally see that
+bond in proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in proteins
+no the only way you see it with alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the only way you see it with alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the only way you see it with alpha
+amino groups now you're seeing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino groups now you're seeing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino groups now you're seeing it with
+the epsilon amino group of lysine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon amino group of lysine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon amino group of lysine so
+this is an ISO peptide and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an ISO peptide and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an ISO peptide and everything
+with ubiquitin chemistry is through ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ubiquitin chemistry is through ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ubiquitin chemistry is through ISO
+peptide linkages so this is again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide linkages so this is again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide linkages so this is again this
+is a lysine here and we will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lysine here and we will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lysine here and we will see that
+all the proteins targeted to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proteins targeted to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proteins targeted to have
+lysines on their service that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysines on their service that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysines on their service that can do
+covalent chemistry we'll see how with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent chemistry we'll see how with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent chemistry we'll see how with
+ubiquitin so this is an ISO peptide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin so this is an ISO peptide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin so this is an ISO peptide okay
+weird again this is the epsilon amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird again this is the epsilon amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird again this is the epsilon amino
+group not the Alpha amino group and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group not the Alpha amino group and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group not the Alpha amino group and this
+is the c-terminal flexible chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the c-terminal flexible chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the c-terminal flexible chain of
+ubiquitin and then ultimately what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin and then ultimately what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin and then ultimately what we
+need to get to when we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get to when we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get to when we're looking at the
+biosynthetic pathway is how do we attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway is how do we attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway is how do we attach
+all of these things okay so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things okay so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things okay so the question
+is what are the linkages between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the linkages between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the linkages between the
+ubiquitous they're going to be ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous they're going to be ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous they're going to be ISO
+peptide linkages and their ISO peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide linkages and their ISO peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide linkages and their ISO peptide
+linkages between the lysine on the abit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages between the lysine on the abit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages between the lysine on the abit
+quitin and the c-terminal glycine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitin and the c-terminal glycine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitin and the c-terminal glycine of
+another ubiquitin so what you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ubiquitin so what you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ubiquitin so what you have here
+again is an ISO peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is an ISO peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is an ISO peptide
+and I think once you get this down why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think once you get this down why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think once you get this down why
+don't you get a sort of this down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you get a sort of this down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you get a sort of this down in
+your head as to what's going on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head as to what's going on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head as to what's going on the
+chemistry is going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is going to be really
+straightforward so again what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so again what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so again what you have
+in the case of ubiquitin you have lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ubiquitin you have lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ubiquitin you have lysine
+remember I told you we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you we were going to
+form focus on lysine 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form focus on lysine 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form focus on lysine 48
+okay so lysine 48 again surface exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lysine 48 again surface exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lysine 48 again surface exposed
+and it forms a covalent linkage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forms a covalent linkage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forms a covalent linkage with
+this is glycine 76 at the c-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glycine 76 at the c-terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glycine 76 at the c-terminus
+okay so again we have this isoh peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again we have this isoh peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again we have this isoh peptide
+linkage so that you're going to see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage so that you're going to see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage so that you're going to see over
+and over and over there okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over there okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over there okay is
+everybody everybody get that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody everybody get that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody everybody get that I don't
+think it's so hard to see but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's so hard to see but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's so hard to see but it's just
+different from what you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you've seen before
+okay so now I want to do I told you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to do I told you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to do I told you at
+the very beginning how do we do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning how do we do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning how do we do all of
+that whoa the time is over I'm sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whoa the time is over I'm sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whoa the time is over I'm sorry the
+time is over already it just like goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is over already it just like goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is over already it just like goes
+by so fast I can't stand this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so fast I can't stand this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so fast I can't stand this all right
+I didn't even get to the exciting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't even get to the exciting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't even get to the exciting part
+okay so next time next time we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next time next time we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next time next time we'll have
+to come back and we will talk about a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and we will talk about a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and we will talk about a 1
+e 2 e 3 the chemistry is straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 e 3 the chemistry is straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 e 3 the chemistry is straightforward
+is analogous to chemistry you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is analogous to chemistry you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is analogous to chemistry you've already
+seen before and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before and then we're going to
+briefly look at how this relates to HMG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly look at how this relates to HMG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly look at how this relates to HMG
+co-reductase degradation which i'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase degradation which i'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase degradation which i'll show
+you what the factors are but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the factors are but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the factors are but it's still
+pretty much a black box in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KHBi3n0hUSU.txt b/KHBi3n0hUSU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..754eec3481dacb9fc7ff5eab61ecda1b19e0ba82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KHBi3n0hUSU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11616 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to talk about crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about crypto
+exchanges today which very much relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges today which very much relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges today which very much relate
+to blockchain technology but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blockchain technology but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blockchain technology but it's not
+directly an application of blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly an application of blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly an application of blockchain
+technology itself but it is so much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself but it is so much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself but it is so much a
+part of the ecosystem of crypto finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ecosystem of crypto finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ecosystem of crypto finance
+with well over 90% and some crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well over 90% and some crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well over 90% and some crypto
+currencies 95 to 98% of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies 95 to 98% of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies 95 to 98% of the actual
+transactions happening on crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions happening on crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions happening on crypto
+exchanges so I thought that no course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges so I thought that no course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges so I thought that no course in
+clutching technology and money could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutching technology and money could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutching technology and money could
+really be complete without talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be complete without talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be complete without talking about
+crypto exchanges but I I wanted to steer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges but I I wanted to steer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges but I I wanted to steer
+say not to be looking throughout these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not to be looking throughout these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not to be looking throughout these
+talk today and even on Thursday when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk today and even on Thursday when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk today and even on Thursday when
+we'll also be talking about crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also be talking about crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also be talking about crypto
+exchanges with some outside guests about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges with some outside guests about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges with some outside guests about
+where are we lowering the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we lowering the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we lowering the cost of
+verification or where are we lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification or where are we lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification or where are we lowering
+the networking cost this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networking cost this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networking cost this is about
+basically the secondary markets in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the secondary markets in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the secondary markets in this
+two hundred two hundred billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred two hundred billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred two hundred billion dollar
+ecosystem and the first crypto exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem and the first crypto exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem and the first crypto exchanges
+came about actually in 2000 late in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about actually in 2000 late in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about actually in 2000 late in 2010
+I think it was but it may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was but it may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was but it may have been
+early eleven because just when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early eleven because just when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early eleven because just when there was
+one blockchain application Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one blockchain application Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one blockchain application Bitcoin
+people wanted to move Bitcoin it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to move Bitcoin it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to move Bitcoin it was
+like well how can I do this I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how can I do this I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how can I do this I can do it
+with another individual on a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another individual on a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another individual on a blockchain
+but there was even how do I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was even how do I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was even how do I find that
+other individual if I want to sell it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other individual if I want to sell it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other individual if I want to sell it or
+exchange it and so there was a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange it and so there was a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange it and so there was a business
+opportunity mount GOx was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity mount GOx was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity mount GOx was one of the
+first three or four I don't think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three or four I don't think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three or four I don't think it was
+literally the first one but it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the first one but it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the first one but it was one
+of the first handful that started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first handful that started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first handful that started to
+take off we'll talk about mount GOx that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off we'll talk about mount GOx that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off we'll talk about mount GOx that
+failed dozens if not hundreds failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed dozens if not hundreds failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed dozens if not hundreds failed
+early on but they were trying to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on but they were trying to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on but they were trying to provide
+a user experience to trade initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user experience to trade initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user experience to trade initially
+just solely Bitcoin Bitcoin versus fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solely Bitcoin Bitcoin versus fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solely Bitcoin Bitcoin versus fiat
+was really what it was and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really what it was and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really what it was and it was
+providing also a service to people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing also a service to people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing also a service to people that
+were not as technologically adept as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not as technologically adept as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not as technologically adept as
+some of the MIT students so I was gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the MIT students so I was gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the MIT students so I was gonna
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+again and by show of hands how many in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and by show of hands how many in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and by show of hands how many in
+the room have ever owned a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room have ever owned a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room have ever owned a bit of
+cryptocurrency or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency or something like that
+just alright so it's a third to a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just alright so it's a third to a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just alright so it's a third to a half
+but you'll see it's going to be a far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll see it's going to be a far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll see it's going to be a far
+fewer even in this MIT community have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer even in this MIT community have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer even in this MIT community have
+done that directly on the block a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that directly on the block a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that directly on the block a
+blockchain as well so is it a lien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain as well so is it a lien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain as well so is it a lien
+anybody else so of the thirty hints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else so of the thirty hints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else so of the thirty hints that
+went up the other twenty nine basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up the other twenty nine basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up the other twenty nine basically
+have done it through a crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it through a crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it through a crypto exchange
+so they provide a service right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they provide a service right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they provide a service right there
+you know there's a central irony that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a central irony that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a central irony that
+Satoshi nakamoto's impetus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi nakamoto's impetus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi nakamoto's impetus the
+motivation that we've talked about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that we've talked about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that we've talked about was
+how to do peer-to-peer movement of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do peer-to-peer movement of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do peer-to-peer movement of value
+on the internet without central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet without central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet without central
+authorities this failed attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities this failed attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities this failed attempt
+throughout the 90s that finally he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the 90s that finally he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the 90s that finally he or
+she solved that riddle in 2008 here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she solved that riddle in 2008 here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she solved that riddle in 2008 here is a
+decentralized way to move value around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized way to move value around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized way to move value around
+the Internet and here even at MIT the 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet and here even at MIT the 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet and here even at MIT the 30
+or so of you or 40 of you that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so of you or 40 of you that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so of you or 40 of you that have
+owned a crypto asset but one of you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned a crypto asset but one of you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned a crypto asset but one of you now
+this is Sloane and it's not computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Sloane and it's not computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Sloane and it's not computer
+science and AI class but I suspect even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and AI class but I suspect even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and AI class but I suspect even
+over in the computer science class it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the computer science class it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the computer science class it
+would be less than half actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be less than half actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be less than half actually have
+gone and downloaded the nodes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and downloaded the nodes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and downloaded the nodes because
+there's a convenience factor it's human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a convenience factor it's human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a convenience factor it's human
+nature and and and so that even started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and and and so that even started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and and and so that even started
+in 2010 so I wanted to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2010 so I wanted to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2010 so I wanted to talk a little
+about crypto exchanges some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about crypto exchanges some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about crypto exchanges some of their
+challenges and some of the opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and some of the opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and some of the opportunities
+and it will set up also for Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will set up also for Thursday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will set up also for Thursday's
+discussion where we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion where we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion where we'll be talking about
+how a crypto exchange might be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a crypto exchange might be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a crypto exchange might be used for
+a payment solution and how an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a payment solution and how an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a payment solution and how an
+entrepreneur like Jeff sprecher really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur like Jeff sprecher really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur like Jeff sprecher really
+has looked at and said no this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has looked at and said no this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has looked at and said no this is where
+he can see value you will hear Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can see value you will hear Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can see value you will hear Thursday
+somebody who is true to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who is true to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who is true to his
+entrepreneurial skills is trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial skills is trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial skills is trying to find
+value in this whole blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this whole blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this whole blockchain
+technology Bitcoin world and has chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Bitcoin world and has chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Bitcoin world and has chosen
+kind of a mixture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a mixture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a mixture of a
+payment solution and a crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment solution and a crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment solution and a crypto exchange
+for both this might not be tied in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both this might not be tied in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both this might not be tied in so
+I'll do it the old-fashioned way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it the old-fashioned way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it the old-fashioned way so
+we're gonna talk of course the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk of course the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk of course the readings
+crypto exchange is a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchange is a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchange is a little bit of the
+public policy challenges and then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy challenges and then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy challenges and then my
+thoughts on path forward where do I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on path forward where do I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on path forward where do I see
+the crypto exchange space moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypto exchange space moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypto exchange space moving forward
+in time so Tom you get to answer another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so Tom you get to answer another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so Tom you get to answer another
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+how has crypto exchanges become critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how has crypto exchanges become critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how has crypto exchanges become critical
+gateways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let's go the other side cuz a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go the other side cuz a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's go the other side cuz a
+lien was the one hand it went off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien was the one hand it went off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien was the one hand it went off that
+you've downloaded notes have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've downloaded notes have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've downloaded notes have you ever
+used a crypto exchange if you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a crypto exchange if you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a crypto exchange if you're willing
+this year so you've done both right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year so you've done both right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year so you've done both right
+right so if it were 2018 now and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it were 2018 now and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it were 2018 now and you
+were to transact in Bitcoin would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to transact in Bitcoin would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to transact in Bitcoin would you
+prefer to use a crypto exchange or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to use a crypto exchange or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to use a crypto exchange or the
+nodes that you just Bitcoin that's neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that you just Bitcoin that's neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that you just Bitcoin that's neat
+your mom uses Bitcoin okay so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom uses Bitcoin okay so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom uses Bitcoin okay so even
+somebody whose computer literate and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody whose computer literate and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody whose computer literate and has
+both the nodes and the exchange is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the nodes and the exchange is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the nodes and the exchange is
+saying depends on how tired I am and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying depends on how tired I am and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying depends on how tired I am and
+what my goals security's goals maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my goals security's goals maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my goals security's goals maybe you
+didn't say tired but and and anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say tired but and and anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say tired but and and anybody
+want to hit the second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which type of disputes then right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which type of disputes then right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which type of disputes then right and
+and how do these exchanges compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do these exchanges compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do these exchanges compared to
+traditional exchanges so the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional exchanges so the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional exchanges so the New York
+Stock Exchange had us had as coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange had us had as coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange had us had as coinbase
+compared to New York Stock Exchange so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to New York Stock Exchange so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to New York Stock Exchange so
+you're saying they have reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so coinbase itself so one change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coinbase itself so one change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coinbase itself so one change
+difference I'm gonna highlight three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I'm gonna highlight three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I'm gonna highlight three and
+see if we can get off from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can get off from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can get off from this
+discussion one is the exchange itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion one is the exchange itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion one is the exchange itself
+might be on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the other side of the
+transaction from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alexis caught that that they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexis caught that that they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexis caught that that they had a
+reserved some might call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved some might call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved some might call that
+market-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market-making
+I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so a corollary to what Alexis says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a corollary to what Alexis says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a corollary to what Alexis says
+that they might be a market maker remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might be a market maker remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might be a market maker remind
+me your first name Ian what Johnny is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me your first name Ian what Johnny is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me your first name Ian what Johnny is
+that they take on brokerage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they take on brokerage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they take on brokerage
+responsibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities
+in the world of finance on on trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of finance on on trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of finance on on trading
+platforms trading platforms by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms trading platforms by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms trading platforms by and large
+early on did not allow the public to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on did not allow the public to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on did not allow the public to
+transact the New York Stock Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transact the New York Stock Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transact the New York Stock Exchange
+when it started in the late 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it started in the late 18th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it started in the late 18th century
+by an arrangement between members in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arrangement between members in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arrangement between members in the
+south of Manhattan you know near Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Manhattan you know near Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of Manhattan you know near Wall
+Street for the physical Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street for the physical Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street for the physical Wall Street
+literally it was a Membership Society or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally it was a Membership Society or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally it was a Membership Society or
+membership club and you had to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership club and you had to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership club and you had to be a
+member to transact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member to transact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member to transact
+well those membership and clubs just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those membership and clubs just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those membership and clubs just
+like a golf club or a tennis club had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a golf club or a tennis club had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a golf club or a tennis club had a
+set of rules well before governments got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules well before governments got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules well before governments got
+involved and they would transact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and they would transact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and they would transact that
+became what what is now known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became what what is now known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became what what is now known as
+intermediated access that that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated access that that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated access that that I don't
+think any of you are members of the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of you are members of the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of you are members of the New
+York Stock Exchange are you I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Stock Exchange are you I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Stock Exchange are you I'm not
+either so we can't actually transact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so we can't actually transact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so we can't actually transact
+with the New York Stock Exchange but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the New York Stock Exchange but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the New York Stock Exchange but we
+can use an app like Robin Hood and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use an app like Robin Hood and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use an app like Robin Hood and ask
+them to transact the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to transact the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to transact the New York Stock
+Exchange or Goldman Sachs or Vanguard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange or Goldman Sachs or Vanguard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange or Goldman Sachs or Vanguard or
+you know whom so that's caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whom so that's caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whom so that's caught
+intermediated access so two things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated access so two things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated access so two things we've
+had is one is coinbase might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is one is coinbase might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is one is coinbase might be the
+other side to theirs they don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side to theirs they don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side to theirs they don't they
+lack intermediated access Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so Eric says the third big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Eric says the third big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Eric says the third big
+difference I mean there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I mean there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I mean there are other
+differences but the third big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but the third big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but the third big difference
+is crypto exchanges store the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is crypto exchanges store the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is crypto exchanges store the value the
+New York Stock Exchange did not store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Stock Exchange did not store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Stock Exchange did not store
+the value that your value is technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that your value is technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that your value is technically
+ultimately on a ledger at the depository
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately on a ledger at the depository
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately on a ledger at the depository
+trust Corp DTCC and just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust Corp DTCC and just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust Corp DTCC and just like the
+payment system has the central bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system has the central bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system has the central bank and
+commercial banks securities lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks securities lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks securities lectures
+have a central ledger which is DTCC in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central ledger which is DTCC in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central ledger which is DTCC in
+the US and in other countries other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and in other countries other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and in other countries other
+similar clearing organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar clearing organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar clearing organizations and
+underneath it or the brokers that hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it or the brokers that hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it or the brokers that hold
+things it's called in street name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's called in street name but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's called in street name but
+whatever it's called know that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called know that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called know that most
+exchanges traditional securities markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges traditional securities markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges traditional securities markets
+the those are the three big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those are the three big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those are the three big difference
+custody intermediated access and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody intermediated access and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody intermediated access and who's
+making markets against you please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they'll report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so you're raising a question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you're raising a question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you're raising a question of the
+difference between cash markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between cash markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between cash markets and
+derivative markets which exist and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative markets which exist and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative markets which exist and have
+existed for a couple hundred years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed for a couple hundred years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed for a couple hundred years that
+in a cash market you're selling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cash market you're selling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cash market you're selling an
+ownership right and buying an ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership right and buying an ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership right and buying an ownership
+right in a stock and a bond or even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a stock and a bond or even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a stock and a bond or even in
+Bitcoin and then in derivative markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and then in derivative markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and then in derivative markets
+you're you're entering into a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're entering into a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're entering into a contract
+or sometimes people call them contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes people call them contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes people call them contract
+for differences but a contract that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for differences but a contract that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for differences but a contract that's
+going to relate to a price a pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to relate to a price a pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to relate to a price a pricing
+mechanism from some of Oracle it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism from some of Oracle it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism from some of Oracle it can be
+Claude in computer science that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claude in computer science that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claude in computer science that we call
+it an Oracle but in in the commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an Oracle but in in the commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an Oracle but in in the commodities
+market by some index provider some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market by some index provider some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market by some index provider some
+pricing provider that's the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing provider that's the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing provider that's the differences
+between cash and derivatives but I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cash and derivatives but I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cash and derivatives but I are
+you saying something even in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saying something even in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saying something even in addition to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I I asked you all to go as deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I asked you all to go as deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I asked you all to go as deep
+as you can between now and Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can between now and Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can between now and Thursday
+because you'll have the founder of ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll have the founder of ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll have the founder of ice
+with us but ice is a one-day futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us but ice is a one-day futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us but ice is a one-day futures
+contract that literally you're buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that literally you're buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that literally you're buying a
+derivative of Bitcoin but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Bitcoin but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Bitcoin but it's a very
+unusual futures contract because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual futures contract because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual futures contract because it has
+to be a hundred percent collateralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a hundred percent collateralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a hundred percent collateralized
+so there's no margin there's no ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no margin there's no ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no margin there's no ability
+to have leverage or debt or credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have leverage or debt or credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have leverage or debt or credit
+extension and one day later you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension and one day later you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension and one day later you get
+delivered the Bitcoin so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered the Bitcoin so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered the Bitcoin so one of the
+interesting questions for Thursday that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions for Thursday that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions for Thursday that
+you compress Jeff and Kelly on is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compress Jeff and Kelly on is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compress Jeff and Kelly on is is
+this really a derivatives contract or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really a derivatives contract or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really a derivatives contract or is
+it a form of a cash contract that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a form of a cash contract that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a form of a cash contract that just
+starts as as derivative in 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts as as derivative in 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts as as derivative in 24 hours
+later it becomes cash because it's 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it becomes cash because it's 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it becomes cash because it's 100%
+collateralized and it settles one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized and it settles one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized and it settles one day
+later very unusual future contract I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later very unusual future contract I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later very unusual future contract I'm
+not aware of any other one day future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of any other one day future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of any other one day future
+100% collateralized contract it feels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% collateralized contract it feels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% collateralized contract it feels to
+me that this is in essence a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this is in essence a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this is in essence a cash
+contract by another name for one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract by another name for one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract by another name for one day
+that facilitates being regulated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that facilitates being regulated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that facilitates being regulated by a
+official regulator for derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official regulator for derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official regulator for derivatives
+that's for that one but I I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for that one but I I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for that one but I I thought
+you're saying one other thing is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying one other thing is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying one other thing is can you
+sell short Bitcoin does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Shawn has shorted ether Bitcoin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shawn has shorted ether Bitcoin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shawn has shorted ether Bitcoin and
+Bitcoin cash so how'd you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shorting is selling something you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting is selling something you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting is selling something you don't
+own and and and taking the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and and and taking the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and and and taking the opposite
+price risk in essence winning when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price risk in essence winning when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price risk in essence winning when a
+price goes down and losing when a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes down and losing when a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes down and losing when a price
+goes up and it's existed for hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and it's existed for hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and it's existed for hundreds of
+years it's not new but it too short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's not new but it too short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's not new but it too short
+something in most markets you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in most markets you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in most markets you need to be
+able to borrow the underlying to sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow the underlying to sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow the underlying to sell a
+stock that you don't own there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that you don't own there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that you don't own there's a whole
+market called stock borrow where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market called stock borrow where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market called stock borrow where
+ultimate and we debated this one day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate and we debated this one day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate and we debated this one day and
+there you're experts in this room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're experts in this room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're experts in this room that
+have worked in stock borrow will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked in stock borrow will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked in stock borrow will you
+borrow the security and then you sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow the security and then you sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow the security and then you sell it
+or you sell it and within the two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you sell it and within the two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you sell it and within the two days
+that you have to deliver it your broker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to deliver it your broker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to deliver it your broker
+borrows it for you so I'm assuming show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrows it for you so I'm assuming show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrows it for you so I'm assuming show
+on that when you shorted Bitcoin what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that when you shorted Bitcoin what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that when you shorted Bitcoin what
+was behind that app somebody borrowed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so just move to the third question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just move to the third question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just move to the third question
+three big differences we're gonna dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big differences we're gonna dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big differences we're gonna dig
+into these custody intermediated broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these custody intermediated broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these custody intermediated broke
+you know basically do you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically do you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically do you have an
+intermediary or you direct and is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary or you direct and is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary or you direct and is the
+exchange a market maker what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a market maker what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a market maker what are all the
+hacks and manipulation and so forth tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacks and manipulation and so forth tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacks and manipulation and so forth tell
+you about the state of security of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the state of security of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the state of security of these
+and the state of market integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so in essence that regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so in essence that regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so in essence that regardless of
+where you come out on pro regulation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you come out on pro regulation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you come out on pro regulation or
+anti regulation or pro-business or anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti regulation or pro-business or anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti regulation or pro-business or anti
+business or pro Bitcoin or anti it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or pro Bitcoin or anti it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or pro Bitcoin or anti it's a
+question of trust when you're losing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of trust when you're losing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of trust when you're losing a
+lot of assets to theft and a hack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of assets to theft and a hack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of assets to theft and a hack is
+just another word for stealing or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another word for stealing or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another word for stealing or you're
+losing money to market manipulation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money to market manipulation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money to market manipulation then
+that tends to have you know lower trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to have you know lower trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to have you know lower trust
+in these institutions we can debate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these institutions we can debate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these institutions we can debate what
+to do about it I have a point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do about it I have a point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do about it I have a point of view
+and I'm going to share it with you as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to share it with you as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to share it with you as we
+go through this class today but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this class today but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this class today but you
+don't need to share the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to share the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to share the second part
+which is where I am one how to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where I am one how to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where I am one how to address
+that to recognize that the high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to recognize that the high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to recognize that the high level of
+custody issues and the high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody issues and the high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody issues and the high level of
+market manipulation issues probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market manipulation issues probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market manipulation issues probably is
+associated with lower trust in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with lower trust in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with lower trust in these
+institutions even though there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions even though there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions even though there's you
+know 30 million plus people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 million plus people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 million plus people that have
+used crypto exchanges and 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used crypto exchanges and 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used crypto exchanges and 30 or 40
+people in this class so there's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this class so there's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this class so there's there is
+a level of trust I'm just saying that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level of trust I'm just saying that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level of trust I'm just saying that I
+think that's the what's really at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the what's really at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the what's really at the
+middle of them yes so let's have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of them yes so let's have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of them yes so let's have so we
+had a bunch of readings I'll skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of readings I'll skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of readings I'll skip over
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so crypto exchanges so this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so crypto exchanges so this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so crypto exchanges so this is what a
+centralized exchange does there's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized exchange does there's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized exchange does there's about
+200 of them probably in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 of them probably in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 of them probably in the history of
+Bitcoin there's a hundred to two under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin there's a hundred to two under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin there's a hundred to two under
+that have already opened and shut you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have already opened and shut you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have already opened and shut you
+know so somewhere in the history there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so somewhere in the history there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so somewhere in the history there's
+been three or four hundred it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been three or four hundred it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been three or four hundred it's still
+pretty darn decentralized in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn decentralized in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn decentralized in terms of
+the number of them and Isles later say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of them and Isles later say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of them and Isles later say I
+think one of the things that will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the things that will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the things that will happen
+is we'll see more consolidation there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll see more consolidation there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll see more consolidation there's
+just so many of them that's an unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so many of them that's an unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so many of them that's an unusual
+market structure markets usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market structure markets usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market structure markets usually
+coalesce around some central pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesce around some central pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesce around some central pricing
+function you want to buy and sell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you want to buy and sell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you want to buy and sell your
+apples hundreds of years ago you'd come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples hundreds of years ago you'd come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples hundreds of years ago you'd come
+into the center market if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the center market if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the center market if you wanted to
+get the best price discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the question is do we have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question is do we have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question is do we have so many
+crypto exchanges in part because of lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges in part because of lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges in part because of lots
+of different regulation I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different regulation I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different regulation I think that
+contributes to it I would say yes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to it I would say yes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to it I would say yes but I
+don't think that's the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're saying traditional exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying traditional exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying traditional exchanges
+there was the extra specially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the extra specially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the extra specially for
+physical courts apples there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical courts apples there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical courts apples there was a
+locational advantage of being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational advantage of being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational advantage of being in the
+central square I agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central square I agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central square I agree with that
+there was locational advantages to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was locational advantages to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was locational advantages to be in
+new york or london you know in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york or london you know in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york or london you know in the 19th
+century the philadelphia stock exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the philadelphia stock exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the philadelphia stock exchange
+was bigger than the new york stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bigger than the new york stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bigger than the new york stock
+exchange until about the 1840s or 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange until about the 1840s or 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange until about the 1840s or 50s
+post-civil war New York took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-civil war New York took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-civil war New York took off
+compared to Philadelphia but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to Philadelphia but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to Philadelphia but there is
+locational advantages but in a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational advantages but in a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational advantages but in a digital
+age there's less locational advantages I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age there's less locational advantages I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age there's less locational advantages I
+agree with that I also think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that I also think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that I also think it's very
+early days in some regards it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days in some regards it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days in some regards it doesn't
+take much there's one software provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much there's one software provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much there's one software provider
+that provides the software for over 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides the software for over 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides the software for over 100
+crypto exchanges they're not the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges they're not the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges they're not the biggest
+ones because some of the biggest ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because some of the biggest ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because some of the biggest ones
+write their own software but it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write their own software but it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write their own software but it's at
+least the CEO that told me this who runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the CEO that told me this who runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the CEO that told me this who runs
+the software company said that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software company said that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software company said that it was
+over 20 percent and maybe 30 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 percent and maybe 30 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 percent and maybe 30 percent of
+the volume so half of the crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume so half of the crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume so half of the crypto
+exchanges that a quarter of the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges that a quarter of the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges that a quarter of the volume
+all have the same software meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same software meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same software meaning the
+software for the order book for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software for the order book for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software for the order book for the for
+the for the custody solutions and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the custody solutions and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the custody solutions and things
+like that you too could start a crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you too could start a crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you too could start a crypto
+exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+please be compliant with securities law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be compliant with securities law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be compliant with securities law
+if you're gonna operate here in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna operate here in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna operate here in the US
+well actually if you're gonna operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually if you're gonna operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually if you're gonna operate in
+any country but particularly in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any country but particularly in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any country but particularly in the u.s.
+so it's not hard to store it up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not hard to store it up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not hard to store it up that's
+one other thing it's not hard to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing it's not hard to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing it's not hard to start
+up a crypto exchange right now if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a crypto exchange right now if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a crypto exchange right now if you've
+got a software provider they can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a software provider they can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a software provider they can give
+you basically a package and you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically a package and you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically a package and you put a
+new name on it and off you're going but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new name on it and off you're going but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new name on it and off you're going but
+they're matching agents meaning they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're matching agents meaning they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're matching agents meaning they're
+matching buys and sells they are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching buys and sells they are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching buys and sells they are also
+counterparties which we talked about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties which we talked about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties which we talked about and
+they're custodians traditional exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're custodians traditional exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're custodians traditional exchanges
+do the first but they tend not to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first but they tend not to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first but they tend not to do the
+second and third decentralized exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third decentralized exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third decentralized exchanges
+decentralized exchanges are very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized exchanges are very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized exchanges are very small
+part of the market we'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the market we'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the market we'll see some
+numbers later that estimated it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers later that estimated it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers later that estimated it's a
+little less than one half of one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than one half of one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than one half of one percent
+of the volume right now in October of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume right now in October of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume right now in October of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their computer algorithm that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their computer algorithm that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their computer algorithm that allows
+you to trade peer-to-peer without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to trade peer-to-peer without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to trade peer-to-peer without a
+centralized and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and there's a lot of
+variation in the decentralized space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the decentralized space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the decentralized space and
+I'll take any questions on it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take any questions on it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take any questions on it but it's
+it's an interesting piece where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting piece where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting piece where it's
+saying Kelly and I don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Kelly and I don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Kelly and I don't really need
+coinbase to trade if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase to trade if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase to trade if there's some
+application that can find each of us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that can find each of us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that can find each of us and
+we can find each other Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I understand correctly centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I understand correctly centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I understand correctly centralized
+only thing imagination very good correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing imagination very good correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing imagination very good correct
+right it just doesn't have the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just doesn't have the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just doesn't have the other two
+right true right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right true right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right true right
+so Ross is raised or decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ross is raised or decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ross is raised or decentralized
+really centralized for matching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really centralized for matching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really centralized for matching and
+don't have the other two let me answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the other two let me answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the other two let me answer
+it in Reverse decentralized exchanges do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Reverse decentralized exchanges do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Reverse decentralized exchanges do
+not have any custody function no custody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any custody function no custody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any custody function no custody
+function though I could envision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function though I could envision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function though I could envision that
+somehow they could set up decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they could set up decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they could set up decentralized
+escrow function through some multi-sig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escrow function through some multi-sig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escrow function through some multi-sig
+you could technologically even do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could technologically even do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could technologically even do that
+decentralized but what I know now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized but what I know now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized but what I know now is
+none of them have a custody solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them have a custody solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them have a custody solution and
+none of them are counterparties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them are counterparties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them are counterparties that
+that is accurate it's not clear that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is accurate it's not clear that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is accurate it's not clear that all
+of them are centralized there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are centralized there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are centralized there's one
+developer there's one set of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer there's one set of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer there's one set of computer
+technologists but you can actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists but you can actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists but you can actually if
+you wish put that algorithm out and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish put that algorithm out and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish put that algorithm out and just
+say that was a fun project I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that was a fun project I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that was a fun project I'm a
+computer scientist at MIT and just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist at MIT and just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist at MIT and just put
+it out there and Kelly and I could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out there and Kelly and I could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out there and Kelly and I could find
+each other but usually there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but usually there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but usually there's an
+economic model where somebody's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model where somebody's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model where somebody's trying
+to make some money and so then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some money and so then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some money and so then there's
+some centralization of the software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some centralization of the software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some centralization of the software and
+the SEC just brought their first legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SEC just brought their first legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SEC just brought their first legal
+action last week against a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action last week against a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action last week against a decentralized
+exchange and it was in essence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and it was in essence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and it was in essence against
+the software developers now there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software developers now there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software developers now there's the
+first amendment don't get me wrong there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first amendment don't get me wrong there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first amendment don't get me wrong there
+is clearly a freedom of speech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly a freedom of speech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly a freedom of speech and
+freedom of expression in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of expression in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of expression in this country
+but you could be a software developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could be a software developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could be a software developer
+and still be complicit in some crime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be complicit in some crime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be complicit in some crime and
+both the SEC and CFTC have in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the SEC and CFTC have in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the SEC and CFTC have in the past
+12 months brought in legal actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 months brought in legal actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 months brought in legal actions
+against software developers and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against software developers and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against software developers and it's
+interesting that in the last week the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that in the last week the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that in the last week the
+SEC they settled it was sort of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC they settled it was sort of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC they settled it was sort of a thing
+where a third Delta had put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a third Delta had put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a third Delta had put a
+decentralized trading platform for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized trading platform for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized trading platform for what
+do you think the SEC is most interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the SEC is most interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the SEC is most interested
+in what type of what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what type of what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what type of what's that
+icos yeah so is a decentralized platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icos yeah so is a decentralized platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icos yeah so is a decentralized platform
+to trade a theory of base more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade a theory of base more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade a theory of base more
+specifically ERC 20 tokens decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically ERC 20 tokens decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically ERC 20 tokens decentralized
+the LAN and I could trade our ERC 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LAN and I could trade our ERC 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LAN and I could trade our ERC 20
+tokens but this did they said no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens but this did they said no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens but this did they said no no
+that's a securities exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so is it and it's the first action the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it and it's the first action the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it and it's the first action the
+Securities and Exchange Commission has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission has
+brought against any crypto exchange why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought against any crypto exchange why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought against any crypto exchange why
+they picked at these centralized to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked at these centralized to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked at these centralized to be
+their first that's a story I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first that's a story I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first that's a story I don't know
+but they did so that's decentralized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they did so that's decentralized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they did so that's decentralized it
+was less than half percent of the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than half percent of the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than half percent of the volume
+but an interesting and tough you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interesting and tough you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interesting and tough you know
+new area and it brings you back to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area and it brings you back to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area and it brings you back to maybe
+Nakamoto more vision decentralized so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto more vision decentralized so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto more vision decentralized so as
+I said responsible just like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said responsible just like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said responsible just like in this
+classroom for probably 95% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom for probably 95% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom for probably 95% of the
+Bitcoin and ether transactions who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and ether transactions who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and ether transactions who do
+you think the biggest sellers are on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the biggest sellers are on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the biggest sellers are on in
+Bitcoin around the globe what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin around the globe what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin around the globe what's that
+miners right miners do do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners right miners do do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners right miners do do you think the
+biggest sellers of ether F is anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest sellers of ether F is anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest sellers of ether F is anybody
+what's that I see what you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that I see what you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that I see what you say
+I see OS yes because I see o is 80% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see OS yes because I see o is 80% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see OS yes because I see o is 80% of
+ICS are done Oni theorem and generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICS are done Oni theorem and generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICS are done Oni theorem and generally
+in the early days they were selling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days they were selling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days they were selling a
+token for Bitcoin when Vitalik booter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token for Bitcoin when Vitalik booter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token for Bitcoin when Vitalik booter
+ended his and he sold F for Bitcoin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended his and he sold F for Bitcoin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended his and he sold F for Bitcoin but
+we've moved in the last 12 months it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've moved in the last 12 months it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've moved in the last 12 months it's
+basically selling for F so then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically selling for F so then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically selling for F so then you you
+want to sell it generally speaking I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell it generally speaking I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell it generally speaking I
+mean they might keep some over 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they might keep some over 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they might keep some over 30
+million direct members and as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million direct members and as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million direct members and as we talked
+about they lack intermediated access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they lack intermediated access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they lack intermediated access and
+as we'll see market integrity rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see market integrity rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see market integrity rules so
+this is you know the market as it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know the market as it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know the market as it is the
+most important part of this slide to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of this slide to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of this slide to me
+in this discussion is not the volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion is not the volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion is not the volatility
+which we now and frankly actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now and frankly actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now and frankly actually
+recently we haven't had much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we haven't had much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we haven't had much
+till atif or six months but six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till atif or six months but six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till atif or six months but six months
+isn't enough statistical relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough statistical relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough statistical relevance to
+say what the next six years or 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what the next six years or 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what the next six years or 60 years
+will be but 54 percent is Bitcoin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be but 54 percent is Bitcoin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be but 54 percent is Bitcoin the
+theorem is what sixteen percent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is what sixteen percent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is what sixteen percent so
+between them that's seventy percent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that's seventy percent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that's seventy percent so
+we already know in the US and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know in the US and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know in the US and in many
+other jurisdictions that three-quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jurisdictions that three-quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jurisdictions that three-quarters
+of the market or not I cos or not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market or not I cos or not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market or not I cos or not what
+we be caught securities even in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be caught securities even in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be caught securities even in the US
+Canada and Taiwan the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada and Taiwan the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada and Taiwan the three
+jurisdictions that follow something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions that follow something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions that follow something
+similar to the Howey test that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the Howey test that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the Howey test that we've
+talked about three quarters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about three quarters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about three quarters of the
+market is non securities it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is non securities it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is non securities it's just a
+commodity a cash crypto so you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity a cash crypto so you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity a cash crypto so you'll hear
+debates about initial coin offerings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates about initial coin offerings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates about initial coin offerings and
+what's a security what's not a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a security what's not a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a security what's not a security
+relevant relevant and important debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant relevant and important debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant relevant and important debate
+but for three quarters of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for three quarters of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for three quarters of the market
+it's not particularly relevant as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly relevant as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly relevant as a
+legal matter as a regulatory matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal matter as a regulatory matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal matter as a regulatory matter
+Brodus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so is British is your question that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is British is your question that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is British is your question that if
+if there's limited volatility what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's limited volatility what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's limited volatility what's the
+value of an exchange the value is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an exchange the value is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an exchange the value is still
+is that some people will want to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some people will want to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some people will want to sell
+that asset or buy that asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asset or buy that asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asset or buy that asset
+some people might if it's a store of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might if it's a store of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might if it's a store of
+value I might still want to sell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I might still want to sell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I might still want to sell that
+store value so that I can buy a car or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value so that I can buy a car or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value so that I can buy a car or
+go to school or pay for my medical bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school or pay for my medical bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school or pay for my medical bills
+you don't think that's as exciting as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think that's as exciting as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think that's as exciting as a
+volatile asset is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile asset is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile asset is that what you're
+saying British well like Goldman Sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying British well like Goldman Sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying British well like Goldman Sachs
+for years it used to be that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years it used to be that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years it used to be that I was
+taught volatility as their friend when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught volatility as their friend when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught volatility as their friend when
+you're an investment investment banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an investment investment banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an investment investment banking
+business and making markets a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and making markets a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and making markets a market
+maker likes volatility so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker likes volatility so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker likes volatility so you might be
+thinking as a market maker as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as a market maker as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as a market maker as an
+investment banker but I fit I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banker but I fit I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banker but I fit I still
+think that that if Bitcoin or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that if Bitcoin or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that if Bitcoin or any of
+these became very stable stores of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these became very stable stores of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these became very stable stores of value
+people still want to trade in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still want to trade in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still want to trade in and out of
+it but you're saying it's just less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you're saying it's just less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you're saying it's just less
+exciting for you or for the market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for you or for the market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for you or for the market you
+think oh okay I don't either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh okay I don't either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh okay I don't either
+so here the top crypto exchanges I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the top crypto exchanges I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the top crypto exchanges I
+caution this is a was printed a week ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution this is a was printed a week ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution this is a was printed a week ago
+it's it's only accurate to say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's only accurate to say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's only accurate to say that a
+web group crypto compare plugs puts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web group crypto compare plugs puts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web group crypto compare plugs puts out
+a monthly report and I grab the October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly report and I grab the October
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly report and I grab the October
+report but I would there's no confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report but I would there's no confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report but I would there's no confidence
+that these numbers are accurate except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these numbers are accurate except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these numbers are accurate except
+for I can tell you crypto compare has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I can tell you crypto compare has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I can tell you crypto compare has
+relationships with about a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with about a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with about a hundred and
+forty exchanges and those 140 exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty exchanges and those 140 exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty exchanges and those 140 exchanges
+give their information to crypto compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give their information to crypto compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give their information to crypto compare
+but here are the big ones what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are the big ones what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are the big ones what what do
+you take from this slide when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take from this slide when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take from this slide when you look
+at the either the average trade side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the either the average trade side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the either the average trade side
+that trades in 24 hours the volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trades in 24 hours the volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trades in 24 hours the volumes
+anything I mean has anybody traded on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean has anybody traded on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean has anybody traded on an
+exchange that's not listed there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange that's not listed there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange that's not listed there if
+you're willing to say hey LAN house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to say hey LAN house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to say hey LAN house
+isn't listed in the top 14 look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't listed in the top 14 look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't listed in the top 14 look at that
+for the month of October buy crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the month of October buy crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the month of October buy crypto
+compare Sabrina what's that true coin oq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare Sabrina what's that true coin oq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare Sabrina what's that true coin oq
+coin pulling axe which is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin pulling axe which is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin pulling axe which is definitely
+smaller than this poll so the US based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than this poll so the US based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than this poll so the US based
+exchanges aren't up there so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges aren't up there so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges aren't up there so we don't
+know if these numbers are accurate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if these numbers are accurate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if these numbers are accurate they
+are what crypto compared collects from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what crypto compared collects from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what crypto compared collects from a
+hundred and forty exchanges but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty exchanges but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty exchanges but it
+doesn't mean they are accurate one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they are accurate one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they are accurate one way
+they can be inaccurate is an exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be inaccurate is an exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be inaccurate is an exchange
+can just outright lie and if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just outright lie and if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just outright lie and if there's no
+roller law against it they can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller law against it they can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller law against it they can do that
+another way they can do it is they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way they can do it is they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way they can do it is they can
+be honest about the numbers but inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest about the numbers but inflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest about the numbers but inflate
+the numbers through something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers through something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers through something called
+wash trades wash trades are banned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash trades wash trades are banned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash trades wash trades are banned in
+the u.s. under securities laws and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. under securities laws and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. under securities laws and under
+Commodity Futures Trading Commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodity Futures Trading Commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodity Futures Trading Commission
+laws a wash trade is when I buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws a wash trade is when I buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws a wash trade is when I buy
+something and sell something at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and sell something at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and sell something at the same
+time basically to myself or my affiliate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time basically to myself or my affiliate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time basically to myself or my affiliate
+or my colleague and if I have even if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my colleague and if I have even if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my colleague and if I have even if a
+lot and I are not even legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and I are not even legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and I are not even legally
+affiliated but if I sell something day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated but if I sell something day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated but if I sell something day
+long and he buys it and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and he buys it and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and he buys it and we have an
+agreement that we are just pumping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that we are just pumping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that we are just pumping the
+volume for some reason that's a wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume for some reason that's a wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume for some reason that's a wash
+sale why would somebody do a wash sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale why would somebody do a wash sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale why would somebody do a wash sale
+between two unaffiliated parties want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two unaffiliated parties want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two unaffiliated parties want to
+think devious think like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think devious think like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think devious think like you know a
+manipulator yeah you wanted to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator yeah you wanted to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulator yeah you wanted to make sure
+somebody else thought something was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else thought something was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else thought something was used
+what's the aw that's use another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so artificial liquidity and one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so artificial liquidity and one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so artificial liquidity and one other
+thing that you might show an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might show an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might show an order
+fishel price that Gil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishel price that Gil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishel price that Gil
+so watch sales for long time in markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch sales for long time in markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch sales for long time in markets
+was a good way for manipulators to khana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good way for manipulators to khana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good way for manipulators to khana
+Hey look at this liquidity look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey look at this liquidity look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey look at this liquidity look at this
+price pricing signals so that's why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pricing signals so that's why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pricing signals so that's why in
+the US Securities and commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Securities and commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Securities and commodities
+markets we say no it's it's it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we say no it's it's it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we say no it's it's it's a it's
+it's one small core thing that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one small core thing that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one small core thing that's not
+allowed but there's no ban on washe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed but there's no ban on washe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed but there's no ban on washe
+sales though there's there's academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales though there's there's academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales though there's there's academic
+literature there's some studies some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there's some studies some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there's some studies some
+competitors some some exchanges study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors some some exchanges study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors some some exchanges study
+other exchanges they they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other exchanges they they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other exchanges they they have a lot of
+wash sales over there so we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash sales over there so we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash sales over there so we don't know
+how real these volume figures are um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how real these volume figures are um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how real these volume figures are um the
+other thing that I find interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I find interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I find interesting is
+the average trade side two hundred to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average trade side two hundred to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average trade side two hundred to a
+thousand bucks a couple of them a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bucks a couple of them a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bucks a couple of them a couple
+thousand I mean these are not large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I mean these are not large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I mean these are not large
+transactions Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20 20 million account so I went around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 million account so I went around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 million account so I went around
+trying to find a list of the membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a list of the membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a list of the membership
+and I couldn't find it for others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't find it for others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I couldn't find it for others and
+maybe it's kind of it's a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's kind of it's a little harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's kind of it's a little harder
+than pumping your numbers through wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pumping your numbers through wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pumping your numbers through wash
+trading I mean you could also lie about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading I mean you could also lie about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading I mean you could also lie about
+your membership and even coinbase is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your membership and even coinbase is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your membership and even coinbase is 20
+million doesn't mean they're active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million doesn't mean they're active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million doesn't mean they're active
+members claim base so here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members claim base so here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members claim base so here is another
+way to look at it is by legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it is by legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it is by legal
+jurisdiction same database you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction same database you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction same database you're gonna
+have eight or ten slides to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight or ten slides to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight or ten slides to the same
+database coinbase is in the US and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database coinbase is in the US and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database coinbase is in the US and this
+would say that it was a little less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that it was a little less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that it was a little less than
+a hundred and forty thousand oh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred and forty thousand oh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred and forty thousand oh I can't
+quite see where that line comes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite see where that line comes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite see where that line comes maybe
+it's a hundred million a day and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hundred million a day and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hundred million a day and this is
+just the month of October so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the month of October so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the month of October so that's
+where Shaun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's listed there and the seychelles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's listed there and the seychelles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's listed there and the seychelles at
+300 for bait Pro I'm not sure why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 for bait Pro I'm not sure why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 for bait Pro I'm not sure why it's
+not listed on this it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not listed on this it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not listed on this it's the same
+database it's not there yeah there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database it's not there yeah there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database it's not there yeah there it is
+number five number five so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five number five so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five number five so what would
+you take around around this about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take around around this about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take around around this about the
+the great financial centers of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great financial centers of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great financial centers of the world
+yes all right so the question is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so the question is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so the question is this
+looks like a lot more volume that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a lot more volume that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a lot more volume that's
+actually happening and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening and I'm going to
+agree with you why do you think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you why do you think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you why do you think that's
+possible two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right mommy your first name Jack sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mommy your first name Jack sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mommy your first name Jack sir
+Jack's point is well maybe not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack's point is well maybe not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack's point is well maybe not all of
+this is going to the blockchain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to the blockchain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to the blockchain it's
+happening on a spreadsheet in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on a spreadsheet in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on a spreadsheet in some cases
+in Excel spreadsheet but I'm not aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Excel spreadsheet but I'm not aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Excel spreadsheet but I'm not aware
+of anybody storing it even on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anybody storing it even on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anybody storing it even on a
+blockchain within the coin base or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain within the coin base or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain within the coin base or
+Kraken or bubai's system second reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it might be using a second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might be using a second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might be using a second layer
+solution or a lightening or second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or a lightening or second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or a lightening or second layer
+that's quite possible even though I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite possible even though I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite possible even though I'm
+not aware if there's a lot of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third reason there's a lot of currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third reason there's a lot of currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third reason there's a lot of currency
+crosses here this is not just Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses here this is not just Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses here this is not just Bitcoin
+there's probably two to three thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably two to three thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably two to three thousand
+different pairs that get traded on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs that get traded on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs that get traded on any
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+Bitcoin ether Bitcoin dollar Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin ether Bitcoin dollar Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin ether Bitcoin dollar Bitcoin
+tether you can Bitcoin Bitcoin cash but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tether you can Bitcoin Bitcoin cash but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tether you can Bitcoin Bitcoin cash but
+a lot of the the crosses across in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the the crosses across in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the the crosses across in
+foreign currency land is two currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign currency land is two currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign currency land is two currencies
+it's often called a currency pair US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called a currency pair US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called a currency pair US
+dollar versus you are US dollar versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar versus you are US dollar versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar versus you are US dollar versus
+yet these recurrency pairs but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet these recurrency pairs but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet these recurrency pairs but now we
+can if we can use the same terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if we can use the same terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if we can use the same terminology
+here there's thousands of crosses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's thousands of crosses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's thousands of crosses or
+pairs so it's not all Bitcoin but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so it's not all Bitcoin but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so it's not all Bitcoin but the
+first reasons the biggest one what Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reasons the biggest one what Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reasons the biggest one what Jack
+said not all of these exchanges will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said not all of these exchanges will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said not all of these exchanges will
+settle to a blockchain immediately in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle to a blockchain immediately in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle to a blockchain immediately in
+fact it's costly even for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's costly even for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's costly even for them so
+they'll take some price risk and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take some price risk and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take some price risk and if they
+have enough customers and their market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough customers and their market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough customers and their market
+making on the other side they'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making on the other side they'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making on the other side they'll take
+some Christ risk and they might settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Christ risk and they might settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Christ risk and they might settle
+to the blockchain multiple times a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blockchain multiple times a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blockchain multiple times a day
+but only settle when there have exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only settle when there have exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only settle when there have exposure
+and I don't know their risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know their risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know their risk management
+might be I'll settle when I'm long ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be I'll settle when I'm long ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be I'll settle when I'm long ten
+Bitcoin or short ten Bitcoin but take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin or short ten Bitcoin but take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin or short ten Bitcoin but take
+some price exposure that risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some price exposure that risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some price exposure that risk management
+in essence coinbase or cracking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence coinbase or cracking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence coinbase or cracking or
+gemini or who buy or basic saying I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gemini or who buy or basic saying I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gemini or who buy or basic saying I'll
+take some price exposure and only settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some price exposure and only settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some price exposure and only settle
+to the ultimate settlement finality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ultimate settlement finality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ultimate settlement finality the
+blockchain several times a day which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain several times a day which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain several times a day which of
+course takes ten to sixty minutes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course takes ten to sixty minutes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course takes ten to sixty minutes as
+well so that that's happened here good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that that's happened here good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that that's happened here good
+observation yes Isabel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Isabella's raised the koi bass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Isabella's raised the koi bass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Isabella's raised the koi bass
+promotes that they have a secure custody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes that they have a secure custody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes that they have a secure custody
+solution and part of it is keeping your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and part of it is keeping your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and part of it is keeping your
+Bitcoin off of the network the term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin off of the network the term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin off of the network the term is
+keeping it in cold wallets instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it in cold wallets instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it in cold wallets instead of a
+hot wallet anybody know what a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot wallet anybody know what a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot wallet anybody know what a hot
+wallet is Eric its software based wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet is Eric its software based wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet is Eric its software based wallet
+that's connected currently connected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connected currently connected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connected currently connected as
+opposed to a wallet that's disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a wallet that's disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a wallet that's disconnected
+and not signed up let me hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not signed up let me hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not signed up let me hold that
+question because I've got a slide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because I've got a slide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because I've got a slide on
+that but yes the answer is others also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yes the answer is others also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yes the answer is others also
+have cold storage mount GOx five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cold storage mount GOx five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cold storage mount GOx five years
+ago didn't have much cold storage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago didn't have much cold storage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago didn't have much cold storage but
+what other observation here about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other observation here about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other observation here about the
+great financial centers of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great financial centers of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great financial centers of the world
+James they're tax havens lotta finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James they're tax havens lotta finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James they're tax havens lotta finance
+in ok X now again whether the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ok X now again whether the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ok X now again whether the finance
+and okay X numbers are legit you're Hong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay X numbers are legit you're Hong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay X numbers are legit you're Hong
+Kong right yeah you're Hong Kong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong right yeah you're Hong Kong yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong right yeah you're Hong Kong yeah
+the British Virgin Islands Seychelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British Virgin Islands Seychelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British Virgin Islands Seychelles
+you know it's kind of so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of so there's some
+regulatory arbitrage going on and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory arbitrage going on and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory arbitrage going on and these
+are the countries where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the countries where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the countries where they're
+registered not necessarily the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered not necessarily the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered not necessarily the country
+of the real operations some are were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the real operations some are were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the real operations some are were
+Hugh buys one that started in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugh buys one that started in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugh buys one that started in in the
+People's Republic but in Beijing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People's Republic but in Beijing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People's Republic but in Beijing but
+they rear edge' stirred elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mean you don't know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean you don't know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean you don't know them
+does anybody want it's a Priya there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want it's a Priya there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want it's a Priya there you
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+I'm surprised that you haven't learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm surprised that you haven't learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm surprised that you haven't learned
+about this financial center okay uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this financial center okay uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this financial center okay uh-huh
+James is gonna tell us more about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James is gonna tell us more about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James is gonna tell us more about it and
+how much it costs to go I'm an Expedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it costs to go I'm an Expedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it costs to go I'm an Expedia
+during sip week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during sip week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during sip week
+I think Sloan's would benefit from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Sloan's would benefit from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Sloan's would benefit from a
+sure trip okay so this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure trip okay so this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure trip okay so this is a different
+way to measure if this is not on volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to measure if this is not on volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to measure if this is not on volume
+I'm gonna take a second this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take a second this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take a second this is just
+number of major exchanges and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of major exchanges and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of major exchanges and there's
+the eight big ones in the u.s. starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight big ones in the u.s. starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight big ones in the u.s. starting
+with the biggest coinbase bit tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the biggest coinbase bit tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the biggest coinbase bit tracks
+Polonia acts that we talked about crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polonia acts that we talked about crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polonia acts that we talked about crack
+and Gemini it bit those are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gemini it bit those are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gemini it bit those are the ones
+they're kind of us-based that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of us-based that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of us-based that some of
+you in the u.s. might have I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the u.s. might have I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the u.s. might have I think on
+this chart if you don't find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart if you don't find your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart if you don't find your
+exchange on this chart I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange on this chart I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange on this chart I would be
+alright alright maybe because they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright alright maybe because they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright alright maybe because they might
+have already failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already failed
+whatever exchange you have but Eric who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever exchange you have but Eric who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever exchange you have but Eric who
+are you looking for all right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you looking for all right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you looking for all right these
+slides are all beyond canvas I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are all beyond canvas I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are all beyond canvas I'm sorry
+joke Quinn you had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what all of the exchanges did very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all of the exchanges did very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all of the exchanges did very
+early on this is starting right in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on this is starting right in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on this is starting right in late
+10 and and 11 they set up a count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and and 11 they set up a count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and and 11 they set up a count
+structure literally on Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure literally on Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure literally on Excel
+spreadsheets been an account structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets been an account structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets been an account structure
+for all of their customers and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of their customers and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of their customers and let's say
+that you're buying Bitcoin and Kelly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're buying Bitcoin and Kelly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're buying Bitcoin and Kelly a
+selling maybe I could I could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling maybe I could I could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling maybe I could I could do that
+transaction between you and Kelly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction between you and Kelly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction between you and Kelly right
+on on this is gonna be called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this is gonna be called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this is gonna be called the
+Gensler exchanged right on the Gensler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gensler exchanged right on the Gensler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gensler exchanged right on the Gensler
+exchange so I don't need to move that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so I don't need to move that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so I don't need to move that to
+the blockchain because oh one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain because oh one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain because oh one really
+important thing what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing what happens when you
+open an account I'm sorry it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open an account I'm sorry it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open an account I'm sorry it's a good
+question now I realized I skipped over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now I realized I skipped over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now I realized I skipped over
+something what happens when you open an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what happens when you open an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what happens when you open an
+account at a crypto exchange only you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account at a crypto exchange only you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account at a crypto exchange only you do
+you might do KYC naml but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do KYC naml but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do KYC naml but that's not
+what we're looking for you what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for you what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for you what's it
+what you you might be but actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you you might be but actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you you might be but actually what
+I'm looking for is what happens to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for is what happens to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for is what happens to your
+I have Bitcoin and I open an account or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Bitcoin and I open an account or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Bitcoin and I open an account or
+I have US dollars and I open an account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have US dollars and I open an account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have US dollars and I open an account
+I summon a user agreement with them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I summon a user agreement with them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I summon a user agreement with them that
+they're gonna store any of my crypto in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna store any of my crypto in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna store any of my crypto in
+their name coinbase kraken who by they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their name coinbase kraken who by they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their name coinbase kraken who by they
+are not storing it in alphas name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not storing it in alphas name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not storing it in alphas name I
+don't know if you have an account but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you have an account but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you have an account but
+I'm just using you if alpha has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using you if alpha has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using you if alpha has an
+account he signs a user agreement he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account he signs a user agreement he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account he signs a user agreement he
+says when I buy Bitcoin it's in a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says when I buy Bitcoin it's in a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says when I buy Bitcoin it's in a at
+best it's on this excel spell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best it's on this excel spell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best it's on this excel spell it's
+probably better in an Excel spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better in an Excel spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better in an Excel spreadsheet
+but it's in their database in alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in their database in alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in their database in alphas
+name but on the Bitcoin blockchain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but on the Bitcoin blockchain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but on the Bitcoin blockchain it's
+in a bunch of Bitcoin addresses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of Bitcoin addresses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of Bitcoin addresses that
+coinbase controls or cracking controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we has a nametag on a separate ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we has a nametag on a separate ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we has a nametag on a separate ledger
+you have some legal rights against crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some legal rights against crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some legal rights against crack
+in her Gemini I mean you you you do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her Gemini I mean you you you do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her Gemini I mean you you you do I
+mean correct that's correct and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean correct that's correct and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean correct that's correct and so
+because both of you Kelly and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because both of you Kelly and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because both of you Kelly and you have
+signed some agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed some agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed some agreement
+they're moving Bitcoin to Kelly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving Bitcoin to Kelly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving Bitcoin to Kelly and
+Bitcoin to you or if you put US dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin to you or if you put US dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin to you or if you put US dollars
+in and you're buying Bitcoin but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you're buying Bitcoin but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you're buying Bitcoin but it's
+because the market the customers want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market the customers want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market the customers want it
+that way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so decentralized exchange is again based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so decentralized exchange is again based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so decentralized exchange is again based
+on crypto compares these are the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on crypto compares these are the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on crypto compares these are the top
+five in October by volume but it's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in October by volume but it's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in October by volume but it's these
+are not the five you read about most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the five you read about most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the five you read about most the
+article that you read talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that you read talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that you read talked about
+others so I don't have the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so I don't have the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so I don't have the deep
+confidence in these but I these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in these but I these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in these but I these are the
+numbers of crypto compare could pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of crypto compare could pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of crypto compare could pull
+together and you can see they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can see they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can see they're much
+smaller numbers in aggregate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller numbers in aggregate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller numbers in aggregate in the
+crypto compare database it's only 0.4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto compare database it's only 0.4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto compare database it's only 0.4%
+of the volume so how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume so how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume so how many of you have
+Robin Hood app on your phones no 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robin Hood app on your phones no 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robin Hood app on your phones no 10 of
+you do you pay any fees for securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you pay any fees for securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you pay any fees for securities
+transactions to remind me of your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions to remind me of your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions to remind me of your name
+here no anybody pay any fees to Robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no anybody pay any fees to Robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no anybody pay any fees to Robin
+Hood no that kind of neat well you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hood no that kind of neat well you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hood no that kind of neat well you do
+you pay some fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and your name is Isaac right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and your name is Isaac right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and your name is Isaac right so
+Isaac's guide they saw your data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac's guide they saw your data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac's guide they saw your data and
+they so your flow what was the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so your flow what was the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so your flow what was the third
+thing you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so three things your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so three things your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so three things your data
+your flow and what I said caught float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flow and what I said caught float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flow and what I said caught float
+but I could call that they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could call that they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could call that they have the
+Securities to lend stock bar or stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities to lend stock bar or stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities to lend stock bar or stock
+lend and those are the three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend and those are the three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend and those are the three ways
+how does Facebook make money they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does Facebook make money they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does Facebook make money they have
+your data so we live in a time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data so we live in a time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data so we live in a time where
+we're platforms sell your data and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're platforms sell your data and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're platforms sell your data and use
+your data to sell advertisement all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data to sell advertisement all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data to sell advertisement all
+right so there's a premium service where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a premium service where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a premium service where
+you maybe could get further they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe could get further they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe could get further they sell
+your flow what that means is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flow what that means is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flow what that means is there are
+parties that will pay brokerage houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties that will pay brokerage houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties that will pay brokerage houses
+payment for order flow Vanguard does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment for order flow Vanguard does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment for order flow Vanguard does it
+as well it's not fidelity probably does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's not fidelity probably does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's not fidelity probably does
+I'm not certain but many big brokerage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not certain but many big brokerage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not certain but many big brokerage
+firms when we all work with them and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms when we all work with them and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms when we all work with them and my
+account at Vanguard I have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account at Vanguard I have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account at Vanguard I have zero
+commissions but I know they're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions but I know they're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions but I know they're selling
+my Porter flow so who would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Porter flow so who would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Porter flow so who would be
+interested in the data or who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the data or who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the data or who is
+interested in the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay now who's interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now who's interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now who's interested in the
+data or the actual order flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or the actual order flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or the actual order flow of
+financial transactions Tom wait hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial transactions Tom wait hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial transactions Tom wait hedge
+funds what type of trading entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds what type of trading entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds what type of trading entities
+high-frequency traders so I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that Robin Hood signed contracts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Robin Hood signed contracts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Robin Hood signed contracts with
+initially I think three and then five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I think three and then five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I think three and then five
+high frequency trading shops and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency trading shops and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency trading shops and I've
+been told a number of those names I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told a number of those names I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told a number of those names I
+don't know if they're public so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they're public so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they're public so I'm not
+going to repeat them on the camera but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat them on the camera but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat them on the camera but
+but big a couple of them us-based high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but big a couple of them us-based high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but big a couple of them us-based high
+frequency trading shops why would a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency trading shops why would a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency trading shops why would a high
+frequency trading shop but pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency trading shop but pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency trading shop but pay for it
+Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why would a high frequency trading shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a high frequency trading shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a high frequency trading shop
+pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they think there's some value Isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they think there's some value Isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they think there's some value Isaac
+yeah you confront right right so anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you confront right right so anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you confront right right so anybody
+have read you know some of the books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read you know some of the books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read you know some of the books on
+high-frequency trading you confront rum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-frequency trading you confront rum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-frequency trading you confront rum
+but there's also value to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also value to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also value to answer
+regime's question there's value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime's question there's value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime's question there's value in the
+order flow because if you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order flow because if you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order flow because if you can see that
+the markets leaning just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets leaning just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets leaning just a little bit
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+even for a few seconds you can optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for a few seconds you can optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for a few seconds you can optimize
+your algorithms and make money off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your algorithms and make money off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your algorithms and make money off of
+that and the US equity markets well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the US equity markets well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the US equity markets well over
+60% of the US equity markets are trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of the US equity markets are trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of the US equity markets are trading
+with high-frequency trading right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high-frequency trading right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high-frequency trading right now
+any daily volume in the commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any daily volume in the commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any daily volume in the commodity
+markets when I was at the CFTC some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets when I was at the CFTC some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets when I was at the CFTC some some
+contracts we thought it could be as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts we thought it could be as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts we thought it could be as much
+as 90 percent the SP 500 futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 90 percent the SP 500 futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 90 percent the SP 500 futures
+contract or the interest rate contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or the interest rate contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or the interest rate contracts
+very significantly and they they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significantly and they they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significantly and they they provide
+a service there's a market making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service there's a market making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service there's a market making
+function those high-frequency traders do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those high-frequency traders do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those high-frequency traders do
+and they and mostly they do it legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and mostly they do it legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and mostly they do it legally
+but there's a value to that order flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a value to that order flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a value to that order flow
+and so payment for order flow is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so payment for order flow is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so payment for order flow is a very
+critical part of financial markets all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical part of financial markets all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical part of financial markets all
+the way around the globe and any highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around the globe and any highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around the globe and any highly
+liquid currency market bond markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid currency market bond markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid currency market bond markets
+equity markets and yes Bitcoin so Robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity markets and yes Bitcoin so Robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity markets and yes Bitcoin so Robin
+Hood Aaron do you trade Bitcoin on arity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hood Aaron do you trade Bitcoin on arity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hood Aaron do you trade Bitcoin on arity
+trade regular equity it's on your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade regular equity it's on your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade regular equity it's on your phone
+all right but the one or two times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the one or two times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the one or two times you
+used it you had zero fee because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it you had zero fee because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it you had zero fee because some
+trading house in Chicago has a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading house in Chicago has a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading house in Chicago has a contract
+with Robin Hood to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Robin Hood to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Robin Hood to do that
+and Jeff sprecher who you'll meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jeff sprecher who you'll meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jeff sprecher who you'll meet
+Thursday will tell you Robin Hood with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday will tell you Robin Hood with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday will tell you Robin Hood with
+five million accounts now that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million accounts now that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million accounts now that's a real
+threat to the brokerage model why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat to the brokerage model why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat to the brokerage model why why
+why would people of mostly of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would people of mostly of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would people of mostly of your
+generation or Millennials because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation or Millennials because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation or Millennials because you're
+not just some of your Gen X's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just some of your Gen X's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just some of your Gen X's I think
+but I'm a baby boomer I know where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm a baby boomer I know where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm a baby boomer I know where I am
+but but Millennials way you get so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but Millennials way you get so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but Millennials way you get so many
+services for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services for
+a Robin Hood saw an opportunity and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Robin Hood saw an opportunity and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Robin Hood saw an opportunity and they
+have all the sudden got five million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the sudden got five million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the sudden got five million
+customers but that's how they that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers but that's how they that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers but that's how they that's how
+that is a very good question and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very good question and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very good question and so
+moving a little long just to give you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little long just to give you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little long just to give you so
+these are the main things from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the main things from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the main things from this
+crypto compare just in October to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto compare just in October to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto compare just in October to give
+you a sense two thirds of the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense two thirds of the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense two thirds of the volume
+they measure spot one third is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure spot one third is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure spot one third is
+derivatives and we're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and we're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and we're not talking about
+the Chicago Mercantile Exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chicago Mercantile Exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chicago Mercantile Exchange the
+biggest derivatives exchange actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest derivatives exchange actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest derivatives exchange actually in
+crypto is bit max it has a perpetual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto is bit max it has a perpetual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto is bit max it has a perpetual
+Bitcoin swap and the perpetual eath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin swap and the perpetual eath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin swap and the perpetual eath that
+has no settlement a highly leveraged you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no settlement a highly leveraged you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no settlement a highly leveraged you
+can put one percent margin down at 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put one percent margin down at 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put one percent margin down at 99
+percent borrow and every 10 hours it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent borrow and every 10 hours it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent borrow and every 10 hours it
+reap rices but it's a perpetual rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reap rices but it's a perpetual rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reap rices but it's a perpetual rolling
+ten-hour future and that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-hour future and that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-hour future and that's why it's
+caught a perpetual Ross I saw you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a perpetual Ross I saw you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a perpetual Ross I saw you look
+quizzical it's made perpetual because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzical it's made perpetual because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzical it's made perpetual because
+it's rolling ten our pricing settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rolling ten our pricing settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rolling ten our pricing settlements
+but you don't settle at ten hours you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't settle at ten hours you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't settle at ten hours you
+have to either post more margin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to either post more margin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to either post more margin or
+receive profit every ten hours what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive profit every ten hours what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive profit every ten hours what's it
+because a 10 hour future might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a 10 hour future might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a 10 hour future might not have
+you or me continue in the contract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or me continue in the contract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or me continue in the contract so
+they created a perpetual rolling that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created a perpetual rolling that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created a perpetual rolling that's
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit max is the largest in this volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit max is the largest in this volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit max is the largest in this volume
+they say they don't operate in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they don't operate in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they don't operate in the US
+cuz if they did it would definitely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if they did it would definitely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if they did it would definitely have
+to register with the Commodity Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register with the Commodity Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register with the Commodity Futures
+Trading Commission but whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trading Commission but whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trading Commission but whether they
+operate in the US or not is probably for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in the US or not is probably for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in the US or not is probably for
+some other people to figure out crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people to figure out crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people to figure out crypto
+to crypto versus Fiat to crypto 70% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crypto versus Fiat to crypto 70% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crypto versus Fiat to crypto 70% of
+the volume is on crypto to crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume is on crypto to crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume is on crypto to crypto
+exchanges again we don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges again we don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges again we don't know if the
+volume figures are accurate but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume figures are accurate but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume figures are accurate but just
+based on these figures so the ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these figures so the ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these figures so the ecosystem
+is still 2/3 crypto to crypto rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still 2/3 crypto to crypto rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still 2/3 crypto to crypto rather
+than switching out to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decentralized we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized we already talked about
+this really important innovation I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really important innovation I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really important innovation I think
+it's gonna we're gonna see more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna we're gonna see more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna we're gonna see more about
+decentralized but right now we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized but right now we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized but right now we're still
+at the early days Bitcoin versus Fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the early days Bitcoin versus Fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the early days Bitcoin versus Fiat
+this is just the month of October but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the month of October but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the month of October but
+50% was versus u.s. dollar 21% yen Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% was versus u.s. dollar 21% yen Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% was versus u.s. dollar 21% yen Korea
+who's from Korea here anybody do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's from Korea here anybody do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's from Korea here anybody do we have
+anybody so tell us a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody so tell us a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody so tell us a little bit about
+that figure why 16% Korea your views I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that figure why 16% Korea your views I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that figure why 16% Korea your views I
+know there's no readings on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any of any other views good trip not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of any other views good trip not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of any other views good trip not
+you're here are you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure it's just pure up or down getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure it's just pure up or down getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure it's just pure up or down getting
+round curious to us capital controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round curious to us capital controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round curious to us capital controls
+know there's a kimchi premium even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a kimchi premium even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a kimchi premium even the
+Bitcoin sells for a little bit more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin sells for a little bit more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin sells for a little bit more and
+it's what it's caught I didn't make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what it's caught I didn't make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what it's caught I didn't make that
+term up there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term up there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term up there's a little bit of a
+premium and there's some academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and there's some academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and there's some academic
+studies one well and how that widens a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies one well and how that widens a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies one well and how that widens a
+narrow sometimes depending upon what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow sometimes depending upon what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow sometimes depending upon what the
+government's doing it's better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's doing it's better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's doing it's better in
+single-digit percent but you might pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-digit percent but you might pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-digit percent but you might pay
+three or four percent premium sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four percent premium sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four percent premium sometimes
+it's one and a half percent premium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one and a half percent premium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one and a half percent premium but
+there's a premium on the Korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a premium on the Korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a premium on the Korean
+exchanges but three years ago what cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges but three years ago what cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges but three years ago what cross
+do you think was the law just over fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think was the law just over fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think was the law just over fifty
+percent just three years ago it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent just three years ago it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent just three years ago it's not
+even on that chart right now Tom Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on that chart right now Tom Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on that chart right now Tom Graham
+MB in 2015 and 2016 over half the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB in 2015 and 2016 over half the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB in 2015 and 2016 over half the market
+was REM MB Bitcoin kind of got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was REM MB Bitcoin kind of got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was REM MB Bitcoin kind of got the
+attention from the Chinese central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention from the Chinese central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention from the Chinese central bank
+by 2017 that all changed and the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2017 that all changed and the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2017 that all changed and the u.s.
+dollar thing then kind of took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar thing then kind of took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar thing then kind of took that
+space and a lot of folks that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and a lot of folks that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and a lot of folks that gets
+really US dollar to tether to Bitcoin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really US dollar to tether to Bitcoin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really US dollar to tether to Bitcoin or
+other ways this fluctuates these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways this fluctuates these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways this fluctuates these these
+numbers aren't stable there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers aren't stable there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers aren't stable there's some
+months that yen is the biggest number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months that yen is the biggest number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months that yen is the biggest number we
+talked about the country's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the country's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the country's wonderful
+financial centers and then kyc an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial centers and then kyc an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial centers and then kyc an
+interesting statistic no this is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statistic no this is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statistic no this is about a
+hundred and forty exchanges that crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty exchanges that crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty exchanges that crypto
+compare house in their database and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare house in their database and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare house in their database and they
+say only half of them 47% observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say only half of them 47% observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say only half of them 47% observed
+strict no your customer a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict no your customer a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict no your customer a quarter
+partial and 28% absolutely none zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial and 28% absolutely none zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial and 28% absolutely none zero no
+that's just sort of stay to play crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of stay to play crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of stay to play crypto
+I hope none of those 28% are operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope none of those 28% are operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope none of those 28% are operating
+in the u.s. but they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. but they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. but they might be
+so what are the policy challenges one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the policy challenges one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the policy challenges one is
+the markets are readily susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets are readily susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets are readily susceptible to
+fraud manipulation any market it's human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud manipulation any market it's human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud manipulation any market it's human
+nature I don't think we're gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I don't think we're gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I don't think we're gonna take
+the human out of human it's gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human out of human it's gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human out of human it's gonna look
+for angles look for ways to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for angles look for ways to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for angles look for ways to make
+opportunities even the best meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities even the best meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities even the best meaning
+folks if you hold the assets in custody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks if you hold the assets in custody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks if you hold the assets in custody
+and you might make the markets because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might make the markets because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might make the markets because
+you're not settling to the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not settling to the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not settling to the blockchain
+even for short walls this market model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for short walls this market model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for short walls this market model
+this business model is to make markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business model is to make markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business model is to make markets
+maybe there's inherent conflicts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's inherent conflicts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's inherent conflicts of
+interest there's conflicts of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest there's conflicts of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest there's conflicts of interest
+and pretty much all of finance but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much all of finance but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much all of finance but then
+we try to manage we either manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to manage we either manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to manage we either manage
+conflicts of interest by certain rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts of interest by certain rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts of interest by certain rules
+about transparency or certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transparency or certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transparency or certain
+prohibitions about in the custody world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitions about in the custody world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitions about in the custody world
+bank's hold custody as well but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank's hold custody as well but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank's hold custody as well but we
+prohibit them from using your assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit them from using your assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit them from using your assets
+unless you permission them to use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you permission them to use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you permission them to use your
+assets and things like that so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and things like that so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and things like that so what we
+try to you it usually is build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you it usually is build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you it usually is build some
+system of transparency and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of transparency and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of transparency and an
+affirmative responsibilities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative responsibilities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative responsibilities or
+prohibitive actions those three buckets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitive actions those three buckets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitive actions those three buckets
+transparency some affirmative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency some affirmative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency some affirmative
+responsibilities and prohibited actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and prohibited actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and prohibited actions
+around conflicts but this space has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around conflicts but this space has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around conflicts but this space has the
+conflicts without much of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts without much of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts without much of those three
+things transparency either obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things transparency either obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things transparency either obligations
+or prohibitive actions so inevitably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prohibitive actions so inevitably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prohibitive actions so inevitably I
+think it's human nature you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's human nature you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's human nature you're gonna
+have some you know kind of games going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some you know kind of games going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some you know kind of games going
+on the custodial arrangements we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the custodial arrangements we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the custodial arrangements we talked
+about big challenge we're gonna see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about big challenge we're gonna see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about big challenge we're gonna see a
+little bit more about that complying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about that complying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about that complying
+with any money laundering at kyc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any money laundering at kyc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any money laundering at kyc and
+implementing tax reporting in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing tax reporting in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing tax reporting in the u.s.
+at least in the u.s. brokers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the u.s. brokers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the u.s. brokers have to
+report to the government when you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to the government when you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to the government when you buy
+and sell something this was not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell something this was not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell something this was not true
+thirty and fifty years ago but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty and fifty years ago but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty and fifty years ago but we've
+come to a place where I think it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a place where I think it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a place where I think it was in
+the last 15 to 20 years laws changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 15 to 20 years laws changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 15 to 20 years laws changed
+maybe Ross maybe you know in your legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Ross maybe you know in your legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Ross maybe you know in your legal
+workup but Louis change were broker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup but Louis change were broker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup but Louis change were broker
+chasis after report and and and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasis after report and and and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasis after report and and and those
+reports go into the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports go into the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports go into the u.s.
+government in other countries so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in other countries so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in other countries so the
+brokers say James sold this many shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokers say James sold this many shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokers say James sold this many shares
+of this and they had a basis of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and they had a basis of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and they had a basis of that and
+there's more tax compliance here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more tax compliance here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more tax compliance here there's
+no broker so it's hard to attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no broker so it's hard to attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no broker so it's hard to attach
+something and some of the exchangers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and some of the exchangers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and some of the exchangers are
+rather slow when the IRS comes knocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather slow when the IRS comes knocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather slow when the IRS comes knocking
+coinbase and the IRS had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase and the IRS had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase and the IRS had a little
+kerfuffle I'd call it when the IRS asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerfuffle I'd call it when the IRS asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerfuffle I'd call it when the IRS asked
+for data and there then 13 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for data and there then 13 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for data and there then 13 million
+customers and they settled because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and they settled because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and they settled because the
+IRS was bringing an action against him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS was bringing an action against him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS was bringing an action against him
+when they wouldn't give him any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they wouldn't give him any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they wouldn't give him any
+information and they they settled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and they they settled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and they they settled and
+gave him information on their 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him information on their 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him information on their 10 or
+20,000 most active accounts but for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 most active accounts but for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 most active accounts but for a
+while right now the coin basis can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while right now the coin basis can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while right now the coin basis can act
+like they're Swiss bank accounts I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're Swiss bank accounts I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're Swiss bank accounts I hope
+is anybody from Switzerland all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anybody from Switzerland all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anybody from Switzerland all right
+then I can say it but but you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can say it but but you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can say it but but you know for
+decades wait who you live there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades wait who you live there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades wait who you live there well
+what did for decades maybe centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did for decades maybe centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did for decades maybe centuries
+Swiss bank accounts being known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss bank accounts being known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss bank accounts being known for
+secrecy secrecy that was their there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy secrecy that was their there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy secrecy that was their there
+they had a lot of other good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a lot of other good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a lot of other good things
+going on but that was one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but that was one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but that was one of their
+marketing points secrecy it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing points secrecy it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing points secrecy it's a little
+harder now but it's still relative to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder now but it's still relative to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder now but it's still relative to a
+German bank or a French bank probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German bank or a French bank probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German bank or a French bank probably a
+little bit more secret right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but crypto exchanges are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but crypto exchanges are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but crypto exchanges are still
+thinking oh well how can we give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking oh well how can we give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking oh well how can we give up
+secrecy because competitively other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy because competitively other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy because competitively other
+exchanges aren't doing it so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges aren't doing it so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges aren't doing it so I think
+coinbase was trying to be good citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase was trying to be good citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase was trying to be good citizens
+but also not give everything to the IRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not give everything to the IRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also not give everything to the IRS
+state IRS wanted there's a big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state IRS wanted there's a big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state IRS wanted there's a big question
+of what's a security what's a commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's a security what's a commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's a security what's a commodity
+what's a derivative and in in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a derivative and in in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a derivative and in in every
+legal jurisdiction around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal jurisdiction around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal jurisdiction around the globe
+securities exchanges are regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities exchanges are regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities exchanges are regulated
+pretty much in every jurisdiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much in every jurisdiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much in every jurisdiction so
+what is the security and what's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the security and what's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the security and what's not a
+security does relate to what's currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security does relate to what's currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security does relate to what's currently
+regulated under current law I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated under current law I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated under current law I've
+testified in the US Congress and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testified in the US Congress and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testified in the US Congress and I say
+regardless of that if it's even just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of that if it's even just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of that if it's even just a
+commodity like Bitcoin and under US law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity like Bitcoin and under US law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity like Bitcoin and under US law
+is considered a commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered a commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered a commodity
+you probably want these exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want these exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want these exchanges
+regulated and if it's a derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and if it's a derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and if it's a derivative in
+most jurisdictions it also is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most jurisdictions it also is regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most jurisdictions it also is regulated
+so the first and the third in that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first and the third in that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first and the third in that list
+securities and derivatives exchanges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and derivatives exchanges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and derivatives exchanges are
+regulated in most jurisdictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated in most jurisdictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated in most jurisdictions
+commodity exchanges or not but not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity exchanges or not but not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity exchanges or not but not at
+all so the definitional thing also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so the definitional thing also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so the definitional thing also
+relates to what comes in so in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to what comes in so in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to what comes in so in the u.s.
+there are a number of exchanges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of exchanges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of exchanges that
+will I would predict in the next 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I would predict in the next 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I would predict in the next 18
+months register with the Security and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months register with the Security and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months register with the Security and
+Exchange Commission is broker-dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission is broker-dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission is broker-dealers
+under regulation alternative trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under regulation alternative trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under regulation alternative trading
+system reg 80s but I think that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system reg 80s but I think that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system reg 80s but I think that they
+will only do it if they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only do it if they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only do it if they're there
+category 1 they have a bunch of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category 1 they have a bunch of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category 1 they have a bunch of initial
+coin tokens that are so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tokens that are so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tokens that are so clearly
+securities they register but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities they register but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities they register but what if
+you're only trading Bitcoin only trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only trading Bitcoin only trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only trading Bitcoin only trading
+Bitcoin and atth and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and atth and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and atth and so forth
+those might say I don't want to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those might say I don't want to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those might say I don't want to have all
+those added costs so question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those added costs so question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those added costs so question for
+Thursday is why did the Intercontinental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday is why did the Intercontinental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday is why did the Intercontinental
+exchange create a one-day future which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange create a one-day future which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange create a one-day future which
+appears to be like it was like walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be like it was like walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be like it was like walking
+into and saying I want a regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and saying I want a regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and saying I want a regulated
+exchange as a business proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange as a business proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange as a business proposition
+that's what it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it feels
+like to me that that was sort of part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to me that that was sort of part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to me that that was sort of part of
+that decision set but you can ask one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision set but you can ask one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision set but you can ask one
+Thursday tracking beneficial ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday tracking beneficial ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday tracking beneficial ownership
+we've tracked beneficial ownership in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tracked beneficial ownership in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tracked beneficial ownership in
+the securities markets for long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the securities markets for long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the securities markets for long time
+from the first joint stock companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first joint stock companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first joint stock companies
+because you track beneficial ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you track beneficial ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you track beneficial ownership
+to ensure that somebody gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that somebody gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that somebody gets their
+dividends and if they're voting on once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends and if they're voting on once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends and if they're voting on once
+a year on the board of directors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year on the board of directors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year on the board of directors and
+things like that but somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but somewhere in the
+last 30 or 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 or 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 or 40 years
+law enforcement agencies said that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law enforcement agencies said that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law enforcement agencies said that's a
+good way to track against money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to track against money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to track against money
+laundering and track against other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundering and track against other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundering and track against other
+things so layered on top of securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so layered on top of securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so layered on top of securities
+laws law enforcement agencies around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws law enforcement agencies around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws law enforcement agencies around the
+globe said we want to know who owns what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe said we want to know who owns what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe said we want to know who owns what
+for the prior 50 to 100 years it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the prior 50 to 100 years it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the prior 50 to 100 years it was
+just securities law that cared about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just securities law that cared about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just securities law that cared about
+tracking beneficial ownership but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking beneficial ownership but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking beneficial ownership but
+there's some international treaty I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some international treaty I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some international treaty I
+can't remember the name of it that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember the name of it that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember the name of it that says
+all securities regulators have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all securities regulators have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all securities regulators have to do
+something extra and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extra and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extra and make sure that
+there's transfer agents and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transfer agents and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transfer agents and there's this
+whole regime of keeping Ledger's of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole regime of keeping Ledger's of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole regime of keeping Ledger's of who
+owns what in addition to this any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns what in addition to this any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns what in addition to this any money
+laundering stuff securities laws have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundering stuff securities laws have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundering stuff securities laws have
+have this embedded in most jurisdictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this embedded in most jurisdictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this embedded in most jurisdictions
+this is a tough one for this space not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tough one for this space not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tough one for this space not
+only because it comes from a libertarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because it comes from a libertarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because it comes from a libertarian
+basis but it's also a tough one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but it's also a tough one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but it's also a tough one just
+technologically just just the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically just just the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically just just the technical
+solutions the crypto exchange is half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the crypto exchange is half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the crypto exchange is half of
+them have what crypto compare says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have what crypto compare says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have what crypto compare says is
+strict any money laundering but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict any money laundering but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict any money laundering but a
+quarter don't have any which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter don't have any which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter don't have any which means
+they're not tracking beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not tracking beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not tracking beneficial
+ownership I think that will that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership I think that will that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership I think that will that will
+slowly get ramped up but if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly get ramped up but if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly get ramped up but if you see a
+lot of a lot of registered exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of registered exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of registered exchanges
+leaving one country for another they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving one country for another they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving one country for another they're
+probably going to a place that has lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to a place that has lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to a place that has lower
+regulation oh and how do you remediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation oh and how do you remediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation oh and how do you remediated
+non-compliant exchange there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliant exchange there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliant exchange there's a bunch
+of exchanges here in the US that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchanges here in the US that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchanges here in the US that will
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+Securities and Exchange Commission can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission can
+do look we're not going to we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do look we're not going to we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do look we're not going to we're not
+going to find you we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find you we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find you we're not going to
+give you penalties for the past can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you penalties for the past can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you penalties for the past can you
+just come into compliance in the next 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come into compliance in the next 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come into compliance in the next 12
+to 18 months that's probably what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 18 months that's probably what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 18 months that's probably what's
+going to happen but like the ether Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen but like the ether Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen but like the ether Delta
+situation just last week they come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation just last week they come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation just last week they come to
+some settlement they say you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some settlement they say you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some settlement they say you've been
+violating the law for the last X number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating the law for the last X number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating the law for the last X number
+of months but how do you come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of months but how do you come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of months but how do you come into
+compliance and so that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance and so that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance and so that would be an
+interesting sort of what level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sort of what level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sort of what level of
+regulatory forbearance will will there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory forbearance will will there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory forbearance will will there
+be I think that at some point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I think that at some point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I think that at some point in time
+there will be fines and penalties but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be fines and penalties but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be fines and penalties but I
+think in in the u.s. context they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in in the u.s. context they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in in the u.s. context they'll
+bring a half a dozen or eight or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a half a dozen or eight or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a half a dozen or eight or ten
+into into regulation and then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into regulation and then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into regulation and then they'll
+they'll bring down a heavier footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll bring down a heavier footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll bring down a heavier footprint
+bring down the hammer of us in 2019 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down the hammer of us in 2019 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down the hammer of us in 2019 or
+2020 I don't think that's gonna be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 I don't think that's gonna be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 I don't think that's gonna be in
+2018 Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so a very good question what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a very good question what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a very good question what does
+being compliant with some broad public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being compliant with some broad public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being compliant with some broad public
+policy norms do and I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy norms do and I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy norms do and I think there's
+probably different business models if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably different business models if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably different business models if
+you're an incumbent like Nasdaq and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an incumbent like Nasdaq and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an incumbent like Nasdaq and
+there was a brief article when a Dean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a brief article when a Dean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a brief article when a Dean of
+Friedman who runs Nasdaq said she wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman who runs Nasdaq said she wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman who runs Nasdaq said she wanted
+to be in this space if your Nasdaq if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in this space if your Nasdaq if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in this space if your Nasdaq if
+your CMA if your Deutsche börse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CMA if your Deutsche börse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CMA if your Deutsche börse and
+Germany if you're ice you really already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany if you're ice you really already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany if you're ice you really already
+know how to be compliant it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to be compliant it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to be compliant it's probably
+advantageous to be registered and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous to be registered and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous to be registered and for
+all those startups to be registered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those startups to be registered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those startups to be registered in
+some ways it creates a barrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it creates a barrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it creates a barrier to
+entries but you you want to do it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries but you you want to do it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries but you you want to do it if
+you're a start-up you could go one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a start-up you could go one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a start-up you could go one or
+two paths so Gemini here in the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two paths so Gemini here in the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two paths so Gemini here in the US and
+coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase
+at least publicly or saying we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least publicly or saying we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least publicly or saying we want to
+be compliant how do we get there code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be compliant how do we get there code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be compliant how do we get there code
+base maybe because now they're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base maybe because now they're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base maybe because now they're almost
+like an incumbent and so they might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an incumbent and so they might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an incumbent and so they might want
+to keep that you know the next round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that you know the next round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that you know the next round of
+startups out but I think around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups out but I think around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups out but I think around the
+globe there's no doubt that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe there's no doubt that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe there's no doubt that it would
+raise cost the question is whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise cost the question is whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise cost the question is whether it
+would either secure your market share or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would either secure your market share or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would either secure your market share or
+flush out some competitors I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush out some competitors I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush out some competitors I would
+contend that it would increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend that it would increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend that it would increase the
+overall size of the market because more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall size of the market because more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall size of the market because more
+people would be interested but some fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be interested but some fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be interested but some fear
+that it would shrink the market because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would shrink the market because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would shrink the market because
+once you if you had known beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you if you had known beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you if you had known beneficial
+ownership if you tracked that official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership if you tracked that official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership if you tracked that official
+ownership for a hundred percent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership for a hundred percent of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership for a hundred percent of this
+market some worried the market would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market some worried the market would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market some worried the market would
+shrink that that's from a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink that that's from a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink that that's from a commercial
+concept meaning like if you're tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept meaning like if you're tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept meaning like if you're tracking
+beneficial ownership its questioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the nature of your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the nature of your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the nature of your question is
+isn't bit coin and crypto about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't bit coin and crypto about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't bit coin and crypto about some
+off-the-rails libertarian / libertarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-rails libertarian / libertarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-rails libertarian / libertarian
+peer-to-peer I think it's Genesis Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer I think it's Genesis Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer I think it's Genesis Eric
+you want to answer I think that to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to answer I think that to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to answer I think that to go
+from a 200 billion dollar market to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a 200 billion dollar market to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a 200 billion dollar market to two
+trillion or 10 trillion it's got to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion or 10 trillion it's got to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion or 10 trillion it's got to come
+inside the public policy envelope I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the public policy envelope I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the public policy envelope I just
+don't see particularly lowering the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see particularly lowering the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see particularly lowering the risk
+of manipulation and fraud then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manipulation and fraud then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manipulation and fraud then you're
+gonna have a broader societal acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a broader societal acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a broader societal acceptance
+and investor protection matters but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investor protection matters but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investor protection matters but you
+know there are others on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are others on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are others on the other side
+of that these are on the numbers I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that these are on the numbers I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that these are on the numbers I'm not
+going to stay on it but this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay on it but this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay on it but this is just to
+say one thing crypto compare does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one thing crypto compare does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one thing crypto compare does is
+average daily visitors versus their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average daily visitors versus their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average daily visitors versus their
+volume coin basis average daily visitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume coin basis average daily visitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume coin basis average daily visitors
+is you can see that a highest red jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can see that a highest red jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can see that a highest red jar
+compared to their volume they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to their volume they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to their volume they probably
+have legitimate use the to Z B and E xx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have legitimate use the to Z B and E xx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have legitimate use the to Z B and E xx
+almost have no visitors and they report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost have no visitors and they report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost have no visitors and they report
+a lot of volume so it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of volume so it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of volume so it's just an
+interesting statistic to sort of say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statistic to sort of say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statistic to sort of say hey
+you know and it might well be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it might well be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it might well be that
+finances volume statistics are accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances volume statistics are accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances volume statistics are accurate
+they're just a crypto to crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a crypto to crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a crypto to crypto exchange
+but they also their ratio of visitors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also their ratio of visitors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also their ratio of visitors to
+volume is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is very
+from the coinbase just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coinbase just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coinbase just to give you a
+little flavor for the craziness out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flavor for the craziness out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flavor for the craziness out
+there investor protection I sort of said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there investor protection I sort of said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there investor protection I sort of said
+investor protection is critical we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection is critical we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection is critical we're
+going to talk about this in in in a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this in in in a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this in in in a week
+or so about initial coin offerings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so about initial coin offerings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so about initial coin offerings but
+it's further than consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's further than consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's further than consumer protection
+and importantly because we address we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and importantly because we address we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and importantly because we address we
+know we are honest we're earnest about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we are honest we're earnest about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we are honest we're earnest about
+we say yes there conflicts of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say yes there conflicts of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say yes there conflicts of interest
+how can we address conflicts of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we address conflicts of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we address conflicts of interest
+you don't band conflicts of interest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't band conflicts of interest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't band conflicts of interest but
+you sort of say is there ways to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of say is there ways to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of say is there ways to manage
+it how do we promote market integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do we promote market integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do we promote market integrity
+through transparency and rules of anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transparency and rules of anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transparency and rules of anti
+manipulation so it's kind of those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation so it's kind of those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation so it's kind of those you
+know the realities of humanity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the realities of humanity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the realities of humanity and then
+we say well how can we sort of put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say well how can we sort of put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say well how can we sort of put some
+traffic lights and speed limits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic lights and speed limits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic lights and speed limits in the
+system to give people confidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to give people confidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to give people confidence to
+drive the roads and by the way rahib I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the roads and by the way rahib I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the roads and by the way rahib I
+can't tell you because I wasn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you because I wasn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you because I wasn't there
+around the debates in the 19-teens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the debates in the 19-teens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the debates in the 19-teens in
+the 1920s but you can be assured there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1920s but you can be assured there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1920s but you can be assured there
+were debates in in in in whether to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were debates in in in in whether to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were debates in in in in whether to put
+the first traffic light out literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first traffic light out literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first traffic light out literally
+you know whether to put the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether to put the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether to put the first
+crosswalks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosswalks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosswalks
+and do traffic lights and cross works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do traffic lights and cross works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do traffic lights and cross works
+restrict the use of automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the use of automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the use of automobiles
+absolutely absolutely but think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely but think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely but think about
+this do they promote the sales of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do they promote the sales of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do they promote the sales of
+automobiles and I would contend they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles and I would contend they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles and I would contend they
+also promoted the sales of automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also promoted the sales of automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also promoted the sales of automobiles
+that simple regulatory intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple regulatory intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple regulatory intervention
+meant that people could feel a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that people could feel a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that people could feel a little
+bit more safe having their neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more safe having their neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more safe having their neighbors
+Drive because most people didn't drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive because most people didn't drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive because most people didn't drive
+but having their neighbors come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having their neighbors come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having their neighbors come down
+past their you know walking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past their you know walking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past their you know walking on the
+street the pedestrians pedestrians felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street the pedestrians pedestrians felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street the pedestrians pedestrians felt
+safer so I think it's a bit of both all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer so I think it's a bit of both all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer so I think it's a bit of both all
+right I might you know be disclosing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I might you know be disclosing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I might you know be disclosing my
+point of view I think investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view I think investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view I think investor
+protection bolsters investor confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection bolsters investor confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection bolsters investor confidence
+in capital markets and that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capital markets and that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capital markets and that everybody
+benefits but it's you know you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's you know you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's you know you got to
+get the balance right and I'd respect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the balance right and I'd respect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the balance right and I'd respect if
+half of you say no it should be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of you say no it should be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of you say no it should be less
+regulation and have said more I just I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and have said more I just I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and have said more I just I'm
+just closing where where I am and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just closing where where I am and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just closing where where I am and at
+least the logic behind it you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the logic behind it you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the logic behind it you know what
+the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway
+test is we'll come back to this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is we'll come back to this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is we'll come back to this in a
+week when we do initial coin offerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week when we do initial coin offerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week when we do initial coin offerings
+but that's in the center of crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's in the center of crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's in the center of crypto
+exchanges it's an important issue as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges it's an important issue as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges it's an important issue as to
+which crypto exchanges have a ICO token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which crypto exchanges have a ICO token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which crypto exchanges have a ICO token
+then they've got to kind of do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they've got to kind of do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they've got to kind of do a little
+bit more hacks these are the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more hacks these are the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more hacks these are the biggest
+hacks I could find these are reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacks I could find these are reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacks I could find these are reported
+hacks who knows what's not been reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacks who knows what's not been reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacks who knows what's not been reported
+coin check and mal Cox each about a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin check and mal Cox each about a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin check and mal Cox each about a half
+a billion a couple of 50 to 100 200 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion a couple of 50 to 100 200 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion a couple of 50 to 100 200 and
+here's a bunch of tiny ones that I put I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bunch of tiny ones that I put I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bunch of tiny ones that I put I
+mean they'll be on canvas but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they'll be on canvas but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they'll be on canvas but there's a
+bunch of basically steal somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of basically steal somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of basically steal somebody else's
+coins because they're all earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins because they're all earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins because they're all earlier
+question cold storage and is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question cold storage and is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question cold storage and is again
+thanks to the friends at crypto compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the friends at crypto compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the friends at crypto compare
+Isabella that was your question earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabella that was your question earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabella that was your question earlier
+right so I can't really tell you why bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can't really tell you why bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can't really tell you why bid
+flier only has 80 percent in cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flier only has 80 percent in cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flier only has 80 percent in cold
+storage and some of these others like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and some of these others like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and some of these others like
+bid for Nexus 96 or 7% but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid for Nexus 96 or 7% but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid for Nexus 96 or 7% but I think that
+if you have a high volume and a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a high volume and a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a high volume and a high
+flow you can maybe keep more in cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow you can maybe keep more in cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow you can maybe keep more in cold
+storage or if your model is more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or if your model is more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or if your model is more about
+custody than transactions you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody than transactions you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody than transactions you could have
+more on cold storage you do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on cold storage you do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on cold storage you do need
+something you know probably connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know probably connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know probably connected to
+give your your customer base liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your your customer base liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your your customer base liquidity
+and somewhat depends how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhat depends how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhat depends how long it takes
+you to move something from cold storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to move something from cold storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to move something from cold storage
+too hot storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hot storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hot storage
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're self-insured and Gemini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're self-insured and Gemini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're self-insured and Gemini
+announced that they decided to contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that they decided to contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that they decided to contract
+with a on one of the world's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a on one of the world's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a on one of the world's largest
+insurance companies to insure against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies to insure against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies to insure against
+loss of that which they're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of that which they're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of that which they're having
+custody but don't confuse it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody but don't confuse it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody but don't confuse it for a
+hundred percent insurance the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent insurance the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent insurance the insurance
+companies are charging significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are charging significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are charging significantly
+somewhere around one and a half percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around one and a half percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around one and a half percent
+two quarter so there's some crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quarter so there's some crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quarter so there's some crypto
+exchanges which will allow you to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges which will allow you to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges which will allow you to pay
+for the insurance and Gemini says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the insurance and Gemini says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the insurance and Gemini says
+they've signed a contract with Aon and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've signed a contract with Aon and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've signed a contract with Aon and I
+can't quite tell whether that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite tell whether that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite tell whether that's just
+because Gemini is gonna pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Gemini is gonna pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Gemini is gonna pay for the
+insurance or they're gonna allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or they're gonna allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or they're gonna allow you to
+pay for the insurance in that custody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the insurance in that custody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the insurance in that custody
+solution let's see what I'll say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let's see what I'll say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let's see what I'll say oh
+we're almost wrapping so here's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost wrapping so here's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost wrapping so here's what I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+custody I think the custody duties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody I think the custody duties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody I think the custody duties
+either have to be fixed or spun off I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have to be fixed or spun off I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have to be fixed or spun off I
+think I'm a public policy perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm a public policy perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm a public policy perspective
+they're better spun off and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're better spun off and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're better spun off and that's
+because there's such an inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's such an inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's such an inherent
+conflict I think you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I think you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I think you're holding
+somebody's funds and also transacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's funds and also transacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's funds and also transacting
+it's just too sweet a honey pot not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too sweet a honey pot not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too sweet a honey pot not just
+to be stolen but for the operator to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stolen but for the operator to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stolen but for the operator to say
+I want to use it in my own you know lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use it in my own you know lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use it in my own you know lend
+it borrow it transact around it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it borrow it transact around it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it borrow it transact around it but I
+that's my thought fix it or spit it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my thought fix it or spit it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my thought fix it or spit it off
+would be the custody elicit activity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the custody elicit activity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the custody elicit activity I
+think we're gonna have to get to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're gonna have to get to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're gonna have to get to a place
+where if not a hundred percent close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if not a hundred percent close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if not a hundred percent close to
+100 percent are actually complying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 percent are actually complying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 percent are actually complying and
+if a quarter of them aren't even doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a quarter of them aren't even doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a quarter of them aren't even doing
+AML and kyc we there's still a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AML and kyc we there's still a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AML and kyc we there's still a lot of
+there's some road ahead here I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some road ahead here I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some road ahead here I know it
+might not fit Raheem with you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not fit Raheem with you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not fit Raheem with you know that
+libertarian soul of being the genesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libertarian soul of being the genesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libertarian soul of being the genesis of
+all this I won't say where you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this I won't say where you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this I won't say where you may be
+personally but but I that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally but but I that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally but but I that's I think
+that's gonna be the path forward if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the path forward if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the path forward if
+we're still two and three years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still two and three years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still two and three years from now
+a quarter of the market not doing it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of the market not doing it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of the market not doing it I
+think that the market integrity piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the market integrity piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the market integrity piece is
+the toughest one and it's maybe where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toughest one and it's maybe where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toughest one and it's maybe where my
+own personal views shouldn't cloud my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal views shouldn't cloud my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal views shouldn't cloud my
+judgment my own personal views as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment my own personal views as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment my own personal views as we
+need market integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need market integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need market integrity
+anti manipulation no front-running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti manipulation no front-running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti manipulation no front-running
+things like that but realistically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but realistically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but realistically it's
+probably going to be done by individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be done by individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be done by individual
+exchanges or self-regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges or self-regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges or self-regulatory
+organizations Gemini and others and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations Gemini and others and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations Gemini and others and in
+UK there's some self-regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK there's some self-regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK there's some self-regulatory
+organizations I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations I don't think that's
+sufficient it's a step really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient it's a step really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient it's a step really in the
+right direction but I think somewhere if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction but I think somewhere if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction but I think somewhere if
+this gets bigger it needs to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets bigger it needs to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets bigger it needs to be the
+official sector putting some traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector putting some traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector putting some traffic
+lights and and and stop signs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and and and stop signs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and and and stop signs in
+registration and remediation first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration and remediation first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration and remediation first to
+determine whether you have to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether you have to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether you have to register
+and then comply and that's a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then comply and that's a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then comply and that's a multiple of
+pure month or year period in Japan they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure month or year period in Japan they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure month or year period in Japan they
+started registering in late 2017 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started registering in late 2017 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started registering in late 2017 they
+started with 16 another 16 some had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with 16 another 16 some had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with 16 another 16 some had to
+shut down in Japan South Korea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down in Japan South Korea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down in Japan South Korea is
+registering now some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering now some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering now some of those
+registration regimes are really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration regimes are really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration regimes are really just
+about custody and Bank Secrecy Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about custody and Bank Secrecy Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about custody and Bank Secrecy Act
+they're not going as far as I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going as far as I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going as far as I would like
+to go which is into market integrity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go which is into market integrity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go which is into market integrity but
+I think you're gonna see a bunch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're gonna see a bunch more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're gonna see a bunch more
+jurisdictions registration remediation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions registration remediation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions registration remediation
+some closing and the like margin and fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closing and the like margin and fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closing and the like margin and fee
+compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+I think that's inevitable whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's inevitable whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's inevitable whether it
+comes from the Robin Hood's or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the Robin Hood's or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the Robin Hood's or the
+IntercontinentalExchange but the juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange but the juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange but the juice
+is so much right now I mean some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much right now I mean some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much right now I mean some of
+these are charging 1 to 3 percent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are charging 1 to 3 percent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are charging 1 to 3 percent you
+all transact you know your fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transact you know your fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transact you know your fee
+structures better but I think there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures better but I think there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures better but I think there'll
+be margin and fee compression and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be margin and fee compression and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be margin and fee compression and I
+think there'll be some consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there'll be some consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there'll be some consolidation
+there's not enough room here for 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough room here for 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough room here for 200
+plus exchanges so those are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus exchanges so those are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus exchanges so those are my
+predictions and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and I think the
+decentralized exchange is once they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized exchange is once they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized exchange is once they have
+enhanced customer UI there will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced customer UI there will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced customer UI there will be more
+adoption there right now not that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption there right now not that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption there right now not that easy
+to use for most regular people the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for most regular people the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for most regular people the non
+computer scientists two questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists two questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists two questions and
+then we might have to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Krypto exchanges profitability their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krypto exchanges profitability their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krypto exchanges profitability their
+enormous ly profitable coinbase did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous ly profitable coinbase did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous ly profitable coinbase did a
+venture round at an eight billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture round at an eight billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture round at an eight billion dollar
+valuation one crypto exchange just sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation one crypto exchange just sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation one crypto exchange just sold
+itself for 400 million dollars and coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself for 400 million dollars and coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself for 400 million dollars and coin
+check that lost the half a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that lost the half a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that lost the half a billion
+dollars of nem the 27 year old who ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of nem the 27 year old who ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of nem the 27 year old who ran
+that in Japan did not declare bankruptcy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Japan did not declare bankruptcy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Japan did not declare bankruptcy
+because he had already made over half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had already made over half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had already made over half a
+billion dollars in the previous 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars in the previous 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars in the previous 12
+months they are enormous ly profitable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KQxKaC1YU60.txt b/KQxKaC1YU60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bb97ad682aac081a399a6d15a9a6e871714a513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KQxKaC1YU60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morning so let me remind you where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so let me remind you where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so let me remind you where we
+were we dealing with systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we dealing with systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we dealing with systems with
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+reactions we talked about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we talked about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we talked about the role of
+the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated
+complex in the mechanis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex in the mechanis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex in the mechanis
+of converting reactants into products as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of converting reactants into products as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of converting reactants into products as
+a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and
+uh in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to do
+that then we did the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we did the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we did the chemical
+equilibrium derived from the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium derived from the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium derived from the principle
+of Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy so if you remember one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so if you remember one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so if you remember one of the
+key modeling assumptions that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key modeling assumptions that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key modeling assumptions that we had to
+make was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make was to
+integrate the what we call the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the what we call the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the what we call the simple
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+model which uh others call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which uh others call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which uh others call the
+thermodynamic limit or the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic limit or the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic limit or the many
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+model in which you remember that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which you remember that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which you remember that uh the
+idea was that essentially we could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that essentially we could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that essentially we could uh
+add or remove partitions in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add or remove partitions in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add or remove partitions in in our
+system without it affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system without it affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system without it affecting the
+properties here we add also the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here we add also the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here we add also the fact
+that we add and remove or say turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we add and remove or say turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we add and remove or say turn on
+and off very conceptual idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off very conceptual idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off very conceptual idea the
+chemical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical uh
+reactions and that doesn't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and that doesn't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and that doesn't affect the
+properties of course it affects the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of course it affects the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of course it affects the time
+Evolution because it will inhibit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution because it will inhibit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution because it will inhibit or
+allow chemical reactions to proceed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow chemical reactions to proceed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow chemical reactions to proceed but
+for the in instantaneous picture that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in instantaneous picture that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in instantaneous picture that we
+take you know when we measure properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you know when we measure properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you know when we measure properties
+of our mixture with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions uh that the reactions are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions uh that the reactions are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions uh that the reactions are on
+or off doesn't make a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or off doesn't make a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or off doesn't make a lot of a
+difference because uh for many particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because uh for many particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because uh for many particles
+because the uh role of the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh role of the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh role of the activated
+complexes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes um
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+minute since they're few since they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute since they're few since they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute since they're few since they're
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+shortlived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortlived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortlived and
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+because the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh
+collisions that uh produce chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions that uh produce chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions that uh produce chemical
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+are much fewer than uh the collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much fewer than uh the collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much fewer than uh the collisions
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+simply um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um
+redistribute energy among the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute energy among the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute energy among the molecules
+uh and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and so
+um as part of our assumption here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as part of our assumption here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as part of our assumption here that
+we can model the properties as if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can model the properties as if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can model the properties as if it
+were a stable equilibrium state with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a stable equilibrium state with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a stable equilibrium state with the
+actions turned off is uh also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions turned off is uh also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions turned off is uh also the
+assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the that the nonchemical collisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the nonchemical collisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the nonchemical collisions are
+much faster are much more abundant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster are much more abundant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster are much more abundant and
+therefore equilibrate uh energy much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore equilibrate uh energy much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore equilibrate uh energy much
+faster than the the the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the the the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the the the effective
+chemically chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically chemical
+collisions so that all is uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so that all is uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so that all is uh in order to
+allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+represent this family of um would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this family of um would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this family of um would be
+equilibrium States if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium States if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium States if you didn't have
+chemical reactions the blue curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions the blue curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions the blue curves
+and this family has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this family has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this family has
+a one parameter if you have one chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one parameter if you have one chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one parameter if you have one chemical
+reaction or as many parameters as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or as many parameters as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or as many parameters as um
+there are chemical reactions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are chemical reactions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are chemical reactions so you
+shift from one to the other by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from one to the other by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift from one to the other by changing
+the reaction coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction coordinate
+Epsilon and the envelope of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and the envelope of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and the envelope of these uh
+stable equilibrium State curves is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State curves is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State curves is the
+stable equilibrium State curve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State curve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State curve for the
+system with chemical reactions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with chemical reactions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with chemical reactions that's
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the stable equilibrium states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibrium states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibrium states
+are with the reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with the reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with the reactions
+on and that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate the maximum we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the maximum we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the maximum we apply the
+maximum entropy principle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entropy principle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entropy principle and the
+maximum entropy principle implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entropy principle implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum entropy principle implies that
+the these derivatives of how the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these derivatives of how the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these derivatives of how the entropy
+varies with respect to those parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with respect to those parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with respect to those parameters
+must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero
+and these derivatives are what we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these derivatives are what we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these derivatives are what we called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinities these are the entropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities these are the entropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities these are the entropic
+affinities some others call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities some others call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities some others call
+Affinity U these times uh minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that would be
+the energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energetic
+Affinity okay uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity okay uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity okay uh so
+and then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applying the definition the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the definition the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the definition the simple
+definition of affinity which is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of affinity which is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of affinity which is this one
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+applying the expressions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the expressions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the expressions for the
+chemical potentials that we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials that we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials that we have uh
+worked out in several uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out in several uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out in several uh
+cases we end up with the law of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we end up with the law of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we end up with the law of mass
+action this is a general so it's a non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this is a general so it's a non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this is a general so it's a non-
+equilibrium law of mass mass action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium law of mass mass action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium law of mass mass action
+which becomes the equilibrium one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which becomes the equilibrium one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which becomes the equilibrium one when
+uh you set the Affinity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you set the Affinity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you set the Affinity is equal to
+zero and as you have seen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as you have seen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as you have seen we
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+various various forms that we call all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various various forms that we call all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various various forms that we call all
+call equilibrium constants for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call equilibrium constants for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call equilibrium constants for example
+this one is a dimensionless equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a dimensionless equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a dimensionless equilibrium
+constant which is simply uh e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is simply uh e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is simply uh e to the
+minus the GBS free energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the GBS free energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the GBS free energy of the
+reaction divided by RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this other
+one is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the equilibrium
+constant in terms of temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in terms of temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in terms of temperature and
+also pressure for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pressure for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pressure for a
+gas this this is for the gas and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas this this is for the gas and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas this this is for the gas and so this
+is the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pressure
+dependence or you often work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence or you often work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence or you often work with
+concentrations the marity so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations the marity so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations the marity so how many
+moles per volume you have per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per volume you have per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per volume you have per
+liter and um so you you use this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter and um so you you use this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter and um so you you use this symbol
+for those concentrations and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those concentrations and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those concentrations and uh and then
+you have this form so we'll um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this form so we'll um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this form so we'll um we
+proceed using more often now this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed using more often now this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed using more often now this this
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and of course these various forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and of course these various forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and of course these various forms
+of the chemical equilibrium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemical equilibrium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemical equilibrium uh
+constantes are related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantes are related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantes are related to one
+another as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as an example
+before we proceed I wanted to just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we proceed I wanted to just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we proceed I wanted to just uh
+mention this one which is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this one which is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this one which is that of
+U that which happens in in pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that which happens in in pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that which happens in in pure
+water the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the fact that
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+uh ionizes itself and so there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ionizes itself and so there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ionizes itself and so there is an
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+between um the water molecules and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um the water molecules and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um the water molecules and the
+formation of the hydronium or the hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the hydronium or the hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the hydronium or the hydro
+oide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ions and as you know the the abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and as you know the the abundance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and as you know the the abundance
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+defines the scale of acidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the scale of acidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the scale of acidity
+of of a of a of a of an aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a of a of a of an aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a of a of a of an aquous
+solution in fact we what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact we what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact we what we call
+pH is minus the log base 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH is minus the log base 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH is minus the log base 10
+of the concentration of the h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentration of the h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentration of the h3o plus
+ions and sometimes you call also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and sometimes you call also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and sometimes you call also
+p uh minus the log of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh minus the log of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh minus the log of of these
+concentration now since this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration now since this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration now since this is a
+concentration so it is dimensional it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so it is dimensional it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so it is dimensional it it
+is mole per liter you have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mole per liter you have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mole per liter you have to divide
+here by the the dimension so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the the dimension so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the the dimension so it's this
+is kind of a you put under the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a you put under the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a you put under the logarithm
+number which which is dimensional so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which which is dimensional so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which which is dimensional so you
+have to take the dimensions away or use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the dimensions away or use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the dimensions away or use
+the convention that you're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention that you're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention that you're always going
+to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those
+Dimensions because usually logarithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions because usually logarithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions because usually logarithms
+like to have non non-dimensional numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have non non-dimensional numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have non non-dimensional numbers
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+um here is how the law of mass action uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is how the law of mass action uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is how the law of mass action uh
+looks when you write it for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks when you write it for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks when you write it for that
+equation see the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation see the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation see the stochiometric
+coefficients are minus two for water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are minus two for water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are minus two for water so
+when you get to this exponent here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to this exponent here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to this exponent here it's
+a minus two so that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus two so that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus two so that's why the
+concentration of water goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of water goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of water goes to the
+denominator and then plus one and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then plus one and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then plus one and plus
+one for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the other
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+molecules ions so that's they go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules ions so that's they go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules ions so that's they go to the
+numerator with a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator with a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator with a power
+one so this is the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is the product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is the product of those
+and that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to be
+equal to the at equilibrium has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the at equilibrium has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the at equilibrium has to be
+equal to the equilibrium constant based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the equilibrium constant based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the equilibrium constant based
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations now in this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations now in this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations now in this business
+therefore you need to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you need to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you need to compute the
+concentration of water of pure water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of water of pure water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of water of pure water and
+that's defined by how many molecules you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by how many molecules you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by how many molecules you
+have per liter you can write it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have per liter you can write it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have per liter you can write it as the
+density over the molecular weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density over the molecular weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density over the molecular weight and
+for example at 25 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example at 25 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example at 25 degrees
+C density is 997 gram per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C density is 997 gram per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C density is 997 gram per liter
+molecular weight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight is
+18 gram per mole and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 gram per mole and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 gram per mole and so that
+concentration is 55.3 moles per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is 55.3 moles per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is 55.3 moles per liter
+you need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared so in order to not to carry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so in order to not to carry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so in order to not to carry this
+along in in in the practice of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in in in the practice of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in in in the practice of chemical
+uh engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering
+often it uh almost always you find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it uh almost always you find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it uh almost always you find uh
+this product of the this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product of the this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product of the this equilibrium
+constant times the square of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the square of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the square of the water
+concentration you find it called the KW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you find it called the KW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you find it called the KW
+the equilibrium constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant for
+water and then therefore this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then therefore this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then therefore this equation
+rewrites this way that the the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrites this way that the the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrites this way that the the product
+of the concentrations of the hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentrations of the hydronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentrations of the hydronium
+and the hydroxide ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydroxide ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydroxide ions
+is equal to this constant which constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this constant which constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this constant which constant
+is not because you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not because you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not because you remember that
+equilibrium constants vary a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants vary a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants vary a lot with
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+so um and also this constant has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and also this constant has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and also this constant has
+Dimensions because uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions because uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions because uh for this
+particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh
+reaction uh usually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh usually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh usually also
+the equilibrium constant B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant B on
+concentration is dimensional it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is dimensional it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is dimensional it has
+dimensions of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the overall
+concentration to the to the power equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to the to the power equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to the to the power equal
+to the sum of the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of the stochiometric
+coefficients now for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients now for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients now for this particular
+reaction the sum of the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the sum of the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the sum of the stochiometric
+coefficients is zero because minus 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is zero because minus 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is zero because minus 2 +
+1+ one is zero so this uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ one is zero so this uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ one is zero so this uh is
+dimensionless it coincides with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless it coincides with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless it coincides with the
+equilibrium constant KT without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant KT without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant KT without the
+C so this is dimensionless but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this is dimensionless but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this is dimensionless but this is
+not so the KW has dimensions of mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the KW has dimensions of mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the KW has dimensions of mole
+squar per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar at 25° C it is almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar at 25° C it is almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar at 25° C it is almost exactly
+equal to 10 Theus 14 in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+units and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um a neutral solution in which there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a neutral solution in which there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a neutral solution in which there is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+um acid or base dissolved that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acid or base dissolved that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acid or base dissolved that would
+capture some of these ions they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture some of these ions they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture some of these ions they would be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+equally populated so you their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally populated so you their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally populated so you their
+concentrations will be equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations will be equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations will be equal and
+therefore each one takes 10 the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore each one takes 10 the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore each one takes 10 the minus
+7 10us 7 * 10 10us 7 gives 10 Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 10us 7 * 10 10us 7 gives 10 Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 10us 7 * 10 10us 7 gives 10 Theus
+14 and 10 the minus 7 put into the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and 10 the minus 7 put into the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and 10 the minus 7 put into the log
+base 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10
+with the minus in front makes pH equal 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minus in front makes pH equal 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minus in front makes pH equal 7
+and that pH equals 7 is therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pH equals 7 is therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pH equals 7 is therefore this
+the the the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the notion of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+neutral so like pure water is neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so like pure water is neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so like pure water is neutral
+and it has a pH equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a pH equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a pH equal
+7 at 25 C though because if you go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 at 25 C though because if you go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 at 25 C though because if you go at
+different temperatures for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures for example you
+go here you you see how for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here you you see how for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here you you see how for example at
+at Body temp temperature which is 37°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Body temp temperature which is 37°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Body temp temperature which is 37°
+C the KW is not 10 to the 4 minus to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the KW is not 10 to the 4 minus to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the KW is not 10 to the 4 minus to 10
+to the minus 14 but it's three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 14 but it's three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 14 but it's three times
+three 3.55 times and that makes the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3.55 times and that makes the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3.55 times and that makes the pH
+for neutral 6.7 at 100°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neutral 6.7 at 100°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neutral 6.7 at 100°
+6.17 or at 0 degrees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7.47 okay so this is a one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.47 okay so this is a one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.47 okay so this is a one of the
+applications of equili of course is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of equili of course is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of equili of course is just
+one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so now we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so now we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so now we already talked about
+the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements
+of CH the model for chemical kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CH the model for chemical kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CH the model for chemical kinetics
+and we want to develop more details as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to develop more details as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to develop more details as
+you see we are transitioning from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we are transitioning from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we are transitioning from the
+SEC second part of the course to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC second part of the course to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC second part of the course to the
+third part because we've already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part because we've already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part because we've already been
+talking about non equilibrium uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about non equilibrium uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about non equilibrium uh from
+the first lecture I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture I believe
+so uh well but the more we advance in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well but the more we advance in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well but the more we advance in in
+and we get close to our uh stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get close to our uh stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get close to our uh stable
+equilibrium which will be the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which will be the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which will be the end of the
+course uh we'll uh talk more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh we'll uh talk more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh we'll uh talk more and more
+about non-equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States you remember this picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you remember this picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you remember this picture in
+which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+presented uh the idea of a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented uh the idea of a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented uh the idea of a potential
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+surface and that's where we we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that's where we we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that's where we we what we
+used to define the activated complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to define the activated complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to define the activated complex the
+potential energy surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surface
+represents uh the energy at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents uh the energy at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents uh the energy at zero
+temperature of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the various
+configurations with which you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations with which you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations with which you can find
+the reactants or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants or the
+products uh for example these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh for example these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh for example these are the
+reactants these are the products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants these are the products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants these are the products and
+here um in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um in in this
+scenario um along a path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario um along a path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario um along a path of
+steepest Ascent here and steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest Ascent here and steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest Ascent here and steepest
+descent here or vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent here or vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent here or vice
+versa you find the sdle point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa you find the sdle point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa you find the sdle point which is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lowest uh point that allows you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest uh point that allows you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest uh point that allows you to go
+from one Valley of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one Valley of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one Valley of
+this landscape to this this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a zero
+temperature if there is uh temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if there is uh temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if there is uh temperature
+it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+that part of the energy of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the energy of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the energy of the molecules
+is in their other uh in their degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in their other uh in their degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in their other uh in their degrees of
+freedom translational rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom translational rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom translational rotational
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+electronic they all are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic they all are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic they all are capable of
+storing energy in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing energy in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing energy in in the
+molecules uh at low temperatures most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh at low temperatures most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh at low temperatures most of
+the energy is stored in the uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is stored in the uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is stored in the uh let's
+call them easy uh degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them easy uh degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them easy uh degrees of freedom
+which is the translational the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the translational the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the translational the
+rotational uh as you increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh as you increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh as you increase in
+temperature also the vibrational become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature also the vibrational become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature also the vibrational become
+important and if you go even higher also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if you go even higher also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if you go even higher also
+electronic uh you can excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh you can excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh you can excite the
+electrons and therefore they could jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and therefore they could jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and therefore they could jump
+uh up and down from the various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up and down from the various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up and down from the various uh
+orbitals that represent the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that represent the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that represent the energy
+levels of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+so if uh therefore there is a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if uh therefore there is a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if uh therefore there is a kinetic
+energy first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first of
+all we this we we've seen that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we this we we've seen that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we this we we've seen that there is
+there are collisions so molecules by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are collisions so molecules by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are collisions so molecules by
+having kinetic energy uh undergo uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having kinetic energy uh undergo uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having kinetic energy uh undergo uh a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+collisions and as a result of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and as a result of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and as a result of these
+collisions they put put together their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions they put put together their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions they put put together their
+kinetic energy and they form um these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and they form um these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and they form um these uh
+activated complexes sometimes sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated complexes sometimes sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated complexes sometimes sometimes
+they don't form the activated compx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't form the activated compx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't form the activated compx
+sometimes they just jump uh on the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they just jump uh on the sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they just jump uh on the sides
+of the of the valleys which have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the valleys which have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the valleys which have higher
+energy but then they they they go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but then they they they go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but then they they they go back
+so they they bounce in the valley up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they bounce in the valley up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they bounce in the valley up in
+these higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these higher
+Energies so the result of collision may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energies so the result of collision may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energies so the result of collision may
+be the formation of things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the formation of things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the formation of things that look
+like almost activated complexes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost activated complexes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost activated complexes but
+they're not uh this particular one uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not uh this particular one uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not uh this particular one uh or
+things in this area that would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this area that would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this area that would allow
+going from from reactants to products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from from reactants to products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from from reactants to products
+and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and also we've seen that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and also we've seen that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and also we've seen that uh
+as a result of collision the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of collision the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of collision the kinetic
+energy gets momentarily transformed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets momentarily transformed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets momentarily transformed into
+um elastic uh uh energy like two Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elastic uh uh energy like two Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elastic uh uh energy like two Springs
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Collide uh so they store the energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide uh so they store the energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide uh so they store the energy for
+a while and then they explode back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and then they explode back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and then they explode back and
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and shoot the fragments of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shoot the fragments of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shoot the fragments of of of the
+fishion of these um uh activated complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishion of these um uh activated complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishion of these um uh activated complex
+in in various directions these fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various directions these fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various directions these fragments
+will will have a a higher energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will have a a higher energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will have a a higher energy than
+the neighbors and therefore by the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors and therefore by the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors and therefore by the other
+collisions the non-chemical collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions the non-chemical collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions the non-chemical collisions
+that energy will get redistributed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy will get redistributed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy will get redistributed and
+we it will either heat up if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it will either heat up if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it will either heat up if they have
+higher energies but sometimes it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energies but sometimes it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energies but sometimes it also
+they also have lower energies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have lower energies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have lower energies because
+some of the energy uh if the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the energy uh if the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the energy uh if the the
+reaction has been uh effective uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction has been uh effective uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction has been uh effective uh have
+uh has been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has been um
+uh retained by the new configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh retained by the new configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh retained by the new configuration of
+the molecule as in the form of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule as in the form of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule as in the form of of
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+energy like like here so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like like here so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like like here so if you
+go uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh from
+here to this in this direction so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to this in this direction so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to this in this direction so from
+left to right here uh this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right here uh this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right here uh this potential
+energy uh is stored in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh is stored in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh is stored in the new
+configuration so it came from kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so it came from kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so it came from kinetic
+energy went up to form this complex then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy went up to form this complex then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy went up to form this complex then
+as you go down you release so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down you release so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down you release so this this
+difference from here to here will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from here to here will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from here to here will be the
+kinetic energy that is released by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy that is released by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy that is released by The
+fragments of the explosion so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of the explosion so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of the explosion so to speak
+and uh whereas this other difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh whereas this other difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh whereas this other difference is
+not anymore available as kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anymore available as kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anymore available as kinetic energy
+because it do become potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions are governed as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions are governed as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions are governed as you know
+by the Maxwell bolman distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocities uh this this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+maybe later on if I have time I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later on if I have time I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later on if I have time I'll I'll
+show you uh how it uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh how it uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh how it uh can be
+derived from the maximum entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle so it is the distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so it is the distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so it is the distribution that
+maximizes the entropy given certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes the entropy given certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes the entropy given certain uh
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+U so that means that the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so that means that the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so that means that the these
+molecules do not all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do not all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do not all have the same
+velocity okay and also this nice GIF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay and also this nice GIF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay and also this nice GIF
+that I took from Wikipedia uh shows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I took from Wikipedia uh shows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I took from Wikipedia uh shows uh
+it starts if you look it um carefully it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts if you look it um carefully it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts if you look it um carefully it
+starts from a non-equilibrium situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from a non-equilibrium situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from a non-equilibrium situation
+in which there are some particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there are some particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there are some particles that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+that have higher velocities than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have higher velocities than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have higher velocities than other
+so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a
+skewed slightly skewed distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed slightly skewed distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed slightly skewed distribution and
+it shows how quickly it will the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows how quickly it will the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows how quickly it will the many
+collisions will redistribute and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions will redistribute and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions will redistribute and return
+the distribution uh back to uh Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B this is to uh to this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is to uh to this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is to uh to this is like
+a victorial representation of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a victorial representation of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a victorial representation of of the
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+that non-chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-chemical
+collisions is a fast Dynamics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions is a fast Dynamics because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions is a fast Dynamics because
+collisions are many and uh and occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions are many and uh and occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions are many and uh and occur
+many more than than chemical ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more than than chemical ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more than than chemical ones and
+therefore you can assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can assume that this
+distribution is almost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is almost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is almost uh
+immediately uh uh returns almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh uh returns almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh uh returns almost
+immediately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately to
+maxan uh after each chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxan uh after each chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxan uh after each chemical reaction
+has released or absorb some local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so now let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so now let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so now let's go back to
+this uh path from the reactants uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh path from the reactants uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh path from the reactants uh from
+the bottom of the reactants Valley to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the reactants Valley to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the reactants Valley to
+the activated complex the sdle point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated complex the sdle point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated complex the sdle point to
+the bottom of the uh products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the uh products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the uh products
+Valley and here on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley and here on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley and here on the side
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+drawn not exactly the Maxwell bolman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn not exactly the Maxwell bolman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn not exactly the Maxwell bolman
+distribution but a distribution that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but a distribution that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but a distribution that uh
+can be obtained from the Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be obtained from the Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be obtained from the Maxwell
+balsman H and it is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balsman H and it is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balsman H and it is the distribution of
+the kinetic energy that is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy that is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy that is made
+available upon Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because what we need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because what we need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because what we need in order to
+climb this diagram here this valet to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb this diagram here this valet to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb this diagram here this valet to go
+to the sdle point we need enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sdle point we need enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sdle point we need enough energy
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+Collision as a result of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision as a result of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision as a result of a
+collision and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+curve U represents the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve U represents the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve U represents the probability
+density function not for velocity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function not for velocity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function not for velocity but
+for kinetic energy of particles in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kinetic energy of particles in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kinetic energy of particles in in in
+a from the Maxwell balsman distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a from the Maxwell balsman distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a from the Maxwell balsman distribution
+of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as a function of kinetic energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a function of kinetic energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a function of kinetic energy which
+is plotted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plotted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plotted this
+way that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's the
+PDF in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF in order
+for a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a chemical
+uh Collision to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Collision to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Collision to be
+effective we need that it has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective we need that it has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective we need that it has at least
+this much kinetic energy so as to climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much kinetic energy so as to climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much kinetic energy so as to climb
+up here so all the collisions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so all the collisions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so all the collisions that have
+energies above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies above
+that are good so if you do this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are good so if you do this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are good so if you do this the the
+area under the this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the this probability
+distribution function which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function which is the
+integral from this energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+that's uh the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the overall
+probability that your Collision as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that your Collision as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that your Collision as a
+kinetic energy higher than this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy higher than this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy higher than this value
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H so the that's the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so the that's the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so the that's the result of the
+integral so if on this side I need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so if on this side I need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so if on this side I need that
+to be um therefore the the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um therefore the the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um therefore the the kinetic
+energy that I need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that I need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that I need is the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+enthalpy of the uh forward reaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of the uh forward reaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of the uh forward reaction or
+forward half reaction of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward half reaction of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward half reaction of formation of
+the activated complex from the reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+side I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I start
+lower I'm in the same box so to speak so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower I'm in the same box so to speak so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower I'm in the same box so to speak so
+the molecules are in the same mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules are in the same mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules are in the same mixture
+same maxion distribution same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maxion distribution same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same maxion distribution same
+temperature so this curve is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this curve is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this curve is the same as
+that one only that it starts below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one only that it starts below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one only that it starts below
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+therefore uh if I want to form to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh if I want to form to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh if I want to form to form
+the activated complex from this side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated complex from this side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated complex from this side I
+need this much energy the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this much energy the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this much energy the enthalpy of
+reaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of the
+backward half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward half
+reaction and and so the probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and and so the probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and and so the probability to
+have the necessary uh energy as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the necessary uh energy as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the necessary uh energy as a result
+of the Collision is this one this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision is this one this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision is this one this area
+which is equal to this uh exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to this uh exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to this uh exponential
+formula and this exponential formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and this exponential formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and this exponential formula is
+uh what is called the arous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law and of course from this side it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and of course from this side it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and of course from this side it's
+smaller so there is more probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so there is more probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so there is more probability to
+get up here from the reactants than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up here from the reactants than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up here from the reactants than from
+the products in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh because the because the because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the because the because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the because the because of
+the because the Delta h plus is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because the Delta h plus is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because the Delta h plus is smaller
+than the Delta Delta H minus okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Delta Delta H minus okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Delta Delta H minus okay so
+this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the
+ingredients in order to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients in order to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients in order to uh
+formulate a a theory or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate a a theory or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate a a theory or a
+model for the rate of U chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the rate of U chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the rate of U chemical
+reactions for the rate at which chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for the rate at which chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for the rate at which chemical
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+proceed and in our language therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and in our language therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and in our language therefore
+it's for the rate at which the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for the rate at which the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for the rate at which the reaction
+coordinate changes with time I Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate changes with time I Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate changes with time I Epsilon
+dot so the bottom line is is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so the bottom line is is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so the bottom line is is here
+Epsilon dot will turn out to be the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon dot will turn out to be the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon dot will turn out to be the net
+result of how many of of the Epsilon dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of how many of of the Epsilon dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of how many of of the Epsilon dot
+of the forward half reaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward half reaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward half reaction and the
+Epsilon dot of the backward half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and these
+ones are done in here so this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are done in here so this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are done in here so this column
+does the half reaction this column does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the half reaction this column does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the half reaction this column does
+uh the forward and this does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the forward and this does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the forward and this does the
+backward so we talked about we can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward so we talked about we can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward so we talked about we can view
+this thing in terms of this uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in terms of this uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in terms of this uh in terms
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+probabilities so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so the
+arenus formula gives us as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenus formula gives us as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenus formula gives us as we've
+discussed the probability to have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the probability to have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the probability to have enough
+Collision enough ktic energy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision enough ktic energy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision enough ktic energy from the
+Collision so that uh we form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision so that uh we form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision so that uh we form the
+activated complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need another
+probability once I have the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability once I have the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability once I have the activated
+complex which is that Springs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex which is that Springs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex which is that Springs that are
+or compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or compressed
+and short leave and ready to explode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and short leave and ready to explode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and short leave and ready to explode the
+the question is will it explode towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is will it explode towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is will it explode towards
+the reactant Valley or towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactant Valley or towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactant Valley or towards the
+product Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that depends also on how the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends also on how the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends also on how the molecules
+have collided it's not just kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have collided it's not just kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have collided it's not just kinetic
+energy it is also the angles with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it is also the angles with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it is also the angles with which
+they Collide that might makes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Collide that might makes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Collide that might makes is
+important because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because that
+uh allows to have uh the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allows to have uh the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allows to have uh the right
+vibrations uh vibrational modes to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations uh vibrational modes to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations uh vibrational modes to be uh
+triggered and and and and therefore form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered and and and and therefore form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered and and and and therefore form
+the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+configurations so it's so it is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so it's so it is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so it's so it is complex
+uh reasoning about that it's not simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasoning about that it's not simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasoning about that it's not simple
+to make theory about this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+probability and therefore you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and therefore you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and therefore you just say
+all right let's call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's call it a
+probability let's call it um a and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability let's call it um a and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability let's call it um a and there
+is one for the forward and one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one for the forward and one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one for the forward and one for the
+uh backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh backward
+but then you also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you also need
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh situation to occur that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation to occur that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation to occur that it's not
+enough that the particles have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the particles have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the particles have the
+proper kinetic energy but you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper kinetic energy but you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper kinetic energy but you need the
+right particles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right particles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right particles to
+collide I need for example uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide I need for example uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide I need for example uh two
+hydrogens and maybe something else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens and maybe something else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens and maybe something else so
+there'll be a three body reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a three body reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a three body reaction so
+because if I have collision with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have collision with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have collision with the
+right energy but the wrong molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy but the wrong molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy but the wrong molecules
+that's useless okay so you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useless okay so you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useless okay so you remember
+that the probability to have a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability to have a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability to have a molecule
+uh in a mixture uh is the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a mixture uh is the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a mixture uh is the mole
+fraction a nice number between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction a nice number between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction a nice number between zero and
+one which represents how many you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which represents how many you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which represents how many you have
+and so the chance that you have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the chance that you have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the chance that you have those
+molecules is uh is the probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is uh is the probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is uh is the probability and
+the chance that you have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance that you have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance that you have a uh
+several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of
+them it's the multiplication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's the multiplication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's the multiplication of the
+probabilities and if I did if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and if I did if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and if I did if I
+need two molecules of the same kind then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two molecules of the same kind then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two molecules of the same kind then
+that probability counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability counts
+twice so it's the mole fraction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so it's the mole fraction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so it's the mole fraction to the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+two and those amounts are precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and those amounts are precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and those amounts are precisely what
+these doomric coefficients are so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these doomric coefficients are so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these doomric coefficients are so that
+is why this product is a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this product is a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this product is a product of
+probability and the exponents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the exponents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the exponents the
+stochiometric coefficients which count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients which count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients which count
+properly how many times you need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly how many times you need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly how many times you need that
+kind of molecule to be present in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of molecule to be present in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of molecule to be present in a
+collision most of the times effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision most of the times effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision most of the times effectively
+the most probable collisions are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable collisions are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable collisions are two
+body just two molecules that Collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body just two molecules that Collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body just two molecules that Collide
+already the three body reactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the three body reactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the three body reactions are
+much fewer and going four and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fewer and going four and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fewer and going four and and so on
+it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irrelevant so so this is is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant so so this is is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant so so this is is a bit
+hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical
+U again it's uh that colleague of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U again it's uh that colleague of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U again it's uh that colleague of mine
+would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it
+Disneyland uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for a theory that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay for the practice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the practice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the practice it
+means that you will never going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you will never going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you will never going to work
+with an overall chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an overall chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an overall chemical reactions
+scheme but you will split the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but you will split the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but you will split the chemical
+reaction in many uh steps so that is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in many uh steps so that is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in many uh steps so that is why
+we need so many reactions like we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need so many reactions like we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need so many reactions like we will
+see again in the hydrogen will be 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again in the hydrogen will be 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again in the hydrogen will be 24
+reactions just for the oxidation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions just for the oxidation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions just for the oxidation of of
+hydrogen it's not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's not just one
+reaction and those uh detailed kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and those uh detailed kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and those uh detailed kinetic
+schemes are mostly done with uh two body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes are mostly done with uh two body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes are mostly done with uh two body
+or three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three body
+reactions okay okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway these are
+probabilities we assume they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we assume they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we assume they are
+independent events so we can multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent events so we can multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent events so we can multiply
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities and uh yeah we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and uh yeah we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and uh yeah we can also
+rewrite the mole fractions because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the mole fractions because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the mole fractions because here
+we want to write it in terms of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to write it in terms of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to write it in terms of uh the
+concentration so the mole fractions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so the mole fractions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so the mole fractions can
+be written in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations so we multiply this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations so we multiply this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations so we multiply this that
+and that that and we say all right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that and we say all right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that and we say all right we
+assume that the rate of uh change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the rate of uh change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the rate of uh change of the
+forward half reaction uh is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward half reaction uh is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward half reaction uh is given by the
+product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these
+probabilities and this is the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and this is the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and this is the formula
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication and then the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then the traditional
+naming is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming is uh
+that yes you have this product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes you have this product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes you have this product of
+concentrations to to the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations to to the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations to to the stochiometric
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+that's singled out and the preactor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's singled out and the preactor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's singled out and the preactor of
+that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+reaction the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the rate
+constant which is not really a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is not really a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is not really a constant
+again it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and it is an arous Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it is an arous Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it is an arous Factor
+times a preactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a preactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a preactor
+here clearly what I've done for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here clearly what I've done for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here clearly what I've done for the
+forward I can do also for the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I can do also for the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I can do also for the backward
+so you just change the minus the pluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just change the minus the pluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just change the minus the pluses
+into minuses and you get the backward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into minuses and you get the backward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into minuses and you get the backward uh
+rate of course the arus here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of course the arus here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of course the arus here is the
+arous um term that uh is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arous um term that uh is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arous um term that uh is important for
+the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic
+energy and here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and here are the
+concentrations based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations based on the
+uh backward Co static coefficients so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh backward Co static coefficients so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh backward Co static coefficients so in
+the end the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the net
+reaction rate will be the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate will be the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate will be the difference
+between the forward and the backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the forward and the backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the forward and the backwards
+and when we are at equilibrium they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we are at equilibrium they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we are at equilibrium they will
+be equal to zero I'm sorry not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero I'm sorry not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero I'm sorry not equal to
+they will be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+okay notice also here just we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay notice also here just we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay notice also here just we need to
+remind it later on that the way we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind it later on that the way we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind it later on that the way we have
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half
+reactions these stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions these stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions these stochiometric
+coefficients with the plus and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients with the plus and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients with the plus and with the
+minus are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and they are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they are related to
+the uh overall reaction stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh overall reaction stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh overall reaction stochiometric
+coefficients in the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the this
+way the one of the backward minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the one of the backward minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the one of the backward minus the
+one of the forward at least according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the forward at least according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the forward at least according to
+our convention that puts everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our convention that puts everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our convention that puts everything on
+the left hand side and with a plus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and with a plus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and with a plus with
+a positive stomry coefficients for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive stomry coefficients for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive stomry coefficients for what
+we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the
+products of course you can always switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of course you can always switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of course you can always switch
+a a point of view and call what the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a point of view and call what the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a point of view and call what the pro
+the products call them reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products call them reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products call them reactants and
+then you'll you'll change the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll you'll change the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll you'll change the all the
+signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for example here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants for the set of 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for the set of 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for the set of 24
+reactions that we already uh mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we already uh mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we already uh mentioned
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+does uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh that is
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+trusted uh detailed kinetic kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted uh detailed kinetic kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted uh detailed kinetic kinetic
+scheme for the oxidation of hydrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme for the oxidation of hydrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme for the oxidation of hydrogen in
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxygen as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen as you
+see uh here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh here they are
+listed um from number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed um from number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed um from number
+11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 to
+24 they are two body reactions you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 they are two body reactions you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 they are two body reactions you see
+in both sides you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules so so in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so so in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so so in order for this
+reaction to form its activated complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to form its activated complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to form its activated complex
+you have to have a collision of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a collision of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a collision of an
+oxygen atom and a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atom and a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atom and a hydrogen
+molecule and if it is effective that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and if it is effective that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and if it is effective that
+will form a hydrogen atom and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form a hydrogen atom and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form a hydrogen atom and an
+O and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+prefactor actually the preactor what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor actually the preactor what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor actually the preactor what we
+call the a of T now here it is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the a of T now here it is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the a of T now here it is written
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times
+T to a power and B this is the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to a power and B this is the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to a power and B this is the power of
+the temperature these are experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature these are experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature these are experimental
+values and the activated the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the activated the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the activated the activation
+um uh energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arous threshold is listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is also not worthy that this the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also not worthy that this the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also not worthy that this the U
+three body reactions instead you see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three body reactions instead you see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three body reactions instead you see on
+the first 11 first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 11 first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 11 first 10
+reactions have three require three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions have three require three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions have three require three
+bodies three body collisions on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies three body collisions on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies three body collisions on either
+one side or the other or both like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other or both like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other or both like no
+just one side or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and they represented with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they represented with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they represented with zero
+activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+okay we'll actually have later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll actually have later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll actually have later on
+hopefully today another example in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today another example in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today another example in which
+this list of reactions will will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of reactions will will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of reactions will will be
+analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+now let's see what are the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what are the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what are the consequences
+of this model that we have uh developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model that we have uh developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model that we have uh developed
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we just said we want to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said we want to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said we want to represent the
+reaction rates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates this
+way forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way forward and
+backward notice that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward notice that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward notice that all the
+ingredients are positive because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients are positive because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients are positive because they
+after all it's a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all it's a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all it's a product of
+probabilities and you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and you cannot have
+negative probabilities so so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative probabilities so so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative probabilities so so these are
+both positive Epsilon plus and Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both positive Epsilon plus and Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both positive Epsilon plus and Epsilon
+minus are are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember also that we defined and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember also that we defined and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember also that we defined and we
+just recalled the non-e equilibrium law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recalled the non-e equilibrium law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recalled the non-e equilibrium law
+of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's now compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now compute the
+ratio between the uh backward and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the uh backward and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the uh backward and the
+forward reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward reaction
+right so we substitute from up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we substitute from up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we substitute from up
+there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we
+notice that this product on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this product on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this product on the
+numerator and the denominator you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and the denominator you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and the denominator you can
+also write since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write since
+the the the argument of the exponent are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the argument of the exponent are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the argument of the exponent are
+the same you can also write it as n i to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you can also write it as n i to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you can also write it as n i to
+the uh new minus minus new plus that's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh new minus minus new plus that's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh new minus minus new plus that's n
+to the uh new to the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh new to the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh new to the stochiometric
+coefficient of the overall reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the overall reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the overall reaction so
+you can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make this
+step and then we can substitute from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then we can substitute from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then we can substitute from the
+non equilibrium law of mass action which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium law of mass action which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium law of mass action which
+because this is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is valid
+always and you get this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and you get this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and you get this expression
+here now this expression here is General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this expression here is General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this expression here is General
+at least given this kind of modeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least given this kind of modeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least given this kind of modeling for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+kinetics is General therefore it applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is General therefore it applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is General therefore it applies
+also at equilibrium so also when the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at equilibrium so also when the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at equilibrium so also when the um
+a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to
+zero so when the Affinity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when the Affinity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when the Affinity is equal to
+zero this e to the 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this e to the 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this e to the 0 is
+one and also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and also at
+equilibrium the rate of the backward is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the rate of the backward is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the rate of the backward is
+equal to the rate to of the forward they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the rate to of the forward they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the rate to of the forward they
+are not zero but they are equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not zero but they are equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not zero but they are equal to one
+another so it's a sort of a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so this is one and also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so this is one and also so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so this is one and also so
+the left hand side is one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side is one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side is one at
+equilibrium and so that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so that gives us a
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+between uh the backward forward react U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the backward forward react U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the backward forward react U
+right constants and the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant this is called the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is called the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is called the principle of
+detailed balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful
+because you don't as you have seen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't as you have seen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't as you have seen for
+example didn't mention that but uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example didn't mention that but uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example didn't mention that but uh uh in
+the list for the that I gave for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list for the that I gave for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list for the that I gave for the for
+the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+rates uh we gave only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates uh we gave only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates uh we gave only the
+k+ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k+ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k+ the
+forward yes that's because uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yes that's because uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yes that's because uh from the
+equilibrium constant which which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant which which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant which which you can
+compute from the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute from the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute from the thermodynamic
+properties like gives free energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like gives free energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like gives free energy of the
+reaction you given the the forward rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you given the the forward rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you given the the forward rate
+you can compute using this uh principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute using this uh principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute using this uh principle
+uh the backward right so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent that means I can uh say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that means I can uh say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that means I can uh say well
+that means that this combination here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this combination here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this combination here
+this prefactor of the exponent is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prefactor of the exponent is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prefactor of the exponent is equal
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so in general I obtain that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in general I obtain that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in general I obtain that the
+ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of
+the backward to the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backward to the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backward to the forward
+rate is equal to e to the minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is equal to e to the minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is equal to e to the minus the
+Affinity over the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant if you take the logarithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if you take the logarithm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if you take the logarithm of
+that or actually if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or actually if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or actually if you take the
+logarithm of the inverse of that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the inverse of that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the inverse of that so the
+logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the
+forward to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the
+negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+right which by this formula is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which by this formula is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which by this formula is equal
+therefore to the Affinity divided by R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore to the Affinity divided by R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore to the Affinity divided by R
+uh we typically call that the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we typically call that the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we typically call that the degree of
+this equilibrium of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium of the
+reaction so in other words it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so in other words it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so in other words it's another
+way of so you can call it Affinity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of so you can call it Affinity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of so you can call it Affinity but
+you also call it degree of thise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also call it degree of thise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also call it degree of thise
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+and it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ratio clearly when the ratio is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio clearly when the ratio is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio clearly when the ratio is equal to
+one at equilibrium the logarithm is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at equilibrium the logarithm is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at equilibrium the logarithm is zero
+and the degree of this equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degree of this equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degree of this equilibrium is
+zero and the degree of this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the degree of this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the degree of this equilibrium
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative okay so let's turn for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so let's turn for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so let's turn for example
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+um uh other results that follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh other results that follow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh other results that follow from
+that what you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you you just
+seen think of the energy balance for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen think of the energy balance for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen think of the energy balance for a
+system in which uh for an isolated box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which uh for an isolated box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which uh for an isolated box
+in which there are chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there are chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there are chemical reactions
+going on but there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but there are no
+exchanges of energy uh or particles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges of energy uh or particles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges of energy uh or particles with
+the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nor entropy also so uh the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor entropy also so uh the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor entropy also so uh the rate of
+entropy change is equal only to the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy change is equal only to the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy change is equal only to the rate
+of entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility now the rate of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change it's the partial of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's the partial of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's the partial of the entropy
+with respect to time now in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time now in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time now in that
+scenario for the model that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario for the model that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario for the model that we have
+given uh we just reviewed in ear slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh we just reviewed in ear slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh we just reviewed in ear slides
+today uh the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh the expression for the
+entropy in our model in our simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in our model in our simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in our model in our simple
+system model it's a function of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system model it's a function of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system model it's a function of many
+things including the uh the epsilons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including the uh the epsilons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including the uh the epsilons the
+reaction coordinates if the epsilons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction coordinates if the epsilons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction coordinates if the epsilons are
+the only things that change with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only things that change with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only things that change with time
+because the energy the volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy the volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy the volume and
+everything else is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is is
+fixed then the rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then the rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then the rate of change of the
+entropy is the partial of s with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the partial of s with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the partial of s with with
+respect to Epsilon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Epsilon time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Epsilon time
+Epsilon uh dot but the partial of s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh dot but the partial of s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh dot but the partial of s with
+respect to Epsilon is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Epsilon is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Epsilon is the
+Affinity so we have this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so we have this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so we have this expression
+here and if the since the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if the since the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if the since the system is
+isolated that also represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated that also represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated that also represents the
+entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility and uh it better be non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in fact
+if you write Epsilon dot like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write Epsilon dot like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write Epsilon dot like we have
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+as plus minus do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as plus minus do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as plus minus do
+minus multiplies by the Affinity if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus multiplies by the Affinity if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus multiplies by the Affinity if you
+remember that the Affinity we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the Affinity we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the Affinity we just
+defined it as equal to we've not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it as equal to we've not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it as equal to we've not defined
+we just discovered that it is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just discovered that it is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just discovered that it is equal
+to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R
+times uh the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium we get this expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we get this expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we get this expression which
+gives us the rate of entropy change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the rate of entropy change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the rate of entropy change
+which has to be equal to the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be equal to the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be equal to the rate of
+entropy produced by irreversibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by irreversibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by irreversibility for
+the Clos system for the isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clos system for the isolated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clos system for the isolated system
+and this one in fact is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one in fact is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one in fact is a combination of
+of of numbers that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of numbers that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of numbers that is
+always uh positive you can find that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh positive you can find that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh positive you can find that for
+any X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequality all right so at least we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality all right so at least we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality all right so at least we are
+happy that um we are not violating U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy that um we are not violating U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy that um we are not violating U the
+principle of entropy non decrease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of entropy non decrease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of entropy non decrease and
+therefore we accept this model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we accept this model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we accept this model as a
+reasonable one otherwise people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one otherwise people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one otherwise people would
+not be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it we can also look at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can also look at this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can also look at this expression
+here and notice that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice that we could
+call see so the the contribution of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call see so the the contribution of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call see so the the contribution of to
+the entropy change or the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy change or the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy change or the entropy
+production in this for the close system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in this for the close system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in this for the close system
+of the isolated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the isolated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the isolated system
+is as a positive term and a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a positive term and a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a positive term and a negative
+term or at least a term with a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term or at least a term with a plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term or at least a term with a plus sign
+and term with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and term with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and term with a minus
+sign so and actually since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so and actually since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so and actually since
+we said that these Epsilon pluses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that these Epsilon pluses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that these Epsilon pluses and
+minuses are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses are always
+positive whereas the Affinity can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive whereas the Affinity can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive whereas the Affinity can be
+positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative all right so what we do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative all right so what we do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative all right so what we do we call
+these two contributions this way we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two contributions this way we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two contributions this way we call
+it s+ s do plus and S do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s+ s do plus and S do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s+ s do plus and S do
+minus so we rewrite that expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we rewrite that expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we rewrite that expression for
+the entropy change as s do+ minus s do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy change as s do+ minus s do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy change as s do+ minus s do
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course you've we've we've we've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you've we've we've we've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you've we've we've we've not
+we've noticed here that the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've noticed here that the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've noticed here that the these
+results in always being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in always being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in always being uh
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+but sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it's
+positive because uh s+ is greater than S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because uh s+ is greater than S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because uh s+ is greater than S
+minus but sometimes it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus but sometimes it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus but sometimes it's positive
+because s minus is more negative than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s+ in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ in fact we
+can by this definition we see that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can by this definition we see that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can by this definition we see that s
+minus over s+ is also equal to the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus over s+ is also equal to the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus over s+ is also equal to the ratio
+of the forward so it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward so it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward so it's essentially
+related to the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the degree of this
+equilibrium of the overall reaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the overall reaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the overall reaction or
+you could also take it as the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also take it as the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also take it as the ratio of
+the exponentials of the degrees of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponentials of the degrees of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponentials of the degrees of the
+this equilibrium of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium of the
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions expressions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions expressions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions expressions of this
+sort have in the recent uh literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort have in the recent uh literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort have in the recent uh literature
+let's say 15 years been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 15 years been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 15 years been called
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+relations there are many of these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here essentially you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here essentially you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here essentially you see that the
+the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of this
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+governs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs the
+probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+uh these number be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these number be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these number be
+uh greater or smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater or smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater or smaller than
+one and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and sometimes
+if people push a bit too much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people push a bit too much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people push a bit too much the
+interpretation they say all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation they say all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation they say all right this
+is H this is a process that goes against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H this is a process that goes against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H this is a process that goes against
+the second law this one goes uh towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law this one goes uh towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law this one goes uh towards
+the second law but the net balance never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law but the net balance never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law but the net balance never
+violat so it's like saying well one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violat so it's like saying well one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violat so it's like saying well one is a
+is is is more unusual than the other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is more unusual than the other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is more unusual than the other but
+if for the second LW what counts is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for the second LW what counts is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for the second LW what counts is the
+overall net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect and here is the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and here is the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and here is the list of
+possibilities if you want that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities if you want that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities if you want that to be
+greater than zero which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero which is uh
+always uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh if you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+positive Affinity so a positive degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Affinity so a positive degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Affinity so a positive degree
+of uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh these
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+uh then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh
+this is the case in which the s+ is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case in which the s+ is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case in which the s+ is more
+positive than the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive than the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive than the S
+minus or if you have the Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or if you have the Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or if you have the Affinity
+negative or the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or the degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or the degree of this
+equilibrium negative this is the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium negative this is the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium negative this is the case in
+which the S minus is more negative than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the S minus is more negative than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the S minus is more negative than
+the S Plus and of course at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S Plus and of course at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S Plus and of course at equilibrium
+they're both equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way of getting to the same result to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting to the same result to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting to the same result to the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+theory theory of of of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinetics and this is a model based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and this is a model based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and this is a model based on
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considerations so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations so let's start
+from the overall reaction that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the overall reaction that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the overall reaction that we are
+studying like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+which we recall what the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we recall what the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we recall what the definition of
+the Affinity is it's the weighted sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Affinity is it's the weighted sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Affinity is it's the weighted sum of
+minus mu / T of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu / T of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu / T of the various
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and
+here is the law of mass action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the law of mass action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the law of mass action
+the non equilibrium low of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non equilibrium low of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non equilibrium low of
+massage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage
+now let's consider also the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's consider also the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's consider also the half
+reactions of formation now here for see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of formation now here for see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of formation now here for see
+for compactness I put I call them plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compactness I put I call them plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compactness I put I call them plus
+and minus so this represents two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus so this represents two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus so this represents two
+reactions that the half forward and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that the half forward and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that the half forward and the
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+backward of formation so they are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward of formation so they are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward of formation so they are also
+written in that same format with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in that same format with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in that same format with
+everything to the to the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the to the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the to the left of the
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+sign so that's the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex this being a reaction as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this being a reaction as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this being a reaction as any
+other I can Define its affinities so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I can Define its affinities so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I can Define its affinities so I
+can Define the Affinity Plus or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define the Affinity Plus or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define the Affinity Plus or the
+Affinity of the minus reaction I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity of the minus reaction I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity of the minus reaction I have to
+be careful that the tetric coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful that the tetric coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful that the tetric coefficients
+are not only these ones but also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only these ones but also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only these ones but also there
+is a sotic coefficient equal to one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sotic coefficient equal to one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sotic coefficient equal to one in
+front of of the activated complex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of of the activated complex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of of the activated complex so
+that's this contribution so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this contribution so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this contribution so I need to
+know or at least to uh in theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or at least to uh in theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or at least to uh in theoretically
+assume that we are able to uh uh know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we are able to uh uh know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we are able to uh uh know
+the chemical potential of the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential of the activated
+complex whereas these are the usual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex whereas these are the usual ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex whereas these are the usual ones
+I mean those are the reactants and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean those are the reactants and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean those are the reactants and the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and
+clearly Al for this reaction I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly Al for this reaction I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly Al for this reaction I can write
+a a non equilibrium low of mass action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a non equilibrium low of mass action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a non equilibrium low of mass action
+exactly like that one only using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like that one only using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like that one only using
+properly these doomric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients this the the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients this the the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients this the the concentration
+of the activated complex goes on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the activated complex goes on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the activated complex goes on top
+because it has a plus stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a plus stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a plus stochiometric
+coefficient and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and this
+summation uh I put it at the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation uh I put it at the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation uh I put it at the denominator
+because otherwise I would have to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise I would have to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise I would have to put it
+at the numerator with minus uh new plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the numerator with minus uh new plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the numerator with minus uh new plus
+minus okay so that's and clearly uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so that's and clearly uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so that's and clearly uh I
+also need to compute a an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to compute a an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to compute a an equilibrium
+constant for the forward and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for the forward and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for the forward and for the
+backward reaction all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward reaction all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward reaction all right so that's
+that's uh pretty General know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh pretty General know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh pretty General know not
+assumptions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far we can also compute therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we can also compute therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we can also compute therefore
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium now here's the trick we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now here's the trick we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now here's the trick we we
+are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+assume equilibrium partial equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume equilibrium partial equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume equilibrium partial equilibrium
+only either for the forward or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only either for the forward or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only either for the forward or for the
+backward reaction so we say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward reaction so we say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward reaction so we say all right
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+uh the backward reaction is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the backward reaction is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the backward reaction is at
+equilibrium we set the it's Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we set the it's Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we set the it's Affinity
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+and from this law of mass action this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this law of mass action this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this law of mass action this
+becomes one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one and we
+compute what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what would
+be the concentration of the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the concentration of the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the concentration of the activated
+complex if it were in equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if it were in equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if it were in equilibrium with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reactants only I'm sorry with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants only I'm sorry with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants only I'm sorry with the
+product because that's the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because that's the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because that's the backward
+reaction so only on that side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so only on that side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so only on that side of the
+valley there is equilibrium and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley there is equilibrium and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley there is equilibrium and that
+gives me n star uh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me n star uh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me n star uh minus
+I do the same also on the other side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the same also on the other side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the same also on the other side and
+that would give me another value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration the actual concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the actual concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the actual concentration
+of the activated complex is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the activated complex is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the activated complex is related to
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ones through the degrees of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones through the degrees of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones through the degrees of this
+equilibrium of the forward and backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the forward and backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the forward and backward
+reactions because uh I can simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions because uh I can simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions because uh I can simply uh
+recognize that this K and this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this K and this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this K and this summation
+appear up here so if I substitute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear up here so if I substitute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear up here so if I substitute these
+two in here it it brings me uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation I also noticed that the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I also noticed that the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I also noticed that the ratio
+between what would be uh the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what would be uh the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what would be uh the equilibrium
+concentration of the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the activated
+complex uh for the minus or for the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh for the minus or for the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh for the minus or for the plus
+the ratio of the two is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the two is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the two is equal to
+again the degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the degree of the
+equ or the exponential of the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ or the exponential of the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ or the exponential of the degree of
+so the degree of the equilibrium can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the degree of the equilibrium can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the degree of the equilibrium can be
+written also therefore as the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written also therefore as the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written also therefore as the logarithm
+of those would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations meaning that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations meaning that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations meaning that at
+equilibrium those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium those
+concentrations are equal if if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are equal if if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are equal if if they are
+both uh that overall equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh that overall equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh that overall equilibrium so
+equilibrium for the overall action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium for the overall action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium for the overall action
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+also uh the forward and the backward are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at so the idea is all right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so the idea is all right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so the idea is all right so that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that I have an indicator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have an indicator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have an indicator which is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the
+unbalance can think of this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance can think of this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance can think of this equilibrium
+concentrations as the um the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations as the um the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations as the um the sort of the
+rate at which the reactants form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which the reactants form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which the reactants form the
+activated complex and if that rate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated complex and if that rate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated complex and if that rate those
+rates are unbalanced there is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are unbalanced there is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are unbalanced there is more
+formation of activated complex from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of activated complex from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of activated complex from one
+side and from the other and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and from the other and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and from the other and therefore
+there is more chance uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more chance uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more chance uh that the
+reaction proceeds uh in order to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction proceeds uh in order to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction proceeds uh in order to balance
+this that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that is
+why we can assume that the reaction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate the of the forward reaction of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the of the forward reaction of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the of the forward reaction of of
+the forward is equal to the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward is equal to the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward is equal to the forward
+equilibrium of the activated complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the activated complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the activated complex
+times a a coefficient which represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a a coefficient which represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a a coefficient which represents
+the uh the frequency with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the frequency with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the frequency with
+which uh the activated complex decays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the activated complex decays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the activated complex decays in
+the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction and conversely for the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and conversely for the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and conversely for the minus
+so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the
+Assumption and with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption and with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption and with that
+assumption we get if you substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we get if you substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we get if you substitute this
+equilibrium expression you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression you get
+this U formula which is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U formula which is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U formula which is very similar to
+uh it has some something that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has some something that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has some something that depends on
+temperature which is still what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is still what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is still what we
+called the the rate constant so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the the rate constant so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the the rate constant so it's
+another way of writing the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing the rate constant
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasoning not in terms of probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning not in terms of probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning not in terms of probabilities
+but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+and of course we can apply we we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we can apply we we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we can apply we we can do
+the same as same ratio that we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as same ratio that we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as same ratio that we did in
+order to compute the principle of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute the principle of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute the principle of detail
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at so this is in general if you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this is in general if you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this is in general if you evaluate
+this at equilibrium when Epsilon minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at equilibrium when Epsilon minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at equilibrium when Epsilon minus
+and plus are equal and they are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus are equal and they are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus are equal and they are equal to
+epsilon0 so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 so this is equal to
+one the Affinity is equal to uh zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the Affinity is equal to uh zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the Affinity is equal to uh zero so
+e is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to one
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+implies that K minus must be equal to k+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that K minus must be equal to k+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that K minus must be equal to k+
+so that this frequency of forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this frequency of forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this frequency of forward and
+back or Decay is equal on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetrical which which which gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical which which which gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical which which which gives us
+some nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh understanding of so we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding of so we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding of so we could have
+used here a single a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and
+therefore you see that uh these forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you see that uh these forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you see that uh these forward
+and backward reactions are propor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and backward reactions are propor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and backward reactions are propor
+portional by the same constant uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portional by the same constant uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portional by the same constant uh to
+these would be concentrations of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be concentrations of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be concentrations of the uh
+activated complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's return to the rate of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+is for the case in which we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the case in which we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the case in which we did it
+before for the case in which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for the case in which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for the case in which we have
+only one chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one chemical
+reaction most of the times we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction most of the times we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction most of the times we have many
+chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+like the 24 for hydrogen or the 350 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 24 for hydrogen or the 350 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 24 for hydrogen or the 350 for
+methane and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so we don't have only one Epsilon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have only one Epsilon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have only one Epsilon we
+have many epsilons and Z is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many epsilons and Z is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many epsilons and Z is the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions so the rate of change for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so the rate of change for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so the rate of change for the
+entropy which for the for the isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which for the for the isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which for the for the isolated
+system is also the entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is also the entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is also the entropy produced by
+reversibility is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility is a
+summation of affinities each multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of affinities each multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of affinities each multiplied
+by each right which we can write also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each right which we can write also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each right which we can write also in
+this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh we
+realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+that uh not all reactions have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh not all reactions have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh not all reactions have the
+are are important in the same in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are important in the same in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are important in the same in the
+sense that U uh we need to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that U uh we need to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that U uh we need to describe
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+kinetics because some reactions are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that regardless of the kinetics they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regardless of the kinetics they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regardless of the kinetics they go
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+equilibrate very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate very
+quickly so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so we
+can save ourself some time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save ourself some time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save ourself some time or
+complication if we assume that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication if we assume that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication if we assume that they are
+at equilibrium so essentially what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium so essentially what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium so essentially what we do
+is to split the set of Z reactions into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to split the set of Z reactions into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to split the set of Z reactions into
+a set of slow and a set of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of slow and a set of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of slow and a set of fast
+reactions so I split the summation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so I split the summation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so I split the summation into
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations of
+course the proportionality relation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the proportionality relation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the proportionality relation is
+this one it's also a summation so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's also a summation so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's also a summation so uh the
+we have split the summation also in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the this law means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this law means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this law means
+that we can assume that this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can assume that this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can assume that this part of the
+composition is slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is slowly
+varing as compared to this contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varing as compared to this contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varing as compared to this contribution
+here of the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that the Epsilon of the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the Epsilon of the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the Epsilon of the fast
+reactions are at any instant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are at any instant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are at any instant of
+time the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the equilibrium
+epsilons so we use the law of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons so we use the law of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons so we use the law of mass
+action to compute the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition only of the subset of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition only of the subset of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition only of the subset of fast
+reactions assuming that the slow ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions assuming that the slow ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions assuming that the slow ones
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+frozen we temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen we temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen we temporarily
+froze freeze the uh uh the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froze freeze the uh uh the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froze freeze the uh uh the slow
+reactions so that fixes this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so that fixes this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so that fixes this part of the
+composition and we say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and we say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and we say all
+right for this so these become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for this so these become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for this so these become the
+initial amounts like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N uh so the for these initial amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh so the for these initial amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh so the for these initial amounts
+what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+be the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the equilibrium
+composition for the stomri efficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for the stomri efficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for the stomri efficients of
+the fast reactions and that's what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast reactions and that's what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast reactions and that's what we've
+been doing we apply the law of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing we apply the law of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing we apply the law of mass
+action in order to compute uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in order to compute uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in order to compute uh uh
+compositions which can be cast as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions which can be cast as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions which can be cast as uh
+values of the reaction rates the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+right of course this has to be done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course this has to be done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course this has to be done at
+every instant of time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every instant of time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every instant of time because
+slowly uh the slow reactions do Advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly uh the slow reactions do Advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly uh the slow reactions do Advance
+Al They also advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al They also advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al They also advance
+actually they are the the bottleneck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they are the the bottleneck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they are the the bottleneck of
+the mechanism they are the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism they are the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism they are the rate
+controlling reactions the slow ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling reactions the slow ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling reactions the slow ones are
+the ones that control the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that control the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that control the rate of the
+others now like when you have a a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now like when you have a a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now like when you have a a car
+Jam uh the low U cars ahead um impede
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jam uh the low U cars ahead um impede
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jam uh the low U cars ahead um impede
+the the ones behind to go faster even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ones behind to go faster even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ones behind to go faster even if
+they are faster but they can as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are faster but they can as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are faster but they can as soon as
+they get there they they get stuck okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get there they they get stuck okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get there they they get stuck okay
+so essentially this is is what the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this is is what the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this is is what the fast
+reaction do they get stuck uh in Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction do they get stuck uh in Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction do they get stuck uh in Q of
+they wait for the slow reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait for the slow reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait for the slow reactions to
+change something and then immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt
+okay so you may say Ah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you may say Ah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you may say Ah that's
+interesting so but if the reactions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so but if the reactions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so but if the reactions the
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+reactions are at equilibrium it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are at equilibrium it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are at equilibrium it means
+that their affinities are equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their affinities are equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their affinities are equal to zero
+so in the expression for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the expression for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the expression for the entropy
+change the affinities of the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the affinities of the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the affinities of the fast
+reactions are by this model assumed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are by this model assumed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are by this model assumed to
+be all equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true but one one might be led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but one one might be led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but one one might be led to
+conclude oh so the so the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude oh so the so the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude oh so the so the First
+Reactions don't contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactions don't contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactions don't contribute to the
+entropy production because this sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production because this sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production because this sum is
+equ Al to zero no that would be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ Al to zero no that would be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ Al to zero no that would be wrong
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this
+assumption makes the uh epsilons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption makes the uh epsilons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption makes the uh epsilons of the
+fast reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reaction
+appear in the affinities of the low ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the affinities of the low ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the affinities of the low ones
+and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here this says that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here this says that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here this says that the the
+Affinity of the fast reaction is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity of the fast reaction is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity of the fast reaction is equal
+to zero which is the this the the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero which is the this the the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero which is the this the the set of
+equations that you have to solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you have to solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you have to solve in
+order to compute these Epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute these Epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute these Epsilon zero
+fast once you find it you put it in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast once you find it you put it in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast once you find it you put it in uh
+the expression the analogous expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression the analogous expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression the analogous expression
+for the slow reactions which depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slow reactions which depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the slow reactions which depend on
+energy volume and the amounts now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy volume and the amounts now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy volume and the amounts now the
+amounts are given by the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts are given by the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts are given by the proportionality
+relation here with the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here with the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here with the absolute
+instead of being now a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being now a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being now a function of time
+this way it is a function of time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it is a function of time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it is a function of time this
+way so I substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I substitute this
+Epsilon with the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon with the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon with the result of the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computation and so now you see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and so now you see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and so now you see that uh
+the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast
+reactions advance so these Epsilon Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions advance so these Epsilon Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions advance so these Epsilon Zer
+Advance following the slow ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance following the slow ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance following the slow ones and
+their Advan advance changes the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Advan advance changes the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Advan advance changes the uh
+affects the affinities of the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the affinities of the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the affinities of the low
+reaction so essentially we have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so essentially we have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so essentially we have moved
+the effects of this summation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this summation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this summation which is
+actually fast so it's producing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fast so it's producing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fast so it's producing uh
+immediately the entropy uh so it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the entropy uh so it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the entropy uh so it's and
+it's it's we built it in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's we built it in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's we built it in uh the
+affinities of the slow reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so with this model at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so with this model at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so with this model at least
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have you you you know you find that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you you know you find that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you you know you find that it's
+useless to know uh the reaction uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless to know uh the reaction uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless to know uh the reaction uh rate
+constants so the arous factors and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so the arous factors and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so the arous factors and all
+all of that for the reactions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that for the reactions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that for the reactions that you
+feel are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel are uh
+faster and therefore equili equilibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of a nozzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a nozzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a nozzle
+expansion so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so here we have
+um be at the entrance before this throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be at the entrance before this throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be at the entrance before this throat
+of the no nozzle this is a supersonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the no nozzle this is a supersonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the no nozzle this is a supersonic
+nozzle this uh throat has on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle this uh throat has on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle this uh throat has on the left
+hand side not drone here the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side not drone here the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side not drone here the a
+combustion chamber in which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion chamber in which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion chamber in which you have
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+the you've burnt a hydrogen in pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you've burnt a hydrogen in pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you've burnt a hydrogen in pure
+oxygen and so you have the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and so you have the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and so you have the products of
+combustion essentially water and few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion essentially water and few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion essentially water and few
+other uh F the other eight species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh F the other eight species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh F the other eight species that
+are in that scheme that will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in that scheme that will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in that scheme that will appear
+again in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the next
+slide so these products of of combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so these products of of combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so these products of of combustion
+are at an adiabatic flame temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at an adiabatic flame temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at an adiabatic flame temperature
+they are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure about 25
+atmospheres and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres and uh the
+throat is so designed to so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat is so designed to so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat is so designed to so as to
+achieve the maximum speed you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the maximum speed you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the maximum speed you know that
+when you have mac number uh so the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have mac number uh so the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have mac number uh so the sound
+when the flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the flow is
+a Mac number equal to one that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mac number equal to one that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mac number equal to one that's the the
+the maximum speed allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum speed allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum speed allowed
+by the combination of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the combination of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the combination of the entropy
+momentum and energy balance plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and energy balance plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and energy balance plus the
+equation of State for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State for the
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+that's fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics and combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and combined with
+thermodynamics but in any case so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics but in any case so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics but in any case so you
+have Mac one and then as a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Mac one and then as a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Mac one and then as a result of the
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+here uh if you have a welld designed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if you have a welld designed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if you have a welld designed uh
+nozle the fluid will accelerate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozle the fluid will accelerate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozle the fluid will accelerate and
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+supersonic example here it would exit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersonic example here it would exit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersonic example here it would exit at
+the Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac
+Four of course that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four of course that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four of course that means
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+the uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh thermal
+energy gets transformed into kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets transformed into kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets transformed into kinetic
+energy so the gas cools down and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the gas cools down and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the gas cools down and also
+the pressure goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure goes
+down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh occurs pretty quickly because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh occurs pretty quickly because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh occurs pretty quickly because of
+the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high
+velocities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities is
+expansion and uh the rapidity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and uh the rapidity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and uh the rapidity is
+important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the time that um the collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the time that um the collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the time that um the collisions
+require to reequilibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy uh is not U is not is um is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh is not U is not is um is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh is not U is not is um is not
+enough given the residence the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough given the residence the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough given the residence the short
+residence time those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residence time those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residence time those
+collisions uh cannot keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh cannot keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh cannot keep
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+uh here at the entrance of the nozzle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here at the entrance of the nozzle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here at the entrance of the nozzle we
+have chemical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chemical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chemical equilibrium
+so the composition here is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the composition here is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the composition here is that of
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+equilibrium and this is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and this is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and this is the uh the
+temperature as as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as as it
+expands you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands you would think
+that the chemically effective collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chemically effective collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chemically effective collisions
+are fast enough to keep up and maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fast enough to keep up and maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fast enough to keep up and maintain
+chemical equilibrium if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium if they
+did you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you would
+follow this blue dotted line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this blue dotted line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this blue dotted line
+line a dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line in reality they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in reality they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in reality they
+follow the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the red
+line that's at least according to the 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's at least according to the 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's at least according to the 24
+reactions say species detailed chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schin they are not completely Frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schin they are not completely Frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schin they are not completely Frozen
+though some reactions do occur because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though some reactions do occur because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though some reactions do occur because
+uh if you try to compute uh assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you try to compute uh assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you try to compute uh assume that
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+composition uh here Remains the Same all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition uh here Remains the Same all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition uh here Remains the Same all
+through you would do you would obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you would do you would obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you would do you would obtain
+this uh result that's when you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh result that's when you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh result that's when you assume
+all the reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reactions
+Frozen so they are not frozen they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+active so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active so here are
+the 24 reactions that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 24 reactions that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 24 reactions that we uh
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and
+now we look what each one does by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we look what each one does by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we look what each one does by
+looking at the individual degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the individual degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the individual degree of this
+equilibrium that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined and we find something uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and we find something uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and we find something uh which
+is a bit surprising if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit surprising if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit surprising if you if
+you if you don't think a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you don't think a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you don't think a lot about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+that yeah what's not surprising is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah what's not surprising is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah what's not surprising is that
+you have some reactions for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some reactions for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some reactions for which the
+degree of this equilibrium remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of this equilibrium remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of this equilibrium remains
+practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically
+zero so they remain at equilibrium these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so they remain at equilibrium these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so they remain at equilibrium these
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ones that are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast and if you group them here like 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and if you group them here like 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and if you group them here like 11
+13 14 18 20 21 23 it's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 14 18 20 21 23 it's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 14 18 20 21 23 it's these
+ones they are two body reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh of they have certain feature this fo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of they have certain feature this fo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of they have certain feature this fo
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+FV uh fo represents the free oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FV uh fo represents the free oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FV uh fo represents the free oxygen and
+F the free valence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the free valence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the free valence of the
+molecules and this difference turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and this difference turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and this difference turns out
+uh I frankly don't know why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I frankly don't know why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I frankly don't know why that
+particular difference I'm not uh enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular difference I'm not uh enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular difference I'm not uh enough
+chemical engineer to or a chemist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineer to or a chemist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineer to or a chemist to
+understand that you I wish Professor kek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you I wish Professor kek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you I wish Professor kek
+was here to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us what's surprising here is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what's surprising here is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what's surprising here is that there
+are other groups of reactions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other groups of reactions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other groups of reactions so the
+reactions behave like groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example S 8 n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example S 8 n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example S 8 n and
+10 build up degree of this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 build up degree of this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 build up degree of this equilibrium
+so that means that the kinetics cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the kinetics cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the kinetics cannot
+uh keep up and therefore you build uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep up and therefore you build uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep up and therefore you build uh
+keep up with the to reach equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the to reach equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the to reach equilibrium
+and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+build uh dise equilibrium that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh dise equilibrium that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh dise equilibrium that's the
+degree of dis equilibrium they as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downstreams but these four reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstreams but these four reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstreams but these four reactions
+which are very different from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very different from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very different from one
+another uh yet they follow the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh yet they follow the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh yet they follow the same uh
+the same um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+uh departure from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium and notice that these one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and notice that these one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and notice that these one
+are three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three body
+reactions these are reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions these are reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions these are reactions that
+require the Collision of three molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the Collision of three molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the Collision of three molecules
+they are much less frequent and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are much less frequent and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are much less frequent and that is
+why this doesn't occur fast enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this doesn't occur fast enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this doesn't occur fast enough to
+keep up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+but they do not change the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do not change the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do not change the difference
+between free oxygen and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valence so essentially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence so essentially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence so essentially these
+reactions are subject to what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are subject to what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are subject to what we would
+call A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call A
+a bottle the same bottleneck which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottle the same bottleneck which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottle the same bottleneck which is
+the the three body reactions you need uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three body reactions you need uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three body reactions you need uh
+a three body reaction to for them to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three body reaction to for them to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three body reaction to for them to a
+three body collision and those are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three body collision and those are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three body collision and those are in
+infrequent and that is characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent and that is characterized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent and that is characterized by
+a change in the uh overall molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in the uh overall molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in the uh overall molecular
+number because you see you go from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because you see you go from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because you see you go from three
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+two so you you have Collision of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you you have Collision of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you you have Collision of three
+particles and uh after the activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh after the activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh after the activated
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+uh breaks down it it produces two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fragments then we have another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments then we have another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments then we have another set
+another group which is these ones these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another group which is these ones these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another group which is these ones these
+ones these are two body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these are two body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these are two body
+reactions but their bottleneck is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but their bottleneck is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but their bottleneck is that
+uh these reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these reactions
+change this magic difference between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this magic difference between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this magic difference between uh
+free oxygen free Valance they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free oxygen free Valance they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free oxygen free Valance they change
+them the change it by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the change it by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the change it by the same amount
+to that this is what they have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that this is what they have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that this is what they have in
+common it's the same so they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common it's the same so they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common it's the same so they have to
+face the same bottleneck changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the same bottleneck changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the same bottleneck changing that
+and apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently
+that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh something of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something of of of of
+the of the mechanism that is common even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the mechanism that is common even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the mechanism that is common even
+if the molecules are different um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecules are different um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecules are different um that
+difference plays a role in the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference plays a role in the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference plays a role in the kinetics
+and it's slow it slows down so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's slow it slows down so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's slow it slows down so those
+cannot cannot keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cannot keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cannot keep
+up and then you also if you look uh long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then you also if you look uh long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then you also if you look uh long
+enough you may recognize that the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you may recognize that the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you may recognize that the this
+other group follows a curve which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group follows a curve which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group follows a curve which is the
+sum of the curves below so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the curves below so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the curves below so if you take
+the sum of this curve and the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of this curve and the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of this curve and the sum of
+that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get
+that so the degree of dis equilibrium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the degree of dis equilibrium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the degree of dis equilibrium of
+these ones at any instant of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones at any instant of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones at any instant of time is
+equal to the sum of the degrees of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the degrees of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the degrees of the
+equilibrium that has built up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that has built up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that has built up for the
+other two mechanism and in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two mechanism and in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two mechanism and in fact this is
+the group of reactions here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of reactions here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of reactions here that is
+subject to both bottlenecks they require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to both bottlenecks they require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to both bottlenecks they require
+three collisions mean three body uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three collisions mean three body uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three collisions mean three body uh
+Collision Plus they require to change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision Plus they require to change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision Plus they require to change uh
+the difference between free oxy and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between free oxy and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between free oxy and free
+valence and that's why they pay double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence and that's why they pay double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence and that's why they pay double
+duty so to speak and they remain behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty so to speak and they remain behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty so to speak and they remain behind
+by the sum of these degrees of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equ so the idea of um if you go back one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ so the idea of um if you go back one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ so the idea of um if you go back one
+moment the idea of the ra control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the idea of the ra control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the idea of the ra control
+constraint equilibrium model is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equilibrium model is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equilibrium model is to
+assign instead of of using all the 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign instead of of using all the 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign instead of of using all the 24
+reaction rates uh it shows and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates uh it shows and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates uh it shows and actually
+here this shows that you get very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this shows that you get very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this shows that you get very good
+results with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results with
+only uh uh rates for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh uh rates for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh uh rates for four
+constraints two are just the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints two are just the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints two are just the element
+conservation and the others are one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and the others are one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and the others are one is
+the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+of molecules conservation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules conservation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules conservation which is
+conserved uh uh by the two body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved uh uh by the two body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved uh uh by the two body
+collisions and not by the three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and not by the three body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and not by the three body
+collisions and the other is the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and the other is the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and the other is the that
+difference between the free valence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the free valence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the free valence and
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+oxygen and that means that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and that means that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and that means that you can
+obtain the exact match of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the exact match of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the exact match of the
+experimental results instead of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results instead of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results instead of solving
+24 right equations so you just solve 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 right equations so you just solve 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 right equations so you just solve 2 +
+two so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that makes
+four with a big gain especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four with a big gain especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four with a big gain especially
+if you're doing if you're doing also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing if you're doing also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing if you're doing also
+computational fluid mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational fluid mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational fluid mechanics and
+therefore in addition to the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in addition to the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in addition to the chemical
+kinetics you have to uh solve the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics you have to uh solve the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics you have to uh solve the the uh
+the fluid mechanics of of the problem H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid mechanics of of the problem H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid mechanics of of the problem H
+where if you uh if you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you uh if you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you uh if you have to deal with
+turbulence and so on uh makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence and so on uh makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence and so on uh makes the
+problem already complicated enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem already complicated enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem already complicated enough that
+Savings in the number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savings in the number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savings in the number of different
+differential equations you have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations you have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations you have to solve
+simultaneously makes a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference now this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea also
+applies uh here again a nozzle you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies uh here again a nozzle you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies uh here again a nozzle you take
+products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combustion of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion of some other
+fuel uh so that you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh so that you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh so that you obtain
+here a mixture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a mixture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a mixture at
+equilibrium in which you have carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in which you have carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in which you have carbon
+dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen and a little bit of water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and a little bit of water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and a little bit of water so
+90% nitrogen about 10% CO2 and 1% water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% nitrogen about 10% CO2 and 1% water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% nitrogen about 10% CO2 and 1% water
+water I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water I
+think acts as a catalyzer what of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think acts as a catalyzer what of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think acts as a catalyzer what of the
+reactions that we're going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we're going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we're going to describe
+here now also at in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now also at in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now also at in this
+nozzle the important uh effect is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle the important uh effect is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle the important uh effect is that
+there is a degree of dise equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a degree of dise equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a degree of dise equilibrium
+that builds up like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds up like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds up like we have
+seen only that here the the dise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen only that here the the dise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen only that here the the dise
+equilibrium is not between molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is not between molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is not between molecular
+species or the certain chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species or the certain chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species or the certain chemical reaction
+it's within the molecules in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's within the molecules in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's within the molecules in particular
+the molecules of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules of of
+CO2 which which are the key molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 which which are the key molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 which which are the key molecules
+that are interesting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application it's the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it's the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it's the balance
+in how the energy is distributed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how the energy is distributed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how the energy is distributed between
+the translational rotational and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translational rotational and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translational rotational and
+vibrational levels of the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of the CO2
+molecule what happens here is that as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what happens here is that as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what happens here is that as uh
+the um rapid expansion occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um rapid expansion occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um rapid expansion occurs
+also here we have Sonic and Mac 4 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here we have Sonic and Mac 4 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here we have Sonic and Mac 4 at the
+exit so it's similar to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit so it's similar to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit so it's similar to the other
+problem what happens is that here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what happens is that here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what happens is that here you
+have a lot of random kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of random kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of random kinetic
+energy of the thermal agitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the thermal agitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the thermal agitation of
+molecules and the nozzle takes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the nozzle takes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the nozzle takes that
+kinetic energy and transforms it into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and transforms it into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and transforms it into um
+stream the kinetic energy of the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the kinetic energy of the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the kinetic energy of the flow
+like a a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity and if the uh Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and if the uh Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and if the uh Collision
+mechanisms were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms were very
+effective uh as soon as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective uh as soon as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective uh as soon as the the
+translational degree of Freedom uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational degree of Freedom uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational degree of Freedom uh uh
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+down because of the expansion you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because of the expansion you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because of the expansion you see
+the temperature goes from high to low so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes from high to low so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes from high to low so
+that means the the thermal kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the the thermal kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the the thermal kinetic
+energy cools down it transforms into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cools down it transforms into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cools down it transforms into um
+flow kinetic energy you you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow kinetic energy you you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow kinetic energy you you can see that
+here this is the flow kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the flow kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the flow kinetic energy
+goes up and this is the thermal kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and this is the thermal kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and this is the thermal kinetic
+energy that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that goes
+down and this is the uh vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this is the uh vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this is the uh vibrational
+energy the energy in the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy in the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy in the vibrational
+modes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of the
+molecules those also if the effective if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules those also if the effective if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules those also if the effective if
+if the effectiveness was very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the effectiveness was very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the effectiveness was very high
+would would lose energy quickly and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would lose energy quickly and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would lose energy quickly and uh
+and trans and transfer the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trans and transfer the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trans and transfer the the the
+vibrational energy into the uh kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational energy into the uh kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational energy into the uh kinetic
+and rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotation
+and but this mechanism is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but this mechanism is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but this mechanism is relatively
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+so the degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium builds up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium builds up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium builds up in the
+vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example this is the lower level it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is the lower level it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is the lower level it
+gets cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets cool
+down but there is a an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but there is a an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but there is a an upper
+level upper vibrational level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level upper vibrational level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level upper vibrational level that
+remains sort of Frozen for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Downstream so why is that important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream so why is that important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream so why is that important for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+application for this application what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for this application what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for this application what
+count counts is is the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count counts is is the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count counts is is the vibrational
+levels of the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the CO2
+molecule and the CO2 molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the CO2 molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the CO2 molecules
+can being a molecule aligned this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can being a molecule aligned this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can being a molecule aligned this way
+can vibrate in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+uh this is a symmetric U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a symmetric U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a symmetric U
+stretching this is a bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching this is a bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching this is a bending
+mode and this is a asymmetric so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and this is a asymmetric so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and this is a asymmetric so it goes
+distance from one side and while it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from one side and while it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from one side and while it goes
+shorter on the other side and and keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter on the other side and and keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter on the other side and and keeps
+going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like
+that now these each of these modes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now these each of these modes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now these each of these modes have
+frequencies and these frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and these frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and these frequencies are
+quantized because we live uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized because we live uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized because we live uh in a
+Quantum world and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum world and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum world and that's
+uh uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these
+are like harmonic oscillators Springs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like harmonic oscillators Springs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like harmonic oscillators Springs a
+mass and a spring according to Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and a spring according to Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and a spring according to Quantum
+Mechanics cannot live in a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics cannot live in a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics cannot live in a continuous
+set of levels but the levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantized and so the molecule if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized and so the molecule if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized and so the molecule if you
+give more energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give more energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give more energy to the
+molecule you need to give it enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you need to give it enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you need to give it enough to
+jump to the to up to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the to up to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the to up to another
+level you cannot give it continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same is if you have excited some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same is if you have excited some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same is if you have excited some
+high level in order for that to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level in order for that to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level in order for that to uh
+release energy it has to jump down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release energy it has to jump down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release energy it has to jump down to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level uh the important one is this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh the important one is this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh the important one is this level
+here which is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is at this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+wavelength wavelength is a frequency you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength wavelength is a frequency you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength wavelength is a frequency you
+know there is a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is a relation between
+frequency and wavelength so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and wavelength so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and wavelength so the
+frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of
+vibration uh is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration uh is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration uh is related to the
+wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of
+and here it is important to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it is important to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it is important to look at the
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+because because of photons because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of photons because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of photons because of
+light we will see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we will see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we will see in a
+moment so the important uh thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the important uh thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the important uh thing that
+happens here is that this vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that this vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that this vibrational
+level which is a high level would we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is a high level would we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is a high level would we say
+up somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somewhere
+here is uh relatively highly populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh relatively highly populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh relatively highly populated
+in the hot gases before the they enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hot gases before the they enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hot gases before the they enter
+the nozzle because we are at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh not only
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+is uh very close I mean the the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh very close I mean the the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh very close I mean the the that
+level for CO2 is very close to a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for CO2 is very close to a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for CO2 is very close to a similar
+level for nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for nitrogen
+molecules so by simple Collision the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so by simple Collision the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so by simple Collision the
+nitrogen molecules can populate the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen molecules can populate the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen molecules can populate the CO2
+that CO2 particular level because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CO2 particular level because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CO2 particular level because they
+are tuned so to speak they are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tuned so to speak they are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tuned so to speak they are exactly
+the same height so it's there is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same height so it's there is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same height so it's there is a good
+chance that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you
+transfer the energy of one to uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the energy of one to uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the energy of one to uh to the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+one and that's why uh they chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's why uh they chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's why uh they chose
+nitrogen and CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and CO2
+and this one when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one when it
+decays it decays to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays it decays to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays it decays to this
+level now every time a vibrational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now every time a vibrational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now every time a vibrational level
+decays to a lower level it emits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays to a lower level it emits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays to a lower level it emits a
+photon if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon if that
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random
+situation those photons would go would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation those photons would go would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation those photons would go would
+go in U uh in all directions randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+called spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called spontaneous
+emission but if that uh Decay happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission but if that uh Decay happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission but if that uh Decay happens uh
+in a in a situation in which there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a situation in which there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a situation in which there are
+other photons with the same frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other photons with the same frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other photons with the same frequency so
+other photons that have are exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other photons that have are exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other photons that have are exact
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+frequency uh these other photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh these other photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh these other photons
+stimulate the emission of these uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Decay by producing photons that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay by producing photons that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay by producing photons that have
+exactly the same uh frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same uh frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same uh frequency and
+direction this is what uh happens this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is what uh happens this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction this is what uh happens this
+is called stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emission and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and this
+is the object of uh uh the objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object of uh uh the objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object of uh uh the objective of
+of of this entire construction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this entire construction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this entire construction because
+by doing that let's see if I havea oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that let's see if I havea oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that let's see if I havea oops
+by doing that this picture shows you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that this picture shows you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that this picture shows you uh
+the details of how big this is thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how big this is thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how big this is thing
+this thing is so the nozzle is about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is so the nozzle is about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is so the nozzle is about um
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+meter a meter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter a meter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter a meter here
+um so what they do essentially is to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what they do essentially is to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what they do essentially is to put
+um I'm sorry this is the diffuser the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sorry this is the diffuser the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sorry this is the diffuser the
+nozzle uh the good part the the nozzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle uh the good part the the nozzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle uh the good part the the nozzle
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+here these are the nozzles so several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are the nozzles so several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are the nozzles so several of
+them this is the expansion and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is the expansion and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is the expansion and this is
+the downstream area in which we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstream area in which we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstream area in which we have the
+uh that degree of dise equilibrium so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that degree of dise equilibrium so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that degree of dise equilibrium so in
+which I have populated still populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have populated still populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have populated still populated
+the high levels this is called inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high levels this is called inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high levels this is called inversion
+of population it's the it's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population it's the it's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population it's the it's the inverse
+of what you would be at equilibrium at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you would be at equilibrium at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you would be at equilibrium at
+the local values of of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local values of of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local values of of temperature
+but uh with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh with that
+inversion uh it turn turns out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion uh it turn turns out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion uh it turn turns out if you
+have an inversion of population means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inversion of population means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inversion of population means
+that this one is more populated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one is more populated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one is more populated and
+therefore the rate at which um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the rate at which um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the rate at which um you
+produce photons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce photons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce photons by
+Decay is higher than the typical rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay is higher than the typical rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay is higher than the typical rate at
+which photons get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which photons get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which photons get
+absorbed uh uh in order to repopulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed uh uh in order to repopulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed uh uh in order to repopulate
+that one so you have a net release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so you have a net release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so you have a net release of
+photons and if you put that between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and if you put that between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and if you put that between
+mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors
+so that these photons go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these photons go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these photons go back and forth
+and stimulate the emission then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulate the emission then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulate the emission then you get
+the building up of light coherent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building up of light coherent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building up of light coherent light
+photons with the same frequency same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons with the same frequency same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons with the same frequency same
+direction so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so that's a
+laser and this is actually a power laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and this is actually a power laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and this is actually a power laser
+because usually the lasers that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually the lasers that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually the lasers that you have
+you use for like pointer laser for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for like pointer laser for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for like pointer laser for
+PowerPoint is uh I don't know micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint is uh I don't know micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint is uh I don't know micro
+microwatts or mwatts I don't know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwatts or mwatts I don't know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwatts or mwatts I don't know very
+small power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small power
+but with this one and we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with this one and we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with this one and we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+1970s the output was continuous output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s the output was continuous output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s the output was continuous output
+of light of 60 kilowatt which is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light of 60 kilowatt which is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light of 60 kilowatt which is a huge
+amount of of power especially if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of of power especially if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of of power especially if it is
+that's the kind of light with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of light with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of light with which you
+can do laser cutting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do laser cutting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do laser cutting of
+metals okay so and this is all due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals okay so and this is all due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals okay so and this is all due to
+the fact that you managed to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you managed to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you managed to establish
+the degree of dise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of dise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of dise
+equilibrium and I think I would stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and I think I would stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and I think I would stop
+here for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KYabRbRR-dU.txt b/KYabRbRR-dU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a49d9cb8d4ecfa9fc8b62b080432b621b93846f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KYabRbRR-dU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll do the relativistic Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do the relativistic Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do the relativistic Corrections
+and all the corrections are that I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the corrections are that I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the corrections are that I'll do
+today I'll skip the EC but sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'll skip the EC but sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'll skip the EC but sometimes a
+little tedious algebra it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tedious algebra it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tedious algebra it's not very
+tedious nothing that is pages and pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious nothing that is pages and pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious nothing that is pages and pages
+of algebra it's lines of algebra but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra it's lines of algebra but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra it's lines of algebra but why
+would I do it in lecture no point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do it in lecture no point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do it in lecture no point for
+that so let's see what we can do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's see what we can do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's see what we can do this is
+the relativistic correction the minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic correction the minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic correction the minus P
+squared so could we write this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so could we write this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so could we write this for the
+relativistic correction we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic correction we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic correction we're going to
+the first order correction relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order correction relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order correction relativistic
+of the levels M L M L let's put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the levels M L M L let's put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the levels M L M L let's put the
+question mark minus 1 over 8 m cubed C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark minus 1 over 8 m cubed C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark minus 1 over 8 m cubed C
+squared sy and L M L P to the fourth now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sy and L M L P to the fourth now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sy and L M L P to the fourth now
+recall that P to the fourth the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that P to the fourth the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that P to the fourth the way it
+was given it's really P squared times P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given it's really P squared times P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given it's really P squared times P
+squared now you have four things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now you have four things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now you have four things that
+have to be multiplied so it's not P X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be multiplied so it's not P X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be multiplied so it's not P X to
+the fourth plus P Y to the fourth plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth plus P Y to the fourth plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth plus P Y to the fourth plus P
+Z to the fourth is px squared plus py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the fourth is px squared plus py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z to the fourth is px squared plus py
+square plus PZ squared all squared just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus PZ squared all squared just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus PZ squared all squared just
+in case there's an ambiguity oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case there's an ambiguity oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case there's an ambiguity oh that
+seems reasonable the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable the first order
+Corrections who should be found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections who should be found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections who should be found by
+taking the states and finding this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the states and finding this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the states and finding this but
+there's a big question mark on this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big question mark on this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big question mark on this kind
+of question is going to come up every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question is going to come up every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question is going to come up every
+time you think about these things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you think about these things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you think about these things this
+formula where I say the shift of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where I say the shift of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where I say the shift of the
+energy of this state is that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this state is that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this state is that state
+evaluated here applies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated here applies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated here applies for
+non-degenerate perturbation theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate perturbation theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate perturbation theory and
+if the hydrogen atom is anything is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the hydrogen atom is anything is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the hydrogen atom is anything is a
+system with a lot of degeneracies so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a lot of degeneracies so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a lot of degeneracies so why
+can I use that or can I use that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I use that or can I use that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I use that or can I use that we have
+the hydrogen atom I just deleted it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom I just deleted it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom I just deleted it here
+it's so here if you have n say fix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so here if you have n say fix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so here if you have n say fix for
+that for degeneracies you fix em for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for degeneracies you fix em for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for degeneracies you fix em for the
+generation so you fix some value of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so you fix some value of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so you fix some value of n
+and now you have the generations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have the generations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have the generations between
+the various else between the for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various else between the for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various else between the for each
+shell between the various amps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell between the various amps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell between the various amps a
+gigantic amount of degeneracy who allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic amount of degeneracy who allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic amount of degeneracy who allows
+me to do that I'm supposed to take ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do that I'm supposed to take ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do that I'm supposed to take ok
+the level 3 has 9 States you remember N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level 3 has 9 States you remember N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level 3 has 9 States you remember N
+squared says well we should do a 9 by 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared says well we should do a 9 by 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared says well we should do a 9 by 9
+matrix here and calculate this nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here and calculate this nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here and calculate this nothing
+sounds awful I want to do that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds awful I want to do that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds awful I want to do that so we
+better think so this is the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better think so this is the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better think so this is the situation
+you find yourself technically speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find yourself technically speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find yourself technically speaking
+this is a problem in the generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem in the generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem in the generate
+perturbation theory we should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory we should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory we should do that
+and and you better think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you better think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you better think about this
+every time you face this problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you face this problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you face this problem because
+sometimes you can get away without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can get away without doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can get away without doing
+the degenerate analysis but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerate analysis but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerate analysis but sometimes
+you can't yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so you're saying basically that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you're saying basically that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you're saying basically that this
+thing in this basis so we have nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in this basis so we have nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in this basis so we have nine
+states here and equal three in this nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here and equal three in this nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here and equal three in this nine
+states it doesn't mix them so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it doesn't mix them so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it doesn't mix them so this is
+diagonal here and what one is claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here and what one is claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here and what one is claiming
+by doing that is that this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that is that this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that is that this is a good
+basis that Delta H is already diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that Delta H is already diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that Delta H is already diagonal
+there and don't worry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and don't worry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and don't worry with
+do it in fact that is true and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in fact that is true and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in fact that is true and the
+argument goes like that we know that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument goes like that we know that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument goes like that we know that P
+to the fourth the perturbation commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth the perturbation commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth the perturbation commutes
+with l squared we'll discuss it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l squared we'll discuss it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l squared we'll discuss it a little
+more and P to the fourth commutes with l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and P to the fourth commutes with l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and P to the fourth commutes with l
+Z as well so these are two claims very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as well so these are two claims very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as well so these are two claims very
+important claims remember we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important claims remember we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important claims remember we had a
+remark that they told you few times few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that they told you few times few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark that they told you few times few
+lectures ago very important if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago very important if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago very important if you have
+a hermitian operator that commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hermitian operator that commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hermitian operator that commutes with
+your perturbation for which the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perturbation for which the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perturbation for which the states
+of your basis are eigenstates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your basis are eigenstates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your basis are eigenstates with
+different eigen values then the basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigen values then the basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigen values then the basis is
+good so here it is l squared commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so here it is l squared commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so here it is l squared commutes
+with P to the fourth why because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P to the fourth why because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P to the fourth why because in fact
+P to the fourth commutes with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the fourth commutes with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the fourth commutes with any
+angular momentum because P to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum because P to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum because P to the fourth
+is P squared times P squared and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P squared times P squared and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P squared times P squared and P
+squared is rotational invariant P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is rotational invariant P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is rotational invariant P
+squared commutes with any L if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared commutes with any L if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared commutes with any L if that's
+not obvious intuitively which you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious intuitively which you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious intuitively which you should
+should become something you trust this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should become something you trust this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should become something you trust this
+is rotational invariant P squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotational invariant P squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotational invariant P squared the
+dot product doesn't depend on rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product doesn't depend on rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product doesn't depend on rotation
+if you have a P and you square it or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a P and you square it or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a P and you square it or you
+have rotated P nu square it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rotated P nu square it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rotated P nu square it is the same
+so P to the four commutes with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P to the four commutes with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P to the four commutes with any
+component of angular in this because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular in this because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular in this because so
+this two are written like great facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two are written like great facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two are written like great facts
+but the the basic fact is that P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the basic fact is that P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the basic fact is that P squared
+with any L I is zero and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any L I is zero and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any L I is zero and all these
+follows from here but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from here but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from here but this is a
+hermitian operator this is a hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator this is a hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator this is a hermitian
+operator and the various states when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the various states when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the various states when you
+have fixed and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fixed and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fixed and you
+have different else but when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different else but when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different else but when you have
+different elves they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elves they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elves they're different
+eigenvalues of l squared so in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of l squared so in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of l squared so in those
+cases the matrix element with vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the matrix element with vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the matrix element with vanish
+when you have the same else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the same else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the same else but
+different M's these are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different M's these are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different M's these are different
+eigenvalues of LZ so the matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of LZ so the matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of LZ so the matrix elements
+should also vanish so this establishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also vanish so this establishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also vanish so this establishes
+rigorously that that perturbation P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously that that perturbation P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously that that perturbation P to
+the fourth is diagonal in that subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is diagonal in that subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is diagonal in that subspace
+so the subspace relevant here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the subspace relevant here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the subspace relevant here is this
+whole thing and in this subspace it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and in this subspace it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and in this subspace it's
+completely diagonal good so generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely diagonal good so generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely diagonal good so generally
+this kind of point is not emphasized too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of point is not emphasized too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of point is not emphasized too
+much but it's in fact the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but it's in fact the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but it's in fact the most important
+and more interesting and more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more interesting and more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more interesting and more difficult
+points and this calculations will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this calculations will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and this calculations will have
+one more thing to say about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's continue with this I'll say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue with this I'll say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue with this I'll say the
+following we use the hermeticity City of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we use the hermeticity City of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we use the hermeticity City of
+P squared to move one P Square to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squared to move one P Square to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squared to move one P Square to the
+other side so II M L M L 1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so II M L M L 1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so II M L M L 1 is equal
+minus 1 over 8 m cube C squared P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over 8 m cube C squared P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over 8 m cube C squared P
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+sy m LM peace word sy and em L and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we move this P to the 4 who is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we move this P to the 4 who is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we move this P to the 4 who is P
+squared times P Square 1 P squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times P Square 1 P squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times P Square 1 P squared is
+hermitian we move it here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian we move it here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian we move it here and then
+instead of calculating a bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calculating a bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calculating a bill
+derivatives here you use the fact that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here you use the fact that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here you use the fact that P
+squared over 2m plus V of R on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m plus V of R on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m plus V of R on the wave
+function is equal to the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to the energy of that
+wave function that depends on n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that depends on n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that depends on n times
+the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are eigenstates so P squared we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eigenstates so P squared we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eigenstates so P squared we
+don't want to take derivatives and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take derivatives and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take derivatives and do
+expectation values can be replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values can be replaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values can be replaced by a
+simpler thing P squared on sy is just 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing P squared on sy is just 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing P squared on sy is just 2m
+e and minus V of our sy so e and L 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and minus V of our sy so e and L 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and minus V of our sy so e and L 1 is
+equal to minus 1 over 8 M cubed C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1 over 8 M cubed C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1 over 8 M cubed C
+squared here we have well the MS - MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared here we have well the MS - MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared here we have well the MS - MS
+are out so we'll put a 2 and an MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out so we'll put a 2 and an MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out so we'll put a 2 and an MC
+squared yep e and minus v of r sy e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yep e and minus v of r sy e n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yep e and minus v of r sy e n
+minus v of r sy ok we got it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v of r sy ok we got it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v of r sy ok we got it to the
+point where I think you can all agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I think you can all agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I think you can all agree
+this is doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is doable
+why because again this term is hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because again this term is hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because again this term is hermitian
+so you can put it to the other side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put it to the other side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put it to the other side and
+you'll have terms in which you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have terms in which you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have terms in which you compute
+the expectation value in this state of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value in this state of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value in this state of e
+squared a squared is a number so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared a squared is a number so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared a squared is a number so it goes
+out and so on easy en cross terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so on easy en cross terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so on easy en cross terms with
+VR is expectation of V of R in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR is expectation of V of R in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR is expectation of V of R in this
+state is the expectation of 1 over R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the expectation of 1 over R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the expectation of 1 over R in
+a state that's easy it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that's easy it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that's easy it comes from the
+virial theorem then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virial theorem then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virial theorem then you have the
+expectation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of these
+squared in the state and that's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in the state and that's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in the state and that's its
+petition of one over R squared in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition of one over R squared in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition of one over R squared in a
+state you've also done it so yes getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you've also done it so yes getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you've also done it so yes getting
+all together getting the factors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together getting the factors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together getting the factors right
+would take you 15 minutes or 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take you 15 minutes or 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take you 15 minutes or 20 minutes
+or whatever and but the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and but the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and but the answer is
+already clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already clear
+so let's write the answer and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write the answer and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write the answer and the answer
+is that e and L M L 1 relativistic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that e and L M L 1 relativistic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that e and L M L 1 relativistic it's
+minus 1/8 alpha to the fourth that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/8 alpha to the fourth that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/8 alpha to the fourth that's our
+very very recognizable factor MC squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very recognizable factor MC squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very recognizable factor MC squared
+for M over L plus 1/2 minus 3 now fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M over L plus 1/2 minus 3 now fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M over L plus 1/2 minus 3 now fine
+structure is something all of us must do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is something all of us must do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is something all of us must do
+at least once in our life so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once in our life so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once in our life so I do
+encourage you to read the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to read the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to read the notes
+carefully and just do it just become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and just do it just become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and just do it just become
+familiar with it it's it's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it it's it's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it it's it's a very nice
+subject and it's something you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it's something you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it's something you should
+understand so here again I have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so here again I have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so here again I have to do a
+comment about basis and those comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about basis and those comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about basis and those comments
+keep coming because it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep coming because it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep coming because it's an important
+subject and and I want to emphasize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and and I want to emphasize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and and I want to emphasize it
+so what is the reason the reason I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the reason the reason I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the reason the reason I want
+to do comment is within a second I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do comment is within a second I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do comment is within a second I'm
+going to do the spin orbit term and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the spin orbit term and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the spin orbit term and in
+that case I would like to work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I would like to work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I would like to work with the
+coupled basis here I'm working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled basis here I'm working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled basis here I'm working with the
+uncoupled basis I'm really this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis I'm really this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis I'm really this thing is
+the expectation value of H are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of H are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of H are
+relativistic in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic in and
+l M L M s and L M L M s this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l M L M s and L M L M s this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l M L M s and L M L M s this is really
+that I wrote sigh and L M L so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote sigh and L M L so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote sigh and L M L so you
+should trust the first three labels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should trust the first three labels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should trust the first three labels and
+M s those for the ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M s those for the ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M s those for the ride
+it's the spin you know the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the spin you know the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the spin you know the operator
+you're putting here Delta H relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting here Delta H relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting here Delta H relativistic
+has nothing to do with spin could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with spin could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with spin could not
+change the spin of the stage this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the spin of the stage this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the spin of the stage this has to
+be diagonal and spin so this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal and spin so this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal and spin so this number
+you've computed is nothing else than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've computed is nothing else than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've computed is nothing else than
+this overlap in the uncoupled basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overlap in the uncoupled basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overlap in the uncoupled basis so
+this calculation was uncoupled basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis matrix element and we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis matrix element and we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis matrix element and we saw that
+it's diagonal in fact this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diagonal in fact this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diagonal in fact this whole thing
+is nothing but a function of N and L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but a function of N and L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but a function of N and L and
+an L an independent of M L and M s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's what we've calculated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what we've calculated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what we've calculated so
+here is the question we could consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the question we could consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the question we could consider
+this in the couple basis and L j MJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the couple basis and L j MJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the couple basis and L j MJ and
+l j MJ and the question is what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l j MJ and the question is what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l j MJ and the question is what do I
+have to recalculate this in the couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recalculate this in the couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recalculate this in the couple
+bases or not and here is an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases or not and here is an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases or not and here is an argument
+that I don't have to recalculate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to recalculate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to recalculate it so
+I'm going to claim that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to claim that this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to claim that this is really
+equal to that just the same this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that just the same this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that just the same this kind of
+thing that makes you a little and easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that makes you a little and easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that makes you a little and easy
+but bear with me why should it be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bear with me why should it be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bear with me why should it be the
+same think of this as fixed and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same think of this as fixed and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same think of this as fixed and L
+because this depends on N and L if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this depends on N and L if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this depends on N and L if we
+have the hydrogen atom here you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the hydrogen atom here you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the hydrogen atom here you take an
+one of this elements one of these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this elements one of these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this elements one of these states
+this is a fix and fix out and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fix and fix out and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fix and fix out and we're
+looking at fix and fix L yes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at fix and fix L yes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at fix and fix L yes there are
+lots of states here that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of states here that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of states here that have different
+M L and M s but the answer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M L and M s but the answer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M L and M s but the answer doesn't
+depend on M L and M s in this basis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on M L and M s in this basis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on M L and M s in this basis we
+are also looking at that subspace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also looking at that subspace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also looking at that subspace that
+multiplet NL fix and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet NL fix and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet NL fix and they have
+reorganized the states with J and M J in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganized the states with J and M J in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganized the states with J and M J in
+fact with two values of J and several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact with two values of J and several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact with two values of J and several
+values of M J but at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M J but at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M J but at the end of the day
+couple bases is another way to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple bases is another way to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple bases is another way to describe
+this states coming from ten Tsering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this states coming from ten Tsering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this states coming from ten Tsering the
+L multiplied with a spin 1/2 so it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L multiplied with a spin 1/2 so it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L multiplied with a spin 1/2 so it gives
+you two multiplets but they are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two multiplets but they are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two multiplets but they are the same
+states so the fact that every state here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so the fact that every state here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so the fact that every state here
+is some linear combination of states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some linear combination of states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some linear combination of states in
+the uncoupled basis with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncoupled basis with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncoupled basis with different
+values of M L and M s that are up to MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M L and M s that are up to MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M L and M s that are up to MJ
+but this answer doesn't depend on M L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this answer doesn't depend on M L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this answer doesn't depend on M L
+and M s so whatever linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M s so whatever linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M s so whatever linear combination
+you need it doesn't change because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it doesn't change because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it doesn't change because the
+answer doesn't depend on M L and M s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer doesn't depend on M L and M s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer doesn't depend on M L and M s so
+this must be the same as that I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be the same as that I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be the same as that I'll give
+another argument maybe a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another argument maybe a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another argument maybe a little more
+abstract but clearer perhaps think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but clearer perhaps think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but clearer perhaps think of
+this so this can be in the notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this can be in the notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this can be in the notes I
+explained that by changing basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that by changing basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that by changing basis and
+explaining why exactly everything works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why exactly everything works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why exactly everything works
+out but there's no need for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but there's no need for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but there's no need for that
+argument if you think a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument if you think a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument if you think a little more
+abstractly think of this subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly think of this subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly think of this subspace
+because we fixed N and L will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we fixed N and L will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we fixed N and L will have this
+subspace in this subspace the uncoupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace in this subspace the uncoupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace in this subspace the uncoupled
+basis makes the perturbation diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis makes the perturbation diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis makes the perturbation diagonal
+but more than the agonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than the agonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than the agonal
+it makes the perturbation proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the perturbation proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the perturbation proportional
+to the unit matrix because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit matrix because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit matrix because every
+eigenvalue is the same because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is the same because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is the same because in this
+subspace N and L is fixed and yes M an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace N and L is fixed and yes M an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace N and L is fixed and yes M an
+MS change but the answer doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MS change but the answer doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MS change but the answer doesn't depend
+on that so this matrix Delta H in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so this matrix Delta H in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so this matrix Delta H in this
+subspace is proportional to the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace is proportional to the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace is proportional to the unit
+matrix and when a matrix is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and when a matrix is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and when a matrix is proportional
+to the unit matrix it is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit matrix it is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit matrix it is proportional to
+the unit matrix in any orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix in any orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit matrix in any orthogonal basis
+a unit matrix doesn't get rotated so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit matrix doesn't get rotated so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit matrix doesn't get rotated so it
+should be a unit matrix here as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a unit matrix here as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a unit matrix here as well and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+be the same matrix so this is the same
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LDlGKU0ryQ8.txt b/LDlGKU0ryQ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3fc5842273bb5ba63c5ea271b28b334f0262f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LDlGKU0ryQ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right everyone um we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone um we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone um we're going to start
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+my name is colin sheppard and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is colin sheppard and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is colin sheppard and i'm going
+to be giving the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be giving the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be giving the lecture today
+uh george is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh george is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh george is here
+uh to keep me in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh i think probably he'll come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i think probably he'll come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i think probably he'll come up
+with some comments at times maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some comments at times maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some comments at times maybe
+i hope anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope anyway um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+he started off by saying uh that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started off by saying uh that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started off by saying uh that um
+uh there's there's no real announcements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's there's no real announcements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's there's no real announcements
+except that he's he's changed he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that he's he's changed he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that he's he's changed he's
+uploaded some revised notes apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a minor error in the node so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a minor error in the node so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a minor error in the node so i
+have i've fixed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i've fixed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i've fixed them
+and the current version should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current version should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current version should be the
+you know the one that's in the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the one that's in the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the one that's in the website
+now is the corrected one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the corrected one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the corrected one
+okay so only minor changes i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so only minor changes i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so only minor changes i think
+um so okay so i'm going to try and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so okay so i'm going to try and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so okay so i'm going to try and uh
+take off from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off from where
+george left it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george left it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george left it
+which was with maxwell's equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was with maxwell's equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was with maxwell's equations and
+the derivation of the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of the wave equation
+and um so i think that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so i think that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so i think that's actually
+uh it's quite nice to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's quite nice to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's quite nice to see this
+derivation of the wave equation starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the wave equation starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the wave equation starting
+from maxwell's equations because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from maxwell's equations because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from maxwell's equations because it
+brings everything together and allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings everything together and allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings everything together and allows
+you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see
+you know how the these different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how the these different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how the these different areas
+of physics are interrelated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics are interrelated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics are interrelated but
+uh but normally of course uh we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but normally of course uh we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but normally of course uh we in
+optics we don't usually go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics we don't usually go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics we don't usually go to the
+electromagnetic type theory so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic type theory so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic type theory so we
+usually get as far as the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get as far as the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get as far as the wave equation
+we show the existence of simple forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we show the existence of simple forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we show the existence of simple forms
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+plane waves and spherical waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and spherical waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and spherical waves
+and then we we carry on then using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we we carry on then using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we we carry on then using those
+plane waves and spherical waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and spherical waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and spherical waves
+uh in a simplified form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a simplified form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a simplified form
+uh so but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but anyway so
+back to maxwell's equations these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to maxwell's equations these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to maxwell's equations these were
+the maxwell's equations uh george before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxwell's equations uh george before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxwell's equations uh george before
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+explained these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained these
+uh and uh try to uh i'm not gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh try to uh i'm not gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh try to uh i'm not gonna go
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+uh the meaning of them again uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the meaning of them again uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the meaning of them again uh because
+i think you've got that uh but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you've got that uh but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you've got that uh but in the
+differential form you've just got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form you've just got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form you've just got these
+four equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations
+uh connecting the electric field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connecting the electric field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connecting the electric field and the
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+right so you'll see that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll see that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll see that there's two
+two e's there oh sorry there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two e's there oh sorry there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two e's there oh sorry there's a there's
+three e's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three e's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three e's
+and then there's uh three b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's uh three b's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's uh three b's
+and then there's a charge row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a charge row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a charge row
+and a current density j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so how we get the wave equation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we get the wave equation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we get the wave equation from
+that is quite simple it's just a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is quite simple it's just a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is quite simple it's just a case of
+doing a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a bit of
+vector manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector manipulation
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+we've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly
+you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is
+is minus the bdt from the maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the bdt from the maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the bdt from the maxwell's
+equations so if you take the curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if you take the curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if you take the curl of
+both sides of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of that
+you get this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this equation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl
+curl b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl b
+is another of the maxwell's equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another of the maxwell's equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another of the maxwell's equations so
+you can substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can substitute
+in from the maxwell's equation into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the maxwell's equation into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the maxwell's equation into this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and then you'll get uh another equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll get uh another equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll get uh another equation
+uh the what you get after that uh george
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what you get after that uh george
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what you get after that uh george
+hasn't actually written here uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't actually written here uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't actually written here uh but
+basically what you'd obviously get then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you'd obviously get then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you'd obviously get then
+this is curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is curl
+of this so it's going to be curl of curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so it's going to be curl of curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so it's going to be curl of curl
+uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so
+uh so this is what you actually end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is what you actually end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is what you actually end up
+with is is curl curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is is curl curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is is curl curly
+uh is is going to be and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is going to be and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is going to be and then the other
+term is going to be something a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to be something a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to be something a second
+derivative in in the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in in the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in in the e
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+uh so actually that equation maybe i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so actually that equation maybe i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so actually that equation maybe i'll
+write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down
+uh it's not actually written there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not actually written there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not actually written there but
+after you've just done that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've just done that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've just done that that
+substitution you'll get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you'll get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you'll get something like
+is this thing working or yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing working or yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing working or yeah it is
+uh you'd get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'd get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'd get something like
+a curl of curl e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ah there we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there we are
+now i can see it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can see it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can see it uh
+and these th these things is how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these th these things is how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these th these things is how i
+usually a lot of people write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a lot of people write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a lot of people write
+cross product like that as a little sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product like that as a little sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product like that as a little sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+upside down v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down v
+uh curl curl e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh curl curl e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh curl curl e
+uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus
+mu naught epsilon naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu naught epsilon naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu naught epsilon naught
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+d2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2
+e dt squared equals norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e dt squared equals norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e dt squared equals norm
+is i think what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i think what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i think what you get
+uh after you've just substituted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after you've just substituted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after you've just substituted that
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and then finally so this is this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally so this is this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally so this is this has
+still got this thing curler curl e which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got this thing curler curl e which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got this thing curler curl e which
+is quite complicated if you try and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite complicated if you try and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite complicated if you try and work
+out what that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that is in
+uh spherical polars or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spherical polars or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spherical polars or something
+especially if if you're expressing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if if you're expressing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if if you're expressing this
+e as something which is spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e as something which is spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e as something which is spatially
+varying or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying or whatever
+this could be quite a complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be quite a complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be quite a complicated thing
+to to have to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have to work out
+uh but anyway uh but the you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway uh but the you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway uh but the you can get it
+into a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a slightly more
+uh usable form uh often we do this uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usable form uh often we do this uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usable form uh often we do this uh by
+using this identity uh curl curly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this identity uh curl curly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this identity uh curl curly is
+equal to grad of divi minus del square d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to grad of divi minus del square d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to grad of divi minus del square d
+now this th this this like this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this th this this like this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this th this this like this is it
+calls it here an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls it here an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls it here an identity
+um really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really
+uh it's actually the definition of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually the definition of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually the definition of what
+this thing means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing means
+and uh you know this is not obvious what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know this is not obvious what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know this is not obvious what
+this means actually uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means actually uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means actually uh and um
+this but these other things okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but these other things okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but these other things okay they're
+they're well defined what they mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well defined what they mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well defined what they mean this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is actually just what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just what it says
+uh in cartesian coordinates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in cartesian coordinates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in cartesian coordinates so
+uh you know you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you've got
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+del is equal to ddx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del is equal to ddx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del is equal to ddx
+in the i direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i direction
+plus d d y in the j direction plus d d z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d d y in the j direction plus d d z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d d y in the j direction plus d d z
+in the k direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the k direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the k direction so
+del squared is going to be this dot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared is going to be this dot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared is going to be this dot this
+which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+d2 del squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2 del squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2 del squared
+equals d2 dx squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals d2 dx squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals d2 dx squared
+plus d2 dy squared plus d2 dz squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d2 dy squared plus d2 dz squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d2 dy squared plus d2 dz squared
+and you'll notice that that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that that's exactly
+the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form
+as the normal laplacian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the normal laplacian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the normal laplacian
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um the lower laplacian you've had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lower laplacian you've had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lower laplacian you've had before
+del squared of a scalar but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared of a scalar but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del squared of a scalar but this is
+different because this is del squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because this is del squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because this is del squared of
+a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+and so what we're saying is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're saying is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're saying is that for
+cartesian coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian coordinates
+uh if we define del squared of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we define del squared of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we define del squared of a vector
+by this thing we find that it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this thing we find that it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this thing we find that it's got
+exactly the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same form
+uh as del squared of a scalar now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as del squared of a scalar now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as del squared of a scalar now that
+doesn't actually work with any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually work with any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually work with any other
+coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system
+so that's a bit of a warning if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of a warning if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of a warning if you go
+into uh sphericals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh sphericals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh sphericals or
+cylindrical coordinates you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates you'll find
+uh that this del squared of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this del squared of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this del squared of a vector
+is not the same as del squared that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as del squared that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as del squared that you
+would use for a scada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use for a scada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use for a scada
+but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so
+but nevertheless let's do that we stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless let's do that we stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless let's do that we stick
+in this as being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this as being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this as being that
+and then we look at this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we look at this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we look at this term here
+and mostly we're going to be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly we're going to be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly we're going to be interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for example regions uh where there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example regions uh where there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example regions uh where there's no
+charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+uh and uh very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh very often
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+also we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we're going to be interested in
+isotropic media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic media
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if these things are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these things are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these things are true
+uh you know that div d equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that div d equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that div d equals
+rho so div d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho so div d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho so div d
+is uh equal to naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh equal to naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh equal to naught
+uh if there's no charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's no charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's no charges
+which means that div e is equal to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that div e is equal to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that div e is equal to no
+if there's no charges and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no charges and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no charges and it's also
+isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic
+uh so i'm saying this all out in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm saying this all out in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm saying this all out in in
+length because you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because you have to be very
+careful about this sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about this sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about this sometimes
+this is only true div e equals no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only true div e equals no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only true div e equals no
+is only true if you've got no charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only true if you've got no charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only true if you've got no charges
+and it's an isotropic medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an isotropic medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an isotropic medium
+so if you've got for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got for example
+let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a
+diffraction grating where you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction grating where you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction grating where you've got
+some variations in permittivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variations in permittivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variations in permittivity
+uh then in general you can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then in general you can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then in general you can't actually
+assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this
+uh because uh um epsilon's changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh um epsilon's changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh um epsilon's changing and
+therefore although div d equals no div
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore although div d equals no div
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore although div d equals no div
+excellent doesn't equal not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent doesn't equal not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent doesn't equal not
+right but if you're in free space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you're in free space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you're in free space or
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+constant uh isotropic medium this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh isotropic medium this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh isotropic medium this is
+true so this this term goes and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so this this term goes and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so this this term goes and so this
+is just equal to minus del squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to minus del squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to minus del squared and
+so you can see then this del squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see then this del squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see then this del squared
+then is just replaced by this and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is just replaced by this and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is just replaced by this and we get
+a sign change there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign change there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign change there
+right so this is the final expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the final expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the final expression
+and you'll notice then that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice then that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice then that this is
+exactly the same form as the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same form as the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same form as the normal
+uh wave equation that we're uh very used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wave equation that we're uh very used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wave equation that we're uh very used
+to in the scalar form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the scalar form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the scalar form
+except that the scalar is replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the scalar is replaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the scalar is replaced by a
+vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so
+that's really very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah so comparing with that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so comparing with that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so comparing with that uh
+wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation
+this is the uh the normal wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the normal wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh the normal wave equation
+we've had the scalar wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the scalar wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the scalar wave equation
+before and you can see then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and you can see then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and you can see then they're
+exactly the same except that the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same except that the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same except that the scalar
+is replaced by a vector and the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced by a vector and the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced by a vector and the one over
+c squared where c is the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared where c is the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared where c is the velocity of the
+wave is is replaced by this thing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is is replaced by this thing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is is replaced by this thing so we
+can say then that one over c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say then that one over c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say then that one over c squared
+is equal to mu nor epsilon naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to mu nor epsilon naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to mu nor epsilon naught
+uh and uh that gives us then c is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh that gives us then c is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh that gives us then c is one
+over the square root of you know epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square root of you know epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square root of you know epsilon
+zero naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero naught
+uh and uh so here that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so here that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so here that there's some
+figures put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures put in
+and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get the
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+uh for uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh this
+the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light
+uh in vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in vacuum
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+that's very neat i think um i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very neat i think um i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very neat i think um i guess
+maxwell must have been really amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell must have been really amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell must have been really amazed
+when he did this some i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did this some i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he did this some i don't know
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you don't know of course the the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know of course the the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know of course the the actual
+history of the thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the thing but
+he played around with these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he played around with these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he played around with these equations
+didn't he and uh he came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he and uh he came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he and uh he came up with this
+this form which looked nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form which looked nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form which looked nicely
+symmetrical to him uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical to him uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical to him uh and then
+he comes out with an expression comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes out with an expression comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes out with an expression comes
+out with a value for the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a value for the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a value for the speed of light
+that it predicts uh which is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it predicts uh which is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it predicts uh which is what they
+already knew was true so he must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew was true so he must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew was true so he must have
+felt really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really uh
+as though he was going to get the nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though he was going to get the nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though he was going to get the nobel
+prize or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize or something
+but probably i don't know maybe he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably i don't know maybe he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably i don't know maybe he was
+before the nobel prize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the nobel prize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the nobel prize so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting
+uh and uh actually naveen was telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh actually naveen was telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh actually naveen was telling me
+that he'd uh he'd been looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'd uh he'd been looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'd uh he'd been looking at the
+original paper by maxwell uh maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper by maxwell uh maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper by maxwell uh maxwell's
+equations if you look in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you look in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if you look in the original
+uh are horrible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are horrible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are horrible because
+he doesn't you know this terminology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't you know this terminology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't you know this terminology for
+vectors wasn't invented then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors wasn't invented then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors wasn't invented then
+so it's done all in terms of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's done all in terms of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's done all in terms of components
+horribly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly complicated
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i think naveen said it was was heavyside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think naveen said it was was heavyside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think naveen said it was was heavyside
+who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually
+uh really derived the maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really derived the maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really derived the maxwell's
+equations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the
+in the the form that we know and loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the form that we know and loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the form that we know and loved
+so well nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well nowadays
+heavy side you might remember he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy side you might remember he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy side you might remember he's
+famous for a few things but one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous for a few things but one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous for a few things but one of them
+is a thing called the heavy side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing called the heavy side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing called the heavy side
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+which is basically a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically a step function
+and the other thing is the heavy side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is the heavy side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is the heavy side
+layer which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer which is a
+an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic
+layer in the ionosphere that you reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer in the ionosphere that you reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer in the ionosphere that you reflect
+radio waves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so that's all about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's all about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's all about um
+free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space
+uh so how can we now deal with mata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how can we now deal with mata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how can we now deal with mata
+uh well it turns out actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it turns out actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it turns out actually there's
+lots of different ways you can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways you can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways you can deal with
+lots of levels you can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of levels you can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of levels you can deal with
+propagation of electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of electromagnetic waves
+in matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matter
+you can for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can for example
+uh treat it really from a proper atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treat it really from a proper atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treat it really from a proper atomic
+point of view you can think of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view you can think of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view you can think of uh the
+material being made up of atoms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material being made up of atoms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material being made up of atoms which
+you've got nuclei and electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got nuclei and electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got nuclei and electrons
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+clouds and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds and so on
+uh or you can think of it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you can think of it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you can think of it in terms of
+you know matter just being like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know matter just being like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know matter just being like an
+isotropic material where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic material where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic material where you don't
+really go into the microscopic view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into the microscopic view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into the microscopic view of
+it but just think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but just think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but just think of it in
+in a macroscopic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a macroscopic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a macroscopic way
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+actually to some degree i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to some degree i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to some degree i think that
+very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often
+that the second of those is just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second of those is just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second of those is just as well
+because normally we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally we're not really
+interested in in the actual atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in the actual atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in the actual atomic
+nature of where these properties come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of where these properties come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of where these properties come
+from uh but this is going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh but this is going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh but this is going back to
+uh how you can think of it really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how you can think of it really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how you can think of it really in
+terms of atoms uh so as you know atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of atoms uh so as you know atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of atoms uh so as you know atoms
+are made up of a nucleus with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made up of a nucleus with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made up of a nucleus with an
+electron uh cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh cloud
+and um the the nucleus is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the the nucleus is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the the nucleus is relatively
+fixed of course because it's heavy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed of course because it's heavy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed of course because it's heavy uh
+but the electron cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the electron cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the electron cloud
+because the electrons are much lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electrons are much lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electrons are much lighter
+can be moved around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be moved around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be moved around
+by the field that's supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the field that's supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the field that's supplied
+so you get the distortion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the distortion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the distortion of the
+electron cloud so this is what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud so this is what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud so this is what this is
+showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here
+uh it's showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's showing here
+uh the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nucleus
+here which is pretty well fixed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is pretty well fixed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is pretty well fixed because
+it's so heavy and then this is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so heavy and then this is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so heavy and then this is this this
+electron cloud you can think of it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud you can think of it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud you can think of it like
+being joined to the nucleus by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being joined to the nucleus by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being joined to the nucleus by a lot of
+springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs
+and then the electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the electrostatic
+the the forces on that electric cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the forces on that electric cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the forces on that electric cloud
+uh caused by the electric field will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh caused by the electric field will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh caused by the electric field will
+tend to for example displace the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to for example displace the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to for example displace the the
+electron cloud relative to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud relative to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud relative to the nucleus
+so so it gets sort of distorted uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it gets sort of distorted uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it gets sort of distorted uh and
+um the way that's described uh is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that's described uh is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that's described uh is in
+terms of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um
+a property called the polarization then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property called the polarization then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property called the polarization then
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is showing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is showing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is showing how
+you can see that if you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you move the
+negative charges relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges relative to the
+positive charges you'll set up a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charges you'll set up a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charges you'll set up a sort of
+dipole moment separate the charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment separate the charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment separate the charges
+you've got a plus and a minus they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a plus and a minus they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a plus and a minus they're
+separated in distance so that acts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated in distance so that acts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated in distance so that acts like
+a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipole
+so that acts like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that acts like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that acts like a
+gives you a dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a dipole moment
+and then if you sum over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you sum over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you sum over all those
+dipole moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moments
+you'll get the total uh polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the total uh polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the total uh polarization
+effects of of applying that field uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of of applying that field uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of of applying that field uh and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so what that does then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that does then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that does then
+uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+it introduces these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it introduces these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it introduces these uh
+charge variations which this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge variations which this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge variations which this which
+distort uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort uh the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the the the charge that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the charge that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the charge that you you
+really have there which is caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have there which is caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have there which is caused by the
+uh bound charges so this is uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bound charges so this is uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bound charges so this is uh what we
+get you can you can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you can you can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you can you can say that
+d equals rho so d v is is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d equals rho so d v is is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d equals rho so d v is is equal to
+uh rho over epsilon null assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rho over epsilon null assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rho over epsilon null assuming
+uh the um yeah well this is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um yeah well this is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um yeah well this is epsilon
+naught of course is is really a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught of course is is really a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught of course is is really a constant
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+breaking this up into its bound and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this up into its bound and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this up into its bound and free
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and we're saying that the the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're saying that the the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're saying that the the the uh
+the free part we've got something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free part we've got something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free part we've got something wrong
+with this again aren't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this again aren't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this again aren't we
+sorry that should say that should stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that should say that should stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that should say that should stay
+free there shouldn't it yeah the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free there shouldn't it yeah the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free there shouldn't it yeah the free
+part and the bound part is this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the bound part is this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the bound part is this part
+uh and uh and so this is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and so this is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and so this is the final
+result then we can now take the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then we can now take the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then we can now take the epsilon
+naught the other side take this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the other side take this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the other side take this the
+other side and we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and we get that
+div of epsilon null e plus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div of epsilon null e plus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div of epsilon null e plus p
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+uh the the free charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the free charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the free charges
+right and then this thing in brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this thing in brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this thing in brackets
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is what we call d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call d
+the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement
+in the medium so it's so if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium so it's so if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium so it's so if you've got
+this medium uh div d equals rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this medium uh div d equals rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this medium uh div d equals rho
+is is what we know is the the the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what we know is the the the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what we know is the the the normal
+expression that we write from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we write from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we write from from
+maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations
+and now we've derived that that d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've derived that that d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've derived that that d
+in the medium can be written in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium can be written in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium can be written in terms of
+the polarization of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization of the molecules
+that make up the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the medium
+so how do these things connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do these things connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do these things connect
+this shows us how we do this then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows us how we do this then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows us how we do this then so
+we've got d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got d
+equals epsilon naught e plus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon naught e plus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon naught e plus p
+uh now in general of course we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now in general of course we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now in general of course we don't
+really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what what what this does at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what this does at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what this does at the moment
+uh and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in general
+uh it can be very uh complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can be very uh complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can be very uh complicated
+actually it can be a non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can be a non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can be a non-linear
+relationship with the electric field uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the electric field uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the electric field uh
+but if i go back and go into the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i go back and go into the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i go back and go into the diagram
+you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that
+this is a bit like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit like uh
+you know you've got springs here hooke's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got springs here hooke's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got springs here hooke's
+law tells us in mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us in mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us in mechanics
+uh if if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if um
+a system obeys hooke's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system obeys hooke's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system obeys hooke's law
+uh then the extension is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the extension is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the extension is proportional to
+the the the tension is what is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the tension is what is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the tension is what is it the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+extension is proportional to the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension is proportional to the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension is proportional to the tension
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+sorry i'm not a mechanical engineer so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i'm not a mechanical engineer so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i'm not a mechanical engineer so i
+don't know these things um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know these things um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know these things um so
+you'd expect the same would be true it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect the same would be true it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect the same would be true it
+could be the same could be true here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the same could be true here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the same could be true here if
+you're only applying a very weak field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only applying a very weak field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only applying a very weak field
+on here then you might think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here then you might think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here then you might think that this
+relationship might be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship might be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship might be linear
+uh you'll get the the springs behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll get the the springs behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll get the the springs behaving
+like hooke's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hooke's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hooke's law
+so you'll get a linear relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get a linear relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get a linear relationship
+between p and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between p and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between p and e
+uh now also in analogy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now also in analogy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now also in analogy with the
+mechanical situation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical situation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical situation yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if we're in a mat like in a material why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in a mat like in a material why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in a mat like in a material why
+is it the permittivity of free space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the permittivity of free space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the permittivity of free space and
+not just the permittivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the permittivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the permittivity of the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+like why is it epsilon not and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is it epsilon not and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is it epsilon not and not
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right that why is it absolutely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right that why is it absolutely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right that why is it absolutely not
+here that you can write this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can write this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can write this this is
+either you can think of as absolutely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you can think of as absolutely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you can think of as absolutely no
+epsilon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon uh
+epsilon e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon e
+or you can think of it as epsilon naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can think of it as epsilon naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can think of it as epsilon naught
+e plus p so these are two alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e plus p so these are two alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e plus p so these are two alternative
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+of looking at the same thing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the same thing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the same thing right so
+we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+equals epsilon or e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon or e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon or e
+plus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p
+and you can think of this as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of this as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of this as being
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e
+so we we're just about to carry on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're just about to carry on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're just about to carry on to
+this on the next slide actually so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the next slide actually so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the next slide actually so that
+you can see uh tells us there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh tells us there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh tells us there's a
+relationship now uh between epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship now uh between epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship now uh between epsilon
+and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p
+right and we're gonna we're gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're gonna we're gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're gonna we're gonna look
+what that relationship is uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that relationship is uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that relationship is uh but in
+general uh it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh it's actually quite
+complicated because we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because we don't know the
+relationship between p and e yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between p and e yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between p and e yeah
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um what i'm trying to establish at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i'm trying to establish at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i'm trying to establish at the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that
+if this thing um if the fields are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing um if the fields are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing um if the fields are very
+weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+uh then you'd expect maybe a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you'd expect maybe a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you'd expect maybe a linear
+relationship p will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship p will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship p will be
+proportional to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e
+so this term here will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term here will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term here will also
+be something times e and so you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something times e and so you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something times e and so you'll be
+able to take out e as a factor from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take out e as a factor from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take out e as a factor from this
+right now this is only going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is only going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is only going to be true
+uh if this electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this electric field
+uh is is weak compared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is weak compared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is weak compared with the
+uh you know the if the force due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the if the force due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the if the force due to the
+electric field is weak compared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is weak compared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is weak compared with the
+uh the forces involved in the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the forces involved in the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the forces involved in the binding
+the electrons to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons to the nucleus
+uh and um i suppose it was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um i suppose it was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um i suppose it was probably
+uh not until the invention of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not until the invention of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not until the invention of the laser
+that probably even people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably even people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably even people
+thought you could ever possibly get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you could ever possibly get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you could ever possibly get to a
+case uh where that might not be true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh where that might not be true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh where that might not be true but
+now of course we know if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we know if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we know if you've got a
+laser you can make really big fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser you can make really big fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser you can make really big fields
+uh you can get very easily into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get very easily into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get very easily into this
+regime where this polarization changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime where this polarization changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime where this polarization changes
+right and so you'll get non-linear type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you'll get non-linear type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you'll get non-linear type
+terms coming that's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms coming that's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms coming that's not uh
+you're not going to do this any at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do this any at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do this any at all
+in the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course so
+um but there is this whole area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is this whole area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is this whole area of
+course of nonlinear optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of nonlinear optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of nonlinear optics
+uh which is when uh this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is when uh this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is when uh this linear
+approximation breaks down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+yeah so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here we are
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+uh so this is back to this what i said d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is back to this what i said d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is back to this what i said d
+equals epsilon e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon e
+okay so that's really the the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's really the the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's really the the answer to
+your question uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question uh and um
+the uh d equals epsilon e but d equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh d equals epsilon e but d equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh d equals epsilon e but d equals
+this other expression epsilon naught e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other expression epsilon naught e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other expression epsilon naught e
+plus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p
+and now we say that p is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we say that p is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we say that p is proportional to
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+this chi is called the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chi is called the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chi is called the electric
+susceptibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility
+uh which i i think is a confusing term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i i think is a confusing term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i i think is a confusing term
+because uh it's often in practice just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's often in practice just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's often in practice just
+called susceptibility people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called susceptibility people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called susceptibility people just
+neglect the electric bit but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the electric bit but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the electric bit but of course
+there is also a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a magnetic
+susceptibility which is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility which is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility which is very important
+when you're doing magnetic materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing magnetic materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing magnetic materials
+and unfortunately people use kai for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately people use kai for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately people use kai for
+that too so that really gets people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too so that really gets people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too so that really gets people
+confused if you're not careful so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused if you're not careful so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused if you're not careful so we're
+not going to be doing anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be doing anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be doing anything with
+magnetism so maybe it's no problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism so maybe it's no problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism so maybe it's no problem for
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+this is the electric susceptibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electric susceptibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electric susceptibility
+it's so we can put in our p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so we can put in our p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so we can put in our p
+as uh chi e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh chi e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh chi e
+and therefore d equals epsilon naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore d equals epsilon naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore d equals epsilon naught
+one plus chi times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus chi times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus chi times e
+and this is equal to epsilon e as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to epsilon e as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to epsilon e as we've
+said uh and um you can see then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh and um you can see then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh and um you can see then
+we have that epsilon must equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that epsilon must equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that epsilon must equal
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+epsilon equals epsilon null one plus chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon equals epsilon null one plus chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon equals epsilon null one plus chi
+uh and uh and yeah and this is a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and yeah and this is a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and yeah and this is a another
+expression we've had before in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we've had before in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we've had before in terms of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+refractive index so you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index so you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index so you can write the
+permittivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permittivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permittivity
+uh the relative permanent permittivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the relative permanent permittivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the relative permanent permittivity
+in terms of the refractive index right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the refractive index right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the refractive index right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh so so this is the refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this is the refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this is the refractive index
+coming in here so and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here so and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here so and the and the
+refractive index then is the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index then is the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index then is the square root
+of one plus chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one plus chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one plus chi
+uh so you see how all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you see how all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you see how all these things are
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+connected uh you could also say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected uh you could also say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected uh you could also say one more
+of course uh we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh we've got
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where are we yeah we could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we yeah we could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we yeah we could say that
+and we've got n squared equals one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got n squared equals one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got n squared equals one plus
+chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+so chi is equal to n squared minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chi is equal to n squared minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chi is equal to n squared minus one
+so this is another sort of form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another sort of form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another sort of form you
+might come across at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come across at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come across at times
+uh the electric sub uh you can see then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electric sub uh you can see then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electric sub uh you can see then
+we know in free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know in free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know in free space
+free space n is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space n is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space n is one
+so this thing is zero so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is zero so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is zero so there's no
+polarization of free space which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of free space which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of free space which is what
+we know because there's nothing in it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know because there's nothing in it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know because there's nothing in it so
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+uh nothing to polarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and um so yeah this bottom bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um so yeah this bottom bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um so yeah this bottom bit uh
+just says that you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says that you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says that you can do the same
+from for magnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for magnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for magnetism
+you can do virtually the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do virtually the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do virtually the same sort of
+expansions for magnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions for magnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions for magnetism
+but we're not going to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to deal with this
+because we're not going to deal with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not going to deal with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not going to deal with uh
+magnetic materials at all but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic materials at all but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic materials at all but there are
+some quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quite interesting
+uh you know magneto-optic materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know magneto-optic materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know magneto-optic materials and
+so on which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on which are
+quite important actually nowadays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite important actually nowadays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite important actually nowadays in
+terms of things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of things like uh
+data optical data storage and so on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data optical data storage and so on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data optical data storage and so on uh
+so we're gonna we we're just gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we we're just gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we we're just gonna be
+assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+the from the magnetic point of view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the magnetic point of view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the magnetic point of view the
+material just behaves exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material just behaves exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material just behaves exactly the same
+as free space so b equals muno h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the electric polarization subtracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric polarization subtracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric polarization subtracts the
+field out of the original the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field out of the original the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field out of the original the
+magnetization ah sorry polarization adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization ah sorry polarization adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization ah sorry polarization adds
+the field magnetization subtracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field magnetization subtracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field magnetization subtracts the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+uh yeah i i think this is um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah i i think this is um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah i i think this is um the uh
+challenge has asked this question of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge has asked this question of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge has asked this question of why
+this is a plus and this is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plus and this is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plus and this is a minus
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+the the answer is i think it's all to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer is i think it's all to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer is i think it's all to do
+with all these horrible things you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these horrible things you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these horrible things you learn
+about in magnetism diamagnetism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in magnetism diamagnetism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in magnetism diamagnetism and
+paramagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetism
+and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes
+you know it's whether whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's whether whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's whether whether they
+oppose the change to which they were due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose the change to which they were due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose the change to which they were due
+and all that sort of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that sort of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that sort of stuff
+so i think it's just a case of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's just a case of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's just a case of whether
+if you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define
+uh magnetization in the way that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh magnetization in the way that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh magnetization in the way that it's
+normally done then it turns out there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally done then it turns out there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally done then it turns out there's
+a minor sign but yeah i think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minor sign but yeah i think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minor sign but yeah i think you could
+equally well have defined it as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well have defined it as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well have defined it as being
+the opposite side actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side actually
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+i i don't really know much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't really know much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't really know much about
+magnetism so don't ask me too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism so don't ask me too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism so don't ask me too much about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also i think it has to do with the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i think it has to do with the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i think it has to do with the part
+of the staff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the staff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the staff that
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+is actually the conjugate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the conjugate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the conjugate of the
+electric displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric displacement
+so it includes the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it includes the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it includes the effect of
+magnetization so another way to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization so another way to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization so another way to put it
+is if you could please go back one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you could please go back one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you could please go back one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you solve this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve this if you
+take m to the other side and multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take m to the other side and multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take m to the other side and multiply by
+mu naught then you get exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu naught then you get exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu naught then you get exactly the
+equation as before and of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as before and of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as before and of course that's
+right if you just expand this out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you just expand this out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you just expand this out you
+get b equals mu naught h plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b equals mu naught h plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get b equals mu naught h plus m
+so it would be exactly the same formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be exactly the same formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be exactly the same formula
+yeah so the field is actually h not b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the field is actually h not b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the field is actually h not b
+the the conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conjugate of
+the electric field e is the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field e is the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field e is the magnetic
+field h not b b is the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field h not b b is the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field h not b b is the induction
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um so now then let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so now then let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so now then let's write down
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+uh maxwell's equations uh for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maxwell's equations uh for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maxwell's equations uh for these
+various different cases so um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different cases so um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different cases so um so this is
+how you can write them in vacuum that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can write them in vacuum that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can write them in vacuum that's
+how we first came across them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we first came across them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we first came across them
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+if you've got vacuum and in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got vacuum and in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got vacuum and in addition
+you've got no charges and no currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got no charges and no currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got no charges and no currents
+then of course this term this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course this term this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course this term this will be
+zero uh and this j will be also be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh and this j will be also be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh and this j will be also be zero
+and now you can see that they look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can see that they look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can see that they look uh
+nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+symmetrical these two are both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical these two are both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical these two are both equal to
+zero and these things are both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and these things are both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and these things are both equal to
+uh a um a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a um a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a um a a
+a a first a time derivative uh but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a first a time derivative uh but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a first a time derivative uh but there
+there is a difference of a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a difference of a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a difference of a sign
+but apart from that nice and nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apart from that nice and nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apart from that nice and nicely
+symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical
+uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then
+uh the middle middle row here uh says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the middle middle row here uh says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the middle middle row here uh says if
+you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got uh
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+some matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matter
+and it's still allowed to have free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still allowed to have free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still allowed to have free
+charges and currents uh then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and currents uh then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and currents uh then we can
+write write these things so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write write these things so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write write these things so this is what
+we just said a minute ago uh if of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said a minute ago uh if of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said a minute ago uh if of
+course if you've got no free charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you've got no free charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you've got no free charges
+then d is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then d is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then d is zero
+uh and uh and then if you've got a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and then if you've got a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and then if you've got a a
+material matter without the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material matter without the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material matter without the three
+charges then again we put the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges then again we put the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges then again we put the rows and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+j's zero and we end up with these quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j's zero and we end up with these quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j's zero and we end up with these quite
+nice uh simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh simple and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+symmetrical sort of relationships uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical sort of relationships uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical sort of relationships uh and
+uh in any of these cases of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any of these cases of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any of these cases of course you
+could derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could derive the
+uh the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wave equation
+uh and write it in that same form we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and write it in that same form we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and write it in that same form we had
+before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+the as we said the the this term here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we said the the this term here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we said the the this term here is
+is related to the uh speed of light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the uh speed of light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the uh speed of light in
+the in the medium and what we find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the medium and what we find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the medium and what we find is
+that the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the speed of light
+in the medium is equal to the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium is equal to the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium is equal to the speed of
+light in free space uh divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in free space uh divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in free space uh divided by the
+refractive index all of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index all of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index all of those things
+are things we've had before so i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things we've had before so i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things we've had before so i'll just
+stress again one thing that i did say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress again one thing that i did say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress again one thing that i did say
+earlier this was originally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this was originally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this was originally if you
+remember curl curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember curl curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember curl curly
+uh and then when we got rid of the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then when we got rid of the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then when we got rid of the cold
+curly we actually had to get rid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly we actually had to get rid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly we actually had to get rid of a
+uh uh uh what was it grad of div e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh what was it grad of div e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh what was it grad of div e
+uh and we assumed that grad div e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we assumed that grad div e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we assumed that grad div e is
+zero i'm just reminding you again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero i'm just reminding you again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero i'm just reminding you again that
+is not always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not always true
+uh so uh beware and you probably won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh beware and you probably won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh beware and you probably won't
+come across anything in this course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across anything in this course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across anything in this course but
+uh in the general wide world it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the general wide world it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the general wide world it's not
+always true uh and the second thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true uh and the second thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true uh and the second thing to
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+uh is that this thing del squared of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that this thing del squared of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that this thing del squared of a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that del squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that del squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that del squared
+is not equal to the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to the same as the
+laplacian except if you're in cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian except if you're in cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian except if you're in cartesian
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got the
+the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation
+we go back uh just like we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back uh just like we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back uh just like we did for
+scalar waves we can look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar waves we can look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar waves we can look at some
+different solutions of that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions of that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions of that wave
+equation and the simplest possible one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the simplest possible one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the simplest possible one
+is the equation of a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation of a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation of a plane wave
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is this is a picture of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a picture of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a picture of what it
+looks like i presume these pictures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like i presume these pictures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like i presume these pictures are
+taken from hectare though but to me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from hectare though but to me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from hectare though but to me it
+seems very perverse to have the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very perverse to have the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very perverse to have the wave
+propagating in the x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the x direction
+he's a bit strange there but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a bit strange there but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a bit strange there but anyway
+virtually every book has the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every book has the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every book has the way of
+propagating in the z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in the z direction
+uh but never mind we won't worry uh too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but never mind we won't worry uh too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but never mind we won't worry uh too
+much it obviously doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it obviously doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it obviously doesn't make any
+difference uh but they this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh but they this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh but they this is the
+important thing uh is we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing uh is we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing uh is we get the
+electric field vector and the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field vector and the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field vector and the magnetic
+field vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field vector
+uh e and b he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e and b he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e and b he's
+drawing here it could equally well be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here it could equally well be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here it could equally well be in
+because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two
+the b and h are going to be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b and h are going to be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b and h are going to be proportional
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+are at right angles to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at right angles to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at right angles to each other
+uh i'm just telling you the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm just telling you the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm just telling you the results
+first i haven't proved this yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i haven't proved this yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i haven't proved this yet
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+the wave is propagating in a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is propagating in a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is propagating in a direction
+which is at right angles to both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at right angles to both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at right angles to both of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+and so these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these three
+form a a triad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a a triad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a a triad
+and it's a right-handed triad such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a right-handed triad such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a right-handed triad such that
+e cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cross
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+is in the direction the wave goes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the direction the wave goes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the direction the wave goes so
+that's the way to always remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way to always remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way to always remember it
+uh well that's the way i remember it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's the way i remember it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's the way i remember it is
+that e cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e cross
+b is in the direction the field travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is in the direction the field travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is in the direction the field travels
+which means of course if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means of course if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means of course if you've got a
+right hand coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand coordinate system
+uh normally we we would take e in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh normally we we would take e in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh normally we we would take e in the x
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and uh b in the y direction and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh b in the y direction and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh b in the y direction and then the
+wave moves in the z direction but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave moves in the z direction but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave moves in the z direction but he's
+taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it
+with e in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with e in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with e in the y direction
+uh like this in order to get it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like this in order to get it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like this in order to get it so that
+it it's still a right-handed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's still a right-handed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's still a right-handed uh
+coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system
+uh and uh so how do we get that well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so how do we get that well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so how do we get that well we
+um first of all of course we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all of course we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all of course we can say
+uh it's quite straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's quite straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's quite straightforward
+for the e we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the e we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the e we can just
+solve this thing uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this thing uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this thing uh for the
+uh as just as it's a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as just as it's a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as just as it's a scalar
+and get an expression for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an expression for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an expression for e
+uh so e e is gonna be then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so e e is gonna be then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so e e is gonna be then uh
+polarized in a particular direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in a particular direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in a particular direction
+we've then got to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've then got to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've then got to work out
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+b is polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is polarized
+uh for this particular value of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this particular value of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this particular value of e
+uh and um well jill just said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um well jill just said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um well jill just said something
+here which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is um
+i guess it's correct but i it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's correct but i it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's correct but i it's quite
+sort of condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of condensed
+and i went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i went through
+how i would really derive it so perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i would really derive it so perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i would really derive it so perhaps
+i'll say a bit more about that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say a bit more about that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say a bit more about that um so
+what we've got then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got then
+uh is well this first bite is all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is well this first bite is all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is well this first bite is all right
+we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+curly is minus the bdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly is minus the bdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly is minus the bdt
+uh and we know that the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we know that the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we know that the the time
+dependence is this e to the minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is this e to the minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is this e to the minus i
+omega t so d dt of e to the minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t so d dt of e to the minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t so d dt of e to the minus i
+omega see is very straightforward that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega see is very straightforward that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega see is very straightforward that's
+just multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multi
+the minus i omega comes out the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus i omega comes out the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus i omega comes out the front
+so so that's what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's what we get
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+curl e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl e
+is equal to minus db
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus db
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus db
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+is equal to i omega b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to i omega b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to i omega b
+uh and so we can say then the b is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we can say then the b is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we can say then the b is equal
+to minus i over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus i over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus i over omega
+curl e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl e
+right so if we if we know what e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we if we know what e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we if we know what e is
+we we can work out what b is from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can work out what b is from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can work out what b is from that
+uh and um so we we take e as being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so we we take e as being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so we we take e as being this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+right so in general this this might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in general this this might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in general this this might not
+be traveling in the x direction or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traveling in the x direction or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traveling in the x direction or any
+other particular direction it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particular direction it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particular direction it might be
+just uh pointing in some direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh pointing in some direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh pointing in some direction in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+uh so really i guess you ought to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so really i guess you ought to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so really i guess you ought to sort
+of do it for that general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do it for that general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do it for that general case
+uh and which means that effectively what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and which means that effectively what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and which means that effectively what
+you've got to do is to work out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do is to work out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do is to work out what
+curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the e is and he is effectively as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e is and he is effectively as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e is and he is effectively as you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+as a scalar quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scalar quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scalar quantity
+well let's forget about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's forget about the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's forget about the time
+dependence we're only looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence we're only looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence we're only looking at the
+space now this there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now this there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now this there's this
+scalar quantity here times a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar quantity here times a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar quantity here times a constant
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+so we then have to use another of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we then have to use another of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we then have to use another of our
+identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+uh which is the the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the the curl
+uh of a of a scalar times a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's write it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write it like that
+and you might remember that that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might remember that that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might remember that that that is
+equal to and i had to look it up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to and i had to look it up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to and i had to look it up because
+i never know these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never know these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never know these things
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+phi times curl a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi times curl a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi times curl a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+grad phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad phi
+cross a right so so that is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a right so so that is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a right so so that is a general
+uh vector identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vector identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vector identity
+uh which allows you to work out the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which allows you to work out the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which allows you to work out the curl
+of this product of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product of two things
+uh and in our case this is a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in our case this is a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in our case this is a plane wave
+so this direction of the e vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this direction of the e vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this direction of the e vector is
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+uh our a is a constant so curl of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our a is a constant so curl of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our a is a constant so curl of a is
+going to be zero because it's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero because it's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero because it's constant
+so that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that goes
+and we're then left with that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're then left with that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're then left with that the
+the curl of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl of um
+phi times a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi times a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi times a is
+uh is grad phi cross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is grad phi cross a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is grad phi cross a
+and uh phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh phi
+is equal to phi equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to phi equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to phi equals
+e to the i k dot r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i k dot r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i k dot r
+uh and a is equal to this um direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a is equal to this um direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a is equal to this um direction
+of the e vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the e vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the e vector
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+if phi equals e to the ik dot r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if phi equals e to the ik dot r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if phi equals e to the ik dot r
+then grad phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then grad phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then grad phi
+is equal to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to i
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+times e to the i k dot r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the i k dot r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the i k dot r
+uh and so we stick that into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we stick that into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we stick that into here
+and after we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after we've done that
+we can derive this expression here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can derive this expression here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can derive this expression here we
+find that the finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the finally the
+magnetic vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic vector
+is equal to the cross product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the cross product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the cross product of these
+two so that's why of course all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's why of course all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's why of course all these
+three things have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things have to be
+right angles to each other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles to each other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles to each other right
+so so this this the next thing this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this this the next thing this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this this the next thing this is a
+picture of it moving along then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it moving along then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it moving along then
+uh and uh we'll stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we'll stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we'll stress
+uh very strongly something and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very strongly something and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very strongly something and that is
+that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two
+uh compo this the electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compo this the electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compo this the electric and magnetic
+field are in phase with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are in phase with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are in phase with each other
+uh i don't know what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know what it is but
+uh i've often found that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've often found that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've often found that students
+don't seem to pick this up and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to pick this up and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to pick this up and uh they
+come up with these funny ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with these funny ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with these funny ideas about
+them being in quadrature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being in quadrature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being in quadrature and
+i think they get it mixed up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they get it mixed up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they get it mixed up with some
+other things but for a plane polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but for a plane polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but for a plane polarized
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+uh the electric field and the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electric field and the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electric field and the magnetic
+field you can see are in phase with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can see are in phase with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can see are in phase with each
+other when the e is a maximum the b is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when the e is a maximum the b is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when the e is a maximum the b is a
+maximum and then they they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and then they they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and then they they will have
+this waveform this here this is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waveform this here this is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waveform this here this is showing
+the wave as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave as a function of
+uh distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distance
+this is like a snapshot of what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a snapshot of what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a snapshot of what happens
+at a particular time but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time but you could
+equally well get a very similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well get a very similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well get a very similar sort of
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+by looking at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at a particular
+position and seeing how it changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and seeing how it changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and seeing how it changes with
+time you'd also get sine waves like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd also get sine waves like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd also get sine waves like this
+and you would also uh see that this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would also uh see that this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would also uh see that this uh
+these two the electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two the electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two the electric and magnetic
+fields have to be in phase with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields have to be in phase with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields have to be in phase with each
+other for that case too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for that case too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for that case too
+okay this is um expressing tag uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is um expressing tag uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is um expressing tag uh
+showing you again this um right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you again this um right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you again this um right hand
+rule or whatever it is for um i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or whatever it is for um i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or whatever it is for um i don't
+know how you do these things but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you do these things but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you do these things but anyway
+i always like the uh i could never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always like the uh i could never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always like the uh i could never do
+these uh partly because i'm left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh partly because i'm left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh partly because i'm left-handed
+i think it ruins things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it ruins things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it ruins things
+uh but uh but this corkscrew rule is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh but this corkscrew rule is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh but this corkscrew rule is the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh that i always know that one and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i always know that one and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i always know that one and my
+students will know is because i'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will know is because i'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will know is because i'm very
+handy with a corkscrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this is showing then uh how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is showing then uh how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is showing then uh how this
+electric field varies with space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field varies with space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field varies with space
+uh at a fixed time uh and the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at a fixed time uh and the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at a fixed time uh and the distance
+then between these um maxima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then between these um maxima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then between these um maxima
+uh in the electric field is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the electric field is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the electric field is the is the
+wavelength right so so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right so so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right so so this is going to
+propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a traveling wave uh so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a traveling wave uh so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a traveling wave uh so this this
+structure moves bodily doesn't it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure moves bodily doesn't it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure moves bodily doesn't it in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh along the along this direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along the along this direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along the along this direction of
+propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah and now we get onto this thing that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah and now we get onto this thing that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah and now we get onto this thing that i
+was talking with george about on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking with george about on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking with george about on the way
+the pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing vector
+and uh i guess this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i guess this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i guess this um
+uh i don't think you actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't think you actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't think you actually really
+sort of prove it do you what it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of prove it do you what it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of prove it do you what it really
+does but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but
+um basically the pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically the pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically the pointing vector
+uh it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out
+uh is a measure of the energy flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a measure of the energy flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a measure of the energy flow
+uh so it's a way of looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a way of looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a way of looking at the
+energy that's carried by a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's carried by a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's carried by a wave
+and this is the definition of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the definition of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the definition of it
+uh so s is equal to one over mu nor e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so s is equal to one over mu nor e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so s is equal to one over mu nor e
+cross b actually you can see b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross b actually you can see b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross b actually you can see b equals
+actually this should really be i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this should really be i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this should really be i think
+this should really be music not muno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should really be music not muno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should really be music not muno
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+uh if it was in a general medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it was in a general medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it was in a general medium
+and a b equals mu h of course so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b equals mu h of course so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b equals mu h of course so this is
+really e cross h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really e cross h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really e cross h
+so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so
+uh that's the way it's sometimes derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the way it's sometimes derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the way it's sometimes derived
+um something defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something defined
+but anyway uh and uh so but if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh and uh so but if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh and uh so but if you're in
+free space then you can write it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space then you can write it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space then you can write it with
+munoz here like that uh and then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munoz here like that uh and then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munoz here like that uh and then using
+our expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expression for the
+uh the what the uh velocity of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what the uh velocity of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what the uh velocity of light
+uh then we can write it like this but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can write it like this but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can write it like this but i
+think this is also true for free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is also true for free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is also true for free space
+only i think that i think that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only i think that i think that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only i think that i think that's right
+this is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is taken
+that presumably this is from hector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presumably this is from hector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presumably this is from hector
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this is what our waves look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what our waves look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what our waves look like
+each of each of electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of each of electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of each of electric and magnetic
+fields is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields is a
+a cosine type wave so this represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine type wave so this represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine type wave so this represents
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+a wave which is moving in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave which is moving in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave which is moving in this direction
+right so um so this thing in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um so this thing in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um so this thing in here
+basically is the phase isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the phase isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the phase isn't it
+if you've got cos of a phase term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got cos of a phase term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got cos of a phase term
+uh so you can see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can see that as
+omega t varies so the shape of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t varies so the shape of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t varies so the shape of the wave
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+sort of move in a particular direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move in a particular direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move in a particular direction
+and you'll notice that over this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that over this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that over this this is
+a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector
+this is a vector but this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector but this is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector but this is a constant
+vector so this is a vector which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so this is a vector which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so this is a vector which tells
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh the amplitude of that wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the amplitude of that wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the amplitude of that wave in
+magnitude and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction
+uh and you'll notice that these cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you'll notice that these cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you'll notice that these cosine
+bits are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are exactly the same
+uh that's because as we said the e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's because as we said the e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's because as we said the e and
+the b are in phase with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b are in phase with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b are in phase with each other
+uh and so all that's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so all that's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so all that's very simple
+uh and so what we can say is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so what we can say is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so what we can say is that if we
+represent the the fields like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the the fields like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the the fields like this we
+can say according to our definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say according to our definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say according to our definition of
+the pointing vector we can write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing vector we can write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing vector we can write it like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh and so we end up then cos times cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we end up then cos times cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we end up then cos times cos
+is cos squared so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cos squared so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cos squared so notice
+uh notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice that
+although cos of course can go negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although cos of course can go negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although cos of course can go negative
+it it's got it's periodic isn't it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's got it's periodic isn't it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's got it's periodic isn't it so
+it's negative half as half as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative half as half as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative half as half as long as
+it's positive cos squared is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive cos squared is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive cos squared is always
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+so the way this is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this is defined
+uh the pointing vector is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pointing vector is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pointing vector is always going
+in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction
+it's always when you've got a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always when you've got a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always when you've got a plane wave
+uh the energy is going in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the energy is going in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the energy is going in the direction
+of the direction of propagation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the direction of propagation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the direction of propagation of the
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+okay so this shows us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this shows us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this shows us our
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's how we how we get all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we how we get all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we how we get all of this
+again the uh so that that's sorry let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the uh so that that's sorry let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the uh so that that's sorry let me
+th this shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this shows us
+can i go back oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i go back oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i go back oh yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no i've gone back too far now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i've gone back too far now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i've gone back too far now
+here we are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are um
+this shows us how this pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows us how this pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows us how this pointing vector
+varies in space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in space and time
+right so this this pointing vector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this pointing vector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this pointing vector has
+also got a sort of wave type nature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a sort of wave type nature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a sort of wave type nature but
+normally what we're interested in is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what we're interested in is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what we're interested in is not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+how it varies in space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it varies in space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it varies in space and time
+but what the time averaged form of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the time averaged form of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the time averaged form of that
+is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like
+and so we can do a time average of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so that's what this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so that's what this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so that's what this um
+this thing here is this s with the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is this s with the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is this s with the lines
+on either side is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side is a
+uh is the time average of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the time average of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the time average of s
+uh and um so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so we've got
+uh b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+k times e over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times e over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times e over omega
+uh and uh so therefore we've got here e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so therefore we've got here e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so therefore we've got here e
+cross b and we know what b is so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross b and we know what b is so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross b and we know what b is so we can
+put that in and we're gonna get now e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in and we're gonna get now e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in and we're gonna get now e
+squared right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so
+finally what we get is that the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what we get is that the pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what we get is that the pointing
+vector is proportional to the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is proportional to the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is proportional to the electric
+the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+the time average of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time average of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time average of the electric field
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh we haven't done any averaging sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we haven't done any averaging sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we haven't done any averaging sorry
+but this is the modulus so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the modulus so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the modulus so anyway
+it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+what are the two lines made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay it's the magnitude of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay it's the magnitude of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay it's the magnitude of the vector
+it's still a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a function of time
+okay we'll take it as that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll take it as that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll take it as that yeah
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think really i think really in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think really i think really in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think really i think really in in
+if it's in a medium this is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in a medium this is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in a medium this is absolutely
+not absolutely not is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're going to do the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to do the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to do the time
+averaging so this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging so this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging so this e
+e is a time varying quantity e varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is a time varying quantity e varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is a time varying quantity e varies
+with both space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both space and time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is the uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh this is the
+modular square of of it of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular square of of it of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular square of of it of the vector
+so uh we put that in and we get then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we put that in and we get then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we put that in and we get then the
+s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to
+um something with cos squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something with cos squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something with cos squared
+so it's not much different from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not much different from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not much different from what we
+had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then uh the next thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then uh the next thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then uh the next thing we do is
+to do the time averaging so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the time averaging so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the time averaging so this is
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+which is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive
+but oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oscillating
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+time varying uh and the speed of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying uh and the speed of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying uh and the speed of these
+variations is very very fast we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations is very very fast we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations is very very fast we've said
+before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the
+uh the frequency of light is around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the frequency of light is around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the frequency of light is around 10
+to the 15 hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 15 hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 15 hertz
+which is faster than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is faster than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is faster than any
+any detector that we have to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any detector that we have to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any detector that we have to measure the
+fields directly right so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields directly right so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields directly right so you can't
+actually measure the electric field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure the electric field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure the electric field or
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+of a of an electric uh of an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of an electric uh of an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of an electric uh of an optical
+wave because the frequency is so high uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because the frequency is so high uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because the frequency is so high uh
+so the a detect a normal detector like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a detect a normal detector like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a detect a normal detector like a
+photodiode or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photodiode or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photodiode or whatever
+would be measuring some time average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be measuring some time average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be measuring some time average of
+this because there's no way it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's no way it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's no way it can
+respond at this sort of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond at this sort of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond at this sort of frequency
+so we do the time average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do the time average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do the time average
+uh and so this is how we can do the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this is how we can do the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this is how we can do the time
+average right this the square there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right this the square there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right this the square there's
+the square things mean time average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square things mean time average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square things mean time average the
+carrot signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot signs
+and the time average you integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time average you integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time average you integrate this
+over a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long time
+and divide by the time to get the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by the time to get the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by the time to get the time
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so this is uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh called
+well usually called intensity i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually called intensity i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually called intensity i think
+that uh intensity is now frowned upon by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh intensity is now frowned upon by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh intensity is now frowned upon by
+purists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purists
+and they come up with new names every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come up with new names every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come up with new names every
+every now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and then
+so irradiance is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so irradiance is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so irradiance is uh
+uh is is a word that you often read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is a word that you often read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is a word that you often read
+nowadays in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays in the literature
+uh and uh yeah so here it's measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh yeah so here it's measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh yeah so here it's measured in
+watts per square meter uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts per square meter uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts per square meter uh which is
+obviously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh
+a a unit of uh of power density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a unit of uh of power density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a unit of uh of power density
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's one other thing that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other thing that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other thing that's worth
+mentioning here and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning here and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning here and that is actually
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um normal detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um normal detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um normal detectors
+actually really don't measure the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really don't measure the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really don't measure the the
+pointing vector uh they they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector uh they they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector uh they they actually
+usually measure the electric energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually measure the electric energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually measure the electric energy
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+uh and uh there's a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh there's a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh there's a thing called
+uh poynting's theorem which if you study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh poynting's theorem which if you study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh poynting's theorem which if you study
+electromagnetism will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism will show
+uh that the power flow out of a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the power flow out of a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the power flow out of a volume
+is equal to the rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the rate of change of the
+stored energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy
+and the stored energy is made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stored energy is made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stored energy is made up of
+electric and magnetic energy so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic energy so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic energy so all
+these things are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are related
+and it turns out that um for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that um for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that um for all
+practical purposes normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical purposes normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical purposes normally
+it doesn't really matter whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter whether you're
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+uh the pointing vector or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pointing vector or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pointing vector or the
+the the electric energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the electric energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the electric energy density
+or whatever it's going to give the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it's going to give the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it's going to give the same
+sort of answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of answer but
+there are cases where you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cases where you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cases where you have to be
+careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then finally we've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally we've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally we've got to do
+this uh time average of cos squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh time average of cos squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh time average of cos squared
+and the the time average of cos squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the time average of cos squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the time average of cos squared
+is is just a half you remember how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just a half you remember how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just a half you remember how you
+do that you go into cos squared you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you go into cos squared you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you go into cos squared you go
+into um uh double angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um uh double angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um uh double angles
+and then you get a cosine that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get a cosine that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get a cosine that cancels
+out and you just left with the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you just left with the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you just left with the constant
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+and then finally then you put that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally then you put that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally then you put that at
+half in and we now got an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in and we now got an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in and we now got an expression for
+the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity
+defined as being the time average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as being the time average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as being the time average of the
+pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector
+as being equal to the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being equal to the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being equal to the electric field
+the amplitude of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the electric field
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+multiplied by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by some
+constant which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which um
+in probably 99 cases out of 100 we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probably 99 cases out of 100 we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probably 99 cases out of 100 we don't
+even bother to even think what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bother to even think what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bother to even think what that
+constant is let alone thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is let alone thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is let alone thinking of
+whether there's a half there so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a half there so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a half there so you'll
+see loads of books or papers where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see loads of books or papers where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see loads of books or papers where they
+just say that the intensity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that the intensity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that the intensity is equal to
+e squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared
+which is strictly not true i could guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is strictly not true i could guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is strictly not true i could guess
+but people do say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how are we going we we got one hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so that's how you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's how you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's how you can do
+how you can calculate the power flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can calculate the power flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can calculate the power flow
+uh for for a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for a plane wave
+uh i guess that the method is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess that the method is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess that the method is not only
+going to be true for plain waves but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true for plain waves but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true for plain waves but you
+can apply it for other sorts of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply it for other sorts of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply it for other sorts of ways
+too uh but the next uh the next thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh but the next uh the next thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh but the next uh the next thing is
+you might think back to what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think back to what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think back to what we were
+doing with phasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with phasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with phasers
+and uh there are a few things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are a few things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there are a few things that are
+important to realize here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to realize here
+what you can do and what you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do and what you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do and what you can't do
+um you remember this is what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you remember this is what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you remember this is what we said
+from our phases we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our phases we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our phases we said that
+our what we what we actually measure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what we what we actually measure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our what we what we actually measure in
+the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world
+is a wave that's like this it's a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave that's like this it's a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave that's like this it's a cosine
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+uh in space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in space and time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that
+we use this complex representative where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this complex representative where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this complex representative where
+we say that this is the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that this is the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that this is the real part
+of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some
+uh complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex exponential
+and if you remember with the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember with the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember with the reason for
+doing that is that these complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that is that these complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that is that these complex
+exponentials are much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are much easier
+uh to manipulate it means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to manipulate it means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to manipulate it means that you
+didn't don't have to remember all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't don't have to remember all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't don't have to remember all those
+horrible cos of a plus b things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible cos of a plus b things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible cos of a plus b things and so
+on so it's much easier to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so it's much easier to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so it's much easier to do the
+algebra using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra using these
+so what you don't do normally as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you don't do normally as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you don't do normally as you
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+uh is you do your all your algebra with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is you do your all your algebra with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is you do your all your algebra with
+your e to the i some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your e to the i some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your e to the i some things
+and then right at the very end normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right at the very end normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right at the very end normally
+you you find the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you find the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you find the real part
+to find what you've got what the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what you've got what the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what you've got what the real
+field is in real real space as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is in real real space as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is in real real space as we're
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+um but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but here
+now you've got to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got to be very careful
+because you saw that the pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you saw that the pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you saw that the pointing vector
+actually was cos squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was cos squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was cos squared
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+this is a non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a non-linear
+you we we performed a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we we performed a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we we performed a nonlinear
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+and if you if you do non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you if you do non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you if you do non-linear
+operations uh the same would be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh the same would be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh the same would be true for
+nonlinear optics as well actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optics as well actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optics as well actually you
+can't do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it in the
+uh this complex notation directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this complex notation directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this complex notation directly
+because you just get the wrong answer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just get the wrong answer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just get the wrong answer if
+you if you squared this you get an e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you squared this you get an e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you squared this you get an e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+two i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two i
+k z minus five wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k z minus five wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k z minus five wouldn't you
+uh which is which is and now the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is which is and now the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is which is and now the real
+part of that is not what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that is not what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that is not what we want
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the the what you've really got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the what you've really got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the what you've really got to do
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+uh is to work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is to work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is to work through
+i guess in the well the easy the surest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess in the well the easy the surest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess in the well the easy the surest
+way of doing it is to work through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it is to work through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it is to work through in
+terms of the cosines and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the cosines and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the cosines and so on
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+to go into the to the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the to the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the to the eyes
+um so so this is saying a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this is saying a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this is saying a bit more about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so what we've got then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we've got then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we've got then is
+this is showing how you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing how you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing how you can do it in
+terms of the cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the cosines
+so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the
+uh that for example here we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that for example here we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that for example here we've got two
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's say that you see the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you see the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you see the point is that
+although the fields are additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the fields are additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the fields are additive
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the the the power of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the power of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the power of those two
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+of those two waves is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two waves is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two waves is not going to be
+equal to the sum of the powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the powers of the
+two ways right so we can say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways right so we can say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways right so we can say that the
+the ease would add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ease would add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ease would add
+uh coherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coherently
+uh and then we can work out the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we can work out the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we can work out the power
+flow of the sum of these two fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the sum of these two fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the sum of these two fields
+and you can see of course expanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see of course expanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see of course expanding this
+square you're going to have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square you're going to have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square you're going to have the the
+power of the two but you're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the two but you're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the two but you're also going
+to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cross term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term
+the cross product term which depends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product term which depends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product term which depends you
+can see here on the relative phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here on the relative phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here on the relative phase of
+the two waves if they're out of phase by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two waves if they're out of phase by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two waves if they're out of phase by
+90 degrees then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees then
+that will go to zero but if they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go to zero but if they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go to zero but if they're in
+phase uh this is of course it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh this is of course it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh this is of course it's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so that's that's one way of doing it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's one way of doing it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's one way of doing it uh
+so now but in in terms of phases then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now but in in terms of phases then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now but in in terms of phases then
+um if you you can do it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you you can do it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you you can do it in terms of
+phases i'm just saying you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases i'm just saying you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases i'm just saying you have to be
+careful how you do it uh and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful how you do it uh and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful how you do it uh and so you can
+add you have to add the phases first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you have to add the phases first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you have to add the phases first and
+then find the modulus square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find the modulus square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find the modulus square
+you can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+do the squaring and then do the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the squaring and then do the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the squaring and then do the real
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+right so you add these two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you add these two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you add these two phases
+together which gives the total field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which gives the total field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which gives the total field
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+uh intensity is going to be the modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intensity is going to be the modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intensity is going to be the modular
+square of this and you expand it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of this and you expand it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of this and you expand it and you
+can see we've got exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see we've got exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see we've got exactly the same
+answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so
+it doesn't matter which way you do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which way you do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which way you do it as
+long as you do it one of those ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you do it one of those ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you do it one of those ways
+uh what you don't want to do is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you don't want to do is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you don't want to do is to try
+try squaring the e to the i things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try squaring the e to the i things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try squaring the e to the i things and
+then taking the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the real part
+because you'll get something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll get something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll get something different
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and that is the very last slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the very last slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the very last slide
+and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the
+dead on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead on time
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+well we've got a couple of minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got a couple of minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got a couple of minutes for
+some questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions so
+any questions yes shane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello
+i'm quite curious about the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm quite curious about the pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm quite curious about the pointing
+vector um and you mentioned that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector um and you mentioned that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector um and you mentioned that it's
+actually a crosstalk term and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a crosstalk term and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a crosstalk term and it's
+similar like proper propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar like proper propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar like proper propagation
+direction like where energy flows but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction like where energy flows but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction like where energy flows but um
+what about the peculiar case in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the peculiar case in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the peculiar case in in
+evanescent waves like does it mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evanescent waves like does it mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evanescent waves like does it mean the
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+no oh oh oh dear oh yes uh evanescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh oh oh dear oh yes uh evanescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh oh oh dear oh yes uh evanescent
+waves uh this is you're getting onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh this is you're getting onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh this is you're getting onto
+something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really
+controversial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial here
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry i mean if if the pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i mean if if the pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i mean if if the pointing vector
+is the direction of the energy flow then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direction of the energy flow then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direction of the energy flow then
+then it seems like there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it seems like there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it seems like there's no
+propagation in the energy uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in the energy uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in the energy uh in in the
+evidence and wave then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and wave then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and wave then
+uh well it is normally said that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it is normally said that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it is normally said that there
+is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+energy propagation in an evanescent wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy propagation in an evanescent wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy propagation in an evanescent wave
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in you know in a way there is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in a way there is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in a way there is there's
+there's sort of transverse propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of transverse propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of transverse propagation
+of energy but there's no energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but there's no energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but there's no energy
+uh flow across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow across
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+if you're doing total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing total internal
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+and you're looking at the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the steady state
+there's no energy flow across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no energy flow across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no energy flow across the
+boundary i think is true to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary i think is true to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary i think is true to say is that
+true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah yeah sounding a bit controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah sounding a bit controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah sounding a bit controversial
+yes you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can uh
+if you have the interface i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the interface i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the interface i don't know
+if you consume it if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consume it if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consume it if you have the
+interface of the tir if you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of the tir if you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of the tir if you compute the
+pointing vector in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector in the vertical
+direction it turns out to be zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it turns out to be zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it turns out to be zero the
+time average is zero so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time average is zero so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time average is zero so you don't have
+energy flow but you do have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow but you do have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow but you do have energy
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so
+um and the other thing is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the other thing is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the other thing is you know the
+question of if if you've got this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of if if you've got this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of if if you've got this is
+your total internal reflection so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total internal reflection so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total internal reflection so here
+you get this evanescent wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this evanescent wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this evanescent wave
+now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course
+you know the whole of all all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole of all all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole of all all these
+questions of of these uh evanescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of of these uh evanescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of of these uh evanescent
+waves and so on they all rely on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and so on they all rely on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and so on they all rely on you
+know assuming infinite plane waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know assuming infinite plane waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know assuming infinite plane waves and
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+surfaces and things like that uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and things like that uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and things like that uh which
+of course none of these things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course none of these things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course none of these things can
+really be strictly true in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be strictly true in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be strictly true in practice
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+if if we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we do this
+then we'd expect to get something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd expect to get something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'd expect to get something which
+is actually traveling in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually traveling in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually traveling in this direction
+and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+in some sense i think that there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense i think that there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense i think that there is some
+sort of energy flow in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of energy flow in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of energy flow in the in the
+transverse direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction
+but yeah i'm just having a big argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah i'm just having a big argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah i'm just having a big argument
+about this uh not for this case but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh not for this case but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh not for this case but to
+do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+some other project we're doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other project we're doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other project we're doing at the
+moment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment where
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where it's to do with the when the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's to do with the when the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's to do with the when the h
+vector is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is zero
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so the question is is there energy flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is there energy flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is there energy flow
+well i guess there isn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess there isn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess there isn't but
+i think there are also this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there are also this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there are also this question of
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+pointing vector really always means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector really always means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector really always means the
+energy flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow
+uh i i'm in fact i remember having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i'm in fact i remember having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i'm in fact i remember having a
+conversation with emma wolfe once about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with emma wolfe once about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with emma wolfe once about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he said he said well he said let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he said well he said let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he said well he said let me give
+you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example
+imagine you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dc
+planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar
+electric field in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in this direction
+and you have a dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a dc
+planar magnetic field in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar magnetic field in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar magnetic field in this direction
+is there any energy flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any energy flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any energy flow
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+but you can work out what e cross h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can work out what e cross h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can work out what e cross h is
+and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+you know so i think that he said he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so i think that he said he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so i think that he said he said
+he put this forward as a as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put this forward as a as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put this forward as a as an example
+uh which makes you wonder whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which makes you wonder whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which makes you wonder whether it
+necessarily uh means that that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh means that that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh means that that really
+always means energy flow this we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means energy flow this we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means energy flow this we were
+talking about this in the lab today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this in the lab today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this in the lab today uh
+because people have come up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have come up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have come up with these
+solutions where for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions where for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions where for example
+energy flow sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flow sometimes
+does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+so you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might get
+the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of
+the the pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pointing vector
+might do something like this and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do something like this and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do something like this and here
+you can even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even get
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here you can see that there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that there has to be
+some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+uh zero around here because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero around here because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero around here because this is
+going this way and this is going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way and this is going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way and this is going this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+you can actually get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get these
+uh sort of closed eddies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of closed eddies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of closed eddies
+uh of pointing vector that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of pointing vector that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of pointing vector that's going
+around in circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in circles
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+whether this really represents something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this really represents something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this really represents something
+that's physical or not i don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's physical or not i don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's physical or not i don't really
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+you know in water flow i guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in water flow i guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in water flow i guess you could
+get this there's no reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this there's no reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this there's no reason why you
+couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get
+eddies of water going in circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddies of water going in circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddies of water going in circles
+uh but you know so this is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know so this is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know so this is what you get
+this is what you get if you've just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get if you've just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get if you've just got
+a very simple example of a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example of a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example of a lens
+focusing the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the light
+you get this sort of pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sort of pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sort of pattern
+uh if i look at this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i look at this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i look at this in some
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+you get this sort of behavior in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sort of behavior in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sort of behavior in this
+region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there have been papers that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have been papers that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have been papers that have
+described this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this
+uh but what it really means in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what it really means in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what it really means in practice
+uh well i guess maybe you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well i guess maybe you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well i guess maybe you know you you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+i guess nothing really means anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess nothing really means anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess nothing really means anything
+unless you can measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you can measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you can measure it
+so the question is can you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is can you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is can you come up with
+a detector that measures pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detector that measures pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detector that measures pointing vector
+and i don't know the answer to that as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know the answer to that as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know the answer to that as i
+said earlier i think normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier i think normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier i think normally
+detectors measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors measure
+uh electric energy density so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electric energy density so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electric energy density so people
+have have looked at what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have looked at what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have looked at what happens in this
+focused region of a lens and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused region of a lens and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused region of a lens and there are
+various ways you can look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways you can look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways you can look at that
+um people have used near field optics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people have used near field optics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people have used near field optics uh
+you know a tapered fiber to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a tapered fiber to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a tapered fiber to look at it
+or you can do some sort of tomography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do some sort of tomography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do some sort of tomography
+type experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type experiments
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with a with a detector that you rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a detector that you rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a detector that you rotate
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+but to actually measure the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to actually measure the pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to actually measure the pointing
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right any questions from over there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LP085DG79lU.txt b/LP085DG79lU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..308f9cffcd300103129aeca3f1c3f6ad8832bb99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LP085DG79lU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to tell you guys about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you guys about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you guys about a
+recent project that I did which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent project that I did which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent project that I did which was
+presented at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented at
+cvpr this summer I was a paper there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cvpr this summer I was a paper there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cvpr this summer I was a paper there and
+a demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demo
+and I also it was part of cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also it was part of cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also it was part of cigarette
+emerging Technologies and it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Technologies and it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Technologies and it was pretty
+well received there too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're starting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the main idea is a technique for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main idea is a technique for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main idea is a technique for
+capturing geometry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing geometry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing geometry so
+I have here this is our little pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here this is our little pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here this is our little pocket
+demo which I'll pass around but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo which I'll pass around but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo which I'll pass around but it's a
+really simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple idea
+this is a piece of gel with a painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a piece of gel with a painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a piece of gel with a painted
+skin and if you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and if you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and if you press
+something into it like your finger it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into it like your finger it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into it like your finger it
+looks like it's been painted okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's been painted okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's been painted okay so
+I'll pass this around you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pass this around you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pass this around you just take
+turns pressing your finger into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns pressing your finger into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns pressing your finger into it
+looking at it yes it's pretty simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it yes it's pretty simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it yes it's pretty simple and
+pretty cool and what I'll tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and what I'll tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and what I'll tell you about
+in this talk is how we can actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this talk is how we can actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this talk is how we can actually take
+advantage of this simple device to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this simple device to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this simple device to
+measure surface geometry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure surface geometry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure surface geometry so
+now this has been a pretty long-standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this has been a pretty long-standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this has been a pretty long-standing
+problem in Vision how can you capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in Vision how can you capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in Vision how can you capture
+geometry how can you get more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry how can you get more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry how can you get more than the
+2D image for example how do you get 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D image for example how do you get 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D image for example how do you get 3D
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+and I have some references here probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have some references here probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have some references here probably
+not so interesting for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so interesting for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so interesting for this class
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+for these different techniques they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different techniques they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different techniques they're
+thinking more generally you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more generally you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more generally you know how do
+I capture geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I capture geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I capture geometry of
+somewhat General objects and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat General objects and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat General objects and I'll show
+you this has some very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this has some very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this has some very specific
+properties it's only going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it's only going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it's only going to be able to
+capture surface texture and surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture surface texture and surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture surface texture and surface
+geometry but we still think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but we still think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but we still think it's it's
+pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for example it can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it can capture
+geometries of objects like this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries of objects like this we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries of objects like this we have
+Oreo cookie here so the surface of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreo cookie here so the surface of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreo cookie here so the surface of it
+has some interesting detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some interesting detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some interesting detail
+this is a glass little trinket it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a glass little trinket it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a glass little trinket it's like
+a pin and a lot of existing methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pin and a lot of existing methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pin and a lot of existing methods that
+either use lasers or use structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either use lasers or use structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either use lasers or use structured
+light have a have problems with glass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light have a have problems with glass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light have a have problems with glass so
+that's a difficult type of object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a difficult type of object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a difficult type of object to
+scan this is a metal drawer pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan this is a metal drawer pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan this is a metal drawer pull
+just a small piece of metal but object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small piece of metal but object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small piece of metal but object
+techniques that use cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that use cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that use cameras and
+structure light also have problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure light also have problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure light also have problems with
+metal because of the reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal because of the reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal because of the reflectance
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and we can even scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can even scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can even scan
+the surface geometry of something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface geometry of something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface geometry of something as
+fine as a 20 bill so I'll show a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as a 20 bill so I'll show a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as a 20 bill so I'll show a lot of
+different results but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results but
+here's the main idea again you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the main idea again you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the main idea again you have some
+of this clear gel it's a called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this clear gel it's a called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this clear gel it's a called
+elastomer thermoplastic blastomer we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastomer thermoplastic blastomer we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastomer thermoplastic blastomer we put
+some paint on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paint on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paint on top
+when you press something in and view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you press something in and view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you press something in and view it
+from the other side it looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other side it looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other side it looks like it's
+been painted and when you get the pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been painted and when you get the pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been painted and when you get the pocket
+version you'll you can see that yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you'll you can see that yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you'll you can see that yourself
+so we can use standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use standard
+computer vision techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision techniques to
+reconstruct the surface geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the surface geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the surface geometry and
+I'll tell you I'll tell you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you I'll tell you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you I'll tell you about that
+in the rest of the talk but first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest of the talk but first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest of the talk but first you
+know what is this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is this material
+well it's just can be any kind of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just can be any kind of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just can be any kind of clear
+gel so we use thermoplastic elastomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel so we use thermoplastic elastomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel so we use thermoplastic elastomer
+mostly which is a common rubber that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly which is a common rubber that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly which is a common rubber that
+people haven't heard of but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't heard of but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't heard of but it's the
+same kind of rubber that's in your shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of rubber that's in your shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of rubber that's in your shoes
+or in a lot of different products you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a lot of different products you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a lot of different products you
+buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+but you can also use silicones and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use silicones and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use silicones and other
+rubbers it's just important that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers it's just important that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers it's just important that it's
+it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear
+and we bake it in the oven we melt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we bake it in the oven we melt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we bake it in the oven we melt it
+down into whatever shape we want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into whatever shape we want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into whatever shape we want and
+typically we want it to be flat on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we want it to be flat on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we want it to be flat on top
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+but you can make it into the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can make it into the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can make it into the shape of
+your face because you can use this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face because you can use this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face because you can use this stuff
+to make mold so there's some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make mold so there's some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make mold so there's some interesting
+things we've done making it to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done making it to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done making it to other
+types of shapes but typically for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of shapes but typically for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of shapes but typically for this
+purpose we want it flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose we want it flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose we want it flat
+we engineer a specific paint to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engineer a specific paint to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engineer a specific paint to put on
+top and you can see this these are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and you can see this these are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and you can see this these are four
+different sensors four different paints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensors four different paints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensors four different paints
+and the properties of the paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the properties of the paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the properties of the paint
+kind of change the types of geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change the types of geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change the types of geometries
+you can measure I'll maybe talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure I'll maybe talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure I'll maybe talk about a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+but what we do is we put this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we do is we put this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we do is we put this into a
+photometric stereo setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometric stereo setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometric stereo setup
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's some gel on the top this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some gel on the top this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some gel on the top this is a
+box that I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that I made
+and you've got a camera beneath it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a camera beneath it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a camera beneath it and
+then inside there's a tupperware bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside there's a tupperware bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside there's a tupperware bowl
+with three lights red green and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three lights red green and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three lights red green and blue
+from different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different directions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me show you actually a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as part of the siggraph presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as part of the siggraph presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as part of the siggraph presentation
+I actually made a few videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually made a few videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually made a few videos
+and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me
+play them because you can see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play them because you can see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play them because you can see it in
+actually let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's see
+how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+this is a real-time capture so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real-time capture so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real-time capture so this is
+the top of the box you're zoomed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the box you're zoomed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the box you're zoomed in
+you're looking at my finger pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at my finger pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at my finger pressing
+into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+on the right is what the camera sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is what the camera sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is what the camera sees
+okay so this is looking at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is looking at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is looking at the bottom of
+the gel through glass underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel through glass underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel through glass underneath the
+bottom with three colored lights around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom with three colored lights around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom with three colored lights around
+it red green and blue at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it red green and blue at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it red green and blue at different
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you imagine what each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine what each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine what each of the
+individual color channels looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual color channels looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual color channels looks like in
+this image if you just look at the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image if you just look at the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image if you just look at the red
+Channel it looks like a shaded image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel it looks like a shaded image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel it looks like a shaded image of
+light coming from this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming from this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming from this direction
+if you just look at the degree channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at the degree channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at the degree channel
+the Shaded image of lightning in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shaded image of lightning in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shaded image of lightning in that
+direction same for the blue channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction same for the blue channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction same for the blue channel
+in this direction so by using three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction so by using three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction so by using three
+different colored lights and an RGB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored lights and an RGB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored lights and an RGB
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+we can have three separate shaded images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have three separate shaded images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have three separate shaded images
+grayscale images but it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale images but it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale images but it's three
+different light directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different light directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different light directions
+and it turns out that that is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that that is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that that is enough to
+constrain the surface novel on the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the surface novel on the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the surface novel on the shape
+on the top of the object so I can talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top of the object so I can talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top of the object so I can talk a
+little bit about the math after this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the math after this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the math after this but
+just to give you an appreciation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an appreciation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an appreciation for
+what the demo is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the demo is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the demo is like
+so this is what the camera is seeing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the camera is seeing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the camera is seeing as
+I move my finger around but we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my finger around but we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my finger around but we can do a
+reconstruction of the geometry in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction of the geometry in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction of the geometry in real
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so I'm spinning the Viewpoint and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm spinning the Viewpoint and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm spinning the Viewpoint and this
+is all captured geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all captured geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all captured geometry
+and another camera feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another camera feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another camera feed
+just to see the interactions is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see the interactions is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see the interactions is what
+it's like when you brush your teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like when you brush your teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like when you brush your teeth
+and this is the reconstructed geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the reconstructed geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the reconstructed geometry
+of the toothbrush and its bristles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is the demo that we did at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the demo that we did at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the demo that we did at
+siggraph and also I just did it at ictv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siggraph and also I just did it at ictv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siggraph and also I just did it at ictv
+last week and you can see the Oreo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week and you can see the Oreo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week and you can see the Oreo
+let's get interesting properties it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get interesting properties it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get interesting properties it's
+high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution
+it's interactive so you can get Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interactive so you can get Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interactive so you can get Dynamic
+3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D
+information now this is after the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now this is after the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now this is after the audio
+Oreo I noticed there were problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreo I noticed there were problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreo I noticed there were problems on
+the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+so you can see the geometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the geometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the geometry of the
+crumbs as they roll underneath my finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumbs as they roll underneath my finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumbs as they roll underneath my finger
+and this is Ted adelson's pulse he's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Ted adelson's pulse he's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Ted adelson's pulse he's put
+his wrist down on the sensor and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wrist down on the sensor and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wrist down on the sensor and he's
+reconstructed a lot of the skin texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed a lot of the skin texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed a lot of the skin texture
+and also the pulse says it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the pulse says it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the pulse says it's moving
+finally just for fun the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just for fun the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just for fun the surface of the
+bill and this is all done in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and this is all done in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and this is all done in real time
+so I have to press it with a flat plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see maybe not those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see maybe not those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see maybe not those of you
+who are looking at an angle if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are looking at an angle if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are looking at an angle if you're
+looking at it straight on you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it straight on you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it straight on you can
+actually see the raised printing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the raised printing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the raised printing so
+it's got a lot of different properties I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a lot of different properties I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a lot of different properties I
+said real time high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said real time high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said real time high resolution
+but it's not a traditional 3D scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a traditional 3D scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a traditional 3D scanner
+because you're not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not going to be able to
+scan your face or something with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan your face or something with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan your face or something with a lot
+of depth you can't imagine pressing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth you can't imagine pressing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth you can't imagine pressing your
+face down into the gel to get a full 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face down into the gel to get a full 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face down into the gel to get a full 3d
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh we don't claim it's a 3D scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't claim it's a 3D scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't claim it's a 3D scanner
+anyway it's really 2.5 days the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's really 2.5 days the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's really 2.5 days the height
+map in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map in real time
+so let me go back to the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay how does it work well why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how does it work well why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how does it work well why do you
+need three different light directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three different light directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three different light directions
+why don't you just have one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just have one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just have one one one
+light and try to reconstruct the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and try to reconstruct the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and try to reconstruct the shape
+one line well that's called shape from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line well that's called shape from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line well that's called shape from
+shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading
+and in computer vision that's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in computer vision that's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in computer vision that's considered
+one of the traditional hard problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the traditional hard problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the traditional hard problems so
+we don't want to have to attack a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to have to attack a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to have to attack a hard
+problem especially if we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem especially if we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem especially if we want it to
+happen in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in real time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use
+photometric stereo which is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometric stereo which is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometric stereo which is actually a
+very old technique to first proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old technique to first proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old technique to first proposed by
+William in 1980 and it says if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William in 1980 and it says if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William in 1980 and it says if you have
+three lights and this is a lamb version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lights and this is a lamb version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lights and this is a lamb version
+sphere lit from three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere lit from three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere lit from three different
+directions so you can see the lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so you can see the lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so you can see the lights are
+on each of the color channels right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of the color channels right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of the color channels right
+there in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in blue
+um they provide constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they provide constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they provide constraints on the
+surface level so talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface level so talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface level so talk more about that
+other than here's the three shaded views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than here's the three shaded views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than here's the three shaded views
+just so you can see the Oreos pressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you can see the Oreos pressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you can see the Oreos pressed
+into the sensor this is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sensor this is an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sensor this is an actual
+picture that I took with a press Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I took with a press Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I took with a press Center
+sensor red channel the green Channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor red channel the green Channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor red channel the green Channel and
+the blue Channel and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue Channel and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue Channel and you can see the
+lights coming from different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they're actually sort of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're actually sort of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're actually sort of little
+area light sources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area light sources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area light sources and
+we've found that we get the best looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found that we get the best looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found that we get the best looking
+results in terms of detail by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in terms of detail by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in terms of detail by using
+specular paints which have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular paints which have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular paints which have a lot of
+contrast with area light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with area light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with area light sources
+um so there's a lot of things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a lot of things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a lot of things you can
+fiddle with you could go to point light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiddle with you could go to point light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiddle with you could go to point light
+sources with a lamb version or a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources with a lamb version or a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources with a lamb version or a very
+diffuse paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse paint
+and that's better at reconstructing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's better at reconstructing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's better at reconstructing a
+lot of depth but to get fingerprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of depth but to get fingerprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of depth but to get fingerprints
+and details on the surface of Bill we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and details on the surface of Bill we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and details on the surface of Bill we
+found that it worked better to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that it worked better to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that it worked better to have
+um sort of glossy plane glossy paint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of glossy plane glossy paint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of glossy plane glossy paint and
+brown lights but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown lights but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown lights but
+yeah all sorts of things you can twill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all sorts of things you can twill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all sorts of things you can twill
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me actually let me just go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually let me just go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually let me just go into a
+little bit detail why you need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit detail why you need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit detail why you need three
+lights just because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights just because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights just because I think it's
+it's interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting so
+again as I said if you'd only had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I said if you'd only had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I said if you'd only had one
+light you'd have to solve shape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you'd have to solve shape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you'd have to solve shape or
+shaving problem why is this hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaving problem why is this hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaving problem why is this hard so
+here's a shaded shaded sphere of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a shaded shaded sphere of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a shaded shaded sphere of a
+single light Direction this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single light Direction this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single light Direction this is the same
+version so it's a diffuse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so it's a diffuse here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so it's a diffuse here
+and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know that the intensity value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the intensity value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the intensity value of a
+certain pixel is 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pixel is 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain pixel is 0.9
+well here icon at isopotes on the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here icon at isopotes on the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here icon at isopotes on the sphere
+so 0.9 might be here but in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0.9 might be here but in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0.9 might be here but in fact the
+orientation that corresponds to 0.95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that corresponds to 0.95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that corresponds to 0.95
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because all of these points have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of these points have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of these points have a
+normal that makes the same angle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal that makes the same angle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal that makes the same angle in the
+right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction
+and that's that's how sphere is shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's how sphere is shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's how sphere is shaded
+in a diffuse case so just knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a diffuse case so just knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a diffuse case so just knowing the
+shading at a particular pixel that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading at a particular pixel that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading at a particular pixel that at
+0.9 it doesn't tell you anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 it doesn't tell you anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 it doesn't tell you anything about
+the orientation of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the surface
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+but by having three light directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by having three light directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by having three light directions
+if it's 0.9 and green 0.8 in red and 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 0.9 and green 0.8 in red and 0.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 0.9 and green 0.8 in red and 0.7
+in blue or something you can pinpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue or something you can pinpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue or something you can pinpoints
+you have the intersection of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the intersection of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the intersection of these these
+different ice codes you need to pinpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ice codes you need to pinpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ice codes you need to pinpoint
+the location on the scale with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location on the scale with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location on the scale with three
+lights so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights so it's
+it's really pretty much that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really pretty much that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really pretty much that simple
+where you look at the colors in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you look at the colors in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you look at the colors in each
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+and you build a lookup table through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you build a lookup table through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you build a lookup table through
+calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration
+so we calibrate by pressing into it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we calibrate by pressing into it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we calibrate by pressing into it this
+grid of spheres we know the size and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of spheres we know the size and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of spheres we know the size and we
+know the geometry because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the geometry because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the geometry because it's the
+sphere it's very simple you press it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere it's very simple you press it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere it's very simple you press it in
+and it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like this
+and already you can see that color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already you can see that color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already you can see that color
+denotes orientation if you see a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes orientation if you see a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes orientation if you see a pure
+green pixel it means the orientation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green pixel it means the orientation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green pixel it means the orientation is
+something like this you see if your red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you see if your red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you see if your red
+pixel means the orientation is down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel means the orientation is down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel means the orientation is down like
+that and blue is over like this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and blue is over like this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and blue is over like this and then
+if you see a mixture of colors it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a mixture of colors it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a mixture of colors it means
+it's some mixture in between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some mixture in between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some mixture in between those
+orientations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations
+so you can build a mapping from color to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can build a mapping from color to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can build a mapping from color to
+surface normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface normal
+so it's a 3D lookup table we have red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a 3D lookup table we have red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a 3D lookup table we have red
+green and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and blue
+indices and h10 you can get the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and h10 you can get the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and h10 you can get the gradient
+or the surface number so again if we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the surface number so again if we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the surface number so again if we see
+color 10 in red 200 degree in three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color 10 in red 200 degree in three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color 10 in red 200 degree in three and
+blue we go to the local table and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue we go to the local table and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue we go to the local table and we get
+out that gradient something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that gradient something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that gradient something like that
+um do you get a different color you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you get a different color you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you get a different color you get
+a different grade unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different grade unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different grade unit
+so then we saw poissons uh poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we saw poissons uh poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we saw poissons uh poisson
+equation to reconstruct the surface from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to reconstruct the surface from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to reconstruct the surface from
+its gradients we're measure mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its gradients we're measure mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its gradients we're measure mentioned
+that before it's fairly common used in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before it's fairly common used in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before it's fairly common used in a
+lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+but here's some results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's some results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's some results so
+these are the results from the cdpr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the results from the cdpr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the results from the cdpr
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+um this would be really challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be really challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be really challenging to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+laser scanning or nutritional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser scanning or nutritional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser scanning or nutritional
+photometric stereo but when you press it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometric stereo but when you press it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photometric stereo but when you press it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the skin of the gel essentially Paints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin of the gel essentially Paints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin of the gel essentially Paints
+the software everything you press into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software everything you press into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software everything you press into
+it looks like it's been painted so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's been painted so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's been painted so we
+can reconstruct the geometry and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reconstruct the geometry and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reconstruct the geometry and you get
+it this is head on you and a view from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is head on you and a view from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is head on you and a view from a
+different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle
+and it's very direct and straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very direct and straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very direct and straightforward
+so again here are these objects that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here are these objects that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here are these objects that I
+showed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before
+and you can see we've captured a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see we've captured a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see we've captured a lot of
+the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details
+now you don't get color information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't get color information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't get color information
+because you're essentially painting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're essentially painting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're essentially painting it
+when you press it into the gel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you press it into the gel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you press it into the gel but
+um in a lot of cases for graphics just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a lot of cases for graphics just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a lot of cases for graphics just
+having boat Maps having the texture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having boat Maps having the texture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having boat Maps having the texture is
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+and finally the 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the cvpr paper I did a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the cvpr paper I did a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the cvpr paper I did a 20
+um stepped it up a bit for the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stepped it up a bit for the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stepped it up a bit for the video and
+did 100 but they both work pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 100 but they both work pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 100 but they both work pretty well
+so that's the height map that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the height map that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the height map that we've
+measured and now you can render and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and now you can render and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and now you can render and you
+can change the Viewpoint and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the Viewpoint and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the Viewpoint and you can see
+that we've captured quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've captured quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've captured quite a bit of
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+and that's this is the security system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this is the security system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this is the security system
+I'm gonna get into uh counterfeiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get into uh counterfeiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get into uh counterfeiting
+them yeah yeah we can actually send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah yeah we can actually send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah yeah we can actually send this
+to a 3D printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a 3D printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a 3D printer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+we showed this I said at secret Merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed this I said at secret Merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed this I said at secret Merchant
+Technologies and that we took sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and that we took sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and that we took sort of a
+graphics slant showing how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics slant showing how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics slant showing how you can
+measure surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure surfaces
+but this could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this could be used for
+a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more
+so we just made a second video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just made a second video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just made a second video
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I talk a lot in this once but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a lot in this once but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk a lot in this once but let me
+just fast forward to the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fast forward to the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fast forward to the interesting
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay so
+in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video
+we're going to look at how can we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at how can we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at how can we change
+the properties of the gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the gel
+to measure different things perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure different things perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure different things perhaps
+beyond the limits of the original system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the limits of the original system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the limits of the original system
+so how can we get even higher space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we get even higher space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we get even higher space
+spatial resolution resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution resolution
+how can we change the sensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we change the sensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we change the sensitivity of the
+system and can it be made into a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and can it be made into a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and can it be made into a smaller
+device because everyone asked us when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because everyone asked us when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because everyone asked us when
+they saw this big box that I had well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw this big box that I had well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw this big box that I had well
+you know they said that seems really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they said that seems really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they said that seems really
+bulky and cumbersome does it have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulky and cumbersome does it have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulky and cumbersome does it have to be
+that big so we we've made a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big so we we've made a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big so we we've made a smaller
+version but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but let me
+kind of Step through some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Step through some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Step through some of these
+results so spatial resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so spatial resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so spatial resolution
+this is an oregano leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an oregano leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an oregano leaf
+pressed into a very thin piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed into a very thin piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed into a very thin piece of this
+sensor so it looks like the oregano Leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so it looks like the oregano Leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so it looks like the oregano Leaf
+has been painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been painted
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you can see a lot of detail with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a lot of detail with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a lot of detail with your
+naked eye like this but then you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye like this but then you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked eye like this but then you can put
+it under a microscope too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under a microscope too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under a microscope too
+and zoom way in and you can see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zoom way in and you can see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zoom way in and you can see a lot of
+these structures I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures I don't know the
+technical terms of them but you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical terms of them but you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical terms of them but you've got
+um these little pieces here these hairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these little pieces here these hairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these little pieces here these hairs
+we estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we estimate that
+I believe some of these structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe some of these structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe some of these structures are
+100 microns and then at the tip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 microns and then at the tip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 microns and then at the tip of the
+hairs that's crossing the order of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs that's crossing the order of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs that's crossing the order of just
+a few microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few microns
+so you can really see a lot of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really see a lot of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really see a lot of detail
+just by pressing this gel into it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by pressing this gel into it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by pressing this gel into it is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is this the 3D reconstruction this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the 3D reconstruction this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the 3D reconstruction this is
+not 3D reconstruction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 3D reconstruction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 3D reconstruction but
+the same principle could apply it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same principle could apply it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same principle could apply it's just
+a different piece of gel and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different piece of gel and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different piece of gel and we just
+took a picture if we put the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a picture if we put the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a picture if we put the three
+lights in and calibrated we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights in and calibrated we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights in and calibrated we could get
+the 3D geometry out of this calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D geometry out of this calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D geometry out of this calibration
+might be a bit challenging but and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a bit challenging but and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a bit challenging but and it's
+getting the lights configured but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the lights configured but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the lights configured but
+in principles it's no different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principles it's no different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principles it's no different from
+what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did before
+so then we looked at sensitivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually
+a lot of these are just Ted adelson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these are just Ted adelson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these are just Ted adelson's
+results he's the one who came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results he's the one who came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results he's the one who came up with
+the idea of the gel and this and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the gel and this and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the gel and this and he's
+been fiddling with these things in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fiddling with these things in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fiddling with these things in his
+basement I did the 3D reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement I did the 3D reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement I did the 3D reconstruction
+stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but
+um I didn't even know he was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't even know he was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't even know he was thinking
+about all these different ideas and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all these different ideas and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all these different ideas and he
+sent me these videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me these videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me these videos
+so this video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this video is
+his car driving over a piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his car driving over a piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his car driving over a piece of this
+sensor okay so you think like how did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor okay so you think like how did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor okay so you think like how did he
+do this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this well
+well first of all why do you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all why do you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all why do you do this
+well I don't know but the the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know but the the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know but the the idea is
+that the gel that a lot of people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gel that a lot of people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gel that a lot of people have
+played with in our demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with in our demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with in our demo
+is soft to touch so you touch it deforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is soft to touch so you touch it deforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is soft to touch so you touch it deforms
+and you can see your fingerprints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see your fingerprints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see your fingerprints and
+things like this but you can get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this but you can get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this but you can get these
+rubbers in variety of strengths variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers in variety of strengths variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers in variety of strengths variety
+of elasticity so he went out and got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elasticity so he went out and got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elasticity so he went out and got one
+that was as hard as a tire itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was as hard as a tire itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was as hard as a tire itself and
+then he bought one of these ramps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he bought one of these ramps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he bought one of these ramps that
+you use to change your oil so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to change your oil so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to change your oil so you can
+drive your car up on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive your car up on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive your car up on it
+cut a hole in the top put some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a hole in the top put some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a hole in the top put some of this
+gel down put a mirror underneath it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel down put a mirror underneath it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel down put a mirror underneath it had
+a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera
+and then drove his car over it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then drove his car over it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then drove his car over it you can
+see these are some Pebbles stuck in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these are some Pebbles stuck in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these are some Pebbles stuck in the
+tire this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire this is
+the view of the tire now this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view of the tire now this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view of the tire now this is not
+reconstructed through your geometry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed through your geometry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed through your geometry but
+again it's it could be that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's it could be that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's it could be that you could
+actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure
+um tread wear or something like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tread wear or something like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tread wear or something like that it
+just shows that the system can handle 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows that the system can handle 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows that the system can handle 28
+2800 pound car on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2800 pound car on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2800 pound car on top of it
+but on the other side this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other side this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other side this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is him pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is him pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is him pressing
+just poking it with a hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just poking it with a hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just poking it with a hair
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a very soft piece of gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very soft piece of gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very soft piece of gel
+and he's just touching it with the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's just touching it with the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's just touching it with the end
+of his hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his hair
+or on the other hand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the other hand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the other hand this is
+some soap bubbles viewed through clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some soap bubbles viewed through clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some soap bubbles viewed through clear
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+so it's container with clear glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's container with clear glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's container with clear glass and
+soap bubbles inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap bubbles inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap bubbles inside
+but then he's put sensor material on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he's put sensor material on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he's put sensor material on the
+other side and you can see that just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and you can see that just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and you can see that just the
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+of the soap bubbles is enough to deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the soap bubbles is enough to deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the soap bubbles is enough to deform
+a gel so on the one hand we had a car on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gel so on the one hand we had a car on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gel so on the one hand we had a car on
+top of it right and the pressure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it right and the pressure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it right and the pressure from
+the car just started we could get you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car just started we could get you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car just started we could get you on
+through there at the Other Extreme we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there at the Other Extreme we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there at the Other Extreme we
+have soap bubbles and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have soap bubbles and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have soap bubbles and you can see the
+geometry and you can even track how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and you can even track how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and you can even track how they
+form how they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form how they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form how they change
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's a wide range of sensitivity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wide range of sensitivity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wide range of sensitivity if
+you do anything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do anything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do anything in between
+um this is somewhat disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is somewhat disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is somewhat disturbing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in talking to can you send this in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in talking to can you send this in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in talking to can you send this in an
+email I open it up and it plays with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email I open it up and it plays with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email I open it up and it plays with
+like the server and talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the server and talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the server and talking to
+technology licensing they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology licensing they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology licensing they thought
+wouldn't this be interesting to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't this be interesting to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't this be interesting to do
+medical imaging so there's some exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical imaging so there's some exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical imaging so there's some exams
+like prostate exams that are done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prostate exams that are done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prostate exams that are done by a
+doctor you know putting their finger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor you know putting their finger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor you know putting their finger in
+feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+so it's touch-based and then they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's touch-based and then they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's touch-based and then they write
+down what they feel but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what they feel but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what they feel but there's no
+record of that there's no image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of that there's no image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of that there's no image that
+they take nothing like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take nothing like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take nothing like that
+this is a touch base sensor that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a touch base sensor that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a touch base sensor that can
+capture an image of what it touches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture an image of what it touches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture an image of what it touches
+so in theory if you build a small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in theory if you build a small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in theory if you build a small enough
+capture the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the um
+the geometry of internal tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of internal tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of internal tissues
+but rather than make something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than make something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than make something that we
+could put internally to have just licked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put internally to have just licked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put internally to have just licked
+it to show internal tissues with being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to show internal tissues with being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to show internal tissues with being
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's see we've got oh yes worms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we've got oh yes worms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we've got oh yes worms so
+this these are worms on the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are worms on the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are worms on the surface of a
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+looking from the top you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from the top you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from the top you can't really
+tell how the worms move very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how the worms move very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how the worms move very easily
+because they're translucent you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're translucent you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're translucent you can't
+see the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the details
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's why that's what they're doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's what they're doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's what they're doing but
+at the same time he was recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time he was recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time he was recording
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+so this is the view from the sensor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the view from the sensor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the view from the sensor and
+you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the worm expands and contracts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the worm expands and contracts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the worm expands and contracts you
+see these protrusions here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these protrusions here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these protrusions here these
+structures that stick out and grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that stick out and grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that stick out and grip
+and I learned they're called CT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I learned they're called CT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I learned they're called CT and
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um you know perhaps people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know perhaps people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know perhaps people are
+interested in setting worms might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in setting worms might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in setting worms might be
+interested in seeing or measuring how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing or measuring how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing or measuring how
+they how they expand and contract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they how they expand and contract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they how they expand and contract and
+how these little structures come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these little structures come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these little structures come out
+so we can we just see it visually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we just see it visually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we just see it visually much
+clearer because we've essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer because we've essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer because we've essentially
+painted the worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted the worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted the worm
+and finally to address the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally to address the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally to address the question of
+can we make it smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make it smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make it smaller
+um so I've made a compact version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I've made a compact version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I've made a compact version
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay let me explain this one a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me explain this one a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me explain this one a little
+bit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's
+this is a dental camera so it's somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dental camera so it's somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dental camera so it's somewhat
+like a toothbrush right but inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a toothbrush right but inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a toothbrush right but inside here
+is a camera and a light it's very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a camera and a light it's very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a camera and a light it's very small
+and so on top he's built like a lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on top he's built like a lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on top he's built like a lens and
+a piece of sensor material you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of sensor material you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of sensor material you can see
+that it had a little bit of memory this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had a little bit of memory this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had a little bit of memory this
+one but when he touches it it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but when he touches it it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but when he touches it it's the same
+the same Principle as what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Principle as what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Principle as what we've done
+before it's got some of the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's got some of the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's got some of the sensor
+material but now it's in this handheld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but now it's in this handheld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but now it's in this handheld
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+and it could be made even smaller if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be made even smaller if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be made even smaller if we
+just engineered smaller light smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engineered smaller light smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engineered smaller light smaller
+cameras this was just something off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras this was just something off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras this was just something off the
+shelf that we bought a dental camera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf that we bought a dental camera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf that we bought a dental camera so
+it's pretty small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty small and
+we can show that you just touch it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show that you just touch it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show that you just touch it into
+things and you can see the texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you can see the texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you can see the texture
+geometry and with three lights we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and with three lights we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and with three lights we could
+do our same trick of photometric stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our same trick of photometric stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our same trick of photometric stereo
+and actually measuring the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually measuring the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually measuring the geometry
+reconstructing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing it but
+this one is it's kind of fun to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is it's kind of fun to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is it's kind of fun to play
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you can see this might be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this might be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this might be useful for
+skin texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin texture
+so one of the last remaining challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the last remaining challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the last remaining challenges
+of doing realistic human rendering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing realistic human rendering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing realistic human rendering is
+getting this microstructure of skin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this microstructure of skin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this microstructure of skin the
+wrinkles the pores all the things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkles the pores all the things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkles the pores all the things like
+that and people have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and people have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and people have built
+some very expensive domes to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very expensive domes to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very expensive domes to measure
+um well to try to measure a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well to try to measure a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well to try to measure a lot of the
+geometry but they can't get down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but they can't get down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but they can't get down to this
+level of detail we can get it locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail we can get it locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of detail we can get it locally
+but we can't get the low low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't get the low low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't get the low low resolution
+we can't get the actual structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't get the actual structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't get the actual structure of the
+face so maybe combining these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so maybe combining these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so maybe combining these techniques
+could heal something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's stubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's stubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's stubble
+you can see the stumble actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the stumble actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the stumble actually has
+quite a bit of geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of geometry
+um more than you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more than you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more than you might think
+and his hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his hair
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically
+the touch sensor system does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch sensor system does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch sensor system does anyone have
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+separately is there a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're relying on the ability to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on the ability to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on the ability to measure
+orientation accurately so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation accurately so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation accurately so we're
+measuring orientation right the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring orientation right the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring orientation right the surface
+normal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and
+we verified that for relatively shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we verified that for relatively shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we verified that for relatively shallow
+orientations meaning orientations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations meaning orientations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations meaning orientations that
+basically face the camera were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically face the camera were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically face the camera were pretty
+accurate as it gets the Steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as it gets the Steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate as it gets the Steep
+orientations we've become less accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations we've become less accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations we've become less accurate
+and we could deploy other techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could deploy other techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could deploy other techniques to
+have more accuracy there like maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more accuracy there like maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more accuracy there like maybe more
+lights more views but in general we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights more views but in general we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights more views but in general we're
+not getting steep normals accurate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting steep normals accurate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting steep normals accurate so
+we reconstruct the depth from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reconstruct the depth from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reconstruct the depth from the
+normals so there might be some bias so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals so there might be some bias so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals so there might be some bias so
+let's say the surface had a diff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the surface had a diff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the surface had a diff like
+this if you misestimate this normal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you misestimate this normal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you misestimate this normal you
+might only reconstruct it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might only reconstruct it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might only reconstruct it like that
+so you can get errors like like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get errors like like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get errors like like this but
+if you're in mostly interested in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in mostly interested in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in mostly interested in high
+resolution detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution detail
+on this device is pretty good if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this device is pretty good if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this device is pretty good if you
+need to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get those
+low resolution depth estimates accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resolution depth estimates accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resolution depth estimates accurate
+you might need more views or more lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need more views or more lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need more views or more lights
+than what we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what is the sort of State they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is the sort of State they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is the sort of State they are
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh like touch senses that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like touch senses that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like touch senses that you would
+maybe drag over something that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe drag over something that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe drag over something that aren't
+camera based I haven't seen is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera based I haven't seen is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera based I haven't seen is there
+anything in there yeah I think the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in there yeah I think the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in there yeah I think the state
+of the art is Ken purlin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the art is Ken purlin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the art is Ken purlin's
+preferred total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred total internal reflection
+they're sensing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sensing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sensing which
+oh NYU NYU but kirtland's on that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh NYU NYU but kirtland's on that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh NYU NYU but kirtland's on that too
+because he was the one in Canada no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was the one in Canada no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was the one in Canada no
+you're talking about the oh there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about the oh there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about the oh there's the
+Microsoft Surface but then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Surface but then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Surface but then there's this
+has a new force-based uh Sports base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a new force-based uh Sports base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a new force-based uh Sports base
+sensor which he has shown at like a gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor which he has shown at like a gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor which he has shown at like a gel
+yeah the gel one yeah and then the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the gel one yeah and then the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the gel one yeah and then the total
+internal reflection is purely Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection is purely Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection is purely Optical
+okay is there anything where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there anything where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there anything where you
+directly measure like imagine a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measure like imagine a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measure like imagine a line of
+like points that you can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like points that you can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like points that you can measure the
+height that they get to press and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height that they get to press and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height that they get to press and you
+like drag your finger across or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drag your finger across or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drag your finger across or anything
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+how would the height change help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the height change help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the height change help you
+like where you're directly measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where you're directly measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where you're directly measuring the
+height instead of inferring it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height instead of inferring it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height instead of inferring it by some
+yeah oh yeah there is the sandscape demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah there is the sandscape demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah there is the sandscape demo
+upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think that
+that one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one um
+yeah I mean Ken perlin's one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean Ken perlin's one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean Ken perlin's one does
+measure pressure right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure pressure right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure pressure right so that
+so you can you can get pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can get pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can get pressure
+variation uh directly I think so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation uh directly I think so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation uh directly I think so it's
+not referring it but it's low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not referring it but it's low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not referring it but it's low resolution
+so I haven't seen anything that's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't seen anything that's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't seen anything that's high
+resolution like ours with fingerprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution like ours with fingerprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution like ours with fingerprints
+but they can do a pen but they cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can do a pen but they cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can do a pen but they cannot do
+outreaches yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was the question how how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the question how how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the question how how can you
+come up with the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the idea so
+um I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this
+I think it's a couple things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a couple things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a couple things um
+Ted has young children and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted has young children and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted has young children and he was
+fascinated with the idea that touch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with the idea that touch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with the idea that touch is
+actually a very important sense to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very important sense to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very important sense to to
+infants right they're touching things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants right they're touching things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants right they're touching things to
+their lips but there's a lot of sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lips but there's a lot of sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lips but there's a lot of sensory
+organs of their touch and touch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs of their touch and touch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs of their touch and touch is
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+unstudied compared to vision and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstudied compared to vision and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstudied compared to vision and other
+things and one of the reasons is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and one of the reasons is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and one of the reasons is that
+there isn't a good touch sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a good touch sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a good touch sensor
+something that measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that measures
+um touch the way the skin does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um touch the way the skin does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um touch the way the skin does it
+deforms and something presses it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforms and something presses it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforms and something presses it and so
+he thought well how can I build a touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought well how can I build a touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought well how can I build a touch
+sensor something that deforms like skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor something that deforms like skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor something that deforms like skin
+I think at the same time he was having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at the same time he was having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at the same time he was having
+foot problems so he was just separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot problems so he was just separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot problems so he was just separately
+buying these gels to make insoles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying these gels to make insoles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying these gels to make insoles and
+then there's two things mixing his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two things mixing his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two things mixing his head
+and he thought oh I'll paint the gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he thought oh I'll paint the gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he thought oh I'll paint the gel
+yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so
+yeah do you pause this at all yeah I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you pause this at all yeah I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you pause this at all yeah I did
+yeah yeah I was fortunate enough to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I was fortunate enough to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I was fortunate enough to have
+one for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for myself
+so if anybody wants to do a project on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if anybody wants to do a project on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if anybody wants to do a project on
+this then you can collaborate with yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you can collaborate with yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you can collaborate with yeah
+we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um
+or if you want to actually play with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want to actually play with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want to actually play with the
+demo in person we have it set up in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in person we have it set up in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in person we have it set up in our
+lab yes or or he could be a mentor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab yes or or he could be a mentor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab yes or or he could be a mentor if
+you want we have final projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want we have final projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want we have final projects in the
+class so if you have some idea in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so if you have some idea in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so if you have some idea in this
+space you can we are thinking of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can we are thinking of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can we are thinking of what
+the next generation of this will be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of this will be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of this will be and
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+um shooting for a sigma Project based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shooting for a sigma Project based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shooting for a sigma Project based on
+this okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's why the class is in the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the class is in the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the class is in the fall
+and the final project study of 4th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final project study of 4th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final project study of 4th of
+December we have one and a half months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December we have one and a half months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December we have one and a half months
+to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks Kim
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LTEtH1gzwoE.txt b/LTEtH1gzwoE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f58110e02ace504b529b0db105b316de305ab6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LTEtH1gzwoE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11448 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we
+introduced this Sashi matric for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this Sashi matric for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this Sashi matric for the
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ho and uh then this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and uh then this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and uh then this I
+Keeps The Horizon sides of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keeps The Horizon sides of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keeps The Horizon sides of the black
+hole and then there are two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and then there are two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and then there are two very
+important geometric quantities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important geometric quantities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important geometric quantities for the
+black ho one is it's the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho one is it's the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho one is it's the area of the
+horiz soal the area of the Horizon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horiz soal the area of the Horizon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horiz soal the area of the Horizon which
+is the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area of this
+S2 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 at the
+Horizon and the other is uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and the other is uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and the other is uh what is
+called the surface gravity so this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the surface gravity so this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the surface gravity so this which
+is essentially given by one half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially given by one half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially given by one half of the
+derivative of this function f evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function f evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function f evaluated
+at the Horizon and uh and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Horizon and uh and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Horizon and uh and if you
+evaluate on this then this give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate on this then this give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate on this then this give you one
+/ two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ two
+RS okay so those quantities we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS okay so those quantities we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS okay so those quantities we will see
+them very often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so now we talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now we talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now we talk a little bit more
+about the Cal structure of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Cal structure of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Cal structure of the black
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh before I start do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh before I start do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh before I start do you have any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um so to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so to understand the
+structure the SpaceTime structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the SpaceTime structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the SpaceTime structure of a
+black ho a little bit better let us look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho a little bit better let us look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho a little bit better let us look
+at the geometry Le The Horizon because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the geometry Le The Horizon because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the geometry Le The Horizon because
+Horizon is clearly one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon is clearly one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon is clearly one of the most
+important um part of the black cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um part of the black cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um part of the black cod
+geometry so let's consider the breion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so let's consider the breion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so let's consider the breion
+near the horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is for R greater than but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for R greater than but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for R greater than but
+of close to to the swash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purpose so um yeah so uh you can expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose so um yeah so uh you can expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose so um yeah so uh you can expand
+this function F so leave the Horizon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function F so leave the Horizon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function F so leave the Horizon you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+say R S Plus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+Etc and this term is equal to zero so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and this term is equal to zero so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and this term is equal to zero so so
+at the hor so we essentially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hor so we essentially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hor so we essentially when you
+expand this function f so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this function f so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this function f so that's
+essentially what you have okay then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you have okay then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you have okay then uh
+then they high all the terms but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they high all the terms but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they high all the terms but they
+can be neglected if we are close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be neglected if we are close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be neglected if we are close to the
+Horizon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so
+let's put this inside into here but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put this inside into here but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put this inside into here but to
+write this matric in a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this matric in a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this matric in a slightly more
+transparent form it's convenient to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent form it's convenient to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent form it's convenient to to
+consider the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the proper
+distance also consider the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you have a suppose you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a suppose you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a suppose you are a
+stationary Observer sitting at some say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary Observer sitting at some say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary Observer sitting at some say
+some value of R then you ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of R then you ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of R then you ask what is the
+proper distance from The Horizon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper distance from The Horizon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper distance from The Horizon and
+that can be just read from by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be just read from by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be just read from by
+integrating this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this this
+distance so essentially D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so essentially D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so essentially D
+row a row the proper distance should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row a row the proper distance should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row a row the proper distance should
+given just by Dr R / by square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given just by Dr R / by square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given just by Dr R / by square root
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+okay you can read it from here excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can read it from here excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can read it from here excuse me
+can you pleas remind what's proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pleas remind what's proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pleas remind what's proper
+distance uh the proper distance uh um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh the proper distance uh um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh the proper distance uh um is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+proper is the distance of a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper is the distance of a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper is the distance of a local
+Observer just from a local Observer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer just from a local Observer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer just from a local Observer the
+uh uh uh the laborhood looks like a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh the laborhood looks like a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh the laborhood looks like a flat
+space time and then that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time and then that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time and then that's the that's
+the distance measured by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer yeah similarly with the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer yeah similarly with the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer yeah similarly with the local
+proper time EXA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time EXA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time EXA
+yeah so then then by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then then by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then then by using
+this then we find the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we find the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we find the the the
+Horizon then we can write this as say Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then we can write this as say Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then we can write this as say Dr
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus higher order
+Corrections so now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections so now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections so now if you
+integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this
+row and setting row equal to zero to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and setting row equal to zero to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and setting row equal to zero to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon then we find row equal to yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then we find row equal to yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then we find row equal to yeah I
+just integrate that equation which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate that equation which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate that equation which can
+be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrated and the integration constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and the integration constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and the integration constant
+is chosen so already row is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chosen so already row is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chosen so already row is equal to
+zero at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon then you find the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then you find the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then you find the proper
+distance from The Horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from The Horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from The Horizon is
+proportional to the square root Rus r s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square root Rus r s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square root Rus r s
+uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so now we can rewrite the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now we can rewrite the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now we can rewrite the F
+itself in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in terms of this
+row Okay so if we rewrite the F in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Okay so if we rewrite the F in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Okay so if we rewrite the F in terms
+of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row
+itself so f is just F Prime IUS r s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so f is just F Prime IUS r s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so f is just F Prime IUS r s and
+uh and square root Rus r s equal to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and square root Rus r s equal to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and square root Rus r s equal to row
+times this Factor so so with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this Factor so so with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this Factor so so with a little
+bit algebra you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see plus High all the corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so so now you recognize this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so now you recognize this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so now you recognize this is
+essentially just this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity so so so the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so so so the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so so so the The
+Horizon this function f can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon this function f can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon this function f can be written
+as Capa Square row Square then plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Capa Square row Square then plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Capa Square row Square then plus
+higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Corrections so now we can rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections so now we can rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections so now we can rewrite the
+Horizon uh uh now we can rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon uh uh now we can rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon uh uh now we can rewrite the
+this matric in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row DS Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row DS Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row DS Square
+now equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equal to
+minus Kaa Square row Square DT S Plus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kaa Square row Square DT S Plus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kaa Square row Square DT S Plus D
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+Square so so essentially by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so so essentially by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so so essentially by definition
+this term just become the row square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term just become the row square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term just become the row square and
+F I replace by this CA Square row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and
+uh to the leading order I just replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the leading order I just replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the leading order I just replace
+this R square by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R square by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R square by
+RS because we are close to the horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can
+slightly rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly rewrite
+this so I introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I introduce a
+variable so so let me introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so so let me introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so so let me introduce a
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ITA equal to Kaa * t Okay so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA equal to Kaa * t Okay so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA equal to Kaa * t Okay so essentially
+essentially just T / by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just T / by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just T / by 2
+RS so so with that defa then this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS so so with that defa then this become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS so so with that defa then this become
+minus row Square Thea square plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus row Square Thea square plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus row Square Thea square plus d
+square then plus i² d omeg 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square then plus i² d omeg 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square then plus i² d omeg 2
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a
+S2 this is a two dimensional sphere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 this is a two dimensional sphere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 this is a two dimensional sphere with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius given by The Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius given by The Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius given by The Horizon
+sides and this some of of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and this some of of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and this some of of you may
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+recognize so this is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize so this is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize so this is actually just
+a this is in fact just a minkovski space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is in fact just a minkovski space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is in fact just a minkovski space
+time this is a 1+ one dimensional movi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a 1+ one dimensional movi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a 1+ one dimensional movi
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+time okay so this is actually 1+ y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this is actually 1+ y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this is actually 1+ y
+Dimension MOS time written in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension MOS time written in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension MOS time written in the
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+coordinate so in the so called rler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form so called IND form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so called IND form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so called IND form
+okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+see then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon the SpaceTime geometry have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon the SpaceTime geometry have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon the SpaceTime geometry have the
+structure of a 1 plus one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a 1 plus one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a 1 plus one dimensional
+minkovski space time times a sphere a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time times a sphere a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time times a sphere a
+two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional
+sphere so so now let me elaborate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so so now let me elaborate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so so now let me elaborate a
+little now now let me elaborate this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little now now let me elaborate this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little now now let me elaborate this a
+little bit uh on the on why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh on the on why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh on the on why this is
+minkovski uh uh space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so do you have any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start let's consider 1 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let's consider 1 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let's consider 1 plus one
+dimensional movy space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I we write it in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I we write it in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I we write it in the following
+form I call my T So to distinguish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I call my T So to distinguish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I call my T So to distinguish with
+the T and what uh there so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T and what uh there so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T and what uh there so let me call
+Capital T and the capital x okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital T and the capital x okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital T and the capital x okay so this
+is the of minia 1 + one dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the of minia 1 + one dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the of minia 1 + one dimension in
+kovski time so now I will introduce a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovski time so now I will introduce a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovski time so now I will introduce a uh
+introduce new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new
+variable so make a coordinate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I just plug this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just plug this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just plug this into
+there so let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let me call this
+M2 so you can immediately so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 so you can immediately so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 so you can immediately so you just
+plug in them there you immediately see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in them there you immediately see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in them there you immediately see
+that DS Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DS Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DS Square
+M2 is just precisely we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay so so this metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this metric
+so this part of the magic is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates row ITA actually does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates row ITA actually does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates row ITA actually does not
+cover the full movi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the full movi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the full movi
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+because because just by definition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because just by definition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because just by definition this
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+satisfy x square minus t sare = to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy x square minus t sare = to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy x square minus t sare = to row
+Square because this is C this inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because this is C this inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because this is C this inch
+so this by definition satisfy x square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this by definition satisfy x square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this by definition satisfy x square
+minus t sare actually greater than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t sare actually greater than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t sare actually greater than equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero and also just by definition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also just by definition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also just by definition because
+we uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh uh uh uh
+um yeah uh we will take a row to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh we will take a row to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh we will take a row to be
+positive and by definition that the x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and by definition that the x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and by definition that the x is
+positive okay we will take a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive okay Z great equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay Z great equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay Z great equal to zero okay
+so let's take low greater equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and which is what we are having here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and which is what we are having here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and which is what we are having here
+because this row is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this row is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this row is related to the
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+distance uh from The Horizon is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh from The Horizon is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh from The Horizon is by
+definition a non lative quantity so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition a non lative quantity so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition a non lative quantity so here
+we also want to restrict to R Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to restrict to R Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to restrict to R Great
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero and so so it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw what part of minkovski space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what part of minkovski space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what part of minkovski space time
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's plot
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+TX so we have the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+com so so this occupies the region which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com so so this occupies the region which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com so so this occupies the region which
+X so X can be positive so uh uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so X can be positive so uh uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so X can be positive so uh uh uh so
+have to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+side but also we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but also we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but also we have
+X the the absolute value of x must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the the absolute value of x must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the the absolute value of x must
+greater than absolute value of t Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than absolute value of t Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than absolute value of t Okay
+because this thing is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing is greater than zero
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+means it must be cover this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay and this is the say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and this is the say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and this is the say this is a
+night x equal to T and this is tus equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night x equal to T and this is tus equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night x equal to T and this is tus equal
+to X okay so so these are the two light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X okay so so these are the two light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X okay so so these are the two light
+and so so I can only occupy that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region you can also draw let me um erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you can also draw let me um erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you can also draw let me um erase
+those things here just so it's only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things here just so it's only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things here just so it's only in
+this quadrant so so now let me erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadrant so so now let me erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadrant so so now let me erase
+this so that I can draw further lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that I can draw further lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that I can draw further lines
+not to make things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messy so you can also just invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so you can also just invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so you can also just invert this
+relation so if we invert this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so if we invert this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so if we invert this relation
+then you see that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see that row
+Square = to x² minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square = to x² minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square = to x² minus
+t² and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t² and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t² and the
+tangent T Theta equal to t/ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so so that means that the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so so that means that the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so so that means that the constant
+row should corresponding to constant x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row should corresponding to constant x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row should corresponding to constant x
+sare minus t^ s and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare minus t^ s and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare minus t^ s and that's just
+hyperbola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola
+so this is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a constant
+row say this is row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay and from here the constant EA will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from here the constant EA will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from here the constant EA will
+corresponding to constant slope between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to constant slope between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to constant slope between
+T and X so the constant EA will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and X so the constant EA will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and X so the constant EA will be
+corresponding to to the to the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to to the to the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to to the to the straight
+line like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay so so essentially we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+matric covers this part of the minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric covers this part of the minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric covers this part of the minkovski
+1 + one dimension of mos time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + one dimension of mos time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + one dimension of mos time but
+48 the the MOs time using the uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 the the MOs time using the uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 the the MOs time using the uh using
+coordinate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+let's so on the on this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Con on the right con so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Con on the right con so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Con on the right con so there are two
+special NES here Y is x equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special NES here Y is x equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special NES here Y is x equal to
+T okay which is essentially the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay which is essentially the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay which is essentially the boundary
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+region so here is when row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero row equal to zero so now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero row equal to zero so now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero row equal to zero so now if you
+look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+formula when row equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when row equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when row equal to zero
+when they close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they close to
+zero let me should do it in the limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me should do it in the limit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me should do it in the limit so
+when they close to when they approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they close to when they approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they close to when they approach
+zero in order for x and t finite so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in order for x and t finite so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in order for x and t finite so on
+this nine of course x and t are finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nine of course x and t are finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nine of course x and t are finite
+then the EA has to go to Infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the EA has to go to Infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the EA has to go to Infinity so
+that means the right qu corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the right qu corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the right qu corresponding to
+row go to zero and EA goes to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row go to zero and EA goes to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row go to zero and EA goes to plus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+okay and but with row exponential EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and but with row exponential EA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and but with row exponential EA
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+similarly T = to minus X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly T = to minus X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly T = to minus X this
+nine then corresponding to row goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine then corresponding to row goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine then corresponding to row goes to
+zero but but now ITA goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but but now ITA goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but but now ITA goes to minus
+infinity when TAA goes minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity when TAA goes minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity when TAA goes minus infinity
+then the minus sign here where dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the minus sign here where dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the minus sign here where dominates
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+t uh then and the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh then and the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh then and the row
+exponen minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponen minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponen minus
+EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finite okay minus E fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh
+um so there's a special Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a special Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a special Point
+here so there's a special Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a special Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a special Point here
+corresponding to x equal to t equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to x equal to t equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to x equal to t equal to Z
+so this corresponding to row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponding to row equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this corresponding to row equal to
+zero and and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finite e say we're corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite e say we're corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite e say we're corresponding to that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so we see that this is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we see that this is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we see that this is precisely
+what describe the blacko Horizon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what describe the blacko Horizon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what describe the blacko Horizon okay
+and row equal to zero precisely rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row equal to zero precisely rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row equal to zero precisely rely on
+the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+okay so from here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclude so the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude so the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude so the black
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole
+Horizon is corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh uh just corespond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to x = 2 plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x = 2 plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x = 2 plusus
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay here you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here you also
+see so this row and the EA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this row and the EA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this row and the EA is
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+simple transformation of what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple transformation of what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple transformation of what we have
+here R and the T so we also see just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R and the T so we also see just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R and the T so we also see just
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+discussion okay we also see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion okay we also see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion okay we also see from this
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me yeah we say yeah actually will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yeah we say yeah actually will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yeah we say yeah actually will say
+that nature um yeah so so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature um yeah so so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature um yeah so so we see that
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+uh the black hole horon just is mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the black hole horon just is mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the black hole horon just is mapped
+to the light Con in the in the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the light Con in the in the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the light Con in the in the 1 plus
+one dimension msk's time and the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension msk's time and the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension msk's time and the region
+outside the black ho just m to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the black ho just m to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the black ho just m to that
+quadrant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant of the
+um of the um movy space time so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the um movy space time so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the um movy space time so so now
+we can so now we conclude that the Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can so now we conclude that the Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can so now we conclude that the Le
+blacko geometry Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacko geometry Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacko geometry Le
+Horizon right call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon right call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon right call
+geometry so this is called Rus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so this is called Rus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so this is called Rus space
+okay so this is called r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so we see that the The Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so we see that the The Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so we see that the The Horizon
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+geometry is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rler times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rler times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rler times
+S2 okay let's R times S2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay let's R times S2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay let's R times S2 in
+particular it's precisely have this coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's precisely have this coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's precisely have this coal
+structure you have a light con which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you have a light con which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you have a light con which
+corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the
+Horizon so that also shows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so that also shows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so that also shows that the
+Horizon is a l surface because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon is a l surface because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon is a l surface because the
+Horizon corresponding to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon corresponding to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon corresponding to the light
+con and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and
+uh so we can just directly translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we can just directly translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we can just directly translate
+that picture from row into T and R okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture from row into T and R okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture from row into T and R okay
+so this is just r equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just r equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just r equal to
+RS okay so EA goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS okay so EA goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS okay so EA goes
+to yeah so here is that the row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah so here is that the row equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah so here is that the row equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+but the EA goes to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the EA goes to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the EA goes to plus
+infinity so here is the row goes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so here is the row goes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so here is the row goes zero
+and E goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E goes to minus
+infinity so so that means for the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so so that means for the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so so that means for the black
+hole this will corresponding to IAL to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole this will corresponding to IAL to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole this will corresponding to IAL to i
+s and the tal to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and the tal to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and the tal to plus
+infinity and T and EA just differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and T and EA just differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and T and EA just differ by
+this constant Factor so essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant Factor so essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant Factor so essentially the
+same thing and here uh uh r s T = to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and here uh uh r s T = to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and here uh uh r s T = to
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+okay and similarly near The Horizon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly near The Horizon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly near The Horizon the
+constant R surface will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant R surface will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant R surface will be like
+this just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just like
+hyperbola in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the and then constant T surface we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then constant T surface we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then constant T surface we also
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then of course the full space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then of course the full space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then of course the full space
+time would be times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time would be times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time would be times
+S2 so you should imagine each point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 so you should imagine each point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 so you should imagine each point on
+this uh on this plot which only plot R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh on this plot which only plot R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh on this plot which only plot R
+and T plane so each point there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T plane so each point there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T plane so each point there there's
+S2 with this radius of i r s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions on this yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions on this yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions on this yes the
+meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what's the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AR ah that just uh just come from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR ah that just uh just come from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR ah that just uh just come from here
+so from here once we map to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here once we map to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here once we map to this
+coordinates we see that the roow code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we see that the roow code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we see that the roow code
+constant corresponding to hypor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant corresponding to hypor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant corresponding to hypor like
+that and uh and row is essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh and row is essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh and row is essentially just
+related to R by a simple transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to R by a simple transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to R by a simple transformation
+so constant row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so constant row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so constant row
+surface is also the constant R surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is also the constant R surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is also the constant R surface
+because they're related to a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're related to a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're related to a simple
+transformation so the constant our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the constant our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the constant our
+surface must also be a hyperbola like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface must also be a hyperbola like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface must also be a hyperbola like
+that why is ar oh oh oh the arrow just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is ar oh oh oh the arrow just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is ar oh oh oh the arrow just
+to show that the time goes up yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the time goes up yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the time goes up yeah yeah
+here you can I can also draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can I can also draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can I can also draw
+Arrow which is the direction which The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow which is the direction which The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow which is the direction which The
+Ether increases and yeah so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether increases and yeah so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether increases and yeah so this is the
+direction which the time goes up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which the time goes up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which the time goes up so the
+time goes up and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me make some now let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me make some now let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me make some now let me make
+some further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remarks so some of them just repeat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks so some of them just repeat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks so some of them just repeat what
+I just said uh just so that we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer at IAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer at IAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer at IAL to
+constant but are say slightly outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but are say slightly outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but are say slightly outside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Horizon for black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+hole I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer
+with r could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+M2 okay of two Dimension movi space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and this is observable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is observable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is observable which
+follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a
+hyperb follow a hyperbolic trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperb follow a hyperbolic trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperb follow a hyperbolic trajectory
+okay so it goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it goes like
+that so this is a so this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a so this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a so this is not the
+standard Observer this is the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer yeah so such Observer which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer yeah so such Observer which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer yeah so such Observer which are
+the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants
+R uh uh they don't they not stand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh uh they don't they not stand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh uh they don't they not stand the
+M Observer the travel in hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Observer the travel in hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Observer the travel in hyper
+hypol so you can now you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypol so you can now you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypol so you can now you can check
+easily okay just by working with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay just by working with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay just by working with this
+flat space uh because we know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space uh because we know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space uh because we know everything
+about flat space you can easily work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flat space you can easily work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flat space you can easily work out
+so you can easily check yourself it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can easily check yourself it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can easily check yourself it's a
+Elementary calculation take you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes such Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration which is given by a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration which is given by a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration which is given by a equal
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can also translate in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can also translate in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can also translate in into
+black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho
+language when we convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language when we convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language when we convert this
+row into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row into
+RS so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS so this
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay yeah then then let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah then then let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah then then let me
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+just including the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see from this
+formula so this is a local Pur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is a local Pur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is a local Pur
+acceleration of Observer as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of Observer as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of Observer as we discussed
+yesterday if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday if you want to
+be because black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because black
+hole attracts things so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole attracts things so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole attracts things so if you want to
+stay at a fixed radius outside the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at a fixed radius outside the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at a fixed radius outside the black
+hole you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you need to
+accelerate uh you need to uh have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate uh you need to uh have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate uh you need to uh have some
+acceleration and the uh and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and the uh and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and the uh and this is just
+that the acceleration close to the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the acceleration close to the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the acceleration close to the black
+ho and in particular you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and in particular you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho and in particular you see this
+acceleration goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration goes
+Infinity uh uh when you approach The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh uh when you approach The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh uh when you approach The
+Horizon okay when you approach Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon okay when you approach Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon okay when you approach Horizon
+so so just a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just a side
+remark side remark let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark side remark let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark side remark let me put
+here side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark so this is related what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so this is related what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so this is related what's the
+last remark uh uh uh nothing we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last remark uh uh uh nothing we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last remark uh uh uh nothing we said
+yesterday you said this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you said this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you said this surface
+gravity is the acceleration of Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is the acceleration of Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is the acceleration of Observer
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+Horizon near the Horizon viewed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon near the Horizon viewed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon near the Horizon viewed from
+Infinity okay so so the um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so so the um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so so the um so the
+infinity so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that
+formula so that a so that formula is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so that a so that formula is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so that a so that formula is a
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+acceleration and you can easily convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and you can easily convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and you can easily convince
+yourself the acceleration at Infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself the acceleration at Infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself the acceleration at Infinity is
+related to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the local
+acceleration by AIC Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration by AIC Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration by AIC Factor
+okay precisely given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay precisely given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay precisely given by
+this and if you just take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you just take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you just take that
+formula and multiply by this then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and multiply by this then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and multiply by this then you
+find precisely 12 fime r s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find precisely 12 fime r s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find precisely 12 fime r s which is
+carer okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C which is C so so this give you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is C so so this give you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which is C so so this give you also
+give you a derivation of this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a derivation of this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a derivation of this surface
+gravity uh uh this formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity uh uh this formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity uh uh this formula for the
+surface gravity I have a question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface gravity I have a question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface gravity I have a question why
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+to one over oh uh um yeah that's that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over oh uh um yeah that's that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over oh uh um yeah that's that I
+ask you to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself yeah I said it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself yeah I said it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself yeah I said it's a it's a
+couple minutes calculation it's flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes calculation it's flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes calculation it's flat
+space so you should be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any other
+question yes the defition ofer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes the defition ofer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes the defition ofer
+acceleration uh yeah it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh yeah it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh yeah it's a it's
+acceleration in the local rest frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the local rest frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the local rest frame of
+that Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah anything anything you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anything anything you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anything anything you call the
+proper is something which is defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper is something which is defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper is something which is defined in
+the local rest frame of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local rest frame of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local rest frame of that particular
+Observer and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer and uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+um yeah it's a say the a mu it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's a say the a mu it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's a say the a mu it's a
+vector say it can be defined a mual to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector say it can be defined a mual to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector say it can be defined a mual to U
+new parti new you new and uh so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new parti new you new and uh so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new parti new you new and uh so yeah so
+this the you new is the is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the you new is the is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the you new is the is the is the
+local uh uh it's a local trajectory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh uh it's a local trajectory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh uh it's a local trajectory of
+that Observer yeah so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Observer yeah so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Observer yeah so this is the
+definition you can see it in the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book yeah so that's the local so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book yeah so that's the local so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book yeah so that's the local so that's
+a velocity Vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a velocity Vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a velocity Vector of the
+Observer new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer new
+mu okay so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so this is the first
+thing this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theme yeah uh so if you check this WS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme yeah uh so if you check this WS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme yeah uh so if you check this WS
+book which I wrote last time I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which I wrote last time I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which I wrote last time I put the
+reference in the Ws book and and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in the Ws book and and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in the Ws book and and you can
+find it uh or we can find it in anyg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it uh or we can find it in anyg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it uh or we can find it in anyg
+book they explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a free four Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+near the Black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon it just give you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon it just give you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon it just give you just
+corresponding to a inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observer in movi space time okay in M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer in movi space time okay in M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer in movi space time okay in M2
+so this is easy because they map to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is easy because they map to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is easy because they map to each
+other so free four Observer is obser in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so free four Observer is obser in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so free four Observer is obser in
+the black ho SpaceTime which just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho SpaceTime which just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho SpaceTime which just follow
+from uh say uh some time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh say uh some time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh say uh some time like
+geodesics and we know that the time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics and we know that the time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics and we know that the time like
+jasic in the movi space is just straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jasic in the movi space is just straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jasic in the movi space is just straight
+nine okay just straight nine so so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay just straight nine so so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay just straight nine so so for
+for object fall into the black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for object fall into the black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for object fall into the black ho
+just it just follow a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it just follow a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it just follow a straight line
+okay so this provide a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this provide a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this provide a very simple
+description of ining of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ho so this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark so the third remark is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so the third remark is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so the third remark is that this
+rler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates row Theta as we see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates row Theta as we see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates row Theta as we see from
+here as we saw from here become singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the row equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the row equal to
+zero okay at row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay at row equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay at row equal to
+zero for example yeah you see to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for example yeah you see to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for example yeah you see to
+describe those row equal to zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe those row equal to zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe those row equal to zero to
+describe the Horizon you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the Horizon you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the Horizon you have to take
+very uh uh take a various limit there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh uh take a various limit there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh uh take a various limit there's
+no longer one to one relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer one to one relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer one to one relation between
+the capital x and t and the row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital x and t and the row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital x and t and the row and
+E so so this just explains that the swal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so so this just explains that the swal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so so this just explains that the swal
+coordinates so the same thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so the same thing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so the same thing happens
+with the swal coordinate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the swal coordinate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the swal coordinate at the
+Horizon it just in the same way the spal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon it just in the same way the spal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon it just in the same way the spal
+coordinates become singular at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates become singular at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates become singular at the
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+okay and the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the same way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but we do understand in kovsky space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do understand in kovsky space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do understand in kovsky space
+time we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason this we do actually movy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this we do actually movy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this we do actually movy
+space time have four patches rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time have four patches rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time have four patches rather than
+just a single patch rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single patch rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single patch rather than just
+this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single
+quadrant and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant and uh
+um so just by changing a diff to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just by changing a diff to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just by changing a diff to a
+different coordinate this capital x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coordinate this capital x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coordinate this capital x and
+capital T we can actually describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T we can actually describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T we can actually describe the
+full movi space time not just this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full movi space time not just this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full movi space time not just this uh uh
+not just this single quadrant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just this single quadrant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just this single quadrant okay
+so so let me call this region one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me call this region one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me call this region one
+so now let me call this uh uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me call this uh uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me call this uh uh so this
+moski space time separated by lcon into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moski space time separated by lcon into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moski space time separated by lcon into
+four regions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four regions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four regions one
+two three four okay I hope this is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four okay I hope this is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four okay I hope this is clear
+there are too many things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many things on the
+Blackboard but but this quadrant is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard but but this quadrant is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard but but this quadrant is one
+this top quadrant is two this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top quadrant is two this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top quadrant is two this right
+quadrant is three and the the bottom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant is three and the the bottom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant is three and the the bottom is
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+so so even though this wind coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so even though this wind coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so even though this wind coordinate
+become single at r equal to zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become single at r equal to zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become single at r equal to zero by
+using movy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate standard lovsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate standard lovsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate standard lovsky
+coordinates x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates x and
+t we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually T this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually T this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually T this region
+one to the full mov space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to the full M2 okay to the full mov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to the full M2 okay to the full mov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to the full M2 okay to the full mov
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so now it's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so now it's becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so now it's becoming
+mechanical so now it must be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical so now it must be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical so now it must be because
+this because this essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this essentially what
+describe the uh uh the black hole near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the uh uh the black hole near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the uh uh the black hole near
+the Horizon then in the black hole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon then in the black hole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon then in the black hole you
+must be able to find the the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be able to find the the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be able to find the the set of
+coordinates to actually extend beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to actually extend beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to actually extend beyond
+the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Horizon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to suitable coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+can so this is normally called Cru car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate we will not need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate we will not need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate we will not need to use
+it uh so I will not write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so I will not write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so I will not write it down
+explicitly uh it's just a generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh it's just a generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh it's just a generalization
+of this uh uh um yeah generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh uh um yeah generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh uh um yeah generation of
+going to this capital x and t so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this capital x and t so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this capital x and t so uh uh
+uh so so in the blacko geometry by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so in the blacko geometry by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so in the blacko geometry by going
+to this crusar coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this crusar coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this crusar coordinate
+the counterpart of this minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterpart of this minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counterpart of this minkovski
+coordinates one can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates one can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates one can also
+extend the swal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to four
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like
+this region in MOSI can be extend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region in MOSI can be extend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region in MOSI can be extend to
+four regions and this region outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four regions and this region outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four regions and this region outside the
+black ho Horizon can be extend to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho Horizon can be extend to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho Horizon can be extend to four
+regions okay and we can in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay and we can in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay and we can in fact
+immediately just mod do on here going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately just mod do on here going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately just mod do on here going
+from here to the forming cos this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to the forming cos this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to the forming cos this time
+we can just immediately extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we can immediately extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we can immediately extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we can immediately extend the
+black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black ho
+geometry into four regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+difference the only difference of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the only difference of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the only difference of course
+the this picture is only is only precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this picture is only is only precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this picture is only is only precise
+when you are close to the Horizon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are close to the Horizon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are close to the Horizon so
+once are you far away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once are you far away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once are you far away from the
+Horizon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon uh
+other so uh um so those Corrections will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so uh um so those Corrections will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so uh um so those Corrections will
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+important okay but let don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay but let don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay but let don't change the
+basic caal structure of the Black Hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic caal structure of the Black Hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic caal structure of the Black Hole
+uh which are essentially determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are essentially determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are essentially determined by
+The Horizon structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Horizon structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Horizon structure
+so so essentially just the at the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so essentially just the at the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so essentially just the at the in
+terms of the Cal structure this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the Cal structure this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the Cal structure this picture
+just extends to the full black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extends to the full black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extends to the full black hole
+space time okay and in particular say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time okay and in particular say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time okay and in particular say if
+you go go this way you go to R go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go go this way you go to R go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go go this way you go to R go to
+infinity and there's a slight suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and there's a slight suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and there's a slight suby
+slight difference from from this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference from from this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference from from this picture
+is because black hole eventually become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because black hole eventually become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because black hole eventually become
+singular when I equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular when I equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular when I equal to zero
+okay when I equal to Zer so black have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I equal to Zer so black have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I equal to Zer so black have a
+singularity at I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity at I equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity at I equal to
+zero and that happens inside the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that happens inside the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that happens inside the Horizon
+so this happens in this region So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this happens in this region So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this happens in this region So
+eventually you will reach I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you will reach I equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you will reach I equal to
+zero you will reach some Singularity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you will reach some Singularity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you will reach some Singularity so
+we will draw it by some wavy lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will draw it by some wavy lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will draw it by some wavy lines and
+also there's a singularity in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a singularity in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a singularity in the past
+okay yes uh is the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes uh is the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes uh is the coordinate
+transformation the same as from rler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the same as from rler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation the same as from rler to
+Flat uh it's very simil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat uh it's very simil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flat uh it's very simil
+um it's the uh it of course it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the uh it of course it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the uh it of course it's not
+identical because the um because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical because the um because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical because the um because that
+rler is only valid close to the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rler is only valid close to the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rler is only valid close to the Horizon
+and when you away from the Horizon uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you away from the Horizon uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you away from the Horizon uh um
+Things become different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things become different yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things become different yeah
+but but fit but qualitatively they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but fit but qualitatively they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but fit but qualitatively they're
+very similar the precise ma the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar the precise ma the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar the precise ma the precise
+mathematical form of course are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form of course are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form of course are not the
+same and on the horizon they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and on the horizon they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and on the horizon they are the
+same yeah yeah essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same yeah yeah essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same yeah yeah essentially the
+same any other questions I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same any other questions I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same any other questions I have a
+question yes um does it make sense just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes um does it make sense just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes um does it make sense just
+from a mathematical point of view to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mathematical point of view to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mathematical point of view to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a a piece of MOSI space time on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a piece of MOSI space time on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a piece of MOSI space time on its own
+just a manifold that is only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a manifold that is only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a manifold that is only that
+quadron yeah sure sure could could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadron yeah sure sure could could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadron yeah sure sure could could the
+similar thing happen in in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing happen in in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing happen in in the case of
+the blackold that the inside is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackold that the inside is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackold that the inside is simply
+the manifold does not extend into sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manifold does not extend into sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manifold does not extend into sure
+yeah it can happen yeah but uh um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can happen yeah but uh um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can happen yeah but uh um but
+one thing so here we are making a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing so here we are making a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing so here we are making a basic
+assumption is that you can fall into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that you can fall into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that you can fall into a
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+hole and from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and from this
+picture we load that four into black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we load that four into black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we load that four into black
+hole from inosi point of view means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole from inosi point of view means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole from inosi point of view means
+something rather trivial just cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rather trivial just cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rather trivial just cross that
+nightc and uh so um so at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightc and uh so um so at least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightc and uh so um so at least this
+region must exist yes so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region must exist yes so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region must exist yes so let me call
+this one two three four so this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one two three four so this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one two three four so this region
+must exist okay so yeah so let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exist okay so yeah so let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exist okay so yeah so let me make
+some further remark uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some further remark uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some further remark uh in this
+three then we may become clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then we may become clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then we may become clear to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+say uh uh these are the remarks for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh these are the remarks for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh these are the remarks for this
+diagram is said when you fall into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is said when you fall into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is said when you fall into the
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole you enter region two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you enter region two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole you enter region two
+okay you enter region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you enter region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you enter region
+two uh because the time goes up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh because the time goes up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh because the time goes up you
+enter region two and clearly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter region two and clearly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter region two and clearly because
+this is a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a light
+con so if you draw a light con inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con so if you draw a light con inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con so if you draw a light con inside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Horizon no matter what point you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon no matter what point you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon no matter what point you draw
+the light inside the Horizon there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light inside the Horizon there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light inside the Horizon there's no
+way you can cross outside across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can cross outside across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can cross outside across this
+surface okay so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so so so
+clearly no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer can in region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reach reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach reaching
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we call this a future hor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon so we call this a huge Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so we call this a huge Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so we call this a huge Horizon
+because once you go beyond it you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you go beyond it you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you go beyond it you cannot
+influence here anymore so we call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence here anymore so we call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence here anymore so we call this a
+future Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so another comment is at the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another comment is at the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another comment is at the region
+three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and
+four just like in minkovski case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtained from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one and
+two by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal
+okay uh um yeah actually not precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh um yeah actually not precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh um yeah actually not precisely
+uh only region four yeah let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just only region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just only region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just only region
+two can be yeah let me see region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah by time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah by time
+reversal so for the real black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region three and
+four do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real
+real black holes formed from complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed from
+collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse
+okay so so the in some sense region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the in some sense region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the in some sense region
+three and four are artifact of we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four are artifact of we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four are artifact of we are
+working with a Time reversal envirment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a Time reversal envirment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a Time reversal envirment
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so also again if you draw the light com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also again if you draw the light com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also again if you draw the light com
+in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the region
+one there's no way you can send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's no way you can send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's no way you can send the
+signals to region four okay again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals to region four okay again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals to region four okay again
+because the light con is going that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light con is going that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light con is going that so
+there's no way you can cross into the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can cross into the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can cross into the so
+the light rate there's no way can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light rate there's no way can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light rate there's no way can reach
+region four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observer in region one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+influence oh this is already finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence oh this is already finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence oh this is already finished
+already influence full maybe I should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already influence full maybe I should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already influence full maybe I should go
+back to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+influence reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence reaching
+events reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four so so that's why this one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so so that's why this one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so so that's why this one is called
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon okay so this is called the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon okay so this is called the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon okay so this is called the past
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+so the final remark regarding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final remark regarding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final remark regarding the
+diagram is that IAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is that IAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is that IAL to
+zero of course should be so if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of course should be so if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of course should be so if you go
+into the I equal to zero of course night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the I equal to zero of course night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the I equal to zero of course night
+inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+Horizon and uh um so IAL to zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and uh um so IAL to zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and uh um so IAL to zero is the
+blacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singularity so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the outside Horizon the constant R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the outside Horizon the constant R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the outside Horizon the constant R
+surface goes like this okay but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface goes like this okay but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface goes like this okay but when you
+go inside the Horizon as we remarked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go inside the Horizon as we remarked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go inside the Horizon as we remarked
+before the F will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the F will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the F will change
+sign then the then the row between T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then the then the row between T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then the then the row between T and
+R will switched so R actually become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R will switched so R actually become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R will switched so R actually become a
+time so that's why IAL to zero like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's why IAL to zero like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's why IAL to zero like like
+a constant time surface okay and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant time surface okay and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant time surface okay and so it's
+like this and then this is just a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then this is just a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then this is just a time
+reverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+um so so this is called the space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Singularity so this is a space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity so this is a space like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity so this is a space like
+Singularity because R become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay yes so this is a uh time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so this is a uh time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes so this is a uh time reversal
+geometry but so is it so it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but so is it so it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry but so is it so it is possible
+for there to be time reversal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there to be time reversal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there to be time reversal time
+reversal inar prop processes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal inar prop processes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal inar prop processes that are
+not time reversal that you cannot time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not time reversal that you cannot time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not time reversal that you cannot time
+reverse in a Time reversal Maran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse in a Time reversal Maran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse in a Time reversal Maran
+geometry uh of course um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh of course um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh of course um in the
+um in the time reversing warant geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the time reversing warant geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the time reversing warant geometry
+there certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certainly
+exist processes which does not respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist processes which does not respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist processes which does not respect
+time reversal in warant that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reversal in warant that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reversal in warant that can happen
+but for each such process there a mural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each such process there a mural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each such process there a mural
+process so in the case of Crossing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so in the case of Crossing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so in the case of Crossing from
+one to three the I guess you can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to three the I guess you can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to three the I guess you can cross
+from one to two but not from two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to two but not from two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to two but not from two to one
+but you can cross from one I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can cross from one I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can cross from one I'm sorry
+from four to one yeah you can cross four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four to one yeah you can cross four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four to one yeah you can cross four
+four four to one the mirror process yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four to one the mirror process yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four to one the mirror process yeah
+yeah yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh can you give a physical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh can you give a physical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh can you give a physical example
+what does really mean about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does really mean about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does really mean about uh the
+inside the Horizon the space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Horizon the space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Horizon the space and time
+switch the sign I mean mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the sign I mean mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the sign I mean mathematically
+it's seem simple but what implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seem simple but what implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seem simple but what implies
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um physically if you are a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um physically if you are a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um physically if you are a local
+Observer you will not feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer you will not feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer you will not feel
+anything from a local Observer point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from a local Observer point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from a local Observer point of
+view when you cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view when you cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view when you cross the
+Horizon so so this is just related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so so this is just related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon so so this is just related to
+our choice of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice of a
+coordinate just imagine from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate just imagine from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate just imagine from here
+when you cross from here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cross from here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cross from here of course
+nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+yeah yeah uh here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah uh here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah uh here the
+reason the re yeah just the T we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the re yeah just the T we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the re yeah just the T we just
+related to the role of T and R Swit T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the role of T and R Swit T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the role of T and R Swit T
+and R they just coordinate they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R they just coordinate they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R they just coordinate they're not
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um yeah just how you describe the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah just how you describe the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah just how you describe the system
+you cannot use you can prefer a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot use you can prefer a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot use you can prefer a lot to
+use T and R then then then cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use T and R then then then cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use T and R then then then cross the
+Horizon nothing really happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can yeah we we talk about UK nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can yeah we we talk about UK nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can yeah we we talk about UK nature
+yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes why do you specify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes why do you specify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes why do you specify that
+it's real black holes from collapse oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's real black holes from collapse oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's real black holes from collapse oh
+maybe I should just say cool black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should just say cool black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should just say cool black holes
+not imaginary black holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not imaginary black holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not imaginary black holes
+ah yeah just say black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah just say black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah just say black
+holes uh yeah real black I mean real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes uh yeah real black I mean real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes uh yeah real black I mean real
+life black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life black
+hoes yeah then I was getting neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoes yeah then I was getting neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoes yeah then I was getting neglected
+knife um any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so you have something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you have something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you have something and
+don't they take infinite time to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they take infinite time to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they take infinite time to form
+don't they take infinite time to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they take infinite time to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they take infinite time to form
+the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black hole
+um no they take uh black hole a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no they take uh black hole a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no they take uh black hole a
+gravitation of claps always take fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation of claps always take fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation of claps always take fin
+light uh um always take Fire Light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh um always take Fire Light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh um always take Fire Light
+proper time say from The Observer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time say from The Observer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time say from The Observer at
+Infinity uh and you will have the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh and you will have the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh and you will have the fun
+phenomen because of the infinite red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomen because of the infinite red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomen because of the infinite red
+shift and then seems like they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and then seems like they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and then seems like they will
+level pass through the Horizon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level pass through the Horizon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level pass through the Horizon but
+eventually they will because eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they will because eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they will because eventually
+you cannot see them because the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot see them because the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot see them because the light
+rate conf from will become deer and de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate conf from will become deer and de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate conf from will become deer and de
+ex yeah uh uh anyway so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex yeah uh uh anyway so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex yeah uh uh anyway so so this is the
+standard questions in gr what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard questions in gr what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard questions in gr what happens
+for the blacko collaps yeah they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blacko collaps yeah they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blacko collaps yeah they do
+collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse
+yeah Does this answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Does this answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Does this answer your
+questions no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions no
+okay yeah I cannot do the whole gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah I cannot do the whole gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah I cannot do the whole gr
+course here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here
+yeah I just want to ask um so how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just want to ask um so how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just want to ask um so how long
+does it take for the uh Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take for the uh Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take for the uh Observer
+friend the time it takes from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend the time it takes from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend the time it takes from The
+Horizon to hit the Ral to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon to hit the Ral to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon to hit the Ral to zero
+Singularity oh then you just calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity oh then you just calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity oh then you just calculate
+it is it fin yeah is finite how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it fin yeah is finite how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it fin yeah is finite how does it
+feel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+mean when it hit Singularity yeah before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when it hit Singularity yeah before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when it hit Singularity yeah before
+you hit the singularity you already be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the singularity you already be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the singularity you already be
+killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed
+yeah so uh so the curvature will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so the curvature will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh so the curvature will become
+very big so the curvature will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so the curvature will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so the curvature will be very
+big and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so so what we believe is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so what we believe is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so what we believe is that
+this singular so the curvature will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this singular so the curvature will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this singular so the curvature will
+become INF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become INF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become INF
+here so before you reach here you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so before you reach here you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so before you reach here you'll
+already say be killed by the title Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already say be killed by the title Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already say be killed by the title Force
+ex and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex and um
+um but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we do
+believe that the curvature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the curvature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the curvature this
+curvature Singularity must be just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature Singularity must be just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature Singularity must be just a
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+artifact of using the classical gr say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of using the classical gr say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of using the classical gr say
+if you are able to use quantum gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are able to use quantum gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are able to use quantum gravity
+then there should not be um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there should not be um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there should not be um a
+singularity but they even debate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity but they even debate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity but they even debate whether
+they even reaching behind the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even reaching behind the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even reaching behind the Horizon
+maybe you can never cross the Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can never cross the Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can never cross the Horizon
+maybe you already get killed at Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you already get killed at Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you already get killed at Horizon
+uh uh that's a lot of possibility that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's a lot of possibility that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's a lot of possibility that's
+a lot of possibility yeah so so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of possibility yeah so so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of possibility yeah so so we don't
+really know so here we are we are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know so here we are we are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know so here we are we are using
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+assumption that that since that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that that since that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that that since that there's
+nothing wrong at least from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong at least from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong at least from the
+classical metric nothing wrong at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical metric nothing wrong at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical metric nothing wrong at the
+Horizon then you can cross it and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then you can cross it and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon then you can cross it and but
+they have been debate whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been debate whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been debate whether you can
+really cross it or not but you go killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cross it or not but you go killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cross it or not but you go killed
+anyway hm but you will be killed anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway hm but you will be killed anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway hm but you will be killed anyway
+um but nobody knows yeah even if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but nobody knows yeah even if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but nobody knows yeah even if you get
+killed nobody no other people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Al are some people working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al are some people working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al are some people working on
+experiments like usually we have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments like usually we have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments like usually we have like a
+linear response we add a preservation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear response we add a preservation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear response we add a preservation to
+a system to see how it response is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to see how it response is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to see how it response is for
+black hole if like so what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole if like so what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole if like so what kind of
+experiment yeah I think in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment yeah I think in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment yeah I think in the second
+half of the class we will see such uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the class we will see such uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the class we will see such uh uh
+examples uh we will yeah we uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh we will yeah we uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh we will yeah we uh some
+process some scattering process with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process some scattering process with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process some scattering process with the
+black hole that can be considered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole that can be considered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole that can be considered as
+some kind of L linear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of L linear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of L linear response
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay good so
+um I'm running a little bit short of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm running a little bit short of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm running a little bit short of
+time maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe I should
+um so do everybody know what's a penr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram h no so not half maybe half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram h no so not half maybe half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram h no so not half maybe half
+raise your hand people who love pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram okay yeah let me maybe skip it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay yeah let me maybe skip it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay yeah let me maybe skip it a
+low because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low because
+the because we will not immediately use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because we will not immediately use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because we will not immediately use
+it uh so let me just skip it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so let me just skip it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so let me just skip it just
+because I want to reach the next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to reach the next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to reach the next topic
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+um uh it's uh uh it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's uh uh it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's uh uh it's a little bit more
+interesting than the penos diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than the penos diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than the penos diagram
+um okay so so so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so so so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so so so these are all
+essentially the classical physics of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the classical physics of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the classical physics of a
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+hole so now we can go to a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so now we can go to a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so now we can go to a little bit
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Hawking uh 1974 made the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hawking uh 1974 made the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hawking uh 1974 made the great
+discovery that actually if you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that actually if you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery that actually if you you don't
+need to treat the black ho as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to treat the black ho as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to treat the black ho as
+Quantum if you just treat the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum if you just treat the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum if you just treat the matter
+field to the matter whatever matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to the matter whatever matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to the matter whatever matter
+outside the black ho say Photon electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the black ho say Photon electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the black ho say Photon electron
+neutral to those things as Quantum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral to those things as Quantum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral to those things as Quantum in
+the black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ho
+geometry then actually then black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry then actually then black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry then actually then black hole
+does not appear as completely black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not appear as completely black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not appear as completely black
+actually black hole radiate like a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually black hole radiate like a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually black hole radiate like a black
+body so actually black have a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so actually black have a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so actually black have a well
+defined temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined temperature
+okay so so now we will uh uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now we will uh uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now we will uh uh try to
+derive this blacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this blacko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this blacko
+temperature there are many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there are many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there are many ways to
+derive this uh the most authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this uh the most authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this uh the most authentic
+way I yeah the most authentic way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I yeah the most authentic way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I yeah the most authentic way is
+essentially the Hawkins original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the Hawkins original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the Hawkins original
+derivation you to to really show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation you to to really show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation you to to really show that if
+you have a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a gravitational
+collapse and the long after the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse and the long after the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse and the long after the long
+after the black hole has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the black hole has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the black hole has
+formed actually there's still Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed actually there's still Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed actually there's still Thal
+radiation coming out of the Black Hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation coming out of the Black Hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation coming out of the Black Hole
+uh from the perspective of Observer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the perspective of Observer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the perspective of Observer at
+infinity and so uh and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so uh and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so uh and you can
+deduce that the actually black hole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the actually black hole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the actually black hole is
+like a black body is like a black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a black body is like a black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a black body is like a black body
+with a fight temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fight temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fight temperature
+and you can show that the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can show that the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can show that the uh uh the
+radiation is precisely theral at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is precisely theral at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is precisely theral at least
+in the classical in the semic classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classical in the semic classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classical in the semic classical
+approximation I say treat the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I say treat the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I say treat the geometry
+as classical but treat the quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as classical but treat the quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as classical but treat the quantum field
+as Quantum and then you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Quantum and then you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Quantum and then you can show that
+the spectrum is exactly Soo this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is exactly Soo this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum is exactly Soo this exactly
+Soo but we will not go through such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soo but we will not go through such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soo but we will not go through such a
+derivation because it takes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because it takes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because it takes a little bit
+time and also um we will not be able we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and also um we will not be able we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and also um we will not be able we
+will not need uh that particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not need uh that particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not need uh that particular a
+technical um to force um yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical um to force um yeah it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical um to force um yeah it's a
+technical to force but we we will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical to force but we we will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical to force but we we will not be
+able but we will not need it so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able but we will not need it so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able but we will not need it so I will
+give you a different derivation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a different derivation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a different derivation and this
+deration is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration is very
+simple but it's a little bit uh uh Sleek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's a little bit uh uh Sleek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's a little bit uh uh Sleek
+it hides a lot of things and um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hides a lot of things and um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hides a lot of things and um so I
+will just try to give you a deration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just try to give you a deration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just try to give you a deration
+first and then uh uh then we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then uh uh then we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then uh uh then we will talk
+about the um the finny things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um the finny things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um the finny things which
+hidden by this derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden by this derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden by this derivation
+okay so first let me remind you that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first let me remind you that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first let me remind you that in
+the quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum field
+theory if we want to describe a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory if we want to describe a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory if we want to describe a system
+at fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature okay we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay we go to
+ging we go to uh one way to do it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging we go to uh one way to do it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging we go to uh one way to do it is to
+go to ging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature you take T = to minus I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature you take T = to minus I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature you take T = to minus I and
+then you periodically identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T to have a r to have a radius uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to have a r to have a radius uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to have a r to have a radius uh uh to
+have a a period identity to to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a period identity to to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a period identity to to have a
+lens H Bar times beta and the beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens H Bar times beta and the beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens H Bar times beta and the beta is
+one over temperature okay so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over temperature okay so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over temperature okay so so there's
+a key scene is there's H bar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key scene is there's H bar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key scene is there's H bar here
+okay and there's H bar here I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's H bar here I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's H bar here I will
+always take the bman constant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take the bman constant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take the bman constant to be
+one okay we take B con one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we take B con one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we take B con one so
+conversely if you have a uking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if you have a uking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if you have a uking
+theory which have a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which have a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which have a periodic
+time then when you un the continue back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then when you un the continue back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then when you un the continue back
+to the L ranging signature then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L ranging signature then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L ranging signature then that
+system should be at the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system should be at the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system should be at the finite
+temperature okay to be at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay to be at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay to be at the final
+temperature so now let's try to analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so now let's try to analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so now let's try to analytic
+continue so now the logic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so now the logic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so now the logic is the
+following so the now logic is that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so the now logic is that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so the now logic is that let's
+now try to analytic continue the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now try to analytic continue the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now try to analytic continue the black
+ho space time tocas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho space time tocas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ho space time tocas in
+signature and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and then I will
+show that the eding time of a black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the eding time of a black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the eding time of a black ho
+is forced to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forced to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forced to be
+periodic with some with some fixed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with some with some fixed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with some with some fixed with
+some specific period and the so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific period and the so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific period and the so that
+tells you by consistency the black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you by consistency the black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you by consistency the black hole
+must have a fight temperature okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a fight temperature okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a fight temperature okay so
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+logic so now let's do a analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and let me keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let me keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let me keep this
+here so for Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so for Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so for Black
+Hole so let's take T goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hole so let's take T goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hole so let's take T goes to minus
+I okay then the ukan black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+okay so now again I go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now again I go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now again I go to the
+Horizon I go to the Horizon I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon I go to the Horizon I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon I go to the Horizon I just take
+this thing so this is the L matric The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so this is the L matric The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so this is the L matric The
+Horizon so now now go to the horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go to the Horizon then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the Horizon then we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the Horizon then we find
+this UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this UK
+matric then just you take this tal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric then just you take this tal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric then just you take this tal to
+minus I then you find row Square CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I then you find row Square CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I then you find row Square CA
+Square D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square D
+square plus d r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus d r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus d r
+s+ r s d Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ r s d Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ r s d Omega 2
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay so again in analog with here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again in analog with here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again in analog with here
+I introduce a uking version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce a uking version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce a uking version of this
+ITA so I introduce a uking version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA so I introduce a uking version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA so I introduce a uking version of
+this EA which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EA which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EA which is I
+calleta so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calleta so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calleta so I
+introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce
+um yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah let me
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduce Theta equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Theta equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Theta equal to
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+okay so when you do that so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do that so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do that so now I can
+erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here then you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you find this
+become row Square D Theta square plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become row Square D Theta square plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become row Square D Theta square plus d
+r s + r s d Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r s + r s d Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r s + r s d Omega 2
+s okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recognize without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize without any
+explanation this is just a ukan flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation this is just a ukan flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation this is just a ukan flat
+space you creating flat two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you creating flat two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you creating flat two dimensional
+space in polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in polar coordinates
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with one
+difference is that in the standard Ting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that in the standard Ting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that in the standard Ting
+coordinate the Theta is periodic in 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the Theta is periodic in 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the Theta is periodic in 2 pi
+but here for the blacko case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for the blacko case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for the blacko case in
+principle this to can uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this to can uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this to can uh can
+yeah this T in principle is uncompact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this T in principle is uncompact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this T in principle is uncompact
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magic has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singularity has a conical singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the rowal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for
+only Theta not equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Theta not equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Theta not equal to 2
+pi okay for Anya not equal to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay for Anya not equal to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay for Anya not equal to 2 pi
+there's a conical Singularity so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conical Singularity so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conical Singularity so this is
+easy to understand if you have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand if you have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand if you have things
+between notal to 2 pi you can fold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between notal to 2 pi you can fold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between notal to 2 pi you can fold it
+then become a con and then tip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become a con and then tip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become a con and then tip of the
+cone is singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for uh uh for for any Theta uh whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh for for any Theta uh whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh for for any Theta uh whose
+periods not equal to 2 pi yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods not equal to 2 pi yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods not equal to 2 pi yeah I think
+you understand this sentence um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this sentence um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this sentence um yeah
+maybe yeah let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's singular yeah let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's singular yeah let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's singular yeah let me write
+proper English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper English
+um uh uh it has a conical singar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh it has a conical singar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh it has a conical singar
+unless Theta is pure a periodic in 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless Theta is pure a periodic in 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless Theta is pure a periodic in 2
+pi okay so this is proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+so now the de Horizon matric become like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the de Horizon matric become like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the de Horizon matric become like
+this and we see that this matric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we see that this matric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we see that this matric is
+actually singular at row equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually singular at row equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually singular at row equal to zero
+if Theta is if Theta is not periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Theta is if Theta is not periodic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Theta is if Theta is not periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi but as we said in the lening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi but as we said in the lening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi but as we said in the lening
+signature The Horizon is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature The Horizon is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature The Horizon is a completely
+smooth SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth SP
+uh nothing should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nothing should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nothing should happen
+there in particular from this rindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in particular from this rindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in particular from this rindle
+picture you can just pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can just pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can just pass through
+Horizon this just flat space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon this just flat space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon this just flat space it's
+nothing really happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horizon non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular in the range in PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature it should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ining
+okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+conclude that this tall they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this tall they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this tall they must be
+periodic so that this redefined this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so that this redefined this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so that this redefined this
+Theta should have period in 2 pi okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta should have period in 2 pi okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta should have period in 2 pi okay so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means to must be periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the period given by 2 pi ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the period given by 2 pi ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the period given by 2 pi ided by
+Kaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that Theta has period in in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that Theta has period in in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that Theta has period in in two
+Pi yes isn't that metric slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi yes isn't that metric slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi yes isn't that metric slightly
+different from the original one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the original one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the original one because
+here row is forced to be more greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here row is forced to be more greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here row is forced to be more greater
+than zero uh no no row can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero uh no no row can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero uh no no row can
+be row can be row equal to Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be row can be row equal to Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be row can be row equal to Z is the
+Horizon right but negative rows are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon right but negative rows are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon right but negative rows are not
+cover in this metc that negative rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this metc that negative rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this metc that negative rows
+are excluded yeah uh in the in the ukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are excluded yeah uh in the in the ukan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are excluded yeah uh in the in the ukan
+space time negative row is also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time negative row is also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time negative row is also not
+allowed in you creating flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in you creating flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in you creating flat
+space it's the same thing here row is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's the same thing here row is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's the same thing here row is a
+radial coordinate in the in mein time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial coordinate in the in mein time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial coordinate in the in mein time we
+had region one and two like inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had region one and two like inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had region one and two like inside and
+out right yeah but once you write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right yeah but once you write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right yeah but once you write in
+this coordinate once you write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate once you write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate once you write in this
+form you cing form and then this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you cing form and then this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you cing form and then this is just
+a really a flat space and row is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really a flat space and row is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really a flat space and row is really
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+coordinates uh you cannot extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh you cannot extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh you cannot extend the
+roow to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value so so recall that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so so recall that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so so recall that this thing
+should be identified as H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be identified as H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be identified as H
+beta okay so now if you consider say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay so now if you consider say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay so now if you consider say a
+Quantum field the in this black ho space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field the in this black ho space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field the in this black ho space
+time and then that a Quantum fil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then that a Quantum fil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then that a Quantum fil the
+then must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then must have
+a a periodic imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a periodic imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a periodic imaginary
+time and then then this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then then this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then then this should be
+identified with this H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with this H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with this H bar
+beta so this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us so yeah let me just wa so let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so yeah let me just wa so let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so yeah let me just wa so let me say
+recall T is the proper time so this T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall T is the proper time so this T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall T is the proper time so this T is
+the UK creating version of this t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but each Observer at different R they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each Observer at different R they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each Observer at different R they
+have a different proper time and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different proper time and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different proper time and T is
+the only the proper time for The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only the proper time for The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only the proper time for The
+Observer at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer at Infinity
+okay since C is the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+observers and I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity so we deduce from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so we deduce from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so we deduce from here
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we deduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observers and the tal to at IAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observers and the tal to at IAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observers and the tal to at IAL to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+feel a final temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by so by identify this thing to be H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so by identify this thing to be H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so by identify this thing to be H bar
+beta and beta is 1 / T so that means T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and beta is 1 / T so that means T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and beta is 1 / T so that means T
+is equal to 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 /
+beta is equal to H bar kide by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi okay so so this K is 1 / 2 s so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay so so this K is 1 / 2 s so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay so so this K is 1 / 2 s so this
+is 2 pi r s and this is H bar 8 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi r s and this is H bar 8 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi r s and this is H bar 8 Pi
+TN M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we conclude if you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we conclude if you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we conclude if you want to put
+the quantum field the in this black ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum field the in this black ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum field the in this black ho
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+time then this Quantum fi Ser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then this Quantum fi Ser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then this Quantum fi Ser is
+automatically at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically at the final
+temperature with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with this
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+okay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this
+temperature so so as Ides this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so so as Ides this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so so as Ides this is the
+temperature to The Observer at IAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to The Observer at IAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to The Observer at IAL to
+Infinity so you can easily work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so you can easily work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so you can easily work out the
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R then you just work out the red shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then you just work out the red shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then you just work out the red shift
+Factor since the t t local so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor since the t t local so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor since the t t local so as we
+discussed yesterday is 12 R DT of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed yesterday is 12 R DT of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed yesterday is 12 R DT of the
+infinity so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so that tells
+you and the and the temperature should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the and the temperature should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the and the temperature should
+be conjugated with the time inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be conjugated with the time inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be conjugated with the time inverse
+conate with time so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conate with time so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conate with time so that means that the
+t noal r should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t noal r should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t noal r should
+be that the the T at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the the T at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the the T at
+Infinity minus 12 R okay then T Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity minus 12 R okay then T Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity minus 12 R okay then T Point
+Infinity is this one so yeah I just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is this one so yeah I just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is this one so yeah I just call
+it t so so this is just H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t so so this is just H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t so so this is just H bar
+c/ 2 pi f - 12 R and in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c/ 2 pi f - 12 R and in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c/ 2 pi f - 12 R and in particular this
+will goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will goes to
+Infinity as R goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity as R goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity as R goes to
+RS okay because this F goes zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS okay because this F goes zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS okay because this F goes zero when
+you approach Horizon because the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approach Horizon because the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approach Horizon because the active
+power so this go to Infinity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so this go to Infinity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so this go to Infinity so the
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+temperature at the Horizon is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the Horizon is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the Horizon is very very
+hot so at Infinity you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so at Infinity you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so at Infinity you have this
+temperature but when you get closer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but when you get closer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but when you get closer to a
+close closer to Horizon for any station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close closer to Horizon for any station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close closer to Horizon for any station
+of the obser you feel hot and hotter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the obser you feel hot and hotter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the obser you feel hot and hotter and
+then become infinite temperature at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become infinite temperature at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become infinite temperature at the
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so black ho is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so black ho is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so black ho is actually a very
+hot place if you want to get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot place if you want to get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot place if you want to get close to
+it yes but didn't but this metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes but didn't but this metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes but didn't but this metric is
+still the one near the Horizon yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the one near the Horizon yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the one near the Horizon yeah so
+so how can we make sure that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we make sure that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we make sure that that's
+indeed the temperature Infinity I me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the temperature Infinity I me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the temperature Infinity I me it
+seems there's other directions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems there's other directions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems there's other directions that we
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+De the yeah these are good question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De the yeah these are good question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De the yeah these are good question the
+the only thing matters the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing matters the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing matters the only thing
+matters is what time you use to periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is what time you use to periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is what time you use to periodic
+identify so the time we identify is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify so the time we identify is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify so the time we identify is the
+time which is used at Infinity I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is used at Infinity I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is used at Infinity I see
+yeah because the because we are continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the because we are continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the because we are continue
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+time and is this tow get identified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and is this tow get identified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and is this tow get identified and
+this to is the tow used by the observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to is the tow used by the observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to is the tow used by the observe
+at Infinity I yeah so so observe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity I yeah so so observe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity I yeah so so observe in
+other positions the the use different to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other positions the the use different to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other positions the the use different to
+obtained by analytic conation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by analytic conation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by analytic conation of this
+guy so that's why then you will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that's why then you will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that's why then you will see a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+temperature well I'm asking this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature well I'm asking this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature well I'm asking this this is
+not the actual we're using a perturb met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the actual we're using a perturb met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the actual we're using a perturb met
+or perturbative vric right we're using I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perturbative vric right we're using I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perturbative vric right we're using I
+mean we're not using the exact metric no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're not using the exact metric no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're not using the exact metric no
+we are using exact met uh I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are using exact met uh I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are using exact met uh I'm just
+saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this
+doesn't so I know what you ask him this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so I know what you ask him this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so I know what you ask him this
+this m this to is exact to for the uh T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m this to is exact to for the uh T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m this to is exact to for the uh T
+we have not changed the T oh okay I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not changed the T oh okay I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not changed the T oh okay I see
+what you're saying yes yes yes okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying yes yes yes okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying yes yes yes okay we
+just look at the behavior of the matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the behavior of the matric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the behavior of the matric
+near the Horizon but T is still the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the Horizon but T is still the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the Horizon but T is still the T
+used in the original matric yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the original matric yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the original matric yes and
+which is the T used by the observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the T used by the observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the T used by the observe
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+good so you may say ah okay fine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you may say ah okay fine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you may say ah okay fine the
+black hole will have a fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature but now if we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but now if we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but now if we use this
+relation with the m space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation with the m space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation with the m space
+time then we immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we immediately
+conclude even in minkovsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude even in minkovsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude even in minkovsky
+SpaceTime some Observer must also see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime some Observer must also see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime some Observer must also see a
+f temperature okay so let's just uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let's do for the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay so let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as so this is a window space low rening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so this is a window space low rening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so this is a window space low rening
+matric now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric now we
+take again go to the go to the ukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take again go to the go to the ukan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take again go to the go to the ukan
+signature let me call itaal to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature let me call itaal to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature let me call itaal to M
+Theta and then I get thean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then I get thean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then I get thean
+matric which just yeah of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric which just yeah of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric which just yeah of course it's
+just exactly the same thing as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same thing as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same thing as we did
+for the black hole because they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the black hole because they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the black hole because they are the
+same thing the Horizon is same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the Horizon is same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the Horizon is same thing so
+that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the
+Theta must be identified with 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta must be identified with 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta must be identified with 2
+pi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+Observer who use this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer who use this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer who use this time
+ITA must feel at the finite temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA must feel at the finite temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITA must feel at the finite temperature
+okay so so the time which time you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the time which time you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the time which time you use
+is crucial and this ITA is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is crucial and this ITA is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is crucial and this ITA is not the
+standard minkovski time and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard minkovski time and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard minkovski time and this is the
+time which uh um uh um yeah I forgot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which uh um uh um yeah I forgot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which uh um uh um yeah I forgot uh
+uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um
+yeah which is the time so for the rle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space is the time which goes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the time which goes like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the time which goes like this
+which is yeah is the time which goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is yeah is the time which goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is yeah is the time which goes
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+okay goes like this this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay goes like this this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay goes like this this is not the
+standard minkovsky time so for Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard minkovsky time so for Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard minkovsky time so for Observer
+who are using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are using that
+time then they should feel to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then they should feel to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then they should feel to be at the
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+temperature of course because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of course because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of course because the
+Observer who use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer who use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer who use that
+time is precisely The Observer who at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is precisely The Observer who at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is precisely The Observer who at
+constant row so if you have constant row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant row so if you have constant row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant row so if you have constant row
+then D equal to zero then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D equal to zero then that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then D equal to zero then that's the
+time you use okay so but with a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Observer so this is normally called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer so this is normally called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer so this is normally called a
+window Observer at constant row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window Observer at constant row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window Observer at constant row
+and row equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row equal to
+constant then it's noal proper time just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then it's noal proper time just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then it's noal proper time just
+given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this
+guy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy then
+T TT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T TT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T TT
+noal is equal to just row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noal is equal to just row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noal is equal to just row
+Thea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea
+okay then that means the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then that means the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then that means the corresponding
+ukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time is related to this Theta also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is related to this Theta also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is related to this Theta also by
+this factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor of
+row is Row D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is Row D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is Row D
+Theta and that means that this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that means that this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that means that this to
+local will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local will be
+periodic in 2 pi time row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in 2 pi time row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic in 2 pi time row
+okay and again you identify this with h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again you identify this with h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again you identify this with h
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beta so let's tell you for rle Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the location
+row you will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row you will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row you will see a
+temperature which is H bar ided by 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row and we as we said before one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and we as we said before one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and we as we said before one over
+row I just erased it is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I just erased it is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I just erased it is essentially
+acceleration so this is just H A divid 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so this is just H A divid 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so this is just H A divid 2
+pi and a is the acceleration so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and a is the acceleration so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and a is the acceleration so so
+recall a equal to one / row so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a equal to one / row so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a equal to one / row so the
+acceleration is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is equal to one
+overow so this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overow so this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overow so this tells
+you once you write it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form once you write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form once you write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form once you write in this
+form you can forget about the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you can forget about the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you can forget about the r
+space because the only physics is now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because the only physics is now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because the only physics is now is
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+acceleration okay now you can say any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration okay now you can say any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration okay now you can say any
+minkovsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovsky
+Observer with a non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer with a non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer with a non zero
+acceleration will feel to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration will feel to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration will feel to be at the
+finite temperature okay will feel at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite temperature okay will feel at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite temperature okay will feel at the
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+temperature and the finite temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the finite temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the finite temperature
+is proportional to to its acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to to its acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to to its acceleration
+and the H bar yes and so an observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the H bar yes and so an observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the H bar yes and so an observer
+free falling into a black hole will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free falling into a black hole will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free falling into a black hole will not
+will yeah will not zero temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah will not zero temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah will not zero temperature so
+zero temperature so even like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero temperature so even like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero temperature so even like when
+you're approaching the Horizon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're approaching the Horizon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're approaching the Horizon and
+you're close to the Horizon usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're close to the Horizon usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're close to the Horizon usually you
+would have an infinite temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an infinite temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an infinite temperature but
+here you're going to have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're going to have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're going to have a zero
+temperature yeah that's right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah that's right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature yeah that's right yeah so
+here Ides this must be Observer as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Ides this must be Observer as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Ides this must be Observer as some
+constant value of R yeah must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value of R yeah must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value of R yeah must be a
+station Observer outside the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station Observer outside the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station Observer outside the black
+hole um yeah so yeah so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole um yeah so yeah so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole um yeah so yeah so let me just
+write down this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this final
+sentence let me write down this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sentence he said in mosi's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer will
+feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration okay so this was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration okay so this was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration okay so this was first
+discovered by anru so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by anru so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by anru so this is called
+unru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unru
+temperature so this discovered by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this discovered by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this discovered by I
+think also around 1974 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also around 1974 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also around 1974 maybe
+1976 um yeah around the time of Hawkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 um yeah around the time of Hawkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 um yeah around the time of Hawkins
+discovery of Hawkin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation um so an actually was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation um so an actually was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation um so an actually was very
+close to derive the Hawking radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to derive the Hawking radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to derive the Hawking radiation
+himself uh yeah there were several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh yeah there were several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh yeah there were several
+people who were very close to derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were very close to derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were very close to derive the
+Hawking radiation uh but only Hawking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking radiation uh but only Hawking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking radiation uh but only Hawking in
+the end did it um but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end did it um but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end did it um but then the
+unrealized actually hking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealized actually hking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealized actually hking
+radiation is actually the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is actually the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is actually the same as this
+phenomena in flat space and so um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in flat space and so um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in flat space and so um yeah
+so now this is called unre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is called unre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is called unre
+temperature okay so I said said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so I said said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so I said said earlier
+that this derivation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this derivation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this derivation is very
+simple and powerful and we will use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and powerful and we will use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and powerful and we will use it
+again and again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again in the
+future but it's quite uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but it's quite uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but it's quite uh uh um
+sneak it does not that tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak it does not that tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak it does not that tell you where
+this radiation where this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation where this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation where this temperature
+come from and if you have a black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and if you have a black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and if you have a black body
+radiation where does the radiation come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation where does the radiation come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation where does the radiation come
+from Etc and so so so next time we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Etc and so so so next time we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Etc and so so so next time we will
+try to explain physically where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain physically where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain physically where does
+this temperature come from uh and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature come from uh and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature come from uh and uh um
+yeah okay yeah let's stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L_pEeYLGaP0.txt b/L_pEeYLGaP0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..178f6a3c81db11ddca595a896794ad9acacbd49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L_pEeYLGaP0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I now want to emphasize an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now want to emphasize an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now want to emphasize an important
+Point conditional probabilities are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point conditional probabilities are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point conditional probabilities are just
+the same as ordinary probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as ordinary probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as ordinary probabilities
+applied to a different situation they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a different situation they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a different situation they do
+not taste or smell or behave any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taste or smell or behave any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taste or smell or behave any
+different than ordinary probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than ordinary probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than ordinary probabilities
+what do I mean by that I mean that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that I mean that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that I mean that they
+satisfy the usual probability axioms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the usual probability axioms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the usual probability axioms for
+example ordinary probabilities must also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example ordinary probabilities must also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example ordinary probabilities must also
+be non- negative is this true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non- negative is this true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non- negative is this true for
+conditional probabilities of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities of course it
+is true because conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true because conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true because conditional
+probabilities are defined as a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are defined as a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are defined as a ratio of
+two probabilities probabilities are non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probabilities probabilities are non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probabilities probabilities are non-
+negative so the ratio will also be non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the ratio will also be non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the ratio will also be non-
+negative of course as long as it is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of course as long as it is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of course as long as it is well
+defined and here we need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and here we need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and here we need to remember
+that we only talk about conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we only talk about conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we only talk about conditional
+probabilities when we condition on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities when we condition on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities when we condition on an
+event that itself has positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that itself has positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that itself has positive
+probability how about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability how about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability how about another
+axom what is the prob probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axom what is the prob probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axom what is the prob probability of the
+entire sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sample
+space given the event B let's check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space given the event B let's check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space given the event B let's check it
+out by definition the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by definition the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by definition the conditional
+probability is the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is the probability of the
+intersection of the two events involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the two events involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the two events involved
+divided by the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probability of the
+conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+event now what is the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now what is the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now what is the intersection of
+Omega with b b is a subset of Omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega with b b is a subset of Omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega with b b is a subset of Omega so
+when we when we intersect the two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we intersect the two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we intersect the two sets
+we're left just with B itself so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left just with B itself so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left just with B itself so the
+numerator becomes the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator becomes the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator becomes the probability of B
+we are Define we're dividing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are Define we're dividing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are Define we're dividing by the
+probability of B and so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B and so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B and so the answer is
+equal to one so indeed the sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so indeed the sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so indeed the sample space
+has unit probability even under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unit probability even under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unit probability even under the
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+model now remember that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now remember that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now remember that when we
+condition on an event B we could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on an event B we could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on an event B we could still
+work with the original sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the original sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the original sample space
+however possible outcomes that do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however possible outcomes that do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however possible outcomes that do not
+belong to B are considered impossible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to B are considered impossible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to B are considered impossible so
+we might as well think of B itself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well think of B itself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well think of B itself as
+being our sample space if we proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being our sample space if we proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being our sample space if we proceed
+like that and think now of b as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and think now of b as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and think now of b as being
+our new sample space what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new sample space what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new sample space what is the
+probability of this new sample space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this new sample space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this new sample space in
+the conditional model let's apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional model let's apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional model let's apply the
+definition once more it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition once more it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition once more it's the
+probability of the intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection of the
+two events involved B intersection B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events involved B intersection B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events involved B intersection B
+divided by the probab ility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probab ility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the probab ility of the
+conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+event what is the numerator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event what is the numerator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event what is the numerator the
+intersection of B with itself is just B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of B with itself is just B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of B with itself is just B
+so the numerator is the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the numerator is the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the numerator is the probability of B
+we're dividing by the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dividing by the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dividing by the probability of B
+so the answer is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is again
+one finally we need to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one finally we need to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one finally we need to check the
+additivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity
+Axiom recall what the additivity axium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axiom recall what the additivity axium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axiom recall what the additivity axium
+says if we have two events two subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if we have two events two subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if we have two events two subsets
+of the sample space that are disjoined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample space that are disjoined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample space that are disjoined
+joint then the probability of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint then the probability of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint then the probability of their
+Union is equal to the sum of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union is equal to the sum of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union is equal to the sum of their
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+probabilities is this going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities is this going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities is this going to be the
+case if we now condition on a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if we now condition on a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if we now condition on a certain
+event what we want to prove is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event what we want to prove is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event what we want to prove is the
+following statement if we take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following statement if we take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following statement if we take two
+events that are disjointed they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that are disjointed they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that are disjointed they have
+empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+intersection then the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection then the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection then the probability of the
+Union is the sum of their individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union is the sum of their individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union is the sum of their individual
+probabilities but where now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but where now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but where now the
+probabilities that we are employing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that we are employing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that we are employing are
+the conditional probabilities given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probabilities given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probabilities given the
+event B so let us verify whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B so let us verify whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B so let us verify whether this
+relation this fact is correct or not let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation this fact is correct or not let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation this fact is correct or not let
+us take this quantity and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us take this quantity and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us take this quantity and use the
+definition to write it out by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to write it out by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to write it out by definition
+this conditional probability is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional probability is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional probability is the
+probability of the intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection of the
+first event of Interest the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first event of Interest the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first event of Interest the one that
+appears on this side of the conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on this side of the conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on this side of the conditioning
+intersection with the event on which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with the event on which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with the event on which we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+conditioning and then we divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and then we divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and then we divide by the
+probability of the conditioning event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the conditioning event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the conditioning event
+B now let's look at this quantity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now let's look at this quantity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now let's look at this quantity what
+is it we're taking the union of a with c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it we're taking the union of a with c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it we're taking the union of a with c
+and then intersect it with B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then intersect it with B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then intersect it with B this
+Union consists of these two base pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union consists of these two base pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union consists of these two base pieces
+when we intersect with B what is left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we intersect with B what is left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we intersect with B what is left is
+these two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so a union C intersected with B is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a union C intersected with B is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a union C intersected with B is the
+union of two pieces one piece is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two pieces one piece is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two pieces one piece is a
+intersection B this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection B this piece
+here and another piece which is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and another piece which is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and another piece which is C
+intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+B this is the second piece here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is the second piece here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is the second piece here so here
+we basically used a set the thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically used a set the thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically used a set the thetic
+identity and now we divide by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and now we divide by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and now we divide by the same
+numerator as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator as
+before and now let us continue here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now let us continue here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now let us continue here's an
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+observation the events A and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the events A and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the events A and C are
+disjointed the piece of a that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed the piece of a that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed the piece of a that also
+belongs in B therefore is disjointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs in B therefore is disjointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs in B therefore is disjointed
+from the piece of C that also belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the piece of C that also belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the piece of C that also belongs to
+B therefore this set here and that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B therefore this set here and that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B therefore this set here and that set
+here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are
+disjoint since they're disjoint the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint since they're disjoint the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint since they're disjoint the
+probability of their Union has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of their Union has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of their Union has to be
+equal to the sum of their individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of their individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of their individual
+probabilities so here we are using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so here we are using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so here we are using the
+additivity Axiom on the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity Axiom on the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity Axiom on the original
+probabilities to break this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to break this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to break this probability
+up into two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we observe that here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we observe that here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we observe that here we have the
+ratio of an intersection by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of an intersection by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of an intersection by the
+probability of B this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B this is just the
+conditional probability of a given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a given B
+using the definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of conditional
+probabilities and the second part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and the second part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and the second part is the
+conditional probability of C given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of C given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of C given B
+where again we're using the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again we're using the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again we're using the definition
+of conditional probabilities so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional probabilities so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional probabilities so we have
+indeed checked that this additivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed checked that this additivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed checked that this additivity
+property is true for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is true for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is true for the case of
+conditional probabilities when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities when we
+consider two disjoint events now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two disjoint events now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two disjoint events now we
+could repeat the same derivation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could repeat the same derivation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could repeat the same derivation and
+verify that it is also true for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it is also true for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that it is also true for the case
+of uh disjoint Union or F of finitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh disjoint Union or F of finitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh disjoint Union or F of finitely
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+events or even for countably many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or even for countably many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or even for countably many
+disjoint events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint events
+so we do have finite and countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do have finite and countable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do have finite and countable
+additivity we're not proving it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity we're not proving it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity we're not proving it but the
+argument is exactly the same as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is exactly the same as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is exactly the same as for the
+case of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of two
+events so conditional probabilities do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so conditional probabilities do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so conditional probabilities do
+satisfy all of the standard axioms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all of the standard axioms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all of the standard axioms of
+probability Theory so conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Theory so conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Theory so conditional
+probabilities are just like ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are just like ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are just like ordinary
+probabilities this actually has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities this actually has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities this actually has a very
+important implication since conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important implication since conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important implication since conditional
+probab satisfy all of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probab satisfy all of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probab satisfy all of the probability
+axioms any formula or theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms any formula or theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms any formula or theorem that we
+ever derive for ordinary probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever derive for ordinary probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever derive for ordinary probabilities
+will remain true for conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remain true for conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remain true for conditional
+probabilities as well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MJUjSKew4nQ.txt b/MJUjSKew4nQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b74bbd3894f81a33b01a088af6b3432f2e481d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MJUjSKew4nQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is our last look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is our last look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is our last look at the first
+order linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order linear differential
+equation that you see up here the D dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that you see up here the D dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that you see up here the D dydt
+is ay that's the interest rate growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ay that's the interest rate growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ay that's the interest rate growing
+in the in the in the bank example Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the bank example Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the bank example Y is
+our total balance and Q of T is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total balance and Q of T is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total balance and Q of T is our
+deposits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits or
+withdrawals the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawals the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawals the only one
+change we allow the interest rate a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we allow the interest rate a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we allow the interest rate a to
+change with time this we didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with time this we didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with time this we didn't see
+before now we will get a formula it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now we will get a formula it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now we will get a formula it will
+be a formula we had before when a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a formula we had before when a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a formula we had before when a was
+constant and now we'll see it it looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now we'll see it it looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now we'll see it it looks a
+little Messier but the point is it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Messier but the point is it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Messier but the point is it can
+be done we can solve that equation by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done we can solve that equation by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done we can solve that equation by a
+new way so that's really the other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way so that's really the other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way so that's really the other point
+everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the
+end likes these integrating factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end likes these integrating factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end likes these integrating factors and
+I call I call it m and uh let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call I call it m and uh let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call I call it m and uh let me show
+you what it is and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it is and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it is and how it
+works what it is is the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what it is is the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what it is is the solution to the
+null equation with a minus sign with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null equation with a minus sign with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null equation with a minus sign with a
+minus sign dmdt equal minus AF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign dmdt equal minus AF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign dmdt equal minus AF of
+TM no Source term we can solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM no Source term we can solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM no Source term we can solve that
+equation if if a is constant and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if if a is constant and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if if a is constant and I'll
+keep that case going because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that case going because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that case going because that's the
+one with simple recognizable formulas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with simple recognizable formulas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with simple recognizable formulas if
+a is a constant that's just we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a constant that's just we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a constant that's just we're
+looking for the function M whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the function M whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the function M whose
+derivative is minus a m and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is minus a m and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is minus a m and that
+function is e the minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is e the minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is e the minus a
+t the derivative brings down the minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the derivative brings down the minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the derivative brings down the minus a
+that we want in case a is varying we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want in case a is varying we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want in case a is varying we can
+still solve this equation it will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still solve this equation it will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still solve this equation it will still
+be an exponential of minus something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an exponential of minus something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an exponential of minus something but
+what we have to put here when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to put here when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to put here when I take the
+derivative of M the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M the derivative of that
+will come down so I want the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come down so I want the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come down so I want the integral of
+a here and then the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here and then the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here and then the derivative of the
+integral is a minus a coming down as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is a minus a coming down as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is a minus a coming down as it
+should so I want minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should so I want minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should so I want minus the
+integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can I introduce dummy variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can I introduce dummy variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can I introduce dummy variable
+say a of tdt just to make the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a of tdt just to make the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a of tdt just to make the notation
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+right okay you see that again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay you see that again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay you see that again the
+derivative of M is always with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M is always with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M is always with an
+exponential it's always the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential it's always the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential it's always the exponential
+times the derivative of the exponent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the exponent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the exponent and
+the derivative of that exponent is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that exponent is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that exponent is minus
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Because by the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because by the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because by the fundamental theorem of
+calculus if I integrate a and take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus if I integrate a and take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus if I integrate a and take its
+derivative I get a again and it's that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I get a again and it's that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I get a again and it's that a
+that I want now why do I want this m how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want now why do I want this m how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want now why do I want this m how
+does it work here's the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work here's the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work here's the here's the
+reason M succeeds the Der look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason M succeeds the Der look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason M succeeds the Der look at the
+derivative of M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y That's a product so I use the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's a product so I use the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y That's a product so I use the product
+rule I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I get the
+derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+y *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y *
+m and then I get the derivative of M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and then I get the derivative of M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and then I get the derivative of M *
+y but the derivative of M is minus a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but the derivative of M is minus a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but the derivative of M is minus a of
+TM so I better put the derivative of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM so I better put the derivative of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM so I better put the derivative of M
+is minus a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TM times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y but what have I got here factor out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but what have I got here factor out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but what have I got here factor out an
+m and that's just dydt minus a y dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and that's just dydt minus a y dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and that's just dydt minus a y dydt
+minus a y is Q so when I factored out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a y is Q so when I factored out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a y is Q so when I factored out
+the M I just have q alog together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M I just have q alog together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M I just have q alog together this
+is M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q look my differential equation couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q look my differential equation couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q look my differential equation couldn't
+look nicer multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nicer multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nicer multiplying by
+m made it just tell us that a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m made it just tell us that a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m made it just tell us that a derivative
+is a right hand side the solu to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a right hand side the solu to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a right hand side the solu to solve
+that equation we just integrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation we just integrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation we just integrate both
+sides so if you'll allow me to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so if you'll allow me to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so if you'll allow me to take that
+step integrate both sides and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step integrate both sides and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step integrate both sides and see what
+I've got that will give us the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got that will give us the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got that will give us the formula
+we know when we're in the constant case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when we're in the constant case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when we're in the constant case
+and the formula we've never seen when T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formula we've never seen when T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formula we've never seen when T
+is varying and then I'll do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying and then I'll do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varying and then I'll do an example
+let me do an example right away suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do an example right away suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do an example right away suppose
+a of t instead of being constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of t instead of being constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of t instead of being constant is
+growing the economy is we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the economy is we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the economy is we're in
+hyperinflation suppose take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperinflation suppose take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperinflation suppose take that
+example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+aft is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T the interest rate started low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T the interest rate started low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T the interest rate started low and
+moves up then uh growth is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up then uh growth is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up then uh growth is going to be
+faster and faster as time goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster as time goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster as time goes on and
+what will be what will be the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be what will be the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be what will be the integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2T the integral of 2T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T the integral of 2T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T the integral of 2T is
+t^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 so
+m in that case will be e to the minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in that case will be e to the minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in that case will be e to the minus a
+t^ 2 e to the minus sorry there's no a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^ 2 e to the minus sorry there's no a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^ 2 e to the minus sorry there's no a
+anymore a is just a 2T eus t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 with a minus sign sign it's dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 with a minus sign sign it's dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 with a minus sign sign it's dropping
+fast in a minute we'll have a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in a minute we'll have a plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in a minute we'll have a plus sign
+there and we'll see it see the growth do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we'll see it see the growth do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we'll see it see the growth do
+you see that this is a this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is a this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is a this is the
+integrating Factor when a of T happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Factor when a of T happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Factor when a of T happens
+to be 2T okay now I come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2T okay now I come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2T okay now I come back to this
+equation and integrate both sides to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and integrate both sides to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and integrate both sides to get
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+okay all right the integral of my of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right the integral of my of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right the integral of my of the
+derivative the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the integral of the
+derivative is just m of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is just m of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is just m of
+t y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y of
+T minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus m
+of0 y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 y of
+0 that's the integral on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's the integral on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's the integral on the left side
+and on the right side I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right side I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right side I have the
+integral of M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of M *
+Q from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and again I'm going to put in a a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and again I'm going to put in a a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and again I'm going to put in a a an
+integration variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different from T just to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from T just to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from T just to keep things
+straight okay so now I have I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight okay so now I have I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight okay so now I have I've got a
+formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for
+y it includ it involves the m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it includ it involves the m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it includ it involves the m and
+actually the Y is multiplied by m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Y is multiplied by m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Y is multiplied by m i
+better divide by it first of all do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better divide by it first of all do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better divide by it first of all do we
+remember what M of zero is that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what M of zero is that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what M of zero is that's the
+growth factor at zero it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor at zero it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor at zero it's just one
+nothing's happened it's the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happened it's the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happened it's the exponential
+of zero in our in our uh formulas for m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero in our in our uh formulas for m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero in our in our uh formulas for m
+m of 0 is one that's where M starts so m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of 0 is one that's where M starts so m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of 0 is one that's where M starts so m
+of0 is one I can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 is one I can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 is one I can remove
+that okay and now I I let me put that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and now I I let me put that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and now I I let me put that on
+the other side so this will be equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side so this will be equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side so this will be equals y
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+0 plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus that
+okay and now if I divide by m I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now if I divide by m I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now if I divide by m I have my
+answer so those are the steps find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so those are the steps find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so those are the steps find the
+integrating Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Factor
+do the integration which is just which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integration which is just which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integration which is just which
+is now made easy because I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now made easy because I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now made easy because I have a
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+derivative whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative whose
+integral the I just have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the I just have to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the I just have to integrate
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then put in what m is and divide by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put in what m is and divide by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put in what m is and divide by it
+so that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I get
+y okay so I'm dividing by m so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so I'm dividing by m so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so I'm dividing by m so what is
+1/ M well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M has this minus sign in the exponent 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M has this minus sign in the exponent 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M has this minus sign in the exponent 1
+/ M will have a plus sign M here has e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ M will have a plus sign M here has e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ M will have a plus sign M here has e
+the minus t^2 1 / M will be e+ t^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t^2 1 / M will be e+ t^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t^2 1 / M will be e+ t^2 so
+that's so when I divide by m i get y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so when I divide by m i get y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so when I divide by m i get y of
+T this will be 1 / M that will be e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this will be 1 / M that will be e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this will be 1 / M that will be e to
+the plus the integral of a of T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus the integral of a of T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus the integral of a of T DT
+y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of
+Z that's the null Solution that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's the null Solution that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's the null Solution that's the
+solution that's growing out of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's growing out of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's growing out of Y
+of0 and now I have plus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 and now I have plus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 and now I have plus the integral
+from 0 to T of remember I'm dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to T of remember I'm dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to T of remember I'm dividing by
+m so uh and that's e to the plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so uh and that's e to the plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so uh and that's e to the plus the
+integral from 0 to S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to S of
+a Time Q of of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS okay oh just a moment I'm dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS okay oh just a moment I'm dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS okay oh just a moment I'm dividing by
+m and I had an M there oh wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and I had an M there oh wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and I had an M there oh wait a minute
+I haven't got it right here so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got it right here so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got it right here so I want to
+know what is m at s at Time s divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is m at s at Time s divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is m at s at Time s divided by
+m at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m at time
+T so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so this was the
+integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from
+0 to S this is an integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to S this is an integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to S this is an integral from 0 to
+T and they they're both are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and they they're both are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and they they're both are in the
+exponent this is can I say it here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent this is can I say it here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent this is can I say it here this
+is a e to the dividing by m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a e to the dividing by m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a e to the dividing by m is the
+integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+T and then I'm multiplying by e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then I'm multiplying by e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then I'm multiplying by e to the
+minus the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral from 0 to
+s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and
+it's the rule for exponents is if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rule for exponents is if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rule for exponents is if I have
+a product of two exponentials I add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of two exponentials I add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of two exponentials I add the
+exponents when I add this to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents when I add this to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents when I add this to this this
+knocks off the lower half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks off the lower half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks off the lower half of the
+integral I'm left with the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'm left with the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'm left with the integral from
+s to T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to T of
+a so this was an integral of a minus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this was an integral of a minus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this was an integral of a minus an
+integral of a let let me do our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a let let me do our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a let let me do our example
+our example up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example up
+here example Le M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here example Le M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here example Le M of
+T will be when a is equal to 2T this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will be when a is equal to 2T this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will be when a is equal to 2T this was
+the example a =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T the first time we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T the first time we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T the first time we've been able to
+deal with a varying interest rate so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a varying interest rate so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a varying interest rate so the
+integral of 2T is t^2 from the is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 2T is t^2 from the is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 2T is t^2 from the is e to
+the t^2 and I subtract the lower limit s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t^2 and I subtract the lower limit s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t^2 and I subtract the lower limit s
+s that's the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor that's the growth factor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's the growth factor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that's the growth factor from
+Time s to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time s to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time s to time
+T in our when a was constant that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in our when a was constant that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in our when a was constant that fact
+that exponent was just a * T minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponent was just a * T minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponent was just a * T minus s
+that told us the the time but now a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told us the the time but now a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told us the the time but now a is
+varying and the growth factor is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying and the growth factor is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying and the growth factor is between
+s and t is e the T ^2 - s^2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and t is e the T ^2 - s^2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and t is e the T ^2 - s^2 so that's
+what goes in that's what goes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes in that's what goes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes in that's what goes in here
+uh let me this is that's the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me this is that's the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me this is that's the growth
+factor so I may I just put it in here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so I may I just put it in here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so I may I just put it in here in
+this example it's e the T ^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 instead of e to the A T minus S I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 instead of e to the A T minus S I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 instead of e to the A T minus S I now
+have t ^2 - s squ because I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t ^2 - s squ because I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t ^2 - s squ because I had an
+integral of a of T and A is not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a of T and A is not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a of T and A is not constant
+anymore this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and I don't know if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I don't know if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I don't know if you like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+formula what what can I just describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what what can I just describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what what can I just describe it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+the uh this was an integral from 0 to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this was an integral from 0 to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this was an integral from 0 to T
+so that would be this part would be e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be this part would be e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be this part would be e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+t^2 that's what that's the growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 that's what that's the growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 that's what that's the growth factor
+that multiplies the initial deposit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the initial deposit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the initial deposit the
+growth factor that multiplies the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor that multiplies the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor that multiplies the later
+deposit it is e t ^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit it is e t ^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit it is e t ^2 -
+s^2 and we have a all we allow deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 and we have a all we allow deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 and we have a all we allow deposits
+all the way from s equal 0 to T so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from s equal 0 to T so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from s equal 0 to T so when
+we add those up we get that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum we've
+solved an equation that we hadn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved an equation that we hadn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved an equation that we hadn't been
+able to solve before that's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve before that's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve before that's a small
+Triumph in differential equations small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triumph in differential equations small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triumph in differential equations small
+admittedly I'd rather move next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly I'd rather move next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly I'd rather move next to
+nonlinear equations which we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations which we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations which we have not
+touched and that's a big deal thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MNIYBTHc6mg.txt b/MNIYBTHc6mg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a49dfb2c8f2d3ffc6815e1266eae894e4c43eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MNIYBTHc6mg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's talk about aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about aircraft
+ownership and maintenance some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and maintenance some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and maintenance some of this
+stuff actually oddly enough is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff actually oddly enough is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff actually oddly enough is on the
+test what does it cost to own an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test what does it cost to own an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test what does it cost to own an
+airplane most people say I can't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane most people say I can't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane most people say I can't afford
+that but then you see them buy a brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then you see them buy a brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then you see them buy a brand
+new car or renovate their kitchen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new car or renovate their kitchen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new car or renovate their kitchen for
+$200,000 so I don't know what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200,000 so I don't know what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200,000 so I don't know what their
+excuse is it's actually not expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse is it's actually not expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse is it's actually not expensive to
+own a four-seat airplane there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a four-seat airplane there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a four-seat airplane there's so many
+out there there were more pilots in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there there were more pilots in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there there were more pilots in the
+70s and 80s when these airplanes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and 80s when these airplanes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and 80s when these airplanes were
+built in large quantities the owner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in large quantities the owner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in large quantities the owner of
+East Coast Aero Club Mark he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast Aero Club Mark he says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast Aero Club Mark he says that
+in the 80s there was a waiting list even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 80s there was a waiting list even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 80s there was a waiting list even
+for its high down at Hanscom now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its high down at Hanscom now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its high down at Hanscom now you
+know there's ample parking the hangar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's ample parking the hangar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's ample parking the hangar
+space is still a little bit tight but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is still a little bit tight but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is still a little bit tight but if
+you just want to get a Cessna and pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to get a Cessna and pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to get a Cessna and pay
+it's actually a lot cheaper to tie a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a lot cheaper to tie a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a lot cheaper to tie a
+system down at Hanscom than it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system down at Hanscom than it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system down at Hanscom than it is to
+park a car in Cambridge and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park a car in Cambridge and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park a car in Cambridge and there's
+plenty of room you know he said every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of room you know he said every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of room you know he said every
+every firefighter every country's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every firefighter every country's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every firefighter every country's to
+have a family airplane so the airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a family airplane so the airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a family airplane so the airplanes
+are relatively inexpensive to buy twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively inexpensive to buy twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively inexpensive to buy twenty
+thirty thousand dollars for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand dollars for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand dollars for something
+that's air worthy for VFR use for basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's air worthy for VFR use for basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's air worthy for VFR use for basic
+VFR use and you can see the prices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR use and you can see the prices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR use and you can see the prices here
+the depreciation would be pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depreciation would be pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depreciation would be pretty close
+to zero for that those lower end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for that those lower end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for that those lower end
+airplanes anyway all that said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes anyway all that said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes anyway all that said it's
+still cheaper to rent from a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cheaper to rent from a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cheaper to rent from a flight
+school if you're gonna fly you know 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school if you're gonna fly you know 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school if you're gonna fly you know 100
+hours a year you know paying 150 or 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a year you know paying 150 or 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a year you know paying 150 or 200
+dollars an hour to a flight school is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars an hour to a flight school is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars an hour to a flight school is
+still cheaper and it's a lot easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cheaper and it's a lot easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cheaper and it's a lot easier for
+people for whom owning may actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for whom owning may actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for whom owning may actually make
+a little bit of rational sense it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of rational sense it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of rational sense it never
+truly makes sense compared to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly makes sense compared to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly makes sense compared to just
+getting everywhere in your Toyota Camry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting everywhere in your Toyota Camry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting everywhere in your Toyota Camry
+that if you fly a whole ton you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fly a whole ton you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fly a whole ton you know
+more than 200 hours a year and the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 200 hours a year and the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 200 hours a year and the fixed
+costs of insurance and storage and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of insurance and storage and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of insurance and storage and stuff
+won't kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't kill you
+if you have to use the airplane to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to use the airplane to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to use the airplane to make
+regular long trip somewhere and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular long trip somewhere and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular long trip somewhere and then
+just park it away from the home Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just park it away from the home Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just park it away from the home Airport
+then it makes sense and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes sense and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes sense and a lot of people
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+you know you can't you can't fly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can't you can't fly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can't you can't fly if you
+if you have multiple airplanes you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have multiple airplanes you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have multiple airplanes you can't
+fly them all at the same time and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly them all at the same time and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly them all at the same time and even
+one airplane it's a little bit hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one airplane it's a little bit hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one airplane it's a little bit hard to
+use every day the way you would use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use every day the way you would use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use every day the way you would use a
+car so partnerships with two to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so partnerships with two to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so partnerships with two to four
+people are pretty common and that costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pretty common and that costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pretty common and that costs
+cuts the cost dramatically without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts the cost dramatically without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts the cost dramatically without
+really impairing the utility I shared an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impairing the utility I shared an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impairing the utility I shared an
+airplane for years with a guy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for years with a guy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for years with a guy and I
+don't think we ever conflicted on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we ever conflicted on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we ever conflicted on when
+we wanted to use the plane alright this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to use the plane alright this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to use the plane alright this
+is some stuff that you want to know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some stuff that you want to know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some stuff that you want to know a
+little bit if you're an owner it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you're an owner it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you're an owner it's
+really critical and if you're a renter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical and if you're a renter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical and if you're a renter
+some of the stuff is still relevant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stuff is still relevant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stuff is still relevant so
+the owner or operator if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner or operator if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner or operator if you think about
+a leaseback airplane to the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaseback airplane to the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaseback airplane to the flight
+school the lease back owner is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the lease back owner is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the lease back owner is you know
+an individual perhaps and the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual perhaps and the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual perhaps and the flight
+school becomes the operator and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school becomes the operator and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school becomes the operator and they're
+the ones who are primarily responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are primarily responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who are primarily responsible
+for making sure the airplane is air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making sure the airplane is air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making sure the airplane is air
+worthy that it gets its annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy that it gets its annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy that it gets its annual
+inspection and that it has a logbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection and that it has a logbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection and that it has a logbook
+however the pilot is also responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the pilot is also responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the pilot is also responsible
+and you know if the pilot knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if the pilot knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if the pilot knows that
+something is inoperative and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is inoperative and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is inoperative and it's not
+required then it's it's still legal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required then it's it's still legal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required then it's it's still legal to
+fly the airplane and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the airplane and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the airplane and a lot of
+circumstances as long as that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances as long as that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances as long as that piece of
+equipment is placarded in up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is placarded in up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is placarded in up and you
+know maybe the breaker is pulled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe the breaker is pulled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe the breaker is pulled for
+example on a GPS unit that's not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on a GPS unit that's not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on a GPS unit that's not working
+and after maintenance then a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after maintenance then a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after maintenance then a private
+pilot with no passengers can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot with no passengers can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot with no passengers can make a
+entry in the log book saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the log book saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the log book saying that the
+test flight was done the core inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test flight was done the core inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test flight was done the core inspection
+is every 12 months for a privately owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every 12 months for a privately owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every 12 months for a privately owned
+airplane it has to have an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane it has to have an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane it has to have an annual
+inspection typically it won't fly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection typically it won't fly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection typically it won't fly a
+whole lot more than 100 hours during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot more than 100 hours during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot more than 100 hours during
+that year if it's just one person flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year if it's just one person flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year if it's just one person flying
+it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but
+the 100-hour requirement only becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100-hour requirement only becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100-hour requirement only becomes
+necessary when the airplane is operated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary when the airplane is operated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary when the airplane is operated
+commercially like at a flight school so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially like at a flight school so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially like at a flight school so
+that's 100 hours of flight time not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 100 hours of flight time not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 100 hours of flight time not
+engine running time so you know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine running time so you know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine running time so you know if it's
+taxing around the airport the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing around the airport the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing around the airport the engine
+might be running for 120 or 130 hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be running for 120 or 130 hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be running for 120 or 130 hours to
+build up a hundred hours of flight time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a hundred hours of flight time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a hundred hours of flight time
+for heavy you say well god these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heavy you say well god these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heavy you say well god these
+airlines you know they must have to tear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlines you know they must have to tear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlines you know they must have to tear
+the airplane apart open all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane apart open all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane apart open all in the
+instruction panel's every week or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction panel's every week or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction panel's every week or two
+Jet's have their own maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jet's have their own maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jet's have their own maintenance
+schedule that supersedes this fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that supersedes this fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that supersedes this fa
+guidance even modest-sized jets often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance even modest-sized jets often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance even modest-sized jets often
+have a 300 or 600 hour service interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 300 or 600 hour service interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 300 or 600 hour service interval
+the Pilatus pc-12 it was recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pilatus pc-12 it was recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pilatus pc-12 it was recently
+extended to 300 hours for example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to 300 hours for example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to 300 hours for example okay
+Tina covered this before the transponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina covered this before the transponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina covered this before the transponder
+has to be inspected and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be inspected and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be inspected and sort of
+recertified every couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recertified every couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recertified every couple of years
+emergency locator transmitters if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency locator transmitters if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency locator transmitters if it's a
+civil airplane 91 207 says it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil airplane 91 207 says it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil airplane 91 207 says it has to
+have an ELT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ELT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ELT
+except in certain circumstances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in certain circumstances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in certain circumstances so
+gliders helicopters things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders helicopters things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliders helicopters things like that
+don't really need it I don't think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need it I don't think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need it I don't think maybe
+the glider does I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the essays you know really wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the essays you know really wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the essays you know really wants to
+ensure that every aircraft that's flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that every aircraft that's flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that every aircraft that's flying
+around in the US has a comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the US has a comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the US has a comprehensive
+logbook going back to the birth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logbook going back to the birth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logbook going back to the birth of the
+aircraft to the birth of the propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to the birth of the propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to the birth of the propeller
+and the birth of the engine engines when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the birth of the engine engines when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the birth of the engine engines when
+they get remanufactured by somebody like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get remanufactured by somebody like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get remanufactured by somebody like
+lycoming or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lycoming or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lycoming or
+Continental they get a zero time log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental they get a zero time log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental they get a zero time log
+book so that logbook my only go back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so that logbook my only go back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so that logbook my only go back you
+know four or five years but the logbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four or five years but the logbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four or five years but the logbook
+for the airframe should go back to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the airframe should go back to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the airframe should go back to when
+it was made if an airplane you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was made if an airplane you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was made if an airplane you know if
+the logbook ever gets lost the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logbook ever gets lost the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logbook ever gets lost the airplane
+is significantly devalued because stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly devalued because stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly devalued because stuff
+has to be reconstructed and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be reconstructed and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be reconstructed and you can
+never really be sure what's happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really be sure what's happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really be sure what's happened to
+it okay there are airworthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay there are airworthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay there are airworthiness
+directives that legally have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives that legally have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives that legally have to be
+applied to aircraft as a manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to aircraft as a manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to aircraft as a manufacturer
+issues a service bulletin you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues a service bulletin you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues a service bulletin you don't have
+to do that especially if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that especially if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that especially if you're not
+operating the airplane you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the airplane you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the airplane you know
+commercially like as an airline or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially like as an airline or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially like as an airline or
+charter but air worthies airworthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter but air worthies airworthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter but air worthies airworthiness
+directives are mandatory so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives are mandatory so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives are mandatory so let's think
+see if i can think of an example i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if i can think of an example i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if i can think of an example i think
+there were some cessna seats that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some cessna seats that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some cessna seats that were
+sliding back some people were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding back some people were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding back some people were trying to
+fly their cessna and the seat wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly their cessna and the seat wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly their cessna and the seat wasn't
+really locked into position so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really locked into position so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really locked into position so that's
+the kind of thing where an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing where an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing where an air
+worthiness directive would be negotiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthiness directive would be negotiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthiness directive would be negotiated
+between Cessna and the FAA and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Cessna and the FAA and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Cessna and the FAA and it would
+be issued and they might say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be issued and they might say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be issued and they might say you know
+within the next ten flight hours you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next ten flight hours you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next ten flight hours you
+have to go and get new seat rails for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and get new seat rails for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and get new seat rails for
+your assessment to make sure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assessment to make sure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assessment to make sure that it
+doesn't slide back inadvertently if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't slide back inadvertently if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't slide back inadvertently if
+there's a plane you know if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plane you know if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plane you know if there's
+something really seriously mich may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really seriously mich may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really seriously mich may
+issue an emergency air worthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue an emergency air worthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue an emergency air worthiness
+directive and say everything's grounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive and say everything's grounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive and say everything's grounded
+until you apply this fix or change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you apply this fix or change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you apply this fix or change
+here's just an example actually what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just an example actually what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just an example actually what did
+we find here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was for serious in flight cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for serious in flight cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for serious in flight cabin
+door separation that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door separation that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door separation that's not good
+one was a total separation and one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a total separation and one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a total separation and one was
+retained by the door struttin we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained by the door struttin we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained by the door struttin we're
+issuing this 880 to prevent in-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing this 880 to prevent in-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing this 880 to prevent in-flight
+failure of the cabin door okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of the cabin door okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of the cabin door okay
+well it's nice to have two doors I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's nice to have two doors I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's nice to have two doors I guess
+that's the takeaway from this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the takeaway from this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the takeaway from this one I
+don't know what they said that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they said that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they said that you have
+to do yeah threads leaves blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yeah threads leaves blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yeah threads leaves blah blah blah
+but it says within 50 hours see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it says within 50 hours see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it says within 50 hours see that
+within the next 50 hours time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next 50 hours time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next 50 hours time and
+service so they don't consider that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so they don't consider that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so they don't consider that an
+emergency and actually yeah if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency and actually yeah if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency and actually yeah if you ever
+do take off your airplane don't slam an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take off your airplane don't slam an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take off your airplane don't slam an
+aircraft door they tend to be fragile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft door they tend to be fragile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft door they tend to be fragile
+the latches various techniques have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latches various techniques have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latches various techniques have been
+tried over the years by various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried over the years by various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried over the years by various
+manufacturers none of them are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers none of them are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers none of them are as
+foolproof as car doors because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolproof as car doors because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foolproof as car doors because you know
+they don't have the weight budget that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the weight budget that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the weight budget that a
+car has so if a door does pop up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car has so if a door does pop up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car has so if a door does pop up and
+in-flight it's actually not hazardous as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-flight it's actually not hazardous as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-flight it's actually not hazardous as
+long as you're not so startled that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're not so startled that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're not so startled that you
+do something crazy on takeoff they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something crazy on takeoff they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something crazy on takeoff they
+usually they'll usually pop open just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they'll usually pop open just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they'll usually pop open just as
+you're climbing out and you're like whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're climbing out and you're like whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're climbing out and you're like whoa
+what's that noise anyway just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that noise anyway just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that noise anyway just remember
+as Tina said keep flying the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Tina said keep flying the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Tina said keep flying the airplane
+and don't overly don't over focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't overly don't over focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't overly don't over focus on
+something that's not related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not related to the
+aircraft attitude and power okay part 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft attitude and power okay part 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft attitude and power okay part 43
+is mostly stuff that certified a and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly stuff that certified a and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly stuff that certified a and P
+mechanics need to know these are it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics need to know these are it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics need to know these are it's
+illegal actually for this is one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal actually for this is one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal actually for this is one this is
+one reason why owning an airplane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why owning an airplane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why owning an airplane is
+better than owning a boat it's illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than owning a boat it's illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than owning a boat it's illegal
+for you to work on your own airplane for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to work on your own airplane for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to work on your own airplane for
+oh that's you have to have an FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's you have to have an FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's you have to have an FAA
+certified mechanic do it you can't spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified mechanic do it you can't spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified mechanic do it you can't spend
+every weekend monkeying with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every weekend monkeying with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every weekend monkeying with your
+airplane there are a handful of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane there are a handful of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane there are a handful of things
+it's pilots are allowed to do you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pilots are allowed to do you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pilots are allowed to do you can
+replace a tire you can add oil you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a tire you can add oil you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a tire you can add oil you can
+there's an enumerated list 31 items a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an enumerated list 31 items a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an enumerated list 31 items a
+lot of those are kind of more it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those are kind of more it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those are kind of more it can
+change the spark plug a lot of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the spark plug a lot of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the spark plug a lot of them are
+more related to bush pilots you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more related to bush pilots you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more related to bush pilots you know if
+you're up in Alaska or northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up in Alaska or northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up in Alaska or northern
+Minnesota or out in the middle of Maine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minnesota or out in the middle of Maine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minnesota or out in the middle of Maine
+and you want to change something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to change something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to change something you
+know instead of being stuck you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of being stuck you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of being stuck you can
+carry a spark plug and a wrench and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a spark plug and a wrench and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry a spark plug and a wrench and get
+yourself back to the hangar but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself back to the hangar but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself back to the hangar but it's
+unconventional for people with certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional for people with certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional for people with certified
+airplanes to do much in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes to do much in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes to do much in the way of
+maintenance there are one exception is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance there are one exception is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance there are one exception is
+owner assisted annual some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner assisted annual some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner assisted annual some people who
+are very mechanically inclined like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very mechanically inclined like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very mechanically inclined like to
+work with an A&P and help out so yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with an A&P and help out so yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with an A&P and help out so yeah if
+you do this stuff you have to assign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this stuff you have to assign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this stuff you have to assign it
+off by making a logbook entry with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by making a logbook entry with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by making a logbook entry with your
+certificate number and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate number and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate number and what kind of
+certificate so you can't you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate so you can't you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate so you can't you know if you
+change the oil you still have to log it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the oil you still have to log it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the oil you still have to log it
+even though you're not a mechanic he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're not a mechanic he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're not a mechanic he'd
+just say I'm a pilot and here's my pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I'm a pilot and here's my pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I'm a pilot and here's my pilot
+certificate number all right if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate number all right if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate number all right if that's
+too much work and you still really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much work and you still really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much work and you still really just
+want to own an airplane because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to own an airplane because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to own an airplane because you want
+to say that I own an airplane you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that I own an airplane you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that I own an airplane you can
+buy an airplane and then if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy an airplane and then if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy an airplane and then if you're not
+gonna fly at 200 hours a year or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fly at 200 hours a year or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fly at 200 hours a year or more
+you can lease it to a flight school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lease it to a flight school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lease it to a flight school and
+let the flight school be responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the flight school be responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the flight school be responsible for
+the maintenance a lot of people do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance a lot of people do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance a lot of people do this
+to take advantage to depreciation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage to depreciation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage to depreciation let's
+say their medical doctor they start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say their medical doctor they start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say their medical doctor they start a
+side business working with a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side business working with a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side business working with a flight
+school and they're now in the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and they're now in the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and they're now in the aircraft
+rental business and they take on 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental business and they take on 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental business and they take on 100%
+deduction for their airplane it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction for their airplane it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction for their airplane it hasn't
+really been completely tested by the IRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been completely tested by the IRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been completely tested by the IRS
+leasing is supposed to be a passive loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leasing is supposed to be a passive loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leasing is supposed to be a passive loss
+and you're not supposed to offset it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not supposed to offset it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not supposed to offset it
+against active income so people come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against active income so people come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against active income so people come up
+with various gimmicks where the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various gimmicks where the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various gimmicks where the flight
+school is marketing their aircraft for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is marketing their aircraft for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is marketing their aircraft for
+rental to other people anyway they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental to other people anyway they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental to other people anyway they're
+taking a you know seven or eight hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a you know seven or eight hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a you know seven or eight hundred
+thousand dollar write-off in one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar write-off in one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar write-off in one year
+against their you know million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against their you know million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against their you know million dollar
+income a supposition and now they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income a supposition and now they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income a supposition and now they have a
+free airplane and that's why you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free airplane and that's why you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free airplane and that's why you can go
+to the flight school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the flight school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the flight school
+rent one of these beautiful new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent one of these beautiful new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent one of these beautiful new
+airplanes for $250 an hour it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes for $250 an hour it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes for $250 an hour it sounds
+like a lot but take advantage of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot but take advantage of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot but take advantage of it
+because they're basically giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're basically giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're basically giving you the
+airplane for free okay what if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for free okay what if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for free okay what if that's
+not enough work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough work
+we'll go to Oshkosh in July I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to Oshkosh in July I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to Oshkosh in July I'll be
+there and we can go check out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we can go check out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we can go check out all the
+KITT airplanes and you can meet people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KITT airplanes and you can meet people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KITT airplanes and you can meet people
+who say they've spent 13 years building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who say they've spent 13 years building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who say they've spent 13 years building
+the airplane and now they're finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane and now they're finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane and now they're finally
+flying it so in theory the airplane has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying it so in theory the airplane has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying it so in theory the airplane has
+to be built by this the intent was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built by this the intent was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built by this the intent was some
+person who was then gonna fly it had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was then gonna fly it had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was then gonna fly it had to
+build half of it but you know LLC's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build half of it but you know LLC's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build half of it but you know LLC's are
+also people as far as the regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also people as far as the regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also people as far as the regulations
+are concerned so basically the LLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concerned so basically the LLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concerned so basically the LLC
+becomes the Builder of record and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the Builder of record and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the Builder of record and the
+LLC is formed between somebody who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLC is formed between somebody who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLC is formed between somebody who you
+know actually knows what he or she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually knows what he or she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually knows what he or she is
+doing and the pilot who just wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and the pilot who just wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and the pilot who just wants to
+fly the cool experimental airplane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the cool experimental airplane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the cool experimental airplane and
+then when the builders finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the builders finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the builders finished the
+pilot buys out the Builder there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot buys out the Builder there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot buys out the Builder there are a
+lot of limitations on experimentals oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of limitations on experimentals oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of limitations on experimentals oh
+yeah another technique is the factory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah another technique is the factory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah another technique is the factory is
+just build so to show that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build so to show that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build so to show that people have
+done a lot of work they'll go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work they'll go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work they'll go down to
+the factory and they'll change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory and they'll change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory and they'll change their
+clothing every two hours and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing every two hours and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing every two hours and they'll
+have all these pictures of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these pictures of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these pictures of themselves
+doing various work on the aircraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing various work on the aircraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing various work on the aircraft and
+then they can show that to the FAA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can show that to the FAA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can show that to the FAA and
+say look I was I was putting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look I was I was putting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look I was I was putting on the
+wings I was doing this I was doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings I was doing this I was doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings I was doing this I was doing that
+all right you can't you can't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can't you can't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can't you can't use the
+aircraft commercially and if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft commercially and if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft commercially and if your
+passenger gets into the airplane you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger gets into the airplane you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger gets into the airplane you
+know right in front of the passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right in front of the passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right in front of the passenger
+will be the scary-looking sign that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the scary-looking sign that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the scary-looking sign that says
+this is experimental doesn't meet FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is experimental doesn't meet FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is experimental doesn't meet FAA
+standards so the passenger is warned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards so the passenger is warned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards so the passenger is warned
+that there's a lot more risk than flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot more risk than flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot more risk than flying
+a Cessna so you might say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cessna so you might say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cessna so you might say well you know
+why is it riskier than a Cessna or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it riskier than a Cessna or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it riskier than a Cessna or a
+Cirrus and I talked to I talked to Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus and I talked to I talked to Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus and I talked to I talked to Alan
+Clapp Meyer about this one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clapp Meyer about this one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clapp Meyer about this one of the
+founders of Cirrus I said how come these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of Cirrus I said how come these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of Cirrus I said how come these
+experimentals have so much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentals have so much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentals have so much better
+numbers for payload or speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for payload or speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for payload or speed
+then you know certified plans like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know certified plans like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know certified plans like the
+Cirrus so part of it is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus so part of it is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus so part of it is that they're
+relieved of a lot of the forgiving nosov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved of a lot of the forgiving nosov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved of a lot of the forgiving nosov
+certified airplanes so they're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified airplanes so they're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified airplanes so they're a little
+bit trickier to handle you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit trickier to handle you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit trickier to handle you might have a
+higher stall speed they're just not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher stall speed they're just not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher stall speed they're just not as
+as idiot proofed and as stable as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as idiot proofed and as stable as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as idiot proofed and as stable as a
+cessna Piper or Cirrus the other issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cessna Piper or Cirrus the other issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cessna Piper or Cirrus the other issue
+is that they don't have as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they don't have as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they don't have as much
+redundant structure with an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant structure with an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant structure with an experimental
+you're allowed to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to assume that the
+construction process was perfect there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction process was perfect there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction process was perfect there
+were no defects there were no missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no defects there were no missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no defects there were no missing
+screws then nobody dropped a tool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws then nobody dropped a tool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws then nobody dropped a tool and
+damaged part of the structure during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged part of the structure during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged part of the structure during
+construction with a certified airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with a certified airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with a certified airplane
+you have to show to the FAA that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to show to the FAA that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to show to the FAA that even if
+all kinds of bad stuff goes on during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of bad stuff goes on during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of bad stuff goes on during
+manufacturing and then you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and then you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and then you know the
+airplane is buttoned up so that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is buttoned up so that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is buttoned up so that those
+parts can't really be inspected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts can't really be inspected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts can't really be inspected
+afterwards it still meets all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards it still meets all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards it still meets all the
+structural requirements that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural requirements that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural requirements that's why you
+see these crazy you know YouTube videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these crazy you know YouTube videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these crazy you know YouTube videos
+of wings being tested you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wings being tested you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wings being tested you know the
+transport category aircraft are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport category aircraft are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport category aircraft are only
+supposed to be certified two two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be certified two two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be certified two two and a
+half GS and the wings don't break until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half GS and the wings don't break until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half GS and the wings don't break until
+they put nine G's on them partly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put nine G's on them partly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put nine G's on them partly they're
+over designing you know because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over designing you know because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over designing you know because it's
+good engineering practice but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good engineering practice but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good engineering practice but also
+because they have to over design to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to over design to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to over design to some
+extent because it has to do two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent because it has to do two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent because it has to do two and a
+half G's even if a lot of mistakes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half G's even if a lot of mistakes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half G's even if a lot of mistakes were
+made during the manufacturing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made during the manufacturing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made during the manufacturing so the
+yeah so experimentalist there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so experimentalist there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so experimentalist there's not
+really a free one it's not like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a free one it's not like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a free one it's not like they're
+better than assessment or piper they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than assessment or piper they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than assessment or piper they're
+subject to kind of different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to kind of different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to kind of different different
+rules and the the one element where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and the the one element where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and the the one element where you
+know they are arguably better is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are arguably better is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are arguably better is that
+with composites you're allowed to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with composites you're allowed to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with composites you're allowed to it's
+it becomes practical to make arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes practical to make arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes practical to make arbitrary
+shapes you know if you're fabricating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes you know if you're fabricating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes you know if you're fabricating
+sheet metal there's a limit to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal there's a limit to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal there's a limit to how
+exotic you can get at a reasonable price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic you can get at a reasonable price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic you can get at a reasonable price
+whereas planes like the Cirrus and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas planes like the Cirrus and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas planes like the Cirrus and then
+some of these experimentals you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these experimentals you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these experimentals you can have
+a nice smooth skin and you can make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice smooth skin and you can make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice smooth skin and you can make any
+shape you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape you want
+it's a closer to an ideal airfoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but otherwise there's no free lunch if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise there's no free lunch if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise there's no free lunch if
+it has better pay though that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has better pay though that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has better pay though that's because
+they took out all the redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took out all the redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took out all the redundant
+structure that makes a certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that makes a certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that makes a certified
+airplane a little safer all right renter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane a little safer all right renter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane a little safer all right renter
+pilots are still responsible to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots are still responsible to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots are still responsible to some
+extent for this stuff you got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent for this stuff you got to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent for this stuff you got to make
+sure the aircraft is air worthy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the aircraft is air worthy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the aircraft is air worthy you
+can't pin it all on the flight school if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pin it all on the flight school if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pin it all on the flight school if
+you see something hanging loose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something hanging loose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something hanging loose or
+there's no oil in it then you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no oil in it then you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no oil in it then you know it's
+your responsibility to call the mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your responsibility to call the mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your responsibility to call the mechanic
+over to re-secure the panel or put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to re-secure the panel or put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to re-secure the panel or put some
+oil and you want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and you want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and you want to make sure that the
+airplane has you know airworthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane has you know airworthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane has you know airworthiness
+certificate the registration used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate the registration used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate the registration used to
+last forever now it expires every three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last forever now it expires every three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last forever now it expires every three
+years so I guess if you're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so I guess if you're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so I guess if you're at a
+brand-new flight school and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-new flight school and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-new flight school and you don't
+know everybody there it's worth at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody there it's worth at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody there it's worth at least
+paying some attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying some attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying some attention to the
+registration the AFM Poh or owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration the AFM Poh or owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration the AFM Poh or owners
+manual if you want to be koloko about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual if you want to be koloko about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual if you want to be koloko about it
+that has to be on board the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be on board the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be on board the aircraft
+usually the weight and balance is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the weight and balance is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the weight and balance is not a
+separate thing it's just inside the Poh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate thing it's just inside the Poh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate thing it's just inside the Poh
+and you have to also have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to also have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to also have to report
+accidents we'll talk about that more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents we'll talk about that more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents we'll talk about that more in
+the z-plane lecture it's C playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-plane lecture it's C playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-plane lecture it's C playing
+sloppiness in the seaplane tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppiness in the seaplane tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppiness in the seaplane tends to be
+more likely to lead to an accident all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to lead to an accident all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to lead to an accident all
+right so you are responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you are responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you are responsible for the
+operation of the aircraft and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the aircraft and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the aircraft and with
+responsibility comes the authority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility comes the authority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility comes the authority and
+ability to deviate from the rules in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to deviate from the rules in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to deviate from the rules in an
+emergency you can just say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency you can just say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency you can just say you know
+serious 7:07 whiskey tango emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious 7:07 whiskey tango emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious 7:07 whiskey tango emergency
+landing you know at this nearby Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing you know at this nearby Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing you know at this nearby Air
+Force Base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Base
+and they can't really bust you for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't really bust you for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't really bust you for that
+if later they come and say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if later they come and say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if later they come and say well you know
+we want to know why you landed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know why you landed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know why you landed at the
+Air Force Base then you have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force Base then you have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force Base then you have to you know
+respond with you know what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with you know what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with you know what I need to
+want to do that but if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that but if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that but if they don't
+request you to do that and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request you to do that and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request you to do that and there's no
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically you can just read the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can just read the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can just read the slide
+but yeah I board the mission if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I board the mission if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I board the mission if you see
+something broken during the pre-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something broken during the pre-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something broken during the pre-flight
+all right here's an estándar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's an estándar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's an estándar
+airworthiness certificate there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate there on the
+bottom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right
+when was it issued 1995 so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when was it issued 1995 so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when was it issued 1995 so I think
+that's when the airplane was built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the airplane was built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the airplane was built the
+airworthiness certificate should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate should tell
+you you know when the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know when the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know when the manufacturing
+process terminated start shopping so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process terminated start shopping so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process terminated start shopping so if
+you look at - controller comm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at - controller comm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at - controller comm that's
+where your higher end aircraft are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your higher end aircraft are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your higher end aircraft are and
+trade a plane is that big yellow book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade a plane is that big yellow book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade a plane is that big yellow book
+that some of you guys may have seen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you guys may have seen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you guys may have seen at
+flight schools Barnstorm Barnstormers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools Barnstorm Barnstormers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools Barnstorm Barnstormers
+comm is the home built center before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm is the home built center before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm is the home built center before we
+take questions I'll just close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+telling you all that's fine but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you all that's fine but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you all that's fine but it's not
+really rational having done one iller on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rational having done one iller on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rational having done one iller on
+roll and one loop in my life do I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and one loop in my life do I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and one loop in my life do I need a
+game bird no but it's only 400 grand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game bird no but it's only 400 grand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game bird no but it's only 400 grand and
+I want a game bird and wouldn't it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a game bird and wouldn't it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a game bird and wouldn't it be
+cool to arrive in a game bird look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to arrive in a game bird look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to arrive in a game bird look at
+that luggage space you could put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that luggage space you could put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that luggage space you could put in
+probably three packs of crushproof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably three packs of crushproof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably three packs of crushproof
+cigarettes and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes and you know
+a spare a spare pair of socks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spare a spare pair of socks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spare a spare pair of socks like
+Charles Lindbergh used to travel with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Lindbergh used to travel with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Lindbergh used to travel with so
+anyway yeah that ownership stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway yeah that ownership stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway yeah that ownership stuff it's
+never a rational decision to buy an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a rational decision to buy an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a rational decision to buy an
+aircraft but unless you're planning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft but unless you're planning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft but unless you're planning on
+dying rich why not actually jet Aviva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying rich why not actually jet Aviva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying rich why not actually jet Aviva
+has the thing their whole tagline for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the thing their whole tagline for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the thing their whole tagline for
+this airplane brokerage is life as short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this airplane brokerage is life as short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this airplane brokerage is life as short
+fly a jet does anyone have any exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly a jet does anyone have any exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly a jet does anyone have any exciting
+questions about maintenance and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about maintenance and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about maintenance and your
+responsibilities there's a pilot ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities there's a pilot ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities there's a pilot ok
+there's a little bit of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of interaction
+there between you know the pilot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there between you know the pilot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there between you know the pilot and the
+mechanic you can't practically check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic you can't practically check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic you can't practically check
+everything you have to rely on mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you have to rely on mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you have to rely on mechanics
+who are generally quite reliable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are generally quite reliable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are generally quite reliable in
+their FA certificated but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their FA certificated but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their FA certificated but you have to
+have a little bit of common sense about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of common sense about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of common sense about
+not accepting a broken airplane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accepting a broken airplane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accepting a broken airplane or
+helicopter Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you go here on your plane my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go here on your plane my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go here on your plane my friend
+Kristian can answer that there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristian can answer that there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristian can answer that there may be a
+youtube video but anyway I think you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youtube video but anyway I think you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youtube video but anyway I think you the
+FAA is supposed to inspect at one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA is supposed to inspect at one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA is supposed to inspect at one or two
+points during the construction I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points during the construction I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points during the construction I'm a
+hundred percent sure about that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent sure about that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent sure about that but I
+think that they may come in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they may come in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they may come in more
+importantly there's like 40 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly there's like 40 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly there's like 40 hours of
+flight testing that has to be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight testing that has to be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight testing that has to be done and
+you can't go over populated areas during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go over populated areas during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go over populated areas during
+that flight testing and you get cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flight testing and you get cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flight testing and you get cut
+loose I think after 40 or 50 hours in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose I think after 40 or 50 hours in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose I think after 40 or 50 hours in
+the experimental world it's never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental world it's never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental world it's never been
+attractive to me I mean if you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to me I mean if you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to me I mean if you talk to
+the people who do experimentals they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who do experimentals they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who do experimentals they're
+really passionate about building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really passionate about building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really passionate about building and
+tinkering they actually have very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering they actually have very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkering they actually have very few
+hours of flight time accumulated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of flight time accumulated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of flight time accumulated and
+that becomes a problem because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a problem because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a problem because their
+pilot even if they were a good pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot even if they were a good pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot even if they were a good pilot
+when they started you know after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they started you know after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they started you know after
+spending 13 years in a garage building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending 13 years in a garage building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending 13 years in a garage building
+you know their pilot skills were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their pilot skills were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their pilot skills were pretty
+rusty I would also recommend that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rusty I would also recommend that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rusty I would also recommend that you
+ask Sebastian's if you guys remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Sebastian's if you guys remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Sebastian's if you guys remember
+Sebastian came yesterday afternoon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian came yesterday afternoon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian came yesterday afternoon from
+the Flying Club and he was discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flying Club and he was discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flying Club and he was discussing
+how they're getting at that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're getting at that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're getting at that plane
+refurbish their wood he had a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refurbish their wood he had a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refurbish their wood he had a picture
+with the wing not attached and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wing not attached and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wing not attached and now the
+the wing is attached so I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing is attached so I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing is attached so I believe that
+he's going through that airworthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going through that airworthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going through that airworthiness
+process right now so definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right now so definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right now so definitely
+recommend you talk to Sebastian and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you talk to Sebastian and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you talk to Sebastian and then
+the other thing I would just add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I would just add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I would just add to
+aircraft ownership in general is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft ownership in general is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft ownership in general is that
+there are also a lot of opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also a lot of opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also a lot of opportunities
+where there are basically you can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are basically you can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are basically you can become
+part of a group that partially owns an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a group that partially owns an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a group that partially owns an
+airplane so there's a bunch of clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so there's a bunch of clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so there's a bunch of clubs
+around here where for example there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here where for example there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here where for example there are
+three planes that are owned by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three planes that are owned by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three planes that are owned by you know
+60 people and so you kind of timeshare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 people and so you kind of timeshare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 people and so you kind of timeshare
+those planes and a number of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those planes and a number of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those planes and a number of the other
+instructors of this course have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors of this course have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors of this course have done
+that so you might have heard Luke or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you might have heard Luke or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you might have heard Luke or
+Marissa talk about that and so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa talk about that and so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa talk about that and so they have
+some planes for example in Beverly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some planes for example in Beverly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some planes for example in Beverly where
+there are three planes and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three planes and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three planes and a bunch of
+people own it and so you can timeshare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people own it and so you can timeshare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people own it and so you can timeshare
+the plane and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and they have to
+be very mindful about these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very mindful about these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very mindful about these types of
+maintenance aspects as well so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance aspects as well so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance aspects as well so it's kind
+of an in-between cost of renting versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an in-between cost of renting versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an in-between cost of renting versus
+owning your own airplane by yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owning your own airplane by yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owning your own airplane by yourself and
+the and the if you want to you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the if you want to you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the if you want to you know the
+Experimental Aircraft Association which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimental Aircraft Association which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimental Aircraft Association which
+runs off scoffs they have chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs off scoffs they have chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs off scoffs they have chapter
+meetings all over the country all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings all over the country all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings all over the country all the
+time they're kind of the most social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're kind of the most social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're kind of the most social
+folks in the aviation world so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the aviation world so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the aviation world so if you
+want to like find out what it's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like find out what it's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like find out what it's like to
+build your own kit airplane or design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own kit airplane or design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own kit airplane or design
+your own airplane from scratch those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own airplane from scratch those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own airplane from scratch those
+people will be happy to hang out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be happy to hang out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be happy to hang out with
+you at least every month all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least every month all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least every month all over the
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MVpmgHSBSc0.txt b/MVpmgHSBSc0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f9ac5bb464506ff1bebb051a98e1e19d62a30a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MVpmgHSBSc0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2870 @@
+PROFESSOR: There is one handout
+being passed out, it's
+
+chapters four and five, so
+be sure to pick it up.
+
+And just a reminder that there
+is a homework due on next
+
+Wednesday, so we have homeworks
+due every week in
+
+this course as well.
+
+So last class, we covered
+Chapters One through Three
+
+quite quickly rather, because
+it was mostly a review of
+
+6.450, and one of the key ideas
+we covered last class
+
+was the connection between
+continuous time and discrete
+
+time systems.
+
+So we have continuous
+time, discrete time.
+
+A specific example that
+we saw was that of an
+
+orthonormal PAM system.
+
+The architecture for a PAM
+system is as follows: you have
+
+Xk, a sequence of symbols
+coming in, they
+
+get into a PAM modulator.
+
+What you get out is a wave form,
+X of t, is what the PAM
+
+modulator produces.
+
+You have a little noise on the
+channel, and what you receive
+
+out is Y of t.
+
+So Y of t is the wave form that
+the receiver receives,
+
+and what a canonical receiver's
+structure to a
+
+matched filter followed
+by sampling.
+
+So what you get out is a
+sequence of symbols Y of t.
+
+So this is a structure for an
+orthonormal PAM modulator, and
+
+the continuous time version of
+the channel is that you have y
+
+of p, which is received at
+the receiver, plus X of
+
+t, plus N of t.
+
+The discrete time model is you
+have the symbol Y of k as the
+
+output of the sampler.
+
+It equals X of k plus N of k.
+
+Now basically, we say that the
+two systems are equivalent in
+
+the following sense: if you want
+to make a detection of X
+
+of k here, at the receiver,
+Y of k is a sufficient
+
+statistic, given that Y of t is
+received at the front end
+
+of the receiver.
+
+So that's the equivalence
+between discrete time and
+
+continuous time.
+
+And the way we established this
+fact was by using the
+
+theorem of irrelevance.
+
+The noise here is white Gaussian
+noise, so if we
+
+project it onto orthonormal wave
+forms, the corresponding
+
+noise samples would be IID.
+
+The noise will be independent of
+everything which is out of
+
+band, and so there is no
+correlation among the noise
+
+samples, and Y of k is a
+sufficient statistic
+
+to detect X of k.
+
+So that is the basic idea.
+
+Now, a similar architecture
+also holds when your
+
+continuous time system operates
+in fast band rather
+
+than base band, except the main
+difference now is instead
+
+of a PAM modulation, you have
+a QAM modulator, and your
+
+symbols, X of k and N of k, will
+be complex numbers rather
+
+than the real numbers.
+
+Now the connection between
+continuous time and discrete
+
+time systems can be made more
+precise by relating some
+
+parameters in continuous time
+with those in discrete time.
+
+OK?
+
+So we have continuous time
+parameters, and discrete time
+
+parameters.
+
+So a continuous time parameter
+is a bandwidth, W. A discrete
+
+time parameter is given by
+symbol interval T, and the
+
+relation is T equals
+1 over 2W.
+
+This is for a PAM system.
+
+OK?
+
+So something is shown in 6.450,
+and it's shown by using
+
+Nyquist's ISI criteria.
+
+Do not want to have ISI in the
+system, the maximum symbol
+
+rate, or rather the minimum
+symbol rate,
+
+would be 1 over 2W.
+
+You cannot send symbols
+faster than this rate.
+
+A second criteria is power,
+which is P here,
+
+in continuous time.
+
+In discrete time the equivalent
+parameter is energy
+
+per two dimensions.
+
+It's denoted by Es, and Es is
+related to P by using Es
+
+equals 2 times PT.
+
+Note that this is for two
+dimensions, meaning in PAM we
+
+have one symbol per dimension,
+so this is for two symbols.
+
+This is energy for two symbols
+for a PAM modulator, and the
+
+relation is Es equals
+2 times PT.
+
+T is the time for
+the one symbol.
+
+We also -- we are looking at
+energy for two symbols, so we
+
+multiply P by 2T.
+
+OK?
+
+Noise in continuous time is
+AWGN, for Additive White
+
+Gaussian Noise process, and the
+power spectral density is
+
+flat on positive support
+of bandwidth, and
+
+the height is N_0.
+
+OK, so this is how the
+spectral density is.
+
+In 6.450, we looked at
+double-sided power spectral
+
+density when the height was N_0
+over two, but it was going
+
+over both the positive and
+
+negative part of the bandwidth.
+
+Here, we are only looking at
+the positive part of the
+
+bandwidth, and we are going
+to scale noise by N_0.
+
+This is just a convention.
+
+In discrete time, your noise
+sequence is Nk, and is an IID
+
+and you take them as Gaussians
+with zero mean, and variance
+
+of N_0 over 2.
+
+So we have noise which
+has a variance of
+
+N_0 over 2 per dimension.
+
+And this was, again, shown by
+this theorem that when you
+
+project noise onto each of the
+orthonormal wave forms, you
+
+get the variance
+is N_0 over 2.
+
+OK?
+
+Instead of a base band system,
+if you had a fast band system,
+
+then instead of having
+a PAM modulator, we
+
+would have a QAM modulator.
+
+So if instead of PAM we had a
+QAM then the main difference
+
+now would be that these symbols
+are going to be
+
+complex numbers instead
+of real.
+
+So what's the symbol interval
+now going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 over W.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's going
+to be 1 over W.
+
+Instead of sending a real
+symbol, we are sending one
+
+complex symbol, which is
+occupying two dimensions, and
+
+our symbol rate is going to be 1
+over W. Well, the energy for
+
+two dimensions, is still given
+by Es equals 2PT, or
+
+equivalently, P over W. OK?
+
+Or that's --
+
+The noise samples Nk are still
+IID, but now they are complex
+
+Gaussians, with zero mean,
+and variance N_0.
+
+Or equivalently, they
+have a variance of
+
+N_0 over 2 per dimension.
+
+So what we see here is that we
+can have analogous definitions
+
+for discrete time and continuous
+time, and one of
+
+the key parameters that comes up
+over and over again in the
+
+analysis is this notion of
+signal to noise ratio.
+
+The signal to noise ratio is
+defined as the energy per two
+
+dimensions, over the noise
+variance per two dimensions.
+
+So that's the definition of
+signal to noise ratio.
+
+Es, well, it's 2PT, or
+equivalently, P over W. The
+
+noise variance for two
+dimensions is N_0, so the
+
+definition is the same as --
+
+SNR equals P over N_0 W. OK,
+are there any questions?
+
+The other notion we talked about
+last time is this idea
+
+of the spectral efficiency.
+
+In continuous time, the
+definition is quite natural.
+
+It's denoted by symbol rho.
+
+The units are bits per second
+per Hertz, and it's basically
+
+R over W. You have R bits
+per second over W hertz.
+
+So it's the amount of
+information bits that I'm able
+
+to send over the amount
+of bandwidth that
+
+I have in my system.
+
+In discrete time, we can also
+define the same idea of
+
+spectral efficiency, but it's
+usually -- and a good way to
+
+think about spectral efficiency
+from a point of
+
+view of a design
+of an encoder.
+
+What the encoder does, is you
+have an encoder here, it takes
+
+a sequence of bits in--
+
+so say you have b
+bits coming in--
+
+and it produces N symbols.
+
+So this could be X1, X2,
+Xn, and you have a
+
+sequence of B bits --
+
+b1, b2, b subcapital B. This
+is how an encoder operates.
+
+It maps a sequence of bits
+to a sequence of symbols.
+
+Now where does the encoder fit
+into this architecture?
+
+It fits right here at
+the front, right?
+
+You have bits coming in, you
+encode them, you produce a
+
+sequence of symbols, and you
+send them over the channel.
+
+So if I have this encoder,
+what's my the spectral
+
+efficiency going to be?
+
+Well, you have to ask what
+the encoder does, right?
+
+So from here, we have
+a PAM modulator.
+
+So it's basically this
+from here on, we
+
+are back to the system.
+
+So what's the spectral
+efficiency
+
+now for this system?
+
+How many bits do you
+have per symbol?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You have B over
+N bits per symbol.
+
+Now how many symbols do you have
+per dimension, if this is
+
+an orthonormal PAM system?
+
+AUDIENCE: One symbol
+per dimension.
+
+PROFESSOR: You have one symbol
+per dimension, right?
+
+So you have B bits per N
+dimensions, in other words.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So in QAM how many
+-- you have usually how many
+
+symbols per dimension?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Half symbols
+per dimension, right.
+
+So in that case, the spectral
+efficiency --
+
+the units are bits per two
+dimensions, is 2B over N. B
+
+over N bits per dimension,
+because the units are bits per
+
+two dimensions, you get
+2B over N bits per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+OK?
+
+Now a natural question to ask
+is, how is this definition
+
+related to this definition
+here?
+
+This is quite the natural
+definition, and here we have
+
+imposed this encoder
+structure.
+
+Are the two definitions
+equivalent in any way?
+
+And in order to understand
+this, let us take
+
+a one-second snapshot.
+
+So now in one second, I can
+send N equals 2W symbols.
+
+Because this is an orthonormal
+PAM system, I can send 2W
+
+symbols per second, but
+in one second, I can
+
+send N equals 2W symbols.
+
+Because my rate is R bits per
+second, B equals R, in one
+
+second I can send R bits.
+
+So now my definition of rho,
+which I defined to be 2B over
+
+N, is same as 2R over 2W, which
+is R over W. So the
+
+definitions in continuous time
+and discrete time are
+
+equivalent.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, why is spectral efficiency
+very important?
+
+Well, there is a very famous
+theorem by Shannon which gives
+
+us a nice upper bound on the
+spectral efficiency.
+
+Perhaps the most important
+theorem in communications is
+
+Shannon's Theorem, it says
+that if you have an AWGN
+
+system with a certain SNR, then
+you can immediately bound
+
+the spectral efficiency by log2
+of 1 plus SNR bits per
+
+two dimensions.
+
+This is a very powerful
+statement.
+
+Equivalently, the capacity of an
+AWGN channel is log2 1 plus
+
+SNR bits per second.
+
+So one important observation
+here is if I have a
+
+communication system, and if
+what I care about is the
+
+spectral efficiency of the
+capacity, there are only two
+
+terms that are important.
+
+One is the signal to noise
+ratio, which is P over N_0 W,
+
+which is defined here.
+
+So the individual units of P and
+N_0 doesn't matter, it's
+
+only the ratio of P over
+N_0 that matters.
+
+And the second parameter is the
+bandwidth W that we have
+
+in the system.
+
+So signal to noise ratio and
+bandwidth are in some sense
+
+fundamental to the system.
+
+An operational meaning of this
+theorem is that if I look at
+
+this encoder, then it gives me
+an upper bound of how many
+
+bits I can put for
+each symbol.
+
+The number of bits that I can
+put on each symbol is upper
+
+bounded by this term here,
+log2 1 plus SNR.
+
+I cannot put arbitrarily many
+bits per each symbol here.
+
+Now in order to make such a
+statement, there has to be
+
+some criteria that we
+need to satisfy.
+
+And what is the criteria
+for Shannon's Theorem?
+
+In order to make such a
+statement, I need to say that
+
+some objective function
+has to be satisfied.
+
+Because in some sense, I could
+just put any number of bits I
+
+could have on upper
+symbol, right?
+
+The encoder could just
+put 100 or 200 bits.
+
+What's going to limit me?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probability
+of error?
+
+PROFESSOR: The probability
+of error.
+
+So this assumes that --
+
+OK?
+
+Now, you're not responsible for
+the proof of this theorem,
+
+it is in Chapter Three
+of the notes.
+
+Basically, it's just a random
+coding argument, which is
+
+quite standard in information
+theory.
+
+So if you already taken
+information theory or
+
+otherwise, you would probably
+have seen that argument
+
+involves bounding atypical
+events that happen.
+
+So the probability of error is
+an atypical event, and we use
+
+asymptotic equipartition
+property to
+
+bound the error event.
+
+There's a standard proof in
+Cover and Thomas, for example.
+
+Now the main difference in
+Professor Forney's approach is
+
+that he uses this Theory
+of Large Deviations.
+
+Theory of Large Deviations
+basically gives you a bound on
+
+the occurrence of rare events,
+and it is well-known in
+
+statistical mechanics.
+
+So it's kind of a different
+approach to the same problem.
+
+The basic idea is same as you
+would find in a standard
+
+proof, but it uses --
+
+it comes from this idea of
+large deviations theory.
+
+So for those of you who are
+taking information theory or
+
+already have seen it, I urge
+you, go at some point, take a
+
+look at this proof.
+
+It's quite cool.
+
+I already saw somebody reading
+this last Friday, and it was
+
+quite impressive.
+
+So I urge more of
+you to do that.
+
+So now that we have the spectral
+efficiency, a natural
+
+thing is to plot how
+the spectral
+
+efficiency looks like.
+
+So what I'm going to plot is
+as a function of SNR the
+
+spectral efficiency.
+
+Typically, when you plot SNR
+on the x-axis, you almost
+
+always plot it on a dB scale.
+
+But I'm going to make one
+exception this time, and I'm
+
+going to plot this on
+a linear scale.
+
+So this point is zero, or minus
+infinity dB here, and
+
+I'm going to plot --
+
+well I should call this,
+actually, rho Shannon, so I
+
+don't confuse the notation.
+
+So we'll define rho Shannon
+as log2 1 plus SNR.
+
+So this is rho Shannon here,
+and we want to plot rho
+
+Shannon as a function of SNR.
+
+Now if my SNR is really small,
+log 1 plus SNR is
+
+approximately linear, so I get
+a linear increase here.
+
+If my SNR is large, then the
+logarithmic behavior kicks
+
+into this expression here, so
+now the spectral efficiency
+
+grows slower and slower
+with SNR.
+
+So this is a basic shape for
+my spectral efficiency.
+
+And this immediately suggests
+that there are two different
+
+operating regimes we have.
+
+One regime where the spectral
+efficiency increases linearly
+
+with SNR, another regime where
+the spectral efficiency
+
+increases logarithmically
+with SNR.
+
+So if SNR is very small, then
+we call this regime as
+
+power-limited regime.
+
+And if SNR is large,
+we call this the
+
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+These are our definitions.
+
+And let's see what motivates
+their names.
+
+Suppose I have a 3 dB increase
+in my SNR, and I am in power
+
+limited regime.
+
+How does rho Shannon increase?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: A factor
+of 2, right?
+
+Basically, if I have a 3 dB
+increase in SNR, my SNR
+
+increases by a factor of 2.
+
+In this regime, rho Shannon
+increases linearly with SNR,
+
+so I have a factor of 2 increase
+in my spectral
+
+efficiency.
+
+What about this regime here?
+
+If SNR increases by 3 dB, how
+does rho Shannon increase?
+
+It increases by one bit
+per two dimensions.
+
+Units of rho are bits
+per two dimensions.
+
+I have a logarithmic behavior
+kicking in, so rho is
+
+approximately log SNR.
+
+If I increase SNR by a factor
+of 2, I get an additional 1
+
+bit per two dimension scale.
+
+OK?
+
+If I increase my bandwidth in
+the power-limited regime by a
+
+factor of 2.
+
+So this bandwidth here increases
+by a factor of 2,
+
+how does my capacity change,
+if I'm in the
+
+power-limited regime?
+
+There's no change, right?
+
+Or is there a change?
+
+I'm in the power-limited regime
+here, and I increase my
+
+bandwidth by a factor of 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+What is my SNR?
+
+It's P over W N_0.
+
+So what happens if
+I fix P over N_0?
+
+OK, yeah, so you had it.
+
+Basically, if I double my
+bandwidth, my SNR decreases by
+
+a factor of 2, so this term
+here is like SNR over 2, W
+
+increases by a factor
+of 2, and there is
+
+no change in bandwidth.
+
+So let's do it more slowly.
+
+So we have, say, in the --
+
+and say, my C is now
+W log2 1 plus SNR.
+
+Instead of SNR, I will write
+P over N_0 W. So this
+
+approximately is W times
+P over N_0 W times log
+
+E to the base 2.
+
+And this is approximately --
+
+this is basically P over N_0
+times log E to the base 2.
+
+So in other words, in the
+power-limited regime, changing
+
+bandwidth has no effect
+on the capacity.
+
+What happens in the
+bandwidth-limited regime?
+
+Well, in this case
+C equals W log2.
+
+Well, I can say approximately,
+and I can ignore this factor
+
+of 1, because P over N_0 W is
+large, because my SNR is large
+
+in the bandwidth-limited
+regime.
+
+I'm operating in this
+part of the graph.
+
+So this is P over N_0 W. Now
+suppose I increase my
+
+bandwidth by a factor of 2.
+
+C prime will be 2W log2
+over P over 2 W N_0.
+
+All right?
+
+This, I can write it as 2W log2
+P over N_0 W minus --
+
+this is to the base 2, so
+I can write a 1 here.
+
+And this term is approximately
+same --
+
+if I ignore the 1, if I assume
+P over N_0 W is quite large,
+
+then I can just ignore
+the subtraction of 1.
+
+So I get 2W log2 P over N_0 W,
+or it's equivalently 2C.
+
+OK, so in other words, in the
+bandwidth-limited regime, if I
+
+increase my W by a factor of 2,
+the capacity approximately
+
+increases by a factor of 2.
+
+So that's what motivates
+the name
+
+bandwidth-limited regime here.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+So it turns out that there are
+two points I wanted to say.
+
+First of all, one might ask,
+that fine, these seem to be
+
+interesting definitions, that
+SNR is much smaller than one,
+
+and SNR is much larger than one,
+but is there any kind of
+
+hard division between the
+bandwidth-limited regime and
+
+power-limited regime?
+
+I mean, the general
+answer is no.
+
+It's basically --
+
+because there is some point when
+the capacity appears not
+
+strictly logarithmically,
+or strictly
+
+linearly in terms of SNR.
+
+But from an engineering point
+of view, we take rho equals
+
+two bits per two dimension as
+a dividing point between the
+
+two regimes.
+
+And one motivation to see why
+rho equals two bits per two
+
+dimension is a good choice is
+because this is the maximum
+
+spectral efficiency we can get
+from binary modulation.
+
+OK, if you want to have spectral
+efficiency more than
+
+two bits per two dimensions, you
+have to go to multi-level
+
+modulation, and that's one of
+the reasons why this choice is
+
+often used in practice.
+
+Another point is that the
+bandwidth-limited regime and
+
+power-limited regime, they
+behave quite differently in
+
+almost all criterias that
+you can think about.
+
+So usually, with
+the analysis --
+
+we keep them separately and do
+the analysis differently in
+
+the bandwidth and power-limited
+regime, and
+
+that's what we will be doing in
+the subsequent part of this
+
+lecture and next lecture.
+
+So we start with the
+power-limited regime.
+
+Now, we already saw that in
+doubling the power doubles rho
+
+S, and doubling bandwidth
+does not change C.
+
+OK, the other point I
+mentioned was binary
+
+modulation is sufficient in
+this regime, because our
+
+spectral efficiency is less
+than two bits per two
+
+dimensions, so the idea is to
+have a strong code followed by
+
+binary modulation.
+
+What else?
+
+Right.
+
+Typically, the normalization
+is done in
+
+per information bit.
+
+What does this mean?
+
+When we are wanting to compare
+different systems, we will
+
+look at all the parameters
+normalized
+
+per information bit.
+
+For example, if we want to look
+at the probability of
+
+error, we look at this quantity
+here, Pb of E, which
+
+is the probability of error
+per information bit, as a
+
+function of Eb/N_0.
+
+This is an important trade-off
+that we wish to study in
+
+power-limited regime.
+
+Eb is the energy per bit, P sub
+b of E is the probability
+
+of error per information bit.
+
+So I want to spend some time on
+this Eb/N_0, because it's
+
+an important concept
+that we'll be using
+
+often in the course.
+
+So what is Eb/N_0?
+
+It's sometimes also known as Eb
+over N_0, so it depends how
+
+you wish to call it.
+
+What is energy per bit
+in terms of Es?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, Es
+over rho, right?
+
+Energy per bit.
+
+Well, Es is energy per
+two dimensions.
+
+Rho is bits per two dimensions,
+so Eb is Es over
+
+rho, and you have N_0 here.
+
+And Es over N_0 is also our SNR,
+so this is SNR over rho.
+
+OK, so that's how Eb/N_0
+is defined.
+
+Now we know from Shannon that
+rho is always less than log2 1
+
+plus SNR, or equivalently,
+2 to the rho minus 1
+
+is less than SNR.
+
+If I sub in here, this means
+that SNR is greater than 2 to
+
+the rho minus 1 over
+rho, and then we're
+
+just dividing by rho.
+
+So Eb/N_0 is always greater
+than 2 to the rho
+
+minus 1 over rho.
+
+And this is quite an interesting
+observation.
+
+For example, if you are
+analyzing the feasibility of a
+
+communication system, which
+has a certain spectral
+
+efficiency, and a certain
+Eb/N_0, then you can
+
+immediately check this relation,
+to see if it is a
+
+system in the first place.
+
+What Shannon says is that Eb/N_0
+is always going to be
+
+greater than 2 to the rho
+minus 1 over rho.
+
+So if you see that this relation
+is not satisfied,
+
+immediately know something
+is wrong.
+
+This actually reminds me of an
+interesting anecdote that
+
+Professor Forney once
+mentioned when I
+
+was taking the class.
+
+Well he has been in this field
+since the '60's, and so he has
+
+seen a lot of this stuff.
+
+He was saying when
+turbo codes --
+
+which is one of the first
+capacity approaching codes in
+
+recent years when they
+were proposed --
+
+they presented the results
+at ICC, the International
+
+Conference in Communications,
+and what they saw was that the
+
+performance was very close to
+the limit that we can predict.
+
+Eb/N_0 was very close to
+the ultimate limit --
+
+the Eb/N_0 achieved by turbo
+codes was very close to the
+
+ultimate limit that one can
+predict, at least 3 dB better
+
+than the best codes that
+were available there.
+
+So most people just thought that
+there was something wrong
+
+in the simulations, and they
+told them that there was a
+
+factor of 2 missing
+somewhere, so they
+
+should just double check.
+
+But it turned out when they went
+back and people actually
+
+implemented these codes, they
+were actually very close to
+
+the capacity.
+
+So sometimes, you have
+to be careful.
+
+If you are not going below this
+limit, it could be that
+
+the system is good.
+
+And when it is, it's a really
+important breakthrough.
+
+Ok
+
+So one particular concept that
+comes here is the idea of
+
+ultimate Shannon limit.
+
+And basically, if we are talking
+about power limited
+
+regime, our SNR is very small.
+
+So our spectral efficiency is
+going to be quite small.
+
+Now notice that this function
+here it monotonically
+
+increasing in rho.
+
+It's easy to show that this
+function here increases
+
+monotonically in rho.
+
+You could just differentiate
+this, or there's easier ways
+
+to do a Taylor expansion of 2 to
+the rho minus 1, the series
+
+expansion and show each
+term is positive.
+
+So if this term is always
+going to be greater
+
+than this term here.
+
+So I'm going from
+here to here.
+
+Limit rho tends to zero of 2 to
+the rho minus 1 over rho.
+
+This is going to be -- it's a
+simple calculus exercise to
+
+show this is the natural
+log of 2, or in dB,
+
+it's minus 1.59 dB.
+
+So no matter what system you
+design, your Eb/N_0 is always
+
+going to be greater than
+minus 1.59 dB.
+
+That's basically what this
+calculation shows.
+
+And when is it achieved?
+
+Well, it's only achieved
+when the spectral
+
+efficiency goes to zero.
+
+So if you have a deep space
+communication system, where
+
+you have lots and lots of
+bandwidth, and you do not care
+
+about spectral efficiency, then
+if your only criteria is
+
+to minimize Eb/N_0, then you
+can design your system
+
+accordingly, check how much
+Eb/N_0 you require for a
+
+certain probability of error,
+and see how far you are from
+
+the ultimate Shannon limit.
+
+So in this way, in the
+power-limited regime, you can
+
+quantify your gap to capacity,
+if you will, through this
+
+ultimate Shannon limit.
+
+OK, are there any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's look at the
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+So we already saw two
+things in the
+
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+If I double P, my spectral
+efficiency increases by one
+
+bit per two dimension.
+
+Similarly, if I double bandwidth
+by C, capacity
+
+approximately doubles.
+
+Now, because you want a spectral
+efficiency of more
+
+than two bits per two dimension,
+in this system you
+
+typically do a multi-level
+modulation.
+
+So for those of you who are
+familiar, we do things like
+
+trellis-coded modulation, and
+bit-interleaved coded
+
+modulation, and so on.
+
+If we have time, we'll be seeing
+those things towards
+
+the very end of the course.
+
+This is not a subject of
+the course as such.
+
+The normalization in this
+regime is done for two
+
+dimensions.
+
+So if you want to normalize
+all the quantities, we
+
+normalize them for two
+dimensions here.
+
+And particularly, we will be
+seeing probability of error as
+
+a function of this quantity
+called SNR norm.
+
+So this is the performance
+analysis that is done in
+
+bandwidth-limited regimes.
+
+Here Ps of E is the probability
+of error for two
+
+dimensions.
+
+What is SNR norm?
+
+It's defined to be SNR over
+2 to the rho minus 1.
+
+Why do we divide by 2
+to the rho minus 1?
+
+Well, that's the minimum SNR
+that you require for the best
+
+possible system.
+
+That's what Shannon
+says, right?
+
+So this quantity here is always
+going to be greater
+
+than 1, or 0 dB.
+
+So OK, well, this is the
+ultimate Shannon limit in the
+
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+If you have a system that is
+designed, that operates at a
+
+certain SNR and a certain
+spectral efficiency, you can
+
+calculate SNR norm and see how
+far you are from 0 dB.
+
+If you're very close to 0
+dB, then that's great.
+
+You have a very good
+system in practice.
+
+If not, then you have room
+for improvement.
+
+And so, in other
+words, SNR norm
+
+defines the gap to capacity.
+
+OK, so let's do an example.
+
+Suppose we have an
+M-PAM system.
+
+So we have an M-PAM
+constellation.
+
+So how does it look like?
+
+Well, you have points here
+on a linear line.
+
+This point is say minus alpha,
+alpha, three alpha minus three
+
+alpha, all the way up to m minus
+one alpha, and here,
+
+minus of m minus one alpha.
+
+Assume m is an even number.
+
+So the distance between two
+points here is two alpha, any
+
+two points.
+
+Now we want to find the SNR norm
+given that we are using
+
+this constellation.
+
+So in other words, if I use
+this constellation in my
+
+communication system, how far
+am I operating from the
+
+ultimate Shannon limit?
+
+OK, that's the question.
+
+So in order to find what we need
+to find, is first energy
+
+for two dimensions.
+
+Does anybody remember the
+formula for M-PAM?
+
+Well, there was a very nice
+way of doing it in 450.
+
+One natural way is to simply sum
+up all of the coordinates
+
+here, square them, and divide by
+M. And because it's for two
+
+dimensions, we could do it --
+
+we're to multiply by a factor
+of two, because it's for two
+
+dimensions--
+
+and summation of Xk squared.
+
+And if you work out, you will
+get some answer here.
+
+Another way that was
+shown in 450 --
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: With uniform
+quantization, exactly.
+
+So the idea here is, you have
+a source, say, which is
+
+uniformly distributed between
+M alpha and minus M alpha.
+
+So you have a source uniformly
+distributed, and it can be
+
+easily seen by inspection that
+M-PAM is the best quantizer
+
+for this particular source.
+
+Ok.
+
+So the interval regions are
+just of equal width.
+
+Each interval region is width
+two alpha, so your mean square
+
+error, if you will, is 2 alpha
+squared over 12, so it's alpha
+
+squared over 3.
+
+Well, the variance in your
+source, which I will denote by
+
+sigma square s, is 2M alpha
+squared over 12, or it's M
+
+squared alpha squared over 3.
+
+So your energy per symbol --
+
+it's energy in your quantizer,
+so I'm denoting it by E of A
+
+in order to differentiate it by
+Es, because Es is two times
+
+E of A, OK?
+
+It's going to be m squared
+minus 1 times alpha
+
+squared over 3.
+
+So Es is 2 E of A, and so we
+get it's 2 times alpha
+
+squared, m squared
+minus 1 over 3.
+
+OK, so can anybody tell me what
+the spectral efficiency
+
+will be for the system, if I
+use an M-PAM constellation?
+
+Well, how many bits per
+symbol do I have?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log2M.
+
+PROFESSOR: Log2 M
+bits per symbol.
+
+So since it's bits per two
+dimensions, the sum would be 2
+
+logM to the base 2.
+
+Ok?
+
+So right now, we have pretty
+much everything we need to
+
+find SNR norm.
+
+The SNR here is Es over N_0,
+so it's 2 alpha squared, M
+
+squared minus 1, over 3N_0.
+
+But remember, N_0 by definition
+is 2 sigma squared,
+
+because sigma squared
+is N_0 over 2.
+
+That's how -- that's the noise
+variance per dimension.
+
+So, I had 3 times 2 times sigma
+squared, or I will just
+
+write this as 6 times sigma
+squared, and that's going to
+
+be -- this is just
+multiplication, so I should
+
+not even write it --
+
+six sigma squared.
+
+So this is alpha squared,
+M squared minus 1
+
+over 3 sigma squared.
+
+OK, so now SNR norm is SNR over
+2 to the rho minus 1.
+
+2 to the rho minus 1 is just
+M squared minus 1.
+
+It cancels with this M squared
+minus 1, and so I get alpha
+
+squared over 3 sigma squared.
+
+So that's the SNR norm if
+I use an M-PAM system.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, N_0 --
+
+I've plugged in for SNR 3 here,
+so I have 3 N_0, but N_0
+
+is 2 sigma squared.
+
+Did I miss anything?
+
+Ok?
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK, so there are two important
+remarks from this example.
+
+The first remark is that SNR
+norm is independent of M. So I
+
+started with an M-PAM
+constellation, so it's a
+
+different constellation for
+each value of M, right?
+
+If I look at my spectral
+efficiency rho, it's different
+
+for each value of M, because I
+can pack more and more bits
+
+per symbol as I increase M. If
+I look at my signal to noise
+
+ratio, it's also a function of
+M. But when I took SNR norm,
+
+remarkably, the M squared minus
+1 term cancelled out in
+
+the numerator and denominator,
+and what I was left with was
+
+something independent of M.
+
+So this is actually quite
+an interesting result.
+
+What it says is suppose I design
+a system, an M-PAM
+
+system, that has this
+particular spectral
+
+efficiency, then my gap to
+capacity is given by this
+
+expression.
+
+If I use a different value of
+M, my gap to the ultimate
+
+Shannon limit is still given
+by this expression here.
+
+So by increasing value of M or
+decreasing the value of M, my
+
+gap to the Shannon limit is
+still going to be the same.
+
+For each value of M, I will
+have a different spectral
+
+efficiency, but I'm not getting
+any kind of coding
+
+gain, if you will, here.
+
+OK, so this motivates that M-PAM
+is an uncoded system.
+
+All of them have the same gap
+to the Shannon limit,
+
+regardless of what the value
+of M is, and so.
+
+The second point to note is if
+I look at the value of alpha
+
+squared over 3 sigma square,
+I can make it
+
+quite small, right?
+
+I can even, if I decrease
+alpha really by a great
+
+amount, I can make this quantity
+smaller than 1.
+
+OK?
+
+I told you here that SNR norm
+is always greater than 1.
+
+So what happened?
+
+Did I lie to you here, or did
+I do something wrong here?
+
+I mean, I can choose any alpha,
+right, and make this
+
+quantity as small as I please,
+and then I'm doing better than
+
+the Shannon limit.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So basically, what's missing
+in this calculation is
+
+probability of error.
+
+If I make alpha really small,
+what I have is all these
+
+points come closer and closer,
+and sure, I seem like I'm
+
+doing very well at
+the encoder.
+
+But what happens
+at the decoder?
+
+There is noise in the system,
+and so I get too many errors.
+
+This lower bound clearly assumes
+that you can make your
+
+probability of error
+quite small,
+
+arbitrarily small, right?
+
+So in any reasonable system,
+I should also look at the
+
+probability of error.
+
+If I make alpha really small,
+I'm going to have too much
+
+error at the decoder, and so
+I won't be able to have a
+
+practical system.
+
+So the comment is SNR norm
+cannot be seen in isolation.
+
+We need to couple SNR norm
+with the corresponding
+
+probability of error.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What I mean
+by uncoded syst --
+
+that's a good question.
+
+What do I mean by
+uncoded system?
+
+All I'm really saying here is
+M-PAM system is a fairly
+
+simple system to implement,
+right?
+
+Irregardless of what value of M
+I get, I have a certain gap
+
+to the Shannon limit, which is
+independent of M. So if I
+
+start with a simple system,
+where I have bits coming in,
+
+each bit gets mapped to one
+symbol, and I send it over the
+
+channel, I have a fixed gap
+to the Shannon capacity.
+
+And this, I will call
+an uncoded system.
+
+My only hope will be to improve
+upon this system.
+
+OK?
+
+Any other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, if I'm multiplying
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, right.
+
+I'm assuming the fixed alpha.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I mean, basically,
+you will see that alpha is a
+
+function of Es, right?
+
+And I want to --
+
+so why do I want -- the question
+is, why do I want to
+
+keep alpha fixed, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so in order to
+understand that, I have to
+
+look at energy for
+two dimensions.
+
+If I normalize by M squared
+minus one --
+
+that doesn't work out.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+so the constellation cannot be
+expanding [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so I wanted
+to always plot by keeping
+
+alpha fixed.
+
+And I mean, the point is,
+typically you want to plot the
+
+probability of symbol error --
+
+do I have that expression
+anywhere?
+
+Right there.
+
+Ps of p is a function
+of SNR norm, right?
+
+And that will be -- if I
+increase SNR norm, so it will
+
+be some kind of a
+graph, right?
+
+A trade-off.
+
+Basically, alpha will define the
+trade-off between SNR norm
+
+and Ps of p.
+
+So as I slip over larger and
+larger values of alpha, for
+
+different values of M, then I
+will have a trade-off as Ps of
+
+p is a function of SNR norm.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So say I fixed a
+value of M, OK?
+
+I define SNR norm, which
+is alpha squared
+
+over 3 sigma squared.
+
+For this, I will get a certain
+probability of error now.
+
+So if I fix this value of SNR
+norm, I get a certain
+
+probability of error.
+
+What if I want to increase
+my SNR norm?
+
+The only way to do that will
+be to increase alpha.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+You're defining SNR norm as the
+gap to capacity, but it
+
+seems like, I mean, obviously as
+you increase alpha, as you
+
+increase your signal energy,
+you're going to do better and
+
+better, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, in
+terms of what?
+
+In terms of probability of
+error, like achievable
+
+probability of error, or?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, exactly.
+
+So basically, the point is say
+I plot Ps of E as a function
+
+of SNR norm, or as a function
+of alpha squared
+
+over 3 sigma squared.
+
+So my core will look
+like this.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the gap to
+capacity is defined all the
+
+way over here on the left,
+is that what--?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, that's
+a very good question.
+
+You are going much ahead
+then what I thought.
+
+So basically, at zero, seven,
+SNR norm is zero, right?
+
+This is in linear scale,
+so when I have
+
+one, SNR norm is one.
+
+I have the Shannon system.
+
+Basically, for any SNR norm
+greater than 1, what Shannon
+
+says is your probability of
+error will be arbitrarily
+
+small, and here, it
+will be large.
+
+So this here is the
+Shannon limit.
+
+And now, in a practical system,
+what I want to do is I
+
+want to fix the probability
+of error.
+
+So say I like probability
+of error of ten
+
+to the minus five.
+
+So that's something that
+the system specifies.
+
+And from that, I know the
+gap to the capacity.
+
+So if here, if I require, this
+is my SNR norm, then this is
+
+going to be my gap.
+
+I wanted to cover
+it, but later.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, this is a
+certain, specific system, the
+
+M-PAM system.
+
+What Shannon says that, if
+you're anywhere here, you
+
+should be able to make your
+probability of error
+
+arbitrarily small.
+
+So your code should basically
+look something like this, if
+
+you will, or even steeper.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the difference
+between that curve
+
+and the wider curve?
+
+PROFESSOR: This curve
+and this curve?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+basically what we
+
+achieved by an M-PAM system.
+
+I don't want to go into too much
+of this, because we'll be
+
+doing this later.
+
+This is the next topic.
+
+Ideally, what we would want is
+something, basically, this is
+
+my Shannon limit, I want
+something such as the
+
+probability of error decreases
+right away as soon as I am
+
+just away from the
+Shannon limit.
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's a good point.
+
+So if I did not do coding,
+this is what I get.
+
+If I did coding, this
+is what I would get.
+
+So this is how much I can expect
+a gain from coding.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in other words,
+basically, this bound is
+
+basically in my channel,
+the SNR is such that --
+
+I mean, I'm so energy limited
+that my SNR norm is lower than
+
+a certain amount, there's
+nothing I can do, basically,
+
+is what it's saying.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Because if you want a certain
+spectral efficiency, there's
+
+also spectral efficiency,
+right?
+
+And if your SNR is much lower,
+you're out of luck.
+
+AUDIENCE: So basically, you
+have to make your spectral
+
+efficiency higher --
+
+or, lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: Lower, right.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So now let us start with the
+probability of error analysis,
+
+and we'll start in
+limited regime.
+
+So we have Eb of E as a function
+of Eb/N_0, we want to
+
+quantify this trade-off.
+
+Basically, what we are doing now
+is trying to quantify how
+
+this graph will look like,
+at least for the
+
+uncoded systems today.
+
+We'll do coding next class,
+or two classes from
+
+now, as we get time.
+
+So say I have a constellation,
+A, as binary PAM.
+
+So it takes only two values,
+minus alpha and alpha.
+
+So I have these two points here,
+alpha and minus alpha.
+
+My receiveds are Y, symbol Y is
+X plus n, where X belongs
+
+to A, and N is Gaussian zero
+mean, variance sigma squared,
+
+where sigma squared
+is N_0 over 2.
+
+And now what want to do at the
+receiver is given Y, you want
+
+to decide whether X was
+alpha or minus alpha.
+
+That's a standard detection
+problem.
+
+So how will the probability
+of error look like?
+
+So suppose I transmit X equals
+alpha, my conditional
+
+density of Y --
+
+let me make some room here --
+
+will be a bell shaped curve,
+because of the Gaussian noise.
+
+So this is P of Y given
+X equals alpha.
+
+Similarly, if I have set X
+equals minus alpha, what I get
+
+is something like this.
+
+This is p of Y given X
+equals minus alpha.
+
+Excuse my handwriting there.
+
+And the decision region is at
+the midpoint, Y equals zero.
+
+This is a standard binary
+detection problem.
+
+If Y is positive, you will say
+X equals alpha was sent.
+
+If Y is negative, you will say X
+equals minus alpha was sent.
+
+And your probability of error
+is simply the probability of
+
+error under this --
+
+graph under these
+two curves here.
+
+So we want to find what the
+probability of error is.
+
+Just let me just do quickly the
+calculation, in order to
+
+remind you.
+
+We'll be doing this over
+and over again.
+
+We'll just do it once.
+
+Without loss in generality, I
+can say this is probability of
+
+error, given X equals minus
+alpha, where both the points
+
+are equally likely.
+
+So by symmetry, I
+can say that.
+
+So this is the same as
+probability that Y is greater
+
+than zero, given X
+is minus alpha.
+
+Now Y is X plus N, so this is
+same as probability that N --
+
+yeah capital N --
+
+is greater than alpha.
+
+Since N has zero mean variance
+sigma squared, this is a
+
+standard Q function of
+alpha over sigma.
+
+OK, so that's the probability
+of error.
+
+Now, there is one bit per symbol
+for each X that is one
+
+bit, so probability of error is
+also same as probability of
+
+bit error, so this is also Pb of
+E. So I have Pb of E equals
+
+Q of alpha over sigma, and
+now, I want to basically
+
+express it as a function
+of Eb/N_0, right.
+
+So what is Eb for the system?
+
+It's going to be
+alpha squared.
+
+Sigma squared is now N_0 over 2,
+so alpha squared over sigma
+
+squared is 2 Eb over N_0.
+
+So now my probability of bit
+error is this Q function of
+
+root 2 Eb over N_0.
+
+OK?
+
+So let us plot this.
+
+So I'm on the x-axis,
+I'm plotting Eb/N_0,
+
+which is in dB scale.
+
+On the y-axis, I'm
+going to plot the
+
+probability of bit error.
+
+Typically, what you do is
+you plot the y-axis
+
+on a semi-log scale.
+
+So this is ten to the minus six,
+ten to the minus five.
+
+If you want to do this in
+MATLAB, you can use this
+
+command semi-log y,
+and that does it.
+
+And so on.
+
+So can anybody say what will
+be a good candidate for the
+
+x-value at this point here?
+
+So what should be the Eb/N_0
+at this point?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It should be the
+Shannon limit, right?
+
+You cannot hope to go below
+the Shannon limit.
+
+So now, what Shannon
+says is that --
+
+so I'm going to plot this as
+my Shannon limit here.
+
+This probability of error will
+basically use the standard
+
+waterfall curve.
+
+This is 2-PAM.
+
+And if you look at the
+x-coordinates, then the value
+
+at ten to the minus
+five is 9.6 dB.
+
+So as a system designer, if you
+care about probability of
+
+error at ten to the negative
+five, then your gap to
+
+capacity, or gap to the ultimate
+limit, if you will,
+
+will be this, 9.6 minus
+of minus 1.59 dB.
+
+OK, I should not erase this.
+
+OK, so the first thing is at N
+to the minus five, our gap to
+
+the ultimate limit is 9.6
+plus 1.59 dB, and that's
+
+approximately 11.2 dB.
+
+OK?
+
+But there is one
+catch to this.
+
+This particular system has a
+spectral efficiency of two
+
+bits for two dimensions, whereas
+if you want to achieve
+
+something close to the Shanon
+limit, you have to drive the
+
+spectral efficiency
+down to zero.
+
+So you might say that this
+is not a fair comparison.
+
+So if you do want to make a fair
+comparison, you want to
+
+fix rho to be two bits
+for two dimensions.
+
+So if you fix rho for two bits
+per two dimensions, you will
+
+get a limit somewhere,
+not at 1.59 dB, but
+
+at some other point.
+
+This is if you fix rho2, two
+bits for two dimensions.
+
+Can anybody say what
+that point will be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: 3 over 2.
+
+1.5.
+
+What will it be in
+the log scale?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: 1.76.
+
+Good.
+
+So what we do know --
+
+if we do the calculation here.
+
+If you fix rho2, two bits for
+two dimensions, your Eb/N_0,
+
+we know, is greater than 2 to
+the rho minus 1 over rho,
+
+which is 3 over 2.
+
+And that is, if you remember
+your dB tables, 1.76 dB.
+
+Log of 3 is like 4.7, log of 2
+is like 3, so it's 1.76 dB.
+
+So in this case, your gap to the
+ultimate limit is going to
+
+be 9.6 minus 1.76, which
+comes out to be 7.8 dB.
+
+OK?
+
+So now, let us do the
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+Now in bandwidth-limited regime,
+the trade-off is Ps of
+
+E as a function of SNR norm.
+
+OK, so that's the trade-off
+we seek for.
+
+And the baseline system
+we will be
+
+using is an M-PAM system.
+
+So now, your constellation is
+going to be minus alpha,
+
+alpha, 3 alpha, minus 3 alpha,
+and so on, up to M
+
+minus 1 alpha --
+
+I always run out
+of room here --
+
+minus M minus 1 alpha.
+
+This is your constellation.
+
+Now what's the probability of
+error going to be for this
+
+constellation?
+
+Well, what's the probability
+of error for each
+
+intermediate point?
+
+There are two ways you
+can make an error.
+
+Say we say alpha, your noise
+is either too small, so it
+
+takes you to minus alpha.
+
+Your noise is too high, so
+it takes you to 3 alpha.
+
+For each one, the probability
+will be Q of --
+
+this distance is 2 alpha, it
+would be Q of alpha over
+
+sigma, because you will be
+having your decision regions
+
+right here.
+
+So in other words, for each
+intermediate point -- and
+
+there are M minus
+two of this --
+
+your probability of error would
+be 2 times Q of alpha
+
+over sigma.
+
+OK?
+
+And how many of them
+there are?
+
+There are M minus 2 of these.
+
+And if all the points are
+equally likely, and you want
+
+to find the probability of
+error, you divide by M.
+
+For the two end points, the
+noise can only make an error
+
+in one direction.
+
+So you get two over M times
+Q of alpha over sigma.
+
+You work this out, and you have
+two times M minus 1 over
+
+M, times Q of alpha
+over sigma.
+
+Now, we want to find probability
+of error for two
+
+symbols, because that's
+what Ps of E is, OK?
+
+So what's Ps of E going to be?
+
+Well, it's -- in terms of Pr
+of E, it's going to be one
+
+minus one minus Pr
+of E squared.
+
+This is the probability you make
+error in none of the two
+
+symbols, and 1 minus that will
+be the probability of error
+
+you make in at least
+one symbol.
+
+And that's going to be equal to
+two Pr of E, or it's four
+
+times M minus 1 over M,
+Q of alpha over sigma.
+
+Good, I did not write
+on this board.
+
+So now what remains to do
+is to relate alpha over
+
+sigma to SNR norm.
+
+And I had it on this
+board here.
+
+SNR norm, we just did in the
+previous example, for an M-PAM
+
+system is alpha squared
+over 3 sigma squared.
+
+OK?
+
+So I plug that in here, so I get
+Ps of E is 4 times M minus
+
+1 over M times Q of
+root 3 SNR norm.
+
+And if M is large, this is
+approximately 4 times Q of
+
+root 3 SNR norm.
+
+So we are plotting now
+probability of error as a
+
+function of SNR norm, similar to
+what we did in that part in
+
+the power-limited
+regime there.
+
+So this is Ps of E as a
+function of SNR norm.
+
+Now my Shannon limit would be at
+0 dB, so this is my Shannon
+
+limit point.
+
+This is ten to the minus six,
+ten to the minus five, ten to
+
+the minus four, ten to the minus
+three, ten to the minus
+
+two, and so on.
+
+This is going to be the
+performance of M-PAM.
+
+And again, I turn to the minus
+five, which will be the kind
+
+of performance criteria
+we'll be using
+
+throughout this course.
+
+You'll see that this
+y-axis is 8.4 dB.
+
+So in this case, the
+gap to capacity is
+
+going to be 8.4 dB.
+
+So if I want a certain spectral
+efficiency and I use
+
+M-PAM, I'm 8.4 dB away from
+the Shannon limit.
+
+The idea behind coding, as
+someone pointed out, was to
+
+start from here and do coding
+to come closer and closer to
+
+bridge this gap.
+
+OK?
+
+So are there any questions?
+
+We are almost end time.
+
+OK.
+
+I think -- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: A perfect code would
+just be literally like a step
+
+function --
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: -- all the way down.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's what
+Shannon coded.
+
+OK, I think this is a natural
+point to stop.
+
+We'll continue next class.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mf9Nn9PbGsE.txt b/Mf9Nn9PbGsE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..493b3701386767fe3ab4b077c23520fd841b65c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mf9Nn9PbGsE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we're going
+to do an exciting topic which is hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an exciting topic which is hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an exciting topic which is hashing
+uh do it all in one lecture that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do it all in one lecture that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do it all in one lecture that's the
+plan see we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan see we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan see we make it
+um you've probably heard about hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've probably heard about hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've probably heard about hashing
+it's probably the most common data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably the most common data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably the most common data
+structure in computer science it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in computer science it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in computer science it's
+governed in pretty much every algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed in pretty much every algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed in pretty much every algorithms
+class uh but there's a lot to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh but there's a lot to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh but there's a lot to say about
+it and I want to quickly review things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I want to quickly review things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I want to quickly review things
+you might know and then quickly get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know and then quickly get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know and then quickly get to
+things you shouldn't know um and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you shouldn't know um and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you shouldn't know um and we're
+going to talk on the one hand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk on the one hand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk on the one hand about
+different kinds of hash functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of hash functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of hash functions uh
+fancy stuff like ky's Independence and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff like ky's Independence and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff like ky's Independence and a
+new technique that's been analyzed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technique that's been analyzed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technique that's been analyzed a lot
+lately simple tabulation hashing just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately simple tabulation hashing just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately simple tabulation hashing just in
+the last year uh and then we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last year uh and then we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last year uh and then we'll look at
+ways to use those hash functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to use those hash functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to use those hash functions that
+actually build data structures chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build data structures chaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build data structures chaining
+is the obvious one perfect hashing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the obvious one perfect hashing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the obvious one perfect hashing you
+may have seen linear probing is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen linear probing is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen linear probing is another
+obvious one but has only been analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one but has only been analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one but has only been analyzed
+recently and cuckoo hashing is a new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and cuckoo hashing is a new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and cuckoo hashing is a new one
+uh that has its own fun features so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has its own fun features so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has its own fun features so
+that's where we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to go
+today remember basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today remember basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today remember basic idea of
+hashing is you want to reduce a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing is you want to reduce a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing is you want to reduce a giant
+Universe to a reasonably small table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe to a reasonably small table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe to a reasonably small table so
+going to call our hash function H going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call our hash function H going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call our hash function H going
+to call the universe integer 0 up to uus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the universe integer 0 up to uus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the universe integer 0 up to uus
+one so this is the universe and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is the universe and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is the universe and I'm
+going to denote the universe by capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to denote the universe by capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to denote the universe by capital
+u and we have a table that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and we have a table that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and we have a table that we'd like to
+store not going to draw it yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store not going to draw it yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store not going to draw it yet because
+that's the second half of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second half of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second half of the lecture
+what is the table actually but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the table actually but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the table actually but we'll
+just think of it as indices 0 through n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as indices 0 through n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as indices 0 through n
+minus one so this is the table size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this is the table size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this is the table size
+and probably we want M to be about n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably we want M to be about n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably we want M to be about n n
+is the number of keys we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of keys we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of keys we're actually
+storing in the table but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing in the table but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing in the table but that's not
+necessarily seen at this level so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily seen at this level so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily seen at this level so that's
+a hash function uh m is going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function uh m is going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function uh m is going to be much
+smaller than U we're just hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than U we're just hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than U we're just hashing
+integers here if you don't have integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers here if you don't have integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers here if you don't have integers
+you map your whatever space of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you map your whatever space of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you map your whatever space of things
+you have to integers that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to integers that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to integers that's pretty much
+always possible now best case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always possible now best case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always possible now best case scenario
+would be to use a totally random hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to use a totally random hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to use a totally random hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does totally random mean uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does totally random mean uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does totally random mean uh the
+probability if you choose your hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if you choose your hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if you choose your hash
+function uh that any key X maps to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh that any key X maps to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh that any key X maps to any
+particular slot these table things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slot these table things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slot these table things are
+called slots uh is 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slots uh is 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slots uh is 1 /
+M uh and this is independent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh and this is independent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh and this is independent for
+all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this would be ideal you choose each H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be ideal you choose each H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be ideal you choose each H
+ofx for every possible key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx for every possible key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx for every possible key
+randomly uh independently then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh independently then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh independently then that
+gives you perfect hashing not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you perfect hashing not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you perfect hashing not not
+perfect in this sense sorry gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect in this sense sorry gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect in this sense sorry gives you
+ideal hashing uh perfect means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal hashing uh perfect means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal hashing uh perfect means no
+collisions uh this actually might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh this actually might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh this actually might have
+collisions right there's some chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions right there's some chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions right there's some chance
+that you the two keys hash to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you the two keys hash to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you the two keys hash to the same
+value we call this totally random this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we call this totally random this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we call this totally random this
+is sort of the ideal thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the ideal thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the ideal thing that we're
+trying to approximate with reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to approximate with reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to approximate with reasonable
+hash functions why is this bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions why is this bad because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions why is this bad because
+it's big um the number of bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big um the number of bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big um the number of bits of
+information you need to if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to if you actually
+could flip all these coins you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could flip all these coins you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could flip all these coins you need to
+write down um I guess U time log M bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down um I guess U time log M bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down um I guess U time log M bits
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information okay which is generally way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay which is generally way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay which is generally way
+too big we can't afford you the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big we can't afford you the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big we can't afford you the whole
+point is we want to store and items much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we want to store and items much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we want to store and items much
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+you uh but surprisingly this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh but surprisingly this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh but surprisingly this concept
+will still be useful so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be useful so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be useful so we'll get
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+there uh another system you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh another system you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh another system you've probably
+seen is universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is universal
+hashing this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint on hash function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on hash function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on hash function so this
+would be ideally you choose h uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ideally you choose h uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ideally you choose h uniformly
+at random from all hash functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random from all hash functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random from all hash functions that
+would give you this probability we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you this probability we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you this probability we're
+going to make a smaller set of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a smaller set of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a smaller set of hash
+functions whose size is much smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions whose size is much smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions whose size is much smaller and
+so you can encode the hash function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can encode the hash function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can encode the hash function in
+many fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer
+bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+uh and the property we want from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the property we want from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the property we want from that
+hash family is that if you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash family is that if you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash family is that if you look at uh
+the probability that two keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that two keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that two keys
+Collide you get roughly what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide you get roughly what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide you get roughly what you expect
+from totally random which is you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from totally random which is you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from totally random which is you would
+hope for 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for 1 over
+M once you pick one key the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M once you pick one key the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M once you pick one key the probability
+the other key would hit it would be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other key would hit it would be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other key would hit it would be 1
+over M um but will'll allow constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M um but will'll allow constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M um but will'll allow constant
+factor and also allow it to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and also allow it to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and also allow it to be smaller
+uh it gives us some slop you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives us some slop you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives us some slop you don't have
+to do this if you don't do this you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this if you don't do this you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this if you don't do this you it's
+called strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called strongly
+Universal uh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal uh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal uh but that's
+Universal and Universal is enough for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and Universal is enough for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and Universal is enough for a
+lot of things that you've probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that you've probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that you've probably seen
+uh but not enough for other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not enough for other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not enough for other things so
+here's some examples of hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some examples of hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some examples of hash functions
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+Universal which again you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen you can take a random integer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you can take a random integer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen you can take a random integer a
+multiply it by X integer multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by X integer multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by X integer multiplication
+you could also do this as a vector wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also do this as a vector wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also do this as a vector wise
+do product but uh here I'm doing it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do product but uh here I'm doing it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do product but uh here I'm doing it as
+multiplication modul prime prime has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication modul prime prime has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication modul prime prime has to
+be uh bigger than U maybe bigger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh bigger than U maybe bigger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh bigger than U maybe bigger or
+equal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+uh Universe uh and then you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Universe uh and then you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Universe uh and then you take the
+whole thing modul M now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing modul M now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing modul M now this is
+universal but it loses a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal but it loses a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal but it loses a factor of two
+here I believe in general because uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I believe in general because uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I believe in general because uh you
+take things modulo Prime and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take things modulo Prime and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take things modulo Prime and then you
+take things modul whatever your table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take things modul whatever your table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take things modul whatever your table
+size is if you set your table size to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is if you set your table size to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is if you set your table size to p
+that's great uh I think you get a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great uh I think you get a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great uh I think you get a factor
+of one if you don't um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one if you don't um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one if you don't um you're
+essentially losing possibly half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially losing possibly half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially losing possibly half the
+slots uh depending on how M and P are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots uh depending on how M and P are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots uh depending on how M and P are
+relate to each other so it's it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other so it's it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other so it's it's okay
+but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
+great uh it's also considered expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh it's also considered expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh it's also considered expensive
+because you have to do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to do all this
+division people don't like to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division people don't like to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division people don't like to do so
+there's a fancier method which is uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fancier method which is uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fancier method which is uh I
+guess a * X shifted right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a * X shifted right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a * X shifted right
+by log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by log
+U minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M this is when uh M and U are powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this is when uh M and U are powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this is when uh M and U are powers of
+two which is a case we kind of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is a case we kind of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is a case we kind of care
+about usually your universe is uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about usually your universe is uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about usually your universe is uh of
+size two to the word size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size two to the word size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size two to the word size of your
+machine two to the 32 two to the 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine two to the 32 two to the 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine two to the 32 two to the 64
+however big your integers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however big your integers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however big your integers are
+so it's usually a power of two and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's usually a power of two and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's usually a power of two and it's
+fine to make your table a power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to make your table a power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to make your table a power of two
+we're probably going to be use table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably going to be use table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably going to be use table
+doubling so uh you you just multiply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling so uh you you just multiply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling so uh you you just multiply and
+then take the high order bits that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the high order bits that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the high order bits that's
+what this is saying uh so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying uh so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying uh so this is a
+method more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method more recent
+1997 whereas this one goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 whereas this one goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 whereas this one goes back to
+1979 so 79
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 so 79
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 so 79
+97 um and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 um and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 um and it's also
+Universal okay there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal okay there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal okay there's a lot of
+universal hash functions I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal hash functions I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal hash functions I'm not going
+to list them all I'd rather get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list them all I'd rather get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list them all I'd rather get to
+Stronger properties than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stronger properties than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stronger properties than
+universality so next one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence this is harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence this is harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence this is harder to
+obtain and it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+universality so we want a family of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh maybe let's start with just pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe let's start with just pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe let's start with just pairwise
+Independence k equal 2 then what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence k equal 2 then what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence k equal 2 then what this is
+saying is the the probability over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is the the probability over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is the the probability over your
+choice of hash function that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of hash function that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of hash function that the first
+key maps to this slot T1 and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key maps to this slot T1 and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key maps to this slot T1 and the second
+key maps to some other slot T2 for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key maps to some other slot T2 for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key maps to some other slot T2 for any
+two keys X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys X1 and
+XK uh should be if your function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK uh should be if your function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK uh should be if your function was
+random each of those happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random each of those happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random each of those happens with
+probability 1 over M they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over M they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over M they're independent
+so you get 1 over m to the K or 1/ m^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get 1 over m to the K or 1/ m^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get 1 over m to the K or 1/ m^2
+for k =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k =
+2 uh even in that situation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh even in that situation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh even in that situation that's
+different from saying the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from saying the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from saying the probability of
+two keys being equal is 1 / M this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys being equal is 1 / M this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys being equal is 1 / M this would
+imply that but here there could still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that but here there could still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that but here there could still be
+some codependence between X and Y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some codependence between X and Y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some codependence between X and Y here
+there essentially can't be I mean other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there essentially can't be I mean other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there essentially can't be I mean other
+than this constant Factor okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this constant Factor okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this constant Factor okay so
+pairwise Independence means every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise Independence means every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise Independence means every two
+guys are independent kwise means every K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are independent kwise means every K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are independent kwise means every K
+guys are independent up to the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are independent up to the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are independent up to the constant
+Factor uh so this is for distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XIs obviously if two of them are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs obviously if two of them are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs obviously if two of them are equal
+they're very likely to Hash to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very likely to Hash to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very likely to Hash to the same
+same slot so we got to forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same slot so we got to forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same slot so we got to forbid
+that okay so an example of such a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so an example of such a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so an example of such a hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is here we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here we just
+took product in general you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took product in general you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took product in general you can take a
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of degree K minus one evaluate that mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P and then if you want some uh module of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and then if you want some uh module of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and then if you want some uh module of
+that to your table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to your table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to your table
+size uh so in particular if k equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh so in particular if k equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh so in particular if k equals 2
+we actually have to do some work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have to do some work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have to do some work this
+function is not uh two wise not pawise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not uh two wise not pawise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not uh two wise not pawise
+independent it is universal if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it is universal if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it is universal if you make
+it ax plus b for random A and B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ax plus b for random A and B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ax plus b for random A and B then
+this becomes PA wise independent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes PA wise independent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes PA wise independent in
+general you want three three y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you want three three y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you want three three y's
+independent triple y's independent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent triple y's independent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent triple y's independent you
+need uh a x^2 plus b x plus C for random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh a x^2 plus b x plus C for random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh a x^2 plus b x plus C for random
+abs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abs and
+C's so these are arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's so these are arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's so these are arbitrary
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+uh between zero and P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess okay uh this is also old from 1981
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay uh this is also old from 1981
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay uh this is also old from 1981
+vman and Carter introduce these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vman and Carter introduce these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vman and Carter introduce these two
+Notions in a couple different papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions in a couple different papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions in a couple different papers
+this it's an old idea um this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an old idea um this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's an old idea um this is of
+course expensive in that we pay order K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course expensive in that we pay order K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course expensive in that we pay order K
+time to evaluate it uh it's also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to evaluate it uh it's also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to evaluate it uh it's also you
+know there's a lot of multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a lot of multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a lot of multiplications
+and you have to do everything modul P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to do everything modul P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to do everything modul P so
+a lot of people have worked on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have worked on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have worked on more
+efficient ways to do Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient ways to do Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient ways to do Independence
+and there are two main results on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two main results on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two main results on
+this both of them achieve n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this both of them achieve n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this both of them achieve n to the
+Epsilon space which is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one of them the query dep query time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of them the query dep query time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of them the query dep query time
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+K and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform and reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practical as experiments uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical as experiments uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical as experiments uh the other
+one is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query uh for logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence uh so this one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence uh so this one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence uh so this one is actually
+later it's by Thorp and Zong and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's by Thorp and Zong and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's by Thorp and Zong and this is
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+seagull uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seagull uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seagull uh both
+2004 so fairly recent um I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 so fairly recent um I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 so fairly recent um I guess it
+takes a fair amount of space so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a fair amount of space so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a fair amount of space so you can
+actually prove this paper proves that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove this paper proves that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove this paper proves that to
+get constant query time for logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant query time for logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant query time for logarithmic
+Independence you need quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence you need quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence you need quite a bit of
+space to store your hash function keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to store your hash function keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to store your hash function keep
+in mind these hash functions only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind these hash functions only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind these hash functions only take
+uh well this is like K login bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well this is like K login bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well this is like K login bits to
+store uh so we're not this is words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store uh so we're not this is words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store uh so we're not this is words of
+space so here we're only spending K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so here we're only spending K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so here we're only spending K
+words of uh to store this hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of uh to store this hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of uh to store this hash function
+is very small here you need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small here you need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small here you need something
+depending on N which is kind of annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on N which is kind of annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on N which is kind of annoying
+especially you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you want to be
+dynamic uh but statically you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic uh but statically you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic uh but statically you can get
+constant query logarithmic wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant query logarithmic wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant query logarithmic wise
+Independence but you have to pay a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but you have to pay a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but you have to pay a lot
+in space uh and then yeah there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space uh and then yeah there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space uh and then yeah there's more
+practical methods this is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical methods this is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical methods this is especially
+practical for k equals 5 which is a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical for k equals 5 which is a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical for k equals 5 which is a case
+uh that we'll see is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we'll see is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we'll see is of
+interest um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um
+cool so this much space is necessary if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so this much space is necessary if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so this much space is necessary if
+you want we'll see uh log wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want we'll see uh log wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want we'll see uh log wise
+Independence is the most we'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence is the most we'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence is the most we'll ever
+require in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class and as far as I know in hashing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and as far as I know in hashing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and as far as I know in hashing in
+general so you don't need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so you don't need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so you don't need to worry about
+more than log wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence all right one more hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme it's called
+Simple tabulation hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+is a simple idea it goes also back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple idea it goes also back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple idea it goes also back to
+81 but it's just been analyzed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 but it's just been analyzed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 but it's just been analyzed last
+year so there's a lot of results to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so there's a lot of results to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so there's a lot of results to
+report on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on
+it the idea is just take your integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the idea is just take your integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the idea is just take your integer
+split it up into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base so that there's exactly uh C digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so that there's exactly uh C digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so that there's exactly uh C digits
+or we'll call them characters C's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll call them characters C's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll call them characters C's going
+to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a
+constant then build a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random hash table this is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash table this is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash table this is the thing that
+we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't
+afford but we're just going to do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford but we're just going to do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford but we're just going to do it on
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+character so there's going to be C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so there's going to be C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so there's going to be C of
+these hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tables and each of them is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and each of them is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and each of them is going to have
+size uh U to the 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh U to the 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh U to the 1 /
+C so essentially we're getting uh U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so essentially we're getting uh U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so essentially we're getting uh U to
+the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon
+space which is similar to these space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is similar to these space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is similar to these space
+bounds so again not great but uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so again not great but uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so again not great but uh it's a
+really simple hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function hash function is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hash function is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hash function is just going to
+be uh you take your first table apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh you take your first table apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh you take your first table apply it
+to the first character exor that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first character exor that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first character exor that with
+the second uh table applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second uh table applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second uh table applied to the
+second character and so on through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second character and so on through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second character and so on through all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characters so a nice thing about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters so a nice thing about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters so a nice thing about this is
+it's super simple you can imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super simple you can imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super simple you can imagine this
+being done probably in one instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done probably in one instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done probably in one instruction
+on a fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fancy
+CPU if you convince people this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU if you convince people this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU if you convince people this is a
+cool enough instruction to have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool enough instruction to have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool enough instruction to have it's
+very simple to implement circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to implement circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to implement circuit
+wise uh but in our model where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise uh but in our model where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise uh but in our model where you can
+you have to do all these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do all these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do all these operations
+separately you're going to take order C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately you're going to take order C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately you're going to take order C
+time to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the one thing that's known about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one thing that's known about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one thing that's known about it
+is that it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent 3 wi independent so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent 3 wi independent so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent 3 wi independent so it does
+kind of fit in this model but three wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fit in this model but three wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fit in this model but three wise
+Independence is not very impressive uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence is not very impressive uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence is not very impressive uh a
+lot of the results we see require log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the results we see require log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the results we see require log
+and Independence but uh the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Independence but uh the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Independence but uh the cool thing
+is roughly speaking simple tabulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly speaking simple tabulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly speaking simple tabulation
+hashing is almost as good as log n y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing is almost as good as log n y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing is almost as good as log n y's
+Independence in all the hashing schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence in all the hashing schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence in all the hashing schemes
+that we care about and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about and so
+we'll get there exactly what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so that was my overview of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so that was my overview of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so that was my overview of some
+hash functions these two guys uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions these two guys uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions these two guys uh next
+we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look
+at basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chaining perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashing how many people have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing how many people have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing how many people have seen
+perfect hashing just to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect hashing just to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect hashing just to get a
+sense okay more than half maybe 2/3 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay more than half maybe 2/3 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay more than half maybe 2/3 all
+right I should do this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I should do this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I should do this really
+fast okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay
+chaining this is the first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining this is the first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining this is the first kind of
+hashing you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing you usually
+see uh you have your hash function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh you have your hash function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh you have your hash function which
+is mapping Keys into slots if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mapping Keys into slots if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mapping Keys into slots if you have
+two keys that go to the same slot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys that go to the same slot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys that go to the same slot you
+store them as a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them as a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them as a link
+list okay if you don't have anything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay if you don't have anything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay if you don't have anything the
+slot it's blank so this very easy um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot it's blank so this very easy um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot it's blank so this very easy um if
+you look at a particular slot T and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a particular slot T and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a particular slot T and call
+the length of the chain that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the chain that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the chain that you get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+CT uh you can look at the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT uh you can look at the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT uh you can look at the expected
+length of that chain in general is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that chain in general is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that chain in general is just
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+sum of probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your that the keys map to that slot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that the keys map to that slot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that the keys map to that slot and
+then you sum over all keys uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sum over all keys uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sum over all keys uh this is
+just writing this as a sum of indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing this as a sum of indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing this as a sum of indicator
+random variables and then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and then each
+expectation linearity of expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation linearity of expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation linearity of expectation
+expectation of each of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of each of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of each of the of the
+indicator variables is probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variables is probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variables is probability so
+that is the expected number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the expected number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the expected number uh
+and fine so uh here we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fine so uh here we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fine so uh here we just need to
+compute the probability each guy goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability each guy goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability each guy goes to
+each slot as long as your hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each slot as long as your hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each slot as long as your hash function
+is uniform meaning that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniform meaning that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniform meaning that each of these
+guys is sort of Rel equally likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is sort of Rel equally likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is sort of Rel equally likely to be
+hashed to well actually we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed to well actually we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed to well actually we're looking at
+particular slot so we're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slot so we're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slot so we're essentially
+using universality here probability once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using universality here probability once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using universality here probability once
+we fix one slot that we care about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fix one slot that we care about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fix one slot that we care about so
+let T be some h of Y that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let T be some h of Y that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let T be some h of Y that we care about
+then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is
+universality uh by by universality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality uh by by universality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality uh by by universality we
+know this is 1/ M and so uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is 1/ M and so uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is 1/ M and so uh this is
+whatever n / M usually called the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever n / M usually called the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever n / M usually called the load
+factor and what we care about is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and what we care about is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and what we care about is this is
+constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for
+M uhal Theta n and so use table doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uhal Theta n and so use table doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uhal Theta n and so use table doubling
+to keep M Theta n boom you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep M Theta n boom you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep M Theta n boom you've got
+expected chain length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected chain length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected chain length
+constant but in this world you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but in this world you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but in this world you know my
+in the theory World expected is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theory World expected is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theory World expected is a very
+weak bound what we want are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak bound what we want are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak bound what we want are high
+probability bounds so let me tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability bounds so let me tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability bounds so let me tell you a
+little bit about high probability bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about high probability bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about high probability bounds
+this you may not have seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you may not have seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you may not have seen as
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start with if your hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with if your hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with if your hash
+function is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is totally
+random then uh your chain lengths will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random then uh your chain lengths will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random then uh your chain lengths will
+be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order
+log n over log log n with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n over log log n with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n over log log n with high
+probability they are not constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability they are not constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability they are not constant in
+fact you expect the maximum chain to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you expect the maximum chain to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you expect the maximum chain to be
+at least log n over log log N I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least log n over log log N I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least log n over log log N I won't
+prove that here instead I'll prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that here instead I'll prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that here instead I'll prove the
+upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh claim is that while an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claim is that while an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claim is that while an expectation
+each of them is constant uh the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is constant uh the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is constant uh the variance
+is essentially high you can get well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially high you can get well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially high you can get well
+actually yeah fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let's talk about variance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's talk about variance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's talk about variance a
+little bit sorry getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distracted so you might say oh uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted so you might say oh uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted so you might say oh uh okay
+expectation is nice let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is nice let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is nice let's look at
+variance turns out variance is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance turns out variance is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance turns out variance is constant
+for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these
+chains uh you there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains uh you there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains uh you there are various
+definitions of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of variance
+uh but in particular the formula I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in particular the formula I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in particular the formula I want
+to use is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+writes it as some expectations now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes it as some expectations now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes it as some expectations now this
+expected chain lengths we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected chain lengths we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected chain lengths we know is
+constant so you square it it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you square it it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you square it it's still
+constant so that's sort of irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that's sort of irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that's sort of irrelevant
+interesting part is what is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is what is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is what is the uh
+expected squared chain lengths now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected squared chain lengths now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected squared chain lengths now this
+is going to depend exactly on your hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend exactly on your hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend exactly on your hash
+function uh let's analyze it for totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh let's analyze it for totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh let's analyze it for totally
+random in general we just need a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in general we just need a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in general we just need a certain
+a kind of symmetry here you can write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of symmetry here you can write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of symmetry here you can write uh
+yeah sorry where am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry where am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry where am
+I here I look look at the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here I look look at the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here I look look at the expected
+squared chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared chain
+lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths
+uh and instead what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and instead what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and instead what I'd like to do is
+just sum over all of them this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum over all of them this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum over all of them this is going
+to be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be easier to
+analyze so this is the expected squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze so this is the expected squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze so this is the expected squar
+chain lengths if I sum over all chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain lengths if I sum over all chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain lengths if I sum over all chains
+and then divide take the average then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide take the average then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide take the average then
+I'll probably get the expected chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably get the expected chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably get the expected chain
+length of any individual as long as hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of any individual as long as hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of any individual as long as hash
+function is symmetric all the keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is symmetric all the keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is symmetric all the keys are
+sort of equally likely this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true uh and then you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh and then you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh and then you could just
+basically apply a random permutation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically apply a random permutation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically apply a random permutation to
+your keys to make this true if it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your keys to make this true if it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your keys to make this true if it isn't
+already so now this thing is just uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so now this thing is just uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so now this thing is just uh the
+number of pairs of keys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairs of keys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairs of keys that
+Collide so you can forget about slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide so you can forget about slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide so you can forget about slots
+this is just uh the sum over all pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh the sum over all pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh the sum over all pairs
+of keys I J of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keys I J of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keys I J of the
+probability that x i hashes to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x i hashes to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x i hashes to the same
+spot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot as
+XJ and that's something we know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ and that's something we know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ and that's something we know by
+universality this is 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality this is 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality this is 1/
+M Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Big
+O uh the number of pairs is m^ 2 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O uh the number of pairs is m^ 2 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O uh the number of pairs is m^ 2 so we
+get m^ 2 * 1 M * 1 M this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay so variance is actually small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so variance is actually small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so variance is actually small
+that's not a good indicator of how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good indicator of how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good indicator of how big
+our chains can get cuz still with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chains can get cuz still with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chains can get cuz still with high
+probability one of the chains will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one of the chains will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one of the chains will be
+log in over log log n just typical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in over log log n just typical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in over log log n just typical one
+won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+be uh let's prove the upper bound this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh let's prove the upper bound this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh let's prove the upper bound this
+uses uh turnoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh turnoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh turnoff
+bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+so this is a tail bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a tail bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a tail bound
+essentially ah I haven't probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially ah I haven't probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially ah I haven't probably
+defined with high probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined with high probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined with high probability is
+probably good to remember review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good to remember review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good to remember review this
+this means probability at least 1 - 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means probability at least 1 - 1 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means probability at least 1 - 1 n
+the C where I get to choose uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C where I get to choose uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C where I get to choose uh any
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+C so that's high probability means polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's high probability means polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's high probability means polom
+a small failure probability this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small failure probability this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small failure probability this is good
+because if you do this polom many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you do this polom many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you do this polom many times
+uh this property remains true uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this property remains true uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this property remains true uh you
+just up your constant by however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just up your constant by however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just up your constant by however many
+times you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you're going to use
+it so uh we prove these kinds of bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh we prove these kinds of bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh we prove these kinds of bounds
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+turnoff which looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnoff which looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnoff which looks something like this
+e to the C minus one mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the C minus one mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the C minus one mu
+over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C
+mu C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu C
+mu so mu here is the mean the mean we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so mu here is the mean the mean we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so mu here is the mean the mean we've
+already computed is constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed is constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed is constant the
+expectation of the CT variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the CT variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the CT variable is
+constant uh so we want it uh to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh so we want it uh to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh so we want it uh to be not
+much larger than that so we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than that so we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than that so we say the
+probability that it's some fact or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's some fact or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's some fact or
+larger C doesn't have to be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger C doesn't have to be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger C doesn't have to be constant
+here sorry bet maybe not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry bet maybe not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry bet maybe not great
+terminology um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology um
+so uh probability CT is at least some c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh probability CT is at least some c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh probability CT is at least some c
+times the mean is going to be at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mean is going to be at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mean is going to be at most
+this exponential which is a bit annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential which is a bit annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential which is a bit annoying
+or a bit ugly but uh in particular if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bit ugly but uh in particular if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bit ugly but uh in particular if we
+plug in Cal log n over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in Cal log n over log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in Cal log n over log log
+n use that as our factor which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n use that as our factor which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n use that as our factor which is what
+we're concerned about here then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned about here then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned about here then we get
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+is uh essentially dominated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh essentially dominated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh essentially dominated by the
+bottom term here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom term here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom term here and this
+becomes uh log n over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n to the Power log n over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the Power log n over log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the Power log n over log log
+n so essentially get one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so essentially get one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so essentially get one over
+that and if you take this bottom part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you take this bottom part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you take this bottom part
+and put it into the exponent you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into the exponent you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into the exponent you get
+essentially log log n so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially log log n so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially log log n so this is
+something like 1 over 2 to the log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1 over 2 to the log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1 over 2 to the log n
+over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log log
+n time log log n and log log n's cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time log log n and log log n's cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time log log n and log log n's cancel
+and so this is basically 1 / n and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is basically 1 / n and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is basically 1 / n and if
+you put a constant in here you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a constant in here you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a constant in here you can get a
+constant in the exponent here so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in the exponent here so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in the exponent here so you can
+get probability failure probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get probability failure probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get probability failure probability 1
+over n to the C so get this with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n to the C so get this with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n to the C so get this with high
+probability bound as long as uh you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability bound as long as uh you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability bound as long as uh you go
+up to a chain length of log n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a chain length of log n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a chain length of log n over log
+log n is not true otherwise so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is not true otherwise so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is not true otherwise so this is
+kind of depressing is one reason we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depressing is one reason we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depressing is one reason we will
+turn to perfect hashing some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to perfect hashing some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to perfect hashing some of the
+chains are long but there is a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains are long but there is a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains are long but there is a sense in
+which this is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is not so
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+um so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let
+me go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that kind of want all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+that since when is Log and long well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since when is Log and long well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since when is Log and long well uh
+just right so the I mean in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right so the I mean in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right so the I mean in some sense
+the name of the game here is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game here is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the game here is we want to
+beat binary search trees right I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat binary search trees right I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat binary search trees right I didn't
+even mention what problem we're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mention what problem we're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mention what problem we're solving
+we're solving the dictionary problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're solving the dictionary problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're solving the dictionary problem
+which is store a bunch of keys insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is store a bunch of keys insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is store a bunch of keys insert
+delete and search is now just exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete and search is now just exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete and search is now just exact
+search I want to know is this key in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I want to know is this key in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I want to know is this key in
+there if so find some data associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if so find some data associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if so find some data associated
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+um which is something binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is something binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is something binary search
+trees could do in log end time and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees could do in log end time and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees could do in log end time and we've
+seen various fancy ways to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen various fancy ways to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen various fancy ways to try to make
+that better but in the worst case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that better but in the worst case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that better but in the worst case you
+need login time to do binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need login time to do binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need login time to do binary search
+trees we want to get to constant as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we want to get to constant as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we want to get to constant as much
+as possible so that's we want uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible so that's we want uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible so that's we want uh the
+hash function to be evaluatable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function to be evaluatable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function to be evaluatable in
+constant time we want uh the queries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time we want uh the queries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time we want uh the queries to
+be done in constant time if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done in constant time if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done in constant time if you have a
+long chain you've got to search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chain you've got to search the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chain you've got to search the
+whole chain uh and I don't want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole chain uh and I don't want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole chain uh and I don't want to spend
+log n over log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n over log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n over log log n
+Because I Said So admittedly log n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I Said So admittedly log n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I Said So admittedly log n over
+log n is not that big and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is not that big and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is not that big and furthermore
+the following holds this is a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following holds this is a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following holds this is a sense in
+which it's not really login over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's not really login over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's not really login over log
+again if we change the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we change the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we change the model
+briefly and say well suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and say well suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and say well suppose I have a
+cache of the last log in items that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache of the last log in items that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache of the last log in items that I
+searched for in the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table uh then if you're totally random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table uh then if you're totally random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table uh then if you're totally random
+which is something we assumed here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something we assumed here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something we assumed here in
+order to apply the turnoff bound we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to apply the turnoff bound we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to apply the turnoff bound we
+needed that everything was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed that everything was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed that everything was completely
+random uh then you get a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh then you get a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh then you get a constant
+amortised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised
+bound uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation so this is kind of funny in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so this is kind of funny in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so this is kind of funny in
+fact all it's saying this is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all it's saying this is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all it's saying this is easy to
+prove um and it's not yet in any paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove um and it's not yet in any paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove um and it's not yet in any paper
+it's on uh Mii patu's blog from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on uh Mii patu's blog from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on uh Mii patu's blog from
+2011 uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 uh you
+take all right we're here we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all right we're here we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all right we're here we're looking
+at different chains so you access some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different chains so you access some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different chains so you access some
+chain then you access another chain then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain then you access another chain then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain then you access another chain then
+you access another chain um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you access another chain um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you access another chain um if you're
+unlucky you you'll hit the Big Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky you you'll hit the Big Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky you you'll hit the Big Chain
+which costs log n over log log n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which costs log n over log log n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which costs log n over log log n to
+touch uh which is expensive but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch uh which is expensive but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch uh which is expensive but you
+could then put all those guys into cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then put all those guys into cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then put all those guys into cash
+and if you happen to keep probing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you happen to keep probing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you happen to keep probing there
+uh you know it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it should be
+faster in general you do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in general you do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in general you do a bunch of
+searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches
+okay let's you know I do first I search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's you know I do first I search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's you know I do first I search
+for X1 then I search for X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X1 then I search for X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X1 then I search for X2
+X3 so on cluster those into groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 so on cluster those into groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 so on cluster those into groups of
+theta log n okay let's look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta log n okay let's look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta log n okay let's look at the first
+log n searches then the next log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n searches then the next log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n searches then the next log n
+searches and analyze those separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches and analyze those separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches and analyze those separately
+we're going to amortize over that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to amortize over that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to amortize over that period
+of log n so if we look at Theta log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log n so if we look at Theta log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log n so if we look at Theta log
+in uh actually this is written in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh actually this is written in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh actually this is written in a
+funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got the Theta just log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so I'm going to look at a batch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so I'm going to look at a batch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so I'm going to look at a batch of
+login operations and I claim that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login operations and I claim that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login operations and I claim that the
+number of keys that collide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them is Theta log n with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is Theta log n with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is Theta log n with high
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if this is true then I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is true then I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is true then I just
+charge uh I mean it's then it's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh I mean it's then it's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh I mean it's then it's constant
+each if I can do log n operations by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each if I can do log n operations by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each if I can do log n operations by
+visiting order log in total chain items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting order log in total chain items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting order log in total chain items
+with high probability then I just charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability then I just charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability then I just charge
+one each and so amortise over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each and so amortise over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each and so amortise over this
+little log in Wind window of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little log in Wind window of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little log in Wind window of sort of
+smoothing the cost with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing the cost with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing the cost with high probability
+now not just expectation I get constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not just expectation I get constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not just expectation I get constant
+amortised per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised per
+operation as I should have said high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability uh why is this true uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh why is this true uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh why is this true uh it's
+essentially the same argument here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same argument here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same argument here uh
+this is normally called a balls and Bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normally called a balls and Bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normally called a balls and Bin
+argument so you're throwing balls which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so you're throwing balls which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so you're throwing balls which
+are your keys randomly into your bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your keys randomly into your bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your keys randomly into your bins
+which are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are your
+slots and the expectation is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and the expectation is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and the expectation is constant
+probability any one of them uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability any one of them uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability any one of them uh I mean
+any one of them could go up to log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them could go up to log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them could go up to log n
+over log again high probability um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log again high probability um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log again high probability um over
+here we're looking at log n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're looking at log n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're looking at log n different
+slots and taking the sum of balls that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and taking the sum of balls that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and taking the sum of balls that
+fall into each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into each of the
+slots and in expectation that's log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and in expectation that's log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and in expectation that's log n
+because it's constant each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's constant each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's constant each and
+expectation is linear if you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is linear if you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is linear if you're taking
+the sum over these log n bins so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over these log n bins so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over these log n bins so the
+expectation is log n so you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is log n so you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is log n so you apply
+turnoff again except now the mean is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnoff again except now the mean is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnoff again except now the mean is log
+n and then it suffices to put C equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then it suffices to put C equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then it suffices to put C equals 2
+can we can run through this so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can run through this so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can run through this so here we
+get the mean is uh Theta log n we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mean is uh Theta log n we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mean is uh Theta log n we expect
+there to to be log n items that fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to to be log n items that fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to to be log n items that fall
+into these log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these log n
+bins and so you just plug in sqls 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and so you just plug in sqls 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and so you just plug in sqls 2 to
+the turnoff bound and you get uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turnoff bound and you get uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turnoff bound and you get uh let's
+see e to the log n which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see e to the log n which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see e to the log n which is kind of
+weird over 2 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird over 2 log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird over 2 log
+n to the 2 log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 2 log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the 2 log
+n so this thing is like uh roughly n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this thing is like uh roughly n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this thing is like uh roughly n
+this is like n to the log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like n to the log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like n to the log log
+n two even so this is big way bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n two even so this is big way bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n two even so this is big way bigger
+than this so This essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this so This essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this so This essentially
+disappears uh and in particular this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears uh and in particular this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears uh and in particular this is
+bigger than n to the c one over n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n to the c one over n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n to the c one over n to the
+C for any c log log n is bigger than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for any c log log n is bigger than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for any c log log n is bigger than any
+constant so you're done uh the pro so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you're done uh the pro so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so you're done uh the pro so
+that's just saying the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just saying the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just saying the probability that
+you're more than twice the mean is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more than twice the mean is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more than twice the mean is is uh
+very very small so with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small so with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small so with high probability
+It's Only log and items that fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's Only log and items that fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's Only log and items that fall in
+these log n bins so you just advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these log n bins so you just advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these log n bins so you just advertise
+boom constant this is kind of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom constant this is kind of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom constant this is kind of a weird
+notion I've never actually seen amorti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion I've never actually seen amorti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion I've never actually seen amorti
+with high probability ever in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability ever in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability ever in a paper
+this is the first time it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time it seems like a
+useful concept uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful concept uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful concept uh
+so if you think Logan over Logan is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think Logan over Logan is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think Logan over Logan is log
+Lan is bad this is a sense in which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan is bad this is a sense in which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan is bad this is a sense in which it's
+okay don't don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't don't worry about
+it all right but if you did worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right but if you did worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right but if you did worry about
+it next thing you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it next thing you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it next thing you do is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um perfect hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perfect hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perfect hashing
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so perfect hashing is really just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfect hashing is really just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfect hashing is really just an
+embellishment on this is also called FKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellishment on this is also called FKS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellishment on this is also called FKS
+hashing from the authors fredman KLOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing from the authors fredman KLOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing from the authors fredman KLOS
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Samar this is from 1984 so old idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samar this is from 1984 so old idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samar this is from 1984 so old idea you
+just take chaining but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take chaining but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take chaining but instead of
+storing your chains in the link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing your chains in the link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing your chains in the link list
+store them in a hash table simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in a hash table simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in a hash table simple idea
+uh there's one clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick you store it in a big cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table cash table of size call it Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table cash table of size call it Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table cash table of size call it Theta
+ct^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct^
+s now this looks like a problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now this looks like a problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now this looks like a problem because
+that's going to be quadratic space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be quadratic space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be quadratic space in
+the worst case if everybody hashes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case if everybody hashes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case if everybody hashes to
+the same chain but we know the chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chain but we know the chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chain but we know the chains
+are pretty small with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty small with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty small with high
+probability uh so turns out this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh so turns out this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh so turns out this is okay
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+space is sum of ct^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s okay so and that's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so and that's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so and that's something we
+actually computed already except I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computed already except I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computed already except I
+erased it how convenient of me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased it how convenient of me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased it how convenient of me it was
+right here can still barely read it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here can still barely read it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here can still barely read it uh
+when we computed the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we computed the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we computed the variance
+um we can do it again it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can do it again it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can do it again it's not really
+that hard this is the number of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard this is the number of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard this is the number of pairs of
+keys that Collide and so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that Collide and so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that Collide and so this is uh
+there's n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n s
+Pairs and each of them has probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and each of them has probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and each of them has probability 1
+over M of colliding if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M of colliding if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M of colliding if you have a
+universal hash function so this is n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal hash function so this is n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal hash function so this is n^2
+M which if m is within a constant factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M which if m is within a constant factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M which if m is within a constant factor
+of n is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so linear space in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry expected amount of space is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry expected amount of space is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry expected amount of space is linear
+I won't try to do it with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't try to do it with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't try to do it with high
+probability bound here uh what else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability bound here uh what else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability bound here uh what else can
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say uh you have to play a similar trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh you have to play a similar trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh you have to play a similar trick
+when you're actually building these hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually building these hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually building these hash
+tables all right so why do we use N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables all right so why do we use N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables all right so why do we use N
+squared uh because of the birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh because of the birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh because of the birthday
+Paradox right so the if you have a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox right so the if you have a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox right so the if you have a hash
+table of size n of size n^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of size n of size n^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of size n of size n^ squ
+essentially or ct^ S the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially or ct^ S the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially or ct^ S the
+probability uh with high probability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh with high probability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh with high probability or
+constant probability you don't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant probability you don't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant probability you don't get any
+collisions why because then the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions why because then the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions why because then the expected
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions and CT uh well there's CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and CT uh well there's CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and CT uh well there's CT
+pairs or CT squared pairs each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs or CT squared pairs each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs or CT squared pairs each of them
+if you're using Universal hashing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using Universal hashing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using Universal hashing has
+probability of 1 / ct^ 2 of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 / ct^ 2 of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 / ct^ 2 of half
+happening because that's the table size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because that's the table size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because that's the table size
+1 M so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 M so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 M so this is
+constant and if we set the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and if we set the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and if we set the constants
+right I get to set this Theta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get to set this Theta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get to set this Theta to be
+whatever I want uh I get this to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I want uh I get this to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I want uh I get this to be less
+than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+half and if the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and if the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and if the expected number of
+collisions is less than a half then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions is less than a half then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions is less than a half then the
+probability that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions uh is
+zero uh is at least a half this is Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh is at least a half this is Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh is at least a half this is Mark
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+particular the probability number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the probability number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the probability number of
+collisions is at least one is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions is at least one is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions is at least one is at most
+uh what the the expectation over one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the the expectation over one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the the expectation over one so
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+half so uh you try to build this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so uh you try to build this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so uh you try to build this table
+if you have zero collisions you're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have zero collisions you're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have zero collisions you're happy
+you go on to the next one if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on to the next one if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on to the next one if you don't
+have zero collisions just try again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero collisions just try again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero collisions just try again so
+in an expected constant number of Trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an expected constant number of Trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an expected constant number of Trials
+you're flipping a coin each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flipping a coin each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flipping a coin each time
+eventually you'll get heads then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll get heads then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll get heads then you can
+build this table uh and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this table uh and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this table uh and then you have
+zero collisions so we always want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero collisions so we always want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero collisions so we always want them
+to be Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free uh so in in expected linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh so in in expected linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh so in in expected linear time
+you can build this table uh and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build this table uh and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build this table uh and it will
+have expected linear space in fact if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected linear space in fact if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected linear space in fact if it
+doesn't have linear space you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have linear space you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have linear space you can just
+try the whole thing over again so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the whole thing over again so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the whole thing over again so in
+expected linear time you'll build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected linear time you'll build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected linear time you'll build a
+guaranteed linear space structure nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed linear space structure nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed linear space structure nice
+thing about perfect hashing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about perfect hashing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about perfect hashing is you're
+doing two Hash D references and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two Hash D references and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two Hash D references and that's
+it so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query uh is constant deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh is constant deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh is constant deterministic
+queries are now deterministic only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are now deterministic only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are now deterministic only
+updates are randomized I didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates are randomized I didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates are randomized I didn't talk
+about updates I talked about building uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about updates I talked about building uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about updates I talked about building uh
+the construction here is randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction here is randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction here is randomized
+queries are constant deterministic now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are constant deterministic now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are constant deterministic now
+you can make this dynamic in pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make this dynamic in pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make this dynamic in pretty much
+the obvious way you say ah okay I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious way you say ah okay I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious way you say ah okay I want
+to insert so I compute the first I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert so I compute the first I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert so I compute the first I I
+compute which of the uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute which of the uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute which of the uh this is
+essentially twole hashing right so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially twole hashing right so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially twole hashing right so first
+you figure out where it fits in the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out where it fits in the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out where it fits in the big
+hash table then you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table then you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table then you find the
+corresponding chain which is now a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding chain which is now a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding chain which is now a hash
+table and you insert into that hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you insert into that hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you insert into that hash
+table so that's the obvious thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so that's the obvious thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so that's the obvious thing the
+trouble is you might get a collision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is you might get a collision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is you might get a collision in
+that hash table if you get a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash table if you get a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash table if you get a collision
+you rebuild that hash table probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rebuild that hash table probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rebuild that hash table probability
+of the Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision
+happening is essentially small it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is essentially small it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is essentially small it's
+going to remain uh small because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remain uh small because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remain uh small because of this
+argument because we know the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument because we know the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument because we know the expected
+number of remain small unless that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of remain small unless that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of remain small unless that chain
+gets really big so if the chain Grows by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really big so if the chain Grows by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really big so if the chain Grows by
+a factor of two then you rebuild I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two then you rebuild I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two then you rebuild I mean
+in general we have to rebuild the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we have to rebuild the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we have to rebuild the table
+uh but if your table Grows by sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but if your table Grows by sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but if your table Grows by sorry if
+your chain length Grows by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chain length Grows by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chain length Grows by a factor of
+two then you rebuild your table to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then you rebuild your table to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then you rebuild your table to have
+factor four size larger because it's ct^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four size larger because it's ct^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four size larger because it's ct^
+s um and in general you maintain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s um and in general you maintain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s um and in general you maintain that
+the table is sized for a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table is sized for a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table is sized for a chain of
+roughly the correct chain length within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the correct chain length within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the correct chain length within
+a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Factor
+and you do doubling and having in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do doubling and having in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do doubling and having in the
+usual way as like B tree or I guess as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way as like B tree or I guess as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way as like B tree or I guess as
+table doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table doubling
+really and it will be constant amortised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and it will be constant amortised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and it will be constant amortised
+expected per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected per
+operation and there's a fancy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and there's a fancy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and there's a fancy way to
+make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+constant with high probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with high probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with high probability for
+insert and delete which I have not read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and delete which I have not read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and delete which I have not read
+but it's by De Phil Binger and Myer ofh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's by De Phil Binger and Myer ofh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's by De Phil Binger and Myer ofh
+High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High
+1990 so easy to make this expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 so easy to make this expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 so easy to make this expected
+amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized
+uh with more effort you can make it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with more effort you can make it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with more effort you can make it with
+high probability per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability per
+operation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that is
+trickier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier um
+cool actually skipped one thing uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool actually skipped one thing uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool actually skipped one thing uh with
+chaining which I wanted to talk about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining which I wanted to talk about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining which I wanted to talk about so
+uh this analysis was fine it just un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this analysis was fine it just un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this analysis was fine it just un
+used universality this cache analysis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used universality this cache analysis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used universality this cache analysis I
+said totally random this analysis I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said totally random this analysis I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said totally random this analysis I said
+totally random what about real hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random what about real hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random what about real hash
+functions we can't use totally random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we can't use totally random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we can't use totally random
+what about Universal independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Universal independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Universal independent
+simple tabulation hashing just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tabulation hashing just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tabulation hashing just for
+chaining okay and similar things hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining okay and similar things hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining okay and similar things hold
+for perfect hashing I think I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perfect hashing I think I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perfect hashing I think I'm not sure
+if they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all
+known uh oh sorry perfect hashing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh oh sorry perfect hashing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh oh sorry perfect hashing in
+expectation everything's fine uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation everything's fine uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation everything's fine uh just
+with universal so we've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with universal so we've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with universal so we've already done
+that with universal what about chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with universal what about chaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with universal what about chaining
+how big can the chains get said log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big can the chains get said log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big can the chains get said log in
+over log log with high probability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log log with high probability but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log log with high probability but
+our analysis use turnoff bound that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis use turnoff bound that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis use turnoff bound that's
+only true for beri trials those only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true for beri trials those only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true for beri trials those only
+true for totally random hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for totally random hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for totally random hash functions
+turns out same is true if you have a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out same is true if you have a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out same is true if you have a log
+n over log log n y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent uh hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh hash
+function so this is kind of annoying if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is kind of annoying if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is kind of annoying if
+you want this to be true you need a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this to be true you need a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this to be true you need a lot
+of Independence and it's hard to get log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Independence and it's hard to get log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Independence and it's hard to get log
+n Independence I mean there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Independence I mean there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Independence I mean there is a way to
+get constant but it needed a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant but it needed a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant but it needed a lot of
+space that was this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that was this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that was this one uh
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+not not so thrilling uh it's also kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not so thrilling uh it's also kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not so thrilling uh it's also kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+complicated so if you're if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so if you're if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so if you're if you don't
+mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space but you just want it to be simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but you just want it to be simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but you just want it to be simpler
+you can use Simple tabulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashing both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing both of
+these the same chain analysis turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the same chain analysis turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the same chain analysis turns out
+to work so this is uh fairly old this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so this is uh fairly old this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so this is uh fairly old this is
+from 1995 this is from last year so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1995 this is from last year so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1995 this is from last year so if
+you just use this simple tabulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use this simple tabulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use this simple tabulation
+hashing still has a lot of space you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing still has a lot of space you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing still has a lot of space you do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Epsilon uh but very simple to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh but very simple to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh but very simple to implement
+then still the chain lengths are as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then still the chain lengths are as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then still the chain lengths are as you
+expect them to be and I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to be and I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them to be and I believe that
+carries over to this caching argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries over to this caching argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries over to this caching argument
+but I haven't checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't checked
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+right great I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right great I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right great I think we're
+now happy talked about real hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now happy talked about real hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now happy talked about real hash
+functions for chaining and perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for chaining and perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for chaining and perfect
+hashing next thing going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing next thing going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing next thing going to talk about
+is linear probing I mean in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear probing I mean in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear probing I mean in some sense
+we have good theoretical answers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have good theoretical answers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have good theoretical answers now
+right we can do constant expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can do constant expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can do constant expected
+advertized even with uh DET constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertized even with uh DET constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertized even with uh DET constant
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries
+but we're greedy or uh people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're greedy or uh people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're greedy or uh people like to
+implement all sorts of different hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement all sorts of different hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement all sorts of different hashing
+schemes perfect hashing is pretty rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes perfect hashing is pretty rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes perfect hashing is pretty rare
+in practice why I guess because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice why I guess because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice why I guess because you have
+to hash twice instead of once and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hash twice instead of once and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hash twice instead of once and that's
+just more expensive so what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more expensive so what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more expensive so what about the
+simpler hashing schemes simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler hashing schemes simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler hashing schemes simple
+tabulation hashing is nice and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulation hashing is nice and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulation hashing is nice and simple
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh what about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probing that's really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear probing is either the first or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear probing is either the first or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear probing is either the first or
+the second hashing scheme you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second hashing scheme you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second hashing scheme you've
+learned uh you store things in a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned uh you store things in a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned uh you store things in a table
+when you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want you
+hash the hash function tells you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the hash function tells you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the hash function tells you where
+to go if that's full you just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go if that's full you just go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go if that's full you just go to the
+next spot if that's full you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next spot if that's full you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next spot if that's full you go to the
+next spot till you find an empty slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next spot till you find an empty slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next spot till you find an empty slot
+and then you put X there okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you put X there okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you put X there okay so if
+there's some Y and Z here that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Y and Z here that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Y and Z here that's where
+you end up putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up putting
+it uh everyone knows linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh everyone knows linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh everyone knows linear programming
+is bad because the rich get richer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad because the rich get richer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad because the rich get richer it's
+like the parking lot problem if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the parking lot problem if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the parking lot problem if you get
+big intervals then they're more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big intervals then they're more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big intervals then they're more likely
+big runs of elements they're more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big runs of elements they're more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big runs of elements they're more likely
+to get hit so they're going to grow even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get hit so they're going to grow even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get hit so they're going to grow even
+faster and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and get
+worse uh so you should never use linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh so you should never use linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh so you should never use linear
+probing that's what you have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing that's what you have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing that's what you have have
+everyone learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone learned
+that um it's all false however uh linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's all false however uh linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's all false however uh linear
+programing is actually really good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programing is actually really good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programing is actually really good and
+first indication is it's really good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first indication is it's really good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first indication is it's really good in
+practice there's this uh small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's this uh small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's this uh small
+experiment by by miab patashu who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by by miab patashu who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by by miab patashu who was a
+undergrad and PhD student here uh he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and PhD student here uh he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and PhD student here uh he's
+working at AT&T now and he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at AT&T now and he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at AT&T now and he was doing
+some experiments and he found that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments and he found that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments and he found that in
+practice on a network router linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on a network router linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on a network router linear
+probing costs 10% more time than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing costs 10% more time than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing costs 10% more time than a
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+access so uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so uh basically
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+why um you just set M to be 2 * n or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um you just set M to be 2 * n or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um you just set M to be 2 * n or 1
+plus Epsilon time n whatever it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon time n whatever it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon time n whatever it actually
+works really well I'd like to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well I'd like to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well I'd like to convince
+you that it works really well now first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it works really well now first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it works really well now first
+let me tell you um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you um some
+things the idea that it goes really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the idea that it goes really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the idea that it goes really well
+is actually that it works really well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually that it works really well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually that it works really well is
+uh old for a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh old for a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh old for a totally
+random uh hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function you require constant time per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you require constant time per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you require constant time per
+operation and K actually showed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and K actually showed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and K actually showed this
+first in 1962 in a technical report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in 1962 in a technical report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in 1962 in a technical report the
+answer ends up being 1 over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer ends up being 1 over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer ends up being 1 over Epsilon
+squar now you might say one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar now you might say one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar now you might say one over Epsilon
+squ oh that's really bad and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ oh that's really bad and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ oh that's really bad and there are
+other schemes that achieve one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other schemes that achieve one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other schemes that achieve one over
+Epsilon which is better but what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is better but what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is better but what's a
+little bit of space right I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of space right I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of space right I mean just
+set Epsilon to one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Epsilon to one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Epsilon to one you're
+done so I think linear probing was bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I think linear probing was bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I think linear probing was bad
+when we really were tight on space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we really were tight on space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we really were tight on space but
+when you can afford a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can afford a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can afford a factor of two
+linear probing is great that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear probing is great that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear probing is great that's the
+bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now this is totally random not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now this is totally random not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now this is totally random not so
+useful what about all these other hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful what about all these other hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful what about all these other hash
+functions like Universal turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like Universal turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like Universal turns out
+universal with the universal hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal with the universal hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal with the universal hash
+function linear probing is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function linear probing is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function linear probing is really really
+bad and that's why it gets a bad WP but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and that's why it gets a bad WP but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and that's why it gets a bad WP but
+some good news uh okay first result was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good news uh okay first result was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good news uh okay first result was
+log n wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n wise
+Independence this is extremely strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence this is extremely strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence this is extremely strong
+but it also implies constant expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also implies constant expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also implies constant expected
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+operation um not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation um not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation um not very
+exciting the big breakthrough was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the big breakthrough was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the big breakthrough was in
+2007 that five wise Independence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 that five wise Independence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 that five wise Independence is
+enough and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and this is why
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+paper Thorp uh was focusing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Thorp uh was focusing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Thorp uh was focusing in
+particular on the case that k equals 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular on the case that k equals 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular on the case that k equals 5
+actually they were doing k equals 4 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they were doing k equals 4 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they were doing k equals 4 but
+they they solve five at the same time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they solve five at the same time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they solve five at the same time um
+and so you can get this was a very a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can get this was a very a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can get this was a very a
+highly optimized practical all that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly optimized practical all that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly optimized practical all that good
+stuff get five yse Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff get five yse Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff get five yse Independence
+admittedly with some space but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly with some space but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly with some space but uh it's
+pretty cool so this is enough to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so this is enough to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so this is enough to get uh
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+expected I shouldn't write order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected I shouldn't write order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected I shouldn't write order one
+because I'm not writing the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not writing the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not writing the independent
+the dependence on Epsilon here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on Epsilon here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on Epsilon here I don't
+know exactly what it is but it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what it is but it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what it is but it's some
+constant depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depending on
+Epsilon uh and then uh this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh and then uh this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh and then uh this turns out to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+tight you there are four wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight you there are four wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight you there are four wise
+independent uh hash functions including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh hash functions including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh hash functions including
+the ones like I think the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones like I think the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones like I think the polinomial
+ones that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we
+did these guys uh that are really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these guys uh that are really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these guys uh that are really bad
+you can get I mean really bad they're as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get I mean really bad they're as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get I mean really bad they're as
+bad as binary search trees get constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as binary search trees get constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as binary search trees get constant
+expected so you really need five y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected so you really need five y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected so you really need five y's
+Independence it's kind of weird but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence it's kind of weird but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence it's kind of weird but it's
+true and the other fun fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the other fun fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the other fun fact is that
+simple tabulation hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also achieves constant and here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also achieves constant and here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also achieves constant and here it's
+known that it's also one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that it's also one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that it's also one over Epsilon
+squ so it's just as good as totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so it's just as good as totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so it's just as good as totally
+random simple tabulation hashing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random simple tabulation hashing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random simple tabulation hashing which
+is nice because again this is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice because again this is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice because again this is simple
+takes a bit of space but uh both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a bit of space but uh both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a bit of space but uh both of
+these have that property and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have that property and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have that property and so these
+are good ways to use linear probing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good ways to use linear probing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good ways to use linear probing in
+particular so you really need a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so you really need a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so you really need a good
+hash function for linear probing to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function for linear probing to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function for linear probing to work
+out if you use a universal hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you use a universal hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you use a universal hash function
+like a * X Mod p mod M it will fail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a * X Mod p mod M it will fail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a * X Mod p mod M it will fail but
+if you use a good hash function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a good hash function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a good hash function which
+we're now getting to the point I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting to the point I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting to the point I mean
+this is super simple to implement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is super simple to implement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is super simple to implement uh
+should work fine I think it'd be neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work fine I think it'd be neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work fine I think it'd be neat
+project to take python or something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to take python or something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to take python or something it
+has hash tables deep inside it replace I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has hash tables deep inside it replace I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has hash tables deep inside it replace I
+think they use quadratic probing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they use quadratic probing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they use quadratic probing and
+Universal hash functions uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal hash functions uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal hash functions uh if you
+instead use linear probing and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use linear probing and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use linear probing and simple
+tabulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulation
+hashing might do the same might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing might do the same might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing might do the same might do
+better I don't know it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I don't know it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I don't know it's interesting
+that be project to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out cool uh well I just quoted results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out cool uh well I just quoted results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out cool uh well I just quoted results
+what I'd like to do is prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is prove uh
+something like this to you totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this to you totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this to you totally
+random hash functions imply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash functions imply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash functions imply some
+constant expected I won't try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant expected I won't try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant expected I won't try to work
+out the dependence on Epsilon uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dependence on Epsilon uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dependence on Epsilon uh because
+it's actually a pretty clean proof looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a pretty clean proof looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a pretty clean proof looks
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+uh very data structures e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not going to cover can proof I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to cover can proof I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to cover can proof I'm
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+uh this proof the five wise I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this proof the five wise I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this proof the five wise I mean in
+this paper five wise Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper five wise Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper five wise Independence
+implies constant expected they reprove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies constant expected they reprove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies constant expected they reprove
+the totally random case and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally random case and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally random case and you know
+strengthen it analyze the independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen it analyze the independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen it analyze the independence
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+need but let's just do totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random implies constant expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random implies constant expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random implies constant expected
+for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear
+probing we obviously know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing we obviously know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing we obviously know how to do
+constant expected already with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant expected already with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant expected already with other
+fancy techniques but when you're probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy techniques but when you're probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy techniques but when you're probing
+seems really bad yet I claim not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really bad yet I claim not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really bad yet I claim not so
+much and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume m is at least 3 * n that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume m is at least 3 * n that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume m is at least 3 * n that will
+just make the analysis cleaner but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make the analysis cleaner but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make the analysis cleaner but it
+does hold for 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does hold for 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does hold for 1 plus
+Epsilon okay so here's the idea we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so here's the idea we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so here's the idea we're
+going to take our array our hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take our array our hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take our array our hash table
+it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array uh and build a binary tree on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh and build a binary tree on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh and build a binary tree on it
+because that's what we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we like to
+do do this every lecture pretty much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do this every lecture pretty much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do this every lecture pretty much so
+this is kind of like ordered file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like ordered file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like ordered file
+maintenance I guess this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance I guess this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance I guess this is just a
+conceptual tree I mean we're you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual tree I mean we're you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual tree I mean we're you're not
+even defining an algorithm based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even defining an algorithm based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even defining an algorithm based on this
+because the algorithm is linear probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the algorithm is linear probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the algorithm is linear probing
+you go into somewhere you hop hop hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into somewhere you hop hop hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into somewhere you hop hop hop
+hop until you find a blank space you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop until you find a blank space you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop until you find a blank space you put
+your item there okay but each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your item there okay but each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your item there okay but each of these
+nodes defines an interval in the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes defines an interval in the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes defines an interval in the array
+as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+no so I'm going to call a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous
+if essentially if its density is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if essentially if its density is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if essentially if its density is at
+least 2/3 now the expect but not not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2/3 now the expect but not not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2/3 now the expect but not not in
+the literal sense uh because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literal sense uh because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literal sense uh because there's a
+little bit of a subtlety here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a subtlety here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a subtlety here there's
+the location where a key wants to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location where a key wants to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location where a key wants to live
+which is H of that key and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is H of that key and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is H of that key and there's a
+location that it ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that it ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that it ended up
+living I really I care more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living I really I care more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living I really I care more about the
+first one because that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one because that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one because that's what I
+understand the H of X that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the H of X that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the H of X that's going to be
+nice it's totally random so h of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice it's totally random so h of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice it's totally random so h of X is
+random independent of everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random independent of everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random independent of everything else
+great uh where X ends up being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh where X ends up being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh where X ends up being that
+depends on other keys and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on other keys and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on other keys and it depends on
+this linear thing which I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear thing which I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear thing which I'm trying to
+understand so I just want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so I just want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so I just want to talk about
+uh the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of
+keys uh that hash via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys uh that hash via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys uh that hash via
+H uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval if that is at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if that is at least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if that is at least uh
+2/3 time uh the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 time uh the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 time uh the length of the
+interval this is the number of slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval this is the number of slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval this is the number of slots
+that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay we expect the number of keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay we expect the number of keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay we expect the number of keys
+that hash via H to the interval to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash via H to the interval to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash via H to the interval to be
+1/3 so the expectation it would be 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so the expectation it would be 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so the expectation it would be 1/3
+the length of the interval if it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval if it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval if it happens
+to be 2/3 you know it could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2/3 you know it could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2/3 you know it could happen
+because of high probability whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of high probability whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of high probability whatever
+that's a dangerous no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dangerous no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dangerous no
+that's definition those ones we worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definition those ones we worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definition those ones we worry
+will be very expensive and we worry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very expensive and we worry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very expensive and we worry that
+we're going to get super clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get super clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get super clustering and
+then get these giant runs and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh okay one thing I wanted to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh okay one thing I wanted to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh okay one thing I wanted to compute
+with what's the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's the probability of this
+happening probability of a node being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening probability of a node being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening probability of a node being
+dangerous uh well this is we can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh well this is we can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous uh well this is we can again
+use turnoff bounds here because we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use turnoff bounds here because we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use turnoff bounds here because we're in
+a totally random situation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally random situation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally random situation so this is
+the probability that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the number of
+things that went there was bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that went there was bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that went there was bigger than
+twice the expectation expectation is 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the expectation expectation is 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the expectation expectation is 1/3
+2/3 is twice of 1/3 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is twice of 1/3 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is twice of 1/3 so this is the
+probability that you're at least twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're at least twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're at least twice
+the mean which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean which by
+turnoff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnoff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnoff is
+small uh it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh it comes out
+to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the
+MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU
+over 2 the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu great uh so this is e over 4 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu great uh so this is e over 4 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu great uh so this is e over 4 to the
+MU can check e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU can check e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU can check e is
+2.71828 uh so this is you know less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.71828 uh so this is you know less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.71828 uh so this is you know less than
+one kind of roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of roughly a
+halfish uh so this is good uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfish uh so this is good uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfish uh so this is good uh this is
+you know something like one over two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something like one over two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something like one over two to
+the MU what's mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MU what's mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MU what's mu
+uh should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that mu is uh 1/3 2 to the H for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu is uh 1/3 2 to the H for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu is uh 1/3 2 to the H for a
+height H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height H
+node okay it depends how high you are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay it depends how high you are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay it depends how high you are if
+you're at a leaf H is zero so you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at a leaf H is zero so you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at a leaf H is zero so you expect
+a third of an element there uh as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of an element there uh as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of an element there uh as you go
+up you expect more elements to Hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you expect more elements to Hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you expect more elements to Hash
+there of course okay so this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of course okay so this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of course okay so this gives us
+some measure in terms of this h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measure in terms of this h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measure in terms of this h of
+what's going on but it's actually doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but it's actually doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but it's actually doubly
+exponential in h so this is a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in h so this is a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in h so this is a very small
+probability you go up a few levels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you go up a few levels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you go up a few levels like
+after a log log n levels it's a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a log log n levels it's a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a log log n levels it's a polom
+small probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probability of
+happening right because then 2 the log l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right because then 2 the log l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right because then 2 the log l
+n is log n and then e over 4 to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is log n and then e over 4 to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is log n and then e over 4 to the log
+n is about n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but this could at small levels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this could at small levels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this could at small levels this
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+happen near the leaves all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen near the leaves all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen near the leaves all right so now
+I want to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at a
+run in the table these are the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in the table these are the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in the table these are the things I
+have trouble thinking about because runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble thinking about because runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble thinking about because runs
+tend to get bigger and we we worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to get bigger and we we worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to get bigger and we we worry about
+them these are this is now as items are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them these are this is now as items are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them these are this is now as items are
+actually stored at the table when do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stored at the table when do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stored at the table when do I
+have a bunch of consecutive items in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of consecutive items in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of consecutive items in
+there okay that happen to end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that happen to end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that happen to end up in
+consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive
+slots so I want I'm worried about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots so I want I'm worried about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots so I want I'm worried about how
+long that run is so let's look at uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithm okay and round to nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm okay and round to nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm okay and round to nearest
+power of two so let's say it has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two so let's say it has length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two so let's say it has length
+about 2 to the L sorry uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one right between 2 the L and 2 the l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right between 2 the L and 2 the l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right between 2 the L and 2 the l+
+one okay uh so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh so look at
+that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes of height H = lus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of height H = lus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of height H = lus
+3 okay so there's some interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so there's some interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so there's some interval that
+happens to be a run meaning all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a run meaning all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a run meaning all of these
+slots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots are
+occupied and that that's to the two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied and that that's to the two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied and that that's to the two I
+guess and so I'd go to level Nega one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and so I'd go to level Nega one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and so I'd go to level Nega one a
+little hard to do in a small picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to do in a small picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to do in a small picture but
+in we're worried about when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're worried about when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're worried about when this is
+really big more than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big more than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big more than some
+constant okay so let's suppose I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so let's suppose I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so let's suppose I was
+looking at this level uh then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this level uh then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this level uh then this
+interval is spanned in particular by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is spanned in particular by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is spanned in particular by
+these two nodes now it's a little sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two nodes now it's a little sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two nodes now it's a little sloppy
+because this node contains some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this node contains some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this node contains some
+non-interval non-run stuff and so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interval non-run stuff and so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interval non-run stuff and so does
+this one uh at the next level down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh at the next level down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh at the next level down it
+would be this one this one one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one this one one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one this one one and this
+one which is a little more precise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is a little more precise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is a little more precise but
+it's never going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never going to be quite
+perfect but just take all the nodes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but just take all the nodes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but just take all the nodes you
+need to completely cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to completely cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to completely cover the
+run then this will be at least eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run then this will be at least eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run then this will be at least eight
+nodes because I mean the length is 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes because I mean the length is 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes because I mean the length is 2 to
+the L we went three levels down two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L we went three levels down two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L we went three levels down two to
+the three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three is
+eight so if it's perfectly aligned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so if it's perfectly aligned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so if it's perfectly aligned it
+will be exactly eight nodes in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly eight nodes in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly eight nodes in the worst
+case it's it could be as much as 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's it could be as much as 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's it could be as much as 17
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because potentially we're two to the l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because potentially we're two to the l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because potentially we're two to the l+
+one which means we have 16 nodes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which means we have 16 nodes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which means we have 16 nodes if
+we're perfectly aligned but then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're perfectly aligned but then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're perfectly aligned but then if you
+shift it over might be one more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it over might be one more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it over might be one more because
+of the slop okay but some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slop okay but some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slop okay but some constant
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+noes uh it's important that it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noes uh it's important that it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noes uh it's important that it's at
+least eight that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least eight that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least eight that's what we
+need actually we just need that it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need actually we just need that it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need actually we just need that it's at
+least five but eight is the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five but eight is the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five but eight is the nearest
+power of two rounding up cool so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two rounding up cool so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two rounding up cool so there
+they are now I want to look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now I want to look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now I want to look at the first
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+nodes of these 8 to 12 nodes so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of these 8 to 12 nodes so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of these 8 to 12 nodes so first
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+leftmost earliest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost earliest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost earliest in the
+run so if you think about them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so if you think about them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so if you think about them so
+there's some four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some four
+nodes each of them span some I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes each of them span some I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes each of them span some I should
+draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properly what we know is that these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly what we know is that these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly what we know is that these guys
+are entirely filled with items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entirely filled with items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entirely filled with items
+uh the Run occupies here it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Run occupies here it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Run occupies here it's got to be
+at least one item into here but the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one item into here but the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one item into here but the rest
+of this could be empty the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this could be empty the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this could be empty the interval
+keeps going to the right so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going to the right so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going to the right so we know that
+all of these are completely filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are completely filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are completely filled with
+items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+somehow so let's start with how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so let's start with how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so let's start with how many
+there are I guess uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+span uh more than three times 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span uh more than three times 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span uh more than three times 2 to the
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+Slots of the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slots of the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slots of the Run
+so somehow 3 * 2 to the H three because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow 3 * 2 to the H three because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow 3 * 2 to the H three because
+there's three of them that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three of them that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three of them that are
+completely filled it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely filled it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely filled it would be
+four uh somehow 3 * 2 of the H items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh somehow 3 * 2 of the H items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh somehow 3 * 2 of the H items
+ended up here now how did they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up here now how did they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up here now how did they end up
+here notice uh there's a blank space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice uh there's a blank space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice uh there's a blank space
+right here this was the by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this was the by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this was the by definition
+this was the beginning of a run meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the beginning of a run meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the beginning of a run meaning
+the previous slot is empty which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slot is empty which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slot is empty which means
+all of the keys that wanted to live from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the keys that wanted to live from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the keys that wanted to live from
+here to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the left
+got to so we just thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to so we just thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to so we just thinking about the
+keys that ended up in this interval they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that ended up in this interval they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that ended up in this interval they
+had to initially hash to somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to initially hash to somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to initially hash to somewhere in
+here H put them somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H put them somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H put them somewhere in this
+interval and then they may have moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then they may have moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then they may have moved to
+the right but they never moved to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right but they never moved to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right but they never moved to the
+left linear hashing if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left linear hashing if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left linear hashing if you're not
+completely full so because there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely full so because there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely full so because there was a
+blank spot here none of these Keys could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank spot here none of these Keys could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank spot here none of these Keys could
+have fallen over to here where're no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen over to here where're no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen over to here where're no
+deletions okay um so you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions okay um so you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions okay um so you're doing
+insertions uh if they may spread it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions uh if they may spread it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions uh if they may spread it out
+and they may have gone to farther to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may have gone to farther to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may have gone to farther to the
+right or they may have filled in gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or they may have filled in gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or they may have filled in gaps
+whatever but H put them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but H put them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but H put them in this
+interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay
+now I claim that in fact one at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I claim that in fact one at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I claim that in fact one at least
+one of these nodes must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these nodes must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these nodes must be
+dangerous now dangerous is tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous now dangerous is tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous now dangerous is tricky
+because dangerous is talking about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dangerous is talking about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dangerous is talking about where
+H puts nodes but we just said you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H puts nodes but we just said you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H puts nodes but we just said you got to
+be at least 3 * 2 to the H Keys uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least 3 * 2 to the H Keys uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least 3 * 2 to the H Keys uh where
+H put them within these four notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H put them within these four notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H put them within these four notes
+otherwise they they wouldn't have filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise they they wouldn't have filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise they they wouldn't have filled
+in here now if none of those nodes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here now if none of those nodes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here now if none of those nodes uh
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dangerous then uh we'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous then uh we'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous then uh we'll get a
+contradiction because none of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because none of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because none of them were
+dangerous this means at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous this means at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous this means at most
+uh 4 * 23 * 2 to the 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Keys hash via H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them why because there's four of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why because there's four of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why because there's four of the
+nodes each of them if it's dangerous if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes each of them if it's dangerous if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes each of them if it's dangerous if
+it's not dangerous as it has it most 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not dangerous as it has it most 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not dangerous as it has it most 2/3
+of its size keys hashing there 4/3 4 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its size keys hashing there 4/3 4 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its size keys hashing there 4/3 4 *
+2/3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is
+8/3 Which is less than 9/3 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 Which is less than 9/3 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 Which is less than 9/3 which is
+three okay so this this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so this this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so this this would be a
+contradiction uh because we just argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction uh because we just argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction uh because we just argued
+that at least three times two to the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least three times two to the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least three times two to the H
+nodes have to Hash via H to somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes have to Hash via H to somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes have to Hash via H to somewhere in
+these nodes they might have they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes they might have they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nodes they might have they might
+have hashed well they might hash here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hashed well they might hash here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hashed well they might hash here
+and then fallen over to here so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fallen over to here so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fallen over to here so there is
+this kind of things can move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of things can move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of things can move to the
+right we got to worry about it but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we got to worry about it but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we got to worry about it but just
+look three levels up and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look three levels up and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look three levels up and it's
+okay so one of these noes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of these noes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of these noes not
+necessarily all of them are dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can use that to finish our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis this is good news because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says that if we have a run which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if we have a run which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if we have a run which is
+something is hard to think about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is hard to think about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is hard to think about because
+nodes are moving around to form a run so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are moving around to form a run so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are moving around to form a run so
+keys are moving around to form run we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are moving around to form run we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are moving around to form run we
+can charge it to a dangerous node which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can charge it to a dangerous node which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can charge it to a dangerous node which
+is easy to think about because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to think about because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to think about because that's
+just talking about uh where Keys hash by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about uh where Keys hash by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about uh where Keys hash by
+H and H is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and H is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and H is totally
+random um there's a loss of a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random um there's a loss of a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random um there's a loss of a factor of
+17 potentially but it's constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 potentially but it's constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 potentially but it's constant Factor
+no big deal if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big deal if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big deal if we look at the
+probability that the length of run say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the length of run say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the length of run say
+containing some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing some key
+X has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has
+length uh between 2 the L and 2 the L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh between 2 the L and 2 the L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh between 2 the L and 2 the L +
+1 this is going to be at most 17 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this is going to be at most 17 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this is going to be at most 17 times
+the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a
+node at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node at
+height lus 3 is dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because we know one of them is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we know one of them is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we know one of them is and so
+you know just to be sloppy it's at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to be sloppy it's at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to be sloppy it's at most
+the sum of the probabilities that any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the probabilities that any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the probabilities that any of
+them is then potentially there's a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is then potentially there's a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is then potentially there's a run
+of that length and so Union bound that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that length and so Union bound that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that length and so Union bound that's
+at most 17 times probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most 17 times probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most 17 times probability of this
+happening now all the nodes look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now all the nodes look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now all the nodes look the
+same because we have a totally random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because we have a totally random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because we have a totally random
+hash function so we just say any node at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function so we just say any node at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function so we just say any node at
+height L minus 3 uh we already computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height L minus 3 uh we already computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height L minus 3 uh we already computed
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+probability that was this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that was this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that was this probability
+being dangerous was e over 4 to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dangerous was e over 4 to the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dangerous was e over 4 to the 1/3
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+H so this is going to be 17 or at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so this is going to be 17 or at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so this is going to be 17 or at most
+17 * e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 * e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 * e over
+4 to the 2 to the lus 3 power okay again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the 2 to the lus 3 power okay again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to the 2 to the lus 3 power okay again
+double exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L so if we want to compute the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so if we want to compute the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so if we want to compute the expected
+run length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we can just expand out the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can just expand out the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can just expand out the definition
+well let's round it to powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's round it to powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's round it to powers of
+two uh it could be the Run length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh it could be the Run length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh it could be the Run length is
+about 2 to the L within a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 to the L within a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 to the L within a constant
+factor of 2 the L um and so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 the L um and so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 the L um and so it's going
+to be that times the probability well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that times the probability well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that times the probability well
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability uh but this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh but this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh but this thing is
+basically 1 over 2 the 2 the L and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 1 over 2 the 2 the L and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 1 over 2 the 2 the L and so
+the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant uh this is l i mean l could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh this is l i mean l could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh this is l i mean l could go
+to Infinity I don't really care uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity I don't really care uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity I don't really care uh
+because this is I mean this gets dwarfed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is I mean this gets dwarfed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is I mean this gets dwarfed
+by the double exponential this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the double exponential this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the double exponential this is super
+geometric so very low probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric so very low probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric so very low probability of
+getting long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting long
+runs as we said after log log n size or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs as we said after log log n size or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs as we said after log log n size or
+after yeah it's very unlikely to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after yeah it's very unlikely to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after yeah it's very unlikely to run
+longer than log M we prove that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than log M we prove that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than log M we prove that in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in particular you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular you compute the
+expected run length it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected run length it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected run length it's
+constant okay now this of course assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay now this of course assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay now this of course assumed
+uh totally random uh it's harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh totally random uh it's harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh totally random uh it's harder to
+prove uh where were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh where were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh where were
+we somewhere linear probing uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we somewhere linear probing uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we somewhere linear probing uh it's
+harder to prove five y's Independence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to prove five y's Independence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to prove five y's Independence is
+enough but it's true and it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but it's true and it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but it's true and it's much
+harder to prove simple tab uh tabulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to prove simple tab uh tabulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to prove simple tab uh tabulation
+hashing works but it's true and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing works but it's true and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing works but it's true and so we
+can use them but this gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use them but this gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use them but this gives you some
+intuition for why it's really not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why it's really not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why it's really not that
+bad and similar proof techniques are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and similar proof techniques are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and similar proof techniques are
+used for the five wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the five wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the five wise
+Independence uh other fun facts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence uh other fun facts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence uh other fun facts you can
+do the similar caching trick that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the similar caching trick that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the similar caching trick that we did
+before uh again the worst run is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh again the worst run is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh again the worst run is going
+to be I don't know log or log over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I don't know log or log over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I don't know log or log over log
+log don't have it written here uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log don't have it written here uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log don't have it written here uh but if
+you cache the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cache the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cache the
+last um it's not quite enough to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last um it's not quite enough to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last um it's not quite enough to do the
+last log in but if you you cache uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last log in but if you you cache uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last log in but if you you cache uh the
+last uh log to the 1+ Epsilon and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh log to the 1+ Epsilon and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh log to the 1+ Epsilon and uh
+queries it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries it's a little bit
+more then you can generalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then you can generalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then you can generalize this
+argument and so at least for totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and so at least for totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and so at least for totally
+random hash functions uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash functions uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash functions uh you get
+constant amorti with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this weird thing that I never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird thing that I never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird thing that I never seen
+before uh but it's comforting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh but it's comforting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh but it's comforting
+because expect expect expected bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because expect expect expected bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because expect expect expected bounds
+are not so great but you get it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so great but you get it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so great but you get it with
+high probability bound as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability bound as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability bound as long as you're
+willing to average over uh log to the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to average over uh log to the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to average over uh log to the 1
+plus Epsilon different queries as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon different queries as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon different queries as long
+as you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can remember
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh and the proof is basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the proof is basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the proof is basically the same
+uh except now we're instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh except now we're instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh except now we're instead of looking
+at the length of a run containing X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the length of a run containing X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the length of a run containing X
+you're looking at the length of the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the length of the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the length of the Run
+contain one of these log to the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain one of these log to the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain one of these log to the 1 plus
+Epsilon n nodes that's your batch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon n nodes that's your batch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon n nodes that's your batch and
+you do the same thing um but now do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same thing um but now do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same thing um but now do with
+high probability analysis but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability analysis but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability analysis but again
+because the expectation is is now bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the expectation is is now bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the expectation is is now bigger
+than log you expect there to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log you expect there to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log you expect there to be a lot of
+run fairly long runs here but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run fairly long runs here but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run fairly long runs here but that's
+okay because on average is good expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because on average is good expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because on average is good expect
+uh you expect to pay log to the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you expect to pay log to the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you expect to pay log to the 1 plus
+Epsilon for log to the 1 plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for log to the 1 plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for log to the 1 plus Epsilon
+queries and so then you divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and so then you divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and so then you divide and
+amortize and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize and you're
+done so a little bit more details in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so a little bit more details in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so a little bit more details in the
+notes about that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about that if you want to
+read I want to do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read I want to do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read I want to do one more
+topic um unless there are questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um unless there are questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um unless there are questions
+about linear probing so yeah so could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear probing so yeah so could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear probing so yeah so could
+you motivate why the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you motivate why the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you motivate why the value
+ofan forever qu so me is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofan forever qu so me is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofan forever qu so me is defined to be
+the mean of whatever quantity we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of whatever quantity we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of whatever quantity we're
+analyzing and the turnoff bound says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing and the turnoff bound says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing and the turnoff bound says uh
+probability that you're at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're at least
+something times the mean is the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times the mean is the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times the mean is the formula
+we wrote last time now here uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote last time now here uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote last time now here uh we're
+measuring uh I didn't write what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh I didn't write what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh I didn't write what the
+left hand side was but here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side was but here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side was but here we're
+measuring what's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring what's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring what's the probability that
+the number of keys that hash via H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of keys that hash via H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of keys that hash via H to
+the interval is at least 2/3 the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is at least 2/3 the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is at least 2/3 the length
+of the interval now if m is at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval now if m is at least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval now if m is at least uh
+or let's say m equals 3n then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say m equals 3n then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say m equals 3n then the
+expected number of keys that hash by H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of keys that hash by H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of keys that hash by H
+to the interval is 1/3 times the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interval is 1/3 times the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interval is 1/3 times the length
+of the interval because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval because we have a
+totally random thing and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random thing and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random thing and we have a
+density of 1/3 overall so you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of 1/3 overall so you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of 1/3 overall so you expect
+there to be 1/3 and so dangerous is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be 1/3 and so dangerous is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be 1/3 and so dangerous is when
+you're more than twice that and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more than twice that and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more than twice that and so it's
+twice mu mu is in this case one3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice mu mu is in this case one3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice mu mu is in this case one3 the
+length of the interval and that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval and that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval and that's why I
+wrote that okay so this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that okay so this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that okay so this comes
+from yeah it comes from m 3 n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah it comes from m 3 n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah it comes from m 3 n and
+totally random of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should yeah okay let's make this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should yeah okay let's make this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should yeah okay let's make this equal
+make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this more
+formal it's an assumption anyway so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal it's an assumption anyway so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal it's an assumption anyway so to
+simplify the proof good change that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the proof good change that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the proof good change that in
+the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too cool so then the expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cool so then the expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cool so then the expectation is
+exactly 1/3 instead of at most 1/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1/3 instead of at most 1/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1/3 instead of at most 1/3 so
+it's all a little cleaner of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all a little cleaner of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all a little cleaner of course this
+all works when m is one at least 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works when m is one at least 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works when m is one at least 1 plus
+Epsilon * but then you get a dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon * but then you get a dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon * but then you get a dependence
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Epsilon other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon other
+questions so bottom line is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so bottom line is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so bottom line is linear
+probing is actually good uh quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing is actually good uh quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing is actually good uh quadratic
+probing double hashing all those fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing double hashing all those fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing double hashing all those fancy
+things are also good uh but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are also good uh but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are also good uh but they're
+really tuned for the case when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tuned for the case when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tuned for the case when your
+table's almost full they get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table's almost full they get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table's almost full they get a better
+dependence on Epsilon which is how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on Epsilon which is how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on Epsilon which is how close
+to the bound you are uh and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bound you are uh and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bound you are uh and so if you're
+constant Factor away from Space Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor away from Space Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor away from Space Bound
+linear probing is just fine as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear probing is just fine as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear probing is just fine as long as
+you have enough Independence admittedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have enough Independence admittedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have enough Independence admittedly
+uh double hashing I believe gets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh double hashing I believe gets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh double hashing I believe gets around
+that does not need so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence okay but instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence okay but instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence okay but instead of going
+to double hashing going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double hashing going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double hashing going to go to
+something kind of related to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of related to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of related to double
+hashing which is cuckoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashing cuckoo hashing is a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing cuckoo hashing is a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing cuckoo hashing is a weird
+idea it's kind of a more extreme form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's kind of a more extreme form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's kind of a more extreme form of
+perfect hashing says look I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect hashing says look I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect hashing says look I want
+to uh perfect hashing did two hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh perfect hashing did two hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh perfect hashing did two hash
+queries uh so I did one hash evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries uh so I did one hash evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries uh so I did one hash evaluation
+another hash evaluation follow it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hash evaluation follow it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hash evaluation follow it um
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but again I I want my queries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again I I want my queries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again I I want my queries to
+only do two things two probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's going to take that concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to take that concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to take that concept of
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and actually use two two hash tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and actually use two two hash tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and actually use two two hash tables
+so we've got B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got B over
+here and we got a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and we're going to have if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're going to have if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're going to have if you have
+a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key
+X you hash it to a particular spot in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you hash it to a particular spot in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you hash it to a particular spot in a
+via G and you hash it to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via G and you hash it to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via G and you hash it to a particular
+spot in B via H so have two hash tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in B via H so have two hash tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in B via H so have two hash tables
+two hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query you look at a of G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query you look at a of G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query you look at a of G of
+X and you look at B of H of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you look at B of H of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you look at B of H of x
+oh sorry I forgot to mention uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I forgot to mention uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I forgot to mention uh the
+other great thing about linear probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other great thing about linear probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other great thing about linear probing
+is it's cache performance is so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's cache performance is so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's cache performance is so great
+this is why it runs so fast in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it runs so fast in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it runs so fast in practice
+why it's only 10% slower than a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's only 10% slower than a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's only 10% slower than a memory
+access because once you access a SL uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because once you access a SL uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because once you access a SL uh a
+single slot you get a whole you get B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slot you get a whole you get B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slot you get a whole you get B
+slots in a cache with block size B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots in a cache with block size B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots in a cache with block size B so
+most of the time because your runs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time because your runs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time because your runs are
+very short uh you will find your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short uh you will find your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short uh you will find your answer
+immediately so that's why we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so that's why we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so that's why we kind of
+prefer linear probing in practice over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer linear probing in practice over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer linear probing in practice over
+all the other schemes I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other schemes I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other schemes I'm going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+well cucko hashing is all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cucko hashing is all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cucko hashing is all right uh
+because it's only going to look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only going to look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only going to look at two
+places and that's it doesn't go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and that's it doesn't go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and that's it doesn't go anywhere
+else so kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so kind of like
+uh I guess with perfect hashing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess with perfect hashing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess with perfect hashing the
+thing is uh you have more than two hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is uh you have more than two hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is uh you have more than two hash
+functions you have the first hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you have the first hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you have the first hash
+function which sends you to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which sends you to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which sends you to the first
+table then you look up a second hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table then you look up a second hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table then you look up a second hash
+function using that hash function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function using that hash function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function using that hash function you
+rehash your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehash your value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehash your value
+X downside of that is you can't compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X downside of that is you can't compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X downside of that is you can't compute
+those two hash functions in parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hash functions in parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hash functions in parallel so
+if were like two cores you could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if were like two cores you could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if were like two cores you could compute
+these two in parallel look them both up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two in parallel look them both up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two in parallel look them both up
+simultaneously so in that sense you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so in that sense you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so in that sense you save
+a factor of two with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelism now the weird thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism now the weird thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism now the weird thing is the
+way we do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we do an
+insertion uh you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put put it in the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put it in the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put it in the a
+slot uh I guess or the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot uh I guess or the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot uh I guess or the B
+slot if any if either of them is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot if any if either of them is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot if any if either of them is empty
+your you're golden if neither of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you're golden if neither of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you're golden if neither of them
+are empty you've got to kick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty you've got to kick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty you've got to kick out
+whoever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's
+there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say if you kicked out y from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say if you kicked out y from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say if you kicked out y from
+its a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slot so we ended up putting X in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot so we ended up putting X in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot so we ended up putting X in this
+one and so we end up kicking y from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so we end up kicking y from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so we end up kicking y from
+wherever it belonged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it belonged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it belonged
+then you move it to uh B of H of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you move it to uh B of H of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you move it to uh B of H of Y
+there's only one other place that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one other place that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one other place that that
+item can go so you put it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item can go so you put it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item can go so you put it there
+instead okay in general think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay in general think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay in general think about a
+key it has two places it can go there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key it has two places it can go there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key it has two places it can go there's
+some slot in a some slot in B you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slot in a some slot in B you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slot in a some slot in B you can
+think of this as an edge in a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as an edge in a bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as an edge in a bipartite
+graph so you make vertices for the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so you make vertices for the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so you make vertices for the a
+slots vertices for the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots vertices for the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots vertices for the B
+slots each Edge is an item an a key key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots each Edge is an item an a key key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots each Edge is an item an a key key
+can only live one spot in a one spot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only live one spot in a one spot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only live one spot in a one spot in
+B for this query to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B for this query to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B for this query to
+work so what's happening is if both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what's happening is if both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what's happening is if both of
+these are full you take whoever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are full you take whoever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are full you take whoever is
+currently here and put them over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently here and put them over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently here and put them over in
+their corresponding splot over in B now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their corresponding splot over in B now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their corresponding splot over in B now
+that one might be full which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one might be full which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one might be full which means you
+got to kick that guy to wherever he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to kick that guy to wherever he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to kick that guy to wherever he
+belongs in a and so on If eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs in a and so on If eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs in a and so on If eventually you
+find an empty slot great you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an empty slot great you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an empty slot great you're done
+this chain reaction of of cuckoo steps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chain reaction of of cuckoo steps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chain reaction of of cuckoo steps I
+guess where the bird's going from in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where the bird's going from in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where the bird's going from in and
+out or from A to B vice versa uh EV if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or from A to B vice versa uh EV if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or from A to B vice versa uh EV if
+it terminates you're happy if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it terminates you're happy if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it terminates you're happy if it doesn't
+terminate uh you're in trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate uh you're in trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate uh you're in trouble because
+you might get a cycle or a few kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get a cycle or a few kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get a cycle or a few kind of
+failure situations in that case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure situations in that case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure situations in that case you're
+screwed there is no cuckoo hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed there is no cuckoo hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed there is no cuckoo hash table
+that works for your set of keys in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for your set of keys in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works for your set of keys in that
+case you pick another hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you pick another hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you pick another hash function
+rebuild from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild from
+scratch so it's kind of a weird hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch so it's kind of a weird hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch so it's kind of a weird hashing
+scheme because it can fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme because it can fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme because it can fail
+catastrophically fortunately it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophically fortunately it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophically fortunately it doesn't
+happen too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen too
+often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it it still rubs me a funny way I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it still rubs me a funny way I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it still rubs me a funny way I I
+don't know what to say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay so you you lose a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so you you lose a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so you you lose a factor of two
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space uh two deterministic probes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh two deterministic probes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh two deterministic probes for
+query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query
+that's that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's good
+news uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all right now we get to what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right now we get to what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right now we get to what about
+updates so if it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+or log n y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent then you get a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then you get a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then you get a constant
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+update which is what we want even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update which is what we want even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update which is what we want even with
+the rebuilding cost so uh you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rebuilding cost so uh you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rebuilding cost so uh you'll have to
+rebuild about every N squared insertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild about every N squared insertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild about every N squared insertions
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+do uh the way they say this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh the way they say this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh the way they say this is uh
+there's a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 1
+/n build failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability there's a one overend chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's a one overend chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's a one overend chance
+that your key set will be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your key set will be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your key set will be completely
+unsustainable if you want to build all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsustainable if you want to build all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsustainable if you want to build all
+if you want to put all end Keys into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to put all end Keys into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to put all end Keys into
+this table there's a one overend chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table there's a one overend chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table there's a one overend chance
+that it will be impossible and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be impossible and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be impossible and then you
+have to start over so amortise per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start over so amortise per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start over so amortise per
+insertion that's about one over n^ s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion that's about one over n^ s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion that's about one over n^ s uh
+insertions you can do before the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions you can do before the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions you can do before the whole
+thing falls apart you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing falls apart you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing falls apart you have to
+rebuild so it's definitely going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild so it's definitely going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild so it's definitely going to be
+Amor this should be amortized expected I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amor this should be amortized expected I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amor this should be amortized expected I
+guess however you want to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess however you want to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess however you want to think about it
+uh but you know it's another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know it's another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know it's another way to do
+constant uh amorti expected cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh amorti expected cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh amorti expected cool the
+other thing that's known is that uh 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's known is that uh 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's known is that uh 6
+y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence is not enough this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence is not enough this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence is not enough this was
+actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+project in this class I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in this class I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in this class I believe the
+first time it was offered in 2003 uh six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it was offered in 2003 uh six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it was offered in 2003 uh six
+wise Independence is not sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise Independence is not sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise Independence is not sufficient to
+get constant expected bound you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant expected bound you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant expected bound you can have
+a uh it will actually fail with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it will actually fail with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it will actually fail with high
+probability if you only have six wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if you only have six wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if you only have six wise
+Independence what's not known is do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence what's not known is do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence what's not known is do you
+need constant Independence or log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need constant Independence or log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need constant Independence or log n
+independence with log n very low failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence with log n very low failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence with log n very low failure
+probability with six wise high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with six wise high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with six wise high
+probability you fail like you fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you fail like you fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you fail like you fail
+probability 1 - 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 - 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 - 1/
+n not so good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n not so good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n not so good uh
+that's uh good some good news is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh good some good news is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh good some good news is simple
+tabulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashing uh means you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fail uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail uh to
+build with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build with
+probability uh not 1/ n but 1/ n the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh not 1/ n but 1/ n the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh not 1/ n but 1/ n the 1/3
+power so this is a little and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so this is a little and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so this is a little and this is
+Theta this is tight um it's almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this is tight um it's almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this is tight um it's almost as
+good as this we really only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as this we really only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as this we really only need
+constant here this is to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here this is to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here this is to build the
+entire table uh so this case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire table uh so this case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire table uh so this case you can
+insert like ENT to the four3 items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert like ENT to the four3 items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert like ENT to the four3 items
+before your table self-destructs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your table self-destructs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your table self-destructs so
+simple simple tabulation hashing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple simple tabulation hashing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple simple tabulation hashing is
+again pretty good that's that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again pretty good that's that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again pretty good that's that's I think
+the most the hardest result uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the hardest result uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the hardest result uh in this
+paper from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from last
+year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I do have a proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one something like that or part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one something like that or part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one something like that or part of a
+proof let me give you a rough idea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof let me give you a rough idea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof let me give you a rough idea how
+this works um so if you're have a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works um so if you're have a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works um so if you're have a fully
+random hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash
+function the sort the main concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the sort the main concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the sort the main concern is
+that what if what if this path is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what if what if this path is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what if what if this path is really
+long I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I claim that
+uh if you if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if an
+insert follows a path of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+or this the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this the probability of this
+happening is actually at most 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is actually at most 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is actually at most 1 over 2
+to the K it's very small exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K it's very small exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K it's very small exponentially
+small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in
+K uh and to give you I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh and to give you I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh and to give you I just want to
+sketch how this works because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch how this works because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch how this works because it's a
+cool argument um that's actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool argument um that's actually in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool argument um that's actually in this
+simple tabulation paper uh so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tabulation paper uh so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tabulation paper uh so the idea
+is the following you have some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following you have some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following you have some really
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path what I'm going to give you is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path what I'm going to give you is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path what I'm going to give you is a way
+to encode the hash values or the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode the hash values or the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode the hash values or the hash
+functions okay how many uh there's hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay how many uh there's hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay how many uh there's hash
+functions G and H each of them has uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions G and H each of them has uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions G and H each of them has uh n
+values each of them each of those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values each of them each of those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values each of them each of those values
+is log M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log M
+bits all right so if I just wrote them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits all right so if I just wrote them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits all right so if I just wrote them
+down the obvious way uh it's uh two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the obvious way uh it's uh two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the obvious way uh it's uh two n
+log M bits to write down those hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log M bits to write down those hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log M bits to write down those hash
+functions now the we're assuming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now the we're assuming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now the we're assuming these
+are totally random hash functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are totally random hash functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are totally random hash functions which
+means you need this many bits but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need this many bits but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need this many bits but I
+claim that if you follow a path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if you follow a path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that if you follow a path of
+length K I can find a new encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length K I can find a new encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length K I can find a new encoding
+scheme a way to write down G and H that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme a way to write down G and H that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme a way to write down G and H that
+is basically minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically minus
+K this many bits minus K I get to save K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this many bits minus K I get to save K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this many bits minus K I get to save K
+bits now turns out that can happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits now turns out that can happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits now turns out that can happen but
+it happens only with probability 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens only with probability 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens only with probability 1 over
+two to the K this is an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the K this is an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the K this is an information
+theoretic argument you might get lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic argument you might get lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic argument you might get lucky
+and you're the thing the H GS and H's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're the thing the H GS and H's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're the thing the H GS and H's
+you're trying to encode can be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to encode can be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to encode can be done with
+a few fewer bits K fewer bits but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few fewer bits K fewer bits but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few fewer bits K fewer bits but that
+will only happen with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only happen with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only happen with probability one
+over two the kfg and H are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two the kfg and H are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two the kfg and H are totally
+random so how do you do it basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so how do you do it basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so how do you do it basically uh
+I I want to encode the things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to encode the things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to encode the things on the
+path slightly cheaper I'm going to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path slightly cheaper I'm going to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path slightly cheaper I'm going to save
+one bit per node on the path so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit per node on the path so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit per node on the path so what
+what do I need to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to do uh
+well the idea is okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the idea is okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the idea is okay I
+will uh start by writing down this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh start by writing down this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh start by writing down this hash
+value okay this takes log M bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay this takes log M bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay this takes log M bits to
+write down that hash value then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that hash value then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that hash value then I'll
+write down this hash value that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this hash value that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this hash value that takes
+log n Bits log n Bits gender is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n Bits log n Bits gender is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n Bits log n Bits gender is going to
+be roughly K log n to write down all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be roughly K log n to write down all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be roughly K log n to write down all of
+the node hash values then I need to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node hash values then I need to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node hash values then I need to say
+that it's actually x uh this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually x uh this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually x uh this particular
+key that corresponds to this Edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that corresponds to this Edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that corresponds to this Edge so
+I've got to write that down that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to write that down that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to write that down that's going
+to take log n Bits to say that X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take log n Bits to say that X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take log n Bits to say that X is the
+guy for the first Edge then Y is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for the first Edge then Y is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for the first Edge then Y is the key
+that corresponds to the second edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the second edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the second edge of
+the path then Z then W but nicely things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path then Z then W but nicely things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path then Z then W but nicely things
+are ordered here so it only takes me log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ordered here so it only takes me log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ordered here so it only takes me log
+n k log n to write down all these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k log n to write down all these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k log n to write down all these guys
+so I get K * log m + log n now if m is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get K * log m + log n now if m is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get K * log m + log n now if m is 2
+* n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K *
+2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh
+sorry yeah times 2 log M minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah times 2 log M minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah times 2 log M minus
+one so I get one bit of savings per K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I get one bit of savings per K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I get one bit of savings per K
+per thing in the path essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per thing in the path essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per thing in the path essentially
+because it's it's easier for me to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's easier for me to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's easier for me to write
+down these labels to say oh it's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these labels to say oh it's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these labels to say oh it's the key
+X that's going here instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's going here instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's going here instead of having to
+write down slot names all the time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down slot names all the time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down slot names all the time which
+cost log M bits runting down key names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost log M bits runting down key names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost log M bits runting down key names
+only takes log n Bits which is a savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only takes log n Bits which is a savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only takes log n Bits which is a savings
+of one bit per thing on the path and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one bit per thing on the path and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one bit per thing on the path and so
+well that's a quick sketch of how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a quick sketch of how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a quick sketch of how this
+proof goes but it's kind of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof goes but it's kind of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof goes but it's kind of neat
+information theoretic argument why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theoretic argument why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theoretic argument why the
+paths can't get long you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths can't get long you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths can't get long you don't have to
+worry about cycles and and things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about cycles and and things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about cycles and and things that
+look like this uh it's kind of messy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this uh it's kind of messy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this uh it's kind of messy but
+same kind of argument generalizes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of argument generalizes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of argument generalizes so
+that was your quick overview of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your quick overview of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your quick overview of lots of
+hashing stuff
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NSac7cMQnJw.txt b/NSac7cMQnJw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9f210263af172ac041ac8749fcb4612a6e72694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NSac7cMQnJw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the story begins with a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story begins with a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story begins with a statement that
+we you will verify to some degree in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you will verify to some degree in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you will verify to some degree in the
+homework that is due on Wednesday of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that is due on Wednesday of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that is due on Wednesday of
+vector operators this operator has seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector operators this operator has seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector operators this operator has seen
+the one-line summary is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-line summary is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-line summary is that this
+operator is that it's a vector operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is that it's a vector operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is that it's a vector operator
+under angular momentum under the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under angular momentum under the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under angular momentum under the total
+angular momentum and as such its matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and as such its matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and as such its matrix
+elements will behave like the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements will behave like the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements will behave like the matrix
+elements of JZ so how is that true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of JZ so how is that true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of JZ so how is that true so
+suppose what does it mean to say that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what does it mean to say that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what does it mean to say that s
+is a vector operator under J it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector operator under J it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector operator under J it is to
+say that 4j s is like a vector and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that 4j s is like a vector and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that 4j s is like a vector and that
+is a concrete statement that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a concrete statement that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a concrete statement that you should
+check whether it's true it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether it's true it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether it's true it's the
+statement is that J I with SJ here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that J I with SJ here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that J I with SJ here this
+I on J run from 1 to 3 is equal to IH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I on J run from 1 to 3 is equal to IH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I on J run from 1 to 3 is equal to IH
+bar epsilon ijk SK that is the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar epsilon ijk SK that is the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar epsilon ijk SK that is the statement
+that s is a vector operator you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is a vector operator you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is a vector operator you may have
+seen this in a previous course in 805
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in a previous course in 805
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in a previous course in 805
+where you might have proven that X and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have proven that X and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have proven that X and P
+are vector operators for L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here the proof is not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the proof is not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the proof is not all that
+difficult in fact it's almost obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in fact it's almost obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in fact it's almost obvious
+this is true isn't it of ji is Li plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true isn't it of ji is Li plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true isn't it of ji is Li plus
+si Li doesn't talk to us J but si with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si Li doesn't talk to us J but si with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si Li doesn't talk to us J but si with
+SJ satisfy the algebra of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ satisfy the algebra of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ satisfy the algebra of angular
+momentum that is precisely this word so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that is precisely this word so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that is precisely this word so
+this is almost no calculation you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is almost no calculation you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is almost no calculation you will
+check remind yourself that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check remind yourself that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check remind yourself that if you have a
+vector that L 4 L X and P are vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that L 4 L X and P are vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that L 4 L X and P are vector
+operator so for example Li PJ is IH bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so for example Li PJ is IH bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so for example Li PJ is IH bar
+epsilon ijk pk and this you do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon ijk pk and this you do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon ijk pk and this you do by
+calculating the commutator but after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the commutator but after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the commutator but after you
+calculate the commutator a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the commutator a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the commutator a few times
+it's better to just remember oh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to just remember oh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to just remember oh it's a
+vector operator that's a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector operator that's a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector operator that's a good way of
+thinking about this ok if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this ok if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this ok if you have
+vector operators they have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector operators they have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector operators they have a very
+peculiar property sometimes one that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar property sometimes one that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar property sometimes one that may
+sound a little unmotivated but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound a little unmotivated but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound a little unmotivated but it's very
+useful is the following suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is the following suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is the following suppose you
+perform the double commutator of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the double commutator of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the double commutator of J
+squared with the vector operator s here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with the vector operator s here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with the vector operator s here
+you will find an identity than to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find an identity than to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find an identity than to make
+it fun for you I will not tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fun for you I will not tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fun for you I will not tell you the
+number that appears here it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that appears here it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that appears here it's some
+number but with some number here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but with some number here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but with some number here this is
+identical to the following s J times J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the following s J times J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the following s J times J
+minus 1/2 J squared s plus s J squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 J squared s plus s J squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 J squared s plus s J squared
+well it's it's important to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's important to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's important to look at this
+equation even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation even to
+sure everything is in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everything is in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everything is in order
+this is a vector equation so it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector equation so it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector equation so it's three
+equations so J squared despite all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so J squared despite all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so J squared despite all this
+arrow is a scalar has no indices is j1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow is a scalar has no indices is j1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow is a scalar has no indices is j1
+squared plus j2 squared plus j-3 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus j2 squared plus j-3 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus j2 squared plus j-3 squared
+s on the other hand has an arrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s on the other hand has an arrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s on the other hand has an arrow and
+it's a vector so you could look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector so you could look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector so you could look at this
+equation for the third component for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the third component for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the third component for the
+first component for the second so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component for the second so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component for the second so here
+is a vector the three things here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector the three things here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector the three things here is
+also vector is s dot J and J so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vector is s dot J and J so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vector is s dot J and J so the
+vector index is carried by the J here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector index is carried by the J here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector index is carried by the J here
+the vector in that sis car it by the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector in that sis car it by the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector in that sis car it by the S
+here once to the left of J squared ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here once to the left of J squared ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here once to the left of J squared ones
+to the right of J squared also maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of J squared also maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of J squared also maybe you
+should notice that s J is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should notice that s J is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should notice that s J is the same thing
+as J s naught because these operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as J s naught because these operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as J s naught because these operators
+commute but because s x + JX commute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute but because s x + JX commute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute but because s x + JX commute is
+y + JY written as z + jz commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + JY written as z + jz commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + JY written as z + jz commute
+different components would not commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components would not commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components would not commute
+but here this ones do commute so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here this ones do commute so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here this ones do commute so this is
+a formula you will show by computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula you will show by computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula you will show by computation
+of its i don't think there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its i don't think there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its i don't think there's a simple
+way to derive this formula but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to derive this formula but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to derive this formula but it's true
+and false by computation this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false by computation this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false by computation this formula
+implies a result that is quite pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a result that is quite pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a result that is quite pretty
+it's sometimes called a projection lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes called a projection lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes called a projection lemma
+so this is all all we're doing is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all all we're doing is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all all we're doing is trying
+to compute a matrix element and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a matrix element and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a matrix element and we're
+forced to consider a lot of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to consider a lot of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to consider a lot of structure
+we're just trying to show this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just trying to show this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just trying to show this simple
+matrix element with an S Z here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element with an S Z here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element with an S Z here is
+proportional to M J this is our goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to M J this is our goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to M J this is our goal and
+we're going to do that so suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that so suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that so suppose you
+take that interesting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that interesting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that interesting it
+and find its expectation value on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find its expectation value on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find its expectation value on a
+state that is an eigenstate of J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is an eigenstate of J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is an eigenstate of J so
+suppose you take a j MJ and put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you take a j MJ and put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you take a j MJ and put this
+whole equation inside this left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equation inside this left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equation inside this left-hand
+side and right-hand side a state that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and right-hand side a state that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and right-hand side a state that is
+an eigenstate of J now that state may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenstate of J now that state may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenstate of J now that state may be
+an eigenstate of other operators as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenstate of other operators as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenstate of other operators as well
+doesn't matter now look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter now look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter now look at your
+left-hand side it's a commutator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side it's a commutator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side it's a commutator you
+have a J squared on the left a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a J squared on the left a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a J squared on the left a
+commutator on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator on the right
+- commutator on the left J squared on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- commutator on the left J squared on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- commutator on the left J squared on
+the right in both cases there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in both cases there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in both cases there will be
+either a J squared near the bra or a J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a J squared near the bra or a J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a J squared near the bra or a J
+squared near the ket those two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared near the ket those two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared near the ket those two terms
+come with opposite signs since those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with opposite signs since those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with opposite signs since those are
+eigenstates with the same eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates with the same eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates with the same eigen values
+that's what we're doing an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing an expectation
+value here the left-hand side is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here the left-hand side is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here the left-hand side is zero so
+the left-hand side contributes nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side contributes nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side contributes nothing
+so left hand side is zero on this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so left hand side is zero on this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so left hand side is zero on this thing
+is zero and let's look at the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and let's look at the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and let's look at the right-hand
+side is equal to j MJ s dot j j j MJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is equal to j MJ s dot j j j MJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is equal to j MJ s dot j j j MJ and
+- so that was the first term now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so that was the first term now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so that was the first term now we have
+to compute this thing on this JM JM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this thing on this JM JM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this thing on this JM JM
+state again a J squared is either to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state again a J squared is either to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state again a J squared is either to the
+left or to the right therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or to the right therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or to the right therefore this
+gives a number which is H squared J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a number which is H squared J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a number which is H squared J
+times J plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J plus 1
+this gives the same number associated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the same number associated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the same number associated on
+the brow you have two terms the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brow you have two terms the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brow you have two terms the factor
+of 1/2 cancels and you're left just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1/2 cancels and you're left just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1/2 cancels and you're left just with
+the expectation value of s which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of s which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of s which is kind
+of what we wanted here so this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we wanted here so this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we wanted here so this is minus
+H squared J times J plus 1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared J times J plus 1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared J times J plus 1 which is the
+expectation value of J squared times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of J squared times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of J squared times the
+expectation value JM j of s on the JM j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok you have this term minus that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok you have this term minus that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok you have this term minus that term
+equal to 0 so what have we learned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so what have we learned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so what have we learned we
+have learned that this term that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned that this term that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned that this term that we can
+call expectation value of s vector on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call expectation value of s vector on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call expectation value of s vector on a
+J Wigand state is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Wigand state is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Wigand state is equal to the
+expectation value of this quantity s dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of this quantity s dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of this quantity s dot
+J J on the eigenstate divided by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J on the eigenstate divided by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J on the eigenstate divided by this
+number which turns out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which turns out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which turns out to be the
+expectation value of J squared on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of J squared on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of J squared on that
+eigenstate this formula looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate this formula looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate this formula looks like a
+projection formula in which you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection formula in which you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection formula in which you say the
+expectation value of s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of s is the
+expectation value of the projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the projection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the projection of
+the vector S onto the vector J remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector S onto the vector J remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector S onto the vector J remember
+if you want if you have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want if you have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want if you have for example
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+projection of a vector a into a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of a vector a into a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of a vector a into a unit
+vector n what is the projection of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n what is the projection of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n what is the projection of a
+vector a into a unit vector and well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a into a unit vector and well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a into a unit vector and well the
+projection is a dot M times M that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is a dot M times M that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is a dot M times M that's the
+component of a along the vector ends but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a along the vector ends but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a along the vector ends but
+if n is not a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is not a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is not a unit vector
+sir the projection of a along B is a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir the projection of a along B is a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir the projection of a along B is a dot
+B times B over B squared because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B times B over B squared because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B times B over B squared because in fact
+the projection along a vector along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection along a vector along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection along a vector along a
+unit vector is the same thing it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector is the same thing it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector is the same thing it's just
+the projection and here you have unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection and here you have unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection and here you have unit
+vectors so this is the projection lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very nice result pretty striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice result pretty striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice result pretty striking
+in fact this result is also mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this result is also mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this result is also mentioned in
+Griffiths it doesn't give a derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths it doesn't give a derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths it doesn't give a derivation
+of this result it's just quoted but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this result it's just quoted but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this result it's just quoted but it's
+a beautiful and important result it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful and important result it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful and important result it's
+conceptually interesting is valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually interesting is valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually interesting is valid for
+any vector operator under J and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector operator under J and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector operator under J and this
+will answer our question because now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will answer our question because now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will answer our question because now we
+can use this formula to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this formula to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this formula to compute the
+matrix element so what do we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element so what do we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element so what do we have for
+our case we have that n LJ m j SZ + LJ m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we have that n LJ m j SZ + LJ m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we have that n LJ m j SZ + LJ m
+J is what well we have the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is what well we have the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is what well we have the expectation
+value of JZ on the state so it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of JZ on the state so it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of JZ on the state so it's gonna
+be H bar m J over H squared J times J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H bar m J over H squared J times J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H bar m J over H squared J times J
+plus 1 that's the denominator and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 that's the denominator and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 that's the denominator and you
+still have here what may look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have here what may look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have here what may look like a
+small challenge or a big challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small challenge or a big challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small challenge or a big challenge
+happy needs a small challenge s dot L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy needs a small challenge s dot L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy needs a small challenge s dot L
+and L j MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here of this is called the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of this is called the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of this is called the scalar
+operator this is invariant under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is invariant under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is invariant under
+rotations and scalar operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and scalar operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and scalar operators are
+independent of M J we got the MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of M J we got the MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of M J we got the MJ
+dependence here we want to claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence here we want to claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence here we want to claim that
+this expectation value is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation value is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation value is proportional
+to M J and we have the result here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M J and we have the result here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M J and we have the result here
+unless there is MJ dependence here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there is MJ dependence here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there is MJ dependence here but
+there's no MJ dependence here because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no MJ dependence here because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no MJ dependence here because as
+I said this has to do with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said this has to do with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said this has to do with the fact that
+this is a scalar operator so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scalar operator so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scalar operator so let's
+calculate this part to finish this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this part to finish this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this part to finish this whole
+computation how do you do that well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation how do you do that well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation how do you do that well you
+have to remember you have J equal to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember you have J equal to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember you have J equal to L
+plus s so in here we'll do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s so in here we'll do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s so in here we'll do the following
+I'm sorry I had a confusion here s dot J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I had a confusion here s dot J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I had a confusion here s dot J
+is s dot J here starting to look wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s dot J here starting to look wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s dot J here starting to look wrong
+so I need the dot product of J and s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need the dot product of J and s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need the dot product of J and s so
+here I'll take L equals 2 J minus s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll take L equals 2 J minus s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll take L equals 2 J minus s and
+L squared is equal to J squared plus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L squared is equal to J squared plus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L squared is equal to J squared plus s
+squared minus 2 s dot J here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 2 s dot J here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 2 s dot J here is
+important than s and J s dot J and J dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than s and J s dot J and J dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than s and J s dot J and J dot
+s are the same and therefore this S dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s are the same and therefore this S dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s are the same and therefore this S dot
+J is 1/2 of J squared plus s squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is 1/2 of J squared plus s squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is 1/2 of J squared plus s squared
+minus l squared so with s dot J being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l squared so with s dot J being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l squared so with s dot J being
+this you see immediately what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you see immediately what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you see immediately what is this
+number this is H bar m J H square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is H bar m J H square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is H bar m J H square
+J times J plus 1 and now 1/2 so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J times J plus 1 and now 1/2 so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J times J plus 1 and now 1/2 so I have a
+1/2 here I'll put it in front J squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 here I'll put it in front J squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 here I'll put it in front J squared
+so this is J times J plus 1 there's an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is J times J plus 1 there's an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is J times J plus 1 there's an H
+squared as in addition h squared here J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as in addition h squared here J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as in addition h squared here J
+times J plus 1 s squared which is 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J plus 1 s squared which is 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times J plus 1 s squared which is 3/4
+for it's been 1/2 minus l squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's been 1/2 minus l squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's been 1/2 minus l squared which
+is minus L times L plus 1 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus L times L plus 1 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus L times L plus 1 ok
+almost there Wow this takes time but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there Wow this takes time but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there Wow this takes time but we
+have a result so what is the result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a result so what is the result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a result so what is the result the
+matrix element and LJ m j LZ oops I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element and LJ m j LZ oops I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element and LJ m j LZ oops I'll
+put the whole thing together LZ plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole thing together LZ plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole thing together LZ plus 2
+SZ back to the whole matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SZ back to the whole matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SZ back to the whole matrix element
+remember we've had one piece HM J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've had one piece HM J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've had one piece HM J and
+now this part so adding the h MJ to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this part so adding the h MJ to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this part so adding the h MJ to this
+new part we have h MJ 1 plus J times J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new part we have h MJ 1 plus J times J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new part we have h MJ 1 plus J times J
+plus 1 minus L times L plus 1 plus 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus L times L plus 1 plus 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus L times L plus 1 plus 3/4
+over 2 J times J plus 1 ok I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 J times J plus 1 ok I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 J times J plus 1 ok I'm sorry
+it's all here I just copied that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all here I just copied that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all here I just copied that term
+hopefully without mistakes so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully without mistakes so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully without mistakes so we have
+our matrix element and that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix element and that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix element and that matrix
+element in the top blackboard there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the top blackboard there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the top blackboard there
+gives us the splitting it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the splitting it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the splitting it's probably
+good time to introduce notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to introduce notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to introduce notation and
+there's a notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a notation here
+where this is called G sub J of L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is called G sub J of L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is called G sub J of L and
+it's called the land a G factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a G factor in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affects the energy levels as if it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the energy levels as if it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the energy levels as if it you
+were modifying the magnetic moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were modifying the magnetic moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were modifying the magnetic moment of
+the particle so this number tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle so this number tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle so this number tells you
+how the level split they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the level split they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the level split they split
+proportional to MJ all the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to MJ all the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to MJ all the various
+levels and for the full multiplet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and for the full multiplet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and for the full multiplet the
+multiplet is an eigenstate of J and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet is an eigenstate of J and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet is an eigenstate of J and I
+instead of L so throughout the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of L so throughout the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of L so throughout the all the
+states in the multiplet this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the multiplet this is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the multiplet this is a single
+number and just you have the h of j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and just you have the h of j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and just you have the h of j and
+result is that the weak Zeeman splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that the weak Zeeman splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that the weak Zeeman splitting
+and LJ m is eh bar over 2m C times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LJ m is eh bar over 2m C times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LJ m is eh bar over 2m C times B
+times GJ of L times MJ and this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times GJ of L times MJ and this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times GJ of L times MJ and this number
+is about 579 times ten to the minus nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 579 times ten to the minus nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 579 times ten to the minus nine
+evey per Gauss it's small so Wow it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evey per Gauss it's small so Wow it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evey per Gauss it's small so Wow it took
+us some effort but here we are we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some effort but here we are we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some effort but here we are we have
+the weak field Zeeman splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak field Zeeman splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak field Zeeman splitting
+completely computer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nh5ObEa5Hys.txt b/Nh5ObEa5Hys.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cedb00a1e4a2812947fc7e870101237f162e57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nh5ObEa5Hys.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now class five we got we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now class five we got we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now class five we got we had an
+introduction to it last time where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to it last time where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to it last time where I
+talked about this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this question
+you recapitulate phylogeny it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recapitulate phylogeny it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recapitulate phylogeny it's been
+important in the history of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the history of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the history of the field
+and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that
+it's very roughly speaking yes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very roughly speaking yes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very roughly speaking yes there's
+some correspondence but it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correspondence but it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correspondence but it's not perfect
+and there's probably no truly phylotypic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's probably no truly phylotypic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's probably no truly phylotypic
+stage for all the all the species in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for all the all the species in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for all the all the species in a
+given phylum but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given phylum but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given phylum but nevertheless
+there are a lot of similarities across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of similarities across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of similarities across
+species especially when we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species especially when we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species especially when we deal with
+spinal cord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hind brain midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain midbrain
+and even some aspects of the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even some aspects of the end brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even some aspects of the end brain
+and this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the biggest type of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the biggest type of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the biggest type of difference
+that does occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've got to discriminate between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to discriminate between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to discriminate between the
+topology of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of the brain
+in the detailed Topography of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the detailed Topography of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the detailed Topography of the brain
+relative sizes of structures vary and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of structures vary and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of structures vary and so
+after we finish this class I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we finish this class I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we finish this class I don't know
+if we'll get to it at all today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we'll get to it at all today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we'll get to it at all today we're
+going to go through some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through some of the
+specializations where you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations where you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations where you will see
+just like we've already seen for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we've already seen for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we've already seen for the
+hindbrain certain structures grow a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain certain structures grow a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain certain structures grow a lot
+bigger in some animals than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in some animals than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in some animals than others
+depending on behavioral specializations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on behavioral specializations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on behavioral specializations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we found out what a cyanod was and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out what a cyanod was and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out what a cyanod was and I
+this uh they're the mammal-like reptiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh they're the mammal-like reptiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh they're the mammal-like reptiles
+rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep
+mammals evolve from that group this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals evolve from that group this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals evolve from that group this is
+an early cyanidon here in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early cyanidon here in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early cyanidon here in the upper left
+so just as a fantasy we can pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as a fantasy we can pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as a fantasy we can pretend
+we're looking at the brain of an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the brain of an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the brain of an early
+cyanod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanod
+but it's really based more on amphibian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really based more on amphibian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really based more on amphibian
+brains and very primitive reptilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and very primitive reptilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains and very primitive reptilian
+brace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brace
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the relevance to mammals is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevance to mammals is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevance to mammals is that we
+still have that brain even in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have that brain even in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have that brain even in the human
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+it's like it's the old older parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's the old older parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's the old older parts of
+the brain that are still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that are still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that are still there
+I already said spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already said spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already said spinal cord
+hindbrain and midbrain you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and midbrain you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and midbrain you can see the
+same structures across many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structures across many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structures across many different
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact even for the end brain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even for the end brain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even for the end brain there
+it creates similarities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates similarities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates similarities but
+think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that
+this primitive brain we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primitive brain we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primitive brain we're going to take
+a look at is representative of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at is representative of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at is representative of the core
+of our own brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our own brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our own brain
+but first let's just take the cyanide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just take the cyanide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just take the cyanide
+memory and you tell me what you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you tell me what you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you tell me what you remember
+from what we've learned already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at this brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this brain
+I've wiped out the the top part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've wiped out the the top part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've wiped out the the top part because
+I want you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to remember
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by now you should we know it the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you should we know it the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you should we know it the most
+called part of the CNS we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called part of the CNS we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called part of the CNS we have the
+spinal cord and that's just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and that's just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and that's just an example
+of a of a spinal nerve that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a spinal nerve that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a spinal nerve that is the
+dorsal root carrying sensory information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root carrying sensory information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root carrying sensory information
+to the upper part the dorsal part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the upper part the dorsal part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the upper part the dorsal part of the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+and obviously we've distorted the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously we've distorted the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously we've distorted the brain
+here just to be able to show connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to be able to show connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to be able to show connections
+so what do we have above the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have above the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have above the spinal cord
+everything between here and here what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything between here and here what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything between here and here what is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+high in Grain okay what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in Grain okay what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in Grain okay what do you think
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+cerebellum okay so the rostral part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum okay so the rostral part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum okay so the rostral part of
+the hindbrain is often named it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is often named it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is often named it's often
+called the pontine region because cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pontine region because cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the pontine region because cells
+down here which I don't really depict in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here which I don't really depict in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here which I don't really depict in
+this brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brain
+but we certainly see it in mammalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we certainly see it in mammalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we certainly see it in mammalian
+brains connect to the cerebellum carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains connect to the cerebellum carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains connect to the cerebellum carry
+input from the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the cortex
+and the lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower part
+this is the Latin for spinal cord is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Latin for spinal cord is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Latin for spinal cord is
+medulla sphenosis the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulla sphenosis the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulla sphenosis the core
+the medulip the core the inner core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medulip the core the inner core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medulip the core the inner core of
+the spinal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal column
+so the lower part of the hindbrain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower part of the hindbrain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower part of the hindbrain is
+just an extension of that the medulla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an extension of that the medulla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an extension of that the medulla
+oblongata The Oblong the elongated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblongata The Oblong the elongated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblongata The Oblong the elongated
+spinal cord whereas the rostral part now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord whereas the rostral part now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord whereas the rostral part now
+is changed that's where the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changed that's where the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changed that's where the cerebellum
+belt okay what's above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt okay what's above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt okay what's above that
+the midbrain or mesencephalon what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain or mesencephalon what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain or mesencephalon what are
+the bumps up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bumps up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bumps up there
+you see it in all the vertebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+the collicula what does colliculi mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collicula what does colliculi mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collicula what does colliculi mean
+to ease little heels so if you look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ease little heels so if you look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ease little heels so if you look down
+on the surface we do a brain dissection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface we do a brain dissection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface we do a brain dissection
+you'll see that in the sheet brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that in the sheet brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that in the sheet brain
+you'll see that in any mammalian brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that in any mammalian brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that in any mammalian brain
+you'll see these four bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these four bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these four bumps
+and in some animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some animals
+you know one of those bumps a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of those bumps a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of those bumps a pair of
+those bumps is much larger than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bumps is much larger than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bumps is much larger than another
+species but the basic structures are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species but the basic structures are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species but the basic structures are the
+same okay and then above the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay and then above the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay and then above the midbrain
+if we just take this whole division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just take this whole division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just take this whole division
+that sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry
+between brain or diencephalon and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between brain or diencephalon and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between brain or diencephalon and the
+largest part up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest part up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest part up here
+thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus
+this really crucial to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really crucial to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really crucial to our
+functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+hypothalamus the load of elves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus the load of elves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus the load of elves okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now above that above the tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now above that above the tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now above that above the tween brain
+I we know that's all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forebrain okay the most rostral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain okay the most rostral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain okay the most rostral of the
+brain vesicles but I've got it divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain vesicles but I've got it divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain vesicles but I've got it divided
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the the biggest subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the biggest subcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the biggest subcortical
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+this is mostly palium up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mostly palium up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mostly palium up here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this
+schematic here from Streeter he names a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic here from Streeter he names a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic here from Streeter he names a
+few more of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more of these things
+and he explains that the pallium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he explains that the pallium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he explains that the pallium the
+word means a cloak what's a similar word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word means a cloak what's a similar word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word means a cloak what's a similar word
+that we use for the palium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for the palium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for the palium
+cortex what does cortex mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex what does cortex mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex what does cortex mean
+it means the bark like the bark of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the bark like the bark of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the bark like the bark of the
+tree okay so the thallium or is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so the thallium or is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay so the thallium or is the
+older word and we we use it often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older word and we we use it often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older word and we we use it often in
+embryology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryology
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so this is the older parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the older parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the older parts of the
+palette there's no neocortex below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette there's no neocortex below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette there's no neocortex below
+mammals this is a premium alien brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals this is a premium alien brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals this is a premium alien brain
+but that doesn't mean there's no power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean there's no power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean there's no power
+okay there's a dorsal palium a medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a dorsal palium a medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a dorsal palium a medial
+pallium a lateral pelling and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallium a lateral pelling and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallium a lateral pelling and there's
+even a ventral pallium but I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a ventral pallium but I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a ventral pallium but I have it
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a factory structure it's ventral pallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factory structure it's ventral pallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factory structure it's ventral pallium
+and then these are subpaleel components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these are subpaleel components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these are subpaleel components
+that are connected with fatality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected with fatality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected with fatality in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay that would include structures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would include structures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would include structures like
+the amygdala and the mammalian brain yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we know which part of the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know which part of the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know which part of the switch
+well that's basically what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's basically what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's basically what you're
+learning but we know it from cyto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but we know it from cyto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but we know it from cyto
+architecture we know it from fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we know it from fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we know it from fiber
+architecture and very important for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and very important for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and very important for this
+class we know it from connections okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we know it from connections okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we know it from connections okay
+and we're interested in how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in how these
+structures evolved and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures evolved and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures evolved and how they're
+interconnected and how those connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected and how those connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected and how those connections
+evolve so that's what we'll be dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve so that's what we'll be dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve so that's what we'll be dealing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+but we know from the skull shapes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know from the skull shapes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know from the skull shapes and
+everything of these ancient animals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of these ancient animals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of these ancient animals that
+they were pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pretty similar
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you read on Google online you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read on Google online you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read on Google online you do
+searches for Cyanide for example you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for Cyanide for example you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for Cyanide for example you'll
+see some fairly ridiculous things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some fairly ridiculous things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some fairly ridiculous things
+they'll say mammals are cyanods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say mammals are cyanods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say mammals are cyanods and
+things like that and that they suckle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and that they suckle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and that they suckle
+their young and this and that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their young and this and that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their young and this and that we don't
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+okay as I point out in that previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as I point out in that previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as I point out in that previous
+slide just read what I have at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide just read what I have at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide just read what I have at the
+bottom I summarize that we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom I summarize that we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom I summarize that we only have
+this the fossil record so soft tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fossil record so soft tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fossil record so soft tissue
+isn't preserved in the fossil record so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't preserved in the fossil record so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't preserved in the fossil record so
+brain isn't preserved well neither are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain isn't preserved well neither are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain isn't preserved well neither are
+mammary glands or any other soft tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary glands or any other soft tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary glands or any other soft tissue
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+so this is meant to represent Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is meant to represent Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is meant to represent Corpus
+triatum this is the pallium above it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triatum this is the pallium above it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triatum this is the pallium above it and
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+olfactory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system
+so at least remember those three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least remember those three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least remember those three things
+and remember that the pallium here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that the pallium here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that the pallium here is
+not neopallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not neopallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not neopallium
+or neocortex yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is the original figure in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the original figure in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the original figure in this
+is in the book or a modernized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the book or a modernized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the book or a modernized version
+of it and you can see I've and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and you can see I've and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and you can see I've and I've
+labeled there the different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled there the different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled there the different parts of the
+pallium you find out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallium you find out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallium you find out there
+uh even the most primitive of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even the most primitive of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even the most primitive of all the
+vertebrates like the sea lamprey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+has a pallium but we can only really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pallium but we can only really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pallium but we can only really see
+a dorsal palium in the ventral Pele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the more realistic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the more realistic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the more realistic view
+where I take an embryonic brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I take an embryonic brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I take an embryonic brain
+I've shown a dorsal view except I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown a dorsal view except I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown a dorsal view except I've
+taken the hemispheres and I've pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the hemispheres and I've pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the hemispheres and I've pushed
+them apart this is before there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart this is before there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart this is before there's any
+corpus callosum that's evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus callosum that's evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus callosum that's evolved
+so this isn't a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't a section
+okay it's a surface view with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a surface view with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a surface view with the
+hemisphere is pushed apart so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere is pushed apart so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere is pushed apart so if you
+want that to look more like the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to look more like the embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to look more like the embryo
+would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look
+like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a
+12 or 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or 13
+embryonic day hamster or Mouse you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic day hamster or Mouse you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic day hamster or Mouse you know
+take these and push them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these and push them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these and push them together
+the striations there represent a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striations there represent a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the striations there represent a thin
+one layer thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer thick
+layer of cells as one one cell layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of cells as one one cell layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of cells as one one cell layer
+thick is the roof plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick is the roof plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick is the roof plate
+remember the other roof plate there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the other roof plate there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the other roof plate there you
+see in the cross section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the cross section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the cross section of the
+hindbrain now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain now the
+the roof plate where the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof plate where the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof plate where the cerebellum
+actually forms rasterly but in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually forms rasterly but in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually forms rasterly but in the early
+embryo I'm showing you here before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo I'm showing you here before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo I'm showing you here before the
+cerebellum is even growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is even growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is even growing
+and the cerebellum does develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cerebellum does develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cerebellum does develop
+relatively late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this this there's an area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this this there's an area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this this there's an area of
+thin roof plate in the medial side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin roof plate in the medial side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin roof plate in the medial side of
+the hemisphere and in the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemisphere and in the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemisphere and in the dorsal
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+part of the tween brain what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the tween brain what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the tween brain what you see
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now I can anyone answer this for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can anyone answer this for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can anyone answer this for me
+let's talk about some of these neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some of these neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some of these neurons
+that we see in that diagram what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in that diagram what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in that diagram what are
+three different types of primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different types of primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different types of primary sensory
+neuron structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron structures
+and then we'll talk about where we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about where we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about where we find
+them even in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even in mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even in mammals
+what am I talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I talking about
+primary Sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary Sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary Sensory neurons
+let me start at the answer just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start at the answer just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start at the answer just by
+saying some primary Sensory neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying some primary Sensory neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying some primary Sensory neurons are
+right in the epithelium just like in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the epithelium just like in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the epithelium just like in an
+earthworm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+where do we have those in our brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we have those in our brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we have those in our brains
+in our nervous system where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our nervous system where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our nervous system where is the
+primary sensory neuron right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron right in the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell body right in the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell body right in the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell body right in the surface
+and hair in the nasal epithelium okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hair in the nasal epithelium okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hair in the nasal epithelium okay
+your receptor cells olfactory receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your receptor cells olfactory receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your receptor cells olfactory receptor
+cells are primarily Sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are primarily Sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are primarily Sensory neurons
+and their dendrites are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their dendrites are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their dendrites are highly
+specialized to respond to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized to respond to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized to respond to things
+dissolved in the nasal mucosa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the nasal mucosa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the nasal mucosa
+respond to odorant molecules that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to odorant molecules that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to odorant molecules that we
+breathe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe in
+but you don't respond to those odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't respond to those odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't respond to those odor
+molecules directly from the air they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules directly from the air they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules directly from the air they
+have to dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dissolve
+and stimulate receptors in the dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulate receptors in the dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulate receptors in the dendritic
+components of those primary Sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of those primary Sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of those primary Sensory
+neurons what are the other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bipolar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells
+in some animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some animals
+that's the main type of neuron carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main type of neuron carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main type of neuron carrying
+sensory information from the body's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory information from the body's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory information from the body's
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+where do we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+not in well that's a that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in well that's a that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in well that's a that's actually a
+pretty good answer because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good answer because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good answer because there are
+bipolar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells
+that's right okay we often forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay we often forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay we often forget that
+because the retina is so highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the retina is so highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the retina is so highly
+specialized okay but yes in the retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized okay but yes in the retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized okay but yes in the retinal
+cells we have bipolar neurons where else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for primary Sensory neurons no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the auditory system and where else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributor okay Auditorium distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor okay Auditorium distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor okay Auditorium distributor
+or bipolar and this is the way kahal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bipolar and this is the way kahal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bipolar and this is the way kahal
+depicts them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts them
+he's showing different animals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's showing different animals here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's showing different animals here
+I guess that's the only one I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that's the only one I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that's the only one I have here
+okay he's showing different animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he's showing different animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he's showing different animals
+okay but we have all these enamels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we have all these enamels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we have all these enamels
+in the epithelium a bipolar cell sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the epithelium a bipolar cell sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the epithelium a bipolar cell sub
+epithelial and bipolar cells where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial and bipolar cells where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial and bipolar cells where the
+cells are collected in a ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are collected in a ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are collected in a ganglion
+okay and then the fourth type is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the fourth type is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the fourth type is the
+major type in us and and most in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major type in us and and most in mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major type in us and and most in mammals
+and in Birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're called pseudo-unipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called pseudo-unipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called pseudo-unipolar
+they're unipolar in their shape but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unipolar in their shape but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unipolar in their shape but in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they still have a peripheral process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have a peripheral process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have a peripheral process and
+a simple process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a big Advantage conduction can be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big Advantage conduction can be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big Advantage conduction can be faster
+because the axon is continuous here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the axon is continuous here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the axon is continuous here and
+this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now
+the metabolic support system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolic support system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolic support system
+it has nothing to do with the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with the action
+potential okay but it supports the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay but it supports the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay but it supports the cell
+of course you kill the ganglion cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you kill the ganglion cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you kill the ganglion cell and
+this axon will die okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+so there's a most of the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a most of the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a most of the neurons
+carrying input from the skin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying input from the skin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying input from the skin or
+unipolar and mammals there's a bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipolar and mammals there's a bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipolar and mammals there's a bipolar
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's the olfactory epithelial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the olfactory epithelial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the olfactory epithelial
+primary sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron
+carrying input into the CNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+now here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a
+a different kind of question but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of question but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of question but still
+sticking to the more peripheral parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the more peripheral parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the more peripheral parts
+and the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the different types of muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the different types of muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the different types of muscle
+cells now in the chapter I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells now in the chapter I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells now in the chapter I talk about
+just two major types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two major types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two major types
+there's different we could come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different we could come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different we could come up with
+subtypes of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of these two
+but what are the two main types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these what types are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dry striated muscle cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's muscles here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's muscles here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's muscles here too
+this is a cross-section of the gut okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section of the gut okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section of the gut okay
+it's lined with muscle cells what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lined with muscle cells what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lined with muscle cells what kind
+of cell is that you see them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell is that you see them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell is that you see them in the
+lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs
+in the diaphragm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called
+smooth muscle not striated muscle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth muscle not striated muscle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth muscle not striated muscle and
+the microscopic appearance is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic appearance is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscopic appearance is very
+different you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you don't have the
+the alignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alignment of
+that forms this of the cells that forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms this of the cells that forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms this of the cells that forms
+these striations like you have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these striations like you have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these striations like you have them
+strident muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strident muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strident muscle
+there is a major type of striated muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a major type of striated muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a major type of striated muscle
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+that actually is innervated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is innervated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is innervated
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the system that innervates the visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that innervates the visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that innervates the visceral
+what type am I talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heart cells right cardiac muscle cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart cells right cardiac muscle cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart cells right cardiac muscle cells
+are striated cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are striated cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are striated cells
+okay but they're innervated differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they're innervated differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they're innervated differently
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see if anybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if anybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if anybody knows
+let's do seven here because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do seven here because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do seven here because that's
+related to what we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what we just talked about
+what are the two main types of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two main types of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two main types of motor
+neurons depicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons depicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons depicted
+in this introductory chapter and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this introductory chapter and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this introductory chapter and you see
+them here two major types of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here two major types of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here two major types of motor
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's one way to call them these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's one way to call them these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's one way to call them these
+will be Alpha motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the axon of the motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the axon of the motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the axon of the motor neuron
+defined as we already Define it axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as we already Define it axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as we already Define it axon
+leaves the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the central nervous system
+they innovate the striving muscles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they innovate the striving muscles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they innovate the striving muscles and
+here's another motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another motor neuron
+but it doesn't contact a muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't contact a muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't contact a muscle
+it's still called a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still called a motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still called a motor neuron
+it leaves the central nervous system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leaves the central nervous system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leaves the central nervous system the
+Axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axon
+and it context of ganglion cell out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it context of ganglion cell out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it context of ganglion cell out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+this is a neuron that's located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a neuron that's located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a neuron that's located in
+peripheral ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral ganglia
+and then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's
+the way the the gut is innervated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same is true of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true of the heart
+is always an innervation of a ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always an innervation of a ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always an innervation of a ganglion
+first a ganglion cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a ganglion cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a ganglion cell
+so we call this the postganglionic axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call this the postganglionic axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call this the postganglionic axon
+this is the preganglionic Axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so those are the two major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the two major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the two major types of
+motor neuron there is another that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron there is another that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron there is another that some
+we don't depict I don't depict in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't depict I don't depict in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't depict I don't depict in these
+diagrams but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but
+these are cells that secrete something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cells that secrete something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cells that secrete something
+into the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blood
+they can could be called motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can could be called motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can could be called motor neurons
+but here we're just calling the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're just calling the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're just calling the motor
+neurons if they have something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons if they have something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons if they have something to do
+with movement okay not secretion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movement okay not secretion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movement okay not secretion
+but it is a major type of output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a major type of output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a major type of output of the
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and does anybody know this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and does anybody know this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and does anybody know this what
+secondary sensory nuclei receive input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory nuclei receive input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory nuclei receive input
+from axons of the eighth cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from axons of the eighth cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from axons of the eighth cranial nerve
+they're in the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the diagram
+the eighth cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an axon of the eighth cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an axon of the eighth cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an axon of the eighth cranial
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know when you're a neuronatomist if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're a neuronatomist if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're a neuronatomist if
+someone says gives you just the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says gives you just the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says gives you just the number
+of a nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nerve
+you know what it is the eighth nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what it is the eighth nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what it is the eighth nerve
+always means what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means what
+auditory and vestibular okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I put there a spinal nerve the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put there a spinal nerve the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put there a spinal nerve the eighth
+cranial nerve and the first cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve and the first cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve and the first cranial
+nerve that's what I show here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve that's what I show here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve that's what I show here in this
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in this diagram I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this diagram I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this diagram I want you to
+remember what we said about interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said about interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said about interneurons
+and what I write about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I write about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I write about it
+I want you to discuss the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to discuss the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to discuss the term
+interneuron it has a broader meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneuron it has a broader meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneuron it has a broader meaning and
+a more commonly used meaning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more commonly used meaning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more commonly used meaning in
+discussions of neuronanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a simple way the broader definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a simple way the broader definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a simple way the broader definition
+how would you define it more most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you define it more most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you define it more most
+broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly
+what is an interneuron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly okay so it's not one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so it's not one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so it's not one of these
+that I show black in here at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's acts on those accents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's acts on those accents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's acts on those accents are
+leaving the central nervous system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the central nervous system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the central nervous system and
+it's not these that also have a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not these that also have a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not these that also have a cell
+body outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally from the term interneuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally from the term interneuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally from the term interneuron
+though we exclude the secondary Sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we exclude the secondary Sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we exclude the secondary Sensory
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+although they could be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they could be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they could be called
+interneurons in the very broadest sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons in the very broadest sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons in the very broadest sense
+they're in between primary sensory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in between primary sensory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in between primary sensory and
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+but now if we also exclude the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we also exclude the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we also exclude the secondary
+sensory cells it's everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells it's everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells it's everything else
+but what is the more common meaning when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the more common meaning when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the more common meaning when
+you hear an anatomist talk about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear an anatomist talk about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear an anatomist talk about an
+interneuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short
+yeah short accent is the term we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah short accent is the term we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah short accent is the term we use the
+short axon interneurons sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short axon interneurons sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short axon interneurons sometimes we
+abbreviate short X on interneuron just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate short X on interneuron just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate short X on interneuron just
+call them interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them interneurons
+but actually every cell of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually every cell of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually every cell of the great
+intermediate Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate Network
+even these with the long axons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even these with the long axons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even these with the long axons here
+are all intramurines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but sometimes we will use the more we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes we will use the more we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes we will use the more we'll
+just be talking about short axon interns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be talking about short axon interns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be talking about short axon interns
+the most common way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common way
+for any axon in the brain to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any axon in the brain to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any axon in the brain to affect
+movement is through a short axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is through a short axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is through a short axon
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+that's true here in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true here in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true here in the spinal cord
+we always think of primates we think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always think of primates we think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always think of primates we think oh
+but the motor cortex controls the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the motor cortex controls the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the motor cortex controls the motor
+neuron directly that's even in primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron directly that's even in primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron directly that's even in primates
+it's not the most common type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the most common type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the most common type of
+connection it goes through interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection it goes through interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection it goes through interneurons
+we call it the the interneuron pool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the the interneuron pool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the the interneuron pool the
+inner a pool of neurons that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner a pool of neurons that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner a pool of neurons that all
+innervates the motor neurons causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates the motor neurons causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates the motor neurons causes
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+very important in talking about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in talking about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in talking about how the
+motor system is organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system is organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system is organized
+okay now let's talk about the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's talk about the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's talk about the local
+reflex channel of conduction you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex channel of conduction you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex channel of conduction you can
+talk about different channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about different channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about different channels
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+information coming in like through one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming in like through one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming in like through one
+of these axons is rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axons is rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axons is rooted
+and the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one is
+a local reflex Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local reflex Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local reflex Channel
+so what is it in this character sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it in this character sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it in this character sense a
+local reflex channel here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the axon coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just going to draw the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to draw the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to draw the shortest
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+to a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could get movement though that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get movement though that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get movement though that's
+a local reflex pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we deal with spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we deal with spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we deal with spinal cord
+we could Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could Define it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+limited where the pathways limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited where the pathways limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited where the pathways limit the
+conduction is limited to one segment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction is limited to one segment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction is limited to one segment of
+the Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Court
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we talk about segmental reflexes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about segmental reflexes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about segmental reflexes what
+would be a possible function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a possible function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a possible function of that
+pathway I just threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're able to process okay but can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're able to process okay but can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're able to process okay but can
+we name the type of reflex there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name the type of reflex there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name the type of reflex there's one
+synapse here another synapse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse here another synapse here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse here another synapse here
+another synapse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might be the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah a response to pain that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a response to pain that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a response to pain that's a good
+answer but what kind of reflex is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but what kind of reflex is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but what kind of reflex is that
+how do we respond if I reach out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we respond if I reach out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we respond if I reach out here
+and something suddenly hurts my finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something suddenly hurts my finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something suddenly hurts my finger
+kind of reflexes that it's got two names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reflexes that it's got two names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reflexes that it's got two names
+withdrawal reflex or flexion reflex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal reflex or flexion reflex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal reflex or flexion reflex okay
+withdrawal or reflection reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it always involves more than one synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always involves more than one synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always involves more than one synapse
+between the primary sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the primary sensory neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the primary sensory neuron
+and the motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motor neuron
+the only there is a reflex that only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only there is a reflex that only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only there is a reflex that only has
+one synapse The monosynaptic Reflex what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one synapse The monosynaptic Reflex what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one synapse The monosynaptic Reflex what
+kind of reflex is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you learn this in 901 at least when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn this in 901 at least when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn this in 901 at least when I
+taught 901 I always made sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught 901 I always made sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught 901 I always made sure everybody
+knew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the axon I actually showed you a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon I actually showed you a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon I actually showed you a picture
+of it already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it already
+from kahal except he drew it the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kahal except he drew it the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kahal except he drew it the input
+coming from skin and I said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from skin and I said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from skin and I said that was
+wrong it comes from muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the little sensory receptors in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little sensory receptors in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little sensory receptors in our
+muscles especially the muscles of fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles especially the muscles of fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles especially the muscles of fine
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+okay we've got a lot of little receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got a lot of little receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got a lot of little receptors
+in those muscles that detect muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those muscles that detect muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those muscles that detect muscle
+stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch
+okay the stretch receptors they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the stretch receptors they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the stretch receptors they give
+rise the secondary the the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise the secondary the the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise the secondary the the primary
+sensory neuron innervating them are have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neuron innervating them are have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neuron innervating them are have
+very large axons the 1A accents they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large axons the 1A accents they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large axons the 1A accents they're
+fast conducting and they go right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast conducting and they go right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast conducting and they go right to the
+motor neuron a motor neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron a motor neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron a motor neuron that
+innervates the very same muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason it's such a nice system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's such a nice system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's such a nice system
+is that there's a little muscle inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a little muscle inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a little muscle inside
+each spindle organ so the sensitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spindle organ so the sensitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spindle organ so the sensitivity of
+this to stretch can be varied from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to stretch can be varied from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to stretch can be varied from the
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+by a little motor neuron in the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a little motor neuron in the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a little motor neuron in the ventral
+horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn
+called the gamma Ephraim neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gamma Ephraim neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gamma Ephraim neuron
+you're constantly adjusting those muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're constantly adjusting those muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're constantly adjusting those muscle
+spindles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindles
+so you can actually your brain can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually your brain can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually your brain can set
+the length at which the spindle starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length at which the spindle starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length at which the spindle starts
+firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing
+very nice way to stay get stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice way to stay get stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice way to stay get stable
+control the movement all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this kind of Axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Axon
+that enters one segment of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enters one segment of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enters one segment of the cord
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what does that mean a dermatome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's true
+but I want you to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want you to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want you to be a little more
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is
+a dermatome defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how is the first thoracic dermatome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the first thoracic dermatome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the first thoracic dermatome
+defined now I'm giving you a huge hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an area
+what is Derm Derm mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Derm Derm mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Derm Derm mean
+the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin
+tone section so it's got to be a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone section so it's got to be a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone section so it's got to be a section
+of skin what kind of section of skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skin what kind of section of skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skin what kind of section of skin
+here's a dermatome map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a dermatome map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a dermatome map
+what do each of those little sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do each of those little sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do each of those little sections
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+the skin innervated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin innervated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin innervated
+by the dorsal root of one segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the dorsal root of one segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the dorsal root of one segment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning we should find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we should find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we should find
+eight cervical dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should find 12 thoracic dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should find 12 thoracic dermatomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should find 12 thoracic dermatomes
+we should find five lumbar dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should find five lumbar dermatomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should find five lumbar dermatomes
+five sacral dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five sacral dermatomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five sacral dermatomes
+some people might Define the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might Define the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people might Define the one
+cassidual dermatome but generally it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassidual dermatome but generally it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassidual dermatome but generally it
+doesn't Okay usually we just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Okay usually we just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Okay usually we just talk about
+down to the sacral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the sacral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the sacral
+why does it have such a peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it have such a peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it have such a peculiar
+arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement
+on the lens and such a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lens and such a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lens and such a regular
+Arrangements on the trunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements on the trunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements on the trunk
+that's one question another question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one question another question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one question another question is
+what about the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the face
+why isn't the face included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+yeah it's not Innovative by this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not Innovative by this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not Innovative by this final
+card at all that's right what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card at all that's right what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card at all that's right what is it
+innervated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by what kind of nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what kind of nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what kind of nerve
+cranial nerve which cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's another name for the fifth nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's got three main branches so we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got three main branches so we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got three main branches so we call
+it the trigeminal nerve exactly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the trigeminal nerve exactly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the trigeminal nerve exactly okay
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put the human in this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the human in this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the human in this position
+and now imagine he's still an embryo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now imagine he's still an embryo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now imagine he's still an embryo and
+the limbs are just little stubs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbs are just little stubs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbs are just little stubs here
+then you will see that the lines are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see that the lines are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see that the lines are all
+pretty straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straight
+okay and if it tilts his head up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if it tilts his head up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if it tilts his head up a
+little bit that line is straight too the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that line is straight too the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that line is straight too the
+line between trigeminal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line between trigeminal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line between trigeminal and the
+uppermost cervical nerve input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's it's an embryological phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's an embryological phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's an embryological phenomenon
+that you end up with this kind of map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up with this kind of map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up with this kind of map
+all right but now here's one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but now here's one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but now here's one little
+caveat to this whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat to this whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat to this whole story
+each dermatome actually overlaps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each dermatome actually overlaps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each dermatome actually overlaps with
+the two adjoining dermatomes as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two adjoining dermatomes as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two adjoining dermatomes as you see
+here that's usually not depicted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's usually not depicted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's usually not depicted in the
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is the dermatomal map so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the dermatomal map so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the dermatomal map so important
+in clinical neurology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you think of a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of a reason
+when you get a neurological exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a neurological exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a neurological exam
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they test for sensation in various parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they test for sensation in various parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they test for sensation in various parts
+of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body
+they're not just playing around you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just playing around you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just playing around you know
+they if you if you get pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if you if you get pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if you if you get pain
+that corresponds to a dermatome or a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to a dermatome or a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to a dermatome or a few
+dermatomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dermatomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dermatomes
+it could mean pressure on a spinal nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean pressure on a spinal nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean pressure on a spinal nerve
+if someone has a slick disc you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone has a slick disc you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone has a slick disc you know
+he's going to have a hypersensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to have a hypersensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to have a hypersensitive
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+and if it's affecting only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's affecting only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's affecting only the
+spinal root the the dorsal root on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal root the the dorsal root on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal root the the dorsal root on one
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+it will go right to the midline and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will go right to the midline and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will go right to the midline and then
+go around the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around the body
+to the midline in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the neurologist needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the neurologist needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the neurologist needs to know
+these things it will always look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it will always look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it will always look for
+pain for example that follows a dermatom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain for example that follows a dermatom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain for example that follows a dermatom
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh
+how are they mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they mapped
+well I mentioned one region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mentioned one region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mentioned one region the
+irritation of a single spinal root will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritation of a single spinal root will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritation of a single spinal root will
+cause pain and wonder the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause pain and wonder the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause pain and wonder the corresponding
+dermatome or herniated disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dermatome or herniated disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dermatome or herniated disc
+but you also there's data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also there's data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also there's data in the
+literature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathological cases where many nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological cases where many nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological cases where many nerves
+have been severed but there's a spared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been severed but there's a spared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been severed but there's a spared
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the the method of remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the the method of remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the the method of remaining
+Sensibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensibility
+uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the
+many roots have been severed but one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many roots have been severed but one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many roots have been severed but one is
+spared that of course the dermatome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spared that of course the dermatome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spared that of course the dermatome the
+sensation of the dermatoma will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation of the dermatoma will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation of the dermatoma will be
+spared too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spared too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spared too
+the term myotone you sometimes hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term myotone you sometimes hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term myotone you sometimes hear a
+section of muscle it simply has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of muscle it simply has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of muscle it simply has the same
+definition as the dermatome but now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as the dermatome but now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as the dermatome but now it
+corresponds to the ventral root it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the ventral root it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the ventral root it's the
+muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+innervated by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervated by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervated by one
+ventral root or one pair of ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral root or one pair of ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral root or one pair of ventral
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+they usually are pretty closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually are pretty closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually are pretty closely
+aligned with the dermatodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there you see the spinal nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you see the spinal nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you see the spinal nerves
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+dissection of a young human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we Define local when we talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define local when we talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define local when we talk about a
+local reflex in the periphery in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local reflex in the periphery in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local reflex in the periphery in terms
+of dermatomes but in the CNS we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dermatomes but in the CNS we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dermatomes but in the CNS we talk
+about the segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the segment
+segments were originally defined just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments were originally defined just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments were originally defined just by
+the by the vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the vertebrae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the vertebrae
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the nerves tend to come out just below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nerves tend to come out just below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nerves tend to come out just below
+each spinal vertebrae except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spinal vertebrae except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spinal vertebrae except for the
+upper cervical lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper cervical lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper cervical lungs
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+which come out just above the vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's talk about the longer pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about the longer pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about the longer pathways
+what's the oldest ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the oldest ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the oldest ascending
+somatosensory pathway reaches the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's actually a couple of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a couple of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a couple of them that
+are very ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very ancient
+when I was studying neuronatomy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was studying neuronatomy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was studying neuronatomy I
+learned that the paleol meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the paleol meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the paleol meniscus
+was a cross pathway coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cross pathway coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cross pathway coming from the
+spinal cord we called it the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord we called it the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord we called it the spinal
+thalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract
+but in studying it further I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in studying it further I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in studying it further I realized
+that there's actually an older one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually an older one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually an older one
+in fact that spinal thalamic across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that spinal thalamic across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that spinal thalamic across
+pathway doesn't even exist in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway doesn't even exist in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway doesn't even exist in the most
+ancient of the chordates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient of the chordates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient of the chordates
+and certainly not in amphioxus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly not in amphioxus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly not in amphioxus the
+Lancelot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lancelot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lancelot
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+if I just talk about sensory lemniskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just talk about sensory lemniskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just talk about sensory lemniskey
+that mediate touch sensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mediate touch sensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mediate touch sensation
+we've got the two types of them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the two types of them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the two types of them this
+patent limniscal pathways these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent limniscal pathways these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent limniscal pathways these are
+Supra segmental Pathways above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supra segmental Pathways above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supra segmental Pathways above the
+segments of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the spinal cord
+so we some you'll sometimes hear talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we some you'll sometimes hear talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we some you'll sometimes hear talk
+about a super segmental reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a super segmental reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a super segmental reflex
+a response that's like a reflex but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response that's like a reflex but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response that's like a reflex but it
+involves the brain in some way something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the brain in some way something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the brain in some way something
+above the segments of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the segments of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the segments of the cord
+the oldest connections terminate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldest connections terminate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldest connections terminate in
+reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core
+neurons of the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the brain stem
+hindbrain and midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and midbrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but even both of these old Pathways have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even both of these old Pathways have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even both of these old Pathways have
+some axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some axons
+that do reach the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of these two Pathways one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of these two Pathways one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of these two Pathways one of them
+decostates and one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decostates and one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decostates and one doesn't
+so let's talk about the oldest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about the oldest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about the oldest one
+spinal reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reticular
+it's bilateral but most of the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bilateral but most of the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bilateral but most of the axons
+never cross the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never cross the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never cross the midline
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+most of them stay ipsilaterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them stay ipsilaterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them stay ipsilaterally
+they go to the core of the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the core of the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the core of the brain stem
+unless all of them terminating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless all of them terminating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless all of them terminating in the
+reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+it's the least studied of the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the least studied of the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the least studied of the pathways
+but you always find it in any study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always find it in any study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always find it in any study of
+the ascending spinal Pathways in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ascending spinal Pathways in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ascending spinal Pathways in any
+chordate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chordate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chordate
+you look at an antioxidants you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at an antioxidants you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at an antioxidants you'll see
+most of the axons stay on the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the axons stay on the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the axons stay on the same side
+a few of them Reach the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of them Reach the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of them Reach the other side
+so we know what it must animals what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what it must animals what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what it must animals what was
+most important for them control of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important for them control of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important for them control of their
+blood pressure and heart rate breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure and heart rate breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure and heart rate breathing
+rate and volume autonomic and defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and volume autonomic and defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and volume autonomic and defensive
+behavioral responses to pain inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral responses to pain inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral responses to pain inputs
+temperature regulation control of sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation control of sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation control of sexual
+behavior these had to be functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior these had to be functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior these had to be functions of
+that pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway
+I can say that even in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say that even in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say that even in the absence of
+very specific studies of the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific studies of the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific studies of the functions
+of the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathway
+because I know that sensory input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that sensory input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that sensory input from
+the body surface control these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body surface control these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body surface control these things
+and animals had to be have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animals had to be have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animals had to be have those
+functions even before they had a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions even before they had a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions even before they had a even
+the ones that don't have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that don't have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that don't have any other
+descending pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending pathways
+so here in our simplified diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in our simplified diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in our simplified diagram
+these axons would be the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axons would be the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axons would be the ones that
+belong to that pathway and notice I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to that pathway and notice I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to that pathway and notice I do
+show a long one here going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a long one here going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a long one here going to the
+thalamus others are terminating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus others are terminating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus others are terminating in the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+and hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hindbrain
+this picture was revised a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture was revised a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture was revised a little bit
+for the one in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the one in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the one in the book
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it actually could represent spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually could represent spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually could represent spinal
+reticular or the spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular or the spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular or the spinal thalamic
+and if we talk now about these what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we talk now about these what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we talk now about these what are
+these most ancient animals I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these most ancient animals I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these most ancient animals I keep
+mentioning them these are the main ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning them these are the main ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning them these are the main ones
+amphioxus a group of species called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxus a group of species called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxus a group of species called the
+lancelots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lancelots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lancelots
+that we talked about earlier and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about earlier and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about earlier and then
+there's a hagfish and there's a sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hagfish and there's a sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hagfish and there's a sea
+lamprey these are eel-like animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamprey these are eel-like animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamprey these are eel-like animals
+that are not bony vertebraes okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not bony vertebraes okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not bony vertebraes okay they
+don't have a bony skull it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a bony skull it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a bony skull it's just
+cartilage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+these are pictures of their brain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are pictures of their brain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are pictures of their brain you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+hindbrain is the biggest here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain is the biggest here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain is the biggest here
+'s the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s the midbrain
+here's the forebrain with the teal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the forebrain with the teal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the forebrain with the teal
+encephalon about the same size as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encephalon about the same size as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encephalon about the same size as the
+diencephalon are about the same size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon are about the same size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon are about the same size as
+the olfactory bulbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory bulbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory bulbs
+and it's similar for the sea lamprey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's similar for the sea lamprey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's similar for the sea lamprey
+which is more studied than the hagfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more studied than the hagfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more studied than the hagfish
+a little less specialized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less specialized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less specialized so
+has been more focus of studies on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been more focus of studies on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been more focus of studies on that
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+all those these animals all have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those these animals all have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those these animals all have this
+final reticular pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final reticular pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final reticular pathway
+but not much of a spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much of a spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much of a spinal thalamic
+pathway if any at all what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway if any at all what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway if any at all what's interesting
+about those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those three
+so I marked them here on a cladogram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I marked them here on a cladogram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I marked them here on a cladogram is
+that you can trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can trace
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+in those three groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those three groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those three groups
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the fossil record back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fossil record back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fossil record back to the
+earliest earliest chordates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest earliest chordates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest earliest chordates
+only amphioaxis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only amphioaxis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only amphioaxis is
+an invertebrate chordate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hagfishes and lampreys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hagfishes and lampreys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hagfishes and lampreys are
+vertebrates but they're not bony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates but they're not bony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates but they're not bony
+vertebrates or jod vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates or jod vertebrae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates or jod vertebrae
+the animal was borny jaw and skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal was borny jaw and skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal was borny jaw and skull
+okay start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay start here
+and they include all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they include all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they include all the other
+vertebraes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebraes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebraes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is I already mentioned that MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I already mentioned that MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I already mentioned that MP
+access has something like a spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access has something like a spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access has something like a spinal
+reticular pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular pathway
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you can find this final reticular type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find this final reticular type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find this final reticular type
+pathway in hagfish and sea lampreys but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in hagfish and sea lampreys but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in hagfish and sea lampreys but
+they don't apparently have any crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't apparently have any crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't apparently have any crossed
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have a few accidents that do cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a few accidents that do cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a few accidents that do cross
+to the other side but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side but it's not a
+specific meniscus it's not a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific meniscus it's not a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific meniscus it's not a major
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get though that cross pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get though that cross pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get though that cross pathway and
+most of the vertebrates that evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the vertebrates that evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the vertebrates that evolved
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both mammals and non-mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mammals and non-mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mammals and non-mammals
+and certainly the cartilage in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly the cartilage in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly the cartilage in this
+fishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that cross pathway we call spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross pathway we call spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cross pathway we call spinal
+thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember when it was discovered people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when it was discovered people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when it was discovered people
+didn't know anything specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything specifically about
+this final reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final reticular
+and it's been more studied and it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been more studied and it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been more studied and it's more
+important in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in humans
+I'm not totally convinced of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not totally convinced of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not totally convinced of that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they just don't study people without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't study people without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't study people without
+both of these pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these pathways
+so there they are and this if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there they are and this if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there they are and this if we look at
+it on this kind of diagram this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this kind of diagram this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this kind of diagram this is
+weight what spinal thalamic tract is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight what spinal thalamic tract is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight what spinal thalamic tract is
+like spinal reticular would be axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like spinal reticular would be axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like spinal reticular would be axons
+that go on this mostly on the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on this mostly on the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on this mostly on the same side
+with a few crossing over at all levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few crossing over at all levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few crossing over at all levels
+here's the spinal thalamic it's a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the spinal thalamic it's a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the spinal thalamic it's a cross
+pathway but the decussation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but the decussation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but the decussation
+is at all levels of the court because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at all levels of the court because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at all levels of the court because
+they decosate immediately at every level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decosate immediately at every level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decosate immediately at every level
+of the cord you can find secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cord you can find secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cord you can find secondary
+Sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons
+with axons that cross over and Ascend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with axons that cross over and Ascend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with axons that cross over and Ascend in
+the lateral columns on the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral columns on the opposite side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral columns on the opposite side
+towards the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the brain
+and a few of the axons do reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of the axons do reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of the axons do reach the
+thalens so you get it doesn't provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalens so you get it doesn't provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalens so you get it doesn't provide
+input to these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want you to keep in mind that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to keep in mind that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to keep in mind that we're
+not talking here about earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking here about earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking here about earliest
+chordates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very long period of evolution in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long period of evolution in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long period of evolution in order
+to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it probably evolved as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it probably evolved as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it probably evolved as a
+specialization of the widely branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization of the widely branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization of the widely branching
+spinal reticular axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reticular axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reticular axons
+so there must have been some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must have been some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must have been some big
+advantage to crossing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to crossing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to crossing over
+which I've mentioned earlier and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've mentioned earlier and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've mentioned earlier and we'll
+talk about when we discuss the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about when we discuss the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about when we discuss the hindbrain
+in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I've mentioned a few times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've mentioned a few times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've mentioned a few times that
+spinal reticular there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reticular there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reticular there's not a lot of
+research so these are simply questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so these are simply questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so these are simply questions
+related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that
+research questions that haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research questions that haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research questions that haven't been
+fully answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully answered
+okay there's another limousine Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's another limousine Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's another limousine Central
+Municipal pathway carrying information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal pathway carrying information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal pathway carrying information
+to the cerebellum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cerebellum evolved what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum evolved what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum evolved what's the
+suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion
+a hypothesis that's actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothesis that's actually fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothesis that's actually fairly
+popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my reading of that literature though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my reading of that literature though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my reading of that literature though
+many people that study it focus on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people that study it focus on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people that study it focus on more
+very specific functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the hypothesis I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the hypothesis I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the hypothesis I talk about
+it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple
+we know all output all movement depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know all output all movement depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know all output all movement depends
+on the motor neurons right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the motor neurons right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the motor neurons right
+so if I flex my arm okay the always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I flex my arm okay the always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I flex my arm okay the always
+every time I flex my arm it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I flex my arm it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I flex my arm it depends on
+flexor motor neurons in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexor motor neurons in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexor motor neurons in the spinal cord
+what's causing me to flex my arm well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's causing me to flex my arm well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's causing me to flex my arm well it
+can be caused by a result of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be caused by a result of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be caused by a result of visual
+input auditory input input from speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input auditory input input from speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input auditory input input from speech
+for example it could be it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it could be it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it could be it could be
+doing a lot of different kinds of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of different kinds of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of different kinds of inputs
+could be input generated from within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be input generated from within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be input generated from within the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+how do we make sure that the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make sure that the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make sure that the various
+inputs that are coming in simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are coming in simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that are coming in simultaneously
+in very different parts of the body are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very different parts of the body are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very different parts of the body are
+all causing that movement at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all causing that movement at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all causing that movement at the same
+time because it may be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because it may be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because it may be part of a
+sequence of movements it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of movements it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of movements it's got to be
+coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is a big problem especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a big problem especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a big problem especially in
+large animals as they're growing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large animals as they're growing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large animals as they're growing the
+length of these Pathways is changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of these Pathways is changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of these Pathways is changing and
+we know that axonal conduction is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that axonal conduction is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that axonal conduction is not
+instantaneous it's not like light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous it's not like light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous it's not like light
+okay it takes some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it takes some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it takes some time
+so I believe the cerebellum evolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe the cerebellum evolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe the cerebellum evolved in
+order to adjust the relative timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to adjust the relative timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to adjust the relative timing of
+these pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pathways
+there are major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are major
+inputs in these various senses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in these various senses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in these various senses that
+reach the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the cerebellum
+there's an amazing timing a mechanism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an amazing timing a mechanism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an amazing timing a mechanism in
+the cerebellum for adjusting timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum for adjusting timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum for adjusting timing
+and major outputs to the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what I describe in this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I describe in this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I describe in this slide
+and this is the pathway we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the pathway we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the pathway we're talking
+about oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see it goes directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it goes directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it goes directly to the
+cortex system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basic cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic cell types
+and the circuitry are highly conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circuitry are highly conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circuitry are highly conserved
+in evolution so you can look at widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in evolution so you can look at widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in evolution so you can look at widely
+different animals and you keep seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animals and you keep seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animals and you keep seeing
+the cerebellar structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellar structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellar structure
+the layering does become more regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layering does become more regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layering does become more regular
+you get new inhibitory cell types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get new inhibitory cell types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get new inhibitory cell types and
+tetrapods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrapods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrapods
+and also the Deep nuclei that provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the Deep nuclei that provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the Deep nuclei that provide
+the output in the tetrapods aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in the tetrapods aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in the tetrapods aren't
+present in before tetrapods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in before tetrapods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in before tetrapods
+he also see tremendous variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also see tremendous variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also see tremendous variation in the
+relative size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see
+let me talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about some of the
+specializations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations
+now it's generally true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's generally true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's generally true that
+the larger the cerebral hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger the cerebral hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger the cerebral hemispheres
+biggest part of our brain 80 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest part of our brain 80 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest part of our brain 80 percent
+several cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several cortex
+and related structures in the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the larger that is the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger that is the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger that is the bigger the
+cerebellum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is
+but there are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some interesting
+exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions
+there is a few species of animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a few species of animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a few species of animals and
+without the large cerebral hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the large cerebral hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the large cerebral hemispheres
+in which a greatly enlarged cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a greatly enlarged cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a greatly enlarged cerebellum
+is found what animals am I talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a fish right with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a fish right with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a fish right with what
+it's got a specialization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a specialization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a specialization in
+the type of sensory input it's an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of sensory input it's an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of sensory input it's an input
+we know not have no direct experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know not have no direct experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know not have no direct experience
+because we don't have it in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have it in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have it in fact they
+have a lot of cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of cranial nerves
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not taste that's another area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not taste that's another area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not taste that's another area where
+there's been great specialization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been great specialization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been great specialization but
+the taste doesn't lead to enlargement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taste doesn't lead to enlargement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taste doesn't lead to enlargement of
+the cerebellum this sense does it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum this sense does it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum this sense does it's
+electroreception and there's been a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroreception and there's been a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroreception and there's been a lot
+of interesting studies of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting studies of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting studies of electrical
+reception here I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception here I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception here I've drawn
+from a published picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a published picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a published picture
+I drawn so I could simplify a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drawn so I could simplify a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drawn so I could simplify a little bit
+and point out the main points the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point out the main points the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point out the main points the
+enlarged cerebellum of a murmured fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged cerebellum of a murmured fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged cerebellum of a murmured fish
+the marmaritz and the gymnadas have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marmaritz and the gymnadas have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marmaritz and the gymnadas have
+electroreception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroreception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroreception
+they have a number of cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a number of cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a number of cranial nerves
+that are the electro sensory cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the electro sensory cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the electro sensory cranial
+nerves and the input comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves and the input comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves and the input comes in
+to the lateral line lobe Electro sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lateral line lobe Electro sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lateral line lobe Electro sensory
+lateral line lobe which also becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral line lobe which also becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral line lobe which also becomes
+quite large that's not cerebellar it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large that's not cerebellar it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large that's not cerebellar it's a
+hindbrain structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain structure
+okay but everything's shown in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but everything's shown in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but everything's shown in green
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+almost covers the entire brain is is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost covers the entire brain is is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost covers the entire brain is is one
+part of the cerebellum in these animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cerebellum in these animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cerebellum in these animals
+so we think that relative timing is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that relative timing is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that relative timing is used
+in the analysis of Electro sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis of Electro sensory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis of Electro sensory input
+but there is a lot of work going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a lot of work going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a lot of work going on
+right now that's been going on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's been going on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's been going on for a
+while of the marmored fish especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while of the marmored fish especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while of the marmored fish especially in
+Canada in the laboratory of Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada in the laboratory of Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada in the laboratory of Leonard
+Naylor who is a graduate of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naylor who is a graduate of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naylor who is a graduate of this
+department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I hope he gets he he's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope he gets he he's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope he gets he he's trying to
+work out and of course computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and of course computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and of course computational
+work is being done also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just
+a little about that and I point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little about that and I point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little about that and I point out
+that coordinated timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordinated timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coordinated timing
+is important Even in our imagery Even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important Even in our imagery Even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important Even in our imagery Even in
+our dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dreams
+and the entire neocortex involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the entire neocortex involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the entire neocortex involved in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+projects to the cerebellum by means by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the cerebellum by means by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the cerebellum by means by
+way of the puns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+that is all for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all for today
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll uh continue with this story we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh continue with this story we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh continue with this story we'll
+be talking about we'll take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about we'll take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about we'll take a little
+break and talk about specializations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and talk about specializations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and talk about specializations and
+then go on to the heinberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go on to the heinberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go on to the heinberg
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OCQGydLI5LY.txt b/OCQGydLI5LY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aef210d0399c7c11d689a2823daf0bf82b1d17eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OCQGydLI5LY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20. so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20. so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20. so in this
+section we want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we want to define
+events and frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and frames
+the goal is to define the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to define the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to define the principle of
+relativity so let's think first about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so let's think first about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so let's think first about
+what an event actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an event actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an event actually is
+an event is something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event is something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event is something that happens
+and it happens independently of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens independently of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens independently of the
+frame of reference independently and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference independently and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference independently and how
+we want to describe the event itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to describe the event itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to describe the event itself
+we might use the frame a reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might use the frame a reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might use the frame a reference frame
+to define the event but again the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the event but again the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the event but again the event
+is an independent thing which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an independent thing which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an independent thing which happens
+let's look at an example probably one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example probably one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example probably one of
+my favorite example in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite example in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite example in this class
+guess what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what happens
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+professor clutter exploded okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor clutter exploded okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor clutter exploded okay
+really and then you start asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and then you start asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and then you start asking the
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+when and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and where
+when did it happen and where did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did it happen and where did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did it happen and where did it
+happen but the event happens without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but the event happens without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but the event happens without a
+description of the when and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the when and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the when and where
+we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then
+draw a reference frame as i did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a reference frame as i did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a reference frame as i did here
+with an origin with an x-coordinate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an origin with an x-coordinate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an origin with an x-coordinate a
+y-coordinate and a z-coordinate and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and a z-coordinate and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and a z-coordinate and in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+a spot defined uh for the event and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot defined uh for the event and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot defined uh for the event and we
+need to also have a fourth coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to also have a fourth coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to also have a fourth coordinate
+for this the time in order to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this the time in order to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this the time in order to describe
+when the event actually happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the event actually happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the event actually happened
+and i did this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did this here
+in some coordinates i give you it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some coordinates i give you it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some coordinates i give you it's you
+know 42 degrees north 75 degrees west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 42 degrees north 75 degrees west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 42 degrees north 75 degrees west
+cambridge massachusetts at mit you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts at mit you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts at mit you see
+mit the dome behind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit the dome behind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit the dome behind me
+at 3 30 p.m on january 6 2021.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 30 p.m on january 6 2021.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 30 p.m on january 6 2021.
+so i give you the when and the rare for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i give you the when and the rare for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i give you the when and the rare for
+this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event
+i didn't give you the altitude for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't give you the altitude for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't give you the altitude for
+example this is you know in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is you know in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is you know in this picture
+maybe the y coordinate or the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the y coordinate or the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the y coordinate or the z
+coordinate um but that would be needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate um but that would be needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate um but that would be needed
+as well i i just tell you maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i i just tell you maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i i just tell you maybe my
+office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+on the fourth floor in building 24.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fourth floor in building 24.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fourth floor in building 24.
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when we want to consider an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want to consider an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want to consider an event
+describing an event we have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing an event we have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing an event we have to consider
+the space the where and the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space the where and the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space the where and the time the
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+and we can do this as a four-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do this as a four-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do this as a four-dimensional
+vector a 4-vector a data set and so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a 4-vector a data set and so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a 4-vector a data set and so our
+event professor clue to exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event professor clue to exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event professor clue to exploded
+can be described with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described with this
+vector p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector p
+which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has
+an x-coordinate a y-coordinate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x-coordinate a y-coordinate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x-coordinate a y-coordinate a
+z-coordinate and a time coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-coordinate and a time coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-coordinate and a time coordinate
+all right so the important part here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the important part here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the important part here is
+that events happen independent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that events happen independent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that events happen independent on the
+frame of reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference
+um if you're sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're sitting in
+your in your room somewhere in in europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your room somewhere in in europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your room somewhere in in europe
+right now you can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can describe
+um this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this event
+um with your time frame there's a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with your time frame there's a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with your time frame there's a six
+hour time difference so the 3 30 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour time difference so the 3 30 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour time difference so the 3 30 p.m
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+9 30 p.m in the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 30 p.m in the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 30 p.m in the evening
+you can define your little room as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define your little room as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define your little room as the
+the origin and then draw an x coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and then draw an x coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and then draw an x coordinate
+y coordinate in z coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y coordinate in z coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y coordinate in z coordinate and
+describe this specific event this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this specific event this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this specific event this
+description will look different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description will look different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description will look different from the
+description i just gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description i just gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description i just gave you
+but the event is unchanged it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the event is unchanged it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the event is unchanged it's
+independent of the choice of reference
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OJafRrE21WE.txt b/OJafRrE21WE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..627c6a7f385fc14d28c073119e7903c099febe7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OJafRrE21WE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3825 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right, I
+thought he would be.
+
+It's always a hazard putting
+up somebody who you know is
+
+going to lecture better
+than you do.
+
+But I hope that was a
+good change of pace.
+
+And, of course, he knows more
+about the subject of
+
+Reed-Solomon decoding than I
+or more than practically
+
+anyone else does, so --
+
+did he have much time to
+talk about decoding or
+
+was the most -- yeah.
+
+Talked about the decoding
+algorithms, Sudan-type
+
+decoding algorithms.
+
+Yeah?
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Well, in fact, he covered so
+much that I don't have much
+
+left to do today.
+
+I remind you, Ashish
+put out an email.
+
+There's a review session
+tomorrow for the midterm from
+
+5 to 7 in a different
+room, 36-112.
+
+The midterm is Wednesday
+in this room.
+
+It starts at 9:05 to give
+you a little bit more
+
+time to work on it.
+
+It's closed book except that
+you're allowed to make up
+
+three normal size
+sheets of notes.
+
+You can write as small
+as you like.
+
+This experience has shown this
+is the very best way of
+
+getting you to consolidate what
+you've learned up to this
+
+point, is writing your own
+three-page precis of the
+
+course to date.
+
+So, yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: What is
+the rule, both --
+
+what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Both sides.
+
+PROFESSOR: Both sides.
+
+All right.
+
+Six sheets.
+
+If you can't write down the
+whole course in six sheets,
+
+then, well, you haven't
+been paying attention.
+
+OK.
+
+And you can bring calculators,
+but we don't
+
+expect they'll be useful.
+
+Please erase any erasable will
+memories if you do bring
+
+calculators.
+
+These are things we tell
+undergraduates.
+
+I guess they hardly
+seem necessary
+
+in a graduate course.
+
+Any other questions about the
+logistics of the midterm?
+
+AUDIENCE: What is the material
+going to be for the midterm?
+
+PROFESSOR: Everything that's
+been covered up to today.
+
+I won't hold you responsible
+for anything I've
+
+talked about today.
+
+So it's basically chapters
+one through eight.
+
+I really will only hold you
+responsible for what we
+
+covered in class, which chapters
+one, two, and three
+
+were so brief, you can't say
+we really covered them.
+
+So really, chapters four
+through eight.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+You'll have more chance
+as we go along.
+
+So as I say, Ralf really covered
+the main things about
+
+Reed-Solomon codes, which are
+the crowning achievement of
+
+algebraic coding theory.
+
+They have a lot of favorable
+attributes.
+
+They are optimum, from an n,
+k, d point of view, in the
+
+sense that they're maximum
+distance separable.
+
+The parameters are as good as
+they possibly could be by this
+
+very basic Singleton bound.
+
+They have efficient algebraic
+decoding algorithms.
+
+And traditionally, this has
+meant hard decision bounded
+
+distance decoding algorithms
+like the Welch-Berlekamp
+
+algorithm or the
+Berlekamp-Massey match
+
+algorithm, which take hard
+decisions in, put hard
+
+decisions on symbols out.
+
+But as Ralf suggested to you,
+now there are algorithms that
+
+can use soft decisions in,
+produce a list, at least,
+
+coming out, some indication
+of the reliability of each
+
+element of the list.
+
+So they've been softened up.
+
+Nonetheless, what are the
+negatives is, basically, that
+
+they work on bytes, or
+symbols, not bits.
+
+So if we have a basically binary
+channel, as we very
+
+frequently do, then they need
+something else to make them
+
+adapted to the binary channel,
+or even on the additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channel.
+
+I don't think we've gone through
+the calculation.
+
+You could think of sending q or
+e symbols over the additive
+
+white Gaussian noise channel,
+but what would you need?
+
+You would need a q
+or e signal set.
+
+Now, if you pick that to be a
+q simplex signals set or a
+
+orthogonal or biorthogonal
+signal set, then that might
+
+work because the distance
+structure of such a signal set
+
+is like the Hamming distance
+structure in GF of q.
+
+In other words, it's
+approximately equally likely
+
+to make an error to
+any other symbol.
+
+The symbols are more or less
+equally spread apart in
+
+Euclidean space.
+
+Just as when we count distance
+in Hamming space, we give the
+
+same weight to each possible
+kind of error or each possible
+
+kind of symbol difference.
+
+So if you did that,
+then Reed-Solomon
+
+codes might work well.
+
+That's one form of a
+concatenated scheme, which I
+
+will talk about in
+just a second.
+
+But if you tried to apply
+Reed-Solomon codes to a binary
+
+input additive white Gaussian
+noise channel, just translate
+
+the, say, 8-bit bytes into bits
+and send them one bit at
+
+a time, then the distance
+structures don't
+
+correspond at all well.
+
+It's much more likely to make
+a single bit error than an
+
+error that involves all eight
+bits or something.
+
+And for that fundamental reason,
+you'll find that
+
+performance is not so great.
+
+And certainly, this is not the
+way to get to capacity all by
+
+itself unless it's married
+with something else.
+
+So that's something we always
+have to deal with in another
+
+applications, as I will talk
+about in a minute.
+
+We naturally do want
+to correct bytes,
+
+or symbols, or blocks.
+
+There are many bits.
+
+And then Reed-Solomon codes are
+just exactly what we want.
+
+They're optimal in any
+such situation.
+
+And so what did I just say?
+
+They're not the way to get to
+capacity, although they are
+
+sometimes part of schemes
+for getting to capacity.
+
+And since getting to capacity in
+the additive white Gaussian
+
+noise channel is the theme of
+this course, then they play
+
+only a peripheral role
+in that theme.
+
+Nonetheless, they're
+great codes.
+
+They're in wide use.
+
+They're part of every
+semiconductor manufacturer's
+
+core library.
+
+You can buy (255,223) distance
+33, 16 error correcting
+
+Reed-Solomon decoder in part of
+any chip package and it'll
+
+go at gigabits nowadays.
+
+So it's kind of the all-purpose
+error correcting
+
+code, with the caveat that you
+need to somehow get what you
+
+correct to be bytes rather
+than bits, OK?
+
+So today I thought I'd cover the
+last two topics in chapter
+
+eight and maybe, to the extent
+that time permits, go back to
+
+chapter seven.
+
+But we'll see how we
+feel about that.
+
+Applications of Reed-Solomon
+codes.
+
+OK, basically, you can apply
+them wherever you want to
+
+correct blocks, rather than bits
+or packets or n-tuples or
+
+what have you.
+
+So one obvious application is,
+when you send packets through
+
+the internet, if you use
+Reed-Solomon codes across the
+
+packet, then you can correct
+errors that occur in
+
+individual packets.
+
+This is not the way the internet
+usually works.
+
+The internet usually works by
+having an error detection code
+
+within each packet, a cyclic
+redundancy check (CRC).
+
+You hash bits, whatever.
+
+You provide some redundant bits
+within each packet if --
+
+when you receive the packet, you
+check to see whether the
+
+parity check checks.
+
+If there are parity check bits,
+then a very good rule of
+
+thumb is that the probability of
+not detecting an error for
+
+almost any type of error pattern
+is going to be of the
+
+order of 2 to the minus r.
+
+That's exactly what it would
+be if you had a completely
+
+random stream of bits.
+
+Random stream of bits with r
+redundant bits in a block, the
+
+probability that all the check
+bits are random, the
+
+probability that they're
+all equal to 0, is 2
+
+to the minus r.
+
+All right?
+
+But it turns out that's very
+good approximation for just
+
+about any error mechanism.
+
+So you pick r large enough.
+
+It's often been picked to be
+something like r equals 32.
+
+What kind of failure to
+detect does that give?
+
+2 to the minus 32, which is
+what, about 2 the minus 9th, 2
+
+to the minus 10th --
+
+10 to the minus 9th, 10
+to the minus 10th.
+
+Is that low enough?
+
+It was certainly --
+
+when I started in this business,
+that was considered
+
+just incredibly low, but now
+that we're sending mega
+
+packets per second, it doesn't
+seem quite so low anymore.
+
+And so 32 is a little bit
+on the sloppy side.
+
+There are going to be undetected
+errors that get
+
+through if you're spending
+10 to the 9th,
+
+10 to the 10th packets.
+
+But 32 or, nowadays, 64 would
+be a better number.
+
+Just like cryptography, the
+number of bits has to go up as
+
+technology goes up.
+
+But 32 is often used.
+
+OK, but here's an alternative
+scheme.
+
+Suppose you coded
+across packets.
+
+So here is a, say, a
+1,000-bit packet.
+
+And here's packet one, here's
+packet two, here's packet
+
+three, and so forth up to packet
+k, where we're going to
+
+use n, k, d equals n minus k
+plus 1, RS code over, it
+
+doesn't matter, GF of let's
+say 256, just for definite
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Here I'm using older notation.
+
+This is the same as F-256.
+
+Or we sometimes write that
+as F 2 to the 8th.
+
+OK, how are we going to do
+packet error correction?
+
+We're going to code crosswise
+in columns, all right?
+
+So these would be k.
+
+Let's make this eight-wide.
+
+Just pick off a bite
+at a time here.
+
+So each of these can be
+considered to be a
+
+symbol in GF of 256.
+
+And then we'll code n
+minus k parity check
+
+packets down here.
+
+So these are redundant
+check packets.
+
+Encoded bytes at this point.
+
+They're not packets yet.
+
+But if we do that column-wise
+across here, we can fill in n
+
+minus k check packets and you
+can see the block length is
+
+quite huge here.
+
+So you might have a delay or
+latency problem in executing
+
+this scheme.
+
+Basically, you would have to
+send this whole thing before
+
+you could do error correction
+and then error correct the
+
+whole thing.
+
+But how does error
+correction work?
+
+You send this.
+
+Perhaps some of the packets are
+erased or even received
+
+incorrectly.
+
+You would then use some error
+correction or erasure and
+
+error correction scheme, which
+Ralf talked about, for
+
+correcting the Reed-Solomon
+code.
+
+And you could correct up to d
+over 2 errors, or up to d
+
+minus 1 erasures, OK?
+
+So this would be a very
+powerful packet error
+
+correction scheme.
+
+What are its costs?
+
+It's costs are quite a
+bit of redundancy.
+
+It doesn't fit the internet
+architecture very well.
+
+This is basically a
+point-to-point scheme.
+
+So when you're sending from a to
+b, you'd have to send b an
+
+additional n minus k streams.
+
+And if you're sending the same
+webpage, as you often do, to
+
+multiple people, you'd have
+to send this to everybody.
+
+And it also doesn't have
+any feedback in it.
+
+The great thing about ARQ is
+that you only have to send the
+
+information that's necessary.
+
+You only have to restore
+the packets that
+
+are actually lost.
+
+You send them again.
+
+Whereas here, you're just kind
+of, a priori, deciding that
+
+you're going to send a great
+deal of redundant information
+
+down here to cover some kind
+of worst case, whatever you
+
+think the worst-case number
+of packets would be.
+
+If there are more that
+worst-case number or packets,
+
+then you could retransmit
+again, but you're
+
+retransmitting this huge
+block, all right?
+
+So for that reason, this is not
+actually used, as far as
+
+I'm aware, in the internet.
+
+ARQ, wherever you have
+a feedback path,
+
+you should use it.
+
+That's a general moral.
+
+So ARQ is a wonderful scheme
+that is, on an erasure
+
+channel, that's a
+capacity-approaching scheme.
+
+Just on a bitwise basis, if
+you have a binary erasure
+
+channel with erasure probability
+p, and then the
+
+capacity of the channel is 1
+minus p, and you can reach
+
+that capacity if you simply
+retransmit each
+
+bit that was erased.
+
+As it's erased --
+
+it's erased, you
+send it again.
+
+And a quick calculation shows
+you that the average number of
+
+retransmissions is p.
+
+And so the average reduction
+from 1 bit per second is --
+
+1 bit per transmission is p bits
+per transmission, you can
+
+achieve 1 minus p with no
+coding at all, just by
+
+retransmission.
+
+So it's perfectly matched
+to the erasure channel.
+
+And the internet, especially
+with parity checks, CRC,
+
+within blocks, long enough
+CRC is basically a
+
+packet erasure channel.
+
+You really, in practice,
+hardly ever make
+
+a undetected --
+
+let a packet with errors
+come through.
+
+OK?
+
+Any questions about this?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The TCP/IP protocol
+just has a 32-bit CRC, I
+
+think, and if it fails to check,
+you ask for that packet
+
+again by packet number.
+
+OK?
+
+So Reed-Solomon codes, of
+course, are optimal if that's
+
+what you want to do.
+
+You couldn't possibly have
+a better code for
+
+coding across packets.
+
+But it's cumbersome in the
+packet environment.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's talk about concatenated
+codes.
+
+I guess I'll do it at
+the same place.
+
+This is something --
+
+I did in my thesis and last
+week I was at a tribute to
+
+Andy Viterbi, who invented
+the Viterbi
+
+algorithm, among other things.
+
+Of course, everybody knows that
+the Viterbi algorithm,
+
+when Andy invented it, he had no
+idea it was actually going
+
+to be a practical algorithm.
+
+It's become one of the super
+practical algorithms.
+
+He was just trying to prove a
+certain result, exponential
+
+error bounds for convolutional
+codes.
+
+And he thought the proof was
+easier to understand if you
+
+introduce this algorithm, which
+he describes perfectly.
+
+It is the Viterbi algorithm.
+
+But really, just a
+proof technique.
+
+Didn't even realize it was
+an optimum decoder.
+
+And then somebody, not him, not
+me, but in his company,
+
+fortunately, realized
+that gee, this
+
+could be very practical.
+
+And that became a workhorse
+decoding algorithm.
+
+Very similarly, concatenated
+codes are something that I did
+
+in my thesis in 1965.
+
+And I was looking, basically,
+for a theoretical result.
+
+How could you approach capacity
+with an exponentially
+
+decreasing error probability
+near capacity but with only
+
+polynomial increasing
+complexity?
+
+And I looked into this very
+simple idea of basically
+
+taking two codes and using
+one to correct the
+
+errors of the other.
+
+And I found that you
+could do that.
+
+And I'd also never realized
+that this
+
+might actually be practical.
+
+I remember going around giving
+talks when I was interviewing
+
+afterwards that I was looking
+for an industrial position.
+
+I went down to places like Bell
+Labs, IBM labs, and did
+
+seminars talking about codes
+that were thousands of symbols
+
+long and everybody rolled their
+eyes and said, boy, this
+
+guy is not very practical.
+
+And to my surprise and everyone
+else's surprise, this
+
+became and still is a very
+practical way of getting
+
+high-performance codes.
+
+This, in conjunction --
+
+well, I'll get into it, but this
+was, again, a workhorse
+
+coding technique and still
+is in wide use.
+
+In fact, as you will see, this
+contains some of the ideas
+
+that go into modern
+capacity-approaching codes.
+
+But the idea is very simple.
+
+You can do it two ways, or
+probably many more than two.
+
+Suppose we have a basically
+binary channel.
+
+I'll just say a core physical
+channel there.
+
+The channel is what you can't
+affect as an engineer.
+
+So let's say we have a binary
+symmetric channel or a binary
+
+input additive white Gaussian
+noise channel or
+
+whatever you like.
+
+And then we could put on it an
+encoder and decoder for an n,
+
+k, d binary linear block code.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, from the input and the
+output, what is this channel
+
+going to look like?
+
+At the input, we're putting --
+
+basically, per block,
+we put k bits in.
+
+They're encoded into n bits.
+
+They're sent over the channel,
+received some n-tuple of noisy
+
+received symbols.
+
+The decoder tries to find
+the best code word.
+
+The code word is identified
+by k bits.
+
+Most of the time there'll
+be no error and these --
+
+let's call this u in
+and u hat out.
+
+u hat is going to equal u.
+
+But, of course, let's
+imagine this is a
+
+relatively short code.
+
+Let's imagine this is a maximum
+likelihood decoder or
+
+minimum distance decoder in
+the appropriate space.
+
+Then the complexity is
+going to be of the
+
+order of 2 to the k.
+
+And so you can't let
+k get very big.
+
+We'll find somewhat
+better ways to do
+
+maximum likelihood decoding.
+
+But if you're really trying to
+do optimum decoding, the
+
+complexity is going to go up
+exponentially at this stage
+
+with the number of information
+bits k.
+
+So this is not the scheme that
+we're looking for that has
+
+only polynomial complexity.
+
+We know that we can choose
+codes like this that with
+
+optimum decoding get
+to capacity.
+
+That's Shannon's theorem.
+
+But we don't know how to decode
+them with reasonable
+
+complexity.
+
+But, all right, here's
+a start.
+
+We could use a relatively modest
+length code that we can
+
+feasibly decode.
+
+And this is what we get.
+
+OK.
+
+So we have blocks going in.
+
+Block from an alphabet
+of size 2 to the k.
+
+Blocks coming out, alphabet
+size 2 to the k.
+
+Occasionally, we make errors.
+
+What's a good idea to then do?
+
+This is not very hard.
+
+This is why you should have been
+in this field in the '60s
+
+rather than the year 2005.
+
+There were lots of good ideas
+just laying around waiting to
+
+be picked up.
+
+Class?
+
+Anyone have a suggestion
+for how to make further
+
+improvement in this system?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Add another code.
+
+What should it be?
+
+Let's put an encoder
+here for what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Everyone is
+extremely wide awake.
+
+An n, k, d Reed-Solomon
+code over what field?
+
+In principle, it should
+be over F2 to the k.
+
+Now, of course, if k is 64 or
+something here, you might not
+
+even go all the way to field
+of 2 to the 64 elements.
+
+You might divide it up again as
+we did in the packet error
+
+correction.
+
+But basically, the way this goes
+is you try to keep this
+
+as small as possible so that
+this can still work.
+
+There's a tradeoff between the
+complexity of the two codes
+
+and therefore, the rates.
+
+The decoder --
+
+here we have an algebraic
+Reed-Solomon decoder, which,
+
+in the simplest case, could
+just do error correction.
+
+Just take these k bits as a hard
+decision on u hat and try
+
+to correct any errors that
+occurred in this inner loop
+
+here, which we might think
+of this as being a
+
+2 to the kre channel.
+
+So this whole thing
+together is a 2 to
+
+the kre super channel.
+
+Sorry if you can't read that,
+but you heard me say it.
+
+So here's a channel that takes
+in 2 to the kre symbols, puts
+
+out 2 to the kre symbols and
+sometimes makes errors
+
+according to whatever the error
+probability you can
+
+achieve here is.
+
+Or some of the discussion back
+when we were talking about
+
+hard decision with binary
+suggested that it would be
+
+better to pass along more
+reliability information here
+
+along with just the
+hard decision.
+
+And the very simplest kind of
+reliability information is if
+
+this guy really isn't sure, if
+either the noise is too large
+
+so he can't make any decision
+or if the noise leaves him
+
+exactly halfway between two
+code words so it's a
+
+completely ambiguous decision,
+or whatever criteria you have,
+
+this might make erasures.
+
+And I'm sure Ralf told you how
+to do error and erasure
+
+correction with Reed-Solomon
+codes.
+
+Or this could be more likely
+that information just --
+
+how likely was the code
+word you actually saw?
+
+And there are various ways of
+devising an approximate
+
+likelihood metric.
+
+You just do what makes sense
+that indicates that some
+
+words, you're absolutely sure
+of in this decoding.
+
+And other words, you
+don't know --
+
+if you have one or more good
+candidates or you have no good
+
+candidates.
+
+So based on this reliability
+information, you can actually
+
+incorporate that.
+
+Did Ralf talk about
+reliability-based decoding?
+
+Soft decoding algorithms
+for Reed-Solomon codes?
+
+No?
+
+OK, well, that's a shame because
+he and Alex Vardy are
+
+the inventors of a very
+good class that's
+
+recently been improved.
+
+So one of the knocks on
+Reed-Solomon codes is that, at
+
+one point, you might have said
+a minus can only work with
+
+hard decisions.
+
+And then, fairly early,
+it was figured out how
+
+to correct to erasures.
+
+But just in the last 10
+years, we now have --
+
+this is no longer true.
+
+We can have soft, meaning
+reliability-labeled inputs.
+
+And this is a plus.
+
+That means we can do soft --
+
+and we have corresponding
+algorithms that can do soft
+
+Reed-Solomon decoding.
+
+They are, of course, more
+complicated than just
+
+straightforward error
+
+correction with hard decisions.
+
+But there's still polynomial
+complexity.
+
+They're maybe an order of
+slightly higher degree of n,
+
+but still polynomial in the
+block length or in k or d or
+
+whatever you're taking.
+
+And so we now have some such
+algorithms that do make
+
+substantial gains.
+
+And, of course, if he didn't
+tell you about them, I'm not
+
+going to tell you about them.
+
+It's a rather specialized
+subject.
+
+But it's something
+that's really
+
+happened the last 10 years.
+
+And they've constantly
+been improved.
+
+The first ones, like one
+I came up with called
+
+generalized minimum distance
+decoding, made a modest
+
+improvement.
+
+In dB terms, 1 dB, where
+there's 3 dB to be got.
+
+Now they're up to 2, 2 1/2 out
+of the 3 dB with these new
+
+soft Reed-Solomon decoding
+algorithms.
+
+So anyway, if you pass some
+reliability information here,
+
+then you can improve the
+performance of this decoder.
+
+This decoder knows which symbols
+are reliable and it
+
+won't change in the decoding
+in which are unreliable or
+
+completely erased.
+
+Where there's no information
+about them, that actually
+
+helps you in the decoding.
+
+If you knew that you had s
+erasures rather than s errors,
+
+this helps you quite a lot.
+
+We can decode twice as
+many erasures as
+
+we can decode errors.
+
+And similarly, soft information
+in between can
+
+improve the capabilities
+of your decoder.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's the set up.
+
+You can see why it makes a
+certain amount of sense.
+
+From a complexity point of
+view, what it does --
+
+here, we're going to do maximum
+likelihood decoding,
+
+complexity order
+of 2 to the k.
+
+But we're not going
+to let k get very
+
+large, so this is feasible.
+
+Then we're going to let the code
+get very long, as we know
+
+we have to do from Shannon's
+Theorem,
+
+using this outer code.
+
+But now we know we have
+polynomial complexity
+
+Reed-Solomon decoding
+algorithms, even for the soft
+
+decision case.
+
+So if we balance the complexity
+here, basically let
+
+this length be exponential and
+this length, as it is -- it's
+
+of the order of 2 to
+the k itself --
+
+then we can get polynomial
+complexity overall, all right?
+
+The overall complexity is going
+to be of the order of a
+
+small power of 2 to the k.
+
+The overall block length is
+going to be of the order --
+
+is going to be linear
+in 2 to the k.
+
+And therefore, you're going
+to get polynomial decoding
+
+complexity.
+
+The other question
+is performance.
+
+And you can show
+that if you --
+
+well, even if you don't use
+reliability information, you
+
+can get all the way to the
+capacity of this underlying
+
+channel here with
+exponentially-decreasing error
+
+rate for any rate below
+that capacity.
+
+Not as good an exponent as if
+you just used random codes per
+
+Shannon and coded for the
+channel, but nonetheless, you
+
+basically get what you want.
+
+So using two smaller, simpler
+codes to create one long code
+
+turned out to be a good idea.
+
+First of all, for proving this
+theoretical result, you could
+
+get exponentially-decreasing
+error rate for polynomial
+
+increasing decoding
+complexity.
+
+And within about 10 years,
+this is what
+
+people actually did.
+
+And, in fact, what people
+actually did --
+
+I've got a block code here, but
+what people actually did
+
+was they used a short
+constraint length
+
+convolutional code here,
+which we'll be talking
+
+about after the break.
+
+Convolutional codes tend to
+have a better performance
+
+complexity tradeoff,
+particularly in soft decision
+
+situations than block
+codes do.
+
+So in a practical system, it's
+almost always better to use a
+
+convolutional code than
+a block code.
+
+We'll discuss the reasons why.
+
+So this convolutional code
+here, there is a maximum
+
+likelihood sequence detector
+for the convolutional code
+
+down here, which is the Viterbi
+algorithm, which
+
+you've probably all
+heard about.
+
+And this is very practical as
+long as the constraint length,
+
+k, now becomes the constraint
+length, nu, of the code
+
+doesn't get too large.
+
+So for about 20 years, the
+standard for space
+
+communication was this was a
+(255, 223, 33) Reed-Solomon
+
+code over F-256.
+
+This is a constraint length 6,
+rate 1/2 convolutional code.
+
+This is a 64-state Viterbi
+algorithm.
+
+So what's the --
+
+again, if we have a look at the
+error channel, here is a
+
+stream of bits coming along.
+
+After encoding and decoding,
+what we typically see is
+
+bursts of errors, all right?
+
+So you get a burst
+that starts --
+
+in convolutional codes, it can
+start at a random time, end at
+
+a random time.
+
+You might get another discrete
+error event over here.
+
+In other words, most
+of the time, the
+
+decoder is decoding properly.
+
+What you're receiving is what
+you transmitted in a
+
+streamwise fashion.
+
+The bits just are transmitted
+forever.
+
+But every so often, the decoder
+gets off on the wrong
+
+track, puts out errors for
+a while, then gets
+
+resynchronized, and decodes
+correctly again.
+
+Is my picture clear?
+
+I'm using words, mainly, to tell
+you what it represents.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, basically, what you want
+to do is, just as we did
+
+in the packet communication
+case, you want to send
+
+multiple parallel streams, up
+to 256 of them, such that in
+
+this stream, you're going to get
+independent error blocks.
+
+And this one, you're
+going to get errors
+
+occurring somewhere else.
+
+They're going to have
+a typical length.
+
+You can very well estimate what
+the typical length of
+
+error events is, but they
+occur randomly.
+
+And now you use the Reed-Solomon
+code, coding
+
+across this, and that will
+basically give you this
+
+picture over here.
+
+How would I get this?
+
+One way is by using a block
+interleaver, which is
+
+described in the notes.
+
+A block interleaver, you
+basically take a long block
+
+from the convolutional code
+and you just encode and
+
+transmit along here and
+ultimately decode.
+
+And after a very long time,
+you come back and start
+
+transmitting the second
+row just as
+
+part of the same stream.
+
+And then the third
+row and so forth.
+
+And if the block length n,
+here, is long enough, the
+
+errors in different rows
+will be effectively
+
+independent, all right?
+
+So again, you wind up with
+very long blocks in this
+
+scheme, but analytically,
+it works.
+
+And in practice, this is roughly
+what's done, except
+
+there is such a thing as a
+convolutional interleaver,
+
+which again, operates streamwise
+and actually
+
+performs better in practice.
+
+But I won't take the time to go
+into this because we're not
+
+going to really be getting into
+things like interleavers.
+
+Do you see how this works?
+
+OK.
+
+So it works well
+theoretically.
+
+It gives us the theoretical
+result we want.
+
+Works well in practice.
+
+As I say, this was the
+standard for space
+
+communications during the
+'70s and the '80s.
+
+Around the end of the '80s,
+they upgraded this.
+
+First of all, they replaced this
+by a nu equals 14, rate
+
+1/6, lower rate convolutional
+code, so this now becomes a 2
+
+to the 1fourth state
+Viterbi decoder.
+
+They built this huge rack at
+JPL that had 8,192 parallel
+
+decoding units,
+add-compare-select units in
+
+the Viterbi algorithm,
+to decode this thing.
+
+But, of course, they only need
+to do that in one place, in
+
+the space program.
+
+Everything comes back to JPL.
+
+So they built this BVD,
+Big Viterbi decoder.
+
+And first, they used it with
+this code and then they souped
+
+up the Reed-Solomon code.
+
+And by about 1990, 1991, they
+got this thing operating up
+
+within about 2 dB of the
+Shannon limit, OK?
+
+Which was considered a heroic
+feat at the time, or even now.
+
+So that kind of tells you, in
+the terms we've been using in
+
+this course, just what
+you can get out of
+
+this kind of approach.
+
+At that point, that was
+considered coding is dead.
+
+There's really nothing
+more to do.
+
+We're within about 2 dB of the
+Shannon limit and it's
+
+inconceivable that we
+could actually get
+
+any closer than that.
+
+Second half of the course will,
+of course, tell us how
+
+we can get within 0.0045 dB
+of the Shannon limit.
+
+But that was the state of
+the art as of about
+
+1990, 15 years ago.
+
+Questions?
+
+Comments?
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+I'll just mention a third
+application is burst error
+
+correction, which really,
+we've already
+
+been talking about.
+
+Suppose --
+
+let's let this be a
+naked channel now.
+
+Suppose you're transmitting
+with an
+
+interleave scheme like this.
+
+And now, in the same way --
+
+it's a radio channel or
+something and every so often,
+
+you have an outage just due to
+fading, or a thunderstorm, or
+
+somebody turns on his vacuum
+cleaner, or whatever.
+
+Every so often, as you
+transmit, you're
+
+going to get bursts.
+
+You don't have independent,
+
+identically-distributed errors.
+
+The character of the channel is
+such that you see bursts of
+
+errors, which is precisely
+what you do in this super
+
+channel here.
+
+Every so often, you see a bunch
+of errors if you have
+
+the original transmitted scheme
+to compare it to.
+
+All right.
+
+In exactly the same way,
+you can code --
+
+with something like this block
+interleaver, you can code
+
+across channels and correct
+the bursts with
+
+Reed-Solomon codes.
+
+And here, it's quite easy
+to show that, because
+
+Reed-Solomon codes have optimal
+parameters n, k, d,
+
+that Reed-Solomon codes do
+the best possible job of
+
+correcting burst errors that you
+possibly could do, given
+
+some specification for how long
+the bursts could possibly
+
+be and the minimum guard
+space between bursts.
+
+This is classical stuff.
+
+Reed-Solomon codes are optimum
+burst correctors if you
+
+describe the burst channel by
+max burst length in a minimum
+
+guard space.
+
+Is that too brief?
+
+Probably is.
+
+Give you some impression of
+what we're talking about.
+
+So Reed-Solomon codes are
+optimum for burst error
+
+correction, which, most real
+channels are bursty.
+
+The only non-bursty channel
+that we really have is the
+
+additive white Gaussian noise
+channel, ultimately.
+
+That is the channel in space
+communications, which is why
+
+you can apply a nice,
+textbook-type code like this
+
+to the space channel.
+
+For any other channel,
+typically, you have to use
+
+some kind of interleaving to
+break up the bursts so
+
+that you can --
+
+this simply is no information
+over a long time.
+
+If you tried to encode crossways
+on this, you'd have
+
+to have a code that's long
+enough to see the average
+
+burst's behavior.
+
+We'd make the burst have
+an ergodic model.
+
+The way to do that in practice
+is to code across it so you
+
+get independent snippets of
+widely separated bursts which
+
+can be assumed to
+be independent.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No different,
+really.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, in space
+channel -- all right.
+
+Here, I'm talking about
+power limit.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+But if you think about the
+band-limited regime,
+
+let's suppose --
+
+so this would be some
+[? MRE ?] channel.
+
+You would use some multilevel
+signaling scheme like QAM with
+
+a large signal set or QPSK or
+something like that to get a
+
+basic transmission with a
+discrete signal set that
+
+doesn't lose too much
+over sending
+
+Gaussian over the channel.
+
+Again, this will be later
+in the course.
+
+We'll talk about
+this in detail.
+
+Other than that --
+
+well, all right, so now this
+is an MRE channel.
+
+If M is large enough, then you
+could apply Reed-Solomon codes
+
+right here.
+
+But typically, it's not.
+
+M is like 16 or 64.
+
+And so Reed-Solomon codes would
+still be too short.
+
+You would not be able
+to get long enough
+
+codes over such a channel.
+
+So a similar kind of
+thing can be done.
+
+And the history of
+bandwidth-limited coding
+
+pretty much parallels that
+of power-limited coding.
+
+What corresponds to block codes
+here is lattice codes
+
+for this channel.
+
+What corresponds to
+convolutional codes is
+
+trellis-coded modulation.
+
+And again, once you handle the
+basic physical channel with
+
+these codes that are well
+matched to that channel but
+
+whose complexity increases too
+rapidly if you make them long
+
+because of exponential decoding,
+then you can always
+
+clean up whatever
+errors you make.
+
+You can think of this as a
+cleanup function out here.
+
+Typically, the rates out
+here are very high.
+
+You don't need much
+redundancy.
+
+It doesn't cost too much
+in overall rate.
+
+But even with very high rates,
+like 223 over 255, you can do
+
+a rather large amount
+of error correction.
+
+You can correct up to
+16 errors or 32
+
+erasures with us channel.
+
+So this is a cleanup function.
+
+You basically work very hard
+in here, get the best error
+
+probability you can, which --
+
+it doesn't have to be too low.
+
+10 to the minus 2, 10
+to the minus 3.
+
+And then you use this to clean
+it up and that drives the
+
+error probability down to 10 to
+the minus 12 or 10 to the
+
+minus 15 or whatever
+you really want.
+
+But the principles are
+the same in power
+
+limit and band limit.
+
+But nice question.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So as a result, Reed-Solomon
+codes are the general purpose
+
+code that has emerged from
+algebraic coding theory.
+
+A good example of burst error
+correction is, you know on
+
+your CDs, there is an error
+correction scheme incorporated
+
+such that if you scratch
+the CD, it still works.
+
+How does that work?
+
+It could only be because
+there's some error
+
+correction in there.
+
+What, actually, is the error
+correction scheme?
+
+I'm not sure I know what the
+latest and greatest is, but
+
+generally, the error correction
+schemes for
+
+magnetic memory recording
+like that have used
+
+Reed-Solomon codes --
+
+have used two Reed-Solomon
+codes in interleave
+
+fashion like this.
+
+So the across code
+is Reed-Solomon.
+
+The down code is Reed-Solomon.
+
+As a result, if you make a
+scratch through the disc, you
+
+will cut all of these codes, but
+you will cut each one in a
+
+small enough place so that
+you can correct it.
+
+So you can think of this as a
+actually a physical laying
+
+down of Reed-Solomon codes on
+the two-dimensional surface of
+
+the disc in such a way that --
+
+well, even if your scratch came
+right across one whole
+
+channel here, then, of course,
+this decoder would be dead.
+
+But you still have somebody
+decoding in this direction to
+
+pick up the errors.
+
+And so that's why you can
+completely abuse these discs
+
+and they still work.
+
+And when you think about what's
+actually going on,
+
+think of the transfer rates from
+a CD to your computer.
+
+It's up in the hundreds of
+millions of bits per second.
+
+Maybe its gigabits by now.
+
+Perhaps it is.
+
+And you've got this
+Reed-Solomon --
+
+these are non-trivial
+Reed-Solomon decoders.
+
+These are like this 16 error
+correcting decoder out here.
+
+And so these are working away at
+that data rate, capable of
+
+doing decoding.
+
+And they're cheap enough so that
+they're just buried in
+
+part of one of the integrated
+circuits in
+
+your disc player circuitry.
+
+So that'd give you a physical
+sense for just how much error
+
+correction power and speed you
+can get out of this class of
+
+code decoder, OK?
+
+So wherever you want an
+extremely powerful code and
+
+you're a little bit less
+concerned with getting to
+
+capacity, Reed-Solomon code
+is the way to go.
+
+It's absolutely part of
+your toolbox, OK?
+
+The last topic in chapter eight
+is BCH codes, which are
+
+binary codes.
+
+So they're binary linear block
+codes of the class we've been
+
+discussing, comparable with
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+Reed-Muller codes were
+discovered in 1954 in two
+
+separate papers by Reed
+and by Muller in two
+
+separate points of view.
+
+And there are a million points
+of view you can have for
+
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+We've used yet a third one.
+
+BCH stands for Bose and
+Chaudhury and Hocquenghem.
+
+Bose and Chaudhury were both
+professors in the US.
+
+They wrote a paper about 1960
+introducing Reed-Solomon
+
+codes, which, by the way, and
+introducing BC codes --
+
+Bose-Chaudhury codes --
+
+Reed-Solomon's paper
+was in 1960 also.
+
+These were completely
+independent of each other.
+
+And then this fellow named
+Hocquenghem in France, whose
+
+name I can't and few people can
+pronounce, turned out he
+
+had actually invented these
+codes in 1959 in a paper that
+
+unfortunately was in French,
+so few people read it.
+
+But anyway, in honor of all
+three of these people, these
+
+are called BCH codes.
+
+These fit right into the main
+theme of algebraic coding
+
+theory at that time.
+
+Maybe stimulated it because
+these turned out to be cyclic
+
+codes, or at least as they were
+originally introduced.
+
+And so when I was in school,
+which was in the early '60s,
+
+these were considered the
+greatest thing going.
+
+People were interested in binary
+codes, algebraic codes
+
+because they are slightly better
+than Reed-Muller codes.
+
+Now, I would say, there's sort
+of been a swing back.
+
+Shu Lin gave a paper about
+10 years ago that said
+
+Reed-Muller codes
+are not so bad.
+
+In fact, in terms of performance
+versus complexity
+
+for certain kinds of decoding
+schemes, trellis-based
+
+decoding, Reed-Muller codes
+are better than BCH codes.
+
+So from a more modern
+prospective, we're more
+
+interested in Reed-Muller
+than we are in BCH.
+
+Nonetheless, you'll hear about
+these a lot if you read the
+
+literature and so you ought
+to know what they are.
+
+OK.
+
+Conceptually, what are they?
+
+Since we already know about
+Reed-Solomon codes, the way
+
+that I'm going to characterize
+BCH codes is as subfield
+
+subcodes of the Reed-Solomon
+codes.
+
+Now, if we have a Reed-Solomon
+code over F2 to the 8 or
+
+something, the field with 256
+elements, or any power of 2,
+
+contains a subfield which is
+just 0 and 1, all right?
+
+All fields contains 0 and 1.
+
+If the field has characteristic
+2, then 0 and 1
+
+all by themselves are
+the prime subfield.
+
+So it's possible that there
+are certain words in the
+
+Reed-Muller code -- sorry, in
+the Reed-Solomon code that are
+
+completely made up
+of 0's and 1's.
+
+For instance, the all-0 word
+is certainly in the
+
+Reed-Solomon code, so we have,
+at least, that one that's made
+
+up of all zeros.
+
+Almost always, we find that the
+all-1 word is a code word.
+
+So we have a code with
+all 0's and all 1's.
+
+And there might be
+more of them.
+
+And that's actually very
+straightforward, to find out
+
+how many completely binary
+words there are in a
+
+Reed-Solomon code.
+
+So it's the binary subfield.
+
+We have F2 is a subfield of F2
+to the M for all M. OK, so a
+
+subfield subcode, if we have
+an n, k, d equals n minus k
+
+plus 1 Reed-Solomon code, then
+the set of all BCH code is the
+
+set of all binary code words,
+code words that just use the 0
+
+and 1 of the code alphabet.
+
+Call this c in C. So we
+call this C prime.
+
+OK, so what are its parameters
+going to be?
+
+Its length is still going
+to be n, right?
+
+All the code words here are
+n-tuples, so these have got to
+
+be n-tuples.
+
+We don't know its dimension.
+
+Let's just call it k prime.
+
+That's how many such code
+words are there?
+
+We're going to have to
+do some combinatorics
+
+to find that out.
+
+And what's the minimum
+distance going to be?
+
+Anybody?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: In general, well,
+it's certainly not going to be
+
+less than because, by definition
+of the minimum
+
+distance, the minimum Hamming
+distance between any two code
+
+words in this code is d, so
+we're just looking at a subset
+
+of the code words
+in this code.
+
+And the minimum squared distance
+has to be at least d.
+
+There's an example given
+in the notes.
+
+If we let c be the 4, 3 --
+
+I think it's the 4, 2, 3, over
+F4, then C prime turns out to
+
+be the 4, 1, 4 code over F2.
+
+In other words, the only two
+code words in this code that
+
+are all binary are the all-0
+and all-1 sequences.
+
+All right?
+
+So we actually get a minimum
+distance of 4.
+
+It has to be at least 3 in
+this particular case, so
+
+here's an example where it
+could be greater than 3.
+
+Or if there are cases where the
+subcode just consists of
+
+the all-0 word, then that, by
+convention, has an infinite
+
+minimum distance.
+
+So distance could be greater,
+but it never can be less than
+
+what you started with.
+
+On the other hand,
+the dimension is
+
+clearly going to go down.
+
+If it were still equal to what
+it was, then we'd have a
+
+binary MDS code and we know we
+don't get binary MDS codes.
+
+So in general, k prime decreases
+quite a bit.
+
+In this case, it just
+decreases by 1.
+
+And we have to find out
+how it decreases.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm a little uncertain as to how
+much of the derivation --
+
+so we need to find --
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that [INAUDIBLE]
+at all points of
+
+the field, is it?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+One of the characterizations
+you have of Reed-Solomon
+
+codes, I assume, was that
+they're the set of all
+
+polynomials of length n that
+evaluate to 0 at some
+
+consecutive set of n minus
+k powers of alpha.
+
+Did you see anything
+like that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+In other words, they're --
+
+let me write that down because
+RS code is the set of all
+
+multiples f of x, g of x, of
+degree less than n where of g
+
+of x equals the product of x
+minus alpha to the i for i
+
+equals 0 to n minus k minus one
+or something like that.
+
+This is called a generator
+polynomial and --
+
+so what does this mean?
+
+In other language, all
+polynomials of degree less
+
+than n that have roots
+at 1 alpha, alpha
+
+squared, or so forth.
+
+It's better to make this i
+equals 1 to n minus k.
+
+You can also make it minus i.
+
+There are lots of
+details in here.
+
+But I'll just ask you broadly
+to recall that
+
+characterization.
+
+This is a --
+
+AUDIENCE: I have another
+question.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] are not linear?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's ask that.
+
+So we've got a set of
+binary n-tuples, OK,
+
+defined as the subset.
+
+So what do we need to
+do to see whether
+
+it's linear or not?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: We just check
+the group property.
+
+Is it closed under addition?
+
+Suppose we take two of these
+code words we add them
+
+together, component-wise,
+vector form.
+
+Seems to me we get A, that gives
+us another code word in
+
+the Reed-Solomon code because
+it's closed under addition,
+
+and B, by the addition rules,
+it's going to be another
+
+binary code word, all right?
+
+So it's another binary code
+word in the RS code,
+
+therefore, it's in C prime.
+
+So that's proof that, in fact,
+this code is linear.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's trivial.
+
+For a binary code, we only
+have to consider two
+
+scalars, 0 and 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: But now I'm
+asking whether this
+
+binary code is linear.
+
+There's the code over F2.
+
+Yes?
+
+You had a --
+
+AUDIENCE: Same question.
+
+The base field is F2 to the x,
+so if you add 1 and 1 there,
+
+it wouldn't be just 0.
+
+But I guess if you restrict the
+field to F2, you have to
+
+check everything again,
+don't you?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, because we said
+F2 is the subfield of F2 to
+
+the M. And what we actually
+showed was that if you just
+
+stay in the prime field, the
+integers of the field, then
+
+you get exactly the same
+addition and multiplication
+
+rules as you do in
+the prime field.
+
+So in fact, in a field of
+characteristic 2, we always
+
+have 0 plus 1 is 1, 0 plus 1
+plus 0 is 1, 1 plus 1 is 0.
+
+That last one is the only one
+you really have to check.
+
+So that accounts for the
+definition of characteristic,
+
+and that's the reason we can
+always use just plus signs,
+
+because subtraction is
+the same as addition.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+We showed --
+
+well, very simple proof.
+
+The order of a subgroup has
+to define the order of
+
+the group it's in.
+
+The additive group of the prime
+field has order 2 to the
+
+M, so it has to be some divisor
+of 2 to the M, which
+
+is a prime.
+
+I think we proved that another
+way, but that's
+
+a very simple proof.
+
+OK, great questions, because it
+shows you're thinking about
+
+how this relates to what you
+learned back in chapter seven.
+
+But at this point you've kind
+of got a little vague about
+
+chapter seven, what's
+really in there.
+
+By Wednesday, you're really
+going to know
+
+chapter seven well.
+
+Let me tell you.
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Thank you for the help.
+
+Because these are all things
+that I should have just said
+
+up here, but they come out much
+better, actually, if they
+
+come out in response
+to questions.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's one characterization
+of a Reed-Solomon code which
+
+apparently you did see.
+
+It's the set of all multiples of
+some generator polynomial.
+
+The generator polynomial is
+described as this polynomial
+
+of degree n minus k whose roots
+are precisely alpha up
+
+through alpha to
+the n minus k.
+
+You did say that?
+
+OK.
+
+So similarly, the BCH code --
+
+I'm just going to assert this
+just to show you how it goes.
+
+It's the set of all multiples of
+g prime of x, which is the
+
+minimal degree binary
+polynomial
+
+with the same roots.
+
+Now, how can a binary
+polynomial --
+
+alpha to the n minus k.
+
+How can a binary polynomial
+have non-binary roots?
+
+Well, it clearly can.
+
+Let's consider g
+of prime of x.
+
+It's an element of F2 to the x,
+the set of all polynomials
+
+over F2, which is a subset of
+the set of all polynomials
+
+over 2 to the M for
+the same reason.
+
+F2 is the subfield of F2 to
+the M, so some of the
+
+polynomials over F2 to the
+M have purely binary
+
+coefficients, all right?
+
+So that's the sense --
+
+that's how we can get between
+these two things.
+
+So some binary polynomials have
+roots in GF of 2 the M
+
+let me give you an example.
+
+Let's consider x squared plus x
+plus 1 as a polynomial in F4
+
+of x, which is certainly is.
+
+It's a polynomial of degree
+2 and F4 of x.
+
+What are its roots in F4 of x?
+
+Does it have any roots
+in F4 of x?
+
+Does it have any
+roots in F2 --
+
+sorry, I'm asking whether
+it has any roots in F4.
+
+Now I step back and ask if
+it has any roots in F2.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+We just ask if F of x
+is 0 for x equals 0.
+
+We get 1.
+
+So it's not a root of 0.
+
+Substitute 1, we get
+1 plus 1 plus 1.
+
+1 is not a root F of x.
+
+All right.
+
+Well, we have two
+more candidates.
+
+How about alpha?
+
+For alpha, we get F of alpha
+equals alpha squared plus
+
+alpha plus 1.
+
+And if you remember the addition
+table of F4, however
+
+it's constructed, this
+equals 0, OK?
+
+0, 1, alpha, alpha, squared.
+
+0, 1 alpha, alpha squared.
+
+0, 1, alpha, alpha, squared.
+
+This is plus.
+
+1, alpha, alpha, squared.
+
+0, 1 plus alpha is
+alpha squared.
+
+1 plus alpha squared is alpha.
+
+Any of these is telling
+you the same thing.
+
+0, 1, 0, 1 alpha,
+squared alpha.
+
+So we conclude from that that 1
+plus 1 plus alpha, which is
+
+alpha squared, plus alpha
+squared is 0.
+
+So alpha is, in fact,
+a root of this.
+
+And what about F of
+alpha squared?
+
+Alpha squared squared is alpha
+fourth, but we can
+
+reduce that mod 3 --
+
+the exponent mod 3.
+
+So this is alpha plus alpha
+squared plus 1 and that is
+
+equal to 0.
+
+So alpha and alpha squared are
+roots of this polynomial.
+
+There's a lovely fact proved
+in the notes, which is that
+
+every element of --
+
+facts.
+
+Every element of F2 to the
+M is a root of x 2
+
+to the M plus x.
+
+OK, did you see something
+like this last time?
+
+I see some shaking of heads.
+
+OK.
+
+And how many roots could there
+possibly be of x 2 to the M
+
+plus x by the fundamental
+theorem of algebra?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2 to the M.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2 to the M. So
+that means that x 2 to
+
+the M plus x --
+
+and for every root, it's got to
+have a factor of the form x
+
+minus, or in this
+case, plus beta.
+
+So this must have a complete
+factorization of
+
+the following form.
+
+x 2 to the M plus x is simply
+the product of x minus beta.
+
+All right.
+
+In fact, you can see that
+0 a root, obviously.
+
+1 is a root, obviously.
+
+And we've checked up here.
+
+Let's see, what are
+we interested in?
+
+Here's another example.
+
+x to the fourth plus
+1, f of --
+
+if we have g of x equals x to
+the four -- sorry -- plus x,
+
+then g of alpha is alpha to
+the fourth plus alpha.
+
+But alpha to the fourth is equal
+to alpha, so that's 0.
+
+g to the alpha squared
+equals alpha to the
+
+8th plus alpha squared.
+
+Alpha to the 8th is alpha to the
+fifth is alpha squared, so
+
+that equals 0.
+
+So, in fact, that's true
+for that case.
+
+Every irreducible polynomial g
+of x and F2 of x whose degree
+
+g of x divides 2 to the M --
+
+is that right?
+
+This may be 2 to
+the M minus --
+
+I think it's whose degree
+divides M --
+
+is a factor of x to the 2M
+plus x in F2 to the x.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's give you an
+example again.
+
+Example M equals 2.
+
+This means, what are the
+irreducible polynomials whose
+
+degrees divide 2?
+
+The prime polynomials of degree
+1 certainly divides to
+
+our x and x plus 1.
+
+Do they divide x to
+the fourth plus 1?
+
+Yeah, they do.
+
+How many prime polynomials
+are there of degree 2?
+
+There's only one, x squared
+plus x plus 1.
+
+And if you divide it out into
+x to the fourth plus 1, it
+
+goes evenly.
+
+It turns out that what this
+implies is that this is
+
+actually an if or only if.
+
+A polynomial g of x divides x
+to 2 to the M plus x if and
+
+only if g of x has a degree
+which divides M and g of x is
+
+irreducible.
+
+So this implies that x to the
+M plus x factors in F2 of x
+
+into the product of all
+irreducible polynomials whose
+
+degrees divide M. And I think
+you did a homework problem
+
+that used this, even though it
+was never proved in class.
+
+So you at least read about it.
+
+Again, for this example, that
+should mean that x to the
+
+fourth plus 1 equals x times
+x plus 1 times x
+
+squared plus x plus 1.
+
+Is that true?
+
+Pretty easy to see that it is.
+
+x plus 1 times x squared
+plus x plus 1 is just
+
+x cubed plus 1.
+
+Multiply by x --
+
+I'm sorry, this x
+fourth plus x.
+
+How many times have
+I done this?
+
+Should be x to the
+fourth plus x.
+
+Yes.
+
+OK, it's kind of miracle
+when you first see it.
+
+This works over any field for
+any PNM again, lest you get
+
+this kind of factorization.
+
+OK, but now, comparing this to
+this, what does that mean?
+
+That means this is one
+factorization.
+
+This is in --
+
+we can do a complete
+factorization in
+
+F2 to the M of x.
+
+We can only do complete in the
+sense that we reduce it to a
+
+product of degree
+1 polynomials.
+
+In F2 of x, we can't do a
+complete factorization.
+
+This is similar to, over the
+complex field you can always
+
+completely factor a polynomial
+into one-dimensional
+
+polynomials of this form, where
+beta is the set of roots
+
+of the polynomial.
+
+Whereas over the real field,
+you might have to have some
+
+degree 2 polynomials in there.
+
+This is exactly analogous.
+
+You can't get complete
+
+factorization over this subfield.
+
+But what does it mean?
+
+Here we have a polynomial of
+degree 4, has 4 roots.
+
+We factor like this.
+
+So each of these factors must
+contain a number of roots
+
+equal to its degree.
+
+So what are the roots?
+
+This is the polynomial
+that has root 0.
+
+This is the polynomial
+that has root 1.
+
+As we just showed, this is the
+polynomial that has the roots
+
+alpha and alpha squared, OK?
+
+So it's always going to
+turn out that way.
+
+So you can group the field
+elements into subsets where
+
+each subset is the set of roots
+of some irreducible
+
+binary polynomial of some degree
+that divides M, OK?
+
+These are called cyclotomic
+subsets.
+
+Whence the name of Elwyn
+Berlekamp's company,
+
+Cyclotomics.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is where, I think, the
+theory gets just absolutely
+
+lovely and unexpected, at
+least when you start in.
+
+And people who have a taste for
+these things, I encourage
+
+you to read a real book
+on the subject.
+
+Berlekamp's is one of
+the most elegant.
+
+But there are lots --
+
+because it's an elegant subject,
+there are lots of
+
+elegant treatments of it.
+
+All right.
+
+So remember what we
+were trying to do
+
+in the first place.
+
+We were trying to find the
+dimension of BCH codes.
+
+So where are we now?
+
+We've defined a BCH code as
+the set of all binary
+
+polynomials with roots alpha up
+to alpha to the n minus k
+
+where n and k are the parameters
+of the parent
+
+Reed-Solomon code.
+
+And alpha is in the
+parent field.
+
+So alpha in
+
+F2 to the M. OK.
+
+One final fact, I guess,
+we need to know here.
+
+All right, if alpha is a
+root -- now I'm talking
+
+about any field --
+
+then alpha squared is a root
+of a binary polynomial.
+
+And again, this is due to a
+very lovely fact, which is
+
+that squaring is linear in
+fields of characteristic 2.
+
+Why is squaring linear.
+
+A little side calculation.
+
+a plus b squared equals a
+squared plus 2ab plus b
+
+squared but characteristic 2.
+
+We can wipe that out.
+
+So in general, f of x quantity
+squared is f of x squared.
+
+And that's why, if f of x
+evaluates to 0, then f of x
+
+squared must evaluate to 0
+since 0 squared is always
+
+equal to 0.
+
+All right.
+
+So alpha is a root if and only
+if alpha squared is a root.
+
+Is that true here?
+
+Yes.
+
+Alpha alpha squared.
+
+Well, is it also true if we
+squared alpha squared?
+
+What is the square
+of alpha squared?
+
+It's back to alpha, all right?
+
+So these sets now turn out to be
+cyclotomic cosets, they're
+
+called, which is the set of all
+
+elements and their squares.
+
+We get alpha, alpha squared,
+alpha fourth, alpha eighth.
+
+And then, at some point,
+it cycles.
+
+Why?
+
+Because what does alpha
+to the 2M equal?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Alpha.
+
+Right.
+
+Alpha to the 2M minus 1 is 1,
+so alpha to the 2M is alpha.
+
+So it comes back to alpha
+again because of that.
+
+So we get a finite number of
+roots which, of course, are
+
+equal to the degree here.
+
+In some cases, it's fewer.
+
+It's whatever the degree is.
+
+It's d, which divides M.
+
+So from this, we
+simply start --
+
+suppose we want alpha
+to be a root.
+
+Let's start with high
+rate codes.
+
+I think here in the example,
+in the text, I used F16.
+
+F16 is going to have --
+
+the elements of F16 are going
+to be the roots of all the
+
+degree 1, 2, and 4 polynomials
+because M is 4 and these are
+
+the degrees that divide 4.
+
+So again, we get x and x plus
+1, which have roots 0 and 1.
+
+We get x squared
+plus x plus 1.
+
+What are the roots of x squared
+plus x plus 1 and F16?
+
+There are only going to be two
+of them and they've got to
+
+have the property that if we
+start with the first one,
+
+let's call it beta
+and beta squared.
+
+Beta fourth has got to
+equal beta because we
+
+only have two of them.
+
+That more or less forces beta
+to be alpha to the fifth or
+
+alpha to the tenth.
+
+Let's see if that works.
+
+We get alpha to the fifth,
+alpha to the tenth.
+
+Square that, we get
+alpha to the 20th.
+
+But we now take the exponents
+mod 15 and we get
+
+5 again, all right?
+
+So those are the two
+roots of x squared
+
+plus x plus 1 in F16.
+
+Obviously, I'm not --
+
+I guess that was a legitimate
+proof, but it
+
+was certainly quick.
+
+OK, there are three polynomials
+of degree 4.
+
+By the way, I think you can
+imagine how, given this
+
+result, we can now
+enumerate the
+
+polynomials of each degree.
+
+We now have an expression.
+
+There are two irreducible
+polynomials of degree 1.
+
+So how many more of degree 2
+is it going to take to make
+
+the overall degree 4?
+
+One of them.
+
+So we're looking
+for a single --
+
+there must be a single
+irreducible
+
+polynomial degree 4.
+
+Similarly over here, all right,
+we've accounted for
+
+four of the elements of F16.
+
+The only other possible degree
+we could have is 4.
+
+So how many irreducible
+polynomials are there of
+
+degree 4 over in F 2 of x?
+
+Must be three of them.
+
+And it always works out.
+
+So, from this you can get a
+closed-form combinatorial
+
+formula again in terms of the
+Mobius inversion formula.
+
+By doing a sieve or by some
+other method, you can find out
+
+that the three irreducible
+polynomials of degree 4 are
+
+those three and the
+corresponding roots
+
+for this one --
+
+if this is the irreducible
+polynomial you use to define
+
+the field, then alpha is a root
+of it and you're going to
+
+get alpha, alpha squared,
+alpha fourth,
+
+alpha to the eightth.
+
+Alpha to the eightth squared is
+alpha to the 16th, but that
+
+equals alpha, OK?
+
+So these are the roots
+of that equation.
+
+Here you get --
+
+sorry, x fourth plus x third
+plus 1, since that's basically
+
+the reverse of this, turns out
+you get alpha to the minus 1,
+
+which is alpha to the 1fourth.
+
+Square that and you get alpha to
+the minus 2, which is alpha
+
+to the 13th, or equivalently,
+alpha to the 28 --
+
+reduces to thirteen.
+
+This becomes alpha the 11th,
+alpha to the seventh.
+
+and then alpha to the seventh
+gives you alpha
+
+to the 1fourth again.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+same thing about taking the
+square [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Correct.
+
+AUDIENCE: --from the
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because you go
+around in a circle.
+
+So it's a finite set.
+
+So you can obviously
+divide by 2.
+
+So there's one cyclotomic
+coset.
+
+Here's the second one.
+
+And then the third one must
+be whatever's left over.
+
+What's left over?
+
+We don't have alpha
+to the third yet.
+
+Alpha to the third, alpha to the
+sixth, alpha to the 12th,
+
+and then alpha to the 2fourth,
+which is alpha to the ninth.
+
+And alpha to the 18th is equal
+alpha to the third again.
+
+OK, what's the moral of this?
+
+We want to start off with --
+
+let's just take a look
+at the Reed-Solomon,
+
+the very first one.
+
+We just want n minus k to be 1
+and we just want to have root
+
+alpha in here.
+
+Well, if we get root alpha,
+we're going to get root alpha
+
+squared, alpha fourth and alpha
+eightth along with it.
+
+If we want a binary polynomial
+with root alpha,
+
+it has to this one.
+
+And it's going to
+have four roots.
+
+All right.
+
+So for root alpha, we're going
+to get x fourth plus x plus 1
+
+as our generator polynomial.
+
+And it's actually going
+to have roots
+
+alpha and alpha squared.
+
+So it's going to be the same
+one as you would get if you
+
+wanted alpha and
+alpha squared.
+
+That means n minus k is already
+up to 2, which means
+
+your distance is already
+up to 3.
+
+Distance is n minus k plus 1.
+
+So this leads to a code
+with n equals 16 --
+
+is that right?
+
+Yes.
+
+BCH codes are always defined
+to be one shorter.
+
+We're going to have four
+redundant bits, so k equals 12
+
+and distance equals 3.
+
+I think that's not
+quite right.
+
+When we're doing BCH codes,
+they're always defined just on
+
+the non-zero elements
+of the field.
+
+So we start with the shorter
+Read-Solomon code of
+
+length q minus 1.
+
+15 in this case rather
+than 16.
+
+And 0 never appears here as
+one of the possible roots.
+
+So let me just do that.
+
+I apologize I haven't
+carried through all
+
+the possible steps.
+
+So we're getting all of the
+polynomial multiples of x
+
+fourth plus x plus 1 of degree
+less or equal to
+
+14 rather than 15.
+
+So it's n equals 15.
+
+n minus k is going to be 4.
+
+So this is 11.
+
+And the distance is going to
+be greater than equal to 3.
+
+In fact, it is 3.
+
+So it's a 15, 11, 3
+code, which is, in
+
+fact, the Hamming code.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+Wasn't this fun?
+
+You're supposed to
+do that, Ashish.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well, so you
+can see how it goes.
+
+So this gets us both roots
+alpha and alpha squared.
+
+If we want alpha third and alpha
+fourth, we already have
+
+alpha fourth from
+this polynomial.
+
+So all we need is this one,
+which gets us another.
+
+And that gives us an n equals
+15, k equals 7, d greater than
+
+or equal to 5, which, in fact,
+is a 15, 7, 5 code.
+
+So we get additional codes.
+
+There's a table in there that
+shows you that most the time
+
+for short block lengths for
+distances which are equal to a
+
+prime power, we get the
+same parameters
+
+as Reed-Muller codes.
+
+For lengths 64 and higher,
+sometimes we do
+
+a little bit better.
+
+In addition, we get a lot more
+codes for every, basically,
+
+odd distance when you take the
+length odd or even distance if
+
+you take the length even.
+
+And that's definitely an asset,
+that you have a larger
+
+number of codes to
+choose from.
+
+So there's no doubt that in
+terms n, k, d, BCH is the
+
+larger and, for longer block
+length, slightly better class
+
+than Reed-Muller codes.
+
+But as I said before, in terms
+of performance versus
+
+complexity, Reed-Muller
+might still be the
+
+ones you want to use.
+
+OK.
+
+Good luck in the review and
+good luck in the exam.
+
+I will see you Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OO2qyzBAD14.txt b/OO2qyzBAD14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73362b76e765c86c1cbf1e57ebea2efc82085c74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OO2qyzBAD14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh last week was a crypto day so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh last week was a crypto day so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh last week was a crypto day so I
+didn't get to see you so let's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to see you so let's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to see you so let's kind of
+do a quick kind of recap of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick kind of recap of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick kind of recap of where we
+were uh and where we're heading to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh and where we're heading to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh and where we're heading to so
+last time I saw you at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I saw you at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I saw you at least in this
+room uh was two weeks ago where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh was two weeks ago where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh was two weeks ago where we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+how to use uh the gkr protocol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use uh the gkr protocol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use uh the gkr protocol to
+construct what's called a PCP a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct what's called a PCP a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct what's called a PCP a
+probabilistically checkable proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically checkable proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically checkable proof and
+what's a proof the idea is it's you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a proof the idea is it's you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a proof the idea is it's you take
+a proof so take any NP language let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof so take any NP language let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof so take any NP language let's
+say that has a proof like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that has a proof like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that has a proof like let's say
+three set you take a witness or a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set you take a witness or a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set you take a witness or a proof
+so a satisfying assignment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a satisfying assignment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a satisfying assignment and you
+actually make it longer okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it longer okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it longer okay so you
+don't shrink it you actually extend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't shrink it you actually extend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't shrink it you actually extend it
+it's bigger but now to verify it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger but now to verify it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger but now to verify it you
+don't need to read the entire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to read the entire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to read the entire a
+proof what you need to do is just read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof what you need to do is just read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof what you need to do is just read a
+few locations in this proof so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few locations in this proof so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few locations in this proof so you can
+even though the proof is actually became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the proof is actually became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the proof is actually became
+longer you can verify it much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer you can verify it much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer you can verify it much more
+efficiently by reading just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently by reading just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently by reading just a few
+locations and we actually showed how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and we actually showed how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and we actually showed how to
+constructed how do you get a PCP and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed how do you get a PCP and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed how do you get a PCP and the
+idea of how how uh to get a PCP the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how how uh to get a PCP the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how how uh to get a PCP the idea
+was well let's look at the gkr protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well let's look at the gkr protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well let's look at the gkr protocol
+for three set so let's do a PCP for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three set so let's do a PCP for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three set so let's do a PCP for for
+NP okay so any NP you can convert to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP okay so any NP you can convert to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP okay so any NP you can convert to a
+three set you know three set is and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set you know three set is and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set you know three set is and be
+complete so convert whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so convert whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so convert whatever you want to
+prove into a three set formula now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove into a three set formula now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove into a three set formula now you
+have a witness now what do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a witness now what do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a witness now what do you do you
+the you you want to generate a PCP what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you you want to generate a PCP what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you you want to generate a PCP what
+you do is you you pretend you're a gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you you pretend you're a gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you you pretend you're a gkr
+approver that has this witness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver that has this witness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver that has this witness the
+satisfying assignment and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment and want to
+convince the verifier that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the verifier that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince the verifier that this is a
+valid witness so what do I mean by run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid witness so what do I mean by run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid witness so what do I mean by run
+the gkr protocol what I mean is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gkr protocol what I mean is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gkr protocol what I mean is let's
+look at the so given fee let's say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the so given fee let's say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the so given fee let's say three
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+instance what you do you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what you do you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what you do you look at the
+circuit C sub Fe that takes as input a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit C sub Fe that takes as input a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit C sub Fe that takes as input a
+satisfying assignment an assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment an assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment an assignment and
+outputs you know zero or one whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs you know zero or one whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs you know zero or one whether
+it's satisfying or not this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's satisfying or not this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's satisfying or not this is a very
+low depth circuit it's just as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low depth circuit it's just as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low depth circuit it's just as kind of a
+bunch of checks and add the local checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of checks and add the local checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of checks and add the local checks
+and and add them all together and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and add them all together and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and add them all together and now
+what what we do is how do you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we do is how do you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we do is how do you generate
+the PTP given this witness given this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PTP given this witness given this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PTP given this witness given this uh
+uh uh witness for fee what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh witness for fee what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh witness for fee what you do is you
+run in your head the GK protocol for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in your head the GK protocol for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in your head the GK protocol for the
+circuit so remember the GK protocol is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so remember the GK protocol is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so remember the GK protocol is a
+protocol that proves that a low depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that proves that a low depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that proves that a low depth
+circuit that a w that an input is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that a w that an input is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that a w that an input is you
+know that a given input even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a given input even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a given input even though it's
+weird the verifier doesn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird the verifier doesn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird the verifier doesn't know the
+input so it's kind of weird to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so it's kind of weird to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so it's kind of weird to think of
+gkr in this context gkr the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr in this context gkr the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr in this context gkr the context of
+GK was there's an input everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK was there's an input everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK was there's an input everybody knows
+the input the pro and the verifier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the pro and the verifier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the pro and the verifier but
+the circuit is large and the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit is large and the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit is large and the prover
+wants to convince the verifier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to convince the verifier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to convince the verifier that the
+output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is
+something here it's kind of weird the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here it's kind of weird the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here it's kind of weird the
+input is more or less as large as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is more or less as large as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is more or less as large as the
+circuit okay because the checking if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay because the checking if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay because the checking if a
+witness that satisfying assignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness that satisfying assignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness that satisfying assignment is
+valid for a 3 CNF not the 3nf is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for a 3 CNF not the 3nf is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for a 3 CNF not the 3nf is the
+circuit here is almost the same size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit here is almost the same size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit here is almost the same size as
+as the witness and so it seems like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the witness and so it seems like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the witness and so it seems like why
+using gar here is very weird it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using gar here is very weird it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using gar here is very weird it doesn't
+seem like the right application and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like the right application and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like the right application and in
+particular the verif Fire doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the verif Fire doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the verif Fire doesn't even
+have the input so how can you use gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the input so how can you use gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the input so how can you use gkr
+that seems very unint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems very unint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems very unint
+counterintuitive so the IDE is no let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive so the IDE is no let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive so the IDE is no let's
+pretend that he does have the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that he does have the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that he does have the witness
+what do you even pretend oh don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you even pretend oh don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you even pretend oh don't worry
+we'll give it to him so in the PCP we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give it to him so in the PCP we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give it to him so in the PCP we'll
+write the witness not only we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the witness not only we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the witness not only we write the
+witness we're going to actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness we're going to actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness we're going to actually write
+the low deegree extension of the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low deegree extension of the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low deegree extension of the witness
+in the PCP okay so what is your big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the PCP okay so what is your big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the PCP okay so what is your big
+proof it first contained the lree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it first contained the lree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it first contained the lree
+extension of the witness sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the witness sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the witness sitting there
+then for now for each now think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for now for each now think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for now for each now think of the
+gkr protocol for each and every kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol for each and every kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol for each and every kind of
+question of the verifier the prover has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the verifier the prover has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the verifier the prover has
+an answer write it down in the PCP so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer write it down in the PCP so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer write it down in the PCP so in
+the PCP write if the first message of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP write if the first message of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP write if the first message of
+the verifier you know the first message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier you know the first message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier you know the first message
+is a bunch of like well the F first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of like well the F first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of like well the F first the
+approver goes first so you send the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver goes first so you send the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver goes first so you send the your
+univarate polinomial then the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univarate polinomial then the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univarate polinomial then the verifier
+sends a field element now you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a field element now you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a field element now you say well
+if the field element was one here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the field element was one here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the field element was one here's my
+answer if the field element was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if the field element was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if the field element was two
+here's my answer for each and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my answer for each and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my answer for each and every
+possible field element you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible field element you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible field element you say the
+answer okay now there's only poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay now there's only poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay now there's only poly log
+number F it's not so bad okay then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number F it's not so bad okay then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number F it's not so bad okay then you
+give him the answer now for the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him the answer now for the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him the answer now for the prover
+sent another field element now he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent another field element now he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent another field element now he said
+for any possible next message here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any possible next message here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any possible next message here's my
+answer and so on so essentially you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and so on so essentially you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and so on so essentially you kind
+of open up this G gigantic tree now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open up this G gigantic tree now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open up this G gigantic tree now
+first you see why this is huge like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you see why this is huge like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you see why this is huge like it's
+it's it's like exponential but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like exponential but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like exponential but actually
+G has a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G has a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G has a very nice
+property that the Prov messages actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the Prov messages actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the Prov messages actually
+only depend on the last very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on the last very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on the last very
+few messages of the verifier so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few messages of the verifier so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few messages of the verifier so if you
+remember the gkr it's a bunch of su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the gkr it's a bunch of su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the gkr it's a bunch of su
+checks protocol it's like a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks protocol it's like a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks protocol it's like a just a
+sequence of su checks and the PR's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of su checks and the PR's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of su checks and the PR's
+message depend only on the messages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message depend only on the messages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message depend only on the messages in
+the last subject so it's kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last subject so it's kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last subject so it's kind of very
+few and kind of where you start it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and kind of where you start it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and kind of where you start it's
+very few messages so to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few messages so to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few messages so to be a little more
+precise each Pro in gkr each Prov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message depends on the last kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message depends on the last kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message depends on the last kind of what
+it is it was log n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it was log n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it was log n over log
+login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login
+messages from V from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifier where this is like the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier where this is like the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier where this is like the number
+of variables if you remember when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables if you remember when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables if you remember when we did
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and it was a bunch of a bunch of sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a bunch of a bunch of sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a bunch of a bunch of sum
+checks and each Su check was over M or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and each Su check was over M or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and each Su check was over M or 3
+m variables this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m variables this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m variables this is the
+m and the field is poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Logan and here is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan and here is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan and here is the size of the
+circuit so think of it the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so think of it the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so think of it the size of the
+of the witness the size of the 3 CNF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the witness the size of the 3 CNF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the witness the size of the 3 CNF
+it's all up to polinomial factors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all up to polinomial factors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all up to polinomial factors it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+matter and so now okay you depend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and so now okay you depend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and so now okay you depend you
+need to depend on all these messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to depend on all these messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to depend on all these messages
+from the verifier but there's only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the verifier but there's only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the verifier but there's only that
+many each time even if you look this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many each time even if you look this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many each time even if you look this to
+the power of this is only ply that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of this is only ply that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of this is only ply that's how
+that's exactly how we chose h&n so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly how we chose h&n so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly how we chose h&n so it
+will be P that's why we chose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be P that's why we chose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be P that's why we chose these
+weird setting parameters and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird setting parameters and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird setting parameters and not just
+two and and login but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and and login but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and and login but the point is
+because gkr has this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gkr has this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gkr has this kind of
+memoryless property of the of the Prov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless property of the of the Prov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless property of the of the Prov
+you can expand all the gkr into a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can expand all the gkr into a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can expand all the gkr into a big
+proof of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of size
+polyan now what does the verifier do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyan now what does the verifier do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyan now what does the verifier do the
+verifier simply uh it so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier simply uh it so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier simply uh it so that that's
+what the PCP is the PCP you write for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the PCP is the PCP you write for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the PCP is the PCP you write for
+every possible kind of uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible kind of uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible kind of uh you know you
+got write all the possible answers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got write all the possible answers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got write all the possible answers of
+the provs and the Lo of extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provs and the Lo of extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provs and the Lo of extension of
+your witness that's what the PCP is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your witness that's what the PCP is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your witness that's what the PCP is how
+do you verify this PCP well you pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you verify this PCP well you pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you verify this PCP well you pretend
+you're a GK Pro verifier you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a GK Pro verifier you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a GK Pro verifier you say okay
+get let me see your first question thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get let me see your first question thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get let me see your first question thank
+you now you're saying I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you're saying I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you're saying I'm going to
+choose a random field element and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a random field element and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a random field element and I'm
+going to look at the answer correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the answer correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the answer correspond
+to this field element and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this field element and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this field element and then I'm going
+to choose my next random field element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose my next random field element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose my next random field element
+and you just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just kind of
+go through this kind of tree and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this kind of tree and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this kind of tree and and
+randomly and make sure and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and make sure and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and make sure and at the end
+you need to verify if you remember gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to verify if you remember gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to verify if you remember gkr
+at the end you need to verify to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you need to verify to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you need to verify to verify
+you need to check your input on a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to check your input on a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to check your input on a random
+point in the low degree extension this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the low degree extension this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the low degree extension this
+is how GK works well you have the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how GK works well you have the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how GK works well you have the load
+be extension uh uh sitting there uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extension uh uh sitting there uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extension uh uh sitting there uh as
+part of your PCP so you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your PCP so you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your PCP so you check
+that okay that's basically it except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's basically it except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's basically it except
+there's one component that we're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one component that we're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one component that we're missing
+and that's going to appear in your pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to appear in your pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to appear in your pet
+which by the way is going to be out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way is going to be out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way is going to be out this
+weekend okay so this weekend the pet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend okay so this weekend the pet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend okay so this weekend the pet is
+going to be out originally the due date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be out originally the due date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be out originally the due date
+was after Thanksgiving I'll move it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was after Thanksgiving I'll move it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was after Thanksgiving I'll move it to
+before just to give you an incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just to give you an incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just to give you an incentive to
+not take it with you on your break if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take it with you on your break if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take it with you on your break if
+anybody needs an extension just let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody needs an extension just let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody needs an extension just let me
+know okay so you'll have almost a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so you'll have almost a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so you'll have almost a month
+no not quite but close Okay but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not quite but close Okay but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not quite but close Okay but if you
+need an extension just let me know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an extension just let me know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an extension just let me know uh
+it's this is very arbitrary the okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is very arbitrary the okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is very arbitrary the okay um
+okay so uh so uh what's the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so uh what's the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so uh what's the problem the
+problem is so if indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is so if indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is so if indeed
+the so what about soundless okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so what about soundless okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so what about soundless okay
+soundless seems like it should follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless seems like it should follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless seems like it should follow
+from just gkr okay you're interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just gkr okay you're interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just gkr okay you're interacting
+with like a approver a gkr prover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a approver a gkr prover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a approver a gkr prover and
+someone should just fall from the gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone should just fall from the gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone should just fall from the gkr
+except that there's one point here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's one point here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's one point here which
+is what if the PCP prover doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if the PCP prover doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if the PCP prover doesn't give
+you a low degree extension of some input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a low degree extension of some input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a low degree extension of some input
+so if he gave you a low degree extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if he gave you a low degree extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if he gave you a low degree extension
+of an input and this input did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an input and this input did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an input and this input did not
+evaluate to one namely if he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to one namely if he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to one namely if he's not
+satisfying assignment then this input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment then this input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment then this input is
+not evaluate this because one does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluate this because one does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluate this because one does not
+exist in that case of course uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in that case of course uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in that case of course uh you know
+it would the sound would really follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would the sound would really follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would the sound would really follow
+from GK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from GK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from GK
+soundus however one needs to think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundus however one needs to think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundus however one needs to think there
+may be a malicious prover who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a malicious prover who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a malicious prover who doesn't
+give you here a low deegree extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you here a low deegree extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you here a low deegree extension of
+some double so what he should give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some double so what he should give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some double so what he should give you a
+lot extension of w it means like some W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot extension of w it means like some W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot extension of w it means like some W
+goes from f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from f
+to the m to F and it's of degree H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m to F and it's of degree H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m to F and it's of degree H minus
+one in each variable okay if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each variable okay if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each variable okay if it's a
+degree H minus one in each variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one in each variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one in each variable then
+it it extend it's a Lo extension of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it extend it's a Lo extension of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it extend it's a Lo extension of kind
+of the W sitting in kind of in so then W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the W sitting in kind of in so then W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the W sitting in kind of in so then W
+is just W sitting on H to the m that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just W sitting on H to the m that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just W sitting on H to the m that's
+kind of the little Cube where W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the little Cube where W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the little Cube where W is
+sitting if indeed he gave you a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting if indeed he gave you a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting if indeed he gave you a low
+degree extension of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension of some
+W then you're good if this W that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W then you're good if this W that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W then you're good if this W that he
+gives you is of degree H minus one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you is of degree H minus one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you is of degree H minus one in
+each variable then you're good but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable then you're good but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable then you're good but what
+if it's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's high
+degree what if this W W's what if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree what if this W W's what if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree what if this W W's what if he
+gives you some W star which is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree then is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound so in the homework you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so in the homework you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so in the homework you'll have
+exactly this actually it's not sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this actually it's not sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this actually it's not sound and
+you'll ask to find actually an attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ask to find actually an attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ask to find actually an attack
+and then there's a way to make sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a way to make sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a way to make sure so
+now what the verifier needs to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what the verifier needs to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what the verifier needs to do in
+addition is to do what is called a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is to do what is called a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is to do what is called a low
+degree test it's a test that verifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree test it's a test that verifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree test it's a test that verifies
+that this W star has low degree okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this W star has low degree okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this W star has low degree okay so
+this is what the homework assignment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the homework assignment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the homework assignment or
+one part of the homework assignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the homework assignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the homework assignment is
+about okay but this is module making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay but this is module making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay but this is module making
+sure that this is actually the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this is actually the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this is actually the verifier
+can't make sure it's low degree but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make sure it's low degree but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make sure it's low degree but he
+can make sure it's close to low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure it's close to low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure it's close to low degree
+so it agrees with some low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it agrees with some low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it agrees with some low degree
+W like on one minus Epsilon fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W like on one minus Epsilon fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W like on one minus Epsilon fraction of
+the points so you can test that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points so you can test that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points so you can test that it's
+very close to low degree if it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to low degree if it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to low degree if it's very
+close to low degree then most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to low degree then most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to low degree then most likely
+wherever you'll ask you ask randomly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you'll ask you ask randomly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you'll ask you ask randomly it
+agrees with kind of the low degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with kind of the low degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with kind of the low degree and
+therefore that's kind of the idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that's kind of the idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that's kind of the idea okay
+but uh but but this is the PCB and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but but this is the PCB and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but but this is the PCB and the
+verification just adds a low degree test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification just adds a low degree test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification just adds a low degree test
+and we'll expand on then the pet okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll expand on then the pet okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll expand on then the pet okay so
+that's kind of what we did most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what we did most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what we did most of the
+class and then we talked at then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then we talked at then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then we talked at then we
+talked about okay so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about okay so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about okay so now we have a
+gigantic PCP it's very large but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic PCP it's very large but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic PCP it's very large but you can
+verify it by looking at very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it by looking at very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it by looking at very few
+locations which is nice how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations which is nice how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations which is nice how many
+locations like the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations like the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations like the communication
+complexity of the gkr which on circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the gkr which on circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the gkr which on circuits
+of depth log n which or order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth log n which or order log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth log n which or order log n
+which is for example threat then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for example threat then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for example threat then the
+communication complexity is poly login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity is poly login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity is poly login
+so you can verify this by reading only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can verify this by reading only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can verify this by reading only
+poly login locations as opposed to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly login locations as opposed to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly login locations as opposed to n
+locations so it's like an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so it's like an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so it's like an exponential
+Improvement but again you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement but again you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement but again you have this
+gigantic PCP and now the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic PCP and now the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic PCP and now the question is
+okay but who's going to note here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but who's going to note here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but who's going to note here's
+something to just make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to just make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to just make sure you
+understand it's very important that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's very important that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's very important that this
+PCP is kind of given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP is kind of given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP is kind of given to the
+verifier before the if the verifier C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier before the if the verifier C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier before the if the verifier C so
+okay the PCP is very large now one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the PCP is very large now one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the PCP is very large now one can
+say okay you know don't send the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you know don't send the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you know don't send the PCP
+I'll tell you what my queries are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you what my queries are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you what my queries are just
+give me the answers to my queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the answers to my queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the answers to my queries
+instead of sending me anyway I don't I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sending me anyway I don't I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sending me anyway I don't I'm
+not going to read them so why send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to read them so why send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to read them so why send it
+over just send me the answers to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just send me the answers to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just send me the answers to my
+queries that will not be sound if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries that will not be sound if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries that will not be sound if the
+verifier if the approver gets to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier if the approver gets to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier if the approver gets to choose
+the answers based on all the queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers based on all the queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers based on all the queries
+that he sees sound this breaks down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he sees sound this breaks down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he sees sound this breaks down
+completely okay and so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay and so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay and so it's very
+important that he first tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that he first tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that he first tells you what
+the PCP is and then you query it okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP is and then you query it okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP is and then you query it okay in
+particular what the damaging the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what the damaging the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what the damaging the hard
+the the way the cheating Prov can cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the cheating Prov can cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the cheating Prov can cheat
+is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+you know when you tell them give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you tell them give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you tell them give me the
+PCP in location I if you ask for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP in location I if you ask for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP in location I if you ask for it
+together with location J it will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with location J it will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with location J it will give
+you one answer but if you ask it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one answer but if you ask it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one answer but if you ask it for
+location J Prime he will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location J Prime he will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location J Prime he will give you
+another answer that that's how he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another answer that that's how he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another answer that that's how he can
+cheat but if he needs to fix it ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but if he needs to fix it ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but if he needs to fix it ahead of
+time then no it's one answer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then no it's one answer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then no it's one answer doesn't
+matter the other locations you ask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the other locations you ask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the other locations you ask and
+that's what makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes this
+sound okay you can actually go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay you can actually go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay you can actually go back to
+gkr and see if you use this PCP with gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr and see if you use this PCP with gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr and see if you use this PCP with gkr
+where you give the queries ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you give the queries ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you give the queries ahead of time
+it's like you give the sump queries all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you give the sump queries all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you give the sump queries all
+ahead of time everything breaks down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time everything breaks down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time everything breaks down
+completely okay so it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay so it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay so it's very important
+that you first committed to this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you first committed to this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you first committed to this entire
+PCP and then one can ask well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and then one can ask well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and then one can ask well if you
+give this how does the so the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this how does the so the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this how does the so the entire
+thing says look the verifier is a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing says look the verifier is a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing says look the verifier is a weak
+device that's the idea he's weak he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's the idea he's weak he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's the idea he's weak he
+cannot do the computation how can he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do the computation how can he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do the computation how can he
+store this gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this gigantic
+PCP so it seems like that's very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP so it seems like that's very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP so it seems like that's very nice
+but how do we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we use this
+thing and the way we use this thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the way we use this thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the way we use this thing the
+way it's used today these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's used today these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's used today these things are
+used today and the way they're used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used today and the way they're used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used today and the way they're used is
+using cryptography so what we do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cryptography so what we do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cryptography so what we do we use
+cryptography to take this gigantic proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to take this gigantic proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to take this gigantic proof
+and squish it okay and this is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squish it okay and this is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squish it okay and this is used
+using what's called Collision resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's called Collision resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's called Collision resistant
+hash functions so this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions so this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions so this is what we're
+gonna kind of we're going to uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kind of we're going to uh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kind of we're going to uh talk
+about uh today we started last time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh today we started last time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh today we started last time but
+we're going to continue today but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue today but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue today but before
+we go into how we squish it and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into how we squish it and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into how we squish it and make
+kind of everything succinct let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of everything succinct let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of everything succinct let me first
+what what once we use cryptography we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what once we use cryptography we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what once we use cryptography we
+can no longer ass get sound against any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer ass get sound against any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer ass get sound against any
+all bounded kind of cheating prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bounded kind of cheating prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bounded kind of cheating prover
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+cryptography can be broken by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography can be broken by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography can be broken by all
+powerful uh adversaries cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh adversaries cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh adversaries cryptography
+assumes the adversary is not strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes the adversary is not strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes the adversary is not strong
+enough to break our assumptions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to break our assumptions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to break our assumptions for
+example the collisions and hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the collisions and hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the collisions and hash function
+that we saw and we'll review it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw and we'll review it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw and we'll review it in a
+second so now when we talk about proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so now when we talk about proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so now when we talk about proof
+systems we need to relax the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we need to relax the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we need to relax the notion of
+what we mean by a proof system by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by a proof system by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by a proof system by the
+way who's scribing today okay great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way who's scribing today okay great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way who's scribing today okay great uh
+we need to relax the notion of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to relax the notion of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to relax the notion of what we
+mean by a proof system to what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a proof system to what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a proof system to what's called
+a computationally sound proof system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computationally sound proof system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computationally sound proof system
+namely you cannot cheat assuming you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you cannot cheat assuming you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you cannot cheat assuming you're
+polom bounded if you're all powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom bounded if you're all powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom bounded if you're all powerful and
+can break my crypto no guarantees but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break my crypto no guarantees but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break my crypto no guarantees but as
+long as you cannot break my crypto you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you cannot break my crypto you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you cannot break my crypto you
+cannot cheat so I just wrote it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cheat so I just wrote it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cheat so I just wrote it here
+this is copied from last time uh so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is copied from last time uh so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is copied from last time uh so what
+is so instead of interactive proof we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so instead of interactive proof we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so instead of interactive proof we
+call it an interactive argument and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it an interactive argument and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it an interactive argument and we
+say that an interactive argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that an interactive argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that an interactive argument for
+some language L think of it like say NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some language L think of it like say NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some language L think of it like say NP
+language but whatever language you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but whatever language you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but whatever language you want
+to think about is a protocol between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is a protocol between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is a protocol between
+aover and a verifier the completeness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aover and a verifier the completeness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aover and a verifier the completeness is
+the usual namely effect is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual namely effect is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual namely effect is in the
+language uh then you'll convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh then you'll convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh then you'll convince the
+verifier with probability one okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier with probability one okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier with probability one okay and
+if it's an NP and you know witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an NP and you know witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an NP and you know witness
+you're also efficient okay the soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also efficient okay the soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also efficient okay the soundness
+that's where the changes instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the changes instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the changes instead of
+soundness you get some computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you get some computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you get some computational
+version of soundness and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of soundness and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of soundness and the
+computational version of sound says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational version of sound says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational version of sound says the
+following it says there's some parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it says there's some parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it says there's some parameter
+security parameter when you talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter when you talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter when you talk in
+cryptography there's always security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography there's always security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography there's always security
+parameter which kind of says how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which kind of says how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which kind of says how much
+time do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do we
+believe uh real world adversaries can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh real world adversaries can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh real world adversaries can
+run in okay uh so what the sist says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in okay uh so what the sist says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in okay uh so what the sist says
+that any real world real world cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any real world real world cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any real world real world cheating
+prover real world mean runs in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover real world mean runs in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover real world mean runs in time
+polinomial in the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in the security
+parameter we're going to denote secur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we're going to denote secur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we're going to denote secur
+parameter by Lambda uh throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter by Lambda uh throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter by Lambda uh throughout this
+uh class sometimes they call it by n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class sometimes they call it by n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class sometimes they call it by n but
+n and sometimes K here n is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and sometimes K here n is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and sometimes K here n is going to be
+input size so I don't want to so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input size so I don't want to so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input size so I don't want to so we're
+just going to use Lambda so for any P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use Lambda so for any P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use Lambda so for any P
+star of size polinomial in the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of size polinomial in the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of size polinomial in the security
+parameter he can win only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter he can win only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter he can win only with
+negligable probability namely there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligable probability namely there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligable probability namely there
+exists a negligable function mu again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a negligable function mu again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a negligable function mu again
+negligible means it's smaller than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible means it's smaller than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible means it's smaller than any
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+polinomial such that no matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial such that no matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial such that no matter which
+security parameter you use and any X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter you use and any X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter you use and any X so
+think about the P star he's polom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the P star he's polom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the P star he's polom in the
+security parameter he chooses an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter he chooses an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter he chooses an X
+adversarially the probability or an X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarially the probability or an X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarially the probability or an X is
+chosen okay it exists for any X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen okay it exists for any X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen okay it exists for any X the
+probability that he convinces now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he convinces now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he convinces now the
+protocol depends on the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol depends on the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol depends on the security
+parameter so the verifier may may choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the verifier may may choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the verifier may may choose
+like a hash function according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hash function according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hash function according to the
+security parameter so everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter so everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter so everybody knows
+the security parameter every run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter every run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter every run
+everyone runs in time polinomial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone runs in time polinomial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone runs in time polinomial in the
+security parameter and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter and that's why we
+give it as input the security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it as input the security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it as input the security parameter
+in unary uh so an input X in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unary uh so an input X in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unary uh so an input X in this and
+security parameter there's a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter there's a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter there's a protocol
+and the probability that this cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability that this cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability that this cheating
+prover convinces the verifier to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover convinces the verifier to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover convinces the verifier to accept
+is this negligable function mu okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this negligable function mu okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this negligable function mu okay so
+again we offer soundness only for poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we offer soundness only for poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we offer soundness only for poly
+Lambda cheating provs okay so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda cheating provs okay so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda cheating provs okay so now you
+should think of the cheating provs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of the cheating provs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of the cheating provs as
+like a family of provs one for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a family of provs one for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a family of provs one for every
+Lambda okay it's like a for any security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay it's like a for any security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay it's like a for any security
+parameter you're allowed to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you're allowed to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you're allowed to give a
+cheating prover but they're all let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover but they're all let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover but they're all let's
+say run in time at most Lambda to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say run in time at most Lambda to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say run in time at most Lambda to the N
+to the 10 okay so polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda any questions about the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda any questions about the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda any questions about the review
+before we go on to the new uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+yeah is like like hide with this no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is like like hide with this no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is like like hide with this no no
+no no good good good so two things first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no good good good so two things first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no good good good so two things first
+of all we're not at all talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we're not at all talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we're not at all talking about
+hiding okay if the if uh if we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding okay if the if uh if we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding okay if the if uh if we didn't
+want succinctness you can take the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want succinctness you can take the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want succinctness you can take the pro
+we just give you the witness here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just give you the witness here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just give you the witness here you go
+check on your own okay and then but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check on your own okay and then but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check on your own okay and then but we
+we'll want we'll want another property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want we'll want another property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want we'll want another property
+from these interactive arguments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these interactive arguments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these interactive arguments which
+is succinctness or or yes sickness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is succinctness or or yes sickness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is succinctness or or yes sickness or
+you know yeah exactly for for NP for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah exactly for for NP for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah exactly for for NP for
+example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+yeah that me formulas yeah exactly three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that me formulas yeah exactly three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that me formulas yeah exactly three
+set is just think of it it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is just think of it it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is just think of it it's it's a
+exactly uh just three cnfs you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh just three cnfs you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh just three cnfs you know it's
+and of a bunch of lit of a bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of a bunch of lit of a bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of a bunch of lit of a bunch of uh
+Clauses each one is like X i1 or X I2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses each one is like X i1 or X I2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses each one is like X i1 or X I2 or
+not X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I3 small yeah so any any 3 CNF any 3 CNF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 small yeah so any any 3 CNF any 3 CNF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 small yeah so any any 3 CNF any 3 CNF
+is of the form like uh Clause one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form like uh Clause one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form like uh Clause one and
+Clause two and Clause n let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause two and Clause n let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause two and Clause n let's
+say you can get a Boolean formula with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can get a Boolean formula with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can get a Boolean formula with
+fan in two of size order log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan in two of size order log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan in two of size order log
+M because you just do kind of the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M because you just do kind of the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M because you just do kind of the and
+and you know all the ends and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know all the ends and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know all the ends and then you
+have these little literals at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these little literals at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these little literals at the bottom
+and each one is constant size it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one is constant size it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one is constant size it just
+depends each Clause is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends each Clause is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends each Clause is constant
+size so it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log M
+circuit okay so you can take any three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay so you can take any three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay so you can take any three
+set which is just an end of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is just an end of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is just an end of a bunch of
+literals and write it as a log uh depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals and write it as a log uh depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals and write it as a log uh depth
+circuit can you go directly to SJ can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit can you go directly to SJ can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit can you go directly to SJ can do
+the PCP over SJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP over SJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP over SJ
+by doing aromatization instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing aromatization instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing aromatization instead of going
+through G okay to to do to get a PCP I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G okay to to do to get a PCP I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G okay to to do to get a PCP I
+need to go the way I construct the pcps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go the way I construct the pcps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go the way I construct the pcps
+by going through gkr I do a gkr on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through gkr I do a gkr on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through gkr I do a gkr on this
+kind of circuit I open up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of circuit I open up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of circuit I open up all the
+possible Pro Pro's messages and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Pro Pro's messages and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Pro Pro's messages and that
+what constitutes the PCP in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitutes the PCP in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitutes the PCP in addition to
+the low degree extension of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of the input
+that's going to be the PCP and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the PCP and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the PCP and the
+verifier just kind of verifies behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier just kind of verifies behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier just kind of verifies behaves
+like the gkr verifier and checks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the gkr verifier and checks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the gkr verifier and checks that
+the witness he gets the the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness he gets the the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness he gets the the extended
+witness is of low degree like it does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness is of low degree like it does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness is of low degree like it does a
+low degree test with the low degree test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree test with the low degree test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree test with the low degree test
+we didn't talk about but it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about but it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about but it's going to
+be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the
+homework so that's how the PCP works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so that's how the PCP works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so that's how the PCP works and
+now I'm kind of talking about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm kind of talking about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm kind of talking about how you
+use this long PCP together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this long PCP together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this long PCP together with
+cryptography to get these succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to get these succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to get these succinct
+arguments that's kind of the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that's kind of the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that's kind of the next step
+how to use cryptography to just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use cryptography to just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use cryptography to just have
+like a fully succeeded protocol let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fully succeeded protocol let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fully succeeded protocol let's
+say for NP we want a protocol that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for NP we want a protocol that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for NP we want a protocol that has
+polylog communication because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog communication because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog communication because you have
+an instance of Link n and theover wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of Link n and theover wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance of Link n and theover wants
+to prove to the verifier that X is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove to the verifier that X is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove to the verifier that X is in
+the language and you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and you want the
+communication to be only poly log in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication to be only poly log in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication to be only poly log in for
+example okay okay one thing I do oh did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay okay one thing I do oh did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay okay one thing I do oh did
+you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question like like is interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like like is interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like like is interactive
+protocol necessary because in like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol necessary because in like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol necessary because in like the
+traditional like the complexity Ser PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional like the complexity Ser PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional like the complexity Ser PCP
+the W has to be written down in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W has to be written down in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W has to be written down in advance
+and not be and it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not be and it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not be and it cannot be
+aded so it's the whole point the prot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aded so it's the whole point the prot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aded so it's the whole point the prot
+try to like fix that problem sense where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to like fix that problem sense where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to like fix that problem sense where
+you forcing to Comm exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forcing to Comm exactly exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forcing to Comm exactly exactly
+that's exactly it that's exactly it h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly it that's exactly it h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly it that's exactly it h
+exactly one thing I do want to say note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one thing I do want to say note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one thing I do want to say note
+that I ask for the cheating crover to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I ask for the cheating crover to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I ask for the cheating crover to be
+polinomial in Lambda okay uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in Lambda okay uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in Lambda okay uh because
+usually that my assum that's what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that my assum that's what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that my assum that's what my
+assumptions usually look like I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions usually look like I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions usually look like I want to
+say if I use Collision resistant I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I use Collision resistant I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I use Collision resistant I would
+say well I use some Collision resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I use some Collision resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I use some Collision resistant
+function uh with SEC parameter that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh with SEC parameter that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh with SEC parameter that says
+that my assumption is that a PO Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my assumption is that a PO Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my assumption is that a PO Lambda
+size circuit cannot find collisions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size circuit cannot find collisions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size circuit cannot find collisions okay
+my my cryptographic assumption usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my cryptographic assumption usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my cryptographic assumption usually
+assumes that the they are hard to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that the they are hard to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that the they are hard to break
+against provs against adversaries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against provs against adversaries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against provs against adversaries that
+run in time po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time po
+Lambda but this is may be may seem very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda but this is may be may seem very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda but this is may be may seem very
+weird and very weak why because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and very weak why because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and very weak why because you know
+our goal is to come up with succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to come up with succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to come up with succinct
+arguments okay succinct in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments okay succinct in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments okay succinct in particular
+one example to think of to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example to think of to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example to think of to keep in mind
+is let's say the input n can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say the input n can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say the input n can be really
+huge but I want the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge but I want the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge but I want the communication
+complex be poly login so think of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex be poly login so think of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex be poly login so think of Lambda
+as being like poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being like poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being like poly
+login okay everything is going to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login okay everything is going to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login okay everything is going to grow
+with with the security parameter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the security parameter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the security parameter but
+let's take the security member to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the security member to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the security member to be
+poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly
+login now it seems weird you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login now it seems weird you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login now it seems weird you're like
+wait really so the cheating Pro if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait really so the cheating Pro if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait really so the cheating Pro if the
+instances of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and the security parameters of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the security parameters of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the security parameters of length
+poly log in the cheating Pro were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly log in the cheating Pro were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly log in the cheating Pro were not
+even giving him the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even giving him the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even giving him the opportunity to
+read the input so it's a very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the input so it's a very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the input so it's a very weak
+guarantee so what does this guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee so what does this guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee so what does this guarantee
+tells you let's say I want you to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you let's say I want you to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you let's say I want you to prove
+to me that a given X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that a given X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that a given X is in the
+language and my only guarantee is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and my only guarantee is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and my only guarantee is if you
+run in time that's only poly logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time that's only poly logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time that's only poly logarithmic
+in N you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N you can't
+cheat okay what if you run in time men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat okay what if you run in time men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat okay what if you run in time men
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know so that seems like a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that seems like a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that seems like a problem
+especially if look if n is too big for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if look if n is too big for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if look if n is too big for
+anyone to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to read
+then in some sense why like nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense why like nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense why like nobody's
+going to use it anyway and if n is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it anyway and if n is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it anyway and if n is we
+able to read it if I'm able to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read it if I'm able to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read it if I'm able to read it
+then you have the time to run in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the time to run in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the time to run in that
+time so you run in time n I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you run in time n I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you run in time n I'm not going
+to assume you run in time polog n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume you run in time polog n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume you run in time polog n so
+this seems very weird okay you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems very weird okay you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems very weird okay you should
+not be happy at this point you be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be happy at this point you be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be happy at this point you be like
+wait something is going on I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait something is going on I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait something is going on I don't like
+this definition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition it's
+meaningless like this SEC if look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless like this SEC if look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless like this SEC if look if you
+don't want suc synness you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want suc synness you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want suc synness you can make
+Lambda B size of N and then you're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda B size of N and then you're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda B size of N and then you're happy
+if Lambda is of size X like the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Lambda is of size X like the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Lambda is of size X like the in
+instant size then you can say yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant size then you can say yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant size then you can say yeah the
+instant size is some N I am I allow my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant size is some N I am I allow my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant size is some N I am I allow my
+my real my honest Pro run runs in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my real my honest Pro run runs in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my real my honest Pro run runs in time
+poen I allow my malicious Pro to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poen I allow my malicious Pro to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poen I allow my malicious Pro to run in
+time poen and that makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time poen and that makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time poen and that makes sense to
+me but now saying no the honest Pro he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but now saying no the honest Pro he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but now saying no the honest Pro he
+can actually run in time men the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually run in time men the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually run in time men the
+malicious cannot like no the malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious cannot like no the malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious cannot like no the malicious
+usually has more power than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has more power than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has more power than the
+honest so it's a very it's really a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest so it's a very it's really a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest so it's a very it's really a weak
+guarantee that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that kind of
+you know uh especially if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh especially if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh especially if we want to
+take the security the idea is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the security the idea is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the security the idea is we're
+going to take the security F really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the security F really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the security F really
+small okay really really small but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay really really small but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay really really small but if we
+take the security paret so small we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the security paret so small we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the security paret so small we
+should give the adversary more power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give the adversary more power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give the adversary more power
+than poing the security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poing the security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poing the security parameter
+because it just doesn't meet real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just doesn't meet real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just doesn't meet real life
+what the idea is to the idea of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the idea is to the idea of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the idea is to the idea of this is
+to kind of capture real life setting not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of capture real life setting not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of capture real life setting not
+to make a model that makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a model that makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a model that makes no
+sense so if we take Lambda to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so if we take Lambda to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so if we take Lambda to be very
+very small then the actually real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small then the actually real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small then the actually real world
+would can run in time more than po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would can run in time more than po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would can run in time more than po
+Lambda can they can run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda can they can run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda can they can run time
+poen so it doesn't capture yeah if P3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poen so it doesn't capture yeah if P3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poen so it doesn't capture yeah if P3
+the circuit how do we even think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit how do we even think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit how do we even think of
+plugging in like a variable link X into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in like a variable link X into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in like a variable link X into
+a circuit he can't they can't even read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circuit he can't they can't even read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circuit he can't they can't even read
+X you're right yeah for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you're right yeah for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you're right yeah for
+example so you can say oh P star can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you can say oh P star can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you can say oh P star can't
+Redux you're right they can't Redux they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux you're right they can't Redux they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux you're right they can't Redux they
+it's a circuit and yeah it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circuit and yeah it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circuit and yeah it can't
+Redux this is a big problem okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux this is a big problem okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux this is a big problem okay so the
+way I defined it is really doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I defined it is really doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I defined it is really doesn't make
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+yeah why we need LDA to be PO is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why we need LDA to be PO is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why we need LDA to be PO is it so
+that the resulting interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the resulting interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the resulting interaction is
+exactly so great question the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so great question the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so great question the question
+is why do we need it to be poly log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we need it to be poly log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we need it to be poly log in
+you know let's so what I think where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's so what I think where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's so what I think where
+maybe you're going to saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're going to saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're going to saying you know
+what let's make Lambda enter the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let's make Lambda enter the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let's make Lambda enter the Epsilon
+for a constant Epsilon enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a constant Epsilon enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a constant Epsilon enter the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+0.001 then the communication complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001 then the communication complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001 then the communication complex
+then we say look uh the original proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say look uh the original proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say look uh the original proof
+grows with Lambda which is n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows with Lambda which is n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows with Lambda which is n to the
+point to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the power of
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+001 which is much smaller than n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+001 which is much smaller than n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+001 which is much smaller than n so
+we're still happy but the cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still happy but the cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still happy but the cheating
+prover can run time any poly any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover can run time any poly any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover can run time any poly any
+polinomial in so it's polyn so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in so it's polyn so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in so it's polyn so that's
+good you're right and that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're right and that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're right and that's that's a
+good setting to think about in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good setting to think about in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good setting to think about in that case
+there's no issues so one thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issues so one thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issues so one thing what
+you're saying is you're saying let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is you're saying let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is you're saying let me
+fix all your problems just take Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix all your problems just take Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix all your problems just take Lambda
+to be think of it as n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be think of it as n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be think of it as n to the
+0.01 and you're done or n to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 and you're done or n to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 and you're done or n to the Epsilon
+and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're
+done okay if you think about n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay if you think about n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay if you think about n to the
+Epsilon everything kind of Mak sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon everything kind of Mak sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon everything kind of Mak sense you
+allow the cheating prover to run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the cheating prover to run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the cheating prover to run in time
+p n the instance is n and we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p n the instance is n and we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p n the instance is n and we're good
+okay so that that's one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's one way to think
+about it so usually the way we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so usually the way we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so usually the way we think
+about we say for any n we choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we say for any n we choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we say for any n we choose a
+security parameter that depends on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter that depends on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter that depends on N
+okay that's usually how we say how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's usually how we say how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's usually how we say how we do
+it we have an n and now we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we have an n and now we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we have an n and now we say okay
+which security par do we use it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which security par do we use it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which security par do we use it's kind
+of a function of n so that's what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function of n so that's what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function of n so that's what one
+example choose that to M and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example choose that to M and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example choose that to M and then you
+solved all the problems but what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all the problems but what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all the problems but what if I
+want more succinctness than that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more succinctness than that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more succinctness than that maybe
+ENT to the 0.01 is not it's okay but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT to the 0.01 is not it's okay but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT to the 0.01 is not it's okay but I
+want better I want poly login so what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want better I want poly login so what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want better I want poly login so what if
+my Lambda that's one option but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Lambda that's one option but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Lambda that's one option but another
+option is polyan that's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is polyan that's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is polyan that's even more
+succinct so that's what I want now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct so that's what I want now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct so that's what I want now
+you're saying well if that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well if that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well if that's what you
+want you get a definition that makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you get a definition that makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you get a definition that makes no
+sense and you're right but then what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and you're right but then what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and you're right but then what I
+can do is strengthen the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is strengthen the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is strengthen the definition
+so how do I strengthen the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I strengthen the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I strengthen the definition
+I'm going to say you know what PO is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say you know what PO is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say you know what PO is one
+option but let me make let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option but let me make let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option but let me make let me actually
+make my assume make a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my assume make a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my assume make a stronger
+cryptographic assumption I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic assumption I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic assumption I'm going to
+assume some I'm going to say for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some I'm going to say for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some I'm going to say for any
+adversary that runs that for any P star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary that runs that for any P star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary that runs that for any P star
+that that um executes a circuit not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um executes a circuit not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um executes a circuit not of
+size poly Lambda but of size 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size poly Lambda but of size 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size poly Lambda but of size 2 to the
+Lambda to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the
+Epsilon I'm going to allow my adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I'm going to allow my adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I'm going to allow my adversary
+to run time 2 to the Lambda to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run time 2 to the Lambda to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run time 2 to the Lambda to the
+Epsilon more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon more than
+poly now it's a stronger assumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly now it's a stronger assumption okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly now it's a stronger assumption okay
+so now I want to say an adversary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to say an adversary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to say an adversary that
+runs in time two or of size two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in time two or of size two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in time two or of size two to the
+Lambda to the Epsilon cannot break my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the Epsilon cannot break my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the Epsilon cannot break my my
+my hash function he cannot find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hash function he cannot find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hash function he cannot find
+collisions it's a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions it's a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions it's a stronger
+assumption but now this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but now this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but now this makes
+sense so I can take Lambda very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I can take Lambda very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I can take Lambda very very
+small but I'm saying even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but I'm saying even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but I'm saying even if the
+adversary runs in time that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary runs in time that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary runs in time that's much
+bigger than than Lambda that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than than Lambda that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than than Lambda that's actually
+two to the Lambda to the Epsilon even he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the Lambda to the Epsilon even he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the Lambda to the Epsilon even he
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+break my crypto and that's why when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break my crypto and that's why when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break my crypto and that's why when we
+talk about suing proofs most often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about suing proofs most often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about suing proofs most often we
+talk about this kind of assumption like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this kind of assumption like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this kind of assumption like
+subexponential assumptions come up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subexponential assumptions come up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subexponential assumptions come up a
+lot K we see that actually but often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot K we see that actually but often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot K we see that actually but often uh
+if when if we want to implement so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when if we want to implement so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when if we want to implement so when
+if we want to implement if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to implement if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to implement if we want to
+take Lambda to be poly log in it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Lambda to be poly log in it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Lambda to be poly log in it makes
+sense to require for this for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to require for this for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to require for this for for the
+soundest to be to make sense to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundest to be to make sense to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundest to be to make sense to to
+correspond to real world applications it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to real world applications it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to real world applications it
+makes sense to require subexponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to require subexponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to require subexponential
+assumptions of of of our underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of of of our underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of of of our underlying
+cryptography okay so just to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography okay so just to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography okay so just to kind of
+close this parenthesis one can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this parenthesis one can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this parenthesis one can talk
+about poly signs cheating provs it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poly signs cheating provs it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poly signs cheating provs it will
+give you more standard assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you more standard assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you more standard assumption but
+the soundus guarantee you get may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundus guarantee you get may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundus guarantee you get may not be
+strong enough depending on how Del how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough depending on how Del how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough depending on how Del how
+security parameter relates to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter relates to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter relates to the input
+size if you want lamb to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you want lamb to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if you want lamb to be very very
+the security parameter to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter to be very very
+small and yet you want to offer security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and yet you want to offer security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and yet you want to offer security
+against adversity the run time poly n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against adversity the run time poly n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against adversity the run time poly n
+then you will need to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will need to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will need to make your
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+stronger okay but but but given this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger okay but but but given this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger okay but but but given this is
+kind of a end a design Choice okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a end a design Choice okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a end a design Choice okay for
+now we just going to think of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just going to think of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just going to think of you know
+for any given P star of size poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given P star of size poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given P star of size poly Lambda
+or more I don't know whatever we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more I don't know whatever we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more I don't know whatever we choose
+here that corresponds to the Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that corresponds to the Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that corresponds to the Assumption
+okay so if we have a t- secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have a t- secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have a t- secure
+assumption then for any t- size so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then for any t- size so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then for any t- size so in
+general more gener you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general more gener you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general more gener you can think of
+replace this by T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by T of
+Lambda right any T it can be poly it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right any T it can be poly it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right any T it can be poly it can
+be subexponential it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be subexponential it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be subexponential it can be
+whatever okay and then we choose the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay and then we choose the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay and then we choose the T
+and now the T kind of governs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the T kind of governs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the T kind of governs the
+application but also have a t now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but also have a t now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but also have a t now we can
+just prove it using math we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prove it using math we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prove it using math we don't need
+to think about it anymore okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it anymore okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it anymore okay so that's
+kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+a the how Lambda relates to n okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the how Lambda relates to n okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the how Lambda relates to n okay and
+how the strength of the Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the strength of the Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the strength of the Assumption
+relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay any questions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so now let's uh go ahead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now let's uh go ahead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now let's uh go ahead with
+how we use uh so that's what we want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use uh so that's what we want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use uh so that's what we want I
+want to come up with a succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with a succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come up with a succinct
+interactive argument for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive argument for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive argument for all of
+NP okay I want to show how uh I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP okay I want to show how uh I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP okay I want to show how uh I can take
+any NP language let's think of three set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any NP language let's think of three set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any NP language let's think of three set
+why not it's complete I want to prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not it's complete I want to prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not it's complete I want to prove to
+you that a a 3 CNF formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a a 3 CNF formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a a 3 CNF formula is
+satisfiable I have a witness of length N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable I have a witness of length N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable I have a witness of length N
+I want to prove to you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove to you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove to you that it's
+satisfiable but with the communication I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable but with the communication I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable but with the communication I
+want it to grow only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to grow only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to grow only with
+Lambda okay Lambda can be polog and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay Lambda can be polog and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay Lambda can be polog and I
+don't even want don't don't go now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even want don't don't go now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even want don't don't go now to
+the choice how we chose the Lambda but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice how we chose the Lambda but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice how we chose the Lambda but
+now I have a security par Lambda I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a security par Lambda I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a security par Lambda I want
+the communication to only go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication to only go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication to only go with the
+security parameter not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter not with
+n okay so how do I do it so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so how do I do it so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so how do I do it so the idea is
+well I'll use my PCP I have my PCP I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll use my PCP I have my PCP I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll use my PCP I have my PCP I'm
+going to use crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use crypto
+to squeeze it how do I use Crypt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze it how do I use Crypt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze it how do I use Crypt to
+squeeze it it's exactly what Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it it's exactly what Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it it's exactly what Collision
+resistant hash functions do they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash functions do they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash functions do they take a
+big thing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing and they
+squish them down so now I'll take I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish them down so now I'll take I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish them down so now I'll take I'll
+take my PCP the prover will take his PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my PCP the prover will take his PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my PCP the prover will take his PCP
+he will squish it down using a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will squish it down using a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will squish it down using a collision
+resistant hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash
+function okay so he gives a verif here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so he gives a verif here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so he gives a verif here
+you go here's a like a squish like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here's a like a squish like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here's a like a squish like a
+digest you know of this PCP okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest you know of this PCP okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest you know of this PCP okay the
+verify takes this thing it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify takes this thing it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify takes this thing it has no
+meaning so what does he do now other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so what does he do now other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so what does he do now other the
+proof okay thank you very much but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay thank you very much but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay thank you very much but I
+want to see the PCP on a few locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the PCP on a few locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the PCP on a few locations
+so now what can the prover do the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what can the prover do the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what can the prover do the pro
+can't okay so Collision isn't hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't okay so Collision isn't hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't okay so Collision isn't hash
+function as as is uh are it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as as is uh are it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as as is uh are it's a way to
+kind of compress in a way that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of compress in a way that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of compress in a way that you can't
+you're kind of committed you because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of committed you because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of committed you because you
+can't find collisions later so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find collisions later so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find collisions later so you can't
+open you can't kind of after you gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open you can't kind of after you gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open you can't kind of after you gave
+the uh the hash value you can't open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the hash value you can't open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the hash value you can't open to
+x and x Prime you can't give x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x Prime you can't give x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x Prime you can't give x and x
+Prime that both hash to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that both hash to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that both hash to the same
+value but I don't want you to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but I don't want you to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but I don't want you to give me
+you can't give me now you're hashing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't give me now you're hashing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't give me now you're hashing an
+entire PCP the PCP is Big you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire PCP the PCP is Big you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire PCP the PCP is Big you can't just
+I never want you to give me me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never want you to give me me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never want you to give me me the
+verifier never want to receive this PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier never want to receive this PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier never want to receive this PCP
+I can't even hold it I want to receive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't even hold it I want to receive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't even hold it I want to receive a
+few bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few bits of the
+input so what we need is a collig in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so what we need is a collig in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so what we need is a collig in
+hash that has a special property that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that has a special property that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that has a special property that's
+you can open bit by bit so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open bit by bit so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open bit by bit so instead of
+giving me the entire kind of input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me the entire kind of input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me the entire kind of input the
+entire pre-image of the hash value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire pre-image of the hash value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire pre-image of the hash value I
+want you just to give me a few bits here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you just to give me a few bits here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you just to give me a few bits here
+a few bits here and a few bits here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few bits here and a few bits here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few bits here and a few bits here and
+prove to me that they're they correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to me that they're they correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to me that they're they correspond
+to to what to the input you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to what to the input you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to what to the input you have
+so I'm now I'm going to Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm now I'm going to Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm now I'm going to Define this
+primitive once I have this we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive once I have this we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive once I have this we're going
+to see it's going to be very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it's going to be very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it's going to be very easy to
+come up with the actual interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the actual interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the actual interactive
+argument okay so the Primitive is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay so the Primitive is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay so the Primitive is a a
+what's called a collision resistant hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a collision resistant hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a collision resistant hash
+with local opening let me Define it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with local opening let me Define it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with local opening let me Define it so
+we're going to have a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a collision
+resistant hash function with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash function with local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash function with local
+opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this consists of five algorithms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this consists of five algorithms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this consists of five algorithms the
+first one is the first two are gen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is the first two are gen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is the first two are gen and
+Dalal these are exactly these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalal these are exactly these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalal these are exactly these two
+algorithms is is what defines cud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms is is what defines cud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms is is what defines cud and
+hash function so this we saw last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function so this we saw last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function so this we saw last time
+I'll just repeat just to recall gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just repeat just to recall gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just repeat just to recall gen
+takes his input a one to the Lambda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes his input a one to the Lambda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes his input a one to the Lambda the
+security parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter and
+outputs hash key so this is some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs hash key so this is some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs hash key so this is some key
+eval takes his input hash key and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval takes his input hash key and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval takes his input hash key and any
+input X from zero one star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X from zero one star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X from zero one star
+anything okay any string of any length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay any string of any length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay any string of any length
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outputs a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a hash
+value we denote it V and that's fixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we denote it V and that's fixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we denote it V and that's fixed in
+0 one to the Lambda I I call sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one to the Lambda I I call sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one to the Lambda I I call sometimes
+Delta and sometimes Lambda right sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and sometimes Lambda right sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and sometimes Lambda right sorry
+it's Lambda a you output a hash of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Lambda a you output a hash of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Lambda a you output a hash of a
+fixed size which means you can take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed size which means you can take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed size which means you can take very
+very long things and you digest down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long things and you digest down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long things and you digest down you
+digest them down to a value of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest them down to a value of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest them down to a value of size
+Lambda okay so it takes an input of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so it takes an input of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so it takes an input of
+arbitrary size can be huge can be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary size can be huge can be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary size can be huge can be two
+Lambda four Lambda ton huge and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda four Lambda ton huge and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda four Lambda ton huge and it
+digest down to a string of size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest down to a string of size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest down to a string of size of
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+Lambda okay now there's two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay now there's two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay now there's two more
+algorithms two or three okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms two or three okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms two or three okay so now
+there's an algorithm called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an algorithm called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an algorithm called
+open open I just want to make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open open I just want to make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open open I just want to make sure I
+want to tell me don't give me theti I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell me don't give me theti I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell me don't give me theti I
+want to I want to so V is just digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to so V is just digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to so V is just digest
+has no meaning I want to tell you now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no meaning I want to tell you now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no meaning I want to tell you now I
+want the I bit of X don't give me all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I bit of X don't give me all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I bit of X don't give me all of
+X what you have I can't hold it I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what you have I can't hold it I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what you have I can't hold it I just
+want the I bit so open so what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I bit so open so what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I bit so open so what do you do
+you open how do you open you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open how do you open you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open how do you open you have the
+hash key you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key you have
+X which you computed the value V and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which you computed the value V and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which you computed the value V and now
+you have some I in kind of 01 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some I in kind of 01 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some I in kind of 01 to the
+length of X so this is kind of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of X so this is kind of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of X so this is kind of which
+index I want you to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I want you to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I want you to open
+and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output is a bit B which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a bit B which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a bit B which is kind of
+correspond to x i the I bit a bit and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to x i the I bit a bit and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to x i the I bit a bit and an
+opening value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening value
+row okay this is some kind of uh string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay this is some kind of uh string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay this is some kind of uh string
+and this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size Lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Lambda so
+small or it can be po Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay an opening of size poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an opening of size poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an opening of size poly Lambda
+yes who's uh running the open good who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes who's uh running the open good who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes who's uh running the open good who's
+running the open good the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the open good the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the open good the person who
+generated the hash so let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the hash so let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the hash so let's say you're
+the Prov you want to prove to me uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prov you want to prove to me uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prov you want to prove to me uh that
+Fe satisfiable you generate a PCP I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe satisfiable you generate a PCP I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe satisfiable you generate a PCP I
+don't want your PCP it's too big you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your PCP it's too big you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your PCP it's too big you
+give me a hash a value V thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a hash a value V thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a hash a value V thank you very
+much now I want you to open the PCP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now I want you to open the PCP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much now I want you to open the PCP and
+some location I so I tell you here's I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some location I so I tell you here's I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some location I so I tell you here's I I
+don't know your PCP I don't know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your PCP I don't know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your PCP I don't know your
+input you give me some row I like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you give me some row I like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you give me some row I like an
+open give me XI if you only give me XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open give me XI if you only give me XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open give me XI if you only give me XI
+you can cheat you can give me whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cheat you can give me whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cheat you can give me whatever
+you want I don't believe you so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I don't believe you so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I don't believe you so I want
+you to give me kind of row I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to give me kind of row I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to give me kind of row I this
+opening is like a proof that indeed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening is like a proof that indeed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening is like a proof that indeed what
+what I hash down in the I location is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I hash down in the I location is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I hash down in the I location is
+sitting XI this is what you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting XI this is what you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting XI this is what you think of
+rowy it's like a proof yeah shouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rowy it's like a proof yeah shouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rowy it's like a proof yeah shouldn't I
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry sorry sorry sorry thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry sorry sorry sorry thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry sorry sorry sorry thank you
+sorry it's an index not in01 sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's an index not in01 sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's an index not in01 sorry it's
+an it's an it's an index with one until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an it's an it's an index with one until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an it's an it's an index with one until
+the length of x one to n let's see yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of x one to n let's see yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of x one to n let's see yeah
+thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much questions
+yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just
+like I guess it's just interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess it's just interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess it's just interesting that
+you have to retain the higher hash value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to retain the higher hash value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to retain the higher hash value
+X like maybe that's necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X like maybe that's necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X like maybe that's necessary for
+correctness to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness to be able
+to uh confirm any bit of X but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh confirm any bit of X but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh confirm any bit of X but I don't
+know it just seems interesting that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just seems interesting that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just seems interesting that in
+practice you would have to store keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you would have to store keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you would have to store keep
+storing all these hash values right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing all these hash values right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing all these hash values right so
+what you wait let me make sure what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wait let me make sure what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wait let me make sure what your
+your comment is not that to open you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comment is not that to open you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comment is not that to open you
+need to know the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the entire
+X and why do you need to know the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and why do you need to know the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and why do you need to know the entire
+X in a sense to open to bit eye so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in a sense to open to bit eye so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in a sense to open to bit eye so in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+look I mean to open to bit I all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I mean to open to bit I all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I mean to open to bit I all you
+need to remember is row I that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember is row I that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember is row I that's kind of
+what you need to give for the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to give for the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to give for the opening
+but all the row eyes together give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the row eyes together give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the row eyes together give
+contain all the X so that's why you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain all the X so that's why you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain all the X so that's why you need
+to to kind of store all the X and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to kind of store all the X and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to kind of store all the X and you'll
+see the construction soon so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the construction soon so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the construction soon so it'll be
+kind of uh uh clear uh okay the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh clear uh okay the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh clear uh okay the last
+algorithm is what we call Ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is what we call Ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is what we call Ver
+verify and verify takes his input a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and verify takes his input a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and verify takes his input a hash
+key a a hash so now I'm verifying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key a a hash so now I'm verifying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key a a hash so now I'm verifying you
+gave me x i and row I how do I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me x i and row I how do I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me x i and row I how do I know it's
+good so I take my hash key the hash key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I take my hash key the hash key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I take my hash key the hash key
+the value that you gave me i x i and row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that you gave me i x i and row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that you gave me i x i and row
+I and this algorithm outputs zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this algorithm outputs zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this algorithm outputs zero or one
+namely accept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely accept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely accept or
+reject okay so I can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay so I can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay so I can kind of
+verify uh whether the row is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify uh whether the row is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify uh whether the row is a valid
+opening okay and now what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening okay and now what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening okay and now what are the
+guarant es so you can hash and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarant es so you can hash and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarant es so you can hash and then you
+can open like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open like
+a what is the guarantee the guarantee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what is the guarantee the guarantee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what is the guarantee the guarantee is
+first of all if you do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if you do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if you do everything
+honestly I'll accept you okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I'll accept you okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I'll accept you okay so there's
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+guarantees the first guarantee is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees the first guarantee is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees the first guarantee is just
+correctness and the second guarantee we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness and the second guarantee we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness and the second guarantee we
+want is Collision resistant so we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is Collision resistant so we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is Collision resistant so we'll see
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctness uh before actually let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness uh before actually let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness uh before actually let me
+just uh a sorry let me just say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh a sorry let me just say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh a sorry let me just say these
+are all PPT algorithms okay all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all PPT algorithms okay all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all PPT algorithms okay all of them
+are polinomial time uh actually the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are polinomial time uh actually the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are polinomial time uh actually the only
+everything is these are I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is these are I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is these are I should say
+these are polom poly time algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are polom poly time algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are polom poly time algorithm and
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+PPT so this is a randomized algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPT so this is a randomized algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPT so this is a randomized algorithm
+poly time so it runs in time poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly time so it runs in time poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly time so it runs in time poly Lambda
+generates a hash key these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a hash key these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a hash key these are all
+deterministic algorithms okay they run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithms okay they run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithms okay they run
+in po time so EV Val takes his input X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in po time so EV Val takes his input X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in po time so EV Val takes his input X
+he runs in time x of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs in time x of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs in time x of course
+uh open runs in time x but verify runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open runs in time x but verify runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open runs in time x but verify runs
+in time uh poly Lambda why because hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time uh poly Lambda why because hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time uh poly Lambda why because hash
+is of size poly Lambda this is of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of size poly Lambda this is of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of size poly Lambda this is of size
+Lambda because I required it and XI is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda because I required it and XI is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda because I required it and XI is a
+bit and this is a size poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and this is a size poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and this is a size poly Lambda
+because I required it so the verific the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I required it so the verific the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I required it so the verific the
+the verifier runs in time poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier runs in time poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier runs in time poly Lambda
+okay so when you send me a hash value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you send me a hash value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you send me a hash value I
+get a value of size Lambda when I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a value of size Lambda when I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a value of size Lambda when I want
+to you to open to a certain bit I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to open to a certain bit I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to open to a certain bit I can
+check it in time po Lambda independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it in time po Lambda independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it in time po Lambda independent
+of n i mean Lambda may depend on N but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n i mean Lambda may depend on N but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n i mean Lambda may depend on N but
+it doesn't grow with n yes why is all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't grow with n yes why is all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't grow with n yes why is all to
+be why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why is
+Jal is not these are polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jal is not these are polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jal is not these are polinomial
+time ah why is it not allowed uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ah why is it not allowed uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ah why is it not allowed uh it
+doesn't need to be it just doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be it just doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be it just doesn't need
+to be uh probabilistic I I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh probabilistic I I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh probabilistic I I'm not I'm not
+inherently opposed to using Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently opposed to using Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently opposed to using Randomness
+and algorithms but it just doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithms but it just doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithms but it just doesn't need
+to be whereas gen has to be probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be whereas gen has to be probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be whereas gen has to be probalistic
+okay great thanks good question uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great thanks good question uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great thanks good question uh okay
+so uh the correctness guarantee just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the correctness guarantee just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the correctness guarantee just
+says that uh let's see for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh let's see for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh let's see for every
+Lambda every hash key generated like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda every hash key generated like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda every hash key generated like in
+the image of gen and every X okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of gen and every X okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of gen and every X okay not
+every X we get completeness up to X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X we get completeness up to X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X we get completeness up to X in
+01 to the two to the Lambda okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 to the two to the Lambda okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 to the two to the Lambda okay so it
+it or I should say sorry smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or I should say sorry smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or I should say sorry smaller or
+equal to two to the Lambda so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two to the Lambda so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two to the Lambda so let's
+think of the security parameter it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the security parameter it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the security parameter it says
+least of size log log n n is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least of size log log n n is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least of size log log n n is the size of
+X okay we never take security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay we never take security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay we never take security parameter
+to be smaller than log n okay and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller than log n okay and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller than log n okay and and so
+that's why like uh we always assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why like uh we always assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why like uh we always assume that
+the size of X is at most two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of X is at most two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of X is at most two to the
+security parameter the number of bits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter the number of bits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter the number of bits in
+x okay so for every x what we uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay so for every x what we uh we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay so for every x what we uh we want
+that uh the probability that verify oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the probability that verify oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the probability that verify oh I
+forgot to say for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I the probability that verify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the probability that verify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the probability that verify an
+HK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK
+eval HK of X this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval HK of X this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval HK of X this is
+V what else do I have i x I and row I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what else do I have i x I and row I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V what else do I have i x I and row I
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open this is kind of the row it outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this is kind of the row it outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this is kind of the row it outputs
+one with probability one so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with probability one so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with probability one so if you are
+honest you take some input x uh any hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest you take some input x uh any hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest you take some input x uh any hash
+key and you give me a hash value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and you give me a hash value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and you give me a hash value and
+then you open it I'll accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you open it I'll accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you open it I'll accept
+you okay if everyone's doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay if everyone's doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay if everyone's doing what
+they're supposed to do for any X and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to do for any X and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to do for any X and for
+any hash key we'll get output one by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hash key we'll get output one by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hash key we'll get output one by the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+sometimes one can Define also with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one can Define also with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one can Define also with high
+probability over randomly choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over randomly choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over randomly choosing a
+hash key but our constructions work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key but our constructions work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key but our constructions work
+often in the worst case but one can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the worst case but one can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the worst case but one can also
+a weaker definition is for kind of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weaker definition is for kind of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weaker definition is for kind of hash
+key randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key randomly
+generated and here you have one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and here you have one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and here you have one minus
+negligible where the probability is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible where the probability is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible where the probability is over
+over the hash key here actually sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the hash key here actually sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the hash key here actually sorry
+here there was no okay before there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there was no okay before there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there was no okay before there were
+no probabilities because I just chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no probabilities because I just chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no probabilities because I just chose
+forever but one can think of a Rand hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever but one can think of a Rand hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever but one can think of a Rand hash
+key randomly generated and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key randomly generated and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key randomly generated and you can have
+a negligable probability of error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negligable probability of error we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negligable probability of error we
+won't need that because this I mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need that because this I mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need that because this I mean some
+schemes but many schemes are just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes but many schemes are just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes but many schemes are just uh
+probably one yeah you mean that corre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one yeah you mean that corre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one yeah you mean that corre
+always holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anys right yeah I didn't go to soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anys right yeah I didn't go to soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anys right yeah I didn't go to soundness
+yet yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah we'll see
+sound for in a minute but correctness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound for in a minute but correctness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound for in a minute but correctness we
+can get for every hash key but the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get for every hash key but the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get for every hash key but the one
+can thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can thing
+constructions that actually it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that actually it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that actually it's only
+even correctness with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even correctness with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even correctness with high probability
+but but often we think of it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but often we think of it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but often we think of it a
+correctness one yes for you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness one yes for you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness one yes for you have that
+restriction on X again why for prance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on X again why for prance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on X again why for prance
+you you have that restriction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have that restriction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have that restriction on the
+length x okay the length should be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length x okay the length should be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length x okay the length should be this
+than Le that right yeah yeah yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Le that right yeah yeah yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Le that right yeah yeah yeah you're
+asking why yeah because uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking why yeah because uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking why yeah because uh our
+constructions often we'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions often we'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions often we'll see a
+construction and we'll see that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and we'll see that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and we'll see that if the
+length is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay the the reason is we can our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the the reason is we can our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the the reason is we can our
+constructions grow with log X that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions grow with log X that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions grow with log X that's the
+truth it just grows with log X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth it just grows with log X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth it just grows with log X and we
+want the output to be Lambda so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the output to be Lambda so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the output to be Lambda so the fact
+of the matter is the way we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter is the way we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter is the way we construct
+these schemes our construction the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these schemes our construction the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these schemes our construction the hash
+value grows with log X but we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value grows with log X but we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value grows with log X but we we don't
+want to kind of say it we want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of say it we want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of say it we want to just
+say Lambda because it's nicer so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Lambda because it's nicer so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Lambda because it's nicer so we just
+make sure Lambda is at least log X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure Lambda is at least log X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure Lambda is at least log X and
+then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're
+okay okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay great
+question okay any other questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay any other questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay any other questions before
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+soundness okay so soundness that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so soundness that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so soundness that's the
+more interesting one soundness says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting one soundness says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting one soundness says
+intuitively that for any bounded poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that for any bounded poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that for any bounded poly
+Lambda or t bounded if there some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or t bounded if there some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or t bounded if there some you
+have some the soundness is like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some the soundness is like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some the soundness is like you can
+call it t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it t
+soundness okay and T you can poly sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay and T you can poly sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay and T you can poly sound
+poly soundus you can with two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly soundus you can with two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly soundus you can with two to the
+Lambda to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the Epsilon
+soundness but there's some t and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness but there's some t and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness but there's some t and it
+says any adversary that runs in time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says any adversary that runs in time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says any adversary that runs in time at
+most of size at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of size at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of size at most
+T the probability that it can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the probability that it can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the probability that it can find a
+value and an index a hash value in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and an index a hash value in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and an index a hash value in an
+index so that an that index he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so that an that index he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so that an that index he can
+successfully open to both zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully open to both zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully open to both zero and one
+is negligible okay so it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negligible okay so it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negligible okay so it essentially
+means one once the adversary gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one once the adversary gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one once the adversary gave you a
+hash value for any index he cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash value for any index he cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash value for any index he cannot
+generate a valid opening both for zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a valid opening both for zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a valid opening both for zero
+and for one it's impossible for him okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for one it's impossible for him okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for one it's impossible for him okay
+so let me write it formally so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write it formally so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write it formally so for
+any poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any poly
+T again think of T is like linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T again think of T is like linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T again think of T is like linear so
+poly Lambda poly T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda poly T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda poly T
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+adversary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary the
+probability and the probability is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the probability is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the probability is over
+hash key he gets a random hash Key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key he gets a random hash Key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key he gets a random hash Key
+choses by J chosen by Jen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choses by J chosen by Jen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choses by J chosen by Jen
+okay gets a random hash key chosen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gets a random hash key chosen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gets a random hash key chosen by
+Jen this adversary given the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen this adversary given the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen this adversary given the hash
+key he tries to open some index in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key he tries to open some index in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key he tries to open some index in two
+different ways so he his goal is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so he his goal is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so he his goal is to give
+you a hash value V an index I and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hash value V an index I and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hash value V an index I and a
+valid opening row zero that opens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid opening row zero that opens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid opening row zero that opens to
+zero and a valid opening Row one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a valid opening Row one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a valid opening Row one that
+opens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens to
+one that's what he outputs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's what he outputs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's what he outputs so the
+adversary outputs gets a hash key he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary outputs gets a hash key he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary outputs gets a hash key he
+outputs a hash value an index and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a hash value an index and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a hash value an index and two
+opening for that index that's what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening for that index that's what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening for that index that's what he's
+trying to do one corresponding to Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do one corresponding to Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do one corresponding to Zer
+one corresponding to one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one corresponding to one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one corresponding to one and the
+probability that both of them are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that both of them are valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that both of them are valid
+opening the probability that for every B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the probability that for every B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the probability that for every B
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+01 verify verify agrees so verify given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 verify verify agrees so verify given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 verify verify agrees so verify given
+hash key v i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key v i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key v i
+and a zero B and row b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero B and row b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero B and row b
+outputs one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible okay so again what soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so again what soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so again what soundness
+is like Collision resistance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Collision resistance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Collision resistance in this
+setting so this is kind of a another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so this is kind of a another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so this is kind of a another way
+to usually people call this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to usually people call this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to usually people call this property
+Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision
+resistance and the Collision resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and the Collision resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and the Collision resistance
+property says that once the adversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property says that once the adversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property says that once the adversity
+chose a hash value the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a hash value the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a hash value the probability that
+for any index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any index
+okay he chooses for any index I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he chooses for any index I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he chooses for any index I the
+probability that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he can
+open in a way that verifies in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in a way that verifies in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in a way that verifies in an
+accepting way to both zero and one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting way to both zero and one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting way to both zero and one so
+for any for every B row b is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any for every B row b is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any for every B row b is a valid
+opening row zero is valid for zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening row zero is valid for zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening row zero is valid for zero and
+Row one is a valid open for one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one is a valid open for one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one is a valid open for one that
+happens with negligable probability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with negligable probability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with negligable probability okay
+so for every row there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every row there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every row there
+exists negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so this is the Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is the Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is the Collision
+resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property okay so now I have two things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so now I have two things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so now I have two things I
+want to do the first thing oh sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the first thing oh sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the first thing oh sorry I
+unordered two things things I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered two things things I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered two things things I want to do
+one is show you how you construct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is show you how you construct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is show you how you construct this
+thing and two show you how to use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and two show you how to use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and two show you how to use it to
+construct an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an interactive
+argument any preference on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument any preference on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument any preference on the on the
+order what goes first who wants uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order what goes first who wants uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order what goes first who wants uh
+construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+first who wants uh interactive argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first okay we'll do interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay we'll do interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay we'll do interactive
+arguments and then we do construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and then we do construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and then we do construction
+was not that if anybody wants to weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not that if anybody wants to weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not that if anybody wants to weigh
+in say so cuz it it wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say so cuz it it wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say so cuz it it wasn't very
+significant the result but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so interactive argument first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so interactive argument first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so interactive argument first
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's
+the this is what known as the kilan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is what known as the kilan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is what known as the kilan
+mikali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so actually I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so actually I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so actually I want
+succinct interactive Arguments for NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct interactive Arguments for NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct interactive Arguments for NP
+okay so I'm going to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to show you how to
+construct a succinct interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a succinct interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a succinct interactive
+argument for any NP language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for any NP language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for any NP language
+okay so here is how I'm going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is how I'm going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is how I'm going to do it
+the prover first so we have a prover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover first so we have a prover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover first so we have a prover and
+a verifier and here's what the they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verifier and here's what the they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verifier and here's what the they both
+share a witness X the approver wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a witness X the approver wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a witness X the approver wants to
+prove to the verifier that X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to the verifier that X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to the verifier that X is in the
+linguage and he has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguage and he has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguage and he has some
+witness okay you can think about it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness okay you can think about it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness okay you can think about it as a
+3 CNF we talked about 3nf complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 CNF we talked about 3nf complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 CNF we talked about 3nf complete
+anyway it can be nice to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it can be nice to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it can be nice to have like
+something Concrete in mind so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Concrete in mind so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Concrete in mind so you can
+think about X as being a 3 CNF and W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about X as being a 3 CNF and W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about X as being a 3 CNF and W of
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+assignment okay what does the prover do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay what does the prover do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay what does the prover do
+the first thing any guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing any guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing any guess what the
+prover first do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does thank you comput the PCP that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does thank you comput the PCP that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does thank you comput the PCP that's the
+first thing he does so he takes w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing he does so he takes w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing he does so he takes w and
+converts it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PCP okay and if you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP okay and if you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP okay and if you want to have
+something Concrete in mind he does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Concrete in mind he does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Concrete in mind he does he
+opens all the gkr adds a low de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens all the gkr adds a low de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens all the gkr adds a low de
+extension of the witness that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the witness that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the witness that's a huge
+thing that's a PCP he can't ship it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's a PCP he can't ship it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's a PCP he can't ship it over
+that's too big what does he want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too big what does he want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too big what does he want to do
+instead hash okay he needs a hash key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead hash okay he needs a hash key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead hash okay he needs a hash key
+he's like I want a hash can anybody give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like I want a hash can anybody give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like I want a hash can anybody give
+me a hash key right oh let me sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a hash key right oh let me sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a hash key right oh let me sorry
+because it's an argument I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an argument I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an argument I should say
+they also share security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also share security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also share security
+parameter so the first thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the first thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so the first thing the
+verifier does is he says sure I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier does is he says sure I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier does is he says sure I'm going
+to here's a hash key I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here's a hash key I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here's a hash key I'm going to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+it and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and here you
+go now what does the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do thank you very much so I compute he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do thank you very much so I compute he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do thank you very much so I compute he
+sends over V we usually didn't okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends over V we usually didn't okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends over V we usually didn't okay we
+send it sends V which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it sends V which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it sends V which is
+eval of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval of hash
+key and the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the PCP
+P okay so the verifier gets this V this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so the verifier gets this V this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so the verifier gets this V this
+digest it's a bunch of bits with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest it's a bunch of bits with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest it's a bunch of bits with no
+meaning he wants to open this PCP right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning he wants to open this PCP right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning he wants to open this PCP right
+like he want okay so what does he do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he want okay so what does he do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he want okay so what does he do
+what is the the verifier gets the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the verifier gets the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the verifier gets the V
+cannot doesn't understand a thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot doesn't understand a thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot doesn't understand a thing what
+does he want from the prover what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he want from the prover what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he want from the prover what will
+he ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prover exactly it selects a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover exactly it selects a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover exactly it selects a randomly
+selects a bit and ask to open it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects a bit and ask to open it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects a bit and ask to open it which
+distribution how will he choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution how will he choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution how will he choose which
+bits to open from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PCP exactly what the exactly what the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP exactly what the exactly what the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP exactly what the exactly what the p
+as the PCP verifier so what he does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the PCP verifier so what he does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the PCP verifier so what he does he
+runs the VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PCP and the PCP verifier tells him oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and the PCP verifier tells him oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and the PCP verifier tells him oh
+sure ask I want up I don't know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I so okay let me just mention sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so okay let me just mention sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so okay let me just mention sorry I'm
+going to construct an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct an interactive
+argument for NP from two ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for NP from two ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for NP from two ingredients
+yeah one I'm going to use a PCP so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one I'm going to use a PCP so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one I'm going to use a PCP so we
+already we have a PCP in our head the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we have a PCP in our head the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we have a PCP in our head the
+gkr PCP yeah we have it and two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr PCP yeah we have it and two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr PCP yeah we have it and two this
+Collision resist s hash with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resist s hash with local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resist s hash with local
+opening these are two ingredients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening these are two ingredients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening these are two ingredients that
+we're going to use in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use in this
+construction and we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and we're going to assume
+remember when we talked about PCP when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about PCP when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about PCP when
+we defined it it was like before we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined it it was like before we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined it it was like before we went
+to kind of crypto land and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of crypto land and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of crypto land and we said
+there's two parameters CNS completen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two parameters CNS completen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two parameters CNS completen and
+soundness we said that a PCP comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness we said that a PCP comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness we said that a PCP comes with
+two parameters completen and soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parameters completen and soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parameters completen and soundness
+CNS and uh usually we think of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS and uh usually we think of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS and uh usually we think of the of
+the completeness as one because all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completeness as one because all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completeness as one because all our
+pcps have actually complet one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcps have actually complet one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcps have actually complet one that's
+kind of it's easy to construct them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's easy to construct them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's easy to construct them with
+completeness one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness one
+soundness we pay for soundness so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness we pay for soundness so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness we pay for soundness so the
+more queries you get the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more queries you get the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more queries you get the better
+soundness you get and here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you get and here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you get and here we're going
+to always assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible okay so uh we give enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so uh we give enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so uh we give enough so
+for example if we do one uh gkr if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we do one uh gkr if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we do one uh gkr if you
+just run the gkr verifier once if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run the gkr verifier once if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run the gkr verifier once if you
+remember remember you kind of query one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember you kind of query one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember you kind of query one
+point in the low degree extension but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the low degree extension but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the low degree extension but a
+field element in gkr is of size one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field element in gkr is of size one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field element in gkr is of size one over
+polylog so the soundness you'll get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog so the soundness you'll get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog so the soundness you'll get it
+sorry the field size is polylog so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the field size is polylog so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the field size is polylog so the
+soundness you'll get is one over polylog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you'll get is one over polylog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you'll get is one over polylog
+which is pretty not great I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty not great I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty not great I want
+negligible so I'll need to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible so I'll need to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible so I'll need to repeat the
+gkr enough times like log times so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr enough times like log times so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr enough times like log times so that
+it will be become negligible I want my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be become negligible I want my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be become negligible I want my
+soundless to become negligible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless to become negligible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless to become negligible the
+reason I want the soundness of the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want the soundness of the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want the soundness of the PCP
+to be negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negligible
+is because when we Define interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because when we Define interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because when we Define interactive
+arguments we wanted soundless to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments we wanted soundless to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments we wanted soundless to be
+negligible okay these two will kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay these two will kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay these two will kind of
+the soundless I get from my interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundless I get from my interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundless I get from my interactive
+argument will kind of depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument will kind of depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument will kind of depend on the
+soundness I'm going to get from my PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness I'm going to get from my PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness I'm going to get from my PCP
+so I'm going to assume here that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to assume here that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to assume here that I have
+a PCP with negligable soundness that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PCP with negligable soundness that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PCP with negligable soundness that I
+ask so if I have a PCP with sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so if I have a PCP with sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so if I have a PCP with sound is
+half I'll just repeat it polylog like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I'll just repeat it polylog like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I'll just repeat it polylog like
+I'll repeat it let's say Lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat it let's say Lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat it let's say Lambda times
+and now my sound becomes one over two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my sound becomes one over two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my sound becomes one over two to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Lambda okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so uh
+uh I'm gonna always assume that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm gonna always assume that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm gonna always assume that it's
+negligible in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda okay so I run the PCP verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah orle access to the proof what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah orle access to the proof what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah orle access to the proof what do
+you mean that what is the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean that what is the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean that what is the previous
+version the previous version where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the previous version where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the previous version where you
+had to query the proof Oracle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to query the proof Oracle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to query the proof Oracle okay so
+when you had okay so you said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you had okay so you said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you had okay so you said let's
+remember the PCP model where I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the PCP model where I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the PCP model where I had the
+PCP as a an Oracle and I quered it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP as a an Oracle and I quered it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP as a an Oracle and I quered it that
+was very succinct but if I had an Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very succinct but if I had an Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very succinct but if I had an Oracle
+in which world do I have an oracle what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which world do I have an oracle what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which world do I have an oracle what
+this Oracle is a nice like who puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Oracle is a nice like who puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Oracle is a nice like who puts the
+PCP in the sky for me where is the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP in the sky for me where is the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP in the sky for me where is the sky
+it's not sitting on a cloud you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sitting on a cloud you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sitting on a cloud you know
+what it's like a well Cloud I guess now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like a well Cloud I guess now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like a well Cloud I guess now
+has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many
+meanings uh but you know so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings uh but you know so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings uh but you know so it can be
+sitting actually on a cloud but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting actually on a cloud but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting actually on a cloud but that's
+kind of the point we don't want anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the point we don't want anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the point we don't want anyone
+to store this P we don't want to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store this P we don't want to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store this P we don't want to assume
+someone actually holds this thing so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone actually holds this thing so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone actually holds this thing so in
+that model where you assume you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model where you assume you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model where you assume you have an
+oracle everything is successed now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle everything is successed now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle everything is successed now what
+I'm trying to do here is get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to do here is get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to do here is get rid of that
+assumption that I have an oracle great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that I have an oracle great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that I have an oracle great
+yeah what about even before the P if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about even before the P if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about even before the P if you
+were to just do interactive gkr on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just do interactive gkr on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just do interactive gkr on
+circuit okay good good great great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay good good great great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay good good great great so
+the question is look just do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is look just do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is look just do an
+interactive Gare and the circuit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive Gare and the circuit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive Gare and the circuit and the
+and and this CA fee that's maybe here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this CA fee that's maybe here oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this CA fee that's maybe here oh
+no it vanished uh you can but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it vanished uh you can but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it vanished uh you can but here's the
+problem you can do GK and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can do GK and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can do GK and essentially
+it's what we're doing in the PCP in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what we're doing in the PCP in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what we're doing in the PCP in some
+sense but here's the issue but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but here's the issue but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but here's the issue but you're
+saying GK you don't need to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying GK you don't need to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying GK you don't need to deal with
+with hashing right that kind of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hashing right that kind of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hashing right that kind of your
+point very very good point however in GK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point very very good point however in GK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point very very good point however in GK
+anybody see that's actually AIT a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see that's actually AIT a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see that's actually AIT a good
+anybody see what's wrong so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see what's wrong so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see what's wrong so let me
+repeat your your point the point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat your your point the point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat your your point the point is the
+following look G is succinct think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following look G is succinct think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following look G is succinct think of
+three set it's very low depth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set it's very low depth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set it's very low depth it's
+succinct the communication is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct the communication is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct the communication is very
+succinct why are you now going to crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct why are you now going to crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct why are you now going to crypto
+and opening GK just do GK be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opening GK just do GK be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opening GK just do GK be done with
+it why are we doing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this very good why because gkr works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very good why because gkr works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very good why because gkr works if
+the verifier knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier knows the
+witness if the verifier knows the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness if the verifier knows the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness if the verifier knows the input
+in gkr when we talk about GK we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gkr when we talk about GK we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gkr when we talk about GK we said
+look the verifier and prover both hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the verifier and prover both hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the verifier and prover both hold
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+input and the ver verifier wants to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the ver verifier wants to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the ver verifier wants to know
+the output of this circuit and the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of this circuit and the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of this circuit and the input
+that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has okay and indeed at the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has okay and indeed at the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has okay and indeed at the end the
+verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+needs to check the final thing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to check the final thing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to check the final thing against
+his input you know is is in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his input you know is is in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his input you know is is in the end
+going to get kind of a value in the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get kind of a value in the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get kind of a value in the load
+exension and he checks oh does this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exension and he checks oh does this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exension and he checks oh does this is
+this consistent with the input I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consistent with the input I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consistent with the input I have in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+hand now he doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand now he doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand now he doesn't have an
+input so what do you do so actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so what do you do so actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so what do you do so actually let
+me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you
+something the way these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the way these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the way these things are
+actually implemented it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented it's very
+interesting to say because the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to say because the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to say because the way
+they're implemented is actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're implemented is actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're implemented is actually more
+along what you said what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along what you said what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along what you said what they do is
+first they commit to just the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they commit to just the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they commit to just the witness
+you're saying why are you committing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying why are you committing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying why are you committing to
+en PP you have a witness commit to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en PP you have a witness commit to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en PP you have a witness commit to that
+or commit to the low degree extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or commit to the low degree extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or commit to the low degree extension of
+the witness and actually in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness and actually in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness and actually in practice
+that's what they do they only committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they do they only committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they do they only committed
+the L and then they applied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L and then they applied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L and then they applied this
+interactive gkr or now they have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive gkr or now they have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive gkr or now they have even
+better protocols iops but that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better protocols iops but that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better protocols iops but that's for
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+time you once you the wi do normal gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you once you the wi do normal gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you once you the wi do normal gkr
+and then you can only need to open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can only need to open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can only need to open the
+andt that you care about exactly so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andt that you care about exactly so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andt that you care about exactly so what
+you can do you can first the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do you can first the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do you can first the approver
+can tell the verifier sorry the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the verifier sorry the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the verifier sorry the verifier
+tells the approver I know you you claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the approver I know you you claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the approver I know you you claim
+that you have a satisfying assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a satisfying assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a satisfying assignment
+give me a load to extension of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a load to extension of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a load to extension of your
+assignment but hash it down because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but hash it down because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but hash it down because I
+don't want to hold this entire thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hold this entire thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hold this entire thing now
+I have a hash now we're going to do G do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a hash now we're going to do G do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a hash now we're going to do G do
+g g then they need to check a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g g then they need to check a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g g then they need to check a random
+point in the in in a random point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the in in a random point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the in in a random point in the
+low degree extension I'll ask the appr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension I'll ask the appr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension I'll ask the appr
+now open but now you're committed ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now open but now you're committed ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now open but now you're committed ahead
+of time and then you have to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and then you have to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and then you have to to make
+you need to add a low degree test to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to add a low degree test to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to add a low degree test to it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+exactly so many of the implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so many of the implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so many of the implementations
+that's exactly how they work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly how they work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly how they work and
+actually a lot of the work currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of the work currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of the work currently in
+the last couple years is actually not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple years is actually not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple years is actually not so
+much an improving G that too but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an improving G that too but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an improving G that too but a lot
+of the work is actually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work is actually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work is actually on the
+commitment how do you construct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment how do you construct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment how do you construct this
+commitment that's kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment that's kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment that's kind of the most
+efficient and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and so on
+um okay great uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay great uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay great uh so
+yeah no the verifier the witness because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no the verifier the witness because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no the verifier the witness because
+the witness is too large exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness is too large exactly exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness is too large exactly exactly
+we don't want to give the verifier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to give the verifier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to give the verifier of
+the witness because it's too large so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness because it's too large so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness because it's too large so we
+don't have knowledge I don't care now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have knowledge I don't care now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have knowledge I don't care now
+about zero knowledge usually when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero knowledge usually when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero knowledge usually when people
+implement this they add zero knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this they add zero knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this they add zero knowledge
+on top kind of as a but for now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top kind of as a but for now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top kind of as a but for now I don't
+care at all about hiding I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care at all about hiding I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care at all about hiding I just want
+verification like just to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification like just to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification like just to verify
+correctness yeah no I'm no like all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness yeah no I'm no like all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness yeah no I'm no like all of
+the hiding zero knowledge is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hiding zero knowledge is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hiding zero knowledge is kind of
+orthogonal yeah so the commitment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal yeah so the commitment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal yeah so the commitment that's
+given to the verify is only Ed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the verify is only Ed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the verify is only Ed for
+verification it's never actually open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification it's never actually open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification it's never actually open
+it's never opened completely yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never opened completely yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never opened completely yeah it's
+never good point so what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never good point so what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never good point so what you're saying
+this hash will never be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash will never be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash will never be completely
+opened okay so the the approver computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened okay so the the approver computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened okay so the the approver computes
+this PCP he sends it over the PCP will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PCP he sends it over the PCP will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PCP he sends it over the PCP will
+never be opened in its entirety it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be opened in its entirety it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be opened in its entirety it's too
+big or the witness never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or the witness never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or the witness never going to be
+open its entirety instead what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open its entirety instead what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open its entirety instead what happens
+is the verifier generates PCP queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the verifier generates PCP queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the verifier generates PCP queries
+and he sends the PCP queries i1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sends the PCP queries i1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sends the PCP queries i1 up to
+iil and what the prover does he only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil and what the prover does he only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil and what the prover does he only
+opens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens the
+locations Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations Pi
+i1 up to Pi i l so he only gives him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 up to Pi i l so he only gives him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 up to Pi i l so he only gives him the
+PCP and these locations and opening row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and these locations and opening row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and these locations and opening row
+i1 up to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 up to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 up to row
+I yeah this is DET mention before like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah this is DET mention before like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah this is DET mention before like
+everything inall sometimes it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything inall sometimes it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything inall sometimes it's not
+sound can these be at the same time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound can these be at the same time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound can these be at the same time or
+they have to be multipal rounds okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be multipal rounds okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be multipal rounds okay so
+if you do a PCP then they can be sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a PCP then they can be sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a PCP then they can be sent
+exactly at the same time because a PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at the same time because a PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at the same time because a PCP
+was committed to the PCP and we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was committed to the PCP and we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was committed to the PCP and we're done
+if you do Gare you need to do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do Gare you need to do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do Gare you need to do everything
+sequentially right okay yeah if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially right okay yeah if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially right okay yeah if you did
+so if you did the version that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you did the version that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you did the version that was uh
+proposed here where you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed here where you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed here where you don't you don't
+do PCP at all you have your witness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do PCP at all you have your witness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do PCP at all you have your witness and
+then you need to do gkr completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to do gkr completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to do gkr completely
+Interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you have a PCP then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a PCP then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a PCP then it's
+committed now you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed now you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed now you don't have to do
+anything sequentially that's it the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything sequentially that's it the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything sequentially that's it the guy
+is kind of stuck so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of stuck so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of stuck so you can do
+everything at the same time so great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at the same time so great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at the same time so great so
+you send all the queries you get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send all the queries you get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send all the queries you get back
+the answers what does the verifier do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers what does the verifier do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers what does the verifier do
+how does he decide if to accept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does he decide if to accept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does he decide if to accept or
+reject what tests does the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah fantastic exactly what does he do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fantastic exactly what does he do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fantastic exactly what does he do
+he runs two things he runs the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs two things he runs the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs two things he runs the PCP
+verifier with kind of i1 iil Pi i1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier with kind of i1 iil Pi i1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier with kind of i1 iil Pi i1 up to
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+I with X also X comma and checks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with X also X comma and checks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with X also X comma and checks that
+it's one and it also checks all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one and it also checks all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one and it also checks all the
+opening so it checks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verify of hash key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify of hash key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify of hash key
+v i j Pi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i j Pi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i j Pi I
+J row I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J row I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J row I
+J equals 1 for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J uh Pi i j is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh Pi i j is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh Pi i j is kind of
+oh uh no because um the P when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh no because um the P when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh no because um the P when you
+verify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify a
+PCP okay the verifier never knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP okay the verifier never knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP okay the verifier never knows the
+entire Pi he never read the entire Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Pi he never read the entire Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Pi he never read the entire Pi
+but to verify of course he needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to verify of course he needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to verify of course he needs to know
+the instance like he needs you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance like he needs you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance like he needs you need to
+check it against the instance so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it against the instance so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it against the instance so the
+proof is succinct but the verifi work he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is succinct but the verifi work he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is succinct but the verifi work he
+has to read what what the claim is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to read what what the claim is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to read what what the claim is okay
+so it's the verifier will run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the verifier will run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the verifier will run in time
+linear in X that he needs to read what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in X that he needs to read what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in X that he needs to read what
+what the claim is but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the claim is but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the claim is but the
+communication is very small so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is very small so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is very small so the
+communication is hashy which is poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is hashy which is poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is hashy which is poly
+security parameter V which a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter V which a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter V which a security
+parameter I went up to I which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter I went up to I which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter I went up to I which is going
+to be at most security parameter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at most security parameter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at most security parameter and the
+opening which is security parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening which is security parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening which is security parameter so
+everything here only grows with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here only grows with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here only grows with the
+security parameter okay poom security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter okay poom security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter okay poom security
+parameter not with X so if the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter not with X so if the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter not with X so if the security
+parameter is poly log n n being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is poly log n n being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is poly log n n being the
+length of X then you have communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of X then you have communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of X then you have communication
+poly log in to verify well okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly log in to verify well okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly log in to verify well okay this
+verification has it's a size poly log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification has it's a size poly log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification has it's a size poly log in
+like security parameter because the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like security parameter because the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like security parameter because the X
+doesn't come in but of course to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come in but of course to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come in but of course to verify
+the PCP you need to read the input you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP you need to read the input you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP you need to read the input you
+need to read what the claim you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read what the claim you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read what the claim you're
+verifying so here you do run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying so here you do run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying so here you do run in time
+linear in these pcps usually the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in these pcps usually the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in these pcps usually the runtime
+of the verifier is linear in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the verifier is linear in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the verifier is linear in the input
+length and let me mention actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and let me mention actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and let me mention actually
+there's this notion which we won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this notion which we won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this notion which we won't go
+into this semester uh but it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this semester uh but it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this semester uh but it's called
+PCP of proximity where the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP of proximity where the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP of proximity where the verifier
+doesn't even need to read the input he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even need to read the input he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even need to read the input he
+just reads a little bit but now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reads a little bit but now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reads a little bit but now of
+course he if he only reads a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he if he only reads a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he if he only reads a little bit
+then how does he know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does he know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does he know
+that the input is correct maybe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the input is correct maybe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the input is correct maybe he
+didn't read one bit and that flips it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read one bit and that flips it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read one bit and that flips it
+from True to false you know so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from True to false you know so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from True to false you know so the only
+guarantee he has that if he's accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee he has that if he's accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee he has that if he's accepted
+then this input is close to an input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this input is close to an input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this input is close to an input in
+the language that's why the proximity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language that's why the proximity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language that's why the proximity so
+there is a notion where the verifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a notion where the verifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a notion where the verifier is
+actually sublinear in X he runs in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sublinear in X he runs in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sublinear in X he runs in time
+much less than x but then the guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than x but then the guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than x but then the guarantee
+is weaker the sound is guarantee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weaker the sound is guarantee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weaker the sound is guarantee is
+weaker the sound is just says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker the sound is just says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker the sound is just says that if
+you accept you cannot accept statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept you cannot accept statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept you cannot accept statements
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+far for being in the language but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far for being in the language but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far for being in the language but you
+may be able you may accept sentence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able you may accept sentence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able you may accept sentence you
+may accept claims that are false but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may accept claims that are false but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may accept claims that are false but
+close to ones that are in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to ones that are in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to ones that are in the language
+so it's a different it's a proximity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a different it's a proximity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a different it's a proximity
+type uh soundness guarantee but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type uh soundness guarantee but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type uh soundness guarantee but without
+if you really want soundness yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want soundness yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want soundness yes or no
+you have to read input there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to read input there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to read input there's nothing
+you know nothing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nothing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nothing you can
+do unless the input is kind of in an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do unless the input is kind of in an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do unless the input is kind of in an air
+craing code or you change something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craing code or you change something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craing code or you change something
+above the model but otherwise you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the model but otherwise you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the model but otherwise you have
+to read the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the input
+any any questions about the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any questions about the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any questions about the construction
+forget about soundness and so on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about soundness and so on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about soundness and so on just
+about the con like about the proof just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the con like about the proof just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the con like about the proof just
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construction okay so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction okay so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction okay so I just want to
+point one thing that I said let's send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one thing that I said let's send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one thing that I said let's send
+i1 up to iil really the way the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 up to iil really the way the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 up to iil really the way the PCP
+verifier works is he gets his input like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier works is he gets his input like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier works is he gets his input like
+uh let's say the security parameter just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say the security parameter just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say the security parameter just
+to know how many times to repeat the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how many times to repeat the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how many times to repeat the if
+the original PC if the original PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original PC if the original PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original PC if the original PCP
+let's say is a size a has sound is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say is a size a has sound is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say is a size a has sound is half
+he needs to know how many times he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to know how many times he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to know how many times he needs
+to repeat it so there's some security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat it so there's some security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat it so there's some security
+parameter and some random he also knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and some random he also knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and some random he also knows
+the input link like n in binary so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input link like n in binary so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input link like n in binary so this
+can be very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very efficient
+and he uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he uses
+Randomness what my point is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness what my point is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness what my point is instead of
+sending i1 up to I instead he could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending i1 up to I instead he could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending i1 up to I instead he could have
+just sent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sent the
+randomness okay he could have sent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness okay he could have sent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness okay he could have sent the
+randomness and tell the prover okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and tell the prover okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and tell the prover okay you
+see this Randomness compute run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Randomness compute run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Randomness compute run this
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+okay why am I saying this it's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why am I saying this it's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why am I saying this it's like okay
+fine like why is that interesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine like why is that interesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine like why is that interesting the
+reason this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is very
+interesting is because and also here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because and also here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because and also here by
+the way here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here instead of
+the this is a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is a randomized
+algorithm actually here it's here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually here it's here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually here it's here it's
+not important let's just leave this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important let's just leave this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important let's just leave this as
+is I want to focus on this here why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to focus on this here why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to focus on this here why is
+this important because later not today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important because later not today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important because later not today
+but later in this class we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later in this class we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later in this class we'll start
+actually next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually next week
+we'll see that a we'll want to go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that a we'll want to go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that a we'll want to go after
+we'll prove this and we'll be very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove this and we'll be very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove this and we'll be very happy
+and we say wow we have a succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say wow we have a succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say wow we have a succinct
+argument and it's so succinct we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and it's so succinct we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and it's so succinct we can
+have all security parameter success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all security parameter success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all security parameter success
+happiness but then of course every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness but then of course every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness but then of course every time
+we have something we want some more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something we want some more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something we want some more and
+then we'll say you know what we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll say you know what we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll say you know what we don't
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+interaction why interaction we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction why interaction we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction why interaction we want we
+want to go back to kind of actual proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to kind of actual proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to kind of actual proofs
+so we want to eliminate intraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to eliminate intraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to eliminate intraction and
+what we'll see is a way to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is a way to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is a way to eliminate
+interaction from protocols where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction from protocols where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction from protocols where the
+verifier messages are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier messages are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier messages are completely
+random okay and that's why I want I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random okay and that's why I want I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random okay and that's why I want I want
+you to remember in your head that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to remember in your head that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to remember in your head that here
+this message can be completely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message can be completely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message can be completely random
+okay we can make all those also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can make all those also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can make all those also this
+random but we don't need to because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but we don't need to because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but we don't need to because it's
+the first message it's kind of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first message it's kind of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first message it's kind of the first
+the first message is kind of special and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first message is kind of special and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first message is kind of special and
+that it's kind of the first one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of the first one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of the first one so we
+don't need to kind of eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to kind of eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to kind of eliminate
+intraction from it it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intraction from it it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intraction from it it's kind of the
+first one uh so that's fine the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one uh so that's fine the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one uh so that's fine the all the
+later messages of the verifier will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later messages of the verifier will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later messages of the verifier will need
+to if they're really random just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if they're really random just random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if they're really random just random
+bits then we can show how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits then we can show how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits then we can show how we can
+eliminate an interaction that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate an interaction that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate an interaction that we can
+actually get rid of the interaction so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get rid of the interaction so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get rid of the interaction so I
+just want to point out this message can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out this message can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out this message can
+be is completely random these ior tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is completely random these ior tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is completely random these ior tile
+are not random they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not random they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not random they're actually
+correlated but the you can just send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated but the you can just send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated but the you can just send the
+randomness yes I guess this side but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness yes I guess this side but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness yes I guess this side but why
+is first message special you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first message special you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first message special you imagine
+that like I don't know there could exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I don't know there could exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I don't know there could exist
+hash key which is really bad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key which is really bad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key which is really bad or
+something so if you like it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if you like it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if you like it feels like
+you should still be sampling the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should still be sampling the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should still be sampling the first
+hash key oh you definitely sampling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key oh you definitely sampling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key oh you definitely sampling it
+no no you're going to sample this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you're going to sample this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you're going to sample this hash
+key for sure I'm just saying the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key for sure I'm just saying the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key for sure I'm just saying the hash
+key itself is not necessarily random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key itself is not necessarily random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key itself is not necessarily random
+bits depends on the hash some hash some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits depends on the hash some hash some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits depends on the hash some hash some
+hash keys are random some hash keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash keys are random some hash keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash keys are random some hash keys are
+very have some structure dep depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very have some structure dep depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very have some structure dep depending
+on which hash function you use you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which hash function you use you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which hash function you use you know
+so some hash Keys indeed some hash keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some hash Keys indeed some hash keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some hash Keys indeed some hash keys
+are just random and then this message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just random and then this message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just random and then this message is
+just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random
+some hash keys are not random I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hash keys are not random I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hash keys are not random I have
+like I don't know lwe structure what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know lwe structure what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know lwe structure what if
+so for those who know what LW but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who know what LW but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who know what LW but I have
+some special structure so now I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special structure so now I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special structure so now I'm saying
+I guess all what I was saying is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess all what I was saying is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess all what I was saying is if the
+messages from the verifier to the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the verifier to the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the verifier to the prover
+we're truly random we're going to see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're truly random we're going to see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're truly random we're going to see we
+can eliminate interaction so I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate interaction so I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate interaction so I'm telling
+you you just notice it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just notice it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just notice it's completely
+random and now you can say wait this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and now you can say wait this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and now you can say wait this is
+not necessarily random I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily random I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily random I don't know how
+hash ke is distributed depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash ke is distributed depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash ke is distributed depend on the
+construction maybe it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction maybe it's not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction maybe it's not completely
+random they said don't worry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random they said don't worry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random they said don't worry this
+doesn't have to be it can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be it can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be it can be an
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution good good good good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution good good good good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution good good good good good
+good good so you're saying hey send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good so you're saying hey send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good so you're saying hey send the
+coins here too well inste do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins here too well inste do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins here too well inste do the same
+put here R and send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here R and send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here R and send
+R you can however not all hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you can however not all hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you can however not all hash functions
+there may be hash functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be hash functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be hash functions that are
+secure if you only give the hash key but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure if you only give the hash key but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure if you only give the hash key but
+on not give the randomness use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not give the randomness use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not give the randomness use to
+generate the hash key maybe with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the hash key maybe with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the hash key maybe with this
+Randomness you can break the Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness you can break the Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness you can break the Collision
+resistance so some some hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so some some hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so some some hash functions
+are okay some are not like the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay some are not like the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay some are not like the hash
+function that we'll construct you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we'll construct you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we'll construct you'll see
+it's fine actually it's Randomness but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine actually it's Randomness but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine actually it's Randomness but
+that's under a specific assumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's under a specific assumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's under a specific assumption and
+some are not it's not okay to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are not it's not okay to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are not it's not okay to give the
+randomness but I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness but I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness but I just want to point out
+that for later to eliminate interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for later to eliminate interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for later to eliminate interaction
+using What's called the F Paradigm we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using What's called the F Paradigm we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using What's called the F Paradigm we'll
+talk about it next class the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it next class the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it next class the first
+message actually doesn't need to be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message actually doesn't need to be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message actually doesn't need to be even
+random it's only the later messages have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random it's only the later messages have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random it's only the later messages have
+to be random so I just want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be random so I just want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be random so I just want to emphasize
+This Is Random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Is Random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Is Random
+there were other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah n n is the size of X yeah so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n n is the size of X yeah so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n n is the size of X yeah so sorry
+I said yeah n thank you is the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said yeah n thank you is the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said yeah n thank you is the length of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks H so the PCP verifier needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks H so the PCP verifier needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks H so the PCP verifier needs to
+know the length of the instance he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the length of the instance he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the length of the instance he's
+working with to know which queries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with to know which queries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with to know which queries to
+ask yeah Tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because okay because yeah good so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay because yeah good so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay because yeah good so uh
+the I just want to emphasize that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I just want to emphasize that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I just want to emphasize that to
+generate these queries you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these queries you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these queries you don't need to
+run in time that depend that's poomi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time that depend that's poomi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time that depend that's poomi in
+N it's enough to run in time polog in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N it's enough to run in time polog in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N it's enough to run in time polog in in
+order to generate the queries that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to generate the queries that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to generate the queries that's why
+I give it in it doesn't matters so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it in it doesn't matters so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it in it doesn't matters so much
+because here anyway you need to run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here anyway you need to run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here anyway you need to run time
+linear so you're like why am I making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so you're like why am I making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so you're like why am I making
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point yeah uh it's not very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah uh it's not very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah uh it's not very important
+even though sometimes it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though sometimes it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though sometimes it is important
+when later you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when later you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when later you want to talk about
+proximity and stuff then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity and stuff then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity and stuff then all of a sudden
+it becomes an issue so yeah just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes an issue so yeah just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes an issue so yeah just this is
+just to emphasize that the PCP verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize that the PCP verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize that the PCP verifier
+at least when generating the queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least when generating the queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least when generating the queries
+doesn't run in time linear in N you runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't run in time linear in N you runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't run in time linear in N you runs
+in time actually linear in security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time actually linear in security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time actually linear in security
+parameter and poly Log In N to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and poly Log In N to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and poly Log In N to generate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queries okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries okay
+questions okay so let's uh go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so let's uh go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so let's uh go ahead and
+uh prove the let me see I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prove the let me see I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prove the let me see I change the
+order so I just want to make sure sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so I just want to make sure sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so I just want to make sure sure
+I'm not a skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a skipping
+um okay yeah let's do it okay soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yeah let's do it okay soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yeah let's do it okay soundness
+a complete let's let's analyze this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete let's let's analyze this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete let's let's analyze this so I
+want to prove that it's complete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that it's complete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that it's complete and
+sound this protocol yeah so fix an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound this protocol yeah so fix an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound this protocol yeah so fix an NP
+language your favorite one let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language your favorite one let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language your favorite one let's say
+three set and I want to argue that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set and I want to argue that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three set and I want to argue that you
+know if the prover is honest he indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the prover is honest he indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the prover is honest he indeed
+has a satisfying assignment or a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a satisfying assignment or a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a satisfying assignment or a witness
+the verifier will accept him with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier will accept him with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier will accept him with
+probability one and if he's honest he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one and if he's honest he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one and if he's honest he
+does everything like he should and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everything like he should and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everything like he should and and
+if and the sound is if he tries to cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and the sound is if he tries to cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and the sound is if he tries to cheat
+and gives me an xn in the language we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives me an xn in the language we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives me an xn in the language we're
+going to catch him he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to catch him he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to catch him he's going to be
+accepted with probility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted with probility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted with probility
+negligible okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+goal any questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal any questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal any questions before
+we no okay so let's do it so okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no okay so let's do it so okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no okay so let's do it so okay let's
+start with completeness because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with completeness because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with completeness because that's
+really easy the focus well I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy the focus well I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy the focus well I can just
+say completeness is not doesn't not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say completeness is not doesn't not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say completeness is not doesn't not
+worth writing it's so trivial so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth writing it's so trivial so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth writing it's so trivial so what do
+I want what does completeness say he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want what does completeness say he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want what does completeness say he
+says if the Prov choose X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if the Prov choose X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if the Prov choose X is in the
+language and he has a witness he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and he has a witness he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and he has a witness he's going
+to be accepted with probability one why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accepted with probability one why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accepted with probability one why
+why is it going to be accepted well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it going to be accepted well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it going to be accepted well
+let's see what he does he chooses a PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what he does he chooses a PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what he does he chooses a PCP
+the PCP let it has completeness one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP let it has completeness one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP let it has completeness one
+that's my assumption it's soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my assumption it's soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my assumption it's soundness
+negligible and completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and completeness
+one okay I assume that about my PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay I assume that about my PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay I assume that about my PCP
+otherwise the completeness is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the completeness is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the completeness is like the
+complet of the PCP so I uh he chooses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complet of the PCP so I uh he chooses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complet of the PCP so I uh he chooses a
+PCP he hashes it now he gets PCP queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP he hashes it now he gets PCP queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP he hashes it now he gets PCP queries
+from the verifier he opens the PCP now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the verifier he opens the PCP now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the verifier he opens the PCP now
+he's accept these are acceptable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's accept these are acceptable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's accept these are acceptable with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+one now he generates also open these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now he generates also open these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now he generates also open these
+rows are from open right so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows are from open right so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows are from open right so I didn't
+maybe I should write I didn't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should write I didn't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should write I didn't write it
+but row i j is by Computing open on hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but row i j is by Computing open on hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but row i j is by Computing open on hash
+key Pi i j right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Pi i j right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key Pi i j right that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+yeah that's how he generates roig J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's how he generates roig J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's how he generates roig J and
+what do we know we know by completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know we know by completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know we know by completeness
+here or correctness like you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or correctness like you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or correctness like you know he's
+accept with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with probability
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so uh the probability that both the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the probability that both the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the probability that both the PCP
+is accepted the PCP verifier accepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accepted the PCP verifier accepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accepted the PCP verifier accepts and
+the hash verifier accept is one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash verifier accept is one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash verifier accept is one because
+both of them is one I I took perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them is one I I took perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them is one I I took perfect
+completeness from both of them so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness from both of them so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness from both of them so it's
+just that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's all we
+do so this is just pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivial yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions are you guys okay moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are you guys okay moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are you guys okay moving to
+the soundness that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundness that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundness that's kind of the
+interesting part okay so how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness okay so what's the idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so what's the idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so what's the idea the
+idea for soundness is the following I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for soundness is the following I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for soundness is the following I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+say so Suppose there exists a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so Suppose there exists a cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so Suppose there exists a cheating
+prover that ches X not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover that ches X not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover that ches X not in the
+language okay and manages to cheat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay and manages to cheat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay and manages to cheat so
+let's suppose and let's try to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose and let's try to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose and let's try to break the
+Collision resistance okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there
+exists uh T time whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh T time whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh T time whatever
+uh so okay we assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so okay we assume this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so okay we assume this
+is where with t soundness or security I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where with t soundness or security I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where with t soundness or security I
+I call C Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call C Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call C Collision
+resistance that's my assumption now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that's my assumption now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that's my assumption now I
+want to argue if I assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue if I assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue if I assume that the
+Collision resistant has is T secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant has is T secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant has is T secure
+namely even someone in time poly T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely even someone in time poly T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely even someone in time poly T
+cannot cheat then I want to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cheat then I want to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cheat then I want to argue
+Suppose there exists a oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there exists a oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there exists a oh
+sorry we're going to okay we're I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're going to okay we're I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're going to okay we're I'm
+going to get back to this okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back to this okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back to this okay what
+exactly this is we'll see it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this is we'll see it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this is we'll see it actually
+needs to be quite big but we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be quite big but we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be quite big but we'll see that
+Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there
+exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a
+poly cheating prover P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly cheating prover P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly cheating prover P
+star that cheats namely that uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that cheats namely that uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that cheats namely that uh uh and
+the and there exists like for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and there exists like for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and there exists like for every
+Lambda or there exists like a bunch of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or there exists like a bunch of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or there exists like a bunch of X
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+and there exists a non-negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon such that the Prov succeeds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon such that the Prov succeeds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon such that the Prov succeeds with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the
+probability that P star talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star talking to
+verifier an input X the verifier accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier an input X the verifier accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier an input X the verifier accepts
+him is at least Epsilon so do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him is at least Epsilon so do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him is at least Epsilon so do that for
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda this is be precise this is x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this is be precise this is x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this is be precise this is x sub
+Lambda and they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and they get
+Lambda okay so suppose a cheating prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so suppose a cheating prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so suppose a cheating prover
+for any Lambda he chooses some x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Lambda he chooses some x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Lambda he chooses some x sub
+Lambda and P star and V accepts him even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and P star and V accepts him even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and P star and V accepts him even
+though X is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though X is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though X is not in the
+language okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay
+one the my only assumption is that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the my only assumption is that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the my only assumption is that X
+Lambda is smaller than 2 to the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is smaller than 2 to the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is smaller than 2 to the Lambda
+so I choose my security parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I choose my security parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I choose my security parameter so
+that the security parameter is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the security parameter is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the security parameter is bigger
+than log the the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log the the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log the the size of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+okay then H actually it's it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then H actually it's it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then H actually it's it's it's not
+even needed for for sound this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even needed for for sound this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even needed for for sound this this
+actually was needed for completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was needed for completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was needed for completeness
+because we only had completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for these X's for S actually it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these X's for S actually it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these X's for S actually it doesn't
+really matter okay so let's see what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter okay so let's see what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter okay so let's see what do
+I want to do I'm saying Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do I'm saying Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do I'm saying Suppose there
+exist a cheating prover and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a cheating prover and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a cheating prover and this
+cheating prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover
+convinces okay now what did let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces okay now what did let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces okay now what did let's see
+what did this cheating prover do he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did this cheating prover do he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did this cheating prover do he
+committed to a he kind of send he hashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to a he kind of send he hashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to a he kind of send he hashed
+a PCP now he I don't know what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PCP now he I don't know what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PCP now he I don't know what he did
+he's a cheater but he gave me a hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a cheater but he gave me a hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a cheater but he gave me a hash of
+something should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something should be a
+PCP then he opens this PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP then he opens this PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP then he opens this PCP
+so what do I want to do I want I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I want to do I want I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I want to do I want I'm gonna
+to find I won't argue I can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find I won't argue I can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find I won't argue I can find a
+collision why can I find a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision why can I find a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision why can I find a collision
+what is the idea the idea is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the idea the idea is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the idea the idea is the
+following I'm GNA run this cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm GNA run this cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm GNA run this cheating
+prover I'm gonna ask the cheating prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover I'm gonna ask the cheating prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover I'm gonna ask the cheating prover
+okay here's a Hashi give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a Hashi give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a Hashi give me a
+v then I'm going to run him many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v then I'm going to run him many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v then I'm going to run him many many
+many times and many PCP verifiers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and many PCP verifiers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and many PCP verifiers I'm
+going to tell okay you know what here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell okay you know what here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell okay you know what here's
+I want to from the PCP verifier give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to from the PCP verifier give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to from the PCP verifier give me
+me openings again here's I went up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me openings again here's I went up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me openings again here's I went up to
+give me openings again give I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me openings again give I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me openings again give I'm going to
+kind of rewind him and try to give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rewind him and try to give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rewind him and try to give him
+tons of kind of messages I want to I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of kind of messages I want to I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of kind of messages I want to I so
+I'm GNA kind of rewind him okay so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm GNA kind of rewind him okay so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm GNA kind of rewind him okay so again
+what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do given a hash key okay given a hashy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do given a hash key okay given a hashy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do given a hash key okay given a hashy I
+want to find collisions for this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find collisions for this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find collisions for this hash
+key how do I find Collision for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key how do I find Collision for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key how do I find Collision for this
+hash key I'm going to give this Pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key I'm going to give this Pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key I'm going to give this Pro the
+hash key he gives me a value V then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key he gives me a value V then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key he gives me a value V then I'm
+going to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell the
+prover I'm going to choose a random a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover I'm going to choose a random a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover I'm going to choose a random a
+random R I'm going to tell him open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random R I'm going to tell him open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random R I'm going to tell him open
+these locations he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these locations he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these locations he
+opens good now I'm saying okay okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens good now I'm saying okay okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens good now I'm saying okay okay okay
+actually let's rewind him forget that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's rewind him forget that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's rewind him forget that he
+I sent him these let me give him R R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent him these let me give him R R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent him these let me give him R R2
+different R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different R
+open okay and forg R three I'm GNA run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open okay and forg R three I'm GNA run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open okay and forg R three I'm GNA run
+this step tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step tons of
+times R1 R2 R3 R4 a lot of them and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R1 R2 R3 R4 a lot of them and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R1 R2 R3 R4 a lot of them and I'm
+gonna have a lot of openings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a lot of openings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a lot of openings from
+him I'm gonna run it so much that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I'm gonna run it so much that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I'm gonna run it so much that I'm
+just gonna have tons of opening like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna have tons of opening like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna have tons of opening like I'm
+gonna run him more than like poly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna run him more than like poly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna run him more than like poly one
+over Epsilon and more than poly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon and more than poly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon and more than poly like
+poly One epon n so the point that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly One epon n so the point that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly One epon n so the point that I'm
+going to run it much more than the num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run it much more than the num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run it much more than the num
+like the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the size of the
+PCP times one over Epsilon but if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP times one over Epsilon but if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP times one over Epsilon but if to
+some power to some to the third whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power to some to the third whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power to some to the third whatever
+run a lot of times now what's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a lot of times now what's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a lot of times now what's the idea
+the idea is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there are no collisions so if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are no collisions so if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are no collisions so if there
+look I'm going to run now if at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm going to run now if at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm going to run now if at any
+point every time that he gave me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point every time that he gave me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point every time that he gave me an
+opening that didn't work it's zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening that didn't work it's zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening that didn't work it's zero it
+like didn't work okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like didn't work okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like didn't work okay so I'm going to
+throw it out that okay look there's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it out that okay look there's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it out that okay look there's he
+only succeeds in probability Epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only succeeds in probability Epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only succeeds in probability Epsilon so
+all the time that he didn't succeed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time that he didn't succeed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time that he didn't succeed okay
+well failure but one over epon of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well failure but one over epon of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well failure but one over epon of the
+time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he
+succeeded and in all these times in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded and in all these times in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded and in all these times in all
+these one over Epsilon and sorry Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these one over Epsilon and sorry Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these one over Epsilon and sorry Epsilon
+of the times he succeeded in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times he succeeded in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times he succeeded in all these
+Epsilon times I got got a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon times I got got a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon times I got got a lot of good
+openings now let's look at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings now let's look at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings now let's look at all these
+openings that I got if somewhere there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings that I got if somewhere there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings that I got if somewhere there's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+collision I I found him I I I I found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision I I found him I I I I found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision I I found him I I I I found a
+collision so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so I'm
+happy if nowhere there's a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy if nowhere there's a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy if nowhere there's a collision
+then essentially I I found a PCP from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially I I found a PCP from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially I I found a PCP from
+him I completely constructed like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I completely constructed like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I completely constructed like maybe
+not the entire PCP but a lot of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the entire PCP but a lot of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the entire PCP but a lot of it and
+the rest I'm going to put zeros I'm say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest I'm going to put zeros I'm say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest I'm going to put zeros I'm say
+you know okay these identically zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay these identically zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay these identically zeros
+but the argument is that if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the argument is that if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the argument is that if there were
+no cision I got a PCP that's accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cision I got a PCP that's accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cision I got a PCP that's accepted
+with probability at least poly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability at least poly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability at least poly in
+epsilon which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon which is not
+negligible so that's the high level idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible so that's the high level idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible so that's the high level idea
+but let me say everything I said now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me say everything I said now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me say everything I said now
+slowly okay so suppose I have a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prover that succeeds in convincing for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover that succeeds in convincing for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover that succeeds in convincing for X
+not in the language I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the language I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the language I'm going to
+construct I'm going to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct I'm going to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct I'm going to find the
+Collision to the hash function so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision to the hash function so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision to the hash function so we're
+going to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adversary a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breaks the Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the Collision
+resistant or the the Collision resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant or the the Collision resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant or the the Collision resistant
+property okay how do I break the Collen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay how do I break the Collen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay how do I break the Collen
+resistant property here's the idea so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant property here's the idea so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant property here's the idea so a
+okay so given so he's given a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given so he's given a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given so he's given a random
+hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key and his goal is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and his goal is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and his goal is to find
+collisions how does he find collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions how does he find collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions how does he find collisions
+what does he do he gives so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he do he gives so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he do he gives so here's what
+a does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute V which is p star on hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute V which is p star on hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute V which is p star on hash
+key that's the first thing I got a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that's the first thing I got a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that's the first thing I got a v
+then I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do the
+following many times so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following many times so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following many times so for
+I go goes from one two up to poly in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go goes from one two up to poly in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go goes from one two up to poly in n
+and one/ Epsilon so many times what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one/ Epsilon so many times what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one/ Epsilon so many times what I do
+is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run like what P star given HK and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run like what P star given HK and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run like what P star given HK and he
+gave V would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave V would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave V would run
+on input RI RI corresponding to a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on input RI RI corresponding to a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on input RI RI corresponding to a okay
+let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call this
+J J corresponding to a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J corresponding to a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J corresponding to a kind
+of i1 up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i1 up to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i1 up to I
+L I just didn't want to confuse this eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L I just didn't want to confuse this eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L I just didn't want to confuse this eye
+with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+eyes okay so I'm going to run many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay so I'm going to run many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay so I'm going to run many times
+I'm going to choose many RS oh I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to choose many RS oh I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to choose many RS oh I didn't
+say sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sorry
+choose sorry for I goes to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose sorry for I goes to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose sorry for I goes to one
+choose a random RJ so for J go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a random RJ so for J go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a random RJ so for J go from one
+two up to poly in n and one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two up to poly in n and one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two up to poly in n and one over Epsilon
+I choose a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RJ how many how much random bits like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RJ how many how much random bits like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RJ how many how much random bits like
+the PCP verifier I'm going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP verifier I'm going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP verifier I'm going to kind of
+I'm going to behave like the I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to behave like the I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to behave like the I'm going
+to give it the randomness of the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it the randomness of the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it the randomness of the PCP
+verifier corresponding to i1 up to I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier corresponding to i1 up to I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier corresponding to i1 up to I and
+I'm going to compute his answers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute his answers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute his answers which
+is pi i1 up to Pi these may be ious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi i1 up to Pi these may be ious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi i1 up to Pi these may be ious
+answers I I denote it by pi but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I I denote it by pi but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I I denote it by pi but of
+course it can I mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it can I mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it can I mean it's not
+necessarily correspond to an i PCP he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily correspond to an i PCP he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily correspond to an i PCP he's
+malicious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opening okay so this is how I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening okay so this is how I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening okay so this is how I find
+collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+I I get a hash key I give it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get a hash key I give it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get a hash key I give it to the
+cheating prover to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover to get a
+value then for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then for I
+for M * for J goes from 1 to m m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M * for J goes from 1 to m m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M * for J goes from 1 to m m is
+going to be poly and n and one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be poly and n and one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be poly and n and one over
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+what do I do I choose Randomness for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I choose Randomness for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I choose Randomness for the
+PCP verifier and I tell the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP verifier and I tell the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP verifier and I tell the approver
+what are your answers for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your answers for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your answers for this
+Randomness with the same V I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness with the same V I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness with the same V I didn't
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+V okay so he gave me a v in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay so he gave me a v in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay so he gave me a v in in the
+second message and then I kind of run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second message and then I kind of run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second message and then I kind of run
+the third message with him many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third message with him many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third message with him many many
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+times M times and expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M times and expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M times and expect to see
+answers okay now what do I do those for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers okay now what do I do those for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers okay now what do I do those for
+which the row doesn't work like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the row doesn't work like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the row doesn't work like those
+for which row doesn't accept you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which row doesn't accept you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which row doesn't accept you know it
+has a bad the verify doesn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bad the verify doesn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bad the verify doesn't this
+doesn't accept I throw out and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accept I throw out and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accept I throw out and it's
+meaningless he could put whatever he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless he could put whatever he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless he could put whatever he
+wants I throw it I throw it out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants I throw it I throw it out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants I throw it I throw it out but
+that's only Epsilon fraction of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only Epsilon fraction of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only Epsilon fraction of them
+because the turns out the prover I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the turns out the prover I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the turns out the prover I
+assume the prover is accepted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the prover is accepted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the prover is accepted with
+probability Epsilon so Epsilon I throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Epsilon so Epsilon I throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Epsilon so Epsilon I throw
+out okay but I I chose much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but I I chose much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but I I chose much more than
+one over okay This only affects you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over okay This only affects you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over okay This only affects you know
+so except for the Epsilon the rest are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so except for the Epsilon the rest are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so except for the Epsilon the rest are
+good yeah sorry I th as I said that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah sorry I th as I said that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah sorry I th as I said that yeah
+I th I'm left with Epsilon okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I th I'm left with Epsilon okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I th I'm left with Epsilon okay I
+thought one minus Epsilon I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one minus Epsilon I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one minus Epsilon I'm left with
+Epsilon but Epsilon is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon but Epsilon is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon but Epsilon is good enough
+because I chose more than probably one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I chose more than probably one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I chose more than probably one
+over Epsilon that's why I have here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon that's why I have here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon that's why I have here one
+over Epson because Epsilon are are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epson because Epsilon are are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epson because Epsilon are are bad
+which is why okay so I still have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why okay so I still have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why okay so I still have a lot
+left okay so now what do I do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay so now what do I do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay so now what do I do with the
+ones I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I have
+left so I want argue so here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so I want argue so here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so I want argue so here here's the
+claim the claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um me write it here so the claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um me write it here so the claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um me write it here so the claim is that
+I should be able to find Collision so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be able to find Collision so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be able to find Collision so
+the algorithm the algorithm a what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm the algorithm a what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm the algorithm a what it
+does the way it breaks and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+output a collision if one exists I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output a collision if one exists I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output a collision if one exists I I'll
+write it here why my output so three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Collision if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists that's it so I got what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists that's it so I got what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists that's it so I got what do I mean
+if one exists many of the eyes here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one exists many of the eyes here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one exists many of the eyes here I
+asked many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked many
+times right because I I I did poly an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right because I I I did poly an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right because I I I did poly an n
+n meaning kind of the witness length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n meaning kind of the witness length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n meaning kind of the witness length
+yeah more than like think of the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more than like think of the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more than like think of the witness
+length to the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to the power of the
+third divided by Epsilon like w the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third divided by Epsilon like w the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third divided by Epsilon like w the P
+size of the PCP divided by Epsilon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the PCP divided by Epsilon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the PCP divided by Epsilon to
+the third that's how you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third that's how you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third that's how you should think
+about it or to the times like security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it or to the times like security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it or to the times like security
+parameter okay so now what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so now what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so now what what's the
+point the point is I saw the same eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point is I saw the same eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point is I saw the same eye
+many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+times because I asked many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times because I asked many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times because I asked many many
+queries now I want to argue that if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries now I want to argue that if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries now I want to argue that if so
+there's two option either every time I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two option either every time I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two option either every time I I
+asked for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for an
+i he if he gave me a valid opening it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i he if he gave me a valid opening it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i he if he gave me a valid opening it's
+for the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same one
+or at one of the eyes he gave me valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at one of the eyes he gave me valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at one of the eyes he gave me valid
+openings one for zero and one for one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings one for zero and one for one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings one for zero and one for one if
+that's the case I won I found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case I won I found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case I won I found a
+collision and then I I broke the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and then I I broke the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and then I I broke the hash
+function so if I if you believe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if I if you believe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if I if you believe you
+cannot break hash function then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break hash function then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break hash function then you
+cannot break then the scheme is secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break then the scheme is secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break then the scheme is secure
+which is kind of what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of what we're trying to
+do but now you can say but maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but now you can say but maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but now you can say but maybe you
+didn't find a hash function maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a hash function maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a hash function maybe you
+didn't find a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a collision
+maybe the cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cheating
+prover whenever he answer he he answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover whenever he answer he he answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover whenever he answer he he answer
+when he answers correctly it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he answers correctly it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he answers correctly it's always
+with the same like for every eye if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same like for every eye if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same like for every eye if he
+answers correctly it's with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers correctly it's with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers correctly it's with the same
+piie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piie
+eye he never answers correctly with pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye he never answers correctly with pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye he never answers correctly with pi
+ey being zero with pi ey being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey being zero with pi ey being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey being zero with pi ey being
+one then look then what happened I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then look then what happened I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then look then what happened I I
+take all the things that he asked me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the things that he asked me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the things that he asked me and
+I piece together a PCP from him okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I piece together a PCP from him okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I piece together a PCP from him okay so
+okay so why I I say okay so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why I I say okay so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why I I say okay so the question
+is suppose I suppose I output suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I suppose I output suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I suppose I output suppose
+that a collision happens with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a collision happens with negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a collision happens with negative
+probability if it's not I W I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if it's not I W I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if it's not I W I'm done
+okay I want to argue now if not if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to argue now if not if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to argue now if not if a
+collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability then I want to argue I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then I want to argue I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then I want to argue I can
+come up with a PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a PCP
+then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a
+pi that I can construct from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that I can construct from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that I can construct from this
+adversary such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary such
+that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V
+PCP of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP of Pi
+accept with non- Nega probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's a contradiction because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a contradiction because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a contradiction because I
+assume that my Pi is sound with NE I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that my Pi is sound with NE I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that my Pi is sound with NE I
+mean uh sound is hold with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh sound is hold with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh sound is hold with probability
+you know you break sound is only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you break sound is only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you break sound is only with
+negative probability so I'm I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative probability so I'm I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative probability so I'm I'm going to
+argue that if you don't if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if you don't if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if you don't if the
+probability finding Collision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability finding Collision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability finding Collision is
+negligible then actually can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible then actually can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible then actually can come up
+with a PCP that's accepted with non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a PCP that's accepted with non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a PCP that's accepted with non
+netive probability but X is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive probability but X is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive probability but X is not in the
+language so that that breaks the my that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so that that breaks the my that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so that that breaks the my that
+can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen
+because I know the PCP has soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the PCP has soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the PCP has soundness
+negligible so that can't happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible so that can't happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible so that can't happen and
+therefore I must have Collision was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I must have Collision was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I must have Collision was not
+probability and hence broke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and hence broke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and hence broke the
+Collision so why is there why is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision so why is there why is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision so why is there why is it the
+case that I can find a PCP that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I can find a PCP that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I can find a PCP that's
+accepted because what am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted because what am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted because what am I going to do
+remember let's think I never found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember let's think I never found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember let's think I never found
+Collision it's negligible so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision it's negligible so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision it's negligible so you know
+for all practical purposes never okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all practical purposes never okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all practical purposes never okay
+let's think of the fact we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of the fact we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of the fact we never
+encounter a collision so then what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a collision so then what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a collision so then what do we
+do I take this PCP I take this adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I take this PCP I take this adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I take this PCP I take this adversary
+I run it oh I I start pieing up a PCP I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run it oh I I start pieing up a PCP I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run it oh I I start pieing up a PCP I
+say oh Pi 1 here good Pi i1 every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh Pi 1 here good Pi i1 every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh Pi 1 here good Pi i1 every time I
+ask it again I know he'll give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask it again I know he'll give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask it again I know he'll give me this
+answer because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because there's no
+collisions and I start kind of slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and I start kind of slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and I start kind of slowly
+piecing together an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PCP now there may be some form some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP now there may be some form some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP now there may be some form some
+places of the PCP that either that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of the PCP that either that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of the PCP that either that he
+will never open correctly never he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never open correctly never he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never open correctly never he'll
+never give me a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never give me a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never give me a valid
+opening then I can't I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening then I can't I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening then I can't I don't know I
+don't moreover there may be some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't moreover there may be some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't moreover there may be some places
+of the PCP that somehow this verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PCP that somehow this verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PCP that somehow this verifier
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+asked that can also be so I'm G to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that can also be so I'm G to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that can also be so I'm G to write
+all the places that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the places that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the places that actually
+opened I'm going to write down whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened I'm going to write down whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened I'm going to write down whatever
+didn't open look this adversary can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't open look this adversary can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't open look this adversary can
+always let's say it can always take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let's say it can always take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let's say it can always take one
+minus Epsilon fraction of this PCP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon fraction of this PCP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon fraction of this PCP and
+never open it and the rest open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never open it and the rest open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never open it and the rest open
+correctly because he's only the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly because he's only the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly because he's only the Epsilon
+right so there can be always I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there can be always I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there can be always I don't
+want to not really one man's epon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to not really one man's epon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to not really one man's epon the
+PCP because we ask many queries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP because we ask many queries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP because we ask many queries but
+there can of course be some parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can of course be some parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can of course be some parts of the
+PCP that he just never never answers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP that he just never never answers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP that he just never never answers and
+it's okay because because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay because because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay because because of this
+Epsilon okay so in that part I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so in that part I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so in that part I'm going
+to whatever I don't know I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever I don't know I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever I don't know I'm going to
+just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put
+zeros okay but this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PCP and that's it now this is pi I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and that's it now this is pi I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and that's it now this is pi I'm
+going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this
+Pi now you're asking why is why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi now you're asking why is why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi now you're asking why is why would
+the verifier accept Pi with non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier accept Pi with non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier accept Pi with non-
+probability well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well because
+this P star is accepted with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P star is accepted with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P star is accepted with probability
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+and this if v v is gonna ask okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this if v v is gonna ask okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this if v v is gonna ask okay so
+what's the concern the concern is well V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the concern the concern is well V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the concern the concern is well V
+now is going to ask like places that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is going to ask like places that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is going to ask like places that are
+zero here right so the point is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here right so the point is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here right so the point is we're
+say what's my you're con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's my you're con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's my you're con
+look P star succeeded maybe P star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look P star succeeded maybe P star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look P star succeeded maybe P star
+succeeded but here if P star succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded but here if P star succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded but here if P star succeeded
+we have here pies then this will succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here pies then this will succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here pies then this will succeed
+too because it's p star answers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because it's p star answers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because it's p star answers like
+this but you're saying but maybe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you're saying but maybe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you're saying but maybe here
+there zeros maybe here there are zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zeros maybe here there are zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there zeros maybe here there are zeros
+but why are there zeros let's remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why are there zeros let's remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why are there zeros let's remember
+why did I put zeros here because P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I put zeros here because P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I put zeros here because P
+failed on them that's why there's zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed on them that's why there's zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed on them that's why there's zeros
+there I asked this place many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I asked this place many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I asked this place many many times
+and every time petar said no so he won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time petar said no so he won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time petar said no so he won't
+succeed on this or there's also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed on this or there's also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed on this or there's also another
+option that VPC never asks that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that VPC never asks that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that VPC never asks that that
+question in which case he still won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in which case he still won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in which case he still won't
+ask that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again the claim is that this PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again the claim is that this PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again the claim is that this PCP
+will be accepted with probability close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be accepted with probability close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be accepted with probability close
+to Epsilon because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Epsilon because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Epsilon because the
+probability that we will hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we will hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we will hit
+locations where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where we
+fail he and he succeeds is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail he and he succeeds is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail he and he succeeds is very very
+very small so whenever we fail he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small so whenever we fail he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small so whenever we fail he will
+fail too with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail too with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail too with very high
+probability because if he succeed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because if he succeed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because if he succeed there
+we would have succeeded we asked so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have succeeded we asked so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have succeeded we asked so many
+questions we would finally get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we would finally get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we would finally get the right
+answer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's
+the high level idea okay I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level idea okay I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level idea okay I don't want to
+go into more details I can send there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more details I can send there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into more details I can send there's
+a link in the website exactly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link in the website exactly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link in the website exactly on the
+proof but there's two reasons I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but there's two reasons I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but there's two reasons I don't
+want to go into more detail first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into more detail first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into more detail first
+because it's tedious H so if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's tedious H so if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's tedious H so if you you
+know if you're interested just look look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're interested just look look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're interested just look look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+paper but also this is not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but also this is not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but also this is not the right
+proof this is not the right proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof this is not the right proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof this is not the right proof and
+why is it not the right proof because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not the right proof because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not the right proof because
+note I cheated you actually I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I cheated you actually I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I cheated you actually I actually
+lied I promised you that I broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied I promised you that I broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied I promised you that I broke
+soundness but I didn't actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness but I didn't actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness but I didn't actually there's
+a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+minor a I don't know if to call it bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor a I don't know if to call it bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor a I don't know if to call it bug
+but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I
+lied and this doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied and this doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied and this doesn't quite
+do it doesn't quite break the Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it doesn't quite break the Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it doesn't quite break the Collision
+resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant
+with my okay when I say A breaks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my okay when I say A breaks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my okay when I say A breaks the
+Collision resistant I need to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant I need to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant I need to say a
+break p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break p
+T Lambda adversary that breaks right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Lambda adversary that breaks right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Lambda adversary that breaks right I
+said I assume T Lambda that you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I assume T Lambda that you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I assume T Lambda that you cannot
+break the Collision time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the Collision time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the Collision time T
+Lambda so I said let's us say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so I said let's us say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so I said let's us say there's a
+t Lambda time P star and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Lambda time P star and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Lambda time P star and I'm going to
+break my my the Collision the I'm G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break my my the Collision the I'm G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break my my the Collision the I'm G to
+find the Collision in time poly T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Collision in time poly T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Collision in time poly T
+Lambda that's what gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda that's what gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda that's what gives me a
+contradiction I right I I argue my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction I right I I argue my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction I right I I argue my
+assumption is that there exists a CIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that there exists a CIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that there exists a CIT in
+hash that cannot be broken collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that cannot be broken collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that cannot be broken collisions
+cannot be found in time polity to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be found in time polity to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be found in time polity to break
+that I need to say if there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to say if there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to say if there exists a
+cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating
+Prov then I can break the Collis time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov then I can break the Collis time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov then I can break the Collis time
+po now let's look at the runtime of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po now let's look at the runtime of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po now let's look at the runtime of this
+adversary the peace times of time poity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary the peace times of time poity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary the peace times of time poity
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+okay but what might does my adversary do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what might does my adversary do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what might does my adversary do
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+adversary he he tries to generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary he he tries to generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary he he tries to generate an
+entire PCP and and then he says if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire PCP and and then he says if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire PCP and and then he says if I
+succeeded I can't succeed and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded I can't succeed and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded I can't succeed and therefore
+I must be Collision but to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must be Collision but to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must be Collision but to generate
+entire PCP he needs to run in time Po in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N what if T of smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N what if T of smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N what if T of smaller than
+n now you can say ah come on uh T Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now you can say ah come on uh T Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now you can say ah come on uh T Lambda
+must be bigger than n otherwise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bigger than n otherwise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be bigger than n otherwise this
+kind of this def I don't like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this def I don't like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this def I don't like this
+definition because I we should allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because I we should allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because I we should allow the
+cheating proof to run time poan if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating proof to run time poan if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating proof to run time poan if you
+don't something's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't something's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't something's wrong with
+definition I don't know maybe yes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I don't know maybe yes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I don't know maybe yes maybe
+no I I have now a definition that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I I have now a definition that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I I have now a definition that says
+you know time T of Lambda maybe you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know time T of Lambda maybe you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know time T of Lambda maybe you want
+T of lamb to be smaller than n because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of lamb to be smaller than n because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of lamb to be smaller than n because
+the application makes sense because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application makes sense because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application makes sense because you
+use it in a way that actually the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in a way that actually the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in a way that actually the pro
+will never run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never run in time
+n so you know I have now some T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so you know I have now some T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so you know I have now some T of
+Lambda how it connects to N I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda how it connects to N I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda how it connects to N I actually
+don't know and I want to ensure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and I want to ensure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and I want to ensure that you
+know I can break the adversary the the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can break the adversary the the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can break the adversary the the I
+can fine Collision time t to the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fine Collision time t to the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fine Collision time t to the Lambda
+but actually I run P star which is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I run P star which is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I run P star which is time
+t to the Lambda that's fine but I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to the Lambda that's fine but I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to the Lambda that's fine but I run
+him n times one over Epsilon is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him n times one over Epsilon is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him n times one over Epsilon is fine
+because Epsilon is like Epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Epsilon is like Epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Epsilon is like Epsilon in
+Lambda or ta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or ta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or ta to the
+Lambda okay it's one over po t to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay it's one over po t to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay it's one over po t to the
+Lambda fine that's good t to the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda fine that's good t to the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda fine that's good t to the Lambda
+T of Lambda sorry but this n n can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of Lambda sorry but this n n can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of Lambda sorry but this n n can be
+bigger than T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so really this works if this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really this works if this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really this works if this this
+definition is good if only if T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is good if only if T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is good if only if T of
+Lambda is bigger than n so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is bigger than n so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is bigger than n so this is a
+good proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If and this is kind of kind of bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If and this is kind of kind of bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If and this is kind of kind of bother
+cryptographers because even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographers because even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographers because even though it
+makes sense to assume the T of Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to assume the T of Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to assume the T of Lambda is
+bigger than n it makes sense to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n it makes sense to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n it makes sense to let the
+cheating prove a run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prove a run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prove a run in time
+poen it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poen it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poen it's
+um it's annoying that we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's annoying that we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's annoying that we need to do
+that so I think we should take a break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I think we should take a break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I think we should take a break a
+f minute break after the break I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f minute break after the break I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f minute break after the break I'll tell
+you just a very high level idea there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a very high level idea there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a very high level idea there's
+a beautiful paper that came in 2002 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful paper that came in 2002 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful paper that came in 2002 by
+Barak and gold that they showed how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barak and gold that they showed how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barak and gold that they showed how to
+get around it how to do it for any they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around it how to do it for any they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around it how to do it for any they
+get around they actually don't construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around they actually don't construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around they actually don't construct
+an entire PCP they do what I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire PCP they do what I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire PCP they do what I think is a
+more a clever and more beautiful kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a clever and more beautiful kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a clever and more beautiful kind of
+what I think of as the right proof uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think of as the right proof uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think of as the right proof uh
+for this uh and we'll see that after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh and we'll see that after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh and we'll see that after the
+break and then we'll do the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then we'll do the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then we'll do the construction
+of the Collision resistant but there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision resistant but there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision resistant but there was
+questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great
+question I don't the rewinding for okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't the rewinding for okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't the rewinding for okay
+so the question is was is the rewind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is was is the rewind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is was is the rewind in
+necessary and it's a great question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and it's a great question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and it's a great question the
+answer is for all I know yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is for all I know yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is for all I know yes the
+rewinding is necessary a this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewinding is necessary a this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewinding is necessary a this question
+was very important also for postquantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very important also for postquantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very important also for postquantum
+because you know today we're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know today we're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know today we're worried
+about quantum computers and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum computers and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum computers and if the
+cheating prover is a Quantum device you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover is a Quantum device you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover is a Quantum device you
+can't rewind him because once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't rewind him because once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't rewind him because once you
+measure a Quantum state it collapses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a Quantum state it collapses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a Quantum state it collapses and
+so proving postquantum security of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proving postquantum security of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proving postquantum security of this
+protocol it was Pro actually it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol it was Pro actually it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol it was Pro actually it's known
+to be postquantum secure but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be postquantum secure but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be postquantum secure but it was a
+lot of work because when it was work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work because when it was work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work because when it was work
+that required to kind of rewind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required to kind of rewind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required to kind of rewind the
+cheating prover in the quantum like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover in the quantum like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover in the quantum like to
+rewind the quantum cheating prover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewind the quantum cheating prover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewind the quantum cheating prover and
+why can you rewind so they showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can you rewind so they showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can you rewind so they showed you
+can actually do it but just to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do it but just to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do it but just to answer
+your question do you need to rewind yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question do you need to rewind yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question do you need to rewind yes
+uh kind of we don't have a StraightLine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of we don't have a StraightLine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of we don't have a StraightLine
+proof of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of of
+soundness for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol you know so it the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you know so it the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you know so it the the the
+other proof I'll show you after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proof I'll show you after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proof I'll show you after the
+break doesn't quite construct the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break doesn't quite construct the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break doesn't quite construct the PCP
+but in order to find collisions we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to find collisions we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to find collisions we need
+to run him at least twice I run him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run him at least twice I run him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run him at least twice I run him and
+then because how am I gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because how am I gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because how am I gonna find
+Collision I give him queries he's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision I give him queries he's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision I give him queries he's gonna
+give me answers how how how can I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me answers how how how can I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me answers how how how can I find
+collisions from that but if I run him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions from that but if I run him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions from that but if I run him
+once and I run him again with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and I run him again with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and I run him again with the idea
+is I'm going to run him I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to run him I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to run him I'm going to
+choose like a random query eye I'm once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose like a random query eye I'm once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose like a random query eye I'm once
+going to run him eye with some queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run him eye with some queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run him eye with some queries
+and then I'm going to run him ey with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to run him ey with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to run him ey with
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+queries and the only way you can cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and the only way you can cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and the only way you can cheat
+is if you're not always consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're not always consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're not always consistent and
+that but at least I need to rewind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at least I need to rewind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at least I need to rewind you
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the any any any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+this no I don't think the the right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no I don't think the the right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no I don't think the the right the
+the the actually when you look inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actually when you look inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actually when you look inside
+the hash functions it just becomes messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash functions it just becomes messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash functions it just becomes messy
+I think actually abstracting out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think actually abstracting out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think actually abstracting out the
+hash functions and just thinking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions and just thinking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions and just thinking what
+property gives you makes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property gives you makes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property gives you makes the proof
+cleaner uh put it kind of to put boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner uh put it kind of to put boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner uh put it kind of to put boxes
+around things you know and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around things you know and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around things you know and just
+modularize kind of what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularize kind of what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularize kind of what you need
+actually helps the understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helps the understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helps the understanding and
+helps simplifies the proof uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps simplifies the proof uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps simplifies the proof uh it's uh
+yeah I I think the the problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I think the the problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I think the the problem with this
+proof is that it requires constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is that it requires constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is that it requires constructing
+an entire PCP and some saying why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire PCP and some saying why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire PCP and some saying why do I
+need to construct an entire PCP so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to construct an entire PCP so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to construct an entire PCP so the
+other proof kind of shows that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proof kind of shows that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proof kind of shows that you
+actually don't need to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to do that and
+that's why you could the pro doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you could the pro doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you could the pro doesn't
+need to run time linear and N just runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run time linear and N just runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run time linear and N just runs
+in time the depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T A any any other questions before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T A any any other questions before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T A any any other questions before the
+break yeah n here is the size of PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break yeah n here is the size of PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break yeah n here is the size of PCP
+yeah you're right n is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right n is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right n is the size of the
+PCP but I'm thinking here because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP but I'm thinking here because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP but I'm thinking here because I'm
+thinking of three set I'm thinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of three set I'm thinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of three set I'm thinking the
+input the instance n the witness and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the instance n the witness and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the instance n the witness and the
+PCP are all poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP are all poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP are all poly
+related so it's because I have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so it's because I have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so it's because I have your
+polinomial it doesn't matter but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial it doesn't matter but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial it doesn't matter but I do
+want to say uh in some settings you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say uh in some settings you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say uh in some settings you can
+think of the witness can be much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the witness can be much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the witness can be much much
+smaller than instance or much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than instance or much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than instance or much much
+bigger than the instance so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the instance so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the instance so for example
+take nondeterministic time t x is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take nondeterministic time t x is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take nondeterministic time t x is of
+size n but the witness is of size T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n but the witness is of size T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n but the witness is of size T of n
+which can be super polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be super polinomial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be super polinomial in
+N then this becomes polinomial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N then this becomes polinomial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N then this becomes polinomial in the
+witness the PCP is always or okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness the PCP is always or okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness the PCP is always or okay the
+PCP is always polom related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP is always polom related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP is always polom related to the
+instance and witness now sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and witness now sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and witness now sometimes the
+witness is bigger sometimes the instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness is bigger sometimes the instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness is bigger sometimes the instance
+is bigger and the relation does not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and the relation does not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and the relation does not need
+to be po nomally related if they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be po nomally related if they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be po nomally related if they're all
+Pally related it doesn't matter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pally related it doesn't matter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pally related it doesn't matter here
+because I put a poly but sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I put a poly but sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I put a poly but sometimes the
+witness can be much much smaller like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness can be much much smaller like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness can be much much smaller like
+log click the witness is size log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log click the witness is size log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log click the witness is size log
+squared but the input is n and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but the input is n and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but the input is n and sometimes
+the instance can be small and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance can be small and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance can be small and the
+witness can be big so what I mean here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness can be big so what I mean here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness can be big so what I mean here
+is input plus witness length here I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is input plus witness length here I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is input plus witness length here I just
+put one of them because I assume three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one of them because I assume three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one of them because I assume three
+set they're all the they're both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set they're all the they're both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set they're all the they're both the
+same so yeah but that's a good what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so yeah but that's a good what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so yeah but that's a good what
+really I need to put here's PCP length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I need to put here's PCP length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I need to put here's PCP length
+that's the truth um yeah great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the truth um yeah great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the truth um yeah great great
+Point fantastic other questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point fantastic other questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point fantastic other questions before
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+break okay let's do a five minute break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay let's do a five minute break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay let's do a five minute break
+and then we'll return
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OgpNXj2cEzA.txt b/OgpNXj2cEzA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7640860bca0958135a92d70bcdb0df67c7547222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OgpNXj2cEzA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16105 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically the goal for today we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the goal for today we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the goal for today we're gonna
+we're going to sort of go through sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of go through sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of go through sort
+of the case study that that we had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the case study that that we had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the case study that that we had you
+do just as a uh basic framing tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do just as a uh basic framing tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do just as a uh basic framing tool to
+then talk about what it means to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about what it means to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about what it means to do a
+corporate carbon footprint you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate carbon footprint you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate carbon footprint you know what
+are the mechanisms of it what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the mechanisms of it what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the mechanisms of it what are the
+issues that you run into and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that you run into and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that you run into and really the
+the goal of it is this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of it is this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of it is this one right
+understand it's pretty simple process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's pretty simple process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's pretty simple process in
+terms of right there's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of right there's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of right there's not much
+complexity or theoretical complexity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity or theoretical complexity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity or theoretical complexity to
+it uh in practice it's much more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh in practice it's much more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh in practice it's much more a
+matter of data Gathering um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of data Gathering um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of data Gathering um you know
+decision talking with your uh marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision talking with your uh marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision talking with your uh marketing
+and Communications people things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Communications people things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Communications people things like
+that but uh just to get the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but uh just to get the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but uh just to get the sort of the
+mechanics of what goes into a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of what goes into a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of what goes into a corporate
+carbon footprint down uh and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint down uh and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint down uh and how you
+might use it to identify where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use it to identify where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use it to identify where the
+emissions are in in your company uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are in in your company uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are in in your company uh
+probably the more important things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the more important things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the more important things are
+this right understand the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right understand the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right understand the the the
+measurement approach right what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement approach right what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement approach right what is a
+corporate carbon footprint how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate carbon footprint how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate carbon footprint how does it
+compare to other things like a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to other things like a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to other things like a supply
+chain carbon footprint or a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain carbon footprint or a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain carbon footprint or a product
+carbon footprint how do they go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint how do they go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint how do they go together
+and the other one is to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is to understand what
+this means since most big companies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means since most big companies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means since most big companies do
+release their greenhouse gas emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release their greenhouse gas emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release their greenhouse gas emissions
+right but if we uh as we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we uh as we go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we uh as we go through this
+hopefully we'll see that there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll see that there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll see that there's a lot
+of discretion that goes into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discretion that goes into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discretion that goes into what
+exactly they do with that so the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they do with that so the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they do with that so the goal
+would hopefully be that uh as you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hopefully be that uh as you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hopefully be that uh as you go out
+as you're working on your your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're working on your your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're working on your your sort of
+class project or as you uh start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class project or as you uh start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class project or as you uh start seeing
+uh you know companies doing press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know companies doing press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know companies doing press
+releases or things about you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases or things about you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases or things about you know how
+they've cut x x amount of emissions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've cut x x amount of emissions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've cut x x amount of emissions or
+whatnot understand what went into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot understand what went into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot understand what went into that
+and be able to sort of challenge whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to sort of challenge whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to sort of challenge whether
+that uh right whether they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh right whether they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh right whether they're really
+making much of a contribution or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making much of a contribution or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making much of a contribution or what
+goes into that so that that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into that so that that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into that so that that's sort of
+what we're hoping to uh to get out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're hoping to uh to get out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're hoping to uh to get out of uh
+today's lecture and at the end we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture and at the end we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture and at the end we'll
+probably wrap up by talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wrap up by talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wrap up by talking about how
+this relates uh to next class which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relates uh to next class which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relates uh to next class which will
+be about life cycle assessment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about life cycle assessment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about life cycle assessment which is
+going to be about a more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about a more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about a more detailed
+methodology for doing uh sort of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology for doing uh sort of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology for doing uh sort of product
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+comparisons so what I want to do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so what I want to do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so what I want to do first
+is just take maybe 10 or 15 minutes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take maybe 10 or 15 minutes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take maybe 10 or 15 minutes here
+and just sort of recap the uh the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of recap the uh the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of recap the uh the case
+study and go over the basics um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and go over the basics um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and go over the basics um and then
+I'm going to have you uh get into groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have you uh get into groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have you uh get into groups
+and sort of uh small group sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of uh small group sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of uh small group sort of to
+discuss and come together sort of a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and come together sort of a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and come together sort of a as a
+consensus about uh uh you know what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus about uh uh you know what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus about uh uh you know what your
+approach is going to be in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is going to be in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is going to be in terms of what
+you're including what you're not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're including what you're not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're including what you're not in the
+calculations partly just because uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations partly just because uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations partly just because uh just
+to make sure we we've all uh arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we we've all uh arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we we've all uh arrived at
+sort of the same general conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same general conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same general conclusions
+about how this works I did look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this works I did look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this works I did look through
+um most of what you submitted so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of what you submitted so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of what you submitted so right
+most of it's not too trouble there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it's not too trouble there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it's not too trouble there's
+usually a few things that that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a few things that that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a few things that that sometimes
+trick people up so I'll go over what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick people up so I'll go over what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick people up so I'll go over what
+those are so you have a chance to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are so you have a chance to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are so you have a chance to sort
+of uh in your groups you can revise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh in your groups you can revise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh in your groups you can revise or
+or make some changes uh if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make some changes uh if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make some changes uh if that's the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so again what we're looking at we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again what we're looking at we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again what we're looking at we're
+we're putting you in the uh the shoes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting you in the uh the shoes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting you in the uh the shoes of
+widget Co essentially you are a a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget Co essentially you are a a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget Co essentially you are a a chair
+manufacturer right selling uh office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer right selling uh office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer right selling uh office
+type chairs um where you you uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type chairs um where you you uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type chairs um where you you uh you
+manufacture them you own your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture them you own your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture them you own your own
+manufacturing you sell primarily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing you sell primarily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing you sell primarily to
+customers in the us both at the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in the us both at the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in the us both at the retail
+level and to Industrial consumers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and to Industrial consumers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and to Industrial consumers um
+facilities wise you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities wise you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities wise you have two
+manufacturing plants one is located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plants one is located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plants one is located in
+Shanghai the one is located here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanghai the one is located here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanghai the one is located here in the
+US in Michigan uh the one in Michigan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US in Michigan uh the one in Michigan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US in Michigan uh the one in Michigan is
+fully owned the one in China is a 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully owned the one in China is a 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully owned the one in China is a 5050
+joint venture with local investors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint venture with local investors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint venture with local investors uh
+you have two distribution centers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two distribution centers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two distribution centers in the
+US One in California and one in Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US One in California and one in Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US One in California and one in Georgia
+uh that you use for finished goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you use for finished goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you use for finished goods and
+you also have a partnership with a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a partnership with a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a partnership with a uh a
+large retailer that sets aside some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large retailer that sets aside some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large retailer that sets aside some
+dedicated space within each of their you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated space within each of their you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated space within each of their you
+know large uh big box retailers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know large uh big box retailers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know large uh big box retailers uh
+dedicated to just showcasing uh your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to just showcasing uh your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to just showcasing uh your um
+your products off uh Transportation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your products off uh Transportation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your products off uh Transportation you
+use a 3pl to bring in imported materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a 3pl to bring in imported materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a 3pl to bring in imported materials
+and finished good so you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finished good so you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finished good so you have you have
+the uh raw materials that come in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh raw materials that come in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh raw materials that come in by
+ocean that get sent uh to your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean that get sent uh to your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean that get sent uh to your uh
+Factory in Michigan you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory in Michigan you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory in Michigan you also have
+finished chairs coming in from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished chairs coming in from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished chairs coming in from the the
+plant in China those come in over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in China those come in over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant in China those come in over a
+dedicated 3pl uh by uh ocean to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated 3pl uh by uh ocean to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated 3pl uh by uh ocean to get to
+the US and then by Rail and by truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and then by Rail and by truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and then by Rail and by truck
+once they arrive for the retail Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they arrive for the retail Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they arrive for the retail Channel
+you service that primarily with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you service that primarily with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you service that primarily with your
+private truck Fleet so you own a fleet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private truck Fleet so you own a fleet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private truck Fleet so you own a fleet
+of trucks that you use to deliver to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trucks that you use to deliver to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trucks that you use to deliver to the
+retailers and then you make up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers and then you make up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers and then you make up for the
+rest of the volume uh that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the volume uh that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the volume uh that you can't
+handle either by air or by lessen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle either by air or by lessen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle either by air or by lessen
+truckload Shi shipments and finally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truckload Shi shipments and finally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truckload Shi shipments and finally for
+the industrial Channel most of your com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial Channel most of your com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial Channel most of your com
+uh most of your uh uh customers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of your uh uh customers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of your uh uh customers they
+actually come and pick it up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come and pick it up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come and pick it up so you
+don't handle that Transportation uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't handle that Transportation uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't handle that Transportation uh the
+remaining 40% are done by deliveries I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 40% are done by deliveries I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 40% are done by deliveries I
+think it was by uh LTL so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was by uh LTL so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was by uh LTL so that's
+basically what we have here is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we have here is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we have here is sort of
+the uh the supply chain flow uh most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the supply chain flow uh most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the supply chain flow uh most of
+your suppliers are located off in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suppliers are located off in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suppliers are located off in China
+right that's where your your raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's where your your raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's where your your raw
+materials and parts are coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and parts are coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and parts are coming to
+shipping it out to your plants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping it out to your plants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping it out to your plants in
+Michigan and uh and Shanghai uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan and uh and Shanghai uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan and uh and Shanghai uh again
+this this is in China all this goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is in China all this goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is in China all this goes on
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+US and just if we look at it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and just if we look at it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and just if we look at it in terms of
+this flow this is sort of where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow this is sort of where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow this is sort of where our
+transportation bits come in so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation bits come in so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation bits come in so pretty
+straightforward and simplified example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and simplified example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and simplified example
+of a of a supply chain um and the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a supply chain um and the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a supply chain um and the goal
+is to go through and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go through and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go through and figure out what
+your carbon footprint is based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbon footprint is based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbon footprint is based on a
+couple of things right you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things right you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things right you're you're
+getting pressure from investors you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pressure from investors you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pressure from investors you're
+getting it maybe some from some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it maybe some from some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it maybe some from some of your
+customers asking about it so now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers asking about it so now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers asking about it so now it's
+starting to get some some attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get some some attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get some some attention
+within the organization from the CEO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the organization from the CEO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the organization from the CEO and
+basically you're the one put in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're the one put in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're the one put in charge
+of figuring out what that is uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring out what that is uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring out what that is uh the uh
+the pressure is sort of ratcheting Up So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure is sort of ratcheting Up So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure is sort of ratcheting Up So
+feret Co is your uh basically your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feret Co is your uh basically your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feret Co is your uh basically your your
+main direct competitor they operate at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main direct competitor they operate at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main direct competitor they operate at a
+little bit lower price point they do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit lower price point they do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit lower price point they do uh
+uh but they're starting to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they're starting to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they're starting to try to
+increase their profile by doing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their profile by doing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their profile by doing some of
+these sustainability initiatives so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sustainability initiatives so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sustainability initiatives so part
+of that is they want to move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is they want to move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is they want to move into the
+retail space whereas previously they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail space whereas previously they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail space whereas previously they've
+been mainly serving industrial compies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been mainly serving industrial compies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been mainly serving industrial compies
+so as part of that they've released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as part of that they've released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as part of that they've released
+their carbon footprint uh publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their carbon footprint uh publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their carbon footprint uh publicly
+disclosed in the carbon disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosed in the carbon disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosed in the carbon disclosure
+project and that came out at $55,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and that came out at $55,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and that came out at $55,000
+tons of CO2 uh based on their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of CO2 uh based on their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of CO2 uh based on their their
+sales and their products that was 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and their products that was 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and their products that was 1.1
+kilograms per product so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms per product so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms per product so that's
+aggregate emissions and this is a a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate emissions and this is a a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate emissions and this is a a sort
+of per product or per unit level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of per product or per unit level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of per product or per unit level uh
+they've also announced a plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've also announced a plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've also announced a plan that
+they're going to become carbon neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to become carbon neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to become carbon neutral
+and also they're exploring uh putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're exploring uh putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're exploring uh putting a
+carbon label on their retail products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon label on their retail products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon label on their retail products
+they're trying to a new entry into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to a new entry into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to a new entry into the
+market they're trying to appeal directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they're trying to appeal directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they're trying to appeal directly
+to the the uh end consumers that they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the uh end consumers that they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the uh end consumers that they'll
+be they'll be uh trying to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they'll be uh trying to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they'll be uh trying to sell
+to so with that in place uh if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so with that in place uh if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so with that in place uh if we look
+at the supply chain we have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the supply chain we have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the supply chain we have a number of
+different emission sources right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emission sources right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emission sources right we have
+all these different Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different Transportation
+pieces that are linking these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are linking these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are linking these different
+flows that we have some data for we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that we have some data for we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that we have some data for we have
+emissions coming from our plants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions coming from our plants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions coming from our plants in
+terms of electricity and direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of electricity and direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of electricity and direct
+emissions so obviously you're consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions so obviously you're consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions so obviously you're consuming
+electricity uh that took that generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh that took that generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh that took that generated
+emissions at the power plant when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions at the power plant when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions at the power plant when it was
+created you also might have some direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created you also might have some direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created you also might have some direct
+emissions we didn't specify where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions we didn't specify where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions we didn't specify where that's
+coming from but it might be you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from but it might be you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from but it might be you might be
+burning natural gas or fuel oil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning natural gas or fuel oil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning natural gas or fuel oil in the
+facilities uh other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities uh other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities uh other types of
+manufacturing uh process might release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh process might release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh process might release
+chemicals directly especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals directly especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals directly especially in
+chemicals agricultural companies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals agricultural companies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals agricultural companies right
+they they produce other types of direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they produce other types of direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they produce other types of direct
+emissions but we'll just leave it at as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions but we'll just leave it at as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions but we'll just leave it at as
+direct emissions uh in this case uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct emissions uh in this case uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct emissions uh in this case uh you
+also have some of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some of these different
+facilities that are consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities that are consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities that are consuming
+electricity so at your gc's and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so at your gc's and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so at your gc's and also
+what's going on at uh right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on at uh right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on at uh right you have
+those those dedicated little showrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those dedicated little showrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those dedicated little showrooms
+in uh in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in big
+Depot so uh this is the essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depot so uh this is the essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depot so uh this is the essentially the
+calculation setup that we gave you I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation setup that we gave you I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation setup that we gave you I do
+want to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go over
+uh just two quick issues so first right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just two quick issues so first right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just two quick issues so first right
+facility is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility is pretty straightforward
+electricity consumption times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumption times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumption times the
+emissions Factor this is in general how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions Factor this is in general how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions Factor this is in general how
+basically every calculation goes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every calculation goes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every calculation goes right
+you have these emissions factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these emissions factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these emissions factors that
+are published by organizations like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are published by organizations like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are published by organizations like the
+greenhouse gas protocol that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol that are going
+to tell you uh you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you uh you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you uh you know what the
+emissions are uh for different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are uh for different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are uh for different factors
+so different fuel types different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different fuel types different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different fuel types different
+electricity consumptions where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumptions where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumptions where they're
+going how much they emit uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going how much they emit uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going how much they emit uh and then
+basically it's your job to gather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's your job to gather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's your job to gather data
+about uh how much you consumed or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how much you consumed or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how much you consumed or how
+much of that material you used uh factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that material you used uh factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that material you used uh factor
+in the direct emissions uh for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direct emissions uh for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direct emissions uh for some of
+these other things when that data is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things when that data is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things when that data is not
+available especially this is the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available especially this is the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available especially this is the case in
+transportation you might have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation you might have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation you might have a choice
+of several different methods so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several different methods so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several different methods so in this
+case we we had two different ones uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we we had two different ones uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we we had two different ones uh one
+based on ton miles and one based on fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on ton miles and one based on fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on ton miles and one based on fuel
+consumption so this would generally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so this would generally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so this would generally be
+the the preferred choice right fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the preferred choice right fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the preferred choice right fuel
+consumption uh namely because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh namely because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh namely because it's
+simple if you know how much fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if you know how much fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if you know how much fuel
+consumed you know the emissions Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed you know the emissions Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed you know the emissions Factor
+you know how much uh emissions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much uh emissions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much uh emissions it
+produce and in cases like a uh diesel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce and in cases like a uh diesel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce and in cases like a uh diesel or
+gasoline the the CO2 emissions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline the the CO2 emissions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline the the CO2 emissions are
+pretty much directly tied it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much directly tied it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much directly tied it's basically
+a onetoone correspondence in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a onetoone correspondence in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a onetoone correspondence in terms of
+every gallon of fuel you consume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every gallon of fuel you consume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every gallon of fuel you consume is
+going to produce a set amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a set amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a set amount of
+emissions it's not going to change too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions it's not going to change too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions it's not going to change too
+much so you'd like to get to that fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so you'd like to get to that fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so you'd like to get to that fuel
+consumption uh but that's not always uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh but that's not always uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh but that's not always uh
+easy to get especially when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get especially when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get especially when you're
+hiring a third party carrier or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring a third party carrier or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring a third party carrier or more
+importantly when you're using a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly when you're using a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly when you're using a shared
+Transportation assets so in a dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation assets so in a dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation assets so in a dedicated
+Transportation when I hire a truckload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation when I hire a truckload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation when I hire a truckload
+company right they come up they put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right they come up they put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company right they come up they put my
+goods on the truck and they take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods on the truck and they take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods on the truck and they take it
+someplace it's nothing but my goods on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace it's nothing but my goods on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace it's nothing but my goods on
+there so all the emissions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so all the emissions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so all the emissions that are
+generated when that truck is going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated when that truck is going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated when that truck is going uh
+you know would be dedicated to me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know would be dedicated to me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know would be dedicated to me so I
+can just try to maybe make an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just try to maybe make an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just try to maybe make an estimate
+of the fuel consumed and get how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel consumed and get how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel consumed and get how much
+the emissions would be uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions would be uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions would be uh when you're
+looking at rail or ocean where an ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at rail or ocean where an ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at rail or ocean where an ocean
+ship might have thousands of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship might have thousands of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship might have thousands of different
+containers on it and maybe only one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers on it and maybe only one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers on it and maybe only one or
+two of those are your goods you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those are your goods you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those are your goods you're not
+really interested in how much the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in how much the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in how much the total
+ship or the total uh rail car might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship or the total uh rail car might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship or the total uh rail car might have
+emitted you want to know how much is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted you want to know how much is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted you want to know how much is is
+essentially uh dedicated to you uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh dedicated to you uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh dedicated to you uh so in
+this case usually what we do is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case usually what we do is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case usually what we do is that we
+would measure the efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would measure the efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would measure the efficiency of the
+vehicles in terms of how much fuel they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles in terms of how much fuel they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles in terms of how much fuel they
+consume or emissions they output per ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume or emissions they output per ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume or emissions they output per ton
+Mile right so a ton mile is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile right so a ton mile is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile right so a ton mile is a pretty
+common uh indicator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh indicator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh indicator in the
+transportation right and that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation right and that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation right and that's just one
+ton times one mile right if you move one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton times one mile right if you move one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton times one mile right if you move one
+ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of
+goods one mile that's one ton Mile right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods one mile that's one ton Mile right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods one mile that's one ton Mile right
+so you can think about if you have 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about if you have 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about if you have 20
+tons on there and you go one mile 20 ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons on there and you go one mile 20 ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons on there and you go one mile 20 ton
+miles if you had one ton and you took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles if you had one ton and you took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles if you had one ton and you took it
+20 miles also 20 ton miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 miles also 20 ton miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 miles also 20 ton miles
+the reason we would do it like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we would do it like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we would do it like this is
+because generally those larger Vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because generally those larger Vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because generally those larger Vehicles
+right the the larger the ocean ship goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the larger the ocean ship goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the larger the ocean ship goes
+the the more fuel it consumes say per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more fuel it consumes say per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more fuel it consumes say per
+kilometer that it moves but as it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer that it moves but as it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer that it moves but as it's uh
+right it's starting to aggregate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's starting to aggregate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's starting to aggregate it
+carries more and more Goods on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries more and more Goods on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries more and more Goods on it so
+it's actually becoming more efficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually becoming more efficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually becoming more efficient in
+terms of the actual Goods that it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the actual Goods that it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the actual Goods that it moves
+because it can move a lot more product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can move a lot more product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can move a lot more product
+that same amount of distance uh on on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same amount of distance uh on on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same amount of distance uh on on a
+less amount of fuel so lower fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less amount of fuel so lower fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less amount of fuel so lower fuel
+consumption the trick with this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption the trick with this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption the trick with this and this
+is something that that tripped a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that that tripped a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that that tripped a few of
+you up on it right is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up on it right is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up on it right is when you have
+aggregated data right so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregated data right so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregated data right so if you look at
+the data that we had we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we had we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we had we don't have a
+breakdown of every single shipment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of every single shipment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of every single shipment right
+especially when you're a company that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're a company that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you're a company that's
+maybe making thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe making thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe making thousands and thousands of
+shipments you may not have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments you may not have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments you may not have a direct
+record of every single shipment that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of every single shipment that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of every single shipment that you
+sent in terms of its distance uh and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in terms of its distance uh and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in terms of its distance uh and its
+total uh tonnage so what you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total uh tonnage so what you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total uh tonnage so what you might get
+is something like what we gave you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like what we gave you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like what we gave you say
+you had um right you knew that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had um right you knew that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had um right you knew that you had
+uh let's do a quick example say you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do a quick example say you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's do a quick example say you had
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right say we just had two shipments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say we just had two shipments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say we just had two shipments
+that's all we sent right and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we sent right and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we sent right and the first
+one I had 10 tons on it and I sent it 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I had 10 tons on it and I sent it 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I had 10 tons on it and I sent it 10
+miles right so pretty simple that's 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles right so pretty simple that's 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles right so pretty simple that's 100
+ton miles the second one we had five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton miles the second one we had five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton miles the second one we had five
+tons and we sent it five miles that's 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons and we sent it five miles that's 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons and we sent it five miles that's 25
+T miles so in total right I've moved 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T miles so in total right I've moved 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T miles so in total right I've moved 125
+ton miles of goods right the trick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton miles of goods right the trick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton miles of goods right the trick is
+this is that if we were to aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that if we were to aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that if we were to aggregate
+this right and this is what sort of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and this is what sort of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and this is what sort of we
+were G you were given in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were G you were given in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were G you were given in in the
+exercise you know something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you know something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you know something like you
+sent two shipments and you moved a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent two shipments and you moved a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent two shipments and you moved a total
+of 15 Tons and you moved a total of 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 15 Tons and you moved a total of 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 15 Tons and you moved a total of 15
+miles right the problem is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles right the problem is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles right the problem is that if you
+try to take these aggregated numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take these aggregated numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take these aggregated numbers and
+just multiply them together right 15 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply them together right 15 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply them together right 15 *
+15 it's 225 right it's very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 it's 225 right it's very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 it's 225 right it's very different
+from what you actually did right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you actually did right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you actually did right and
+this this goes back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh all right if we go all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right if we go all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right if we go all the way back
+to uh I don't know our Junior High math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I don't know our Junior High math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I don't know our Junior High math
+right a * B plus C * d right that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal right so it's not I I can't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right so it's not I I can't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right so it's not I I can't add
+these two and add these two and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and add these two and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and add these two and multiply
+them right just get a different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right just get a different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right just get a different number
+so if you just take the aggregate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just take the aggregate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just take the aggregate you
+did especially when we had a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did especially when we had a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did especially when we had a thousand
+shipment so you moved like 26 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment so you moved like 26 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment so you moved like 26 million
+miles or whatever it was and you moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles or whatever it was and you moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles or whatever it was and you moved
+you know 50 million kilograms and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 million kilograms and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 million kilograms and just
+multiplied them together you got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied them together you got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied them together you got some
+really huge number uh and it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge number uh and it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge number uh and it probably
+threw off the calculations you ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw off the calculations you ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw off the calculations you ended up
+having say your ocean Transportation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having say your ocean Transportation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having say your ocean Transportation or
+something being by far the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being by far the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something being by far the largest
+source of emissions so that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of emissions so that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of emissions so that was just
+that's just one thing to look out for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just one thing to look out for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just one thing to look out for um
+when we've done this we've given this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've done this we've given this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've done this we've given this in
+the past with the uh executive Ed Pur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past with the uh executive Ed Pur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past with the uh executive Ed Pur
+partipants and like 99% of them always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partipants and like 99% of them always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partipants and like 99% of them always
+do the same thing so that's uh we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing so that's uh we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing so that's uh we knew
+knew that would possibly trip you up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that would possibly trip you up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that would possibly trip you up but
+I think uh in the examples that we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh in the examples that we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh in the examples that we gave
+we broke it out is that one way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broke it out is that one way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broke it out is that one way to get
+around this would be to um assume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this would be to um assume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this would be to um assume it
+went the average distance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went the average distance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went the average distance and the
+average weight and multiply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average weight and multiply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average weight and multiply those
+together and then multiply it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then multiply it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then multiply it by the
+number of shipments it won't be exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shipments it won't be exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shipments it won't be exact
+but it'll be closer because this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll be closer because this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll be closer because this if you
+just add them up and then multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add them up and then multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add them up and then multiply them
+you're going to be off by orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be off by orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be off by orders of
+magnitude so um in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so um in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so um in terms of the the
+calculations that was just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that was just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that was just one of the
+things I saw that that is uh tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I saw that that is uh tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I saw that that is uh tricky to
+look out for um the emissions factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for um the emissions factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for um the emissions factors so
+we only gave you a limited set here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only gave you a limited set here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only gave you a limited set here um
+but if you go out and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go out and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go out and look at the
+greenhouse gas protocol there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol there will be an
+emissions factor for basically every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factor for basically every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factor for basically every
+type of fuel so you'll have coal natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of fuel so you'll have coal natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of fuel so you'll have coal natural
+gas fuel oil you know diesel gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas fuel oil you know diesel gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas fuel oil you know diesel gasoline
+all different sort of ones so uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different sort of ones so uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different sort of ones so uh even
+though we just basically did electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we just basically did electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we just basically did electron
+electricity and uh and diesel in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and uh and diesel in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and uh and diesel in here
+there are a whole host of other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole host of other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole host of other factors
+so if you uh have a company that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you uh have a company that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you uh have a company that that's
+consuming different types of energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming different types of energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming different types of energy uh
+it's right same principle applies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right same principle applies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right same principle applies you
+know how many cubic feet of natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many cubic feet of natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many cubic feet of natural gas
+you consumed and you know its factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consumed and you know its factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consumed and you know its factor for
+most companies you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most companies you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most companies you're not going to
+really need much more than this to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need much more than this to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need much more than this to do
+the calculations because most companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations because most companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations because most companies
+aren't doing much other than either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing much other than either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing much other than either
+burning fuel either in you know furnaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning fuel either in you know furnaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning fuel either in you know furnaces
+or or bunkers or in vehicles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or bunkers or in vehicles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or bunkers or in vehicles or
+consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming
+electricity uh they do make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh they do make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh they do make some
+specialized calculators for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized calculators for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized calculators for different
+sectors cement manufacturing uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors cement manufacturing uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors cement manufacturing uh certain
+chemical production paper pulp things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical production paper pulp things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical production paper pulp things
+that actually produce emissions through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually produce emissions through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually produce emissions through
+say different chemical processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say different chemical processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say different chemical processes that
+are not going to be covered by that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be covered by that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be covered by that but
+for the most part most companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part most companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part most companies and
+most facilities are just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most facilities are just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most facilities are just going to be
+able to be done by these pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be done by these pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be done by these pretty simple
+calculations um and just in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations um and just in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations um and just in terms of the
+actual underlying mechanics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual underlying mechanics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual underlying mechanics of this
+right so most of the time when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so most of the time when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so most of the time when we're
+talking about a carbon footprint we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a carbon footprint we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a carbon footprint we're
+talking about the six gases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the six gases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the six gases that are
+usually known as The Kyoto gases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually known as The Kyoto gases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually known as The Kyoto gases right
+these are the six gases that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the six gases that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the six gases that were
+covered under the Kyoto Protocol uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered under the Kyoto Protocol uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered under the Kyoto Protocol uh
+carbon dioxide uh especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide uh especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide uh especially in
+transportation and fuel consumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and fuel consumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and fuel consumption is
+by far the uh the largest contributor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far the uh the largest contributor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far the uh the largest contributor uh
+they usually also produce perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually also produce perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually also produce perhaps a
+little bit of methane nitrous oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of methane nitrous oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of methane nitrous oxide and
+other processes might produce hfc's pfcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes might produce hfc's pfcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes might produce hfc's pfcs
+sulfur hexif fluoride uh there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur hexif fluoride uh there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur hexif fluoride uh there are other
+gases that contribute to to global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases that contribute to to global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases that contribute to to global
+warming right other greenhouse gases um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming right other greenhouse gases um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming right other greenhouse gases um
+but they're not necessarily covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not necessarily covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not necessarily covered
+under Kyoto so this is just something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Kyoto so this is just something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Kyoto so this is just something to
+look out for uh especially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for uh especially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for uh especially um
+refrigerants and some of the others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerants and some of the others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerants and some of the others that
+were uh covered under the ozone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh covered under the ozone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh covered under the ozone the
+Montreal protocol which covered ozone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal protocol which covered ozone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal protocol which covered ozone uh
+since they were already being regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they were already being regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they were already being regulated
+they weren't included in the Kyoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't included in the Kyoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't included in the Kyoto
+Protocol so a lot of things especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol so a lot of things especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol so a lot of things especially
+like the greenhouse gas protocol don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the greenhouse gas protocol don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the greenhouse gas protocol don't
+require you to measure those um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to measure those um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to measure those um but you
+can measure those and report them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure those and report them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure those and report them
+separately because they do contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately because they do contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately because they do contribute to
+to the overall greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the overall greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the overall greenhouse
+effect um our emissions factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um our emissions factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um our emissions factors are
+usually uh represented in um a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh represented in um a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh represented in um a single
+unit carbon dioxide equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit carbon dioxide equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit carbon dioxide equivalents
+essentially we're trying to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're trying to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're trying to measure
+different gases contribute to global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gases contribute to global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gases contribute to global
+warming in different amounts based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming in different amounts based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming in different amounts based on
+how much they uh radiative forcing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they uh radiative forcing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they uh radiative forcing they
+they cause so essentially uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cause so essentially uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cause so essentially uh every
+kilogram of methane say uh contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of methane say uh contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of methane say uh contributes
+say as much global warming is 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as much global warming is 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as much global warming is 34
+kilograms of carbon dioxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of carbon dioxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of carbon dioxide so
+essentially what would happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what would happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what would happen is that
+every kilogram of methane you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every kilogram of methane you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every kilogram of methane you would
+multiply by its global warming potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by its global warming potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by its global warming potential
+to determine how much carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine how much carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine how much carbon dioxide
+that would be equivalent to and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be equivalent to and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be equivalent to and so all
+of these factors that we give are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these factors that we give are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these factors that we give are in
+terms of carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of carbon dioxide
+equivalence because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence because they're
+incorporating the amount of methane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating the amount of methane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating the amount of methane and
+nit just nitrous oxide that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nit just nitrous oxide that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nit just nitrous oxide that might be
+emitted in there as well um part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted in there as well um part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted in there as well um part of this
+is that these constantly get updated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these constantly get updated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these constantly get updated or
+not constantly but occasionally updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constantly but occasionally updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constantly but occasionally updated
+as part of the ipcc process so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the ipcc process so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the ipcc process so they
+actually just released uh in 2013 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just released uh in 2013 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just released uh in 2013 I
+think the the fifth version of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the fifth version of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the fifth version of this and
+so some of these factors have changed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these factors have changed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these factors have changed so
+that's something to keep track of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to keep track of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to keep track of uh
+especially for a company that's doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for a company that's doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for a company that's doing it
+long term right those factors can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term right those factors can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term right those factors can change
+as you go which sometimes means you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go which sometimes means you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go which sometimes means you need
+to go back and recalculate and refigure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and recalculate and refigure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and recalculate and refigure
+it and one thing to be careful for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and one thing to be careful for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and one thing to be careful for is
+that people typically refer to things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people typically refer to things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people typically refer to things is
+carbon footprint or the amount of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint or the amount of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint or the amount of carbon
+they're doing sometimes when they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing sometimes when they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing sometimes when they say
+that they actually mean just the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they actually mean just the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they actually mean just the carbon
+dioxide most of the time it includes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide most of the time it includes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide most of the time it includes all
+of these gases but uh you should uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gases but uh you should uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gases but uh you should uh be
+careful and look out for that and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and look out for that and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and look out for that and make
+sure you're stating that up front when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're stating that up front when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're stating that up front when
+you're when you're doing this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're doing this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're doing this sort of
+thing whether you included all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing whether you included all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing whether you included all of these
+or just uh carbon dioxide all right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just uh carbon dioxide all right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just uh carbon dioxide all right the
+other thing we asked in here uh was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we asked in here uh was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we asked in here uh was the
+emission Scopes um so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission Scopes um so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission Scopes um so this is this is
+actually pretty straightforward um once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty straightforward um once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty straightforward um once
+you think about what is included in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what is included in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what is included in your
+organizational boundary and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational boundary and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational boundary and whatnot
+scope one is what is direct emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope one is what is direct emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope one is what is direct emissions
+right they're direct because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're direct because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're direct because you could
+put like a CO2 Monitor and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put like a CO2 Monitor and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put like a CO2 Monitor and actually
+monitor it because they're directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor it because they're directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor it because they're directly
+coming from your facility either from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from your facility either from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from your facility either from
+your your burning fuels usually or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your burning fuels usually or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your burning fuels usually or from
+one of those chemical processes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those chemical processes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those chemical processes so
+they're the emissions that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the emissions that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the emissions that are coming
+from the vehicles you own right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vehicles you own right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vehicles you own right they're
+they're yours uh or within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're yours uh or within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're yours uh or within your
+facilities directly coming at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities directly coming at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities directly coming at those
+facilities usually basically through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities usually basically through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities usually basically through
+fossil fuel combustion scope two are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel combustion scope two are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel combustion scope two are the
+indirect emissions that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect emissions that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect emissions that come from
+electricity so your facility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so your facility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so your facility is
+consuming electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming electricity
+uh those emissions are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those emissions are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those emissions are actually
+occurring at the power plant where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring at the power plant where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring at the power plant where
+they're burning the coal to supply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're burning the coal to supply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're burning the coal to supply that
+electricity uh so we report that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh so we report that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh so we report that as a
+separate scope uh because most most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate scope uh because most most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate scope uh because most most uh
+companies and most buildings are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and most buildings are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and most buildings are are
+making use of electricity uh so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of electricity uh so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of electricity uh so usually
+This falls into sort of uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This falls into sort of uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This falls into sort of uh sort of the
+basic minimum carbon footprint that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic minimum carbon footprint that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic minimum carbon footprint that we
+would consider for an organization scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider for an organization scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider for an organization scope
+one and scope two scope three is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and scope two scope three is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and scope two scope three is all the
+other indirect emissions right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other indirect emissions right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other indirect emissions right so one
+thing to remember is that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is that all these
+emissions are somebody's direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are somebody's direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are somebody's direct
+emissions but they may not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions but they may not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions but they may not necessarily
+be what you're considering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what you're considering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what you're considering your
+organization so anything that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so anything that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so anything that's not in
+your scope one or scope two is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scope one or scope two is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scope one or scope two is going to
+be scope three um probably because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scope three um probably because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be scope three um probably because it's
+somebody else's scope one so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's scope one so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's scope one so when you're
+going through and thinking about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through and thinking about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through and thinking about what's
+in your organizational boundary what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your organizational boundary what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your organizational boundary what
+you've decided as part of your uh carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've decided as part of your uh carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've decided as part of your uh carbon
+footprint scope one emissions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint scope one emissions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint scope one emissions you're
+directly producing scope two the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly producing scope two the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly producing scope two the ones
+that are coming from electricity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming from electricity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming from electricity that
+you consume and basically everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consume and basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consume and basically everything
+else is scope three I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is scope three I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is scope three I have a question
+here so um Transportation if I own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um Transportation if I own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um Transportation if I own the
+fleet would that be scope one and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet would that be scope one and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet would that be scope one and if I
+hire someone to move it would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire someone to move it would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire someone to move it would that be
+scope three or I'm not how that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope three or I'm not how that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope three or I'm not how that work
+yeah in general these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in general these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in general these are going to be
+things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+occur directly owned by you or in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur directly owned by you or in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur directly owned by you or in your
+sometimes you may not own it but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you may not own it but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you may not own it but if you
+have direct control over it especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct control over it especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct control over it especially
+like some facilities where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some facilities where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some facilities where you have a
+long-term lease or if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term lease or if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term lease or if you have a
+Arrangement where you've had done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement where you've had done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement where you've had done a
+longterm For Hire with a a carrier they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm For Hire with a a carrier they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm For Hire with a a carrier they
+still might be scope one even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still might be scope one even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still might be scope one even if you
+didn't do it it it's based on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it it it's based on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it it it's based on what you
+defined as your your organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as your your organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as your your organizational
+boundary right so you Scope one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right so you Scope one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right so you Scope one and
+scope two are things you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope two are things you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope two are things you basically have
+to report right because you directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report right because you directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report right because you directly
+emitted them or they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted them or they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted them or they came from
+electricity uh scope three are things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh scope three are things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh scope three are things um
+that you might want to consider within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to consider within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to consider within
+your carbon footprint boundary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbon footprint boundary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbon footprint boundary but
+aren't directly uh owned or within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't directly uh owned or within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't directly uh owned or within your
+organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational
+boundary generally emissions usage would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary generally emissions usage would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary generally emissions usage would
+not be considered in for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be considered in for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be considered in for the purposes of
+of this like the products that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this like the products that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this like the products that you
+produce yeah morec analysis yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce yeah morec analysis yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce yeah morec analysis yeah so
+we'll talk about this because uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this because uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this because uh a
+little bit later uh scope three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later uh scope three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later uh scope three is
+anything that's not scope one and scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's not scope one and scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's not scope one and scope
+two and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you're
+normally right you may be mandated on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally right you may be mandated on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally right you may be mandated on a
+minimum that you need to include but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum that you need to include but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum that you need to include but
+usually there's no regulation that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's no regulation that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's no regulation that says
+you can't include something in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't include something in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't include something in in your
+boundary um so you could include those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary um so you could include those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary um so you could include those
+within your companies's boundary but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your companies's boundary but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your companies's boundary but uh
+if some right if it's a product you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some right if it's a product you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some right if it's a product you're
+selling to a consumer that would fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to a consumer that would fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling to a consumer that would fall
+under scope three of of indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under scope three of of indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under scope three of of indirect
+and we'll talk a little bit about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit about more
+about this at the end when we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the end when we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the end when we go through
+this uh again so the case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh again so the case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh again so the case study
+basically go through we we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically go through we we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically go through we we sort of
+listed all the activities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed all the activities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed all the activities in the
+spreadsheet ask you to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet ask you to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet ask you to go through
+identify the emission factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the emission factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the emission factor and
+identify the the activity driver so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the the activity driver so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the the activity driver so how
+much you consumed of that um what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you consumed of that um what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you consumed of that um what how
+much you wanted to include in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you wanted to include in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you wanted to include in your
+company's carbon footprint anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's carbon footprint anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's carbon footprint anywhere from
+0 to 100 so if you were excluding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 100 so if you were excluding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 100 so if you were excluding it
+zero and then if you were including it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then if you were including it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then if you were including it
+uh you'd have to give some percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'd have to give some percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'd have to give some percentage
+for that and why uh and identify whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and why uh and identify whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and why uh and identify whether
+there scope one scope two scope three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there scope one scope two scope three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there scope one scope two scope three
+emissions decide whether you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions decide whether you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions decide whether you're going to
+uh uh disclose this and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh disclose this and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh disclose this and what you're
+including uh and also um given F what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh and also um given F what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh and also um given F what
+fero is doing how do you feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fero is doing how do you feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fero is doing how do you feel about
+pledging to become carbon neutral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pledging to become carbon neutral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pledging to become carbon neutral or
+labeling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling your
+products uh so we've already uh gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh so we've already uh gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh so we've already uh gone
+through it hopefully you all did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it hopefully you all did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it hopefully you all did it
+originally but uh I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally but uh I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally but uh I want to give you a
+few minutes now just to sit in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes now just to sit in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes now just to sit in small
+groups and talk it through and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and talk it through and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and talk it through and then
+we'll use that as a so you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use that as a so you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use that as a so you'll have a
+chance to go back through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to go back through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to go back through the
+calculations uh and sort of settle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh and sort of settle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh and sort of settle on
+has a small group uh sort of one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small group uh sort of one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small group uh sort of one number
+that we'll use as as the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll use as as the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll use as as the discussion
+within your group uh and you can so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your group uh and you can so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your group uh and you can so you
+can go back through that we've talked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back through that we've talked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back through that we've talked it
+through and revise any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and revise any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and revise any of the
+calculations or the Scopes uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or the Scopes uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or the Scopes uh if you
+need to do that so let's just separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that so let's just separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that so let's just separate
+into small I don't you know three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into small I don't you know three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into small I don't you know three four
+two whatever uh just just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two whatever uh just just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two whatever uh just just to get
+together so you have somebody else to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you have somebody else to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you have somebody else to go
+over it with uh hopefully each group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it with uh hopefully each group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it with uh hopefully each group has
+a computer with them that they can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer with them that they can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer with them that they can pull
+up the uh the spreadsheet on and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the uh the spreadsheet on and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the uh the spreadsheet on and let's
+just take I don't know 10 uh 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take I don't know 10 uh 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take I don't know 10 uh 10 minutes
+15 minutes or whatever and go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or whatever and go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or whatever and go through
+and come up with those and then we'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with those and then we'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with those and then we'll uh
+we'll sort of run through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the uh the first question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the uh the first question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the uh the first question we
+have is what is widget CO's carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is what is widget CO's carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is what is widget CO's carbon
+footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint
+so why don't we go through and uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we go through and uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we go through and uh tell
+me how many tons you said widget Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many tons you said widget Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many tons you said widget Coast
+carbon footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was how many thousand tons yeah whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how many thousand tons yeah whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how many thousand tons yeah whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+393 yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+393 yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+393 yeah,
+tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others we had we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two99 378 378
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and 680 was the other 650
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+650 there goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do I need to do hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do I need to do hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do I need to do hello
+yeah uh 305 305 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay
+so I I went through earlier and compiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I went through earlier and compiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I went through earlier and compiled
+the individual answers from um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual answers from um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual answers from um the
+people that had submitted so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that had submitted so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that had submitted so this is
+what they looked like so right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they looked like so right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they looked like so right this is
+we got a couple outliers right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a couple outliers right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a couple outliers right because
+this is what this is basically just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is basically just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is basically just a
+calcul an error in the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcul an error in the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcul an error in the calculation
+overestimating right the ton miles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimating right the ton miles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimating right the ton miles or
+something like that so if we bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so if we bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so if we bring it
+down to scale or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to scale or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to scale or something like this
+most of you answered right in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you answered right in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you answered right in that in
+that range we talking about 300 to 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range we talking about 300 to 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range we talking about 300 to 400
+uh some higher some less we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some higher some less we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some higher some less we could see
+you know where where did those emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where where did those emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where where did those emissions
+come from um I went through and pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from um I went through and pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from um I went through and pulled
+out a few sort of possibilities right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few sort of possibilities right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few sort of possibilities right um
+the highest level if we included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest level if we included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest level if we included
+everything on that list right 100% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on that list right 100% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on that list right 100% of
+the emissions for everything that was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions for everything that was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions for everything that was on
+that list that would be essentially our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list that would be essentially our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list that would be essentially our
+supply chain emissions for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain emissions for this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain emissions for this this
+portion of the supply chain that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the supply chain that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the supply chain that comes
+out to about 580,000 tons right so on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to about 580,000 tons right so on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to about 580,000 tons right so on a
+on a per kilogram of product basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a per kilogram of product basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a per kilogram of product basis
+that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about
+6.93 right so that is that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.93 right so that is that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.93 right so that is that should be
+probably the the upper end of the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the the upper end of the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the the upper end of the range
+that's including everything uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's including everything uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's including everything uh that we
+had in there uh you might have made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in there uh you might have made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in there uh you might have made some
+different assumptions how we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions how we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions how we calculated
+some of these things so that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things so that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things so that's probably
+why some are 395 and 399 things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some are 395 and 399 things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why some are 395 and 399 things like
+that could could make some uh smaller uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could could make some uh smaller uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could could make some uh smaller uh
+differences in there uh the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in there uh the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in there uh the real
+question though comes to be I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though comes to be I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though comes to be I mean the
+main thing is how much of that Shanghai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing is how much of that Shanghai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing is how much of that Shanghai
+operation are we considering right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation are we considering right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation are we considering right so if
+we look at the supply chain emissions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the supply chain emissions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the supply chain emissions uh
+right we have the manufacturing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have the manufacturing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have the manufacturing in the
+US and most of you right everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and most of you right everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and most of you right everybody was
+pretty consistent on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty consistent on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty consistent on that
+straightforward once you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward once you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward once you make the
+calculation uh we pretty much have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh we pretty much have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh we pretty much have to
+include that that right we we own that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that that right we we own that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that that right we we own that
+SC it's all scope one or scope two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC it's all scope one or scope two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC it's all scope one or scope two
+emissions uh the plant in uh in China uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions uh the plant in uh in China uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions uh the plant in uh in China uh
+same deal right scope one or scope two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal right scope one or scope two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal right scope one or scope two
+if we've included in the boundary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've included in the boundary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've included in the boundary but
+there's we can make some different calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we can make some different calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we can make some different calls
+based on what sort of organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what sort of organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what sort of organizational
+boundary we want to set and so uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary we want to set and so uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary we want to set and so uh if you
+look at it in the greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it in the greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it in the greenhouse gas
+protocol right so as as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right so as as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right so as as one of the
+standards uh and probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards uh and probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards uh and probably the most
+popular standard it basically outlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular standard it basically outlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular standard it basically outlines
+two different approaches you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different approaches you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different approaches you can take
+one is an equity share approach right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is an equity share approach right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is an equity share approach right so
+you say well how much of this do I own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well how much of this do I own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well how much of this do I own
+and I'll just take I'll calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just take I'll calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just take I'll calculate the
+whole emissions and then I own 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole emissions and then I own 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole emissions and then I own 50% of
+that plant so I'm going to take 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plant so I'm going to take 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plant so I'm going to take 50% of
+those emissions uh so if we were to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those emissions uh so if we were to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those emissions uh so if we were to do
+the equity share approach those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity share approach those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity share approach those
+emissions from the China plant get cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from the China plant get cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from the China plant get cut
+in half right and so I get I get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half right and so I get I get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half right and so I get I get a lower
+right the important thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the important thing to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the important thing to remember
+about this right is that that the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this right is that that the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this right is that that the at the
+corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate
+level it was mentioned earlier right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it was mentioned earlier right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it was mentioned earlier right
+it's accounting as I heard you guys say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accounting as I heard you guys say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accounting as I heard you guys say
+and if you look at the greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the greenhouse gas
+protocol right it's a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right it's a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right it's a corporate
+accounting and Reporting standard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting and Reporting standard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting and Reporting standard right
+nothing changes in terms of the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes in terms of the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes in terms of the supply
+chain are the actual operations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain are the actual operations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain are the actual operations the
+actual emissions that were were out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual emissions that were were out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual emissions that were were out
+there right we're just changing how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right we're just changing how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right we're just changing how much
+of them we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we're going to take
+responsibility for how much we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for how much we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for how much we're going
+to include in our own so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include in our own so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include in our own so that's the
+equity share which is basically anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity share which is basically anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity share which is basically anything
+that I own a percentage of I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I own a percentage of I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I own a percentage of I take that
+percentage of uh emissions and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of uh emissions and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of uh emissions and so all
+the things that I own are 100% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I own are 100% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I own are 100% and
+actually it can go down even more if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can go down even more if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can go down even more if we
+want to exclude all of the uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to exclude all of the uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to exclude all of the uh there's
+all these scope three activities out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these scope three activities out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these scope three activities out
+there as well uh that I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well uh that I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well uh that I don't actually
+own those so I can exclude those as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own those so I can exclude those as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own those so I can exclude those as well
+right the other approaches is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other approaches is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other approaches is what they
+refer to as a control approach and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as a control approach and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as a control approach and they
+can do Financial or operational control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do Financial or operational control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do Financial or operational control
+right so this we would probably need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this we would probably need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this we would probably need to
+know a little bit more about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit more about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit more about what's
+going on at that plant to decide uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at that plant to decide uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at that plant to decide uh what
+the right approach was because it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right approach was because it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right approach was because it could
+easily be I'll take 100% of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be I'll take 100% of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be I'll take 100% of those
+emissions or I'll take 0% depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions or I'll take 0% depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions or I'll take 0% depending on
+who's actually running the plant who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's actually running the plant who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's actually running the plant who's
+actually making all of those decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making all of those decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making all of those decisions
+uh who ultimately has responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who ultimately has responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who ultimately has responsibility for
+everything that's going on in there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going on in there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going on in there if
+I've just invested in it and my uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just invested in it and my uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just invested in it and my uh my
+partner I I've invested and I've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner I I've invested and I've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner I I've invested and I've done a
+joint Venture because they have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint Venture because they have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint Venture because they have all of
+the local knowledge they're the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local knowledge they're the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local knowledge they're the ones
+with the expertise they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expertise they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expertise they're basically
+running the plant and making all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the plant and making all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the plant and making all the
+decisions and I'm doing an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and I'm doing an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and I'm doing an operational
+control then maybe I say I have zero%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control then maybe I say I have zero%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control then maybe I say I have zero%
+and so I might throw that out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I might throw that out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I might throw that out of my
+emissions in my in my company most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in my in my company most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in my in my company most
+likely if it's a 50-50 joint venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely if it's a 50-50 joint venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely if it's a 50-50 joint venture
+supplying directly to you you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying directly to you you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying directly to you you have some
+operational control over that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control over that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control over that right
+they're they're manufacturing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're manufacturing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're manufacturing your
+product almost exclusively uh so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product almost exclusively uh so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product almost exclusively uh so even
+then you might say even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might say even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might say even though it's a
+50-50 joint venture I'll go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-50 joint venture I'll go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-50 joint venture I'll go ahead and
+take 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 100%
+control um you don't really have much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um you don't really have much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um you don't really have much of
+a decision other than 050 or 100 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision other than 050 or 100 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision other than 050 or 100 on this
+right there there is the emissions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there there is the emissions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there there is the emissions that
+uh are there you either account for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are there you either account for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are there you either account for them
+or you don't that is they're in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you don't that is they're in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you don't that is they're in your
+boundary or they're not and so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or they're not and so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or they're not and so that's a
+zero or 100% on the operational control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or 100% on the operational control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or 100% on the operational control
+side and on the equity share it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and on the equity share it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and on the equity share it's
+basically just decided 50/50 so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just decided 50/50 so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just decided 50/50 so uh you
+don't get to sort of really hedge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to sort of really hedge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to sort of really hedge and
+say well I'm only going to take a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'm only going to take a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'm only going to take a third
+of these emissions or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these emissions or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these emissions or something like
+that um at the lowest level we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at the lowest level we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um at the lowest level we could do
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+uh just my corporate emissions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just my corporate emissions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just my corporate emissions which is
+just going to say this would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say this would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say this would be what
+would you would get if you said I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would get if you said I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would get if you said I'm only
+going to include things I directly own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to include things I directly own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to include things I directly own
+right 100% ownership for so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 100% ownership for so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 100% ownership for so that's going
+to be just my Michigan plant just my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just my Michigan plant just my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just my Michigan plant just my
+distribution centers and just my private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centers and just my private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centers and just my private
+fleet those are the things that I own I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet those are the things that I own I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet those are the things that I own I
+have direct control over uh I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct control over uh I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct control over uh I'm only
+going to include those uh if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to include those uh if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to include those uh if you did
+that you get something uh just a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get something uh just a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get something uh just a bit
+over 200,000 tons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 200,000 tons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 200,000 tons on
+that there's also right so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also right so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also right so one of the
+other things is that uh when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things is that uh when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things is that uh when we look at
+all those different scope 3 activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those different scope 3 activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those different scope 3 activities
+that we had especially with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had especially with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had especially with the
+transportation I had the LTL you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation I had the LTL you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation I had the LTL you have
+the air and the Long Hall the short Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and the Long Hall the short Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and the Long Hall the short Hall
+the ocean usually that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean usually that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean usually that's going to be the
+same case where the decision is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same case where the decision is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same case where the decision is going to
+be whether I include that or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whether I include that or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whether I include that or not and
+once you do then you need to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you do then you need to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you do then you need to account for
+100% right you're saying do I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% right you're saying do I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% right you're saying do I have some
+operational control or is this fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control or is this fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control or is this fitting
+within what I consider my company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within what I consider my company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within what I consider my company's
+boundary in which case I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in which case I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in which case I'm going to
+account for them and when I've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for them and when I've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for them and when I've decided
+to account for them I you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for them I you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for them I you have to sort
+of go ahead and take all of them um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go ahead and take all of them um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go ahead and take all of them um they
+don't contribute a whole lot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't contribute a whole lot to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't contribute a whole lot to the
+overall carbon footprint so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall carbon footprint so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall carbon footprint so a lot of
+times these uh uh uh you know you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times these uh uh uh you know you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times these uh uh uh you know you may
+spend a lot of time making these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time making these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time making these sort of
+decisions that turn out to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that turn out to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that turn out to be a pretty
+small case overall for some companies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small case overall for some companies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small case overall for some companies it
+can be a pretty large share of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a pretty large share of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a pretty large share of their
+emissions and these this is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions and these this is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions and these this is generally
+for the transportation and distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transportation and distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transportation and distribution
+of we'll talk about all the other scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we'll talk about all the other scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we'll talk about all the other scope
+three in a minute um a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in a minute um a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in a minute um a question about
+not putting like in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting like in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting like in between
+percentages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages
+um isn't it couldn't it be okay to put I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isn't it couldn't it be okay to put I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isn't it couldn't it be okay to put I
+don't know like a 10 or 15% just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like a 10 or 15% just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like a 10 or 15% just to
+pressure the company into starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the company into starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the company into starting
+relationships and with with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and with with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and with with your
+suppliers and trying to talk over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and trying to talk over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and trying to talk over these
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+um if not there's no pressure and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if not there's no pressure and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if not there's no pressure and you're
+just like okay it's fine I don't care so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like okay it's fine I don't care so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like okay it's fine I don't care so
+it's it's almost two separate issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's almost two separate issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's almost two separate issues
+right whether do we want to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether do we want to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether do we want to account for
+the right you're you're my supplier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right you're you're my supplier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right you're you're my supplier you
+provide transportation services do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide transportation services do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide transportation services do I
+want to account for your emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for your emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to account for your emissions
+within my corporate carbon footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my corporate carbon footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my corporate carbon footprint
+within my organizational boundary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my organizational boundary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within my organizational boundary and
+that's a yes or no decision in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a yes or no decision in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a yes or no decision in that
+sense right I sh I should include these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right I sh I should include these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right I sh I should include these
+because right especially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right especially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right especially for the
+transportation when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation when we talk about
+operational control that's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control that's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control that's very hard to
+separate right if you're a carrier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate right if you're a carrier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate right if you're a carrier that
+I have a contract with and I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a contract with and I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a contract with and I'm telling
+you take this truckload of goods from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this truckload of goods from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this truckload of goods from
+point A to point B it's your truck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B it's your truck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B it's your truck and
+your driver but I'm the one that's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your driver but I'm the one that's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your driver but I'm the one that's made
+that decision to to to send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision to to to send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision to to to send this
+truckload Etc so uh a lot of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truckload Etc so uh a lot of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truckload Etc so uh a lot of companies
+we we'll see in a bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll see in a bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll see in a bit about what
+percentage of companies start to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of companies start to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of companies start to account
+for these different things but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different things but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different things but a lot of
+companies would feel that that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would feel that that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would feel that that's their
+emissions right especially when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions right especially when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions right especially when it's
+going from my factory to my DC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from my factory to my DC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from my factory to my DC or
+something like that I would maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I would maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I would maybe
+consider that part of my supply chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that part of my supply chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that part of my supply chain so
+that's a that's generally a yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's generally a yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's generally a yes or no
+I'm going to include these or I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to include these or I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to include these or I'm not
+and if I'm going to include them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm going to include them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm going to include them then
+you usually are going to include 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually are going to include 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually are going to include 100%
+because uh part of this is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh part of this is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh part of this is that this is
+a right it's trying to be a standard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right it's trying to be a standard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right it's trying to be a standard so
+it's trying to apply a certain set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to apply a certain set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to apply a certain set of
+principles and have companies follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and have companies follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and have companies follow it
+because you want to um while different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to um while different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to um while different
+companies may make different decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies may make different decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies may make different decisions
+about what they include or not you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they include or not you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they include or not you start
+getting into a really gray area when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a really gray area when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a really gray area when you
+start saying well I'm including these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start saying well I'm including these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start saying well I'm including these
+but I'm only going to include eight 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm only going to include eight 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm only going to include eight 15
+25% Etc so as the answer of which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% Etc so as the answer of which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% Etc so as the answer of which is the
+correct one uh there really isn't one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one uh there really isn't one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one uh there really isn't one
+right so if we look through what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we look through what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we look through what it
+means to do the the corporate carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to do the the corporate carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to do the the corporate carbon
+footprint it typically starts uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint it typically starts uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint it typically starts uh with
+defining your your organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining your your organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining your your organizational
+boundary or what method you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or what method you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or what method you're going to
+use to define that and once you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to define that and once you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to define that and once you've done
+that it all starts to flow from that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it all starts to flow from that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it all starts to flow from that um
+and especially there's usually a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially there's usually a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially there's usually a minimum
+standard slide so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard slide so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard slide so if you look at the
+greenhouse gas protocol they say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol they say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol they say in
+order to follow our standard you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to follow our standard you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to follow our standard you take
+this approach of deciding what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach of deciding what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach of deciding what your
+organizational boundary is and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational boundary is and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational boundary is and then you
+must account for the scope one and scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must account for the scope one and scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must account for the scope one and scope
+two emissions right so once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two emissions right so once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two emissions right so once you've
+decided that organizational boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that organizational boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that organizational boundary
+scope one and scope two you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope one and scope two you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope one and scope two you have to
+include uh the scope three tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh the scope three tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh the scope three tend to be
+optional and so it's up to the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional and so it's up to the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional and so it's up to the company
+to decide and I think most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide and I think most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide and I think most people would
+say it's the more scope three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the more scope three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the more scope three you
+include the better because that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the better because that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the better because that you're
+bringing more into right more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing more into right more of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing more into right more of them
+become your responsibility start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become your responsibility start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become your responsibility start taking
+more care about what you're doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more care about what you're doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more care about what you're doing with
+those but there's no requirement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but there's no requirement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but there's no requirement that
+says you have to uh for most scope three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have to uh for most scope three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have to uh for most scope three
+there's also one other issue which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also one other issue which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also one other issue which is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um for some regulatory issues you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some regulatory issues you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some regulatory issues you may
+actually even choose something less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even choose something less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even choose something less than
+this so um right if you're uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so um right if you're uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so um right if you're uh the
+California air resources board right has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California air resources board right has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California air resources board right has
+regulations there's different Regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations there's different Regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations there's different Regional
+greenhouse gas initiatives if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas initiatives if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas initiatives if you're
+operating in Europe uh you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in Europe uh you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in Europe uh you may have
+things where you're required to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you're required to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you're required to report
+on emissions that happen in a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on emissions that happen in a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on emissions that happen in a even
+smaller boundary right so in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller boundary right so in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller boundary right so in California
+might be just in the state of California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be just in the state of California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be just in the state of California
+or if you're involved in the the EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're involved in the the EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're involved in the the EU
+emissions trading scheme you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions trading scheme you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions trading scheme you might have
+some emissions that occur just in the EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some emissions that occur just in the EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some emissions that occur just in the EU
+and you might report even a a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might report even a a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might report even a a subset of
+these that fall within that boundary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that fall within that boundary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that fall within that boundary so
+uh there's a lot of different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of different ways of
+how we dice up what the the company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we dice up what the the company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we dice up what the the company's
+carbon footprint is so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint is so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint is so that's that's
+sort of the first thing to look for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first thing to look for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first thing to look for is
+when a company starts reporting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a company starts reporting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a company starts reporting and
+starts making announcements of this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts making announcements of this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts making announcements of this how
+much information do they give about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information do they give about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information do they give about what
+they included and can you start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they included and can you start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they included and can you start looking
+at where the where where those emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where the where where those emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where the where where those emissions
+in the supply chain came from change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supply chain came from change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supply chain came from change
+standard to make it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to make it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to make it a little more
+uniform in terms of like you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in terms of like you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in terms of like you know people
+should report on this to try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should report on this to try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should report on this to try to make the
+numbers make a little more sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers make a little more sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers make a little more sense for
+companies across a certain industry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies across a certain industry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies across a certain industry yeah
+so a couple things so one is um it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple things so one is um it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple things so one is um it's as
+hard to do it's basically they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do it's basically they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do it's basically they're trying
+to take accounting principles and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take accounting principles and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take accounting principles and just
+apply them to carbon right and it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply them to carbon right and it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply them to carbon right and it's hard
+enough getting the accounting principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough getting the accounting principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough getting the accounting principles
+worked out right which is why you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out right which is why you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out right which is why you get
+all sorts of obscure rules and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of obscure rules and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of obscure rules and different
+and different companies making different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different companies making different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different companies making different
+choices about what they include and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about what they include and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about what they include and
+where they include it um when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they include it um when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they include it um when you have
+so the the greenhouse gas protocol has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the greenhouse gas protocol has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the greenhouse gas protocol has
+taken the approach of sort of a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the approach of sort of a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the approach of sort of a generic
+standard that will work for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that will work for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that will work for a lot of
+different uses and what you'll find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses and what you'll find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses and what you'll find is
+that then you might have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you might have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you might have different
+programs that if you want to participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that if you want to participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that if you want to participate
+in this program they might specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this program they might specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this program they might specify
+certain rules that say you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules that say you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules that say you're going to
+have to do this this or this right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this this or this right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this this or this right so a
+voluntary climate uh carbon exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary climate uh carbon exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary climate uh carbon exchanges
+things like that uh they might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh they might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that uh they might decide
+that you must take this approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you must take this approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you must take this approach to
+doing it and then you must include these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and then you must include these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and then you must include these
+emissions um so it's more that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions um so it's more that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions um so it's more that there are
+many different programs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different programs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different programs and the
+greenhouse gas protocol is one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol is one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas protocol is one standard
+and sort of more of a framework perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of more of a framework perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of more of a framework perhaps
+to to think about how we would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think about how we would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think about how we would go
+through doing this uh it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through doing this uh it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through doing this uh it's the most
+widely used one if you look at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used one if you look at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used one if you look at for
+example the carbon disclosure project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the carbon disclosure project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the carbon disclosure project
+right which is collecting all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is collecting all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is collecting all this
+information from companies they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from companies they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from companies they usually
+ask them what they're using right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what they're using right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what they're using right what
+what approach did you use to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what approach did you use to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what approach did you use to do this and
+um it's something like 90 plus% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's something like 90 plus% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's something like 90 plus% of
+companies use the greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies use the greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies use the greenhouse gas
+protocol of and typically that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol of and typically that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol of and typically that means
+scope one scope two scope three they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope one scope two scope three they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope one scope two scope three they
+specify did they use operational control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify did they use operational control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify did they use operational control
+equity share things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that scope three for V and he claim say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scope three for V and he claim say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scope three for V and he claim say
+25% but he should scope one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% but he should scope one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% but he should scope one for the
+commercial truck company so well are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial truck company so well are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial truck company so well are
+weing twice or that 35% so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weing twice or that 35% so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weing twice or that 35% so so this is
+where it gets into different right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it gets into different right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it gets into different right so
+generally um a pro when a program has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um a pro when a program has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um a pro when a program has
+money at stake right then a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at stake right then a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at stake right then a lot of times
+they're very concerned with with double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very concerned with with double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very concerned with with double
+counting right so uh especially uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting right so uh especially uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting right so uh especially uh if
+when you reduce things uh if so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reduce things uh if so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reduce things uh if so if
+you're under the emissions trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're under the emissions trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're under the emissions trading
+scheme or things like that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme or things like that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme or things like that you want to
+make sure two separate organizations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure two separate organizations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure two separate organizations are
+not taking credit for say the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking credit for say the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking credit for say the same
+reduction or not counting it twice so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction or not counting it twice so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction or not counting it twice so in
+that sense if you're participating in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense if you're participating in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense if you're participating in a
+program like that it might say and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program like that it might say and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program like that it might say and this
+is how most of the regulatory programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how most of the regulatory programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how most of the regulatory programs
+work you only report scope one emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you only report scope one emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you only report scope one emissions
+right so they're actually going after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're actually going after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're actually going after
+the power companies uh refineries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power companies uh refineries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power companies uh refineries the
+main manufacturing plants and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main manufacturing plants and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main manufacturing plants and not
+getting down to the level of um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down to the level of um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down to the level of um you know
+individual carriers it's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual carriers it's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual carriers it's starting to
+move that way especially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that way especially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that way especially as
+transportation is added in the in the EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation is added in the in the EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation is added in the in the EU
+trading scheme but um that usually then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading scheme but um that usually then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading scheme but um that usually then
+takes a different approach to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a different approach to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a different approach to what it
+means right so you you would likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right so you you would likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right so you you would likely
+report specifically to the EU trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report specifically to the EU trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report specifically to the EU trading
+scheme based on their requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme based on their requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme based on their requirements for
+it and what you do as sort of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what you do as sort of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what you do as sort of your own
+corporate disclosure whether in your CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate disclosure whether in your CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate disclosure whether in your CSR
+reports or something else it's up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports or something else it's up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports or something else it's up to you
+to include so both of you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include so both of you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include so both of you may be
+claiming the same emissions um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming the same emissions um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming the same emissions um but in
+general the the question is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the the question is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the the question is whether
+that's a problem or not and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem or not and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem or not and if there's
+no money or anything changing hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money or anything changing hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money or anything changing hands
+there's not a a defined financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a a defined financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a a defined financial
+payment going on it's usually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment going on it's usually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment going on it's usually not a
+problem to include the double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to include the double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to include the double counting
+because you have two companies taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have two companies taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have two companies taking
+responsibility for it and trying to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for it and trying to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for it and trying to work
+to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce
+it but yeah so all the emissions at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but yeah so all the emissions at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but yeah so all the emissions at some
+point are somebody's scope one somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point are somebody's scope one somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point are somebody's scope one somebody
+burned the the fuel or did whatever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned the the fuel or did whatever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned the the fuel or did whatever to
+uh produce it okay so in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh produce it okay so in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh produce it okay so in terms of the
+carbon footprint there's a lot of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint there's a lot of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint there's a lot of even
+with the standards and things in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the standards and things in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the standards and things in place
+there's a lot of discretion about what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of discretion about what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of discretion about what a
+company can include um the the the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company can include um the the the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company can include um the the the more
+important thing is to recognize how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is to recognize how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is to recognize how you
+draw an organizational boundary and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an organizational boundary and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an organizational boundary and then
+sort of what you have to uh report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what you have to uh report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what you have to uh report
+whether it's through a program or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's through a program or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's through a program or a
+standard or sort of these uh minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard or sort of these uh minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard or sort of these uh minimum
+requirements uh the other thing is so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh the other thing is so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh the other thing is so so
+on the uh adiss sources because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh adiss sources because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh adiss sources because
+especially when you we get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you we get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you we get into this
+idea of that if you're in a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of that if you're in a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of that if you're in a program that
+you have to report scope one or scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to report scope one or scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to report scope one or scope
+two identifying where they are uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identifying where they are uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identifying where they are uh is
+going to be sort of an important piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of an important piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of an important piece
+and typically when you report emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically when you report emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically when you report emissions
+they're going to ask you to report them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to ask you to report them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to ask you to report them
+Broken Out by scope one scope two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broken Out by scope one scope two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broken Out by scope one scope two and
+scope three so if we look at the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope three so if we look at the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope three so if we look at the supply
+chain and these different sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and these different sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and these different sources of
+emissions in here where are the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in here where are the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in here where are the scope
+one emissions going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beope is going to be the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beope is going to be the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beope is going to be the direct
+emissions from both factories and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from both factories and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from both factories and the
+emissions from the trucks we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from the trucks we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from the trucks we actually
+own right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own right
+so so we're going to have our private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're going to have our private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're going to have our private
+fleet right we own these trucks so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet right we own these trucks so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet right we own these trucks so the
+emissions they burn are are direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions they burn are are direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions they burn are are direct
+emissions we have the Michigan plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions we have the Michigan plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions we have the Michigan plant
+which we own so those direct emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we own so those direct emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we own so those direct emissions
+are going to be our scope one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be our scope one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be our scope one and then
+these would be scope one provided we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be scope one provided we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be scope one provided we
+were considering the Shanghai plant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were considering the Shanghai plant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were considering the Shanghai plant to
+be part of our our uh organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of our our uh organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of our our uh organization
+boundary if we excluded it then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary if we excluded it then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary if we excluded it then those
+would move to uh to scope three and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move to uh to scope three and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move to uh to scope three and it
+may be that if we took that equity share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that if we took that equity share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that if we took that equity share
+approach 50% of them would be scope one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach 50% of them would be scope one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach 50% of them would be scope one
+and 50% of them would be scope three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 50% of them would be scope three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 50% of them would be scope three so
+perhaps a little confusing from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a little confusing from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a little confusing from the the
+reporting standpoint but usually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting standpoint but usually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting standpoint but usually it
+follows straight through from the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows straight through from the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows straight through from the nature
+of the activity that's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the activity that's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the activity that's going on and
+where it happens in relation to my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it happens in relation to my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it happens in relation to my uh
+organizational boundary so our scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two the electricity and the plants as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the electricity and the plants as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the electricity and the plants as
+well as the distribution center right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the distribution center right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the distribution center right
+so the uh the other source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the other source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the other source of
+electricity we have right is at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we have right is at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we have right is at the the
+retailer since we have those those uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer since we have those those uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer since we have those those uh um
+Big Depot we have th those dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Depot we have th those dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Depot we have th those dedicated
+shared spaces um that's usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared spaces um that's usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared spaces um that's usually not
+something that you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're going to have
+direct control over operational control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct control over operational control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct control over operational control
+or whatnot and we it's not necessar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatnot and we it's not necessar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatnot and we it's not necessar it's
+not an equity share or not a stake in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an equity share or not a stake in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an equity share or not a stake in
+the company so that electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so that electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company so that electricity is
+generally going to go under the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally going to go under the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally going to go under the scope
+three which you know scope three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which you know scope three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which you know scope three is
+everything that's not scope one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's not scope one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's not scope one and
+scope two so it all pretty much comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope two so it all pretty much comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope two so it all pretty much comes
+out in the wash once you've done that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the wash once you've done that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the wash once you've done that so
+the important thing is to to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is to to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is to to identify
+what our scope one and scope two is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our scope one and scope two is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our scope one and scope two is and
+again that just comes straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that just comes straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that just comes straightforward
+from the nature of the emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nature of the emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nature of the emissions and
+where it falls within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it falls within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it falls within your
+organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary so that so that's a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so that so that's a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so that so that's a decision
+you would make before you even started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would make before you even started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would make before you even started
+the exercise would be the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise would be the the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise would be the the right
+thing to do right is to decide what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do right is to decide what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do right is to decide what the
+first step in the process is to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step in the process is to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step in the process is to decide
+what your approach is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your approach is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your approach is going to be
+yeah so then I would divide the emiss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then I would divide the emiss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then I would divide the emiss so
+in your worksheet it won't work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your worksheet it won't work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your worksheet it won't work that way
+because I only gave you one column to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I only gave you one column to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I only gave you one column to uh
+to but then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but then I would
+report 50% of those as scope one 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report 50% of those as scope one 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report 50% of those as scope one 50% of
+these as scope two and the other 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as scope two and the other 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as scope two and the other 50% of
+each as as scope three so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each as as scope three so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each as as scope three so this is what
+the share of uh scope one scope two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of uh scope one scope two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of uh scope one scope two and
+scope three emissions look like um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope three emissions look like um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope three emissions look like um from
+what people reported some a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people reported some a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people reported some a little
+thrown off because if you right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown off because if you right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown off because if you right if
+you're miscalculated a little bit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're miscalculated a little bit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're miscalculated a little bit then
+the uh right the the ocean shipment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh right the the ocean shipment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh right the the ocean shipment or
+the LTL might have contributed a vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LTL might have contributed a vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LTL might have contributed a vast
+majority um most of you included some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority um most of you included some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority um most of you included some
+manner of scope 3 in in your um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner of scope 3 in in your um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner of scope 3 in in your um in the
+carbon footprint um a few at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint um a few at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint um a few at least
+didn't right so you could there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't right so you could there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't right so you could there's no
+reason that you necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you necessarily have to
+include all the scope 3 so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all the scope 3 so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all the scope 3 so you could
+easily uh exclude those so uh that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh exclude those so uh that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh exclude those so uh that's one
+thing to keep track of is when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep track of is when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep track of is when we look
+at the corporate carbon footprint right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corporate carbon footprint right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corporate carbon footprint right
+scope 3 is the green for most of you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope 3 is the green for most of you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope 3 is the green for most of you it
+was pretty small because we were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty small because we were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty small because we were only
+looking at in terms of that worksheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at in terms of that worksheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at in terms of that worksheet
+we're only looking at things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only looking at things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only looking at things like the
+transportation and the distribution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and the distribution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and the distribution um
+but as we'll talk about in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we'll talk about in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we'll talk about in a minute
+that's not necessarily really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily really the the
+case in reality but uh in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in reality but uh in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in reality but uh in terms of what
+we report that that's what I saw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we report that that's what I saw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we report that that's what I saw from
+what you guys did um so this is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys did um so this is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys did um so this is data
+from the carbon disclosure project where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the carbon disclosure project where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the carbon disclosure project where
+they looked at uh this is from I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at uh this is from I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at uh this is from I think
+the uh 2014 report so this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh 2014 report so this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh 2014 report so this would have
+been companies that reported their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been companies that reported their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been companies that reported their
+emissions to the CDP in 2013 out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions to the CDP in 2013 out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions to the CDP in 2013 out of the
+financial times 500 and it was asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial times 500 and it was asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial times 500 and it was asking
+them percentage of companies reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them percentage of companies reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them percentage of companies reporting
+scope 3 uh categories and how much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope 3 uh categories and how much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope 3 uh categories and how much uh
+the emissions were by category so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions were by category so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions were by category so this
+is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying
+um for a category like business travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a category like business travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for a category like business travel
+out of the 500 company surveyed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 500 company surveyed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 500 company surveyed or
+whatever almost 80% of them reported the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever almost 80% of them reported the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever almost 80% of them reported the
+emissions from business travel in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from business travel in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions from business travel in their
+carbon footprint estimate right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint estimate right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint estimate right so you
+can tell that's by far the highest um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell that's by far the highest um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell that's by far the highest um
+and some of the things that drive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the things that drive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the things that drive these
+are you know whether you include it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know whether you include it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know whether you include it
+whether you consider it really part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you consider it really part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you consider it really part of
+of your business and generally if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your business and generally if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your business and generally if you're
+sending your employees on travel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending your employees on travel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending your employees on travel uh
+that's sort of um you know you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of um you know you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of um you know you would
+consider those your missions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider those your missions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider those your missions that's
+things you're doing you had control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're doing you had control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're doing you had control over
+that uh even though they flew on United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh even though they flew on United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh even though they flew on United
+Airlines or whatever it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines or whatever it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines or whatever it's something that
+you had control of of whether to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had control of of whether to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had control of of whether to decide
+to send them on travel so you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send them on travel so you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send them on travel so you sort of
+feel a responsibility to include that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a responsibility to include that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a responsibility to include that uh
+that was you know clearly much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was you know clearly much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was you know clearly much higher
+than all of the rest um if you look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all of the rest um if you look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all of the rest um if you look down
+into getting some of these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into getting some of these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into getting some of these other things
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh you know investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know investment
+uh end of life of sold products right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end of life of sold products right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end of life of sold products right
+only 10% maybe of companies reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 10% maybe of companies reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 10% maybe of companies reported
+that um and they have some dat now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and they have some dat now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and they have some dat now the
+problem on this right is uh these bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on this right is uh these bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on this right is uh these bars
+are representing how many how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing how many how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing how many how much the
+actual emissions were so the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual emissions were so the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual emissions were so the companies
+accounted for their business travel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for their business travel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for their business travel but
+it's it's basically an infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically an infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically an infinitesimal
+share of of what what's included right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of of what what's included right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of of what what's included right
+and part of this is driven by how easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of this is driven by how easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of this is driven by how easy
+it is to get this sort of data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to get this sort of data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to get this sort of data right
+your your airline will happily sell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your airline will happily sell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your airline will happily sell you
+a car credit when you when you go to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car credit when you when you go to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car credit when you when you go to buy
+it most of them will but if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most of them will but if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most of them will but if you go back
+uh we did one of these with I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did one of these with I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did one of these with I did a
+corporate carbon footprint with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate carbon footprint with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate carbon footprint with a a
+large retailer and they have all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large retailer and they have all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large retailer and they have all of this
+information sitting in their like travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sitting in their like travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sitting in their like travel
+database so they just dumped it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database so they just dumped it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database so they just dumped it out and
+say Here's every flight every employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Here's every flight every employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Here's every flight every employee
+took you know from this city to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took you know from this city to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took you know from this city to that
+City how far it was Etc so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City how far it was Etc so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City how far it was Etc so it's very
+easy to to calculate some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to to calculate some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to to calculate some of these
+figuring out what happened to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what happened to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what happened to the end of
+life of every single product you sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of every single product you sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of every single product you sold
+right pretty difficult to to uh track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pretty difficult to to uh track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pretty difficult to to uh track
+down and get that information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and get that information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and get that information so
+probably explains why less companies did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably explains why less companies did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably explains why less companies did
+it um and then you look at right only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and then you look at right only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and then you look at right only
+20% of companies uh reported say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of companies uh reported say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of companies uh reported say on the
+use of their sold products but we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of their sold products but we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of their sold products but we saw
+magnitude wise it's more than basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude wise it's more than basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude wise it's more than basically
+every other category uh added up of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other category uh added up of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other category uh added up of the
+ones that did include it right so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that did include it right so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that did include it right so part
+of the thing with scope 3 is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing with scope 3 is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing with scope 3 is that it's
+it's always sort of at your discretion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always sort of at your discretion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always sort of at your discretion
+of what to include and the decision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what to include and the decision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what to include and the decision that
+that uh you know drives it within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know drives it within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know drives it within
+companies is not necessarily how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies is not necessarily how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies is not necessarily how
+important it is but a lot of times how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it is but a lot of times how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it is but a lot of times how
+easy it is to uh to uh get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is to uh to uh get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is to uh to uh get that
+information and also how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and also how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and also how much
+responsibility you feel do you feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility you feel do you feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility you feel do you feel that
+uh right the what happens to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the what happens to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the what happens to the end of
+life of your products is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of your products is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of your products is your
+responsibility or do you consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility or do you consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility or do you consider that
+the consumer the one that decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer the one that decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer the one that decides
+whether to recycle it or throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to recycle it or throw it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to recycle it or throw it away
+or do whatever so maybe you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do whatever so maybe you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do whatever so maybe you decide
+that's not admissions that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not admissions that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not admissions that you want to
+consider in your boundary because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider in your boundary because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider in your boundary because you
+don't have the direct control over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the direct control over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the direct control over it
+whereas employee travel that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas employee travel that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas employee travel that's something
+you do have control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have control
+of okay any questions about the Scopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just to recap some of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to recap some of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to recap some of the uh the
+mechanics of carbon Footprints the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of carbon Footprints the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of carbon Footprints the first
+step determining your organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step determining your organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step determining your organizational
+boundary right and generally that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right and generally that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right and generally that starts
+with deciding what approach you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with deciding what approach you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with deciding what approach you're going
+to take and probably you want to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take and probably you want to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take and probably you want to decide
+that and think about it ahead of time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and think about it ahead of time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and think about it ahead of time uh
+the greenhouse gas protocol spends a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas protocol spends a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas protocol spends a lot
+of time talking about uh aligning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about uh aligning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about uh aligning this
+with your financial and accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your financial and accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your financial and accounting
+reporting right so uh it probably makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting right so uh it probably makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting right so uh it probably makes
+sense especially a large company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense especially a large company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense especially a large company
+publicly traded uh that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly traded uh that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly traded uh that when you're
+going to go through it makes sense to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it makes sense to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it makes sense to go
+through and set this up in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and set this up in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and set this up in the same way
+that you've got your accounting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got your accounting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got your accounting uh
+system set up uh to make that process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system set up uh to make that process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system set up uh to make that process a
+little bit easier once you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier once you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier once you've got the
+organizational boundary set up then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational boundary set up then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational boundary set up then you
+need to start determining your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start determining your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start determining your your
+operational boundary so anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational boundary so anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational boundary so anything that's
+in your organizational boundary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your organizational boundary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your organizational boundary uh
+that's scope one or scope two right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's scope one or scope two right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's scope one or scope two right uh
+of your operations that's the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your operations that's the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your operations that's the things
+you're going to have to include but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to include but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to include but then
+you need to identify which of the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to identify which of the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to identify which of the scope
+three emissions you're going to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three emissions you're going to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three emissions you're going to include
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+generally you're going to right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you're going to right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you're going to right the
+decision of this should generally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of this should generally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of this should generally be
+separate from the decision of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the decision of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the decision of actually
+Gathering the data or doing the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering the data or doing the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering the data or doing the emission
+in theory in practice they're related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory in practice they're related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory in practice they're related
+because you might want to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might want to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might want to include
+something but you can't get the data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you can't get the data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you can't get the data on
+it uh but otherwise you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but otherwise you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but otherwise you're looking at
+this the the situation of uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the situation of uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the situation of uh I'm going
+to measure the emissions and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the emissions and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the emissions and then I'm
+going to include all the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to include all the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to include all the ones that are
+really small and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and I'm not going to
+include the ones that are big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the ones that are big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the ones that are big so
+generally you can think of these as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you can think of these as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you can think of these as a
+set of principles that sort of work down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of principles that sort of work down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of principles that sort of work down
+in order so you're going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order so you're going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order so you're going to decide
+whether something should be included or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something should be included or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something should be included or
+not then once you make that decision go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then once you make that decision go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then once you make that decision go
+out and do the work to uh gather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and do the work to uh gather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and do the work to uh gather the
+data and calculate it and finally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and calculate it and finally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and calculate it and finally uh
+once you've decided what's in what's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've decided what's in what's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've decided what's in what's out
+what you're including uh running out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're including uh running out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're including uh running out and
+Gathering the data and getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering the data and getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering the data and getting the
+appropriate emissions factors from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate emissions factors from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate emissions factors from it
+right so this is usually the tricky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is usually the tricky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is usually the tricky part
+right of going through and uh figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of going through and uh figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of going through and uh figuring
+out uh all those facilities all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh all those facilities all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh all those facilities all that
+Transportation anything related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation anything related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation anything related to the
+scope 3 getting that data uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope 3 getting that data uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope 3 getting that data uh because
+they tend to come from a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to come from a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to come from a lot of
+different data sources right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data sources right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data sources right if you
+think about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about who
+knows um the good news is a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows um the good news is a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows um the good news is a lot of times
+if you've paid a bill for it electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've paid a bill for it electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've paid a bill for it electricity
+fuel things like that right it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel things like that right it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel things like that right it's pretty
+easy to track down from somewhere uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to track down from somewhere uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to track down from somewhere uh but
+as you start getting into it right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start getting into it right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start getting into it right if
+you wanted to to talk about the waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to to talk about the waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to to talk about the waste
+that you're generating at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're generating at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're generating at your
+facilities uh the transportation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities uh the transportation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities uh the transportation where
+it's not uh where you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh where you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh where you're trying to get
+you know how far did things uh go what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how far did things uh go what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how far did things uh go what
+what sort of mode did I use you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of mode did I use you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of mode did I use you have to
+start going out to basically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going out to basically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going out to basically all the
+different parts of your organization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of your organization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of your organization to
+start Gathering that data because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Gathering that data because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Gathering that data because
+there's usually not a single repository
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually not a single repository
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually not a single repository
+where that is uh so the big pain for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is uh so the big pain for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is uh so the big pain for a
+lot of companies is that it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of companies is that it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of companies is that it's a very
+manual process at this stage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual process at this stage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual process at this stage right
+because you're you're pulling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're you're pulling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're you're pulling from the
+transportation management system your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation management system your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation management system your
+Warehouse data your facilities you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warehouse data your facilities you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warehouse data your facilities you're
+getting from the facilities manager your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from the facilities manager your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from the facilities manager your
+procur procurement group is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procur procurement group is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procur procurement group is the one that
+knows what you're buying and who you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what you're buying and who you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what you're buying and who you're
+buying it from where it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it from where it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it from where it's coming from
+and so usually they're going to dump all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so usually they're going to dump all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so usually they're going to dump all
+of that data to an Excel spreadsheet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that data to an Excel spreadsheet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that data to an Excel spreadsheet or
+an access database or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an access database or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an access database or something like
+that and somebody in your organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and somebody in your organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and somebody in your organization
+is going to get stuck with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get stuck with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get stuck with the
+responsibility of taking all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of taking all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of taking all of that
+translating it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating it into the
+calculations if you look at the ghd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations if you look at the ghd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations if you look at the ghd
+protocol right they have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right they have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right they have a bunch of
+calculation tools they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation tools they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation tools they're just
+spreadsheets so it's still a very manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets so it's still a very manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets so it's still a very manual
+process at this stage um right big Erp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at this stage um right big Erp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at this stage um right big Erp
+vendors and things like that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors and things like that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors and things like that will
+happily include some of this carbon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily include some of this carbon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily include some of this carbon uh
+calculation in there so there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in there so there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in there so there there's a
+move to try to get some of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to try to get some of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to try to get some of this uh
+automated um but that's that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated um but that's that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated um but that's that's one of
+the big barriers right now is that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big barriers right now is that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big barriers right now is that uh it
+usually just takes uh some time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually just takes uh some time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually just takes uh some time to get
+it up and get it running within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and get it running within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and get it running within a
+company to figure out the processes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to figure out the processes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to figure out the processes for
+how you calculate the data uh how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you calculate the data uh how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you calculate the data uh how what
+format it comes in who does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format it comes in who does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format it comes in who does the
+calculation how you report it Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation how you report it Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation how you report it Etc
+uh so as part of that data Integrity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so as part of that data Integrity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so as part of that data Integrity is
+a a big issue um right because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big issue um right because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big issue um right because you have
+different people that don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people that don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people that don't necessarily
+know the overall picture calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the overall picture calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the overall picture calculating
+pulling the data for their bit sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the data for their bit sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the data for their bit sending
+it in the biggest problem I've run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the biggest problem I've run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the biggest problem I've run into
+when doing these are missing values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing these are missing values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing these are missing values
+right so you go to one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go to one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go to one of your
+distribution centers and they come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centers and they come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centers and they come back
+with a report that said they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a report that said they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a report that said they used
+electricity fuel oil natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity fuel oil natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity fuel oil natural gas
+refrigerants all of this your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerants all of this your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerants all of this your other
+facility comes back and said here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility comes back and said here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility comes back and said here's our
+electricity bills right are they missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bills right are they missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bills right are they missing
+all of this data or did they really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this data or did they really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this data or did they really just
+not use any of that so um so making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use any of that so um so making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use any of that so um so making sure
+the data you're getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you're getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you're getting is
+complete uh aggregation issues right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh aggregation issues right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh aggregation issues right so
+we saw this um I'll look through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this um I'll look through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this um I'll look through your
+spreadsheets in a little bit uh greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets in a little bit uh greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets in a little bit uh greater
+detail but when I went through it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but when I went through it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but when I went through it and
+did this right so if we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this right so if we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this right so if we looked at the
+data that we gave you in this we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we gave you in this we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we gave you in this we had a
+bunch of data about the ship you sent X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data about the ship you sent X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data about the ship you sent X
+number of shipments by air uh you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shipments by air uh you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shipments by air uh you knew
+the average weight of all the shipments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average weight of all the shipments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average weight of all the shipments
+you sent but we didn't have it broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent but we didn't have it broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent but we didn't have it broken
+out by specific modes um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by specific modes um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by specific modes um so you know
+when I did it I just used the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did it I just used the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did it I just used the average
+weight of the shipment times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the shipment times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the shipment times the number
+of shipments uh times the the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shipments uh times the the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shipments uh times the the average
+distance I had for those modes uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance I had for those modes uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance I had for those modes uh it
+doesn't make sense that my average air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense that my average air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense that my average air
+shipment was going to be 11,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment was going to be 11,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment was going to be 11,000
+kilograms and that my average truckload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms and that my average truckload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms and that my average truckload
+shipment was going to be that right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment was going to be that right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipment was going to be that right I'm
+probably sending probably sending my air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sending probably sending my air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sending probably sending my air
+shipments by a few hundred kilograms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments by a few hundred kilograms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments by a few hundred kilograms at
+a time I'm probably sending the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time I'm probably sending the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time I'm probably sending the the
+truckload right by uh by that 20 tons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truckload right by uh by that 20 tons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truckload right by uh by that 20 tons or
+so so um once you've got the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so um once you've got the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so um once you've got the data
+figuring out what you can do with it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what you can do with it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what you can do with it how
+you get it out in the right way to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it out in the right way to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it out in the right way to to to
+sort of separate it out can be an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of separate it out can be an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of separate it out can be an issue
+U making sure you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U making sure you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U making sure you come up with
+appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+approximations uh and finally finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations uh and finally finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations uh and finally finding
+the right emissions factors uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right emissions factors uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right emissions factors uh one of
+the big thing right pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big thing right pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big thing right pay attention to the
+units uh everybody will report back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh everybody will report back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh everybody will report back in
+in different numbers especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different numbers especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different numbers especially if
+you're a global company you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a global company you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a global company you're going to
+get natural gas back in thms cubic feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get natural gas back in thms cubic feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get natural gas back in thms cubic feet
+cubic meters Jewels whatever um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meters Jewels whatever um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meters Jewels whatever um so
+figuring out uh uh the units that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out uh uh the units that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out uh uh the units that
+everybody's using and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's using and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's using and make sure that
+they are uh that you uh convert those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are uh that you uh convert those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are uh that you uh convert those to
+the appropriate way and app consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate way and app consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate way and app consistent
+set of emissions factors uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of emissions factors uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of emissions factors uh especially
+on things like electricity you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like electricity you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like electricity you're going
+to be able to break it down by uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to break it down by uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to break it down by uh right
+the country level uh Regional Levels by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country level uh Regional Levels by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country level uh Regional Levels by
+where the grid is you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the grid is you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the grid is you can find
+information at the state level even some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at the state level even some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at the state level even some
+municipality level uh the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipality level uh the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipality level uh the question is
+what you don't want to get caught doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't want to get caught doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't want to get caught doing
+is cherry-picking right the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cherry-picking right the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cherry-picking right the right
+emissions Factor so I'm going to use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions Factor so I'm going to use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions Factor so I'm going to use uh
+uh in areas where they use a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in areas where they use a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in areas where they use a lot of
+nuclear I'm going to use my local factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear I'm going to use my local factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear I'm going to use my local factor
+and when I'm in an area that gets its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I'm in an area that gets its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I'm in an area that gets its
+energy from coal I'm going to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from coal I'm going to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from coal I'm going to use my
+national Factor right to sort of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Factor right to sort of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Factor right to sort of uh uh
+keep me from from ever looking too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep me from from ever looking too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep me from from ever looking too bad
+so uh those are just some of the tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh those are just some of the tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh those are just some of the tricks
+going in with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right so one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so one thing is
+uh absolute versus relative measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolute versus relative measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolute versus relative measures
+right all of this carbon footprint data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all of this carbon footprint data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all of this carbon footprint data
+in this sense is getting reported at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sense is getting reported at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sense is getting reported at the
+aggregate level uh that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate level uh that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate level uh that's what's
+important on a on a national or global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important on a on a national or global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important on a on a national or global
+scale right where it's how much total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right where it's how much total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right where it's how much total
+carbon are we pumping into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon are we pumping into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon are we pumping into the
+atmosphere but for a company especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere but for a company especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere but for a company especially
+as your business is growing uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your business is growing uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your business is growing uh you you
+probably want to also have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to also have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to also have some kind of
+relative measure like we in there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative measure like we in there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative measure like we in there we
+were just uh uh measuring per kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just uh uh measuring per kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just uh uh measuring per kilogram
+as well just to understand are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just to understand are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just to understand are you
+getting more efficient or not because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more efficient or not because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more efficient or not because as
+your business changes either growing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business changes either growing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business changes either growing or
+shrinking that's going to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking that's going to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking that's going to change your
+aggregate level of emissions but you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate level of emissions but you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate level of emissions but you may
+actually be getting more efficient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be getting more efficient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be getting more efficient at
+the same time that you're producing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that you're producing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that you're producing more
+aggregate levels of emissions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate levels of emissions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate levels of emissions so you
+probably want to have some other uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to have some other uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to have some other uh um
+measures that you uh calculate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that you uh calculate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that you uh calculate in
+addition to the the absolute one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the the absolute one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the the absolute one and
+expect the carbon footprint to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the carbon footprint to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the carbon footprint to be
+refined over time the main use of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined over time the main use of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined over time the main use of these
+things is to compare an organization's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is to compare an organization's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is to compare an organization's
+year-on-year uh performance so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year-on-year uh performance so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year-on-year uh performance so you're
+picking some year as a baseline year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking some year as a baseline year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking some year as a baseline year and
+trying to measure uh how you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure uh how you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure uh how you're doing
+from that most companies are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that most companies are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that most companies are going to
+set some Target that says we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some Target that says we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some Target that says we want to be
+at 80% of you know 1994 levels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 80% of you know 1994 levels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 80% of you know 1994 levels or
+something like that as your organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that as your organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that as your organization
+changes as you make Acquisitions as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as you make Acquisitions as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as you make Acquisitions as you
+sell off pieces a lot of times you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell off pieces a lot of times you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell off pieces a lot of times you're
+going to have to go back and restate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go back and restate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go back and restate
+previous years emissions so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous years emissions so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous years emissions so that you can
+keep that consistent Baseline going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that consistent Baseline going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that consistent Baseline going uh
+as the emissions factors change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the emissions factors change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the emissions factors change over
+time uh you may have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh you may have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh you may have to go back and
+revisit old calculations and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit old calculations and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit old calculations and things like
+that so just be aware that uh uh that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just be aware that uh uh that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just be aware that uh uh that if
+you're trying to do this for the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do this for the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do this for the goal of
+comparing year on year expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing year on year expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing year on year expect to
+occasionally have to go back and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally have to go back and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally have to go back and think
+about what your previous year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what your previous year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what your previous year's
+emissions actually were in comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions actually were in comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions actually were in comparison to
+what your business looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your business looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your business looks like
+now right so that's the main thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right so that's the main thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right so that's the main thing about
+about the organizational carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organizational carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organizational carbon
+footprint but it doesn't really get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint but it doesn't really get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint but it doesn't really get into
+the other big issues which is what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other big issues which is what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other big issues which is what do
+you do once you have it right so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do once you have it right so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do once you have it right so how
+many of you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disclose yeah so what are the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose yeah so what are the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose yeah so what are the reasons
+that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disclose uh that if you were higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose uh that if you were higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose uh that if you were higher than
+your competitor um the disclosure to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competitor um the disclosure to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competitor um the disclosure to the
+to the list itself is probably more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the list itself is probably more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the list itself is probably more of a
+specific group of users who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific group of users who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific group of users who are
+consuming that data so it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming that data so it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming that data so it's probably not
+going to hurt your consumer base even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hurt your consumer base even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hurt your consumer base even if
+you are a little bit higher and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a little bit higher and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a little bit higher and it
+probably sets you up up to be maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sets you up up to be maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sets you up up to be maybe a
+more transparent organization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more transparent organization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more transparent organization in the
+eyes of the people who review this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes of the people who review this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes of the people who review this data
+so I sort of thought well it as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of thought well it as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of thought well it as long as
+you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have
+egregious numbers in there that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious numbers in there that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious numbers in there that it
+probably can only help you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can only help you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can only help you and the
+general public isn't probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public isn't probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public isn't probably going to
+see this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this data
+anyway if you disclose even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you disclose even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you disclose even if you're
+higher than your competitor it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than your competitor it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than your competitor it gives you
+an opportunity to win the most improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to win the most improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to win the most improved
+award over time and a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award over time and a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award over time and a lot of these
+numbers don't really mean anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't really mean anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't really mean anything to
+Consumers so if you're able to so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers so if you're able to so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers so if you're able to so much
+of this is marketing right so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is marketing right so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is marketing right so if you're
+able to have a headline that says you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a headline that says you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have a headline that says you've
+decreased your carbon footprint in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased your carbon footprint in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased your carbon footprint in your
+products by X percentage that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by X percentage that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by X percentage that could
+actually go farther in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go farther in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go farther in the public
+sphere yeah I think um not disclosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere yeah I think um not disclosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere yeah I think um not disclosing
+would perhaps set you up to look even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would perhaps set you up to look even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would perhaps set you up to look even
+worse because then people might assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because then people might assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because then people might assume
+that you're so though you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're so though you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're so though you might be
+actually worse than your competitor by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worse than your competitor by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worse than your competitor by
+disclosing you set it up and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing you set it up and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing you set it up and you can
+then that say but we're improving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that say but we're improving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that say but we're improving and
+these are the reasons rather than not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the reasons rather than not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the reasons rather than not
+disclosing which they could just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing which they could just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing which they could just assume
+you're just a that's why you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a that's why you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a that's why you don't
+say I thought too that probably what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I thought too that probably what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I thought too that probably what the
+other company ended up doing is defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other company ended up doing is defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other company ended up doing is defining
+a very limited scope so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very limited scope so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very limited scope so in terms of
+being comparing the two I think at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being comparing the two I think at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being comparing the two I think at least
+start a debate about how what this Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a debate about how what this Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a debate about how what this Cod
+should be and how he can compare the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and how he can compare the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and how he can compare the two
+the two companies so um for me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two companies so um for me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two companies so um for me not
+releasing the data was even worse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the data was even worse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the data was even worse that
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+advantage of a uh of well claiming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of a uh of well claiming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of a uh of well claiming that
+they have they all super efficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they all super efficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they all super efficient in
+terms of who who who would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disclose is it is it because fet Co was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose is it is it because fet Co was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose is it is it because fet Co was
+so low I I when most of the uh most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low I I when most of the uh most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low I I when most of the uh most of
+your submissions indicated that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your submissions indicated that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your submissions indicated that as the
+reason but yeah so so seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but yeah so so seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but yeah so so seeing that
+there's so much discretion applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much discretion applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much discretion applied to
+the the figures I I just concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the figures I I just concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the figures I I just concluded that
+was impossible for an uninformed person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was impossible for an uninformed person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was impossible for an uninformed person
+looking at the numbers to know what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the numbers to know what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the numbers to know what went
+into the number and and so like he I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the number and and so like he I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the number and and so like he I
+mean to to the uninformed might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to to the uninformed might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to to the uninformed might might
+think that he's comparing like like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that he's comparing like like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that he's comparing like like with
+like apples with apples but actual case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like apples with apples but actual case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like apples with apples but actual case
+it's not yeah so that's fine yeah I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yeah so that's fine yeah I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yeah so that's fine yeah I I
+think the customer perspective would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the customer perspective would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the customer perspective would be
+a good determining Point here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good determining Point here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good determining Point here in the
+case as I read it it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as I read it it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as I read it it looks like
+customers were paying a lot of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers were paying a lot of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers were paying a lot of attention
+to this and were asking a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and were asking a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and were asking a lot about the
+footprint so I thought it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint so I thought it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint so I thought it would be like
+really bad to be to publish this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad to be to publish this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad to be to publish this just
+out of the blue and impossibly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the blue and impossibly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the blue and impossibly because
+the competitor would have just published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitor would have just published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitor would have just published
+theirs and I think the company might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs and I think the company might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs and I think the company might not
+already be ready to actually publ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already be ready to actually publ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already be ready to actually publ that
+because they were not ready also to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were not ready also to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were not ready also to take
+actions on their manufacturing or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions on their manufacturing or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions on their manufacturing or like
+operations to actually reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to actually reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to actually reduce this
+problem so I think that I would have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I think that I would have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I think that I would have not
+I would have Del it's not that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have Del it's not that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have Del it's not that I would
+have not de Club at all I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not de Club at all I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not de Club at all I would have
+delays the disclosure the time to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays the disclosure the time to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays the disclosure the time to come
+out a strategy and figure out what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a strategy and figure out what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a strategy and figure out what we
+can do to reduce to which part we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to reduce to which part we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to reduce to which part we can
+reduce and to which point we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce and to which point we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce and to which point we can be
+carbon neutral make an announcement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon neutral make an announcement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon neutral make an announcement that
+we're moving on that path and that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving on that path and that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving on that path and that we're
+going to disclose on I don't know 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disclose on I don't know 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disclose on I don't know 2015
+and aim to be carbon neutral in 2020 Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aim to be carbon neutral in 2020 Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aim to be carbon neutral in 2020 Bas
+on our strategy and then move from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our strategy and then move from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our strategy and then move from there
+but I don't think I would have just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think I would have just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think I would have just put
+the number out there without making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number out there without making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number out there without making sure
+in the company that what we can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the company that what we can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the company that what we can do and
+making sure that it's communicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that it's communicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that it's communicated
+properly yeah so if we look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly yeah so if we look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly yeah so if we look at what's
+driving this right the carbon disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this right the carbon disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this right the carbon disclosure
+project is probably the most you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is probably the most you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is probably the most you know
+widely done of public disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely done of public disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely done of public disclosure
+programs right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs right and
+so this is data from the 2012 report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is data from the 2012 report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is data from the 2012 report
+which is the most recent one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most recent one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most recent one that I
+could find this graph for so when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find this graph for so when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find this graph for so when they
+started this in 2003 right they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this in 2003 right they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this in 2003 right they were
+sing this is out of the top 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing this is out of the top 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing this is out of the top 500
+companies in the world 500 largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the world 500 largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the world 500 largest
+companies they were getting less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they were getting less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they were getting less than a
+50% % uh response rate right and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% % uh response rate right and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% % uh response rate right and if you
+I think they they might have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they they might have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they they might have even
+started before that uh but that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started before that uh but that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started before that uh but that's pretty
+much steadily grown over time until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much steadily grown over time until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much steadily grown over time until now
+it's pretty much hovering around the 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much hovering around the 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much hovering around the 80%
+level that it's been there for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that it's been there for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that it's been there for the last
+three years so most of the big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years so most of the big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years so most of the big companies
+are going ahead and disclosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going ahead and disclosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going ahead and disclosing the
+emissions um probably because this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions um probably because this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions um probably because this right
+this is driven by institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is driven by institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is driven by institutional
+investors right so they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors right so they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors right so they have uh
+essentially they get mutual funds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they get mutual funds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they get mutual funds and
+other people to sign on to this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to sign on to this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to sign on to this so it's
+being driven by investors at this St not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being driven by investors at this St not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being driven by investors at this St not
+end consumers right and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end consumers right and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end consumers right and you have the
+same sort of deal with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of deal with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of deal with the the
+businessto business pressure right most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businessto business pressure right most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businessto business pressure right most
+companies somewhere in their um CSR or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies somewhere in their um CSR or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies somewhere in their um CSR or
+in their organization have maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their organization have maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their organization have maybe some
+requirements where they're asking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements where they're asking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements where they're asking their
+suppliers to do this sort of thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers to do this sort of thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers to do this sort of thing to
+report on it um a lot of them are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on it um a lot of them are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on it um a lot of them are not
+yet penalizing you if you don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet penalizing you if you don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet penalizing you if you don't do it
+but they're starting to ask and enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're starting to ask and enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're starting to ask and enough
+people are starting to ask that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to ask that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to ask that most
+companies are starting to respond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are starting to respond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are starting to respond the
+end consumer right the average consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end consumer right the average consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end consumer right the average consumer
+I do not think is paying much attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not think is paying much attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not think is paying much attention
+to whether a company is reported it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether a company is reported it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether a company is reported it's
+carbon footprint or not um right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint or not um right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint or not um right and
+even companies that don't respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even companies that don't respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even companies that don't respond to
+this may be disclosing this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be disclosing this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be disclosing this information
+on their websites or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their websites or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their websites or things like that
+right and the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the other thing is
+that um some of this depends on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um some of this depends on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um some of this depends on when
+these companies started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies started thinking about
+it to to your point of uh right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to your point of uh right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to your point of uh right the
+first time you get it it may not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you get it it may not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you get it it may not be the
+right time to disclose that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time to disclose that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time to disclose that you might
+want to wait a little bit um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wait a little bit um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wait a little bit um one of the
+companies that we did this with I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that we did this with I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that we did this with I think
+we did it with them back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it with them back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it with them back in
+2006 and they didn't start reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and they didn't start reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and they didn't start reporting
+until 2011 so there I mean there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 2011 so there I mean there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 2011 so there I mean there was
+five years between when they first did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years between when they first did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years between when they first did
+their corporate carbon footprint when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their corporate carbon footprint when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their corporate carbon footprint when
+they started answering it and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started answering it and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started answering it and actually
+at the time when we went and did it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when we went and did it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when we went and did it for
+them they didn't even know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they didn't even know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they didn't even know they were
+getting this this survey and so I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this this survey and so I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this this survey and so I went
+and looked at their you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at their you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at their you can actually
+track company's responses over time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track company's responses over time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track company's responses over time on
+the on the CDP and you go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the CDP and you go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the CDP and you go back and look
+and you they had for like the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you they had for like the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you they had for like the first four
+or five years they had a mix of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years they had a mix of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years they had a mix of just
+didn't respond or declined to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't respond or declined to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't respond or declined to respond
+and their VPS of supply chain their CSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their VPS of supply chain their CSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their VPS of supply chain their CSR
+person their communications director and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person their communications director and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person their communications director and
+and marketing none of them even knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marketing none of them even knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marketing none of them even knew
+that they were getting this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were getting this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were getting this and
+declining it right so I don't know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining it right so I don't know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining it right so I don't know who
+it was going to but somebody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to but somebody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to but somebody in the
+organization was taking it and throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization was taking it and throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization was taking it and throwing
+it away right so part of this comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away right so part of this comes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away right so part of this comes down
+to um you know getting this within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you know getting this within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you know getting this within the
+organization just the the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization just the the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization just the the process of
+starting this uh can be useful in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this uh can be useful in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this uh can be useful in terms
+of getting the ball rolling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the ball rolling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the ball rolling of
+understanding where the emissions are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where the emissions are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where the emissions are in
+your organization how to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organization how to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organization how to respond to
+these giving you time to start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these giving you time to start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these giving you time to start thinking
+about how you're going to formulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're going to formulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're going to formulate a
+response to win uh right when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to win uh right when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to win uh right when the
+pressure might start mounting a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure might start mounting a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure might start mounting a little
+bit more right because the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more right because the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more right because the other thing
+that these investors are doing is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these investors are doing is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these investors are doing is sort
+of pressuring the SEC to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressuring the SEC to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressuring the SEC to make it a
+mandated requirement right in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandated requirement right in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandated requirement right in the same
+way they might uh disclose other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they might uh disclose other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they might uh disclose other
+financial information or other their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information or other their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information or other their
+public disclosures to start releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public disclosures to start releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public disclosures to start releasing
+some of this information as mandatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this information as mandatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this information as mandatory
+SEC filing so most companies would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC filing so most companies would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC filing so most companies would
+prefer to avoid that so uh some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to avoid that so uh some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to avoid that so uh some of it
+could be seen as a bit of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be seen as a bit of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be seen as a bit of risk
+mitigation that if you disclose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation that if you disclose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation that if you disclose
+voluntarily now and enough companies go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily now and enough companies go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily now and enough companies go
+along with this you can avoid sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this you can avoid sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this you can avoid sort of
+the regulation that comes down the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation that comes down the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation that comes down the road
+a quick question um do you think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick question um do you think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick question um do you think there's
+Industries where there's way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries where there's way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries where there's way more
+pressure to to answer than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to to answer than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to to answer than others
+because my my original interest was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my my original interest was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my my original interest was
+doing Amazon they don't report it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Amazon they don't report it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Amazon they don't report it and
+then I was looking for comparables just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was looking for comparables just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was looking for comparables just
+in case to see if we if I could find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case to see if we if I could find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case to see if we if I could find a
+market leader in e-commerce and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market leader in e-commerce and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market leader in e-commerce and I found
+no leaders in that specific industry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no leaders in that specific industry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no leaders in that specific industry so
+I don't know uh how that is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know uh how that is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know uh how that is this is
+something we've talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've talked about uh
+informally in our research and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally in our research and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally in our research and there's
+there um part of this comes from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um part of this comes from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um part of this comes from uh
+looking at okay so what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at okay so what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at okay so what happens if you
+don't respond right So eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't respond right So eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't respond right So eventually
+there's enough buildup of pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough buildup of pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough buildup of pressure to
+get boycotts or things like that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get boycotts or things like that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get boycotts or things like that going
+right and the ability to withstand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the ability to withstand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the ability to withstand you
+know the the research on why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the research on why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the research on why do
+companies give into these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies give into these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies give into these sort of
+Demands tends to come down to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demands tends to come down to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demands tends to come down to the fact
+that one it's tends to be cheaper just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one it's tends to be cheaper just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one it's tends to be cheaper just
+to do it right you really just need like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right you really just need like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right you really just need like
+an intern and some people to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intern and some people to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intern and some people to actually
+take the time to pull this data together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time to pull this data together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time to pull this data together
+to do this right it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this right it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this right it's not that
+complicated and most big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and most big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and most big companies
+already have a department that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a department that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a department that does this
+sort of thing uh so the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing uh so the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing uh so the the the the
+transaction cost essentially to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction cost essentially to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction cost essentially to do this
+is pretty low so they give in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty low so they give in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty low so they give in the other
+thing has to do with whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to do with whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to do with whether you're
+consumer facing and brand oriented or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer facing and brand oriented or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer facing and brand oriented or
+not uh and what your Market position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and what your Market position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and what your Market position is
+and the stronger your Market position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stronger your Market position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stronger your Market position is
+the less you have to care what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you have to care what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you have to care what what
+people think so somebody like Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think so somebody like Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think so somebody like Amazon
+Apple may not feel that they necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple may not feel that they necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple may not feel that they necessarily
+have to do these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and again and and why they measure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and again and and why they measure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and again and and why they measure um
+right so one of the things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one of the things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one of the things to think
+about this is that there's external and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that there's external and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that there's external and
+internal reasons that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reasons that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reasons that you might want to
+do this measure right the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this measure right the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this measure right the same way that
+any accounting system you might have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any accounting system you might have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any accounting system you might have an
+external financial reporting system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external financial reporting system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external financial reporting system you
+might have your internal managerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have your internal managerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have your internal managerial
+systems that you use for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you use for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you use for something
+different uh so you know most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh so you know most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh so you know most of this
+tends to be to put it in a CSR report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be to put it in a CSR report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be to put it in a CSR report
+investors or customers asking for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors or customers asking for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors or customers asking for you um
+you know you might have regulation to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have regulation to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have regulation to do
+it but you might also have some internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you might also have some internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you might also have some internal
+ones to do it right is you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to do it right is you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to do it right is you might want to
+uh if you're setting goals internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're setting goals internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're setting goals internally
+right in preparation for eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in preparation for eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in preparation for eventually
+disclosing you might want to do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing you might want to do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing you might want to do this so
+you can understand where the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand where the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand where the carbon
+footprint is you can set targets you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint is you can set targets you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint is you can set targets you can
+start putting requirements on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting requirements on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting requirements on your
+managers uh you can figure out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers uh you can figure out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers uh you can figure out you know
+where this is the other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the other thing to
+remember is that the boundaries you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the boundaries you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the boundaries you use
+for this don't have to be the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this don't have to be the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this don't have to be the same right
+so you can you can include especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can include especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can include especially in
+the internal business you can include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal business you can include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal business you can include
+whatever you want to include in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to include in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to include in that
+measurement right so to help you drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement right so to help you drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement right so to help you drive
+reductions at your suppliers you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions at your suppliers you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions at your suppliers you might
+have an internal system uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an internal system uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an internal system uh where you
+grade managers and your procurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade managers and your procurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade managers and your procurement
+department or transportation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department or transportation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department or transportation in terms of
+emissions that would be scope three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions that would be scope three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions that would be scope three but
+at the same time you may not include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you may not include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you may not include
+those in your in your external report so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in your in your external report so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in your in your external report so
+um again there's different uses for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again there's different uses for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again there's different uses for the
+the information and depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information and depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information and depending on what
+you want to do with it you might draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do with it you might draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do with it you might draw
+the boundary in a in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary in a in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary in a in a separate
+way all right so the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right so the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right so the other thing is that
+I want to cover before I'll wrap up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cover before I'll wrap up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cover before I'll wrap up here
+is does it make sense to compare widget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does it make sense to compare widget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does it make sense to compare widget
+Co and far Co right we saw feric Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co and far Co right we saw feric Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co and far Co right we saw feric Co
+55,000 tons right very small right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55,000 tons right very small right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55,000 tons right very small right and
+so the question is is it is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is it is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is it is is it
+worthwhile to compare companies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to compare companies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to compare companies that are
+direct competitors to each other uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct competitors to each other uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct competitors to each other uh but
+because of their operations they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their operations they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their operations they may be
+doing something differently right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something differently right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something differently right so I
+actually the the feret company uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the feret company uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the feret company uh
+numbers actually I made a uh I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers actually I made a uh I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers actually I made a uh I made a
+fake supply chain with with data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake supply chain with with data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake supply chain with with data the
+same way I did for that for uh or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I did for that for uh or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I did for that for uh or that
+had been done for widget Co um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been done for widget Co um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been done for widget Co um right
+they have they use contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they use contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they use contract
+manufacturers right as opposed to owning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers right as opposed to owning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers right as opposed to owning
+their own manufacturing plants and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own manufacturing plants and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own manufacturing plants and I
+just assumed that they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that they have the same
+efficiency as your Shanghai PL does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as your Shanghai PL does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as your Shanghai PL does uh
+they produce less right if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce less right if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce less right if you if you
+look at the numbers their revenues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the numbers their revenues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the numbers their revenues are
+lower uh they produce uh uh you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh they produce uh uh you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh they produce uh uh you sell
+about 84 million kg of products they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 84 million kg of products they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 84 million kg of products they
+sold 50 million so they don't produce as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold 50 million so they don't produce as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold 50 million so they don't produce as
+much but their efficiency per unit was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but their efficiency per unit was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but their efficiency per unit was
+the same here uh I made up a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same here uh I made up a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same here uh I made up a supply
+chain where they had a different model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain where they had a different model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain where they had a different model
+which is local sales offices serving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is local sales offices serving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is local sales offices serving
+industrial consumers U because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial consumers U because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial consumers U because they have
+a longer supply chain because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer supply chain because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer supply chain because all of
+their manufacturing goes on in Asia uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manufacturing goes on in Asia uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manufacturing goes on in Asia uh I
+assume they used uh ocean and then Rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they used uh ocean and then Rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they used uh ocean and then Rail
+and that they had a network of 4 DCS a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they had a network of 4 DCS a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they had a network of 4 DCS a
+bunch of local sales offices and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of local sales offices and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of local sales offices and then a
+a local Fleet that did trans that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local Fleet that did trans that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local Fleet that did trans that did
+the transportation there so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation there so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation there so I actually
+figured out what these numbers would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what these numbers would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what these numbers would be
+and and and calculated and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and calculated and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and calculated and that's where
+that 55,000 tons came up the big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 55,000 tons came up the big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 55,000 tons came up the big issue
+though right if we looked at what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though right if we looked at what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though right if we looked at what I
+would sort of consider widget Co bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of consider widget Co bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of consider widget Co bound
+boundary and what most of you did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and what most of you did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and what most of you did is
+that you're basically stuck reporting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're basically stuck reporting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're basically stuck reporting on
+the Michigan plant and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Michigan plant and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Michigan plant and the and the
+California and and Georgia DC and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and and Georgia DC and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and and Georgia DC and your
+private fleet uh most of you included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private fleet uh most of you included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private fleet uh most of you included
+some share of the Shanghai plant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some share of the Shanghai plant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some share of the Shanghai plant right
+and as we saw the emissions were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we saw the emissions were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we saw the emissions were being
+driven by what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by what's going on with the
+manufacturing plant that was by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant that was by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant that was by far the
+largest source of emissions it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest source of emissions it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest source of emissions it was
+something like 85% of the entire supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 85% of the entire supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 85% of the entire supply
+chain emissions are coming in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain emissions are coming in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain emissions are coming in there
+widget codes using a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget codes using a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget codes using a contract
+manufacturers right so none of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers right so none of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers right so none of this
+Falls within their scope one and scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls within their scope one and scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls within their scope one and scope
+two uh they have a similar distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh they have a similar distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh they have a similar distribution
+operation to you I included their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to you I included their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to you I included their
+distribution all the way their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution all the way their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution all the way their
+transportation all the way up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation all the way up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation all the way up to the
+industrial uh um uh customers that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial uh um uh customers that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial uh um uh customers that they
+have uh but when we do it this way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh but when we do it this way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh but when we do it this way we
+draw these different boundaries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these different boundaries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these different boundaries that
+allows them to exclude this piece right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to exclude this piece right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to exclude this piece right
+since they don't own it they're buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they don't own it they're buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they don't own it they're buying
+they they don't even necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't even necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't even necessarily have
+operational control if they're just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control if they're just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational control if they're just you
+know doing uh contracts with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know doing uh contracts with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know doing uh contracts with different
+manufacturers to do it along the way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers to do it along the way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers to do it along the way um
+so this is what happens is that uh under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what happens is that uh under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what happens is that uh under
+these different definitions of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different definitions of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different definitions of what we
+might consider the supply chain we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider the supply chain we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider the supply chain we're
+going to get different numbers and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get different numbers and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get different numbers and one
+of the things to remember is Faro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things to remember is Faro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things to remember is Faro is
+always going to have a smaller looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have a smaller looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have a smaller looking
+number just because they sell less Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number just because they sell less Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number just because they sell less Goods
+right so I did uh at the at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I did uh at the at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I did uh at the at sort of the
+the smallest level the corporate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest level the corporate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest level the corporate level
+which is uh you know down into that 370
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh you know down into that 370
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh you know down into that 370
+level 370 something, tons uh if widgetco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 370 something, tons uh if widgetco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 370 something, tons uh if widgetco
+does that it's 4.51 per unit faret Co is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that it's 4.51 per unit faret Co is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that it's 4.51 per unit faret Co is
+about 48,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 48,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 48,000
+.95 uh this is what I saying I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.95 uh this is what I saying I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.95 uh this is what I saying I was
+publicly disclosed which I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly disclosed which I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly disclosed which I was going to
+include the equity share of uh of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the equity share of uh of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the equity share of uh of what
+goes on in Shanghai uh faret code that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on in Shanghai uh faret code that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on in Shanghai uh faret code that's
+their disclosed number that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their disclosed number that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their disclosed number that includes
+some of those scope three and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those scope three and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those scope three and that's
+what I gave you in in the case but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I gave you in in the case but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I gave you in in the case but if we
+look at the supply chain if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the supply chain if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the supply chain if we look at
+this end to end What It Takes rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end to end What It Takes rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end to end What It Takes rather
+than and ignore who owns what uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than and ignore who owns what uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than and ignore who owns what uh right
+their emissions are still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their emissions are still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their emissions are still going to be
+less but on a per unit basis I came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but on a per unit basis I came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but on a per unit basis I came up
+with a higher number right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher number right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher number right so this is
+what a lot of you got to in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of you got to in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of you got to in your in your
+writeups and discussion is uh reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writeups and discussion is uh reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writeups and discussion is uh reporting
+at the organizational level makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the organizational level makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the organizational level makes you
+look worse perhaps than than faret code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look worse perhaps than than faret code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look worse perhaps than than faret code
+does if we're just disclosing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if we're just disclosing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if we're just disclosing this
+carbon footprint so uh when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so uh when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so uh when you're going
+in and and thinking about that as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and thinking about that as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and thinking about that as a as a
+disclosure strategy that's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure strategy that's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure strategy that's obviously
+something you want to include and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to include and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to include and in
+this case right a lot of companies tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case right a lot of companies tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case right a lot of companies tend
+to want to be less transparent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to be less transparent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to be less transparent right
+they they far might disclose this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they far might disclose this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they far might disclose this number
+and then say nothing about it knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say nothing about it knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say nothing about it knowing
+that it's going to be low so perhaps uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be low so perhaps uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be low so perhaps uh
+transparency is your friend in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency is your friend in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency is your friend in this case
+when you disclose yours you can say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you disclose yours you can say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you disclose yours you can say we
+include these because we own this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include these because we own this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include these because we own this this
+and this and then maybe when somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and then maybe when somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and then maybe when somebody
+looks at faret code and they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at faret code and they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at faret code and they're trying
+to figure out why their emissions are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out why their emissions are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out why their emissions are so
+low and they say well there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and they say well there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and they say well there's no
+information available then they'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available then they'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available then they'll see
+that as there's a push for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as there's a push for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as there's a push for more
+transparency and they start having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and they start having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and they start having to
+disclose perhaps you know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose perhaps you know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose perhaps you know what they're
+including what they're not it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what they're not it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what they're not it starts to
+come to light a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to light a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to light a little bit more
+really it's because they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's because they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's because they're doing
+different things in their supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things in their supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things in their supply chain
+that you are their organiz right supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are their organiz right supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are their organiz right supply
+chain is very similar a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is very similar a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is very similar a little bit
+different right uh in terms of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right uh in terms of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right uh in terms of of how
+they sell but they're doing essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell but they're doing essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell but they're doing essentially
+the same activities for very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same activities for very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same activities for very similar
+products but it can produce a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but it can produce a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but it can produce a very
+different corporate carbon footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different corporate carbon footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different corporate carbon footprint
+depending on on where you draw those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on where you draw those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on where you draw those
+boundaries and uh this is starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and uh this is starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and uh this is starting to
+get a lot more attention so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot more attention so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot more attention so this is this
+is uh data that Apple released right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh data that Apple released right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh data that Apple released right so
+they actually have a lot of good data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have a lot of good data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have a lot of good data
+about their environmental impact Ta on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their environmental impact Ta on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their environmental impact Ta on
+their uh web page but the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh web page but the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh web page but the thing that
+they were showing is that out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were showing is that out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were showing is that out of their
+total end to end everything from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total end to end everything from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total end to end everything from the the
+raw materials that go into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw materials that go into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw materials that go into their
+products to customer use and eventual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to customer use and eventual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to customer use and eventual
+disposal Apple only owns 2% of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal Apple only owns 2% of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal Apple only owns 2% of those
+emissions at their facilities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions at their facilities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions at their facilities right
+everything else is Outsource they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is Outsource they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is Outsource they have
+somebody else doing the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else doing the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else doing the manufacturing
+somebody else is doing the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is doing the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is doing the uh
+Transportation somebody else does the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation somebody else does the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation somebody else does the uh
+raw materials Etc uh and yet they've won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw materials Etc uh and yet they've won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw materials Etc uh and yet they've won
+the best supply chain award from Gartner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best supply chain award from Gartner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best supply chain award from Gartner
+for the last six years right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last six years right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last six years right so there
+there's a we're the idea of the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a we're the idea of the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a we're the idea of the supply
+chain is no longer the the idea that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is no longer the the idea that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is no longer the the idea that I'm
+owning that right they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owning that right they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owning that right they're they're
+managing all of these activities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing all of these activities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing all of these activities but
+they aren't necessarily doing them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't necessarily doing them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't necessarily doing them in
+any of their facilities so does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of their facilities so does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of their facilities so does it make
+sense for me to try to compare Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for me to try to compare Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for me to try to compare Apple
+against some of these other companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some of these other companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some of these other companies
+right other like uh in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other like uh in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other like uh in the computer
+space they might be competing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space they might be competing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space they might be competing against
+say dell or in the phones they might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say dell or in the phones they might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say dell or in the phones they might do
+Samsung Samsung has 240,000 employees 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samsung Samsung has 240,000 employees 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samsung Samsung has 240,000 employees 40
+manufacturing sites they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sites they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sites they produce
+refrigerators washing machines all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators washing machines all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators washing machines all of
+these things in addition to say the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in addition to say the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in addition to say the uh
+the Galaxy Tab that you might compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galaxy Tab that you might compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galaxy Tab that you might compare to
+the iPhone so does it really make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone so does it really make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone so does it really make sense
+to to compare these sort of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to compare these sort of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to compare these sort of companies
+together on the corporate level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on the corporate level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on the corporate level and the
+answer is increasingly no it doesn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is increasingly no it doesn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is increasingly no it doesn't uh
+and this is not unusual for a company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not unusual for a company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not unusual for a company to
+have a pretty low amount of emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty low amount of emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty low amount of emissions
+being in their facilities uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in their facilities uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in their facilities uh these
+researchers looked at across a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers looked at across a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers looked at across a wide
+range of activities of manufacturers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of activities of manufacturers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of activities of manufacturers of
+goods producers of actual Goods by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods producers of actual Goods by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods producers of actual Goods by
+industry what percent of their emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry what percent of their emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry what percent of their emissions
+were scope one and scope two and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were scope one and scope two and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were scope one and scope two and as you
+can see the the top of the red line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the top of the red line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the top of the red line is
+where the the scope one and scope two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the scope one and scope two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the scope one and scope two
+end uh it can vary a bit but on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh it can vary a bit but on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh it can vary a bit but on average
+they found it at around 25% so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found it at around 25% so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found it at around 25% so most
+companies right that even ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies right that even ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies right that even ones that are
+producing Goods do not own the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Goods do not own the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Goods do not own the majority
+of their emissions in the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their emissions in the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their emissions in the supply chain
+and so we're starting to see expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're starting to see expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're starting to see expansion
+of the greenhouse gas protocol they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greenhouse gas protocol they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greenhouse gas protocol they've
+actually created new standards one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually created new standards one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually created new standards one is
+what they call the uh the value chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call the uh the value chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call the uh the value chain
+approach so this is looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is looking at the
+entire supply chain right from raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire supply chain right from raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire supply chain right from raw
+materials all the way to to product use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials all the way to to product use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials all the way to to product use
+and Disposal and looking at it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Disposal and looking at it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Disposal and looking at it at the
+aggreg level so this is trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggreg level so this is trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggreg level so this is trying to say
+what are the total emissions globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the total emissions globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the total emissions globally
+for everything from beginning to end uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything from beginning to end uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything from beginning to end uh
+and what they've done is they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they've done is they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they've done is they've
+identified different categories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified different categories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified different categories and
+provided some guidance on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided some guidance on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided some guidance on how you
+measure that and so companies can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that and so companies can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that and so companies can now
+start to choose which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to choose which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to choose which of these
+categories they they they report uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories they they they report uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories they they they report uh I
+think they said only one company has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they said only one company has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they said only one company has
+reported emissions in all 14 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported emissions in all 14 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported emissions in all 14 of these
+categories are what they have right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories are what they have right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories are what they have right so
+it's it's an ongoing process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an ongoing process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an ongoing process as
+companies trying to help them include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies trying to help them include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies trying to help them include
+more and more of this so that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of this so that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of this so that that we
+can start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to see
+uh this car disclosure project started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this car disclosure project started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this car disclosure project started
+something called the CDP supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the CDP supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the CDP supply chain
+report uh it was started by Dell L'Oreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh it was started by Dell L'Oreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh it was started by Dell L'Oreal
+couple other companies Walmart is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other companies Walmart is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other companies Walmart is now
+part of it where they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it where they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it where they're actually
+surveying their suppliers and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveying their suppliers and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveying their suppliers and asking
+them the same questions that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the same questions that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the same questions that are in the
+CDP and CDP manages it and helps uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDP and CDP manages it and helps uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDP and CDP manages it and helps uh get
+those responses uh the big thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those responses uh the big thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those responses uh the big thing to note
+is that it started in 2008 uh with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it started in 2008 uh with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it started in 2008 uh with um
+14002 suppliers contracted it's grown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14002 suppliers contracted it's grown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14002 suppliers contracted it's grown to
+to be uh over 5,000 of them so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh over 5,000 of them so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh over 5,000 of them so more
+companies are doing this with more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are doing this with more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are doing this with more of
+their suppliers uh one of the big things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their suppliers uh one of the big things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their suppliers uh one of the big things
+is that the more requests a company gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the more requests a company gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the more requests a company gets
+for this from different uh customers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this from different uh customers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this from different uh customers of
+theirs the more likely they are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs the more likely they are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs the more likely they are to
+respond to it so as this pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to it so as this pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to it so as this pressure is
+increasing starting to see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing starting to see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing starting to see more
+companies willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies willing to
+respond uh and finally to set up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond uh and finally to set up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond uh and finally to set up what
+we're going to talk about next time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about next time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about next time uh
+there's also the J protocol has started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the J protocol has started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the J protocol has started
+a product standard right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product standard right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product standard right so what
+separates a product standard is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates a product standard is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates a product standard is that the
+the value chain I have my company prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value chain I have my company prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value chain I have my company prod
+uses many different products I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses many different products I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses many different products I'm going
+to include everything in the value chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include everything in the value chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include everything in the value chain
+for all of those and I'm going to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of those and I'm going to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of those and I'm going to report
+aggregate emissions product level says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate emissions product level says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate emissions product level says
+now I'm going to instead Focus I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to instead Focus I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to instead Focus I'm going
+to still do this end to endend Upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still do this end to endend Upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still do this end to endend Upstream
+all the way down to Downstream but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to Downstream but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to Downstream but I'm
+going to focus on one specific product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on one specific product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on one specific product
+and I'm going to report it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to report it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to report it at the
+product level so when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product level so when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product level so when we talk about
+labeling uh you know would you put a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling uh you know would you put a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling uh you know would you put a a
+carbon footprint of a product on a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint of a product on a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint of a product on a label
+typically this product standard is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically this product standard is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically this product standard is the
+kind of thing you would need to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing you would need to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing you would need to do and
+that includes right all of the emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes right all of the emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes right all of the emissions
+from beginning to end so that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to end so that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to end so that includes
+in in our example we only talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our example we only talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our example we only talked about
+the manufacturing the distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing the distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing the distribution we
+didn't get into the raw materials the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get into the raw materials the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get into the raw materials the uh
+the disposal all of these things that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disposal all of these things that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disposal all of these things that go
+into it so these uh is actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so these uh is actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so these uh is actually what
+we're going to talk about on Monday when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about on Monday when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about on Monday when
+we talk about life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about life cycle assessment
+which is basically the methodology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the methodology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the methodology for
+how we go into this at the uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we go into this at the uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we go into this at the uh at the
+product level uh so just as a recap for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product level uh so just as a recap for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product level uh so just as a recap for
+that um I posted so essentially there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I posted so essentially there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I posted so essentially there I
+posted an actual report that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted an actual report that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted an actual report that some
+colleagues here at MIT did that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues here at MIT did that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues here at MIT did that looked
+at hand drying systems uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand drying systems uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand drying systems uh they were
+looking at that Dyson airblade right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that Dyson airblade right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that Dyson airblade right
+they're trying to figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to figure out whether
+it's more environmentally friendly to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more environmentally friendly to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more environmentally friendly to do
+that than have paper towels or some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than have paper towels or some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than have paper towels or some of
+these other things so uh for Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things so uh for Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things so uh for Monday
+we're asking you to read that so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you to read that so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking you to read that so it's a
+little bit dry but there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dry but there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dry but there's lots of
+tables and charts so it should uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and charts so it should uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and charts so it should uh it
+should go by fairly quickly but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go by fairly quickly but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go by fairly quickly but it's a
+pretty good example of what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good example of what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good example of what it takes to
+get into the get into the product level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the get into the product level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the get into the product level
+and we'll use that for a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use that for a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use that for a discussion
+about life cycle assessment uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life cycle assessment uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life cycle assessment uh and what
+it means for a company that wants to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means for a company that wants to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means for a company that wants to do
+it at this level and then next Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at this level and then next Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at this level and then next Wednesday
+we have Martin wolf from Seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Martin wolf from Seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Martin wolf from Seventh
+Generation to talk about uh actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation to talk about uh actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation to talk about uh actually how
+their company uses life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their company uses life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their company uses life cycle assessment
+to make sure all the products they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure all the products they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure all the products they're
+selling are environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling are environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling are environmentally
+friendly okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PJ905OQGsBA.txt b/PJ905OQGsBA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..090c6d87ddcaf0e63b0707a4934f88a45fd93090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PJ905OQGsBA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu before we start just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu before we start just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu before we start just a few
+words about the book and the way I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about the book and the way I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about the book and the way I teach
+and reading assignments and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reading assignments and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reading assignments and stuff like
+that so the book is written by a written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the book is written by a written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the book is written by a written
+by a very deire professor at MIT by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a very deire professor at MIT by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a very deire professor at MIT by the
+name of and a very brilliant John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of and a very brilliant John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of and a very brilliant John
+Williams I'm sorry Jim Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams I'm sorry Jim Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams I'm sorry Jim Williams
+Professor James Williams and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor James Williams and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor James Williams and in my
+opinion it's the most complete book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion it's the most complete book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion it's the most complete book um
+for Dynamics for undergrads on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dynamics for undergrads on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dynamics for undergrads on the
+planet right there are graduate books uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet right there are graduate books uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet right there are graduate books uh
+grad school books which are more which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school books which are more which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school books which are more which I
+most tough but this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most tough but this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most tough but this is the best
+reference book I have seen in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference book I have seen in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference book I have seen in how
+complete it is now the uh and I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it is now the uh and I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it is now the uh and I haven't
+found any book better so with it's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found any book better so with it's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found any book better so with it's with
+great pride that we used this book as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pride that we used this book as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pride that we used this book as
+our text um and he wrote it about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our text um and he wrote it about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our text um and he wrote it about 10
+years ago and we kind of brought it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and we kind of brought it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and we kind of brought it back
+right and he's a very interesting man in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's a very interesting man in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's a very interesting man in
+fact at some point I might ask him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact at some point I might ask him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact at some point I might ask him to
+come and give a talk in the class as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and give a talk in the class as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and give a talk in the class as
+well there's a picture of him in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a picture of him in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a picture of him in the
+back now the uh the way that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now the uh the way that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now the uh the way that we're going
+to use the book though is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the book though is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the book though is not in the
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+sense uh you know of the way classes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh you know of the way classes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh you know of the way classes are
+taught we tend at MIT not to go by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught we tend at MIT not to go by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught we tend at MIT not to go by the
+book because we modernize we change we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book because we modernize we change we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book because we modernize we change we
+um invent uh new ways of teaching stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um invent uh new ways of teaching stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um invent uh new ways of teaching stuff
+and we adopt other people's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we adopt other people's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we adopt other people's uh
+techniques um and so on um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um and so on um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um and so on um but
+everything that I'll talk about is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I'll talk about is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I'll talk about is in
+the book right so the way we'll follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book right so the way we'll follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book right so the way we'll follow
+it is in two ways first I will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in two ways first I will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in two ways first I will give you
+reading assignments which will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignments which will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignments which will not
+correspond exactly with the book uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond exactly with the book uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond exactly with the book uh I'm
+sorry which will not correspond exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry which will not correspond exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry which will not correspond exactly
+uh with the way I teach it but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the way I teach it but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the way I teach it but when you
+read it if you really understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it if you really understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it if you really understand what
+I'm saying you'll see what the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying you'll see what the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying you'll see what the book is
+saying so there's the the the essence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so there's the the the essence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so there's the the the essence is
+not different but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different but some of the
+terminology Etc is different I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology Etc is different I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology Etc is different I'll tell
+you what that difference is in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that difference is in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that difference is in a minute
+the second thing is we will use the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is we will use the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is we will use the book
+for problems and the solve problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems and the solve problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems and the solve problems that
+are terrific um so I suggest I I in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terrific um so I suggest I I in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terrific um so I suggest I I in fact
+I I insist that you read the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I insist that you read the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I insist that you read the book and
+the sections that I I recommend in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections that I I recommend in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections that I I recommend in the
+class but the third point is that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but the third point is that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but the third point is that I will
+also give you we will give you handouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give you we will give you handouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give you we will give you handouts
+these are things that I wrote up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things that I wrote up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things that I wrote up last
+year because what happened last year was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because what happened last year was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because what happened last year was
+that a I was doing the class differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a I was doing the class differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a I was doing the class differently
+and um uh because of uh of a snafu where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh because of uh of a snafu where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh because of uh of a snafu where
+the Publishers the book didn't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Publishers the book didn't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Publishers the book didn't show up
+so I just wrote up a kind of a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just wrote up a kind of a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just wrote up a kind of a parallel
+textbook not that many pages but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook not that many pages but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook not that many pages but you
+know 50 to 100 pages and we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50 to 100 pages and we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50 to 100 pages and we'll give
+those um handouts to you in bite-size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um handouts to you in bite-size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um handouts to you in bite-size
+chunks and we recommend you read those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks and we recommend you read those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks and we recommend you read those
+as well so now in in the book The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so now in in the book The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so now in in the book The
+reading assignment from the book so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment from the book so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment from the book so your
+reading assignment is going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment is going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment is going to be like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I want you to read a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and I want you to read chapter 3 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I want you to read chapter 3 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I want you to read chapter 3 it
+might seem like a lot but actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem like a lot but actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem like a lot but actually it's
+a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very quick
+read chapter one is the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read chapter one is the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read chapter one is the history of
+Dynamics and it's a gorgeous piece of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and it's a gorgeous piece of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and it's a gorgeous piece of um
+it's a gorgeous summary of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gorgeous summary of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gorgeous summary of uh you know
+several hundred years of Dynamics and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundred years of Dynamics and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundred years of Dynamics and uh
+strongly recommend you read it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly recommend you read it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly recommend you read it you know
+the thing about some of these subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about some of these subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about some of these subjects
+is that corol is force you know why on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that corol is force you know why on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that corol is force you know why on
+Earth is it called corol is force right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is it called corol is force right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is it called corol is force right
+um and if you read the book If you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you read the book If you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you read the book If you read
+the history it gives you some reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history it gives you some reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history it gives you some reason you
+know we write things in a way because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we write things in a way because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we write things in a way because of
+the way they evolved over history and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they evolved over history and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they evolved over history and if
+you understand the history you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the history you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the history you'll
+understand better why we write things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better why we write things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better why we write things in
+a certain way it'll just make more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way it'll just make more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way it'll just make more sense
+trust me um chapter 3 is on kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me um chapter 3 is on kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me um chapter 3 is on kinematics
+now the fundamental difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fundamental difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fundamental difference between
+me the way we I teach the class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the way we I teach the class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the way we I teach the class and the
+way the book does it is in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the book does it is in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the book does it is in my
+maniacal maniacal um insistence on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniacal maniacal um insistence on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniacal maniacal um insistence on using
+frames of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames of
+reference okay so for example I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so for example I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so for example I would
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write I would never write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I would never write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I would never write
+this I would say you have I would insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I would say you have I would insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I would say you have I would insist
+that if you are taking the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are taking the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are taking the derivative of
+some Vector you specify which frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector you specify which frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector you specify which frame
+you're taking it with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking it with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking it with respect
+to okay and this is a modern way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay and this is a modern way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay and this is a modern way of
+doing it the book would write the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the book would write the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it the book would write the vector
+that way you know it would like write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you know it would like write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you know it would like write
+the derivative like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and the context of which frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the context of which frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the context of which frame
+would be you know it would come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know it would come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know it would come from the
+context right which is okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right which is okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right which is okay you know
+that works because you need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works because you need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works because you need to keep
+track of the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the context
+but the reason I prefer to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason I prefer to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason I prefer to do this is
+first of all even I get confused about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all even I get confused about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all even I get confused about
+context and the second thing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and the second thing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and the second thing is this
+works when you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you have two
+frames right but when you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames right but when you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames right but when you have multiple
+frames the whole relative you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames the whole relative you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames the whole relative you know
+relative is with respect to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative is with respect to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative is with respect to another
+frame but let's say you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but let's say you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but let's say you have three
+frames so relative relative you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames so relative relative you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames so relative relative you know the
+you know the whole relative concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole relative concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole relative concept
+becomes confusing but if you specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes confusing but if you specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes confusing but if you specify the
+frame and say it's with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and say it's with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and say it's with respect to a
+it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very
+clean so fundamentally that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean so fundamentally that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean so fundamentally that's kind of
+where the differences creep in and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the differences creep in and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the differences creep in and once
+I introduce this notation you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce this notation you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce this notation you notice
+just the way I proceed with things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way I proceed with things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way I proceed with things is
+slightly different but when you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different but when you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different but when you read the
+book you'll see what the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you'll see what the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you'll see what the difference is
+are and you'll understand why I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you'll understand why I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you'll understand why I do it
+this way and why Professor Williams does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and why Professor Williams does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and why Professor Williams does
+it the other way but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other way but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other way but there's no
+fundamental difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um that's actually a much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's actually a much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's actually a much deeper
+question than you might imagine let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question than you might imagine let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question than you might imagine let me
+explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why
+um all editions are good except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all editions are good except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all editions are good except the
+editions which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editions which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editions which had
+typos okay so the reason we had a snafu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos okay so the reason we had a snafu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos okay so the reason we had a snafu
+last year was because Professor Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year was because Professor Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year was because Professor Williams
+went to the coupe and pulled out some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the coupe and pulled out some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the coupe and pulled out some of
+the books there and he found they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books there and he found they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books there and he found they had
+typos I mean significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos I mean significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos I mean significant
+typos so he and I started you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos so he and I started you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos so he and I started you know
+screaming in the publisher and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming in the publisher and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming in the publisher and the
+publisher made um one mistake after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher made um one mistake after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher made um one mistake after
+another and took us about 3 months to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and took us about 3 months to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and took us about 3 months to
+get the final textbooks in so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the final textbooks in so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the final textbooks in so there are
+textbooks floating around with typos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks floating around with typos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks floating around with typos and
+perhaps a you can just put a little note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a you can just put a little note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a you can just put a little note
+on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to
+discover the whether your addition has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the whether your addition has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the whether your addition has
+is a bad Edition or a good Edition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad Edition or a good Edition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad Edition or a good Edition okay
+so if you inherited it from someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you inherited it from someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you inherited it from someone else
+you might have a bad Edition all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a bad Edition all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a bad Edition all right
+but if you have a good Edition I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a good Edition I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a good Edition I don't
+care which one okay a any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+mhm yeah so if it's 2006 December you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm yeah so if it's 2006 December you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm yeah so if it's 2006 December you're
+good for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for sure
+if you bought it from C now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bought it from C now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you bought it from C now yeah
+anything you bought from the coupe now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you bought from the coupe now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you bought from the coupe now
+is good but if you inherited anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good but if you inherited anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good but if you inherited anything
+published and say October of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and say October of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and say October of
+2006 um it has some evil stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 um it has some evil stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 um it has some evil stuff in
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so you know if you take this uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if you take this uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if you take this uh you
+know do you know what a gimbal assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you know what a gimbal assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you know what a gimbal assembly
+is a gimbal right anything with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gimbal right anything with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gimbal right anything with a lot of
+degrees of freedom right this this Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom right this this Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom right this this Earth
+thing here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here can
+rotate this way it can rotate this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this way it can rotate this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this way it can rotate this way
+and I I can rotate it this way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I can rotate it this way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I can rotate it this way right
+it's got 3 degrees of freedom this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got 3 degrees of freedom this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got 3 degrees of freedom this is a
+very typical dynamic system in Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical dynamic system in Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical dynamic system in Space
+Systems this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems this is
+standard so but the moment you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so but the moment you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so but the moment you get to
+three the whole concept are relative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the whole concept are relative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the whole concept are relative you
+know relative to the first one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know relative to the first one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know relative to the first one or the
+second one right the whole concept kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one right the whole concept kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one right the whole concept kind
+of breaks down that's why I prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaks down that's why I prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaks down that's why I prefer to
+write a b and c and just kind of Flesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a b and c and just kind of Flesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a b and c and just kind of Flesh
+it out so that's the difference from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so that's the difference from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so that's the difference from the
+book all right but the handouts that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book all right but the handouts that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book all right but the handouts that uh
+we've put we're putting up on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put we're putting up on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've put we're putting up on the web
+today they say it in the right way um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they say it in the right way um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they say it in the right way um or
+say it in a way that's compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it in a way that's compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it in a way that's compatible with
+my thinking and we should be good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thinking and we should be good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thinking and we should be good with
+that okay so these are the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so these are the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so these are the reading
+assignments do read these and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments do read these and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments do read these and the
+handout so let me write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay now um I have uh one favor to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um I have uh one favor to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um I have uh one favor to ask
+of you guys because I left one segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys because I left one segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys because I left one segment
+of my notes at home and uh you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my notes at home and uh you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my notes at home and uh you will
+it'll be good for you to help me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be good for you to help me out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be good for you to help me out
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this tell me what the transformation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell me what the transformation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell me what the transformation if
+you have two frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a with you know A1 and A2 right I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with you know A1 and A2 right I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with you know A1 and A2 right I may
+not write A1 and A2 each time I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write A1 and A2 each time I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write A1 and A2 each time I do it
+because it's a repetitive you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a repetitive you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a repetitive you'll just
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's okay if you have two frames we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if you have two frames we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if you have two frames we have
+those Transformations can someone read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Transformations can someone read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Transformations can someone read
+out the trans transformations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the trans transformations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the trans transformations to
+me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta can anyone read the trans someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta can anyone read the trans someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta can anyone read the trans someone
+please from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes first tell me what A1 is and A2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes first tell me what A1 is and A2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes first tell me what A1 is and A2 is
+in terms of B1 and B2 and then tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of B1 and B2 and then tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of B1 and B2 and then tell me
+what B1 and B2 are in terms of A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 Andrew do you have your notes anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just conver to A and B for me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just conver to A and B for me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just conver to A and B for me I'm
+writing it as a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right just the trick one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just the trick one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just the trick one is going to
+be negative and one is you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative and one is you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative and one is you know this
+it's Q symmetric right this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Q symmetric right this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Q symmetric right this is going to
+be negative this is going to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative this is going to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative this is going to be positive
+these two are positive that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are positive that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are positive that's the
+pattern or you can switch them if Thea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or you can switch them if Thea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or you can switch them if Thea
+gets switched these negative positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets switched these negative positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets switched these negative positive
+things switch all right that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things switch all right that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things switch all right that's just a
+pattern you want to look for so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you want to look for so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you want to look for so what is
+B1 and B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep oh yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you know what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know what's going to happen
+this negative is going to switch that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative is going to switch that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative is going to switch that's
+all that's going to happen right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's going to happen right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's going to happen right because
+sin Theta is um um you know s of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta is um um you know s of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta is um um you know s of minus
+Theta isus sin Theta so these two will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta isus sin Theta so these two will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta isus sin Theta so these two will
+switch so I I'll just write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so I I'll just write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so I I'll just write it down
+quickly and tell me if I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and tell me if I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and tell me if I'm doing it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll keep this as a reference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll keep this as a reference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll keep this as a reference and
+we'll keep coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep coming back to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay all right so here's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so here's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so here's where we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+start we'll start with where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we'll start with where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we'll start with where we left off
+in the last class obviously which is We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last class obviously which is We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last class obviously which is We
+examined the velocity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the velocity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the velocity and the
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+of the spider on the Frisbee as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider on the Frisbee as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider on the Frisbee as the
+Frisbee hurdled through space we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee hurdled through space we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee hurdled through space we did it
+in two Dimensions so the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two Dimensions so the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two Dimensions so the center of the
+center of the Frisbee was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the Frisbee was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the Frisbee was
+moving right and the Frisbee was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right and the Frisbee was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right and the Frisbee was
+rotating and the spider was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and the spider was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and the spider was also
+simultaneously with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously with respect to the
+Frisbee it was walking in a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee it was walking in a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee it was walking in a straight
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+away and we computed the velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and we computed the velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and we computed the velocity and
+the acceleration so if someone could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration so if someone could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration so if someone could
+help me here let us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me here let us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me here let us um
+so in fact here's let me just draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact here's let me just draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact here's let me just draw the
+picture for you we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for you we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for you we had a
+frame which was we called it earth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame which was we called it earth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame which was we called it earth right
+and we called it um I'm going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we called it um I'm going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we called it um I'm going to make it
+a now A and B all right I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now A and B all right I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now A and B all right I'm not going to
+call it E and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore we had a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we had a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we had a frame
+B and the Frisbee was on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the Frisbee was on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the Frisbee was on this
+Frame the distance call this o we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame the distance call this o we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame the distance call this o we call
+this point p and we call this this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point p and we call this this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point p and we call this this point
+where the the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+s frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s frame
+B we call this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we call this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we call this distance
+U we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we call this
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V and uh we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and uh we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and uh we call this
+length what do we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Locus L and we call the angle what Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus L and we call the angle what Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus L and we call the angle what Theta
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+right actually we said E and F but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually we said E and F but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually we said E and F but I'm
+just going to change it to A and B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to change it to A and B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to change it to A and B okay
+because f is also used for force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because f is also used for force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because f is also used for force and
+eventually it'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it'll get
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+um we're not at forces yet we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not at forces yet we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not at forces yet we never
+considered a force in analyzing this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a force in analyzing this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a force in analyzing this why
+do we not even mention the word force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we not even mention the word force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we not even mention the word force in
+analyzing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody I we are in Dynamics yep we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I we are in Dynamics yep we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I we are in Dynamics yep we
+haven't given anything in Mass yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given anything in Mass yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given anything in Mass yet
+there's no Mass you know it's just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Mass you know it's just pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Mass you know it's just pure
+kinematics it's all geometry we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics it's all geometry we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics it's all geometry we're
+trying to figure out as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out as a function of
+theta Theta do theta dot l l do L do u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta Theta do theta dot l l do L do u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta Theta do theta dot l l do L do u u
+do U do v v do V do we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do U do v v do V do we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do U do v v do V do we're trying to
+figure out what the acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the acceleration is
+later on we might put a mass and say f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we might put a mass and say f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we might put a mass and say f
+is equal to ma or something right but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to ma or something right but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to ma or something right but we
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+yet okay so this is the picture now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay so this is the picture now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay so this is the picture now what
+I'd like you to do now is read out to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to do now is read out to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to do now is read out to me
+what that final acceleration was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that final acceleration was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that final acceleration was
+actually both the velocity was both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both the velocity was both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both the velocity was both the
+both both the velocity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both the velocity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both the velocity and the
+acceleration but I want you to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration but I want you to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration but I want you to replace
+en andf with A and B any volunteers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en andf with A and B any volunteers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en andf with A and B any volunteers I
+just want one person yep go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead a how should I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let me ask you a question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me ask you a question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me ask you a question I
+I'll come back I just want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back I just want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back I just want to ask
+something does a rigid body have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity yes it's a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity yes it's a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity yes it's a trick question
+actually I want you to say yes so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want you to say yes so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want you to say yes so I can
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+you say it again is the body St it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it again is the body St it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it again is the body St it
+doesn't sag it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sag it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sag it's
+rigid you just sag right S A sag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid you just sag right S A sag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid you just sag right S A sag
+what did you say static static oh no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you say static static oh no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you say static static oh no no
+no assume the rigid body is moving Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no assume the rigid body is moving Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no assume the rigid body is moving Can
+it have does the whole body have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have does the whole body have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have does the whole body have a
+velocity how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity how does that
+work think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right so good so here's uh Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so good so here's uh Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so good so here's uh Point
+number one there is no such thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one there is no such thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one there is no such thing as the
+velocity of a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of a rigid
+body there is a velocity for a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body there is a velocity for a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body there is a velocity for a point on
+a rigid body it may be by coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body it may be by coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body it may be by coincidence
+that all the points on the rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the points on the rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the points on the rigid body
+are moving with the same velocity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving with the same velocity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving with the same velocity but
+there is no such thing as the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no such thing as the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no such thing as the velocity
+of a rigid body get it this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rigid body get it this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rigid body get it this thing
+doesn't have a velocity right every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a velocity right every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a velocity right every
+Point has a different velocity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point has a different velocity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point has a different velocity right
+it's like saying what's the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying what's the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like saying what's the position of
+uh a person well what the center mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a person well what the center mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a person well what the center mass of
+the person yeah okay I can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person yeah okay I can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person yeah okay I can give you a
+position right but they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right but they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right but they can have
+different velocities so when you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocities so when you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocities so when you talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+velocities the right superscript is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the right superscript is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities the right superscript is
+always a point get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a point get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a point get it
+in this case is a center of mass of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is a center of mass of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is a center of mass of that
+spider that we care about okay only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider that we care about okay only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider that we care about okay only a
+point has a velocity on a rigid body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has a velocity on a rigid body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has a velocity on a rigid body and
+a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame
+whatever make sense okay so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead M actually break let's break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead M actually break let's break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead M actually break let's break it
+out a A1 U dot yeah plus A2 V Dot I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a A1 U dot yeah plus A2 V Dot I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a A1 U dot yeah plus A2 V Dot I I'll
+help me write it this way then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me write it this way then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me write it this way then what's
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term I'm going to write it this way just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm going to write it this way just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm going to write it this way just
+to point something out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just wrote the same thing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote the same thing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote the same thing I just
+bunched the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently okay so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay so this is what we
+design we we we derived as a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we we we derived as a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we we we derived as a velocity
+all right tell me what the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was I want you to break it up like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I want you to break it up like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I want you to break it up like that
+and I know what it is in my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M any other lble dot terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta did consoled some of those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta did consoled some of those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta did consoled some of those terms
+the L do theta dot does it show up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L do theta dot does it show up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L do theta dot does it show up again
+um shows up twice right so I can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shows up twice right so I can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shows up twice right so I can put a
+two here okay and so then the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here okay and so then the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here okay and so then the other one
+is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+A2 and then L do Thea do cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and then L do Thea do cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and then L do Thea do cosine Theta
+and then we have one more set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does there one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there one more
+term oh yeah we missed that okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term oh yeah we missed that okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term oh yeah we missed that okay where
+shall I write it I space I forget it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write it I space I forget it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write it I space I forget it no
+I'm just kidding I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just kidding I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just kidding I can't do
+that okay give me the other term I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay give me the other term I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay give me the other term I'll
+put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 Theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Theta do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Theta do
+2 L cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta Square yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so these are all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so these are all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so these are all the terms
+okay you miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you miss
+anything so I put them up for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I put them up for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I put them up for two
+reasons one is towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is towards the end of the
+last class I was trying to point out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class I was trying to point out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class I was trying to point out a
+pattern to you that's the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to you that's the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to you that's the first thing
+the second thing is I want to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is I want to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is I want to keep a
+record because I'm going to resolve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record because I'm going to resolve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record because I'm going to resolve this
+problem using some additional math later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem using some additional math later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem using some additional math later
+on today and I want this around when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on today and I want this around when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on today and I want this around when we
+get there okay so first let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there okay so first let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there okay so first let me show you
+the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again let's look at this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's look at this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's look at this guy
+first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity so what is this term what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so what is this term what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so what is this term what was
+the pattern what's this you know just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern what's this you know just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern what's this you know just in
+English forget just intuition what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English forget just intuition what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English forget just intuition what's
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term yeah claudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term yeah claudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term yeah claudo
+right that's right it's the motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right it's the motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right it's the motion the
+velocity of the center of Mass sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the center of Mass sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the center of Mass sorry
+sorry not Center of mass we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not Center of mass we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not Center of mass we have no
+masses velocity of the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses velocity of the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses velocity of the center of the
+Frisbee right good excellent so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee right good excellent so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee right good excellent so we've
+taken care of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy what is this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy what is this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy what is this term
+the spider H translation of the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider H translation of the spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider H translation of the spider
+on the frisbe Yep this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frisbe Yep this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frisbe Yep this is the
+translation of the spider on the Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of the spider on the Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of the spider on the Frisbee
+so now let's let's uh so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's uh so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's uh so we can write
+this as a velocity of the center right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a velocity of the center right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a velocity of the center right
+that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that
+term okay we're going to recognize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay we're going to recognize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay we're going to recognize these
+terms more and more you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms more and more you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms more and more you know you could
+be completely brained about it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely brained about it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely brained about it and just
+kind of write it out and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write it out and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write it out and you're
+perfectly re right it's completely okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly re right it's completely okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly re right it's completely okay
+reasonable you're done now I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable you're done now I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable you're done now I'm trying to
+tease out some intuition and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out some intuition and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out some intuition and then when I
+do the next thing this intu becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the next thing this intu becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the next thing this intu becomes
+useful right but so this is very fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right but so this is very fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right but so this is very fuzzy
+hand wavy stuff I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy stuff I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy stuff I'm
+doing so this is the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spider uh with respect to the first B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider uh with respect to the first B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider uh with respect to the first B is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+correct now do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now do you
+notice A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin Theta
+A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin Theta huh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin Theta huh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 cosine theta plus A2 sin Theta huh is
+that B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is l
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+right nice pattern to it yeah that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nice pattern to it yeah that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nice pattern to it yeah that makes
+sense because this is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because this is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because this is in fact the
+velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the
+spider with respect to frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider with respect to frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider with respect to frame
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what is this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a rotational thingy right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a rotational thingy right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a rotational thingy right it's
+rotating and you know it's kind of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and you know it's kind of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and you know it's kind of doing
+this so it's the uh labor arm L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's the uh labor arm L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's the uh labor arm L
+multiplied by Theta dot right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by Theta dot right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by Theta dot right what's
+Thea dot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the yeah it's angle velocity but think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah it's angle velocity but think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah it's angle velocity but think
+about this I never even Ed that word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I never even Ed that word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I never even Ed that word I
+never even said angular of velocity keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even said angular of velocity keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even said angular of velocity keep
+that in mind so far I have not said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind so far I have not said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind so far I have not said it
+you said it first right Amilia said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said it first right Amilia said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said it first right Amilia said it
+first I didn't say angular velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I didn't say angular velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I didn't say angular velocity so
+you don't need angular velocity to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need angular velocity to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need angular velocity to do
+all this it kind of comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this it kind of comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this it kind of comes out of the
+derivatives it just so happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it just so happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it just so happens that
+Theta dot shows up a lot in this math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot shows up a lot in this math so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot shows up a lot in this math so
+we call it angular of velocity we Feist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it angular of velocity we Feist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it angular of velocity we Feist
+a kind of an official word on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an official word on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an official word on it and
+then we use that to simplify the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use that to simplify the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use that to simplify the math
+I'll do that today right but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that today right but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that today right but this is
+simply actually if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply actually if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply actually if you look at
+it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is
+simply the dot which is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the dot which is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the dot which is the angular
+speed L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed L
+hm say again who said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm say again who said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm say again who said that
+sorry oh bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry um so this is A2 A1 - A1 sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um so this is A2 A1 - A1 sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um so this is A2 A1 - A1 sin theta
+plus A2 cosine Theta - A1 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus A2 cosine Theta - A1 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus A2 cosine Theta - A1 sin
+theta plus SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which
+is kind of the I won't write a word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the I won't write a word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the I won't write a word I
+won't write it here but it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write it here but it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write it here but it's kind of the
+angular velocity component right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity component right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity component right from
+the angle velocity got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle velocity got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle velocity got
+it right the angle velocity zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right the angle velocity zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right the angle velocity zero this
+term kind of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term kind of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term kind of goes
+away so that that was some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so that that was some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so that that was some of the
+intuition we got from this kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition we got from this kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition we got from this kind of makes
+sense we did it purely with math we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we did it purely with math we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we did it purely with math we
+didn't make up any we didn't make up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make up any we didn't make up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make up any we didn't make up we
+didn't need any angular velocity but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need any angular velocity but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need any angular velocity but we
+got the right answer right if I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the right answer right if I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the right answer right if I ask you
+do this whole thing again using angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this whole thing again using angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this whole thing again using angular
+of velocities would you have gotten this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocities would you have gotten this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocities would you have gotten this
+answer yes nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes nothing
+profound the problem is when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound the problem is when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound the problem is when you get to
+the second derivatives there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivatives there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivatives there are all
+these terms coroli centripedal all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms coroli centripedal all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms coroli centripedal all this
+stuff Oiler right and you can miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff Oiler right and you can miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff Oiler right and you can miss it
+but if you do it methodically as I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it methodically as I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it methodically as I did
+it they'll all come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they'll all come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they'll all come out
+naturally right you know there used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally right you know there used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally right you know there used to
+be an age when you had the coroli effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an age when you had the coroli effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an age when you had the coroli effect
+and you have to add it in you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to add it in you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to add it in you have the
+centripedal effect you would have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripedal effect you would have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripedal effect you would have to add
+it in the oiler effect add it in but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the oiler effect add it in but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the oiler effect add it in but we
+don't care for all that we just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care for all that we just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care for all that we just do the
+math and it comes out done right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and it comes out done right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and it comes out done right but
+still let's call out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still let's call out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still let's call out those
+terms I won't call them all out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I won't call them all out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I won't call them all out because
+there's no room here but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room here but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room here but this is
+actually a acceleration Point P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this term is
+actually um B acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um B acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um B acceleration of the
+spider okay this guy if you I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider okay this guy if you I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider okay this guy if you I won't
+write it is the coroli term or coris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it is the coroli term or coris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it is the coroli term or coris
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+this is the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the oiler
+term and this is the centripedal term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is the centripedal term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is the centripedal term
+and that cosine Theta sin Theta they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cosine Theta sin Theta they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cosine Theta sin Theta they'll
+become just like B1 or B2 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become just like B1 or B2 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become just like B1 or B2 or something
+and it'll all kind of fall into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll all kind of fall into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll all kind of fall into place
+all right so this was the intuition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was the intuition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was the intuition so
+I'm now that we have this there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now that we have this there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now that we have this there I'm
+going to leave it put it aside we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave it put it aside we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave it put it aside we'll
+come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it
+later but now you have some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but now you have some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but now you have some intuition
+and the two pieces of intuition are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two pieces of intuition are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two pieces of intuition are we
+never used an angle of velocity we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never used an angle of velocity we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never used an angle of velocity we never
+formally formally defined it and yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally formally defined it and yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally formally defined it and yet we
+completed all this math and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed all this math and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed all this math and we had a
+completely good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely good
+answer right what happened to the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right what happened to the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right what happened to the angle
+of velocity why did we not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity why did we not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity why did we not need
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody how could we solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody how could we solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody how could we solve this problem
+without ever invoking an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I'm
+sorry um yeah yeah that's that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um yeah yeah that's that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um yeah yeah that's that's part of
+the answer yeah because you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer yeah because you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer yeah because you're taking
+the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah look here's what I did folks I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look here's what I did folks I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look here's what I did folks I just
+wrote the geometry out I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the geometry out I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the geometry out I took
+derivatives and I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and I get the
+answer right angular of velocity is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right angular of velocity is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right angular of velocity is just
+a trick to simplify the math but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trick to simplify the math but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trick to simplify the math but it's
+just the same thing if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same thing if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same thing if I take
+derivatives I'll get change of rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives I'll get change of rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives I'll get change of rate of
+change of the vector and that's velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the vector and that's velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the vector and that's velocity
+right do that again I get acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do that again I get acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do that again I get acceleration
+angular of velocity is just a trick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular of velocity is just a trick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular of velocity is just a trick to
+make the math simpler okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the math simpler okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the math simpler okay
+done now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now
+how about we solve another problem using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about we solve another problem using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about we solve another problem using
+this technique before we move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique before we move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique before we move on to
+angular velocities let me take a vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocities let me take a vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocities let me take a vote
+would you like to do that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to do that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to do that another
+problem gory detail just nail it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem gory detail just nail it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem gory detail just nail it you
+know yeah you feel like feel like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah you feel like feel like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah you feel like feel like that
+was it too early in the morning okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay you guys are help me solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay you guys are help me solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay you guys are help me solve
+this problem because you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem because you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem because you know I don't
+feel like yet CU I just have had I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like yet CU I just have had I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like yet CU I just have had I've
+just had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coffee okay so this problem that I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee okay so this problem that I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee okay so this problem that I you
+know AJ and I made this up we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know AJ and I made this up we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know AJ and I made this up we were
+thinking about what other problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what other problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what other problem we
+could solve so we made a problem up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve so we made a problem up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve so we made a problem up last
+night here's the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night here's the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night here's the problem you
+have a pulley that is nailed into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pulley that is nailed into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pulley that is nailed into place
+on a wall so it's not really a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a wall so it's not really a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a wall so it's not really a rotating
+pulley okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley okay this is
+Frozen now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen now from
+that you have a rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a rope
+hanging with a weight at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+okay and you pull the weight up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you pull the weight up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you pull the weight up and you
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+go what's the weight going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well first it's going to fall well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well first it's going to fall well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well first it's going to fall well we
+pull it up tangentially like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it up tangentially like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it up tangentially like this right
+you kind of unwrap it and then you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of unwrap it and then you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of unwrap it and then you let
+go so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so it looks like
+this I pull it as far as I can because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I pull it as far as I can because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I pull it as far as I can because
+unwrapping will get longer and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwrapping will get longer and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwrapping will get longer and then I
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+go right so the pulley is going to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right so the pulley is going to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right so the pulley is going to fall
+I mean the weight's going to fall like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the weight's going to fall like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the weight's going to fall like
+this it's not a perfect circle it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not a perfect circle it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not a perfect circle it's kind
+of a spiral because it's winding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a spiral because it's winding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a spiral because it's winding up
+right comes here and then it keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right comes here and then it keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right comes here and then it keeps going
+up and then it'll go up and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it'll go up and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it'll go up and eventually
+something going to happen to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going to happen to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going to happen to it
+dynamically right now we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically right now we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically right now we don't care
+about the Dynamics this is a kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dynamics this is a kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dynamics this is a kinematics
+problem my question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem my question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem my question to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+is I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I would like to
+calculate the acceleration the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the acceleration the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the acceleration the velocity
+and the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acceleration of the
+pulley in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley in terms
+of some parameters geometric parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some parameters geometric parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some parameters geometric parameters
+I want you to struggle with this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to struggle with this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to struggle with this a
+little bit and help me frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and help me frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and help me frame this
+problem how would I go about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the
+configuration of the system at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the system at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the system at any
+moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time um just before I I'm you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um just before I I'm you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um just before I I'm you will be
+given you're given the radius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you're given the radius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you're given the radius of the
+pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley
+all right you're given that and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you're given that and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you're given that and you're
+given the length of this cord at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the length of this cord at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the length of this cord at any
+given point in time right or initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time right or initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time right or initial
+initial length of the C and it'll wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial length of the C and it'll wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial length of the C and it'll wind
+up so sorry go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+to yeah so that could be one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah so that could be one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah so that could be one thing you
+could use you could take the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use you could take the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use you could take the distance
+from the center of the pulley to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center of the pulley to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center of the pulley to the the
+uh the block and that could be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the block and that could be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the block and that could be one
+number which if I give to you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which if I give to you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which if I give to you you can
+completely describe to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely describe to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely describe to me the
+configuration of the system right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the system right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the system right right
+so when you parameterize a geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you parameterize a geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you parameterize a geometry
+you're trying to find that one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find that one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find that one or two
+parameters with which you can completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters with which you can completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters with which you can completely
+describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+geometry so that's a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so that's a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so that's a perfectly
+reasonable measure but is there a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable measure but is there a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable measure but is there a more
+straightforward one yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward one yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward one yep
+claudo one line that goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo one line that goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claudo one line that goes from the
+center of the pulley to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the pulley to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the pulley to the to the
+tangential like location of the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential like location of the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential like location of the string
+that's just going to rotate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to rotate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to rotate and then
+just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+distance length of okay so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance length of okay so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance length of okay so you're saying
+this length so I'm sorry what your soci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length so I'm sorry what your soci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length so I'm sorry what your soci
+your name Amanda Amanda said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name Amanda Amanda said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name Amanda Amanda said this
+length right and Claudia is saying why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right and Claudia is saying why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right and Claudia is saying why
+don't we just take this length that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just take this length that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just take this length that's a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+intuitive right that's true if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right that's true if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right that's true if I give
+you that length which is the unwrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that length which is the unwrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that length which is the unwrapped
+length you know the remaining length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you know the remaining length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you know the remaining length of
+the of the cord then that's a way if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the cord then that's a way if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the cord then that's a way if I
+give you that length you know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you that length you know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you that length you know exactly
+where the pulley is right and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pulley is right and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pulley is right and you know
+where the where the the intus but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the the intus but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the the intus but is
+there an even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an even simpler
+measure y 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure y 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure y 10
+use the angle yeah the even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the angle yeah the even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the angle yeah the even simpler
+measure and by the way by the way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and by the way by the way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and by the way by the way all
+these are perfectly reasonable and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are perfectly reasonable and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are perfectly reasonable and I
+could have solved the problem any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have solved the problem any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have solved the problem any of
+these ways all right so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ways all right so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ways all right so these are all
+completely correct answers and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct answers and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct answers and now it's
+intuition this is the only kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition this is the only kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition this is the only kind of you
+know place in Dynamics where you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know place in Dynamics where you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know place in Dynamics where you need to
+exercise some intuition where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise some intuition where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise some intuition where if you
+pick one parameter with respect to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one parameter with respect to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one parameter with respect to or
+another the math just becomes easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the math just becomes easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the math just becomes easier
+right so it's Amanda was right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's Amanda was right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's Amanda was right right
+Claudia is right and what Ted is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia is right and what Ted is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia is right and what Ted is
+suggesting is use the angle so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is use the angle so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is use the angle so in fact
+an even nicer or even more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle get it if I tell you what an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle get it if I tell you what an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle get it if I tell you what an angle
+is I know where the you know what situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I know where the you know what situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I know where the you know what situ
+what the situation is for the system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the situation is for the system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the situation is for the system I
+know where it is any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's the angle between the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's the angle between the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's the angle between the last
+point of contact between the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of contact between the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of contact between the in this
+fixed pulley and the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed pulley and the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed pulley and the center of the
+pulley if I tell you what that angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley if I tell you what that angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley if I tell you what that angle is
+you know everything about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything about the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything about the system
+right so let's say so the way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say so the way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say so the way to think
+of kinematics is as this thing does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinematics is as this thing does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinematics is as this thing does
+stuff I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I take
+snapshots right and I need to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots right and I need to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots right and I need to the number
+of parameter I need enough parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameter I need enough parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameter I need enough parameters to
+pick which snapshot I'm in right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick which snapshot I'm in right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick which snapshot I'm in right if I
+tell you the angle you nailed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the angle you nailed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the angle you nailed it
+right so the question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question now
+is can you tell me instead terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can you tell me instead terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can you tell me instead terms of
+theta what the position of that so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what the position of that so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what the position of that so I'm
+going to redraw this just kind of clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to redraw this just kind of clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to redraw this just kind of clean
+it up because there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up because there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up because there's a lot of
+scratching here going redraw this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching here going redraw this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching here going redraw this let's
+use that angle As the metric because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that angle As the metric because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that angle As the metric because it
+makes the math simpler it's no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the math simpler it's no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the math simpler it's no nothing
+profound but just makes the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simpler pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Circle I have the circle thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle I have the circle thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle I have the circle thing going
+today good I should do more Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today good I should do more Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today good I should do more Circle
+problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to say this is just a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say this is just a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say this is just a point
+we don't care about it right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about it right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about it right and this
+angle we're going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta so if I captured this angle then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so if I captured this angle then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so if I captured this angle then I
+know everything I need about this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything I need about this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything I need about this system
+all right yes no get it okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yes no get it okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yes no get it okay any
+questions about this yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this yeah how
+um top of the from the to top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top of the from the to top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top of the from the to top of the
+pulley I could there's no reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley I could there's no reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulley I could there's no reason why I
+couldn't right I could certainly do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't right I could certainly do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't right I could certainly do it
+from the top of the bully I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top of the bully I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top of the bully I could
+measure Theta from anywhere as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Theta from anywhere as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Theta from anywhere as long as
+it's a unique metric as long as once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unique metric as long as once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unique metric as long as once I
+know the Theta there's only one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Theta there's only one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Theta there's only one solution
+to where they you know which snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where they you know which snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where they you know which snapshot
+this thing is in It's Perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is in It's Perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is in It's Perfectly
+reasonable I could do that why didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable I could do that why didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable I could do that why didn't I
+didn't because as you see the math will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't because as you see the math will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't because as you see the math will
+be easier that's all just convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier that's all just convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier that's all just convenience
+laziness I just don't I just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laziness I just don't I just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laziness I just don't I just happened to
+know the back door you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the back door you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the back door you know
+um into this puzzle right uh but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into this puzzle right uh but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into this puzzle right uh but no
+reason why you couldn't do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you couldn't do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you couldn't do that in
+general I should tell you that framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I should tell you that framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I should tell you that framing
+problems as rotations makes the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as rotations makes the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as rotations makes the math
+easier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier that's
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other
+questions I want you to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want you to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want you to think about this
+a little bit this is important now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit this is important now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit this is important now if I
+tell you what the Theta is do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the Theta is do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the Theta is do you need
+to know what the length exposed length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the length exposed length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the length exposed length
+is why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah if you know what the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah if you know what the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah if you know what the initial
+length is which is a constant if I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is which is a constant if I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is which is a constant if I tell
+you what the Theta is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the Theta is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the Theta is you know the
+remaining length is right right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining length is right right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining length is right right so you
+don't need that it's an additional thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that it's an additional thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that it's an additional thing
+you don't need it right in fact that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need it right in fact that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need it right in fact that is
+you'll see later called a kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see later called a kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see later called a kinematic
+constraint okay I could have treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay I could have treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay I could have treated
+this L and this Theta as independent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L and this Theta as independent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L and this Theta as independent but
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+not right so I could have had one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right so I could have had one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right so I could have had one you
+know I could have just solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could have just solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could have just solve the problem
+as if L and Theta were independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if L and Theta were independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if L and Theta were independent and
+then later on stated the truth that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on stated the truth that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on stated the truth that you
+know L is equal to some L minus r Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know L is equal to some L minus r Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know L is equal to some L minus r Theta
+right which is the which is the wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the which is the wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the which is the wind up
+get it but I don't have to do that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it but I don't have to do that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it but I don't have to do that I can
+just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it
+explicitly so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so in
+fact if the length of the pulley if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if the length of the pulley if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if the length of the pulley if the
+length of this cord let's say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this cord let's say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this cord let's say that this
+is initial condition if this is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is initial condition if this is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is initial condition if this is L
+KN then what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L is equal to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is equal to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is equal to l
+knus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knus r
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay so with that one Theta I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that one Theta I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that one Theta I've
+captured everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured everything about the
+geometry I'm going slowly because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry I'm going slowly because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry I'm going slowly because you
+guys need to get this and if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need to get this and if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need to get this and if you get
+kinematics everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics everything else
+follows so nothing profound I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so nothing profound I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so nothing profound I've just
+written it this way and we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it this way and we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it this way and we're ready to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+right okay now I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now I ask you
+to tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what the
+acceleration of this point p is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this point p is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this point p is this is
+p so what's the next thing we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so what's the next thing we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so what's the next thing we need to do
+I want both the velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want both the velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want both the velocity and
+acceleration what should you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration what should you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration what should you ask
+me yeah with respect to what right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yeah with respect to what right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yeah with respect to what right okay
+I'm going to tell you I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you I want the
+acceleration with respect to the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to the Earth
+to the ground to which this bu nails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say it
+again yeah yeah that that point P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah yeah that that point P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah yeah that that point P the
+kind of the center of the mass assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the center of the mass assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the center of the mass assume
+it's a point Mass not that it's relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point Mass not that it's relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point Mass not that it's relevant
+but just assume that okay so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just assume that okay so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just assume that okay so how do I
+start what do I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it again the position yeah find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again the position yeah find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again the position yeah find the
+position Vector yeah absolutely always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector yeah absolutely always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector yeah absolutely always
+the first step when you talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step when you talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step when you talk about a
+velocity or acceleration it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or acceleration it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or acceleration it's simply the
+rate of change of a position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of a position Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of a position Vector
+right whether it's getting longer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether it's getting longer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether it's getting longer or
+rotating whatever right with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating whatever right with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating whatever right with respect to
+some frame so let's write the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frame so let's write the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frame so let's write the position
+Vector now you can write the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now you can write the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now you can write the position
+Vector directly just using A1 A2 in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector directly just using A1 A2 in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector directly just using A1 A2 in to
+the math or if you want to make a math a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math or if you want to make a math a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math or if you want to make a math a
+little simpler you can introduce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler you can introduce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler you can introduce an
+intermediate frame you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate frame you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate frame you don't have to
+just makes your math easier that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes your math easier that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes your math easier that's all
+would you like to introduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to introduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to introduce your
+intermediary frame please say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary frame please say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary frame please say yes
+because that's how I did the problem my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how I did the problem my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how I did the problem my
+notes yes please yes oh yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yes please yes oh yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yes please yes oh yes thank you
+that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+so I knew you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I knew you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I knew you would
+agree B1 V2 the intermediate frame here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree B1 V2 the intermediate frame here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree B1 V2 the intermediate frame here
+is simply aligned with a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes makes sense right I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes makes sense right I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes makes sense right I just
+introduced an intermediate frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced an intermediate frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced an intermediate frame and
+you'll see why just makes my math a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why just makes my math a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why just makes my math a
+little easier right now tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little easier right now tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little easier right now tell me what the
+position Vector r o p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody it's very easy I know it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody it's very easy I know it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody it's very easy I know it's I
+know you know it so just say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let me help you let me help you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me help you let me help you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me help you let me help you let
+me just say that let's call this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say that let's call this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say that let's call this point
+C okay it's okay to be painstakingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay it's okay to be painstakingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay it's okay to be painstakingly
+simple with these things in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple with these things in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple with these things in fact the
+whole Genius of Dynamics is to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Genius of Dynamics is to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Genius of Dynamics is to be able
+to break down when you see a problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break down when you see a problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break down when you see a problem you
+will have a tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a tendency to
+freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze
+right what makes you you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what makes you you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what makes you you know it's like
+a baseball player a football player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseball player a football player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseball player a football player
+whatever right what makes you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever right what makes you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever right what makes you a good
+engineer is your ability to fight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer is your ability to fight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer is your ability to fight that
+nausea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Panic okay and then break the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panic okay and then break the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panic okay and then break the problem
+down into smaller steps Each of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into smaller steps Each of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into smaller steps Each of which is
+distractable yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect does everyone get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect does everyone get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect does everyone get
+this this is it's very simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is it's very simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is it's very simple right
+remember what I said take a deep breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I said take a deep breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I said take a deep breath
+break the problem down r o is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the problem down r o is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the problem down r o is actually
+this Vector plus this Vector right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector plus this Vector right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector plus this Vector right what
+is this Vector it is r o which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Vector it is r o which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Vector it is r o which is the
+radius but in the negative B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius but in the negative B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius but in the negative B2
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+right that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's this
+term and then then this Vector is L in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then then this Vector is L in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then then this Vector is L in
+the B1 Direction which is you know lus R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B1 Direction which is you know lus R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B1 Direction which is you know lus R
+Theta in the B1 Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in the B1 Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in the B1 Direction
+done make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done make
+sense it's it's perfectly okay now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's it's perfectly okay now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's it's perfectly okay now to
+say I don't get it do it again I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't get it do it again I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't get it do it again I'll do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again do you want to go sit next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again do you want to go sit next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again do you want to go sit next to a
+there might be a little easier there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a little easier there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a little easier there's a
+seat right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can you
+see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's a very deep question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a very deep question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a very deep question
+Amanda asked does this count for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amanda asked does this count for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amanda asked does this count for
+changing Theta is Theta solid you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Theta is Theta solid you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Theta is Theta solid you know
+does it is it frozen what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it is it frozen what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it is it frozen what's going on
+here right where does the change coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right where does the change coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right where does the change coming
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right so here's the deal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so here's the deal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so here's the deal right so
+this is the thing you need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing you need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing you need to understand
+a is frozen B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is frozen B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is frozen B is
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+now at an instant B has an angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at an instant B has an angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at an instant B has an angle Theta
+with a right but B is also moving so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a right but B is also moving so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a right but B is also moving so the
+next instant is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instant is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instant is going to have a
+different angle the next instant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle the next instant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle the next instant is
+going to have a different angle so write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a different angle so write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a different angle so write
+it in that Frozen state do the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that Frozen state do the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that Frozen state do the you know
+write the math out and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the math out and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the math out and then when you
+take derivatives don't assume Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives don't assume Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives don't assume Theta dot
+is zero just give it some number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero just give it some number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero just give it some number right
+call it Theta dot get it and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Theta dot get it and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Theta dot get it and that way
+you account for the fact that b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you account for the fact that b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you account for the fact that b is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+moving make sense Amanda right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving make sense Amanda right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving make sense Amanda right this is
+the sort of thing where you do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing where you do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing where you do more
+problems it'll become uh you it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it'll become uh you it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it'll become uh you it gets
+into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut
+right so this is Roop believe it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is Roop believe it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is Roop believe it or not
+this was the toughest Pro part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the toughest Pro part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the toughest Pro part of the
+problem and in fact that's if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact that's if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact that's if you think
+about it if you can do that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if you can do that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if you can do that kind of
+panic control thing you can you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panic control thing you can you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panic control thing you can you can make
+this easy too once you have it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easy too once you have it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easy too once you have it here
+you're done so what is the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done so what is the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done so what is the acceleration
+of Point p with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a can I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can I write
+that can I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I write
+this yes no or maybe or only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes no or maybe or only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes no or maybe or only on
+Tuesdays no because B is a frame and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesdays no because B is a frame and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesdays no because B is a frame and it
+needs to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point the point P has a velocity yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point P has a velocity yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point P has a velocity yep
+Andrew yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew yeah yeah yeah
+frach ahuh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frach ahuh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frach ahuh
+good the I just I kind of I said it fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the I just I kind of I said it fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the I just I kind of I said it fast
+right I said it correctly I think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I said it correctly I think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I said it correctly I think but
+it's easier to get confused here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to get confused here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to get confused here's what
+I attached B2 this is this this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attached B2 this is this this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attached B2 this is this this is why
+there's an interesting problem it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting problem it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting problem it's a
+transparency when we get confused about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency when we get confused about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency when we get confused about
+frames think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames think of
+transparencies rig rigidly attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies rig rigidly attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies rig rigidly attached to
+this block and always parallel to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block and always parallel to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block and always parallel to this
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+segment make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment make
+sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep I can't do AVB I got to do AV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P um it is a coincidence if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um it is a coincidence if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um it is a coincidence if all the
+points on a frame have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on a frame have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on a frame have the same
+velocity if a frame has any rotation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if a frame has any rotation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if a frame has any rotation at
+all then different points will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all then different points will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all then different points will have
+different velocities so for me to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocities so for me to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocities so for me to say
+AVB is an incomplete statement get it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVB is an incomplete statement get it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVB is an incomplete statement get it of
+course it is possible that my mistake a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is possible that my mistake a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is possible that my mistake a
+coincidence uh makes my mistake not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence uh makes my mistake not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence uh makes my mistake not
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+okay so if I'm a frame and I'm walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I'm a frame and I'm walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I'm a frame and I'm walking
+this way you can certainly say a b right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you can certainly say a b right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you can certainly say a b right
+because that my frame is moving all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that my frame is moving all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that my frame is moving all the
+points are moving but my arm isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are moving but my arm isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are moving but my arm isn't
+moving the same speed right because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the same speed right because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the same speed right because I'm
+not a rigid body but if I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a rigid body but if I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a rigid body but if I'm doing this
+right with respect to the Earth my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with respect to the Earth my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with respect to the Earth my head
+has a different velocity my knee has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different velocity my knee has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different velocity my knee has a
+different velocity right so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocity right so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocity right so there's no
+AVB it's AVP velocities are always of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVB it's AVP velocities are always of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVB it's AVP velocities are always of
+points very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points very
+important it'll all be intuitive but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it'll all be intuitive but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it'll all be intuitive but you
+know once you do the homework this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you do the homework this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you do the homework this will
+all be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be very
+intuitive got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive got to do
+it okay so what's the what do we do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so what's the what do we do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so what's the what do we do now
+AVP we're trying to find the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVP we're trying to find the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AVP we're trying to find the velocity of
+Point P we the first step already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point P we the first step already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point P we the first step already there
+that was the hard part what do we do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the hard part what do we do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the hard part what do we do now
+quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick
+take the derivative right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative right so the
+derivative is a d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a d by
+DT of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of this
+guy what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem yeah right was what you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah right was what you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah right was what you going to
+say right there's no problem per se it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right there's no problem per se it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right there's no problem per se it's
+just that if I take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that if I take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that if I take the derivative of
+this resp this this basis Vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resp this this basis Vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resp this this basis Vector with
+respect to frame a it's not constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to frame a it's not constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to frame a it's not constant in
+it it's kind of you now right so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's kind of you now right so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's kind of you now right so I need
+to rewrite b and a you know in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite b and a you know in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite b and a you know in terms of
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+um if you if you if I hadn't introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you if I hadn't introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you if I hadn't introduced
+an intermediary frame right I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediary frame right I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediary frame right I would have
+written everything in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written everything in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written everything in terms of a
+anyway right so you might say Sanjay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway right so you might say Sanjay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway right so you might say Sanjay why
+on Earth did you introduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Earth did you introduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Earth did you introduce that
+intermediary frame if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary frame if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary frame if you're going to
+rewrite it and there would be a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it and there would be a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it and there would be a fair
+question to ask and the answer is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask and the answer is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask and the answer is it
+just made it easier for me to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it easier for me to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it easier for me to write that
+vector and later on you'll see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and later on you'll see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and later on you'll see those
+intermediary frames help a heck of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary frames help a heck of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary frames help a heck of a lot
+right now it's just a pain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's just a pain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's just a pain in the
+neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck
+okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it
+is minus r what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus r what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus r what is
+B2 in terms of A1 and A2 anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please sorry say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please sorry say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please sorry say it again
+A1 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this
+becomes I'm going to break the terms out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes I'm going to break the terms out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes I'm going to break the terms out
+okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I you take the derivative of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this with respect to time but now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to time but now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to time but now all
+the a1's and a2s are constant in the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a1's and a2s are constant in the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a1's and a2s are constant in the a
+frame right so I'm good and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame right so I'm good and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame right so I'm good and now it's
+just painful math I'll do the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just painful math I'll do the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just painful math I'll do the velocity
+part and I'll let you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I'll let you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I'll let you do the
+acceleration part okay and just to warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration part okay and just to warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration part okay and just to warm
+you guys up I'm actually going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys up I'm actually going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys up I'm actually going to have a
+snap quiz right now and have you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap quiz right now and have you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap quiz right now and have you do the
+accelerations I'll do the velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations I'll do the velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations I'll do the velocities
+first to get you going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right just pain sticking math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm bored so I just wrote that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm bored so I just wrote that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm bored so I just wrote that and
+you guys can figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can figure out what the
+acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the third term I got them mixed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the third term I got them mixed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the third term I got them mixed up
+the third term should be this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third term should be this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third term should be this should be
+a sign and that should be a co sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign and that should be a co sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign and that should be a co sign is
+that what you're saying Levi yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you if you if you know where to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you know where to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you know where to start
+how many of you at least have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you at least have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you at least have gotten
+started you know what to do it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know what to do it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know what to do it's not
+such a big deal okay anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a big deal okay anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a big deal okay anyone
+who you know if you want to talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know if you want to talk to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know if you want to talk to me
+later if you want to ask me now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if you want to ask me now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later if you want to ask me now if
+you're not getting started I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting started I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting started I can
+understand that if you can't kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that if you can't kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that if you can't kind of get
+going because you don't know wa to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because you don't know wa to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because you don't know wa to start
+let me know I'll come and tell you or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I'll come and tell you or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I'll come and tell you or we
+can talk after class it's not a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk after class it's not a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk after class it's not a big deal
+this is new stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a you done you want just put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board why don't you put it here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board why don't you put it here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board why don't you put it here because
+I huh that's okay if you're wrong you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong AJ do you mind putting it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong AJ do you mind putting it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong AJ do you mind putting it over
+there on the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the yeah
+thanks no just just put it here just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks no just just put it here just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks no just just put it here just put
+it in like all different terms there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in like all different terms there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in like all different terms there a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+terms I think you can break it up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I think you can break it up yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I think you can break it up yeah
+so AJ is going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AJ is going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AJ is going to write the
+answer all right you can stop now uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right you can stop now uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right you can stop now uh how
+many of you got going I was just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you got going I was just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you got going I was just kind of
+just working through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just working through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just working through the
+details okay anyone struggling with even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details okay anyone struggling with even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details okay anyone struggling with even
+getting started it's reasonable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting started it's reasonable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting started it's reasonable and
+brave for you to say it and we'll all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave for you to say it and we'll all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave for you to say it and we'll all be
+the better for it or if you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better for it or if you can ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better for it or if you can ask me
+later on okay so as AJ writes us down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on okay so as AJ writes us down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on okay so as AJ writes us down I
+just want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make a
+point this is very UNS subtle stuff do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is very UNS subtle stuff do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is very UNS subtle stuff do
+not look for a great amount of subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look for a great amount of subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look for a great amount of subtlety
+here but it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's perfectly
+correct it's the long but totally robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's the long but totally robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's the long but totally robust
+way to do stuff you will see in Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do stuff you will see in Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do stuff you will see in Dynamics
+and in other fields the long and the UNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other fields the long and the UNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other fields the long and the UNS
+subtle way to do something is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle way to do something is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle way to do something is usually
+also in some ways the most mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in some ways the most mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in some ways the most mechanical
+way to do it when you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it when you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it when you for example
+analyzing the Dynamics of a satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the Dynamics of a satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the Dynamics of a satellite
+with multiple moving parts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple moving parts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple moving parts right
+equations will get long they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will get long they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will get long they you know
+it's only in exams that tend things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only in exams that tend things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only in exams that tend things
+cancel out and that's because we arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and that's because we arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and that's because we arrange
+it to make your math easier in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make your math easier in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make your math easier in real life
+things might not cancel out and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might not cancel out and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might not cancel out and then you
+to get smart and make approximations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get smart and make approximations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get smart and make approximations and
+delete terms okay when you analyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete terms okay when you analyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete terms okay when you analyze a
+really complicated satellite with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated satellite with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated satellite with
+multiple moving Parts this is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple moving Parts this is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple moving Parts this is how it
+looks and there are there is a there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and there are there is a there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and there are there is a there are
+computer programs known as uh symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programs known as uh symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programs known as uh symbolic
+computation engines like Mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation engines like Mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation engines like Mathematica
+maple have you heard of these right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maple have you heard of these right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maple have you heard of these right they
+do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for
+you this first couple of weeks in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this first couple of weeks in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this first couple of weeks in class
+you will have to go through it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to go through it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to go through it you'll
+get it and then we'll start pulling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and then we'll start pulling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and then we'll start pulling out
+the subtle insights the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle insights the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle insights the problem with the
+insights is they're great but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights is they're great but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights is they're great but you can
+also go completely wrong if you miss Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go completely wrong if you miss Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go completely wrong if you miss Q
+you understand it's a shortcut but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand it's a shortcut but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand it's a shortcut but you
+know you know how shortcuts are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know how shortcuts are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know how shortcuts are in
+Hansel and grle right you can get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hansel and grle right you can get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hansel and grle right you can get lost
+so from here on we're going to depart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here on we're going to depart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here on we're going to depart
+from this boring and mundane approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this boring and mundane approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this boring and mundane approach
+with which is actually beautiful in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which is actually beautiful in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which is actually beautiful in its
+own way and start pulling out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way and start pulling out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way and start pulling out some
+insights and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights and taking
+shortcuts okay but when in doubt you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts okay but when in doubt you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts okay but when in doubt you can
+fall back to this this is fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall back to this this is fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall back to this this is fundamental
+does that good make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that good make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that good make
+sense okay but the reason we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay but the reason we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay but the reason we want you to
+do this so that you understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so that you understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so that you understand this
+works it's painful but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's painful but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's painful but it
+works thanks a lot AJ uh AJ just did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works thanks a lot AJ uh AJ just did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works thanks a lot AJ uh AJ just did it
+live in class because I made the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in class because I made the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in class because I made the problem
+up last night okay and I solved it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up last night okay and I solved it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up last night okay and I solved it at
+5:00 a.m. this morning and left my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 a.m. this morning and left my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 a.m. this morning and left my notes
+at home so I just did it live there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home so I just did it live there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home so I just did it live there
+might be a typo here but I doubt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a typo here but I doubt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a typo here but I doubt it
+because usually very good and I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually very good and I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually very good and I can tell
+you that from the appearance there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that from the appearance there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that from the appearance there's
+kind of what I got and it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what I got and it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what I got and it's probably
+right okay if you find an error you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay if you find an error you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay if you find an error you can
+fix it but this is the way to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it but this is the way to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it but this is the way to solve
+problems in the most fundamental way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the most fundamental way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the most fundamental way to
+solve kinematics problems any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions how many of you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions how many of you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions how many of you find this
+completely different from where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from where you were
+heading with your answer anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jro yeah yeah he digested it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of good yeah if you finish it the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good yeah if you finish it the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good yeah if you finish it the all
+come out all right here's the here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out all right here's the here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out all right here's the here's
+just common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just common
+pitfalls when you take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls when you take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls when you take the derivative of
+a term like this Theta do sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term like this Theta do sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term like this Theta do sin Theta
+right it's going to break up into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to break up into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to break up into two
+terms Theta do sin theta plus Theta do^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Theta do sin theta plus Theta do^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Theta do sin theta plus Theta do^
+2 cosine Theta right so that's the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cosine Theta right so that's the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cosine Theta right so that's the kind
+of thing where you'll if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing where you'll if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing where you'll if you're not
+careful you know you fall off the bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful you know you fall off the bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful you know you fall off the bike
+you got to kind of concentrate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to kind of concentrate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to kind of concentrate on the
+bike and stay balanced do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike and stay balanced do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike and stay balanced do the
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+properly okay does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay does that answer your
+question Geral yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andrew1 and2 and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrew1 and2 and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andrew1 and2 and found
+out frame beautiful I I paid him to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out frame beautiful I I paid him to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out frame beautiful I I paid him to set
+me up because that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me up because that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me up because that's what we're going to
+do next okay five bucks later okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next okay five bucks later okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next okay five bucks later okay right
+okay so I'm going to leave that up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to leave that up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to leave that up there
+I'm going to delete this erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and now we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now we're going to start
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+at a beautiful beautiful thing along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a beautiful beautiful thing along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a beautiful beautiful thing along the
+lines of what Andrew was just saying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of what Andrew was just saying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of what Andrew was just saying for
+simplifying the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have 20 minutes and I think we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 20 minutes and I think we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 20 minutes and I think we'll
+make a lot of progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of progress
+okay so I said to you earlier I did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I said to you earlier I did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I said to you earlier I did all
+this without using the word angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without using the word angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without using the word angular
+velocity never used it right what once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity never used it right what once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity never used it right what once
+the Theta dot just fell down fell out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta dot just fell down fell out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta dot just fell down fell out of
+my math and you recognize that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my math and you recognize that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my math and you recognize that to be
+angular speed but I never called it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular speed but I never called it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular speed but I never called it out
+I never did Omega r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never did Omega r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never did Omega r
+remember in physics you see Omega r a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in physics you see Omega r a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in physics you see Omega r a
+lot right and centripetal force is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right and centripetal force is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right and centripetal force is like
+Omega squ centri acceleration is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squ centri acceleration is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squ centri acceleration is Omega
+squ R remember that I never called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ R remember that I never called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ R remember that I never called it
+out it just fell out directly now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it just fell out directly now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it just fell out directly now let's
+call it out so the first thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it out so the first thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it out so the first thing I'm going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Define the term angular velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Define the term angular velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Define the term angular velocity so
+anyone take a stab at it what's angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity in the context of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the context of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the context of what we've
+said so far about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so far about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so far about
+frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody what's your name k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody what's your name k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody what's your name k
+s isn't there a a singer by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s isn't there a a singer by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s isn't there a a singer by that
+name is I okay sorry sh sh oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is I okay sorry sh sh oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is I okay sorry sh sh oh sorry
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientation perfect that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation perfect that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation perfect that's exactly right
+but there's a condition under which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a condition under which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a condition under which that
+might happen for example let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen for example let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen for example let's say I
+have one frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one frame
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+um I need something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need something to
+toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss
+right I toss this in the air can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I toss this in the air can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I toss this in the air can you
+tell me what the angle of velocity is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the angle of velocity is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the angle of velocity is at
+any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in
+time can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FR has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR has to be
+what a polar frame of reference yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a polar frame of reference yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a polar frame of reference yeah
+you're on the right track actually right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the right track actually right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the right track actually right
+track but I haven't used the word polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track but I haven't used the word polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track but I haven't used the word polar
+in the class I don't want to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class I don't want to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class I don't want to use it
+anybody else but ktie you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else but ktie you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else but ktie you're right
+actually sorry s sh sorry s here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry s sh sorry s here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry s sh sorry s here's the
+answer if when you look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if when you look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if when you look at two
+frames two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames two
+frames there is one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames there is one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames there is one line
+between those two frames that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two frames that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two frames that remains
+I'm sorry the two each in in both those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry the two each in in both those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry the two each in in both those
+frames the two lines that remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames the two lines that remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames the two lines that remain
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+right then that means that one frame can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then that means that one frame can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then that means that one frame can
+be described as having an angular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be described as having an angular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be described as having an angular of
+velocity with respect to the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to the other and
+vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice
+versa okay so if this is a frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so if this is a frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so if this is a frame and
+right now I'm rotating like this then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm rotating like this then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm rotating like this then a
+line a vertical line through me and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a vertical line through me and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a vertical line through me and a
+vertical line through the frame remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line through the frame remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line through the frame remain
+parallel that means I'm rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel that means I'm rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel that means I'm rotating
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+now if I take there's a reason I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I take there's a reason I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I take there's a reason I brought
+my daughter's Globe here right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughter's Globe here right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughter's Globe here right this
+thing's got one degree of Freedom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's got one degree of Freedom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's got one degree of Freedom right
+it's got another degree of freedom and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got another degree of freedom and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got another degree of freedom and I
+can rotate it this way it's got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate it this way it's got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate it this way it's got three
+degrees of freedom so if I do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom so if I do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom so if I do all
+simultaneously right you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously right you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously right you can say well
+San there's no you know what's the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San there's no you know what's the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San there's no you know what's the angle
+of velocity right now there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity right now there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity right now there is some
+Advanced geometry which I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced geometry which I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced geometry which I won't go into
+you can actually find an angle velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually find an angle velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually find an angle velocity
+but it turns out that in the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that in the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that in the worst case
+I can say hey look there's an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say hey look there's an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say hey look there's an angle of
+velocity this way and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity this way and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity this way and there's an
+intermediate frame right there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate frame right there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate frame right there's an
+angle of velocity this way and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity this way and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of velocity this way and there's
+an intermediate the two intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate the two intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate the two intermediate
+frames and there's an angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and there's an angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and there's an angle of velocity
+this way so I can take any combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so I can take any combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so I can take any combination
+of motions and break it down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motions and break it down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motions and break it down into the
+composition of pairs of frames Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of pairs of frames Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of pairs of frames Each of
+which have an angle of velocity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have an angle of velocity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have an angle of velocity with
+respect to each other get it now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other get it now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other get it now you can
+ignore everything I just said because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore everything I just said because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore everything I just said because in
+this class we're going to remain in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we're going to remain in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we're going to remain in two
+dimensions and in two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and in two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and in two dimensions
+any two frames will always have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two frames will always have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two frames will always have the
+vertical axis parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis parallel
+right right yes right if I take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right yes right if I take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right yes right if I take two
+transparencies the vertical axis always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies the vertical axis always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies the vertical axis always
+remains parallel so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains parallel so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains parallel so that means that
+there's always an angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always an angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always an angle of velocity
+which is the change in angle between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the change in angle between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the change in angle between the
+two frames the rate of change of angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frames the rate of change of angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frames the rate of change of angle
+right and that's the angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the angle of velocity
+so let me define angle of velocity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me define angle of velocity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me define angle of velocity to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll liit this definition to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll liit this definition to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll liit this definition to two
+Dimensions very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions very simple
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frames okay but that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames okay but that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames okay but that's just a
+scalar pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction so s is exactly right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so s is exactly right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so s is exactly right so if
+you have one frame like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another frame kind of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another frame kind of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another frame kind of another
+transparency sliding in it B could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency sliding in it B could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency sliding in it B could be
+moving could be rotating it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving could be rotating it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving could be rotating it doesn't
+matter at any instant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time if you take the angle and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you take the angle and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you take the angle and see how
+much that's rotating Theta Dot and upm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that's rotating Theta Dot and upm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that's rotating Theta Dot and upm
+Mark it with the vertical axis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark it with the vertical axis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark it with the vertical axis which
+could be B3 here the same as A3 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be B3 here the same as A3 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be B3 here the same as A3 here
+then angle of velocity with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then angle of velocity with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then angle of velocity with respect to a
+of frame B is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frame B is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frame B is equal
+to Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theta dot
+A3 is equal Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is equal Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is equal Theta
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B3 okay that's a that's a lot to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 okay that's a that's a lot to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 okay that's a that's a lot to say in
+one go but I want you to stare at it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one go but I want you to stare at it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one go but I want you to stare at it for
+a second and then we'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and then we'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and then we'll talk about a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all does that make sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all does that make sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all does that make sense you
+know I make mistakes on purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I make mistakes on purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I make mistakes on purpose
+sometimes you need to stare at me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need to stare at me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need to stare at me and
+tell me if I that makes sense or if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me if I that makes sense or if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me if I that makes sense or if it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it make sense yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense yes or
+no yes anyone with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes anyone with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes anyone with a
+no no reasonable answer could be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no reasonable answer could be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no reasonable answer could be small
+probability right so that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so that's what it
+actually that is correct it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that is correct it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that is correct it is
+essentially the rate of change of angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the rate of change of angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the rate of change of angle
+right we saw we saw Theta dots show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw we saw Theta dots show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw we saw Theta dots show up
+many times remember we saw Theta Dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times remember we saw Theta Dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times remember we saw Theta Dots
+here right so Theta do B3 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so Theta do B3 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so Theta do B3 which is the
+same as the do A3 because A3 and B3 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the do A3 because A3 and B3 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the do A3 because A3 and B3 are
+aligned when you look at two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned when you look at two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned when you look at two dimensional
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is the angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the angle of velocity
+now in the past we have shown we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the past we have shown we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the past we have shown we use
+we've used Omega for angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used Omega for angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used Omega for angle of velocity
+we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the same
+here now let me ask you a question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now let me ask you a question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now let me ask you a question how
+would you say this whole thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+English say it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English say it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English say it in
+English or French for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep um you set it all right except one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um you set it all right except one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um you set it all right except one
+little thing it's the angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing it's the angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing it's the angle of velocity
+of B with respect to a right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B with respect to a right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B with respect to a right so here's
+how you say it remember the top left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you say it remember the top left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you say it remember the top left
+corner this is always the frame with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner this is always the frame with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner this is always the frame with
+respect to which you're taking the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which you're taking the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which you're taking the angle
+of velocity get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity get it
+so this is the angular velocity of frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the angular velocity of frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the angular velocity of frame
+B with respect to frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with respect to frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with respect to frame
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay get it now yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay get it now yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay get it now yes
+teda with B on the left and a on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teda with B on the left and a on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teda with B on the left and a on the
+right negative ah excellent see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right negative ah excellent see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right negative ah excellent see all
+these guys I paid them off before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys I paid them off before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys I paid them off before
+class so let's do a couple of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's do a couple of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's do a couple of kind of
+twists on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sense look with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense look with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense look with respect to the
+Earth I'm rotating like this if I freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth I'm rotating like this if I freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth I'm rotating like this if I freeze
+the Earth seems to be rotating the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth seems to be rotating the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth seems to be rotating the other
+way to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this a no what is it Z zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity any
+questions now we come back to Andrew's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions now we come back to Andrew's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions now we come back to Andrew's
+comment he said why don't we take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment he said why don't we take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment he said why don't we take you
+know this derivative thing we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this derivative thing we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this derivative thing we're doing
+this right painful way isn't there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right painful way isn't there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right painful way isn't there a way
+to take the derivative of B1 B2 once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of B1 B2 once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of B1 B2 once and
+for all instead of converting everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all instead of converting everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all instead of converting everyone
+to A1 and A2 and just kind of making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A1 and A2 and just kind of making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A1 and A2 and just kind of making the
+math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math
+messy so I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so I'm going to tell you
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+I'm going to answer that question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to answer that question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to answer that question and
+this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very
+profound and you might hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound and you might hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound and you might hear
+some music in your head when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some music in your head when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some music in your head when you hear
+this okay be ready because you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay be ready because you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay be ready because you'll be
+like it's struck back by this Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's struck back by this Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's struck back by this Vision
+that I'm going to paint in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to paint in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to paint in front of you
+okay are you ready for a religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are you ready for a religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are you ready for a religious
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to write a
+formula to give you an intuition erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to give you an intuition erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to give you an intuition erase
+it and write the more general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and write the more general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and write the more general formula
+because that's the one thing I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the one thing I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the one thing I want you
+to remember so the intuitive stuff first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember so the intuitive stuff first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember so the intuitive stuff first
+promise me you won't write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise me you won't write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise me you won't write this down
+it's correct but I don't want your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's correct but I don't want your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's correct but I don't want your mind
+to enter this rot I want you to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter this rot I want you to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter this rot I want you to think of
+it more generally so put your pens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away you know why uh where the shake can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you know why uh where the shake can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you know why uh where the shake can
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right so you should need put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so you should need put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so you should need put your
+weapons away do you know where cheers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons away do you know where cheers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons away do you know where cheers
+comes from you know when you drink you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from you know when you drink you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from you know when you drink you
+shouldn't drink but if you did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't drink but if you did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't drink but if you did you know
+where cheers comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cheers comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cheers comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+anybody how do you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody how do you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody how do you know all
+this have you just been transported here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have you just been transported here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have you just been transported here
+from the medieval times oh okay yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the medieval times oh okay yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the medieval times oh okay yes so
+the idea was that if you you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that if you you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that if you you know if
+you're drinking with people people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drinking with people people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drinking with people people still
+poison each other a lot you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison each other a lot you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison each other a lot you know the
+usual right so they would pour a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual right so they would pour a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual right so they would pour a little
+bit of drink into each other's glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of drink into each other's glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of drink into each other's glasses
+to make sure that you would both die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you would both die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you would both die
+right assured Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right assured Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right assured Mutual
+destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction
+okay um so this is the religious thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is the religious thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is the religious thing
+right you ready right here's the deal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you ready right here's the deal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you ready right here's the deal if
+you take a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a vector
+v that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+fixed in uh frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in uh frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in uh frame
+B it's fixed in frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B the derivative that respect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the derivative that respect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the derivative that respect with
+respect to frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember this is fixed in B don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is fixed in B don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is fixed in B don't write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tada
+okay just St at it for a minute I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just St at it for a minute I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just St at it for a minute I hope
+you're having this religious experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having this religious experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having this religious experience
+I promised Gregorian chance all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promised Gregorian chance all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promised Gregorian chance all that
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+right okay so a vector if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so a vector if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so a vector if you take the
+cross product of a vector if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product of a vector if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product of a vector if you take
+omega cross you know a Omega B Cross of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega cross you know a Omega B Cross of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega cross you know a Omega B Cross of
+a vector you're actually calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector you're actually calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector you're actually calculating
+calculating the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the derivative of that
+Vector with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with respect to this
+Frame it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frame it's
+beautiful okay and here's why look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay and here's why look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay and here's why look at my
+arm right so it's going in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm right so it's going in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm right so it's going in a
+circle so right here if I move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so right here if I move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so right here if I move a little
+bit up the difference is this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit up the difference is this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit up the difference is this little
+Vector right so the derivative is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so the derivative is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so the derivative is kind
+of that Vector isn't it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Vector isn't it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Vector isn't it at
+90° to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° to this
+Vector right but it's 90 along the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right but it's 90 along the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right but it's 90 along the plane
+so if I take the cross product of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I take the cross product of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I take the cross product of that
+vector and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and this
+Vector when I get this Vector get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector when I get this Vector get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector when I get this Vector get
+it it's very beautiful did everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's very beautiful did everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's very beautiful did everyone
+there get it let me do it again so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there get it let me do it again so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there get it let me do it again so this
+is my arm's going in a circle right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my arm's going in a circle right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my arm's going in a circle right so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+plane okay so my arm's going in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so my arm's going in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so my arm's going in a circle
+so at this moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+snapshot an instant later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot an instant later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot an instant later
+snapshot the motion of my arm was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot the motion of my arm was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot the motion of my arm was
+this right think about it first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right think about it first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right think about it first of all
+that's perpendicular to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to this
+vector and it's perpendicular to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it's perpendicular to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it's perpendicular to this
+Vector which is angle of velocity so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is angle of velocity so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is angle of velocity so if
+I take the cross product of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the cross product of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the cross product of this and
+this I'm going to get 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to get 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to get 90°
+right so in vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in vector
+land which is a space you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land which is a space you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land which is a space you're now
+inhabiting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comfortably taking the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably taking the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably taking the derivative of a
+vector is kind of like taking the 90° to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is kind of like taking the 90° to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is kind of like taking the 90° to
+it right and the angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and the angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and the angle of velocity
+taking the cross product which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the cross product which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the cross product which you've
+seen is a way to just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is a way to just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is a way to just do that
+derivative now you can pick up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now you can pick up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now you can pick up your
+pencils because I'll give you the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencils because I'll give you the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencils because I'll give you the even
+more profound version of this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as a joke this is not the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a joke this is not the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a joke this is not the official
+name for this but in the notes as a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this but in the notes as a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this but in the notes as a joke
+so please do not go to you know loed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please do not go to you know loed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please do not go to you know loed
+Martin or wherever you end up and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin or wherever you end up and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin or wherever you end up and use
+what I'm going to call it we call it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to call it we call it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to call it we call it in
+this class and only for this class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and only for this class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and only for this class the
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula only because to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula only because to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula only because to
+me this is religion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is religion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is religion okay
+so the magic formula which is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the magic formula which is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the magic formula which is kind of an
+extension of what I just wrote a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of what I just wrote a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of what I just wrote a minute
+minute ago is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago is
+a d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d by
+DT of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of a vector
+v is equal to b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is equal to b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is equal to b d by
+DT of that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT of that vector
+v plus a Omega B cross that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v plus a Omega B cross that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v plus a Omega B cross that vector
+v okay and the only difference from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay and the only difference from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay and the only difference from what
+I said earlier was I said imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said earlier was I said imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said earlier was I said imagine that
+Vector was fixed in b as in it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector was fixed in b as in it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector was fixed in b as in it didn't
+change it didn't change in length or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it didn't change in length or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it didn't change in length or
+anything right so I'm generalizing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right so I'm generalizing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right so I'm generalizing it so
+now imagine a vector that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine a vector that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine a vector that's actually
+changing in B like becoming longer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in B like becoming longer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in B like becoming longer like
+l in that example right it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l in that example right it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l in that example right it's getting
+longer so it has a derivative of b as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so it has a derivative of b as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so it has a derivative of b as
+well you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can add
+it good you understand now why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it good you understand now why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it good you understand now why is this
+profound well it's profound because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound well it's profound because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound well it's profound because I
+told you but apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you that's right that's right look with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's right that's right look with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's right that's right look with
+this if you need to calculate the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you need to calculate the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you need to calculate the frame
+the derivative of something in frame a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of something in frame a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of something in frame a
+but it's naturally expressed in frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's naturally expressed in frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's naturally expressed in frame
+B no problem just add a correcting term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B no problem just add a correcting term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B no problem just add a correcting term
+and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're
+done got it how much time do we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done got it how much time do we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done got it how much time do we have we
+have about 5 minutes 7 minutes do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 5 minutes 7 minutes do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 5 minutes 7 minutes do you
+think that's enough to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's enough to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's enough to solve that
+terrible uh frisbee problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh frisbee problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh frisbee problem
+with this let's do it yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ted say it again that's not a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted say it again that's not a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted say it again that's not a velocity
+that's a vector let's call it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector let's call it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector let's call it something
+else that's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's just some
+Vector just some random Vector that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector just some random Vector that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector just some random Vector that's in
+B just some Vector it's not velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just some Vector it's not velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just some Vector it's not velocity
+please don't assume it's velocity I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't assume it's velocity I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't assume it's velocity I run
+out of characters in the alphabet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of characters in the alphabet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of characters in the alphabet right
+and V is for vector and V is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V is for vector and V is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V is for vector and V is for
+velocity so could be confusing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so could be confusing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so could be confusing but it's
+just a vector I could use n p Q whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vector I could use n p Q whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vector I could use n p Q whatever
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity okay so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem frisbee problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again okay and the way I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and the way I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and the way I'm going to do
+it is I'm going to leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I'm going to leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I'm going to leave that
+live erase this and use that board that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live erase this and use that board that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live erase this and use that board that
+board and that board I want this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and that board I want this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and that board I want this so we
+can compare it right so that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare it right so that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare it right so that we end up
+with the same answer so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same answer so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same answer so I'm going to
+erase all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all this stuff is in the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all this stuff is in the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all this stuff is in the handout
+that is on the web that AJ and I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so what is the position Vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what is the position Vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what is the position Vector the
+spider quick we have 5 minutes quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider quick we have 5 minutes quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider quick we have 5 minutes quick
+position Vector of the spider with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector of the spider with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector of the spider with
+respect to uh uh from point A come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click U
+A1 Plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus V
+A2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus
+L well we can just write it in B let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L well we can just write it in B let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L well we can just write it in B let
+write it in B okay the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in B okay the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in B okay the intermediate
+frame so it is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 this is the Beast that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 this is the Beast that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 this is the Beast that we need to
+take the derivative of the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the problem the
+pesky term was this guy because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesky term was this guy because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesky term was this guy because we had
+to down convert it to A's and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to down convert it to A's and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to down convert it to A's and that's
+what exploded on us right you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exploded on us right you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exploded on us right you don't have
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+anymore so what is uh a velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so what is uh a velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so what is uh a velocity of
+spider is equal to the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider is equal to the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider is equal to the derivative of
+this guy with respect to frame a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with respect to frame a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with respect to frame a right
+these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing special right same as before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special right same as before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special right same as before but
+is this term where we end up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this term where we end up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this term where we end up with this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch
+right and that's what exploded on us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what exploded on us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what exploded on us
+because of all the conversions so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all the conversions so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all the conversions so what
+do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now use the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula and every time you use it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and every time you use it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and every time you use it you'll
+hear this kind of music it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool okay so they use the magic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so they use the magic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so they use the magic formula
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AVS tell me what does it become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually oh let's write it on full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually oh let's write it on full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually oh let's write it on full
+Glory right it's equal to b d by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glory right it's equal to b d by DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glory right it's equal to b d by DT
+lb1 plus a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb1 plus a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb1 plus a Omega
+B cross lb1 get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cross lb1 get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cross lb1 get
+it that's us of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's us of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's us of that
+formula the magic formula where instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the magic formula where instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the magic formula where instead
+of vector v I have lb1 and I just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector v I have lb1 and I just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector v I have lb1 and I just so
+essentially I can instead of taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I can instead of taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I can instead of taking this
+this guy I can take the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I can take the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy I can take the derivative with
+respect to B and use this correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to B and use this correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to B and use this correction
+term get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term get it
+yes you got to be really coetic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you got to be really coetic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you got to be really coetic with
+this have you heard the word copesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have you heard the word copesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have you heard the word copesthetic
+before yeah where did you hear it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah where did you hear it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah where did you hear it like
+seventh grade you know I've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh grade you know I've been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh grade you know I've been looking
+in the dictionary for years and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dictionary for years and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dictionary for years and I
+haven't found it I learned it from a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't found it I learned it from a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't found it I learned it from a guy
+called Alex slum who teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Alex slum who teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Alex slum who teaches
+W7 and he uses it all the time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W7 and he uses it all the time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W7 and he uses it all the time and I
+just like it let's just Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like it let's just Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like it let's just Define it
+stipulate that it's a valid word okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stipulate that it's a valid word okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stipulate that it's a valid word okay
+good okay so you co- pathetic with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so you co- pathetic with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so you co- pathetic with this
+good now what is a Omega B quick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now what is a Omega B quick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now what is a Omega B quick in
+Vector form write it for me in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form write it for me in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form write it for me in in in
+what is a Omega B it's what Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a Omega B it's what Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a Omega B it's what Theta
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+huh Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh Theta
+dot A3 or B3 remember this guy is B1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot A3 or B3 remember this guy is B1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot A3 or B3 remember this guy is B1 so
+it's more convenient to write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more convenient to write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more convenient to write this as
+B3 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ABS what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+become was that a whole lot easier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what done is that the same answer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what done is that the same answer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what done is that the same answer as
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful now how would you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful now how would you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful now how would you find a
+acceleration S I have have nearly done 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration S I have have nearly done 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration S I have have nearly done 1
+minute let's try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I'll redo this in the next class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll redo this in the next class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll redo this in the next class but
+I'm going to go really fast and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go really fast and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go really fast and for
+those of you who are with me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this okay we'll do this in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay we'll do this in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay we'll do this in the next
+class I you know I just wrote it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I you know I just wrote it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I you know I just wrote it really
+fast okay we'll stop here we'll pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay we'll stop here we'll pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay we'll stop here we'll pick it
+up at the next class um and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the next class um and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the next class um and if you don't
+understand that last bit are you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that last bit are you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that last bit are you good
+with the are you good with AVS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the are you good with AVS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the are you good with AVS
+everyone's good with it I just did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's good with it I just did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's good with it I just did that
+again all right I just did it fast we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right I just did it fast we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right I just did it fast we'll
+do it again in the next class see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again in the next class see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again in the next class see you
+guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PJExYLw0qtc.txt b/PJExYLw0qtc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..935b84649d1fb78c7c1fc17cbe272e23d406f35f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PJExYLw0qtc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in what kind of situations does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what kind of situations does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what kind of situations does the
+Poisson process arise in general it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process arise in general it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process arise in general it
+arises whenever we have events like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises whenever we have events like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises whenever we have events like
+arrivals that are somewhat rare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals that are somewhat rare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals that are somewhat rare and
+which happen in a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happen in a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happen in a completely
+uncoordinated manner so that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated manner so that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated manner so that they can
+show up at any particular time in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at any particular time in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at any particular time in such
+situations the number of arrivals will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the number of arrivals will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the number of arrivals will
+be often described by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be often described by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be often described by a certain
+distribution called the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution called the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution called the Poisson
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+and which is named after the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is named after the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is named after the person who
+first studied this situation who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first studied this situation who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first studied this situation who is a
+famous French mathematician by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous French mathematician by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous French mathematician by the name
+of siméon Denis Poisson an early example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of siméon Denis Poisson an early example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of siméon Denis Poisson an early example
+where the data seems to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data seems to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data seems to fit the
+description of the Poisson process is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the Poisson process is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the Poisson process is a
+curious one it had to do with deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious one it had to do with deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious one it had to do with deaths
+from horse kicks that is accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from horse kicks that is accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from horse kicks that is accidental
+deaths in the Prussian army the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths in the Prussian army the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths in the Prussian army the idea
+here is that the death by horse kick can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the death by horse kick can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the death by horse kick can
+happen pretty much at any time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen pretty much at any time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen pretty much at any time and
+different arrivals that these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrivals that these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrivals that these different
+accidents are completely uncoordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents are completely uncoordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents are completely uncoordinated
+from each other so the process is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other so the process is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other so the process is sort
+of completely random for more scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of completely random for more scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of completely random for more scientific
+applications it was realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it was realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it was realized that
+certain physical phenomena obey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain physical phenomena obey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain physical phenomena obey the
+Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process
+examples are the following you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are the following you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are the following you have some
+radioactive body which decays and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive body which decays and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive body which decays and the
+decay happens by once in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay happens by once in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay happens by once in a while
+emitting various particles different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting various particles different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting various particles different
+particles get emitted at completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles get emitted at completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles get emitted at completely
+random times in a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random times in a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random times in a completely
+uncoordinated manner and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated manner and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated manner and therefore this
+process is actually described as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is actually described as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is actually described as a
+Poisson process conversely if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process conversely if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process conversely if you have a
+photo detector who looks at a very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo detector who looks at a very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo detector who looks at a very weak
+light source so photons arrive from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source so photons arrive from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source so photons arrive from that
+weak light source one at a time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak light source one at a time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak light source one at a time and you
+look at the times at which photons hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the times at which photons hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the times at which photons hit
+the photo detector then the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo detector then the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo detector then the process of
+photon arrivals is very well modeled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon arrivals is very well modeled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon arrivals is very well modeled by
+a Poisson process for more modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson process for more modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson process for more modern
+applications if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if you look at the
+financial markets and the times at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets and the times at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets and the times at which
+certain very unexpected events like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain very unexpected events like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain very unexpected events like
+certain market shocks occur a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain market shocks occur a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain market shocks occur a model that
+is commonly employed is to use a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly employed is to use a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly employed is to use a Poisson
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+although this is not an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is not an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is not an entirely
+accurate model it provides first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate model it provides first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate model it provides first
+approach to situations like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to situations like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to situations like this but
+these days the predominant source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days the predominant source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days the predominant source of
+applications from the Poisson process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications from the Poisson process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications from the Poisson process is
+in various service operations you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various service operations you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various service operations you are
+the phone company phone calls get placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone company phone calls get placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone company phone calls get placed
+at random times and because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random times and because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random times and because there are
+several people involved who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people involved who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people involved who are
+uncoordinated with each other and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated with each other and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated with each other and those
+calls get placed at completely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls get placed at completely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls get placed at completely random
+times and the same story goes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and the same story goes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and the same story goes about
+let's say service requests to a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say service requests to a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say service requests to a web
+server service request to any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server service request to any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server service request to any kind of
+company so many applications that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so many applications that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so many applications that are
+being studied these days and which rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being studied these days and which rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being studied these days and which rest
+on Poisson models involve service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Poisson models involve service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Poisson models involve service
+operations of this type
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PXJvQGDyESc.txt b/PXJvQGDyESc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb864a1a00ab7f581c7f36a1d4114d17c59eee92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PXJvQGDyESc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3952 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time we were
+talking about the hair cells.
+
+And there's a picture
+of a hair cell here.
+
+And what did we do
+about the hair cells?
+
+We talked about the two types,
+inner hair cells-- plain old,
+
+ordinary receptor cells.
+
+And we talked about
+outer hair cells,
+
+which have this
+wonderful characteristic
+
+of electromotility.
+
+When their hair bundle
+is bent back and forth,
+
+their internal
+potential changes.
+
+When they're depolarized,
+the cell shortens.
+
+And somehow this
+mechanical shortening
+
+adds to the vibrations
+of the organ of Corti
+
+and basilar membrane that
+were set up by sound.
+
+And it amplifies
+those vibrations
+
+so that the inner
+hair cells then
+
+are responding to an
+amplified vibration.
+
+And the outer hair
+cells are then
+
+dubbed by the name of
+the cochlear amplifier.
+
+Without the amplification,
+you lose 40 to 60 dB
+
+of hearing, which
+is a big amount.
+
+A large hearing
+loss would result
+
+if you didn't have
+outer hair cells
+
+or without their
+electromotility, which
+
+were shown by deleting
+the gene for Preston
+
+and testing the knockout
+mouse, which had a 40 to 60
+
+dB hearing loss.
+
+So questions about that?
+
+Before we talked about
+the two hair cells,
+
+we talked about vibration in the
+cochlear, what of tuning curve
+
+is.
+
+In that case for tuning
+of the basilar membrane,
+
+a particular point
+along the cochlear--
+
+so you could bring your
+measurement device to one
+
+particular place and measure
+its tuning in response to sounds
+
+of different
+frequencies, and show
+
+that a single
+place vibrates very
+
+nicely to a
+particular frequency.
+
+That is you don't have
+to send in very much
+
+sound into the ear.
+
+But if you go off that
+particular frequency,
+
+you have to boost
+the sound a lot
+
+to get that one
+place to vibrate.
+
+And we had the example
+of the vibration patterns
+
+that low frequencies stimulated
+the cochlear apex the most, way
+
+up near the top of
+the snail shell.
+
+And middle frequencies
+stimulated the middle.
+
+And high frequencies
+stimulated the basal part.
+
+We'll be talking a lot
+more about that frequency
+
+organization along
+the cochlear today,
+
+when we talk about
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+So here's a roadmap for today.
+
+We're going to concentrate
+on the auditory nerve.
+
+And I just put down
+some numbers so I
+
+wouldn't forget to tell
+you how many auditory nerve
+
+fibers there are.
+
+There are approximately
+30,000 auditory nerve fibers
+
+in humans.
+
+So that means in your
+left ear you have 30,000.
+
+And in you're right ear you
+have 30,000 sending messages
+
+from the ear to the brain.
+
+So that's a pretty
+hefty number, right?
+
+How many optic
+nerve fibers do you
+
+have or does a primate have?
+
+I'm sure Dr. Schiller
+went over that number.
+
+We're pretty visual on animals.
+
+So our sense of vision
+is well developed.
+
+So how many nerve fibers
+go from the retina
+
+into the brain compared
+to this number?
+
+Anybody remember?
+
+Well, that's a good
+number to remember.
+
+It turns out there about 1
+million optic nerve fibers
+
+from the retina into the brain.
+
+And here we have 30,000.
+
+So which is the most important
+sense, vision or audition?
+
+Or which sense conveys
+messages more efficiently,
+
+should we say?
+
+Well, obviously, primates
+are very visual animals.
+
+So we have a lot more nerve
+fibers sending messages
+
+into the brain about
+vision than we do audition.
+
+So I may not have given you
+numbers for the hair cells.
+
+In humans we have about
+3,500 inner hair cells
+
+and about 12,000 outer
+hair cells per cochlea.
+
+OK, so those are the numbers.
+
+So today, we'll talk about
+the two types of nerve fibers.
+
+As we have two
+types of hair cells,
+
+we have two types
+of nerve fibers.
+
+We'll talk about
+tuning curves now
+
+for the responses of
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+And we'll talk about
+tonotopic organization.
+
+That is organization
+of frequency
+
+to place within
+the cochlea, which
+
+is one of the codes
+for sound frequency.
+
+How do we know we're listening
+to 1,000 Hertz and not 2,000
+
+Hertz by which place
+along the cochlea
+
+and which group of auditory
+nerve fibers is responding.
+
+Then we'll get away
+from auditory nerve
+
+and have some listening
+demonstrations.
+
+We'll see how good we
+are at discriminating
+
+two frequencies that
+are very close together.
+
+And we'll talk about
+some tuning curves
+
+that are based on
+psychophysical measure.
+
+That is listening.
+
+You can take some tuning curves
+by just a human listener.
+
+Then we'll get back
+to auditory nerve
+
+and talk about a different
+code for sound frequency.
+
+That is the temporal code
+for sound frequency, which
+
+involves a phenomenon
+called phase
+
+locking of the auditory nerve.
+
+Then we'll talk
+about how that's very
+
+important in your listening
+to musical intervals.
+
+And the most important
+musical interval
+
+is the octave, so we'll have
+a demonstration of an octave.
+
+OK, so one of my problems as I
+pass by the MIT Coop on the way
+
+to class, and I
+always buy something.
+
+So I did a reading last week.
+
+And so we'll have a little
+reading from this book,
+
+I Am Malala.
+
+She was the girl who was
+shot right and recovered
+
+and was a candidate for
+the Nobel Peace Prize.
+
+Maybe next year she'll
+get the Peace Prize.
+
+I haven't read this.
+
+I just picked it up
+a few minutes ago.
+
+But I went straight to the
+section about her surgery.
+
+So she was shot in
+the head on one side.
+
+And she said, "While
+I was in surgery--"
+
+this is after recovery.
+
+This is a further
+surgery she underwent.
+
+"While I was in surgery,
+Mr. Irving, the surgeon who
+
+had repaired my nerve--"
+that's her facial nerve--
+
+"also had a solution for
+my damaged left ear drum.
+
+He put a small electronic
+device called a cochlear implant
+
+inside my head near the ear,
+and told me that in a month
+
+they would fit the
+external part on my head.
+
+And then I should be able
+to hear from that ear."
+
+OK, so the cochlear
+implant is a device
+
+that stimulates the
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+And in a person who's
+had a gunshot wound--
+
+either because of the loud
+sound or the mechanical trauma
+
+to the ear or temporal
+bone-- possibly
+
+the hair cells are damaged
+or are completely missing.
+
+And the auditory
+nerve fibers remain.
+
+The person is deaf
+without the hair cells.
+
+But the device called
+the cochlear implant
+
+can be inserted inside
+this person's cochlear
+
+to stimulate the auditory nerve.
+
+And we'll have a discussion of
+the cochlear implant next week
+
+when we have a demonstrator
+come to class who's deaf.
+
+And she'll show you
+about her implant.
+
+But we do need to know a
+lot about the auditory nerve
+
+response before we can
+really think about what
+
+is the good coding strategy
+for cochlear implant.
+
+That is how do we take
+the sound information
+
+and translate it
+into the shocks that
+
+are provided by the cochlear
+implant electrodes that
+
+stimulate the nerve fibers.
+
+Because little electric
+currents in the cochlear implant
+
+are made to stimulate
+the auditory nerve fibers
+
+that can then send
+messages to the brain.
+
+So it's just a little
+motivator for what's
+
+important about
+auditory nerve code.
+
+So we'll start out today
+with the hair cells.
+
+And these are the
+auditory nerves here.
+
+One thing that's interesting
+about vision and audition
+
+is the look of the
+synapse between the hair
+
+cell and the nerve fiber, and
+between the photoreceptor--
+
+you have rods and
+cones in the retina.
+
+And they have associated
+nerve terminals here.
+
+And these are
+electron micrographs,
+
+taken with a very high powered
+electron microscope that
+
+looks at the synapse between
+the photoreceptor up here
+
+or the hair cell up here and the
+associated nerve terminal down
+
+here, or the associated
+either horizontal cell
+
+or bipolar cell down here.
+
+So in each case,
+you have obviously
+
+the synapse here
+is a little gap.
+
+And you have synaptic
+vesicles that
+
+contain the neurotransmitter.
+
+And they're indicated
+here in the photoreceptor.
+
+SV is the vesicle.
+
+And inside that vesicle
+is the neurotransmitter.
+
+When the receptor
+cell depolarizes,
+
+these synaptic vesicles
+fuse and release
+
+their neurotransmitter
+into the cleft and fire
+
+or activate their
+post-synaptic element.
+
+In the case of the hair cell,
+the auditory nerve fiber.
+
+This structure here is
+called the synaptic ribbon.
+
+And it's supposed to coordinate
+the release of the vesicles.
+
+And they call it a
+ribbon in the hair cell
+
+here, even though it looks
+like a big which ball.
+
+It doesn't look like
+a ribbon at all.
+
+But it's called a
+ribbon, because it
+
+has the same molecular basis.
+
+It has a lot of interesting
+proteins and mechanisms
+
+to coordinate the release
+of these neurotransmitter
+
+vesicles, which presumably
+are synthesize up here
+
+in the cytoplasm and are
+brought down to the ribbon
+
+and coordinated and released
+at the hair cell to nerve fiber
+
+synapse.
+
+So I just wanted to
+show you the look
+
+of the synapse in the
+electron microscope.
+
+So that's what it looks like.
+
+And the next slide
+here is this schematic
+
+of the two types of hair cells,
+inner hair cells and the three
+
+rows of outer hair cells, and
+their associated nerve fibers.
+
+And I think I mentioned
+last time that almost all
+
+of the nerve fibers, the ones
+that are sending messages
+
+to the brain at least, are
+associated with the inner hair
+
+cells.
+
+So you can see how many
+individual terminals there
+
+are-- as many as 20 on a
+single inner hair cell.
+
+By contrast, the outer
+hair cells-- you can see,
+
+well, this one
+has three of them.
+
+But they're all coming
+from the same fiber, which
+
+also innervates the
+neighboring hair cells.
+
+So there are very few
+of these so-called type
+
+two auditory nerve fibers.
+
+Here are the numbers.
+
+So this total is in cats.
+
+Cats have more nerve
+fibers than humans,
+
+a total of maybe 50,000.
+
+About 45,000 of them are
+the type ones, associated
+
+with inner hair
+cells, and only 5,000
+
+or the type twos associated
+with outer hair cells.
+
+So you can see by
+this ratio then
+
+that most of the information
+is being sent into the brain
+
+by the type one fibers, sending
+messages from the inner hair
+
+cells.
+
+Those axons of the type
+one fibers are thick.
+
+They have a myelin
+covering, compared
+
+to the type two fibers,
+which are very thin
+
+and they're unmyelinated.
+
+And actually, one of the very
+interesting unknown facts
+
+about the auditory system
+is that as far as we know,
+
+no recordings have ever been
+made to sample the type two
+
+responses to sound.
+
+Do they respond to
+different frequencies?
+
+Are they widely tuned?
+
+Narrowly tune?
+
+We don't know that at all.
+
+And it turns out that it's
+just very difficult to sample
+
+from such thin axons as you
+find in the type two fibers.
+
+So I actually have a grant
+submitted to the National
+
+Institute of Health to use
+a special type of electrodes
+
+to record from the type twos.
+
+I think it's being
+reviewed next week.
+
+And I hope it gets funded
+because then maybe I'll
+
+figure out this mystery.
+
+But it will be challenging
+not only because they're thin,
+
+but because there
+are fewer of them.
+
+So when I talk about auditory
+nerve fiber recordings
+
+for this class, I'm going to
+be talking about the type ones.
+
+That's the only kind we know of.
+
+And here is an example tuning
+curve or receptive field
+
+for a type one
+auditory nerve fiber.
+
+Now, I think Peter
+Schiller probably
+
+talked about single
+unit recordings
+
+with micro electrodes.
+
+So you have your nerve.
+
+It could be the optic nerve.
+
+It could be the
+auditory nerve, which
+
+is what we're talking about.
+
+You have a microelectrode,
+which is put into the nerve.
+
+And the tip of
+the microelectrode
+
+is very, very tiny.
+
+It could be less than 1
+micrometer in diameter.
+
+And usually the electrode
+is filled with a conducting
+
+solution like
+potassium chloride.
+
+And the pipette that's
+filled with a KCL
+
+comes out to a big open end.
+
+And you can stick a wire in here
+and run it to your amplifier
+
+and record the so-called spikes.
+
+You guys talked
+about spikes, right?
+
+So you're recording the
+spikes, AKA action potentials,
+
+AKA impulses.
+
+And if you want to do
+this in a dramatic way,
+
+you send this signal
+also to a loud speaker
+
+and you listen to them.
+
+And maybe we'll
+have a demonstration
+
+at the end of the year on these.
+
+It's pretty nice
+to listen to that.
+
+So you put your
+electrode in there.
+
+And you move it
+around until you have
+
+what's called a single unit.
+
+And why is it called
+a single unit?
+
+Well, in the old
+days, people didn't
+
+know what was being recorded.
+
+Is it a cell body?
+
+Is it a nerve axon?
+
+Is it the dendrite?
+
+What is it ?
+
+All they knew is that
+coming out of the amplifier,
+
+they saw this spike.
+
+And that's what's plotted here.
+
+These are a bunch of spikes.
+
+And it's called a single
+unit, because most
+
+of the time when you get
+one of these recordings,
+
+the spikes look all the same.
+
+But every now and then you get a
+recording that looks like this.
+
+And this is interpreted as
+being fiber or axon number one.
+
+Here's another number one.
+
+And this is a second
+fiber that's nearby.
+
+But it's a different one.
+
+Maybe there were
+actually two fibers right
+
+next to each other.
+
+And you could
+record both of them.
+
+That's very unusual.
+
+More commonly, you just have a
+recording from one single unit.
+
+And the interpretation
+is you are sampling
+
+from just one auditory nerve
+fiber out of a total of 40,000.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+So such experiments are
+done in the auditory nerve.
+
+In this case, I think
+the experimental animal
+
+was a Guinea pig.
+
+And in this case,
+it's recordings
+
+from a chinchilla
+auditory nerve.
+
+So what's the stimulus?
+
+Well, this is a plot
+of sound frequency,
+
+sound frequency in kilohertz.
+
+And this axis, on the y-axis,
+is sound pressure level.
+
+So this is how loud
+it is, if you will.
+
+And at a very low
+or soft tone level,
+
+if this frequency is swept
+from low to high frequencies,
+
+there was hardly any spikes
+coming from that single unit.
+
+But if you boosted the
+level up a little bit.
+
+And you came to a frequency
+that it was about 10 kilohertz,
+
+there were a bunch of spikes
+produced by that single unit.
+
+Then if you boosted the level
+up so it was a moderate level,
+
+there were spikes anywhere from
+8 kilohertz up to 11 kilohertz.
+
+All that band of frequencies
+caused a response.
+
+Then at the highest level,
+everything caused a response,
+
+from the lowest frequencies
+up to about 12 kilohertz,
+
+and nothing above.
+
+What's this activity out here?
+
+I said nothing above
+and nothing over here.
+
+Well, there's some
+spontaneous firing.
+
+So even if you turn the
+sound completely off,
+
+these nerve fibers have
+a little bit of activity.
+
+They fire some impulses.
+
+There's an ongoing thing.
+
+If you outlined this
+response area with a line--
+
+that line is the border, say,
+between spontaneous firing
+
+or no firing and a response.
+
+So inside of the receptive
+area there's a response.
+
+And outside there's nothing.
+
+Those lines are
+called tuning curves.
+
+And here are a bunch of tuning
+curves from a chinchilla.
+
+And there are one,
+two, three, four, five,
+
+six different tuning curves.
+
+So what the experiment did was
+they moved the electrode in
+
+and got one single unit.
+
+And then they moved
+the electrode,
+
+let's say deeper into the nerve.
+
+And now they sampled
+a different neuron,
+
+a different single unit.
+
+OK, maybe got this tuning curve.
+
+Then they went
+deeper and sampled
+
+from this one and this one
+and this one and this one.
+
+And the idea that it's
+a different one-- well,
+
+the response is different.
+
+But also, as you
+move the electrode,
+
+you lost the single
+unit, number one.
+
+And you've maybe put it
+deeper, a millimeter or so.
+
+It's a huge distance.
+
+And you've got a new unit.
+
+The action potentials
+probably look different.
+
+That's a second.
+
+OK, so these are tuning
+curves there then
+
+from six different single units.
+
+And each of them comes
+down to a pretty nice tip.
+
+And if you take that
+tip and the very lowest
+
+sound level they're
+caused a response
+
+and extrapolate that to the
+x-axis, you get a frequency.
+
+And that frequency is called
+the CF, or characteristic
+
+frequency.
+
+OK, so CF is a very
+important term.
+
+You should know that the CF
+is the very tip of the tuning
+
+curve.
+
+And the CF is different
+from frequency.
+
+Frequency is whatever
+you want to dial in
+
+with your sound oscillator.
+
+But CF is a particular
+characteristic of a neuron,
+
+in this case an
+auditory nerve fiber,
+
+that you're recording from.
+
+And it's a
+characteristic that it
+
+has that you measured from it.
+
+Many of these tuning
+curves, in addition
+
+to having a CF and a so-called
+tip region, also have a tail.
+
+And in this very high CF
+neuron, the tail goes like this.
+
+And then there's
+actually, I think,
+
+something that I dashed in
+here, a dashed line here.
+
+And the tail continues
+way down here.
+
+These experiments didn't
+want to boost the sound level
+
+to get all the tail above 80
+dBs because of possible damage.
+
+If you crank up too much
+sound-- just like you
+
+get a gunshot to the head
+is a very loud sound--
+
+it can cause damage
+to the hair cells.
+
+They didn't want to do that.
+
+But you could see the tail
+of this response area.
+
+It's a nice tip and a nice tail.
+
+OK, now, right away we have
+a beautiful potential code
+
+for sound frequency.
+
+How do I know I'm
+listening to 8 kilohertz?
+
+Well, this nerve fiber
+responds very nicely,
+
+lots of action potentials.
+
+How do I know I'm
+listening to 1 kilohertz?
+
+Well, that same nerve
+fiber might respond.
+
+But I have to get the sound
+level to very loud level,
+
+like 80 dBs ATL.
+
+But these other guys over
+here with CFs of 1 kilohertz
+
+would respond at
+a very low sound.
+
+So then we have a
+code of which fiber
+
+you're listening
+to tells you which
+
+frequency you're listening to.
+
+It's very important.
+
+You judge an instrument,
+like a violin,
+
+by its combination
+of frequencies.
+
+A guitar has a different
+recombination frequencies.
+
+Male speakers generally
+have deeper voices
+
+than female speakers, deeper
+meaning more low frequencies.
+
+Female and children's voices
+are higher in frequency.
+
+So frequency is
+essential for you
+
+to identify what sound
+stimulus you are listening.
+
+Why do we call this a place
+code for sound frequency?
+
+Well, as we talked about before,
+different parts of the cochlea
+
+respond to different
+frequencies.
+
+Here is a beautiful
+example of the place
+
+map for auditory nerve fibers.
+
+And in this case,
+microelectrode recordings
+
+are done as we described before.
+
+But instead of just a plain
+old potassium chloride solution
+
+in the microelectrode,
+it's filled
+
+with a substance
+called a neural tracer.
+
+What are examples
+of neural tracers?
+
+Has anybody played around
+with neural tracers before?
+
+Give me some
+examples of chemicals
+
+that are neural tracers.
+
+Anybody?
+
+This one is a funny name
+horseradish peroxidose,
+
+abbreviated HRP.
+
+Another one is biocytin,
+OK, biotinylated
+
+dextran amine, PDA.
+
+There's millions of
+them, Lucifer yellow.
+
+You can tell that I'm
+a tracer kind of guy.
+
+I use tracers all the
+time in my experiments.
+
+So what you do with
+these neural tracers,
+
+it's convenient if
+they are charged.
+
+For example,
+horseradish peroxidose,
+
+this is a positive charge.
+
+And you can apply positive
+current to the pipette up here.
+
+That's going to tend to
+force positive charge
+
+out the tip of the electrode.
+
+You can expel a
+positive ion out the tip
+
+by this technique, which
+is called iontophoresis.
+
+And if it happens
+that your tip is
+
+close to or ideally inside
+an axon, some of that HRP
+
+is going to come out
+the tip of the electrode
+
+and go into the axon.
+
+And why did we pick HRP?
+
+Because it's picked up by
+chemical transport systems
+
+that transport
+things along axons.
+
+And there are several of these.
+
+There's fast axonal transport.
+
+There's slow.
+
+There's medium.
+
+There's a whole
+bunch of systems,
+
+because this axon is
+coming from a cell here.
+
+It's connected to the cell body.
+
+In the cell body you make
+things like neurotransmitter,
+
+because that's where
+you can make protein.
+
+And that neurotransmitter
+has to get down
+
+to the tip of the axon, which in
+the case of the auditory nerve
+
+is in the cochlear
+nucleus of the brain.
+
+So there are all these transport
+systems transporting things.
+
+And it just turns out
+that some chemicals
+
+are picked up by them.
+
+HRP is one of them.
+
+When you iontophorese
+HRP into a nerve fiber,
+
+it's transported to all
+parts of the nerve fiber,
+
+including to the cell
+and including out
+
+to the tip of the nerve
+fiber on the hair cell.
+
+So here is an example
+of iontophoretically
+
+labeled nerve fibers.
+
+And there's five or six of them.
+
+The recording site was
+here in the auditory nerve.
+
+This is a diagram
+of the cochlea.
+
+This is the so-called
+Schwann glial border,
+
+which defines the
+periphery and the brain.
+
+So this would be the brain.
+
+So these are the nerve
+fibers going into the brain.
+
+They were recorded in
+the auditory nerve.
+
+And you can trace them
+out into the periphery.
+
+Right here is the cell body
+of the auditory nerve fiber.
+
+Every neuron has a cell body.
+
+Most neurons have axons.
+
+The axon was what was recorded.
+
+And the auditory nerve
+neuron has a cell body.
+
+And it also has
+a peripheral axon
+
+that goes out to the periphery
+and contacts an inner hair
+
+cell.
+
+As we saw before, these
+are type one auditory nerve
+
+fibers going to
+inner hair cells.
+
+And it contacts usually
+one inner hair cell.
+
+Now, you can know exactly
+where that auditory nerve
+
+fiber started out by
+tracing it and by tracing
+
+the base of the cochlea
+through the spiral
+
+and all the way up to the apex.
+
+So starting at the base to the
+apex-- so that's 100% distance,
+
+let's say.
+
+And if this were halfway
+between the base and the apex,
+
+that would be the
+50% distance place.
+
+This guy ending up near the
+apex might be 80% distance
+
+from the base to the apex.
+
+OK, does everybody see how
+I can make that mapping?
+
+These sausages here
+are the outlines
+
+of the ganglion, the spiral
+ganglion, where the cell
+
+bodies are of the
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+So what good is that mapping?
+
+Well, before we put the HRP in,
+we measured the tuning curve.
+
+And we got the CF
+from the tuning curve.
+
+So we measured the CF.
+
+We injected the neurotransmitter
+to label the auditory nerve
+
+fiber.
+
+And we reconstructed
+where the labeled ending
+
+of the auditory nerve fiber
+contacted its inner hair cell.
+
+Why did we do this
+for five of these?
+
+Well, in the
+ultimate experiment,
+
+you just do it for one.
+
+But if you're getting good at
+reconstructing the mapping,
+
+you can tell it should
+be about the 50% place.
+
+And you go and find it's 51%.
+
+You know that fiber was
+different than the one
+
+up there.
+
+Then you make your mapping--
+characteristic frequency
+
+to position of enervation
+along the cochlea.
+
+And here is the mapping.
+
+These are the CFs.
+
+And this is the percent
+distance along the cochlea
+
+from the base.
+
+So 0% distance from the base
+would be the extreme base.
+
+100% distance would
+be the extreme apex.
+
+And you can see this
+beautiful mapping of CF
+
+to position, almost
+a straight line,
+
+until you get to the lowest CFs.
+
+And this, as usual, in
+the auditory system,
+
+this frequency axis,
+this is the CF axis now.
+
+It's on a log scale.
+
+So log frequency maps to linear
+distance along the cochlea.
+
+Now, if the brain hears that
+the 50% distance auditory nerve
+
+fiber is responding and
+no other auditory nerve
+
+fiber is responding,
+it knows it's
+
+listening to a 3
+kilohertz frequency.
+
+Place to frequency
+mapping is tonotopic.
+
+I said that opposite.
+
+Frequency to place is tonotopic.
+
+So this is a tonotopic mapping--
+frequency to place, tonotopic.
+
+And why is that important?
+
+Well, it happens in the cochlea.
+
+It happens in the
+auditory nerve.
+
+It happens in the cochlear
+nucleus of the brain.
+
+It happens in almost
+all the auditory
+
+centers in the entire brain,
+all the way up to the cortex.
+
+You have neurons or
+fibers responding
+
+to low CFs over
+here in the brain.
+
+And if you move your
+electrode over here,
+
+you find they're responding
+to mid frequencies.
+
+And if you move them over here,
+they're responding to high CFs.
+
+So this organization
+is fundamental.
+
+It starts at the receptor
+level in the cochlea.
+
+It's conveyed by the nerve
+into the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And you have these
+beautiful frequency--
+
+they're actually CF
+organizations in the brain.
+
+So the place code
+for sound frequency
+
+presumes that each
+frequency stimulates
+
+a certain place along cochlea.
+
+And I guess, if
+you generalize this
+
+from the auditory system
+to the visual system--
+
+if you have a
+particular light source,
+
+like that light over there, and
+my eyes are looking this way,
+
+that light is going to
+stimulate a particular place
+
+in my left retina and
+in my right retina.
+
+So you have a coding for
+where that light is along
+
+the place in the retina.
+
+In the auditory
+system, you don't
+
+have that kind of a place code.
+
+You have a place code
+for sound frequency.
+
+It's very different.
+
+The cochlea maps frequency.
+
+How can we use this code?
+
+We're actually very good at
+distinguishing closely spaced
+
+frequencies.
+
+And here is now some
+psychophyscial data
+
+from human listeners.
+
+We're going to get away from
+the auditory nerve for awhile
+
+and talk about
+listening studies.
+
+Here is to graph of frequency.
+
+And on the y-axis is delta f.
+
+What's delta f?
+
+Delta f is the just noticeable
+difference for frequency.
+
+Of course, we're talk
+about sound frequency.
+
+And how is the
+experiment conducted?
+
+Well, you have your listener.
+
+Your listener is
+listening to sound.
+
+And you give them a
+1 kilohertz sound.
+
+And then you give them
+a 2 kilohertz sound.
+
+The experimenter says, does it
+sound the same or different?
+
+Ah, completely different.
+
+OK, 1 kilohertz sound
+and a 1,100 kilohertz
+
+sound, same or different?
+
+Ah completely different.
+
+OK, 1,000 hertz sound
+and 1,010 hertz sound.
+
+Ah, it's different.
+
+1,000 hertz and a
+1,002 hertz sound?
+
+I'm not so sure.
+
+Give it to me again.
+
+OK, 1,000 hertz
+sound, 1,002 hertz?
+
+Eh, it's just a
+little bit different.
+
+1,000 hertz sound and
+a 1,001 hertz sound?
+
+Same.
+
+OK, so that's the experiment.
+
+So we have the graph here for
+the just noticeable difference
+
+in frequency, as a
+function of frequency.
+
+And at 1,000
+hertz-- that's right
+
+in the middle of your hearing
+range-- the delta f-- well,
+
+it's hard to read that
+axis-- the delta f
+
+is about 1 or 2 hertz.
+
+So 1,000 vs 1,002
+hertz is just barely
+
+distinguishable for
+human listeners.
+
+You can do that experimental
+a little bit differently.
+
+Instead of giving two tones,
+you can give one tone and vary
+
+its frequency a little.
+
+And that's kind of
+a pleasing sound.
+
+Does everybody
+know what a vibrato
+
+is on a stringed instrument?
+
+That's a plain A.
+But if you vibrate
+
+it a little-- that's
+the frequencies
+
+going back and forth.
+
+Everybody could hear
+that vibrato right?
+
+Even though I'm changing the
+frequency just a tiny bit.
+
+You could do the experiment
+by vibrating the frequency
+
+just one single frequency.
+
+Is it vibrating?
+
+Or is it not vibrating?
+
+And you get about
+the same result.
+
+That's what the second graph is.
+
+People who are tone deaf,
+not proficient music,
+
+don't have any hearing
+problems are almost always
+
+able to distinguish frequencies
+with a little bit of training.
+
+The training is now here's the
+task, that type of training.
+
+OK, so I have a
+demonstration here.
+
+And we can listen to this and
+see how good you guys are--
+
+you know, naive,
+untrained listeners--
+
+and see if we're good at
+distinguishing frequency.
+
+So the demonstration is
+a little bit complicated.
+
+So I'll go through it.
+
+It's going to give you
+1,000 hertz, standard,
+
+middle of your range
+hearing frequency.
+
+And it's going to give you
+a bunch of different groups.
+
+I'm going to go
+through these slowly.
+
+And in each group, we
+have 1,000 one hertz,
+
+and 1,000 hertz plus delta f.
+
+OK, delta f for group one is
+10 hertz, big frequency space.
+
+And what you're
+going to listen to
+
+is A, B, A, A, where is f--
+1,000 hertz-- and f plus delta
+
+f-- 1,010 hertz.
+
+And B will be first, 1,010
+hertz and then 1,000 hertz.
+
+Then A, 1,000
+hertz, 1,010 hertz;
+
+and another A, 1,000
+hertz, 1,010 hertz,
+
+just to give you a bunch
+of different examples.
+
+Then group two, delta f will be
+a little bit harder, 9 hertz,
+
+OK, so on and so forth,
+down to group 10, which
+
+will be delta f of 1 hertz.
+
+Or seeing if we can distinguish
+1,000 and 1,001 hertz.
+
+OK, so let's listen to this.
+
+MAN IN AUDIO: Frequency
+difference file for J and D.
+
+You will hear 10 groups
+of four tone pairs.
+
+In each group, there is a
+small frequency difference
+
+between the tones
+of the pairs, which
+
+decreases in each
+successive group.
+
+[BEEPING OF TONE PAIRS]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's group one.
+
+Here's group two.
+
+[BEEPING OF TONE PAIRS]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, could
+everybody do the big interval,
+
+delta f equals 10?
+
+Raise your hand if
+you could do that.
+
+Most-- some people can.
+
+I-- it's not problem.
+
+OK, how about your limits
+for people who could do it.
+
+When did you--
+
+AUDIENCE: I heard eight.
+
+PROFESSOR: About eight, OK.
+
+And what was your
+limit going down?
+
+AUDIENCE: Nine.
+
+PROFESSOR: Group
+nine or delta f?
+
+OK, so delta f of 2.
+
+I cut out about
+between two and three.
+
+Well, for those of us who could
+do it, without any training
+
+at all, you get to what the
+best results are-- people
+
+who have done this for
+days and days and practice.
+
+And this is not an
+ideal listening room.
+
+There's a lot of fan noise.
+
+There's some distractions too.
+
+Ideally, you'd be in a
+completely quiet environment,
+
+perhaps wearing headphones.
+
+But it works pretty well.
+
+I'm not sure what it says
+about people can't do it.
+
+And there certainly are.
+
+So I don't know
+if you should have
+
+your hearing tested or whatever.
+
+But for those of
+us who could do it,
+
+you get quickly to the
+best possible results.
+
+So you could do a
+calculation then on these.
+
+We know what delta f is.
+
+Let's say it's 2
+hertz at 1,000 hertz.
+
+And let's go back to
+our mapping experiment.
+
+So here's 1,000 hertz CF.
+
+Let's say we're
+listening at the CF.
+
+And we're moving from 1,000 to
+1,002 hertz, the best possible
+
+psychophysical performance.
+
+We can go up along this
+cochlear frequency map
+
+and say, well, what
+percent distance did
+
+we move from the 1,000 hertz
+point to the 1,002 hertz point?
+
+And I don't know where it is.
+
+Well, it's about the 70%
+distance place in this animal.
+
+This is a cat, of course.
+
+You can't do these kinds
+of studies in humans.
+
+You could map it out in human.
+
+It turns out that if you know
+how many inner hair cells there
+
+are-- we had that number before
+along the base to apex spiral--
+
+and you know the
+distance you're moving,
+
+it turns out you can make
+the calculation, the best
+
+possible performance.
+
+You're moving from one inner
+hair cell to its neighbor.
+
+So it's a very,
+very small increment
+
+along the cochlear
+spiral you're moving.
+
+That increment is
+associated with the best
+
+possible psychophysical
+performance
+
+in terms of frequency
+distinction.
+
+OK, that's the
+cochlear frequency map.
+
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+Now let's go back to
+the auditory nerve
+
+and talk more about coding
+for sound frequency.
+
+So far, we've just been
+exploring single tone response
+
+areas.
+
+So now let's make the stimulus
+a little bit more advanced
+
+and talk about
+coding for two tones.
+
+What happens when
+you have two tones?
+
+Well, here is a tuning curve,
+plotted with open symbols
+
+here, for the kind
+of tuning curve
+
+with one tone we had before.
+
+So everything within this
+white area is excitatory.
+
+You put a frequency of 7
+kilohertz in at 40 dB SPL.
+
+And the neuron is going to fire
+all kinds of action potentials.
+
+Now, let's put in a tone
+right at this triangle,
+
+called the probe tone.
+
+It's usually right at the CF.
+
+And it's above the threshold.
+
+In this case, it looks
+like it's about 25 dB.
+
+And it gets the
+neuron responding.
+
+You put that probe
+tone in the neuron
+
+is going to fire some
+action potentials.
+
+And keep that probe
+tone in so the neuron
+
+is firing action potentials.
+
+And put a second tone in.
+
+And the second tone is often
+outside the response areas.
+
+And it turns out that
+anywhere in this shaded area
+
+above the CF or below
+the CF, a second tone,
+
+as is illustrated here,
+will decrease the response
+
+to the probe tone in
+a dramatic fashion.
+
+Then, when you turn off
+this second tone-- sometimes
+
+called a suppressing tone-- the
+original activity comes back.
+
+And this phenomenon is
+called two-tone suppression.
+
+At first, it was called
+two-tone inhibition.
+
+People thought, oh, OK, there's
+another nearby neighbor nerve
+
+fiber that's inhibiting
+this first one.
+
+And they looked in
+the cochlea and there
+
+weren't any inhibitory synapses.
+
+OK, so that was a problem.
+
+They started calling
+it suppression.
+
+And they actually
+ended up finding it
+
+in the movement of
+the basilar membrane.
+
+So it's just something
+about the vibration pattern
+
+of the cochlea that causes
+the movement of the membranes
+
+to be diminished
+by a second tone
+
+on either side of the first.
+
+Now, why do I bring this up?
+
+Well, it's kind of interesting
+in a number of contexts.
+
+Two-tone suppression might
+be a form of gain control.
+
+If you just had the
+excitatory tuning curve,
+
+and you started listening in a
+restaurant where everybody was
+
+talking and there
+was a lot of sound,
+
+all your auditory
+nerve fibers might
+
+be discharging at
+their maximal rates.
+
+And you wouldn't be able to tell
+the interesting conversation
+
+your two neighbors were having.
+
+You wouldn't be
+able to eavesdrop.
+
+You wouldn't be having
+a conversation yourself.
+
+So two-tone suppression
+is a form of gain control,
+
+where the side bands reduce
+the response to the main band,
+
+so that not everything's
+being driven into saturation.
+
+That's one reason.
+
+And a second reason
+is you can actually
+
+use this in a sort of a
+tricky psychophysical paradigm
+
+to measure the tuning
+of human listeners.
+
+We obviously can't go into
+a human's auditory nerve
+
+with a microelectrode,
+although it's
+
+been done a couple
+times in surgery.
+
+But it's rare.
+
+It's easy to do a so-called
+two-tone suppression paradigm,
+
+where you have the person
+listen to the probe tone.
+
+You say to the
+listener, here's a tone.
+
+I want you to listen to that.
+
+I'm going to put
+in a second tone.
+
+I ignore that.
+
+Don't worry about it.
+
+Just listen to that
+first probe tone.
+
+Tell me if you can hear
+that original probe tone.
+
+Ah, yeah, sure I can hear.
+
+I'm going to put a second tone.
+
+Oh, I can't hear the
+probe tone anymore.
+
+OK the second or side tone
+has suppressed the response
+
+to the probe tone.
+
+And you can use that
+as a measure of tuning,
+
+because these suppression areas
+flank the excitatory area.
+
+And so here are some
+results from humans
+
+in a so-called psychophysical
+tuning curve paradigm.
+
+And these are a half a
+dozen or so tuning curves.
+
+Each one has associated with
+it a probe tone or a test tone.
+
+The task is listen
+to that test tone
+
+and tell me if you still
+hear it or if it's gone away.
+
+The experimenter
+introduce a second tone,
+
+a so-called masker, at those
+frequencies and levels.
+
+And at where the line
+is drawn, the person
+
+who's listening
+to the probe tone
+
+says, I can't hear that
+probe tone anymore.
+
+Something happened to it.
+
+Well, two-tone suppression
+happened to it.
+
+The masker masked the response
+to the probe tone or test tone.
+
+And look at the shapes
+of those tuning curves.
+
+They look like good old
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+They have a CF.
+
+The CF is right at the probe.
+
+They have a tip region.
+
+They have a tail region.
+
+If you measure the
+sharpness, how wide they are,
+
+they're really
+sharp at high CFs.
+
+And they get a little bit
+broader as a CFs goes down.
+
+At high CFs they have
+a tip and a tail.
+
+At low CFs they look
+more like v-shape.
+
+We can go back to the
+auditory nerve tuning curve
+
+with those in mind.
+
+And look how similar they are.
+
+Here's high CF,
+tip and the tail.
+
+Low CF, just sort of a
+plain v ad they're wider.
+
+Human psychophysical
+tuning curves
+
+have that same general look.
+
+Now, remember, this is a
+very different paradigm.
+
+Here there are two tones.
+
+The probe tone is one of them.
+
+And the masker or the
+second suppressor tone
+
+is the second one.
+
+Whereas in good old fashioned
+auditory nerve fiber
+
+tuning curve there was just
+one, the excitatory tone.
+
+OK, so psychophysical
+tuning curves
+
+are obtained from humans
+in the following paradigm.
+
+We went over that.
+
+These tuning curves and
+the neural tuning curves
+
+from animals are
+roughly similar.
+
+Now, what would you expect
+to happen to these tuning
+
+curves and the
+neural tuning curves
+
+if you had an outer
+hair cell problem?
+
+And this is kind of
+the classic-- oh, yeah,
+
+you can sort of pass that
+around-- a classic exam
+
+question.
+
+Draw a tuning curve.
+
+So you label this
+with frequency.
+
+This is the sound pressure level
+for a response-- I don't know.
+
+We can say whatever response you
+want to-- 10 spikes per second.
+
+Label the CF.
+
+Here it is.
+
+This is a normal.
+
+What's the axis here?
+
+Well, the CF might be-- the
+threshold might be at 0 dB.
+
+The tail comes in-- let's go
+to our animal tuning curve
+
+just so we get this right.
+
+Oops, pressed the wrong button.
+
+OK, so the tip on this
+one it's about 20.
+
+The tail is coming in about 60.
+
+So we are starting down--
+well, let's say it's 20.
+
+This is going to be
+60 dBs SPL-- normal.
+
+Draw the tuning curve in an
+animal where the outer hair
+
+cells are damaged.
+
+Well, you could say,
+there's no response.
+
+That wouldn't be quite right.
+
+OK, remember we're-- this is
+the nerve fiber we're recording
+
+from, a type one.
+
+This is the inner hair cell.
+
+These are the outer hair cells.
+
+And we're saying damage
+them, lesion them.
+
+You could have it
+in a knockout animal
+
+where they had
+lost their Preston.
+
+OK, so the cochlear
+amplifier is lost.
+
+What sort of a
+hearing loss do have
+
+when you lose the
+cochlear amplifier?
+
+40 to 60 dB, right?
+
+Well, what's this interval?
+
+40 dB, right?
+
+And it turns out,
+when you record
+
+from a preparation in which the
+outer hair cells are lesioned,
+
+this is the kind of tuning curve
+you find when the outer hair
+
+cells are killed or lesioned--
+a tip-less tuning curve.
+
+At least from these high
+frequencies that have a tip.
+
+And the lows they
+look more bowl shaped.
+
+But there's a 40 to
+60 dB hearing loss.
+
+You're not deaf, but you have
+a greatly altered function.
+
+How good would this
+function be for telling
+
+the difference between
+1,000 hertz and 1,002 hertz?
+
+Not so good, right?
+
+You need a very
+sharply tuned function
+
+to tell or discriminate between
+two closely spaced frequencies.
+
+If you have an outer
+hair cell problem,
+
+not only are your going
+to be much less sensitive,
+
+but you're not going to be
+so good at distinguishing
+
+between frequencies.
+
+Another way to think
+about it is that if there
+
+were a whole bunch of
+frequencies down here
+
+and your hearing
+aid boosted them,
+
+you wouldn't be able to
+listen to your characteristic
+
+frequency anymore, because
+these side frequencies were
+
+getting into your response area.
+
+So these are non-selective
+response areas,
+
+where the normal or sharply
+tuned are very selective.
+
+And what are they selective for?
+
+For sound frequency.
+
+OK, so the outer
+hair cells give you
+
+this big boost in sensitivity
+and sharp tuning of the tip.
+
+That's the cochlear amplifier
+part of the function.
+
+OK, now, how could we do this?
+
+Well, recently, within
+the last 10 years,
+
+you can have a
+[? knocked ?] out animal.
+
+But in the old days, you
+could lesion outer hair cells
+
+by many means.
+
+You could lesion
+them by loud sounds.
+
+Well, loud sounds
+actually end up
+
+affecting inner hair cells
+a little bit as well.
+
+So the preferred method of
+lesioning outer hair cells
+
+was with drugs.
+
+For example, kanamycin is
+a very good antibiotic.
+
+It kills bacteria.
+
+Unfortunately, it's audatoxic.
+
+It kills hair cells.
+
+And if you give it to animals
+in just the right dose,
+
+you can kill the outer hair
+cells, which for some reason--
+
+it's not known-- are
+more sensitive to them.
+
+If you give them
+a higher dose, it
+
+will also kill the
+inner hair cell.
+
+But you can create
+animal preparations
+
+in which the outer
+hair cells are gone
+
+and the inner hassles
+are remaining,
+
+at least over a particular
+part of the cochlea.
+
+And from that part, you can
+record these tip-less tuning
+
+curves.
+
+OK, so that is
+mostly what I want
+
+to say about place coding
+for sound frequency.
+
+And now, I want to get into the
+second code for sound frequency
+
+that we have, which is
+a temporal code that's
+
+based on the finding
+of temporal synchrony
+
+in the auditory nerve.
+
+This is the so-called
+phase-locking.
+
+Again, we're doing the same kind
+of experimental preparation.
+
+We stick are recording
+electrode in the auditory nerve.
+
+And we record from one
+single auditory nerve fiber.
+
+And we measure it's spikes.
+
+Each one of these
+little blips is a spike.
+
+The very top trace is
+the sound wave form.
+
+The next trace is the response
+of the auditory nerve fiber.
+
+And these are supra-imposed
+multiple traces.
+
+And that trace is
+with no stimulus.
+
+So this auditory nerve fiber
+is obviously very happy firing
+
+long, spontaneous activity.
+
+Then let's turn the sound on.
+
+The top trace is on now.
+
+This is with the stimulus.
+
+And look at how these auditory
+nerve fiber impulses tend
+
+to line up at a particular
+phase of the sound stimulus.
+
+What's phase?
+
+Well, it's just the
+degrees, the sine wave,
+
+as a function of time,
+the sound pressure--
+
+this is sound
+pressure-- and it's
+
+going through 360 degrees of
+phase here-- 180 degrees here.
+
+And it looks like
+many of the spikes
+
+are lining up around
+80 degree point.
+
+So a lot of the
+firing is right here.
+
+Not so much firing here.
+
+Not so much firing here.
+
+And then another
+waveform comes along
+
+and you get some more
+firing about the same time.
+
+Now, one very
+common misconception
+
+about phase-locking is that
+every time the sound wave form
+
+goes through-- in
+this case 80 degrees--
+
+the fiber fires an impulse.
+
+That's not true at all.
+
+Here is a single trace, showing
+excellent phase-locking.
+
+And there's a response
+to the first wave form.
+
+But then the fiber takes
+a break and doesn't
+
+respond during the second.
+
+And it looks like it responds
+on the third and the fourth.
+
+But then it takes a
+longer break and doesn't
+
+respond at the fifth or sixth,
+but it responds at the seventh,
+
+and not at the eighth or ninth,
+then on the 10th and 11th.
+
+So it doesn't matter.
+
+You don't have to respond
+in every single waveform.
+
+You can respond in
+one wave form and take
+
+a break for 100 waveforms,
+as long as when you respond,
+
+the next time it's
+on the same point
+
+or in the same phase
+in the sound wave.
+
+So typically, to
+get these data, you
+
+average over many
+hundreds or even
+
+thousands of stimulus cycles,
+where one complete cycle
+
+is 0 to 360 degrees.
+
+These are plots of
+auditory nerve firing.
+
+So this is a firing rate access
+percent of total impulses.
+
+This is now a time axis.
+
+So we're just saying when
+does it fire along the time.
+
+And the stimulus,
+I believe, here
+
+is 1,000 hertz, so it's the
+middle of the hearing range.
+
+And this is excellent
+phase-locking.
+
+If you were to
+quantify this-- there
+
+are many ways to
+quantify this-- but you
+
+could fit, for example, a
+Fourier series, to that.
+
+And you could plot
+just the fundamental
+
+of the Fourier series.
+
+And that's what's known as the
+synchronization coefficient.
+
+And plot it as a
+function of frequency.
+
+You could make your
+measurements at 1,000 hertz,
+
+which is this
+point on the graph.
+
+You could make them
+at 5,000 hertz.
+
+You could make
+them at 500 hertz.
+
+This synchronization
+coefficient ends up
+
+being between 0.8 and
+0.9 for low frequencies.
+
+And then it rolls
+off essentially
+
+to be random firing at
+around 3,000 or 4,000,
+
+certainly by 5,000 hertz.
+
+So this behavior,
+this phase-locking
+
+goes away toward the high
+end of our hearing range.
+
+It just means that the auditory
+nerve can no longer synchronize
+
+at very high frequency.
+
+So what's going on here?
+
+The auditory nerve fiber
+is getting its messages
+
+from the hair cell, right?
+
+Here's the auditory nerve fiber.
+
+And it's hooked up to
+an inner hair cell.
+
+And it's sending messages.
+
+What are the messages?
+
+Neurotransmitter.
+
+When the wave form
+goes like this,
+
+the auditory nerve
+fiber is responding.
+
+Ah, it's getting lots
+of neurotransmitter.
+
+Well, that was when
+the stereocilia
+
+were bent one direction.
+
+Ions flowed in.
+
+The inner hair cell
+was depolarized.
+
+It released lots of
+neurotransmitter.
+
+Let's go a little
+bit longer in time
+
+to this bottom part
+of the phase curve.
+
+The stereocilia were bent
+the opposite direction.
+
+The ion channels closed off.
+
+The inner hair cell went back to
+its rest-- minus 80 millivolts,
+
+let's say.
+
+And it said, I'm
+not excited anymore.
+
+I'm going to shut off the
+flow of neurotransmitter.
+
+The auditory nerve fiber
+goes, oh, we're quiet.
+
+We don't need to respond.
+
+Go back to the other direction,
+then the stereocilia back
+
+the other way.
+
+Ah, I'm depolarized.
+
+I'm going to go to
+minus 30 millivolts.
+
+Ah, well, let's release
+neurotransmitter.
+
+Oh, wow, there's
+something going on.
+
+I'm going to fire.
+
+I'm going to fire all
+these action potentials.
+
+It's going back and
+forth, back and forth.
+
+At some point though, this
+is going back and forth
+
+so fast that this just
+gets to be a blur.
+
+There is a sound there.
+
+It's depolarizing the hair cell.
+
+But it can't do this
+push pull kind of thing.
+
+It's not fast enough.
+
+Even though there's a
+nice synaptic ribbon
+
+there to coordinate the
+release of the vesicles,
+
+it gets overwhelmed.
+
+Remember, at 1,000 hertz,
+this is going back and forth
+
+in 1 millisecond.
+
+And 5,000 hertz, it's
+going back and forth
+
+five times in 1 millisecond.
+
+That's pretty fast.
+
+And it gets overwhelmed.
+
+There's a response.
+
+There's more action potentials
+with the stimulus than without.
+
+But they're no
+longer synchronized.
+
+It gets overwhelmed.
+
+And phase-lacking goes away.
+
+We can distinguish
+5,000 from 6,000 hertz
+
+very nicely when we listen.
+
+We're not using this
+code, because there's
+
+no temporal synchrony in
+the auditory nerve at very
+
+high frequencies.
+
+This is a kind of an interesting
+code for sound frequency,
+
+because the timing
+is going to be
+
+different for
+different frequencies.
+
+Imagine at low frequencies--
+and imagine just
+
+for the sake of argument--
+that the auditory nerve
+
+fiber is going to respond on
+every single stimulus peak.
+
+Let's say this is 1,000 hertz.
+
+And now let's say we dial
+in 2,000 hertz, which
+
+is going to end up
+going twice as fast.
+
+I'm not a very
+good artists here.
+
+But you can imagine
+that the firing
+
+is going to be twice as often,
+if for the sake of argument
+
+we're firing in every stimulus
+frequency, which may not
+
+happen.
+
+But this is kind of
+an interesting code.
+
+Because if you're
+sitting in the brain
+
+and you're getting
+firing very far apart,
+
+you're going to say, OK,
+that's a low frequency.
+
+But if you're getting
+firing very close together,
+
+you're going to say, oh,
+that's a higher frequency.
+
+So is there some little
+detector in the brain
+
+that's detecting
+these intervals?
+
+How fast the firing?
+
+Well, we don't know that.
+
+But we certainly
+know that a code
+
+is available in the auditory
+nerve at low frequencies,
+
+but not at high frequencies
+like 5 kilohertz.
+
+So what's the
+evidence that we're
+
+using one code or the other?
+
+Clearly, the place
+code has to provide us
+
+with frequency information
+at a higher frequency.
+
+There is no temporal code
+at those high frequencies.
+
+Down low, which code do we use?
+
+Well, we probably use both.
+
+That's another way of
+saying, I'm not really sure.
+
+But let me give you some data
+from musical intervals that
+
+might suggest that
+this time code is used.
+
+What are the data?
+
+We have to talk a little
+bit about perception
+
+of musical intervals.
+
+And we might as well start
+out with the most important
+
+musical interval,
+which is the octave.
+
+Does everybody know
+what an octave is?
+
+Yeah, what it is an octave?
+
+I can't explain
+it, but I know it.
+
+What about on a piano?
+
+You go down and hit middle
+C, where is the octave?
+
+AUDIENCE: The next C.
+
+PROFESSOR: The next C, right.
+
+You've even called
+it the same letter,
+
+because it sounds so similar.
+
+But in precise physical
+terms, an octave
+
+is a doubling of frequency.
+
+Whatever frequency middle C was,
+if you double that frequency,
+
+you get an octave
+above middle C.
+
+So we have some data
+here for two intervals,
+
+one 440 hertz-- two
+frequencies, one 440 hertz
+
+and another an
+octave above, 880.
+
+So double it.
+
+And why did we pick 440 hertz?
+
+So that corresponds to a
+note-- just-- yeah, right,
+
+it corresponds to
+A. And I was trying
+
+to think if the A is
+below or above middle C. I
+
+think it's above.
+
+So what's important-- you
+guys knew that right away.
+
+What's important about that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Orchestras tune to it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Orchestras
+tune to it.
+
+So can you give it to me?
+
+OK, I'll give it to you.
+[WHISTLES] Sorry, that's A 440.
+
+And so here's A
+440 on the violin.
+
+[PLUCKS A NOTE] OK,
+now, how do I know that?
+
+Because orchestras tune to it.
+
+So for about 20 years,
+I sat in an orchestra.
+
+And the first thing you did--
+[LAUGHS] OK, tune, you guys.
+
+And what instrument
+gives the tuning note?
+
+If you're in junior high, it's
+this little electronic thing.
+
+But if you're in the BSO, what
+instrument gives the tuning
+
+note?
+
+AUDIENCE: The violin.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, violins go
+out of tune like crazy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oboe.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oboe, right,
+because the oboe's
+
+a very stable instrument.
+
+And if the barometric
+pressure goes up
+
+and the humidity
+goes down, the oboe's
+
+still going to give you A 440.
+
+So the A 440 is a very
+important musical note.
+
+And all these
+instruments, of course,
+
+have a whole bunch of harmonics.
+
+This string is vibrating in a
+whole bunch of different modes.
+
+But the fundamental, the length
+where the whole string vibrates
+
+is A 440.
+
+OK, so here's A 440
+or approximately.
+
+Now, an octave above that
+is a very nice sounds.
+
+It's another A. That's
+A 880, the fundamental.
+
+And if I sound them together,
+they sound very beautiful.
+
+And in any musical
+culture, an octave
+
+is a very predominant
+interval, because it
+
+sounds so wonderful to your ear.
+
+And violinists, I can tell you
+from experience, practice a lot
+
+of time trying to tune
+their octaves perfectly.
+
+And if you've ever listened to
+a professionals go like this,
+
+and every time they
+go up and down,
+
+the octave is just beautiful.
+
+But if you've been to middle
+school or elementary school,
+
+it's a little different.
+
+Because sometimes when those
+students play an octave,
+
+it doesn't really hit
+to be exactly an octave.
+
+And now I'm going to give
+you a demonstration that's
+
+440 and not quite 880.
+
+OK And it's not going to
+sound exactly the same.
+
+So here it is.
+
+And that's an interval I've
+listened to many times.
+
+But it's not a desired interval.
+
+It's a very dissonant interval.
+
+And what is terribly
+displeasing about something
+
+that's not quite an
+octave versus an octave.
+
+That is a question
+that the place code
+
+has a lot of problems with.
+
+Because, for example, along
+the cochlea there is a place--
+
+it's quite near the
+apex-- for the 440.
+
+And then if you go
+more basally, there's
+
+another place for the 880.
+
+And there's a place
+for the 879 and 878.
+
+And those would
+be very dissonant.
+
+But there's no reason that
+those two things have any links
+
+to one another in
+the place code.
+
+There's a place for 1,000
+and a place for 2,000.
+
+Why do they sound so
+wonderful together?
+
+The timing code though
+has an answer for that.
+
+And here is some
+data to show you
+
+why those two intervals
+[? meld ?] very good together.
+
+If you look at
+the spike pattern,
+
+in response to either
+one of these frequencies,
+
+and compute what are
+called the intervals
+
+between the spike-- so-called
+interspike intervals--
+
+every time you get a spike,
+you start your clock ticking.
+
+And that interval is timed
+until the next spike fires.
+
+That's an interspike interval.
+
+And obviously, if
+this is phase-locked,
+
+these intervals are going
+to have a close relationship
+
+to the stimulus period.
+
+So here's a spike and here's
+an approximately two-cycle
+
+interspike interval.
+
+Here's a short interval,
+but it's one complete phase.
+
+Here's a long interval, but
+it's now three complete phases.
+
+Here's another
+three-phase interval.
+
+Here's a one-phase interval.
+
+You could make a very nice
+plot of the interspike interval
+
+in milliseconds, the
+time between the spikes.
+
+And these are the number of
+occurrences on the y-axis.
+
+So for 440 hertz it's
+the dashed curve here.
+
+And you get a big peak
+here that's a multiple
+
+of the period.
+
+So at 440 hertz,
+the sound wave form
+
+is taking about 2
+and 1/2 milliseconds
+
+to go through one
+complete cycle.
+
+And these intervals would be
+firing on successive periods,
+
+which, obviously, the
+nerve fiber can do.
+
+But sometimes they
+take a break, and they
+
+fire only every other period.
+
+And that's a double
+of this interval.
+
+And so you have a lot
+of firing at about 4
+
+and 1/2 milliseconds, a lot of
+firing at about 7 milliseconds,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So this is an
+interspike interval
+
+from auditory nerve firing in
+response to this low frequency.
+
+Now, let's double the frequency.
+
+Now, the sound wave form
+is going back and forth
+
+twice as fast.
+
+And you have-- no surprise--
+firing, in some cases,
+
+twice as short intervals.
+
+So here's an interval
+for the 880 hertz
+
+that's about 1 and
+1/2 milliseconds.
+
+But here we have
+a firing pattern
+
+that's exactly-- within the
+limits of experimental error--
+
+exactly the same as
+for the 440 hertz.
+
+Here we have an interval
+that's representative
+
+of skipping a stimulus waveform
+or two stimulus waveforms
+
+for 880.
+
+But here we have a peek at
+exactly the same as 440 hertz,
+
+because these
+intervals are lining up
+
+every other one for the
+presentation of the octave.
+
+When you put those
+two sounds together,
+
+you're going to get the
+combination pattern.
+
+And many of the
+intervals are going
+
+to be precisely on one another.
+
+And that is a very pleasing
+sensation for you to listen to.
+
+If you look at other very
+common musical intervals,
+
+like the fifth or
+the fourth, you
+
+will have many
+overlapping periods
+
+of interspike intervals
+in auditory nerve firing.
+
+And those are very
+common musical intervals.
+
+If you look at dissonant
+interval, like 440 and 870,
+
+there will be no overlap
+amongst those two frequencies
+
+in the auditory nerve firing.
+
+Now, let's go back
+to psychophysics
+
+and give you one more
+interesting piece of the puzzle
+
+here for why temporal codes
+might be important is active
+
+matches become more difficult--
+and actually impossible--
+
+above 5 kilohertz.
+
+OK, well, how does that fit in?
+
+Well, we just said
+that phase-locking--
+
+because the hair cell and
+auditory nerve can't keep up
+
+with one another,
+the phase-locking
+
+diminishes for these
+high frequencies.
+
+And there it becomes
+impossible to match
+
+because you don't
+have this timing
+
+code in the auditory nerve.
+
+So most of musical sounds
+are confined to the spectrum
+
+below 3 kilohertz.
+
+If you look even at the upper
+limit of the piano keyboard,
+
+you're sort of right
+at 3 kilohertz or so.
+
+And that's probably the reason.
+
+It's a very likely reason.
+
+Now, we have a research
+paper for today.
+
+And I'll give you the
+bottom line or the take home
+
+message for that.
+
+And this is an interesting
+neuralphysiological study
+
+based on a psychophysical
+phenomenon called
+
+the octave enlargement effect.
+
+So I wasn't quite
+truthful when I told you
+
+that octaves are the
+most perfect interval
+
+to listen to, because it turns
+out if you have people-- if you
+
+give people a low tone and
+give them an oscillator.
+
+And say, dial in an
+octave above that,
+
+they'll dial it in and say,
+ah, that sounds so great.
+
+But if you look
+really carefully,
+
+it's not exactly an octave.
+
+It's a small deviation.
+
+What they dial in-- especially
+at high frequencies-- remember,
+
+you can't do this at
+really high frequencies,
+
+but at 2,500 or 1,500
+hertz, toward the high end
+
+of where you can do it-- they
+dial in actually a little bit
+
+more than an octave.
+
+And they say, ah,
+that sounds great.
+
+But it's not exactly an octave.
+
+So this paper looked and said,
+what about auditory nerve fiber
+
+firing can explain this
+octave enlargement effect?
+
+The fact that people
+dial in a little bit more
+
+than an octave for
+the upper tone.
+
+So these are the
+psychophysical measurements.
+
+And they just give
+you previous studies.
+
+What they did was they recorded
+from the auditory nerve.
+
+And they looked at interspike
+interval histograms,
+
+like we've just
+been talking about.
+
+And they saw something
+really interesting
+
+at the very high frequencies.
+
+So they're going to especially
+concentrate in here.
+
+They found that the
+very first interval
+
+didn't match exactly
+what was predicted.
+
+So this is a stimulus
+of 1,750 hertz,
+
+so toward the right
+end of the graph here.
+
+And where you'd predict
+the intervals to happen
+
+is shown by the
+vertical dashed lines.
+
+And they didn't fire right
+on those predictions,
+
+except for the very
+shortest intervals.
+
+And they said,
+what's going on here?
+
+Well, when you get to
+very high frequencies,
+
+what are we talking about
+for these intervals?
+
+Even at 1,000 hertz,
+what's the time scale here?
+
+This is 1 millisecond.
+
+What problems do you get when
+you ask a nerve fiber to fire
+
+and then you ask it to fire
+again a millisecond later?
+
+That's a very brief interval.
+
+Anybody know?
+
+What is the limit of firing?
+
+Can nerve fibers fire closely
+spaced action potentials,
+
+you know, less
+than a millisecond?
+
+What's the problem
+that they have?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it that
+they are polarized?
+
+PROFESSOR: They're
+hyperpolarized, right.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because of
+the refractory period.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+There's something called
+the refractory period, which
+
+can cause them to hyperpolarize.
+
+So what's happening-- if this
+were a nerve cell membrane,
+
+is what happens is sodium
+channels can open up
+
+to allow sodium to come in
+and depolarize the neuron
+
+and fire an action potential.
+
+And then those channels
+are turned off.
+
+And potassium channels
+open up and allow potassium
+
+to go back and
+even hyperpolarize.
+
+But these channels take a
+little bit of time to recover.
+
+It takes a little bit
+of time for the sodium
+
+to turn off and get ready to
+fire another action potential.
+
+It takes a lot longer time
+for the potassium channel
+
+to close and get ready to
+fire another action potential.
+
+And the refractory
+period is the time
+
+it takes for everything
+to recover fully
+
+so we're ready to fire again.
+
+And in the limit, that's
+supposed to be about 1
+
+millisecond.
+
+That's the absolute
+real refractory period.
+
+So when I was drawing here
+things a millisecond and less,
+
+I wasn't really being truthful.
+
+There's something called the
+relative refractory period,
+
+which is a couple
+of milliseconds.
+
+And the nerve fiber can
+respond, but it's not
+
+going to respond quite
+as quickly as before.
+
+All these channels
+aren't completely reset.
+
+It's going to take a little
+bit longer time to respond.
+
+That's what's going on
+in this very first peak.
+
+Remember, this first
+peak indicates firing
+
+at successive cycles of the
+sound waveform at 1,750 hertz.
+
+It's a very brief interval.
+
+And what happened is you fired.
+
+And then the next
+action potential
+
+you fired, but you
+delayed a little bit.
+
+So the interval is
+a little bit longer.
+
+That pushed this one
+up to the next peak,
+
+so that this interval
+was actually too short.
+
+What the brain is
+getting is an interval
+
+that's a little bit too short.
+
+When it hears that,
+it says, I want
+
+to recreate the higher frequency
+to be an interval that's
+
+a little too short, I'm going
+to dial in a little bit too high
+
+in frequency.
+
+OK, because that
+frequency sounds better
+
+with this too short
+of an interval.
+
+So go ahead and read that paper.
+
+It's a very interesting study
+of how neuronal firing can
+
+give you a
+psychophysical phenomena.
+
+That's quite interesting.
+
+And it happens especially
+at the high frequencies.
+
+Octave matches the
+low frequencies
+
+are sort of as you would predict
+as is auditory nerve firing.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+If not, we'll meet
+back on Wednesday.
+
+And we'll talk about the
+cochlear nucleus, which
+
+is the beginning of the
+central auditory pathway.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PXTQsHOSpv4.txt b/PXTQsHOSpv4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edf40341069f8e313c671093196f488b758dcb89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PXTQsHOSpv4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well there's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well there's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well there's an important
+topic that I haven't seen discussed much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that I haven't seen discussed much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that I haven't seen discussed much
+in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cognitive
+psychology although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology although it
+namely the topic is credit assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the topic is credit assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the topic is credit assignment
+suppose you have a problem and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a problem and you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a problem and you do a
+lot of things and finally something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things and finally something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things and finally something
+works then what do you learn from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works then what do you learn from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works then what do you learn from that
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the term credit assignment I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the term credit assignment I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the term credit assignment I I think
+was first used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first used
+by an AI Pioneer named Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an AI Pioneer named Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an AI Pioneer named Arthur
+Samuel who wrote a checker playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuel who wrote a checker playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuel who wrote a checker playing
+program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that
+uh really was Master Class and uh I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really was Master Class and uh I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really was Master Class and uh I me
+it W Local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it W Local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it W Local
+championships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championships
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh first he programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first he programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first he programmed
+it and is basically the same as as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and is basically the same as as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and is basically the same as as uh
+probably the chess programs you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the chess programs you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the chess programs you've heard
+about namely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about namely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about namely it
+considered various possible moves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered various possible moves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered various possible moves and
+replies to those and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replies to those and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replies to those and so
+forth and it evaluate and then when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and it evaluate and then when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and it evaluate and then when it
+uh at some point it some rules tell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some point it some rules tell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some point it some rules tell it
+to stop looking further ahead and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop looking further ahead and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop looking further ahead and it
+evaluates the position it's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the position it's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the position it's looking
+at and it's interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and it's interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and it's interesting that
+the main features of checkers and chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main features of checkers and chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main features of checkers and chest
+seem to be very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be very similar
+namely you assign some value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you assign some value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you assign some value to the
+number of pieces you have the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pieces you have the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pieces you have the amount of
+material and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you
+assign values to having pieces that bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign values to having pieces that bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign values to having pieces that bear
+on the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the central
+squares uh of the board that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares uh of the board that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares uh of the board that's called
+Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+control and their points for King safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and their points for King safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and their points for King safety
+in chess uh Checkers doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chess uh Checkers doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chess uh Checkers doesn't have that
+but uh and you might have a score for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and you might have a score for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and you might have a score for
+Mobility uh also Pawn structure in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility uh also Pawn structure in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility uh also Pawn structure in both
+games so they're pretty similar but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so they're pretty similar but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games so they're pretty similar but not
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+and uh what Samuel did at first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what Samuel did at first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what Samuel did at first was
+assign values to those uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspects and then he decided he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects and then he decided he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects and then he decided he would
+make the machine learn to by optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the machine learn to by optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the machine learn to by optimizing
+these values so U that took a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values so U that took a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values so U that took a long time
+but he had a process where you change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had a process where you change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had a process where you change a
+value and see how well the machine did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and see how well the machine did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and see how well the machine did
+and uh sort of hill climb on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sort of hill climb on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sort of hill climb on those
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+that uh took a long time because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh took a long time because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh took a long time because if you
+had humans playing it would take forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had humans playing it would take forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had humans playing it would take forever
+and he would have the machine play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would have the machine play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would have the machine play
+itself and uh compare the merits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and uh compare the merits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and uh compare the merits of
+these things and it did seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and it did seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and it did seem to
+converge so that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so that's one way to
+learn uh another way to learn is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh another way to learn is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh another way to learn is to
+remember which moves are good but to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which moves are good but to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which moves are good but to do
+that you have to make some good kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make some good kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make some good kinds of
+abstractions and the first thing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions and the first thing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions and the first thing he
+pointed out was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out was that
+uh it isn't really very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it isn't really very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it isn't really very smart
+to remember what the last move was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what the last move was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what the last move was that
+won the game and Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the game and Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the game and Alan
+Newell uh also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newell uh also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newell uh also uh
+well around the same time had written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well around the same time had written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well around the same time had written a
+paper on um how he would make a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on um how he would make a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on um how he would make a machine
+to play chess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play chess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play chess and
+again uh just remembering uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh just remembering uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh just remembering uh the last
+move that one the game doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that one the game doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that one the game doesn't tell you
+anything because doesn't tell you much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because doesn't tell you much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because doesn't tell you much
+because the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the important thing is
+presumably the strategy that got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the strategy that got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the strategy that got you
+into a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+uh I just mentioned that because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just mentioned that because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just mentioned that because in
+Animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Animal
+Behavior Uh or a 100 Years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh or a 100 Years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh or a 100 Years of
+experiments on rats pigeons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh can't think of what else those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can't think of what else those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can't think of what else those
+are been the main experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are been the main experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are been the main experimental
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+uh it was generally accepted that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was generally accepted that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was generally accepted that if you
+reward an animal it mainly reinforces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward an animal it mainly reinforces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward an animal it mainly reinforces
+its Last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Last
+Action that is if if the mouse does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action that is if if the mouse does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action that is if if the mouse does a
+lot of things to get to the cheese and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things to get to the cheese and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things to get to the cheese and
+uh then presumably getting the cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then presumably getting the cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then presumably getting the cheese
+was some sort of goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some sort of goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some sort of goal and
+uh if if it gets rewarded by getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if it gets rewarded by getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if it gets rewarded by getting the
+cheese then uh next time it's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese then uh next time it's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese then uh next time it's in that
+situation it'll go that way and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it'll go that way and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it'll go that way and so forth
+so that was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was called
+recency but it's interesting that Samuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recency but it's interesting that Samuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recency but it's interesting that Samuel
+and Newell are arguing that's not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Newell are arguing that's not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Newell are arguing that's not a very
+smart thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart thing to do
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh but it's better than nothing so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's better than nothing so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's better than nothing so more
+generally when you do something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when you do something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when you do something a
+problem you probably do remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you probably do remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you probably do remember the
+last few steps but what Newell proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few steps but what Newell proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few steps but what Newell proposed
+and it was almost a new idea is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was almost a new idea is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was almost a new idea is that you
+really shouldn't be reinforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shouldn't be reinforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shouldn't be reinforcing
+reactions to positions at all but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to positions at all but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to positions at all but you
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+somehow evaluating whether the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow evaluating whether the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow evaluating whether the strategy
+you used in some part of the game uh did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used in some part of the game uh did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used in some part of the game uh did
+what you expected or did better than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expected or did better than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expected or did better than you
+expected or worse or something and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that we don't see much thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we don't see much thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we don't see much thinking
+about this sort of credit assignment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of credit assignment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of credit assignment in
+most of the proposals you might read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about people making various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people making various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people making various kinds of
+machines to uh be smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one question is how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah I have like I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I have like I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I have like I just had a
+thought about whether critics can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about whether critics can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about whether critics can be
+learned by negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assignments well they certainly should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments well they certainly should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments well they certainly should
+learn something if what they did failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something if what they did failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something if what they did failed
+yeah fact that's a good general question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fact that's a good general question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fact that's a good general question
+which do you learn more from presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do you learn more from presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do you learn more from presumably
+you do more failures than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do more failures than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do more failures than
+successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+unless unless your first guess is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless unless your first guess is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless unless your first guess is is
+right over half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um the
+other point that arises from this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point that arises from this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point that arises from this is the
+issue of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of H
+climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate
+um issue of local local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maximas so if a method that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximas so if a method that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximas so if a method that you use
+previously did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously did not
+work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh
+but and you gave a negative credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and you gave a negative credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and you gave a negative credit
+assignment to that how would you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to that how would you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to that how would you if you
+were not smart enough then next time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not smart enough then next time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not smart enough then next time you
+not use it interesting are you saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use it interesting are you saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use it interesting are you saying it
+doesn't make much sense to climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make much sense to climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make much sense to climb
+down because then you because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because then you because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because then you because that's
+aimless whereas going up is presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimless whereas going up is presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimless whereas going up is presumably
+purposeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful
+by I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some well you're raising a question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well you're raising a question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well you're raising a question that
+uh again I don't know much discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again I don't know much discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again I don't know much discussion
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that you know there are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there are all these
+bestsellers about learning to think out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers about learning to think out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers about learning to think out
+of the box and I wonder if we could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box and I wonder if we could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box and I wonder if we could make
+a bestseller which is please learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bestseller which is please learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bestseller which is please learn to
+think in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the Box
+because uh there are these beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there are these beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there are these beautiful
+books by a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books by a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books by a guy named
+debono and uh anybody know the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debono and uh anybody know the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debono and uh anybody know the name of
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+others these are excellent books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others these are excellent books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others these are excellent books
+describing bizarre ways to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing bizarre ways to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing bizarre ways to solve
+problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and
+uh I think the out of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the out of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the out of the box
+is usually connected with to the IDE you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually connected with to the IDE you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually connected with to the IDE you
+know the problem of if you have a a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the problem of if you have a a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the problem of if you have a a 3X3
+array of points uh can you uh go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of points uh can you uh go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of points uh can you uh go through
+all of them with four connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them with four connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them with four connected
+lines with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines with a
+polygon an unclosed polygon and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon an unclosed polygon and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon an unclosed polygon and a lot of
+people have trouble until they realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have trouble until they realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have trouble until they realize
+that you can do that if you go past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do that if you go past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do that if you go past the
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+Dot and go down the diagonal and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and go down the diagonal and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and go down the diagonal and sort of
+make a x like figure so You' solved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a x like figure so You' solved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a x like figure so You' solved that
+by because nobody said the lines have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by because nobody said the lines have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by because nobody said the lines have to
+stay in the Square outlined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the Square outlined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the Square outlined by the
+corners but I haven't ever seen a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners but I haven't ever seen a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners but I haven't ever seen a book
+uh discussing how to do common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussing how to do common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussing how to do common sense
+thinking which uh doesn't involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking which uh doesn't involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking which uh doesn't involve
+finding an utterly new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an utterly new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an utterly new
+representation just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought I guess the serious question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I guess the serious question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I guess the serious question is
+uh how much of our knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much of our knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much of our knowledge
+is negative in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative in the sense that
+uh when you look at an expert you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you look at an expert you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you look at an expert you can
+characterize them as knowing just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize them as knowing just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize them as knowing just what
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do but in fact problems are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but in fact problems are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but in fact problems are usually
+different a little bit the expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a little bit the expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a little bit the expert
+doesn't really know just what to do he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really know just what to do he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really know just what to do he
+has a lot of methods but he knows a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of methods but he knows a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of methods but he knows a lot
+of things not to do and my own favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things not to do and my own favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things not to do and my own favorite
+example is after a long time I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is after a long time I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is after a long time I learned
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+you're trying to force a screw with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to force a screw with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to force a screw with a
+screwdriver you shouldn't hold it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver you shouldn't hold it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver you shouldn't hold it in
+your other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other hand
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+U but I think I jabbed myself four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but I think I jabbed myself four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but I think I jabbed myself four times
+fairly seriously before I forced myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly seriously before I forced myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly seriously before I forced myself
+not to do that even when it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that even when it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do that even when it's very
+tempting because you're in a hurry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting because you're in a hurry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting because you're in a hurry and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+forth but uh how much of Common Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but uh how much of Common Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but uh how much of Common Sense
+negative Common Sense knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Common Sense knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Common Sense knowledge
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a solid list of the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistakes I wonder if if significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I wonder if if significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I wonder if if significant
+amount of negative expertise might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of negative expertise might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of negative expertise might be
+might be so compiled down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be so compiled down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be so compiled down
+to uh like lowle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh like lowle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh like lowle
+features in problems or so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in problems or so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in problems or so it really
+hard for people to introspect and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for people to introspect and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for people to introspect and know
+yeah right maybe they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right maybe they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right maybe they can't
+it's a good question if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question if we were
+interviewing experts like when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing experts like when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing experts like when you make
+an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert
+system then the standard expert systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then the standard expert systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then the standard expert systems
+are mainly rule-based ones about what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mainly rule-based ones about what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mainly rule-based ones about what to
+do in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in each
+situation and uh some people are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and uh some people are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and uh some people are pretty
+good at getting other experts to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at getting other experts to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at getting other experts to tell
+them what to do but are you suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what to do but are you suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what to do but are you suggesting
+that a person might not find it so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person might not find it so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a person might not find it so easy
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+what what he's learned not to do do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what he's learned not to do do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what he's learned not to do do if
+it's suppressors then they wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's suppressors then they wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's suppressors then they wouldn't be
+able to right they wouldn't if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to right they wouldn't if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to right they wouldn't if you don't
+even get the idea you wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get the idea you wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get the idea you wouldn't be able
+to notice that you didn't get the idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice that you didn't get the idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice that you didn't get the idea I
+suppose actually what I was thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose actually what I was thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose actually what I was thinking is
+is in terms of humor uh most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of humor uh most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of humor uh most of the
+things that would be funny in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would be funny in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would be funny in normal
+cases are just completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are just completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are just completely
+suppressed um by suppressors and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed um by suppressors and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed um by suppressors and if
+people just learned because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just learned because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just learned because you know the
+the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if you're building a a big Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're building a a big Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're building a a big Common
+Sense structure of of an event or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense structure of of an event or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense structure of of an event or
+something then it's supposed to be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then it's supposed to be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then it's supposed to be a big
+uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data
+structure and the only way I mean if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the only way I mean if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the only way I mean if if
+you remove out some parts of that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove out some parts of that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove out some parts of that data
+structure uh the leftover data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh the leftover data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh the leftover data structure
+would be uh would be would be funny mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh would be would be funny mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh would be would be funny mhm
+and so apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so apparently
+so the representations that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the representations that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the representations that that would
+be uh that would be funny are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that would be funny are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that would be funny are available
+it's just they are not retrieved or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supressed in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supressed in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supressed in mathematics
+mathematicians uh collect counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians uh collect counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians uh collect counter
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+to things you think are true in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things you think are true in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things you think are true in general
+so that's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where where it's a professional activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's a professional activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's a professional activity
+to to uh look for exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to things that at first you thought were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that at first you thought were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that at first you thought were
+didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any anyway it might be that credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anyway it might be that credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anyway it might be that credit
+assignment in humans is a major activ it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in humans is a major activ it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in humans is a major activ it
+and you're always thinking what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're always thinking what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're always thinking what would
+what would have happened if and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if and what
+could go wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go wrong with
+that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+fact the whole point of the look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the whole point of the look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the whole point of the look
+ahead uh processes in in those games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh processes in in those games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh processes in in those games
+like Checkers and chess is to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Checkers and chess is to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Checkers and chess is to is to
+prune out the things that aren't good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune out the things that aren't good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune out the things that aren't good to
+do by looking at their consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by looking at their consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by looking at their consequences
+question is how how much do uh pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how how much do uh pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how how much do uh pigeons
+and rats do of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what do rats dream of when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do rats dream of when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do rats dream of when they
+have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R
+sleep it looks like they're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep it looks like they're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep it looks like they're running
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maze I had a pet rat for four years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze I had a pet rat for four years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze I had a pet rat for four years and
+it it just loved a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man I made two dimensional mazes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man I made two dimensional mazes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man I made two dimensional mazes which
+were vertical on the wall with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were vertical on the wall with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were vertical on the wall with little
+ladders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladders and
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and it seemed to be positively begging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed to be positively begging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed to be positively begging
+for a new problem every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day did you all the r buil its own names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day did you all the r buil its own names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day did you all the r buil its own names
+no Nicholas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Nicholas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Nicholas
+Negron once built a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negron once built a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negron once built a strange
+machine maybe the only machine he ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine maybe the only machine he ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine maybe the only machine he ever
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it was a kind of robot and it he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a kind of robot and it he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a kind of robot and it he had
+a big place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big place
+with I think they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think they were
+rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats
+and little blocks little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little blocks little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little blocks little
+cubes and some rats would assemble these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes and some rats would assemble these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes and some rats would assemble these
+in some way pushing them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way pushing them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way pushing them together and
+making not really structures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrangements and then Nicholas had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and then Nicholas had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and then Nicholas had
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+would memorize these and when they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would memorize these and when they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would memorize these and when they got
+out of order the machine would put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order the machine would put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order the machine would put them
+back where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where they were
+and then the rats would get annoyed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rats would get annoyed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rats would get annoyed at
+that and move them around I forget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and move them around I forget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and move them around I forget what
+and exactly what it did and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly what it did and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly what it did and it didn't
+have any purpose but it was apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any purpose but it was apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any purpose but it was apparently
+very entertaining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entertaining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entertaining and
+visitors were very impressed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors were very impressed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitors were very impressed with
+it have you ever heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have you ever heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have you ever heard of
+that called the architecture machine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that called the architecture machine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that called the architecture machine or
+something like that I I think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I I think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I I think maybe
+that's where the name came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah he built one house when he was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he built one house when he was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he built one house when he was an
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and his achievement was to do it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his achievement was to do it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his achievement was to do it without
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+nails and he used glue and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nails and he used glue and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nails and he used glue and then it
+rained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rained
+and he says it collapsed and he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says it collapsed and he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says it collapsed and he never
+built another house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built another house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built another house
+but that's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story people PE keep asking for evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story people PE keep asking for evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story people PE keep asking for evidence
+about these things how could we tell how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things how could we tell how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things how could we tell how
+much knowledge a person has and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much knowledge a person has and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much knowledge a person has and in
+particular how much is about what not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular how much is about what not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular how much is about what not to
+do because that doesn't fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the behaviorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paradigm oh I just like to add one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm oh I just like to add one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm oh I just like to add one point
+to that uh you all know about genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh you all know about genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh you all know about genetic
+programs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh where the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the general
+ideas and some sense it's like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and some sense it's like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and some sense it's like other
+learning programs except the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning programs except the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning programs except the image
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh something like mandelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like mandelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like mandelian
+Evolution uh you have a problem and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh you have a problem and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh you have a problem and you
+have some program that is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some program that is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some program that is supposed to
+solve it um there was a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it um there was a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it um there was a young
+mathematician named Richard Friedberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician named Richard Friedberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician named Richard Friedberg
+who uh wrote the first such program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh wrote the first such program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh wrote the first such program uh
+in the late 1950s I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what he did
+was his machine had a certain problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his machine had a certain problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was his machine had a certain problem in
+fact what the machine was is it had 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what the machine was is it had 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what the machine was is it had 64
+registers uh to store a program and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers uh to store a program and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers uh to store a program and I
+think they were 12 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were 12 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were 12 bit
+commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe 14 bits what a command was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe 14 bits what a command was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe 14 bits what a command was is
+to move a register would just have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move a register would just have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move a register would just have a one
+or a zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a zero in
+it and the goal of uh what instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the goal of uh what instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the goal of uh what instructions
+did was very simple an instruction would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was very simple an instruction would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was very simple an instruction would
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+uh say move the bit in register a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say move the bit in register a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say move the bit in register a to the
+bid in register B so that would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid in register B so that would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid in register B so that would just
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+something and uh a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and uh a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and uh a couple of other
+instructions would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions would be
+uh if there's a one in that register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's a one in that register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there's a one in that register
+then jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then jump to
+instruction 35 there are only 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction 35 there are only 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction 35 there are only 64
+instructions so this is a tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so this is a tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so this is a tiny little
+not quite Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite Universal
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+and uh freedberg would give its Pro give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh freedberg would give its Pro give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh freedberg would give its Pro give
+it a problem like move the bid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a problem like move the bid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a problem like move the bid in
+register 16 to the bid in register 35 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register 16 to the bid in register 35 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register 16 to the bid in register 35 by
+giving it a problem I meant that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it a problem I meant that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it a problem I meant that when
+the program runs if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program runs if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program runs if that
+happens uh you send the machine a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh you send the machine a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh you send the machine a yes
+and if it doesn't happen you send it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it doesn't happen you send it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it doesn't happen you send it a
+no and uh it's supposed to learn well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and uh it's supposed to learn well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and uh it's supposed to learn well
+the way he arranged it to learn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he arranged it to learn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he arranged it to learn is
+that hope I can remember just how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hope I can remember just how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hope I can remember just how it
+worked uh what it would do is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked uh what it would do is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked uh what it would do is make
+mutations in the program so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the program so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the program so it could
+make a random change in in a bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a random change in in a bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a random change in in a bit in the
+program and then see if it did better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then see if it did better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then see if it did better or
+not and uh you'd run it a few thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and uh you'd run it a few thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and uh you'd run it a few thousand
+times and if it got a higher score on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and if it got a higher score on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and if it got a higher score on
+doing this bit transfer then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this bit transfer then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this bit transfer then you would
+freeze this change in its genes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze this change in its genes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze this change in its genes which is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+the few thousand bits in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few thousand bits in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few thousand bits in its
+program and then it would uh go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then it would uh go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then it would uh go on and
+change some other bits so it's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change some other bits so it's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change some other bits so it's making
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+mutations then checking them out for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations then checking them out for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations then checking them out for a
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+time uh and uh keeping them if its score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and uh keeping them if its score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and uh keeping them if its score
+improved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved uh
+and the thing did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing did
+learn uh unfortunately it did 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh unfortunately it did 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh unfortunately it did 20,000
+times worse than if you changed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times worse than if you changed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times worse than if you changed all the
+bits every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits every
+time and uh he didn't notice that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh he didn't notice that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh he didn't notice that for
+until after he had published the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until after he had published the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until after he had published the paper
+and realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realized that
+the that the Solutions in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the Solutions in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the Solutions in this space
+were very strange namely uh there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very strange namely uh there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very strange namely uh there were
+some areas in this uh thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas in this uh thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas in this uh thousand
+dimensional space where the programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space where the programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space where the programs
+always worked and there were huge areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always worked and there were huge areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always worked and there were huge areas
+where it didn't work and there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it didn't work and there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it didn't work and there weren't
+any Hills so to speak it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Hills so to speak it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Hills so to speak it was just
+plateaus and and uh other flat places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateaus and and uh other flat places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateaus and and uh other flat places
+and so the hill climbing procedure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hill climbing procedure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hill climbing procedure which
+made absolute common sense at first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made absolute common sense at first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made absolute common sense at first uh
+didn't work so then he wrote a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work so then he wrote a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work so then he wrote a second
+paper explaining why it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper explaining why it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper explaining why it didn't
+work I think it was around 1957 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I think it was around 1957 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I think it was around 1957 or
+8 and he was an undergraduate here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and he was an undergraduate here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and he was an undergraduate here and
+uh became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh became
+a an important mathematician for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an important mathematician for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an important mathematician for a while
+and then went to medical school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then went to medical school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then went to medical school or
+something and I don't know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I don't know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I don't know what happened
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+him Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Friedberg well if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it there's actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's actually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's actually something
+fundamentally wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally wrong with
+genetics as a way to evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics as a way to evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics as a way to evolve
+and I haven't noticed anyone noticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't noticed anyone noticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't noticed anyone noticing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+namely uh what darwinian evolution does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely uh what darwinian evolution does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely uh what darwinian evolution does
+is it it is it collects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it it is it collects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it it is it collects
+variations that improve the chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that improve the chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that improve the chance of
+survival right uh you make a new enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival right uh you make a new enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival right uh you make a new enzyme
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+uh it makes your metabolism slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it makes your metabolism slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it makes your metabolism slightly
+more eff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more eff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more eff
+efficient uh so uh you get more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh so uh you get more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh so uh you get more energy
+out of less food and you're you and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of less food and you're you and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of less food and you're you and your
+descendants sort of push out the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants sort of push out the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants sort of push out the other
+population because takes a lot of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population because takes a lot of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population because takes a lot of food
+to at least for a mammal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least for a mammal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least for a mammal to
+raise uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+youngsters so there are thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngsters so there are thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youngsters so there are thousands of
+genes and this means that as Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and this means that as Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and this means that as Evolution
+proceed seeds you can learn thousands or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed seeds you can learn thousands or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed seeds you can learn thousands or
+tens of thousands or or more of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands or or more of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands or or more of good
+things to do that will improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do that will improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do that will improve your
+survival the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival the
+trouble uh if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh if you think about the
+situation that a person is in is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that a person is in is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that a person is in is that
+there you there are probably millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you there are probably millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you there are probably millions of
+ways to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get
+killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed
+and to me from this point of view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me from this point of view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me from this point of view the
+strange feature of darwinian evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange feature of darwinian evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange feature of darwinian evolution
+is that it doesn't keep any record of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it doesn't keep any record of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it doesn't keep any record of of
+why the the others died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so it's very very strange one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's very very strange one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's very very strange one-sided
+thing it doesn't keep any record of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it doesn't keep any record of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it doesn't keep any record of uh
+why people didn't survive now what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people didn't survive now what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people didn't survive now what it
+does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do
+is uh over time it can learn to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh over time it can learn to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh over time it can learn to avoid
+the Thousand most common mistakes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand most common mistakes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand most common mistakes or
+10,000 or whatever it is something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 or whatever it is something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 or whatever it is something of
+the same order as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes but it can't learn more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes but it can't learn more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes but it can't learn more than that
+whereas the great thing about a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the great thing about a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the great thing about a social
+Community an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what's our greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's our greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's our greatest
+feature we can we can learn not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature we can we can learn not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature we can we can learn not from
+experience the the so unsocial animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the the so unsocial animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the the so unsocial animals
+can only learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only learn from
+experience and uh they're always uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and uh they're always uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and uh they're always uh
+dying and the probability of of uh of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying and the probability of of uh of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying and the probability of of uh of an
+insect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect
+surviving is about one divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving is about one divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving is about one divided by the
+number of children it has if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children it has if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children it has if you assume
+that species in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that species in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that species in
+equilibrium so if if some caterpillar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if if some caterpillar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if if some caterpillar
+lays a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays a thousand
+eggs uh the only reason it's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs uh the only reason it's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs uh the only reason it's there is
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+that's a slightly larger number than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a slightly larger number than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a slightly larger number than the
+number of baby caterpillars that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of baby caterpillars that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of baby caterpillars that will
+get eaten by birds and so forth 999 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eaten by birds and so forth 999 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get eaten by birds and so forth 999 of
+them so evolution is very delicate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so evolution is very delicate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so evolution is very delicate as
+long as you have non-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have non-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have non-social
+animals but uh but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals but uh but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals but uh but any
+child probably learns a 100,000 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child probably learns a 100,000 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child probably learns a 100,000 things
+in the first uh few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first uh few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first uh few
+years of uh things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of uh things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of uh things that
+could make trouble for it I mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make trouble for it I mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make trouble for it I mean of
+course it learns not to uh not to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it learns not to uh not to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it learns not to uh not to stick
+its finger in its eye very quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its finger in its eye very quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its finger in its eye very quickly and
+those are the kinds of things you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the kinds of things you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the kinds of things you learn
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+experience and you could imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and you could imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and you could imagine some
+animal that actually has evolved some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal that actually has evolved some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal that actually has evolved some
+special genetic Machinery to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special genetic Machinery to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special genetic Machinery to keep it
+from sticking its finger in its eye but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sticking its finger in its eye but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sticking its finger in its eye but
+then it wouldn't be able to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it wouldn't be able to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it wouldn't be able to do that and
+would probably be in bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be in bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be in bad
+shape so I'm very skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so I'm very skeptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so I'm very skeptical
+of you know I keep listing the fads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I keep listing the fads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I keep listing the fads in
+artificial intelligence like statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence like statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence like statistical
+learning and fuzzy logic and logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and fuzzy logic and logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and fuzzy logic and logic
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+and U baby machines and so forth and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U baby machines and so forth and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U baby machines and so forth and I'm
+a little skeptical of genetic algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little skeptical of genetic algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little skeptical of genetic algorithms
+because as far as I know none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as far as I know none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as far as I know none of
+them they're so slavishly imitating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're so slavishly imitating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're so slavishly imitating uh
+darwinian Evolution that they as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian Evolution that they as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian Evolution that they as far as
+I know they don't have a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know they don't have a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know they don't have a place
+for uh saying why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh saying why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh saying why
+these why the competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+died anyway interesting question but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died anyway interesting question but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died anyway interesting question but you
+could possibly leave out CES of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly leave out CES of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly leave out CES of the
+mutations that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that you did
+in in the species that itself uh has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the species that itself uh has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the species that itself uh has in
+the new species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new species
+well if the genetic algorithm if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the genetic algorithm if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the genetic algorithm if it
+could evolve a if it could evolve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evolve a if it could evolve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evolve a if it could evolve a
+database that isn't programmed does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that isn't programmed does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that isn't programmed does
+anyone know anything about genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know anything about genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know anything about genetic
+algorithms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days as you know I stopped reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days as you know I stopped reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days as you know I stopped reading
+things pretty much while I was writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pretty much while I was writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things pretty much while I was writing
+them and uh I might be wrong about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh I might be wrong about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh I might be wrong about
+things I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm telling
+you but uh there was a great flurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but uh there was a great flurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but uh there was a great flurry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago
+when hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when hop
+Croft showed that certain things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Croft showed that certain things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Croft showed that certain things like
+genetic algorithms could do pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic algorithms could do pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic algorithms could do pretty well
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the what's the name of the problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the name of the problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the name of the problem where
+you have to find the shortest path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find the shortest path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find the shortest path that
+goes through all of a set of cities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through all of a set of cities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through all of a set of cities the
+traveling traveling salesman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling traveling salesman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling traveling salesman
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+um and there was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there was a great
+uh deal of publicity because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deal of publicity because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deal of publicity because those
+problems are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are pretty
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+and 10 or more years later I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 or more years later I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 or more years later I haven't
+heard of any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of any further
+progress in that one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in that one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in that one of the problems
+about finding the optimal solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding the optimal solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding the optimal solution to
+traveling salesman problems is that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling salesman problems is that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling salesman problems is that no
+one knows any Optimal Solutions for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows any Optimal Solutions for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows any Optimal Solutions for for
+large problems so you you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large problems so you you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large problems so you you can actually
+have no way to tell whether your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way to tell whether your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way to tell whether your program
+has found the optimal solution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has found the optimal solution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has found the optimal solution it's a
+sort of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of funny
+field there are people who think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field there are people who think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field there are people who think that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+uh one of these inherently exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of these inherently exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of these inherently exponential
+problems although nobody has proved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems although nobody has proved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems although nobody has proved it
+yet as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet as far as I
+know but that still doesn't help us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but that still doesn't help us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but that still doesn't help us in
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+uh right and in fact the scary part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and in fact the scary part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and in fact the scary part is
+that when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't remember if he's hopfield or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopcraft probably I think it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopcraft probably I think it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopcraft probably I think it's the same
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+um his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his
+networks I thought it was a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks I thought it was a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks I thought it was a genetic
+algorithm maybe it was a or was this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm maybe it was a or was this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm maybe it was a or was this one
+of these networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these networks
+that yeah maybe it was Finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I remember it had some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remember it had some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remember it had some sort of
+evaluation function in it which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation function in it which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation function in it which which is
+almost like the chess evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the chess evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the chess evaluation
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+because uh the program explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the program explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the program explicitly
+punished things that went through a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punished things that went through a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punished things that went through a city
+twice or not at all and so forth that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice or not at all and so forth that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice or not at all and so forth that so
+that in some sense the main heuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some sense the main heuristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some sense the main heuristics
+for finding a good solution were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding a good solution were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding a good solution were already
+hidden in the way the network was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I remember it was almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember it was almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember it was almost like the
+Chester Checkers program but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chester Checkers program but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chester Checkers program but I don't
+remember whether that was represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember whether that was represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember whether that was represented in
+some way in the neurons themselves or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way in the neurons themselves or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way in the neurons themselves or in
+some supervisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some supervisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some supervisory
+program sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well who has a subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+shinness is that what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is maybe I I like to hear opinions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe I I like to hear opinions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe I I like to hear opinions with
+regard to this uh J jff Hopkins theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to this uh J jff Hopkins theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to this uh J jff Hopkins theory
+of the Hier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I wish someone would describe it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I wish someone would describe it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I wish someone would describe it I
+tried to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to read it
+and I didn't see any especially good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't see any especially good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't see any especially good
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+but so I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up anybody could anybody summarize have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anybody could anybody summarize have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anybody could anybody summarize have
+you read the thing it's it sounded like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the thing it's it sounded like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the thing it's it sounded like
+it was kind of like a hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of like a hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of like a hierarchical
+hidden Markov model it sounded he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden Markov model it sounded he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden Markov model it sounded he was
+kind of describing something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of describing something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of describing something like that
+maybe he's building it out of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's building it out of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's building it out of neurons
+I'm not too sure he has some software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not too sure he has some software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not too sure he has some software
+that you can download that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can download that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can download that has a
+ridiculous license to it binds you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous license to it binds you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous license to it binds you to
+secrecy if you if you work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does something
+like remembering trying to find common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like remembering trying to find common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like remembering trying to find common
+features to sequences doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features to sequences doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features to sequences doesn't
+it right and it has this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instruction well it got a lot of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction well it got a lot of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction well it got a lot of public
+publicity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity but
+I I read a little bit and I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I read a little bit and I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I read a little bit and I didn't see
+anything new or exciting so I stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new or exciting so I stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new or exciting so I stopped
+but it's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+habit there's a lot to read in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit there's a lot to read in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit there's a lot to read in the world
+and someone will come and say you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone will come and say you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone will come and say you should
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hegel and I say well I will if you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hegel and I say well I will if you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hegel and I say well I will if you tell
+me two or three really good ideas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me two or three really good ideas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me two or three really good ideas is
+that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had
+and then they tell me something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tell me something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they tell me something that
+doesn't sound very good and I go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and that was my my reaction to Hawkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what other good things have you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other good things have you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other good things have you found
+lately um I've been trying to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately um I've been trying to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately um I've been trying to write a
+programming language uh called English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language uh called English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language uh called English
+and I was wondering normally these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was wondering normally these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was wondering normally these these
+programming languages have um frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages have um frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages have um frames and
+environments that are kind of arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments that are kind of arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments that are kind of arranged
+to in a strict High workk people um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in a strict High workk people um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in a strict High workk people um and
+I was trying to get away from the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to get away from the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was trying to get away from the idea
+of a strict hierarchy to use Mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strict hierarchy to use Mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strict hierarchy to use Mental
+Realms um just wondering if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realms um just wondering if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realms um just wondering if you had
+ideas about how Realms could be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about how Realms could be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about how Realms could be used in
+programming languages no but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages no but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages no but you
+reminded me of what's almost a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded me of what's almost a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded me of what's almost a joke
+uh when for Tran appeared there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when for Tran appeared there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when for Tran appeared there was a
+brilliant programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at I think he was at Cornell I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I think he was at Cornell I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I think he was at Cornell I'm not
+sure named Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure named Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure named Alan
+Peis who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peis who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peis who
+said that's a mess and it's very big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's a mess and it's very big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's a mess and it's very big and
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+and that summer all by himself he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that summer all by himself he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that summer all by himself he wrote
+a uh another high level language which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh another high level language which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh another high level language which
+he called it internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it internal
+translator which was just about as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translator which was just about as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translator which was just about as good
+as Fortran which had had 400 manur of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Fortran which had had 400 manur of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Fortran which had had 400 manur of
+people and presumably there's some truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and presumably there's some truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and presumably there's some truth
+in this that if you have hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this that if you have hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this that if you have hundreds of
+people working on it you probably won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on it you probably won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on it you probably won't
+do as well as four or five or maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as four or five or maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as four or five or maybe even
+one very very brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very very brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very very brilliant
+guy um so I was fussing with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy um so I was fussing with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy um so I was fussing with it
+and in Fortran you have things like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Fortran you have things like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Fortran you have things like if
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this
+happens then do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then do that
+or else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else do
+that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh and pe's language this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and pe's language this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and pe's language this is this
+is just a joke about English Pear's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a joke about English Pear's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a joke about English Pear's
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+uh do this if a equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do this if a equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do this if a equals two
+unless something happens so most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless something happens so most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless something happens so most most
+things are if this fails do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and except peus had do this unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and except peus had do this unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and except peus had do this unless
+that and I said that's very strange why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I said that's very strange why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I said that's very strange why
+is that and he said it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and he said it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and he said it's because the
+compiler reads from right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler reads from right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler reads from right to the
+left so it saves some speed in compiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so it saves some speed in compiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so it saves some speed in compiling
+the this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this language
+so anyway it's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway it's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway it's an example
+of the versatility of English which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the versatility of English which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the versatility of English which has
+words for unless instead of if then or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for unless instead of if then or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for unless instead of if then or
+not or if not X do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but English is awfully expressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but English is awfully expressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but English is awfully expressive
+is it actually going look a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually going look a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually going look a lot like
+English um I've been trying to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um I've been trying to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um I've been trying to play with
+that the question is can you exploit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the question is can you exploit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the question is can you exploit the
+value of suitcase words or right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of suitcase words or right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of suitcase words or right yeah
+that's the idea you had a the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea you had a the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea you had a the cool thing
+about environments and Frames is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about environments and Frames is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about environments and Frames is you can
+redefine variable as you go deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine variable as you go deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine variable as you go deeper into
+this uh frame stack and so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh frame stack and so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh frame stack and so the idea is
+if if you start with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you start with a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you start with a simple
+programming language of of English like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language of of English like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language of of English like
+set the value of this variable to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the value of this variable to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the value of this variable to be
+that then you could maybe on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you could maybe on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you could maybe on top of that
+you could have other you could redefine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have other you could redefine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have other you could redefine
+those words to be less um computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words to be less um computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words to be less um computer
+science realm words and more uh common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science realm words and more uh common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science realm words and more uh common
+sensical realm words have you dared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensical realm words have you dared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensical realm words have you dared to
+talk to susman or ablen about it no I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to susman or ablen about it no I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to susman or ablen about it no I've
+been reading Terry's Terry's thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uhhuh witer grad's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh witer grad's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh witer grad's
+thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis
+yeah that's a strange episode in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a strange episode in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a strange episode in the
+history of AI because winegrad program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of AI because winegrad program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of AI because winegrad program
+had so many abilities and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so many abilities and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so many abilities and interesting
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it
+just everybody know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody know about
+it it was 1970 same year as Pat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was 1970 same year as Pat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was 1970 same year as Pat
+Winston's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winston's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winston's
+thesis and it was a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and it was a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and it was a program
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh in some unusually strong sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some unusually strong sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some unusually strong sense it
+could understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand
+statements and questions and uh commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and questions and uh commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and questions and uh commands
+in the blocks world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blocks world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blocks world
+so if you had a pile of blocks of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had a pile of blocks of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had a pile of blocks of some
+some structure you could ask is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some structure you could ask is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some structure you could ask is the big
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+block uh larger than the block that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh larger than the block that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh larger than the block that's on
+top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh Blue Block and it knew enough it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Blue Block and it knew enough it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Blue Block and it knew enough it had
+enough procedures for interpreting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough procedures for interpreting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough procedures for interpreting the
+meanings of all those words that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of all those words that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of all those words that could
+answer very complicated sentences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer very complicated sentences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer very complicated sentences in
+many cases with embedded clauses of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases with embedded clauses of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases with embedded clauses of all
+sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts
+and uh the other more spectacular thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other more spectacular thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other more spectacular thing
+about it is that if you gave it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that if you gave it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that if you gave it a
+sequence of commands like put this put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of commands like put this put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of commands like put this put
+such a thing on that and put this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing on that and put this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing on that and put this little
+block on the tallest tower that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block on the tallest tower that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block on the tallest tower that you've
+built so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so
+far uh it could do all that and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh it could do all that and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh it could do all that and then it
+could answer questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could answer questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could answer questions about the
+sequence of actions it had done and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of actions it had done and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of actions it had done and all
+of this was in Fairly Rich idiomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was in Fairly Rich idiomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was in Fairly Rich idiomatic
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think the one of the features of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the one of the features of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the one of the features of it
+is that it didn't distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it didn't distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it didn't distinguish between
+syntax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax and
+semantics the way uh most language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics the way uh most language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics the way uh most language
+people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example you
+could if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you
+say put the block on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyramid the program would say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid the program would say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid the program would say I
+can't and if you asked it why it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't and if you asked it why it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't and if you asked it why it it
+would in a roundabout way say uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in a roundabout way say uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in a roundabout way say uh because
+that sentence doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence doesn't mean
+anything now what it meant by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now what it meant by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now what it meant by that is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh it knows enough about objects to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it knows enough about objects to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it knows enough about objects to know
+that uh a block can support another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a block can support another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a block can support another
+block that has a horizontal surface on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that has a horizontal surface on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that has a horizontal surface on
+the bottom but a pyramid can't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom but a pyramid can't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom but a pyramid can't support
+anything now if it were smarter it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now if it were smarter it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now if it were smarter it would
+know that you could put a upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you could put a upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you could put a upside down
+Cup on the pyramid or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cup on the pyramid or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cup on the pyramid or something like
+that so its complaint was that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so its complaint was that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so its complaint was that uh the
+sentence didn't make sense because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence didn't make sense because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence didn't make sense because the
+word type table or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word type table or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word type table or
+pyramid uh was a kind of word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid uh was a kind of word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid uh was a kind of word that
+couldn't be modified by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be modified by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be modified by a certain
+adjective or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective or
+relation and so uh somebody might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and so uh somebody might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and so uh somebody might say
+that's he's hidden the semantics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's he's hidden the semantics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's he's hidden the semantics in the
+syntax but what he's really done is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax but what he's really done is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax but what he's really done is he's
+given each word a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given each word a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given each word a
+vocabulary which can refer to procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary which can refer to procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary which can refer to procedures
+and say you can't use this word in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you can't use this word in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you can't use this word in the
+context where such and such a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context where such and such a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context where such and such a procedure
+like putting something on top of me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting something on top of me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting something on top of me uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required
+so uh it was remarkable program and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it was remarkable program and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it was remarkable program and I
+I'm not sure there are any programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure there are any programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure there are any programs that
+can do as much grammar even today do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do as much grammar even today do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do as much grammar even today do you
+think I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know
+he used a very large grammar of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used a very large grammar of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used a very large grammar of English
+that had been invented by a theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been invented by a theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been invented by a theorist
+named holiday uh somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named holiday uh somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named holiday uh somewhat
+earlier but no one ever did any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but no one ever did any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but no one ever did any further
+research on it uh after Terry left MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on it uh after Terry left MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on it uh after Terry left MIT
+he gave copies of the program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave copies of the program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave copies of the program to
+Carnegie melan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie melan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie melan and
+they still had one running but no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still had one running but no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still had one running but no one
+could understand enough about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand enough about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand enough about the
+program and Terry hadn't do dou umented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and Terry hadn't do dou umented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and Terry hadn't do dou umented
+it very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh a small bunch of graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a small bunch of graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a small bunch of graduate students
+spent three or four years trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent three or four years trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent three or four years trying to
+advance it and gave up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance it and gave up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance it and gave up and it
+disappeared is that code still I gu it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared is that code still I gu it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared is that code still I gu it's
+avilable on theb what still there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avilable on theb what still there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avilable on theb what still there it's
+on the web and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web and I think it
+works it's in some form of lisp so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has a lot of it's a big program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a lot of it's a big program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a lot of it's a big program and
+it contains a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains a program
+that the program for actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the program for actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the program for actually
+manipulating the blocks world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the blocks world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the blocks world was
+written by Jerry susman so that's hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Jerry susman so that's hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Jerry susman so that's hidden
+in there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there somewhere
+too but I've never heard of any research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but I've never heard of any research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but I've never heard of any research
+done with it I I once saw a demo at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with it I I once saw a demo at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with it I I once saw a demo at a
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+database or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database or something like
+that system for natural language ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system for natural language ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system for natural language ml
+query where you you specified certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query where you you specified certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query where you you specified certain
+limitated XML schema which contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitated XML schema which contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitated XML schema which contained
+common words for for the things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common words for for the things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common words for for the things that the
+tags meant and then you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags meant and then you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags meant and then you could ask
+questions about their demo was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about their demo was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about their demo was a
+database uh of textbooks you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh of textbooks you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh of textbooks you could ask
+questions like how many books did Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how many books did Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how many books did Jerry
+susman write and it give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susman write and it give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susman write and it give
+you it seemed to do pretty well um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it seemed to do pretty well um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it seemed to do pretty well um but
+it looked like a lot of work went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like a lot of work went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like a lot of work went into
+defining all the words that you use mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all the words that you use mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all the words that you use mm
+one thing was interesting about terries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing was interesting about terries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing was interesting about terries
+is that uh if you asked it to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh if you asked it to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh if you asked it to put
+the small Blue Block on the big red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small Blue Block on the big red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small Blue Block on the big red
+block um it would have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block um it would have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block um it would have to do some
+problem solving which involved us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving which involved us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving which involved us some
+searching and uh first it might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching and uh first it might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching and uh first it might have to
+it needed room on the top to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needed room on the top to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needed room on the top to put the
+little blue block so it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue block so it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue block so it would have to
+clear things off I would have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear things off I would have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear things off I would have to find
+places to put them and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to put them and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to put them and so forth so
+it might end up doing about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might end up doing about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might end up doing about 20
+operations before it accomplished this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations before it accomplished this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations before it accomplished this
+task and it remembered them so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and it remembered them so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and it remembered them so then you
+could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask
+it why did you slide the green block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why did you slide the green block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why did you slide the green block
+over and it said oh that was to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it said oh that was to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it said oh that was to make
+space for the something because uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for the something because uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for the something because uh in
+doing this search it had to if it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this search it had to if it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this search it had to if it had a
+goal it would have to make some sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal it would have to make some sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal it would have to make some sub
+goals and it kept track of which actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and it kept track of which actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and it kept track of which actions
+were so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so it was
+a in some sense it was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in some sense it was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in some sense it was a little bit
+self-reflective just in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective just in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reflective just in the sense of
+remembering what it had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what it had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what it had done
+and uh being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh being able to
+explain why it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them susman wrote his thesis two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them susman wrote his thesis two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them susman wrote his thesis two years
+later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+which was a first attempt to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a first attempt to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a first attempt to classify
+various kinds of programming bugs and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of programming bugs and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of programming bugs and or
+cognitive bugs of I think I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive bugs of I think I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive bugs of I think I mentioned
+the other day like if you have two goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day like if you have two goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day like if you have two goals
+Each of which ruins the precondition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which ruins the precondition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which ruins the precondition for
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+one uh then you better give up uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh then you better give up uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh then you better give up uh if you
+have two goals where if you do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two goals where if you do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two goals where if you do this one
+first it makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it makes this
+one uh not Fe feasable then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh not Fe feasable then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh not Fe feasable then you just
+flip them and so it had a cure for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip them and so it had a cure for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip them and so it had a cure for some
+bugs and for others presumably you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs and for others presumably you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs and for others presumably you would
+have to backtrack so to before you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to backtrack so to before you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to backtrack so to before you got
+into that position like split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that position like split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that position like split the
+problem up in some different way than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem up in some different way than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem up in some different way than
+into those particular two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals
+but most such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most such
+research slowed down down and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research slowed down down and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research slowed down down and years
+after that because they ran into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that because they ran into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that because they ran into the
+need for a common sense knowledge base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for a common sense knowledge base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for a common sense knowledge base
+and no one knew how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or it was hard to do it for a PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it was hard to do it for a PhD thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it was hard to do it for a PhD thesis
+if you thought it might take 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've seen Roger shank wait more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen Roger shank wait more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen Roger shank wait more than 10
+minutes for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question well was the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well was the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well was the question
+thanks you you say somewhere that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks you you say somewhere that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks you you say somewhere that our
+goals we don't choose them they're based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals we don't choose them they're based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals we don't choose them they're based
+on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+assumptions and uh just wonder if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and uh just wonder if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and uh just wonder if you
+talk about that and U then how how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and U then how how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and U then how how we
+choose our assumptions we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose our assumptions we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose our assumptions we're not
+choosing our goals I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing our goals I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing our goals I don't remember
+quite what you're referring to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what you're referring to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what you're referring to but
+uh I think sometimes people sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think sometimes people sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think sometimes people sit there
+and they say well I have these goals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say well I have these goals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say well I have these goals I
+wonder if they're worthwhile so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if they're worthwhile so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if they're worthwhile so in other
+words we do do reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we do do reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we do do reflection
+on on plans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you talking about freedom of will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you talking about freedom of will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you talking about freedom of will
+section in in the Society of Mind yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in in the Society of Mind yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in in the Society of Mind yeah
+that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one yeah I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a that's a wonderful field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a wonderful field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a wonderful field
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh our legal system and a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our legal system and a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our legal system and a lot of our
+ethical systems are based on some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical systems are based on some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical systems are based on some idea
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people uh are free to choose and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh are free to choose and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh are free to choose and what
+they do doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do doesn't depend
+on on just on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on just on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on just on their
+machinery and uh my answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery and uh my answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery and uh my answer to that is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for social
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+uh this is a very useful Superstition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a very useful Superstition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a very useful Superstition
+for people to have and it's hard to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to have and it's hard to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to have and it's hard to uh
+make uniform rules without making up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uniform rules without making up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uniform rules without making up
+some idea like that but it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea like that but it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea like that but it doesn't make
+it scientifically sound it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it scientifically sound it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it scientifically sound it's just
+politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great some people are very convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great some people are very convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great some people are very convinced
+that they have something called freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have something called freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have something called freedom
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+choice where they can do something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice where they can do something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice where they can do something even
+though they see reasons not to do it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they see reasons not to do it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they see reasons not to do it or
+something peculiar like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something peculiar like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something peculiar like
+that and if you ask them to explain just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you ask them to explain just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you ask them to explain just
+what they mean they can't but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean they can't but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean they can't but uh it's
+something that all their friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that all their friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that all their friends
+believed and uh they've never questioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it there certainly is a sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there certainly is a sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there certainly is a sense in which
+um you're working on a problem you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're working on a problem you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're working on a problem you say
+well I better stop thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I better stop thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I better stop thinking about it and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+decide and maybe people recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide and maybe people recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide and maybe people recognize that
+as having a different cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a different cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a different cognitive
+character than the other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character than the other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character than the other kinds of
+thinking but as far as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but as far as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but as far as I can
+see uh there's no mystery about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh there's no mystery about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh there's no mystery about that
+that's when you've decided to stop uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you've decided to stop uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you've decided to stop uh
+running your evaluation and comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your evaluation and comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your evaluation and comparison
+programs and just taking the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and just taking the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and just taking the one that's
+best so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so
+far so the moment of making a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so the moment of making a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so the moment of making a free
+choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is
+actually the moment when you stop stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the moment when you stop stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the moment when you stop stop
+choosing and take what whatever is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing and take what whatever is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing and take what whatever is in
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+3 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment theologists like other believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise for
+example you don't go to hell in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you don't go to hell in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you don't go to hell in some
+religions if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions if they have
+them if you didn't have a choice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you didn't have a choice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you didn't have a choice about
+whether to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to be
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so you're not going to get them to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not going to get them to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not going to get them to pay
+their dues unless you con convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dues unless you con convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dues unless you con convince them
+that they have a choice yeah so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a choice yeah so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a choice yeah so um I
+guess I'm I guess I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm I guess I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm I guess I'm a little bit
+confused so I wanted to ask um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so I wanted to ask um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so I wanted to ask um for
+clarification about something and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification about something and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification about something and then
+and then add a question to that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add a question to that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add a question to that which is
+so are you saying that you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you saying that you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you saying that you don't think
+that anything that we do at all is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything that we do at all is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything that we do at all is a
+choice like any tiny thing and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice like any tiny thing and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice like any tiny thing and well
+everything looks like a choice to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks like a choice to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks like a choice to the
+higher levels of the mind but the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels of the mind but the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels of the mind but the way
+the choice is made are you can't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice is made are you can't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice is made are you can't see the
+processes that make them and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that make them and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that make them and so you
+think that there's some freeness about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's some freeness about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's some freeness about
+them that that's an illusion what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that that's an illusion what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that that's an illusion what we
+choosing to learn like we can look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to learn like we can look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to learn like we can look at a
+page and um we might choose to learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and um we might choose to learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and um we might choose to learn a
+part of it right you might look in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it right you might look in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it right you might look in this
+corner and someone else might look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and someone else might look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and someone else might look in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+corner but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner but some
+Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery
+uh does that that and the part of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does that that and the part of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does that that and the part of you
+that talks doesn't know what how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talks doesn't know what how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talks doesn't know what how that
+Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery
+works and uh that's a good thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and uh that's a good thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and uh that's a good thing uh
+nobody would ever get anything done if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would ever get anything done if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would ever get anything done if
+they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+uh if they were constantly monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if they were constantly monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if they were constantly monitoring
+the processes that are deciding what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that are deciding what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that are deciding what to
+do what would need to happen for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what would need to happen for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what would need to happen for you to
+believe that we have that we do make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that we have that we do make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that we have that we do make
+choices to me nothing because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices to me nothing because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices to me nothing because it doesn't
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+anything that is if you think of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is if you think of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is if you think of of
+uh if you think of some little machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think of some little machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think of some little machine
+that puts one leg in front of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts one leg in front of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts one leg in front of the other
+you never consider it to be making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never consider it to be making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never consider it to be making
+choices but if you saw a machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but if you saw a machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but if you saw a machine that
+had 10 million parts and every now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 10 million parts and every now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 10 million parts and every now and
+then it suddenly goes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it suddenly goes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it suddenly goes that
+way uh then you'd say well I can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh then you'd say well I can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh then you'd say well I can't see
+uh why it went that way or that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why it went that way or that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why it went that way or that way so
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it must have just made a choice so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must have just made a choice so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must have just made a choice so it's
+it's a word for not it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a word for not it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a word for not it's one of the
+great words for not thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great words for not thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great words for not thinking about how
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+works the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the word
+free is I'm going to stop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free is I'm going to stop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free is I'm going to stop this
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+by declaring that there's nothing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by declaring that there's nothing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by declaring that there's nothing to say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it perhaps another way to consider it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it perhaps another way to consider it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it perhaps another way to consider it is
+that for every decision that we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every decision that we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every decision that we make
+I sort of um noting that the word we is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of um noting that the word we is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of um noting that the word we is
+sort of amorphous and that causes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amorphous and that causes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amorphous and that causes some
+confusion yeah U there's a piece of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion yeah U there's a piece of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion yeah U there's a piece of our
+brain that makes that decision which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that makes that decision which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that makes that decision which you
+may which the other parts don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may which the other parts don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may which the other parts don't know
+about necess not necessarily right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in other words the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words the people who
+are emphasize Freedom are doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are emphasize Freedom are doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are emphasize Freedom are doing it
+for lots of different reasons none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of different reasons none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of different reasons none of
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+are scientific in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I don't know if that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you know if
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+uh causes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh causes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh causes an
+accident and uh someone else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident and uh someone else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident and uh someone else is
+injured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured
+then uh we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we would
+like to do something something so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do something something so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do something something so that
+this accident doesn't happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accident doesn't happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accident doesn't happen in the
+future and if you can blame it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and if you can blame it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and if you can blame it on
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+and uh then there are five or six things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then there are five or six things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then there are five or six things
+you could do all of which relate to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do all of which relate to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do all of which relate to this
+if the person didn't mean to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person didn't mean to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person didn't mean to do
+it then what does that mean if if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then what does that mean if if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then what does that mean if if they
+didn't intend to that means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't intend to that means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't intend to that means that they
+didn't have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have some
+explicit choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit choice to
+make and you still may want to lock them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and you still may want to lock them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and you still may want to lock them
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+because they might keep causing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might keep causing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might keep causing the same
+accident anyway uh and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident anyway uh and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident anyway uh and still
+unintentionally but if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentionally but if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentionally but if you know that
+they uh had a plan and this was a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh had a plan and this was a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh had a plan and this was a step
+in their plan then you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their plan then you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their plan then you want to do
+something that will uh not only stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will uh not only stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will uh not only stop
+them but keep other people from doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but keep other people from doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but keep other people from doing it
+and so lots of social systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lots of social systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lots of social systems are
+invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some function so some function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so some function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so some function of a
+society and the belief in Freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and the belief in Freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and the belief in Freedom of
+Choice is all wound up with laws and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice is all wound up with laws and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice is all wound up with laws and and
+so forth and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+why uh many places it would be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh many places it would be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh many places it would be hard to
+get those laws to make sense if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those laws to make sense if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those laws to make sense if you uh
+didn't believe that there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't believe that there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't believe that there was something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+choice but it doesn't much matter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice but it doesn't much matter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice but it doesn't much matter from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+outside you'd say well if this community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside you'd say well if this community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside you'd say well if this community
+is going to survive it's not surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to survive it's not surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to survive it's not surprising
+that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will
+develop I'm putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop I'm putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop I'm putting it
+backwards anyway you could see why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards anyway you could see why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards anyway you could see why some
+communities will evolve some beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities will evolve some beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities will evolve some beliefs
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that Sigman Freud was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished
+in as a early cognitive psychologist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as a early cognitive psychologist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as a early cognitive psychologist in
+emphasizing that people didn't know much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that people didn't know much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that people didn't know much
+about uh what they were doing and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what they were doing and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what they were doing and in
+many cases you could say there's a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases you could say there's a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases you could say there's a part
+of their mind that damell did intend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their mind that damell did intend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their mind that damell did intend to
+do this harmful thing and that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this harmful thing and that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this harmful thing and that part of
+the Mind had insulated itself or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mind had insulated itself or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mind had insulated itself or the
+other part had shut it off so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part had shut it off so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part had shut it off so that the
+person you're talking to doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're talking to doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're talking to doesn't know
+that inside them is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside them is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside them is this
+uh malicious component or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever yeah that happens when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever yeah that happens when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever yeah that happens when I'm
+trying to get out of the bed morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get out of the bed morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get out of the bed morning
+it's I I never remember how I got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I I never remember how I got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I I never remember how I got out of
+the bed because those circuits are short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed because those circuits are short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed because those circuits are short
+out um I would only remember that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um I would only remember that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um I would only remember that I
+sometime I had thought about getting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime I had thought about getting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime I had thought about getting out
+and then I remember that I'm out of bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I remember that I'm out of bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I remember that I'm out of bed
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+fascinating it's not always it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating it's not always it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating it's not always it depends
+yeah of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of
+course I I suspect that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I I suspect that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I I suspect that's kind of
+happens in all sorts of decisions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in all sorts of decisions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in all sorts of decisions but
+you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of
+conf yes there's so many reasons why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conf yes there's so many reasons why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conf yes there's so many reasons why you
+should never get out of bed at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never get out of bed at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never get out of bed at all and
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to have to suppress them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to suppress them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to suppress them
+somehow but if you don't turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but if you don't turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but if you don't turn the
+suppressor off then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor off then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor off then you
+can't I know never heard of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I know never heard of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I know never heard of not
+remembering how you did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering how you did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering how you did it
+but well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I um how do we decide what to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um how do we decide what to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um how do we decide what to remember
+that's a wonderful general question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a wonderful general question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a wonderful general question is
+that what part of psychology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that working memory no that's not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that working memory no that's not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that working memory no that's not it
+deciding what to remember I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what to remember I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what to remember I don't think
+we de we have no choice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's you really should look at William
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you really should look at William
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you really should look at William
+Jam's uh book of Psych just just open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jam's uh book of Psych just just open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jam's uh book of Psych just just open it
+at random because it's full of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random because it's full of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random because it's full of these
+strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like he once decided to ask each of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he once decided to ask each of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he once decided to ask each of all
+he said all his students I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said all his students I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said all his students I don't know if
+they were six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20 uh if they could remember what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh if they could remember what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh if they could remember what they
+had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for
+breakfast and a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast and a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast and a lot of them
+could and then he asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and then he asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and then he asked
+them can you visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can you visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can you visualize
+it and he said some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he said some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he said some of the
+students said they had what they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students said they had what they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students said they had what they thought
+was a almost photographic image with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a almost photographic image with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a almost photographic image with
+this dish here with that thing on on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dish here with that thing on on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dish here with that thing on on it
+and the exact layout and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exact layout and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exact layout and everything
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on and he said one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and he said one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and he said one of his
+students said he didn't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students said he didn't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students said he didn't know what they
+were talking about and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about and he had
+no he had never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he had never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he had never had
+any visual images or Vision like images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any visual images or Vision like images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any visual images or Vision like images
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+and uh William James mentioned that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh William James mentioned that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh William James mentioned that he
+found this hard to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this hard to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this hard to believe
+but uh the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the student
+insisted and I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that maybe James was right and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe James was right and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe James was right and uh the
+student was just trying to fool him but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student was just trying to fool him but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student was just trying to fool him but
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+knows how many of you never visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how many of you never visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how many of you never visualize
+anything barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really at least I can't tell mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I once saw a meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I once saw a meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I once saw a meta
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+because a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a long time
+ago it was widely believed that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was widely believed that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was widely believed that there
+were many people who had identic imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many people who had identic imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many people who had identic imagery
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+called and could actually uh if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and could actually uh if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and could actually uh if you'd
+show them a picture they could remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them a picture they could remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them a picture they could remember
+a great many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great many
+details and there was one study where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and there was one study where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and there was one study where uh
+was mostly children and some somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mostly children and some somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mostly children and some somebody
+showed the child this picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the child this picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the child this picture of
+a beach scene I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beach scene I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beach scene I think it
+was and then later the child could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then later the child could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then later the child could could
+uh count all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh count all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh count all
+35 leaves on the palm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 leaves on the palm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 leaves on the palm
+tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and
+uh claimed that they could see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claimed that they could see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claimed that they could see these
+very clearly in their mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly in their mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly in their mind and
+unfortunately this study was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this study was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this study was done in
+1917 and I haven't seen a more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 and I haven't seen a more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 and I haven't seen a more recent
+one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but
+the it became very popular to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it became very popular to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it became very popular to believe
+that some people do have not just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people do have not just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people do have not just some
+kind of imagery but uh photo almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagery but uh photo almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagery but uh photo almost
+photo realistic imagery of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo realistic imagery of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo realistic imagery of things and
+that it's common in children but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's common in children but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's common in children but not so
+common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in
+adults and I don't know if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults and I don't know if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults and I don't know if anyone
+believes this anymore but I've seen a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes this anymore but I've seen a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes this anymore but I've seen a a
+test which I think Ed the same word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test which I think Ed the same word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test which I think Ed the same word
+identic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identic but
+strong uh where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh where we
+shown about half the dots from from dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown about half the dots from from dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown about half the dots from from dot
+matrix print out of some seconds oh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix print out of some seconds oh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix print out of some seconds oh uh
+for 5 seconds and then you wait 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5 seconds and then you wait 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5 seconds and then you wait 10
+seconds and then you're sh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then you're sh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then you're sh the other
+half the dots and if you if you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the dots and if you if you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the dots and if you if you can then
+in your mind read read out that s Spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind read read out that s Spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind read read out that s Spike
+and the images that well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the images that well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the images that well that's not
+inconceivable because the sensory buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable because the sensory buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable because the sensory buffer
+right could hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could hold a
+lot in the 60s I think uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the 60s I think uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the 60s I think uh there was a
+published experiment published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published experiment published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published experiment published in
+science where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science where
+uh the subject had seen one image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the subject had seen one image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the subject had seen one image of the
+pseudo random dots in one eye and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random dots in one eye and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random dots in one eye and then
+the next day she was shown the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day she was shown the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day she was shown the other one
+and could perceive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could perceive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could perceive the
+letter uh but this was never replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh but this was never replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh but this was never replicated
+and it turned out it was the girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out it was the girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out it was the girlfriend
+of the investigator and uh the likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investigator and uh the likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investigator and uh the likely
+hypothesis is that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that had
+overheard them designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard them designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard them designing the
+experiment but uh this became part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but uh this became part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but uh this became part of
+psychology folklore this a whole day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology folklore this a whole day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology folklore this a whole day
+apart I wouldn't be surprised if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart I wouldn't be surprised if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart I wouldn't be surprised if
+the and besides it might be possible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and besides it might be possible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and besides it might be possible if
+if uh the person could freeze things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the person could freeze things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the person could freeze things in
+the sensory buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory buffer
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but the funny part is that in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the funny part is that in later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the funny part is that in later
+research rather than studying whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research rather than studying whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research rather than studying whether
+the people the extent to which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people the extent to which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people the extent to which they
+could actually do that uh I read an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do that uh I read an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do that uh I read an
+experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where
+uh were a population was interviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were a population was interviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were a population was interviewed
+some of the people said that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the people said that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the people said that when they
+were shown something they could remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shown something they could remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shown something they could remember
+what's in the picture but not see it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the picture but not see it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the picture but not see it as
+though it were in the picture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it were in the picture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it were in the picture and the
+other uh the other class of peoples who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh the other class of peoples who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh the other class of peoples who
+W were ones who claimed that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W were ones who claimed that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W were ones who claimed that they could
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+bring up the picture and look in it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up the picture and look in it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up the picture and look in it for
+the objects and the funny thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects and the funny thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects and the funny thing about
+that experiment and I don't know if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment and I don't know if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment and I don't know if it
+was ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever
+replicated was that the two groups were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated was that the two groups were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated was that the two groups were
+absolutely equally good at remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely equally good at remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely equally good at remembering
+what were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were in the
+pictures and the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and the ones who
+uh didn't claim to see the picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh didn't claim to see the picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh didn't claim to see the picture uh
+were just as good as at remembering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just as good as at remembering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just as good as at remembering what
+was in it but so I very skeptical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in it but so I very skeptical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in it but so I very skeptical of
+everything in that field and I'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in that field and I'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in that field and I'd love to
+see better experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see better experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see better experiments on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+U I also spent a lot of time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I also spent a lot of time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I also spent a lot of time with
+magicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magicians
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recommend how many of you ever did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend how many of you ever did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend how many of you ever did
+magic isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic isn't it
+great when my kids were young I bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great when my kids were young I bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great when my kids were young I bought
+them a magician I bought the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a magician I bought the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a magician I bought the magic
+lessons I figured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons I figured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons I figured it
+was more useful than almost any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more useful than almost any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more useful than almost any other
+skill because after You' taken some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill because after You' taken some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill because after You' taken some
+magic lessons you become much better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic lessons you become much better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic lessons you become much better at
+knowing when people are trying to fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when people are trying to fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when people are trying to fool
+you but I don't have any experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I don't have any experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I don't have any experiment to
+validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate
+this oh but the best part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh but the best part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh but the best part is that
+they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cheap most magicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap most magicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap most magicians
+have no job I mean they it's just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no job I mean they it's just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no job I mean they it's just very
+hard to get a job as a working magician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get a job as a working magician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get a job as a working magician
+so almost all magicians have another job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all magicians have another job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all magicians have another job
+and they love to do the magic but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they love to do the magic but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they love to do the magic but nobody
+will pay any attention and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay any attention and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay any attention and they'll
+uh you can get magic lessons for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get magic lessons for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get magic lessons for just a
+few dollars an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hour just just a tip if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour just just a tip if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour just just a tip if you have
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it got to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got to the point
+where some magician was visiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some magician was visiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some magician was visiting the
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+and he had a big red scarf and he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a big red scarf and he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a big red scarf and he went
+like this and the scarf disappeared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the scarf disappeared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the scarf disappeared and
+he said where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said where's the
+scarf and one of the kids say it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf and one of the kids say it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf and one of the kids say it's in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+egg and the magician turned sort of pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg and the magician turned sort of pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg and the magician turned sort of pale
+because he hadn't gotten to the egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet do you all know the fake finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you all know the fake finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you all know the fake finger
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+yeah on your finger you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah on your finger you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah on your finger you have this
+slightly larger flesh colored rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger flesh colored rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger flesh colored rubber
+finger but you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger but you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger but you keep
+moving if you ever stop moving that hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving if you ever stop moving that hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving if you ever stop moving that hand
+you're dead but you don't and nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dead but you don't and nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dead but you don't and nobody can
+tell that and then uh you're waving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that and then uh you're waving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that and then uh you're waving the
+scarf around and you go like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf around and you go like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf around and you go like this and
+stuff the SC scarf into the fake finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the SC scarf into the fake finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the SC scarf into the fake finger
+and put it back and then you get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back and then you get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back and then you get rid of
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+uh the kids knew all about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kids knew all about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kids knew all about that and
+really annoyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magician I don't know any psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magician I don't know any psychologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magician I don't know any psychologist
+magicians probably all those things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magicians probably all those things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magicians probably all those things have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+studied can you perceive things while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied can you perceive things while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied can you perceive things while
+they're moving and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving and so forth but
+magicians find all the bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magicians find all the bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magicians find all the bugs in
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+and have you thought about hypnotism at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you thought about hypnotism at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you thought about hypnotism at
+all what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what are some of the
+mechanisms I don't know much about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms I don't know much about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms I don't know much about it
+uh you know that it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know that it used to be
+used to be believed that people under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be believed that people under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be believed that people under
+hypnosis could remember stuff they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis could remember stuff they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis could remember stuff they
+couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+and uh there's no that got discredited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's no that got discredited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's no that got discredited
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much so in fact it was sort of routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so in fact it was sort of routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so in fact it was sort of routine
+in police Affairs to hypnotize a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in police Affairs to hypnotize a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in police Affairs to hypnotize a wind
+witness to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness to get better
+information and that became illegal in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and that became illegal in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and that became illegal in I
+think every state now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think every state now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think every state now
+because it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns
+out hypnotism does have one remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out hypnotism does have one remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out hypnotism does have one remarkable
+property which is when someone's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is when someone's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is when someone's in that
+state and if you tell them something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and if you tell them something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and if you tell them something it
+gets into long-term memory so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into long-term memory so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into long-term memory so that they
+think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it
+happened so uh if you suggest something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so uh if you suggest something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so uh if you suggest something
+to a person under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a person under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a person under
+hypnosis then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnosis then
+later they may be very convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they may be very convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they may be very convinced that
+they always knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always knew
+it anyway way that was the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway way that was the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway way that was the basis for
+getting rid of it in legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of it in legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of it in legal
+procedures I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures I suspect
+that the reprogrammability of memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reprogrammability of memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reprogrammability of memory and
+under hypnosis um a magician's ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under hypnosis um a magician's ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under hypnosis um a magician's ability
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically
+distract um all tie into some concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract um all tie into some concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract um all tie into some concept of
+attention which has everything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention which has everything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention which has everything to do
+with the way uh we decide what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way uh we decide what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way uh we decide what to
+remember cuz I also dare say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we very often don't decide to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we very often don't decide to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we very often don't decide to remember
+or choose the wrong things to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or choose the wrong things to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or choose the wrong things to remember
+purposely no oh just that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely no oh just that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely no oh just that the things
+that we happen to have um filed for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we happen to have um filed for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we happen to have um filed for long
+term long-term storage just happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term long-term storage just happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term long-term storage just happen to be
+fairly useless mhm and then maybe only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly useless mhm and then maybe only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly useless mhm and then maybe only
+after a few repeated attempts do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few repeated attempts do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few repeated attempts do we
+actually manage to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually manage to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually manage to get the right
+features and um it has everything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and um it has everything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and um it has everything to do
+with what our where are attention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what our where are attention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what our where are attention is
+directed there's one card trick which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed there's one card trick which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed there's one card trick which is
+called mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mental
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+uh you ask a person to pick any card and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ask a person to pick any card and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ask a person to pick any card and
+you go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like
+this and it turns out that if you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it turns out that if you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it turns out that if you you go
+through the cards very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cards very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cards very
+quickly uh but you're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh but you're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh but you're a little bit
+slower I forget how you do it but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower I forget how you do it but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower I forget how you do it but one of
+them is exposed for slightly longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is exposed for slightly longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is exposed for slightly longer than
+the other others and that's the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other others and that's the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other others and that's the only one
+they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+remember and of course the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and of course the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and of course the person is
+trying to not be influenced so but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to not be influenced so but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to not be influenced so but uh
+then you're finished and if it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're finished and if it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're finished and if it was the
+seven of diamonds there's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of diamonds there's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of diamonds there's a very good
+chance that uh then you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that uh then you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that uh then you go through the
+rest of the trick and you say was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the trick and you say was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the trick and you say was it
+this or was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or was it
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh Raymond smolan who's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Raymond smolan who's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Raymond smolan who's a famous
+logician is also a great magician and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logician is also a great magician and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logician is also a great magician and um
+he does this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does this particular
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+and uh he says what what was it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he says what what was it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he says what what was it the
+three of hearts and they say no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of hearts and they say no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of hearts and they say no and
+finally says well what was it they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally says well what was it they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally says well what was it they say
+it's the seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the seven of
+diamonds and he said well of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and he said well of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and he said well of course it's
+not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the
+deck and then you look at the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck and then you look at the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck and then you look at the ceiling
+and there's a seven of diamonds nailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a seven of diamonds nailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a seven of diamonds nailed
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but and of course if they don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and of course if they don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and of course if they don't say
+seven of diamonds then you're screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of diamonds then you're screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of diamonds then you're screwed
+except that for every such trick the mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that for every such trick the mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that for every such trick the mag
+magician has several outs they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magician has several outs they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magician has several outs they're called
+outs so one of the great things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs so one of the great things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs so one of the great things about
+magic is that uh if one of the tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic is that uh if one of the tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic is that uh if one of the tricks
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+work there's another trick which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there's another trick which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there's another trick which for
+which it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it will
+work whatever whatever you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they just don't do tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't do tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't do tricks
+where resourceful magician hasn't how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where resourceful magician hasn't how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where resourceful magician hasn't how
+for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick I guess you might as well nail one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick I guess you might as well nail one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick I guess you might as well nail one
+to the ceiling just in case they guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ceiling just in case they guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ceiling just in case they guess
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway sman writes books wrote books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway sman writes books wrote books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway sman writes books wrote books on
+logic and girdles theorem and uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and girdles theorem and uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and girdles theorem and uh a lot
+of things like that and several books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like that and several books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like that and several books
+about Chess he's a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Chess he's a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Chess he's a chess
+master and he's also a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master and he's also a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master and he's also a very good
+pianist but he has one special trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pianist but he has one special trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pianist but he has one special trick
+which is impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is impossible to
+duplicate he's playing some Schubert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate he's playing some Schubert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate he's playing some Schubert
+Sonata and then there's some excuse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonata and then there's some excuse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonata and then there's some excuse to
+lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean
+over to do something else and then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to do something else and then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to do something else and then he's
+playing it with this his hand upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it with this his hand upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it with this his hand upside
+down and goes back and nobody notices it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and goes back and nobody notices it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and goes back and nobody notices it
+or some people don't notice it and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some people don't notice it and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some people don't notice it and other
+people can't believe what they've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't believe what they've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't believe what they've seen
+and of course he practiced that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course he practiced that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course he practiced that for
+years just looks like well what the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I wonder how many concepts are indexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wonder how many concepts are indexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I wonder how many concepts are indexed
+by words but we don't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by words but we don't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by words but we don't necessarily know
+what the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the word
+is I'm kind of trying to think if in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm kind of trying to think if in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm kind of trying to think if in a
+future a machine tries to make Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future a machine tries to make Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future a machine tries to make Concepts
+or tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tries
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh you know make in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inations of resources or U ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inations of resources or U ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inations of resources or U ways of
+thinking but it may not have but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but it may not have but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but it may not have but you
+know if we just make a valuable ination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we just make a valuable ination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we just make a valuable ination
+and say that this is this set of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that this is this set of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that this is this set of states
+is this but it also has linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this but it also has linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this but it also has linguistic
+knowledge when would it decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge when would it decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge when would it decide
+to you know sign a board to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know sign a board to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know sign a board to
+it well you're raising all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you're raising all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you're raising all sorts of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like if you're stuck on something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're stuck on something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're stuck on something and
+there's some words that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some words that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some words that you've been
+using if you put the words in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using if you put the words in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using if you put the words in a
+different order maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order maybe
+that's than something cooks and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's than something cooks and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's than something cooks and maybe
+that's a way of hill climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of hill climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of hill climbing
+because whatever they produce it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whatever they produce it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whatever they produce it'll be
+something that uses some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uses some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uses some of the
+same resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same resources
+or processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or processes
+that that you've been struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you've been struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you've been struggling with
+it that was language is a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was language is a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was language is a great way to
+make uh local mutations in how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think much better than chance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be I'm being careful not to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think in the Society of Mind I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the Society of Mind I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the Society of Mind I had a
+little paragraph that says the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little paragraph that says the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little paragraph that says the nice
+thing about language is that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about language is that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about language is that when you're
+representing a situation you might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a situation you might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a situation you might make
+a sentence about it and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence about it and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence about it and then then
+misunderstand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstand
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so by elevating it or making it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by elevating it or making it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by elevating it or making it more
+symbolic and then using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ambiguities know there's one are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities know there's one are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities know there's one are the
+ways of getting new ideas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of getting new ideas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of getting new ideas that are
+pretty similar to the one you have cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to the one you have cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to the one you have cuz
+there's no point in getting a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in getting a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in getting a completely
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+idea completely out of the box what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea completely out of the box what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea completely out of the box what is
+it completely out out of the box you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely out out of the box you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely out out of the box you
+mean yes right you don't want it to too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yes right you don't want it to too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yes right you don't want it to too
+far out of the box so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far out of the box so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far out of the box so
+uh see in the emotion machine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see in the emotion machine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see in the emotion machine I
+emphasize these analogies I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize these analogies I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize these analogies I don't think
+I I didn't say anything about slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't say anything about slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't say anything about slightly
+different analogies I those might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different analogies I those might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different analogies I those might be
+more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything word might have some meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything word might have some meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything word might have some meanings
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are just have slightly different mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just have slightly different mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just have slightly different mental
+activities connected with them so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities connected with them so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities connected with them so if
+you're stuck but you've been making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck but you've been making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck but you've been making
+progress and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and now you're
+not then you want to stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then you want to stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then you want to stay in the
+Box just move around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box just move around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box just move around a
+little so it's only when you get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so it's only when you get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so it's only when you get to a
+peak and you've exhausted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and you've exhausted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and you've exhausted
+the the usual ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so those self-help books don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so those self-help books don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so those self-help books don't say
+think of something slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of something slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of something slightly
+different probably no need to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probably no need to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probably no need to because
+that's what we're always doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're always doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're always doing
+so you don't have to tell someone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a relationship between
+compiling decompiling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling decompiling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling decompiling and
+analogy decompiling I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy decompiling I'm thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy decompiling I'm thinking of
+mental Realms you could imagine taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental Realms you could imagine taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental Realms you could imagine taking
+an abstract realm and compiling it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstract realm and compiling it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstract realm and compiling it to a
+more concrete lower level realm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concrete lower level realm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concrete lower level realm or
+decompiling would be the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompiling would be the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompiling would be the opposite
+process seems like that's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process seems like that's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process seems like that's kind of like
+the process of compiling could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of compiling could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of compiling could just be
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+analogy I'll have to think about that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy I'll have to think about that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy I'll have to think about that I
+usually think of compiling as taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of compiling as taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of compiling as taking a
+deliberative process and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberative process and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberative process and just
+remembering the successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering the successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering the successful
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so then you can do it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so then you can do it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so then you can do it without
+thinking but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's how many ways are there comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many ways are there comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many ways are there comp
+piling in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like they're programs that don't compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're programs that don't compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're programs that don't compile
+the function till they get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because and maybe you shouldn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and maybe you shouldn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and maybe you shouldn't do it
+until you get to it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comp I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp I was talking
+to mik blus who's working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mik blus who's working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mik blus who's working on the
+uh one laptop per child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one laptop per child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one laptop per child
+project I had complained that computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I had complained that computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I had complained that computers
+shouldn't take so long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't take so long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't take so long to
+boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot
+and uh he said they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he said they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he said they they
+had decided to get around that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had decided to get around that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had decided to get around that so that
+this machine doesn't take any time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine doesn't take any time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine doesn't take any time to
+boot I didn't have time to ask him what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot I didn't have time to ask him what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot I didn't have time to ask him what
+was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick suspend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode well I tried suspend mode with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode well I tried suspend mode with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode well I tried suspend mode with
+Windows and it took longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows and it took longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows and it took longer than
+booting well that is ordinary computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booting well that is ordinary computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booting well that is ordinary computers
+go to a hard drive which although it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a hard drive which although it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a hard drive which although it has
+better latency it has worse through put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better latency it has worse through put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better latency it has worse through put
+than Sol state memory which is whatc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Sol state memory which is whatc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Sol state memory which is whatc
+uses so you can yesc doesn't have stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses so you can yesc doesn't have stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses so you can yesc doesn't have stay
+much less time for The Flash oh so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less time for The Flash oh so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less time for The Flash oh so maybe
+it really is booting and they don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is booting and they don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is booting and they don't I
+think so yeah real well they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so yeah real well they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so yeah real well they're they're
+voting they're voting a save state from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting they're voting a save state from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting they're voting a save state from
+flash now a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago people said that flash memory can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago people said that flash memory can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago people said that flash memory can
+only write a limited number of times has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only write a limited number of times has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only write a limited number of times has
+that just disappeared um it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just disappeared um it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just disappeared um it hasn't
+disappeared but you could now get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared but you could now get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared but you could now get one
+million cycle flash but a million isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million cycle flash but a million isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million cycle flash but a million isn't
+much if you're running well you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if you're running well you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if you're running well you can you
+can make that sort of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that sort of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that sort of local
+uhhuh but yeah after a while flash gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unreliable does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable does a
+check probably they may have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check probably they may have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check probably they may have some sort
+of uh parity system to to extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh parity system to to extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh parity system to to extend the
+period the useful period I wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the useful period I wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the useful period I wonder if
+that's that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's in
+it because at Microcenter you can buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because at Microcenter you can buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because at Microcenter you can buy a
+gigabyte for about $7 now and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte for about $7 now and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte for about $7 now and it doesn't
+have a manufacturer label on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a manufacturer label on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a manufacturer label on it
+so the question is are they just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are they just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are they just that
+cheap or are these slightly slower or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap or are these slightly slower or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap or are these slightly slower or
+rejected ones or something who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected ones or something who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected ones or something who knows
+but I only use them for photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I only use them for photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I only use them for photographs
+and you'd never know if a pixel has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broken some people take longer to boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken some people take longer to boot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken some people take longer to boot
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that depends if there's anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that depends if there's anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that depends if there's anything
+interesting to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact I might even suggest that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I might even suggest that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I might even suggest that people
+who take longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who take longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who take longer
+to um or people who are happy when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um or people who are happy when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um or people who are happy when they
+wake up are the ones that take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up are the ones that take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up are the ones that take the
+longest to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest to get
+out just so going off of the supposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just so going off of the supposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just so going off of the supposition
+that say if you're in the emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say if you're in the emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say if you're in the emotional
+state of Happiness then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Happiness then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Happiness then that means
+you're in a state that you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change is this based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is this based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is this based on
+logic or have you noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic or have you noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic or have you noticed
+it that and just sort of um looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that and just sort of um looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that and just sort of um looking at
+model six and trying to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model six and trying to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model six and trying to understand what
+the state of Happiness should would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Happiness should would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Happiness should would
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+mean and so far the best explanation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so far the best explanation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so far the best explanation I
+came up with was a state that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was a state that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was a state that doesn't
+change or where but the tendency not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or where but the tendency not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or where but the tendency not not
+to change then you'd think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change then you'd think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change then you'd think you
+would your higher levels would learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would your higher levels would learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would your higher levels would learn to
+try to avoid it like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plague why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague why
+because you have just so much time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have just so much time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have just so much time and
+if there's this parasitic project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's this parasitic project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's this parasitic project that
+says I don't feel like doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I don't feel like doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I don't feel like doing anything
+then you have to get rid of it or else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to get rid of it or else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to get rid of it or else
+succumb right but the argument is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumb right but the argument is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumb right but the argument is that
+all of your goals that are pres all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your goals that are pres all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your goals that are pres all of
+some substantial set of goals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substantial set of goals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substantial set of goals are
+satisfied and leaving that state um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and leaving that state um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and leaving that state um
+actually threatens those goals so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually threatens those goals so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually threatens those goals so you
+want to stay in the same state in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay in the same state in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay in the same state in other
+words you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you're
+happy sounds awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy sounds awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy sounds awful
+there's there's an amusing subplot in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's an amusing subplot in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's an amusing subplot in in
+hob guy to the Galaxy that revolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hob guy to the Galaxy that revolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hob guy to the Galaxy that revolves
+around that concept where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that concept where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that concept where there's a
+there's a robot uh which is has the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a robot uh which is has the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a robot uh which is has the job
+of the security guard someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the security guard someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the security guard someone is
+breaking into the building and knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking into the building and knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking into the building and knows
+where the the chip is that decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the chip is that decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the chip is that decides
+whether the robot is Happy replaces it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the robot is Happy replaces it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the robot is Happy replaces it
+with a direct wire to to the power line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a direct wire to to the power line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a direct wire to to the power line
+so so the robot just buzzes around half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the robot just buzzes around half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the robot just buzzes around half
+and doesn't do anything to prevent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't do anything to prevent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't do anything to prevent this
+person from entering the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+I you know the story of Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know the story of Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know the story of Professor
+Delgado and the bull fight did I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delgado and the bull fight did I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delgado and the bull fight did I tell
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+year he was a professor Yale who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year he was a professor Yale who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year he was a professor Yale who
+discovered the pleasure Center in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the pleasure Center in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered the pleasure Center in some
+animals uh no one ever discovered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh no one ever discovered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh no one ever discovered a
+well-defined pain center but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there
+are very localizable ones in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very localizable ones in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very localizable ones in in
+mammals and because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and because he was
+Spanish he had always wanted to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish he had always wanted to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish he had always wanted to be a
+bull fighter too and uh he wired up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull fighter too and uh he wired up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull fighter too and uh he wired up this
+uh very aggressive Bull with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very aggressive Bull with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very aggressive Bull with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+stimulator and actually gave a demo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulator and actually gave a demo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulator and actually gave a demo in
+Spain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain in
+with a big audience and This ferocious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a big audience and This ferocious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a big audience and This ferocious
+bull came charging at him and he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull came charging at him and he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull came charging at him and he sort of
+pressed this button and the bull would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed this button and the bull would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed this button and the bull would
+sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smile it really worked fine and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile it really worked fine and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile it really worked fine and he
+satisfied all of his childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ambitions what kind of pleasure was it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions what kind of pleasure was it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions what kind of pleasure was it I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+uh I wonder if there's a noninvasive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I wonder if there's a noninvasive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I wonder if there's a noninvasive way
+to do this now it's annoying to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this now it's annoying to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this now it's annoying to have
+needles in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain the uh transmitter and receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the uh transmitter and receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the uh transmitter and receiver
+were rather bulky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rather bulky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rather bulky
+cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz
+uh the thing on the bull was about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing on the bull was about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing on the bull was about this
+big and uh looked rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and uh looked rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and uh looked rather
+clutzy and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutzy and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutzy and uh
+delgado's signal box was about this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delgado's signal box was about this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delgado's signal box was about this big
+must have had vacuum tubes by in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have had vacuum tubes by in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have had vacuum tubes by in that
+period and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and big
+batteries but what was impressive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries but what was impressive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries but what was impressive is
+that how completely uh docel the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how completely uh docel the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how completely uh docel the book
+The Bull looked like it's going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Bull looked like it's going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Bull looked like it's going like
+that dreamy there's a movie of it I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dreamy there's a movie of it I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dreamy there's a movie of it I saw
+it on Nova recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it appears in Larry Niel novels Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears in Larry Niel novels Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears in Larry Niel novels Larry
+nen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+novels great way of controlling people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to plant more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes in chapter eight you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes in chapter eight you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes in chapter eight you have
+this uh hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh hierarchy of
+representations and at the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and at the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and at the highest
+representation you have the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you have the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you have the narrative
+stories you want to explain on elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories you want to explain on elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories you want to explain on elaborate
+bit on yes this narrative and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on yes this narrative and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on yes this narrative and how to
+complicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate
+to oh you know I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those aren't actually the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't actually the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't actually the same as the
+levels in the rest of the book and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in the rest of the book and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in the rest of the book and I
+don't think I explained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I explained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I explained that
+or that is uh presumably activities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that is uh presumably activities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that is uh presumably activities that
+the these high self-conscious levels do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these high self-conscious levels do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these high self-conscious levels do
+use perhaps more abstract things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use perhaps more abstract things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use perhaps more abstract things but
+uh and certainly the the stuff at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and certainly the the stuff at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and certainly the the stuff at
+the innate reaction level are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate reaction level are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate reaction level are probably
+fairly straightforward neural Nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward neural Nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward neural Nets
+without very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without very much
+processes so I think I made a mistake in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so I think I made a mistake in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so I think I made a mistake in
+in that chapter eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter eight
+of of not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of not saying
+that because I suppose there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I suppose there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I suppose there would be a
+danger that somebody might think chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger that somebody might think chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger that somebody might think chapter
+five must be about Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five must be about Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five must be about Machinery
+that's that's around the MD of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's around the MD of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's around the MD of that
+diagram so nice question is what parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so nice question is what parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so nice question is what parts
+of the brain are there parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain are there parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain are there parts of the
+brain that do mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that do mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that do mainly
+scripts or high level symbolic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts or high level symbolic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts or high level symbolic things
+uh I don't think that's a sound idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think that's a sound idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think that's a sound idea
+because uh probably every part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh probably every part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh probably every part of the
+brain has to make its high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain has to make its high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain has to make its high level
+representations out of lower ones so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations out of lower ones so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations out of lower ones so it
+has to have the neural Nets that support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have the neural Nets that support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have the neural Nets that support
+the slots of the frames right there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slots of the frames right there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slots of the frames right there uh
+in the same brain Center but that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same brain Center but that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same brain Center but that could
+be wrong but I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong but I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong but I suspect
+that uh I thought at least the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I thought at least the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I thought at least the lower
+levels are present everywhere yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are present everywhere yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are present everywhere yeah in
+chapter seven and six you explain nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about then coming to chapter talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then coming to chapter talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then coming to chapter talk about
+these representations yeah we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations yeah we trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations yeah we trying to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+a assume where the representation is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a assume where the representation is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a assume where the representation is in
+the brain course the indicated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain course the indicated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain course the indicated this is
+this may not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may not be true
+representation as you can find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation as you can find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation as you can find you
+try wonder how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try wonder how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try wonder how
+the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how
+the the highest level the stories how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the highest level the stories how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the highest level the stories how
+how it J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into well those are that's a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into well those are that's a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into well those are that's a deep
+question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I
+mean if you represent a story as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you represent a story as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you represent a story as a
+sequence of structures those structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of structures those structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of structures those structures
+have to be made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be made of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+and I suppose you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suppose you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suppose you could
+imagine that thing being made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that thing being made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that thing being made of
+low-level neurons with delays just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level neurons with delays just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level neurons with delays just
+connecting there but then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting there but then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting there but then they would
+have to they would have to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to they would have to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to they would have to turn on
+things that represent the characters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that represent the characters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that represent the characters in
+the story and the actions and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and the actions and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and the actions and so forth
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh the whole question is muddled you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the whole question is muddled you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the whole question is muddled you
+don't find neurolog ologists talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find neurolog ologists talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find neurolog ologists talking
+about how you remember an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you remember an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you remember an event
+uh they talk there's some idea of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they talk there's some idea of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they talk there's some idea of there
+have been theories of how how our face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been theories of how how our face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been theories of how how our face
+is recognized and there there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recognized and there there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recognized and there there's some
+idea that they're feature finders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they're feature finders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they're feature finders and
+all that and then somewhere there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that and then somewhere there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that and then somewhere there's a
+neuron that notices this bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that notices this bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that notices this bunch of
+features but then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but then it's
+not if you go through a neurology book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if you go through a neurology book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if you go through a neurology book
+you can't find anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't find anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't find anything
+about how does anything know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does anything know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does anything know to
+use that you what to do with that neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that you what to do with that neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that you what to do with that neuron
+or how does it get connected to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how does it get connected to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how does it get connected to other
+thoughts there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something there's something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neuroscientists I don't you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists I don't you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists I don't you don't have
+to have a whole Theory but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a whole Theory but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a whole Theory but you have to
+think 10 minutes a year about about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 10 minutes a year about about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 10 minutes a year about about what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing uh maybe if you work in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh maybe if you work in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh maybe if you work in the lab
+part of the time you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the time you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the time you don't have to do
+that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't
+know but that that's a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but that that's a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but that that's a very hard
+question uh if you were designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh if you were designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh if you were designing a
+computer to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to understand a
+story then you would have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story then you would have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story then you would have a lot of
+Alternatives it's very clear you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives it's very clear you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives it's very clear you could
+do something like what winegrad does you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like what winegrad does you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like what winegrad does you
+could say well a sentence has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well a sentence has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well a sentence has a
+verb and the verb uh points to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and the verb uh points to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and the verb uh points to some
+procedure called an action and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation uh attached to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh attached to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh attached to that
+somewhere which says what properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere which says what properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere which says what properties of
+things does this action change and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things does this action change and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things does this action change and uh we
+can do all that in AI I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all that in AI I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all that in AI I think if you
+ask how do those levels work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how do those levels work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how do those levels work in the
+brain there just hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there just hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there just hasn't been
+enough there hasn't been enough AI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there hasn't been enough AI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there hasn't been enough AI in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+field it's talking like talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's talking like talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's talking like talking to
+children and guess when they talk to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and guess when they talk to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and guess when they talk to us
+they think we're talking they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think we're talking they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think we're talking they're talking
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+children I heard of yeah I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children I heard of yeah I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children I heard of yeah I don't want to
+provoke it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea I guess Neuroscience is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I guess Neuroscience is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I guess Neuroscience is kind of
+like trying to understand what what lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to understand what what lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to understand what what lets
+you drag Windows around on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drag Windows around on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drag Windows around on the computer
+fig out how transistors work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah because they want things they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they want things they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they want things they can
+see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right
+yeah well someday they'll see the slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well someday they'll see the slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well someday they'll see the slots
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frames or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever be fun to interview people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever be fun to interview people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever be fun to interview people
+about how they're Car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Works how does the gas pedal work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's I don't know how it works these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days in the old days the way exeler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in the old days the way exeler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in the old days the way exeler
+works is very funny the car is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is very funny the car is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is very funny the car is like this
+animal who is being choked and can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal who is being choked and can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal who is being choked and can't
+breathe and stepping on the accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe and stepping on the accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe and stepping on the accelerator
+is letting air into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carburetor did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor did you know
+that it doesn't it doesn't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't it doesn't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't it doesn't have anything
+to do with the gas this isn't an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+car the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the
+gas goes up to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas goes up to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas goes up to little
+jets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets in the
+carburetor but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor but there's no
+pump or there didn't used to be a pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump or there didn't used to be a pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump or there didn't used to be a pump
+maybe there's a pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a pump
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and by opening this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by opening this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by opening this
+uh this throat there's a Venturi effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this throat there's a Venturi effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this throat there's a Venturi effect
+and it sucks more gas and makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sucks more gas and makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sucks more gas and makes the
+engine go faster so it's sort of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine go faster so it's sort of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine go faster so it's sort of funny
+you're unchoking this animal rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unchoking this animal rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unchoking this animal rather than
+feeding it directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding it directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding it directly
+I think in probably all they still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in probably all they still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in probably all they still work
+that way I suppose except that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way I suppose except that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way I suppose except that something
+meters how much fuel goes in separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters how much fuel goes in separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters how much fuel goes in separately
+and something else meters how much air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else meters how much air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else meters how much air
+and there a little computer with tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there a little computer with tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there a little computer with tables
+which knows how much of both to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which knows how much of both to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which knows how much of both to
+haveen it'll be very hard to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haveen it'll be very hard to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haveen it'll be very hard to find out
+how a car works today you'd have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a car works today you'd have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a car works today you'd have to know
+what this happening in the transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a community
+of software hackers for car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software hackers for car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software hackers for car
+computers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers there
+is there's a there's a standard called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a there's a standard called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a there's a standard called
+canas that always all the the chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canas that always all the the chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canas that always all the the chips
+inside cars used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside cars used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside cars used to
+exchange and there's some there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and there's some there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and there's some there's a
+group open open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group open open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group open open
+source code for microcontrollers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code for microcontrollers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code for microcontrollers that
+you can put on can and modify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put on can and modify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put on can and modify those
+values what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values what
+and you I suppose it's pretty dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too but they put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but they put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but they put things
+like radio control signals on it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radio control signals on it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radio control signals on it right
+next to engine timing yes yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to engine timing yes yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to engine timing yes yeah what's
+that the you you the signals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the you you the signals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the you you the signals that
+control your the volume on your radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your the volume on your radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your the volume on your radio
+yeah is like on the same bus as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is like on the same bus as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is like on the same bus as the as
+the signals that control your engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signals that control your engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signals that control your engine
+timing no kidding there's just one bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing no kidding there's just one bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing no kidding there's just one bus
+there's one bus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one bus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one bus in the
+the it runs at you know some some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it runs at you know some some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it runs at you know some some number
+of mehz and so the any any individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mehz and so the any any individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mehz and so the any any individual
+process in the engine is is slow enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the engine is is slow enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the engine is is slow enough
+that it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not really
+critical I once visited the Space a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical I once visited the Space a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical I once visited the Space a
+space shuttle when it was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle when it was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle when it was being
+assembled and it had four or five tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled and it had four or five tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled and it had four or five tons
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+wires cuz there was a wire from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires cuz there was a wire from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires cuz there was a wire from every
+place to every other place and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to every other place and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to every other place and they
+didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have
+buses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses and
+the worst part is then these huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst part is then these huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst part is then these huge
+harnesses are packed into a corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harnesses are packed into a corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harnesses are packed into a corner and
+other things over it so you couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things over it so you couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things over it so you couldn't get
+to it if anything broke and I asked why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it if anything broke and I asked why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it if anything broke and I asked why
+they didn't have a network and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a network and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a network and they said
+that they weren't reliable yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't reliable yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't reliable yet
+and it seemed to me that if they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed to me that if they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed to me that if they put
+in five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five different
+networks which would only weigh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks which would only weigh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks which would only weigh a few
+pounds each they would be more reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds each they would be more reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds each they would be more reliable
+than what they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what they were doing
+but they were so conservative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scary I don't suppose anybody hacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shuttles I once was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visiting one of those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting one of those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting one of those places
+and there was an Astronaut training to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an Astronaut training to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an Astronaut training to
+dock the shuttle to the space station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock the shuttle to the space station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock the shuttle to the space station
+they had a big training simulator and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a big training simulator and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a big training simulator and he
+would be doing all this and every now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing all this and every now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing all this and every now
+and then it would go bump and get a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would go bump and get a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would go bump and get a low
+score so I asked why they didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so I asked why they didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so I asked why they didn't have a
+program to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to do
+that and one of the guys said we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one of the guys said we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one of the guys said we do have
+a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+program but headquarters has banned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but headquarters has banned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but headquarters has banned it
+and we're not allowed to use it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not allowed to use it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not allowed to use it and I
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+uh and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he
+said they're very worried about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they're very worried about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they're very worried about this
+sort of thing because if we did all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing because if we did all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing because if we did all the
+things we could there wouldn't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we could there wouldn't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we could there wouldn't be any
+need for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the
+astronauts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts and
+headquarters has almost desperate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters has almost desperate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters has almost desperate time
+thinking of reasons why there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of reasons why there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of reasons why there has to be
+people on the space station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the space station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the space station
+so it's really nobody has found any use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really nobody has found any use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really nobody has found any use
+for the station yet when they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the station yet when they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the station yet when they started
+about 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 years
+ago they had these ideas like it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago they had these ideas like it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago they had these ideas like it will be
+good for making crystals in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity and you can't do that on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and you can't do that on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and you can't do that on Earth
+but so many years have gone by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so many years have gone by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so many years have gone by that
+nobody cares about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares about that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh now you can make make crystals by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you can make make crystals by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you can make make crystals by
+nanotechnology just by lining there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology just by lining there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology just by lining there's so
+many techniques of lining things up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many techniques of lining things up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many techniques of lining things up on
+little films and stretching them and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little films and stretching them and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little films and stretching them and uh
+for getting your X-ray Spectra that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting your X-ray Spectra that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting your X-ray Spectra that that
+um it's hard to find any reason at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's hard to find any reason at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's hard to find any reason at all
+for the space station it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathetic and NASA doesn't like AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic and NASA doesn't like AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathetic and NASA doesn't like AI
+because it might eliminate the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might eliminate the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might eliminate the need for
+astronauts why would you send people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts why would you send people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts why would you send people to
+the Moon if you could you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moon if you could you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moon if you could you don't even
+need AI you could just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need AI you could just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need AI you could just have
+telepresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepresence
+and then lots of people down here could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lots of people down here could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lots of people down here could
+control little robots up there 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control little robots up there 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control little robots up there 24 hours
+a day without food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day without food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day without food
+and could build stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that not too hard as well what I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that not too hard as well what I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that not too hard as well what I I
+said building robots uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said building robots uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said building robots uh that are
+controlled by people it's not very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by people it's not very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by people it's not very hard
+I don't think and NASA discourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I guess the main problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I guess the main problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I guess the main problem with that is
+you know something like five minute time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something like five minute time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something like five minute time
+of flight delay well for Mars it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight delay well for Mars it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight delay well for Mars it's it's
+really no good but for the moon it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no good but for the moon it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no good but for the moon it's
+only 2 and a half seconds Ah that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 2 and a half seconds Ah that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 2 and a half seconds Ah that's one
+argument for AI though in those robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for AI though in those robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for AI though in those robots
+maybe five or 10 minutes the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five or 10 minutes the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five or 10 minutes the time of
+flight delay the robots need to accept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight delay the robots need to accept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight delay the robots need to accept a
+few simple commands and be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few simple commands and be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few simple commands and be able to
+adapt execute those commands if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt execute those commands if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt execute those commands if there's
+a long delay then you want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long delay then you want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long delay then you want some
+autonomy but as far as the Moon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomy but as far as the Moon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomy but as far as the Moon is
+concerned I don't think you need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned I don't think you need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned I don't think you need any
+delay moving something on the moon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay moving something on the moon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay moving something on the moon is
+about the same as moving something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same as moving something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same as moving something with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+crane and that's not a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane and that's not a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane and that's not a very big
+crane because if you have one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane because if you have one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane because if you have one of these
+eight 80 foot cranes the time delay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight 80 foot cranes the time delay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight 80 foot cranes the time delay is
+about 15 seconds you have to anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 seconds you have to anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 seconds you have to anticipate
+it's it's worse than the moon people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's worse than the moon people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's worse than the moon people do
+a good day's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyhow it's too bad it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we should have stopped NASA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should have stopped NASA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should have stopped NASA and
+started it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it
+over because if you keep an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because if you keep an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because if you keep an organization
+that gets increasingly Conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets increasingly Conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets increasingly Conservative
+then China or India or someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then China or India or someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then China or India or someone else
+will will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will take
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I started skimming chapter 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I started skimming chapter 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I started skimming chapter 8
+and this is s of completely off topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is s of completely off topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is s of completely off topic
+now but um from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but um from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but um from these
+NASA um and one thing I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA um and one thing I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA um and one thing I've been
+wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about
+was I didn't quite see this yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I didn't quite see this yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I didn't quite see this yet
+but how do you model the perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you model the perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you model the perception of
+time like time like interval delays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like time like interval delays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like time like interval delays and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+on um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um with
+Kines well the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kines well the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kines well the question is how do
+you you must do it many ways I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you must do it many ways I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you must do it many ways I have a
+nice bug maybe some of you have it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice bug maybe some of you have it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice bug maybe some of you have it I
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a thing called American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a thing called American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a thing called American
+history and there was a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and there was a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and there was a thing called
+European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European
+history and these schools were out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and these schools were out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and these schools were out of
+sync so there was no connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync so there was no connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync so there was no connection between
+this so my European history had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so my European history had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so my European history had a lot of
+this old stuff uh neither had World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old stuff uh neither had World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old stuff uh neither had World War
+I so I never found out about that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I never found out about that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I never found out about that to
+this day actually I have no idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day actually I have no idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day actually I have no idea about
+World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War
+I and and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and and what's
+more American history is sort of over we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more American history is sort of over we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more American history is sort of over we
+were talking about uh number forms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about uh number forms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about uh number forms and
+stuff the other day American history is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the other day American history is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the other day American history is
+over here and European history is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and European history is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and European history is over
+here and the idea that the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the idea that the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the idea that the American
+Revolution is before the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is before the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is before the French
+Revolution is completely absurd to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is completely absurd to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is completely absurd to me
+because uh France is ancient history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh France is ancient history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh France is ancient history and
+so that's a timeline that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a timeline that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a timeline that's not the
+perception of time so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of time so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of time so much
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh it's that uh I have lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's that uh I have lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's that uh I have lots of little
+scattered diagrams and disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered diagrams and disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered diagrams and disconnected
+things and let's see can you imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and let's see can you imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and let's see can you imagine a
+wheel spinning very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel spinning very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel spinning very
+fast there nice questions like that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody are any of you jugglers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody are any of you jugglers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody are any of you jugglers
+can you can you imagine juggling in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you imagine juggling in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you imagine juggling in real
+time I bet any juggler is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at somehow experiencing in real time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at somehow experiencing in real time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at somehow experiencing in real time in
+some imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation the stuff I had in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the stuff I had in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the stuff I had in in the
+book I only talked about looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I only talked about looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I only talked about looking at
+pictures not at real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things how do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how do you think you
+represent what are three three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what are three three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what are three three or four
+me temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+um not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not sure I
+know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I guess I S mentioned the world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess I S mentioned the world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess I S mentioned the world where
+all the what' you call them I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the what' you call them I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the what' you call them I have it
+open um Kines are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open um Kines are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open um Kines are connected
+to hello there they are um active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hello there they are um active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hello there they are um active
+resources that every active resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that every active resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that every active resources
+and every key line has a sort of rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every key line has a sort of rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every key line has a sort of rough
+time stamp that sets it relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamp that sets it relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamp that sets it relative to
+another to all the other active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another to all the other active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another to all the other active
+resources and all the other K lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and all the other K lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and all the other K lines that
+are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently
+active um and then in some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active um and then in some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active um and then in some sort of
+sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy
+representation um when you activate when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um when you activate when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um when you activate when
+one Kine is reactivated then it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Kine is reactivated then it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Kine is reactivated then it sort of
+hypothesizes some things in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesizes some things in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesizes some things in the future
+and other things in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now when you think about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now when you think about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now when you think about something
+when I think about European and American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think about European and American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think about European and American
+history I don't I'm not I don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I don't I'm not I don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I don't I'm not I don't have any
+temporal representation at all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal representation at all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal representation at all I'm
+actually thinking of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking of these
+two two objects now I suppose I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two objects now I suppose I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two objects now I suppose I can I
+can easily imagine a red and blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily imagine a red and blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily imagine a red and blue line
+going like this but but it doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like this but but it doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like this but but it doesn't say
+much well what I was just suggesting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much well what I was just suggesting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much well what I was just suggesting was
+not act not something that really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not act not something that really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not act not something that really is a
+temporal representation so or doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal representation so or doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal representation so or doesn't
+preserve temporal information very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve temporal information very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve temporal information very well
+at all be like counting um years with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all be like counting um years with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all be like counting um years with
+heartbeats um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeats um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeats um but
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+um capture things like consequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um capture things like consequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um capture things like consequences and
+um basically sort of rough chronologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically sort of rough chronologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically sort of rough chronologies
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+certain uh of certain dinted things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh of certain dinted things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh of certain dinted things so
+like you have a rough chronology of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a rough chronology of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a rough chronology of say
+American history and somewhere else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history and somewhere else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history and somewhere else you
+have your whole network of ideas that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your whole network of ideas that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your whole network of ideas that's
+your concept of European history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concept of European history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concept of European history
+now while you were doing that I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while you were doing that I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while you were doing that I just did
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment and the experiment was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the experiment was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the experiment was I was
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+imagine these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gears so I didn't have any trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears so I didn't have any trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears so I didn't have any trouble
+imagining these three gears going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining these three gears going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining these three gears going like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when I added the fourth gear I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I added the fourth gear I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I added the fourth gear I
+ran into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trouble what is oops this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so sort of suggest having a contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so sort of suggest having a contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so sort of suggest having a contest
+of people see who can imagine the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people see who can imagine the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people see who can imagine the most
+gears and how do we keep them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and how do we keep them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and how do we keep them from
+cheating right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can any can any of you imagine four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can any can any of you imagine four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can any can any of you imagine four
+gears very clearly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears very clearly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears very clearly I think
+so I have the fourth gear but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the fourth gear but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have the fourth gear but it's a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+jerky I have to I have to refresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I sort of visualize it but they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I sort of visualize it but they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I sort of visualize it but they look
+like they're we have two different yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're we have two different yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're we have two different yep
+you have a very symmetrical system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very symmetrical system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very symmetrical system there
+yes so I'm really only memorizing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I'm really only memorizing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I'm really only memorizing two
+and then duplicating it right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then duplicating it right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then duplicating it right that's
+right yeah what happens in a real clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah what happens in a real clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah what happens in a real clock
+is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different is there a book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this can't we write a bestseller book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't we write a bestseller book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't we write a bestseller book on
+imagine exclamation point and it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine exclamation point and it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine exclamation point and it starts
+out with little things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Jack and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jack and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jack and this is
+Jill they both and Jack does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jill they both and Jack does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jill they both and Jack does something
+what happens to Jill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Jill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to Jill and
+then there's a new cartoon on each book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a new cartoon on each book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a new cartoon on each book
+and by page 50 it looks like some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by page 50 it looks like some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by page 50 it looks like some big
+rubbe Goldberg thing that nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbe Goldberg thing that nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbe Goldberg thing that nobody can
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+and then this book has these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this book has these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this book has these little
+scores where if you didn't get to 20 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores where if you didn't get to 20 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores where if you didn't get to 20 you
+have feel we make you feel very bad so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feel we make you feel very bad so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feel we make you feel very bad so
+you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order what do we learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school isn't you have social studies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school isn't you have social studies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school isn't you have social studies in
+English and this and that and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and this and that and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and this and that and there's no
+course in imagining anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there anything cognitive in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything cognitive in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything cognitive in education
+at all where you actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking maybe you could get through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe you could get through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking maybe you could get through all
+K12 in 10 minutes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 in 10 minutes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 in 10 minutes if
+you did just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things this would be fun if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this would be fun if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this would be fun if you think of
+some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applied applied cognitive experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied applied cognitive experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied applied cognitive experiments
+things that things that people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that things that people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that things that people could
+practice doing in their heads we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice doing in their heads we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice doing in their heads we could
+make a whole new sport and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a whole new sport and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a whole new sport and have
+championships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championships and
+things I guess of course you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I guess of course you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I guess of course you can have
+objective tests like which way is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective tests like which way is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective tests like which way is that
+thing moving and the smart people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing moving and the smart people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing moving and the smart people will
+just tell whether there's an even or odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell whether there's an even or odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell whether there's an even or odd
+number of things won't visualize it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things won't visualize it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things won't visualize it at
+all but uh but we find workarounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but uh but we find workarounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but uh but we find workarounds for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so isn't that interesting if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isn't that interesting if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isn't that interesting if we could
+figure out what are basic procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what are basic procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what are basic procedures
+that everyone has but some people are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone has but some people are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone has but some people are or
+many people have and some are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have and some are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have and some are much
+better and how do we exercise them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and how do we exercise them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and how do we exercise them
+and make mutated copies that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make mutated copies that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make mutated copies that you can use
+when the first one doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could call it applied psychology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it applied psychology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it applied psychology is
+there a field called applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psychology it's actually a place um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology it's actually a place um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology it's actually a place um I
+don't remember what state it's in where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what state it's in where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what state it's in where
+they do that with um school children who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that with um school children who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that with um school children who
+are having trouble with learning I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having trouble with learning I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having trouble with learning I don't
+remember the name of the institution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the name of the institution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the name of the institution but
+uh where they literally work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where they literally work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where they literally work on
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+are well I'd like to see the curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well I'd like to see the curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well I'd like to see the curriculum
+I had a student once who was very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a student once who was very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a student once who was very smart
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+everything and he had some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and he had some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and he had some sort of
+breakdown where he couldn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown where he couldn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown where he couldn't think
+clearly and uh disappeared into mlan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and uh disappeared into mlan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and uh disappeared into mlan for
+a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+time and then he gradually got better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then he gradually got better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then he gradually got better or
+rapidly I don't know but he came out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly I don't know but he came out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly I don't know but he came out and
+uh after several years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after several years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after several years he
+got back and wrote some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got back and wrote some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got back and wrote some interesting
+papers and so forth and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and so forth and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and so forth and in the
+transition uh he got to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh he got to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh he got to know the
+psychiatrists and they liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists and they liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists and they liked
+him and he got involved with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he got involved with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he got involved with uh
+rehabilitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitating
+patients those who were getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients those who were getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients those who were getting better
+and his conclusion and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his conclusion and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his conclusion and some of the
+psychiatrists agreed with him was that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists agreed with him was that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists agreed with him was that a
+lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things
+that uh uh observers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call mental disorders of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call mental disorders of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call mental disorders of some
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+like well I'm I'm making sound more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I'm I'm making sound more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I'm I'm making sound more
+complicated what he was saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what he was saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated what he was saying is that
+uh some of these patients had lost some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of these patients had lost some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of these patients had lost some
+common sense reasoning abilities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense reasoning abilities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense reasoning abilities they
+just weren't good at figuring things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just weren't good at figuring things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just weren't good at figuring things out
+and uh they were seen as emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they were seen as emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they were seen as emotionally
+disturbed because they would get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed because they would get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed because they would get into
+arguments with people and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments with people and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments with people and so forth and
+my friend whose name was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend whose name was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend whose name was
+Marie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie
+uh said that uh he got good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh said that uh he got good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh said that uh he got good at
+this and he would find some patient who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and he would find some patient who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and he would find some patient who
+was having some trouble and discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having some trouble and discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having some trouble and discovered
+that he would have to explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have to explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have to explain that
+people get angry if you interrupt them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get angry if you interrupt them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get angry if you interrupt them
+or uh do this and that and the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh do this and that and the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh do this and that and the patient
+would say oh yeah I can see why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say oh yeah I can see why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say oh yeah I can see why that
+would happen am I am I making sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen am I am I making sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen am I am I making sense in
+other words uh what he found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words uh what he found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words uh what he found was that
+some of these people they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these people they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these people they're sort of
+going in halfway houses and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in halfway houses and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in halfway houses and they they
+don't know how to get along and um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to get along and um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to get along and um an
+outsider would say they're nonsocial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider would say they're nonsocial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider would say they're nonsocial or
+something or other but what he's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other but what he's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other but what he's saying
+is in many cases they've had some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in many cases they've had some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in many cases they've had some other
+kind of damage which is figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of damage which is figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of damage which is figuring out
+what's going on in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in a
+situation and and uh a rather small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and and uh a rather small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and and uh a rather small
+amount of discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of discussing
+this uh so that these otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh so that these otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh so that these otherwise
+intelligent people he said he was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent people he said he was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent people he said he was pretty
+successful that some people caught on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful that some people caught on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful that some people caught on
+pretty quickly and said oh yes I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly and said oh yes I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly and said oh yes I'm not
+I'm not reasoning about this right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not reasoning about this right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not reasoning about this right uh
+these aren't social problems these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't social problems these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't social problems these
+aren't emotional problems I've just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't emotional problems I've just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't emotional problems I've just uh
+didn't think of looking it as a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of looking it as a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of looking it as a problem
+to solve and uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and uh let's
+see uh maybe I should break this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh maybe I should break this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh maybe I should break this problem
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+parts so he invented little procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so he invented little procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so he invented little procedures
+that maybe I got some of chapter8 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe I got some of chapter8 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe I got some of chapter8 from
+him because he was explaining that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him because he was explaining that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him because he was explaining that uh
+and he said the psychiatrists liked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said the psychiatrists liked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said the psychiatrists liked this
+idea and uh they asked him to hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and uh they asked him to hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and uh they asked him to hang
+around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help anyway it's a nice story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a good week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PjOoLqEy1Vs.txt b/PjOoLqEy1Vs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c9bc178e3fb3b5176daef018d295c9be977d672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PjOoLqEy1Vs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12352 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay data
+start so so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so so last
+time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we
+discussed how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how to
+calculate such a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate such a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate such a correlation
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+function say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function say
+GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in in in a single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory so you didn't pass interr okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so you didn't pass interr okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so you didn't pass interr okay so
+the goal is to calculate this time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to calculate this time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to calculate this time order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+product uh a correlation function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh a correlation function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh a correlation function the
+vacuum correlation function of this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum correlation function of this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum correlation function of this time
+product in this series okay so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this series okay so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this series okay so last time
+we described how to do this using path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described how to do this using path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described how to do this using path
+integral and we deriv the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we deriv the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we deriv the beautiful
+formula um so the formula is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um so the formula is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um so the formula is given by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+following is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following is a
+GN is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN is given
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ratio of two path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of two path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of two path
+integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+dxt so if we call this thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+X and then exponential i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then exponential i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then exponential i
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and then the
+dxt just the pure path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so here I didn't write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so here I didn't write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so here I didn't write the
+upper limit and lower limit so should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit and lower limit so should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit and lower limit so should be
+understood that the boundary recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that the boundary recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that the boundary recognition
+for both part integral is that the X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both part integral is that the X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both part integral is that the X so
+so should be from minus infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should be from minus infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so should be from minus infinity the
+time range should be from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time range should be from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time range should be from minus infinity
+to plus infinity and then we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity and then we can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity and then we can choose
+the the value of x at both ends just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the value of x at both ends just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the value of x at both ends just to
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+okay and uh yeah and uh and the slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh yeah and uh and the slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh yeah and uh and the slight
+subtlety is that when you evaluate s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety is that when you evaluate s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety is that when you evaluate s so
+so there should be a a the absolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there should be a a the absolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there should be a a the absolon
+parameter because we in deriving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter because we in deriving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter because we in deriving the
+path integral we have say we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path integral we have say we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path integral we have say we need to
+give the honing a slightly say epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the honing a slightly say epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the honing a slightly say epsilon
+part so that will also affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that will also affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that will also affect your
+action so your action will also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so your action will also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so your action will also have a
+small Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Epsilon
+dependence and this at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and this at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and this at the end of the
+day when after you did after you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when after you did after you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when after you did after you have
+done this calculation and then you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this calculation and then you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this calculation and then you said
+Epson goes to zero okay so the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epson goes to zero okay so the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epson goes to zero okay so the Epsilon
+isal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal
+zero at the end of yeah so when we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the end of yeah so when we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the end of yeah so when we write
+Epsilon it's always should be assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon it's always should be assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon it's always should be assumed
+that this is a positive number okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a positive number okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a positive number okay this
+infinite decimal a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number good any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so now in principle with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now in principle with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now in principle with this
+formula then we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then we can now
+calculate this quantity okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this quantity okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this quantity okay we can
+calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this
+quantity and uh we can calculate this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and uh we can calculate this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and uh we can calculate this uh
+endpoint function so but in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint function so but in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint function so but in practice
+it's actually more convenient rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually more convenient rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually more convenient rather
+than to calculate the GM because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to calculate the GM because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to calculate the GM because we
+often need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often need to
+know the uh such coration function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh such coration function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh such coration function for
+different end okay we often need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different end okay we often need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different end okay we often need to know
+such coration function for different end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such coration function for different end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such coration function for different end
+so not only say sometimes we we inre Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only say sometimes we we inre Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only say sometimes we we inre Nal
+to two sometimes inre equal to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two sometimes inre equal to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two sometimes inre equal to three
+four Etc okay and then there's a last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Etc okay and then there's a last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Etc okay and then there's a last
+trick to to you can try to calc them say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to to you can try to calc them say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to to you can try to calc them say
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+general is to use this technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is to use this technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is to use this technique called
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functional which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional which we
+started talking about at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about at the end of last
+lecture and so the basic idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so the basic idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so the basic idea of the
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+functional can be easily understood by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional can be easily understood by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional can be easily understood by
+consider just this one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just this one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just this one dimensional
+example so if you are interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if you are interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if you are interested in the
+doing a integral like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+xn and if you are interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and if you are interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and if you are interested in this
+integral for different value of integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for different value of integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for different value of integer
+n then it's more convenient to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then it's more convenient to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then it's more convenient to consider
+such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an
+integral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by okay so the reason I put I here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by okay so the reason I put I here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by okay so the reason I put I here is
+just uh yeah I didn't specify the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh yeah I didn't specify the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh yeah I didn't specify the range
+of X and if x is from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and if x is from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and if x is from minus infinity to
+plus infinity it's not easy to yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity it's not easy to yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity it's not easy to yeah yeah
+put I here just so that this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I here just so that this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I here just so that this integral
+can be defined okay depend on circumstan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined okay depend on circumstan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined okay depend on circumstan
+you don't have to put I say if x is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to put I say if x is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to put I say if x is from
+zero to uh from to infinity and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to uh from to infinity and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to uh from to infinity and then I
+can just put say minus Lambda a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put say minus Lambda a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put say minus Lambda a okay
+this Lambda to be a to be a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda to be a to be a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda to be a to be a positive
+number and then that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then that's fine
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so so the benefit of considering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the benefit of considering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the benefit of considering this
+integral is that oh no no no not not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is that oh no no no not not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is that oh no no no not not the
+sorry I should X yeah x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I should X yeah x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I should X yeah x
+a uh um yeah so so the benefit of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh um yeah so so the benefit of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh um yeah so so the benefit of doing
+this integral is that if you look notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is that if you look notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is that if you look notice
+if you take a derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a derivative with respect to
+a and then that will bring down a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then that will bring down a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then that will bring down a factor
+of X okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X okay so it's a
+um so if you take a derivative with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you take a derivative with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you take a derivative with a
+you bring down a factor of X and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring down a factor of X and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring down a factor of X and if you
+take a derivative twice with a then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative twice with a then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative twice with a then you
+bring down a factor of X squ and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down a factor of X squ and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down a factor of X squ and if you
+do it n times and then you bring down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it n times and then you bring down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it n times and then you bring down a
+factor of uh x to the power n so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of uh x to the power n so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of uh x to the power n so so
+essentially this is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is z
+n can be written as partial n Za a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can be written as partial n Za a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can be written as partial n Za a then
+partial a you take derivative n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial a you take derivative n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial a you take derivative n times
+and then you set AAL to zero because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you set AAL to zero because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you set AAL to zero because in
+the end we want in this integral there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we want in this integral there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we want in this integral there's
+no no exponential piece and you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no exponential piece and you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no exponential piece and you say a
+equal to zero then you get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then you get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then you get rid of the
+exential piece then you have factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exential piece then you have factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exential piece then you have factor of
+xn okay so there still yeah so I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn okay so there still yeah so I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn okay so there still yeah so I still
+need to put I end here okay so uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put I end here okay so uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put I end here okay so uh so if
+you know how to compute the za
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to compute the za
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to compute the za
+and then you only need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you only need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you only need to take
+derivatives to do the end so taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to do the end so taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to do the end so taking
+derivatives is much easier than doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is much easier than doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is much easier than doing uh
+integrals okay so so in other words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals okay so so in other words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals okay so so in other words we
+can also write it expand da in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write it expand da in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write it expand da in terms of
+power Series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Series in
+a and then the ZN would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then the ZN would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then the ZN would be the
+um would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be the
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+okay so so ZM would be the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so ZM would be the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so ZM would be the coefficient
+for a to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah good yeah so so we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah good yeah so so we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah good yeah so so we call this
+uh Za the generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so now we can use the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so now we can use the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so now we can use the similar
+idea to generalize to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to generalize to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to generalize to this
+case and now here this is here just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and now here this is here just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and now here this is here just one
+dimensional integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional integral
+here we have a functional integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a functional integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a functional integral so
+now this is the function so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the function so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the function so essentially
+you just generalize this generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just generalize this generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just generalize this generating
+function into a generating functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into a generating functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into a generating functional
+okay and uh so we can consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so we can consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so we can consider the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+object so in order to compute this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so in order to compute this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so in order to compute this then
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider then we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider then we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider then we can consider
+um the the analog of this a is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the analog of this a is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the analog of this a is we can
+the object called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object called
+J J now we depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J now we depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J now we depend on
+T yeah J is a function okay J is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah J is a function okay J is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah J is a function okay J is a
+function because the uh because X now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because the uh because X now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because the uh because X now
+become a function okay and uh um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a function okay and uh um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a function okay and uh um so
+introduce a path inte like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a path inte like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a path inte like
+this so from now on I will not when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so from now on I will not when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so from now on I will not when I
+don't write the range then it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't write the range then it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't write the range then it's always
+you should always keep this in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always keep this in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always keep this in mind the
+range always from the minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range always from the minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range always from the minus infinity
+plus infinity with the boundary value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity with the boundary value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity with the boundary value to
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then then we can just uh say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then we can just uh say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then we can just uh say I have
+standard x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard x
+t then I can add the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t then I can add the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t then I can add the analog of
+this so remember again you think T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so remember again you think T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so remember again you think T is
+just index okay and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just index okay and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just index okay and then you just
+essentially imagine you you if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially imagine you you if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially imagine you you if you have
+multiple X and then just sum over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple X and then just sum over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple X and then just sum over them
+okay so some of them in this case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of them in this case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of them in this case just
+corresponding to an integral and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to an integral and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to an integral and so we
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+have a piece like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece like
+this okay so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this would be the
+generation of that equation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of that equation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of that equation and so
+integration of T just can be imagine as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of T just can be imagine as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of T just can be imagine as
+a some imagine if you have multiple X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some imagine if you have multiple X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some imagine if you have multiple X
+and multiple a and then you need to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiple a and then you need to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiple a and then you need to sum
+over them and then yeah yeah so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them and then yeah yeah so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them and then yeah yeah so so this
+is just a generation of that do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a generation of that do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a generation of that do you have
+any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so now similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we take a functional derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we take a functional derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we take a functional derivative
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+JT then we can bring down a fact of XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT then we can bring down a fact of XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT then we can bring down a fact of XT
+okay so so more explicitly so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so more explicitly so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so more explicitly so let me
+just remind you that the rule of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind you that the rule of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind you that the rule of doing
+functional derivative so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional derivative so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional derivative so if you
+have if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a
+function Delta JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime respect to the derivative over JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime respect to the derivative over JT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime respect to the derivative over JT
+and then that just give you a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that just give you a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that just give you a data
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay they just give you a data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they just give you a data function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they just give you a data function
+okay so now let's look at with this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at with this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at with this rule
+then let's just look at Delta Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just look at Delta Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's just look at Delta Delta
+JT on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT on the
+Z okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay
+ZJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ
+okay so and then yeah so so now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and then yeah so so now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and then yeah so so now since
+this JT let's just for convenience let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this JT let's just for convenience let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this JT let's just for convenience let's
+just put this to be T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put this to be T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put this to be T Prime
+okay let put it to T Prime and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let put it to T Prime and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let put it to T Prime and then when
+you take D with to JT and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take D with to JT and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take D with to JT and then you
+directly take dtive with this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly take dtive with this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly take dtive with this guy and
+then when you take a derivative the Dela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you take a derivative the Dela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you take a derivative the Dela
+function will get rid of this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will get rid of this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will get rid of this integral
+and then you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just have
+XT and then you will just get i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and then you will just get i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and then you will just get i
+dxt exponen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxt exponen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxt exponen
+s okay and uh yeah sorry you get dxt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay and uh yeah sorry you get dxt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay and uh yeah sorry you get dxt and
+then you have a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a factor of
+XT so let me just write d x again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT so let me just write d x again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT so let me just write d x again to
+save you just add DX and uh and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you just add DX and uh and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you just add DX and uh and uh you
+have XT from taking dtive of JT and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have XT from taking dtive of JT and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have XT from taking dtive of JT and then
+expens I S Plus I JX okay so so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expens I S Plus I JX okay so so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expens I S Plus I JX okay so so let me
+just save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just save some
+effort um yeah yeah you should keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort um yeah yeah you should keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort um yeah yeah you should keep in
+mind that this in DT EXA I'm just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that this in DT EXA I'm just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that this in DT EXA I'm just using
+a simplify notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simplify notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simplify notation
+okay good any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so now if I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now if I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now if I also
+introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z0 defined to be Z J equal to Zer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 defined to be Z J equal to Zer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 defined to be Z J equal to Zer so
+this is just the original integral so z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the original integral so z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the original integral so z0
+is essentially the downstairs okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the downstairs okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the downstairs okay so so
+z0 just the DX exponential i s okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 just the DX exponential i s okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 just the DX exponential i s okay so
+so so when J equal to When J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when J equal to When J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when J equal to When J equal to
+zero and then we just have this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we just have this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we just have this so
+essentially it's the downstairs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's the downstairs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's the downstairs here
+okay so so we also let's also introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we also let's also introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we also let's also introduce
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition and then we then find so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then we then find so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then we then find so by
+comparing the two then we immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the two then we immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the two then we immediately
+conclude that the one point function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the one point function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the one point function of
+X has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has
+t z it just given by one over the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t z it just given by one over the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t z it just given by one over the one
+over I because there's I there and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I because there's I there and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I because there's I there and one
+over Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z
+zero then Delta J Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then Delta J Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then Delta J Delta
+ZJ Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ Delta
+JT and then you set JT equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT and then you set JT equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT and then you set JT equal to
+Zer okay so similar here if you set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer okay so similar here if you set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer okay so similar here if you set a
+equal to zero so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so you take
+derivative and then you bring down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then you bring down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then you bring down a
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+XT and then you set Jal to zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and then you set Jal to zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and then you set Jal to zero and then
+you just have that integral with XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have that integral with XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have that integral with XT
+there and then you get this one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you get this one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you get this one point
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+Okay so so so now you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so so now you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so so now you can just
+immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+generalize so this endpoint function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GN then can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN then can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN then can be written
+as you just take one now you have Take N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you just take one now you have Take N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you just take one now you have Take N
+derivatives now you have a factor of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives now you have a factor of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives now you have a factor of one
+of one of I to the power n again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of I to the power n again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of I to the power n again you
+divide by z0 because you always need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by z0 because you always need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by z0 because you always need to
+divide by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by this
+piece and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then you just
+take Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Z
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+n times so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jt1 jtn so so this time variable should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jt1 jtn so so this time variable should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jt1 jtn so so this time variable should
+match with the time variable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with the time variable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with the time variable in the
+original definition okay and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition okay and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition okay and uh and then
+then then after you take a the D you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then after you take a the D you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then after you take a the D you say
+J set J equal to zero okay so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J set J equal to zero okay so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J set J equal to zero okay so and then
+this give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give
+you the uh uh the endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the uh uh the endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the uh uh the endpoint
+function okay if you know how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay if you know how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay if you know how to compute
+this ZJ and again you only need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ZJ and again you only need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ZJ and again you only need to do
+derivatives and then it's much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then it's much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then it's much simpler
+then you only need to do the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only need to do the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only need to do the part
+integral once and then you just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral once and then you just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral once and then you just doing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivatives any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay so so now if you keep in mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now if you keep in mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now if you keep in mind of
+this we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can also
+rewrite this expression as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this expression as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this expression as the
+following okay we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay we can also
+rewrite alternative we can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite alternative we can also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite alternative we can also write
+thej ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thej ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thej ided by
+z0 as following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 as following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 as following
+zero and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the time
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+exponential I DT JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I DT JT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I DT JT
+XT okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT okay
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as I mentioned
+before that in that formula in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that in that formula in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that in that formula in principle
+X can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X can be
+anything okay X can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay X can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay X can be
+anything so so now in this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so so now in this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so so now in this path
+integral you can just imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can just imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can just imagine you
+separate this term uh this the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this term uh this the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this term uh this the sum of
+the two exponential you can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two exponential you can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two exponential you can just write
+as a product then you have exponential i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product then you have exponential i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product then you have exponential i
+s and then exponential I this piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then exponential I this piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then exponential I this piece and
+then we treat that piece to be X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we treat that piece to be X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we treat that piece to be X okay
+and then and then that give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then that give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then that give you this
+formula okay if you treat that piece to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay if you treat that piece to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay if you treat that piece to
+be X give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X give this
+formula then you ask what is the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then you ask what is the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then you ask what is the meaning
+when we have a Time ordering of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a Time ordering of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a Time ordering of this
+exponential so the meaning is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so the meaning is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so the meaning is that
+imagine you expand this in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you expand this in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you expand this in power
+series uh imagine expand in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh imagine expand in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh imagine expand in power
+series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+X and uh uh uh in power and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh uh uh in power and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh uh uh in power and then you
+just order uh each term in the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just order uh each term in the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just order uh each term in the power
+series okay you can be because now each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay you can be because now each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay you can be because now each
+term is a polinomial you can time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is a polinomial you can time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is a polinomial you can time order
+okay you can time order them okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can time order them okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can time order them okay so so
+so now this object so I can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this object so I can also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this object so I can also write
+this object so when you expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object so when you expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object so when you expand this
+object and then you the first term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then you the first term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then you the first term just
+one and the and then the next term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the and then the next term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the and then the next term just
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+JT then the one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and
+then and the n's term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and the n's term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and the n's term
+yeah and the uh yeah EXA okay so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the uh yeah EXA okay so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the uh yeah EXA okay so so so
+you can when you expand it you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can when you expand it you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can when you expand it you can just
+write from AAL to Infinity 0 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write from AAL to Infinity 0 to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write from AAL to Infinity 0 to Infinity
+I to the power n m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to the power n m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to the power n m
+factorial now you have n p n integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now you have n p n integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now you have n p n integrals
+T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1
+TN then you have times you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN then you have times you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN then you have times you have
+GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN
+T1 TN and the jt1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 TN and the jt1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 TN and the jt1
+jtm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jtm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jtm
+okay so so this is the typical n term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the typical n term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the typical n term is
+like that so when you expand this to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so when you expand this to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so when you expand this to n
+power you group all the X together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you group all the X together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you group all the X together
+because J just c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because J just c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because J just c
+number integration and the J are C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number integration and the J are C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number integration and the J are C
+numbers you can take them out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can take them out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can take them out and then
+and then this part is just the X between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this part is just the X between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this part is just the X between
+the zeros and then you have this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros and then you have this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros and then you have this factor
+of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes
+factoral oh or just when you expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoral oh or just when you expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoral oh or just when you expand the
+exponential there always in factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential there always in factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential there always in factorial
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah good any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah like tests and like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah like tests and like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah like tests and like the other
+term like operator so like you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term like operator so like you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term like operator so like you'd have to
+have like another contribution from aor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like another contribution from aor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like another contribution from aor
+uh uh sorry again say it again so like s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sorry again say it again so like s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sorry again say it again so like s
+in that like function operator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that like function operator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that like function operator and the
+other one is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oper no no no because in the past in go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper no no no because in the past in go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper no no no because in the past in go
+they're just ordinary functions right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just ordinary functions right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just ordinary functions right in
+the passal they're ordinary functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passal they're ordinary functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passal they're ordinary functions so
+in the passal they're always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the passal they're always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the passal they're always just
+ordinary functions but then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary functions but then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary functions but then when we
+rewrite them in terms of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite them in terms of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite them in terms of the operator
+form and then then uh so so the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then then uh so so the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then then uh so so the left
+hand side side so the X they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side side so the X they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side side so the X they're just
+ordinary functions but in the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary functions but in the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary functions but in the right hand
+side I'm now writing it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm now writing it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm now writing it in terms of the
+operator form and now in not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator form and now in not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator form and now in not the
+ordinary matters not the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary matters not the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary matters not the ordinary
+matters yeah so I'm just using this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters yeah so I'm just using this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters yeah so I'm just using this form
+yeah so in this formula the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in this formula the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in this formula the right hand
+side is just the ordinary functions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is just the ordinary functions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is just the ordinary functions but
+the left hand side involving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side involving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side involving some
+operator sandwiched between the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator sandwiched between the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator sandwiched between the ground
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah no that doesn't matter yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no that doesn't matter yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no that doesn't matter yeah because
+again J is ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again J is ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again J is ordinary
+functions yes yeah because this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions yes yeah because this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions yes yeah because this is just
+the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+uh J just ordinary functions this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J just ordinary functions this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J just ordinary functions this just
+some functional of J you can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functional of J you can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functional of J you can just take
+upute derivatives also you notice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upute derivatives also you notice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upute derivatives also you notice on the
+left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so GN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GN is
+a is a function of T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a function of T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a function of T1
+TN so GN as a function of T1 TN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so GN as a function of T1 TN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so GN as a function of T1 TN is
+actually completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually completely
+symmetric because under this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric because under this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric because under this time
+ordering it doesn't matter how you order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering it doesn't matter how you order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering it doesn't matter how you order
+them because they just ordered by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they just ordered by time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they just ordered by time
+ordering anyway so doesn't matter how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering anyway so doesn't matter how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering anyway so doesn't matter how I
+write how I write the ordering here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write how I write the ordering here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write how I write the ordering here so
+the GN is a symmetric function of T1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GN is a symmetric function of T1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GN is a symmetric function of T1 and
+TN so you can see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so you can see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so you can see it here
+so here because all the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here because all the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here because all the derivative
+commute and then this is a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and then this is a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and then this is a symmetric
+function of T1 and TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good
+okay so so in the future we often just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so in the future we often just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so in the future we often just
+Computing this object okay we just often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing this object okay we just often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing this object okay we just often
+Computing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing this
+object and then and then then that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then and then then that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then and then then that will
+tell us the that will give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the that will give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the that will give us the
+generating function of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function of the correlation
+functions then we can just obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions then we can just obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions then we can just obtain
+correlation functions by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions by taking
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+okay so now let's look at the express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at the express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at the express
+example to to illustrate how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to to illustrate how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to to illustrate how this
+works so let's just consider simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example A harmonic oscillator okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example A harmonic oscillator okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example A harmonic oscillator okay so so
+almost always harmonic oscillator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always harmonic oscillator is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always harmonic oscillator is a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+example um good so so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um good so so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um good so so in this
+case so again we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so again we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so again we look at this
+object but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but now
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+is so we always now take from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we always now take from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we always now take from minus
+infinity to plus infinity you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity you have
+DT then you have 1 12 so let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then you have 1 12 so let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then you have 1 12 so let's take this
+to be my lrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let me call this Omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me call this Omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me call this Omega zero
+okay let's consider the the such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's consider the the such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's consider the the such a
+harmonic oscillator so I take the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator so I take the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator so I take the m
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and I consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I consider this
+JT yeah I uh we interested in Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT yeah I uh we interested in Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT yeah I uh we interested in Computing
+this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object
+okay so also I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so also I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so also I should
+mention uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice so in practice so uh you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so in practice so uh you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so in practice so uh you always
+interested in XT say when you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in XT say when you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in XT say when you calculate
+Ino functions even though the the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ino functions even though the the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ino functions even though the the value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+T say say suppose you want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T say say suppose you want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T say say suppose you want to calculate
+GN okay so GN you have n values of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN okay so GN you have n values of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN okay so GN you have n values of T and
+uh so so outside that M values of T you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so outside that M values of T you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so outside that M values of T you
+can just take the J to be yeah so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the J to be yeah so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the J to be yeah so we can
+always take J to go to zero uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take J to go to zero uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take J to go to zero uh at the
+plus minus infinity okay yeah uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus infinity okay yeah uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus infinity okay yeah uh so that
+help your integral to converge yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help your integral to converge yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help your integral to converge yeah this
+is just a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark good so now first to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark good so now first to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark good so now first to compute this
+object or this object we need to First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or this object we need to First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or this object we need to First
+understand what is this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is this s
+Epsilon okay we need to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay we need to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay we need to understand what
+is this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this s
+Epsilon so remember um so so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so remember um so so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so remember um so so for the
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+oscillator the Haron is p^ s/ 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the Haron is p^ s/ 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the Haron is p^ s/ 2 m
+plus 12 Omega 0 S x²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 12 Omega 0 S x²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 12 Omega 0 S x²
+okay and uh so so the so here is the Lin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so the so here is the Lin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so so the so here is the Lin
+and this is homon they're related by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is homon they're related by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is homon they're related by the
+legenda transform related by the gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legenda transform related by the gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legenda transform related by the gender
+transform so now in order to do this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so now in order to do this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so now in order to do this H
+go to H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to H minus
+Epsilon and then the now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then the now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then the now this
+become p^ s/ 2 m 1us I Epsilon then plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become p^ s/ 2 m 1us I Epsilon then plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become p^ s/ 2 m 1us I Epsilon then plus
+12 Omega 0 squ x² 1us Epsilon okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Omega 0 squ x² 1us Epsilon okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Omega 0 squ x² 1us Epsilon okay so so
+you multiply the both term by Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the both term by Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the both term by Yus
+Epsilon and then to obtain what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then to obtain what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then to obtain what is the
+the corresponding s for this you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding s for this you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding s for this you just do
+a lot of leg transform back into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of leg transform back into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of leg transform back into a
+Lin so then you find that the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin so then you find that the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin so then you find that the L
+absum okay which you do the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absum okay which you do the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absum okay which you do the uh uh
+corresponding to the legenda transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the legenda transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the legenda transform
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this uh yeah so this is trival exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah so this is trival exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh yeah so this is trival exercise
+which we can do then you find this keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do then you find this keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do then you find this keep
+get 12 x² 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 12 x² 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 12 x² 1+
+Epsilon and then yeah so this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then yeah so this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then yeah so this part
+essentially does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially does not
+change 12 Omega 0 S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change 12 Omega 0 S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change 12 Omega 0 S
+x² okay so so that's what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² okay so so that's what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² okay so so that's what you get
+essentially when you invert it when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you invert it when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you invert it when you
+do the leg transform to go to P to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the leg transform to go to P to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the leg transform to go to P to X
+somehow this become from oneus epon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this become from oneus epon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this become from oneus epon
+become 1 plus Epson yeah you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 1 plus Epson yeah you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 1 plus Epson yeah you can easily
+check yourself okay because you need do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself okay because you need do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself okay because you need do
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+inversion and uh uh so so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and uh uh so so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and uh uh so so now let's
+write this in into a more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in into a more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in into a more convenient
+form okay into a more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay into a more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay into a more convenient
+form so so to write it in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so so to write it in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so so to write it in the more
+convenient form we always remember we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient form we always remember we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient form we always remember we we
+always treated X as uh uh yeah S as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always treated X as uh uh yeah S as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always treated X as uh uh yeah S as some
+2X sandwiched by some differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X sandwiched by some differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X sandwiched by some differential
+operator okay so we can do integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay so we can do integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay so we can do integration
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+part so we can do integration by part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so we can do integration by part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so we can do integration by part to
+write it as my minus 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as my minus 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as my minus 12
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+t² Plus Omega 0 S minus I Epsilon Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t² Plus Omega 0 S minus I Epsilon Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t² Plus Omega 0 S minus I Epsilon Omega
+0 S Plus ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 S Plus ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 S Plus ion
+t² X okay and then plus total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dtive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the total derivative always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the total derivative always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the total derivative always
+vanish because the because our we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish because the because our we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish because the because our we always
+yeah yeah just we always impose boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just we always impose boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just we always impose boundary
+condition so that that tal to plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so that that tal to plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so that that tal to plus minus
+infinity they go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity they go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity they go to zero
+okay and uh so now let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object so let's look at this object uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so let's look at this object uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so let's look at this object uh
+the Epsilon dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so Omega square is just a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Omega square is just a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Omega square is just a positive
+number multiply Epsilon still a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number multiply Epsilon still a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number multiply Epsilon still a positive
+number and Epson inmal so so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and Epson inmal so so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and Epson inmal so so we can just
+still call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still call it
+Epsilon so now the partial T Square AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so now the partial T Square AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so now the partial T Square AC
+Epsilon so so par T square is a lative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so so par T square is a lative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so so par T square is a lative
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+operator okay uh um because remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay uh um because remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay uh um because remember uh
+whenever you do a 3A transform on x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do a 3A transform on x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do a 3A transform on x so
+partial T single Factor give you I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T single Factor give you I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T single Factor give you I Omega
+then if you have a partial T Square then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have a partial T Square then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have a partial T Square then
+give you minus Omega Square okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you minus Omega Square okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you minus Omega Square okay so so
+parti T square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parti T square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parti T square is
+a is a lative definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a lative definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a lative definite
+operator so that means that this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so that means that this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so that means that this is also
+lative number times Epsilon okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lative number times Epsilon okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lative number times Epsilon okay and
+then that means we can just write H just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means we can just write H just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means we can just write H just
+has 12 X t² Plus Omega 0 S the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 12 X t² Plus Omega 0 S the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 12 X t² Plus Omega 0 S the minus
+epon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X good is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X good is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X good is this
+clear yeah because just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear yeah because just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear yeah because just any
+anything any positive thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything any positive thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything any positive thing
+multiply Epsilon still give you Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply Epsilon still give you Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply Epsilon still give you Epsilon
+okay because just a small number it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because just a small number it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because just a small number it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter okay so now we can write this xxt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so now we can write this xxt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so now we can write this xxt
+now we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can write the
+SX Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT then in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT then in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT then in the following
+form in the minus one 12 let me write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the minus one 12 let me write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the minus one 12 let me write as
+DT DT Prime as we wrote before then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DT Prime as we wrote before then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DT Prime as we wrote before then
+XT K TT Prime and XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT K TT Prime and XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT K TT Prime and XT
+Prime and then ktt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+is just given by delta T minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just given by delta T minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just given by delta T minus t
+Prime say uh um partial T Prime Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime say uh um partial T Prime Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime say uh um partial T Prime Square
+minus Omega 0 S minus EP or plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 0 S minus EP or plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 0 S minus EP or plus plus
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay so so again we just uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again we just uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again we just uh uh uh uh
+introduce a lot of T Prime and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a lot of T Prime and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a lot of T Prime and then uh
+and then I introduce a data function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I introduce a data function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I introduce a data function and
+now we have a matrix form okay now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a matrix form okay now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a matrix form okay now now
+again this action has a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure so so so so now this s depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so so so so now this s depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so so so so now this s depend
+on Epsilon okay now s depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay good so now we can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay good so now we can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay good so now we can evaluate
+now we can now ready to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can now ready to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can now ready to evaluate this
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+integral okay and now we are ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay and now we are ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay and now we are ready to
+evaluate the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the path
+integral so so let's first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z0 so let's first look at z0 z0 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so let's first look at z0 z0 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so let's first look at z0 z0 is just
+the ging this the ging integral we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ging this the ging integral we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ging this the ging integral we
+already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said
+before so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so the
+z0 so D zero is the ging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so D zero is the ging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so D zero is the ging
+integral so so I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schematic yeah this x do K dox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this is a short handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is a short handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is a short handed
+rotation to Deo this uh this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation to Deo this uh this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation to Deo this uh this two
+integral I think it's it's positive I oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I think it's it's positive I oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I think it's it's positive I oh
+yeah yeah yeah minus I I have a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah minus I I have a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah minus I I have a minus
+sign here so it's minus I yeah good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so it's minus I yeah good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so it's minus I yeah good so
+and this as we said before this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this as we said before this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this as we said before this just
+given by some constant and determinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some constant and determinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some constant and determinate
+K okay this just come constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay this just come constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay this just come constant
+determinant K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant K
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right right because that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right right because that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right right because that's our
+previous rule right because because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous rule right because because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous rule right because because we
+say in order to derive this we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in order to derive this we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in order to derive this we used the
+che to take the H go to yeah H1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+che to take the H go to yeah H1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+che to take the H go to yeah H1 minus
+Epsilon yeah so we want to know how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon yeah so we want to know how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon yeah so we want to know how this
+translate into the behavior in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into the behavior in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into the behavior in action
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+good so so this is just uh the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so this is just uh the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so this is just uh the same as
+we discussed before just given by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed before just given by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed before just given by some
+constant determinant K as we said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant determinant K as we said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant determinant K as we said before
+that the is typically Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the is typically Divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the is typically Divergent
+determine the cas so typically Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the cas so typically Divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the cas so typically Divergent
+but we will see it doesn't matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will see it doesn't matter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will see it doesn't matter okay
+so how now we will see it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how now we will see it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how now we will see it doesn't matter
+so previously we said this will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so previously we said this will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so previously we said this will not
+matter but now we will see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but now we will see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but now we will see it
+explicitly so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DJ so DJ is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+do K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do K
+dox but now with this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dox but now with this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dox but now with this additional
+term so let me just write again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so let me just write again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so let me just write again in the
+simplified notation as J J dox uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified notation as J J dox uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified notation as J J dox uh uh so
+so you view the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you view the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you view the integration
+as a huge sum of vector yeah Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a huge sum of vector yeah Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a huge sum of vector yeah Vector
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if this is a fin dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this is a fin dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this is a fin dimensional
+integral you say I know how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you say I know how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you say I know how to do this
+okay uh uh Bel know how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh Bel know how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh Bel know how to do this
+because this is just the um uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just the um uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just the um uh uh uh
+this is just the ging with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the ging with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the ging with a linear
+piece okay with a linear piece so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece okay with a linear piece so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece okay with a linear piece so so we
+can just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write down the
+answer so so let's just yeah the rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so so let's just yeah the rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so so let's just yeah the rule is
+that you just treat as a fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just treat as a fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just treat as a fight
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+integral write the answer for the fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral write the answer for the fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral write the answer for the fight
+dimensional integral and then you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional integral and then you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional integral and then you and
+then you translate the language in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you translate the language in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you translate the language in terms
+of this functional case okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this functional case okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this functional case okay so we can
+write it so again this would be cide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it so again this would be cide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it so again this would be cide by
+Delta K yeah yeah so let me just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K yeah yeah so let me just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K yeah yeah so let me just remind
+you maybe just let me just do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe just let me just do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe just let me just do a little
+bit slower so let me just remind you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit slower so let me just remind you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit slower so let me just remind you the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+story for such a ging integral so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for such a ging integral so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for such a ging integral so if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+dx1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx1
+dxn exponential minus 12 x i a i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxn exponential minus 12 x i a i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxn exponential minus 12 x i a i j
+XJ plus j i x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ plus j i x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ plus j i x i
+so if you have integral like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have integral like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have integral like
+this we know how to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we know how to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we know how to compute this
+integral you can just comp include XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can just comp include XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you can just comp include XI
+into here by completing the square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here by completing the square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here by completing the square and
+then then what you get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what you get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what you get is the
+following after you complete the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following after you complete the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following after you complete the square
+you just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get the
+original G integral and so what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original G integral and so what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original G integral and so what you get
+is the you get the um 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the you get the um 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the you get the um 2
+pi d/ 2 your previous case Delta a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi d/ 2 your previous case Delta a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi d/ 2 your previous case Delta a and
+and then the results you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the results you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the results you get from the
+complet integral is j i a minus one i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complet integral is j i a minus one i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complet integral is j i a minus one i j
+JJ okay so when you complete the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ okay so when you complete the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ okay so when you complete the square
+you get addition the term that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get addition the term that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get addition the term that's what
+you get and this is come from doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and this is come from doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and this is come from doing the
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+integral okay so now we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so now we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so now we just have a
+infinite dimensional version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimensional version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimensional version of this
+integral and we can just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we can just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we can just write down the
+redot immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redot immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redot immediately
+okay you can just write down the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just write down the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just write down the result
+immediately so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so we can
+so we just copy that SC so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just copy that SC so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just copy that SC so we have
+C so this c will be the exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this c will be the exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this c will be the exactly the same
+as that c okay because this just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that c okay because this just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that c okay because this just come
+from uh doing the a g integral as as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh doing the a g integral as as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh doing the a g integral as as if
+J is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is not
+there so we have the same C we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we have the same C we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we have the same C we have the
+same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data
+k then according to the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then according to the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then according to the rule
+there up to the I which is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there up to the I which is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there up to the I which is you have to
+put in then we get 12 I then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in then we get 12 I then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in then we get 12 I then you have
+then we should have J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should have J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should have J
+K minus one J okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus one J okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus one J okay so this is
+essentially that okay you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that okay you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that okay you take the
+inverse of a so here we get that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a so here we get that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a so here we get that and
+this if we translate back into this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we translate back into this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we translate back into this kind
+of function language so this just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function language so this just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function language so this just give
+you C Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you C Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you C Delta
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+exponential iide by 2 then you have DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential iide by 2 then you have DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential iide by 2 then you have DT
+DT Prime then you have JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Prime then you have JT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Prime then you have JT
+K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus
+one t again T Prime so K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one t again T Prime so K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one t again T Prime so K minus one
+should be understood as the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be understood as the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be understood as the inverse of
+this K and JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the K one k minus y is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the K one k minus y is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the K one k minus y is defined
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+follows so the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so the K
+is so it just again is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it just again is the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it just again is the function
+generation of the uh Matrix case so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of the uh Matrix case so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of the uh Matrix case so you
+just have t Prime k t t Prime and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have t Prime k t t Prime and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have t Prime k t t Prime and K
+minus one t prime touble prime should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one t prime touble prime should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one t prime touble prime should be
+equal to delta T minus tble Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to delta T minus tble Prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to delta T minus tble Prime okay
+so that's how you define the k k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you define the k k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you define the k k minus
+one okay this is like a matrix product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay this is like a matrix product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay this is like a matrix product
+just now you treat the T Prime uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now you treat the T Prime uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now you treat the T Prime uh uh uh
+uh uh uh yeah t Prime you sum over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh yeah t Prime you sum over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh yeah t Prime you sum over that
+and then yeah so this is just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yeah so this is just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yeah so this is just like you
+have K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K
+MN K minus n and k equal to Delta MK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN K minus n and k equal to Delta MK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN K minus n and k equal to Delta MK
+okay you just translate the N into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just translate the N into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just translate the N into the
+integral and the t is a corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the t is a corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the t is a corresponding to
+M and the t double Prime corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and the t double Prime corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and the t double Prime corresponding
+to K and the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K and the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K and the Delta function
+corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to
+that okay so so that's how we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so that's how we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so that's how we Define the
+K minus one and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rot
+for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for
+DJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the physical object is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the physical object is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the physical object is this
+object is the ZJ divided by z0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the ZJ divided by z0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the ZJ divided by z0 because
+to get the expectation value we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the expectation value we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the expectation value we always
+lead to divid by z z so so now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to divid by z z so so now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to divid by z z so so now if we
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ratio so now I can erase this so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so now I can erase this so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so now I can erase this so so if
+we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio ZJ / by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio ZJ / by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio ZJ / by
+z0 we find all this Factor canceled okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 we find all this Factor canceled okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 we find all this Factor canceled okay
+so this Factor cancel with that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Factor cancel with that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Factor cancel with that factor
+so it doesn't matter so we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't matter so we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't matter so we just get
+exponential so let me again using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so let me again using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so let me again using this
+short kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short kind
+rotation I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation I over
+2 J K minus one J okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 J K minus one J okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 J K minus one J okay so this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+physical quantity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantity okay
+and when they when we expand this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they when we expand this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they when we expand this in
+powers of J then we get the Corr then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of J then we get the Corr then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of J then we get the Corr then
+the coefficient of J give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of J give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of J give you
+correlation functions or we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions or we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions or we can just
+take derivatives yes yeah so last time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives yes yeah so last time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives yes yeah so last time I
+thought we said like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C no it's not one because they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C no it's not one because they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C no it's not one because they actually
+um yeah as you do in your pet uh um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah as you do in your pet uh um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah as you do in your pet uh um say
+if you have a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a free
+particle if you have a free particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if you have a free particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if you have a free particle
+that that ratio is actually it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ratio is actually it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ratio is actually it can
+calculate to be a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to be a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to be a finite
+number even though the ratio is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number even though the ratio is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number even though the ratio is actually
+both are infinite but the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are infinite but the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are infinite but the uh uh the
+ratio is actually a finite number yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is actually a finite number yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is actually a finite number yeah
+yeah same thing with the harmonic oat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same thing with the harmonic oat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same thing with the harmonic oat
+yeah yeah but the key thing is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but the key thing is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but the key thing is that we
+actually don't need to worry about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to worry about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to worry about them
+they just cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so so now this is
+our final result okay for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final result okay for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final result okay for the harmonic
+oscillator and uh uh it except we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and uh uh it except we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and uh uh it except we still
+have to invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invert this
+K okay we still have to invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay we still have to invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay we still have to invert this
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but in fact
+okay but but before we do that we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but but before we do that we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but but before we do that we first
+we can see what this the whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see what this the whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see what this the whether there's
+any physical interpretation for this Kus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any physical interpretation for this Kus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any physical interpretation for this Kus
+one okay for K minus one so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay for K minus one so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay for K minus one so let's just
+consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following
+situation so let's consider a two-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so let's consider a two-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so let's consider a two-point
+function so first the from here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so first the from here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so first the from here you can
+immediately see the onepoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see the onepoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see the onepoint
+function uh is given by what the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh is given by what the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh is given by what the vacuum
+onepoint function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onepoint function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onepoint function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X so can you see uh what is the vum one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so can you see uh what is the vum one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so can you see uh what is the vum one
+point function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function for
+X without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation Z yes zero so the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation Z yes zero so the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation Z yes zero so the reason is
+zero is that because if you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that because if you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that because if you get one
+point function you take one derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function you take one derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function you take one derivative
+with J so when you take one derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J so when you take one derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J so when you take one derivative
+with J because here it's j s you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J because here it's j s you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J because here it's j s you will
+bring down a factor of J then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down a factor of J then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down a factor of J then when you
+set J equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set J equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set J equal to zero
+and then then that will be zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then that will be zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then that will be zero okay so
+the one point function automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one point function automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one point function automatically
+zero okay and that's consistent with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and that's consistent with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and that's consistent with our
+expectation in the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in the harmonic oscillator
+the one point function of X is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one point function of X is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one point function of X is always
+zero okay because X involve a or a dager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay because X involve a or a dager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay because X involve a or a dager
+when you savage between two zeros is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you savage between two zeros is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you savage between two zeros is
+just zero but now so the no is the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero but now so the no is the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero but now so the no is the non
+manage one is the twoo function so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage one is the twoo function so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage one is the twoo function so now
+let's consider the twoo function so twoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the twoo function so twoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the twoo function so twoo
+function by definition should be the fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by definition should be the fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by definition should be the fin
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because this is the time ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is the time ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is the time ordered
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+okay so the so the twoo function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the so the twoo function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the so the twoo function by
+definition is the F function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the F function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the F function is the
+G2 okay and so this is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 okay and so this is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 okay and so this is given
+by just this thing expand yeah just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just this thing expand yeah just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just this thing expand yeah just the
+uh one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one /
+d0 I Square you take thej two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0 I Square you take thej two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d0 I Square you take thej two
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+okay Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Del
+JT Del JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT Del JT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT Del JT
+Prime and then you take J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then you take J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then you take J equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so the uh uh yeah so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the uh uh yeah so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the uh uh yeah so the two
+point function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point function is a
+f so here we can just see what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so here we can just see what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so here we can just see what we get
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so so when you take two derivatives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you take two derivatives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you take two derivatives on
+this you take two dtive on J J again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you take two dtive on J J again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you take two dtive on J J again so
+the first derivative on J you bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative on J you bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative on J you bring down
+a factor of K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of K *
+J and your second derivative we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and your second derivative we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and your second derivative we can do
+two things you can act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things you can act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things you can act on the
+exponential again and then you can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential again and then you can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential again and then you can act
+or you can act on the J factor which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can act on the J factor which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can act on the J factor which you
+bring down the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down the first
+time but you have to act on the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but you have to act on the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but you have to act on the factor
+of J you bring the first time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J you bring the first time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J you bring the first time because
+that because you have only three J left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you have only three J left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you have only three J left
+and when you set J equal to Z that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you set J equal to Z that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you set J equal to Z that will
+be equal to zero okay so the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero okay so the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero okay so the both
+derivative should act on this J which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative should act on this J which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative should act on this J which
+come together okay so so here then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together okay so so here then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together okay so so here then you
+get minus I essentially K minus one t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus I essentially K minus one t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus I essentially K minus one t
+and t Prime okay just take this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t Prime okay just take this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t Prime okay just take this these
+two derivative then you get K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivative then you get K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivative then you get K minus one
+okay so now we learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we learn something
+nice is say this K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is actually the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually the F
+propagator we discussed before the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator we discussed before the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator we discussed before the F
+function we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the the harmonic illat version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the harmonic illat version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the harmonic illat version of
+the fat function okay so so previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat function okay so so previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat function okay so so previously
+be defined for the field the so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined for the field the so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined for the field the so this is
+the harmonic oscillat version of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we
+find that K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that K minus
+one TT Prime is just equal to actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one TT Prime is just equal to actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one TT Prime is just equal to actually I
+GF TT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF TT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF TT
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+okay so you find this is just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so and and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so and and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so and and then and
+then we learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we learn that
+ZJ ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ ided by
+z0 is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential now minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+GF J okay so now it's just GF it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF J okay so now it's just GF it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF J okay so now it's just GF it's just
+everything determined by by this GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything determined by by this GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything determined by by this GF
+okay so now we have a consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have a consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have a consistency
+check okay now we have a consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay now we have a consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay now we have a consistency
+check because previously we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check because previously we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check because previously we have
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+that the GF should satisfy certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the GF should satisfy certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the GF should satisfy certain
+differential equation okay and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation okay and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation okay and here we
+have a differential equation for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equation for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equation for for for
+K so k k minus one also satisfy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so k k minus one also satisfy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so k k minus one also satisfy a
+differential equation you just satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you just satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you just satisfy
+this equation okay and uh um so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay and uh um so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay and uh um so so now
+now if you plug in there and into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you plug in there and into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you plug in there and into here
+okay if Say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition so from this equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so from this equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so from this equation so we
+call this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star star star and this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation star and star star and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation star and star star and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation star and star star and we
+find that K minus one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that K minus one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that K minus one should
+satisfy the following equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the parti T sare minus Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the parti T sare minus Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the parti T sare minus Omega 0
+squ plus Omega 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus Omega 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus Omega 0 minus
+Epsilon GF yeah K minus one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon GF yeah K minus one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon GF yeah K minus one should be
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um the um delta T minus t Prime okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um delta T minus t Prime okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um delta T minus t Prime okay so
+let me just make sure I get the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure I get the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure I get the sign
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so yeah yeah I think this is right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah I think this is right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah I think this is right okay
+and now if you plug in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you plug in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you plug in this expression
+and then you find this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find this equation is
+actually exactly our definition of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly our definition of the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly our definition of the F
+propagator before okay here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator before okay here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator before okay here we don't
+have special derivatives but but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have special derivatives but but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have special derivatives but but if you
+look at in particular this Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in particular this Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in particular this Epsilon is
+precise the Epsilon previously we did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise the Epsilon previously we did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise the Epsilon previously we did to
+use to define the F propagator and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to define the F propagator and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to define the F propagator and now
+we find that the the abson prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the the abson prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the the abson prescription
+which we used previously used as a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we used previously used as a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we used previously used as a trick
+to define the fman propagator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the fman propagator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the fman propagator is
+actually recovered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recovered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recovered by this
+procedure recovered by that procedure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure recovered by that procedure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure recovered by that procedure of
+H goes to yeah uh one minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H goes to yeah uh one minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H goes to yeah uh one minus Epsilon
+okay okay just everything is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay just everything is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay just everything is consistent
+just th we precisely recover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just th we precisely recover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just th we precisely recover that
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+okay any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so I guess that expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I guess that expression right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I guess that expression right
+there yeah like j a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+um oh oh oh oh you mean this expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh oh oh oh you mean this expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh oh oh oh you mean this expansion
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so if I write
+explicitly you just have yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly you just have yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly you just have yeah yeah yeah
+let me write the explicit since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write the explicit since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write the explicit since this is
+a very important equation yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important equation yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important equation yeah so this
+is just DT DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just DT DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just DT DT
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+JT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JT
+GF t t Prime and JT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF t t Prime and JT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF t t Prime and JT Prime
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good right so this is all consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right so this is all consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right so this is all consistent
+okay so so this abson prescription which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this abson prescription which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this abson prescription which
+we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did
+here automatically recovers abson p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here automatically recovers abson p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here automatically recovers abson p
+description in the definition of the f f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in the definition of the f f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in the definition of the f f
+function we defined before so so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we defined before so so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we defined before so so so it's
+very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice
+okay and in particular so in momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in particular so in momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in particular so in momentum
+space if you fre yeah you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you fre yeah you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you fre yeah you find the
+momentum space GF Omega if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space GF Omega if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space GF Omega if you go to the
+momentum space and then you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space and then you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space and then you find this
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+I Omega Square minus Omega 0 square plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega Square minus Omega 0 square plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega Square minus Omega 0 square plus
+I okay so you see this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so you see this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so you see this is actually the
+pre so if you compare with our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre so if you compare with our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre so if you compare with our previous
+expression for the F function when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the F function when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the F function when you
+set K squ to zero and replace the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set K squ to zero and replace the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set K squ to zero and replace the Omega
+0 square by m sare then that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 square by m sare then that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 square by m sare then that's exactly
+the one we we derived before okay deriv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so so now we can try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so now we can try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so now we can try to find
+endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint
+functions so now we can work out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now we can work out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now we can work out all
+Endo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions so now you can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now you can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now you can immediately
+conclude okay you can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude okay you can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude okay you can immediately
+conclude from from the way we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from from the way we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from from the way we do the
+onepoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onepoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onepoint
+function that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that the
+um all endpoint functions so General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all endpoint functions so General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all endpoint functions so General
+n for General odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for General odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for General odd
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+GN is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN is always
+zero okay GN is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay GN is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay GN is always
+zero so the reason is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following when we carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following when we carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following when we carry out this
+procedure to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to take the
+derivatives so so because the J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so so because the J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so so because the J is
+always paired in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always paired in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always paired in this
+exponential so when you take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so when you take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so when you take one
+derivative we will bring down lot J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we will bring down lot J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we will bring down lot J so
+because in the end we said J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end we said J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end we said J equal to
+zero so you have to get rid of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you have to get rid of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you have to get rid of all this
+kind of uh J which you bring down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh J which you bring down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh J which you bring down from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+exponential and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and then that
+means n has to be even so if n is OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means n has to be even so if n is OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means n has to be even so if n is OD
+there's always one J left and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always one J left and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always one J left and when you
+set J equal to zero and then will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set J equal to zero and then will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set J equal to zero and then will be
+zero okay so this is also consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is also consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is also consistent
+with your experience from from harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your experience from from harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your experience from from harmonic
+oscillator because in the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator because in the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator because in the harmonic
+oscillator if you have all the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator if you have all the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator if you have all the number of
+X then you have all the number of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then you have all the number of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then you have all the number of a and
+a diag if you have all number of a a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diag if you have all number of a a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diag if you have all number of a a and
+a diag together there's no way when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diag together there's no way when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diag together there's no way when they
+sandwich between zero and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich between zero and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich between zero and they can
+allate each other and you will yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allate each other and you will yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allate each other and you will yeah so
+you always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get
+zero and uh so so so here we get it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh so so so here we get it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh so so so here we get it the
+um yeah so now for the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n for the even end this also a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay if I have a endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay if I have a endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay if I have a endpoint
+function so so let me just write down G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so so let me just write down G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so so let me just write down G
+n say equal to zero t t say x height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n say equal to zero t t say x height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n say equal to zero t t say x height
+T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1
+TN so for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so for even
+n then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then you see
+that again because in order for this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again because in order for this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again because in order for this not
+to be zero then all the X has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero then all the X has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero then all the X has to be
+paired okay then all the X has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired okay then all the X has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired okay then all the X has to be
+paired so so in this case we just sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case the answer is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between XT
+okay so by contraction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by contraction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by contraction we
+mean so if I have xti XT TJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if I have xti XT TJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if I have xti XT TJ
+we say there's a contraction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say there's a contraction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say there's a contraction between
+them and so so that's just defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so so that's just defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so so that's just defined to be
+GF x i XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF x i XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF x i XJ
+okay oh no TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TJ so so you just pair all of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TJ so so you just pair all of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TJ so so you just pair all of them so
+each pair is a contraction you just sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pair is a contraction you just sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pair is a contraction you just sum
+over all posable contractions pair all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all posable contractions pair all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all posable contractions pair all
+of them and each pairing give you a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and each pairing give you a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and each pairing give you a f
+function okay uh so each parent give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay uh so each parent give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay uh so each parent give you
+a f function and so this is actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f function and so this is actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f function and so this is actually um
+in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early
+days of quantum F3 when you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of quantum F3 when you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of quantum F3 when you don't have
+when you don't have path integral to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't have path integral to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't have path integral to to
+show this is actually long trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is actually long trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is actually long trivial
+because imagine if you do this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because imagine if you do this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because imagine if you do this time
+order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the
+product there many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there many many
+pieces right because if you have inpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right because if you have inpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right because if you have inpoint
+function then you have to write down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then you have to write down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then you have to write down all
+possible ordering between them and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ordering between them and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ordering between them and but
+in the end it's a very simple result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it's a very simple result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it's a very simple result
+okay just sum of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just sum of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just sum of all possible
+contractions and each pair is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions and each pair is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions and each pair is the time
+orded okay and uh so so this early days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orded okay and uh so so this early days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orded okay and uh so so this early days
+without parle is actually highly Lal R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without parle is actually highly Lal R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without parle is actually highly Lal R
+and uh so this was first proof by Weck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this was first proof by Weck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this was first proof by Weck
+so this is called Weck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Weck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Weck
+theorem okay but now we see so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay but now we see so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay but now we see so actually
+if you know the path integral a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the path integral a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the path integral a trivial
+consequence of that the part is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that the part is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that the part is actually
+quadratic in J okay just quadratic in j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in J okay just quadratic in j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in J okay just quadratic in j
+so yeah so give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so let's look at four point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's look at four point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's look at four point
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look at four point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions so I don't even have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I don't even have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I don't even have to write
+that thing down let's just draw four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing down let's just draw four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing down let's just draw four
+dots Del Lo to the Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Points and then just sum of all pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points and then just sum of all pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points and then just sum of all pairing
+between them and each pairing will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and each pairing will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and each pairing will give
+me a f propagator so one I can pair one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a f propagator so one I can pair one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a f propagator so one I can pair one
+and two or three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two or three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two or three and
+four and I can also pair one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and I can also pair one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and I can also pair one and three
+and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and
+four and I can also pair one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with3
+okay or two so two is here so two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or two so two is here so two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or two so two is here so two is
+three I can also do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I can also do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I can also do that
+par and uh so so if I write it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par and uh so so if I write it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par and uh so so if I write it in terms
+of the Expressions then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Expressions then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Expressions then I have
+GF T12 let me just T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF T12 let me just T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF T12 let me just T1
+T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+GF T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4
+plus GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus GF
+T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1
+T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3
+GF T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF T2
+T4 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4 then
+plus the GF T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the GF T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the GF T1
+T4 plus times GF T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4 plus times GF T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4 plus times GF T2
+T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3
+okay so so so you just sum over all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so you just sum over all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so you just sum over all such
+parings okay and each paring give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parings okay and each paring give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parings okay and each paring give you a
+GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do uh what do you mean you cannot do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing yeah
+yeah that no so that's the key just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that no so that's the key just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that no so that's the key just
+somehow this is the consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this is the consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this is the consequence of the
+theorem if you want to just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem if you want to just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem if you want to just write down
+the ordering then it's actually rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordering then it's actually rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordering then it's actually rather
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+yeah but someh how the magic is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but someh how the magic is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but someh how the magic is that
+once you say write everything explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you say write everything explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you say write everything explicitly
+you do all the you do all the everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all the you do all the everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all the you do all the everything
+in the end you can group everything just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you can group everything just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you can group everything just
+in terms of product of the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of product of the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of product of the family
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+yeah yeah yes so for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yes so for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yes so for the harmonic
+oscillator we know that at a given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator we know that at a given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator we know that at a given point
+in time the position is GA and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time the position is GA and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time the position is GA and that
+would mean that like the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that like the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that like the end point
+function for all the t's equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for all the t's equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for all the t's equal to each
+other should be non zero only for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other should be non zero only for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other should be non zero only for n
+equal to one or two but not for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one or two but not for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one or two but not for n
+greater right because like only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater right because like only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater right because like only the
+first two moments ofion are non zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two moments ofion are non zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two moments ofion are non zero but
+like that seems inconsistent with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that seems inconsistent with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that seems inconsistent with this
+prescription over here sorry uh why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription over here sorry uh why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription over here sorry uh why you
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+that like at a given time the no but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like at a given time the no but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like at a given time the no but all
+these time are different but if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these time are different but if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these time are different but if I were
+to take the time equal okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time equal okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time equal okay yeah
+then so like for example the Vari of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so like for example the Vari of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so like for example the Vari of the
+partic position your function evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic position your function evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic position your function evaluated
+T yeah yeah this is just the X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah yeah this is just the X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah yeah this is just the X to the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+n yeah yeah yeah X to power n the is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n yeah yeah yeah X to power n the is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n yeah yeah yeah X to power n the is non
+zero for even power yes but then so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for even power yes but then so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for even power yes but then so then
+in this formula that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formula that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formula that be
+GF yeah which is not Z yeah but yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF yeah which is not Z yeah but yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF yeah which is not Z yeah but yeah but
+GF Z is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF Z is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF Z is non
+zero uh right but then what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh right but then what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh right but then what I'm saying
+is a four point function then would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a four point function then would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a four point function then would also
+give you something non zero yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something non zero yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something non zero yeah it is
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+zero yeah it's very consist the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah it's very consist the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah it's very consist the fourth
+moment of is zero no the fourth moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of is zero no the fourth moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of is zero no the fourth moment
+of certainly is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainly is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainly is non
+zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah
+X4 yeah ging you have X4 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 yeah ging you have X4 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 yeah ging you have X4 that's
+certainly non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero no no no no for for the ging just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no no no no for for the ging just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no no no no for for the ging just
+all high equivalent can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all high equivalent can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all high equivalent can be expressed in
+terms of the sigma in terms of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the sigma in terms of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the sigma in terms of the two
+point yeah here is just exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah here is just exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah here is just exactly what you
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+here yeah yeah just everything can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah just everything can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah just everything can be
+expressed in terms of the uh a two-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the uh a two-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the uh a two-point
+moment yeah so so so if you set all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment yeah so so so if you set all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment yeah so so so if you set all the
+T to be zero so so this is GF is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to be zero so so this is GF is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to be zero so so this is GF is the
+same so this is GF essentially the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is GF essentially the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is GF essentially the only
+dependent difference between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent difference between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent difference between them so
+this is GF yeah essentially just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is GF yeah essentially just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is GF yeah essentially just add
+them together just reach GF squ and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together just reach GF squ and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together just reach GF squ and yeah
+yeah just do this exercise yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just do this exercise yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just do this exercise yourself and
+you will see it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it's the same
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so um so now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so um so now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so um so now with this
+preparation in in quantum mechanics now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation in in quantum mechanics now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation in in quantum mechanics now
+we can immediately just move in field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can immediately just move in field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can immediately just move in field
+Ser okay so now we can immediately move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser okay so now we can immediately move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser okay so now we can immediately move
+to field Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to field Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to field Ser
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we can
+say time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say time
+ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter so before we do that any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so
+again to go to field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to go to field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to go to field
+Theory now we the the only thing we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now we the the only thing we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now we the the only thing we need
+is just copy notations okay just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just copy notations okay just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just copy notations okay just need to
+change the notations just remember uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the notations just remember uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the notations just remember uh uh
+uh uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh how
+you yeah just replace the appropriate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah just replace the appropriate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah just replace the appropriate uh
+uh uh Dynamic variable in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Dynamic variable in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Dynamic variable in quantum
+mechanics by the appropriate dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics by the appropriate dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics by the appropriate dynamical
+variables in field the and then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in field the and then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in field the and then that's
+it okay so so so let's write down so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so so so let's write down so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so so so let's write down so now
+we have consider in field the suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have consider in field the suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have consider in field the suppose we
+consider this endpoint function and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this endpoint function and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this endpoint function and now
+X and xn now Lo to the SpaceTime point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and xn now Lo to the SpaceTime point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and xn now Lo to the SpaceTime point
+now okay so so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so so let me call
+the previously we call the vacuum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previously we call the vacuum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previously we call the vacuum for
+the field the to be Omega in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field the to be Omega in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field the to be Omega in the
+interacting the so now you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting the so now you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting the so now you can see that
+this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity
+5x1 and 5xn let's look at this endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x1 and 5xn let's look at this endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x1 and 5xn let's look at this endpoint
+function between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function between the
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+okay so now again if we call call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now again if we call call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now again if we call call this
+thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so now we can immediately write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so now we can immediately write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so now we can immediately write down
+the answer in field the just the D now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in field the just the D now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in field the just the D now
+you just replace DX by D5 then you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just replace DX by D5 then you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just replace DX by D5 then you again
+you have just have this x capital x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just have this x capital x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just have this x capital x and
+then you have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have now
+S5 then divided by D5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 then divided by D5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 then divided by D5
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+S5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the boundary
+condition is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that the
+five when you do this part interal again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five when you do this part interal again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five when you do this part interal again
+T goes to from Infinity to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes to from Infinity to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes to from Infinity to minus
+infinity to infinity and now TX will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity and now TX will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity and now TX will
+should go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to
+zero for both t plus minus infinity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for both t plus minus infinity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for both t plus minus infinity okay
+so that's the analog of a previous sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the analog of a previous sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the analog of a previous sin
+for x equal to zero okay and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x equal to zero okay and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x equal to zero okay and uh uh
+because here uh remember the X here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here uh remember the X here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here uh remember the X here just
+the uh labels and so so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh labels and so so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh labels and so so for each
+variable we require it's go to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we require it's go to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we require it's go to zero at
+take plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take plus minus
+infinity equal to zero and also normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity equal to zero and also normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity equal to zero and also normally
+in field the we assume yeah in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in field the we assume yeah in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in field the we assume yeah in order to
+for the um for the integral to have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um for the integral to have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um for the integral to have well
+defined Behavior EXA we all we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined Behavior EXA we all we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined Behavior EXA we all we often
+just assume also go to zero uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume also go to zero uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume also go to zero uh when the
+uh in the spatial Infinity okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the spatial Infinity okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the spatial Infinity okay yeah
+this is just for often for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just for often for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just for often for convenience
+okay and physically this also means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and physically this also means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and physically this also means that
+at the infin far away and we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the infin far away and we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the infin far away and we assume that
+the the field are not excited yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the field are not excited yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the field are not excited yeah we
+are interested only in the uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested only in the uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested only in the uh yeah
+physical excitations in fight region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical excitations in fight region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical excitations in fight region
+anyway so so this is the condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so this is the condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so this is the condition we
+impose uh when doing the part integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose uh when doing the part integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose uh when doing the part integral
+in the field Ser case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now again you can introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now again you can introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now again you can introduce a
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+functional you can just again just copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional you can just again just copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional you can just again just copy
+notation copy the previous formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation copy the previous formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation copy the previous formula
+and by by by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation so um so now the ating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so um so now the ating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so um so now the ating
+functional thej is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional thej is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional thej is defined to be
+D exponential as S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D exponential as S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D exponential as S
+5 and then now you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and then now you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and then now you just
+add now you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add now you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add now you integrate
+overall space time point and findx again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall space time point and findx again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall space time point and findx again
+we introduce the J but now you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduce the J but now you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduce the J but now you integrate
+over all space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space time
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+okay and uh and then similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and then similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and then similarly
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ZJ ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ ided by
+z0 so so this we call yeah the Z Z Z Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so so this we call yeah the Z Z Z Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 so so this we call yeah the Z Z Z Z
+again is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just the
+integral without X any X okay so divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral without X any X okay so divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral without X any X okay so divid
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+z0 uh is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 uh is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 uh is equal
+to now the Omega and time ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now the Omega and time ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now the Omega and time ordered
+product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the
+exponential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so again just given by that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again just given by that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again just given by that and
+again this time ordered product time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this time ordered product time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this time ordered product time
+ordered exponential should be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered exponential should be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered exponential should be understood
+as you expanded this in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you expanded this in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you expanded this in power
+series when you expand it in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series when you expand it in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series when you expand it in power
+series then you have powers of five then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series then you have powers of five then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series then you have powers of five then
+you just order those F in terms of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just order those F in terms of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just order those F in terms of time
+ordering and then then again the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and then then again the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering and then then again the the
+integration and J can be P outside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and J can be P outside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and J can be P outside this
+expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and
+z0 is just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 is just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 is just the same as
+Z Jal to zero okay so without any any J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is again just immediately give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again just immediately give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again just immediately give
+you a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a general
+prescription for calculating mpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for calculating mpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for calculating mpoint
+function in any theory in any Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in any theory in any Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in any theory in any Scala
+Theory so so here I don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so so here I don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so so here I don't even have to
+specify the precise form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the precise form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the precise form of the
+action okay it just the carry through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay it just the carry through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay it just the carry through
+okay a carry through this also appli to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a carry through this also appli to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a carry through this also appli to
+interacting Theory so this formula also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting Theory so this formula also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting Theory so this formula also
+applies to interacting Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to interacting Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to interacting Theory and
+uh um yeah it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah it's it's very
+general very general so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general very general so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general very general so this is the
+power say of the this path integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power say of the this path integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power say of the this path integral
+formalism okay so once you understand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism okay so once you understand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism okay so once you understand in
+the quantum mechanic case go to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanic case go to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanic case go to go to
+Quantum field series is automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so so now let's look at how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so so now let's look at how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so so now let's look at how to
+treat uh uh how to do this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat uh uh how to do this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat uh uh how to do this thing
+calculate this thing in field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this thing in field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this thing in field
+Theory so so first let's just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so so first let's just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so so first let's just look at
+the free field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then before we look at interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then before we look at interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then before we look at interacting
+case let's just look at the free field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so free field series almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so free field series almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so free field series almost
+identical again almost identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical again almost identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical again almost identical to the
+harmonic oscillator case and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator case and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator case and because
+harmonic oscillator is also because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator is also because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator is also because the
+free City will be also a quadratic G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free City will be also a quadratic G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free City will be also a quadratic G
+integral so everything will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so everything will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so everything will be very
+similar to the harmonic oscillated case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the harmonic oscillated case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the harmonic oscillated case
+we just need to again replace some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to again replace some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to again replace some
+notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations
+okay so now let's consider the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's consider the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's consider the free
+field case consider this minus 12 par mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field case consider this minus 12 par mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field case consider this minus 12 par mu
+5 mu 5 - 12 m² 5 S without any non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 mu 5 - 12 m² 5 S without any non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 mu 5 - 12 m² 5 S without any non
+without any cubic or or higher power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any cubic or or higher power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any cubic or or higher power
+term and again the S can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and again the S can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and again the S can be
+written so as in this case so here zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so as in this case so here zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so as in this case so here zero
+means the free the because later we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the free the because later we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the free the because later we will
+doing acting Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing acting Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing acting Theory
+okay so s in this case again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so s in this case again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so s in this case again you can
+write it as can integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as can integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as can integration by
+part you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you can write it
+as d4x D4 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d4x D4 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d4x D4 X
+Prime then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then
+5x k x x Prime and then 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+okay and the now the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is given
+by say square + m² minus Epsilon again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by say square + m² minus Epsilon again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by say square + m² minus Epsilon again
+this Epsilon come from that thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Epsilon come from that thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Epsilon come from that thing it
+just yeah if it works through you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah if it works through you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah if it works through you just
+yeah it just minus Epsilon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just minus Epsilon and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just minus Epsilon and then
+Delta for x - x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh and uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so so again we can just short hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so again we can just short hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so again we can just short hand
+notation write it as this has minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation write it as this has minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation write it as this has minus one
+12 5 dot k do 5 just now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 5 dot k do 5 just now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 5 dot k do 5 just now the only
+difference is that you change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that you change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that you change from
+integration over DT integration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over DT integration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over DT integration of the
+full space time okay yeah everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full space time okay yeah everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full space time okay yeah everything
+else is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is the
+same and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ZJ thej just given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ thej just given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZJ thej just given
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+exponential again just given by a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so let me see where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let me see where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let me see where I can
+squeeze in my uh by G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral 5. K do 5 then plus I J do 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral 5. K do 5 then plus I J do 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral 5. K do 5 then plus I J do 5
+okay so we can again write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can again write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can again write
+this in the simp F rotation as i j do 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the simp F rotation as i j do 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the simp F rotation as i j do 5
+okay so so again you just uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again you just uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again you just uh and then
+you find this you get some other C again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this you get some other C again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this you get some other C again
+you get determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get determinant
+K and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you get
+exponential I / 2 J K1 J okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I / 2 J K1 J okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I / 2 J K1 J okay so
+everything is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is exactly the
+same and then this is the same as z z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then this is the same as z z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then this is the same as z z
+this part and then again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and then again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and then again they
+cancel again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel again they
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+okay so so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find so in this case again we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so in this case again we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so in this case again we find that
+K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus
+one x x Prime = to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x x Prime = to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x x Prime = to I
+GF x x Prime okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF x x Prime okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF x x Prime okay so so this
+prescription so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription so it's
+precisely yeah if you check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely yeah if you check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely yeah if you check the
+definition so this Epson prescription M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this Epson prescription M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this Epson prescription M
+Square goes to M sare minus Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square goes to M sare minus Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square goes to M sare minus Epsilon is
+also the precisely what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the precisely what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the precisely what we did before
+for the fan uh for the fan function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now the final
+answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the
+DJ divide by z0 yeah almost I almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DJ divide by z0 yeah almost I almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DJ divide by z0 yeah almost I almost
+don't want to copy it it just exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to copy it it just exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to copy it it just exactly
+the same as this you just replace the DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this you just replace the DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this you just replace the DT
+integral by by d4x integral okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by by d4x integral okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by by d4x integral okay and
+def4 X integral so yeah let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def4 X integral so yeah let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def4 X integral so yeah let me just
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um exponential myus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exponential myus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exponential myus
+12 then J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 then J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 then J
+GF J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and again if you calculate endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again if you calculate endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again if you calculate endpoint
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+then you just get the identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just get the identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just get the identical
+structure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as
+here okay just get the identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay just get the identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay just get the identical
+structure here the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here the only
+difference is that you replace GF T1 T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that you replace GF T1 T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that you replace GF T1 T2
+by X1 X2 X3 X4 X everything is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X1 X2 X3 X4 X everything is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X1 X2 X3 X4 X everything is just
+identical okay so to save time I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical okay so to save time I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical okay so to save time I will
+not copy them again so do you have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not copy them again so do you have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not copy them again so do you have yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sorry this have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry this have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry this have
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+Z yeah yeah yeah yeah we uh uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z yeah yeah yeah yeah we uh uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z yeah yeah yeah yeah we uh uh so so
+that ensures when you do integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ensures when you do integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ensures when you do integration by
+part everything is zero we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part everything is zero we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part everything is zero we have the
+solution sorry like we know the soltion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution sorry like we know the soltion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution sorry like we know the soltion
+in term of and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term of and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term of and and it's
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um no this is the boundary condition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no this is the boundary condition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no this is the boundary condition in
+your path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path
+integral yeah this is the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral yeah this is the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral yeah this is the boundary
+condition your PA integral we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition your PA integral we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition your PA integral we're not
+talking about the yeah so this is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the yeah so this is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the yeah so this is yeah
+fire just the yeah here I didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire just the yeah here I didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire just the yeah here I didn't write
+down any Express solution for five sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down any Express solution for five sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down any Express solution for five sorry
+sorry what thing what playe way we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what thing what playe way we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what thing what playe way we are
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+right yeah no no that will also go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no no that will also go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no no that will also go to
+zero uh yeah no no no that's operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh yeah no no no that's operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh yeah no no no that's operator
+equation right that's operator here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right that's operator here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right that's operator here is
+just the field in your path integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the field in your path integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the field in your path integral so
+here just integrate over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just integrate over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just integrate over all
+possible there when we write that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there when we write that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there when we write that that's
+a that's a operator equation with a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a operator equation with a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a operator equation with a and
+a dagger there so here is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger there so here is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger there so here is just the
+ordinary function of space time which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary function of space time which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary function of space time which we
+impose the boundary condition in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose the boundary condition in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose the boundary condition in the uh
+in the in the PA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and similarly in here there's a wick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem okay just everything just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay just everything just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay just everything just go
+through okay everything just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through okay everything just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through okay everything just goes
+through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+good any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so for the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so for the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so for the last few
+minutes then we can Venture a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes then we can Venture a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes then we can Venture a little bit
+into the inac in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inac in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inac in
+case uh was there any question okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh was there any question okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh was there any question okay okay
+so now we can venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can venture
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+interactions okay so now we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay so now we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay so now we have our
+Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master
+Formula and now we can treat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula and now we can treat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula and now we can treat what
+happens in the interaction case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we can go to interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so in the acting in the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in the acting in the interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in the acting in the interacting
+the let's just consider say the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's just consider say the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's just consider say the uh the
+case which Lal to l0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which Lal to l0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which Lal to l0
+then you plus some polinomial okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you plus some polinomial okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you plus some polinomial okay for
+example the simplest case is just lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the simplest case is just lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the simplest case is just lamb
+that we discussed before to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed before to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed before to the
+54 okay so uh plus some higher power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 okay so uh plus some higher power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 okay so uh plus some higher power
+term so for Simplicity I will just but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so for Simplicity I will just but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so for Simplicity I will just but
+what we will do we not depend on details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do we not depend on details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do we not depend on details
+form let me just write L I imagine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let me just write L I imagine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let me just write L I imagine there
+have some interacting terms okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some interacting terms okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some interacting terms okay so so
+in this particular case the l i is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case the l i is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case the l i is equal
+to that but we can is the moal case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but we can is the moal case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but we can is the moal case just
+you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some
+extra yeah something depend on F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+similarly your honin we also be the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly your honin we also be the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly your honin we also be the free
+Ser honm plus a interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser honm plus a interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser honm plus a interacting
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and the interacting one so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the interacting one so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the interacting one so so let's
+for Simplicity that this lii as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity that this lii as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity that this lii as in this
+case only depend on five does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case only depend on five does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case only depend on five does not depend
+on the say the time derivative of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the say the time derivative of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the say the time derivative of five
+okay so if does not depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if does not depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if does not depend on time
+derivative of five and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of five and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of five and then
+essentially l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially l
+i hi I is essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hi I is essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hi I is essentially just
+minus this 3x l i okay when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this 3x l i okay when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this 3x l i okay when you do the
+theenda transform to go from say l to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theenda transform to go from say l to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theenda transform to go from say l to H
+that don't change this term okay if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't change this term okay if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't change this term okay if the
+does not contain time Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not contain time Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not contain time Ro
+two so uh uh yeah so and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so uh uh yeah so and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so uh uh yeah so and then there's a
+very simple relation between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple relation between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple relation between this
+interacting term in the Lin and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting term in the Lin and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting term in the Lin and also in
+the honin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honin
+okay and this is a free Ser hon and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a free Ser hon and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a free Ser hon and now
+we will write our total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will write our total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will write our total
+action in terms of the free theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in terms of the free theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in terms of the free theory
+part and the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part and the interacting part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the interacting part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the interacting part and the
+interacting part is just given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting part is just given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting part is just given
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+d x l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x l
+i okay it's also the same as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i okay it's also the same as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i okay it's also the same as minus
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so just to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so just to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so just to set it
+up and now we want to calculate again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and now we want to calculate again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and now we want to calculate again we
+want to calculate this endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate this endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate this endpoint
+function which I did I erase it again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which I did I erase it again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which I did I erase it again we
+want to calculate this endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate this endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate this endpoint
+function yeah so this is the object we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah so this is the object we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah so this is the object we
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay and again we can just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again we can just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again we can just consider
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+functional okay and we can uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional okay and we can uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional okay and we can uh uh
+consider generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+um yeah uh before actually we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh before actually we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah uh before actually we do that
+let's just consider um yeah let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just consider um yeah let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just consider um yeah let's just
+consider this Ino function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah we actually have one minute we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah we actually have one minute we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah we actually have one minute we
+cannot do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do really
+much let me just tell you the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let me just tell you the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let me just tell you the basic
+idea and then we will elaborate next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then we will elaborate next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then we will elaborate next
+time so so now let's imagine we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so so now let's imagine we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so so now let's imagine we want to
+compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this
+object again we just use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object again we just use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object again we just use that
+formula this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GN is equal to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN is equal to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN is equal to to
+d x exponential is s / by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x exponential is s / by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x exponential is s / by
+D exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D exponential
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay so now what I will do is I will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what I will do is I will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what I will do is I will now
+now my S so the idea is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my S so the idea is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my S so the idea is the
+following now this path integrals now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following now this path integrals now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following now this path integrals now
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+doable because once you have this non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable because once you have this non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable because once you have this non-
+polinomial terms or non non quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial terms or non non quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial terms or non non quadratic
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+we we don't know how to do the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't know how to do the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't know how to do the integral
+okay we don't know how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't know how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't know how to do this
+integral even for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral even for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral even for one
+dimensional even for one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional even for one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional even for one dimensional
+integral okay so not to mention the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so not to mention the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so not to mention the path
+integral okay we also don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay we also don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay we also don't know how to
+do such integral for for a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such integral for for a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such integral for for a harmonic
+oscillator uh but yeah uh same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator uh but yeah uh same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator uh but yeah uh same thing we
+don't know how to do it for field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do it for field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do it for field Theory
+so as we said before even though we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we said before even though we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we said before even though we know
+don't know how to do this integral we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do this integral we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do this integral we
+can treat this pertivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat this pertivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat this pertivity
+so so we treat this as a main term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we treat this as a main term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we treat this as a main term and
+then we treat Lambda small then we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we treat Lambda small then we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we treat Lambda small then we try
+to expand in power series of Lambda okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand in power series of Lambda okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand in power series of Lambda okay
+and now we can write the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can write the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can write the path
+integral as the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as the following
+d x then we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x then we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x then we add
+s0 then i s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 then i s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 then i s
+i and then divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and then divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and then divided by
+DTI is s0 plus i s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTI is s0 plus i s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTI is s0 plus i s
+i and now what we are going to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and now what we are going to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and now what we are going to do is we
+just expand this term in power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expand this term in power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expand this term in power series
+when we expand this in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we expand this in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we expand this in power
+series and then essentially we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then essentially we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then essentially we are
+reducing it to the par of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it to the par of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it to the par of the free
+Theory okay so so essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so so essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so so essentially the
+upstairs and downstairs Can Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and downstairs Can Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and downstairs Can Be
+Imagined as you are doing the free the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagined as you are doing the free the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagined as you are doing the free the
+now this is the free the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum okay we can just view this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay we can just view this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay we can just view this as an
+integrant of exponential i z Okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant of exponential i z Okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant of exponential i z Okay so so
+the upstairs just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs just
+become so this just become the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so this just become the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so this just become the uh uh
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+x exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x exp
+isi now in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isi now in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isi now in the free
+Theory and then downstairs also become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and then downstairs also become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and then downstairs also become
+zero T exponential i s i in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero T exponential i s i in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero T exponential i s i in the free
+the okay and now we can just evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay and now we can just evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay and now we can just evaluate
+the in the free series such kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the free series such kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the free series such kind of
+correlation functions and we exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions and we exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions and we exp
+evaluate them by expanding the uh uh si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them by expanding the uh uh si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them by expanding the uh uh si
+in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in power
+series okay and then and then uh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay and then and then uh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay and then and then uh I just
+so everything become just doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything become just doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything become just doing some
+tailor series expansion in the uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion in the uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion in the uh uh uh
+inside the integral okay and then become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the integral okay and then become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the integral okay and then become
+very simple okay you don't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple okay you don't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple okay you don't need any
+fancy stuff first your Calculus you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff first your Calculus you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff first your Calculus you can
+do okay first year calculus you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay first year calculus you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay first year calculus you can do
+okay so so so when you expanded stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so when you expanded stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so when you expanded stuff
+still you get something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you get something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you get something very
+complicated and then you can use dimatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and then you can use dimatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and then you can use dimatic
+rules to simplify them and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to simplify them and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to simplify them and that's called
+f diagrams and now we can yeah next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f diagrams and now we can yeah next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f diagrams and now we can yeah next time
+we will talk about F diagrams to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about F diagrams to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about F diagrams to to
+simplify such kind of expansion in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify such kind of expansion in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify such kind of expansion in power
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PvuwfciiH2U.txt b/PvuwfciiH2U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3872acd660379f718b509535617033fb4c63b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PvuwfciiH2U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12319 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh let's get into it um last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh let's get into it um last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh let's get into it um last
+lecture of material before the quiz so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of material before the quiz so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of material before the quiz so
+let's make sure we make the most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we make the most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we make the most of it
+today we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're talking about
+recurrences uh recurrence is a fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences uh recurrence is a fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences uh recurrence is a fancy
+word for saying sequence described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for saying sequence described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for saying sequence described by
+induction uh so it's a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction uh so it's a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction uh so it's a sequence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductively and we've seen multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively and we've seen multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively and we've seen multiple
+examples a great example is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples a great example is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples a great example is the
+Fibonacci numbers um are there two B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers um are there two B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers um are there two B's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Fibonacci let's pretend I spelled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci let's pretend I spelled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci let's pretend I spelled that
+right no it's two B's and one n isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no it's two B's and one n isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no it's two B's and one n isn't
+it are there two C's I don't know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are there two C's I don't know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are there two C's I don't know no
+one's no one's helping me um doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's no one's helping me um doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's no one's helping me um doesn't
+matter um defined by F0 is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um defined by F0 is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um defined by F0 is z
+fub1 is 1 and the important part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 is 1 and the important part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 is 1 and the important part is that
+FN is defined as FN minus1 plus FN minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN is defined as FN minus1 plus FN minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN is defined as FN minus1 plus FN minus
+2 when n is at least two and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 when n is at least two and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 when n is at least two and this is the
+part where we're describing the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where we're describing the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where we're describing the sequence
+inductively once you know the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively once you know the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively once you know the first two
+terms the next term is the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the next term is the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the next term is the sum of those
+so F2 is 0 + 1 is 2 F3 is 1 + 2 is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so F2 is 0 + 1 is 2 F3 is 1 + 2 is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so F2 is 0 + 1 is 2 F3 is 1 + 2 is 3
+then 2 + 3 is 5 3 + 5 is 8 then 13 21 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 2 + 3 is 5 3 + 5 is 8 then 13 21 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 2 + 3 is 5 3 + 5 is 8 then 13 21 34
+and so on um it's just a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um it's just a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um it's just a sequence
+defined inductor L that's the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined inductor L that's the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined inductor L that's the idea of a
+recurrence and these show up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and these show up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and these show up all the
+time when analyzing algorithms for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when analyzing algorithms for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when analyzing algorithms for many
+of the same reasons that summations show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same reasons that summations show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same reasons that summations show
+up when analyzing algorithms and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when analyzing algorithms and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when analyzing algorithms and we need
+a lot of the same things out of them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the same things out of them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the same things out of them if
+we end up with a an algorithm whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with a an algorithm whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with a an algorithm whose
+runtime we can describe as the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime we can describe as the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime we can describe as the Fibonacci
+numbers or as a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or as a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or as a similar
+recurrence well that's not as useful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence well that's not as useful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence well that's not as useful as
+it could be um a closed form would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be um a closed form would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be um a closed form would be a
+lot more more helpful right um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more more helpful right um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more more helpful right um if we
+could have it uh if we could find it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it uh if we could find it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it uh if we could find it and
+indeed Fibonacci numbers do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed Fibonacci numbers do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed Fibonacci numbers do have a
+closed form the nth Fibonacci number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form the nth Fibonacci number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form the nth Fibonacci number is
+1/ sarek 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ sarek 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ sarek 5
+Time 1 + < TK 5 / 2 to the N - 1 - < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time 1 + < TK 5 / 2 to the N - 1 - < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time 1 + < TK 5 / 2 to the N - 1 - < TK
+5/ 22 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/ 22 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/ 22 to the
+n and there's a closed form you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and there's a closed form you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and there's a closed form you just
+take two exponentials um subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two exponentials um subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two exponentials um subtract them
+divide by root 5 and you get the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by root 5 and you get the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by root 5 and you get the nth
+Fibonacci number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number
+exactly I think this is a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I think this is a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I think this is a really cool
+formula also non VI how how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula also non VI how how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula also non VI how how do we
+possibly go from this to that um well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly go from this to that um well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly go from this to that um well we
+have some techniques that might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some techniques that might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some techniques that might work
+sometimes and um other times we won't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and um other times we won't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and um other times we won't um
+but certainly once we know this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly once we know this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly once we know this formula
+if if we believe this formula or want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we believe this formula or want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we believe this formula or want to
+check whether it's true now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether it's true now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether it's true now that we know
+the formula we can just try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we can just try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we can just try the
+induction and see if the induction works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and see if the induction works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and see if the induction works
+out um in this case it will work out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um in this case it will work out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um in this case it will work out and
+then you'll not only know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll not only know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll not only know that this is
+the right formula but you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right formula but you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right formula but you'll have a
+proof for it so just like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for it so just like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for it so just like with
+summations if you know a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations if you know a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations if you know a closed
+form um then usually it's easy to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um then usually it's easy to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um then usually it's easy to prove
+it by induction so finding the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by induction so finding the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by induction so finding the closed
+form is the hard part proving it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is the hard part proving it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is the hard part proving it is the
+easy part so this guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy part so this guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy part so this guess and
+check guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check guess and
+check technique that we used for sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check technique that we used for sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check technique that we used for sums
+works just as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just as well for
+recurrences all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences all
+right um now recurrences very often show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now recurrences very often show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now recurrences very often show
+up um especially when analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um especially when analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um especially when analyzing
+recursive algorithms so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithms so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithms so let's talk about
+recursive algorithms uh and show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithms uh and show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithms uh and show some
+examples so let's start with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so let's start with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so let's start with a very
+Classic Fun example called The Towers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hanoi so this this comes with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanoi so this this comes with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanoi so this this comes with its own
+myth um it was described by Edward lucah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth um it was described by Edward lucah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth um it was described by Edward lucah
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1883 he said there was a temple in anoi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1883 he said there was a temple in anoi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1883 he said there was a temple in anoi
+that has three large pillars um I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three large pillars um I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three large pillars um I have I
+have some helpers today acting as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some helpers today acting as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some helpers today acting as my
+pillars we've got Ptown wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillars we've got Ptown wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillars we've got Ptown wire and
+tooro um and on the leftmost pillar are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooro um and on the leftmost pillar are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooro um and on the leftmost pillar are
+64 golden discs stacked on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 golden discs stacked on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 golden discs stacked on top of each
+other getting bigger as you go down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other getting bigger as you go down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other getting bigger as you go down uh
+and the monks there are moving the discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the monks there are moving the discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the monks there are moving the discs
+around one at a time um but according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one at a time um but according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one at a time um but according to
+a couple rules you're only allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple rules you're only allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple rules you're only allowed to
+move one disc at a time from the top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one disc at a time from the top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one disc at a time from the top to
+some other Peg and you're never allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Peg and you're never allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Peg and you're never allowed
+to put a big box on top of a small I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a big box on top of a small I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a big box on top of a small I
+mean big Golden Disc on top of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean big Golden Disc on top of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean big Golden Disc on top of a small
+Golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golden
+Disc um those are the rules one one peg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disc um those are the rules one one peg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disc um those are the rules one one peg
+at a time so I can't pick these both up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so I can't pick these both up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so I can't pick these both up
+and move them elsewhere um and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move them elsewhere um and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move them elsewhere um and always
+small on top of big never the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small on top of big never the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small on top of big never the
+opposite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite the
+goal is if all the discs start over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is if all the discs start over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is if all the discs start over here
+on the left Peg we want to get them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left Peg we want to get them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left Peg we want to get them all
+to a different Peg we want to move them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different Peg we want to move them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different Peg we want to move them
+all to the right Peg um by moving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to the right Peg um by moving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to the right Peg um by moving one
+disc at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc at a
+time so let me write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly so we have let's say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so we have let's say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so we have let's say n
+diss on left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss on left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss on left
+Peg we have two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pegs and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegs and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegs and we're going to
+move one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time um always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keeping uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping uh
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discs on top of bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal all
+discs on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Peg and as the myth goes when the monks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg and as the myth goes when the monks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg and as the myth goes when the monks
+finish when they get all 64 discs over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish when they get all 64 discs over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish when they get all 64 discs over
+to the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the other
+Peg the universe ends I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg the universe ends I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg the universe ends I don't know why
+that's that's just the story maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's just the story maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's just the story maybe
+there's a um a weight sensitive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a um a weight sensitive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a um a weight sensitive um
+detonation switch over there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonation switch over there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonation switch over there and you
+have to get all that weight on there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get all that weight on there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get all that weight on there and
+then then the universe blows up it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the universe blows up it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the universe blows up it's a
+myth you don't need actual answers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth you don't need actual answers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth you don't need actual answers here
+um but that's the game uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's the game uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's the game uh and the
+question is how many moves will it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many moves will it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many moves will it take
+is it even possible how long does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it even possible how long does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it even possible how long does the
+universe have to live do we have a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe have to live do we have a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe have to live do we have a year
+do we have a a century um let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a a century um let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a a century um let's see if
+we can figure it out let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure it out let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure it out let's see if we can
+find an algorithm to get all of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an algorithm to get all of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an algorithm to get all of the the
+discs from one side to the other are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs from one side to the other are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs from one side to the other are we
+clear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on the
+game nice let's start small I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game nice let's start small I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game nice let's start small I always
+recommend starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend starting
+small what happens if we have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small what happens if we have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small what happens if we have just one
+disc and we need to move it from Ptown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc and we need to move it from Ptown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc and we need to move it from Ptown
+to tooro how are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tooro how are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tooro how are we going to do
+that is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that a
+hand so how how do I move a disc from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so how how do I move a disc from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so how how do I move a disc from
+here to here according to the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here according to the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here according to the rules of
+the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game
+yes you just do it yeah we're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you just do it yeah we're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you just do it yeah we're allowed to
+move one disc at a time and there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one disc at a time and there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one disc at a time and there aren't
+any bigger or smaller discs to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bigger or smaller discs to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bigger or smaller discs to get in
+the way so you just do it in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so you just do it in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so you just do it in this case
+um so if we're trying to move um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we're trying to move um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we're trying to move um just
+dis number one from let's say Peg a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis number one from let's say Peg a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis number one from let's say Peg a to
+Peg C we'll call them the pegs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg C we'll call them the pegs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg C we'll call them the pegs
+ABC well you do it just by doing it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC well you do it just by doing it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC well you do it just by doing it you
+move you move a disc uh you move dis one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you move a disc uh you move dis one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you move a disc uh you move dis one
+from a to c great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to c great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to c great okay
+um what if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what if we have two
+discs here we go how am I going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs here we go how am I going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs here we go how am I going to get
+both of these from there to there who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these from there to there who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these from there to there who
+can help me out yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help me out yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help me out yes
+please small one in the middle second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please small one in the middle second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please small one in the middle second
+one goes over here small one on the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes over here small one on the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes over here small one on the big
+one absolutely perfect so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one absolutely perfect so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one absolutely perfect so if we're
+trying to move discs one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move discs one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move discs one and two
+the two smallest discs again from Peg a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two smallest discs again from Peg a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two smallest discs again from Peg a
+to Peg c um as your colleague pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Peg c um as your colleague pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Peg c um as your colleague pointed
+out um let's move first let's move dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um let's move first let's move dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um let's move first let's move dis
+one from A to B then we'll move dis 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from A to B then we'll move dis 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from A to B then we'll move dis 2
+from a to c then we'll move dis one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to c then we'll move dis one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to c then we'll move dis one from
+B to C just as we acted out over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to C just as we acted out over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to C just as we acted out over here
+next case three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next case three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next case three
+boxes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this there we go um this might take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there we go um this might take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there we go um this might take a
+little little bit of planning ahead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little bit of planning ahead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little bit of planning ahead um
+and the thing to remember is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to remember is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to remember is that at
+some point we want to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point we want to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point we want to be able to make
+this move where we take the biggest box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move where we take the biggest box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move where we take the biggest box
+from the left to the right and so to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left to the right and so to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left to the right and so to do
+that we need the other boxes here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need the other boxes here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need the other boxes here in the
+middle so somewhere along the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so somewhere along the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so somewhere along the way we're
+going to need to go from here to here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to go from here to here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to go from here to here of
+course that's not a valid move we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's not a valid move we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's not a valid move we can't
+move two boxes at once who can help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two boxes at once who can help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two boxes at once who can help me
+out how are we going to do this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how are we going to do this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how are we going to do this first
+part of the algorithm please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small box to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle we're trying to move move these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle we're trying to move move these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle we're trying to move move these
+two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the
+middle so here to here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal small box to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal small box to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal small box to the
+right medium box to the middle small box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right medium box to the middle small box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right medium box to the middle small box
+on top of it perfect does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it perfect does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it perfect does that look
+familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to
+anyone that's kind of exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone that's kind of exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone that's kind of exactly what we
+just described for moving boxes One and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described for moving boxes One and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described for moving boxes One and
+Two from one peg to another instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two from one peg to another instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two from one peg to another instead of
+moving from the left Peg to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from the left Peg to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from the left Peg to the right
+Peg we're moving from the left Peg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg we're moving from the left Peg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg we're moving from the left Peg to
+the middle Peg but that's the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Peg but that's the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Peg but that's the only thing
+that's changing we can use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changing we can use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changing we can use the same
+algorithm to move these two boxes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to move these two boxes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to move these two boxes from
+here to here in three moves now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here in three moves now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here in three moves now we can
+do this and now we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and now we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and now we can do the same
+algorithm again to move these two boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm again to move these two boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm again to move these two boxes
+from here to here and if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here and if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here and if we think about
+what that algorithm says it says one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that algorithm says it says one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that algorithm says it says one
+2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3
+let's write that one down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write that one down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write that one down as
+well so if our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if our goal is to
+move the interval 1 through three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the interval 1 through three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the interval 1 through three so
+boxes 1 two and three from Peg a to Peg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes 1 two and three from Peg a to Peg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes 1 two and three from Peg a to Peg
+C well then the first thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well then the first thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C well then the first thing we're going
+to do is move boxes one and two from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is move boxes one and two from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is move boxes one and two from A
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+B then we're going to move box three on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we're going to move box three on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we're going to move box three on
+its own from a to c then boxes one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own from a to c then boxes one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own from a to c then boxes one and
+two from B to C and here when I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from B to C and here when I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from B to C and here when I'm saying
+move two boxes at a time from one peg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two boxes at a time from one peg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two boxes at a time from one peg to
+another I'm really invoking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I'm really invoking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I'm really invoking this
+strategy we already know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we already know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we already know how to do it
+with two boxes so let's use that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two boxes so let's use that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two boxes so let's use that as the
+first part of our algorithm then make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of our algorithm then make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of our algorithm then make
+one move then use that again does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one move then use that again does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one move then use that again does that
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense let's do one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+okay great we have four discs we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great we have four discs we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great we have four discs we need to
+move them from the left to the right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them from the left to the right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them from the left to the right um
+and we're going to follow hey everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to follow hey everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to follow hey everyone
+we're going to follow the same idea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to follow the same idea um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to follow the same idea um
+somewhere along the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way we're going to
+need to get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to this
+position so that we can move the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so that we can move the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so that we can move the bigger
+box over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over
+here and then we're going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we're going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we're going to need to
+again move these three boxes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again move these three boxes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again move these three boxes together
+somehow with some sequence of moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with some sequence of moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with some sequence of moves to
+finish the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the job
+and I claim we have all the tools we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim we have all the tools we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim we have all the tools we
+need to do exactly that so step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do exactly that so step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do exactly that so step
+one in fact let's write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact let's write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact let's write this down
+first if we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if we're trying to
+move the interval from one to four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the interval from one to four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the interval from one to four so
+boxes 1 2 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes 1 2 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes 1 2 3 and
+four from a to c let's follow the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four from a to c let's follow the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four from a to c let's follow the same
+strategy here let's put the the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here let's put the the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here let's put the the top
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boxes let's move those from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes let's move those from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes let's move those from A to B
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+then we'll move box four on its own from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move box four on its own from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move box four on its own from
+a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to
+c then we'll move boxes 1 through three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c then we'll move boxes 1 through three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c then we'll move boxes 1 through three
+from B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to
+C and here where I'm saying move three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and here where I'm saying move three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and here where I'm saying move three
+boxes from one peg to another we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes from one peg to another we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes from one peg to another we have an
+algorithm for that it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for that it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for that it's this
+algorithm yeah so let's let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm yeah so let's let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm yeah so let's let's see what
+this looks like in practice so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like in practice so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like in practice so first
+things first we're trying to move these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first we're trying to move these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first we're trying to move these
+top three boxes from here to here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top three boxes from here to here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top three boxes from here to here um
+well we have a to do that that's 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a to do that that's 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a to do that that's 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 six seven if we follow the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 six seven if we follow the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 six seven if we follow the algorithm
+that's listed there those are the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's listed there those are the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's listed there those are the seven
+moves it says to do and I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it says to do and I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it says to do and I want to point
+out one important thing we put this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one important thing we put this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one important thing we put this one
+over here back when we were just working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here back when we were just working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here back when we were just working
+with three boxes we were assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three boxes we were assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three boxes we were assuming that
+all of the pegs were empty that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the pegs were empty that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the pegs were empty that there
+was nothing else to worry about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nothing else to worry about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nothing else to worry about other
+than those three boxes but now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those three boxes but now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those three boxes but now there's a
+fourth box in in the way so can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth box in in the way so can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth box in in the way so can we
+really run our algorithm for the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really run our algorithm for the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really run our algorithm for the top
+three boxes even when there's a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three boxes even when there's a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three boxes even when there's a fourth
+box and yeah we can thankfully because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and yeah we can thankfully because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and yeah we can thankfully because
+the fourth box will always be underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth box will always be underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth box will always be underneath
+the fourth box doesn't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth box doesn't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth box doesn't affect the
+movement of one through three in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of one through three in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of one through three in fact
+any larger boxes don't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any larger boxes don't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any larger boxes don't affect the
+movement of boxes 1 through three so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of boxes 1 through three so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of boxes 1 through three so we
+can use our algorithm for three boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use our algorithm for three boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use our algorithm for three boxes
+and just temporarily ignore the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just temporarily ignore the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just temporarily ignore the fact
+that there's a fourth box it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fourth box it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fourth box it doesn't
+matter and that's how we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and that's how we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and that's how we were able to
+get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here
+then we're going to do this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to do this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to do this and then
+again we're going to follow our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to follow our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to follow our our
+three box strategy to get these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three box strategy to get these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three box strategy to get these three
+over to here so that looks like one 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here so that looks like one 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here so that looks like one 2 3
+4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5
+6 seven and we've done four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 seven and we've done four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 seven and we've done four
+boxes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great question how are we able to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question how are we able to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question how are we able to claim
+that this sequence of moves especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence of moves especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence of moves especially
+with more and more boxes or discs is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more and more boxes or discs is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more and more boxes or discs is the
+optimal algorithm we've we've started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal algorithm we've we've started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal algorithm we've we've started
+describing an algorithm to do it but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing an algorithm to do it but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing an algorithm to do it but is
+it the best uh that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the best uh that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the best uh that's a great question
+um turns out it is the best um we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out it is the best um we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out it is the best um we're not
+going to prove it right now but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it right now but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it right now but it's not
+much harder than what we've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder than what we've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder than what we've already done
+um the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic idea
+is at some point you have to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at some point you have to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at some point you have to move the
+smallest at the largest box so at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest at the largest box so at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest at the largest box so at some
+point you have to get to either this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have to get to either this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have to get to either this
+position or this position and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or this position and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or this position and that and
+we know how many steps that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how many steps that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how many steps that takes
+assuming we're doing some proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we're doing some proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we're doing some proof by
+induction or something so we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or something so we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or something so we know we
+have to spend some number of steps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend some number of steps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend some number of steps for
+the um for n minus one boxes then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um for n minus one boxes then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um for n minus one boxes then we
+have to make a move and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a move and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a move and then we have to
+put these back on top which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these back on top which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these back on top which again
+takes a land slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with a with an induction very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a with an induction very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a with an induction very similar
+to that you can prove that in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you can prove that in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you can prove that in fact this
+is the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimal
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+um okay but how many moves does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but how many moves does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but how many moves does it take
+let's see if we can figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can figure that
+out um so let's let um T of n be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um so let's let um T of n be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um so let's let um T of n be the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+moves with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Diss and we we want to figure out T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diss and we we want to figure out T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diss and we we want to figure out T of n
+um somehow so here T of one if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow so here T of one if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow so here T of one if we're
+just moving one disc we make one move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving one disc we make one move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving one disc we make one move so
+T of one is one t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of one is one t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of one is one t of
+two well T of two is written here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well T of two is written here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well T of two is written here it's
+one two three moves if we're moving two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three moves if we're moving two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three moves if we're moving two
+discs we go one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs we go one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs we go one two
+three uh three moves how about t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh three moves how about t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh three moves how about t of
+three uh well it says do the two disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh well it says do the two disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh well it says do the two disk
+algorithm so that's T of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so that's T of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so that's T of two
+then do a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a single
+move then do the two disk algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move then do the two disk algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move then do the two disk algorithm
+again so that's plus T of2 again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's plus T of2 again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's plus T of2 again so
+that's 3 + 1 + 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 3 + 1 + 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 3 + 1 + 3 is
+7 likewise T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 likewise T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 likewise T of
+four is well you do the three disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is well you do the three disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is well you do the three disk
+algorithm that's T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's T of
+three we do one move then we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we do one move then we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we do one move then we do the
+three dis algorithm again that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dis algorithm again that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dis algorithm again that's another
+T of three so we're looking at two t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of three so we're looking at two t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of three so we're looking at two t of
+3 + 1 which is 14 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 + 1 which is 14 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 + 1 which is 14 15
+and now we've exactly described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've exactly described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've exactly described the
+number of moves that this algorithm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves that this algorithm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves that this algorithm uh
+takes and just to really be clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes and just to really be clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes and just to really be clear about
+it if we're trying to move diss one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we're trying to move diss one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we're trying to move diss one
+through n so n discs together uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n so n discs together uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n so n discs together uh from
+Peg a to Peg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg a to Peg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peg a to Peg
+C we're going to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move uh the first n minus one discs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh the first n minus one discs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh the first n minus one discs from
+A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to
+B then we're going to move uh disk n on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we're going to move uh disk n on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we're going to move uh disk n on
+its own from a to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own from a to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own from a to c
+then um the remaining n minus one diss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um the remaining n minus one diss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um the remaining n minus one diss
+from B to C exactly the same strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to C exactly the same strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to C exactly the same strategy
+we've just we've just described um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just we've just described um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just we've just described um and
+this is going to be our general strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be our general strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be our general strategy
+to move n diss we do our n minus one dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move n diss we do our n minus one dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move n diss we do our n minus one dis
+algorithm then a move then our n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then a move then our n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then a move then our n minus
+one dis algorithm again so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dis algorithm again so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dis algorithm again so now we've
+described an algorithm by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described an algorithm by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described an algorithm by
+induction and secretly that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and secretly that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and secretly that's all
+recursion is we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion is we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion is we're just
+inducting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting um
+but in general the number of moves we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general the number of moves we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general the number of moves we
+take is well however many moves we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is well however many moves we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is well however many moves we
+needed to take for the N minus one dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to take for the N minus one dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to take for the N minus one dis
+algorithm + one plus TN minus one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm + one plus TN minus one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm + one plus TN minus one again
+so it's 2 T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 2 T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 2 T of n
+minus1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus
+one and this is our sequence this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is our sequence this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is our sequence this is our
+recurrence and we're getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and we're getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and we're getting to the
+place where these are in the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where these are in the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where these are in the way so
+let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move
+those success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we've described our algorithm we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've described our algorithm we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've described our algorithm we've
+described its runtime but like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described its runtime but like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described its runtime but like I said
+earlier closed form would be so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier closed form would be so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier closed form would be so much
+nicer right um I want to know how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer right um I want to know how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer right um I want to know how long
+the universe takes with 64 discs I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe takes with 64 discs I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe takes with 64 discs I don't
+want to have to compute 64 terms of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to compute 64 terms of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to compute 64 terms of my
+sequence so what does this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so what does this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so what does this look like
+well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's
+see um we have our our numbers 1 3 7 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um we have our our numbers 1 3 7 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um we have our our numbers 1 3 7 15
+2 * that + 1 is 31 then 63 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * that + 1 is 31 then 63 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * that + 1 is 31 then 63 then
+127 uh is anyone starting to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh we have a
+guess T of n is 2 to the N minus 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess T of n is 2 to the N minus 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess T of n is 2 to the N minus 1 this
+looks suspiciously like 2 4 8 16 32 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks suspiciously like 2 4 8 16 32 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks suspiciously like 2 4 8 16 32 64
+128 um and especially since we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 um and especially since we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 um and especially since we really
+are doubling every time it seems likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doubling every time it seems likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doubling every time it seems likely
+that it might be related to powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be related to powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be related to powers of
+two somehow well the good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two somehow well the good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two somehow well the good thing about
+having a guess is that we know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a guess is that we know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a guess is that we know what to
+do with it we check it we try to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it we check it we try to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it we check it we try to use it
+to prove this formula by induction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this formula by induction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this formula by induction and
+if it works we have the right formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it works we have the right formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it works we have the right formula
+turns out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works you can prove it with a a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can prove it with a a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can prove it with a a pretty
+straightforward induction um and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward induction um and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward induction um and turns
+out this is indeed the correct formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is indeed the correct formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is indeed the correct formula
+so this is a clear example of uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a clear example of uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a clear example of uh what we
+said about guess and check if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about guess and check if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about guess and check if you can
+guess the formula you check it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the formula you check it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the formula you check it with
+induction but we had to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction but we had to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction but we had to recognize that
+pattern to be able to have something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to be able to have something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to be able to have something to
+check okay but finally we can answer our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay but finally we can answer our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay but finally we can answer our
+question how long does the universe have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how long does the universe have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how long does the universe have
+left um we it's 64 discs so two to T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um we it's 64 discs so two to T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um we it's 64 discs so two to T of
+64 that's 2 the 64 minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 that's 2 the 64 minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 that's 2 the 64 minus one
+steps let's assume these uh these monks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps let's assume these uh these monks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps let's assume these uh these monks
+are really strong and they can move one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really strong and they can move one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really strong and they can move one
+disc per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc per
+second um turns out if I flip to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um turns out if I flip to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um turns out if I flip to the
+correct page in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct page in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct page in my notes
+um that many seconds is about um a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that many seconds is about um a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that many seconds is about um a half
+trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years Universe has got some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Universe has got some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Universe has got some time
+left and I find it surprising that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and I find it surprising that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and I find it surprising that with
+just 64 discs you can get all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 64 discs you can get all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 64 discs you can get all the way up
+into the trillions of years uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the trillions of years uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the trillions of years uh that's
+very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+um all right any questions about towers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right any questions about towers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right any questions about towers
+of Hanoi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome I thought the camera in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome I thought the camera in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome I thought the camera in the back
+was a hand for a second I apologize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hand for a second I apologize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hand for a second I apologize for
+that um let's move on to our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um let's move on to our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um let's move on to our next
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive
+algorithm um I promised last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um I promised last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um I promised last time that
+we would talk about sorting so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would talk about sorting so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would talk about sorting so let's
+let's talk about sorting uh and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about sorting uh and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about sorting uh and before
+we get to merge sort which is um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to merge sort which is um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to merge sort which is um the the
+fast algorithm we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast algorithm we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast algorithm we're going to talk about
+today let's talk about a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today let's talk about a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today let's talk about a simpler
+algorithm called selection sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the problem is you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem is you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem is you have a
+list of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of n
+numbers um and you want to arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um and you want to arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um and you want to arrange
+them in increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order so your list is in whatever order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so your list is in whatever order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so your list is in whatever order
+it it's in and you want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's in and you want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's in and you want to figure out
+the correct increasing order so put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct increasing order so put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct increasing order so put them
+in sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sorted
+order um and the idea for selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um and the idea for selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um and the idea for selection
+sort um is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um is a very simple
+one find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out repeat until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done so let's see this in action and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so let's see this in action and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so let's see this in action and I
+have some helpers today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some helpers today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some helpers today I'm going to
+need a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a few more
+volunteers um thankfully I brought some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice all right so we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice all right so we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice all right so we have a bunch of
+helper friends and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper friends and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper friends and we need
+to somehow put them in sorted order uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow put them in sorted order uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow put them in sorted order uh
+we're going by height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going by height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going by height
+here um and for selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and for selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and for selection
+sort um we said find the smallest well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um we said find the smallest well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um we said find the smallest well
+clearly that's Ptown here um pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's Ptown here um pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's Ptown here um pull them
+out and then repeat okay who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then repeat okay who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then repeat okay who's the
+smallest left well that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest left well that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest left well that's going to be
+wire who's the smallest left um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire who's the smallest left um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire who's the smallest left um well
+it's maybe a little less clear but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe a little less clear but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe a little less clear but let's
+talk more precisely about how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more precisely about how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more precisely about how we're
+going to find the smallest every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the smallest every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the smallest every time
+and we can do this with just a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do this with just a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do this with just a just a
+bunch of comparisons so let's compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of comparisons so let's compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of comparisons so let's compare
+the first two uh between Ralph and wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two uh between Ralph and wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two uh between Ralph and wire
+who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's
+shorter Wire yeah okay so wire is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Wire yeah okay so wire is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Wire yeah okay so wire is the
+smallest one we've seen so far between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one we've seen so far between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one we've seen so far between
+wire and Ptown who's shorter P toown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and Ptown who's shorter P toown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and Ptown who's shorter P toown
+between these two who's shorter still p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two who's shorter still p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two who's shorter still p
+toown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toown
+still P toown still P toown still P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still P toown still P toown still P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still P toown still P toown still P
+toown so we got through the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toown so we got through the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toown so we got through the end of the
+list Ptown is the smallest one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list Ptown is the smallest one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list Ptown is the smallest one we've
+seen so Ptown is our smallest softest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so Ptown is our smallest softest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so Ptown is our smallest softest
+roundest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundest
+boy um and that is how we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy um and that is how we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy um and that is how we are going to
+find the smallest we can do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the smallest we can do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the smallest we can do that with
+just n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparisons we compared the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons we compared the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons we compared the first two
+then whoever won that we compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whoever won that we compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whoever won that we compared to the
+third then compared that to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third then compared that to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third then compared that to the fourth
+then the fifth and so on so n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fifth and so on so n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fifth and so on so n minus one
+comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+and then you pull them out and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pull them out and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pull them out and we're
+going to do it again so now with n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it again so now with n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it again so now with n minus
+two comparisons because we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two comparisons because we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two comparisons because we have one
+fewer animal up front we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer animal up front we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer animal up front we're going to
+find that wire is the smallest then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that wire is the smallest then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that wire is the smallest then
+we're going to find I think it's bubs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find I think it's bubs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find I think it's bubs is
+the smallest um then todoro then Ralph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest um then todoro then Ralph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest um then todoro then Ralph
+then Coupe get out of here um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Coupe get out of here um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Coupe get out of here um then
+butternut and now we have our sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butternut and now we have our sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butternut and now we have our sorted
+list how many comparisons did we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list how many comparisons did we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list how many comparisons did we have to
+do to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to implement
+that well we've already said that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we've already said that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we've already said that we did
+n - one comparisons in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+round and then the second round we had n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and then the second round we had n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and then the second round we had n
+min-2 comparisons the third round n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 comparisons the third round n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 comparisons the third round n
+minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparisons down to the last round where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons down to the last round where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons down to the last round where
+we had just two animals left we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had just two animals left we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had just two animals left we need one
+comparison to figure out who's shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to figure out who's shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to figure out who's shorter
+and then the last one is just the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last one is just the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last one is just the last
+one we don't need more comparisons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we don't need more comparisons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we don't need more comparisons for
+that um and we've seen this sum before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and we've seen this sum before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and we've seen this sum before
+this is n minus1 * n divided by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparisons so this is um n^2 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so this is um n^2 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so this is um n^2 over two
+plus change comparisons for selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus change comparisons for selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus change comparisons for selection
+sort this is not the fast sort that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort this is not the fast sort that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort this is not the fast sort that was
+promised this is still quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised this is still quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised this is still quadratic
+runtime um it is the easiest thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime um it is the easiest thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime um it is the easiest thing like
+when you have a small number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a small number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a small number of things
+in front of you and you just sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you and you just sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you and you just sorry for
+calling you things small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you things small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you things small number of
+animals in front of you uh and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in front of you uh and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in front of you uh and you just
+want to sort them like it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort them like it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort them like it's very easy to
+just scan through find the smallest find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scan through find the smallest find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scan through find the smallest find
+the smallest that's what I do by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest that's what I do by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest that's what I do by hand
+but for big um for big lists for lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for big um for big lists for lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for big um for big lists for lots
+and lots of numbers this is not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of numbers this is not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of numbers this is not the way
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+go but um a much better algorithm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but um a much better algorithm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but um a much better algorithm not
+the only better algorithm but a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only better algorithm but a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only better algorithm but a much
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+algorithm is pretty similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is pretty similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is pretty similar to
+this um and to talk about it first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and to talk about it first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and to talk about it first let's
+talk about the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the idea of a
+merch the idea is we have two sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lists A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists A and
+B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we
+want um to combine them into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um to combine them into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um to combine them into a single
+sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list um as an example um so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um as an example um so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um as an example um so maybe we
+have these and you know that goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these and you know that goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these and you know that goes over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um there toor there we go so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there toor there we go so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there toor there we go so for example
+if we have this sorted list which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have this sorted list which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have this sorted list which is
+already in increasing order and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in increasing order and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in increasing order and this
+separate sorted list that's already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate sorted list that's already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate sorted list that's already in
+increasing order let's try to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order let's try to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing order let's try to combine
+them into a single sorted list and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a single sorted list and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a single sorted list and let's
+just do something like selection sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do something like selection sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do something like selection sort
+let's find the smallest and just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the smallest and just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the smallest and just keep
+finding the smallest until we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the smallest until we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the smallest until we have our
+answer so who's the smallest between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so who's the smallest between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so who's the smallest between
+these two lists where do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look well I I saw I saw this was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well I I saw I saw this was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well I I saw I saw this was that
+was that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indication all right so the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication all right so the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication all right so the beginning of
+here or the beginning of here yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or the beginning of here yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or the beginning of here yeah the
+smallest on the table is either going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest on the table is either going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest on the table is either going to
+be the smallest on this side or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the smallest on this side or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the smallest on this side or the
+smallest on this side and we know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest on this side and we know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest on this side and we know where
+the smallest is because the lists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest is because the lists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest is because the lists are
+sorted the smallest on this side is wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted the smallest on this side is wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted the smallest on this side is wire
+the smallest on this side is Ptown we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest on this side is Ptown we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest on this side is Ptown we
+just have to look at the first from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to look at the first from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to look at the first from each
+of these two sorted lists and with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two sorted lists and with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two sorted lists and with just
+one comparison we know who the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comparison we know who the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comparison we know who the shortest
+is overall still Ptown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overall still Ptown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overall still Ptown
+um and then we can continue um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can continue um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can continue um first
+over here compared to the first over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here compared to the first over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here compared to the first over
+here wire versus bubs I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here wire versus bubs I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here wire versus bubs I think I think
+wire is smaller um now it's bubs versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire is smaller um now it's bubs versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire is smaller um now it's bubs versus
+todoro um and I think bubs is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+todoro um and I think bubs is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+todoro um and I think bubs is smaller
+this time now it's Coupe versus tooro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time now it's Coupe versus tooro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time now it's Coupe versus tooro
+tooro uh Coupe versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooro uh Coupe versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooro uh Coupe versus
+Ralph Ralph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ralph Ralph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ralph Ralph is
+shorter um and now we get to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um and now we get to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um and now we get to an
+interesting point where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point where there is no
+first over here anymore the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over here anymore the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over here anymore the side of the
+table is empty um well that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is empty um well that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is empty um well that just means
+that we're done we know this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're done we know this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're done we know this side is
+already sorted and bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sorted and bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sorted and bigger than
+everything else we've seen so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we've seen so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we've seen so we don't
+have to do any more comparisons we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do any more comparisons we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do any more comparisons we just
+pull them back and we're done so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them back and we're done so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them back and we're done so that's
+the idea of merging two sorted lists the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of merging two sorted lists the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of merging two sorted lists the
+algorithm says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare smallest in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare smallest in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare smallest in each
+list um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um
+pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue until one list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue until one list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue until one list
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+empty and we put the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end right so we got it down to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right so we got it down to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right so we got it down to where
+this list was empty this list had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list was empty this list had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list was empty this list had two
+animals left um and we didn't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals left um and we didn't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals left um and we didn't have to do
+any more work we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more work we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more work we just
+we're just done with those is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just done with those is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just done with those is this
+algorithm clear does it make sense why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm clear does it make sense why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm clear does it make sense why
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+works how many comparisons does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works how many comparisons does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works how many comparisons does it
+take well each round every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well each round every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well each round every time we
+identify um the next smallest animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify um the next smallest animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify um the next smallest animal
+we're doing a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a single
+comparison yeah in the worst case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison yeah in the worst case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison yeah in the worst case we're
+going to have to do that for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do that for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do that for all of the
+first n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first n minus one
+animals um like if it comes down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals um like if it comes down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals um like if it comes down to one
+on the left versus one on the right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left versus one on the right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left versus one on the right then
+everyone needed a comparison we only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone needed a comparison we only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone needed a comparison we only got
+one freebie at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one freebie at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one freebie at the
+end so worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so worst
+case um this takes less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um this takes less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um this takes less than or equal to
+size of a plus size of B minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparisons sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons sound
+good awesome so now that we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good awesome so now that we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good awesome so now that we have this
+merge algorithm let's talk about merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge algorithm let's talk about merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge algorithm let's talk about merge
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with n
+elements uh and we want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh and we want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh and we want to sort
+it um this list doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um this list doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um this list doesn't have any
+promises it it's not like half sorted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises it it's not like half sorted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises it it's not like half sorted or
+anything like that it's just some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that it's just some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that it's just some random
+list of random data we want to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of random data we want to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of random data we want to put it in
+sorted order um and by the way let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order um and by the way let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order um and by the way let's
+assume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that n is a power of two so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that n is a power of two so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that n is a power of two so we can
+just keep cutting in half uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep cutting in half uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep cutting in half uh and
+everything works out nicely we'll remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out nicely we'll remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out nicely we'll remove
+that assumption later but for now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption later but for now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption later but for now we'll
+just solve this for lists whose lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve this for lists whose lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve this for lists whose lengths
+are powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powers of
+two uh so uh the first step we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so uh the first step we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so uh the first step we are going
+to sort the first and oh sorry I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort the first and oh sorry I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort the first and oh sorry I forgot
+an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step if n equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step if n equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step if n equals 1
+done if you're sorting a list with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if you're sorting a list with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if you're sorting a list with just
+a single element there's nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single element there's nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single element there's nothing to do
+your list is already sorted so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list is already sorted so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list is already sorted so we'll
+call it done otherwise we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it done otherwise we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it done otherwise we're going to
+sort the first n/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the first n/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the first n/2
+elements somehow we'll we'll get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements somehow we'll we'll get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements somehow we'll we'll get them
+sorted then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted then we will
+sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the
+last n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last n /2
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+somehow and then you merge them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as long as we're somehow able to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as we're somehow able to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as we're somehow able to sort
+the first half and somehow able to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half and somehow able to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half and somehow able to sort
+the second half the merge step will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half the merge step will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half the merge step will take
+care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the
+rest does this strategy make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest does this strategy make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest does this strategy make
+sense cool and you might ask well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool and you might ask well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool and you might ask well how
+are we going to sort the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to sort the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to sort the first the first
+half and the last half maybe we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the last half maybe we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the last half maybe we'll use
+selection sort turns out if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection sort turns out if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection sort turns out if you do that
+you're still going to get quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to get quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to get quadratic
+runtime that's not not the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime that's not not the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime that's not not the best
+plan um the strategy I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um the strategy I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um the strategy I'm going to
+propose and the way that merge sort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose and the way that merge sort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose and the way that merge sort is
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+we're going to sort the first n/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort the first n/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort the first n/2
+elements using merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort and we're going to sort the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and we're going to sort the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and we're going to sort the last
+two last n/2 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two last n/2 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two last n/2 elements
+using merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort okay I claim I have written an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort okay I claim I have written an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort okay I claim I have written an
+algorithm here though it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm here though it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm here though it might not be
+obvious recursion in general is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious recursion in general is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious recursion in general is one of
+those bogeyman topics it's seen is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bogeyman topics it's seen is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bogeyman topics it's seen is like
+the bane of all computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bane of all computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bane of all computer science
+students um woe unto me the end is nigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um woe unto me the end is nigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um woe unto me the end is nigh
+it's the hardest hardest ever uh topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hardest hardest ever uh topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hardest hardest ever uh topic
+uh and I am here to tell you it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I am here to tell you it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I am here to tell you it's not
+some new complicated scary topic it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new complicated scary topic it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new complicated scary topic it's an
+old scary top no it's an old familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old scary top no it's an old familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old scary top no it's an old familiar
+topic um it's just induction I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um it's just induction I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um it's just induction I claim
+everything we're doing here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we're doing here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we're doing here is just
+going to be induction and let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be induction and let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be induction and let's talk
+about what we mean by that um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we mean by that um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we mean by that um so let's
+run through merge sword and see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through merge sword and see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through merge sword and see what it
+looks like so we have our scrambled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we have our scrambled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we have our scrambled
+list um which is a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um which is a power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um which is a power of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+which is not a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two which is a power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops um all right last helper for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops um all right last helper for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops um all right last helper for the
+day thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day thank you
+Charlie um now let's scramble this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie um now let's scramble this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie um now let's scramble this up
+and see if we can sort them together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can sort them together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can sort them together so
+here's Butternut over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Butternut over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Butternut over here
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so let's run through our algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's run through our algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's run through our algorithm
+and see what it tells us to do so merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it tells us to do so merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it tells us to do so merge
+sort on eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements so we're calling merge sort on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so we're calling merge sort on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so we're calling merge sort on
+eight elements I'm I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight elements I'm I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight elements I'm I'm going to
+abbreviate over here just to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate over here just to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate over here just to keep track
+of where we are um and it says the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we are um and it says the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we are um and it says the first
+thing to do is merge sort the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is merge sort the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is merge sort the first four
+elements then merge sort the last four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge sort the last four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge sort the last four
+elements then merge them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge them together
+so we're going to merge sort 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to merge sort 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to merge sort 1 through
+4 and then we're going to merge sort 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and then we're going to merge sort 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and then we're going to merge sort 5
+through 8 and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+merge right that's what the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge right that's what the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge right that's what the algorithm
+tells us to do so it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us to do so it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us to do so it tells
+us take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us take these
+four I did not do a good job scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I did not do a good job scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I did not do a good job scrambling
+these did I let's let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these did I let's let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these did I let's let's do a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay we'll pretend we did that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we'll pretend we did that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we'll pretend we did that um so
+it tells us to merge sort the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us to merge sort the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us to merge sort the first four
+elements then merge sort the last four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge sort the last four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge sort the last four
+elements then merge them together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge them together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge them together okay
+well here we're merge sorting the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we're merge sorting the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we're merge sorting the first
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+elements what does our algorithm tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements what does our algorithm tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements what does our algorithm tell us
+to do when we're merge sorting four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when we're merge sorting four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when we're merge sorting four
+elements well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements well it
+says merge sort elements one through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says merge sort elements one through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says merge sort elements one through two
+then merge sort elements 3 through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then merge sort elements 3 through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then merge sort elements 3 through four
+then merge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then merge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then merge them
+together yeah I'm just reading the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah I'm just reading the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah I'm just reading the code
+here and that's what it tells me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what it tells me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what it tells me to do
+when I call merge sort on these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I call merge sort on these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I call merge sort on these four
+elements so it tells me to call merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so it tells me to call merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so it tells me to call merge
+sort on these two then call merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on these two then call merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on these two then call merge sort
+on these two then merge these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these two then merge these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these two then merge these together
+into a single list a single sorted list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single list a single sorted list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single list a single sorted list
+of four elements yeah okay well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four elements yeah okay well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four elements yeah okay well what
+does merge sort with two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does merge sort with two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does merge sort with two elements
+mean okay um sort the first one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay um sort the first one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay um sort the first one element
+sort the next one element then merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the next one element then merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the next one element then merge
+merge sort on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort on two
+elements well sorting one and one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements well sorting one and one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements well sorting one and one on
+their own there's nothing to do a sort a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own there's nothing to do a sort a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own there's nothing to do a sort a
+list with one element is already sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with one element is already sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with one element is already sorted
+so all I have to do is the merge merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I have to do is the merge merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I have to do is the merge merge
+this list with that list and who's who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list with that list and who's who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list with that list and who's who's
+shorter Ptown than bubs okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Ptown than bubs okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Ptown than bubs okay now this
+list is sorted merge sort on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is sorted merge sort on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is sorted merge sort on these two
+elements next um here's our you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements next um here's our you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements next um here's our you're kind
+of heavy um this one over here this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heavy um this one over here this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heavy um this one over here this one
+over here we get to do our merge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we get to do our merge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we get to do our merge so
+who's shorter it's Coupe then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's shorter it's Coupe then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's shorter it's Coupe then it's
+Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie
+so where are we again we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we again we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we again we've done this
+and this now we have to merge them I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this now we have to merge them I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this now we have to merge them I'm
+just following what the code says to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following what the code says to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following what the code says to do
+um we have to merge this list with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have to merge this list with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have to merge this list with this
+list okay between these two who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay between these two who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay between these two who's
+shorter Ptown between these two who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Ptown between these two who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Ptown between these two who's
+shorter bubs now one list is empty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter bubs now one list is empty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter bubs now one list is empty so
+the other list just Falls in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other list just Falls in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other list just Falls in place and
+now we have successfully called merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have successfully called merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have successfully called merge
+sort on these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on these four
+elements let's do the same on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements let's do the same on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements let's do the same on the other
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+so split into two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so split into two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so split into two and
+two no better not um split into one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two no better not um split into one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two no better not um split into one and
+one merge them together toor Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one merge them together toor Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one merge them together toor Row
+first split into one and one then merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first split into one and one then merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first split into one and one then merge
+them back together wire then Ralph now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back together wire then Ralph now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back together wire then Ralph now
+we have two versus two that were merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two versus two that were merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two versus two that were merging
+we have wire versus todoro that's wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have wire versus todoro that's wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have wire versus todoro that's wire
+we have todoro versus Ralph that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have todoro versus Ralph that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have todoro versus Ralph that's
+todoro oops there we go then Ralph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+todoro oops there we go then Ralph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+todoro oops there we go then Ralph
+versus Butternut Ralph then butternut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Butternut Ralph then butternut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Butternut Ralph then butternut
+and now we have sorted these next four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have sorted these next four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have sorted these next four
+elements as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and the last thing we're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the last thing we're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the last thing we're supposed
+to do is merge these four with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is merge these four with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is merge these four with those
+four okay we've got these two it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay we've got these two it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay we've got these two it's this
+we've got these two it's this these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these two it's this these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these two it's this these two
+I think it's bubs these two todoro these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's bubs these two todoro these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's bubs these two todoro these
+two what was it again I think it's Ralph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what was it again I think it's Ralph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what was it again I think it's Ralph
+then these two is Coupe then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these two is Coupe then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these two is Coupe then
+Butternut then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butternut then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butternut then
+Charlie and so we just ran through merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and so we just ran through merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and so we just ran through merge
+sort on these eight elements just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on these eight elements just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on these eight elements just by
+following this code and it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this code and it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this code and it kind of
+worked right we we got our answer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked right we we got our answer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked right we we got our answer in the
+end and it worked but how can we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and it worked but how can we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and it worked but how can we be
+confident that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that it's going to
+work more than that how can we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work more than that how can we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work more than that how can we be
+confident that we've even described an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that we've even described an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that we've even described an
+algorithm because like how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because like how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because like how can we
+describe the merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the merge sort
+algorithm using merge sort before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm using merge sort before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm using merge sort before we
+finish describing merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish describing merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish describing merge
+sort how can we know that this recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort how can we know that this recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort how can we know that this recursive
+call to merge sort correctly sorts our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to merge sort correctly sorts our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to merge sort correctly sorts our
+list before we've proven that merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list before we've proven that merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list before we've proven that merge sort
+correctly sorts your lists this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly sorts your lists this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly sorts your lists this this is
+the kind of circular thinking that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of circular thinking that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of circular thinking that makes
+recursion hard to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion hard to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion hard to think
+about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but
+thankfully we don't have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully we don't have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully we don't have to think about
+it in that way we can think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that way we can think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that way we can think about it as
+just induction we're inducting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just induction we're inducting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just induction we're inducting on the
+size of the list that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the list that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the list that we're
+sorting merge sort on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting merge sort on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting merge sort on one
+element we know what it does and We Know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we know what it does and We Know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we know what it does and We Know
+It Works it does nothing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Works it does nothing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It Works it does nothing and it's
+correct if there if we're sorting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if there if we're sorting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if there if we're sorting one
+element we're good we're good merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we're good we're good merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we're good we're good merge sort
+on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two
+elements um says we we're just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um says we we're just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um says we we're just doing
+that one comparison like we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one comparison like we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one comparison like we saw this
+also works merge sort on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works merge sort on four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works merge sort on four
+elements to describe merge sword on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to describe merge sword on four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to describe merge sword on four
+elements we call merge sort with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we call merge sort with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we call merge sort with two
+elements then merge sort with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge sort with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge sort with two
+elements then merge them together but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge them together but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then merge them together but by
+the time we're here we already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we're here we already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we're here we already know what
+it means to merge sort two elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to merge sort two elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to merge sort two elements and
+we know that it does the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it does the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it does the job
+correctly so these recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so these recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so these recursive
+calls don't think of them as calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls don't think of them as calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls don't think of them as calling
+back to merge sort which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to merge sort which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to merge sort which we haven't
+finished describing yet think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished describing yet think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished describing yet think of them as
+calling a previous incarnation of merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a previous incarnation of merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a previous incarnation of merge
+sort we're calling a smaller size which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort we're calling a smaller size which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort we're calling a smaller size which
+we've already constructed because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already constructed because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already constructed because we're
+building them up inductively starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building them up inductively starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building them up inductively starting
+from the smaller sizes and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the smaller sizes and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the smaller sizes and working
+bigger so we know that merge sort 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so we know that merge sort 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so we know that merge sort 2
+exists and is correct and we use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and is correct and we use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and is correct and we use that to
+prove that merge sort 4 exists and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that merge sort 4 exists and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that merge sort 4 exists and is
+correct we use that to prove that merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct we use that to prove that merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct we use that to prove that merge
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+8 which is using merge sort 4 both its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 which is using merge sort 4 both its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 which is using merge sort 4 both its
+description and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and its
+correctness to make sure that merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness to make sure that merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness to make sure that merge sort
+8 works and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 works and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 works and is
+correct once we have once we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct once we have once we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct once we have once we know how to
+merge sort eight elements we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort eight elements we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort eight elements we can use
+that to know how to merge sort 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to know how to merge sort 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to know how to merge sort 16
+elements we can use that to merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we can use that to merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we can use that to merge sort
+32 elements so all this circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 elements so all this circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 elements so all this circular
+reasoning we can break that cycle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning we can break that cycle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning we can break that cycle by
+remembering that the recursive calls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that the recursive calls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that the recursive calls are
+actually your inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your inductive
+hypothesis we're allowed to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we're allowed to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we're allowed to assume that
+that it works for eight elements when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works for eight elements when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works for eight elements when
+we're constructing and proving it for 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing and proving it for 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing and proving it for 16
+elements and so on and so forth does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so on and so forth does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so on and so forth does
+that idea make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+awesome all right um it can be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome all right um it can be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome all right um it can be helpful
+to see it all at once and not with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it all at once and not with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it all at once and not with with
+cute fuzzy helper friends uh so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute fuzzy helper friends uh so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute fuzzy helper friends uh so here's a
+a quick animation that's just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick animation that's just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick animation that's just running
+through the whole algorithm um and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole algorithm um and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole algorithm um and every
+time has an unsorted list it's breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has an unsorted list it's breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has an unsorted list it's breaking
+it into two halves and then by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two halves and then by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two halves and then by the time
+they come back sorted it's doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back sorted it's doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back sorted it's doing the
+merge uh so we're about to merge 5 seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh so we're about to merge 5 seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh so we're about to merge 5 seven
+with one two looks like one is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one two looks like one is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one two looks like one is smaller
+than five then two then five and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five then two then five and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five then two then five and seven
+have no friends so they go back in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no friends so they go back in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no friends so they go back in um
+now we're going to call merge sword on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to call merge sword on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to call merge sword on
+the right half um here we're merging one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half um here we're merging one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half um here we're merging one
+and one to get two um now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one to get two um now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one to get two um now we're
+splitting and now we're merging back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting and now we're merging back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting and now we're merging back uh
+0 and six now let's merge 34 with 06
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and six now let's merge 34 with 06
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and six now let's merge 34 with 06
+looks like 01 then three then four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like 01 then three then four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like 01 then three then four is
+the winner and then six and finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner and then six and finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner and then six and finally we
+merge the two sorted Hales with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the two sorted Hales with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the two sorted Hales with our
+familiar merge algorithm again uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar merge algorithm again uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar merge algorithm again uh next
+three beats five four beats five five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three beats five four beats five five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three beats five four beats five five
+beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats
+six then six then seven uh and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six then six then seven uh and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six then six then seven uh and that is a
+quick view of merge sort with just eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick view of merge sort with just eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick view of merge sort with just eight
+elements are there any questions on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are there any questions on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are there any questions on how
+this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works all right still restricting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right still restricting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right still restricting to
+just powers of two for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just powers of two for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just powers of two for now
+um well how long does it take we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well how long does it take we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well how long does it take we have an
+algorithm I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+runtime uh and just like before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime uh and just like before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime uh and just like before we can
+describe our runtime with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our runtime with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our runtime with a
+recurrence um let's say let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence um let's say let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence um let's say let's call it
+like M of n which is this is the um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like M of n which is this is the um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like M of n which is this is the um an
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparisons when merge sord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and we're trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and we're trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and we're trying to figure out
+M of n for now just when N is a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of n for now just when N is a power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of n for now just when N is a power of
+two um and we have our algorithm it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and we have our algorithm it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and we have our algorithm it's up
+here um the runtime for M of n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um the runtime for M of n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um the runtime for M of n well
+we're calling the algorithm for n /2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling the algorithm for n /2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling the algorithm for n /2 and
+we're calling it twice so 2 * m of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling it twice so 2 * m of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling it twice so 2 * m of N
+/2 and then we're merging n/2 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 and then we're merging n/2 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 and then we're merging n/2 elements
+with n/2 elements and that merge takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n/2 elements and that merge takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n/2 elements and that merge takes
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+most nus one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most nus one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most nus one more
+comparisons and so M which is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and so M which is described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and so M which is described
+by this recurrence is an upper bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this recurrence is an upper bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this recurrence is an upper bound on
+the number of comparisons we'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of comparisons we'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of comparisons we'll need
+does this make sense how we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense how we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense how we were able to
+translate this recursive algorithm into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this recursive algorithm into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this recursive algorithm into
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+recurrence um for a bound on the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence um for a bound on the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence um for a bound on the runtime
+this isn't the exact runtime because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the exact runtime because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the exact runtime because
+like we said um merge sometimes takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we said um merge sometimes takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we said um merge sometimes takes
+fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer
+comparisons um if one of the lists is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons um if one of the lists is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons um if one of the lists is
+entirely smaller than the other lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely smaller than the other lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely smaller than the other lists
+then you only need n over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only need n over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only need n over two
+comparisons and then the other list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and then the other list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and then the other list
+falls into place for free so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into place for free so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into place for free so it's going
+to be somewhere between n/2 comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere between n/2 comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere between n/2 comparisons
+and N minus one comparisons worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N minus one comparisons worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N minus one comparisons worst case
+it's going to be n minus one and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be n minus one and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be n minus one and since
+we're looking for an upper bound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for an upper bound here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for an upper bound here
+we'll call it n minus one okay well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it n minus one okay well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it n minus one okay well we
+have a recurrence um we can compute some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recurrence um we can compute some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recurrence um we can compute some
+terms and aim for a closed form see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and aim for a closed form see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and aim for a closed form see if
+we can get an answer there uh and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get an answer there uh and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get an answer there uh and let me
+write down some terms for us here's n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down some terms for us here's n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down some terms for us here's n uh
+here's selection sort uh and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's selection sort uh and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's selection sort uh and here's
+merge sort just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparison uh n is 1 2 4 8 16 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison uh n is 1 2 4 8 16 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison uh n is 1 2 4 8 16 and
+32 that should be enough to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 that should be enough to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 that should be enough to find a
+pattern right so for selection sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right so for selection sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right so for selection sort that
+was the slow quadratic one um we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the slow quadratic one um we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the slow quadratic one um we had
+zero 1 6 uh 28 120 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 1 6 uh 28 120 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 1 6 uh 28 120 and
+496 and we already know the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+496 and we already know the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+496 and we already know the formula for
+this that's uh n^2 - n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's uh n^2 - n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's uh n^2 - n /
+2 uh for merge sort we get 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh for merge sort we get 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh for merge sort we get 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 49
+129 and we don't know this formula yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 and we don't know this formula yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 and we don't know this formula yet
+gratifying to see that it's smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying to see that it's smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying to see that it's smaller than
+selection sort so this looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection sort so this looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection sort so this looks like an
+improvement on our algorithm uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement on our algorithm uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement on our algorithm uh can
+everyone see or is Charlie in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone see or is Charlie in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone see or is Charlie in the way
+sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this but looking at that I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but looking at that I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but looking at that I I don't
+really see the pattern I can't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the pattern I can't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the pattern I can't think of
+a formula that gets me those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that gets me those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula that gets me those numbers
+just by staring at them which brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by staring at them which brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by staring at them which brings us
+to our other technique for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our other technique for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our other technique for trying to
+find a closed form when we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a closed form when we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a closed form when we don't know
+one yet um just like with sums we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yet um just like with sums we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yet um just like with sums we had
+the perturbation method um when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation method um when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation method um when we were
+trying to figure out a closed form well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out a closed form well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out a closed form well
+here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with
+recurrences uh we have what we call plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences uh we have what we call plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences uh we have what we call plug
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+chug not to be confused with guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug not to be confused with guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug not to be confused with guess and
+check whoever named these I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whoever named these I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whoever named these I don't like
+them the names not the people they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the names not the people they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the names not the people they're
+fine I assume um we have the plug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I assume um we have the plug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I assume um we have the plug and
+chug technique which looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug technique which looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug technique which looks like the
+following so roughly speaking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence into itself so we get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence into itself so we get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence into itself so we get um
+expanded and expanded versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded and expanded versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded and expanded versions of the
+formula and look for a pattern in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and look for a pattern in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and look for a pattern in that
+expansion let's see if we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion let's see if we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion let's see if we can do that
+with merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort so we have M of n we know I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so we have M of n we know I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so we have M of n we know I'm going
+to put the N minus one first this is n-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the N minus one first this is n-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the N minus one first this is n-1
++ 2 * m of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 * m of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 * m of n
+/2 right that's just our our recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 right that's just our our recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 right that's just our our recurrence
+exactly as it was um described before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as it was um described before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as it was um described before
+but this m of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this m of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this m of n
+/2 m still satisfies our recurrence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 m still satisfies our recurrence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 m still satisfies our recurrence so
+let's apply this recurrence to n/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply this recurrence to n/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply this recurrence to n/2 and
+replace this term with the recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this term with the recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this term with the recurrence
+version of that so m / n is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that so m / n is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that so m / n is going to
+equal nus1 + 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal nus1 + 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal nus1 + 2 *
+n / 2 -1 + 2 * m of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / 2 -1 + 2 * m of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / 2 -1 + 2 * m of n
+over4 so I applied our recurrence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 so I applied our recurrence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 so I applied our recurrence to the
+input of n/2 and substituted that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of n/2 and substituted that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of n/2 and substituted that in
+here are we clear on how I got from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are we clear on how I got from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are we clear on how I got from here
+to here this is the key step um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here this is the key step um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here this is the key step um we can
+expand this out a little bit um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out a little bit um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this out a little bit um so this
+is n minus one this is 2 * that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus one this is 2 * that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus one this is 2 * that is going
+to be n minus 2 and then we have a 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n minus 2 and then we have a 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n minus 2 and then we have a 2 and
+a 2 + 4 or M of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 + 4 or M of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 + 4 or M of n /
+4 all right so we expanded it out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 all right so we expanded it out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 all right so we expanded it out one
+step and now we have this recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now we have this recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now we have this recurrence
+which still describes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which still describes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which still describes the same
+sequence um and we can do it again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence um and we can do it again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence um and we can do it again let's
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+again this is n -1 + N - 2 + 4 * all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is n -1 + N - 2 + 4 * all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is n -1 + N - 2 + 4 * all
+right n over 4 -1 + 2 * m of n / 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty sure I did that right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure I did that right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure I did that right we can
+expand that out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that out a little
+bit uh so M of n is still equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh so M of n is still equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh so M of n is still equal to
+nus1 plus nus 2 plus and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus nus 2 plus and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus nus 2 plus and now we have
+four times this which is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times this which is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times this which is going to give
+us n minus 4 plus there's a four and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us n minus 4 plus there's a four and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us n minus 4 plus there's a four and a
+two we have 8 times M of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 all
+right and if we keep doing this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we keep doing this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we keep doing this we can
+we can guess at the pattern we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can guess at the pattern we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can guess at the pattern we're going
+to see when we expand this further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see when we expand this further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see when we expand this further and
+further we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we can
+guess that M of n is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that M of n is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that M of n is going to look like
+nus1 plus nus 2 plus N - 4 + N -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus nus 2 plus N - 4 + N -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus nus 2 plus N - 4 + N -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus N - 2 to the um T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus N - 2 to the um T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus N - 2 to the um T
+-1 + 2 the T * M of n / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 + 2 the T * M of n / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 + 2 the T * M of n / 2
+T if we expand this many times it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if we expand this many times it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if we expand this many times it looks
+like we're going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to end up with
+this this was just me sort of guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was just me sort of guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was just me sort of guessing
+at the formula we're going to get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the formula we're going to get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the formula we're going to get but
+informed guessing by how this keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed guessing by how this keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed guessing by how this keeps
+expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding
+um and remember we're already assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and remember we're already assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and remember we're already assuming
+that N is a power of two we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that N is a power of two we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that N is a power of two we're assuming
+that n is 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is 2 to the
+K so what happens if we choose t =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so what happens if we choose t =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so what happens if we choose t =
+k then M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k then M of
+n would equal n -1 + N -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n would equal n -1 + N -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n would equal n -1 + N -
+2 um plus N -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um plus N -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um plus N -
+4 plus N - 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus N - 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus N - 2 to the
+K-1 plus 2 the k m of n/ 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K-1 plus 2 the k m of n/ 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K-1 plus 2 the k m of n/ 2 the
+K okay but 2 to the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay but 2 to the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay but 2 to the K is
+n and n / 2 to the K is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and n / 2 to the K is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and n / 2 to the K is 1
+so this term here is n * m of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right let me make sure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right let me make sure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right let me make sure I'm
+still matching my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algebra and then from here we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and then from here we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and then from here we have we
+have a sum to deal with um let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sum to deal with um let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sum to deal with um let's take a
+look at all of these n terms how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of these n terms how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of these n terms how many
+are there well it's 2 to the 0 up to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there well it's 2 to the 0 up to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there well it's 2 to the 0 up to 2
+the K minus one so there should be K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K minus one so there should be K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K minus one so there should be K of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes instead of
+what 2 to the K so 2 to the K is n uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 2 to the K so 2 to the K is n uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 2 to the K so 2 to the K is n uh we
+were assuming that N is a power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were assuming that N is a power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were assuming that N is a power of two
+and K is that exponent um so um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K is that exponent um so um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K is that exponent um so um these
+two are the same term good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are the same term good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are the same term good question so
+let's see what we got how many n's did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we got how many n's did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we got how many n's did
+we have we have K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have K of
+them this is K * n now let's deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is K * n now let's deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is K * n now let's deal with
+these parts that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts that are being
+subtracted minus 1 + 2 + 4 + up to 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kus1 and then this term here what was M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 and then this term here what was M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 and then this term here what was M
+of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again yeah I I see someone going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah I I see someone going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah I I see someone going like
+this excellent zero yeah there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excellent zero yeah there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excellent zero yeah there's nothing
+to do when when we have just one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when when we have just one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do when when we have just one element
+M of one is zero so that whole term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of one is zero so that whole term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of one is zero so that whole term in
+fact disappears and we're just left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact disappears and we're just left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact disappears and we're just left with
+this which has knen and a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which has knen and a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which has knen and a geometric
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+and we know formulas for geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know formulas for geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know formulas for geometric
+series I'll spare us the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I'll spare us the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I'll spare us the the
+details uh this is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh this is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh this is going to be equal
+to um KN n minus 2 to the K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um KN n minus 2 to the K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um KN n minus 2 to the K minus
+one and if we remember what K is K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if we remember what K is K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if we remember what K is K is
+log 2 of n this is n * log 2 of n that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log 2 of n this is n * log 2 of n that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log 2 of n this is n * log 2 of n that's
+this term and then this 2 to the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and then this 2 to the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and then this 2 to the K is
+just n so minus n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n so minus n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n so minus n + one
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+formula and we got that not by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we got that not by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we got that not by looking
+at the numbers but by expanding out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the numbers but by expanding out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the numbers but by expanding out the
+recurrence and looking for a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there of course this is still just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of course this is still just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of course this is still just a
+guess we didn't really explain why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we didn't really explain why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we didn't really explain why this
+thing is true we would maybe want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true we would maybe want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true we would maybe want to
+prove that by induction but easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that by induction but easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that by induction but easier
+option once we have our actual guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option once we have our actual guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option once we have our actual guess
+let's just prove this by induction once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just prove this by induction once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just prove this by induction once
+we have our guess we can check it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our guess we can check it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our guess we can check it and
+turns out this is the correct formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is the correct formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is the correct formula
+there's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your
+check questions on that plug-and chug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check questions on that plug-and chug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check questions on that plug-and chug
+method really useful method doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method really useful method doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method really useful method doesn't
+always bear fruit um but often does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bear fruit um but often does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bear fruit um but often does and
+it's a a nice tool to have in your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a nice tool to have in your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a nice tool to have in your back
+pocket one bit of advice when using plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket one bit of advice when using plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket one bit of advice when using plug
+and chug by the way is notice when I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chug by the way is notice when I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chug by the way is notice when I had
+this n minus one and N minus 2 I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n minus one and N minus 2 I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n minus one and N minus 2 I didn't
+combine them I could have written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them I could have written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them I could have written that
+as 2 N minus 3 and then the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 N minus 3 and then the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 N minus 3 and then the next one
+would have been what 3 n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been what 3 n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been what 3 n minus
+7 um but it's maybe the pattern is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 um but it's maybe the pattern is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 um but it's maybe the pattern is less
+clear if we did that I tried to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if we did that I tried to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if we did that I tried to keep
+terms from the different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms from the different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms from the different levels of
+recursion separate from each other so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion separate from each other so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion separate from each other so I
+can keep track of what's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep track of what's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep track of what's coming from
+each stage um so when you're doing plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage um so when you're doing plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage um so when you're doing plug
+and trug try not to simplify everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trug try not to simplify everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trug try not to simplify everything
+at the beginning uh it might help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning uh it might help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning uh it might help you
+see the pattern more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the pattern more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the pattern more
+readily all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right back to merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to merge sort
+finally what if n isn't a power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim the algorithm works pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim the algorithm works pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim the algorithm works pretty much
+as described we don't really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as described we don't really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as described we don't really need to
+change it all that much um at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it all that much um at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it all that much um at least we
+don't have to change the idea just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to change the idea just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to change the idea just the
+measurements uh so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements uh so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements uh so we're going
+to sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort the
+first n /2 floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first n /2 floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first n /2 floor
+elements we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we're going to
+sort the last ceiling of n/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and then merge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then merge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then merge them
+together um excuse me so this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um excuse me so this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um excuse me so this notation
+floor notation this means n/ two rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor notation this means n/ two rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor notation this means n/ two rounded
+down to the nearest integer so if n was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the nearest integer so if n was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the nearest integer so if n was
+11 we would be sorting the first five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 we would be sorting the first five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 we would be sorting the first five
+elements and then sorting the last six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then sorting the last six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then sorting the last six
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+and we again have two sorted lists now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we again have two sorted lists now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we again have two sorted lists now
+with different sizes but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different sizes but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different sizes but that doesn't
+matter merge doesn't care what size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter merge doesn't care what size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter merge doesn't care what size the
+lists are we can merge them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists are we can merge them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists are we can merge them together and
+this is our actual implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our actual implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our actual implementation of
+merge sort no matter what the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort no matter what the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort no matter what the size
+is uh and we can similarly bound its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and we can similarly bound its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and we can similarly bound its
+runtime uh now M of n the run the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime uh now M of n the run the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime uh now M of n the run the number
+of comparisons when merge sorting n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparisons when merge sorting n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparisons when merge sorting n
+elements uh or at least an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh or at least an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh or at least an upper bound
+on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of
+comparisons um well now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons um well now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons um well now we're
+recursively calling floor of n/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively calling floor of n/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively calling floor of n/2 and
+ceiling of N /2 and then still doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of N /2 and then still doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of N /2 and then still doing a
+merge with n total elements um we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge with n total elements um we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge with n total elements um we can be
+conservative and say the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and say the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and say the number of
+comparisons is at most two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the amount of comparisons it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the amount of comparisons it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the amount of comparisons it takes
+to sort the bigger of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort the bigger of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort the bigger of the two
+halves um if the other half is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves um if the other half is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves um if the other half is smaller
+then presumably that's even fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then presumably that's even fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then presumably that's even fewer
+comparisons um so this this recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons um so this this recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons um so this this recurrence
+and then still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then still
+plus n minus1 for the merge at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n minus1 for the merge at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n minus1 for the merge at
+most so this is a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so this is a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so this is a conservative
+measurement of how many comparisons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of how many comparisons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of how many comparisons we
+need in the worst case for n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in the worst case for n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in the worst case for n elements
+are we okay with how we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we okay with how we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we okay with how we got
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+nice and now we could try the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and now we could try the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and now we could try the same thing
+we could try to like plug and chug or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could try to like plug and chug or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could try to like plug and chug or
+something or guess and check and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or guess and check and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or guess and check and see if
+we can get a closed form for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a closed form for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a closed form for this
+recurrence here I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence here I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence here I don't want
+to um especially the the floors and SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um especially the the floors and SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um especially the the floors and SE
+or the ceilings rather uh they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the ceilings rather uh they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the ceilings rather uh they kind of
+get in the way they make it a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the way they make it a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the way they make it a lot harder
+to do something like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like that um
+thankfully we have yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully we have yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully we have yet another
+tool um turns out algorithms like merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um turns out algorithms like merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um turns out algorithms like merge
+sort um more generally what we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um more generally what we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um more generally what we'll call
+divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and
+conquer recurrences uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms there are lots of divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms there are lots of divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms there are lots of divide and
+conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+algorithms um very similar to merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um very similar to merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um very similar to merge
+merge sort that give runtime recurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort that give runtime recurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort that give runtime recurrences
+very similar to merge sort um divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to merge sort um divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to merge sort um divide and
+conquer means that usually whatever set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer means that usually whatever set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer means that usually whatever set
+of data you have you're dividing it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you have you're dividing it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you have you're dividing it into
+smaller groups there might be two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller groups there might be two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller groups there might be two there
+might be multiple um you're recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be multiple um you're recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be multiple um you're recursively
+calling your algorithm on each group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling your algorithm on each group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling your algorithm on each group
+potentially possibly your groups overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially possibly your groups overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially possibly your groups overlap
+so you need more recursive calls um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need more recursive calls um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need more recursive calls um and
+then after you get information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after you get information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after you get information about
+each of your subsets you somehow combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of your subsets you somehow combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of your subsets you somehow combine
+them back together to get your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back together to get your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back together to get your answer
+for the full list so merch sword is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full list so merch sword is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full list so merch sword is a
+good example there um you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example there um you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example there um you'll see some
+others in recitation and problem Set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in recitation and problem Set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in recitation and problem Set uh
+for other divide and conquer algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other divide and conquer algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other divide and conquer algorithms
+we're not so concerned with algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not so concerned with algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not so concerned with algorithm
+design in this class um but tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in this class um but tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in this class um but tools that
+will be used for Designing algorithms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be used for Designing algorithms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be used for Designing algorithms in
+the future uh are very appropriate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future uh are very appropriate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future uh are very appropriate uh
+and I'm I'm singling out divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm singling out divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm singling out divide and
+conquer algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithms
+because we have a really nice tool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a really nice tool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a really nice tool that
+helps us analyze the runtime of divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us analyze the runtime of divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us analyze the runtime of divide
+and conquer algorithms like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer algorithms like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer algorithms like this it's
+called The Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Master
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's called The Master theorem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called The Master theorem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called The Master theorem and it
+looks like that uh it's a lot of text so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that uh it's a lot of text so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that uh it's a lot of text so
+I didn't want to write it by hand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to write it by hand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to write it by hand um
+what the heck is going on here well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is going on here well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is going on here well well
+the point is the following suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is the following suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is the following suppose we
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+recurrence uh so we'll call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence uh so we'll call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence uh so we'll call it a
+divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conquer recurrence is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer recurrence is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer recurrence is going to be one
+that looks like this it's going to be T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this it's going to be T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this it's going to be T
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+n equals some constant a Time T of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals some constant a Time T of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals some constant a Time T of the
+ceiling of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of n /
+B plus some function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus some function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus some function f of
+n where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a is let's see what are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a is let's see what are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a is let's see what are our
+conditions a is at least one and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions a is at least one and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions a is at least one and B
+is uh greater than one strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh greater than one strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh greater than one strictly greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one and F of n is some function merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and F of n is some function merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and F of n is some function merge
+sort certainly fits this a is 2 B is 2 F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort certainly fits this a is 2 B is 2 F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort certainly fits this a is 2 B is 2 F
+of n is n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is n minus
+one and the master theorem says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the master theorem says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the master theorem says if you
+have a divide and conquer recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a divide and conquer recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a divide and conquer recurrence
+that looks like this if you check just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this if you check just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this if you check just a
+a couple quick conditions on how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple quick conditions on how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple quick conditions on how quickly
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+grows I can use that to tell you a Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows I can use that to tell you a Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows I can use that to tell you a Theta
+bound on T it's not giving me an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on T it's not giving me an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on T it's not giving me an exact
+closed form it's giving me an ASM totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form it's giving me an ASM totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form it's giving me an ASM totic
+bound it's going to say that t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n um is in Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um is in Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um is in Theta
+of something there are three cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something there are three cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something there are three cases where
+the master theorem can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master theorem can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master theorem can tell you
+explicitly T of n is Theta of this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly T of n is Theta of this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly T of n is Theta of this nice
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+thing all right so that's the idea let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so that's the idea let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so that's the idea let's
+not prove that right now but let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prove that right now but let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prove that right now but let's talk
+about what the three cases mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the three cases mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the three cases mean and
+where they come from uh and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from uh and get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from uh and get some
+intuition for the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem okay and if we think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay and if we think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay and if we think about a
+divide and conquer algorithm like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm like this
+it says well at the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says well at the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says well at the very top
+up um we have n elements in our list um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um we have n elements in our list um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um we have n elements in our list um
+and we're going to do some work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do some work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do some work with
+recursive calls that's the a * T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls that's the a * T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls that's the a * T of
+thing term but then we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing term but then we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing term but then we're going to do
+some work with these n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work with these n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work with these n elements
+themselves and that's F of n uh so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that's F of n uh so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that's F of n uh so we're
+going to do F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do F of n
+work at this node and all the rest will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at this node and all the rest will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at this node and all the rest will
+be done in sort of the children if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done in sort of the children if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done in sort of the children if we're
+thinking about this as um the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as um the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as um the recursive
+call stack C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack C
+tree um here's where we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um here's where we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um here's where we're dealing with
+t of n here's where we're dealing with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of n here's where we're dealing with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of n here's where we're dealing with t
+of n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n/
+B and there are a different children in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and there are a different children in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and there are a different children in
+merge sort we're splitting into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort we're splitting into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort we're splitting into two
+halves we're making two recursive calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves we're making two recursive calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves we're making two recursive calls
+uh in this example maybe there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this example maybe there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this example maybe there are three
+recursive calls so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls so a is
+three uh and at each of these nodes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh and at each of these nodes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh and at each of these nodes we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+calling F of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling F of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling F of n /
+B right right and each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right right and each of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right right and each of these is
+making some recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some recursive
+calls each of these nodes uh is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls each of these nodes uh is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls each of these nodes uh is doing
+work F of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work F of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work F of n over
+b^2 then again F of n over B Cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 then again F of n over B Cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 then again F of n over B Cubed and
+so on all the way down F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on all the way down F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on all the way down F
+of n over B to the H however however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over B to the H however however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over B to the H however however
+tall this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall this tree
+is um so each of these nodes is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um so each of these nodes is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um so each of these nodes is doing
+this amount of work in itself and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of work in itself and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of work in itself and the
+rest of the work is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the work is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the work is done
+recursively how many nodes do we have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively how many nodes do we have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively how many nodes do we have at
+each level well we have one node here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each level well we have one node here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each level well we have one node here a
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+here A Squared nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here A Squared nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here A Squared nodes
+here a cubed nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um a to the H nodes here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a to the H nodes here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a to the H nodes here at the
+bottom so we're getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so we're getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so we're getting more and more
+sub problems but the sizes of those sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems but the sizes of those sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems but the sizes of those sub
+problems are getting smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are getting smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are getting smaller and
+smaller um to put this in context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller um to put this in context for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller um to put this in context for
+merge sort um at we called merge with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort um at we called merge with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort um at we called merge with n
+elements at the very top we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements at the very top we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements at the very top we had two
+cases where we called merge with n/ two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where we called merge with n/ two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where we called merge with n/ two
+elements four times where we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements four times where we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements four times where we called
+merge with n over four elements eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge with n over four elements eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge with n over four elements eight
+times we called merge with n over eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we called merge with n over eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we called merge with n over eight
+elements and so on and so on does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so on and so on does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and so on and so on does this
+idea make sense this is sort of a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea make sense this is sort of a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea make sense this is sort of a um a
+conceptual view of all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual view of all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual view of all of the different
+recursive calls in our device divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls in our device divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls in our device divide and
+conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+algorithm and this sum here FN * 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and this sum here FN * 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and this sum here FN * 1 plus
+f n / B * a this time a squ this time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n / B * a this time a squ this time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n / B * a this time a squ this time a
+cubed all the way down to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed all the way down to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed all the way down to the bottom
+this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+runtime I'm being sketchy here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime I'm being sketchy here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime I'm being sketchy here I'm not
+dealing with the floors and ceilings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the floors and ceilings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the floors and ceilings
+this is this is just intuition anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is just intuition anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is just intuition anyway um
+so I'm I'm going to be a bit sloppy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm going to be a bit sloppy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm going to be a bit sloppy I
+apologize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize in
+advance um but this is conceptually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance um but this is conceptually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance um but this is conceptually our
+runtime first of all how tall is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime first of all how tall is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime first of all how tall is this
+tree what is this AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we're going down until well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going down until well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going down until well with
+merge sort we're going all the way until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort we're going all the way until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort we're going all the way until
+we get a single element we sort a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a single element we sort a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a single element we sort a single
+element and that's our base case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that's our base case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that's our base case and
+we're certainly not going beyond that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're certainly not going beyond that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're certainly not going beyond that um
+well what does that say here that says n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does that say here that says n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does that say here that says n
+and B to the H are equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B to the H are equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B to the H are equal to each
+other in other words the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree is log B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n all right and now we have the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right and now we have the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right and now we have the sum and
+and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our
+runtime the master theorem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime the master theorem says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime the master theorem says that
+this sum often has three familiar forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum often has three familiar forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum often has three familiar forms
+one of three familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three familiar
+forms um in the first case in case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um in the first case in case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um in the first case in case one
+of the master theorem it says if FN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the master theorem it says if FN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the master theorem it says if FN is
+Big O of this thing ignore what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big O of this thing ignore what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big O of this thing ignore what this
+thing is if FN is Big O if FN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if FN is Big O if FN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if FN is Big O if FN is
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+so if F of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if F of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if F of n is
+small imag imagine in the extreme case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small imag imagine in the extreme case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small imag imagine in the extreme case
+FN is just one there's only a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN is just one there's only a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN is just one there's only a single
+step to do at each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to do at each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to do at each of these
+nodes well then our runtime looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes well then our runtime looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes well then our runtime looks like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+1 plus a + a 2 plus a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus a + a 2 plus a cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus a + a 2 plus a cubed
+cubed plus a to the H if the fs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed plus a to the H if the fs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed plus a to the H if the fs are
+insignificant compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant compared to the
+A's then our sum is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's then our sum is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's then our sum is basically
+this um and this is a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and this is a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and this is a geometric series
+which is basically as big as a to the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically as big as a to the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically as big as a to the H
+itself up to constant factors lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself up to constant factors lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself up to constant factors lower
+order terms we have a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms we have a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms we have a geometric series
+formula for that but basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that but basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that but basically it's
+saying if FN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if FN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if FN is
+small then this last term dominates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then this last term dominates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then this last term dominates the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+sum right we have these two conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum right we have these two conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum right we have these two conflicting
+effects where the fs are getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects where the fs are getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects where the fs are getting smaller
+because the inputs are getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inputs are getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inputs are getting smaller
+but the um the powers of a are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the um the powers of a are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the um the powers of a are getting
+bigger and so case one is describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so case one is describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so case one is describing the
+case where the A's grow faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the A's grow faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the A's grow faster than the
+fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs
+shrink um and it turns out that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink um and it turns out that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink um and it turns out that in that
+case the runtime is basically just a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the runtime is basically just a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the runtime is basically just a to
+the H itself that t to the N is in Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H itself that t to the N is in Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H itself that t to the N is in Theta
+of a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to the
+H which is a to the H is what a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is a to the H is what a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is a to the H is what a to the
+log B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B of
+n which by log rules is the same as n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which by log rules is the same as n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which by log rules is the same as n to
+the log B of A and that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log B of A and that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log B of A and that's exactly the
+result from case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from case
+one if the A's overpower the fs then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the A's overpower the fs then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the A's overpower the fs then
+this last term wins and that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last term wins and that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last term wins and that basically
+gives us our ASM totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us our ASM totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us our ASM totic
+runtime um on the Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Extreme if F grows fast if f is Big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme if F grows fast if f is Big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme if F grows fast if f is Big so
+it grows really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows really
+quickly um then the F terms over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um then the F terms over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um then the F terms over here
+are going to overpower the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to overpower the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to overpower the a
+terms um and we end up getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um and we end up getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um and we end up getting the
+opposite effect where this first term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effect where this first term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effect where this first term is
+the biggest and all the rest don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest and all the rest don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest and all the rest don't
+really contribute much ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really contribute much ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really contribute much ASM
+totically so if if f is Big then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically so if if f is Big then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically so if if f is Big then the
+first term in our sum dominates and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term in our sum dominates and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term in our sum dominates and we
+end up getting T of n um T of n is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting T of n um T of n is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting T of n um T of n is in
+Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of
+F and that is what case three says so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and that is what case three says so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and that is what case three says so if
+F grows really fast then F alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F grows really fast then F alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F grows really fast then F alone is
+where most of the work happens in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the work happens in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the work happens in terms
+of our tree that means that the work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our tree that means that the work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our tree that means that the work we
+had to do in this top node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do in this top node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do in this top node
+FN that's the bulk of it and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN that's the bulk of it and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN that's the bulk of it and everything
+else we did down here is small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we did down here is small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we did down here is small in
+comparison all right now there's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison all right now there's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison all right now there's a case
+three I want to keep that tree so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I want to keep that tree so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I want to keep that tree so let's
+come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over
+here sorry there's a case two the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry there's a case two the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry there's a case two the middle
+case of Master theorem that says what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Master theorem that says what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Master theorem that says what if
+these two effects kind of balance each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two effects kind of balance each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two effects kind of balance each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out um um and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um um and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um um and in this
+case um it's basically asking what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um it's basically asking what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um it's basically asking what if
+all of these terms so FN * 1 FN over B *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these terms so FN * 1 FN over B *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these terms so FN * 1 FN over B *
+a FN / b^ 2 * a^ 2 all of these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a FN / b^ 2 * a^ 2 all of these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a FN / b^ 2 * a^ 2 all of these terms in
+the sum what if they're all basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum what if they're all basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum what if they're all basically
+equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle all terms of the sum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle all terms of the sum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle all terms of the sum are
+basically equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we end up getting that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we end up getting that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we end up getting that the
+sum is well there are H terms here H+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is well there are H terms here H+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is well there are H terms here H+
+one terms and each of the terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one terms and each of the terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one terms and each of the terms is
+basically the same so I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same so I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same so I'm going to take
+this where it's a to the H times Well n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's a to the H times Well n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's a to the H times Well n
+over B to the H is one right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically well H +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically well H +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically well H +
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+times uh what was that last term again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh what was that last term again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh what was that last term again a
+to the H * f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the H * f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the H * f of
+one if all the terms are basically equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if all the terms are basically equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if all the terms are basically equal
+then it's just the number of terms times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just the number of terms times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just the number of terms times
+this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last
+one right um we're doing astics I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right um we're doing astics I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right um we're doing astics I don't
+care about that plus one uh F of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that plus one uh F of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that plus one uh F of one is
+a basic is a constant I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic is a constant I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic is a constant I don't care about
+that uh so this is this ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so this is this ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so this is this ends up being
+basically a to the H * H this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a to the H * H this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a to the H * H this
+is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta
+of and if we remember what H was sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and if we remember what H was sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and if we remember what H was sorry
+if we remember what a to the H was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we remember what a to the H was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we remember what a to the H was
+that's n to the log B of A and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n to the log B of A and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n to the log B of A and if we
+remember what H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what H
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+um times another Factor log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times another Factor log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times another Factor log
+B uh sorry yeah log B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh sorry yeah log B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh sorry yeah log B of
+n so a to the H is this power of n h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so a to the H is this power of n h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so a to the H is this power of n h is
+log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of
+n it's basically saying in case two if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's basically saying in case two if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's basically saying in case two if
+things balance out nicely you just incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things balance out nicely you just incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things balance out nicely you just incur
+an extra factor of log n from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra factor of log n from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra factor of log n from what you
+would otherwise expect from case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and turns out merge sort is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns out merge sort is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns out merge sort is in that
+middle ground it's in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two um because FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um because FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um because FN
+here is n minus one for merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is n minus one for merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is n minus one for merge
+sort uh and it's asking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh and it's asking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh and it's asking is
+this Theta of n to the log base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theta of n to the log base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theta of n to the log base 2 of
+two that's the condition for case 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's the condition for case 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's the condition for case 2 to
+apply according to master theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply according to master theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply according to master theorem and
+yeah n minus one is in Theta of n this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n minus one is in Theta of n this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n minus one is in Theta of n this
+exponent is one so yes so we're in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and this says that Master theorem of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this says that Master theorem of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this says that Master theorem of n
+is Theta of n to that exponent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta of n to that exponent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta of n to that exponent that
+exponent is one times an extra factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is one times an extra factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is one times an extra factor of
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+n so that's how we can use the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's how we can use the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's how we can use the master
+theorem just by pattern matching on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem just by pattern matching on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem just by pattern matching on the
+the shape ape of their recurrence a is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape ape of their recurrence a is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape ape of their recurrence a is 2
+B is 2 FN is n minus one make sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is 2 FN is n minus one make sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is 2 FN is n minus one make sure it
+satisfies the condition for case 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the condition for case 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the condition for case 2 and
+in that case we can conclude uh that MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we can conclude uh that MN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we can conclude uh that MN
+is Theta of n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta of n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta of n log
+n um which is the formula we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um which is the formula we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um which is the formula we found
+earlier um at least when we were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um at least when we were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um at least when we were only
+dealing with powers of two we had n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with powers of two we had n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with powers of two we had n log
+n plus a linear term minus a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus a linear term minus a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus a linear term minus a linear
+term and so this this matches what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and so this this matches what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and so this this matches what we
+had in general it's less informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in general it's less informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in general it's less informative
+it's only a Theta bound not an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a Theta bound not an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a Theta bound not an exact
+formula but it still gives us what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but it still gives us what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but it still gives us what we
+would expect which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect which is
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+um last thing I want to say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last thing I want to say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last thing I want to say about this
+merge sort does have gaps uh sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort does have gaps uh sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort does have gaps uh sorry not
+merge sort Master theorem does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort Master theorem does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort Master theorem does have
+gaps um if you have a divide and congr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps um if you have a divide and congr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps um if you have a divide and congr
+recurrence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence like
+this um you can't always just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you can't always just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you can't always just apply
+Master theorem sometimes um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master theorem sometimes um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master theorem sometimes um you have
+cases that don't fall into any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that don't fall into any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that don't fall into any of the
+three cases of Master theorem case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases of Master theorem case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases of Master theorem case one
+two and three are all false U those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three are all false U those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three are all false U those
+conditions are not valid so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are not valid so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are not valid so you can't
+apply Master theorem at all so Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Master theorem at all so Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Master theorem at all so Master
+theorem is not um snake oil that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is not um snake oil that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is not um snake oil that will
+solve every problem it'll solve many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve every problem it'll solve many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve every problem it'll solve many
+problems and in 006 in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and in 006 in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and in 006 in in
+6121 um you'll be using it quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6121 um you'll be using it quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6121 um you'll be using it quite a bit
+and you'll see how how useful it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see how how useful it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see how how useful it can be
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+practice final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice final
+thought um let's come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um let's come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um let's come back and
+compare some yeah I'll just use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare some yeah I'll just use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare some yeah I'll just use this
+compare some of our um recurrences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare some of our um recurrences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare some of our um recurrences and
+the growth rates that they describe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rates that they describe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rates that they describe so
+we had for example Fibonacci numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for example Fibonacci numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for example Fibonacci numbers uh
+FN is FN minus one plus FN minus 2 uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN is FN minus one plus FN minus 2 uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN is FN minus one plus FN minus 2 uh we
+had towers of Hanoi where hn was 2 h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had towers of Hanoi where hn was 2 h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had towers of Hanoi where hn was 2 h of
+n minus1 + one this was Fibonacci this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus1 + one this was Fibonacci this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus1 + one this was Fibonacci this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+Hanoi we have merged sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanoi we have merged sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanoi we have merged sort
+um merge sort of n which is 2 m of n / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um merge sort of n which is 2 m of n / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um merge sort of n which is 2 m of n / 2
+plus n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and other divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and other divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and other divide and conquer
+recurrences I'll use D for divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences I'll use D for divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences I'll use D for divide and
+conquer this is a * D of n / B plus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer this is a * D of n / B plus F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer this is a * D of n / B plus F of
+N and if we take a look at what formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and if we take a look at what formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and if we take a look at what formulas
+we got for these this Fibonacci this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got for these this Fibonacci this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got for these this Fibonacci this was
+Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of
+um like 1.6 to the N that 1 plusun 5 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like 1.6 to the N that 1 plusun 5 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like 1.6 to the N that 1 plusun 5 all
+divided by two to the N the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two to the N the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two to the N the Fibonacci
+numbers grow exponentially the towers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers grow exponentially the towers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers grow exponentially the towers of
+Hanoi grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanoi grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanoi grow
+exponentially merch sword is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially merch sword is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially merch sword is very small
+n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n um and the the main difference here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and the the main difference here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um and the the main difference here is
+that in each of these recurrences we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in each of these recurrences we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in each of these recurrences we're
+making recursive calls to smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making recursive calls to smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making recursive calls to smaller
+terms but how quickly are those smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but how quickly are those smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but how quickly are those smaller
+terms decreasing in merge sort every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms decreasing in merge sort every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms decreasing in merge sort every
+time we make a recursive call we cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we make a recursive call we cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we make a recursive call we cut the
+size in half we Cut N in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in half we Cut N in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in half we Cut N in
+half so there are only logarithmically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so there are only logarithmically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so there are only logarithmically
+many times that we can cut it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times that we can cut it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times that we can cut it in half
+before we bought them out um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we bought them out um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we bought them out um so that's
+why our our call tree over there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why our our call tree over there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why our our call tree over there was
+only logarithmic height and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only logarithmic height and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only logarithmic height and so the
+runtime ends up being pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime ends up being pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime ends up being pretty small
+because there's not much of a tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not much of a tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not much of a tree to
+deal with by contrast with Hanoi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with by contrast with Hanoi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with by contrast with Hanoi and
+Fibonacci every time we make a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci every time we make a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci every time we make a recursive
+call we're only subtracting one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we're only subtracting one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we're only subtracting one or
+two and so we have to do that linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so we have to do that linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so we have to do that linearly
+many times like n times before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times like n times before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times like n times before we get
+down to the bottom and every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the bottom and every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the bottom and every time we
+make this call the tree is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this call the tree is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this call the tree is getting
+exponentially bigger it's doubling every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially bigger it's doubling every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially bigger it's doubling every
+time we do this basically uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we do this basically uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we do this basically uh and that's
+why in these two cases we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in these two cases we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in these two cases we're seeing
+exponential growth because the the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth because the the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth because the the tree
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+huge so just thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so just thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so just thinking about this
+recursive call tree which terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call tree which terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call tree which terms are
+calling which other terms and how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling which other terms and how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling which other terms and how far
+down does that go and how many nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down does that go and how many nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down does that go and how many nodes are
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+is a great way to get intuition um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great way to get intuition um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great way to get intuition um and a
+rough idea of how quickly these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea of how quickly these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea of how quickly these things
+are growing and a great reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing and a great reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing and a great reason why
+divide and conquer algorithms in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithms in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithms in general
+are often really good because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often really good because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often really good because they
+bottom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom out
+quickly that is everything I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that is everything I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that is everything I wanted to
+say thank you so much um we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thank you so much um we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thank you so much um we'll see you
+in recitation tomorrow and good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation tomorrow and good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation tomorrow and good luck
+studying for your quiz
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QGOIEuZEsn0.txt b/QGOIEuZEsn0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0643399e8940e930a47e81ea89052affae98ae2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QGOIEuZEsn0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7: Lessons from a Real Garage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7: Lessons from a Real Garage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7: Lessons from a Real Garage.
+Everyone loves the Innovation Origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone loves the Innovation Origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone loves the Innovation Origin
+Stories that begin in garages or dorms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stories that begin in garages or dorms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stories that begin in garages or dorms.
+Hullet Packard's garage is so famous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hullet Packard's garage is so famous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hullet Packard's garage is so famous.
+It's an official historical site with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an official historical site with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an official historical site with a
+plaque. So, let me advance that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaque. So, let me advance that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaque. So, let me advance that you do
+not need a garage or garage culture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need a garage or garage culture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need a garage or garage culture.
+You'll see what I mean in a few minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll see what I mean in a few minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll see what I mean in a few minutes.
+Apple 2 has a garage origin story. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple 2 has a garage origin story. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple 2 has a garage origin story. It's
+in the Steve Jobs biopic. In 1976, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Steve Jobs biopic. In 1976, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Steve Jobs biopic. In 1976, the
+story goes, two Steves showed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story goes, two Steves showed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story goes, two Steves showed a
+prototype to investors in a garage. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype to investors in a garage. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype to investors in a garage. They
+had just sold 10 prototype motherboards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just sold 10 prototype motherboards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just sold 10 prototype motherboards
+to a local store and they were ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a local store and they were ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a local store and they were ready to
+make it a business. Some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a business. Some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a business. Some of the
+investors later described the Steves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors later described the Steves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors later described the Steves as
+smelly hippies. And one of the Steves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelly hippies. And one of the Steves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelly hippies. And one of the Steves
+later explained that the garage was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later explained that the garage was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later explained that the garage was just
+where they hung out because they had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they hung out because they had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they hung out because they had no
+money for anything else. They did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for anything else. They did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for anything else. They did the
+work elsewhere. This is such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work elsewhere. This is such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work elsewhere. This is such a great
+origin story for what's become the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin story for what's become the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin story for what's become the most
+valuable company ever that past this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable company ever that past this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable company ever that past this
+point we're ready to believe whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're ready to believe whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're ready to believe whatever.
+Here is when I typically ask my audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is when I typically ask my audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is when I typically ask my audience
+which may at different times include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may at different times include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may at different times include
+investors, corporations or students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors, corporations or students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors, corporations or students to
+guess how much money they would have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how much money they would have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how much money they would have put
+in the project themselves had they been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the project themselves had they been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the project themselves had they been
+able to see the prototype in the garage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see the prototype in the garage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see the prototype in the garage.
+They end up telling me a number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They end up telling me a number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They end up telling me a number between
+a,000 and $100,000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,000 and $100,000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,000 and $100,000.
+I believe most of them respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe most of them respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe most of them respond
+automatically with what they've heard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically with what they've heard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically with what they've heard.
+Angel investors typically invest. When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angel investors typically invest. When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angel investors typically invest. When I
+remind them that the story happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind them that the story happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind them that the story happened in
+1976, they typically drop a zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976, they typically drop a zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976, they typically drop a zero.
+So, let's see what the Steieves got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's see what the Steieves got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's see what the Steieves got in
+1976 and how it compares with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and how it compares with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and how it compares with what we
+think today the company needs to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think today the company needs to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think today the company needs to start
+going. After a few conversations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. After a few conversations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. After a few conversations with
+different people in their network, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people in their network, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people in their network, the
+Steves met Mike Marcula. Marula had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steves met Mike Marcula. Marula had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steves met Mike Marcula. Marula had
+retired from Intel, a multi-millionaire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired from Intel, a multi-millionaire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired from Intel, a multi-millionaire.
+He was an engineer by training and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was an engineer by training and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was an engineer by training and had
+worked as a marketing manager. So he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked as a marketing manager. So he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked as a marketing manager. So he
+understood technology and understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood technology and understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood technology and understood
+business development. So the story goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development. So the story goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development. So the story goes
+like this. In 1976,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. In 1976,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. In 1976,
+Mike Marcula saw the prototype the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike Marcula saw the prototype the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike Marcula saw the prototype the
+Steves had assembled. He then invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steves had assembled. He then invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steves had assembled. He then invested
+$92,000 of his own capital and secured a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$92,000 of his own capital and secured a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$92,000 of his own capital and secured a
+$250,000 credit line for the business.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 credit line for the business.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 credit line for the business.
+Together, the Steves and Marula went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Together, the Steves and Marula went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Together, the Steves and Marula went on
+to raise more money, and they raised an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise more money, and they raised an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise more money, and they raised an
+additional $1 million in the next 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional $1 million in the next 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional $1 million in the next 6
+months. They built a company, chased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months. They built a company, chased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months. They built a company, chased
+after revenue, and Apple computers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after revenue, and Apple computers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after revenue, and Apple computers is
+the result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result.
+You can get a fuller account of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can get a fuller account of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can get a fuller account of this
+story from a variety of sources. What I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story from a variety of sources. What I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story from a variety of sources. What I
+find interesting about it is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find interesting about it is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find interesting about it is that it is
+reproducible. What makes this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible. What makes this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible. What makes this story
+interesting to me isn't that some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me isn't that some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me isn't that some of it
+happened in a garage, but how Marcula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in a garage, but how Marcula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in a garage, but how Marcula
+empowered the Steves and what he ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered the Steves and what he ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered the Steves and what he ended
+up needing as proof before committing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up needing as proof before committing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up needing as proof before committing to
+the project. Let me give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project. Let me give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project. Let me give you a sense of
+perspective. The nearly $1.5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. The nearly $1.5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. The nearly $1.5 million
+that Marula Jobs and Wnik raised in 1976
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Marula Jobs and Wnik raised in 1976
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Marula Jobs and Wnik raised in 1976
+would have paid then for the salaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have paid then for the salaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have paid then for the salaries of
+about 75 engineers. In 2024, it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75 engineers. In 2024, it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75 engineers. In 2024, it would
+take about 20 million to afford that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 20 million to afford that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 20 million to afford that
+many salaries in California. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many salaries in California. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many salaries in California. A
+modern-day Marula would have to seed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern-day Marula would have to seed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern-day Marula would have to seed the
+garage project with about $2 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage project with about $2 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage project with about $2 million
+today to emulate what Mike Marula did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to emulate what Mike Marula did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to emulate what Mike Marula did in
+1976.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976.
+And yet in 2024, the winner of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet in 2024, the winner of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet in 2024, the winner of your
+average monthsl long pitch contest might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average monthsl long pitch contest might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average monthsl long pitch contest might
+get at best $50,000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at best $50,000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at best $50,000.
+That is the gap between how we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the gap between how we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the gap between how we've been
+thinking about innovation lately and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about innovation lately and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about innovation lately and how
+we used to think about innovation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to think about innovation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to think about innovation.
+That is the mindset gap before us. Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the mindset gap before us. Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the mindset gap before us. Every
+time I share this Apple origin story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I share this Apple origin story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I share this Apple origin story
+with people, someone will come and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people, someone will come and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people, someone will come and tell
+me that they don't know how to get $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that they don't know how to get $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that they don't know how to get $2
+million from an investor and they'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million from an investor and they'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million from an investor and they'll ask
+me whether it is realistic to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me whether it is realistic to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me whether it is realistic to expect
+that amount. And my answer to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount. And my answer to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount. And my answer to them and
+to you, if that's your question, is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you, if that's your question, is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you, if that's your question, is the
+same. This happened. Maybe you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. This happened. Maybe you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. This happened. Maybe you should
+actually make it your point not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it your point not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it your point not to
+accept money from anybody that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept money from anybody that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept money from anybody that gives you
+any less because what this story tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any less because what this story tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any less because what this story tells
+you is how much money it takes to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is how much money it takes to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is how much money it takes to build
+truly a company. And maybe you cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly a company. And maybe you cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly a company. And maybe you cannot do
+it with just $50,000 at the time. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with just $50,000 at the time. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with just $50,000 at the time. It
+takes a mindset shift to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a mindset shift to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a mindset shift to realize that
+the investors you want are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors you want are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors you want are the ones that
+are capable of that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of that kind of an
+investment and to be strong enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and to be strong enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and to be strong enough to
+kind of move away from the investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move away from the investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move away from the investments
+that are much smaller that might not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much smaller that might not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much smaller that might not get
+you to actually demonstrate your great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually demonstrate your great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually demonstrate your great
+idea. There's two sides to this story.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. There's two sides to this story.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. There's two sides to this story.
+There's the first part of it in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the first part of it in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the first part of it in which
+the Steves had managed to produce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Steves had managed to produce a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Steves had managed to produce a new
+kind of motherboard that no one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motherboard that no one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motherboard that no one had
+produced before and had managed to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced before and had managed to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced before and had managed to sell
+10 units of it to people in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 units of it to people in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 units of it to people in their
+community. That required no investment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. That required no investment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community. That required no investment.
+It required no business plan. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It required no business plan. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It required no business plan. It
+required no pitch. It required no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required no pitch. It required no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required no pitch. It required no
+entrepreneurial contest. They were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial contest. They were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial contest. They were just
+able to go and do it. Then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go and do it. Then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go and do it. Then there's the
+second part of the story which is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the story which is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the story which is one in
+which they realize they have a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they realize they have a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they realize they have a business
+to build. Not a startup, a business. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build. Not a startup, a business. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build. Not a startup, a business. And
+then they go out for investors. Then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go out for investors. Then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go out for investors. Then the
+question is which kind of investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which kind of investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which kind of investor
+should you choose? Or if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you choose? Or if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you choose? Or if you're an
+investor, what kind of an entrepreneur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor, what kind of an entrepreneur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor, what kind of an entrepreneur
+should you choose? Should you go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you choose? Should you go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you choose? Should you go with
+someone that's ready to start with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that's ready to start with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that's ready to start with just
+50k or should you hope to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k or should you hope to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k or should you hope to find an
+investor that understands that the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor that understands that the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor that understands that the price
+at the end is a company that's self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end is a company that's self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end is a company that's self-
+sustaining.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining.
+In that last case, you want to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that last case, you want to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that last case, you want to go with
+an investor that's capable to put of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor that's capable to put of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor that's capable to put of
+putting enough money from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting enough money from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting enough money from the beginning
+so you can worry about the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can worry about the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can worry about the one thing
+that matters. Build the business. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters. Build the business. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters. Build the business. You
+can get started with what you have, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get started with what you have, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get started with what you have, but
+you cannot demonstrate a multi-million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot demonstrate a multi-million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot demonstrate a multi-million
+dollar business stringing ideas along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar business stringing ideas along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar business stringing ideas along
+pennies at a time, much less build one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies at a time, much less build one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies at a time, much less build one.
+You'll have to get real. And you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll have to get real. And you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll have to get real. And you'll have
+to find people intent on getting real,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find people intent on getting real,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find people intent on getting real,
+too. And that's true whether you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. And that's true whether you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. And that's true whether you are an
+investor or the tinkerer with a garage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor or the tinkerer with a garage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor or the tinkerer with a garage.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QeYUHA0UMVg.txt b/QeYUHA0UMVg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d23929a32e555a3ff94c5f2676fdb2437513be64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QeYUHA0UMVg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to continue our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one m or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which remember from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember from from
+you know the discussion at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the discussion at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the discussion at the end of
+the last lecture is a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture is a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture is a theory
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know area underneath the graph of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know area underneath the graph of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know area underneath the graph of a
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that theory
+the theory is built up as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is built up as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is built up as follows
+given a continuous function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a continuous function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a continuous function f
+so this is just kind of a refresher on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just kind of a refresher on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just kind of a refresher on
+the definitions i introduced last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions i introduced last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions i introduced last time
+a partition is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition is just
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+points between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points between
+just breaking up the interval from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breaking up the interval from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breaking up the interval from a to
+b into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points into little sub intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points into little sub intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points into little sub intervals
+with the norm of this partition being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the norm of this partition being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the norm of this partition being
+kind of the length of the longest sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the length of the longest sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the length of the longest sub
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+xc which we refer to as a tag is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc which we refer to as a tag is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc which we refer to as a tag is just a
+set of points with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points with one
+lying in each of these sub intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying in each of these sub intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying in each of these sub intervals
+so for me let's take them all to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me let's take them all to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me let's take them all to be
+the right endpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals
+and then associated to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then associated to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then associated to a
+tagged partition which is a pair x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged partition which is a pair x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged partition which is a pair x and
+xc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc
+we associated a riemann sum which is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we associated a riemann sum which is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we associated a riemann sum which is f
+evaluated at these points times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at these points times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at these points times the
+length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we draw the graph of a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we draw the graph of a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we draw the graph of a function f
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+say in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+number this riemann sum would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be equal to the area of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three boxes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three boxes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three boxes here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so our theory of riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our theory of riemann integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our theory of riemann integration
+or our theory of the area underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our theory of the area underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our theory of the area underneath the
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+is built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built on
+you know the following goal which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the following goal which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the following goal which is to
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+these partitions get finer and finer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partitions get finer and finer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partitions get finer and finer as
+the norm of these partitions get goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of these partitions get goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of these partitions get goes to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+these riemann sums should converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riemann sums should converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riemann sums should converge to
+some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number
+and that number which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number which we call the
+riemann integral of f we interpret as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral of f we interpret as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral of f we interpret as
+the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area
+underneath the graph of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the graph of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the graph of f
+so the first goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first goal
+the main goal really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main goal really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main goal really
+to start off with is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off with is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off with is to show
+that this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a reasonable
+that this is actually true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these riemann sums do in fact converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riemann sums do in fact converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riemann sums do in fact converge
+to some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some number
+as they become finer and finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they become finer and finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they become finer and finer
+for a given continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is the the main theorem which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the the main theorem which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the the main theorem which i
+think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is
+going to be the main thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the main thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the main thing that we
+proved today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved today
+so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f be
+a continuous function from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function from a
+b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b to r
+which remember this is the notation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember this is the notation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember this is the notation we
+used from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used from last time
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+move my picture over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+number which we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the usual
+symbol integral a b f of x dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the following property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x r
+c r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the norm
+of this of these partitions is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of these partitions is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of these partitions is going to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+as r goes to infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r goes to infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r goes to infinity so
+these partitions are getting finer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partitions are getting finer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partitions are getting finer and
+finer if the norm is going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer if the norm is going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer if the norm is going to zero
+right remember the norm is the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember the norm is the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember the norm is the length of
+the longest sub interval i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest sub interval i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest sub interval i have
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for all sequence of partitions can with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sequence of partitions can with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sequence of partitions can with
+norms converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that the limit
+of the riemann sums exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and equals this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we refer to as the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we refer to as the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we refer to as the riemann
+integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you know there's a lot to unpack here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's a lot to unpack here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's a lot to unpack here
+uh first off you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first off you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first off you know what this
+number the integral from a b to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the integral from a b to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the integral from a b to f of x
+dx this property that it has is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx this property that it has is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx this property that it has is no
+matter what sequence of partitions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what sequence of partitions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what sequence of partitions you
+take as long as they're becoming finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as long as they're becoming finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as long as they're becoming finer
+and finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer
+this limit actually exists and it equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit actually exists and it equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit actually exists and it equals
+the same number it equals this number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number it equals this number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number it equals this number uh
+integral a b f of x dx so i could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b f of x dx so i could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b f of x dx so i could take
+two different sequences of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sequences of partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sequences of partitions
+becoming finer and finer look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming finer and finer look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming finer and finer look at the
+riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+two sequences of riemann sums converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences of riemann sums converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences of riemann sums converge
+and they converge to the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they converge to the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they converge to the same number
+uh which i again which we denote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i again which we denote by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i again which we denote by
+integral a b f of x dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b f of x dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b f of x dx
+right the riemann integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the riemann integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the riemann integral of f
+and so it's this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's this number
+which we interpret as the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we interpret as the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we interpret as the area
+underneath the graph of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the graph of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the graph of f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so our main goal for today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so our main goal for today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so our main goal for today is
+to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this theorem
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um first off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first off uh
+there's uh two parts of the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh two parts of the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh two parts of the statement
+here there exists a unique real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there exists a unique real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there exists a unique real number
+which we denoted by that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we denoted by that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we denoted by that with this
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+um uniqueness is immediate right if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uniqueness is immediate right if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uniqueness is immediate right if i
+have two real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two real numbers
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for all sequence of partitions with norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sequence of partitions with norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sequence of partitions with norm
+going to zero the limit of the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero the limit of the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero the limit of the riemann
+sums equals that limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums equals that limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums equals that limit
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+limits of sequences are unique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of sequences are unique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of sequences are unique and
+therefore those two numbers have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore those two numbers have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore those two numbers have to be
+the same okay so uniqueness is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so uniqueness is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so uniqueness is clear
+it's really the existence part uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the existence part uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the existence part uh that
+we have to prove that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to prove that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to prove that there exists
+a real number so that no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number so that no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number so that no matter what
+uh sequence of partitions we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence of partitions we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence of partitions we take the
+corresponding riemann sums converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding riemann sums converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding riemann sums converges to
+zero as long as they become the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as long as they become the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as long as they become the the
+partitions become finer and finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions become finer and finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions become finer and finer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now for
+um now we're not going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're not going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're not going to prove this
+theorem just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem just yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem just yet
+uh we need some facts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need some facts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need some facts uh
+that will be used in the proof so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be used in the proof so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be used in the proof so we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+put off proving this theorem uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put off proving this theorem uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put off proving this theorem uh for a
+few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+and uh first prove some necessary facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh first prove some necessary facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh first prove some necessary facts
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a useful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric
+or number associated to or function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or number associated to or function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or number associated to or function
+associated to a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to a continuous function
+called the modulus of continuity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the modulus of continuity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the modulus of continuity so
+for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+and ada positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus
+continuity omega f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity omega f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity omega f
+of eta this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eta this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eta this is equal to
+the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+f of x minus f of y an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of y an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of y an absolute value
+such that the absolute value of x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the absolute value of x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the absolute value of x minus
+y is less than or equal to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is less than or equal to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is less than or equal to eight
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this
+modulus of continuity measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity measure it
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+if i take any two points less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any two points less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any two points less than or
+equal to eta and distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to eta and distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to eta and distance
+uh and i look at f of x minus f of y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i look at f of x minus f of y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i look at f of x minus f of y and
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+and take the soup over all that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the soup over all that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the soup over all that that
+gives me um the modulus of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for example
+let's do the simplest example possible f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the simplest example possible f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the simplest example possible f
+of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ax plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+minus f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of y
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times
+x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x minus y is less than or equal to eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y is less than or equal to eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y is less than or equal to eta
+we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of y
+in absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute value
+is less than or equal to well i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to well i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to well i mean
+it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to
+a times x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times x minus y
+is less than or equal to a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a times
+eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+absolute value of a times eta is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times eta is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a times eta is an
+upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+for this set for this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this set for this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this set for this function
+and it's also achieved right if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also achieved right if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also achieved right if i take
+absolute value of x minus y equal to eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus y equal to eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus y equal to eta
+then this will be equality all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be equality all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be equality all right so
+what i'm saying is is that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying is is that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying is is that for this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for f equals ax plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f equals ax plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f equals ax plus b
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+modulus of continuity is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity is equal to a
+absolute value of a times eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now something to note here is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something to note here is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something to note here is that for
+this guy right here as eta goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy right here as eta goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy right here as eta goes to zero
+the modulus of continuity goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity goes to zero
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not special to this function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not special to this function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not special to this function in
+fact is true for all continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is true for all continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is true for all continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is somehow so let me state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow so let me state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow so let me state the
+theorem and then give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and then give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and then give you an
+interpretation of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of it
+so let me call this theorem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're all f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous on the closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous on the closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous on the closed and bounded
+interval in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as eta goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as eta goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as eta goes to zero
+of omega f of eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega f of eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega f of eta
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me make one more comment here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make one more comment here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make one more comment here maybe
+this will also um just to connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will also um just to connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will also um just to connect to
+something we did earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we did earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we did earlier
+right which follows immediately from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which follows immediately from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which follows immediately from the
+definition of this uh guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this uh guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this uh guy
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for all x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore you know you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know you should think
+of if i'm trying to make this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if i'm trying to make this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if i'm trying to make this small
+then the modulus of continuity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the modulus of continuity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the modulus of continuity is
+something that controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that controls
+how close f of x and f of y are together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close f of x and f of y are together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close f of x and f of y are together
+so somehow continuity is controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow continuity is controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow continuity is controlled by
+this function the modulus of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the modulus of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the modulus of continuity
+right so if this goes to zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if this goes to zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if this goes to zero then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i mean if as this goes to zero this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if as this goes to zero this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if as this goes to zero this goes
+to zero then somehow i'm saying um f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then somehow i'm saying um f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then somehow i'm saying um f of
+x and f of y are very close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and f of y are very close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and f of y are very close together
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so again the modulus of continuity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the modulus of continuity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the modulus of continuity is a
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+is a way of measuring continuity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of measuring continuity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of measuring continuity of a
+function okay that's one way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay that's one way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay that's one way to think of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is a limit statement and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a limit statement and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a limit statement and what
+we're going to do is we'll just prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we'll just prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we'll just prove it
+the old-fashioned way let epsilon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned way let epsilon be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned way let epsilon be
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what do we know about functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we know about functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we know about functions which
+are continuous on a closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous on a closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous on a closed and bounded
+interval well they're also uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval well they're also uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval well they're also uniformly
+continuous right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f is continuous on this closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is continuous on this closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is continuous on this closed and
+bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded interval
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+uniformly continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly continuous
+this means that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta 0 positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that um
+for all x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and y
+x and y less than delta zero implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y less than delta zero implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y less than delta zero implies
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+f of x minus f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+you put epsilon over 2. i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put epsilon over 2. i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put epsilon over 2. i'm going to
+give myself a little space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give myself a little space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give myself a little space here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just to recall you know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recall you know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recall you know what we're
+trying to do here in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here in terms of the
+definition of what this means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what this means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what this means we're
+trying to show that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show that for all
+epsilon positive there exists a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon positive there exists a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon positive there exists a delta
+positive such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for all eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all eta
+you know eight is actually a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know eight is actually a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know eight is actually a positive
+number here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies omega f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies omega f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies omega f of
+eta is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta is less than epsilon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+this is what we're trying to prove we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're trying to prove we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're trying to prove we
+know that for a continuous function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for a continuous function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for a continuous function it's
+uniformly continuous and therefore there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly continuous and therefore there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly continuous and therefore there
+exists this delta zero so that when x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists this delta zero so that when x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists this delta zero so that when x
+minus y is less than delta zero f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y is less than delta zero f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y is less than delta zero f of x
+minus f of y is less than epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of y is less than epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of y is less than epsilon over
+two for all x y in the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for all x y in the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for all x y in the interval
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me use
+that so basically i'm going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically i'm going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so basically i'm going to choose
+delta to be this delta zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean the delta i need for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the delta i need for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the delta i need for this
+and now let me show that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose eta is less than delta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose eta is less than delta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose eta is less than delta which
+remember is delta zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is delta zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is delta zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+x minus y is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y is less than
+eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta
+which again is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again is less than
+less than or equal to eta which is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to eta which is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to eta which is less
+than delta zero i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta zero i get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta zero i get that
+f of x minus f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of y
+is less than epsilon over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over 2.
+right that's i mean basically i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's i mean basically i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's i mean basically i just
+rewrote what i had right there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote what i had right there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote what i had right there and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that epsilon over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that epsilon over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that epsilon over 2
+is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+minus f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of y
+x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y
+is less than eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that the supremum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that the supremum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that the supremum of this
+set which is by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is by definition
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm just going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to put
+brackets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets here
+i hope that's clear that i'm referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that's clear that i'm referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that's clear that i'm referring
+to this set here when i put that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this set here when i put that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this set here when i put that here
+that the supremum of this set has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the supremum of this set has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the supremum of this set has to be
+less than or equal to this upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to this upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to this upper bound
+which is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than epsilon
+okay so we've proven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've proven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've proven that
+if eta is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if eta is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if eta is less than delta
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the modulus of continuity of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity of f
+of eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eta
+is less than epsilon and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon and therefore
+this is what we wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one fact that i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one fact that i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one fact that i need
+uh that this modulus of continuity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this modulus of continuity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this modulus of continuity which
+remember is the supremum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is the supremum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is the supremum of the
+difference of f of x and f of y as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of f of x and f of y as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of f of x and f of y as long
+as x and y are bounded by eta that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x and y are bounded by eta that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x and y are bounded by eta that this
+converges to zero as eta converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero as eta converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero as eta converges to
+zero for all continuous functions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all continuous functions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all continuous functions okay
+and this is this is key in in showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is key in in showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is key in in showing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing that
+the riemann integral exists for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral exists for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral exists for
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so theorem two is the following so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem two is the following so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem two is the following so this
+is uh gonna tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh gonna tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh gonna tell us
+kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how
+two riemann sums are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two riemann sums are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two riemann sums are
+comparable if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable if one
+partition is finer than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is finer than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is finer than the other
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two
+tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of a b such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x prime is a subset of x so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime is a subset of x so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime is a subset of x so this means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+x prime so this is a partition a breakup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime so this is a partition a breakup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime so this is a partition a breakup
+of a b that contains all the points of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b that contains all the points of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b that contains all the points of x
+and more okay so it's a finer partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and we refer to x prime as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we refer to x prime as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we refer to x prime as a
+refinement of the partition x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we have two partitions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have two partitions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have two partitions one
+is finer than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finer than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finer than the other
+and a continuous function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a continuous function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a continuous function f
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we can estimate the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate the difference in the
+riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+the modulus of continuity of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity of f
+evaluated at the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the norm of the
+coarser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarser
+partition times the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition times the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition times the length of the
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this says as long as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this says as long as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this says as long as uh
+one way to think about it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it is if
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+partition x is uh very fine and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x is uh very fine and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x is uh very fine and then i
+take a finer partition that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a finer partition that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a finer partition that's not going
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change
+the riemann sum too much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum too much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum too much because
+remember this is converging to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is converging to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is converging to zero as
+the norm of the partition how fine it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the partition how fine it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the partition how fine it is
+or uh or you can think how coarse it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or you can think how coarse it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or you can think how coarse it is
+is going to zero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the idea is very simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea is very simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea is very simple it's
+just gonna take me a little bit just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna take me a little bit just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna take me a little bit just to
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said
+this partition being contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition being contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition being contained in the
+other means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means
+this partition has all the points in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition has all the points in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition has all the points in x
+and then some more so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some more so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some more so we're going to
+break it we're going to break these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it we're going to break these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it we're going to break these
+partitions up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions up into
+uh or at least this one up to up into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or at least this one up to up into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or at least this one up to up into uh
+parts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's points in x and then plus the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's points in x and then plus the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's points in x and then plus the extra
+one so for k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me draw a picture first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw a picture first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw a picture first and then
+i'll define the concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll define the concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll define the concepts that
+i have so here we have the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have so here we have the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have so here we have the partition
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+above i'm going to write now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above i'm going to write now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above i'm going to write now
+uh i used to write xc but i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i used to write xc but i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i used to write xc but i'm going to
+write the partition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the partition points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the partition points
+corresponding to x prime so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to x prime so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to x prime so this should
+be x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be x prime
+sub l for some l because remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l for some l because remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l for some l because remember this
+one's comb can turn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's comb can turn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's comb can turn uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is com
+this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is
+contained in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this partition point will be x prime sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition point will be x prime sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition point will be x prime sub
+l for some l and then i'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l for some l and then i'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l for some l and then i'll have some
+other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on until i reach the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on until i reach the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on until i reach the last
+partition point from x prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition point from x prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition point from x prime which is
+contained in this sub interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this sub interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this sub interval
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+from the partition x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the partition x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the partition x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+with a k upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a k upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a k upper
+so this is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not so
+this is equal to the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the partition
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+so k minus 1 equals x prime l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k minus 1 equals x prime l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k minus 1 equals x prime l
+l plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus 1
+up until i get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until i get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until i get to
+some partition point x sub m which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partition point x sub m which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partition point x sub m which
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+okay so this is just the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just the part of the
+partition x prime contained in this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x prime contained in this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x prime contained in this sub
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+where these are partition points in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are partition points in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are partition points in x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then i'm going to write eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to write eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to write eta
+k this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k this will be
+the tags that come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tags that come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tags that come with
+these points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to
+draw attention to is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tag partition x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag partition x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag partition x prime
+c prime this is equal to let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c prime this is equal to let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c prime this is equal to let me write it
+this way since these are sets what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way since these are sets what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way since these are sets what i
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+um let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the union of the tagged partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also this ada has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this ada has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this ada has nothing to do with
+the ada from before all right i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ada from before all right i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ada from before all right i'm just
+using this as notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as notation
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the full partition of x prime and xc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full partition of x prime and xc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full partition of x prime and xc
+prime tag partition is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime tag partition is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime tag partition is equal to the
+union of these smaller partitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these smaller partitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these smaller partitions of
+xk minus 1 and xk as k runs from 1 to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk minus 1 and xk as k runs from 1 to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk minus 1 and xk as k runs from 1 to to
+k okay i hope that's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay i hope that's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay i hope that's clear
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now let's compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now let's compare
+the part of the riemann sum for x exe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the riemann sum for x exe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the riemann sum for x exe on
+this interval so remember somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval so remember somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval so remember somewhere
+sitting in here is the tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in here is the tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in here is the tag
+corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the
+uh the k tag for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the k tag for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the k tag for this guy
+uh let's compare it to the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's compare it to the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's compare it to the part of the
+riemann sum for the x prime of c prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sum for the x prime of c prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sum for the x prime of c prime
+also coming from this interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make one more uh remark that since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one more uh remark that since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one more uh remark that since this
+tag partition is equal to the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag partition is equal to the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag partition is equal to the union of
+these tagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tagged
+partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann sum corresponding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum corresponding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum corresponding to this
+tag partition is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag partition is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag partition is equal to
+the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of
+the riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corresponding to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+partitions of these intervals x k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of these intervals x k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of these intervals x k minus
+1 and x k all right so these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and x k all right so these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and x k all right so these are not
+partitions of a b but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of a b but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of a b but they are
+partitions of x k minus 1 and x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of x k minus 1 and x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of x k minus 1 and x k
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so i hope all this is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope all this is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope all this is clear
+again i'm just breaking this uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm just breaking this uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm just breaking this uh these
+two riemann this riemann sum up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two riemann this riemann sum up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two riemann this riemann sum up into
+parts where now i'm looking at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts where now i'm looking at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts where now i'm looking at what's
+happening between each of the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening between each of the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening between each of the partition
+points x sub k minus 1 and x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points x sub k minus 1 and x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points x sub k minus 1 and x sub k
+coming from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the original
+coarser partition x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarser partition x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarser partition x
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we compute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we compute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we compute so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a part of
+the riemann sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum
+of x c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x c
+from this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this interval
+minus the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the part of
+the riemann sum for x prime x c prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming from this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is equal to
+f of xck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of xck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of xck
+and so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just
+rewrite this sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x sub k minus x sub k minus 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k minus x sub k minus 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k minus x sub k minus 1 this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals
+let's say j equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+x prime sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime sub
+j minus x subtract minus one so of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j minus x subtract minus one so of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j minus x subtract minus one so of the
+smaller ones that are in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones that are in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones that are in there
+this is just a telescoping sum so all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a telescoping sum so all i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a telescoping sum so all i
+pick up is x sub j prime sub m which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up is x sub j prime sub m which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up is x sub j prime sub m which is
+x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+minus the first one which is x sub x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the first one which is x sub x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the first one which is x sub x
+prime sub l which is x of k minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime sub l which is x of k minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime sub l which is x of k minus one
+minus and then this is by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then this is by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then this is by definition
+equal to j equals l plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to j equals l plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to j equals l plus one
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+f of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of uh
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+x uh prime j minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh prime j minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh prime j minus x
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now i combine and then absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i combine and then absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i combine and then absolute value
+sign on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign on the outside
+and then i combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i combine these two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is less this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less this is equal to
+sum from j equals l plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals l plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals l plus 1
+to k of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x
+prime j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime j
+minus x prime j minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x prime j minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x prime j minus one
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now by the triangle inequality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the triangle inequality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the triangle inequality the
+absolute value of the sum is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the sum is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the sum is less than
+or equal to the sum of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the sum of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the sum of the absolute
+values so to save myself writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so to save myself writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so to save myself writing
+i'm going to bring the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to bring the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to bring the absolute values
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now x now x c sub k and x c sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now x now x c sub k and x c sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now x now x c sub k and x c sub j
+they're both in the interval x sub k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in the interval x sub k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in the interval x sub k x
+of k minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k minus one so
+and by what i wrote up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by what i wrote up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by what i wrote up there
+you know another way of uh or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another way of uh or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another way of uh or what
+follows simply from the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows simply from the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows simply from the definition of
+the modulus of continuity this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity this is less
+than or equal to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+sub k minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k minus 1.
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+x times j minus x prime j minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this this doesn't depend on j so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this doesn't depend on j so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this doesn't depend on j so
+this is again just a telescoping sum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again just a telescoping sum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again just a telescoping sum so
+i just pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's for one piece and now i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for one piece and now i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for one piece and now i just
+add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so like i said this is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i said this is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i said this is equal to the sum
+of these terms that look like this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these terms that look like this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these terms that look like this from
+k equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1
+to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+this is equal to the sum of terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the sum of terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the sum of terms like
+this from k equals 1 to n that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from k equals 1 to n that's what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from k equals 1 to n that's what i
+wrote up there and so if i apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote up there and so if i apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote up there and so if i apply the
+triangle inequality this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality this is less than or
+equal to sum from k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum from k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum from k equals 1 to n
+of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of
+x c k times x k minus x k minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x c k times x k minus x k minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x c k times x k minus x k minus 1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+s of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+eta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+you know i have this estimate right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have this estimate right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have this estimate right here
+i've already estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already estimated
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+i started off with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i started off with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i started off with this
+and i showed it was less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i showed it was less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i showed it was less than or equal
+to this so now let me stick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so now let me stick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so now let me stick that
+estimate into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate into here
+less than or equal to sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to sum from
+k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals
+1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n
+omega f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+k minus x k minus 1 times x k minus x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus x k minus 1 times x k minus x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus x k minus 1 times x k minus x k
+minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1.
+now the x k's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing which you should notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which you should notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which you should notice
+about the modulus of continuity is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the modulus of continuity is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the modulus of continuity is if
+i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+here and then something bigger this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then something bigger this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then something bigger this set
+gets bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger
+and therefore this suit gets bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another property of the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property of the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property of the modulus of
+continuity is that it's increasing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is that it's increasing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is that it's increasing right
+this just follows from you know looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just follows from you know looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just follows from you know looking
+at the definition there there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the definition there there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the definition there there's more
+points to take a soup over if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to take a soup over if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to take a soup over if this thing
+gets bigger so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all of these lengths of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these lengths of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these lengths of these sub
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+the distance between partition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between partition points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between partition points
+those are all bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all bounded by
+the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of
+the partition the biggest one so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition the biggest one so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition the biggest one so this is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+sum from k equals 1 to n omega f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n omega f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n omega f of
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x times
+xk minus xk minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk minus xk minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk minus xk minus 1.
+and now this doesn't depend on k so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this doesn't depend on k so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this doesn't depend on k so i
+just pick up the sum from k equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick up the sum from k equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick up the sum from k equals 1 to
+n of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of this
+which is a telescoping sum all i pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a telescoping sum all i pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a telescoping sum all i pick up
+is x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x sub n
+minus x sub 0 which is just b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the estimate we wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i'm going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm going to do something
+that's sacrilegious as far as board work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sacrilegious as far as board work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sacrilegious as far as board work
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to erase this board and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to erase this board and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to erase this board and prove
+the next theorem on it because i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next theorem on it because i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next theorem on it because i want to
+keep what i prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep what i prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep what i prove
+or at least a statement of what i prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least a statement of what i prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least a statement of what i prove
+around for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for um
+when we finally tackle the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we finally tackle the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we finally tackle the proof of the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+existence of the riemann integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the riemann integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the riemann integral so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+in permanent form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in permanent form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in permanent form
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+in digital form and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital form and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital form and also
+in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also i should mention we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i should mention we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i should mention we're not
+following the textbook now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+read the lecture notes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the lecture notes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the lecture notes or
+watch the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this theorem here theorem two allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here theorem two allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here theorem two allowed us
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+compare two riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare two riemann sums
+as long as one partition is finer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as one partition is finer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as one partition is finer than
+the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there's a simple trick which we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple trick which we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple trick which we can now
+use to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to prove uh
+how to compare any two riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compare any two riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compare any two riemann sums
+for any two partitions so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two partitions so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two partitions so we have the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if xc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are any tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+f is a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a continuous function
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at the riemann sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the riemann sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the riemann sum of
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to
+the riemann sum of the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum of the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum of the other guy
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+modulus of continuity evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first partition plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first partition plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first partition plus
+modulus of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity
+applied to the second partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the second partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the second partition
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval
+okay so still it's what does this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so still it's what does this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so still it's what does this say
+this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that
+if i take two very fine partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take two very fine partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take two very fine partitions
+okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+the norms are very small and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norms are very small and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norms are very small and therefore
+the modulus of continuity evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of continuity evaluated at
+these norms are small remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these norms are small remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these norms are small remember the
+modulus of continuity converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity converges to zero
+as the argument goes to zero so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the argument goes to zero so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the argument goes to zero so if i
+take two very fine partitions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two very fine partitions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two very fine partitions then
+the riemann sums are very close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums are very close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums are very close together
+the riemann sums barely change and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums barely change and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums barely change and so
+now we have some hope to see that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have some hope to see that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have some hope to see that um
+you know sequences of riemann sums do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sequences of riemann sums do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sequences of riemann sums do in
+fact converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we prove this it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we prove this it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we prove this it's a
+simple trick using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple trick using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple trick using
+the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+a third partition to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third partition to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third partition to be
+the common refinement of these two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common refinement of these two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common refinement of these two so
+take this partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this partition
+and union it with the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a new set of tags to be the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the two tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two tags
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all the partition points of x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the partition points of x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the partition points of x and x
+prime i throw them together to get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime i throw them together to get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime i throw them together to get a new
+partition x double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x double prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then the tags uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+this new partition is finer than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new partition is finer than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new partition is finer than x
+it's finer than x prime and therefore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finer than x prime and therefore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finer than x prime and therefore by
+theorem two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have this estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we can use so if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the difference of the riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of the riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of the riemann sums
+and i add and subtract uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann sum corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum corresponding to
+uh x double prime and xc double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x double prime and xc double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x double prime and xc double prime
+and then i use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i use the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i use the triangle inequality
+so i'm doing two steps here i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm doing two steps here i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm doing two steps here i don't want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+add and subtract the riemann sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract the riemann sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract the riemann sum
+corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then apply the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for this one for both of these i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this one for both of these i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this one for both of these i can
+now insert this estimate here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now insert this estimate here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now insert this estimate here from
+theorem two where what's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two where what's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two where what's uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+modulus of continuity being evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity being evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity being evaluated at
+it's being evaluated at the coarser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partition so this one is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so this one is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so this one is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+so x double prime is contained in x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x double prime is contained in x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x double prime is contained in x so
+this is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the
+modulus of continuity evaluated at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity evaluated at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity evaluated at x
+prime times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime times b minus a
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one
+x prime is coarser than x double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime is coarser than x double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x prime is coarser than x double prime
+this this one is contained in x prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one is contained in x prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one is contained in x prime so
+plus the modulus of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the modulus of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the modulus of continuity
+evaluated at x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at x prime
+times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+and that's what we wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so now we're in a position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're in a position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're in a position to
+prove um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove um
+this theorem of the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to do is we're
+first going to come up with a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to come up with a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to come up with a candidate
+for what the integral could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the integral could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the integral could be
+and then we're gonna show that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna show that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna show that's the
+actual that that candidate satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual that that candidate satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual that that candidate satisfies
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the conclusion uh or this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion uh or this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion uh or this property that
+no matter what partition i take with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what partition i take with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what partition i take with
+norms converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms converging to zero
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+riemann sums converge to this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums converge to this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums converge to this number
+okay so first we have to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first we have to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first we have to come up with a
+candidate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate number
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+first take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first take any
+so let's fix some partition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the greek letter aficionados out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the greek letter aficionados out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the greek letter aficionados out
+there this is zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would this be a partition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+converting to zero as r goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you can always come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can always come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can always come up with some
+partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+should say be a tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can always come up with one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always come up with one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always come up with one you know
+at least one uh partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one uh partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one uh partition
+or sequence of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sequence of partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sequence of partitions
+so this is uh be a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tag partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tag partitions
+okay now this is finally right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is finally right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is finally right so you
+can always come up with a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always come up with a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always come up with a sequence of
+tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag partitions
+of a b with the norms converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b with the norms converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a b with the norms converging to zero
+you know take the first one to b just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take the first one to b just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take the first one to b just
+the whole interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole interval
+so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a
+left endpoint right endpoint next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left endpoint right endpoint next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left endpoint right endpoint next one
+add the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the midpoint
+that's now three partition points now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now three partition points now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now three partition points now
+add the midpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the midpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the midpoints
+of the previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous uh
+two intervals you had now add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two intervals you had now add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two intervals you had now add the
+midpoints of the intervals you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoints of the intervals you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoints of the intervals you had
+before and so on and that will build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so on and that will build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so on and that will build up
+a sequence of partitions with norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of partitions with norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of partitions with norm
+converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have this uh
+fixed sequence of tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed sequence of tag partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed sequence of tag partitions
+and i claim that the riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i claim that the riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i claim that the riemann sums
+converge for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge for this guy
+all right so claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so claim
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of riemann sums these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of riemann sums these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of riemann sums these are
+this is a sequence of of numbers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it converges to some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it converges to some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it converges to some number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're going to prove this by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove this by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove this by showing
+it's cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember cautious sequences of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember cautious sequences of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember cautious sequences of real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+always converge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always converge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always converge that's
+this completeness property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this completeness property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this completeness property of
+the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there's no other way to do this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no other way to do this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no other way to do this then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+using the definition the epsilon m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition the epsilon m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition the epsilon m
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+so let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there exists
+a delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+eta is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should say so we know that the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say so we know that the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say so we know that the modulus
+of continuity for f converges to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuity for f converges to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuity for f converges to zero as
+eta goes to zero so for all eta less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta goes to zero so for all eta less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eta goes to zero so for all eta less
+than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+omega f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f
+of eta is less than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eta is less than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eta is less than um
+epsilon over 2 times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 times b minus a
+okay let me put a star by this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+the norms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norms of these
+partitions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions is
+are converging to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converging to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are converging to 0
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+natural number m0 such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m0 such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m0 such that
+for all r bigger than or equal to m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all r bigger than or equal to m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all r bigger than or equal to m0
+the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all r bigger than or equal to m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all r bigger than or equal to m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all r bigger than or equal to m0
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+the modulus of continuity evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh norm
+of this partition so the norm of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this partition so the norm of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this partition so the norm of this
+partition is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is less than delta
+and if i stick that into the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i stick that into the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i stick that into the modulus of
+continuity anything i stick into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity anything i stick into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity anything i stick into the
+modulus of continuity which is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity which is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity which is less than
+delta which this is i should be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta which this is i should be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta which this is i should be less
+than epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+so really this is the the one i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really this is the the one i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really this is the the one i want to
+star maybe not this one i mean i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star maybe not this one i mean i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star maybe not this one i mean i am
+using this one to get it but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this one to get it but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this one to get it but this is the
+the key point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we're just using the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're just using the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're just using the fact that
+modulus of continuity converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of continuity converges to zero
+as the argument converges to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the argument converges to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the argument converges to zero and
+that the norms are converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norms are converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norms are converging to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+show sums koshi we have to now choose m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show sums koshi we have to now choose m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show sums koshi we have to now choose m
+i'm going to choose m to be this m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+roll r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll r
+r prime bigger than or equal to m which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r prime bigger than or equal to m which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r prime bigger than or equal to m which
+remember we've chosen to be m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've chosen to be m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've chosen to be m0
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the absolute value of s of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of s of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of s of f
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+the riemann sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum
+now with r prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+3 which we proved over there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which we proved over there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which we proved over there right
+is bounded by the sum of the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the sum of the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the sum of the modulus of
+continuities evaluated at the norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuities evaluated at the norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuities evaluated at the norms
+times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+r and r prime are bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and r prime are bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and r prime are bigger than or equal
+to m zero and so by star so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m zero and so by star so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m zero and so by star so this is this
+line here this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this is by
+theorem three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem three
+but now by star by our choice of m0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now by star by our choice of m0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now by star by our choice of m0 this
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+epsilon over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2
+times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+plus epsilon over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over 2
+b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+this is uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh now
+by star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by star
+which equals epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore this sequence of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this sequence of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this sequence of uh
+riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums
+with respect to this one sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this one sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this one sequence
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we've proven the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me call the limit of this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call the limit of this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call the limit of this sequence
+something i'm going to call it l or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i'm going to call it l or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i'm going to call it l or in
+fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let's
+let's call it i for integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it i for integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it i for integral
+let i be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let i be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let i be
+the limit as r goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+i think i messed up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i messed up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i messed up my
+notation earlier sorry about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation earlier sorry about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation earlier sorry about that the
+y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and
+c's should have been y's and zetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c's should have been y's and zetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c's should have been y's and zetas
+so that should have been y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should have been y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should have been y
+zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta
+and then y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then y here
+y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is defined to be the limit of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have to do one last thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to do one last thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to do one last thing in
+order to prove the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have this guy i have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have this guy i have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have this guy i have this this
+number i and i claim now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number i and i claim now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number i and i claim now
+that i satisfies the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i satisfies the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i satisfies the properties of the
+theorem namely that if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem namely that if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem namely that if i take
+any sequence of riemann sums or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sequence of riemann sums or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sequence of riemann sums or any
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+uh tagged partitions take the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tagged partitions take the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tagged partitions take the riemann
+sums that converges to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums that converges to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums that converges to i
+we've just shown that there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just shown that there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just shown that there is one
+that converges to i that's how i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges to i that's how i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges to i that's how i is
+defined we took one partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we took one partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we took one partition
+a sequence of tag partitions and showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of tag partitions and showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of tag partitions and showed
+that the riemann sums converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the riemann sums converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the riemann sums converge
+to some number i so this number i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some number i so this number i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some number i so this number i
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+the partition which i chose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition which i chose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition which i chose in the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+now we want to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i in fact has that property that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i in fact has that property that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i in fact has that property that no
+matter what partition sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what partition sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what partition sequence of
+partitions i take the riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions i take the riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions i take the riemann sums
+converge to i okay so that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to i okay so that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to i okay so that's the second
+and last thing i need to do to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last thing i need to do to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last thing i need to do to prove
+this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+now any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence of tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which are becoming finer and finer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are becoming finer and finer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are becoming finer and finer so
+the with the norm converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i want to show that
+limit as r goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as r goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as r goes to infinity of
+the riemann sums corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums corresponding to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+partial sums i mean partial sums this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums i mean partial sums this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums i mean partial sums this
+sequence of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+and equals this number i which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals this number i which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals this number i which i
+obtained from this one sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from this one sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from this one sequence of
+partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions
+so once i've proven this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once i've proven this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once i've proven this uh
+like this is claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is claim
+two once i've proven this then i'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two once i've proven this then i'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two once i've proven this then i'm done
+okay this number i is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this number i is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this number i is therefore
+satisfies the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the properties of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+satisfies that property that no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies that property that no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies that property that no matter
+what sequence of partitions i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of riemann sums with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of riemann sums with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of riemann sums with
+respect to these partitions converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these partitions converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these partitions converges to
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+of course here i'm calling it i but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here i'm calling it i but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here i'm calling it i but
+we denote it by the integral from a b of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote it by the integral from a b of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote it by the integral from a b of
+f of x dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove this
+uh is not too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not too difficult
+using um what we have on the board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um what we have on the board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um what we have on the board so
+remember i is the limit with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i is the limit with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i is the limit with respect to
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+uh sequence of partitions and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence of partitions and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence of partitions and now we
+have an arbitrary sequence of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arbitrary sequence of partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arbitrary sequence of partitions
+which we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we want to show
+the riemann sums converge to this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums converge to this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sums converge to this number
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+y sub r or y r and zeta are you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y sub r or y r and zeta are you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y sub r or y r and zeta are you know the
+partitions from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions from before
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+riemann sum with respect to uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sum with respect to uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sum with respect to uh this
+arbitrary partition now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary partition now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary partition now
+subtract i i want to show this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract i i want to show this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract i i want to show this converges
+to zero so uh i'm just going to bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so uh i'm just going to bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so uh i'm just going to bound
+this by something that converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by something that converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by something that converges to zero
+and then by you know the usual argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by you know the usual argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by you know the usual argument
+with the squeeze theorem that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the squeeze theorem that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the squeeze theorem that implies
+this thing converges to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing converges to 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing converges to 0.
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+adding and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann sum associated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum associated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum associated to the
+partition y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition y
+and zetas this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zetas this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zetas this is less than or equal to
+the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so i'm almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm almost there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm almost there
+this thing now i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing now i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing now i use
+theorem three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem three
+so this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times b minus a
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s sub f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sub f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sub f of
+i sub r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norms of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norms of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norms of x
+the norm of the x bar this is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the x bar this is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the x bar this is converging
+to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero right
+so this converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this converges to
+uh since the modulus of continuity goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since the modulus of continuity goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since the modulus of continuity goes
+to zero as the argument goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero as the argument goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero as the argument goes to zero
+this goes to 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to 0 plus
+remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same thing for this guy this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for this guy this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for this guy this also
+converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus and where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and where's
+how did we define i it was defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we define i it was defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we define i it was defined as
+the limit of the riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the riemann sums
+corresponding to this first fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this first fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this first fixed
+partition and therefore this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and therefore this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and therefore this thing in
+absolute value converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value converges to zero
+as r converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as r converges
+uh to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to infinity
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value
+of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing
+this riemann sum minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this riemann sum minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this riemann sum minus i
+is bounded by something converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by something converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by something converging to
+zero as r goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as r goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as r goes to infinity
+and therefore by the squeeze theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we conclude that the limit as r goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the limit as r goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the limit as r goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in other words no matter what sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words no matter what sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words no matter what sequence
+of partitions we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partitions we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partitions we take
+with norms converging to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with norms converging to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with norms converging to zero the
+riemann sums converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums converge to
+the same number i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number i
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's the end of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we uh
+you know it took a lot of work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it took a lot of work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it took a lot of work to do
+this i mean this is the work of riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i mean this is the work of riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i mean this is the work of riemann
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you know one of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know one of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know one of the greatest
+mathematicians of all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians of all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians of all time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know virus ross was definitely one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know virus ross was definitely one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know virus ross was definitely one
+of the greatest analysts of all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greatest analysts of all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greatest analysts of all time
+riemann just as a mathematician in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann just as a mathematician in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann just as a mathematician in
+general was probably was was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general was probably was was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general was probably was was one of the
+greatest of all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he not only did analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he not only did analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he not only did analysis
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know he applied analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number theory this is the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory this is the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory this is the content of the
+famous riemann hypothesis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous riemann hypothesis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous riemann hypothesis which
+maybe you've heard about which is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've heard about which is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've heard about which is worth
+a million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars
+it says something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says something about the
+zeros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros of
+a certain function which then gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain function which then gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain function which then gives you
+information about prime numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about prime numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about prime numbers
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+he also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deep contributions to the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep contributions to the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep contributions to the foundations of
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+or i should say the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i should say the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i should say the foundations of
+differential geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truly some deep deep stuff going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we have this um notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have this um notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have this um notion
+of a riemann integral it's this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a riemann integral it's this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a riemann integral it's this number
+integral a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b
+f of x dx which has this property no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x dx which has this property no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x dx which has this property no
+matter what sequence of partitions i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what sequence of partitions i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what sequence of partitions i
+take with norms converging to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with norms converging to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with norms converging to 0
+the partial sums converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums converge to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this number so i'm often going to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number so i'm often going to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number so i'm often going to denote
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you like this is some alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like this is some alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like this is some alternative
+definite notation i'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of writing f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing f of x
+dx i may just write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx i may just write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx i may just write uh
+you know integral a b f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integral a b f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integral a b f
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know this definition of the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this definition of the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this definition of the riemann
+integral looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks terrifying if you want to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks terrifying if you want to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks terrifying if you want to actually
+try and compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and compute it
+and it is so you know that's the miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is so you know that's the miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is so you know that's the miracle
+of the fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental theorem of calculus
+is that it gives us a way to compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it gives us a way to compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it gives us a way to compute it
+and that's why i'm not doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i'm not doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i'm not doing any
+examples of computing it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of computing it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of computing it right now
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we can still learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about some properties of the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some properties of the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some properties of the riemann
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+without that to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that to start
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so now we're moving on to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're moving on to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're moving on to some
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first is that it
+so this is a limiting process but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a limiting process but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a limiting process but this
+limiting process is linear in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process is linear in f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process is linear in f
+okay if i look at riemann sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i look at riemann sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i look at riemann sums
+of let's say f plus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say f plus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say f plus g
+that's equal to the riemann sum of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the riemann sum of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the riemann sum of f
+plus the riemann sum of g and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the riemann sum of g and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the riemann sum of g and therefore
+since integration is a limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since integration is a limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since integration is a limit of this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+of riemann sums then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of riemann sums then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of riemann sums then
+integration should also be linear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration should also be linear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration should also be linear as
+well and that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that's the first
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the linearity of the riemann sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the linearity of the riemann sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the linearity of the riemann sum and
+riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integration
+f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and
+g are in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha
+is in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+alpha f plus g that's going to be uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha f plus g that's going to be uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha f plus g that's going to be uh so
+that should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should not be
+in a b this should be a contin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b this should be a contin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b this should be a contin
+continuous function it's the end of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function it's the end of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function it's the end of it's
+the end of a long day okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of a long day okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of a long day okay so
+sorry if i'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if i'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if i'm uh
+losing a little steam here towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a little steam here towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a little steam here towards the
+end anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end anyways
+alpha f plus g if f and g are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha f plus g if f and g are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha f plus g if f and g are continuous
+this is a continuous function as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a continuous function as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a continuous function as well so
+its integral is meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its integral is meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its integral is meaningful
+and its integral is equal to alpha times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its integral is equal to alpha times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its integral is equal to alpha times
+the integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of f
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the integral of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the proof the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the proof the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the proof the proof is
+basically what i said right before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what i said right before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what i said right before i
+stated the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated the theorem
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+riemann sums are linear in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums are linear in the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann sums are linear in the function
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we just take a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just take a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just take a limit
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+let's take a sequence of tag partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with norms converting to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as r goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann sum
+associated to alpha f plus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is easy to see from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is easy to see from the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is easy to see from the definition
+right this is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a sum
+from k equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equals 1 to
+n so this is easy to see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is easy to see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is easy to see that this is
+equal to alpha times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha times
+the riemann sum associated to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy
+and now i just take a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as r goes to infinity the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as r goes to infinity the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as r goes to infinity the left
+hand side converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann integral of alpha f plus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral of alpha f plus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral of alpha f plus g
+the limit as r goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as r goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as r goes to infinity
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to
+because we know limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know limits
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+linear operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operations
+the limit of the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the right hand side is
+going to be alpha times the limit plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be alpha times the limit plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be alpha times the limit plus
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+and therefore this is equal to alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is equal to alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is equal to alpha
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+integral a b f plus integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b f plus integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a b f plus integral
+a b g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like
+differentiation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation uh
+it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also
+what one would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one would call
+a linear operator it takes a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operator it takes a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operator it takes a function
+and spits something out but does it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits something out but does it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits something out but does it in a
+linear way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear way
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for us
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it takes a continuous function and spits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a continuous function and spits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a continuous function and spits
+out a real number in a linear way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a real number in a linear way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a real number in a linear way and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the integral of alpha f plus g is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of alpha f plus g is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of alpha f plus g is equal
+to alpha times f plus g just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha times f plus g just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alpha times f plus g just like
+differentiation the derivative of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation the derivative of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation the derivative of alpha
+f plus g if everything's differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus g if everything's differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus g if everything's differentiable
+is equal to alpha times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to alpha times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to alpha times the derivative
+of f plus the derivative of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f plus the derivative of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f plus the derivative of g
+but riemann integration or the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but riemann integration or the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but riemann integration or the riemann
+integral or integration in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or integration in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or integration in general
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some sense um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't want to say it's not miraculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to say it's not miraculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to say it's not miraculous
+it still is a bit of a miracle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is a bit of a miracle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is a bit of a miracle that
+exists that it exists for all continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists that it exists for all continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists that it exists for all continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it's not as destructive an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as destructive an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as destructive an operator
+as taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking the derivative
+okay if you take as your baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you take as your baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you take as your baseline
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+right we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we did
+last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we constructed a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed a continuous function
+which is differentiable nowhere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is differentiable nowhere right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is differentiable nowhere right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know with differentiation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with differentiation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with differentiation you can
+take a continuous function and not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a continuous function and not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a continuous function and not be
+able to take its derivative anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take its derivative anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take its derivative anywhere
+well with integration if you start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with integration if you start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with integration if you start off
+with a continuous function you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a continuous function you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a continuous function you can
+always take its integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take its integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take its integral
+okay so somehow um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so somehow um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so somehow um
+integration is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is is a
+much more smoother process than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more smoother process than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more smoother process than
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+all right so i think we'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RDO6Py97IDg.txt b/RDO6Py97IDg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eed1a4cfb137306f700acf5b11ff320a3585cf09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RDO6Py97IDg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started
+so welcome to eighteen to seventeen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to eighteen to seventeen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to eighteen to seventeen so
+this is combinatorial theory graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is combinatorial theory graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is combinatorial theory graph
+theory and additive combinatorics so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and additive combinatorics so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and additive combinatorics so the
+course website is up there so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course website is up there so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course website is up there so all the
+course information is and there so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course information is and there so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course information is and there so after
+around the middle of the class I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the middle of the class I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the middle of the class I'll say
+a bit more about various course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more about various course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more about various course
+information I mean the straight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I mean the straight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I mean the straight of
+things but I want to jump directly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I want to jump directly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I want to jump directly into
+the mathematical content so this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical content so this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical content so this course
+roughly has two parts the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly has two parts the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly has two parts the first part
+we'll look at graph theory in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at graph theory in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at graph theory in particular
+expose an extremal graph theory and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose an extremal graph theory and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose an extremal graph theory and the
+second part will transition to additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part will transition to additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part will transition to additive
+combinatorics but these are not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics but these are not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics but these are not two
+separate subjects so I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate subjects so I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate subjects so I want to show you
+this topic in a way that connects these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic in a way that connects these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic in a way that connects these
+two areas and show you that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two areas and show you that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two areas and show you that they are
+quite related to each other and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite related to each other and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite related to each other and many of
+the common themes that will come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common themes that will come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common themes that will come up in
+one part of the course will also show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the course will also show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the course will also show up
+in the other so the story between graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other so the story between graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other so the story between graph
+theory and additive combinatorics began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and additive combinatorics began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and additive combinatorics began
+about 100 years ago with sure a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 years ago with sure a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 years ago with sure a famous
+mathematician Isaac sure well he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Isaac sure well he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Isaac sure well he was
+like many mathematicians of his era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many mathematicians of his era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many mathematicians of his era
+trying to prove Fermat's Last Theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove Fermat's Last Theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove Fermat's Last Theorem so
+here's what's sure so approach I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's sure so approach I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's sure so approach I said
+well let's look at this equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at this equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at this equation that
+comes up in from our slash theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in from our slash theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in from our slash theorem and
+well one of the methods of elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the methods of elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the methods of elementary
+number theory to rule out solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory to rule out solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory to rule out solutions to
+an equation is to consider what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation is to consider what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation is to consider what happens
+when you mop it if you can rule out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mop it if you can rule out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mop it if you can rule out for
+infinitely many values P possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many values P possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many values P possible
+non-trivial solutions to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial solutions to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial solutions to this equation
+mark P then you rule out possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark P then you rule out possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark P then you rule out possibilities
+of solutions to Fermat's Last Theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions to Fermat's Last Theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions to Fermat's Last Theorem
+okay so this was sure its approach as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was sure its approach as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was sure its approach as
+you can guess unfortunately this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess unfortunately this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess unfortunately this
+approach did not work and sure proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach did not work and sure proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach did not work and sure proved
+that this method definitely doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this method definitely doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this method definitely doesn't work
+so that's the starting point of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the starting point of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the starting point of our
+discussion so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for every value of n there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every value of n there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every value of n there exists
+non-trivial solutions for all P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial solutions for all P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial solutions for all P
+sufficiently large thereby ruling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large thereby ruling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large thereby ruling out
+the strategy so let's see how sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy so let's see how sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy so let's see how sure
+proved his theorem so that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved his theorem so that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved his theorem so that will be the
+first half of today's lecture ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of today's lecture ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of today's lecture ok so this
+seems like a number theory question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a number theory question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a number theory question so
+what does it have to do with graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it have to do with graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it have to do with graph
+theory so I want to show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so I want to show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so I want to show you this
+connection now sure deduced his theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection now sure deduced his theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection now sure deduced his theorem
+from another result that is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another result that is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another result that is known as
+shirt's theorem which says that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt's theorem which says that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt's theorem which says that if the
+positive integers is colored using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers is colored using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers is colored using
+finitely many colors then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many colors then there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many colors then there exists a
+monochromatic solution to the equation X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic solution to the equation X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic solution to the equation X
+plus y equals to Z if you give me 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z if you give me 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z if you give me 10
+colors and color the positive integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and color the positive integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and color the positive integers
+between those 10 colors then I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those 10 colors then I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those 10 colors then I can find
+for you a solution to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you a solution to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you a solution to this equation
+where x y and z are all of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where x y and z are all of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where x y and z are all of the same
+color now this statement ok so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color now this statement ok so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color now this statement ok so it's a
+perfectly understandable statement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly understandable statement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly understandable statement but
+let me rephrase it in a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me rephrase it in a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me rephrase it in a somewhat
+different way and this gets to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and this gets to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and this gets to a point
+that I want to discuss where many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to discuss where many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to discuss where many
+statements in additive combinatorics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements in additive combinatorics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements in additive combinatorics or
+just combinatorics in general have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just combinatorics in general have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just combinatorics in general have
+different formulations one that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulations one that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulations one that comes in
+an infinite Airy form which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite Airy form which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite Airy form which is more
+qualitative so to speak and another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative so to speak and another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative so to speak and another form
+that is known as finite Airy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known as finite Airy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known as finite Airy
+and that's more quantitative in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so shirt's theorem is stated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shirt's theorem is stated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shirt's theorem is stated in a
+infinite hairy form so it tells you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite hairy form so it tells you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite hairy form so it tells you if
+you color using finally many colors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you color using finally many colors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you color using finally many colors then
+there exists a monochromatic solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a monochromatic solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a monochromatic solution so
+many but not all statements of that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many but not all statements of that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many but not all statements of that form
+have an equivalent finitary form that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equivalent finitary form that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equivalent finitary form that is
+sometimes more useful and also once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more useful and also once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more useful and also once you
+state the right finite reform you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the right finite reform you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the right finite reform you can
+ask additional questions so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask additional questions so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask additional questions so here's what
+shirts theorem looks like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirts theorem looks like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirts theorem looks like in the
+equivalent finite hairy form you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent finite hairy form you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent finite hairy form you give me
+an R for every art there exists some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of R such that if the numbers 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R such that if the numbers 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of R such that if the numbers 1
+through n so throughout this course I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n so throughout this course I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n so throughout this course I'm
+going to use this bracket n to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers up to n so if these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers up to n so if these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers up to n so if these numbers are
+colored using our colors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored using our colors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored using our colors then
+necessarily there exists a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily there exists a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily there exists a monochromatic
+solution to the equation X plus y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the equation X plus y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the equation X plus y equals
+to Z where XY and z are in the set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z where XY and z are in the set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z where XY and z are in the set that
+is being colored so it looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being colored so it looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being colored so it looks very
+similar to the first person I stated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the first person I stated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the first person I stated but
+now there are some more quantifiers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are some more quantifiers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are some more quantifiers so
+for every art there exists in n so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every art there exists in n so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every art there exists in n so why
+are these two versions equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two versions equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two versions equivalent to
+each other so it's not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so it's not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so it's not too hard to
+deduce they're equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce they're equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce they're equivalent
+so let me do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that the finite area version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the finite area version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the finite area version
+implies the infinity reversion claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the infinity reversion claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the infinity reversion claim
+should be fairly obvious right so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fairly obvious right so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fairly obvious right so once
+you know the finite area version if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the finite area version if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the finite area version if you
+give me a coloring of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a coloring of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a coloring of the positive
+integers or I just have to look far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or I just have to look far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or I just have to look far
+enough up to this end and I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough up to this end and I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough up to this end and I get the
+conclusion I want but now in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I want but now in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I want but now in the other
+direction okay so in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so in the other direction
+suppose I fix you this R so okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I fix you this R so okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I fix you this R so okay so I
+assume the infinite hairy version I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the infinite hairy version I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the infinite hairy version I want
+it reduced the finite area version so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduced the finite area version so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduced the finite area version so I
+start with this R and let's suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this R and let's suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this R and let's suppose the
+conclusion were false okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion were false okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion were false okay so I'm
+supposed to conclusion we're false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to conclusion we're false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to conclusion we're false
+namely for every and there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely for every and there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely for every and there exists some
+coloring okay so for every n there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring okay so for every n there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring okay so for every n there
+exists some coloring which we will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some coloring which we will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some coloring which we will call
+V sub n that avoids monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V sub n that avoids monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V sub n that avoids monochromatic
+solutions to X plus y equals to C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to X plus y equals to C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to X plus y equals to C okay
+so I'm gonna use this Chi for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna use this Chi for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna use this Chi for a
+shorthand for monochromatic okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for monochromatic okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for monochromatic okay so
+suppose there exists such a coloring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there exists such a coloring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there exists such a coloring and
+now I want to take this collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to take this collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to take this collection of
+colorings and produce for you a coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings and produce for you a coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings and produce for you a coloring
+of the positive integers and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positive integers and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positive integers and you can do
+this basically by a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically by a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically by a standard
+diagonalization trick namely we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization trick namely we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization trick namely we see that
+by taking a infinite subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that okay so let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that okay so let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that okay so let me call this
+infinite subsequence fee of FISA it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsequence fee of FISA it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsequence fee of FISA it's an
+infinite subsequence of this V sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsequence of this V sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsequence of this V sub n
+such that V sub n of K stabilizes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that V sub n of K stabilizes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that V sub n of K stabilizes along
+the subsequence for every K then okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence for every K then okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence for every K then okay so
+you can do this simply by diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this simply by diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this simply by diagonals
+agent Rick and then you see that along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent Rick and then you see that along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent Rick and then you see that along
+the subsequence BN converges point-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to some coloring of the entire set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some coloring of the entire set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some coloring of the entire set of
+positive integers and this coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers and this coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers and this coloring
+avoid monochromatic solutions to X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid monochromatic solutions to X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid monochromatic solutions to X plus
+y equals the deep because if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals the deep because if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals the deep because if there were
+monochromatic solutions in this coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic solutions in this coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic solutions in this coloring
+of the entire integers then I can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire integers then I can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire integers then I can look
+back to you you know where that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you you know where that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you you know where that came
+from and that would be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and that would be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and that would be in the
+monochromatic solution in one of my fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic solution in one of my fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic solution in one of my fans
+so this is an argument that shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an argument that shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an argument that shows the
+equivalence between the finite area from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between the finite area from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between the finite area from
+an infinite area form but now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite area form but now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite area form but now when we
+look at the finite reform you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the finite reform you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the finite reform you can ask
+additional questions such as how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional questions such as how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional questions such as how big
+does this n have to be as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this n have to be as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this n have to be as a function of
+R it turns out those kind of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it turns out those kind of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it turns out those kind of questions
+in general are very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general are very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general are very difficult
+and we know some things you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know some things you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know some things you know for
+this type of questions we know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of questions we know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of questions we know some
+bounds usually but the truth is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds usually but the truth is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds usually but the truth is usually
+unknown and there are major open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and there are major open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and there are major open
+problems in combinatorics of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in combinatorics of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in combinatorics of this type
+all right so there's still a lot that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's still a lot that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's still a lot that we
+do not understand okay so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not understand okay so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not understand okay so now we have
+search term in this form let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search term in this form let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search term in this form let me show you
+how to deduce his conclusion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deduce his conclusion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deduce his conclusion about
+ruling out this approach to proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling out this approach to proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling out this approach to proving
+Fermat's Last Theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the claim is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the claim is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the claim is the following
+that if you have a positive integer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a positive integer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a positive integer and
+then for all sufficiently large Prime's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all sufficiently large Prime's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all sufficiently large Prime's
+P there exists x y&z all belonging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P there exists x y&z all belonging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P there exists x y&z all belonging to
+numbers integers up to P minus 1 such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers integers up to P minus 1 such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers integers up to P minus 1 such
+that their nth powers add up like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a solution to Fermat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a solution to Fermat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a solution to Fermat equation
+mod P all right so how can we deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod P all right so how can we deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod P all right so how can we deduce
+this from what we said about coloring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from what we said about coloring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from what we said about coloring so
+what is the coloring ok so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the coloring ok so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the coloring ok so here's what
+sure do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure do
+so proof assuming for now sure stare so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof assuming for now sure stare so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof assuming for now sure stare so
+let's look at the multiplicative group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the multiplicative group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the multiplicative group
+of nonzero residue smartp so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonzero residue smartp so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonzero residue smartp so this is a
+so we know it's a cyclic group because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's a cyclic group because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's a cyclic group because
+there's a generator so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a generator so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a generator so there's a
+primitive root generator let H denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive root generator let H denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive root generator let H denote
+the subgroup of nth powers ok well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subgroup of nth powers ok well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subgroup of nth powers ok well
+age is a pretty big subgroup okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is a pretty big subgroup okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is a pretty big subgroup okay so
+what's the index of age in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the index of age in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the index of age in this
+multiplicative group it's the most M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative group it's the most M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative group it's the most M so
+think about representing this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about representing this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about representing this as a
+cyclic group using a generator so H then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic group using a generator so H then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic group using a generator so H then
+would be all the elements whose exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be all the elements whose exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be all the elements whose exponent
+is divisible by M so this is the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divisible by M so this is the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divisible by M so this is the index
+is at most M could be smaller but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most M could be smaller but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most M could be smaller but it's
+at most M and so in particular I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most M and so in particular I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most M and so in particular I can use
+the H cosets to partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H cosets to partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H cosets to partition the
+multiplicative group of nonzero residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative group of nonzero residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative group of nonzero residues
+and this is a color reversal partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a color reversal partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a color reversal partition
+is the same thing as a coloring you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as a coloring you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as a coloring you know
+there's a bounded number of colors but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bounded number of colors but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bounded number of colors but I
+let peek at large so by shirts theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if P sufficiently large then one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P sufficiently large then one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P sufficiently large then one of my
+cassettes should contain a solution to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassettes should contain a solution to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassettes should contain a solution to X
+plus y equals to Z what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z what does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z what does that look
+like one Cosette Cosette contains X Y Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one Cosette Cosette contains X Y Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one Cosette Cosette contains X Y Z
+such that X plus y equals to Z as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X plus y equals to Z as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X plus y equals to Z as
+integers they belong to the same Cosette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers they belong to the same Cosette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers they belong to the same Cosette
+so x y&z belong to some co set of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means then that x equals to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means then that x equals to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means then that x equals to a
+times some and power with y equals to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some and power with y equals to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some and power with y equals to a
+times some nth power and roti equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some nth power and roti equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some nth power and roti equals to
+a times some power oh you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times some power oh you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times some power oh you have this
+equation put them together so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation put them together so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation put them together so that is
+true so now mod p I can cancel the ACE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so now mod p I can cancel the ACE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so now mod p I can cancel the ACE
+and this produces a non trivial solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this produces a non trivial solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this produces a non trivial solution
+to Fermat's equation motley ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fermat's equation motley ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fermat's equation motley ok so this
+was the proof of this claim that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the proof of this claim that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the proof of this claim that this
+method does not work for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method does not work for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method does not work for solving
+Fermat's Last Theorem but you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermat's Last Theorem but you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermat's Last Theorem but you know we
+assumed this claim a shirts theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed this claim a shirts theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed this claim a shirts theorem that
+every finite coloring of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every finite coloring of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every finite coloring of the positive
+integers contains a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers contains a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers contains a monochromatic
+solution to X plus y equals to Z so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to X plus y equals to Z so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to X plus y equals to Z so we
+still need to prove that claim right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to prove that claim right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to prove that claim right so
+we still need to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need to prove this
+combinatorial claim and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial claim and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial claim and so that's what
+we're gonna do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is where graph theory comes in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where graph theory comes in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where graph theory comes in so
+let me state a very similar-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me state a very similar-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me state a very similar-looking
+theorem about graphs and this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem about graphs and this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem about graphs and this is known
+as Ramsey's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Ramsey's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Ramsey's theorem
+although Ramsey Sturm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Ramsey Sturm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Ramsey Sturm actually
+historically came after search term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically came after search term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically came after search term but
+Ramsey's theorem here we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramsey's theorem here we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramsey's theorem here we're going to use
+it specifically in the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it specifically in the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it specifically in the case for
+triangles so what does I say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so what does I say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so what does I say that if you
+give me an R the number of colors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an R the number of colors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an R the number of colors then
+there exists some large n such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some large n such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some large n such that if
+the edges of the complete graph K sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of the complete graph K sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of the complete graph K sub n
+o n vertices are colored using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o n vertices are colored using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o n vertices are colored using our
+colors then there exists a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors then there exists a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors then there exists a monochromatic
+triangle somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions so far about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so far about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so far about any of
+these statements so let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statements so let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statements so let's see how
+Ramsey's theorem for triangles is proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I want to give you a
+historical note about Frank Ramsey so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical note about Frank Ramsey so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical note about Frank Ramsey so if
+someone who made significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who made significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who made significant
+contributions to many different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to many different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to many different areas
+not just in mathematics so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in mathematics so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in mathematics so he
+contributed to a seminal works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to a seminal works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to a seminal works in
+mathematical logic where this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic where this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic where this theorem
+came from but also to philosophy and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from but also to philosophy and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from but also to philosophy and to
+economics before his untimely death at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics before his untimely death at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics before his untimely death at
+the age of 26 from liver related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of 26 from liver related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of 26 from liver related
+problems so someone who very it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so someone who very it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so someone who very it's very
+short life contributed tremendously to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short life contributed tremendously to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short life contributed tremendously to
+academics okay so let's see how Ramsey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics okay so let's see how Ramsey's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics okay so let's see how Ramsey's
+theorem in this case is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this case is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this case is true
+what do induction are the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do induction are the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do induction are the number of
+colors so for every R I need to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so for every R I need to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so for every R I need to show you
+some n such that the statement is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n such that the statement is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n such that the statement is true
+in the first case when R equals to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case when R equals to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case when R equals to 1
+there's not much to do just one color if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much to do just one color if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much to do just one color if
+I just have three vertices that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have three vertices that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have three vertices that already
+it's okay three vertices it's already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay three vertices it's already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay three vertices it's already a
+monochromatic triangle so from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangle so from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangle so from now on
+let R be at least 2 and suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let R be at least 2 and suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let R be at least 2 and suppose the
+claim holds for R minus 1 colors with M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim holds for R minus 1 colors with M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim holds for R minus 1 colors with M
+prime being the corresponding number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime being the corresponding number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime being the corresponding number of
+vertices with R minus 1 colors so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices with R minus 1 colors so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices with R minus 1 colors so now
+let me pick an arbitrary vertex so pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pick an arbitrary vertex so pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pick an arbitrary vertex so pick
+an arbitrary vertex B and look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary vertex B and look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary vertex B and look what
+happens so here's V and let me look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here's V and let me look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here's V and let me look at
+the outgoing edges so because ok so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing edges so because ok so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing edges so because ok so let
+me show that ok so what show that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show that ok so what show that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show that ok so what show that and
+being R times M prime minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being R times M prime minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being R times M prime minus
+plus two works so now we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two works so now we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two works so now we have a lot of
+outgoing edges in particular we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges in particular we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges in particular we have our
+times M prime minus 1 plus 1 outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M prime minus 1 plus 1 outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M prime minus 1 plus 1 outgoing
+edges so by the pigeonhole principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some color so so there exists at least M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some color so so there exists at least M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some color so so there exists at least M
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+outgoing edges with the same color let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges with the same color let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges with the same color let's
+say yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yellow
+so suppose yellow is the outgoing color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me call the set of vertices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me call the set of vertices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me call the set of vertices on
+the other end of these edges B naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's think about what
+happens in be not so in V not either V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in be not so in V not either V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in be not so in V not either V
+naught contains a yellow edge in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught contains a yellow edge in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught contains a yellow edge in which
+case you get a yellow triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or we lose the color inside v-not so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we lose the color inside v-not so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we lose the color inside v-not so the
+number of colors goes down else has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors goes down else has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors goes down else has at
+most R minus 1 colors and V naught has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most R minus 1 colors and V naught has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most R minus 1 colors and V naught has
+at least M prime number vertices so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least M prime number vertices so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least M prime number vertices so by
+induction V naught has a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction V naught has a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction V naught has a monochromatic
+triangle in the remaining colors ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in the remaining colors ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in the remaining colors ok so
+that completes the proof of rameses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes the proof of rameses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes the proof of rameses
+theorem in this case for triangles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this case for triangles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this case for triangles and
+you can if you wish to find out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you wish to find out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you wish to find out you know
+what is the bound that comes out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bound that comes out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bound that comes out of this
+argument well you can chase the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument well you can chase the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument well you can chase the proof
+and get some doubt the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some doubt the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some doubt the remaining
+question now is what does this all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is what does this all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is what does this all have
+to do were sure Sturmer so so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do were sure Sturmer so so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do were sure Sturmer so so far we
+talked about some number theory we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some number theory we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some number theory we've
+talked about some graph theory and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some graph theory and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some graph theory and how
+to link these two things together and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link these two things together and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link these two things together and I
+think this is a great example it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a great example it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a great example it's a
+fairly simple example which I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple example which I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple example which I'm about to
+show you of how to link these two ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you of how to link these two ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you of how to link these two ideas
+together and this connection will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this connection will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this connection will see
+many times in the rest of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't want a race sure sir what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want a race sure sir what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want a race sure sir what so
+that's true theorem so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true theorem so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true theorem so let's start with
+a covering so let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covering so let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covering so let's start with the
+coloring of one through n and now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of one through n and now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of one through n and now I want
+to form a graph with colors on the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a graph with colors on the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a graph with colors on the edges
+there are somehow derived from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are somehow derived from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are somehow derived from this
+coloring on these integers and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring on these integers and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring on these integers and here's
+what I'm going to do so let's color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do so let's color the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do so let's color the
+complete graph to color the edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph to color the edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph to color the edges of the
+complete graph the vertex set having n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph the vertex set having n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph the vertex set having n
+plus 1 vertices label that integers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 vertices label that integers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 vertices label that integers up
+to positive integers up to n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive integers up to n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive integers up to n plus 1
+oh by the Remzi result we just proved if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the Remzi result we just proved if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the Remzi result we just proved if
+n is large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists a monochromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a monochromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a monochromatic
+triangle so what does it look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so what does it look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so what does it look like so
+here's so let me draw you draw for you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's so let me draw you draw for you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's so let me draw you draw for you a
+monochromatic triangle suppose it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangle suppose it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangle suppose it so I
+haven't told you what the coloring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you what the coloring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you what the coloring is
+yet so the coloring is that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so the coloring is that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so the coloring is that I'm going to
+color the edge between inj using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the edge between inj using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the edge between inj using the
+color derived by applying fee to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color derived by applying fee to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color derived by applying fee to the
+number J minus I namely the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number J minus I namely the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number J minus I namely the length of
+that segment if I lay out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that segment if I lay out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that segment if I lay out all the
+vertices on the number line so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the number line so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the number line so now I
+have our coloring of this complete graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our coloring of this complete graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our coloring of this complete graph
+so Ramsey tells us that there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ramsey tells us that there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ramsey tells us that there exists a
+monochromatic triangle the triangle sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangle the triangle sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangle the triangle sits
+on vertices I J and K and the rule tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on vertices I J and K and the rule tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on vertices I J and K and the rule tells
+us that the colors are fee of K - I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the colors are fee of K - I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the colors are fee of K - I see
+of J minus I and fee of K minus J okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these three numbers they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three numbers they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three numbers they have the
+same coloring but look if I set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coloring but look if I set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coloring but look if I set these
+numbers to be XY and Z so X being J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be XY and Z so X being J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be XY and Z so X being J
+minus I for instance then X plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I for instance then X plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I for instance then X plus y
+equals to Z and they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z and they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z and they all have the same
+color so this monochromatic triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so this monochromatic triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so this monochromatic triangle
+gives us a monochromatic equation 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a monochromatic equation 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a monochromatic equation 2x
+plus y equals to Z thereby concluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z thereby concluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z thereby concluding
+the proof of shirts theorem okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of shirts theorem okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of shirts theorem okay so this
+rounds out the discussion for now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds out the discussion for now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds out the discussion for now of
+well we started with some statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we started with some statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we started with some statement
+about number theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number theory
+and then we took this detour to graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we took this detour to graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we took this detour to graph
+theory looking at Ramsey's terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory looking at Ramsey's terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory looking at Ramsey's terms
+monochromatic triangles and then got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangles and then got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic triangles and then got
+back to number theory and proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to number theory and proved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to number theory and proved the
+result that sure did so how does go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that sure did so how does go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that sure did so how does go into
+graphs help so why was this advantageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you guys think sorry I claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think sorry I claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think sorry I claimed
+that by going to graphs we added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by going to graphs we added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by going to graphs we added some
+extra flexibility to what we can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra flexibility to what we can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra flexibility to what we can play
+with for example we started out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for example we started out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for example we started out with a
+problem where there were only n things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where there were only n things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where there were only n things
+being colored and then we moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being colored and then we moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being colored and then we moved to
+graphs where about and schuster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where about and schuster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where about and schuster and
+squared objects are being colored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared objects are being colored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared objects are being colored and
+then we did an induction argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we did an induction argument so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we did an induction argument so
+remember in the proof of rameses theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the proof of rameses theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the proof of rameses theorem
+up there there was an induction argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there there was an induction argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there there was an induction argument
+taking out vertices and that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out vertices and that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out vertices and that argument
+doesn't make that much sense if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make that much sense if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make that much sense if you
+stayed within the numbers somehow moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed within the numbers somehow moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed within the numbers somehow moving
+to grass gave you that extra flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grass gave you that extra flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grass gave you that extra flexibility
+allow you to do more things and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to do more things and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to do more things and this is
+one of the advantages of moving from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the advantages of moving from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the advantages of moving from
+from about numbers to a problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about numbers to a problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about numbers to a problem about
+graphs and we'll see this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and we'll see this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and we'll see this connection
+later on as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so Ashwin asked are there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so Ashwin asked are there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so Ashwin asked are there so
+what about bounce can you so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about bounce can you so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about bounce can you so what do we
+know about bounce so I don't know off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about bounce so I don't know off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about bounce so I don't know off
+the top of my head the answers to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my head the answers to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my head the answers to those
+questions but in general they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but in general they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but in general they're quite
+open so they're exponential gaps between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open so they're exponential gaps between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open so they're exponential gaps between
+lower and upper bounds on our knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and upper bounds on our knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and upper bounds on our knowledge
+of what is the optimal and you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the optimal and you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the optimal and you can put
+in the theorem any more questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theorem any more questions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the theorem any more questions all
+right so I think this is a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think this is a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think this is a good point
+for us too so usually when I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us too so usually when I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us too so usually when I give
+90-minute lectures I like to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90-minute lectures I like to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90-minute lectures I like to take a
+short two-minute break in between so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short two-minute break in between so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short two-minute break in between so so
+I won't do that and then in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't do that and then in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't do that and then in the second
+half I want you take you through a tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I want you take you through a tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I want you take you through a tour
+of additive combinatorics so tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additive combinatorics so tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additive combinatorics so tell you
+about some of the modern developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the modern developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the modern developments
+now this is an exciting field where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an exciting field where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an exciting field where you
+know it started out I think roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it started out I think roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it started out I think roughly
+worth sure Sturm that we just discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth sure Sturm that we just discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth sure Sturm that we just discussed
+that started about 100 years ago but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started about 100 years ago but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started about 100 years ago but a
+lot has taken place in the past century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot has taken place in the past century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot has taken place in the past century
+and there still a lot of ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there still a lot of ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there still a lot of ongoing
+exciting research developments so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting research developments so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting research developments so in the
+second half of this lecture I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of this lecture I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of this lecture I want to
+give you a tour through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a tour through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a tour through those
+developments and show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and show you some of the
+highlights from additive combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights from additive combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights from additive combinatorics
+okay so let's take a quick two minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a quick two minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a quick two minute
+break and feel free to you know ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and feel free to you know ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and feel free to you know ask
+questions so another part of the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so another part of the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so another part of the writing
+assignment in addition to course notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in addition to course notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in addition to course notes
+is a contribution to Wikipedia which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contribution to Wikipedia which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contribution to Wikipedia which is
+you know nowadays of course you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nowadays of course you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nowadays of course you know if
+you hear some word like similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear some word like similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear some word like similarities
+regularity lemma the first thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma the first thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma the first thing you do
+is type into Google and more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is type into Google and more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is type into Google and more often than
+not the first link that comes up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the first link that comes up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the first link that comes up is
+Wikipedia and you know some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia and you know some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia and you know some of the
+articles there are alright and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles there are alright and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles there are alright and some of
+them are really not alright and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are really not alright and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are really not alright and it would
+be fantastic you know for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fantastic you know for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fantastic you know for future
+students and also for yourselves if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and also for yourselves if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and also for yourselves if
+there were you know better entry points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were you know better entry points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were you know better entry points
+to this area by having higher quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this area by having higher quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this area by having higher quality
+Wikipedia articles or articles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia articles or articles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia articles or articles that are
+simply missing about specific topics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply missing about specific topics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply missing about specific topics so
+one of the assignments again this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the assignments again this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the assignments again this can be
+collaborative so I'll give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative so I'll give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative so I'll give you more
+information how to do that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how to do that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how to do that later
+to contribute to Wikipedia and roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute to Wikipedia and roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute to Wikipedia and roughly
+you contribute one high quality article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you contribute one high quality article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you contribute one high quality article
+or edit some existing articles so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or edit some existing articles so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or edit some existing articles so that
+they become high-quality yep so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become high-quality yep so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become high-quality yep so we can
+talk about that yeah so if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that yeah so if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that yeah so if there are
+other ideas about you know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas about you know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas about you know how to do
+this we can definitely open the chatting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can definitely open the chatting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can definitely open the chatting
+about that so the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so the other thing is that
+instead of holding the usual office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of holding the usual office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of holding the usual office
+hours what I like to do is okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours what I like to do is okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours what I like to do is okay so this
+class ends at 4:00 p.m. so after 4:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ends at 4:00 p.m. so after 4:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ends at 4:00 p.m. so after 4:00
+I'll go up to the math common room which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go up to the math common room which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go up to the math common room which
+is just right upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just right upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just right upstairs
+I'm hanging out there for a bit if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hanging out there for a bit if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hanging out there for a bit if you
+have questions you want to chat come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions you want to chat come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions you want to chat come
+talk to me I'd be happy to chat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me I'd be happy to chat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me I'd be happy to chat about
+anything related or not related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything related or not related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything related or not related to the
+course and before homeworks are due I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and before homeworks are due I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and before homeworks are due I
+will try to set up some special office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to set up some special office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to set up some special office
+hours for you to you know in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours for you to you know in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours for you to you know in case you
+wanna ask about homework proms and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna ask about homework proms and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna ask about homework proms and if
+you want to meet with me individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to meet with me individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to meet with me individually
+please just send me an email or one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please just send me an email or one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please just send me an email or one more
+thing about the course notes or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the course notes or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the course notes or so
+because you know I want you do quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know I want you do quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know I want you do quality
+control so here's the process that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so here's the process that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so here's the process that will
+happen with the course notes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with the course notes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with the course notes so the
+first lecture is already online so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture is already online so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture is already online so you
+can already see so I've written up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see so I've written up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see so I've written up the
+lecture notes for the first lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes for the first lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes for the first lecture and
+you can use that as an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that as an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that as an example of what
+I'm looking for so I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for so I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for so I'm looking for
+people to sign up starting from the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sign up starting from the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sign up starting from the next
+lecture and I will send out a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I will send out a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I will send out a link
+tonight for future lectures so whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight for future lectures so whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight for future lectures so whoever
+writes that lecture oh right the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes that lecture oh right the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes that lecture oh right the lecture
+and then within one day so by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within one day so by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within one day so by the end of
+the day after the lecture will be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after the lecture will be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after the lecture will be good
+if they were already only some sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were already only some sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were already only some sketch
+some rough draft you know at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rough draft you know at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rough draft you know at least
+containing a theorem statements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a theorem statements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a theorem statements and
+whatnot from today's lecture so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot from today's lecture so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot from today's lecture so that the
+next person can start writing afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next person can start writing afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next person can start writing afterwards
+but once you are done once you feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you are done once you feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you are done once you feel that
+you have a polished version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a polished version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a polished version of the
+lecture write-up ideally within four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture write-up ideally within four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture write-up ideally within four
+days of the lecture right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of the lecture right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of the lecture right so that's
+terms of expectations and timelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of expectations and timelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of expectations and timelines
+again all of this information is online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of this information is online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of this information is online
+so you're finished with polishing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're finished with polishing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're finished with polishing your
+lecture notes within four days send me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes within four days send me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes within four days send me
+an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email
+so both co-authors if there are two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both co-authors if there are two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both co-authors if there are two of
+you and I will schedule a appointment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I will schedule a appointment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I will schedule a appointment
+about half an hour's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half an hour's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half an hour's
+well I will sit down with you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I will sit down with you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I will sit down with you to go
+through what you've written and tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what you've written and tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what you've written and tell you
+some comments so you can go back and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments so you can go back and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments so you can go back and you
+know polish it further and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know polish it further and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know polish it further and hopefully
+that will just be a one round thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will just be a one round thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will just be a one round thing if
+it more rounds are needed well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more rounds are needed well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more rounds are needed well it's not
+ideal but you know what make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal but you know what make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal but you know what make it happen
+until the notes are ready to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the notes are ready to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the notes are ready to use for
+future generations okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future generations okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future generations okay any questions
+about any of the course logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of the course logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of the course logistics
+alright so in the second half of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so in the second half of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so in the second half of today's
+lecture I want to take you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I want to take you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I want to take you through a
+tour of modern additive combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour of modern additive combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour of modern additive combinatorics
+and this is an area of research which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an area of research which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an area of research which I
+am actively involved in and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am actively involved in and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am actively involved in and it's
+something that I'm quite excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm quite excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm quite excited about
+and part of the reason why I teach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason why I teach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason why I teach this
+courses or this course is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses or this course is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses or this course is something that
+I developed a couple years ago when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I developed a couple years ago when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I developed a couple years ago when I
+talked for the first time then because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked for the first time then because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked for the first time then because I
+want to introduce you guys to this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce you guys to this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce you guys to this very
+active and exciting area of research now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and exciting area of research now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and exciting area of research now
+what is additive combinatorics it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is additive combinatorics it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is additive combinatorics it's the
+term itself is actually fairly new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term itself is actually fairly new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term itself is actually fairly new so
+the word the term additive combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word the term additive combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word the term additive combinatorics
+I believe was coined by Terry towel back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe was coined by Terry towel back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe was coined by Terry towel back
+in the early 2000s as somewhat of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 2000s as somewhat of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 2000s as somewhat of a
+rebranding of area that already existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebranding of area that already existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebranding of area that already existed
+but then got a lot of exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then got a lot of exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then got a lot of exciting
+developments in the early 2000s it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in the early 2000s it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in the early 2000s it's a
+deep and far-reaching subject with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep and far-reaching subject with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep and far-reaching subject with many
+connections to areas like graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to areas like graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to areas like graph theory
+harmonic analysis or Fourier analysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis or Fourier analysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis or Fourier analysis or
+Gothic theory discrete geometry logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gothic theory discrete geometry logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gothic theory discrete geometry logic
+and model theory and has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and model theory and has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and model theory and has many
+connections all over the place and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections all over the place and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections all over the place and also
+has many deep theorems so let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many deep theorems so let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many deep theorems so let me take
+you through a tour historically of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through a tour historically of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through a tour historically of I
+think some of the major milestones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of the major milestones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of the major milestones and
+landmarks in additive combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so after shirt's theorem which do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after shirt's theorem which do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after shirt's theorem which do we
+discuss in the first half of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in the first half of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in the first half of today's
+lecture the next big result I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the next big result I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the next big result I would say
+is mandolins theorem which was 1927
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bender Worden's theorem says that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bender Worden's theorem says that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bender Worden's theorem says that every
+coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the positive integers using finitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive integers using finitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive integers using finitely
+many colors contains arbitrarily long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many colors contains arbitrarily long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many colors contains arbitrarily long
+our thematic progressions so well see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thematic progressions so well see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thematic progressions so well see
+our to make progressions come up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to make progressions come up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to make progressions come up a lot
+so from now on we'll abbreviate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on we'll abbreviate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on we'll abbreviate this
+word by a P a P stands for arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word by a P a P stands for arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word by a P a P stands for arithmetic
+progressions so instead of shirts term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions so instead of shirts term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions so instead of shirts term
+where you just find a single solution 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just find a single solution 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just find a single solution 2x
+plus y equals to Z so now we're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z so now we're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y equals to Z so now we're finding
+a much bigger structure now keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger structure now keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger structure now keep in mind
+so a novice mistake is people make is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a novice mistake is people make is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a novice mistake is people make is to
+confuse arbitrarily long arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse arbitrarily long arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse arbitrarily long arithmetic
+progressions with infinitely long so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions with infinitely long so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions with infinitely long so
+these are definitely not the same so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are definitely not the same so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are definitely not the same so you
+can think about I'll leave it to you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about I'll leave it to you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about I'll leave it to you as
+an exercise that's also homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise that's also homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise that's also homework
+exercise that you can color the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that you can color the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that you can color the integers
+with just two colors in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just two colors in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just two colors in a way that
+destroys all possible infinitely long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys all possible infinitely long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys all possible infinitely long
+monochromatic bharatham dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic bharatham dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic bharatham dick
+progressions so arbitrarily long is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions so arbitrarily long is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions so arbitrarily long is very
+different from infinitely long no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from infinitely long no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from infinitely long no so
+this was you know it's a great result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was you know it's a great result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was you know it's a great result
+but it provokes small questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it provokes small questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it provokes small questions so
+erudition Tarang in the 30s they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erudition Tarang in the 30s they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erudition Tarang in the 30s they asked
+well they conjectured that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they conjectured that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they conjectured that the true
+reason in vendor wardens theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in vendor wardens theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in vendor wardens theorem of
+having wrong arithmetic progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having wrong arithmetic progressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having wrong arithmetic progressions
+it's not so much that you're coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so much that you're coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so much that you're coloring
+it's just because if you use finitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just because if you use finitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just because if you use finitely
+many colors than one of the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many colors than one of the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many colors than one of the color
+classes must have fairly high density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes must have fairly high density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes must have fairly high density so
+one of the classes use our colors has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the classes use our colors has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the classes use our colors has
+density at least one over R and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at least one over R and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at least one over R and they
+conjectured that every subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured that every subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured that every subset
+of the positive integers or the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positive integers or the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positive integers or the integers
+with positive density contains long so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with positive density contains long so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with positive density contains long so
+arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may ask what is the mean density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may ask what is the mean density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may ask what is the mean density so
+you can define density in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define density in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define density in many different
+ways and it doesn't actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and it doesn't actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and it doesn't actually really
+matter that much which definition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that much which definition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that much which definition you
+use but let me write down one definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but let me write down one definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but let me write down one definition
+so you can define given a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can define given a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can define given a subset of
+integers the upper density rather let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the upper density rather let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the upper density rather let me
+just say that it has positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that it has positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that it has positive
+opportunity if when we take the limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if when we take the limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if when we take the limbs
+soup as and goes to infinity and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup as and goes to infinity and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup as and goes to infinity and look at
+we'll take a scaling window and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a scaling window and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a scaling window and look at
+what fraction of that window is a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of that window is a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of that window is a that
+this number this limit soup is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number this limit soup is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number this limit soup is positive
+so that's one definition of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one definition of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one definition of positive
+density there are many other definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density there are many other definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density there are many other definitions
+sometimes known as no Pollock density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes known as no Pollock density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes known as no Pollock density
+you can take variations but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take variations but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take variations but they're all
+I mean for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for the purpose of this
+discussion they're all roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion they're all roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion they're all roughly
+equivalent so let's not worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so let's not worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so let's not worry too much
+about which definition of density we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which definition of density we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which definition of density we use
+here all right so erudition Terron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so erudition Terron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so erudition Terron
+conjectured that the true reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured that the true reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured that the true reason for
+bend awareness term is that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend awareness term is that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend awareness term is that one of the
+color classes has positive density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color classes has positive density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color classes has positive density and
+this turned out to be in an amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turned out to be in an amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turned out to be in an amazingly
+impressive question and that one had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive question and that one had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive question and that one had to
+wait several decades so this conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait several decades so this conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait several decades so this conjecture
+was made in the 30s 1936 so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made in the 30s 1936 so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made in the 30s 1936 so you have to
+wait several decades before finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait several decades before finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait several decades before finding out
+what the answer is so in a foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is so in a foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is so in a foundational
+theorem in the subject namasthe Roth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the subject namasthe Roth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the subject namasthe Roth's
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+so Roth proved it in the 50s I think 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the 50s that K equals to 3 it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50s that K equals to 3 it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50s that K equals to 3 it's true
+so if I say that it contains K term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say that it contains K term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say that it contains K term
+arithmetic progressions for every K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions for every K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions for every K and
+Roth proved that every positive density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roth proved that every positive density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roth proved that every positive density
+subset contains a three term arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset contains a three term arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset contains a three term arithmetic
+progressions and already you know Roth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions and already you know Roth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions and already you know Roth
+introduced very important ideas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced very important ideas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced very important ideas that we
+will see in this course in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in this course in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in this course in two different
+forms so in the first half the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms so in the first half the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms so in the first half the course
+will see a graph theoretic proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a graph theoretic proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a graph theoretic proof that
+was found later in the 70s of Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found later in the 70s of Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found later in the 70s of Ross
+theorem and then in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and then in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and then in the second half
+we'll see Roth's original proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see Roth's original proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see Roth's original proof that
+used Fourier analysis so Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Fourier analysis so Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Fourier analysis so Fourier
+analysis in number theory is also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in number theory is also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in number theory is also known
+as the hardy Littlewood circle method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the hardy Littlewood circle method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the hardy Littlewood circle method
+it's a powerful method analytic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powerful method analytic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powerful method analytic number
+theory but they are very interesting new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but they are very interesting new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but they are very interesting new
+ideas introduced by Roth as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas introduced by Roth as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas introduced by Roth as well in
+developing this result the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this result the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this result the full
+conjecture was settled by summer Eddie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture was settled by summer Eddie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture was settled by summer Eddie
+it took another couple of decades late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took another couple of decades late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took another couple of decades late
+70s SEM already proved his landmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s SEM already proved his landmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s SEM already proved his landmark
+theorem that confirmed the air - Terron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that confirmed the air - Terron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that confirmed the air - Terron
+conjecture similarly Sturm is a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture similarly Sturm is a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture similarly Sturm is a deep
+theorem this theorem is the proof to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this theorem is the proof to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this theorem is the proof to
+what the original combinatorial proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original combinatorial proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original combinatorial proof is
+a tour de force and you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tour de force and you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tour de force and you can look at the
+introduction of his paper where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of his paper where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of his paper where there's
+an enormous Li complex diagram ok so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous Li complex diagram ok so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous Li complex diagram ok so you
+can see this in the course notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this in the course notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this in the course notes that
+they saw the logical dependencies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw the logical dependencies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw the logical dependencies of the
+all dilemmas and propositions in Kim's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all dilemmas and propositions in Kim's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all dilemmas and propositions in Kim's
+paper and even if you assume every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and even if you assume every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and even if you assume every
+single statement is true looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single statement is true looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single statement is true looking at that
+diagram it's not immediately clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's not immediately clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's not immediately clear what
+is going on because the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on because the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on because the logical
+dependencies are so involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies are so involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies are so involved
+so this is you know this was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know this was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know this was a really
+complex proof and but not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex proof and but not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex proof and but not only that
+similarly Sturm actually motivated a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly Sturm actually motivated a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly Sturm actually motivated a lot
+of subsequent research so later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subsequent research so later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subsequent research so later on
+researchers from other areas came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers from other areas came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers from other areas came in and
+found also sophisticated proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found also sophisticated proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found also sophisticated proofs of
+similarities theorem from other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem from other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem from other areas
+and using other tools including and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using other tools including and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using other tools including and here
+are some of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the most important
+perspectives later perspectives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives later perspectives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives later perspectives of
+summer and Easter so they were say proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and Easter so they were say proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and Easter so they were say proof
+using our Gothic theory that followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our Gothic theory that followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our Gothic theory that followed
+fairly shortly after similarities or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly shortly after similarities or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly shortly after similarities or to
+no proof this is due to Furstenberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proof this is due to Furstenberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proof this is due to Furstenberg and
+initially it wasn't clear because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it wasn't clear because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it wasn't clear because all of
+these proofs were so involved it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proofs were so involved it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proofs were so involved it wasn't
+clear if the ergodic the red-eye proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if the ergodic the red-eye proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if the ergodic the red-eye proof
+was genuinely something new or it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was genuinely something new or it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was genuinely something new or it was a
+rephrasing of similarities combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrasing of similarities combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrasing of similarities combinatorial
+proof but then very quickly it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but then very quickly it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but then very quickly it was
+realized that there were extensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there were extensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there were extensions of
+similarities theorem other combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem other combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem other combinatorial
+results that the ergodic theorists could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that the ergodic theorists could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that the ergodic theorists could
+establish using their methods using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish using their methods using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish using their methods using the
+same methods or extensions of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same methods or extensions of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same methods or extensions of the same
+methods that combinatorial as' did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that combinatorial as' did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that combinatorial as' did not
+know how to do and to this date there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do and to this date there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do and to this date there
+are still theorems from which the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still theorems from which the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still theorems from which the only
+known proofs use organic theory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known proofs use organic theory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known proofs use organic theory I
+suppose extensions of similarity system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose extensions of similarity system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose extensions of similarity system
+and I will mention one later on today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will mention one later on today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will mention one later on today so
+that's one of the perspectives the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the perspectives the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the perspectives the other
+perspective that was also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that was also quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that was also quite
+influential is something known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential is something known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential is something known as
+higher-order Fourier analysis which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order Fourier analysis which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order Fourier analysis which was
+pioneered by and Gower's in around 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by and Gower's in around 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by and Gower's in around 2000
+so Gower's won Fields Medal party for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gower's won Fields Medal party for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gower's won Fields Medal party for
+his work on Banach spaces but also party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work on Banach spaces but also party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work on Banach spaces but also party
+for for this development so higher-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this development so higher-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this development so higher-order
+Fourier analysis is in some sense an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier analysis is in some sense an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier analysis is in some sense an
+extension of Roth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of Roth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of Roth's
+theorem so by the way Roth also won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so by the way Roth also won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so by the way Roth also won
+Fields Medal although this is not his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields Medal although this is not his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields Medal although this is not his
+most famous there I'll say it's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous there I'll say it's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous there I'll say it's second
+most famous there so Roth used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous there so Roth used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous there so Roth used this
+Fourier analysis in the sense of hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier analysis in the sense of hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier analysis in the sense of hardly
+a middle would to control three term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a middle would to control three term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a middle would to control three term
+arithmetic progressions but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions but it turns out
+that that method for very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that method for very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that method for very good
+fundamental reasons completely fails for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reasons completely fails for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reasons completely fails for
+for time arithmetic progressions yes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time arithmetic progressions yes oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time arithmetic progressions yes oh
+well see later in the course why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well see later in the course why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well see later in the course why why
+that's the case why is it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case why is it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case why is it that you
+cannot do Fourier analysis to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do Fourier analysis to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do Fourier analysis to control
+for turn a piece but Gower's managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for turn a piece but Gower's managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for turn a piece but Gower's managed to
+find a way to overcome that difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to overcome that difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to overcome that difficulty
+and he came up with an extension with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he came up with an extension with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he came up with an extension with a
+generalization of Fourier analysis very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of Fourier analysis very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of Fourier analysis very
+powerful very difficult to use actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful very difficult to use actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful very difficult to use actually
+but that allows you to understand high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that allows you to understand high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that allows you to understand high
+longer arithmetic progressions another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer arithmetic progressions another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer arithmetic progressions another
+very influential approach is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very influential approach is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very influential approach is called
+hyper graph regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the hyper graph regularity method was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hyper graph regularity method was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hyper graph regularity method was
+also discovered in the early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discovered in the early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discovered in the early 2000s
+independently by team led by Rhodope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by team led by Rhodope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by team led by Rhodope and
+also back hours so hyper graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also back hours so hyper graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also back hours so hyper graph
+regularity method it's an extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity method it's an extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity method it's an extension of
+what's known as Emiratis regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as Emiratis regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as Emiratis regularity
+similarly this graph regularity method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this graph regularity method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this graph regularity method
+and this is the method that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the method that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the method that will be a
+central topic in the first half of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central topic in the first half of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central topic in the first half of this
+course and it's a method that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and it's a method that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and it's a method that is quite
+central all these some of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central all these some of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central all these some of the ideas
+quite central to similarities method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite central to similarities method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite central to similarities method and
+he gave an alternative proof he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave an alternative proof he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave an alternative proof he and
+rochelle gave an alternative proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rochelle gave an alternative proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rochelle gave an alternative proof of
+gloucester using graph theory and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloucester using graph theory and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloucester using graph theory and for a
+long time people realized that one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time people realized that one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time people realized that one could
+extend some of those ideas to hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend some of those ideas to hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend some of those ideas to hyper
+graphs but working out how that proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but working out how that proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but working out how that proof
+goes actually took an enormous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes actually took an enormous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes actually took an enormous amount of
+time and effort and resulted in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and effort and resulted in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and effort and resulted in this
+amazing theorem on hyper graph I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing theorem on hyper graph I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing theorem on hyper graph I mean
+mention these are not the only methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention these are not the only methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention these are not the only methods
+that were used to extend summaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used to extend summaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used to extend summaries
+theorem we'll get the alternate proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we'll get the alternate proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we'll get the alternate proofs
+there are many others for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many others for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many others for example you
+may have heard of something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of something called the
+polymath project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymath project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymath project
+raise your hand if you heard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you heard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you heard of the
+polymath project okay great so so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymath project okay great so so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymath project okay great so so maybe
+about half of you so this is a online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of you so this is a online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of you so this is a online
+collaborative project started by Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative project started by Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative project started by Tim
+Gower's and and also famous people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gower's and and also famous people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gower's and and also famous people like
+Terry tell and they were all quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry tell and they were all quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terry tell and they were all quite
+involved in various polymath projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in various polymath projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in various polymath projects
+and the first successful polymath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first successful polymath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first successful polymath
+project produced a combinatorial proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project produced a combinatorial proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project produced a combinatorial proof
+of something known as the density Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something known as the density Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something known as the density Hales
+duet theorem so I won't explain well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duet theorem so I won't explain well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duet theorem so I won't explain well if
+this year so it's something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year so it's something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year so it's something which is
+related to take that whole but so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to take that whole but so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to take that whole but so it's
+so it's a deep combinatorial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a deep combinatorial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a deep combinatorial theorem
+that happy known earlier using or Gothic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happy known earlier using or Gothic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happy known earlier using or Gothic
+theoretic methods but they gave a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic methods but they gave a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic methods but they gave a new
+combinatorial proof in particular gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial proof in particular gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial proof in particular gave
+some concrete bounds on this theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some concrete bounds on this theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some concrete bounds on this theorem and
+that in particular also implies some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in particular also implies some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in particular also implies some
+reddish theorem so this gave a new proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reddish theorem so this gave a new proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reddish theorem so this gave a new proof
+and as a result they online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result they online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result they online
+collaborative project so they published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative project so they published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative project so they published
+this paper under the pseudonym dhj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper under the pseudonym dhj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper under the pseudonym dhj
+polymath where d HJ s that stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymath where d HJ s that stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymath where d HJ s that stands for
+density he'll Stewart and they kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density he'll Stewart and they kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density he'll Stewart and they kept the
+same name for all of the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same name for all of the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same name for all of the subsequent
+papers published by the polymath project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers published by the polymath project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers published by the polymath project
+so as you see you know through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you see you know through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you see you know through all of
+these examples that there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples that there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples that there were a lot of
+work that were motivated by some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that were motivated by some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that were motivated by some are
+disturbed this is truly a foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed this is truly a foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed this is truly a foundational
+result of foundational theorem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of foundational theorem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of foundational theorem that you
+know gave way to a lot of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gave way to a lot of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gave way to a lot of you know
+important research and similarly himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important research and similarly himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important research and similarly himself
+received an apple price for his seminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received an apple price for his seminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received an apple price for his seminal
+contributions to combinatorics and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to combinatorics and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to combinatorics and also
+theoretical computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we still don't understand in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't understand in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't understand in some sense
+completely what's Emiratis theorem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely what's Emiratis theorem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely what's Emiratis theorem you
+know what for example we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what for example we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what for example we don't
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+the optimal bounds and also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal bounds and also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal bounds and also more
+importantly conceptually we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly conceptually we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly conceptually we don't really
+understand how these methods are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how these methods are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how these methods are related
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+so there's some vague sense that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some vague sense that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some vague sense that they
+all have some common themes but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have some common themes but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have some common themes but it's
+still you know there's a lot of mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you know there's a lot of mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you know there's a lot of mystery
+as to what do these methods coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what do these methods coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what do these methods coming from
+very different areas organic Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different areas organic Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different areas organic Theory
+harmonic analysis graph theory what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis graph theory what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis graph theory what do
+they all have to do with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to do with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to do with each other
+but there's one central theme and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one central theme and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one central theme and this
+is also going to be a theme in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also going to be a theme in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also going to be a theme in this
+course which is goes under the name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which is goes under the name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which is goes under the name and
+I believe Terry towel is the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe Terry towel is the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe Terry towel is the one who
+popularized this name the dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized this name the dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized this name the dichotomy
+between structure and randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure and pseudo randomness somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and pseudo randomness somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and pseudo randomness somehow
+is a really fancy way of saying signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really fancy way of saying signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really fancy way of saying signal
+versus noise so I give you some object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus noise so I give you some object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus noise so I give you some object
+give you some complex object and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some complex object and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some complex object and there
+is some mathematical way to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some mathematical way to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some mathematical way to separate the
+structure from some noisy aspects which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from some noisy aspects which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from some noisy aspects which
+behave random like so there are be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave random like so there are be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave random like so there are be many
+places in this course where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in this course where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in this course where this
+dichotomy will play an important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy will play an important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy will play an important role
+any questions at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to take you through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take you through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take you through some
+generalizations and extensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations and extensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations and extensions of
+samurai DS theorem so first let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samurai DS theorem so first let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samurai DS theorem so first let's look
+at what happens if we go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens if we go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens if we go to higher
+dimensions suppose we have a subset in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions suppose we have a subset in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions suppose we have a subset in D
+dimensions D dimensional lattice so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions D dimensional lattice so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions D dimensional lattice so we
+can also define some notion of density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also define some notion of density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also define some notion of density
+again it doesn't matter precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't matter precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't matter precisely what
+is the notion you use for example we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion you use for example we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion you use for example we can
+say that has positive opportunity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that has positive opportunity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that has positive opportunity okay
+so similarly this term in one dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly this term in one dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly this term in one dimensions
+tells us that if you have some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that if you have some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that if you have some set of
+positive density that I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive density that I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive density that I can find
+arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions
+so what should the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should the corresponding
+generalization in higher dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization in higher dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization in higher dimensions
+here's a notion I can define namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a notion I can define namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a notion I can define namely that
+we say a contains arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a contains arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a contains arbitrary
+constellations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to mean that so what else I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean that so what else I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean that so what else I mean so
+constellation you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation you can think of it as
+some finite pattern so a set of stars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite pattern so a set of stars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite pattern so a set of stars in
+the sky so some pattern and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky so some pattern and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky so some pattern and I want to
+find that pattern somewhere in a where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that pattern somewhere in a where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that pattern somewhere in a where
+I'm allowed to dilate allowed you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to dilate allowed you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to dilate allowed you to
+multiply pattern by some number and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply pattern by some number and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply pattern by some number and also
+translate ok so I want to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate ok so I want to find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate ok so I want to find this
+pattern so what I mean precisely is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so what I mean precisely is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so what I mean precisely is that
+for every finite subset of the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every finite subset of the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every finite subset of the grid
+there exists some translation and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some translation and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some translation and some
+dilation such that once I apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation such that once I apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation such that once I apply this
+translation dilation and translation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation dilation and translation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation dilation and translation to
+my pattern F okay meaning and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pattern F okay meaning and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pattern F okay meaning and looking at
+the image of this F under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of this F under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of this F under this
+transformation then this set lies inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation then this set lies inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation then this set lies inside
+a see that are automatic progressions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a see that are automatic progressions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a see that are automatic progressions is
+the constellation just numbers 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constellation just numbers 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constellation just numbers 1 through
+K ok so that's a definition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K ok so that's a definition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K ok so that's a definition and the
+multi-dimensional same ready theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional same ready theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional same ready theorem so
+the multi-dimensional generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi-dimensional generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi-dimensional generalization of
+similarities theorem says that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem says that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem says that for every
+subset so every subset of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so every subset of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so every subset of the D
+dimensional lattice of positive density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains arbitrary constellations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you give me a pattern and I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a pattern and I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a pattern and I can find
+this pattern inside a provided that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern inside a provided that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern inside a provided that a
+has positive density so in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive density so in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive density so in particular if
+I want to find a 10 by 10 square grid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find a 10 by 10 square grid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find a 10 by 10 square grid so
+meaning suppose I want to find a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning suppose I want to find a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning suppose I want to find a pattern
+which consists of something like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of something like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of something like that a
+10 by 10 square grid where all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 by 10 square grid where all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 by 10 square grid where all of these
+lengths are equal but I don't specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are equal but I don't specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are equal but I don't specify
+what they are but as long as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are but as long as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are but as long as they're
+equal then the dirham tells me that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then the dirham tells me that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then the dirham tells me that as
+long as a has positive density then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as a has positive density then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as a has positive density then I
+can find such a pattern inside a so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find such a pattern inside a so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find such a pattern inside a so so
+this theorem was proved by Furstenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem was proved by Furstenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem was proved by Furstenberg
+and cuts Nelson so you see that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cuts Nelson so you see that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cuts Nelson so you see that it is a
+generalization of Samaras term or so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of Samaras term or so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of Samaras term or so the
+one-dimensional case is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional case is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional case is precisely
+Sammarinese theorem so first time Bergen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sammarinese theorem so first time Bergen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sammarinese theorem so first time Bergen
+cuts Nelson using a gothic theory showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts Nelson using a gothic theory showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts Nelson using a gothic theory showed
+that one can generalize somewhere this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can generalize somewhere this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can generalize somewhere this
+term to the multi-dimensional setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the multi-dimensional setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the multi-dimensional setting
+however the combinatorial approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the combinatorial approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the combinatorial approaches
+employed by similarity did not easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed by similarity did not easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed by similarity did not easily
+generalize so it took another couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so it took another couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so it took another couple of
+decades at least for people to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades at least for people to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades at least for people to find a
+combinatorial proof of this result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial proof of this result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial proof of this result and
+namely that happened with the hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that happened with the hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that happened with the hyper
+graph regularity method so this was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph regularity method so this was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph regularity method so this was one
+of the motivations of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motivations of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motivations of this of this
+project and you say ok what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and you say ok what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and you say ok what's the point
+of having different proofs well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having different proofs well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having different proofs well one
+thing it's nice to know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's nice to know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's nice to know you know
+different perspectives on two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on two important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on two important
+there but there's also no concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there's also no concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there's also no concrete
+objective in particular it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective in particular it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective in particular it turns out
+that if you prove something using or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you prove something using or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you prove something using or
+gothic theory because ok so we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gothic theory because ok so we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gothic theory because ok so we will not
+discuss a conic theory in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a conic theory in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a conic theory in this course
+but roughly you know one of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly you know one of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly you know one of the early
+steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in
+proof applies compactness and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof applies compactness and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof applies compactness and that
+already destroys any chance of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already destroys any chance of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already destroys any chance of getting
+concrete quantitative bounce so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete quantitative bounce so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete quantitative bounce so you can
+ask if I want to find a ten by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if I want to find a ten by time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if I want to find a ten by time
+pattern and I have density one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and I have density one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and I have density one percent
+how large do I need to look how far do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large do I need to look how far do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large do I need to look how far do I
+have to look in order to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look in order to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look in order to find that
+patter so that's a quantitative question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patter so that's a quantitative question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patter so that's a quantitative question
+that is actually not at all addressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually not at all addressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually not at all addressed by
+organic theory so in later methods using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic theory so in later methods using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic theory so in later methods using
+combinatorial methods give you concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial methods give you concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial methods give you concrete
+bounds so there are some concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so there are some concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so there are some concrete
+differences between these methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this theorem reminds me of this scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem reminds me of this scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem reminds me of this scene
+from the movie A Beautiful Mind just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the movie A Beautiful Mind just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the movie A Beautiful Mind just
+greatest mathematical movies some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest mathematical movies some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest mathematical movies some sense
+and so there's a scene in there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a scene in there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a scene in there where
+Russell Crowe you know playing John Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell Crowe you know playing John Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell Crowe you know playing John Nash
+know so they were at this fancy party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they were at this fancy party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they were at this fancy party
+and Nash was with his soon-to-be wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nash was with his soon-to-be wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nash was with his soon-to-be wife
+Alicia and he points to the sky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicia and he points to the sky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicia and he points to the sky and
+tells her and pick a shape pick a shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells her and pick a shape pick a shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells her and pick a shape pick a shape
+and I can find for you among the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find for you among the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find for you among the stars
+and so this is what the theorem allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what the theorem allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what the theorem allows
+you to do right so if you have so give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do right so if you have so give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do right so if you have so give
+me a shape and I can find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a shape and I can find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a shape and I can find that
+constellation inside a let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation inside a let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation inside a let's look at
+other generalizations so far we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other generalizations so far we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other generalizations so far we are
+looking at linear patterns so looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at linear patterns so looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at linear patterns so looking at
+linear dilations and translations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear dilations and translations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear dilations and translations but
+what about polynomial patterns so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about polynomial patterns so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about polynomial patterns so here's
+a question suppose I give you a dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question suppose I give you a dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question suppose I give you a dense
+subset of positive density subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of positive density subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of positive density subset of
+integers can you find two numbers whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers can you find two numbers whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers can you find two numbers whose
+difference is a perfect square so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is a perfect square so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is a perfect square so this
+question was asked by lavas and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was asked by lavas and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was asked by lavas and a
+positive answer was given in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive answer was given in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive answer was given in the late
+70s by Furstenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first time Birkin jacuzzi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time Birkin jacuzzi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time Birkin jacuzzi
+they showed using different methods one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed using different methods one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed using different methods one
+regarding theoretic and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding theoretic and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding theoretic and the other is
+more harmonic analytic that every subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more harmonic analytic that every subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more harmonic analytic that every subset
+of the integers subset of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integers subset of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integers subset of positive
+integers with positive density contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with positive density contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with positive density contains
+two numbers differing by a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers differing by a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers differing by a perfect
+square so in other words we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so in other words we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so in other words we can always
+find the pattern X X plus y squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the pattern X X plus y squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the pattern X X plus y squared so
+what about other polynomial patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about other polynomial patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about other polynomial patterns
+instead of this Y squared suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this Y squared suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this Y squared suppose you
+just give me some other polynomial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me some other polynomial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me some other polynomial or
+maybe a collection of polynomials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a collection of polynomials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a collection of polynomials so
+what can I say well there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say well there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say well there are some
+things for which this is not true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for which this is not true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for which this is not true okay
+you give me an example where if I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me an example where if I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me an example where if I put in
+a wrong polynomial it's not true well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong polynomial it's not true well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong polynomial it's not true well if
+the polynomial is the constant one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial is the constant one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial is the constant one if
+you take the even numbers as density 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the even numbers as density 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the even numbers as density 1/2
+but it doesn't contain any patterns of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't contain any patterns of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't contain any patterns of X
+and X plus one so so I need to say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X plus one so so I need to say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X plus one so so I need to say some
+hypotheses about these polynomials so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about these polynomials so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about these polynomials so a
+vast generalization of this result known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast generalization of this result known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast generalization of this result known
+as the polynomial similarity theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that if a is a subset of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if a is a subset of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if a is a subset of integers
+with positive density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we have these polynomials P 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have these polynomials P 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have these polynomials P 1
+through P K with integer coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P K with integer coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P K with integer coefficients
+and 0 constant terms then I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 constant terms then I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 constant terms then I can always
+find a pattern so there exists some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pattern so there exists some X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pattern so there exists some X
+and positive integer Y such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive integer Y such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive integer Y such that this
+pattern X plus P 1 of Y X plus P 2 of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern X plus P 1 of Y X plus P 2 of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern X plus P 1 of Y X plus P 2 of Y
+and so on X plus PK of why they all lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on X plus PK of why they all lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on X plus PK of why they all lie
+in a so in other words succinctly every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a so in other words succinctly every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a so in other words succinctly every
+subset of integers with cost intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of integers with cost intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of integers with cost intensity
+contains arbitrary polynomial patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was proved so this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was proved so this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was proved so this was an
+important result proved by Ferguson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important result proved by Ferguson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important result proved by Ferguson and
+Lippmann using organic theory and so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lippmann using organic theory and so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lippmann using organic theory and so far
+for this general statement the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this general statement the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this general statement the only
+known proof uses or Gothic theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known proof uses or Gothic theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known proof uses or Gothic theory so
+there were some recent developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some recent developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some recent developments
+recent pretty exciting developments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent pretty exciting developments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent pretty exciting developments that
+for some specific cases where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some specific cases where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some specific cases where if you
+have some additional restrictions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some additional restrictions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some additional restrictions on the
+piece then there are other methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece then there are other methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece then there are other methods
+coming from for you and it is a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from for you and it is a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from for you and it is a harmonic
+and analytic methods that could give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analytic methods that could give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analytic methods that could give you
+different proof that allows you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proof that allows you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proof that allows you to get
+some thanks remember organic de Veracruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thanks remember organic de Veracruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thanks remember organic de Veracruz
+gives you no bounds but so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you no bounds but so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you no bounds but so far in
+general the only method known is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the only method known is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the only method known is
+regarding thematic and actually Ferguson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding thematic and actually Ferguson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding thematic and actually Ferguson
+Liebman proved something which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liebman proved something which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liebman proved something which is more
+general than what I have stated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than what I have stated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than what I have stated so
+there's also true in a multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also true in a multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also true in a multi-dimensional
+set I won't stay that precisely but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I won't stay that precisely but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I won't stay that precisely but you
+can imagine what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me mention one more theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me mention one more theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me mention one more theorem that
+many of you imagine a photo and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you imagine a photo and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you imagine a photo and this is
+the Green County room so the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green County room so the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green County room so the Green
+County room says that the primes contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+County room says that the primes contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+County room says that the primes contain
+arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a famous theorem and it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a famous theorem and it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a famous theorem and it's one
+of the most celebrated results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most celebrated results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most celebrated results of the
+past couple of decades and resolved some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple of decades and resolved some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple of decades and resolved some
+long-standing folklore conjectures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing folklore conjectures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing folklore conjectures in
+number theory the Green kalkaryn you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory the Green kalkaryn you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory the Green kalkaryn you see
+that in informants look somewhat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in informants look somewhat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in informants look somewhat like
+similarities theorem but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities theorem but it doesn't
+follow from summer lease term what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from summer lease term what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from summer lease term what the
+primes they don't have positive density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes they don't have positive density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes they don't have positive density
+the prime number theorem tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime number theorem tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime number theorem tells us the
+density the case like 1 over log n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the case like 1 over log n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the case like 1 over log n so
+what about quantitative versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about quantitative versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about quantitative versions of
+similarities term it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities term it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities term it is possible
+although we do not know how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we do not know how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we do not know how to prove
+such statement it is possible that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such statement it is possible that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such statement it is possible that a
+density of primes along my guarantee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of primes along my guarantee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of primes along my guarantee the
+green Cottenham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Cottenham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Cottenham
+in that it is possible that similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it is possible that similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it is possible that similarities
+theorem is true for any set whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is true for any set whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is true for any set whose
+density the case like the prime numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the case like the prime numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the case like the prime numbers
+like 1 over log n but that is no we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over log n but that is no we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over log n but that is no we're
+quite far from proving such a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite far from proving such a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite far from proving such a statement
+and that's not what green and how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what green and how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what green and how did
+instead they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they took
+Samaras theorem as a black box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samaras theorem as a black box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samaras theorem as a black box and
+applied it to some variant of the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied it to some variant of the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied it to some variant of the primes
+and showed that inside this variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed that inside this variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed that inside this variant
+similarly this term is also true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this term is also true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this term is also true and
+that the Prime's sit inside this variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Prime's sit inside this variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Prime's sit inside this variant
+of the Prime's normal pseudo Prime's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Prime's normal pseudo Prime's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Prime's normal pseudo Prime's as
+a set of relatively positive density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of relatively positive density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of relatively positive density of
+somehow transferring Samaras theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow transferring Samaras theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow transferring Samaras theorem
+from the dense setting to a sparse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dense setting to a sparse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dense setting to a sparse or
+setting so this is a very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so this is a very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so this is a very exciting
+technique and as a result Green Kyle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and as a result Green Kyle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and as a result Green Kyle
+proved not just that the primes contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved not just that the primes contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved not just that the primes contain
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+virtually long or thematic progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually long or thematic progressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually long or thematic progressions
+but every relatively dense so relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every relatively dense so relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every relatively dense so relatively
+past the density subset the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the density subset the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the density subset the primes
+contains arbitrarily long arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains arbitrarily long arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains arbitrarily long arithmetic
+progressions but to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions but to prove this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions but to prove this theorem
+they incorporated into many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they incorporated into many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they incorporated into many different
+ideas coming from many different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas coming from many different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas coming from many different areas
+of mathematics including harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics including harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics including harmonic
+analysis you know some ideas coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know some ideas coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know some ideas coming from
+combinatorics number theory as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics number theory as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics number theory as well so
+there were some innovations at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some innovations at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some innovations at the time
+in number theory that were employed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in number theory that were employed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in number theory that were employed in
+this result so this is certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result so this is certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result so this is certainly a
+landmark theorem and although we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmark theorem and although we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmark theorem and although we will
+not discuss the full proof of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discuss the full proof of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discuss the full proof of the green
+code theorem we will go into some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code theorem we will go into some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code theorem we will go into some of the
+ideas throughout this course and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas throughout this course and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas throughout this course and I will
+show you in a bit some pieces and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a bit some pieces and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a bit some pieces and that
+we will see throughout the course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see throughout the course okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see throughout the course okay
+so this is a meant to be a very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a meant to be a very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a meant to be a very fast
+tour of what happened in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour of what happened in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour of what happened in the last
+hundred years in additive combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years in additive combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years in additive combinatorics
+you're taking you from shirt's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking you from shirt's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking you from shirt's theorem
+which was seen really about 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was seen really about 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was seen really about 100 years
+ago to something that is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago to something that is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago to something that is much more
+modern but now you know instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern but now you know instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern but now you know instead of being
+up in the stars let's come back down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the stars let's come back down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the stars let's come back down to
+earth and I want to talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth and I want to talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth and I want to talk about in the
+world you next so what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you next so what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you next so what are some of the
+things that we can actually proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can actually proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can actually proof that
+doesn't involve you know taking up in 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve you know taking up in 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve you know taking up in 50
+pages using a complex logical diagram as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages using a complex logical diagram as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages using a complex logical diagram as
+some Renny did in his paper so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Renny did in his paper so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Renny did in his paper so what are
+some of the simple things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the simple things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the simple things that we can
+start with well so first let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with well so first let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with well so first let's go back
+to Ross theorem all right so Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ross theorem all right so Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ross theorem all right so Ross
+theorem we've stated it up there but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we've stated it up there but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we've stated it up there but let
+me restate it in a finite area form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me restate it in a finite area form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me restate it in a finite area form the
+roster ms the statement that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roster ms the statement that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roster ms the statement that every
+subset of integers 1 through n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of integers 1 through n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of integers 1 through n that
+avoids three term arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids three term arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids three term arithmetic
+progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+must have size gluto all of em so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have size gluto all of em so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have size gluto all of em so we
+earlier we gave an infinite airy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we gave an infinite airy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we gave an infinite airy
+statement that if you have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that if you have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that if you have a positive
+density subset of the integers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density subset of the integers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density subset of the integers that
+contains a 380 this is an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a 380 this is an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a 380 this is an equivalent
+finitary statement Roth's original proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitary statement Roth's original proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitary statement Roth's original proof
+used Fourier analysis and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Fourier analysis and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Fourier analysis and a different
+proof was given in the 70s by Russia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof was given in the 70s by Russia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof was given in the 70s by Russia and
+similarly using graph theoretic methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly using graph theoretic methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly using graph theoretic methods
+so how this graph theory have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how this graph theory have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how this graph theory have to do with
+this result and that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result and that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result and that shouldn't be
+surprising to you at this point given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you at this point given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you at this point given
+that we already saw how we used Ramsey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already saw how we used Ramsey's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already saw how we used Ramsey's
+theorem graph theoretic result to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem graph theoretic result to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem graph theoretic result to prove
+shirt's theorem which is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt's theorem which is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt's theorem which is something that
+is number theoretic so something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is number theoretic so something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is number theoretic so something similar
+happens but now the question is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but now the question is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but now the question is what is
+the graph theoretic problem that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph theoretic problem that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph theoretic problem that we need
+to look at so for sure Sturm it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at so for sure Sturm it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at so for sure Sturm it was
+Ramsey's theorem for triangles or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramsey's theorem for triangles or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramsey's theorem for triangles or what
+about for Ross theorem and naive guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for Ross theorem and naive guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for Ross theorem and naive guess
+is the following so what's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so what's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so what's the question
+that we should ask here's a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should ask here's a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should ask here's a somewhat
+naive guess which turns out not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive guess which turns out not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive guess which turns out not to be
+the right question but still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question but still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question but still an
+interesting question which is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question which is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question which is that what
+is the maximum number of edges in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum number of edges in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum number of edges in a
+triangle free graph vertices now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle free graph vertices now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle free graph vertices now this is
+not totally a stupid guess because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally a stupid guess because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally a stupid guess because you
+know as you imagine from what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as you imagine from what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as you imagine from what we said
+with shirts theorem somehow you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shirts theorem somehow you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shirts theorem somehow you know you
+want to set up a graph so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set up a graph so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set up a graph so that the
+triangles correspond to the three-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles correspond to the three-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles correspond to the three-term
+arithmetic progressions and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions and you want to
+set it up in such a way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up in such a way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up in such a way that this
+question about you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know what's the
+maximum size subset of 1 through m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum size subset of 1 through m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum size subset of 1 through m
+without three atps translates into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without three atps translates into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without three atps translates into some
+questionable you know what's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable you know what's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable you know what's the maximum
+number of edges in a graph that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges in a graph that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges in a graph that has some
+property what is that property so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property what is that property so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property what is that property so this
+is not a totally stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a totally stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a totally stupid
+but turns out this question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out this question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out this question is
+relatively easy so it has a name so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy so it has a name so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy so it has a name so this
+was found by mental about 100 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found by mental about 100 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found by mental about 100 years ago
+Noah's mint house theorem and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noah's mint house theorem and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noah's mint house theorem and the answer
+well you all see a proof so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you all see a proof so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you all see a proof so the first
+thing we'll do in the next lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll do in the next lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll do in the next lecture is
+proof mint house term but you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof mint house term but you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof mint house term but you know I
+don't want to hold suspense I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hold suspense I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hold suspense I mean the
+answer turns out to be fairly simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be fairly simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be fairly simple to
+describe namely that you split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe namely that you split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe namely that you split the
+vertices into two basically equal halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices into two basically equal halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices into two basically equal halves
+and you join all the possible edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you join all the possible edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you join all the possible edges
+between the two so there's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so there's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so there's a complete
+bipartite graph with two equal sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph with two equal sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph with two equal sized
+parts and turns out this graph you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and turns out this graph you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and turns out this graph you see
+this triangle free and they also turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle free and they also turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle free and they also turns
+out have the maximum number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out have the maximum number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out have the maximum number of edges
+yep question let me get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep question let me get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep question let me get to that in a
+second okay so I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so I'll talk about
+asymptotics in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotics in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotics in a second
+okay so turns out this is not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turns out this is not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turns out this is not the right
+graph theoretic question to ask so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theoretic question to ask so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theoretic question to ask so what
+is the right graph there better question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right graph there better question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right graph there better question
+to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask
+so it's I'll tell you what it is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I'll tell you what it is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I'll tell you what it is I mean
+it it shouldn't be clear to you at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it shouldn't be clear to you at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it shouldn't be clear to you at this
+point it still seems like an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it still seems like an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it still seems like an interesting
+question but it's also somewhat bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it's also somewhat bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it's also somewhat bizarre
+to think about if you never seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about if you never seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about if you never seen this
+before so what is the maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so what is the maximum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so what is the maximum number of
+edges in an N vertex graph where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in an N vertex graph where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in an N vertex graph where every
+edge flies in exactly one triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I won the graph with lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won the graph with lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won the graph with lots and lots of
+edges where every edge sits in exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges where every edge sits in exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges where every edge sits in exactly
+one triangle now you might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one triangle now you might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one triangle now you might have some
+difficulty even coming up with good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty even coming up with good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty even coming up with good
+graphs to have this property and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs to have this property and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs to have this property and that's
+okay these are very strange things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are very strange things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are very strange things to
+think about and but we'll see many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and but we'll see many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and but we'll see many
+examples of it later on and we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of it later on and we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of it later on and we'll also
+see how Ross theorem is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how Ross theorem is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how Ross theorem is connected to
+this graph theoretic question I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph theoretic question I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph theoretic question I'm just
+to give you a hint you know where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a hint you know where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a hint you know where does
+exactly one triangle come from it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one triangle come from it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one triangle come from it's
+because even if you avoid three-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you avoid three-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you avoid three-term
+arithmetic progressions they are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions they are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions they are still
+these trivial three-term arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trivial three-term arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trivial three-term arithmetic
+progressions where you keep the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions where you keep the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions where you keep the same
+number three times and in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three times and in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three times and in graph
+theoretic world that comes to the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic world that comes to the unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic world that comes to the unique
+triangle there every edge sits out so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle there every edge sits out so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle there every edge sits out so to
+address the question about quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the question about quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the question about quantitative
+bounds for rough theorem it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for rough theorem it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for rough theorem it turns out
+that you know we have upper bounds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we have upper bounds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we have upper bounds or
+lower bounds and it is still a wide open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds and it is still a wide open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds and it is still a wide open
+question as to you know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as to you know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as to you know what these
+things should be and roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should be and roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should be and roughly speaking
+the best lower bound comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best lower bound comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best lower bound comes from a
+construction which we'll see later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction which we'll see later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction which we'll see later in
+this course the highest size around n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course the highest size around n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course the highest size around n
+divided by e to the C roots log N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by e to the C roots log N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by e to the C roots log N and
+the best upper bound is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best upper bound is of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best upper bound is of the form
+roughly and over log n may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and over log n may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and over log n may be a little
+bit hard to think about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hard to think about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hard to think about how these
+numbers behave so if you raise both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers behave so if you raise both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers behave so if you raise both
+sides to the denominator to eat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides to the denominator to eat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides to the denominator to eat the
+something then it's maybe easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then it's maybe easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then it's maybe easier to
+compare but it's still pretty far gap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare but it's still pretty far gap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare but it's still pretty far gap so
+still pretty big gap there's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty big gap there's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty big gap there's a famous
+conjecture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture of
+air dish some of you might heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air dish some of you might heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air dish some of you might heard of that
+if you have a subset of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a subset of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a subset of a positive
+integers with divergent harmonic series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with divergent harmonic series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with divergent harmonic series
+then it contains arbitrarily long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it contains arbitrarily long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it contains arbitrarily long or
+thematic progressions that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic progressions that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic progressions that's a very
+attractive statement but somehow I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive statement but somehow I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive statement but somehow I don't
+like this statement so much because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this statement so much because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this statement so much because it
+seems to make a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to make a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to make a tube
+pretty and the statement really is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty and the statement really is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty and the statement really is about
+what is the bounds on Ross theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bounds on Ross theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bounds on Ross theorem and
+our Sammarinese theorem and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Sammarinese theorem and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Sammarinese theorem and having
+divergent harmonic series is roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent harmonic series is roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent harmonic series is roughly the
+same as trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as trying to prove
+Ross theorem slightly better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem slightly better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem slightly better than the
+bound that we currently have somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that we currently have somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that we currently have somehow
+breaking this logarithmic barrier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this logarithmic barrier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this logarithmic barrier so
+that conjecture that having divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conjecture that having divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conjecture that having divergent
+harmonic series implies three-term a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic series implies three-term a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic series implies three-term a
+piece it's still open that is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it's still open that is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it's still open that is still
+opens where the bounds very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens where the bounds very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens where the bounds very close to
+what we can prove but it is still open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can prove but it is still open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can prove but it is still open
+for this question we will see later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this question we will see later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this question we will see later in
+this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+once we've developed similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've developed similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've developed similarities
+regularity lemma that the we can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma that the we can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma that the we can prove
+an upper bound of OTV and squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound of OTV and squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound of OTV and squared and
+that will suffice for proving Ross there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will suffice for proving Ross there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will suffice for proving Ross there
+turns out we don't know what the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we don't know what the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we don't know what the right
+answer should be we don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should be we don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should be we don't know whether
+it's the best such graph and turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best such graph and turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best such graph and turns out
+the best construction for this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best construction for this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best construction for this graph
+there comes from over here the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there comes from over here the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there comes from over here the best
+lower bound construction of a set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound construction of a set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound construction of a set of a
+large set without three term arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large set without three term arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large set without three term arithmetic
+progressions all right so I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions all right so I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressions all right so I'm giving you
+a preview of more of these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preview of more of these connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preview of more of these connections
+between additive combinatorics on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between additive combinatorics on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between additive combinatorics on one
+hand and graph theory on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and graph theory on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and graph theory on the other hand
+that we'll see you know throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see you know throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see you know throughout this
+course any questions ok so just to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course any questions ok so just to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course any questions ok so just to tell
+you what's going to happen next so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going to happen next so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going to happen next so the
+next thing that we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing that we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing that we're going to discuss
+is basically extremal graph theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically extremal graph theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically extremal graph theory in
+particular if you forbid some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you forbid some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you forbid some structure
+so just a triangle maybe a four cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a triangle maybe a four cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a triangle maybe a four cycle
+maybe some other graph what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some other graph what can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some other graph what can you say
+about the maximum number of edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the maximum number of edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the maximum number of edges and
+there are still a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still a lot of interesting
+open problems even even for that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems even even for that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems even even for that I
+forbid some H what's the maximum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid some H what's the maximum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid some H what's the maximum number
+of edges alright so the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges alright so the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges alright so the next few
+lectures will be on that topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SGHx6jKvxr8.txt b/SGHx6jKvxr8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..779d15707065297238f77e5385242d3c394d1a40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SGHx6jKvxr8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6946 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh today we're going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh today we're going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh today we're going to get into
+some real stuff we're kind of peering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real stuff we're kind of peering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real stuff we're kind of peering
+way back in in evolution about how life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in in evolution about how life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in in evolution about how life
+first learned to to make energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learned to to make energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learned to to make energy but
+before we do that I just want to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that I just want to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that I just want to finish
+up uh talking a little bit more about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh talking a little bit more about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh talking a little bit more about uh
+enzymes the the biological uh catalysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes the the biological uh catalysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes the the biological uh catalysts
+that are critical for life to exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are critical for life to exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are critical for life to exist and
+about how energy is stored I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how energy is stored I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how energy is stored I want to
+clarify a point that clearly con uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify a point that clearly con uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify a point that clearly con uh
+confused a couple of you in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a couple of you in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a couple of you in the last
+lecture so the the Gibs free energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the the Gibs free energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so the the Gibs free energy that
+we talked about told can tell us that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about told can tell us that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about told can tell us that a
+reaction could go and in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction could go and in in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction could go and in in this case
+would actually release energy if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually release energy if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually release energy if it
+occurred if these reactants were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred if these reactants were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred if these reactants were
+converted to these products but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to these products but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to these products but the
+problem for most reactions is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for most reactions is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for most reactions is that you
+don't they in order for the reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they in order for the reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they in order for the reaction to
+take place there's a state in the midle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place there's a state in the midle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place there's a state in the midle
+some chemical state known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chemical state known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chemical state known as the
+transition state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state which is
+energetically less favorable than either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically less favorable than either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically less favorable than either
+the reactants or the products and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants or the products and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants or the products and this
+makes if a and b are going to convert to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes if a and b are going to convert to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes if a and b are going to convert to
+C and D they have to probably start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and D they have to probably start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and D they have to probably start
+coming together in some kind of way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together in some kind of way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together in some kind of way and
+that becomes energetically unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes energetically unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes energetically unfavorable
+and this gives this activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy or Delta g0 0 and if the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or Delta g0 0 and if the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or Delta g0 0 and if the cell
+wants Rea chemical reactions to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants Rea chemical reactions to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants Rea chemical reactions to take
+place at 25 degrees Centigrade aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at 25 degrees Centigrade aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at 25 degrees Centigrade aquous
+solution it has to do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it has to do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it has to do something about
+that and so it employs biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so it employs biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so it employs biological
+catalysts and what a catalyst does as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts and what a catalyst does as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts and what a catalyst does as
+you've heard in chemistry is it lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard in chemistry is it lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard in chemistry is it lowers
+the activation energy in some way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy in some way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy in some way so
+that the molecules have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the molecules have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the molecules have enough energy
+just within their normal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within their normal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within their normal energy
+distribution at that temperature to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at that temperature to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at that temperature to get
+over the to get over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the to get over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the to get over the
+hump these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump these
+biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological
+catalysts come in two flavors as i' said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts come in two flavors as i' said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts come in two flavors as i' said
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enzymes which are made of protein with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes which are made of protein with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes which are made of protein with
+all those amino acids that we side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those amino acids that we side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those amino acids that we side
+chains that we talked about when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains that we talked about when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains that we talked about when the
+thing folds up in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing folds up in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing folds up in three-dimensional
+space form a little chemical V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space form a little chemical V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space form a little chemical V
+environment that enables that activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that enables that activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that enables that activation
+energy to be lowered there are also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be lowered there are also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be lowered there are also a
+few not so many but we now know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few not so many but we now know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few not so many but we now know that
+there are uh catalysts made out of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh catalysts made out of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh catalysts made out of of
+RNA these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA these are called
+riboses not so many of them but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboses not so many of them but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboses not so many of them but they're
+important now the characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important now the characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important now the characteristics of
+these that are important is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specificity each enzyme or ribozyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specific for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for a given
+reaction so that means the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that means the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that means the reaction
+probably won't go will barely go unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't go will barely go unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't go will barely go unless
+that uh enzyme or some cases ribozyme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh enzyme or some cases ribozyme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh enzyme or some cases ribozyme is
+present and so that's really the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and so that's really the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and so that's really the secret
+to how cells control all of these many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how cells control all of these many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how cells control all of these many
+many many hundreds or thousands of B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hundreds or thousands of B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hundreds or thousands of B of
+chemical reactions that take place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions that take place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions that take place that
+are necessary for life because what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessary for life because what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessary for life because what they
+need to do and if they um want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do and if they um want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do and if they um want to
+control whether reaction takes place or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control whether reaction takes place or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control whether reaction takes place or
+not is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the
+availability or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activity of an enzyme and when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of an enzyme and when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of an enzyme and when we talk
+about Gene regulation you'll see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Gene regulation you'll see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Gene regulation you'll see for
+example one way a cell might do it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one way a cell might do it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one way a cell might do it is to
+not even bother to make the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even bother to make the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even bother to make the enzyme
+unless it wants a particular reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it wants a particular reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it wants a particular reaction to
+take place or it could take an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place or it could take an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place or it could take an enzyme
+that's there and put little bells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there and put little bells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there and put little bells and
+whistles on it that that make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistles on it that that make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistles on it that that make it more
+active or less active and we'll see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or less active and we'll see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or less active and we'll see an
+example of that very soon so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that very soon so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that very soon so that is the
+secret to how cells are then able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret to how cells are then able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret to how cells are then able to
+regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metabolism and these biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and these biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and these biological
+catalysts use a whole variet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts use a whole variet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts use a whole variet
+iety of different molecular mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iety of different molecular mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iety of different molecular mechanisms
+although all of them follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although all of them follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although all of them follow this
+principle that what they're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that what they're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that what they're trying to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to uh lower the activation energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh lower the activation energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh lower the activation energy so
+I'll just give you an example I I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you an example I I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you an example I I showed
+you uh of how one particular enzyme does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh of how one particular enzyme does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh of how one particular enzyme does
+it just in sort of cartoon form I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just in sort of cartoon form I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just in sort of cartoon form I told
+you gave you the example of glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave you the example of glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave you the example of glutamate
+being converted to glutamine now both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being converted to glutamine now both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being converted to glutamine now both of
+those are amino acids that are critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are amino acids that are critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are amino acids that are critical
+for making proteins the cell has to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making proteins the cell has to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making proteins the cell has to make
+both of them but as I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them but as I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them but as I showed you
+converting glutamate to glutamine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting glutamate to glutamine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting glutamate to glutamine is
+energetically unfavorable it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically unfavorable it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically unfavorable it's got a
+Delta G of plus uh seven and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of plus uh seven and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G of plus uh seven and then I
+showed you if you had an ATP going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you if you had an ATP going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you if you had an ATP going to
+ADP at the same time you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADP at the same time you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADP at the same time you could actually
+drive the whole reaction forward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the whole reaction forward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the whole reaction forward because
+there was a net gain but how's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a net gain but how's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a net gain but how's that
+actually accomplished and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accomplished and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accomplished and it's the
+enzyme uh that that carries this out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme uh that that carries this out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme uh that that carries this out and
+I'll just show you as I say in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you as I say in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you as I say in sort of
+cartoon form the way the enzyme works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon form the way the enzyme works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon form the way the enzyme works it
+has one binding pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one binding pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one binding pocket
+for glut glutamic acid or glutamate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glut glutamic acid or glutamate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glut glutamic acid or glutamate it
+fits in here it makes lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in here it makes lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in here it makes lots of
+specialized contacts all those sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized contacts all those sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized contacts all those sort of
+interact molecular reactions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact molecular reactions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact molecular reactions we're
+talking about and it also binds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and it also binds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and it also binds this
+molecule adenine uh triphosphate or ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule adenine uh triphosphate or ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule adenine uh triphosphate or ATP
+which is an adenine a ribos and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an adenine a ribos and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an adenine a ribos and then
+three phosphates join together and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phosphates join together and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phosphates join together and it
+makes interactions along here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes interactions along here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes interactions along here that
+enable it to bind very specifically Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable it to bind very specifically Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable it to bind very specifically Now
+by providing all this binding energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing all this binding energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing all this binding energy for
+ATP and for glutamic acid what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and for glutamic acid what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and for glutamic acid what the
+enzyme has done is positioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme has done is positioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme has done is positioned the
+carboxy group of glutamic acid right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group of glutamic acid right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group of glutamic acid right
+next to the last uh phosphate on the ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the last uh phosphate on the ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the last uh phosphate on the ATP
+this enables this to form a bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enables this to form a bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enables this to form a bond here
+which liberates a DP and leades you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which liberates a DP and leades you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which liberates a DP and leades you now
+with the glutamic acid with a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the glutamic acid with a phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the glutamic acid with a phosphate
+on you can kind of that reaction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can kind of that reaction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can kind of that reaction goes
+forward um because you broke the bond of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um because you broke the bond of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um because you broke the bond of
+ATP but this is still a pretty unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP but this is still a pretty unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP but this is still a pretty unhappy
+molecule it's got a lot lot of oxygen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it's got a lot lot of oxygen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it's got a lot lot of oxygen in
+very close proximity so it has another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close proximity so it has another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close proximity so it has another
+the enzyme has another binding pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme has another binding pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme has another binding pocket
+that's absolutely specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely specific for
+ammonia won't fit water which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia won't fit water which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia won't fit water which is very
+close which is a good thing because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close which is a good thing because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close which is a good thing because that
+would just reverse the process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just reverse the process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just reverse the process the
+ammonia gets in there and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia gets in there and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia gets in there and then it
+attacks here and liberates the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks here and liberates the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks here and liberates the phosphate
+and that then takes gives you glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then takes gives you glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then takes gives you glutamine
+and the inorganic phosphate so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inorganic phosphate so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inorganic phosphate so the the
+enzyme has provided this this binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme has provided this this binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme has provided this this binding
+surface that makes the reactions uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that makes the reactions uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that makes the reactions uh go
+at at biolog under biological conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at biolog under biological conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at biolog under biological conditions
+but it's also managed in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also managed in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also managed in the same
+process to have it Go by a mechanism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to have it Go by a mechanism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to have it Go by a mechanism in
+which it sort of temporarily captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it sort of temporarily captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it sort of temporarily captured
+that that energy that's in the ATP Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that energy that's in the ATP Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that energy that's in the ATP Bond
+and then used it to drive the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then used it to drive the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then used it to drive the rest of
+the reaction I mean it's just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction I mean it's just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction I mean it's just about
+magic how all of this developed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic how all of this developed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic how all of this developed it's
+really amazing but that's how every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing but that's how every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing but that's how every
+single biochemical step in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single biochemical step in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single biochemical step in your body
+takes place virtually all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place virtually all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place virtually all of them
+require an enzyme that in some way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require an enzyme that in some way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require an enzyme that in some way is
+highly tuned to do just the one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly tuned to do just the one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly tuned to do just the one single
+reaction I said the the principle of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction I said the the principle of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction I said the the principle of how
+this these enzymes work is they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these enzymes work is they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these enzymes work is they they
+lower the activation energy and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the activation energy and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the activation energy and the way
+they do that in general is they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that in general is they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that in general is they provide
+a binding pocket that resembles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binding pocket that resembles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binding pocket that resembles the
+transition state so as things approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state so as things approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state so as things approach
+here then it fits best into the pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it fits best into the pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it fits best into the pocket
+and therefore you get some energy back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you get some energy back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you get some energy back
+and kind of lower the energy hump that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of lower the energy hump that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of lower the energy hump that's
+necessary to go over and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to go over and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to go over and here's a
+reaction we're going to be show I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we're going to be show I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we're going to be show I'll be
+showing you in today's lecture it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you in today's lecture it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you in today's lecture it's
+going to evolve the transfer of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evolve the transfer of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evolve the transfer of a
+phosphate to a a glucose um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to a a glucose um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to a a glucose um and the
+first thing that happens is this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that happens is this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that happens is this enzyme
+interacts with ATP and takes one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with ATP and takes one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with ATP and takes one of the
+phosphates and attaches it to one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and attaches it to one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and attaches it to one of its
+its aspartic acid carboxy groups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its aspartic acid carboxy groups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its aspartic acid carboxy groups so
+you've got a actually a mixed an hydde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a actually a mixed an hydde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a actually a mixed an hydde
+if you know chemistry but again it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know chemistry but again it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know chemistry but again it's a
+sort of it's captured that phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it's captured that phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it's captured that phosphate
+this is a very unstable Bond and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very unstable Bond and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very unstable Bond and so you
+if you break it you'll you'll release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break it you'll you'll release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break it you'll you'll release
+energy and what the enzyme does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and what the enzyme does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and what the enzyme does is it
+allows the hydroxy of here to come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the hydroxy of here to come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the hydroxy of here to come and
+attack this phosphate and that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this phosphate and that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this phosphate and that then
+releases the aspartate of the enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the aspartate of the enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the aspartate of the enzyme and
+you end up affecting the transfer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up affecting the transfer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up affecting the transfer of the
+phosphate that began life on ATP and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that began life on ATP and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that began life on ATP and now
+it ends up on the glucose but as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up on the glucose but as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up on the glucose but as you can
+see here phosphate has four interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here phosphate has four interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here phosphate has four interacts
+with four atoms but as this hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four atoms but as this hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four atoms but as this hydroxy
+comes in it has to attack the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in it has to attack the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in it has to attack the phosphate
+and somewhere in the middle there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhere in the middle there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhere in the middle there's an
+intermediate immediate where all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate immediate where all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate immediate where all of
+these things are interacting and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are interacting and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are interacting and some
+crystallographers actually managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers actually managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers actually managed to
+capture that in a crystal structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that in a crystal structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that in a crystal structure and
+here you can see this is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see this is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see this is the the the
+oxygen coming from the sugar this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen coming from the sugar this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen coming from the sugar this is the
+oxygen of the aspartate and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen of the aspartate and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen of the aspartate and here is the
+phosphate where it's now as the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate where it's now as the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate where it's now as the tax
+taking place the thing is sort of pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place the thing is sort of pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place the thing is sort of pushed
+out and it's caught right at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it's caught right at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it's caught right at that
+transition state and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state and that's what the
+enzyme is providing a binding pocket for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is providing a binding pocket for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is providing a binding pocket for
+and thereby lowering the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thereby lowering the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thereby lowering the activation
+energy so there a really beautiful piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so there a really beautiful piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so there a really beautiful piece
+of of structural work the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of structural work the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of structural work the second thing
+then I want to um clarify was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to um clarify was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to um clarify was this
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ATP which is as I say it's like energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP which is as I say it's like energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP which is as I say it's like energy
+money for the cell when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the cell when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the cell when there's a
+reaction where it can extract energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where it can extract energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where it can extract energy it
+tries to make ATP and then when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to make ATP and then when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to make ATP and then when there's
+an reaction that doesn't want to go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an reaction that doesn't want to go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an reaction that doesn't want to go it
+will somehow figure out a way to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will somehow figure out a way to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will somehow figure out a way to spend
+that energy and make the reaction go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy and make the reaction go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy and make the reaction go
+forward and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule just a put it again CU it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule just a put it again CU it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule just a put it again CU it's a
+pretty important one in biology that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important one in biology that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important one in biology that's
+adamine which you already saw when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adamine which you already saw when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adamine which you already saw when we
+talked about nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+phosphates like this you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates like this you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates like this you can see it's
+probably a pretty unhappy molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty unhappy molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty unhappy molecule
+because it's got all of these oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got all of these oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got all of these oxygen
+stuck together and if you break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck together and if you break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck together and if you break this
+break this Bond then you release some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this Bond then you release some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this Bond then you release some
+energy so you could think of it as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you could think of it as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you could think of it as this
+in this kind of way that if we have a DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of way that if we have a DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of way that if we have a DP
+which is a denzine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a denzine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a denzine uh
+dios uh um um ien seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dios uh um um ien seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dios uh um um ien seen
+um diphosphate plus inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate that ATP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that ATP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that ATP is
+here and if you were to break the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you were to break the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you were to break the bond
+and make it back into ad p in inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it back into ad p in inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it back into ad p in inorganic
+phosphate then you would have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate then you would have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate then you would have gone
+energetically downhill but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically downhill but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically downhill but in order to
+make this you could think of was taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this you could think of was taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this you could think of was taking
+inorganic phosphate ion and uh this ADP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate ion and uh this ADP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate ion and uh this ADP
+if you start pushing them together it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start pushing them together it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start pushing them together it's
+the negative uh charges are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative uh charges are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative uh charges are going to
+repel and you're going to go up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel and you're going to go up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel and you're going to go up an
+energy Hill but if you ever get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Hill but if you ever get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Hill but if you ever get them
+close enough then they start to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough then they start to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough then they start to share
+electrons and they fall into this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and they fall into this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and they fall into this sort
+of energy well and this is what ATP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy well and this is what ATP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy well and this is what ATP is
+and so it's sort of like taking a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's sort of like taking a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's sort of like taking a spring
+and pushing it together and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushing it together and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushing it together and then when
+you form the bond it's like you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form the bond it's like you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form the bond it's like you put a
+little hook on it and now you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hook on it and now you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hook on it and now you've got
+this spring that's compressed and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spring that's compressed and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spring that's compressed and it's
+it's stable it won't do anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable it won't do anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable it won't do anything but
+there's energy stored in there that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's energy stored in there that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's energy stored in there that you
+can that you can use and it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that you can use and it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that you can use and it's the same
+principle in terms of uh how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in terms of uh how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in terms of uh how the the
+cell stores energy within um within ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell stores energy within um within ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell stores energy within um within ATP
+and this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this energy
+um is stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bundles of about 12 kilo calories per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles of about 12 kilo calories per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles of about 12 kilo calories per
+mole that's about how much energy is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole that's about how much energy is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole that's about how much energy is is
+released under physiological conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released under physiological conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released under physiological conditions
+when you hydrolize that Bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hydrolize that Bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hydrolize that Bond so
+hydrolyzing ATP to give a ADP plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzing ATP to give a ADP plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzing ATP to give a ADP plus
+inorganic phosphate would give you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate would give you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate would give you have
+a Delta G of minus 12 kilocalories per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta G of minus 12 kilocalories per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta G of minus 12 kilocalories per
+mole under physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole under physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole under physiological
+uh conditions now something in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conditions now something in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conditions now something in terms of
+evolution which I know a number of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution which I know a number of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution which I know a number of you
+said you were interested in here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you were interested in here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you were interested in here's a
+really interesting thing this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing this is the
+main energy storage molecule for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main energy storage molecule for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main energy storage molecule for the
+cell but you've heard about it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but you've heard about it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but you've heard about it before
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+adenosine that's the the nucleotide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine that's the the nucleotide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine that's the the nucleotide that
+we find in RNA and in fact ATP is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find in RNA and in fact ATP is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find in RNA and in fact ATP is also
+the precursor as we'll learn for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precursor as we'll learn for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precursor as we'll learn for making
+at for making RNA now one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for making RNA now one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for making RNA now one of the things
+that have puzzled scientists for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have puzzled scientists for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have puzzled scientists for many
+years is how did life ever get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is how did life ever get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is how did life ever get started
+in the first place there seemed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place there seemed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place there seemed to be a
+chicken and egg issue that proteins did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and egg issue that proteins did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and egg issue that proteins did
+the work and DNA stored the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work and DNA stored the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work and DNA stored the information
+and RNA was kind of an in messager in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RNA was kind of an in messager in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RNA was kind of an in messager in
+between and we'll talk a lot about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and we'll talk a lot about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and we'll talk a lot about that
+in in between so how could you ever get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in between so how could you ever get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in between so how could you ever get
+life started so the current thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life started so the current thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life started so the current thinking is
+that sometime if you remember in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometime if you remember in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometime if you remember in that
+first lecture we had about 4.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we had about 4.5 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we had about 4.5 billion
+years ago and the first organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and the first organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and the first organism
+something like today's bacterium showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like today's bacterium showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like today's bacterium showed
+up here about maybe 3.8 billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here about maybe 3.8 billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here about maybe 3.8 billion years
+ago that somewhere in between there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that somewhere in between there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that somewhere in between there is
+what people are now thinking of as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are now thinking of as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are now thinking of as an
+RNA world where RNA managed to do act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA world where RNA managed to do act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA world where RNA managed to do act as
+a ribosome and catalyze chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribosome and catalyze chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribosome and catalyze chemical
+reactions but it also had the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but it also had the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but it also had the capacity
+to uh store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh store
+information but it's sort of intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but it's sort of intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but it's sort of intriguing
+although no one's proven that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although no one's proven that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although no one's proven that it's just
+a hypothesis we also see that the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothesis we also see that the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothesis we also see that the major
+energy storage molecule found in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage molecule found in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage molecule found in all
+living things is also a building block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things is also a building block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things is also a building block
+of RNA it's sort of fits with that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNA it's sort of fits with that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNA it's sort of fits with that kind
+of idea now there's one kind of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea now there's one kind of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea now there's one kind of reaction
+that I'm going to have to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have to tell you about
+Penny will talk quite a bit with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penny will talk quite a bit with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penny will talk quite a bit with this
+when you're thinking about how organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about how organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about how organisms
+make living but these this is set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make living but these this is set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make living but these this is set of
+reactions known as Redux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions so the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of one or more electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and the
+gain of one or more electron is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction if you're going to take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction if you're going to take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction if you're going to take away
+an electron somebody else has to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron somebody else has to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron somebody else has to get it
+so these things always happen together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things always happen together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things always happen together
+and therefore they're given the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're given the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're given the term
+reduxx Reactions where electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduxx Reactions where electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduxx Reactions where electron from
+somebody goes to somebody else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody goes to somebody else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody goes to somebody else so
+somebody gets oxidized and somebody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets oxidized and somebody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets oxidized and somebody gets
+reduced in the same reaction and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in the same reaction and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in the same reaction and you can
+think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a transfer of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer of hydrogen
+atoms not hydrogen ions and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms not hydrogen ions and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms not hydrogen ions and the most
+familiar kind of sequence that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar kind of sequence that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar kind of sequence that you will
+see over and over again in biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over and over again in biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over and over again in biology is
+the sequence you go from let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence you go from let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence you go from let's say a
+methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl
+group to an alcohol with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydroxy to an aldah or a ketone with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy to an aldah or a ketone with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy to an aldah or a ketone with
+double bond oxygen to a carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond oxygen to a carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond oxygen to a carboxy
+group you go one more step then it's CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you go one more step then it's CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you go one more step then it's CO2
+so going in this direction it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going in this direction it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going in this direction it's an
+oxidation it's going in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation it's going in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation it's going in that direction
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules are getting reduced and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are getting reduced and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are getting reduced and just
+the same way that this the cell and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that this the cell and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that this the cell and life
+have molecules that store energy in ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have molecules that store energy in ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have molecules that store energy in ATP
+they also have an important molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have an important molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have an important molecule
+that stores electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stores electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stores electrons that
+molecule uh is known as NAD or nicotinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh is known as NAD or nicotinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh is known as NAD or nicotinum
+adenosine um d dinucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nad+ and its structure is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say a ribos a five carbon sugar and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a ribos a five carbon sugar and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a ribos a five carbon sugar and it's
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+this entity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it this is in your book so don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is in your book so don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is in your book so don't worry
+if you don't get the get don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get the get don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get the get don't get the
+structure down there's a positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure down there's a positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure down there's a positive charge
+on the nitrogen here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joined through a diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linkage to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what another molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adenosine here we find uh again a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine here we find uh again a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine here we find uh again a piece
+of a thing we find in RNA is now part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a thing we find in RNA is now part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a thing we find in RNA is now part of
+this this uh system for storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh system for storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh system for storing
+electrons and the way this works is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the way this works is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the way this works is if
+you have two hydrogen atoms transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two hydrogen atoms transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two hydrogen atoms transferred
+to here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here then
+this this entity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes to
+this plus a hydrogen ion and this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus a hydrogen ion and this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus a hydrogen ion and this we
+know would know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would know is
+n DH great uh I left out an oxygen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n DH great uh I left out an oxygen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n DH great uh I left out an oxygen here
+something picked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up just too too excited by the annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just too too excited by the annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just too too excited by the annual
+Valentine's Day visit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valentine's Day visit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valentine's Day visit here
+so um I'm I wish the rest of you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I'm I wish the rest of you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I'm I wish the rest of you had a
+song for YouTube but we didn't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song for YouTube but we didn't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song for YouTube but we didn't have time
+to set that up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set that up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set that up so
+um uh so this there's an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so this there's an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so this there's an important thing
+here too because this is actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too because this is actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too because this is actually a lot
+of energy is stored in there this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy is stored in there this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy is stored in there this is a
+bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+of energy in this molecule that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy in this molecule that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy in this molecule that's
+actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about
+50 kilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 kilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 kilo
+calories per mole and especially when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per mole and especially when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per mole and especially when we
+get to next lecture next week's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to next lecture next week's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to next lecture next week's lecture
+you'll see how cells go around go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how cells go around go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how cells go around go about
+extracting the energy out of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the energy out of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the energy out of that and
+making that energy into ATP which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that energy into ATP which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that energy into ATP which is
+sort of a universal currency this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a universal currency this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a universal currency this the
+cells can can spend now let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells can can spend now let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells can can spend now let me uh
+somebody asked about memorizing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked about memorizing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody asked about memorizing all of
+these structures I mean really as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures I mean really as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures I mean really as as
+Julia says in her thing I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia says in her thing I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia says in her thing I'm trying to
+get you to focus on the concepts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to focus on the concepts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to focus on the concepts here
+you won't have to memorize the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have to memorize the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have to memorize the structure
+of every thing it would be helpful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every thing it would be helpful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every thing it would be helpful if
+you recognize that glutamine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that glutamine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize that glutamine and
+glutamate are of the 20 amino acids but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate are of the 20 amino acids but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate are of the 20 amino acids but
+we'll give you the structures and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you the structures and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you the structures and we'll
+give you the the structures of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the the structures of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the the structures of something
+like nadh if you need to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nadh if you need to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nadh if you need to do something
+with it but the important thing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but the important thing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but the important thing is to
+remember that energy is stored in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that energy is stored in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that energy is stored in that
+high energy Bond of ATP that electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy Bond of ATP that electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy Bond of ATP that electrons
+are stored in this nadh and they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stored in this nadh and they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stored in this nadh and they can be
+used in in reactions that oxidize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in in reactions that oxidize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in in reactions that oxidize or
+reduce NAD and nadh can be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce NAD and nadh can be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce NAD and nadh can be used in
+reactions that remove or or give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that remove or or give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that remove or or give
+electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to
+biomolecules now the same thing goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules now the same thing goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules now the same thing goes for
+what I'm about to tell you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to tell you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to tell you now
+because one of the first things that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the first things that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the first things that had
+to happen in in as life evolved was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in in as life evolved was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in in as life evolved was
+there had to be some mechanism uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had to be some mechanism uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had to be some mechanism uh of
+getting energy made and the reaction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting energy made and the reaction I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting energy made and the reaction I'm
+going to tell you about is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about is called
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a way of taking a molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a way of taking a molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a way of taking a molecule of
+glucose or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of through a whole series of biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of through a whole series of biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of through a whole series of biochemical
+Transformations that end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yielding Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding Two
+Mules of something that's known as pyate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it also makes two molecules of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also makes two molecules of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also makes two molecules of ATP
+and two molecules of nadh so it's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two molecules of nadh so it's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two molecules of nadh so it's a way
+that was invented in evolution of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was invented in evolution of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was invented in evolution of making
+ATP by carrying out a a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP by carrying out a a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP by carrying out a a chemical
+transformation this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this is basically the
+same chemical transformation that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemical transformation that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemical transformation that we've
+been talking about that leier and pester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about that leier and pester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about that leier and pester
+studied except that it um as I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied except that it um as I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied except that it um as I'll show
+you you get you do a little bit to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get you do a little bit to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get you do a little bit to to
+convert it either to to lactate or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it either to to lactate or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it either to to lactate or to
+ethanol and get to that in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and get to that in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and get to that in a few minutes
+remember when I the point I also just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I the point I also just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I the point I also just to
+remind you the reason I gave you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you the reason I gave you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you the reason I gave you that
+historical thing because what it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical thing because what it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical thing because what it turned
+out when people started out to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when people started out to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when people started out to study
+something that was wine making and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was wine making and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was wine making and of
+great interest to to French scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest to to French scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest to to French scientists
+was what they actually learned was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what they actually learned was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what they actually learned was how
+cells made energy and in fact here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells made energy and in fact here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells made energy and in fact here we're
+it's sort of looking we're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of looking we're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of looking we're looking at a
+sort of a biochemical fossil in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a biochemical fossil in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a biochemical fossil in a way
+because this pathway of glycolysis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this pathway of glycolysis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this pathway of glycolysis which
+you'll see is is kind of awkward it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is is kind of awkward it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is is kind of awkward it's
+got 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 10
+different biochemical steps needs 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biochemical steps needs 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biochemical steps needs 10
+different enzymes and what the cells get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzymes and what the cells get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzymes and what the cells get
+out of it is two molecules of ATP but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it is two molecules of ATP but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it is two molecules of ATP but
+this system developed uh apparently Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system developed uh apparently Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system developed uh apparently Way
+Way Back in evolution before life forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way Back in evolution before life forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way Back in evolution before life forms
+got into these various Kingdom because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into these various Kingdom because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into these various Kingdom because
+it's in virtually every Mo um every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in virtually every Mo um every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in virtually every Mo um every uh
+living creature uh no matter what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living creature uh no matter what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living creature uh no matter what it is
+and it's essentially by chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's essentially by chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's essentially by chemically
+identical now it's possible we could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical now it's possible we could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical now it's possible we could go
+back or we could go nowadays and devise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or we could go nowadays and devise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or we could go nowadays and devise
+a better method but once something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better method but once something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better method but once something like
+that gets fixed in evolution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets fixed in evolution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets fixed in evolution if
+something mutates to try and change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something mutates to try and change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something mutates to try and change it
+most of the time it's a disadvantage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's a disadvantage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's a disadvantage and
+so something gets locked in and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something gets locked in and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something gets locked in and this is
+true of many many of these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of many many of these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of many many of these very
+complicated biochemical Pathways so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated biochemical Pathways so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated biochemical Pathways so you
+won't have to remember all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to remember all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to remember all these
+structures I'm going to put on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I'm going to put on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I'm going to put on the board
+but try and stay with me because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but try and stay with me because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but try and stay with me because I want
+to sort of show you one of these this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of show you one of these this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of show you one of these this is
+probably the most ancient of of these of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most ancient of of these of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most ancient of of these of
+these Pathways and it's still in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways and it's still in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways and it's still in all of
+us it's in the bacteria in our guts it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's in the bacteria in our guts it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's in the bacteria in our guts it's
+in the plants in the field go out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plants in the field go out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plants in the field go out in the
+open ocean organisms still can carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open ocean organisms still can carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open ocean organisms still can carry out
+um glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glycolysis
+so uh one thing though um I want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one thing though um I want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one thing though um I want to try
+and put it in this way if I came to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in this way if I came to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in this way if I came to you
+and I said I've got the greatest idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said I've got the greatest idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said I've got the greatest idea
+this is going to be how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be how we're going to
+make energy and evolution as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make energy and evolution as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make energy and evolution as part of
+this entrepreneurship I think you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entrepreneurship I think you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entrepreneurship I think you'd be
+right to be to be skeptical so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be to be skeptical so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be to be skeptical so I'll
+probably sort of tell you in that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sort of tell you in that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sort of tell you in that way so
+um I've already shown you how to uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've already shown you how to uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've already shown you how to uh rate
+glucose in a in a linear form although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose in a in a linear form although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose in a in a linear form although I
+then told you that most of the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then told you that most of the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then told you that most of the time in
+solution it's cyclized into into um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's cyclized into into um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's cyclized into into um a
+Pinos ring a six-membered ring but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinos ring a six-membered ring but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinos ring a six-membered ring but for
+the moment we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment we can think of
+glucose as a stick and I'll get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as a stick and I'll get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as a stick and I'll get you to
+just focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus
+on the one position the two position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one position the two position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one position the two position and
+the six position in that linear thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six position in that linear thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six position in that linear thing if
+you look back at your notes you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back at your notes you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back at your notes you can see
+what the full structure of glucose looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the full structure of glucose looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the full structure of glucose looks
+like but this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but this is how
+uh uh the process of glycolysis starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the process of glycolysis starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the process of glycolysis starts
+this is if your if your body is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if your if your body is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if your if your body is going to
+take a molecule of glucose and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a molecule of glucose and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a molecule of glucose and make
+energy out of it this is the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of it this is the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of it this is the first thing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+does takes an ATP converts it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does takes an ATP converts it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does takes an ATP converts it to an
+ADP and puts the phosphate down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give glucose 6
+phosphate that's the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that's the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that's the only thing that
+changes isn't this just like most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes isn't this just like most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes isn't this just like most uh
+young entrepreneurs give them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young entrepreneurs give them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young entrepreneurs give them some
+Venture Capital the first thing they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital the first thing they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital the first thing they do
+is spend it buy a nice potted plant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spend it buy a nice potted plant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spend it buy a nice potted plant for
+their the company they're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the company they're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the company they're building
+doesn't seem to be if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be if you want to make
+energy uh starting out here spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh starting out here spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh starting out here spending
+energy is the first thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the first thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the first thing that the
+cell's doing it's using up an ADP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell's doing it's using up an ADP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell's doing it's using up an ADP
+although the overall goal is to make ADP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the overall goal is to make ADP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the overall goal is to make ADP
+it then uh does a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then uh does a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then uh does a little
+Shuffle makes reverses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shuffle makes reverses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shuffle makes reverses the
+position of the um double bond and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the um double bond and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the um double bond and the
+hydroxy this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy this is a
+energetically something without much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically something without much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically something without much
+without much cost but this sugar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without much cost but this sugar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without much cost but this sugar is
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because and this is now fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and this is now fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and this is now fructose 6
+phosphate it's got a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate it's got a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate it's got a little bit
+different arrangement of the double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangement of the double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangement of the double bond
+in the in the hydroxy but energetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the hydroxy but energetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the hydroxy but energetically
+it's pretty much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much the same
+thing then the next thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens cell spins another molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens cell spins another molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens cell spins another molecule of
+ATP gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+fructose six this the six position the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose six this the six position the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose six this the six position the
+one position the two position one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position the two position one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position the two position one
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+diphosphate doesn't look like we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate doesn't look like we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate doesn't look like we're on
+our way to making energy yet cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way to making energy yet cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way to making energy yet cells
+invested two molecules of ATP and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested two molecules of ATP and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested two molecules of ATP and what
+it's done is it's got this glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done is it's got this glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done is it's got this glucose
+transformed to fructose 16 diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed to fructose 16 diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed to fructose 16 diphosphate
+what happens now then is the cell splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now then is the cell splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now then is the cell splits
+this into two three carbon units there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into two three carbon units there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into two three carbon units there
+were six he six glucoses uh six carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were six he six glucoses uh six carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were six he six glucoses uh six carbons
+in glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry well there's it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry well there's it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry well there's it's a linear
+molecule there's a phosphate here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule there's a phosphate here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule there's a phosphate here and a
+separate phosphate down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate phosphate down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate phosphate down
+there uh they should be yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh they should be yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh they should be yeah I'm
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+dropping uh charges and hydroxy okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping uh charges and hydroxy okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping uh charges and hydroxy okay but
+check your book um if if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your book um if if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your book um if if you notice
+something like like that so what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like that so what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like that so what we get
+what the cell gets out of this then are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cell gets out of this then are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cell gets out of this then are
+two three carbon units one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate and you can
+find these names in your in your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these names in your in your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these names in your in your book
+you don't have to as I say remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to as I say remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to as I say remember the
+structures what I've done is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures what I've done is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures what I've done is taken
+basically taken this molecule and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taken this molecule and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically taken this molecule and I've
+flipped it over so that the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it over so that the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it over so that the phosphate
+will be down and you'll see why I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be down and you'll see why I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be down and you'll see why I've
+done that in SEC and from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in SEC and from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in SEC and from the bottom
+half of the molecule then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get this is uh glycer Alda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh glyer alahh 3 phosphate so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh glyer alahh 3 phosphate so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh glyer alahh 3 phosphate so this is
+three carbons this is three carbons this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons this is three carbons this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons this is three carbons this
+was six carbons so this the cell has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six carbons so this the cell has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six carbons so this the cell has
+split it into these three carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into these three carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into these three carbon units
+that are very similarly related except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very similarly related except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very similarly related except
+where the double bond is and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the double bond is and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the double bond is and there's an
+enzyme that actually catalyzes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that actually catalyzes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that actually catalyzes the
+conversion of those two it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of those two it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of those two it's a
+catalytically perfect enzyme it goes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytically perfect enzyme it goes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytically perfect enzyme it goes it
+it's just limited by the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just limited by the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just limited by the rate of
+diffusion and it can do something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and it can do something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and it can do something of the
+order of 10 to e molecules a second it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to e molecules a second it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to e molecules a second it's
+really really efficient catalyst so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really efficient catalyst so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really efficient catalyst so what
+happens then is this since these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then is this since these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then is this since these are in
+equilibrium the cell is going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the cell is going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the cell is going to now
+start to pull these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this but these will be converted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this but these will be converted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this but these will be converted into
+that and and we'll be able to get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and we'll be able to get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and we'll be able to get here
+so we're going to follow the Fate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to follow the Fate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to follow the Fate then
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh two glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alahh three phosphate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry okay now this at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay now this at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay now this at this point we
+were the the cell is at the alahh stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the cell is at the alahh stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the cell is at the alahh stage
+and it's going to carry out an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to carry out an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to carry out an oxidation
+reaction so it's going to take a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it's going to take a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it's going to take a couple
+of electrons away from here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons away from here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons away from here and it's
+going to there be carrying out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to there be carrying out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to there be carrying out an
+oxidation if something else is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation if something else is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation if something else is if the
+molecule is getting oxidized something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is getting oxidized something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is getting oxidized something
+else has to be reduced what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has to be reduced what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has to be reduced what's going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+reduced is NAD plus we'll need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced is NAD plus we'll need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced is NAD plus we'll need two
+molecules of that because we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of that because we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of that because we've got two
+molecules of thiser alide phosphate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of thiser alide phosphate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of thiser alide phosphate so
+we end up with two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with two molecules of
+nadh plus a hydrogen ion and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh plus a hydrogen ion and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh plus a hydrogen ion and this is an
+energetically uh favorable reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically uh favorable reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically uh favorable reaction so
+the cell is able to sneak a phosphate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is able to sneak a phosphate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is able to sneak a phosphate in
+and make a molecule and still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a molecule and still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a molecule and still have the
+reaction go forward have a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction go forward have a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction go forward have a molecule
+that's not very stable but it can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very stable but it can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very stable but it can make
+it because the overall thing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the overall thing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the overall thing goes
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two of
+uh two of these and what we have now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phospho glycerate what the cell has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho glycerate what the cell has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho glycerate what the cell has
+basically managed to do is to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically managed to do is to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically managed to do is to get two
+phosphate groups very very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate groups very very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate groups very very close
+together so you're probably getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you're probably getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you're probably getting the
+hopefully the concept that if you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the concept that if you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the concept that if you stick
+a bunch of negative charges together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of negative charges together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of negative charges together and
+hold them together that molecules if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold them together that molecules if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold them together that molecules if you
+break one of those bonds we going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break one of those bonds we going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break one of those bonds we going to go
+energetically downhill and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically downhill and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically downhill and you can do
+work and the way it does that then is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the way it does that then is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the way it does that then is in
+Breaking this this Bond it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breaking this this Bond it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breaking this this Bond it uses
+it to make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make two
+molecules of ATP so we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of ATP so we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of ATP so we've now
+got this is up at the acid level or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this is up at the acid level or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this is up at the acid level or a
+carboxy group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phospho glycerate so at least from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho glycerate so at least from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho glycerate so at least from the
+point of view of this is a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of this is a plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of this is a plan for
+making energy we've now managed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making energy we've now managed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making energy we've now managed to get
+back those two atps we invested so up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back those two atps we invested so up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back those two atps we invested so up
+till now we've got our the money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now we've got our the money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now we've got our the money the
+Venture Capital money we put in has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital money we put in has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture Capital money we put in has been
+recovered but and we've got got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered but and we've got got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered but and we've got got a couple
+of molecules of nadh out of it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules of nadh out of it but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules of nadh out of it but uh
+what the cell now does is finish carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cell now does is finish carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cell now does is finish carry
+out some more steps that let it make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some more steps that let it make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some more steps that let it make a
+couple more molecules of um of ATP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more molecules of um of ATP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more molecules of um of ATP so
+the first step then is a kind of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step then is a kind of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step then is a kind of just a
+Switcheroo between where this hydroxy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switcheroo between where this hydroxy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switcheroo between where this hydroxy is
+and this phosphate is so it brings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this phosphate is so it brings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this phosphate is so it brings the
+phosphate up to here you might as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate up to here you might as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate up to here you might as you
+might guess this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energetically not much of a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however what it does now is it enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what it does now is it enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what it does now is it enables
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the cell to eliminate a molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cell to eliminate a molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cell to eliminate a molecule of
+water from here so that we get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from here so that we get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from here so that we get two
+molecules of water come out because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of water come out because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of water come out because we
+had all along here we're carrying on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all along here we're carrying on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all along here we're carrying on two
+molecules from uh from up there CU we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules from uh from up there CU we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules from uh from up there CU we
+have two of these three three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two of these three three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two of these three three carbon
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+and the molecule that we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the molecule that we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the molecule that we then
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is this molecule which is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is this molecule which is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is this molecule which is known as
+phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol
+pyate and several of you are saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyate and several of you are saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyate and several of you are saying you
+don't remember uh much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember uh much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember uh much from
+chemistry so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so this is a
+keto Group which I know you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto Group which I know you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto Group which I know you were
+introduced to but it's in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to but it's in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to but it's in an
+equilibrium with what's termed an enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with what's termed an enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with what's termed an enol
+form where you have an O here a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bond like that and that's known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond like that and that's known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond like that and that's known as an
+enol now this is energetically greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol now this is energetically greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol now this is energetically greatly
+disfavored so normally there's most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disfavored so normally there's most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disfavored so normally there's most of
+the time you find something in a keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you find something in a keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you find something in a keto
+form but occasionally you find it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but occasionally you find it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but occasionally you find it in a
+neol form what what happened here really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neol form what what happened here really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neol form what what happened here really
+is the cell has trapped what would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cell has trapped what would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cell has trapped what would like
+to be a keto at this position in an enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a keto at this position in an enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a keto at this position in an enol
+form again this is a very energetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form again this is a very energetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form again this is a very energetically
+unstable molecule you've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable molecule you've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable molecule you've got all these
+oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens
+together two of these so the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together two of these so the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together two of these so the cell is
+once again able to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again able to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again able to take a
+DP and make two molecules of a TP and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP and make two molecules of a TP and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP and make two molecules of a TP and we
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of
+pyate an extraordinary amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyate an extraordinary amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyate an extraordinary amount of work
+what do we get out of it well we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get out of it well we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get out of it well we've got
+a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of
+four atps now plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four atps now plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four atps now plus two
+nadh's what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh's what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh's what did we
+invest two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atps so the n yield of this from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps so the n yield of this from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps so the n yield of this from this
+reaction is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atps plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps plus two
+enhs so strange as it seems this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhs so strange as it seems this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhs so strange as it seems this must be
+one of this was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this was one of the first
+sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of
+biochemical uh steps that were put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical uh steps that were put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical uh steps that were put
+together in a pathway that was cap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a pathway that was cap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a pathway that was cap that
+were capable of letting an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were capable of letting an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were capable of letting an organism
+generate uh molecules of ATP or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh molecules of ATP or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh molecules of ATP or sort of
+a form of energy money by metabolizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of energy money by metabolizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of energy money by metabolizing
+something it could find like a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it could find like a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it could find like a molecule
+of sugar there are 10 enzymatic steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar there are 10 enzymatic steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar there are 10 enzymatic steps
+that means that there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there has to be a
+separate enzyme for every uh step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate enzyme for every uh step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate enzyme for every uh step in the
+in the pathway now the atps as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway now the atps as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway now the atps as I said
+have energy in bundles of about 12 kilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy in bundles of about 12 kilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy in bundles of about 12 kilo
+calories per mole there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per mole there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per mole there's a lot of
+energy here in nadh and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here in nadh and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here in nadh and in the next
+lecture I'm going to talk you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to talk you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to talk you about
+respiration which is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration which is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration which is something you
+you're aware of you know we respire but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're aware of you know we respire but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're aware of you know we respire but
+chemically what uh what that wheel see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically what uh what that wheel see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically what uh what that wheel see
+means is basically it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is basically it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is basically it's a way of
+extracting the energy that's in the nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the energy that's in the nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the energy that's in the nadh
+by transferring the electrons to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transferring the electrons to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transferring the electrons to to
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+and um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's
+a wonderful way to make energy it's far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful way to make energy it's far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful way to make energy it's far
+more efficient than than this ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient than than this ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient than than this ancient
+pathway but at the time life started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but at the time life started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but at the time life started
+started there wasn't any Oxygen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started there wasn't any Oxygen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started there wasn't any Oxygen in the
+environment and in fact didn't reach as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and in fact didn't reach as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and in fact didn't reach as
+I said uh I think it was something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said uh I think it was something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said uh I think it was something like
+20% of the of today's levels till we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the of today's levels till we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the of today's levels till we
+were about half a billion years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about half a billion years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about half a billion years or so
+ago uh in in evolution so organisms had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh in in evolution so organisms had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh in in evolution so organisms had
+to make learn to make energy without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make learn to make energy without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make learn to make energy without
+oxygen being around and this was the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen being around and this was the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen being around and this was the way
+that they that they did it and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they did it and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they did it and it was
+such a success in evolution that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a success in evolution that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a success in evolution that our
+bodies do it the bacteria in our gut do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies do it the bacteria in our gut do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies do it the bacteria in our gut do
+it see virtually all living forms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see virtually all living forms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see virtually all living forms so
+it's sort of a biochemical fossil but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a biochemical fossil but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a biochemical fossil but it
+was so successful it took hold it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so successful it took hold it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so successful it took hold it's sort
+of like legs those appeared in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like legs those appeared in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like legs those appeared in in
+evolution and there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and there's all sorts of
+organisms that uh now that use legs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that uh now that use legs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that uh now that use legs and
+they've evolved into wings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've evolved into wings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've evolved into wings and
+everything but it's all the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it's all the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it's all the same basic
+idea you could imagine a life form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you could imagine a life form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you could imagine a life form that
+started with wheels and maybe if it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with wheels and maybe if it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with wheels and maybe if it had
+been the first thing to do maybe there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the first thing to do maybe there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the first thing to do maybe there'd
+be some sort of organisms with wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of organisms with wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of organisms with wheels
+but legs were such a a success at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but legs were such a a success at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but legs were such a a success at some
+point that's what got used and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's what got used and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's what got used and then uh
+Evolution made various embellishments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution made various embellishments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution made various embellishments on
+it but there is a problem here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there is a problem here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there is a problem here I don't
+know if anybody can see it uh what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anybody can see it uh what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anybody can see it uh what it is
+if I'm going to be able to use ATP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to be able to use ATP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to be able to use ATP to
+make energy and I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make energy and I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make energy and I want to keep
+Mo keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo keep
+um uh generating more and more molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh generating more and more molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh generating more and more molecules
+of ATP so I can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP so I can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP so I can build
+stuff uh I can't give the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh I can't give the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh I can't give the those
+electrons an nadh to oxygen so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons an nadh to oxygen so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons an nadh to oxygen so what
+would happen if I just kept running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I just kept running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I just kept running this
+system anybody see what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system anybody see what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system anybody see what the problem
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yeah you'd run out of n NAD exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah you'd run out of n NAD exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah you'd run out of n NAD exactly
+we need to somehow recycle that NAD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to somehow recycle that NAD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to somehow recycle that NAD so
+it can take place if we could give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take place if we could give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take place if we could give it to
+oxygen we oxygen as I'll tell you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we oxygen as I'll tell you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we oxygen as I'll tell you in
+respiration that' be cool but organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration that' be cool but organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration that' be cool but organisms
+didn't have that option and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that option and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that option and so they
+worked out ways of doing things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out ways of doing things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out ways of doing things with
+pyate and this is where you'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyate and this is where you'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyate and this is where you'll see this
+coming together with what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together with what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together with what we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the other day so let's take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day so let's take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day so let's take those two
+molecules of pyate and they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of pyate and they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of pyate and they're basically
+two strategies two major strategies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strategies two major strategies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strategies two major strategies you
+find in nature one is to take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nadh's plus two hydrogen ions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh's plus two hydrogen ions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh's plus two hydrogen ions and
+convert it to two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to two molecules of
+NAD plus so that regenerates it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD plus so that regenerates it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD plus so that regenerates it and what
+do you get if you do that you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get if you do that you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get if you do that you end up
+with this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that which I introduced you to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which I introduced you to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which I introduced you to the other
+day that's lactic acid or lactate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that's lactic acid or lactate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that's lactic acid or lactate the
+organisms that make uh yogurt carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that make uh yogurt carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that make uh yogurt carry out
+that's what they do that's why yogurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they do that's why yogurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they do that's why yogurt
+goes sour what the organisms are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes sour what the organisms are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes sour what the organisms are doing
+when they're making the yogurt that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're making the yogurt that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're making the yogurt that you
+that you had for lunch I I love those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had for lunch I I love those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had for lunch I I love those
+pictures so just found him on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so just found him on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so just found him on the web
+put him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put him in
+um uh what they're doing really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what they're doing really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what they're doing really is
+they're getting rid of that nadh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting rid of that nadh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting rid of that nadh so that
+they can do another cycle and make make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do another cycle and make make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do another cycle and make make
+more energy now I mentioned that we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy now I mentioned that we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy now I mentioned that we this
+happens to us too and this happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to us too and this happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to us too and this happens in
+events athletic events where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events athletic events where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events athletic events where you
+exercise really really hard you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise really really hard you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise really really hard you know
+like Sprints or speed skating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Sprints or speed skating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Sprints or speed skating or
+something like that because what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because what happens
+is you're exising so hard that you burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're exising so hard that you burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're exising so hard that you burn
+the you use up the oxygen in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you use up the oxygen in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you use up the oxygen in your
+muscles faster than it your bloodstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles faster than it your bloodstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles faster than it your bloodstream
+can bring you more so what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring you more so what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring you more so what you're doing
+is you're making your muscles go Anor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're making your muscles go Anor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're making your muscles go Anor
+robic it's like you're going back way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robic it's like you're going back way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robic it's like you're going back way
+way in evolution when there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in evolution when there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in evolution when there was no
+oxygen in the um around and your muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the um around and your muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the um around and your muscles
+have to keep keep working so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep keep working so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep keep working so what they
+do is they since there's no Oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they since there's no Oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they since there's no Oxygen
+around they stick it on pyate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they stick it on pyate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they stick it on pyate and you
+get lactic acid in your muscles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lactic acid in your muscles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lactic acid in your muscles so
+that's that if you go out and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that if you go out and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that if you go out and for the
+track team in in the spring and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track team in in the spring and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track team in in the spring and you have
+an exercise you go you run a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise you go you run a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise you go you run a whole lot
+of Sprints and go muscles are so sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sprints and go muscles are so sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sprints and go muscles are so sore
+they're all full of lactic acid so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all full of lactic acid so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all full of lactic acid so you
+don't have to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it
+accumulating in your muscles from eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating in your muscles from eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating in your muscles from eating
+yogurt but it does show up in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yogurt but it does show up in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yogurt but it does show up in this in
+this kind of way and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of way and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of way and the other thing
+then that way nature is found to recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that way nature is found to recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that way nature is found to recycle
+these nadhs is to do this way carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nadhs is to do this way carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nadhs is to do this way carry out
+a transformation where you get two moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation where you get two moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation where you get two moles
+of molecules of carbon dioxide and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules of carbon dioxide and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules of carbon dioxide and two
+molecules of acid alahh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this can be converted to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be converted to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be converted to the two
+molecules of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of carbon
+dioxide and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and two
+molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethanol so this is the the fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol so this is the the fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol so this is the the fermentation
+that we that we talked about um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we talked about um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we talked about um and so
+when those yeasts that we saw uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those yeasts that we saw uh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those yeasts that we saw uh oops
+the yeast that we saw grow the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast that we saw grow the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast that we saw grow the other day
+are busy metabolizing sugar in into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy metabolizing sugar in into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy metabolizing sugar in into uh
+ethanol and carbon dioxide the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and carbon dioxide the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol and carbon dioxide the reason
+they're doing it is they need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it is they need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it is they need to get
+energy to carry out all the biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to carry out all the biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to carry out all the biosynthetic
+reactions that they need to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that they need to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that they need to make more
+biomaterial but what's happening in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomaterial but what's happening in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomaterial but what's happening in to
+the whole system is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system is that you're
+generating carbon dioxide and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carbon dioxide and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carbon dioxide and making
+stuff into ethanol so it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff into ethanol so it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff into ethanol so it doesn't matter
+people making wine or beer or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making wine or beer or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making wine or beer or something
+they're going to distill to make whiskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to distill to make whiskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to distill to make whiskey
+or brandy or something it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brandy or something it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brandy or something it's all the
+basic things the yeast take the sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things the yeast take the sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things the yeast take the sugars
+make it into carbon dioxide into ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into carbon dioxide into ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into carbon dioxide into ethanol
+when you're making bread you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're making bread you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're making bread you're only
+really interested in the carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in the carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in the carbon dioxide
+because those little bubbles then expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those little bubbles then expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those little bubbles then expand
+when you heat it up and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you heat it up and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you heat it up and that's what
+makes what makes bread rise and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes what makes bread rise and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes what makes bread rise and that was
+an open fermentation as you can guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open fermentation as you can guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open fermentation as you can guess
+like in making wine people like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in making wine people like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in making wine people like to have
+it closed uh a closed system so that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it closed uh a closed system so that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it closed uh a closed system so that for
+example a lactic acid bacteria doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lactic acid bacteria doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lactic acid bacteria doesn't
+get in and turn your whole set of grapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in and turn your whole set of grapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in and turn your whole set of grapes
+into something that s would be would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that s would be would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that s would be would be
+uh sour sour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sour sour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sour sour
+wine so that's where we'll we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine so that's where we'll we'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine so that's where we'll we'll stop
+today the most most ancient of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the most most ancient of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the most most ancient of these
+energy and producing things again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and producing things again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and producing things again you
+don't have to remember memorize all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to remember memorize all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to remember memorize all this
+but I think hopefully if you'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think hopefully if you'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think hopefully if you'll think
+about it you'll see some really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you'll see some really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you'll see some really really
+important Concepts that are critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Concepts that are critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Concepts that are critical to
+understanding how life works okay see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how life works okay see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how life works okay see
+you on Wednesday Happy Valentine's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on Wednesday Happy Valentine's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on Wednesday Happy Valentine's
+Day yeah
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SjjGiqf96rI.txt b/SjjGiqf96rI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5a0f151de05d495988a666bec455204eb7d2dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SjjGiqf96rI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3611 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GABRIELI: Last
+time we discussed how people
+
+can approach psychological
+issues in terms of
+
+experiments, and at least
+correlations in some cases or
+
+causal studies through
+experiments.
+
+And we discovered that
+if you think
+
+about money, what happens?
+
+On average, you become more
+self-reliant or less willing
+
+to help, right?
+
+We discovered that if you just
+change the way that men and
+
+women approach each other at a
+dating event, you change their
+
+internal feelings and their
+external behaviors simply by
+
+who's approaching whom.
+
+So we learned all kinds of
+things that you might or might
+
+not have known unless you
+did the experiments.
+
+And for all these things that
+are our mental life-- our
+
+thoughts, our feelings,
+they are all
+
+supported by our brains.
+
+And so for me personally as a
+neuroscientist, I've always
+
+thought that the brain is one
+of the three amazing things
+
+out there in the
+natural world.
+
+With the origins of the
+universe, the origin of life.
+
+And the brain that allow us to
+think and feel, to see, that
+
+remember, really everything that
+we do comes from that.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's this device.
+
+And I want to share with you
+just this phrase that people
+
+sometimes use, which is
+that your mind is
+
+what your brain does.
+
+That your mind is what your
+brain does And so the readings
+
+from Oliver Sacks for today kind
+of remind you of that.
+
+So there are two women who have
+
+seizures of various kinds.
+
+And what happens in them?
+
+So one is Mrs. OC, 88-year-old
+woman.
+
+And what starts to
+happen to her?
+
+She starts to hear songs.
+
+And so powerfully, not just when
+you have a little song in
+
+your head, that it's hard for
+her to hear conversations.
+
+For her, a conversation like
+we're having now, it's as if
+
+the music stayed
+on really loud.
+
+Turns out she's having temporal
+lobe seizures.
+
+The temporal lobes are the parts
+of the brain that are
+
+terribly important
+for hearing.
+
+So music is something
+that we hear.
+
+And then she has a right
+temporal lobe infarction.
+
+She's had an injury in the
+right temporal lobe.
+
+Music, for most of us, is more
+dependent on right hemisphere
+
+processes than the left.
+
+So that makes it unusual.
+
+And how does she feel about
+the whole process?
+
+So what's generating
+the songs, though?
+
+What's generating the songs
+that she hears?
+
+Yeah, her memory.
+
+Her brain, right?
+
+Because in epilepsy,
+what's happening?
+
+Neurons are firing.
+
+When neurons fire in organized
+patterns, those are memories,
+
+desires, physical actions,
+thoughts.
+
+When they're firing for no good
+reason like an epilepsy
+
+because of some brain
+difficulty,
+
+they just start firing.
+
+But the neurons that happen to
+be firing will drive certain
+
+mental processes that they
+normally support.
+
+In this case, the neurons that
+are firing away are ones that
+
+are involved in memory
+or songs and
+
+perception for songs.
+
+And when they fire, it's as if
+you heard the song itself.
+
+Because when you hear my voice
+or when you hear a song,
+
+you're never hearing the song.
+
+You're always hearing what your
+neurons are interpreting
+
+the sound that comes
+to your ear.
+
+Your mind is what your brain
+does in that sense, and in a
+
+very central way.
+
+If you had an injury in that
+part of the brain, you can be
+
+cortically deaf and never hear
+a sound, even though all the
+
+information came through
+your ear.
+
+So without your brain
+interpreting the environment,
+
+you wouldn't know what it is.
+
+But if your brain starts to fire
+on its own, that's just
+
+as good a signal as if you
+heard a song itself.
+
+Because that is the stuff
+of hearing songs.
+
+So she enjoyed it, actually.
+
+She declined taking
+anti-convulsive medications.
+
+Because she felt it was a portal
+to her past, right?
+
+The songs that she heard were
+ones that reminded her of her
+
+life and were kind of
+pleasant to hear.
+
+It was like being on a nonstop
+highlight film of for life, or
+
+a highlight MP3.
+
+So now an opposite response to
+a similar phenomenon comes
+
+from a Mrs. OM in her 80s.
+
+She hears songs, but she
+also hears a lot
+
+of ringing and hissing.
+
+It's not limited to
+the song itself.
+
+She doesn't mention any
+of this for how long?
+
+Four years.
+
+She's hearing ringing,
+hissing, songs.
+
+She knows because her mind is
+fine that they're coming from
+
+nowhere but inside her head.
+
+But she doesn't tell anybody.
+
+That's a huge burden, right?
+
+And why doesn't she tell them?
+
+Yeah, yeah.
+
+And especially if you're in
+your 80s, and you're going
+
+around saying, I'm hearing
+things, people go, OK.
+
+Were putting you in the
+old age home, right?
+
+You're out of it.
+
+So she doesn't want to
+give up her freedom.
+
+And she gets a short playlist,
+just three songs, and hears
+
+them over and over
+and over again.
+
+You may have had the experience
+that some songs you
+
+hear for a while.
+
+You like them more, and then
+you get tired of them.
+
+If you had only three all the
+time, every day, and a bad
+
+version that was hissing and
+ringing, you would get pretty
+
+tired of the songs too.
+
+That stops by anti-convulsive
+medications and medications
+
+that stops the seizures,
+stop the songs.
+
+And so it's sort of a beautiful
+story, when two
+
+opposite emotional responses for
+how your mind is what your
+
+brain does.
+
+Now from this, the fact that
+songs are played back as if
+
+you had pulled out songs from
+your computer or shelf
+
+somewhere, you might think that
+the brain retains these
+
+records perfectly throughout
+life and epilepsy
+
+would just sort them.
+
+But we'll come back to that
+later on, and say that in very
+
+much, we don't think
+memory is that way.
+
+But we do remember songs that
+are important for us.
+
+And if our brain just starts
+firing in the same place where
+
+we store those songs, we hear
+them just as real as your
+
+cortex hears it when it hears
+the actual song itself.
+
+Because that's the place
+where you hear it.
+
+So this is the kind of evidence
+that at least in some
+
+sense, your mind is what
+your brain does.
+
+And so here's this
+amazing brain.
+
+It's about two to
+three pounds.
+
+But every thought and feeling
+you'll ever have, or every
+
+physical movement, every desire,
+every thing that
+
+you're proud of or ashamed of
+that crosses your mind will be
+
+supported by this structure.
+
+So I'm going to talk a little
+bit about the neurons, just a
+
+little bit about the neurons
+that compose the brain, and a
+
+little bit about a quick tour
+through the gross organization
+
+of the brain.
+
+We'll come back to many of these
+structures as they're
+
+relevant to different things
+like memory or emotion or
+
+personality later
+in the course.
+
+Talk a little bit about the
+enterprise of trying to say
+
+which parts of our brain
+support which
+
+parts of our mind.
+
+Missteps about that, famous
+cases about that, that have
+
+turned out to have roughly
+the right message.
+
+And we'll focus on hemispheric
+specialization, the thing in
+
+humans where our left hemisphere
+and our right
+
+hemisphere are organized to
+accomplish different things,
+
+to support different
+mental functions.
+
+And the surprise from split
+brain or commissurotomy
+
+patients, that these different
+mental lives that support our
+
+different parts of
+the brain, that
+
+they can live in isolation.
+
+They don't even know they're
+there one to the other.
+
+So let me rephrase this.
+
+As you sit there, the thought is
+you might have independent
+
+parts of your mind supported
+by independent
+
+part of your brain.
+
+And at any one moment, your
+consciousness might be in one
+
+part, and then it might
+move to another.
+
+And just like there's all these
+people in this room,
+
+your brain might be all these
+things having their own
+
+independent thinking lives.
+
+They have to interact a lot.
+
+But how much might there be
+independent modules in your
+
+brain that are doing
+their own thing.
+
+And now you're thinking about
+music, and those turn on, and
+
+that's where your consciousness
+is.
+
+Now you're thinking
+about history.
+
+Now you're thinking about
+dinner tonight.
+
+And different parts of your
+brain turn on and that's when
+
+your consciousness is moving
+from one part of your
+
+brain to the other.
+
+But the other parts
+keep going.
+
+So we'll see how plausible
+is that.
+
+So it took a long time for
+people to decide that the
+
+brain actually is the
+stuff of the mind.
+
+Smart philosophers like Plato
+said, well, it's part of the
+
+body that's closest
+to the heavens.
+
+That's where the gods might
+reside, so that's a good place
+
+to have your mind and that's
+where your brain is.
+
+A sort of GPS approach
+to locating where
+
+the mind might be.
+
+Aristotle said, wait a minute.
+
+It's the warm and active heart--
+the heart was very
+
+impressive in post-mortem
+examination of people who have
+
+passed away--
+
+that houses the mind.
+
+And that it cools, and there's
+an inner brain.
+
+So the brain was kind of a
+radiator that would sort of
+
+cool stuff off to keep
+the heart in optimal.
+
+And even now, we talk
+about people having
+
+a big heart, right?
+
+A cold heart, a warm heart.
+
+We still talk about human
+personality or character in
+
+terms of heart.
+
+Galen said that the brain
+was surrounded-- there's
+
+ventricles in the middle of
+the brain that have fluid,
+
+cerebral spinal fluid.
+
+And he hypothesized that the
+brain was the packing material
+
+that protects that fluid.
+
+Hang on to that fluid, that's
+all your stuff.
+
+We're going to cram a lot of
+stuff around it, right?
+
+Like the bubble pack that
+comes in the boxes.
+
+And of course now we know it's
+the opposite way around.
+
+The mind is in the physical,
+the dense part of
+
+the brain, not that.
+
+And then ideas from Descartes,
+the pineal body is one of the
+
+very few structures that's in
+the midline of the brain, that
+
+doesn't have a thing on the left
+and a thing on the right.
+
+And so he thought maybe that's
+where things get unified in
+
+the whole brain.
+
+It all comes together
+as the place that
+
+runs the whole brain.
+
+And that's a wrong idea.
+
+But people were trying to figure
+out what was going on.
+
+In modern neuroscience,
+there's many levels of
+
+analysis of the brain.
+
+So if you go to any neuroscience
+program, like
+
+Department of Brain and
+Cognitive Science, you will
+
+actually see scientists who
+study things like molecules
+
+and synapses, molecular
+neurobiology, how neurons
+
+work, how neurons form networks,
+little organizations
+
+of things that solve problems
+at a higher level, maps,
+
+systems in the brain
+as a whole.
+
+In this course, we mostly have
+to operate at this level.
+
+That's the place where it's easy
+for us to relate in some
+
+ways parts of the mind as we
+understand it, of human nature
+
+as we understand it, and
+physical parts of the brain.
+
+It's very hard for
+us to get that to
+
+molecules at the moment.
+
+But lots of neuroscience is
+working to connect these
+
+things at different levels.
+
+And I can't resist talking for
+one second, too, about the
+
+fact that we know our
+brains were not
+
+designed from scratch.
+
+You are not humans 3.0
+or 98.0, right?
+
+Everything in us in some way
+evolved from other species
+
+that were similar to us,
+and far enough back,
+
+dissimilar to us.
+
+So there's lots of speculation
+about how it is that we
+
+balance parts of the brain
+that are ancient in their
+
+evolutionary roots, that are
+more recent in their
+
+evolutionary basis, and what
+that means about us.
+
+Another sense in which we're
+comprised of multiple society
+
+of brain systems in
+between our ears.
+
+So we know the cells in the
+brain are glia support cells
+
+and neurons, that a neuron--
+
+and I know you all
+know all this.
+
+Oh, let me say a word
+about notes.
+
+So we sent PDFs of the lecture
+notes from the first two
+
+lectures and the third
+one just recently.
+
+Starting tomorrow, we'll send
+you the PDF of each lecture,
+
+the latest by the night
+before the lecture.
+
+So you will be able to
+print it out or look
+
+at it on the computer.
+
+But neurons have a soma
+or cell body.
+
+Those make up the grey matter
+when we look at the brain.
+
+They have an axon that can be
+covered with myelin that makes
+
+the white matter.
+
+The dendrite is the extensions
+of the neurons that have the
+
+input to the neuron.
+
+We know that neurons
+communicate by
+
+neurotransmitters across
+synapses, junctions between
+
+different parts of neurons.
+
+When you have a collection
+of cell bodies,
+
+people call it a nucleus.
+
+When you have a collection of
+axons, they call it a tract.
+
+It's just vocabulary
+and stuff.
+
+And you know this from other
+courses, just reminding you
+
+about them.
+
+And then you get these
+unbelievably startling kinds
+
+of numbers, which are always
+huge estimates.
+
+But they show you how amazing
+your brain is, and how hard it
+
+is for us to deeply understand
+how the brain works.
+
+I mean, we understand incredibly
+more than we did 10
+
+years ago, 20 years
+ago, 30 years ago.
+
+We're incredibly far from
+understanding how your brain
+
+accomplishes the amazing
+things it accomplishes.
+
+So it has about 100
+billion neurons.
+
+It has about 100 trillion
+synapses, connections among
+
+neurons and dendrites.
+
+If you were to lay out the very
+thin myelinated axons in
+
+your brain, just the big axons
+that get myelin, it's
+
+estimated that you'd have
+62,000 miles of axons.
+
+That's pretty good, right?
+
+Now you really want to wear
+helmets when you go
+
+skateboarding or anything,
+right?
+
+And about 100,000 miles of
+dendrites in each of you.
+
+So this is why the brain
+is amazing and hard.
+
+It's fantastic in
+its complexity.
+
+An average neuron may have up
+to 15,000 connections, 1,000
+
+synapses, and up to
+1,000 neurons.
+
+There's different ways
+of thinking about the
+
+computational power
+of a neuron.
+
+But they estimate that these
+might have, each one the
+
+computational power of
+something like a
+
+medium-sized computer.
+
+So it's not the best computer,
+but you've got
+
+100 billion of them.
+
+Now, that's the easy part.
+
+Take 100 billion neurons and
+your computer's in your head.
+
+The hard part is to get them
+all working together
+
+efficiently.
+
+And you're not sitting around
+going, "Computer 33, get up to
+
+speed here.
+
+Something's wrong here." You
+don't even think about them.
+
+You just go about
+your business.
+
+The time for information to go
+from neuron to neuron is
+
+pretty slow compared to fast
+computers, pretty fast for
+
+biology, 10 milliseconds.
+
+And everybody thinks the secret
+of the brain, whatever
+
+it will turn out to be in many
+ways, is that you can run a
+
+fantastic number of computations
+simultaneously
+
+and collaboratively.
+
+But we don't have a deep
+understanding of how
+
+that all plays out.
+
+So here's a cartoon of this
+amazing axon, the cell body,
+
+and the dendrites to
+get inputs to it.
+
+The axon is the output signal
+of a typical neuron.
+
+Neurons can have these beautiful
+arborizations,
+
+tree-like properties
+of dendrites.
+
+Neurons have all kinds of
+different shapes in different
+
+parts of the brain, presumably
+reflecting their different
+
+missions, what they have
+to accomplish.
+
+An incredibly complicated
+cellular factory inside all of
+
+them is producing different
+things.
+
+This is a big overview.
+
+This is not for you to learn
+a specific fact.
+
+And this, here's an actual
+neuron that's injected in the
+
+fantastic tree of connections it
+makes within the neurons to
+
+accomplish its mission.
+
+Here's a cartoon of a synapse,
+places where neurotransmitters
+
+signal from one axon to one
+dendrite, for example.
+
+Here's an actual picture.
+
+Here's the package of vesicles
+that house the
+
+neurotransmitters in them,
+making a connection or a
+
+synapse onto a dendrite.
+
+And you just have a fantastic
+number of these.
+
+And as you're sitting in you
+right now an unbelievable
+
+amount of stuff is going on--
+releasing them, cleaning them
+
+away so they don't hang around
+too long, building new ones to
+
+get ready to go.
+
+It's just an unbelievable story
+per neuron, never mind
+
+the whole of them.
+
+So now we take a step back
+to the brain as a whole.
+
+Here's the front of the
+brain, top of the
+
+brain, back of the brain.
+
+I'm going to say a word about
+the cerebellum, which we'll
+
+talk very little about
+in this course.
+
+The cellular organization
+of the cerebellum is so
+
+consistent that people estimate
+that half of all the
+
+cortical neurons in the brain
+are in the cerebellum.
+
+And if you see this cerebellar
+size is small, not that large,
+
+it's because it's packed
+so tightly.
+
+And it's so consistent in its
+organization that people
+
+thought, that's the first part
+of the brain we'll crack.
+
+Because the organization is so
+clear that we'll be able to
+
+figure out what it's computing
+and how it does it.
+
+And it's turned out to be
+about as mysterious a
+
+structure as any.
+
+I can't tell you the number of
+debates about what people-- we
+
+know it's involved in motor
+control, but in many other
+
+things, as well.
+
+The wiring diagram, knowing it,
+what's connected to who,
+
+turns out to be only a tiny step
+in understanding how what
+
+part of the brain does
+what it does.
+
+So here's this mysterious
+cerebellum.
+
+And then here's a basal ganglia
+that we know is
+
+involved in movement.
+
+Parkinson's Disease
+affects it.
+
+Huntington's Disease
+affects it.
+
+It's also involved in learning
+habits of all kinds.
+
+It's also involved in the reward
+systems of the brain.
+
+What have we found delightful
+and important?
+
+What did we want to do
+because the reward
+
+system is turned on?
+
+We'll come back to
+that later on.
+
+And then the limbic system, the
+part of the brain that's
+
+involved in emotion
+and memory--
+
+amygdala and hippocampus.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+If you don't have this structure
+intact, you can't
+
+form new memories ever again.
+
+We'll talk about patients
+like that.
+
+And then we'll come to the
+smarts of the brain, the
+
+cerebral cortex, four lobes--
+
+frontal, parietal, occipital,
+and temporal.
+
+You have four on the left
+and four on the right.
+
+These lobes are comprised
+of gyri.
+
+That's the part of the brain
+that sticks out.
+
+And then there's this sort of
+indentation where it dives
+
+deep into a sulcus.
+
+Comes back up, it's the next
+gyrus, dives deep into the
+
+next sulcus.
+
+A huge sulcus is called
+a fissure.
+
+Here's a Sylvian fissure that
+separates the temporal and
+
+frontal cortices.
+
+And one of the reasons that
+people have speculated about
+
+why do we have a thing
+like that?
+
+Why do we have these waves of
+a gyrus going up and then
+
+plunging into the depths, then
+coming back up like this again
+
+and plunging from sulcus
+to sulcus?
+
+And nobody really knows.
+
+But there's kind of
+a speculation
+
+that's fun and plausible.
+
+One thing we know is that bigger
+cortices are good, not
+
+so much one person to another,
+but across species.
+
+Your smarts are in
+your cortices--
+
+language, higher-level
+thought, and so on.
+
+So on the whole, a species that
+has bigger cortices has a
+
+lot of opportunities for
+thought and social
+
+development and so on.
+
+So you could imagine having
+babies with heads this big.
+
+They'd be really smart, maybe.
+
+But what would be the problem?
+
+What would be the big problem?
+
+Think about it not from your
+perspective, perhaps, if most
+
+of you are sort of teenagers or
+young 20s or something like
+
+that, most of you.
+
+So you don't remember your birth
+experience directly.
+
+But who remembers your birth
+experience pretty well?
+
+Your parents?
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+It's your mother, especially.
+
+Giving birth is a
+pretty painful,
+
+specific, challenging process.
+
+So if a head this big came
+out, it would be
+
+incommensurate with the
+birth canal that
+
+the mother can afford.
+
+It's already pretty challenging
+with your head as
+
+big as it is when
+it comes out.
+
+That's the challenge of birth.
+
+It's not getting the
+arms and legs out.
+
+Its the head that's too big.
+
+So now we have a problem that
+the mother's birth canal is
+
+only so big.
+
+We want as much brain and
+smartness in our species and
+
+in ourselves as possible.
+
+So how are we going to get a
+lot of neocortex in there?
+
+We're going to fold it.
+
+A lot of neocortex in there,
+but a smaller volume to get
+
+out through the birth canal.
+
+And that's thought to be why the
+brain has this elaborate
+
+plunging from sulcus to sulcus,
+and this sort of
+
+convolved physical structure.
+
+And if we think about the brain,
+we can think about
+
+things that go into our brains,
+about the outer world.
+
+So when you see, vision enters
+through this area, or when you
+
+hear, it enters here.
+
+When you touch or when you move
+your body, these are the
+
+motor cortical neurons.
+
+So it's either sort of major
+inputs or major output.
+
+That's in blue.
+
+That's the areas that are
+devoted to specific perception
+
+or modalities or sensories.
+
+And then we have areas
+in yellow here.
+
+They are the areas
+that are sort of
+
+closely tied to one modality.
+
+But already, they're
+interpreting what's going on.
+
+And then you have areas in pink
+here that are sort of not
+
+tied to any modality and are
+devoted to what we might call
+
+abstract thought.
+
+And you can see the prefrontal
+cortex, the part of the cortex
+
+that's in front of
+the motor cortex.
+
+There's a huge swath
+like that.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+We think it's terribly important
+for thinking,
+
+problem solving, and
+many aspects of the
+
+highest human mentation.
+
+Now we're a huge believer in
+the end that form follows
+
+function in the brain.
+
+And if we understood the correct
+relationship between
+
+form and function,
+we'd be very far.
+
+And a neuroanatomist named
+[? Broadbent ?]
+
+made the following
+heroic effort.
+
+What he did is he sectioned
+brains into
+
+lots of thin slices.
+
+And he followed them through
+a microscope.
+
+And every time the brain tissue
+changed, the neurons
+
+looked different, he would
+change the number of the area.
+
+So he started in something
+like Area One.
+
+And the neurons look
+pretty similar.
+
+And he's moving,
+moving, moving.
+
+And then all of a sudden
+they start to look
+
+different, the neurons.
+
+And then that becomes something
+like Area Three.
+
+Moving, moving, Area Four.
+
+Moving, moving, Area Six.
+
+So every time the neurons looked
+different to his eye,
+
+it gets a new number.
+
+The idea being when the neurons
+look different, they
+
+have a different job to do.
+
+And that part of the brain
+does something different.
+
+And there's lots of debates
+about the best way to do this,
+
+or different interpretations.
+
+But something like this holds
+true in a striking way.
+
+The cellular organization of the
+brain reflects in some way
+
+what that part of the brain is
+accomplishing, what part of
+
+your mind it supports.
+
+And then we have simplified
+color pictures of this.
+
+And we'll come back to
+neuroimaging next time.
+
+But it's turned out to have a
+second life in neuroimaging.
+
+Because when scientists across
+the world want to compare
+
+their neuroimaging results,
+they'll talk about, well, I
+
+got activation in Area 46,
+or I got it in Area 21.
+
+It's become a nomenclature for
+the organization of the human
+
+brain that allows you to
+integrate all kinds of imaging
+
+data about the human species.
+
+And here's a view from the
+inside of the brain.
+
+And here's a structure chord,
+the corpus callosum, that
+
+we'll come back to in the
+next few minutes.
+
+So how much are functions
+localized or distributed?
+
+How much is--
+
+you have a specific thing your
+mind does, and it's in one
+
+place in the brain versus it's
+spread over a range.
+
+And this idea of how much things
+are distributed or
+
+localized for mental functions
+in the brain has been a source
+
+of huge debate.
+
+And I'll show you a misstep,
+and then I'll show you some
+
+things where we think we
+have it more correctly.
+
+The misstep is a phrenology.
+
+And the most famous name
+in this is from Gall.
+
+Spurzheim is another one.
+
+And in the 19th century--
+that's the 1800s--
+
+the phrenology took
+hold a lot.
+
+And there's a sort of
+a Freudian story.
+
+If you want to call it that,
+of Gall, which is that
+
+apparently when he was a
+student, he viewed himself as
+
+a very effortful and fastidious
+student who took
+
+all the notes you're supposed to
+take, and worked very hard
+
+for exams and did everything
+you were supposed to do.
+
+But shock of shocks,
+some students did
+
+better than he did.
+
+And he looked around
+the classroom.
+
+He said, who are these
+students doing
+
+better than I am?
+
+Because I'm trying
+as hard as I can.
+
+And some students are
+doing better.
+
+And he said, hey, one thing I
+notice about these students is
+
+they all seem to have
+big foreheads.
+
+OK?
+
+[CHUCKLES]
+
+Now, I don't know how accurate
+he was scientifically.
+
+But apparently, this was a
+emotionally transformative
+
+moment for Gall.
+
+And you'll see in what
+way this ended
+
+up guiding his science.
+
+So Gall and Spurzheim were
+actually good neuroanatomists.
+
+They describe lots of things
+about the brain that were
+
+correct that were kind of
+unknown at the time.
+
+For example, the pyramidal
+tracts, the tracts that move
+
+from your motor cortex-- say on
+your left to control your
+
+right hand, or on your right
+to control your left hand--
+
+they describe those very well.
+
+But here's where they
+got kind of funny.
+
+They said, OK, we can describe
+the physical
+
+organization of the brain.
+
+But now let's say which
+part of the brain is
+
+which part of the mind.
+
+And in a way that we now
+consider a bit willy-nilly,
+
+they began to assign different
+mental processes to different
+
+parts of the brain.
+
+And the way they did it was they
+said, I'm going to look
+
+at somebody.
+
+And let's pretend somebody you
+know is very combative.
+
+What they began to
+figure was this.
+
+Well, maybe the part of the
+brain that's involved in being
+
+combative--
+
+the more combative you are,
+the more you have of it.
+
+So if I feel your skull above
+the part of the brain that I
+
+think goes with being combative,
+if you have a big
+
+rise there, if I feel your
+head-- and most of our heads
+
+are a little bumpy--
+
+the person who's really
+combative is going to have a
+
+lot of bump there.
+
+And the person who's very
+meek will have none.
+
+OK, does that make sense?
+
+They have these little
+categories as they just
+
+thought about people.
+
+And they developed this idea
+that they could find where
+
+cautiousness was, or
+precociousness, or
+
+secretiveness.
+
+You'd give it a big
+bump there.
+
+Let me show you this picture.
+
+Here's a device you would step
+into that would have springs
+
+go down, and then it would go
+up, and they would say, where
+
+do you have the high bumps?
+
+And where do you have
+the little bumps?
+
+Now all of this is wrong.
+
+Because it's a naive way and not
+a scientific way to do it.
+
+Weirdly enough, look at what
+they put below the eye--
+
+language.
+
+Now that's a weird
+place to put it.
+
+And what they saw was a soldier
+who had a wound that
+
+went his eye and
+into his brain.
+
+And they said, OK, he had
+trouble producing language.
+
+And they said, well, that's
+where language is.
+
+Language is not below
+your eye.
+
+But they didn't realize that the
+wound went up into what's
+
+something called Broca's area.
+
+We'll talk about that
+in a couple minutes.
+
+And so they weren't
+that wrong.
+
+They just didn't think
+through where the end
+
+of the injury was.
+
+All the other ones, we
+completely dismiss these days.
+
+But we have to worry about naive
+ways in which we link
+
+the life of the mind to the
+stuff of the brain.
+
+And they did a control
+experiment. "The famous
+
+physiologist, Magendie,
+preserved with veneration the
+
+brain of Laplace," who's
+a big name in
+
+the history of chemistry.
+
+"Spurzheim had the natural
+wish to see the brain."
+
+Spurzheim was the
+phrenologist.
+
+"To test the science of
+phrenologist, Magendie showed
+
+him instead the brain
+of an imbecile.
+
+Spurzheim, who had already
+worked up his enthusiasm,
+
+admired the brain of the
+imbecile as he would have
+
+admired that of Laplace."
+
+So this was a control assess.
+
+I give you a brain of somebody
+who's not a genius in
+
+chemistry, and you
+go, oh my gosh.
+
+This chemistry part of the
+brain is unbelievable.
+
+And this is the old idea we
+talked about, that if you have
+
+an idea you believe in as a
+scientist, you will always
+
+find positive evidence for
+it everywhere you look.
+
+Back to the brain, and let's
+talk about this part, the
+
+lower part of the orbital
+frontal cortex.
+
+It sits right above your eyes.
+
+Your eyes would be something
+like here.
+
+And we know something about what
+that part of the brain
+
+does from the famous case
+of Phineas Gage.
+
+He was involved in railroad
+construction in Vermont.
+
+And that involved exploding
+rocks to level the area so
+
+they could put in
+train tracks.
+
+They would drill a
+hole, put in some
+
+fuse, put in the powder.
+
+And they would use a tamping
+iron to push down the sand and
+
+powder so there would be a big
+explosion to flatten the rock.
+
+And at age 25 in 1848, he has
+a mind who was described as
+
+well-balanced, energetic,
+and persistent.
+
+He was the ideal employee,
+resourceful, hardworking.
+
+He was made a foreman,
+a leader.
+
+He was the most efficient and
+capable in the group.
+
+And on September 13, 1848,
+something big happened.
+
+There was a miscommunication.
+
+An iron that was three feet,
+seven inches in length--
+
+I'll show you a picture in a
+moment, because even if you've
+
+heard this story, until you see
+a picture of it, you can't
+
+grasp how big this was compared
+to a human being.
+
+There was a miscommunication,
+the explosion went off early.
+
+He was directly over it.
+
+The rod flew up, went through
+his head, all the
+
+way through his head.
+
+And it had the power to land 30
+yards away after exploding
+
+up into the air.
+
+And by March of the next year,
+he was back at work.
+
+Not too long a vacation, a
+recovery period for that big a
+
+thing going through your head.
+
+But his personality had
+fundamentally changed.
+
+So here's his cast of his actual
+head and his skull.
+
+Here's where it shot
+up through here
+
+and out this hole.
+
+Here's the actual rod
+compared to that.
+
+So if you haven't seen this,
+you can underestimate the
+
+amazingness of this thing.
+
+And at the time he was famous
+not for the reason we now
+
+think of him.
+
+He was just a Ripley's believe
+it or not story of that a
+
+human survived at all.
+
+So Antonio Damasio has attempted
+to reconstruct by
+
+computer where this rod shot up
+through here and out into
+
+30 yards away.
+
+They're that big compared
+to him.
+
+And the amazing thing, and
+described by a physician who
+
+worked with him at the time,
+is "the equilibrium to his
+
+intellectual faculties and
+animal propensities seems to
+
+have destroyed.
+
+He is fitful, irreverent,
+indulging at times in the
+
+grossest profanity.
+
+Little deference for his
+fellows, impatient of
+
+restraint, conflicting
+with his desires.
+
+At times pertinaciously
+obstinate, capricious and
+
+vacillating, devising many plans
+of future operations,
+
+which are no sooner arranged
+than they are abandoned in
+
+turn for others appearing
+more feasible."
+
+Exactly the opposite of
+who he was before.
+
+He was a responsible,
+efficient leader.
+
+And now he's a totally
+irresponsible person doing all
+
+kinds of things that
+make no sense.
+
+"A child in his intellectual
+capacity, he has the animal
+
+passions of a strong man."
+So he completely
+
+changed who he was.
+
+In this regard, his mind was so
+radically changed that his
+
+friends and acquaintances said
+that "he was no longer Gage."
+
+So here's a physical insult to
+the brain that changes the
+
+character of a person, that
+changes what we would think of
+
+as the moral judgments.
+
+Of when is it right to tell the
+truth, having plans and
+
+being a responsible, trustworthy
+person, completely
+
+changed by this injury.
+
+One interpretation is this part
+of the brain is essential
+
+for making moral judgments and
+being of good character.
+
+What would be another
+interpretation of why he might
+
+have changed, just common sense
+besides that this part
+
+of the brain does that?
+
+We want to not be for
+phrenologists, OK?
+
+So the first thought is, this
+part of the brain supports
+
+what we think of as moral
+reasoning and character.
+
+Well, what else could you
+imagine might have happened?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: He had a giant spike
+driven though his skull and is
+
+upset about it?
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GABRIELI: Yeah.
+
+I'll make up something
+like that.
+
+But a more psychological and
+different interpretation, let
+
+me try this one.
+
+He was getting ready
+for the future.
+
+I'll be a foreman today, and
+then next week, I'll be
+
+executive vice president, and
+then I'll be associate
+
+executive president.
+
+And a rod goes through
+his head, and he
+
+goes, wait a minute.
+
+Life is short.
+
+It could end at any moment.
+
+Why not just do what I want
+to do all the time?
+
+Because the next rod could
+come who knows when.
+
+And I had all these plans, and
+I was promising people things
+
+next week that I delivered on.
+
+But that's a sucker's life,
+because your life
+
+can end like that.
+
+So forget all the stuff about--
+just enjoy the moment.
+
+That's a possible thing, OK?
+
+You see movies like that, where
+people are told, you
+
+have so long to live,
+and they change.
+
+What would you want to convince
+yourself that it
+
+wasn't something like that,
+which is not an unreasonable
+
+interpretation?
+
+What you would want to see, at a
+minimum, is that if you have
+
+brain injuries other places in
+the brain, you don't see that.
+
+And if you have other people
+with brain injuries in the
+
+same part of the brain, you
+see that consistently.
+
+At a minimum, you want
+to say it's not
+
+just a big brain injury.
+
+But it's consistently a brain
+injury in this part of the
+
+brain that leads to this
+kind of behavior.
+
+And for at least this example,
+that's true.
+
+Other patients with similar
+injuries behaved similarly.
+
+People with very big injuries
+elsewhere in the brain don't
+
+behave similarly.
+
+So there's a lot of reason in
+the end for us to believe that
+
+this part of the brain is
+essential for something that
+
+we consider almost
+metaphysical.
+
+Character has this incredibly
+physical dependence.
+
+And relatively recently, just
+a few years ago, they
+
+discovered a picture of
+Phineas Gage himself.
+
+Here's the rod.
+
+Here's the injury to his eye,
+his eye is damaged.
+
+So one more example, and then
+we'll switch this refrain.
+
+Paul Broca.
+
+And Broca's area in the brain,
+here's Paul Broca.
+
+Here's a brain of a patient
+named Mr. Tan.
+
+And let me say a word
+about the story.
+
+So in France, a number of people
+observing patients with
+
+injuries had talked about that
+the left side of the brain is
+
+important for speech.
+
+Until then there had not been
+much ideas that the left and
+
+right were fundamentally
+different.
+
+So there's always sort of a
+
+background before the discovery.
+
+And there's a talk in 1861 which
+describes a man who lost
+
+his speech but understood
+everything said to him.
+
+He couldn't produce speech.
+
+He could understand speech.
+
+His intelligence is
+still unimpaired.
+
+His speech is gone.
+
+And then Broca heard that talk,
+and he went back, and
+
+five days later a patient named
+LeBorgne, who had lost
+
+his speech-- he could only say
+two things, "tan," and he
+
+could swear like crazy.
+
+And our current thought about
+that is swearing that's
+
+emotional and intuitive, not the
+one where you think, OK,
+
+I'm going to swear now
+to scare somebody.
+
+But the one-- you stub your
+toe in the middle of the
+
+night, and you really
+let out a curse--
+
+we think that's guided
+like an animal cry
+
+by the basal ganglia.
+
+Those heartfelt, really
+emotional cursing is not
+
+really language.
+
+It's actually the same cry an
+animal makes on injury.
+
+And it uses some of the
+same neurocircuitry.
+
+But for higher level cortical
+stuff, the only word he could
+
+say was "tan." He
+died in 1871.
+
+They looked at his brain, and
+they found this change in the
+
+left frontal cortex.
+
+And we now call that Broca's
+aphasia, the inability to
+
+speak despite the
+presence of--
+
+your mouth can move, and
+you can understand
+
+language pretty well.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+So we talk about Broca's area,
+and then Wernicke--
+
+the Broca's area's important
+for production.
+
+And here's the kind of damage.
+
+And we'll come back to Broca's
+aphasia later in the course.
+
+So this was a big hint that
+there's something different
+
+between the right and the
+left hemispheres.
+
+Now in what percentage of people
+is language, especially
+
+speech production, predominantly
+in the left?
+
+And our best answer for that
+comes from a thing
+
+called the Wada Test.
+
+So this is a test given to
+patients who are undergoing
+
+neurosurgery for something
+like epilepsy,
+
+sometimes for tumors.
+
+And they want to know for you
+personally with great
+
+certainty, which hemisphere is
+the eloquent or speaking
+
+hemisphere?
+
+Because they want to remove more
+tissue if they're away
+
+from your language areas, and
+less tissue if they're near
+
+your language areas.
+
+Maybe they won't even do a
+certain surgery if they're too
+
+much in the middle of
+your language areas.
+
+Because in many cases, it's so
+frustrating for people to lose
+
+their ability to speak their
+thoughts, that they'd rather
+
+have the seizures, for
+epilepsy, than
+
+be unable to speak.
+
+So physicians and neurosurgeons
+are very worried
+
+about that.
+
+So what they give you is, they
+give you a test where they put
+
+in a drug called
+sodium amytal.
+
+And they inject it into your
+femoral or carotid artery.
+
+It feeds up.
+
+And the way that the
+vasculatures between the two
+
+hemispheres-- it mostly shuts
+down the operation of one
+
+atmosphere.
+
+If you're injected in this
+femoral artery, it'll mostly
+
+shut down your left.
+
+In this one, it will mostly
+shut down your right.
+
+And while the patient has one
+hemisphere turned off, and
+
+they know this because for
+example, let's say they shut
+
+down this hemisphere
+with the injection.
+
+You're waving your arm.
+
+It falls down because your motor
+system can no longer
+
+control your arm.
+
+You're blind in this field.
+
+We'll talk about that.
+
+Many of the mental processes
+done by this half of the brain
+
+are shut down.
+
+And then they'll test you like
+crazy to see if you can talk.
+
+They'll say, what are the
+days of the week?
+
+What's your name?
+
+Name these pictures.
+
+OK?
+
+Until the drug wears off.
+
+And then you come back two days
+later or a day later, and
+
+they'll inject the other side.
+
+And they'll know with near
+certainty in you which is the
+
+side of your brain that
+does the speaking.
+
+And best estimates are that
+something like 90% to 99% of
+
+people speak from their left.
+
+Even left-handers mostly speak
+from the left hemisphere.
+
+Because these are patients with
+epilepsy, we're not quite
+
+sure how they generalize
+to everybody.
+
+We wouldn't do this with
+typical people.
+
+Because these kinds of tests are
+invasive and a bit risky.
+
+But our best estimates are that
+if you're right-handed,
+
+it's almost certain you speak
+from your left hemisphere.
+
+And if you're left-handed,
+about 80% of left-handed
+
+people also speak from
+the left hemisphere.
+
+So it doesn't go by handedness,
+which makes
+
+handedness a bit more
+of a mystery.
+
+So now switch from grey matter
+discussions to white matter.
+
+In the middle of your
+brain is something
+
+called the corpus callosum.
+
+Here it's viewed from the
+middle, if we cut
+
+the brain this way.
+
+200 million myelinated fibers
+that connect the similar areas
+
+from the left and the right.
+
+This is what hooks up the left
+and right hemisphere
+
+from spot to spot.
+
+Here it is connecting--
+
+and this is from the side view--
+so it's a huge white
+
+matter area.
+
+Corpus callosum.
+
+And people noticed it because
+it was so striking.
+
+But they couldn't figure
+out what it does.
+
+And it kind of started to
+figure a little bit in
+
+philosophical debates.
+
+Would a divided brain--
+if you cut the
+
+brain down the middle--
+
+would it read to separate
+stores of mood,
+
+predisposition, knowledge,
+and memory?
+
+That is, if your two halves of
+your brain were divided from
+
+one other, would you be
+sort of two people?
+
+Now, we're not going
+to do that to you.
+
+But the fascinating thing is,
+are you two people to start
+
+with, who talk to one
+another sometimes
+
+across your corpus callosum?
+
+And William McDougall said,
+well, the unity of
+
+consciousness does not
+depend on the unity
+
+of the nervous system.
+
+And he volunteered for
+commissurotomy to cut the
+
+corpus callosum.
+
+Erickson noted in 1940 that
+epileptic seizures would
+
+become generalized convulsions
+often in animal models--
+
+if the seizure began here,
+it would spread to the
+
+corresponding part of the
+opposite side of the brain,
+
+and become a much
+worse seizure.
+
+So they got the idea that if
+they cut the corpus callosum
+
+in patients with severe epilepsy
+who did not respond
+
+to medications that maybe
+that would make the
+
+seizures less severe.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Because you wouldn't transmit
+the seizure from the left to
+
+the right or the
+right to left.
+
+But people were sort of
+almost making jokes
+
+about the corpus callosum.
+
+Because they couldn't figure
+out what it does.
+
+They said, "The corpus callosum
+is hardly connected
+
+with the psychological
+functions at all.
+
+It is for transmitting seizure
+activity from one hemisphere
+
+to the other." That's kind
+of a neurology joke.
+
+Or Karl Lashley at Harvard,
+"to keep hemispheres from
+
+collapsing into one another."
+You do have to have structure
+
+to keep things from
+collapsing.
+
+So now I need to tell you a
+word for the next couple
+
+minutes for this to make sense,
+about how your visual
+
+system is organized.
+
+So here's the world out there.
+
+And if you're looking straight
+ahead, everything to the left
+
+people call the left visual
+field, everything to the right
+
+people call the right
+visual field.
+
+And we'll look at this more
+next week a little bit.
+
+But weirdly, your eyes are
+not set up in that way.
+
+You could think this eye looks
+at this half, and this eye
+
+looks at that half.
+
+The way it's set up, each eye
+looks at both fields.
+
+Each eye looks at both fields.
+
+And then the neurons that leave
+the eye get organized
+
+here in the optic chiasm.
+
+So by the time they move out
+towards the brain, everything
+
+in the opposite half of the
+world is reflected.
+
+So everything that's in the
+right visual field starts in
+
+your brain in the
+left hemisphere.
+
+Everything that's in the left
+visual field starts in your
+
+brain in the right hemisphere.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So the first part of your smart
+neocortex that knows
+
+what's out there as you're
+looking at a face, a word, a
+
+scene, anything--
+
+the right occipital cortex
+notices what's on the left,
+
+and the left occipital cortex
+notices on the right.
+
+Things are so seamlessly
+integrated in the brain that
+
+you don't ever have
+that feeling.
+
+You almost never have like,
+we're getting bad signals on
+
+the left here.
+
+If you didn't have a course like
+this, you wouldn't know
+
+that exists.
+
+And you could wonder, why on
+Earth is it like that?
+
+Is it just to torture students
+and confuse them about fields,
+
+eyes, and brains?
+
+And people debate about
+some evolutionary
+
+history behind this.
+
+But it's a great big mystery--
+
+why we don't organize things
+much more simply and just go
+
+all the way this way.
+
+Quite the opposite.
+
+We have in the left posterior
+areas, that's where we see the
+
+right half of the world.
+
+And then things get
+integrated.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+Keep in mind also that our
+left hemisphere moves our
+
+right hand, and our
+right hemisphere
+
+moves our left hand.
+
+So at least that's
+the same story--
+
+opposite hemisphere seeing the
+opposite field, controlling
+
+the opposite hand.
+
+So imagine these kinds of
+patients who had the surgery
+
+that divided the corpus
+callosum or
+
+treatment of epilepsy.
+
+Let me tell you a
+couple things.
+
+Clinically, it was pretty
+rarely done.
+
+There weren't that
+many of them.
+
+It's pretty rarely done
+nowadays, first.
+
+Second, the first thing that
+people noticed was, it didn't
+
+have much an effect
+on the patients.
+
+It's a fascinating story.
+
+Nobody noticed anything
+for decades.
+
+Because they didn't have the
+right questions to ask.
+
+So these patients are not like
+astounding patients, I can't
+
+believe when I see them.
+
+They seem pretty much like
+the same as they were.
+
+I'll show you a video in a
+couple minutes of two of them.
+
+They're not looking unusual
+in most ways.
+
+But when people figured out what
+to ask of them, they saw
+
+remarkable things.
+
+They saw two minds
+in one head.
+
+And here's how they saw that.
+
+If they showed them a picture,
+let's say of a spoon and a
+
+picture of a cup simultaneously
+in the two
+
+fields, they would be
+up briefly and go.
+
+But it's easy for you to say, I
+saw a spoon and I saw a cup.
+
+They would say, what
+did you see?
+
+And the person would
+say, a cup.
+
+And that would be it.
+
+What did you see?
+
+A cup.
+
+Because the information in the
+right visual field goes into
+
+the left hemisphere.
+
+That's the speaking
+hemisphere.
+
+So left hemisphere says,
+I saw a cup.
+
+The right hemisphere saw
+this perfectly well.
+
+It's typically not the
+speaking hemisphere.
+
+So that information is locked
+in the right hemisphere, and
+
+it doesn't have access to the
+speaking part of the brain in
+
+the left hemisphere.
+
+So each hemisphere had its own
+experience, and only the left
+
+hemisphere could speak.
+
+You would integrate this
+information instantly via the
+
+corpus callosum.
+
+But each hemisphere only
+knew what it saw.
+
+And so here's another example,
+which is not only that each
+
+hemisphere only knows
+what it knows.
+
+But it's completely
+ignorant that the
+
+other one knows anything.
+
+It's as if the two of you were
+sitting next to each other and
+
+don't know each other,
+are not passing notes
+
+or tweeting or whatever.
+
+It's as if like, do you know
+exactly what the person next
+
+to you is thinking?
+
+No, not necessarily.
+
+So that's exactly what it is
+like, like you're in one
+
+person in their brain,
+in their skull.
+
+So they would show them a square
+in the left visual
+
+field and a triangle in the
+right visual field.
+
+You would say, I saw a square,
+I saw a triangle.
+
+What do you want?
+
+Here's what happens.
+
+If they're asked to say,
+say what did you see?
+
+And then behind a board,
+draw what you saw.
+
+The board is there so it's
+not confusing them.
+
+So here's what they say.
+
+What did you see?
+
+I saw a triangle.
+
+Because it's in the right field,
+it goes into their
+
+visual area in the
+left hemisphere.
+
+That's the speaking
+hemisphere.
+
+But if they're drawing
+with their left hand,
+
+what do they draw?
+
+The square.
+
+Because the right hemisphere saw
+a square, so the left hand
+
+is drawing, it draws
+the square.
+
+So simultaneously they will say,
+a triangle, and the hand
+
+behind the board will
+draw a square.
+
+And the patient is not bothered
+in the least.
+
+Because each hemisphere only
+knows what it knows.
+
+The reason they have the board
+there is if they didn't have
+
+the board there, then the left
+hemisphere would see you
+
+drawing a square.
+
+And you go like, why am
+I drawing a square?
+
+I saw a triangle.
+
+And the person would
+be weirded out.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+But here's the thing.
+
+The amazing thing is both of
+them have a lot of smarts by
+
+themselves.
+
+And they're completely
+unaware of what the
+
+other hemisphere knows.
+
+Again, the idea is in you,
+the hemispheres are
+
+talking all the time.
+
+But at lots of moments,
+different parts of your brain
+
+might be knowing different
+things.
+
+And we have a lot of
+belief for that.
+
+But this is the most striking
+demonstration.
+
+So here's a patient who was
+asked to say what he saw and
+
+pick it up.
+
+He had one instruction.
+
+Read what you see, and pick
+it up with your left hand.
+
+So he sees the word ring.
+
+In the speaking hemisphere,
+he says ring.
+
+His left hemisphere sees the
+word key, has enough language
+
+to read that.
+
+And it picks up the key
+behind the board.
+
+And it never says, I saw two
+things or anything like that
+
+in most cases.
+
+So let me stop here.
+
+And can we do the first video?
+
+So you're going to see an
+example of a patient named
+
+Vicky who's going to be tested
+by Mike Gazzaniga.
+
+You're going to see two videos
+with Mike Gazzaniga when he
+
+was younger and when
+he was older.
+
+He did a lot of the work with
+these split brain patients.
+
+Plus, Alan Alda from MASH will
+visit Mike Gazzaniga in the
+
+second one.
+
+So one of the really interesting
+things is these
+
+split brain patients have given
+us a chance to ask, you
+
+and I, what are some different
+ways in which the right
+
+hemisphere and left hemisphere
+are your own minds?
+
+And what are the things they
+seem to care about, and that
+
+are useful?
+
+So here's one example
+from Jerre Levy.
+
+It's a very clever experiment.
+
+She would show in the left
+or right visual field
+
+something like this.
+
+And then say, in free view,
+which of these two things is
+
+more similar?
+
+And on purpose it's ambiguous.
+
+On purpose you could say, well,
+this is more similar
+
+because it has a similar
+shape or appearance.
+
+This is more similar because I
+use a spoon and a fork to eat
+
+a piece of cake.
+
+And if this was seen by the left
+hemisphere, people would
+
+pick by function.
+
+If this was seen by the right
+hemisphere, the patients would
+
+pick by appearance.
+
+So the ideas is that the left--
+and this is the power
+
+of having two hemispheres in
+parallel figuring out what's
+
+going on-- one is figuring out
+what's the information I need
+
+about shape and things like
+that in the world?
+
+And what's the information
+I need about function?
+
+And because you have two
+semi-independent brains in
+
+you, you're constantly figuring
+out form and function
+
+and then using whatever you
+need to use to solve the
+
+problem in front of you.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So here's another nice one.
+
+Here's scissors projected
+into left visual field.
+
+The right hemisphere,
+that would pick the
+
+spoon and the fork.
+
+Because the crossing shape
+is resembling that.
+
+In the right visual field, left
+hemisphere, people would
+
+pick the needle and thread.
+
+Because that functionally
+goes with scissors.
+
+So your mind is seeing the same
+thing, but in one case
+
+it's tuned, in the left
+hemisphere, to functions, and
+
+the right hemisphere
+to appearance.
+
+So these are just notes for you
+going over what I said.
+
+So they talked about, would
+you have two different
+
+consciousnesses in you?
+
+It's hard really to tell.
+
+They did one experiment with
+Vicky, where they would
+
+present a nude picture in
+the left visual field
+
+unexpectedly--
+
+and this was a long time ago,
+it was a shocking thing.
+
+And the patient would
+blush and giggle.
+
+When asked to explain why you
+were blushing and giggling,
+
+all she could say is, oh doctor,
+you have some machine.
+
+She knows something funny
+happened and inappropriate.
+
+She can't tell you just in the
+language in the hemisphere
+
+that saw it.
+
+And so she gives this other
+kind of description.
+
+Another kind of a favorite
+one is the dresses one.
+
+There was one patient who went
+back to work in his father's
+
+grocery store.
+
+And this could be frustrating,
+early on after his treatment.
+
+He would stock things onto a
+shelf with one hand and remove
+
+it with the other.
+
+You could imagine that would
+be a slow work day.
+
+These kinds of weird behaviors
+pretty much
+
+clear up within weeks.
+
+After that, you have to test
+to see the difference.
+
+Another one, they presented
+the instructions -- walk
+
+across the room to the left
+visual field, right
+
+hemisphere.
+
+Person gets up, walks
+across the room.
+
+That person's asked, why did
+you walk across the room?
+
+Person doesn't know why.
+
+Because their speaking
+hemisphere didn't see it.
+
+And they'll just say something
+like, I was thirsty.
+
+So interestingly, they
+fill in motivations.
+
+They don't say, I don't know
+why, or I have a split brain.
+
+What do you expect?
+
+I mean they're being tested
+for that, right?
+
+But they seem like they want
+to fill in some other
+
+explanation.
+
+And I'll show you another
+example for that.
+
+And social psychologists
+have said--
+
+because they like this--
+
+they said, this is an example
+that people are desperate
+
+rationalizers for ourselves.
+
+We'll come back to this
+in social psychology.
+
+You could think about whether
+it's true for yourself or not.
+
+That when things are
+contradictory, we don't say,
+
+oh, things are contradictory.
+
+We say, well, here's why, as we
+explain our own behavior,
+
+that we have to rationalize
+our own behavior.
+
+So here's the example.
+
+Here's the picture.
+
+So here's a split
+brain patient.
+
+And he's shown pairs of pictures
+in visual fields.
+
+And he's supposed to pick two
+of them in free vision, then
+
+relate to what he sees.
+
+Here's the picture
+that he sees.
+
+Boom, this goes up
+and goes away.
+
+Now both hands go and pick
+something related to what the
+
+person just saw.
+
+OK So this is shown briefly.
+
+It disappears.
+
+This hand--
+
+let me do this right--
+
+the chicken went to this
+part of the brain that
+
+controls this hand.
+
+So the claw goes
+to the rooster.
+
+This hemisphere saw a snowy
+scene, controls this hand and
+
+it goes for the shovel.
+
+So now they're going to make
+the patient confront the
+
+weirdness of what he just did.
+
+His hand went out.
+
+Each hemisphere points
+to what it saw.
+
+And again, his answer could
+be, I'm in an experiment.
+
+You're constantly tricking me.
+
+I know that.
+
+Basically they know that,
+they're in an experiment.
+
+But his answer is,
+I saw a claw--
+
+that's the speaking
+hemisphere.
+
+I picked the chicken.
+
+OK, that's fine, left hemisphere
+is speaking.
+
+And then you have
+to clean out the
+
+chicken shed with a shovel.
+
+OK You understand?
+
+He's creating a story to make
+his behavior seem coherent.
+
+Rather than just saying, I'm
+an experimental subject and
+
+that's why you're testing me.
+
+Here's the last thing I want to
+show you for two minutes.
+
+And then I'm going to show you
+a film that touches on this.
+
+Psychologists are interested in
+understanding also in what
+
+way we see the forests
+and the trees.
+
+You see the bumper stickers,
+think globally, act locally.
+
+Let's talk about global and
+local, or parts and wholes.
+
+So the whole here is H. And the
+locals are S. Does that
+
+makes sense?
+
+It's a way to operationalize an
+experiment looking at the
+
+forest versus the
+trees of S's.
+
+Here the whole is the C, and
+the local elements are O's.
+
+And there's a painter who
+did beautiful pictures.
+
+You'll see another example.
+
+But he made whole faces out
+of vegetable parts.
+
+OK, do you see that?
+
+Every part here of this face,
+if you look at it piece by
+
+piece, is a different
+vegetable or fruit.
+
+So it's a sort of play on this
+thing, and you'll see the
+
+movie that way.
+
+He made the whole face
+of the parts of this.
+
+But here's what split
+brain patients do.
+
+And I'll show you something
+else in a moment.
+
+They're asked shortly after
+surgery to copy this.
+
+It's right in front of
+them all the time.
+
+It's right in front of
+them all the time.
+
+Just copy what's right
+in front of you.
+
+If they do it with their left
+hand, right hemisphere, you
+
+see that you get the forest
+but not the trees.
+
+Here's the trees, and
+then they don't
+
+look that good, honestly.
+
+But still, there's some
+Y-ish thing there.
+
+Copy this.
+
+It's right in front of you.
+
+If it's the left hand, you get
+the forest but not the parts.
+
+If it's the right hand,
+you get the
+
+parts but not the forest.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+It's as if each hemisphere is
+one hemisphere-- the left
+
+hemisphere is seeing the
+parts, and the right
+
+hemisphere is seeing
+the whole.
+
+So that's awesome.
+
+Because you don't have to
+be global or local.
+
+Your mind is simultaneously
+figuring out the local parts
+
+and the global parts.
+
+And then you can use whatever
+is the useful information.
+
+Your mind, because you have
+multiple brains in you, is
+
+sort of figuring out what
+it needs to do.
+
+Last thing I'll show you, and
+then we'll do one more video.
+
+Here are patients who have
+injuries after stroke.
+
+It's the same idea, though.
+
+So here's what they
+have to copy.
+
+It's right in front of them.
+
+Just copy it exactly.
+
+That's all they have to do.
+
+If the patient has damage on the
+right, he loses his sense
+
+of wholeness.
+
+You see there's lots of Z's,
+that's the parts perceived by
+
+the intact left hemisphere.
+
+But the right hemisphere
+is not giving very much
+
+information about the whole.
+
+Here's another patient with
+left hemisphere damage.
+
+That person fails to appreciate
+the parts,
+
+but gets the whole.
+
+Here's the same thing
+down here.
+
+A patient with right hemisphere
+damage appreciates
+
+the parts in the intact left
+hemisphere, but doesn't
+
+appreciate the whole in the
+injured right hemisphere.
+
+Conversely, here's the injured
+left hemisphere.
+
+That patient copies the whole.
+
+The right hemisphere gets
+it, left hemisphere
+
+is missing the parts.
+
+The amazing thing?
+
+It's right in front of them.
+
+They're copying it.
+
+But if your brain is injured, it
+no longer appreciates that
+
+the whole exists or that
+a part exists.
+
+It's as if it wasn't there.
+
+So that's how much our mind
+is what our brain
+
+does in this regard.
+
+And so if we do the last video
+you'll see that again.
+
+Any questions on what you saw?
+
+So I would say neurons
+are unbelievably--
+
+we can't even begin to
+figure out your brain
+
+at the neuron level.
+
+We're so far from that.
+
+The big message from this last
+part besides hemispheric
+
+specialization is that
+your brain--
+
+and we'll show you this
+over and over
+
+again in this course--
+
+is a society of semi-independent
+brains doing
+
+their own thing, sharing
+information as needed.
+
+And the more we study the brain,
+the more we understand
+
+how many parts of you there are
+that are semi-independent
+
+and autonomous.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SreJp2U0Vio.txt b/SreJp2U0Vio.txt
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+++ b/SreJp2U0Vio.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7643 @@
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+ 
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+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
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+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
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+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is lecture
+22 gradient and Divergence headed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 gradient and Divergence headed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 gradient and Divergence headed for
+ll's equation so the gradient will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation so the gradient will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation so the gradient will be
+our operator a the Divergence or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operator a the Divergence or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operator a the Divergence or minus
+the Divergence will be a transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence will be a transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence will be a transpose and
+then a transpose a will be the lassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a transpose a will be the lassan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a transpose a will be the lassan
+that's we get to lasses equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we get to lasses equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we get to lasses equation
+Wednesday Today I wanted to take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Today I wanted to take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Today I wanted to take them
+separately to understand the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately to understand the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately to understand the meaning of
+gradient the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient the meaning of
+Divergence uh the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence uh the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence uh the connection between
+them uh I mentioned at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh I mentioned at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh I mentioned at the end of last
+time that one is the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that one is the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that one is the transpose of the
+the other or minus the transpose so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other or minus the transpose so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other or minus the transpose so that
+if I could I'll I'll try to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could I'll I'll try to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could I'll I'll try to keep
+gradient on this side and if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient on this side and if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient on this side and if I could
+only transpose the Blackboard I could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only transpose the Blackboard I could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only transpose the Blackboard I could uh
+do Divergence I'll do Divergence on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Divergence I'll do Divergence on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Divergence I'll do Divergence on that
+side and I guess if I could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I guess if I could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I guess if I could get a
+rotating Blackboard right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating Blackboard right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating Blackboard right in the middle
+I could do curl uh that would be perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do curl uh that would be perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do curl uh that would be perfect
+okay so some of this will not be new to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of this will not be new to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of this will not be new to
+you but maybe some of the insights or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but maybe some of the insights or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but maybe some of the insights or
+the way of looking at it could be new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of looking at it could be new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of looking at it could be new so
+this this is the background of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the background of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the background of vector
+calculus so we have things like vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so we have things like vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so we have things like vector
+fields that means uh I have a vector V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that means uh I have a vector V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that means uh I have a vector V1
+V2 at each point XY so I could draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 at each point XY so I could draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 at each point XY so I could draw a
+little arrow at every point to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow at every point to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow at every point to show the
+direction and magnitude of that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and magnitude of that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and magnitude of that Vector
+so that's a I have a field of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a I have a field of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a I have a field of vectors
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so from last time our basic setup is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from last time our basic setup is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from last time our basic setup is the
+gradient is this up first operator a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is this up first operator a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is this up first operator a the
+the one we're one we see at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're one we see at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're one we see at the
+beginning one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning one
+change I'm going to call instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I'm going to call instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I'm going to call instead of the
+calling the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the result
+e let me connect to Velocity I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e let me connect to Velocity I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e let me connect to Velocity I'll I'll
+be thinking of U as a potential I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking of U as a potential I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking of U as a potential I'll use
+the word potential for U and I'll use V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word potential for U and I'll use V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word potential for U and I'll use V
+instead of e for the velocity component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of e for the velocity component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of e for the velocity component
+so that's the A and then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the A and then on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the A and then on the other
+side I start start with a W it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I start start with a W it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I start start with a W it's again
+it's a vector field it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector field it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector field it's actually a
+momentum very often the step between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum very often the step between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum very often the step between
+here and here well most often the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here well most often the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here well most often the step
+between here and here will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here will be the
+identity that's what gives lassus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's what gives lassus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's what gives lassus
+equation so I will sometimes you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I will sometimes you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I will sometimes you'll have
+to watch I'm sometimes confusing the v's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch I'm sometimes confusing the v's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch I'm sometimes confusing the v's
+with the W's because when I go to l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the W's because when I go to l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the W's because when I go to l is
+equation and C is the identity they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and C is the identity they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and C is the identity they're
+the same but I would like today to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but I would like today to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but I would like today to try
+to keep this left side separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep this left side separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep this left side separate the
+gradient from the right side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient from the right side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient from the right side the
+Divergence and and understand what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence and and understand what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence and and understand what they
+mean and how to how how to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and how to how how to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and how to how how to work with
+them and of course the a big connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course the a big connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course the a big connection
+is the Divergence Theorem or The gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Divergence Theorem or The gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Divergence Theorem or The gaus
+Green Connection identity uh we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Connection identity uh we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Connection identity uh we'll get
+to that okay gradient first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that okay gradient first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that okay gradient first
+first what does it mean if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what does it mean if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what does it mean if I have a
+function U what does its gradient tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U what does its gradient tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U what does its gradient tell
+me and then the second is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and then the second is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and then the second is kind of a
+backwards question suppose I have the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards question suppose I have the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards question suppose I have the V
+is it the gradient of some U okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the gradient of some U okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the gradient of some U okay so
+there are two one direction from U to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two one direction from U to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two one direction from U to V
+and the second direction will be from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second direction will be from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second direction will be from V
+back to U when possible okay meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to U when possible okay meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to U when possible okay meaning of
+the gradient okay what so the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient okay what so the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient okay what so the gradient
+is just the obvious thing the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the obvious thing the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the obvious thing the the two
+derivatives in the X X and Y Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the X X and Y Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the X X and Y Direction
+so of course the gradient gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the gradient gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the gradient gives you the
+rate of change the the the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change the the the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change the the the partial
+derivatives of U but how do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of U but how do you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of U but how do you see that
+in a in a picture let me draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a picture let me draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a picture let me draw an
+important curve I I I'll start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important curve I I I'll start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important curve I I I'll start with a
+very simple u u is x^2 + y^2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple u u is x^2 + y^2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple u u is x^2 + y^2 so that's
+my that's my that's my example example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my that's my that's my example example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my that's my that's my example example
+one and what I've drawn is a is an equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what I've drawn is a is an equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what I've drawn is a is an equip
+potential curve or I isop potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve or I isop potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve or I isop potential
+might be a more appropriate word these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a more appropriate word these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a more appropriate word these
+days but we still say equip potential it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but we still say equip potential it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but we still say equip potential it
+means that along this curve U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that along this curve U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that along this curve U is a
+constant I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'll
+right and for this particular potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for this particular potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for this particular potential
+this simple one to work with uh X2 + y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple one to work with uh X2 + y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple one to work with uh X2 + y^2
+the this the curve is a circle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this the curve is a circle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this the curve is a circle okay so
+the curve would be a circle okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve would be a circle okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve would be a circle okay now
+what do I learn by taking the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I learn by taking the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I learn by taking the gradient
+so the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient of
+U this is my V is the X derivative which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is my V is the X derivative which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is my V is the X derivative which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+2X and the Y derivative which is 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and the Y derivative which is 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and the Y derivative which is 2 y
+okay so where let me take a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where let me take a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where let me take a typical
+point on the curve and draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the curve and draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the curve and draw that
+gradient vector so I'm in the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient vector so I'm in the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient vector so I'm in the this is
+the XY plane this is the curve U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane this is the curve U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane this is the curve U equal
+constant when I have a curve U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant when I have a curve U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant when I have a curve U equal
+constant and I draw the gradient of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I draw the gradient of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I draw the gradient of U
+where does it point this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it point this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it point this this is the
+first and most important simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and most important simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and most important simple idea
+about the gradient Vector the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gradient Vector the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gradient Vector the gradient
+Vector points which what is it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector points which what is it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector points which what is it does the
+gradient Vector Point could it Point any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient Vector Point could it Point any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient Vector Point could it Point any
+old way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old way
+no the gradient Vector is perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the gradient Vector is perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the gradient Vector is perpendicular
+to the curve and we can see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve and we can see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve and we can see that for
+this simple example that Vector 2x 2y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple example that Vector 2x 2y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple example that Vector 2x 2y
+that's a vector radially outwards right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector radially outwards right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector radially outwards right
+if I if here's the origin and if at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if here's the origin and if at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if here's the origin and if at this
+point I don't know its coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I don't know its coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I don't know its coordinates
+whatever they are maybe 2 one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are maybe 2 one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are maybe 2 one or
+something the the gradient Vector would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the the gradient Vector would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the the gradient Vector would
+be 42 it would be a multiple here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 42 it would be a multiple here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 42 it would be a multiple here's the
+position Vector XY the point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector XY the point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector XY the point is the
+gradient Vector points out perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient Vector points out perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient Vector points out perpendicular
+to the curve that's that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve that's that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve that's that's what the
+gradient tells you it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient tells you it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient tells you it tells
+you if if in this situation it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if if in this situation it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if if in this situation it's telling
+me um which direction is perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um which direction is perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um which direction is perpendicular
+to the curve now how how do I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve now how how do I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve now how how do I understand
+that how do how do I see that I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do how do I see that I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do how do I see that I I think
+of this let me try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this let me try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this let me try to draw
+the whole surface u = x + y^2 what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole surface u = x + y^2 what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole surface u = x + y^2 what what
+would that whole surface look like let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that whole surface look like let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that whole surface look like let
+me let me try to let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me try to let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me try to let me try
+to put put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put put that
+picture this is a 2d picture right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a 2d picture right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a 2d picture right now
+it's sort of a cross-section let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a cross-section let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a cross-section let me put
+this 2D picture into a 3D picture to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2D picture into a 3D picture to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2D picture into a 3D picture to see
+it so the 3D picture is the picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the 3D picture is the picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the 3D picture is the picture of
+the whole surface U going up X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole surface U going up X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole surface U going up X and Y
+going around and what kind of a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around and what kind of a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around and what kind of a curve
+what kind of a surface do I have for X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a surface do I have for X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a surface do I have for X2
+for for that function X2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that function X2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for that function X2 +
+y^2 Well it grows right it's sort of I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 Well it grows right it's sort of I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 Well it grows right it's sort of I I
+I use the word Bowl as a as and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the word Bowl as a as and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the word Bowl as a as and we've
+seen it before uh so it's sort of a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it before uh so it's sort of a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it before uh so it's sort of a it's
+sort of a it goes up right and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a it goes up right and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a it goes up right and it goes
+up faster and faster as I go out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up faster and faster as I go out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up faster and faster as I go out because
+of the squares and now what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares and now what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares and now what I want to do
+is suppose I take the crosssection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I take the crosssection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I take the crosssection
+suppose I take this bowl do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I take this bowl do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I take this bowl do you do you
+see a beautiful bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and now I cut through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I cut through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I cut through it
+horizontal cross-section at the height C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cross-section at the height C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cross-section at the height C
+what do I get if I take this surface in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get if I take this surface in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get if I take this surface in
+3D and I cut through it by a plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and I cut through it by a plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and I cut through it by a plane the
+plane at at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane at at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane at at that
+height at that height C what what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height at that height C what what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height at that height C what what am I
+so this so if the plane went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so if the plane went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so if the plane went through
+there that distance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that distance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that distance was
+C what it it cuts a a cross-section out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what it it cuts a a cross-section out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what it it cuts a a cross-section out
+of the bowl and and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bowl and and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bowl and and what's the
+cross-section it's the circle it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's the circle it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's the circle it's this
+one so so out of the cross out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so out of the cross out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so out of the cross out of the
+bowl is this plane is cutting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl is this plane is cutting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl is this plane is cutting this
+crosssection this this is this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection this this is this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection this this is this is this
+is height U equal constant so I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is height U equal constant so I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is height U equal constant so I'm really
+intersecting one surface the plane U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting one surface the plane U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting one surface the plane U
+equal constant with the bowl and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal constant with the bowl and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal constant with the bowl and the
+intersection of those two is the equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those two is the equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of those two is the equip
+potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the
+curve U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve U equal
+C right do you see the two pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right do you see the two pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right do you see the two pictures and
+now what does the gradient tell me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does the gradient tell me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does the gradient tell me in
+that picture what does the gradient of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture what does the gradient of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture what does the gradient of U
+tell me in that picture over here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me in that picture over here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me in that picture over here it
+told it it pointed outwards but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told it it pointed outwards but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told it it pointed outwards but now
+we're going to kind of see why uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of see why uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of see why uh so
+pointed outwards for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed outwards for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed outwards for this
+very for this uh nice function u i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very for this uh nice function u i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very for this uh nice function u i could
+have made made made a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made made made a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made made made a more General
+function U but let me just stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U but let me just stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U but let me just stay with
+this simple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see suppose I'm climbing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see suppose I'm climbing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see suppose I'm climbing this
+is like I'm climbing out of a volcano or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like I'm climbing out of a volcano or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like I'm climbing out of a volcano or
+something usually I would say a mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something usually I would say a mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something usually I would say a mountain
+but I way have drawn the thing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I way have drawn the thing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I way have drawn the thing it's not
+much of a mountain so okay volcano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a mountain so okay volcano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a mountain so okay volcano
+climbing out of it and I'm getting I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing out of it and I'm getting I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing out of it and I'm getting I got
+up to this point which was this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this point which was this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this point which was this point
+okay now what does the gradient tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what does the gradient tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what does the gradient tell me
+that when I'm climbing away I reach CL I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I'm climbing away I reach CL I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I'm climbing away I reach CL I
+get up to here what does the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to here what does the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to here what does the gradient
+tell me it tells me which way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me it tells me which way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me it tells me which way to go
+straight it tells me the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight it tells me the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight it tells me the steepest
+Direction upwards and it tells me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction upwards and it tells me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction upwards and it tells me how
+steep right so it tells me those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep right so it tells me those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep right so it tells me those two
+things Direction and magnitude direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Direction and magnitude direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Direction and magnitude direction
+is uh uh well for this special function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh well for this special function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh well for this special function
+the direction well you you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction well you you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction well you you know the
+direction is like straight outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is like straight outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is like straight outwards
+straight upwards and how steep is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight upwards and how steep is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight upwards and how steep is it
+what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steepness if I it's the size of it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepness if I it's the size of it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepness if I it's the size of it's the
+magnitude of this Vector grad U which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this Vector grad U which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this Vector grad U which is
+the if I just keep writing this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if I just keep writing this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if I just keep writing this is this
+is not how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not how big is
+how big is this Vector this is my Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is this Vector this is my Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is this Vector this is my Vector
+grad U this is another shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad U this is another shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad U this is another shorthand
+notation for gradient the the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for gradient the the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for gradient the the size of
+that Vector is the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector is the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector is the square root
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the the length of a vector is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the length of a vector is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the length of a vector is the
+square root of the sum of the squares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares so
+I have the length of V is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the length of V is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the length of V is the square
+root of 4x^2 + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 4x^2 + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 4x^2 + 4
+y^2 4 y s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 4 y s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 4 y s
+okay now it gets steeper and steeper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it gets steeper and steeper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it gets steeper and steeper of
+course I'm sort of the cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm sort of the cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm sort of the cross-sections
+here would be uh all circles in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be uh all circles in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be uh all circles in this
+simple for this simple function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple for this simple function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple for this simple function and the
+gradients would keep pointing out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients would keep pointing out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients would keep pointing out and
+we'd have a function with uh um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a function with uh um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a function with uh um with
+that comes from a surface like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from a surface like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from a surface like that okay
+this is what I wanted to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I wanted to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I wanted to say about
+question one the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one the meaning of the
+gradient it just the the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient it just the the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient it just the the thing to
+remember sort of over here it's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember sort of over here it's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember sort of over here it's if you
+remember the two pictures you've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the two pictures you've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the two pictures you've really
+got the idea of what the gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea of what the gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea of what the gradient is
+telling you it's for a function of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you it's for a function of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you it's for a function of one
+variable the derivative is telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the derivative is telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the derivative is telling you
+the slope well we've got slopes in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope well we've got slopes in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope well we've got slopes in the X
+Direction slopes in the y direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction slopes in the y direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction slopes in the y direction and
+the gradient Direction tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient Direction tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient Direction tells us the
+steepest slope and it tells us yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest slope and it tells us yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest slope and it tells us yeah
+tells us what that slope is good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us what that slope is good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us what that slope is good okay so
+much for the meaning of the gradient now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for the meaning of the gradient now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for the meaning of the gradient now
+backwards suppose I have V because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards suppose I have V because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards suppose I have V because these
+gradient gradient fields are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient gradient fields are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient gradient fields are extremely
+important I mean they they're wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I mean they they're wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I mean they they're wonderful
+Fields if if you've got if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields if if you've got if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields if if you've got if you've got a
+V1 and a V2 that comes from the gr that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and a V2 that comes from the gr that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and a V2 that comes from the gr that
+is the gradient of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gradient of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gradient of some
+U you want to know that I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you want to know that I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you want to know that I mean that's
+good news so and but most Fields will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news so and but most Fields will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news so and but most Fields will
+not so we let's figure out when when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we let's figure out when when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we let's figure out when when is
+can I lift that up now and do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I lift that up now and do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I lift that up now and do the other
+gradient thing now or maybe I'll maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient thing now or maybe I'll maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient thing now or maybe I'll maybe
+I'll put the final gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the final gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put the final gradient
+uh uh slide or Blackboard here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh slide or Blackboard here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh slide or Blackboard here and then
+uh Make Way for Divergence okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Make Way for Divergence okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Make Way for Divergence okay so I'm
+asking now question two I'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking now question two I'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking now question two I'm given
+V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+V2 and I want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and I want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and I want this to be
+DX for some U and I want this to be D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy so I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so I've got two
+equations if I'm looking for U if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if I'm looking for U if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if I'm looking for U if I'm
+remember I'm now starting with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm now starting with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm now starting with these
+looking for the U okay so am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the U okay so am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the U okay so am I going to
+find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a
+u am I going to find a function U who X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u am I going to find a function U who X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u am I going to find a function U who X
+derivative is my is my V1 that was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is my is my V1 that was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is my is my V1 that was given
+and my y derivative is the Y derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my y derivative is the Y derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my y derivative is the Y derivative
+is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my
+V2 well chances are not good right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 well chances are not good right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 well chances are not good right I've
+got two equations here but only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two equations here but only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two equations here but only one
+unknown so generally you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown so generally you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown so generally you know it's like
+a rectangular system usually there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular system usually there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular system usually there's no
+solution but sometimes there is so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but sometimes there is so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but sometimes there is so we
+have to find out what's the test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find out what's the test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find out what's the test for
+consistency for this for this these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency for this for this these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency for this for this these to
+have a solution and it this brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution and it this brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution and it this brings us
+right away to the key identity of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away to the key identity of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away to the key identity of uh of
+D from partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D from partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D from partial
+derivatives okay what can you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay what can you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay what can you see some
+condition that has to can I how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that has to can I how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that has to can I how can I
+connect these two equations and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these two equations and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these two equations and there
+therefore connect V1 and V2 that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore connect V1 and V2 that that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore connect V1 and V2 that that'll
+be the test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the test for
+whether you could say in in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could say in in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you could say in in Matrix
+language I'm asking whether V1 V2 is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I'm asking whether V1 V2 is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I'm asking whether V1 V2 is in
+the column space of the gradient is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of the gradient is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of the gradient is it
+is it something I can get from from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it something I can get from from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it something I can get from from this
+tall thin Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall thin Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall thin Matrix
+okay the key idea is take the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the key idea is take the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the key idea is take the Y
+derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation DC U Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation DC U Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation DC U Dy
+DX and take the X derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and take the X derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and take the X derivative of this
+equation dv2 Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dv2 Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dv2 Dy
+DX is the second derivative of U with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is the second derivative of U with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is the second derivative of U with
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+to the the X derivative of the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the X derivative of the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the X derivative of the Y
+derivative okay so it's like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so it's like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so it's like I'm
+operating on the two uh on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the two uh on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the two uh on the on the
+equations I'm doing what I'm allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm doing what I'm allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm doing what I'm allowed to
+do I'm doing the same thing to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm doing the same thing to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm doing the same thing to both
+sides of each equation now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of each equation now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of each equation now I'm going to
+eliminate and what am I going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate and what am I going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate and what am I going to find
+what's the key Point here the key key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key Point here the key key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key Point here the key key
+point about second derivatives is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about second derivatives is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about second derivatives is that
+that equals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals that
+right take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right take any
+function do we want to practice with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function do we want to practice with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function do we want to practice with a
+function just to see it be true take let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just to see it be true take let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just to see it be true take let
+U be X Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U be X Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U be X Cub
+y just for the heck of it okay I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y just for the heck of it okay I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y just for the heck of it okay I don't
+know what that is that going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is that going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is that going to produce
+anything interesting but maybe I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting but maybe I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting but maybe I better
+make it y^2 this is I don't know why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it y^2 this is I don't know why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it y^2 this is I don't know why I'm
+doing this it's just like an example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this it's just like an example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this it's just like an example to
+make it believable Okay so DX ux is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it believable Okay so DX ux is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it believable Okay so DX ux is and
+I'll often use U subx as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll often use U subx as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll often use U subx as a sort of
+shorthand will be what 3x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand will be what 3x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand will be what 3x^2
+y^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and
+uy taking the Y derivative is just X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uy taking the Y derivative is just X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uy taking the Y derivative is just X is
+constant 2x Cub Y and now let me do uux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2x Cub Y and now let me do uux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2x Cub Y and now let me do uux
+y the Y derivative of this which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the Y derivative of this which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the Y derivative of this which is what
+well what you you it's been a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you you it's been a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you you it's been a long
+weekend but hey we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend but hey we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend but hey we can do this
+the Y derivative of that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y derivative of that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y derivative of that is going to be
+6 x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 x^2
+Y and the X derivative of this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the X derivative of this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the X derivative of this is going
+to be so I should say y the the I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so I should say y the the I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so I should say y the the I should
+take the I've got the Y derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the I've got the Y derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the I've got the Y derivative and
+now I should take the X derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I should take the X derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I should take the X derivative of
+that and what do I get the X derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what do I get the X derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what do I get the X derivative
+of that is 6 x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and look they're the same hooray okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and look they're the same hooray okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and look they're the same hooray okay
+so there are that's just if the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are that's just if the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are that's just if the function
+is smooth and has these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smooth and has these derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smooth and has these derivatives
+they'll come out the same uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll come out the same uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll come out the same uh and
+therefore so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore so what do I
+conclude what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude what's the
+test on V1 and V2 that it must pass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on V1 and V2 that it must pass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on V1 and V2 that it must pass to
+be a gradient field to be for there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a gradient field to be for there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a gradient field to be for there to
+for there to be a a function U that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there to be a a function U that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there to be a a function U that
+solves these equations these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves these equations these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves these equations these are
+solvable only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable only when
+what well if these are the same these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well if these are the same these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well if these are the same these
+have to be the same so it's solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same so it's solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same so it's solvable
+only when NE I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when NE I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when NE I
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+dv2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv2
+DX minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX minus
+dv1 Dy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 Dy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 Dy to be
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+zero okay that's that's the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay that's that's the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay that's that's the conclusion
+those have to be the same dv2 DX minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to be the same dv2 DX minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to be the same dv2 DX minus
+dv1 Dy has to be zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 Dy has to be zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dv1 Dy has to be zero okay
+okay okay because those are the same all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay because those are the same all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay because those are the same all
+right I guess I'm I came to this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I guess I'm I came to this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I guess I'm I came to this early
+because it's the key identity of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the key identity of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the key identity of of uh
+Vector calculus the key well the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus the key well the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus the key well the key
+identity behind Vector calculus is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity behind Vector calculus is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity behind Vector calculus is this
+fact about the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the derivatives
+yeah can I just throw out a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can I just throw out a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can I just throw out a question
+that you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about uh we we already have seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we we already have seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we we already have seen so
+often now the second derivative like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often now the second derivative like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often now the second derivative like
+VXX suppose I have a or uxxx suppos so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VXX suppose I have a or uxxx suppos so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VXX suppose I have a or uxxx suppos so
+here's a little question to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little question to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little question to think about
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think okay so so you I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so so you I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so so you I just want to
+connect bring finite differences in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect bring finite differences in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect bring finite differences in for
+a moment uh uxx We've we've got a handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment uh uxx We've we've got a handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment uh uxx We've we've got a handle
+on we we know that that's like U at X+ H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we we know that that's like U at X+ H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we we know that that's like U at X+ H
+and if there was a y put in the Y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there was a y put in the Y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there was a y put in the Y minus
+2 U at X and I can put in a y there plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U at X and I can put in a y there plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 U at X and I can put in a y there plus
+U at x - h y we've seen that right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U at x - h y we've seen that right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U at x - h y we've seen that right that
+that'll be the X derivative second X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the X derivative second X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the X derivative second X
+derivative will second sorry second X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will second sorry second X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will second sorry second X
+difference will go will since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference will go will since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference will go will since we're
+taking X derivatives and X differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking X derivatives and X differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking X derivatives and X differences
+it's X that moves and Y doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X that moves and Y doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X that moves and Y doesn't move
+just the central idea of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the central idea of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the central idea of partial
+derivatives uy y will be similar with Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives uy y will be similar with Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives uy y will be similar with Y
+moving and my question to you is and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and my question to you is and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and my question to you is and we
+could have asked it Way Way Back what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have asked it Way Way Back what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have asked it Way Way Back what's
+a finite difference approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite difference approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite difference approximation to
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+XY to the Cross derivative that's equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY to the Cross derivative that's equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY to the Cross derivative that's equals
+equals what what I want I want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what what I want I want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what what I want I want to go to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what finite differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what finite differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what finite differences
+which which finite differences maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which finite differences maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which finite differences maybe
+that's a question to think about May if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question to think about May if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question to think about May if
+I can remember I'll include it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can remember I'll include it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can remember I'll include it with the
+uh with a just as a small homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a just as a small homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a just as a small homework
+question for uh the homework on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for uh the homework on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for uh the homework on this
+material yeah so that's looking ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material yeah so that's looking ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material yeah so that's looking ahead
+really today we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really today we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really today we're not
+making things discret we're we're in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things discret we're we're in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things discret we're we're in uh
+continuous X and Y we have Vector fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous X and Y we have Vector fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous X and Y we have Vector fields
+and we now know the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now know the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now know the test
+for the test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the test for
+uh a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field I'm tempted to use the word curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I'm tempted to use the word curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I'm tempted to use the word curl
+here I'm tempted to use the word curl I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm tempted to use the word curl I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm tempted to use the word curl I
+would because just I want to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would because just I want to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would because just I want to connect
+that test I may I use the word curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that test I may I use the word curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that test I may I use the word curl
+without and I'll I'll say why I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without and I'll I'll say why I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without and I'll I'll say why I'm not
+going to going to do everything properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to do everything properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to do everything properly
+with curl right away I would describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curl right away I would describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curl right away I would describe
+this as curl the test is the test is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as curl the test is the test is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as curl the test is the test is the
+curl of V has to be zero so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl of V has to be zero so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl of V has to be zero so for me
+that's the curl of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're going to say wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to say wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to say wait a
+minute I learned about curl and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I learned about curl and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I learned about curl and that
+doesn't look like the curl to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me so I'll say Wait Another Minute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I'll say Wait Another Minute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I'll say Wait Another Minute uh
+it's it's it's not that far off okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's not that far off okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's not that far off okay
+what's your objection your objection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your objection your objection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your objection your objection is
+that the curl is in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the curl is in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the curl is in three-dimensional
+space right when you saw a curl and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right when you saw a curl and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right when you saw a curl and it's
+of course it comes in this section of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it comes in this section of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it comes in this section of of
+the book uh we had functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XYZ and the curl had three components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and the curl had three components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and the curl had three components
+and and uh they and those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh they and those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh they and those three
+components do you remember curl I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components do you remember curl I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components do you remember curl I mean
+if you remember curl you're a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember curl you're a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember curl you're a good
+person because uh you know it's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person because uh you know it's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person because uh you know it's got this
+uh you you know you sort of remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you know you sort of remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you know you sort of remember
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+has things like this like right sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has things like this like right sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has things like this like right sort of
+differences of derivative and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of derivative and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of derivative and and the
+indices follow a certain pattern I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices follow a certain pattern I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices follow a certain pattern I'm
+saying that this is the natural this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is the natural this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is the natural this is
+the curl in a plane what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl in a plane what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl in a plane what do I mean by
+the curl in a plane I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl in a plane I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl in a plane I
+mean so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so in
+3D you know the V has components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you know the V has components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you know the V has components
+V1 V2 and V3 right that depend on XY z a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 V2 and V3 right that depend on XY z a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 V2 and V3 right that depend on XY z a
+better in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the plane
+in in the in 3D I have a vector field V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in 3D I have a vector field V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in 3D I have a vector field V
+which has components V1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has components V1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has components V1 V2
+V3 okay all depending on XYZ that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 okay all depending on XYZ that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 okay all depending on XYZ that's the
+general 3D picture where you usually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general 3D picture where you usually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general 3D picture where you usually see
+the curl now in the plane what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl now in the plane what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl now in the plane what's
+happening in the plane we have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the plane we have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the plane we have only one
+compon one only only oh we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compon one only only oh we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compon one only only oh we have two
+components so what's what's happening if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so what's what's happening if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so what's what's happening if
+our yeah think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our yeah think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our yeah think of
+this so in the in 3D our velocity field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in the in 3D our velocity field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in the in 3D our velocity field
+is like the flow is going all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the flow is going all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the flow is going all over the
+place right it's a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right it's a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right it's a three-dimensional
+flow but now suppose my flow stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but now suppose my flow stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but now suppose my flow stays in
+the plane and it's so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and it's so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and it's so so in
+2D so now I have to put 2D up above here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so now I have to put 2D up above here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so now I have to put 2D up above here
+2D a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D a plain
+field is my is what I'm working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is my is what I'm working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is my is what I'm working with
+today my v h is some V1 of X and Y no Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my v h is some V1 of X and Y no Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my v h is some V1 of X and Y no Z
+no dependence on Z V2 of X and Y the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependence on Z V2 of X and Y the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependence on Z V2 of X and Y the the
+y direction of the Velocity doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction of the Velocity doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction of the Velocity doesn't
+depend on Z because this is a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on Z because this is a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on Z because this is a plain
+field same on every plane and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field same on every plane and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field same on every plane and the third
+component of this plain field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this plain field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this plain field the
+velocity perpendicular in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity perpendicular in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity perpendicular in the Z
+direction is zero okay zero so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is zero okay zero so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is zero okay zero so what I
+want to say is that if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is that if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is that if I look
+if I specialize to plane fields to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I specialize to plane fields to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I specialize to plane fields to
+Fields like these then the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields like these then the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields like these then the only
+component of the curl that survives is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the curl that survives is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the curl that survives is
+this one see the other components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one see the other components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one see the other components of the
+curl which I'm not even writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl which I'm not even writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl which I'm not even writing down the
+other components of of the curl have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components of of the curl have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components of of the curl have
+derivatives of V3 but V3 is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of V3 but V3 is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of V3 but V3 is zero and
+they also have derivatives of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have derivatives of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have derivatives of these guys
+with respect to Z but they don't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Z but they don't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Z but they don't depend
+on Z so that's why all the other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Z so that's why all the other pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Z so that's why all the other pieces
+of the curl ler automatically zero for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curl ler automatically zero for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curl ler automatically zero for a
+plane field so that the only component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane field so that the only component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane field so that the only component
+that's significant the test curl V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's significant the test curl V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's significant the test curl V
+equals z boils down to a test not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z boils down to a test not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z boils down to a test not on
+three things but just on one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things but just on one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things but just on one and that's
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+so because I want to stay mostly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because I want to stay mostly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because I want to stay mostly with
+plane fields and two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane fields and two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane fields and two-dimensional
+problems I just had to comment that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I just had to comment that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I just had to comment that if
+the curl was to get in here it would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl was to get in here it would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl was to get in here it would it
+fine and if I restrict the curl to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and if I restrict the curl to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and if I restrict the curl to the
+fields I'm working with Plain Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields I'm working with Plain Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields I'm working with Plain Fields
+then there's only one component I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's only one component I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's only one component I have
+to think about it has to be zero to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it has to be zero to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it has to be zero to have
+a gradient field okay now I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient field okay now I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient field okay now I guess I
+should just do an example or two can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do an example or two can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do an example or two can I
+give you a V1 and V2 and you tell me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a V1 and V2 and you tell me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a V1 and V2 and you tell me is
+it a gradient field or is it not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a gradient field or is it not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a gradient field or is it not a
+gradient field okay let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field okay let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field okay let me give you a
+different let me just change these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different let me just change these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different let me just change these
+guys suppose I changed that to Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so there is a v a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so there is a v a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so there is a v a different
+V that's a vector field at every Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's a vector field at every Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's a vector field at every Point
+XY I've got a little little uh Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY I've got a little little uh Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY I've got a little little uh Vector I
+could try even to draw them and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try even to draw them and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try even to draw them and I'm
+going to ask you is it the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you is it the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you is it the gradient of
+any U and if it is what's that U so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any U and if it is what's that U so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any U and if it is what's that U so let
+me try to let me show you what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to let me show you what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to let me show you what I mean by
+a vector field I mean that a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field I mean that a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field I mean that a typical
+iCal Point like x = 1 yal 0 the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iCal Point like x = 1 yal 0 the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iCal Point like x = 1 yal 0 the vector
+is let's see if x is 1 and Y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see if x is 1 and Y is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see if x is 1 and Y is zero
+then what's the what's the gradient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the what's the gradient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the what's the gradient at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point 0 two am I right so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 two am I right so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 two am I right so it's a little
+I I won't draw it like too big or you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I won't draw it like too big or you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I won't draw it like too big or you we
+won't be able to see a darn thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to see a darn thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to see a darn thing okay
+what about uh at the0 one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's uh where which way is my Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh where which way is my Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh where which way is my Vector
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+going 2 two so what's that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going 2 two so what's that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going 2 two so what's that look
+like I just plotting a plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I just plotting a plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I just plotting a plotting the
+vector field V at a bunch of points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field V at a bunch of points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field V at a bunch of points so
+you get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get like
+a a map of little arrows uh so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a map of little arrows uh so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a map of little arrows uh so here it
+would go that way is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go that way is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go that way is that
+right huh I wasn't expecting that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right huh I wasn't expecting that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right huh I wasn't expecting that to
+tell the truth uh let's see so can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the truth uh let's see so can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the truth uh let's see so can I get
+in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some more
+points uh let's see what if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh let's see what if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh let's see what if I have
+there what's at 1 half zero then V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's at 1 half zero then V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's at 1 half zero then V is
+zero one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's and and if if where is this flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and and if if where is this flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and and if if where is this flow
+going see I'm see if if V is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going see I'm see if if V is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going see I'm see if if V is if the
+point is along this line where Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is along this line where Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is along this line where Y is
+equal x then the flow is going out along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x then the flow is going out along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x then the flow is going out along
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+line can you give me some other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line can you give me some other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line can you give me some other point
+here just so we get some handle on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just so we get some handle on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just so we get some handle on this
+there there's a0 2 one let's say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a0 2 one let's say let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a0 2 one let's say let me
+put it over a little bit how about the0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it over a little bit how about the0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it over a little bit how about the0
+21 what's the vector at if I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 what's the vector at if I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 what's the vector at if I just want
+to draw I'm just drawing here and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw I'm just drawing here and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw I'm just drawing here and and of
+course code would do it much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course code would do it much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course code would do it much better than
+I'm doing 21 that gives me 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing 21 that gives me 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing 21 that gives me 24
+right so at two four is over two and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at two four is over two and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at two four is over two and up
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+this I think but I don't swear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think but I don't swear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think but I don't swear to
+it that that if I connect all see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that that if I connect all see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that that if I connect all see now
+you have to take a big leap of faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take a big leap of faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take a big leap of faith
+imagine like at every Point we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like at every Point we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like at every Point we've got
+this these little arrows and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these little arrows and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these little arrows and I want to
+connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up let me do something I'll I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up let me do something I'll I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up let me do something I'll I'll do that
+but let me come back to the question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me come back to the question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me come back to the question I
+should have asked you first is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have asked you first is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have asked you first is this a
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+field does it satisfy the curl zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field does it satisfy the curl zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field does it satisfy the curl zero
+condition that we put in a box here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we put in a box here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we put in a box here does
+that satisfy DV there's DV there's V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy DV there's DV there's V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy DV there's DV there's V2
+and there's V1 is dv2 DX whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's V1 is dv2 DX whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's V1 is dv2 DX whatever that
+test was minus DV dv1 Dy equals z yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was minus DV dv1 Dy equals z yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was minus DV dv1 Dy equals z yes
+no yes right dv2 DX is two and dv1 Dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes right dv2 DX is two and dv1 Dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes right dv2 DX is two and dv1 Dy is
+two so so what what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so so what what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so so what what what's the
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+then it satisfied my little test so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it satisfied my little test so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it satisfied my little test so this
+must be the gradient of sum U right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the gradient of sum U right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the gradient of sum U right
+that's what what we were that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what what we were that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what what we were that that's the
+question we asked which Vector fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we asked which Vector fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we asked which Vector fields
+and we found that this is one of them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that this is one of them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that this is one of them it
+passes the test it's the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes the test it's the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes the test it's the gradient of
+some U what's the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some U what's the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some U what's the U
+what's the function U which is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function U which is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function U which is supposed
+to exist for whose gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist for whose gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist for whose gradient is
+that 2xy did you did everybody spot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2xy did you did everybody spot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2xy did you did everybody spot that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2xy because the X derivative has to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy because the X derivative has to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy because the X derivative has to be 2
+y so I just integrate with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I just integrate with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I just integrate with respect to X
+so I've got this is the X derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got this is the X derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got this is the X derivative
+it's 2 y I take the integral with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 y I take the integral with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 y I take the integral with
+respect to X and I get 2xy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and I get 2xy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and I get 2xy and
+there could be some other some some term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be some other some some term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be some other some some term
+that depended only on why anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and
+now I think that this maybe gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think that this maybe gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think that this maybe gives me
+somehow uh oh yeah suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw the what's the equip potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the what's the equip potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the what's the equip potential
+curve now oh yeah I'm begin this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now oh yeah I'm begin this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now oh yeah I'm begin this this
+picture is going to come together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to come together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to come together what
+is the equipotential curve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equipotential curve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equipotential curve for this
+potential it was a circle for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it was a circle for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it was a circle for the first
+guy but it's circles are out now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but it's circles are out now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but it's circles are out now I
+changed V I've got a new potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed V I've got a new potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed V I've got a new potential
+function and now I want to draw in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now I want to draw in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now I want to draw in this
+in this uh graph the equ potentials U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh graph the equ potentials U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh graph the equ potentials U
+suppose U is one suppose I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose U is one suppose I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose U is one suppose I draw the
+curve 2x y = 1 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve 2x y = 1 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve 2x y = 1 in that
+picture what's what kind of a curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what's what kind of a curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what's what kind of a curve is
+it do you know do you recognize this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do you know do you recognize this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do you know do you recognize this the
+Greeks would recognize 2x y = 1 or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks would recognize 2x y = 1 or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks would recognize 2x y = 1 or you
+could say y = 1 over 2x that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say y = 1 over 2x that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say y = 1 over 2x that gives you a
+quick handle on the curve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick handle on the curve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick handle on the curve it
+comes down like that right and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down like that right and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down like that right and and and
+what's what's the Greek name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the Greek name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the Greek name for that
+curve oh come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve oh come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve oh come on
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+hyperbola it's a hyperbola hyperbola is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola it's a hyperbola hyperbola is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola it's a hyperbola hyperbola is
+you know you remember the Greeks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you remember the Greeks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you remember the Greeks they
+had these conic sections they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these conic sections they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these conic sections they had
+ellipses they had parabas the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses they had parabas the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses they had parabas the marginal
+case and then they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then they had
+hyperbolas and they all come from second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas and they all come from second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas and they all come from second
+deegree things if I have a X2 and 2 bxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deegree things if I have a X2 and 2 bxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deegree things if I have a X2 and 2 bxy
+and c y^2 = 1 that's one of those curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c y^2 = 1 that's one of those curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c y^2 = 1 that's one of those curves
+and and if it's if it was x^2 + y^2 = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if it's if it was x^2 + y^2 = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if it's if it was x^2 + y^2 = 1
+it was a circle if it was x^2 + 7 y^2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a circle if it was x^2 + 7 y^2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a circle if it was x^2 + 7 y^2 =
+1 it would be an ellipse but if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it would be an ellipse but if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it would be an ellipse but if the if
+it's those the posit look the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's those the posit look the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's those the posit look the positive
+defin it all comes down to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defin it all comes down to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defin it all comes down to linear
+algebra of course uh it's a question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra of course uh it's a question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra of course uh it's a question if
+that little Matrix is positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little Matrix is positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little Matrix is positive definite
+so that means A and C are positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means A and C are positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means A and C are positive and
+AC C is bigger than b^ squ you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC C is bigger than b^ squ you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC C is bigger than b^ squ you know the
+test for positive definite what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for positive definite what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for positive definite what kind of
+a what kind of curve do the Greeks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what kind of curve do the Greeks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what kind of curve do the Greeks have
+what kind of a equip potential what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a equip potential what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a equip potential what kind
+of a curve have we got here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a curve have we got here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a curve have we got here an
+ellipse if this curve if that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse if this curve if that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse if this curve if that little
+Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is
+indefinite as for example here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite as for example here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite as for example here so so
+with this one what would be the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one what would be the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one what would be the Matrix
+what what's the Matrix that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the Matrix that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the Matrix that goes with
+2xy if I match this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy if I match this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy if I match this with this
+that's the Matrix there's no a squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Matrix there's no a squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Matrix there's no a squares
+there's no X squar and there's no Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no X squar and there's no Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no X squar and there's no Y
+squar and there are two x y I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and there are two x y I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and there are two x y I think the
+Matrix is that it's always this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is that it's always this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is that it's always this nice
+symmetric Matrix what's the is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix what's the is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix what's the is that a
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+Matrix certainly not it's indefinite its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix certainly not it's indefinite its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix certainly not it's indefinite its
+igen values are plus one and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are plus one and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are plus one and minus one
+adding to the trace zero so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to the trace zero so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to the trace zero so uh
+indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite
+matrices correspond to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices correspond to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices correspond to to
+hyperbolas and later on definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas and later on definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas and later on definite
+matrices will correspond to elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices will correspond to elliptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices will correspond to elliptic
+partial differential equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equation and
+indefinite matrices like the plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite matrices like the plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite matrices like the plus and
+indefinite matrices will correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite matrices will correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite matrices will correspond to
+hyper hyperbolic partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper hyperbolic partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper hyperbolic partial differential
+equations like the wave equation oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like the wave equation oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like the wave equation oh and
+what's the uh now we're we're here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the uh now we're we're here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the uh now we're we're here I
+didn't expect to get here uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect to get here uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect to get here uh what's the
+what's the marginal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal case
+what's the marginal case between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal case between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal case between
+positive definite and indefinite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and indefinite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and indefinite is
+semidefinite great and what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite great and what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite great and what kind of a
+curve do you think comes when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve do you think comes when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve do you think comes when this
+little Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semi-definite it's the one in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite it's the one in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite it's the one in between
+ellipses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses and
+hyperbolas the the marginal guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas the the marginal guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas the the marginal guy is
+a parabola Parabola right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parabola Parabola right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parabola Parabola right so
+semi-definite would correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite would correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite would correspond to a
+parabola right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola right
+okay good anyway all I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good anyway all I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good anyway all I was going to say
+is the this U equal 2xy that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this U equal 2xy that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this U equal 2xy that's our
+potential if I draw equip potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if I draw equip potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if I draw equip potential
+curves they're they're uh hyperbolas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves they're they're uh hyperbolas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves they're they're uh hyperbolas and
+now what's the point about these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the point about these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the point about these little
+arrows that I got started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on what what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what what did
+I what was the very first point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what was the very first point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what was the very first point about
+the answer to the mean meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the mean meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the mean meaning of the
+gradient was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient was
+what these are the gradients of U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these are the gradients of U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these are the gradients of U so
+those arrows point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrows point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrows point
+where perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where perpendicular to the
+hyperbolas perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas perpendicular to the
+hyperbolas we're seeing trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas we're seeing trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolas we're seeing trying to see
+the geometric the geometry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric the geometry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric the geometry it's
+beautiful geometry behind the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful geometry behind the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful geometry behind the gradient
+so if V is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if V is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if V is a
+gradient then it comes from some u i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient then it comes from some u i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient then it comes from some u i can
+plot the U equal constant the equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the U equal constant the equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the U equal constant the equip
+potentials and then the gradients will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and then the gradients will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and then the gradients will
+be perpendicular to them so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to them so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to them so they they
+really are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are a
+little okay good good okay those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay good good okay those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay good good okay those
+are pieces of information that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pieces of information that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pieces of information that you have
+but uh always need saying again and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh always need saying again and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh always need saying again and and
+to get the picture in your mind now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the picture in your mind now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the picture in your mind now I
+suppose finally I should choose a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose finally I should choose a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose finally I should choose a v
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+gradient if I choose a just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient if I choose a just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient if I choose a just to
+finish how shall I adjust that V this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish how shall I adjust that V this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish how shall I adjust that V this V
+was a gradient can you just change it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a gradient can you just change it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a gradient can you just change it a
+little bit practically anything you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit practically anything you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit practically anything you do
+will screw it up uh to make it not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will screw it up uh to make it not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will screw it up uh to make it not a
+gradient shall I just change this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient shall I just change this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient shall I just change this two
+what shall I change the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I change the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I change the two
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+two three that would that would totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three that would that would totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three that would that would totally
+f follow right so that would that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f follow right so that would that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f follow right so that would that Vector
+field which I could draw little pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which I could draw little pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which I could draw little pictures
+of but there would be no U that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but there would be no U that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but there would be no U that it's
+coming from there would be no U these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there would be no U these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there would be no U these
+little arrows would not line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrows would not line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrows would not line up
+perpendicular to some beautiful curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to some beautiful curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to some beautiful curves
+uh at least yeah I I don't get a u from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least yeah I I don't get a u from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least yeah I I don't get a u from
+that because the the Y derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the the Y derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the the Y derivative of
+that is three and it doesn't equal the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is three and it doesn't equal the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is three and it doesn't equal the X
+derivative of that so that's a no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that so that's a no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that so that's a no good
+one let's go back to the good one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's go back to the good one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's go back to the good one okay
+okay good is that okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good is that okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good is that okay for
+gradients we got the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients we got the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients we got the meaning of
+gradients they Point perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients they Point perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients they Point perpendicular to
+equip potentials they tell how steeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potentials they tell how steeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potentials they tell how steeply
+those they tell the separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they tell the separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they tell the separation between
+the equip potentials right it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equip potentials right it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equip potentials right it's like I
+mean if you're a mountain climber you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you're a mountain climber you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you're a mountain climber you're
+you're looking at your map at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at your map at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at your map at your
+contour map and that's all I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour map and that's all I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour map and that's all I'm drawing
+here I'm drawing a contour map that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm drawing a contour map that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm drawing a contour map that
+every every guy who goes climbing in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every guy who goes climbing in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every guy who goes climbing in New
+Hampshire is going to going to have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire is going to going to have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire is going to going to have and
+it shows little circles those are Level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows little circles those are Level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows little circles those are Level
+Heights right those are Contours level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights right those are Contours level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heights right those are Contours level
+Contours and if you want to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours and if you want to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours and if you want to get to the
+you know if you want to climb as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want to climb as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want to climb as fast as
+possible you go perpendicular to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you go perpendicular to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you go perpendicular to those
+Contours and the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours and the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours and the distance between
+Contours tells you how steep it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours tells you how steep it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours tells you how steep it is it's
+all it's all nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's all nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's all nice
+geometry okay I got to get to Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry okay I got to get to Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry okay I got to get to Divergence
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+okay I I should have said though ah damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I should have said though ah damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I should have said though ah damn
+there's more to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to say about
+gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients
+uh that question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that question of
+whether V1 V2 the vector field is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether V1 V2 the vector field is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether V1 V2 the vector field is this
+question the question of is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question of is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question of is it the
+gradient of some U we have so we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of some U we have so we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of some U we have so we now
+have a test we now have a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a test we now have a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a test we now have a test
+yeah this is our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's our test
+but I have to connect it with Kirk's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to connect it with Kirk's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to connect it with Kirk's
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+law do you remember we we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law do you remember we we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law do you remember we we haven't talked
+so much about Kirk Hof's voltage law but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about Kirk Hof's voltage law but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about Kirk Hof's voltage law but
+I'm connecting it with the discreet case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting it with the discreet case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting it with the discreet case
+to add it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add it a little more
+insight what was what did Kirk Hof's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight what was what did Kirk Hof's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight what was what did Kirk Hof's
+voltage law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law
+say then in that case a was a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say then in that case a was a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say then in that case a was a difference
+Matrix it was the it was the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it was the it was the incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it was the it was the incidence
+Matrix for a graph and the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for a graph and the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for a graph and the question was
+yeah can I can I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can I can I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can I can I I have
+to take two moments to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take two moments to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take two moments to think about that
+so Kirk off's voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kirk off's voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kirk off's voltage
+law for a graph a is an incidence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for a graph a is an incidence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for a graph a is an incidence Matrix
+you know the minus one one guys one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the minus one one guys one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the minus one one guys one for
+every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me call it V again or e or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me call it V again or e or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me call it V again or e or or
+e i I called it e at that time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e i I called it e at that time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e i I called it e at that time let's
+let's let's just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ax right a is this long thin Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax right a is this long thin Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax right a is this long thin Matrix
+times sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sorry
+use use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just say it all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+a which vectors have the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which vectors have the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which vectors have the form
+Au which vectors are combinations of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au which vectors are combinations of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au which vectors are combinations of The
+Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+a the test is Kirk's voltage law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the test is Kirk's voltage law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the test is Kirk's voltage law that
+the that if I go around any Loop in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that if I go around any Loop in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that if I go around any Loop in the
+graph so if I have a U1 here a U2 here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so if I have a U1 here a U2 here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so if I have a U1 here a U2 here a
+u5 here and a U7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 here and a U7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 here and a U7
+here then Au will produce a U1 minus U7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then Au will produce a U1 minus U7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then Au will produce a U1 minus U7
+on that edge it'll produce a U2 minus U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge it'll produce a U2 minus U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge it'll produce a U2 minus U1
+on that edge it'll produce a u5 minus U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge it'll produce a u5 minus U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge it'll produce a u5 minus U2
+on that edge if the edges are all going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge if the edges are all going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge if the edges are all going
+that way and it'll produce a U7 minus u5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and it'll produce a U7 minus u5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and it'll produce a U7 minus u5
+on that edge so I got four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge so I got four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge so I got four four
+components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of
+au four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au four
+differences and what does Kirk off's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and what does Kirk off's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and what does Kirk off's
+voltage law tell me about those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law tell me about those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law tell me about those four
+differences which I can certainly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences which I can certainly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences which I can certainly see
+directly those four differences U1 - U7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly those four differences U1 - U7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly those four differences U1 - U7
+U2 - U1 u5 - U2 and U7 - u5 what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 - U1 u5 - U2 and U7 - u5 what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 - U1 u5 - U2 and U7 - u5 what's the
+obvious fact about those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious fact about those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious fact about those four
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+they add to zero the total drop around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add to zero the total drop around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add to zero the total drop around a
+around a loop is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a loop is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a loop is zero
+if you see if I cancel those if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see if I cancel those if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see if I cancel those if I add
+them the u1s cancel the u2s cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the u1s cancel the u2s cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the u1s cancel the u2s cancel the
+u5s cancel u7s cancel we know this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5s cancel u7s cancel we know this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5s cancel u7s cancel we know this okay
+so that's Kirk's voltage law it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Kirk's voltage law it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Kirk's voltage law it's got to
+have uh a continuous form so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a continuous form so sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a continuous form so sort of
+this tells me this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me this is the
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+for on V at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on V at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on V at a
+point what's the test on V around a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what's the test on V around a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what's the test on V around a loop
+I I just want to connect that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just want to connect that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just want to connect that I have to
+connect that to a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test just I'll just mention it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test just I'll just mention it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test just I'll just mention it and
+you'll find it in the book so the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it in the book so the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it in the book so the that's
+the pointwise test that was the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointwise test that was the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointwise test that was the easy
+test we applied it to this and we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we applied it to this and we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we applied it to this and we got
+the answer yes if it was 3 y 2x we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer yes if it was 3 y 2x we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer yes if it was 3 y 2x we got
+the answer no now let me let me con let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer no now let me let me con let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer no now let me let me con let
+me give you a test that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a test that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a test that looks like
+kirkov voltage law so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kirkov voltage law so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kirkov voltage law so I'm going to
+integrate around a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate around a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate around a closed
+loop what am I going to integrate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what am I going to integrate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what am I going to integrate I
+think I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I integrate
+V oh boy I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V oh boy I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V oh boy I better
+look it's easy to get these wrong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's easy to get these wrong yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's easy to get these wrong yeah
+so I I would call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I would call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I would call this the
+vorticity and then I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vorticity and then I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vorticity and then I would say the
+vorticity is zero for a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vorticity is zero for a gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vorticity is zero for a gradient field
+now I would my integral guy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would my integral guy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would my integral guy is going to
+be the circulation oh yeah because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the circulation oh yeah because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the circulation oh yeah because I'm
+following the path so it's just V1 d x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the path so it's just V1 d x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the path so it's just V1 d x +
+V2 Dy should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 Dy should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 Dy should be
+zero around every closed loop that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero around every closed loop that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero around every closed loop that's the
+that's the idea of this thing that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of this thing that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of this thing that it
+tells me the the integral goes around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me the the integral goes around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me the the integral goes around a
+closed loop if I follow the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop if I follow the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop if I follow the velocity
+field the the that comes the the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the that comes the the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the that comes the the total
+circulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation is
+zero you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you I
+just I put this up here as a fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I put this up here as a fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I put this up here as a fact in
+vector calculus that's connected to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector calculus that's connected to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector calculus that's connected to that
+these these one is zero and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these one is zero and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these one is zero and the other is
+zero there's a Stokes theorem that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a Stokes theorem that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a Stokes theorem that tells
+me that this integral is found from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this integral is found from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this integral is found from a
+double integral of this so if one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of this so if one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of this so if one is
+zero the other is zero I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the other is zero I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the other is zero I'm just saying
+here's the natural analog of Kirk's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the natural analog of Kirk's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the natural analog of Kirk's
+voltage law okay I had to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law okay I had to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law okay I had to say something
+about voltage law because for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about voltage law because for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about voltage law because for the
+Divergence which I'm now going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever let me let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let me let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever let me let me ask
+about Divergence of w equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Divergence of w equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Divergence of w equals
+z what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean that's going to be the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's going to be the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's going to be the equivalent
+of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who
+law please tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law please tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law please tell
+me which which law is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which which law is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which which law is going to be the
+equivalent of Divergence of w equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of Divergence of w equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of Divergence of w equals z
+is going to mean there's no Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean there's no Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean there's no Source
+whatever goes in comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goes in comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goes in comes out
+whose law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose law is
+that that's kirkoff again well other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's kirkoff again well other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's kirkoff again well other
+yeah other people in physics right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other people in physics right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other people in physics right but
+in in in our little world it's an it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in our little world it's an it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in our little world it's an it's
+the other kirkoff law it's Kirk Hof's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kirkoff law it's Kirk Hof's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kirkoff law it's Kirk Hof's
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+law it's the one yeah we we it's the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's the one yeah we we it's the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's the one yeah we we it's the a
+transpose right this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right this is what we're
+thinking of as a transpose W equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of as a transpose W equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of as a transpose W equals z
+Kirk's current law in equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out how will I translate that in equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how will I translate that in equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how will I translate that in equal
+out for for functions now I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for for functions now I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for for functions now I don't have
+you know on a on a on a graph I just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a on a on a graph I just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a on a on a graph I just had
+the the total flow the net flow at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the total flow the net flow at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the total flow the net flow at every
+node notice the Divergence is at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node notice the Divergence is at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node notice the Divergence is at every
+node the the uh circulation was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the the uh circulation was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the the uh circulation was around
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+Loop okay so in equal out was just a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop okay so in equal out was just a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop okay so in equal out was just a sum
+of four things okay here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four things okay here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four things okay here I'm going to
+have uh in equal out yeah how am I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh in equal out yeah how am I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh in equal out yeah how am I I
+going to express inequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to express inequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to express inequal
+out Divergence of w equals z yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Divergence of w equals z yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Divergence of w equals z yeah I'm
+what I need is the Divergence Theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need is the Divergence Theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need is the Divergence Theorem
+let's just face it we we've got to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just face it we we've got to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just face it we we've got to have
+that so I have a I have a region here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I have a I have a region here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I have a I have a region here I
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+w everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w everywhere
+W W1 W2 then the Divergence Theorem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W W1 W2 then the Divergence Theorem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W W1 W2 then the Divergence Theorem this
+is the great identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the great identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the great identity
+which of course has a discrete form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course has a discrete form okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course has a discrete form okay
+the Divergence Theorem says that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence Theorem says that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence Theorem says that if I
+integrate over the region over this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over the region over this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over the region over this over
+this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region
+R the Divergence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the Divergence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the Divergence that's
+dw1 DX plus dw2 Dy DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy so that's like telling me the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so that's like telling me the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so that's like telling me the source
+I'm integrating over the source at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating over the source at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating over the source at every
+point at every Point here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at every Point here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at every Point here this
+measures uh in minus out but now when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh in minus out but now when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh in minus out but now when I
+put the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole thing
+together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by
+integrating the what will the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the what will the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the what will the result
+what's the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right hand side of this
+equation do you do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation do you do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation do you do you know the
+Divergence Theorem and and and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem and and and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem and and and let's
+remember it and see why it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it and see why it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it and see why it's got to be
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+so what I'm doing is in equals out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing is in equals out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing is in equals out for
+the whole region at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole region at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole region at
+once right when I this is like in equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right when I this is like in equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right when I this is like in equal
+out at a at a point but now I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at a at a point but now I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at a at a point but now I'm putting
+all the points together so I'm the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points together so I'm the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points together so I'm the only
+way out will be out through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary and so I'll need to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and so I'll need to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and so I'll need to say how
+much flows out this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much flows out this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much flows out this is the this is the
+total source the total in equal out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total source the total in equal out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total source the total in equal out
+inside the only way to get out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the only way to get out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the only way to get out is
+through the boundary so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boundary so so this is the
+integral around the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around the boundary
+of so what's the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out it's yeah it's somehow it's the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's yeah it's somehow it's the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's yeah it's somehow it's the gr
+yeah think think now what should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think think now what should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think think now what should go
+there is this is flux I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this is flux I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this is flux I'm talking about
+flux is the short word for the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is the short word for the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is the short word for the total
+flow out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I've got to get this right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've got to get this right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I've got to get this right it's
+the it's the in Vector notation it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the in Vector notation it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the in Vector notation it'll be
+the W tells me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W tells me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W tells me the
+flow but but flow outward see suppose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but but flow outward see suppose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but but flow outward see suppose W
+points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that
+way then the actual flow out is not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then the actual flow out is not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then the actual flow out is not all
+that because a lot of that is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because a lot of that is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because a lot of that is just going
+sideways it's this part it's the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways it's this part it's the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways it's this part it's the flow
+perpendicular to the boundary so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the boundary so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the boundary so it's
+w.n the normal component of flow and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n the normal component of flow and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n the normal component of flow and I
+integrate that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that around
+the around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+boundary there you have a key key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary there you have a key key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary there you have a key key
+theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in
+2D and it's an equation for for the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D and it's an equation for for the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D and it's an equation for for the flux
+it's it's like the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like the fundamental theorem
+of calculus but now we're in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus but now we're in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus but now we're in two
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and this is what it looks like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is what it looks like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is what it looks like okay
+so that I'm obviously not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I'm obviously not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I'm obviously not going to
+finish with the Divergence Theorem today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with the Divergence Theorem today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with the Divergence Theorem today
+but this is telling me so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is telling me so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is telling me so what's the
+conclusion if the Divergence is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion if the Divergence is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion if the Divergence is zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if the Divergence is zero if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the Divergence is zero if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the Divergence is zero if the if
+if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+zero at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then
+this is zero across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every Loop can I call this thing a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Loop can I call this thing a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Loop can I call this thing a loop
+this that closed closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that closed closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that closed closed
+loop that that's the conclusion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that that's the conclusion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that that's the conclusion that we
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reach yeah yeah so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach yeah yeah so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach yeah yeah so this is the
+Divergence Theorem the the text gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem the the text gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem the the text gives
+gives a proof uh and not to repeat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a proof uh and not to repeat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a proof uh and not to repeat in
+class but it's a it's a crucial formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's a it's a crucial formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's a it's a crucial formula
+to know that the that the diver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that the that the diver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that the that the diver the
+integral of the Divergence is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the Divergence is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the Divergence is the
+flux okay well let's come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux okay well let's come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux okay well let's come back to that
+Wednesday and I'll have lots of homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and I'll have lots of homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and I'll have lots of homework
+for you and thanks for turning in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and thanks for turning in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and thanks for turning in these
+uh today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/StjamG4leUE.txt b/StjamG4leUE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ffb6d7efb20092da940cc33f5ddb58ccfd35a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/StjamG4leUE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this uh course for p field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this uh course for p field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this uh course for p field
+uh you should uh turn in your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should uh turn in your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should uh turn in your reading
+weekly reading report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly reading report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly reading report
+and uh I will give you I'll send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I will give you I'll send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I will give you I'll send the
+email also I'll give you two two buy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email also I'll give you two two buy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email also I'll give you two two buy out
+since I haven't said this before uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I haven't said this before uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I haven't said this before uh two
+buy out means you can skate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy out means you can skate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy out means you can skate two
+reports um but uh uh if you are below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports um but uh uh if you are below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports um but uh uh if you are below
+that uh you you can pass this so pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you you can pass this so pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you you can pass this so pass
+field okay so I'll send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so I'll send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so I'll send that
+announ um I came back this morning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announ um I came back this morning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announ um I came back this morning from
+San Diego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Diego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Diego
+and once I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I want to show
+you I want to Advocate this is my travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to Advocate this is my travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to Advocate this is my travel
+bag and that's all I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and that's all I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and that's all I bring
+you because now I feel uh one day my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because now I feel uh one day my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because now I feel uh one day my son
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+a had a homework assignment uh carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a had a homework assignment uh carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a had a homework assignment uh carbon
+footprint and he came back to say uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and he came back to say uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and he came back to say uh we
+will be below the average except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be below the average except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be below the average except you
+travel too much uh so my footprint just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel too much uh so my footprint just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel too much uh so my footprint just
+uh uh tremendously is the family uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh tremendously is the family uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh tremendously is the family uh
+carbon dioxide fpr my only my my way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide fpr my only my my way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide fpr my only my my way of
+trying to redeem little bit is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to redeem little bit is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to redeem little bit is by
+traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+light um and I was a meeting uh in San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and I was a meeting uh in San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and I was a meeting uh in San
+Diego uh this meeting was uh uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego uh this meeting was uh uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego uh this meeting was uh uh on the
+application of seral electrics so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of seral electrics so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of seral electrics so we
+actually in the two day last two days uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the two day last two days uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the two day last two days uh
+uh really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really um
+the key people from C elcs area around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key people from C elcs area around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key people from C elcs area around
+the world converged in San Diego uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world converged in San Diego uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world converged in San Diego uh
+discussing the application area I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the application area I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the application area I'll
+share some of the uh meeting um meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some of the uh meeting um meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some of the uh meeting um meeting
+fundings but see I want to start by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundings but see I want to start by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundings but see I want to start by uh
+some of you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you read
+the one or both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one or both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one or both of the
+papers uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh the
+assignment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment uh
+the one is by crowning running on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one is by crowning running on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one is by crowning running on the
+income willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income willing
+truths and the story is he attended one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths and the story is he attended one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths and the story is he attended one
+of those conference organized by our go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those conference organized by our go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those conference organized by our go
+and so that was a a good title income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was a a good title income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was a a good title income
+winning Tru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning Tru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning Tru
+title and uh uh and now he he call me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title and uh uh and now he he call me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title and uh uh and now he he call me at
+the time and was asking some slides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and was asking some slides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and was asking some slides so
+uh whether you have any thought uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether you have any thought uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether you have any thought uh the
+other the other review by lell is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other review by lell is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other review by lell is more
+optimistic so one is the pessimistic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic so one is the pessimistic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic so one is the pessimistic one
+the other is I think is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is I think is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is I think is the more
+optimistic one and I don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic one and I don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic one and I don't know which
+side what's your any thought on that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what's your any thought on that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what's your any thought on that or
+anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any
+opinion yes I thought they kind of were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion yes I thought they kind of were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion yes I thought they kind of were
+saying some of the same thing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying some of the same thing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying some of the same thing with a
+different tone uhuh because they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tone uhuh because they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tone uhuh because they both
+were saying that you know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying that you know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying that you know if this is
+going to be useful you know it's for low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful you know it's for low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful you know it's for low
+nich applications you know maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nich applications you know maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nich applications you know maybe some
+applications and then the difference was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and then the difference was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and then the difference was
+in terms of I think it was B was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I think it was B was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I think it was B was saying
+this is going to be a great impact these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a great impact these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a great impact these
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+andon vinning was more like you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andon vinning was more like you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andon vinning was more like you can use
+these applications but it might not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications but it might not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications but it might not make
+that much of an impact overall you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of an impact overall you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of an impact overall you're
+never going to touch the large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to touch the large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to touch the large scale
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+okay yeah so uh I would buy into uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so uh I would buy into uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so uh I would buy into uh the
+but still the two the in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still the two the in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still the two the in terms of the
+impact conclusion seem to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact conclusion seem to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact conclusion seem to be a little
+bit different right uh pring is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different right uh pring is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different right uh pring is the same
+what matter what you do thero electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matter what you do thero electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matter what you do thero electric
+will make a difference uh in the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a difference uh in the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a difference uh in the larger
+scale so uh who re have who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so uh who re have who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so uh who re have who
+else there's an argument for doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there's an argument for doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there's an argument for doing a lot
+of little things right if you were for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little things right if you were for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little things right if you were for
+some reason to take over all of the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason to take over all of the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason to take over all of the low
+power applications that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power applications that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power applications that's a lot of
+things efficiencies work it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things efficiencies work it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things efficiencies work it's not the
+large scale right so it's like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale right so it's like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale right so it's like if you
+replace every cell phone with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace every cell phone with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace every cell phone with something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+5% yeah yeah that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of I guess the the future is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess the the future is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess the the future is very
+uncertain and it's very hard to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain and it's very hard to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain and it's very hard to see when
+technology will win exactly so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will win exactly so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will win exactly so uh that's
+a good uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good uh uh
+perspective uh what I was asked to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective uh what I was asked to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective uh what I was asked to serve
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+panelist uh in this meeting and I give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelist uh in this meeting and I give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelist uh in this meeting and I give a
+talk but they also as me to serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but they also as me to serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but they also as me to serve as a
+panelist so I thought what I would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelist so I thought what I would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelist so I thought what I would see
+anything during the meeting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything during the meeting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything during the meeting different
+from what I was do the talk on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I was do the talk on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I was do the talk on the
+scientific side uh I pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific side uh I pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific side uh I pull out the
+crowning my newspaper I read again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowning my newspaper I read again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowning my newspaper I read again on
+the airplan and made a few slides I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplan and made a few slides I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplan and made a few slides I want
+to share with you um so let me uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you um so let me uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you um so let me uh this
+is not in the handout but I can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in the handout but I can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in the handout but I can put in
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+website website so I also try to use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website website so I also try to use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website website so I also try to use you
+can tell me think about life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me think about life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me think about life
+tile I I say it's whether it's incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile I I say it's whether it's incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile I I say it's whether it's incorrect
+conclusion or incent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion or incent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion or incent
+truths so uh uh I I think the cron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths so uh uh I I think the cron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths so uh uh I I think the cron
+argument is really based on here uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is really based on here uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is really based on here uh this
+is the uh efficient say uh P source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh efficient say uh P source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh efficient say uh P source and
+you look at of course this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at of course this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at of course this is the
+maximum you can get so that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum you can get so that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum you can get so that there's no
+mistake in the scientific side uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in the scientific side uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in the scientific side uh the
+question is uh where you place the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh where you place the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh where you place the dots
+uh there's this is a fine this is a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's this is a fine this is a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's this is a fine this is a cold
+runting cycle uh you can even get to 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runting cycle uh you can even get to 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runting cycle uh you can even get to 60%
+if you do uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do uh the
+C right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right and
+uh uh has now put in there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh has now put in there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh has now put in there somewhere
+between around 25% internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between around 25% internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between around 25% internal
+combusting and uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combusting and uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combusting and uh solar
+stting uh that's a mistake nobody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stting uh that's a mistake nobody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stting uh that's a mistake nobody has
+that kind of efficiency even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of efficiency even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of efficiency even
+demonstrated uh nuclear ranking that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated uh nuclear ranking that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated uh nuclear ranking that's
+see solar ranking so solar this two dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see solar ranking so solar this two dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see solar ranking so solar this two dots
+ACC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC
+comp right the solar uh if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp right the solar uh if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp right the solar uh if you think
+about the uh what's deployed in solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh what's deployed in solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh what's deployed in solar
+steam generation is between 15 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam generation is between 15 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam generation is between 15 to
+18% and uh of course in the lower temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% and uh of course in the lower temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% and uh of course in the lower temp
+range what is aru their competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range what is aru their competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range what is aru their competitive
+technology this is organic ranking cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology this is organic ranking cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology this is organic ranking cycle
+for example where the organic uh has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where the organic uh has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where the organic uh has a
+lower vibration temperature so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower vibration temperature so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower vibration temperature so you can
+do the steam engine based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the steam engine based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the steam engine based
+Cycles so that's uh uh his argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so that's uh uh his argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so that's uh uh his argument
+basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thec compared to of course compar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thec compared to of course compar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thec compared to of course compar
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let
+say uh I thought that uh the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I thought that uh the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I thought that uh the comparison
+was not on the mark because now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not on the mark because now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not on the mark because now if you
+look at the P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the P for
+the right m cicon is about 6 to 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right m cicon is about 6 to 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right m cicon is about 6 to 8%
+the single person silicon deploy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single person silicon deploy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single person silicon deploy is
+about 18% in the real world of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18% in the real world of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18% in the real world of course in
+the lab there has been higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab there has been higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab there has been higher
+efficiency and uh uh the First Solar had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and uh uh the First Solar had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and uh uh the First Solar had
+turn right that's the the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn right that's the the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn right that's the the fastest
+growing solar sector is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing solar sector is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing solar sector is about
+10% efficiency so uh of course even PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% efficiency so uh of course even PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% efficiency so uh of course even PV
+you can make same argument or make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make same argument or make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make same argument or make a
+difference right because the word lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right because the word lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right because the word lead
+30 ter in the next 30 uh 40 years and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 ter in the next 30 uh 40 years and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 ter in the next 30 uh 40 years and P
+now the deployment annually is about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the deployment annually is about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the deployment annually is about six
+seven GW you can go to see how much r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven GW you can go to see how much r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven GW you can go to see how much r r
+you have to have to catch them but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have to catch them but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have to catch them but say
+of course they nobody would really argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they nobody would really argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they nobody would really argue
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+PV in the long run this uh uh could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV in the long run this uh uh could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV in the long run this uh uh could be a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+right so uh uh you look at the PV cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh uh you look at the PV cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh uh you look at the PV cell
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+progress uh this is the best this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh this is the best this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh this is the best this is the
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+efficiency progress against the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency progress against the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency progress against the year
+right and as I said mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as I said mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as I said mon
+C this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the about to%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh simple PR City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh simple PR City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh simple PR City
+26%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26%
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and so this is a uh uh uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is a uh uh uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is a uh uh uh with this
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+efficiency you are of course competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you are of course competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you are of course competing
+against the Cod generation and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Cod generation and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Cod generation and at this
+stage is not competitive so government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is not competitive so government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is not competitive so government
+is given stimulus trying to to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given stimulus trying to to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given stimulus trying to to promote
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and
+uh let's see I think my argument if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see I think my argument if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see I think my argument if you
+think about why solar right even nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why solar right even nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why solar right even nobody
+probably really will think that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really will think that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really will think that in the
+near future you get 40% solar sale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future you get 40% solar sale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future you get 40% solar sale in
+the in the deployed uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the deployed uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the deployed uh of course
+concentrating is another option but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating is another option but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating is another option but
+there a lot of problems with M Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of problems with M Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of problems with M Junction
+solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+Set uh so why solar can make a say come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh so why solar can make a say come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh so why solar can make a say come
+to the map and people accept it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the map and people accept it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the map and people accept it I think
+fundamental is heat is solar energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental is heat is solar energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental is heat is solar energy is
+free so it's not like coal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so it's not like coal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so it's not like coal right
+coal uh say any petroleum base uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal uh say any petroleum base uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal uh say any petroleum base uh you
+have to put more money to get the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put more money to get the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put more money to get the fuel
+but the you in the case of solar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the you in the case of solar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the you in the case of solar you
+have free uh fuel company so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free uh fuel company so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free uh fuel company so now you
+look at the Ser how we using energy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Ser how we using energy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Ser how we using energy now
+uh you see okay uh mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see okay uh mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see okay uh mostly
+a and the way we're using is convered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the way we're using is convered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the way we're using is convered
+first into heat and then into whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first into heat and then into whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first into heat and then into whatever
+mechanical electrical energy or just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical electrical energy or just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical electrical energy or just a
+simply heat right so heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply heat right so heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply heat right so heat is
+intrinsically connected almost over 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically connected almost over 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically connected almost over 90%
+of the we we are using uh energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the we we are using uh energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the we we are using uh energy so
+that's one part that's the input part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part that's the input part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part that's the input part
+and now you look at the output part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you look at the output part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you look at the output part
+right useful energy is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right useful energy is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right useful energy is about
+35% that means 65% thrown away and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% that means 65% thrown away and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35% that means 65% thrown away and of
+course thermodynamics will tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course thermodynamics will tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course thermodynamics will tell you you
+have to throw away some but say we throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to throw away some but say we throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to throw away some but say we throw
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so if you think about combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so if you think about combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so if you think about combustion
+process right just take a 2,000 de Calin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right just take a 2,000 de Calin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right just take a 2,000 de Calin
+some of that different this most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that different this most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that different this most of this
+is a high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high temperature
+combuster right the col cycle is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combuster right the col cycle is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combuster right the col cycle is the
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+9% deficiency but we're throwing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% deficiency but we're throwing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% deficiency but we're throwing away
+60% more than 60% so in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% more than 60% so in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% more than 60% so in fact if you
+think about your free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your free
+energy right I said the solar is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right I said the solar is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right I said the solar is free
+but you're showing a lot of here also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free okay and if you can take that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay and if you can take that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay and if you can take that far
+so of course you where it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course you where it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course you where it could be
+deployed is it here or is here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed is it here or is here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed is it here or is here I don't
+have uh a clear answer but the gut feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a clear answer but the gut feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a clear answer but the gut feel
+is probably this is where you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably this is where you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably this is where you have this
+is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free
+energy so you may have more say easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you may have more say easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you may have more say easier
+acceptance and of course there are lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and of course there are lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and of course there are lot
+of where lot of is free but say you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where lot of is free but say you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where lot of is free but say you the
+case uh he is not free right I add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh he is not free right I add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh he is not free right I add this
+of is generated if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is generated if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is generated if you think about the
+household right and say you burn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household right and say you burn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household right and say you burn you
+burn fuel but you just take a hot shower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn fuel but you just take a hot shower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn fuel but you just take a hot shower
+that's where you generate in so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you generate in so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you generate in so this is
+a say now people talk about compb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say now people talk about compb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say now people talk about compb and
+power and fundamentally of course solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and fundamentally of course solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and fundamentally of course solar
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+also uh the heat so whether we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh the heat so whether we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh the heat so whether we can use
+it with C Electric you have to at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with C Electric you have to at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with C Electric you have to at the
+end calculate the cost in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end calculate the cost in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end calculate the cost in the real world
+say solar even solar is still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say solar even solar is still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say solar even solar is still not
+competitive because hasn't reached that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive because hasn't reached that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive because hasn't reached that
+cost level so if you look at what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost level so if you look at what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost level so if you look at what's the
+solar cost right and per dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cost right and per dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cost right and per dollar
+walk uh of course it's progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk uh of course it's progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk uh of course it's progressively
+decreasing and uh now the best I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and uh now the best I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and uh now the best I think
+the First Solar is cling they are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Solar is cling they are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Solar is cling they are about
+slightly below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$1 so the uh uh to reach the great part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 so the uh uh to reach the great part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 so the uh uh to reach the great part
+uh some people say already depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people say already depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people say already depends on
+where you are but I think I say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are but I think I say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are but I think I say this is
+Du e the doe dep say this is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du e the doe dep say this is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du e the doe dep say this is where you
+want to be to reach the great when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be to reach the great when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be to reach the great when you
+say great parties really comp compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say great parties really comp compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say great parties really comp compete
+against the co uh generation type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the co uh generation type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the co uh generation type of
+technology so um it's a factor of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so um it's a factor of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so um it's a factor of three
+and uh doesn't sound to be very far but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh doesn't sound to be very far but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh doesn't sound to be very far but
+uh it is a lot there of course there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is a lot there of course there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is a lot there of course there a
+lot of challenges together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges together
+let's say uh C electrics I give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh C electrics I give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh C electrics I give one
+example think it's not the uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example think it's not the uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example think it's not the uh it
+actually could have say even in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could have say even in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could have say even in the last
+sh could have competition because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh could have competition because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh could have competition because this
+is actually a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a measurement
+down so it's just a two legs one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's just a two legs one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's just a two legs one and two
+each leg is about 1.5 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each leg is about 1.5 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each leg is about 1.5 mm
+Cube okay and uh uh this two L when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay and uh uh this two L when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay and uh uh this two L when you
+have uh 100 about 190° Del T you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh 100 about 190° Del T you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh 100 about 190° Del T you
+generate about 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate about 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate about 80
+M and 80 Min so if I take that I go to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and 80 Min so if I take that I go to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and 80 Min so if I take that I go to C
+the weight of the sux i c the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the sux i c the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the sux i c the material
+price and iate the cost of for this 80 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and iate the cost of for this 80 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and iate the cost of for this 80 M
+from Material perspective and I get l 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Material perspective and I get l 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Material perspective and I get l 10
+cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materal and that's a uh it just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materal and that's a uh it just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materal and that's a uh it just say this
+is almost like a bottom line right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost like a bottom line right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost like a bottom line right so
+you have to pay for the materials and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay for the materials and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay for the materials and of
+course you have to manufacture it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to manufacture it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to manufacture it you
+have many other things together so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many other things together so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many other things together so the
+question is can you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can you go from
+here uh uh say to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh uh say to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh uh say to build
+anything that is cheap enough to be DED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is cheap enough to be DED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is cheap enough to be DED
+of course the efficiency there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the efficiency there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the efficiency there are many
+uh constraints in fact the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constraints in fact the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constraints in fact the biggest
+constraint for ccs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint for ccs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint for ccs
+I think of course efficient is one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of course efficient is one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of course efficient is one but
+very different from solar is you got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from solar is you got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from solar is you got you
+have to have incoming and in rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have incoming and in rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have incoming and in rejection
+and those systems ocular systems could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those systems ocular systems could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those systems ocular systems could
+be much more expensive than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more expensive than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more expensive than just a
+c so uh again this is where I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so uh again this is where I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so uh again this is where I think a
+lot of your engineers really think where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of your engineers really think where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of your engineers really think where
+it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be
+used you know where where so there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used you know where where so there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used you know where where so there there
+lot of room um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of room um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of room um for
+Innovation and the uh Workshop I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and the uh Workshop I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and the uh Workshop I went to
+was organized by Department energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was organized by Department energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was organized by Department energy
+Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+Efficiency and the focus there is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency and the focus there is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency and the focus there is uh the
+a because uh uh the O now is the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because uh uh the O now is the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because uh uh the O now is the biggest
+driver for Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver for Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver for Thermo
+elrics because this the wi speed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elrics because this the wi speed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elrics because this the wi speed from
+the uh from the engine right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh from the engine right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh from the engine right if you
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+about one 40% of the he actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one 40% of the he actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one 40% of the he actually go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+the and uh um it's really government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and uh um it's really government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and uh um it's really government
+legislation uh the government particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation uh the government particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation uh the government particular
+in Europe uh the uh there is legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe uh the uh there is legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe uh the uh there is legislation
+I forgot a year I have loads that a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot a year I have loads that a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot a year I have loads that a few
+years down the road and the CO2 emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years down the road and the CO2 emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years down the road and the CO2 emission
+there's a standard per 100 kilm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard per 100 kilm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard per 100 kilm
+here and if you are one gr above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you are one gr above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you are one gr above that
+it's a penalty of L5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a penalty of L5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a penalty of L5
+EUR so uh with the uh 95 EUR so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EUR so uh with the uh 95 EUR so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EUR so uh with the uh 95 EUR so if you
+if you roughly you need a 3% fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you roughly you need a 3% fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you roughly you need a 3% fuel
+saving to get it to get that uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving to get it to get that uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving to get it to get that uh uh uh
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+GRS and uh so that means the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRS and uh so that means the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRS and uh so that means the system is
+has to be around 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be around 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be around 300
+Euros to have a few hundred watt of 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euros to have a few hundred watt of 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euros to have a few hundred watt of 300
+watt let's say 300 wat of electric power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt let's say 300 wat of electric power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt let's say 300 wat of electric power
+so roughly you have A1 per watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly you have A1 per watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly you have A1 per watt
+R there uh I thought it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R there uh I thought it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R there uh I thought it's it's a
+automobile is the hardest problem I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile is the hardest problem I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile is the hardest problem I uh
+in fact the BMW guy was was saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the BMW guy was was saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the BMW guy was was saying the
+same thing I was uh I agree with him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I was uh I agree with him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I was uh I agree with him and
+that's that's a lot of in the p and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a lot of in the p and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a lot of in the p and if
+you can do a you can do anywhere so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a you can do anywhere so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a you can do anywhere so if
+that area is successful I think there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area is successful I think there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area is successful I think there a
+lot more impact but unfortunately that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more impact but unfortunately that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more impact but unfortunately that's
+also hardest because uh uh it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hardest because uh uh it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hardest because uh uh it has to be
+very space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very space
+constraint very efficient weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint very efficient weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint very efficient weight
+constraint right when you add a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint right when you add a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint right when you add a weight
+to the system you actually uh uh uh cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system you actually uh uh uh cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system you actually uh uh uh cre
+the penalty the efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penalty the efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penalty the efficiency of the
+automob drops so there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automob drops so there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automob drops so there are a lot of
+constraints but see the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but see the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but see the the the the
+Dynamics is it's there where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is it's there where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is it's there where the
+government is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is putting
+money so unfortunately thero electrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so unfortunately thero electrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so unfortunately thero electrics
+is in very dynamic in terms of dynamatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in very dynamic in terms of dynamatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in very dynamic in terms of dynamatic
+situation where the money came from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the money came from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the money came from all
+the bill is driving hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill is driving hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill is driving hardest
+application and uh which is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and uh which is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and uh which is not quite
+sure whether it will be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether it will be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether it will be completely
+successful or not right the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful or not right the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful or not right the uh you
+you're tackling the hardest problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tackling the hardest problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tackling the hardest problem but
+I thought that there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that there are many other
+areas where you could innovate uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where you could innovate uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where you could innovate uh maybe
+it's not as hard I think of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as hard I think of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as hard I think of course the
+challenges World money then so chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges World money then so chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges World money then so chicken
+egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg
+problem but I think we need a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I think we need a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I think we need a more
+success to stimulate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success to stimulate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success to stimulate uh the
+interest from both government and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest from both government and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest from both government and the
+public and clearly you see I'm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and clearly you see I'm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and clearly you see I'm on the
+which side of Defense because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high now let's come back to designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high now let's come back to designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high now let's come back to designs
+right um so uh I know that for many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so uh I know that for many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so uh I know that for many of
+you it's a very step type we start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a very step type we start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a very step type we start from
+um nothing I assume that uh from engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nothing I assume that uh from engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nothing I assume that uh from engine
+and a lot of those Concepts I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of those Concepts I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of those Concepts I was
+reading your uh report lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your uh report lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your uh report lot of those
+concepts of foreign and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of foreign and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of foreign and which is
+expected but say uh we what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected but say uh we what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected but say uh we what I'm going to
+do to Hing is to bring you to where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to Hing is to bring you to where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to Hing is to bring you to where I
+was yesterday in the last uh today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yesterday in the last uh today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yesterday in the last uh today and
+the next lecture will probably part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture will probably part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture will probably part of
+the next lecture and where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture and where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture and where I was
+yesterday there was talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday there was talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday there was talking about the
+most current Topic in therm electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most current Topic in therm electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most current Topic in therm electric
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+uh so uh uh last time talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh uh last time talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh uh last time talking about the
+energy levels in solid uh we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels in solid uh we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels in solid uh we talk about
+the Lattis vibration where the Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lattis vibration where the Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lattis vibration where the Quantum
+of L vibration is a fon so Basic Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L vibration is a fon so Basic Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L vibration is a fon so Basic Energy
+of vibration and uh of course most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration and uh of course most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibration and uh of course most of
+you I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I had a
+college uh when I was a UC faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college uh when I was a UC faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college uh when I was a UC faculty
+member and he said I he said in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member and he said I he said in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member and he said I he said in my
+course three year three course courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course three year three course courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course three year three course courses
+down the road I don't still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road I don't still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road I don't still don't
+understand what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is a
+for it's not a real particle right Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's not a real particle right Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's not a real particle right Fon
+is a collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a collective
+vibration and uh uh you you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and uh uh you you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and uh uh you you have a lot
+more uh easier acceptance to the L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh easier acceptance to the L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh easier acceptance to the L of
+photon but if you go to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon but if you go to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon but if you go to think about what
+is a photon the same same say uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a photon the same same say uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a photon the same same say uh you
+must have the same confusion there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the same confusion there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the same confusion there what
+is a photon right photon is just people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a photon right photon is just people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a photon right photon is just people
+talk it's electromagnetic wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk it's electromagnetic wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk it's electromagnetic wave the
+quanti form of electromagnetic wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanti form of electromagnetic wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanti form of electromagnetic wave the
+Quantum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of the
+electr and uh I took a course in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr and uh I took a course in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr and uh I took a course in quantum
+mechanics midle way there was substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics midle way there was substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics midle way there was substitute
+professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at
+Berkeley and he asked the class anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and he asked the class anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and he asked the class anybody
+understood no student there to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood no student there to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood no student there to raise
+their hand I understand the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand I understand the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand I understand the common
+mechanics that's correct answer nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's correct answer nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's correct answer nobody
+understood it U but see what I so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it U but see what I so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it U but see what I so take
+let's go from there the uh fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go from there the uh fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go from there the uh fall on
+Spectrum in solid and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum in solid and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum in solid and what's the
+importance in Sol it is the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in Sol it is the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in Sol it is the crystal
+structure so in each Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so in each Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so in each Crystal
+directions uh there are different uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh there are different uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh there are different uh uh
+say Mass Springs because the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Mass Springs because the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Mass Springs because the spring
+constant is different even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is different even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is different even though it's
+the uh same atoms and say uh electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh same atoms and say uh electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh same atoms and say uh electrons
+uh in solid in different cryst graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in solid in different cryst graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in solid in different cryst graphic
+directions uh there uh different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh there uh different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh there uh different energy
+levels for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for the
+electrons so uh we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so uh we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so uh we started with a
+simplest picture but I said I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest picture but I said I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest picture but I said I want you
+to get comfortable if you read any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get comfortable if you read any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get comfortable if you read any
+papers you'll see people show those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you'll see people show those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you'll see people show those
+complicated lines uh where in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated lines uh where in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated lines uh where in each
+Crystal graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal graphic
+direction right that's the different C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right that's the different C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right that's the different C
+graphic Direction very of use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic Direction very of use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic Direction very of use the
+symbol and those are wave vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and those are wave vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and those are wave vectors
+different wave vectors uh wave Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave vectors uh wave Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave vectors uh wave Vector is
+2 pi or Lambda so you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi or Lambda so you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi or Lambda so you think about the
+wavelength the waves different wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the waves different wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the waves different wav
+length has different uh each wav length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length has different uh each wav length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length has different uh each wav length
+has a corresponding variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a corresponding variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a corresponding variational
+frequency so that's the Fon spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so that's the Fon spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so that's the Fon spectrum and
+also shown at the end here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shown at the end here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shown at the end here this is
+another concept that we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another concept that we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another concept that we introduced
+density of States so it's l of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of States so it's l of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of States so it's l of quantum
+mechanical modes or quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical modes or quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical modes or quantum mechanical
+States at uh in this case per uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at uh in this case per uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at uh in this case per uh
+frequency interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency interval
+so so it's a differential so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's a differential so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's a differential so you can
+integrate this density of State over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this density of State over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this density of State over all
+frequency together how many pent State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency together how many pent State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency together how many pent State
+you have so that's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so that's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so that's a uh
+fance and the electron again you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fance and the electron again you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fance and the electron again you say
+here different Crystal the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here different Crystal the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here different Crystal the direction
+there is different energy uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is different energy uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is different energy uh for the
+electrons uh different wave Vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh different wave Vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh different wave Vector which
+means this electron wave different wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this electron wave different wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this electron wave different wav
+have different energy and uh uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different energy and uh uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different energy and uh uh this is
+the case s b not B uh in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case s b not B uh in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case s b not B uh in the case of
+silicon the minimum of the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the minimum of the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the minimum of the conduction
+plan maximum of the valance B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan maximum of the valance B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan maximum of the valance B the
+another same spot that's indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another same spot that's indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another same spot that's indirect
+semiconductor and it's really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and it's really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and it's really this
+whether you have Gap or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have Gap or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have Gap or not that
+determine whether your metal your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether your metal your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether your metal your
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+insulator the insulator is a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator the insulator is a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator the insulator is a much larger
+Gap semiconductor is a gap that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap semiconductor is a gap that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap semiconductor is a gap that's in the
+less than three electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three electron
+volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts
+and Max direct Gap minimum maximum is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Max direct Gap minimum maximum is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Max direct Gap minimum maximum is at
+the same wi Vector location and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wi Vector location and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wi Vector location and they are
+uh they have very different op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have very different op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have very different op
+properties and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and then
+uh uh we uh give a example of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we uh give a example of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we uh give a example of how to
+calculate again it's a l counted so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate again it's a l counted so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate again it's a l counted so how
+to calculate how many electrons we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate how many electrons we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate how many electrons we have
+uh in the so here is most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the so here is most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the so here is most of those
+electron in this region the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this region the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this region the minimum of
+the conduction band and when we uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band and when we uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band and when we uh do
+the calculation uh we say this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation uh we say this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation uh we say this sub
+States that's the number of states per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's the number of states per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's the number of states per
+unit energy interval uh of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit energy interval uh of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit energy interval uh of course we
+went through the summation to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the summation to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the summation to introduce
+the d sub States and then this is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d sub States and then this is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d sub States and then this is so the
+number of quantum States and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of quantum States and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of quantum States and each
+Quantum State how many electron we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State how many electron we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State how many electron we have
+that's from distribution and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from distribution and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from distribution and they
+integrate so if you do a parabolic event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so if you do a parabolic event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so if you do a parabolic event
+that's say say Parabola we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's say say Parabola we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's say say Parabola we can
+approximate always approximate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate always approximate not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate always approximate not
+always but as approximation when I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always but as approximation when I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always but as approximation when I have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+minimum maximum I can say the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum maximum I can say the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum maximum I can say the first
+order derivative zero so the T expans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivative zero so the T expans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivative zero so the T expans
+gave me the second order that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me the second order that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me the second order that's a
+parabolic band so with that parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic band so with that parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic band so with that parabolic
+band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band
+approximation I would I have I can do Bo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I would I have I can do Bo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I would I have I can do Bo
+statistic statistics I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic statistics I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic statistics I can do this
+integration to get the relation of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to get the relation of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to get the relation of how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+electrons is determined by EC minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is determined by EC minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is determined by EC minus mu
+that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this
+G okay it's this Gap is really the Cera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay it's this Gap is really the Cera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay it's this Gap is really the Cera
+potential so C potential determine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so C potential determine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so C potential determine how
+many the number of poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many the number of poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many the number of poly
+electrons and here is say the uh related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and here is say the uh related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and here is say the uh related
+to the effecting Mass how flat this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effecting Mass how flat this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effecting Mass how flat this mass
+is a curvature how flat is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a curvature how flat is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a curvature how flat is this
+B right so those are some of the uh key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right so those are some of the uh key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right so those are some of the uh key
+uh concept that we learn in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concept that we learn in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concept that we learn in the last
+lecture and uh today uh I'm going so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh today uh I'm going so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh today uh I'm going so we
+learned the uh see the phenomenon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the uh see the phenomenon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the uh see the phenomenon right
+you read also good M chapter uh on cback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read also good M chapter uh on cback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read also good M chapter uh on cback
+effect and uh today we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and uh today we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and uh today we're going to have
+more mathematics going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematics going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematics going to have
+expressions for those coefficient what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for those coefficient what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for those coefficient what
+determine the electric conductivity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the electric conductivity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the electric conductivity what
+determine the cback coefficient what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the cback coefficient what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the cback coefficient what
+determine the thermal conductivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the thermal conductivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the thermal conductivity so
+that's the goal uh here and uh I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal uh here and uh I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal uh here and uh I will
+see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+the same picture I presented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same picture I presented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same picture I presented in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+class uh where I say I I look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh where I say I I look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh where I say I I look at how
+many particle going from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particle going from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particle going from left to right
+and how many particle from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many particle from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many particle from right to left
+and the difference give me the flux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference give me the flux and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference give me the flux and
+this flux could be heat flux it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flux could be heat flux it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flux could be heat flux it could be
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+flux and so we we're with that we derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and so we we're with that we derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and so we we're with that we derive
+will have the mathematical expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the mathematical expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the mathematical expressions
+for all the transort coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the transort coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the transort coefficients
+so let me start with the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start with the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start with the uh uh
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+conduction and uh electric conduction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and uh electric conduction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and uh electric conduction uh
+in the simplest picture we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest picture we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest picture we consider
+isothermal electrical conductor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal electrical conductor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal electrical conductor so
+there's ISO there's no CAG in fact just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ISO there's no CAG in fact just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ISO there's no CAG in fact just
+a just a simple potential flow I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just a simple potential flow I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just a simple potential flow I have a
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+field and the electrical field uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the electrical field uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the electrical field uh you
+here this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the most
+mechanicing me the most problem some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanicing me the most problem some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanicing me the most problem some
+point is the electron has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the electron has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the electron has a negative
+charge and so when I draw a field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so when I draw a field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so when I draw a field and
+say and charge that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and charge that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and charge that way
+that's and uh now of course under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and uh now of course under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and uh now of course under a
+field electron experience a force so FAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field electron experience a force so FAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field electron experience a force so FAL
+M8 right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M8 right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M8 right uh
+force of the charge experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of the charge experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of the charge experience
+is the charge time electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the charge time electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the charge time electric field
+negative charge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron so that's the uh um uh simple L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so that's the uh um uh simple L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so that's the uh um uh simple L
+law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of
+motion and uh but the electron to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and uh but the electron to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and uh but the electron to travel
+very far because they will collide they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far because they will collide they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far because they will collide they
+collide with each other they collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with each other they collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with each other they collide
+with uh by the Fong the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh by the Fong the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh by the Fong the lattice
+vibration also distort their motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration also distort their motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration also distort their motion
+so once in a while between the Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once in a while between the Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once in a while between the Collision
+they go straight under the field but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go straight under the field but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go straight under the field but one
+due to one Collision they will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to one Collision they will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to one Collision they will change
+direction trajectory right so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction trajectory right so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction trajectory right so uh the
+terminals velocity I can do integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals velocity I can do integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals velocity I can do integration
+of this right so I do a integration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right so I do a integration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right so I do a integration I
+say okay this is the Collision time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this is the Collision time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this is the Collision time
+where the free aate acceleration time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the free aate acceleration time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the free aate acceleration time
+you can think that way and I say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think that way and I say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think that way and I say this is
+the velocity the electron will again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity the electron will again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity the electron will again
+between each coll the terminal velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each coll the terminal velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each coll the terminal velocity
+that's also called D velocity so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also called D velocity so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also called D velocity so you
+integrate that you get D velocity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that you get D velocity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that you get D velocity and we
+can also write the e Eide M as a mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write the e Eide M as a mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also write the e Eide M as a mu and
+then mu is called Mobility just L right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mu is called Mobility just L right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mu is called Mobility just L right
+so we have velocity is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have velocity is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have velocity is proportional to
+electric field drift velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field drift velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field drift velocity
+proportional to electric field through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric field through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric field through
+the pro proportionality constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro proportionality constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro proportionality constant the
+mobility and now once I have the each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility and now once I have the each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility and now once I have the each
+electron drift velocity I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron drift velocity I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron drift velocity I can calculate
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+easily why the current is just uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily why the current is just uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily why the current is just uh okay
+so let me just add one more the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just add one more the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just add one more the mean
+free pass is the time between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pass is the time between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pass is the time between that
+Collision T now I don't use this drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision T now I don't use this drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision T now I don't use this drift
+velocity this way I put a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity this way I put a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity this way I put a thermal
+velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so
+what that mean is electron they have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that mean is electron they have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that mean is electron they have two
+part of velocity one is they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of velocity one is they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of velocity one is they are doing
+thermal random motion and in fact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal random motion and in fact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal random motion and in fact that's
+a very high speed 10 to the six meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high speed 10 to the six meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high speed 10 to the six meter
+per second okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second okay very
+fast and uh uh so uh and of course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and uh uh so uh and of course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and uh uh so uh and of course so
+they do random motion that's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do random motion that's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do random motion that's a random
+thermal velocity and then under field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity and then under field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity and then under field
+they have a superimposed on that Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a superimposed on that Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a superimposed on that Thal
+velocity is drift velocity and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is drift velocity and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is drift velocity and for
+mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+engineer that's the same with convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that's the same with convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that's the same with convection
+molecules move about 300 m/ second in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules move about 300 m/ second in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules move about 300 m/ second in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+room okay but see the average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room okay but see the average velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room okay but see the average velocity
+is zero the convection is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the convection is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the convection is the average
+velocity is not zero right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is not zero right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is not zero right so this is
+the convection velocity that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convection velocity that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convection velocity that's the
+molecule R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule R
+veloc and now so this is the me free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veloc and now so this is the me free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veloc and now so this is the me free
+pass times this is the Collision the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass times this is the Collision the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass times this is the Collision the
+distance between successive Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between successive Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between successive Collision
+that's a mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mean free
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right right so typically D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right so typically D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right so typically D
+velocity is much smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is much smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is much smaller than the
+thermal velocity just the same as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity just the same as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity just the same as when
+we do convetion you electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do convetion you electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do convetion you electrical
+generation that's easier let's say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that's easier let's say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that's easier let's say when
+we do convetion is a meter 10 met per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do convetion is a meter 10 met per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do convetion is a meter 10 met per
+second is a pretty fast wind right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is a pretty fast wind right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is a pretty fast wind right but
+the molecule is 300 M per second it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is 300 M per second it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is 300 M per second it's
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+WR okay electron thermal velocity could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR okay electron thermal velocity could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR okay electron thermal velocity could
+be 10 six yes why is velocity Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 10 six yes why is velocity Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 10 six yes why is velocity Thal
+velocity ah anything unless go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity ah anything unless go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity ah anything unless go to zero
+kin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kin the
+not squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not squ
+the half going each Direction yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half going each Direction yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half going each Direction yeah yeah
+yeah so they the average velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they the average velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they the average velocity is
+zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but the
+magnitude is not zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is not zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is not zero right
+right which one would that be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which one would that be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which one would that be this is
+the magnitude this is not the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude this is not the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude this is not the vector
+velocity it's a magnitude of so of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity it's a magnitude of so of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity it's a magnitude of so of each
+it's not an ensemble property it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an ensemble property it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an ensemble property it's it's
+an average it's a roughing uh so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average it's a roughing uh so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average it's a roughing uh so it's an
+emble property so it's like the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble property so it's like the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble property so it's like the root
+square right so okay how you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right so okay how you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right so okay how you the
+estimate it is uh one KBT we said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it is uh one KBT we said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it is uh one KBT we said before
+roughly 12 m s so that's your thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 12 m s so that's your thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 12 m s so that's your thermal
+because this is the thermal energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the thermal energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the thermal energy and
+kinetic energy that's the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy that's the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy that's the kinetic
+velocity and the mass of electron very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the mass of electron very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the mass of electron very
+small that's why it's much faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that's why it's much faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that's why it's much faster than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+okay so now it's easy because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now it's easy because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now it's easy because the
+current what's a current current is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current what's a current current is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current what's a current current is the
+Le motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le motion
+of a charge so if the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a charge so if the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a charge so if the part
+electron Co L density per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Co L density per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Co L density per unit
+volume number of electrons per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume number of electrons per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume number of electrons per unit
+volume times here the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume times here the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume times here the drift
+velocity right this is the convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right this is the convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right this is the convection
+current that's the electric current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's the electric current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's the electric current and
+it go to check the unit I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go to check the unit I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go to check the unit I should have
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+here uh didn't put it there that's n per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh didn't put it there that's n per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh didn't put it there that's n per
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+Square okay if you do heat transfer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay if you do heat transfer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay if you do heat transfer it
+will be W per meter Square this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be W per meter Square this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be W per meter Square this is a
+flux you good to look at the unit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux you good to look at the unit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux you good to look at the unit right
+so this is Kum per second second come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Kum per second second come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Kum per second second come
+from here gives you n here is meter Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here gives you n here is meter Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here gives you n here is meter Cub
+one more meter Cub here is 1 meter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more meter Cub here is 1 meter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more meter Cub here is 1 meter so
+give you met Square so m per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you met Square so m per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you met Square so m per meter
+Square that's a unit of K what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's a unit of K what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's a unit of K what is that
+that's almost mod right so every few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost mod right so every few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost mod right so every few
+steps you get that picture you you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you get that picture you you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you get that picture you you learn
+from high school this is the ohms law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high school this is the ohms law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high school this is the ohms law
+electric current is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current is proportional
+electric conductivity times electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity times electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity times electric
+potential electric potential if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential electric potential if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential electric potential if you do
+uh electric field electric field is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electric field electric field is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electric field electric field is the
+electrostatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential
+gent so that's rather into differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gent so that's rather into differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gent so that's rather into differential
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+okay and in fact this is very similar if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact this is very similar if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact this is very similar if
+you take a replace this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a replace this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a replace this with
+temperature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that's
+aable so all diff even though uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aable so all diff even though uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aable so all diff even though uh one
+seems like a convection picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a convection picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a convection picture the
+other seems diffusion picture but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other seems diffusion picture but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other seems diffusion picture but they
+all Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Collision
+dominate transport process it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate transport process it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate transport process it's all
+Collision law the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision law the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision law the diffusion
+phenomena Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena Okay so
+that's the ohms law right and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ohms law right and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ohms law right and now let's
+go to it's isothermal in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to it's isothermal in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to it's isothermal in the previous
+case now I'm putting a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now I'm putting a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now I'm putting a temperature
+gradient I want to consider couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I want to consider couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I want to consider couple
+transport thero electric is a he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport thero electric is a he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport thero electric is a he and
+charge couple and of course when I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge couple and of course when I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge couple and of course when I have
+a building say potential I still got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building say potential I still got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building say potential I still got
+that conversion drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversion drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversion drift
+power and what's different now is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and what's different now is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and what's different now is I have
+a temperature gradient so the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature gradient so the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature gradient so the molecule
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+electrons and I'm used to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I'm used to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I'm used to talk to
+mechanic magn molecule right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic magn molecule right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic magn molecule right so
+electrons here move faster than electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here move faster than electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here move faster than electron
+here now there's also diffusion flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now there's also diffusion flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now there's also diffusion flux of
+charge so to consider that diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so to consider that diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so to consider that diffusion
+flux I have from left to right and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux I have from left to right and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux I have from left to right and right
+to left that's what I did for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left that's what I did for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left that's what I did for heat
+conduction before so the the electron FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction before so the the electron FL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction before so the the electron FL
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+slw okay so here I have previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slw okay so here I have previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slw okay so here I have previous one
+from previous slide right the OHS law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous slide right the OHS law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous slide right the OHS law
+that's the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the drift
+part because I have electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I have electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I have electric
+potential and but also I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and but also I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and but also I have the
+diffusion part this is going from left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion part this is going from left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion part this is going from left
+to right this is from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right this is from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right this is from right to left
+again I carry this netive sign negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I carry this netive sign negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I carry this netive sign negative
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this V should be thermal velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this V should be thermal velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this V should be thermal velocity
+right actually should you have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually should you have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually should you have actually
+should have be most careful should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have be most careful should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have be most careful should be
+thermal velocity because they rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity because they rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity because they rank
+randomly jiggling from left to right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly jiggling from left to right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly jiggling from left to right and
+right right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right to
+left and the lber density and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the lber density and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the lber density and in this
+region one me free pass it can go zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region one me free pass it can go zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region one me free pass it can go zip
+through longer than one me part will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through longer than one me part will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through longer than one me part will
+collide change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide change
+directions so I'm only considering those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so I'm only considering those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so I'm only considering those
+sing one mean free pass that can zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing one mean free pass that can zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing one mean free pass that can zip
+through from left to right and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through from left to right and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through from left to right and then on
+the right to left one mean free pass go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to left one mean free pass go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to left one mean free pass go
+half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them
+only right because go equally going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right because go equally going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only right because go equally going all
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+randomly so this is the same way I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so this is the same way I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so this is the same way I did
+for for the diffusion part and now I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the diffusion part and now I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the diffusion part and now I do
+the Tor expansion the different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tor expansion the different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tor expansion the different uh
+expand over at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand over at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand over at at
+X so I do this the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I do this the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I do this the tailor
+expansion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sare this part I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just I that's what I say I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I that's what I say I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I that's what I say I really don't
+like it thetive sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it thetive sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it thetive sign in the
+electrons historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh
+n you know that we just showed before n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you know that we just showed before n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you know that we just showed before n
+is related the the electron density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related the the electron density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related the the electron density is
+related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the
+temperature and the local chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the local chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the local chemical
+potential EC minus mu is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential EC minus mu is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential EC minus mu is chemical
+potential that's what I reviewed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's what I reviewed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's what I reviewed from
+nure right so now temperature depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nure right so now temperature depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nure right so now temperature depends on
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+space and E mu I can this m c potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and E mu I can this m c potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and E mu I can this m c potential
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+because uh n really say deter n so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh n really say deter n so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh n really say deter n so both
+depends on location so if I take the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on location so if I take the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on location so if I take the d
+and DX derivative I have DX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D very good
+question I can't do that simply in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I can't do that simply in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I can't do that simply in here
+so I just do U 13 way Square otherwise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just do U 13 way Square otherwise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just do U 13 way Square otherwise I
+have to put it inside DX so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it inside DX so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it inside DX so that's why
+my coefficient will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coefficient will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coefficient will not be
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+okay how much is is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much is is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much is is the velocity
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+velocity uh Thal velocity is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh Thal velocity is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh Thal velocity is very
+different from th velocity this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from th velocity this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from th velocity this is a
+okay so some of you know all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of you know all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of you know all those
+concept but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but uh
+if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think
+about what a fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what a fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what a fir
+level uh I briefly mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh I briefly mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh I briefly mentioned this
+before in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manal take a simplest case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manal take a simplest case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manal take a simplest case this is the
+uh the uh electron energy level and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh electron energy level and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh electron energy level and then
+your metal pering level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal pering level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal pering level is
+here right so uh the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so uh the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so uh the energy
+of the electron is close to F level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron is close to F level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron is close to F level
+because only those electrons are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only those electrons are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only those electrons are moving
+the electron deep inside don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron deep inside don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron deep inside don't have any
+three space to move so this one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three space to move so this one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three space to move so this one is the
+ver velocity so MF s so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver velocity so MF s so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver velocity so MF s so that's
+also it turns out this also is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it turns out this also is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it turns out this also is their
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+velocity okay those are the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay those are the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay those are the electrons
+because electrons do have this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electrons do have this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electrons do have this much
+energy they will move around with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they will move around with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they will move around with this
+energy but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductor okay that's a violance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor okay that's a violance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor okay that's a violance
+band that's conduction B and the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band that's conduction B and the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band that's conduction B and the your
+dope and your EF may be here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope and your EF may be here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope and your EF may be here if you
+don't have the dope that's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the dope that's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the dope that's what I was
+drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+before right so this if no electron have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right so this if no electron have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right so this if no electron have
+this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e
+electrons only in this region because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons only in this region because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons only in this region because
+thermally a small fraction of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally a small fraction of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally a small fraction of electron
+go there so those energy is really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there so those energy is really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there so those energy is really this
+is a just a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kbg relative this kinetic potential Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kbg relative this kinetic potential Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kbg relative this kinetic potential Z
+say relative to the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say relative to the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say relative to the kinetic energy
+relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+here zero so so the only is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero so so the only is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero so so the only is about
+populate aboutt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ke is the difference between the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke is the difference between the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke is the difference between the energy
+of the electron and the chemal potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron and the chemal potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron and the chemal potential
+no not even only uh relative the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not even only uh relative the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not even only uh relative the bottom
+of conduction B that you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah yeah but say the average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah but say the average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah but say the average energy
+of those electrons near that conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those electrons near that conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those electrons near that conduction
+band bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bottom
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+yeah okay so I'm going to put this take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I'm going to put this take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I'm going to put this take
+a derivative my sign might be screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative my sign might be screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative my sign might be screwed up
+go to check I make up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to check I make up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to check I make up again
+here uh so here is what I have I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so here is what I have I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so here is what I have I have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+derivative and also I have DTX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and also I have DTX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and also I have DTX
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I have the cam potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have the cam potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have the cam potential
+derivative Pi is electrostatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative Pi is electrostatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative Pi is electrostatic potential
+derivative and it turns out this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and it turns out this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and it turns out this is when
+you do detail coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do detail coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do detail coefficient
+analysis this coefficient and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this coefficient and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this coefficient and this
+coefficient is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is the
+same so this is fundamental is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is fundamental is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is fundamental is also
+called Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Einstein
+relation because here is the uh uh Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation because here is the uh uh Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation because here is the uh uh Rel
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Mobility right and here is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility right and here is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility right and here is related to
+the diffusivity camera potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity camera potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity camera potential
+gradient give you the diffusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient give you the diffusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient give you the diffusion of the
+charge and here is the motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and here is the motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and here is the motion so
+Einstein didn't do electrons Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein didn't do electrons Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein didn't do electrons Einstein
+did Bron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Bron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Bron
+motion hypothesis molecules in liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion hypothesis molecules in liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion hypothesis molecules in liquid
+and he derived the relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he derived the relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he derived the relation between the
+molecular diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular diffusion
+coefficient and molecular mobility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and molecular mobility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and molecular mobility in
+the liquid and that relation turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and that relation turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and that relation turns out
+also to be true between electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be true between electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be true between electric
+conductivity and here you can think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and here you can think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and here you can think that
+as electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as electron
+diffusivity so this is General called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so this is General called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so this is General called
+the Einstein relations and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein relations and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein relations and if you
+generalize even more is a fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize even more is a fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize even more is a fluctuation
+dissipation theor so Einstein uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation theor so Einstein uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation theor so Einstein uh that's
+his PHP thesis if you were born at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PHP thesis if you were born at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PHP thesis if you were born at that
+Year may writing is very important uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Year may writing is very important uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Year may writing is very important uh he
+did a uh Browning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a uh Browning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a uh Browning
+motion and uh uh really it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and uh uh really it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and uh uh really it's interesting
+to read that uh he didn't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read that uh he didn't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read that uh he didn't even know
+there was experiment on Brown motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was experiment on Brown motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was experiment on Brown motion so
+he started statistical thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started statistical thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started statistical thermodynamics
+the other branch of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other branch of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other branch of statistical
+thermodynamics before that it was B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics before that it was B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics before that it was B
+Forman doing gas Einstein tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forman doing gas Einstein tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forman doing gas Einstein tried to do
+liquid and uh go through read it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and uh go through read it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and uh go through read it's not
+that difficult okay uh so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difficult okay uh so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difficult okay uh so so there's
+like I said diffusivity conductivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said diffusivity conductivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said diffusivity conductivity is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+here uh there's relationship and uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there's relationship and uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there's relationship and uh if
+we combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine these two
+term I have Rewritten this here into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I have Rewritten this here into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I have Rewritten this here into
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+here and uh the temperature gradient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh the temperature gradient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh the temperature gradient I
+write into the Le ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write into the Le ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write into the Le ter
+right so I have electrostatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have electrostatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have electrostatic potential
+gradient a temp potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient a temp potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient a temp potential
+gradient and a temperature radi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and a temperature radi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and a temperature radi so
+that's it's this three ter that drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's this three ter that drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's this three ter that drives
+my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current
+flow in the case when I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the case when I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the case when I have a
+temperature gradient in conductor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient in conductor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient in conductor or
+sem okay and I continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+potential with the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+po that's called electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po that's called electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po that's called electrochemical
+potential some of you that do battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential some of you that do battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential some of you that do battery
+you know the electrochemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the electrochemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the electrochemical potential
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+battery in fact electric engineer should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery in fact electric engineer should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery in fact electric engineer should
+also know that it's not the Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that it's not the Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that it's not the Electro
+potential that drive the current flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that drive the current flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that drive the current flow is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+combined electral chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined electral chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined electral chemical potential
+that drives current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives current
+flow and most of course most electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and most of course most electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and most of course most electrical
+engineer deal with isothermal so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer deal with isothermal so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer deal with isothermal so you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+consider this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this term
+ismal but you have to consider this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ismal but you have to consider this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ismal but you have to consider this term
+so there's there is all electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there is all electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there is all electrochemical
+potential gradient the drive State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gradient the drive State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gradient the drive State
+current flow and so it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow and so it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow and so it's very important
+concept and it's hard to understand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and it's hard to understand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and it's hard to understand to
+some extent where is this elect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent where is this elect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent where is this elect
+potential so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so I
+said the E say this separation here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the E say this separation here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the E say this separation here is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+C and electrostatic potential this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and electrostatic potential this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and electrostatic potential this is
+why I'm drawing a conductor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm drawing a conductor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm drawing a conductor or
+semiconductor and if I draw relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and if I draw relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and if I draw relative to
+actual reference here this EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reference here this EC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reference here this EC
+is parallel so electrostatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel so electrostatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel so electrostatic potential
+depends on where you put plot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you put plot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you put plot your
+reference so I can always shift up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so I can always shift up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so I can always shift up and
+down because it's the gradient that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because it's the gradient that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because it's the gradient that
+determine really the ter right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine really the ter right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine really the ter right so
+there's a constant reference point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant reference point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant reference point so
+it's the gradient of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the gradient of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the gradient of this
+EC that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EC that gives you
+electrostatic and so I have EA here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic and so I have EA here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic and so I have EA here
+minus a the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a the problem is
+e energy EC is energy energy divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e energy EC is energy energy divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e energy EC is energy energy divide by
+charge is electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is electrostatic
+potential this is the always historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is the always historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is the always historical
+problem not my problem okay uh the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem not my problem okay uh the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem not my problem okay uh the so
+uh electrostatic is here chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrostatic is here chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrostatic is here chemical
+potential is here so what's left is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is here so what's left is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is here so what's left is this
+Electro chem potential relative to AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro chem potential relative to AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro chem potential relative to AB
+level it's that radi that drives current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's that radi that drives current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's that radi that drives current
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I
+combine my electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine my electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine my electrical
+current in the front I just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the front I just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the front I just say this
+electric conductivity I generalize with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity I generalize with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity I generalize with
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+l11 and I combine all the two say electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 and I combine all the two say electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 and I combine all the two say electr
+of potential gradient so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potential gradient so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potential gradient so this is a
+typical the generalized own SL should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical the generalized own SL should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical the generalized own SL should be
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+electric current proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current proportional to
+electr with electric conductivity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr with electric conductivity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr with electric conductivity as a
+proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+constant and when I have compter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and when I have compter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and when I have compter
+gradient I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I have
+l12 that's the extra term the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 that's the extra term the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 that's the extra term the coupling
+between charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between charge and
+heat so that's the l12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so that's the l12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so that's the l12
+here due to the temperature gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here due to the temperature gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here due to the temperature gradient
+it's really here what they created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really here what they created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really here what they created
+diffusion yes what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion yes what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion yes what is this
+El huh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El huh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El huh say
+as yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh this one is the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this one is the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this one is the chemical
+potential this is the electro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is the electro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is the electro uh
+electrostatic poti the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic poti the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic poti the difference of
+these two give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electro okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro okay
+we can discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+okay now uh I'm combine everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh I'm combine everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh I'm combine everything
+together and cack is when there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and cack is when there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and cack is when there's no
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+cback voltage is a open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cback voltage is a open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cback voltage is a open
+circuit there is when there's a open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there is when there's a open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there is when there's a open
+circuit no current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit no current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit no current flow
+you can see on my there's temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on my there's temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on my there's temperature
+there's corresonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's corresonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's corresonding
+electrochemical potential gradient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential gradient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential gradient you
+put a pro there you don't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a pro there you don't measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a pro there you don't measure
+electrostatic potential you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential you measure
+electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr
+po okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po okay the
+metal is collect to semiconductor when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is collect to semiconductor when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is collect to semiconductor when
+you collect it the metal Vol say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect it the metal Vol say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect it the metal Vol say is the
+formula will connect to the electr so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula will connect to the electr so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula will connect to the electr so
+measure you only measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you only measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you only measure
+but we are doing one experiment really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are doing one experiment really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are doing one experiment really
+want to measure elatic poal when we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure elatic poal when we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure elatic poal when we so
+we're doing for example we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing for example we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing for example we're trying to
+do okay there is a green bom green one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay there is a green bom green one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay there is a green bom green one
+green two and the green bom there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green two and the green bom there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green two and the green bom there is the
+electrostatic potential we can't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential we can't measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential we can't measure
+it with contact method but we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with contact method but we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with contact method but we're putting
+trying to put an atomic Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put an atomic Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put an atomic Force
+microscope and there when they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and there when they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and there when they have
+there's electrostatic po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's electrostatic po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's electrostatic po
+it will betic determine the repulsion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will betic determine the repulsion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will betic determine the repulsion or
+traction okay that's the coolum SL when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction okay that's the coolum SL when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction okay that's the coolum SL when
+you calculate use the coolum SL it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate use the coolum SL it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate use the coolum SL it's
+electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic
+potential so there's a still ways to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so there's a still ways to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so there's a still ways to I
+said the cont method can't distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the cont method can't distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the cont method can't distinguish
+but ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ways to
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+okay so that's where the sbag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where the sbag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where the sbag
+coefficient is sback coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is sback coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is sback coefficient is
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+they really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really should
+be DX DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be DX DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be DX DT
+DX should be so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX should be so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX should be so here is
+d5x uh then should be 5us 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d5x uh then should be 5us 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d5x uh then should be 5us 5
+C and you can say it's related to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and you can say it's related to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and you can say it's related to the uh
+C coefficient now can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C coefficient now can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C coefficient now can be expressed in
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+of M that's chal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M that's chal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M that's chal
+potential three uh KBT is the Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential three uh KBT is the Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential three uh KBT is the Thal
+energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right
+so uh the cack coefficient has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the cack coefficient has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the cack coefficient has a very
+clear picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear picture
+here and this is the so you can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the so you can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the so you can set up
+two point one is the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one is the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one is the chemical potential
+here between here and here that's EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between here and here that's EC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between here and here that's EC
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+mu and the electrons average thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and the electrons average thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and the electrons average thermal
+energy in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this region
+but you ask you the VX is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you ask you the VX is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you ask you the VX is a random
+velocity so that two three halfs is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so that two three halfs is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so that two three halfs is not
+good because of VX I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because of VX I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because of VX I have to do
+integration averaging in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration averaging in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration averaging in terms of the
+five halfs rather than three half I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five halfs rather than three half I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five halfs rather than three half I'll
+show you more exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you more exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you more exact
+Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+okay so now any question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now any question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now any question
+here go back one slide yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go back one slide yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go back one slide yeah
+why do we have in the graph why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have in the graph why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have in the graph why do we
+have the position dependent energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level yeah yeah yeah Edge has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah yeah yeah Edge has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah yeah yeah Edge has a
+slope that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope that's a that's
+the uh potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh potential of the
+electrons right potential of electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right potential of electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right potential of electron is
+divided by electric charge give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by electric charge give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by electric charge give you
+electrostatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential
+under a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a current
+flow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow your
+electron the electrostatic potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electrostatic potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electrostatic potential is
+going down slope or up slope okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down slope or up slope okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down slope or up slope okay I
+think when I think about down slope up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when I think about down slope up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when I think about down slope up
+slope I always have to sit there single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope I always have to sit there single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope I always have to sit there single
+for a long time whether it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time whether it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time whether it's positive
+charge negative charge so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge negative charge so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge negative charge so I
+get that's why I don't like the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that's why I don't like the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that's why I don't like the charge
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+okay by the way I don't think Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way I don't think Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way I don't think Miss
+for a mechanical engineer to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mechanical engineer to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mechanical engineer to understand
+this part I have to sit there many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part I have to sit there many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part I have to sit there many many
+times and I think sometimes when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and I think sometimes when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and I think sometimes when you
+when you think you understand you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think you understand you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think you understand you got to
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+electri you understanding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electri you understanding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electri you understanding is
+problematic okay but it's good to St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic okay but it's good to St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic okay but it's good to St
+there and think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and think through
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+okay uh now I said in the previous part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now I said in the previous part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now I said in the previous part
+was the electric current right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the electric current right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the electric current right and now
+I'm going to do heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do heat
+C okay he coefficient is heat C so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay he coefficient is heat C so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay he coefficient is heat C so I
+have to think about the heat carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the heat carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the heat carried by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+electrons and uh again we did this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh again we did this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh again we did this the
+in the first lecture right when I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture right when I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture right when I think
+about the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the heat
+flow f law is from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow f law is from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow f law is from left to
+right right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right to left
+diffusion here you can see I put the equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion here you can see I put the equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion here you can see I put the equ
+potential conductor low current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential conductor low current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential conductor low current flow
+just a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a heat
+diffusion right that's a FAL law the fal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right that's a FAL law the fal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right that's a FAL law the fal
+law is valid for electrons and for Fons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is valid for electrons and for Fons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is valid for electrons and for Fons
+I didn't see whether it's electron Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't see whether it's electron Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't see whether it's electron Fon
+here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this
+deration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration
+right so I'm not going to this detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm not going to this detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm not going to this detail
+because we write down this before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we write down this before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we write down this before and
+the connectivity is 1 G so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectivity is 1 G so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectivity is 1 G so that's what
+we did before diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before diffusion
+and now I'm going to do charge focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to do charge focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to do charge focus on
+he carry by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he carry by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he carry by
+electron and what's the hey car by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and what's the hey car by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and what's the hey car by
+electron here you have to go back to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here you have to go back to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here you have to go back to all
+the Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Su
+dyamics and uh uh the uh first law tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics and uh uh the uh first law tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics and uh uh the uh first law tells
+you that du equals DQ doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that du equals DQ doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that du equals DQ doesn't look
+typical thermodynamics for mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thermodynamics for mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thermodynamics for mechanical
+engineering you do du DQ duals DQ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you do du DQ duals DQ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you do du DQ duals DQ minus
+P we PD we right there we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we PD we right there we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we PD we right there we're not talking
+about PD we work there's no volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PD we work there's no volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PD we work there's no volume
+change so we're talking about chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so we're talking about chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so we're talking about chemical
+potential so if you're a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so if you're a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so if you're a chemical
+engineer this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer this part is
+easier okay so du equals DP plus MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so du equals DP plus MN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so du equals DP plus MN
+that's a chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chemical potential
+ter and what this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter and what this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter and what this tells you
+because du U is n times individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because du U is n times individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because du U is n times individual
+energy e if you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e if you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e if you have n
+electrons so e Mass mu is Rel to Q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so e Mass mu is Rel to Q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so e Mass mu is Rel to Q the
+heat so the energy of a charge consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the energy of a charge consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the energy of a charge consists
+of two part one is the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two part one is the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two part one is the chemical
+potential the other is the Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so e Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e Min
+mu is the heat carried per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge and now if I take that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and now if I take that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and now if I take that I
+say the F carry per charge is e ma m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the F carry per charge is e ma m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the F carry per charge is e ma m
+again apply to the same picture going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again apply to the same picture going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again apply to the same picture going
+from left to right and right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right and right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right and right to left
+right so this is a velocity random Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a velocity random Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a velocity random Thal
+velocity Lumber density per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Lumber density per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Lumber density per unit volume
+and again you go to check here it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you go to check here it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you go to check here it should
+be uh watt per meter Square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh watt per meter Square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh watt per meter Square the
+unit this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit this is a
+jar per uh second gives you w and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar per uh second gives you w and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar per uh second gives you w and then
+say meter and over meter Cub give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say meter and over meter Cub give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say meter and over meter Cub give you
+meter Square so here I have left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter Square so here I have left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter Square so here I have left to
+right right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right to left
+diffusion and add an extra term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and add an extra term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and add an extra term here
+because when I do when I uh have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I do when I uh have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I do when I uh have a a
+potential gradient right I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gradient right I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gradient right I'm looking at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case uh oh I forgot to draw draw one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh oh I forgot to draw draw one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh oh I forgot to draw draw one I
+should have electrical potential going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have electrical potential going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have electrical potential going
+down right I have current flow I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right I have current flow I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right I have current flow I have
+temperature potential gradient so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature potential gradient so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature potential gradient so that's
+the I'm considering couple electron heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm considering couple electron heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm considering couple electron heat
+uh heat transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat transport
+so this is the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the diffusion
+term and this is the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is the drift
+term same as I consider now I go back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term same as I consider now I go back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term same as I consider now I go back a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+slide right here diffusion term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right here diffusion term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right here diffusion term for
+current flow drier term for current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow drier term for current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow drier term for current
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right diffusion and drift so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right diffusion and drift so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right diffusion and drift so let's look
+at again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at again
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+diffusion and D is a this is a drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and D is a this is a drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and D is a this is a drift
+velocity times charge density and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times charge density and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times charge density and each
+one is current Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu so this is the convetion term there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so this is the convetion term there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so this is the convetion term there
+convetion of the electrons going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convetion of the electrons going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convetion of the electrons going through
+the surface with draw and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface with draw and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface with draw and now
+if I combine because this term will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I combine because this term will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I combine because this term will give
+me uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh the
+uh the same thing as I I do I do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same thing as I I do I do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same thing as I I do I do before
+electral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electral
+potential and the second term I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the second term I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the second term I will
+have also the temp reg so here I draw I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also the temp reg so here I draw I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also the temp reg so here I draw I
+I made some jump I didn't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made some jump I didn't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made some jump I didn't go through
+each step derivation and you can uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step derivation and you can uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step derivation and you can uh go
+through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+yourself and now the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and now the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and now the heat flux
+what I have from this is the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have from this is the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have from this is the heat flux
+carried by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by the
+electron is temper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is temper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is temper
+term but also is a potential gr term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but also is a potential gr term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but also is a potential gr term so
+I I have again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have again a
+couple before I have a charge flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple before I have a charge flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple before I have a charge flux
+electric current is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current is the potential
+gradient tempat gr now the he carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient tempat gr now the he carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient tempat gr now the he carried by
+the charge is also proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge is also proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge is also proportional to the
+potenti gradient and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potenti gradient and temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potenti gradient and temperature
+gradient so under uh equal uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so under uh equal uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so under uh equal uh say
+isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal
+case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is
+zero but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but this is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+right this is the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the P
+coefficient when I have heat flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient when I have heat flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient when I have heat flows
+charge flows through the current the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flows through the current the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flows through the current the
+charge carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carries
+heed so this is the l21 is the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that's the that's the uh now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the that's the uh now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the that's the uh now I
+have the uh couple the Heat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh couple the Heat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh couple the Heat and the
+charge flow and I have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flow and I have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flow and I have the two
+expression one before I wrote The Charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one before I wrote The Charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one before I wrote The Charge
+uh if you go back to previous two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you go back to previous two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you go back to previous two slides
+is J xal l11 * this plus l12 * 6 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is J xal l11 * this plus l12 * 6 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is J xal l11 * this plus l12 * 6 for the
+current flux and now for the heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flux and now for the heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flux and now for the heat flux
+carried by charge I have two to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by charge I have two to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried by charge I have two to two and
+then we'll come back and rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back and rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back and rewrite this
+Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is a kinetic I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a kinetic I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a kinetic I have not
+consider the average that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the average that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the average that's the question
+you ask I cannot do that from this hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask I cannot do that from this hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask I cannot do that from this hand
+weing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weing
+picture okay what do you when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay what do you when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay what do you when you want
+to do the detail you have to see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the detail you have to see each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the detail you have to see each
+chart have different energy slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart have different energy slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart have different energy slight
+different energy right so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy right so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy right so you have to
+count more carefully just like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count more carefully just like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count more carefully just like we did
+before uh counting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh counting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh counting all the
+moldes counting all the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moldes counting all the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moldes counting all the quantum
+modes and uh each one is moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and uh each one is moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and uh each one is moving at
+velocity local its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity local its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity local its own
+velocity and each mode has this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and each mode has this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and each mode has this number
+of charge determined by ther direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge determined by ther direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge determined by ther direct
+statistics and course this B could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and course this B could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and course this B could be
+either uh e minus E that's when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh e minus E that's when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh e minus E that's when I do
+current or E capital e m m that's when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or E capital e m m that's when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or E capital e m m that's when I
+do he so if I do that I can get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he so if I do that I can get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he so if I do that I can get the uh
+more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous
+expressions and this is what you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and this is what you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and this is what you still
+get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same
+format except the coefficient is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format except the coefficient is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format except the coefficient is a
+little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different
+okay so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have this
+relation I written before same uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I written before same uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I written before same uh say
+format and those cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and those cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and those cross
+term this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms now depends on how you write if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms now depends on how you write if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms now depends on how you write if
+you write generalized thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write generalized thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write generalized thermodynamic
+Force it's equal but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force it's equal but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force it's equal but this is not
+generalized thermodynamic Force so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized thermodynamic Force so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized thermodynamic Force so it's
+related so that's the an relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so that's the an relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so that's the an relation
+and the course term always related if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the course term always related if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the course term always related if
+you do Pio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Pio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Pio
+electricity there is also mechanical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity there is also mechanical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity there is also mechanical to
+electrical coing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical coing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical coing
+coefficient in the case of mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in the case of mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in the case of mechanical
+motion or when you count current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or when you count current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or when you count current flow
+current to Mechanical so the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to Mechanical so the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to Mechanical so the reverse
+this coefficient cross coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coefficient cross coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coefficient cross coefficient is
+always related and that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always related and that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always related and that's the answer
+relation very fundamental answer get L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation very fundamental answer get L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation very fundamental answer get L
+price for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for those
+okay so that's the uh uh summer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the uh uh summer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the uh uh summer for the
+charge flow and the for the charge carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flow and the for the charge carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flow and the for the charge carry
+the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+flow and now I'm going to write this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and now I'm going to write this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and now I'm going to write this you
+tend to think this is a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think this is a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think this is a thermal
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+right that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+because when I write I could write my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I write I could write my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I write I could write my
+potential rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential rewrite it
+into uh JX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh JX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh JX
+l12 so I am replacing my potential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 so I am replacing my potential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 so I am replacing my potential in
+terms of electric current because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of electric current because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of electric current because here
+potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+to and now if I sub into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and now if I sub into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and now if I sub into
+here okay I will say uh the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I will say uh the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I will say uh the electrical
+flux T flux carried by the charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux T flux carried by the charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux T flux carried by the charge is
+proportional to electrical current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electrical current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electrical current
+and with proportionality that's AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with proportionality that's AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with proportionality that's AAL
+coefficient I said this L2 isent that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I said this L2 isent that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I said this L2 isent that's
+not right because this is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right because this is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right because this is the potential
+but the p is really current flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the p is really current flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the p is really current flux
+proportional to the charge flux and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the charge flux and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the charge flux and this
+l21 l11 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l21 l11 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l21 l11 is the
+pation and the next term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pation and the next term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pation and the next term is the
+temperature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh
+gradient so only when I write into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so only when I write into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so only when I write into this
+form I have the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I have the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I have the expression for the
+thermal activity in turns out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal activity in turns out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal activity in turns out for
+electrons the theral conductivity invs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the theral conductivity invs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the theral conductivity invs
+all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four
+coefficients right l11 l12 L1 l21 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right l11 l12 L1 l21 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right l11 l12 L1 l21 of
+course these two coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these two coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these two coefficients are
+related so this is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so this is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so this is the thermal
+conductivity and uh now if I write more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and uh now if I write more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and uh now if I write more
+clearly using the parabolic band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly using the parabolic band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly using the parabolic band
+approximation again here here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation again here here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation again here here I'm not
+going give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going give
+derivation just say the same I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation just say the same I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation just say the same I follow
+this uh steps and do in fact need go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh steps and do in fact need go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh steps and do in fact need go for
+my equation we're not going into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation we're not going into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation we're not going into that
+and here is my final expression this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is my final expression this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is my final expression this is
+random velocity relaxation time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random velocity relaxation time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random velocity relaxation time which
+could depend on energy and before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could depend on energy and before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could depend on energy and before when
+we do it we didn't say depends on energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it we didn't say depends on energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it we didn't say depends on energy
+so we have so this is a more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have so this is a more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have so this is a more rigorous
+expression and uh density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh density of states
+and this is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the other
+Coe so with that you can actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coe so with that you can actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coe so with that you can actually using
+those coefficient you can actually go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficient you can actually go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficient you can actually go to
+model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the
+solid and what you have the solid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and what you have the solid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and what you have the solid is
+really different solid have different d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different solid have different d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different solid have different d
+sub States so the B structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub States so the B structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub States so the B structure is
+different and sometimes it has multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and sometimes it has multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and sometimes it has multiple
+bands so you have to consider multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands so you have to consider multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands so you have to consider multiple
+bands effect electrons and holes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands effect electrons and holes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands effect electrons and holes is
+another so you can see electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so you can see electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so you can see electrons
+negative charge holes positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge holes positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge holes positive charge
+and those could all be taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those could all be taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those could all be taken into
+consideration using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration using these
+formulations again I don't expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations again I don't expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations again I don't expect that
+you fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fully
+say uh say be able to derive it I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh say be able to derive it I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh say be able to derive it I didn't
+derive it right but this is where many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it right but this is where many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it right but this is where many
+people when they try to interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when they try to interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when they try to interpret the
+experimental data they go to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data they go to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data they go to those
+expressions and try to F the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and try to F the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and try to F the expression
+I said the the F because you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the the F because you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the the F because you actually do
+not know exactly for example how uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know exactly for example how uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know exactly for example how uh how
+how to uh uh what's what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to uh uh what's what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to uh uh what's what's happening in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol
+okay I said uh the electric conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I said uh the electric conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I said uh the electric conductivity
+theral electronic thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral electronic thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral electronic thermal conductivity
+that's in the previous slid so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the previous slid so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the previous slid so those are
+the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+here electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here electronic
+conductivity and l11 is electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and l11 is electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and l11 is electric
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma and uh the ratio of this if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and uh the ratio of this if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and uh the ratio of this if you go
+to do fir statistic in metal you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do fir statistic in metal you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do fir statistic in metal you can do
+those integral and turns out the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integral and turns out the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integral and turns out the ratio
+for metal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for metal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for metal is a
+constant and this is the soall wigman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is the soall wigman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is the soall wigman
+friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend
+law and so that means thermal conduct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and so that means thermal conduct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and so that means thermal conduct is
+very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to
+measure so if you measure electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so if you measure electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so if you measure electric
+conductivity in metal as long as the lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity in metal as long as the lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity in metal as long as the lce
+contribution is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is L
+large you can roughly I say roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you can roughly I say roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you can roughly I say roughly
+because this is not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not all
+valuecity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuecity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuecity you
+go just Bas on this inter relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go just Bas on this inter relation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go just Bas on this inter relation with
+slope so this L is the Len constant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so this L is the Len constant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so this L is the Len constant a
+len l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+len l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+len l
+let's say if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you do
+semiconductor it's not a constant so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor it's not a constant so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor it's not a constant so in
+C electrics if you go to actually read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C electrics if you go to actually read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C electrics if you go to actually read
+Thermal electric literature many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermal electric literature many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermal electric literature many people
+just take this Laurence L and say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this Laurence L and say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this Laurence L and say okay I
+measure electric conductivity and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure electric conductivity and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure electric conductivity and I I
+want to find out what's electronic Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out what's electronic Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out what's electronic Thal
+cond conductivity i c they will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cond conductivity i c they will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cond conductivity i c they will take
+this constant number and they subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant number and they subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant number and they subtract
+the total measure thermal connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total measure thermal connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total measure thermal connectivity
+so the Restless due to fall on that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Restless due to fall on that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Restless due to fall on that is
+vibration and that often lead to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and that often lead to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and that often lead to very
+say where result they can't interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where result they can't interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where result they can't interpret
+this foron this is did the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this foron this is did the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this foron this is did the wrong
+calculation in semiconductor L actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in semiconductor L actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in semiconductor L actually
+depends on you have to calculate it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on you have to calculate it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on you have to calculate it you
+have to go back to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to calculate the
+electronic thermal conductivity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic thermal conductivity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic thermal conductivity using
+this transport coefficient and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transport coefficient and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transport coefficient and the
+electric C conductivity electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric C conductivity electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric C conductivity electric
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+I'll give some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give some examples
+later okay and again say let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay and again say let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay and again say let's go back
+to look at what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at what it
+means right what's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right what's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right what's the uh
+Cent so if you look at it uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cent so if you look at it uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cent so if you look at it uh that's the
+from the previous expression uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous expression uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous expression uh there
+and it's really the cack coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really the cack coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really the cack coefficient is
+the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight
+average of electron energy relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of electron energy relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of electron energy relative to
+ef ef really is M chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ef ef really is M chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ef ef really is M chemical potential
+okay in electric engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in electric engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in electric engineering the
+chemical potential and the fir level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential and the fir level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential and the fir level is
+typically uh mixed together they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh mixed together they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh mixed together they they
+don't distinguish very carefully so EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't distinguish very carefully so EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't distinguish very carefully so EF
+weigh against electric potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh against electric potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh against electric potential
+electric conductivity at each energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity at each energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity at each energy
+level and that's really the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and that's really the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and that's really the average
+energy of the charge relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the charge relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the charge relative to the
+chemical potential so that's still uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential so that's still uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential so that's still uh
+what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said
+before uh and the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh and the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh and the electric
+conductivity is the uh density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is the uh density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is the uh density of
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+velocity electrical relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity electrical relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity electrical relaxation time
+electron relaxation time and DFD we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron relaxation time and DFD we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron relaxation time and DFD we'll
+show more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show more later
+on so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so with
+that now you can say why metal is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you can say why metal is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you can say why metal is not
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay metal is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay metal is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay metal is not a
+good uh uh material for uh cback because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh uh material for uh cback because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh uh material for uh cback because
+CAG is too small but why matter cack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAG is too small but why matter cack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAG is too small but why matter cack is
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+small and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and this is
+because in the metal EF is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independ okay and uh the average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independ okay and uh the average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independ okay and uh the average energy
+of electron relative to EF right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron relative to EF right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron relative to EF right so the
+the electron in metal is about half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in metal is about half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in metal is about half is
+above half is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above half is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above half is below
+here okay the electron below because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the electron below because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the electron below because the
+fir Rock distribution is over roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir Rock distribution is over roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir Rock distribution is over roughly
+over KT that's the electrons only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over KT that's the electrons only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over KT that's the electrons only on
+this region KBT in this region there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region KBT in this region there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region KBT in this region there are
+movable charge and I draw too wide it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable charge and I draw too wide it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable charge and I draw too wide it's
+really just a s narrow okay okay above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a s narrow okay okay above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a s narrow okay okay above
+is positive heat below is netive heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive heat below is netive heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive heat below is netive heat
+when they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they move
+together the positive heat energy above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the positive heat energy above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the positive heat energy above
+the chemical potential move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential move
+forward energy below the electron below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward energy below the electron below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward energy below the electron below
+the chemical potential carry leg heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential carry leg heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential carry leg heat
+forward at the end they two cancel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward at the end they two cancel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward at the end they two cancel so
+you got a very small C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a very small C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a very small C
+by so metals have very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so metals have very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so metals have very small
+Cici and any anybody has any idea to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cici and any anybody has any idea to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cici and any anybody has any idea to cut
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+off you can win B I don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you can win B I don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you can win B I don't know how to do
+it okay or cut the upper part so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay or cut the upper part so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay or cut the upper part so in
+metal do you have way think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal do you have way think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal do you have way think about the
+ways how I can place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways how I can place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways how I can place
+something to scatter potentially half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to scatter potentially half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to scatter potentially half of
+this so if you scatter the bottom PP you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you scatter the bottom PP you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you scatter the bottom PP you
+get a positive C coefficient current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive C coefficient current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive C coefficient current
+flow uh key flow in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh key flow in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh key flow in the same direction
+as the current flow if you cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the current flow if you cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the current flow if you cut the
+positive part you can Le to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive part you can Le to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive part you can Le to C
+coefficient the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite okay so this is where if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite okay so this is where if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite okay so this is where if you do
+material research you have to think hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material research you have to think hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material research you have to think hard
+on this how you could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this how you could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this how you could potentially
+manipulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the
+material to create this asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to create this asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to create this asymmetry
+in the current keep carried by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current keep carried by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current keep carried by each
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+right semiconductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right semiconductor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right semiconductor is
+better for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for C
+because okay uh of course here what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay uh of course here what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay uh of course here what I'm
+draw is Stace if you think about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw is Stace if you think about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw is Stace if you think about this I
+said CAC is the average energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said CAC is the average energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said CAC is the average energy so
+C uh for example if I do it so that ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh for example if I do it so that ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh for example if I do it so that ter
+level is here and the average energ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is here and the average energ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is here and the average energ is
+here so there's no negative part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's no negative part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's no negative part
+poten right so all each of this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poten right so all each of this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poten right so all each of this electron
+here is relative to chal potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is relative to chal potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is relative to chal potential is a
+carrier a positive he relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier a positive he relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier a positive he relative
+to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no
+consolation Sero elcs is typically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolation Sero elcs is typically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolation Sero elcs is typically not
+here it don't actually into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it don't actually into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it don't actually into
+here so the the bottom part is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the the bottom part is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the the bottom part is actually
+not good only the part top part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good only the part top part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good only the part top part is
+better why they want the dop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better why they want the dop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better why they want the dop
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+because when you put your chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you put your chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you put your chemical
+potential here the number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here the number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here the number of electrons
+here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+okay and the number of electrons is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the number of electrons is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the number of electrons is very
+small so the electric conductivity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so the electric conductivity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so the electric conductivity here
+is this is proportional to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons so what do you want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what do you want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what do you want right
+because at the end ZT is s Square Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end ZT is s Square Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end ZT is s Square Sigma
+remember ZT figure of Merit is s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ZT figure of Merit is s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ZT figure of Merit is s is the
+CMA coefficient s Square * electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMA coefficient s Square * electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMA coefficient s Square * electric
+conductivity because you want the enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity because you want the enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity because you want the enough
+electron to carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to carry the
+heat you just don't want one electron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you just don't want one electron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you just don't want one electron to
+carry he just doesn't carry enough heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry he just doesn't carry enough heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry he just doesn't carry enough heat
+so you see here the this is a okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here the this is a okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here the this is a okay if I
+look at this what is DF D per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what is DF D per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what is DF D per
+is very symetric around the year a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very symetric around the year a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very symetric around the year a
+density of Stace is here so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of Stace is here so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of Stace is here so it's really
+in semiconductor only this region this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductor only this region this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductor only this region this
+two product is not zero only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two product is not zero only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two product is not zero only those
+region is contributing to Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is contributing to Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is contributing to Electric
+conduction if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction if you look at this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+right and so that mean only this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that mean only this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that mean only this region
+of charge relative to C potential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge relative to C potential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge relative to C potential is the
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+F so you later on we will when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so you later on we will when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so you later on we will when we talk
+about Quantum structure people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Quantum structure people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Quantum structure people want to
+say how you can make this region carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how you can make this region carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how you can make this region carry
+more charge so you create a peak here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more charge so you create a peak here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more charge so you create a peak here
+the this density St is not good okay D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this density St is not good okay D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this density St is not good okay D
+is a square root of e minus E EF we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a square root of e minus E EF we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a square root of e minus E EF we show
+you see before this is a very small D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see before this is a very small D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see before this is a very small D of
+States so don't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so don't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so don't give you
+carriers so they they that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so they they that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so they they that's where
+people doing lot of things when they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing lot of things when they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing lot of things when they try
+to improve electron they say can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve electron they say can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve electron they say can I
+create something sharper in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something sharper in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something sharper in this region
+so I can put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can put more
+electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so
+remember that at the end you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that at the end you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that at the end you want to
+optimize s Square Sigma not even optim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize s Square Sigma not even optim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize s Square Sigma not even optim
+just optimize that you want the optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just optimize that you want the optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just optimize that you want the optimize
+so there are still some we missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are still some we missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are still some we missing
+okay so this is the uh the material site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the uh the material site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the uh the material site
+um uh the uh the basic material physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the uh the basic material physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the uh the basic material physics
+and if I go again do for statistics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go again do for statistics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go again do for statistics I
+said that the electrical energy scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the electrical energy scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the electrical energy scatter
+relaxation time depends on electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time depends on electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time depends on electron
+energy so there are a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so there are a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so there are a lot of different
+scatter mechanism we're not getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter mechanism we're not getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter mechanism we're not getting into
+that you go to do material research read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go to do material research read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go to do material research read
+lature but if I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lature but if I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lature but if I do a
+gamma here just to see potential power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma here just to see potential power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma here just to see potential power
+for example due to L due to acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example due to L due to acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example due to L due to acoustic
+colon scatter this GMA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon scatter this GMA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon scatter this GMA is
+one okay so if what it means negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if what it means negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if what it means negative
+one2 is low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 is low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 is low energy
+electron uh has longer relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh has longer relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh has longer relaxation time
+they travel further high energy electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel further high energy electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel further high energy electron
+travel less you don't like that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel less you don't like that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel less you don't like that if you
+look at that you see that I have a GMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that you see that I have a GMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that you see that I have a GMA
+here and this is a not half if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a not half if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is a not half if you do
+the before that's three half I said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the before that's three half I said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the before that's three half I said it's
+five hals right that's due to this way X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hals right that's due to this way X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hals right that's due to this way X
+squ and this GMA is not good uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and this GMA is not good uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and this GMA is not good uh if it's
+netive because if I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive because if I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive because if I think about
+scatter the high energy electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter the high energy electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter the high energy electron is
+scatter but I want the high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter but I want the high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter but I want the high energy
+electron power as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible okay but the iron impurity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay but the iron impurity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay but the iron impurity it
+turns out that gamma can be three HS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that gamma can be three HS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that gamma can be three HS
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+hops that's very good of course analy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops that's very good of course analy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops that's very good of course analy
+imp Purity so that means you dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp Purity so that means you dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imp Purity so that means you dope
+material very heavy you can have analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material very heavy you can have analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material very heavy you can have analyze
+impurity dominant the problem is your me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity dominant the problem is your me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity dominant the problem is your me
+free Parts become very short your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free Parts become very short your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free Parts become very short your
+electric conductivity becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity becomes
+small thermal electrics always struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thermal electrics always struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thermal electrics always struggle
+you try to sensor one guy the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to sensor one guy the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to sensor one guy the other guy
+is not and that's why the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not and that's why the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not and that's why the material
+research is very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so and of course if I put the EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and of course if I put the EC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and of course if I put the EC
+m n/ n and you will see uh because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n/ n and you will see uh because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n/ n and you will see uh because this
+depends on temperature so as temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on temperature so as temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on temperature so as temperature
+increases C by coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases C by coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases C by coefficient
+increase and the reason is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and the reason is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and the reason is that if you
+look at this one you go to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one you go to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one you go to check the
+reason as you you in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason as you you in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason as you you in temperature
+actually the formula will shift down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the formula will shift down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the formula will shift down so
+the average energy now increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy now increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy now increases
+relative to Temp potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Temp potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to Temp potential
+FAL so that's the reason where why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL so that's the reason where why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL so that's the reason where why the
+cack coefficient increase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+okay well I give you very simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I give you very simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I give you very simple uh
+one uh picture although I know many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh picture although I know many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh picture although I know many of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+this is a pretty complicated already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty complicated already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty complicated already
+right but see if you want if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but see if you want if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but see if you want if you do
+materials you go to re look at the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you go to re look at the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you go to re look at the real
+material this is still the am the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this is still the am the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this is still the am the
+simplest picture what I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest picture what I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest picture what I can give
+you and uh but see in uh uh in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and uh but see in uh uh in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and uh but see in uh uh in real
+material for example I have electrons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for example I have electrons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for example I have electrons I
+have H positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have H positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have H positive charge
+right it cancel each other because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it cancel each other because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it cancel each other because when
+you electron move see positive energy po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you electron move see positive energy po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you electron move see positive energy po
+netive energy Rel tempal potential they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive energy Rel tempal potential they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive energy Rel tempal potential they
+C each other so see back for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C each other so see back for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C each other so see back for electron
+netive for hole is positive and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive for hole is positive and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive for hole is positive and then you
+combine when you have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine when you have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine when you have two different
+electric conductivity for electron hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity for electron hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity for electron hole
+and what's worse is this theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's worse is this theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's worse is this theral
+conductivity they just don't not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity they just don't not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity they just don't not only
+combine electron whole and lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine electron whole and lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine electron whole and lce
+vibration but they combine the carry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration but they combine the carry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration but they combine the carry a
+cross turn this is because when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross turn this is because when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross turn this is because when the
+electron the ho both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the ho both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the ho both
+diffuse from one one place to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse from one one place to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse from one one place to the other
+there's an extra energy across the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an extra energy across the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an extra energy across the bank
+Gap right that extra energy so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap right that extra energy so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap right that extra energy so when
+electron go from one diffuse to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron go from one diffuse to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron go from one diffuse to the next
+place they combine with the hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they combine with the hole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they combine with the hole in the
+next place they carry a lot more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next place they carry a lot more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next place they carry a lot more energy
+so this is a v contribution of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a v contribution of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a v contribution of thermal
+conductivity very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity very bad
+okay and uh it took me several years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh it took me several years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh it took me several years to
+understand the bipolar so even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the bipolar so even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the bipolar so even if you
+don't understand everything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand everything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand everything you can
+still do research here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do research here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do research here
+okay when I first wrote the uh uh uh Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I first wrote the uh uh uh Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I first wrote the uh uh uh Su
+electric proposal I didn't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric proposal I didn't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric proposal I didn't know whether
+a metal was good or semiconductor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal was good or semiconductor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal was good or semiconductor was
+good just to make you feel more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good just to make you feel more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good just to make you feel more
+comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+okay look at this this is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay look at this this is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay look at this this is the real
+material now and this is actually out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material now and this is actually out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material now and this is actually out of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+experiment this is the C electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the C electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the C electric
+conductivity decrease with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity decrease with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity decrease with
+temperature sitb increase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sitb increase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sitb increase with
+temperature I want you start appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I want you start appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I want you start appreciate
+look at the curve see what the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the curve see what the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the curve see what the physics
+what's 10 in physics so I said c back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's 10 in physics so I said c back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's 10 in physics so I said c back
+typically increase with tempature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically increase with tempature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically increase with tempature that's
+all fine except now finally start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fine except now finally start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fine except now finally start to
+draw so that's you said was wrong I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw so that's you said was wrong I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw so that's you said was wrong I I
+see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why
+and uh if you look at the electrical L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at the electrical L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at the electrical L
+electron Lum density any will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Lum density any will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Lum density any will increase
+with temperature So You Think electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature So You Think electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature So You Think electric
+conductivity should increase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity should increase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity should increase with
+temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in
+semiconductor but this is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor but this is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor but this is a completely
+wrong Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong Trend
+right if you think about n Go to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you think about n Go to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you think about n Go to check
+your n at the third fourth slides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your n at the third fourth slides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your n at the third fourth slides uh
+second slide I hand out that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second slide I hand out that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second slide I hand out that was
+reviewed uh from last lecture the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed uh from last lecture the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed uh from last lecture the reason
+was that we dope this very heavily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we dope this very heavily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we dope this very heavily and
+it's not almost like a metal metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not almost like a metal metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not almost like a metal metal
+electric conductivity drop with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity drop with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity drop with
+temperature so the carrier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the carrier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the carrier in the
+material is somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is somewhere between
+semiconductor and metal micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and metal micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and metal micro
+Electronics you never do that you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics you never do that you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics you never do that you sell
+them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do
+that and uh so micro electron is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh so micro electron is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh so micro electron is most
+semiconductor the electricity increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor the electricity increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor the electricity increase
+with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temperature
+and see back why start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see back why start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see back why start to
+draw that's because when I go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that's because when I go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that's because when I go to higher
+temperature I got a holes electron go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I got a holes electron go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I got a holes electron go
+excited from Valance band to conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited from Valance band to conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited from Valance band to conduction
+band and left behind the empty States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and left behind the empty States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and left behind the empty States
+left behind this empty state holdes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left behind this empty state holdes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left behind this empty state holdes so
+temperature increase more excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature increase more excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature increase more excitation
+more energy you eject the electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy you eject the electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy you eject the electron from
+valence to the conduction B you got Hol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence to the conduction B you got Hol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence to the conduction B you got Hol
+Hol is determin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hol is determin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hol is determin
+okay because they canceling the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they canceling the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they canceling the electron
+so when I go to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I go to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I go to high
+temperature I start to drop there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I start to drop there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I start to drop there the
+Hol start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hol start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hol start to
+cancel okay what do you do you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay what do you do you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay what do you do you can do
+the heavier so this has higher electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavier so this has higher electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavier so this has higher electron
+L let shift to higher temperature shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L let shift to higher temperature shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L let shift to higher temperature shift
+the you can play with dopin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you can play with dopin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you can play with dopin for
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+but here you see the picks here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you see the picks here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you see the picks here you have
+to optimize it and then you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize it and then you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize it and then you can if you
+do mature research you you can just miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mature research you you can just miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mature research you you can just miss
+the optimization you may get a gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization you may get a gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization you may get a gold
+through away that's that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through away that's that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through away that's that could
+happen Okay and uh so there are lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay and uh so there are lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay and uh so there are lot of
+details of course in doing the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of course in doing the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of course in doing the material
+research okay I think uh I will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research okay I think uh I will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research okay I think uh I will stop
+here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TXMCTAF6SEE.txt b/TXMCTAF6SEE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae432bb2ffa653afd7c939d744cf8ee0c40676bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TXMCTAF6SEE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14349 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's uh continue with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh continue with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh continue with our
+discussion of measurable functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of measurable functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of measurable functions so
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a measurable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+or f from e to the extended real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or f from e to the extended real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or f from e to the extended real numbers
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or is a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is a measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is a measurable function
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all alpha
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the half infinite open interval alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half infinite open interval alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half infinite open interval alpha to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+measurable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we prove that uh you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we prove that uh you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we prove that uh you know if we
+have a function which is measurable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function which is measurable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function which is measurable then
+not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+is the pre-image of these intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pre-image of these intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pre-image of these intervals
+measurable but the pre-image of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable but the pre-image of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable but the pre-image of any
+borrel set any member of the burel sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrel set any member of the burel sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrel set any member of the burel sigma
+algebra which includes open sets closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which includes open sets closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which includes open sets closed
+sets and so on the pre-image of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and so on the pre-image of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and so on the pre-image of those
+sets is also measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is also measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is also measurable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that
+being measurable is closed undertaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable is closed undertaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable is closed undertaking
+soups imps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soups imps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soups imps
+limb soups lim imps limits in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soups lim imps limits in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soups lim imps limits in particular
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+changing the function a little bit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the function a little bit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the function a little bit on a
+or changing a function on the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or changing a function on the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or changing a function on the set of
+measure zero also preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure zero also preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure zero also preserves
+uh measurability and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being measurable is closed under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable is closed under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being measurable is closed under the
+algebraic operations of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic operations of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic operations of taking
+uh linear combinations and products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this definition and properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this definition and properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this definition and properties
+we've worked out was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked out was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked out was for
+extended real valued functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued functions
+you know quite often we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with
+or in general functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in general functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in general functions that
+take values in the complex numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take values in the complex numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take values in the complex numbers so
+let me define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me define
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for
+a complex value function to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex value function to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex value function to be
+measurable it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable it's not
+too crazy let e be a subset of r be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too crazy let e be a subset of r be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too crazy let e be a subset of r be
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+we say a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a function
+f from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from e
+now to the complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the two functions given by the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two functions given by the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two functions given by the real part
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+which now goes from e to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now goes from e to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now goes from e to r
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the imaginary part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of f
+which now is a function from e to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so function into the complex numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so function into the complex numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so function into the complex numbers you
+can always write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+real part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of f
+plus the imaginary part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the imaginary part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the imaginary part of f
+times i so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times i so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times i so
+we just to say that f is measurable just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just to say that f is measurable just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just to say that f is measurable just
+require that it's real and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that it's real and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that it's real and imaginary
+parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you can verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can verify
+the following simple theorem maybe i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following simple theorem maybe i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following simple theorem maybe i'll
+put it on an assignment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on an assignment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on an assignment or
+not i haven't decided yet or just parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i haven't decided yet or just parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i haven't decided yet or just parts
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were measurable and i didn't say so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measurable and i didn't say so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measurable and i didn't say so but
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we're talking about measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about measurable functions
+the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain
+e the domain is always assumed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the domain is always assumed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the domain is always assumed to be a
+measurable subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subset of r
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if these are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha
+is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the functions alpha times f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions alpha times f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions alpha times f
+f plus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus g
+f times g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f times g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f times g
+and then we can do a few other things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can do a few other things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can do a few other things to
+complex numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers that
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it
+the complex conjugate of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+modulus of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we have the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from e to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from e to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from e to c
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+for all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these functions converge point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the limiting function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting function
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know this follows again so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this follows again so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this follows again so both
+of these theorems follow immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these theorems follow immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these theorems follow immediately
+from what we know about measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extended real value functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example this one here follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example this one here follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example this one here follows
+from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit n goes to infinity of fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit n goes to infinity of fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit n goes to infinity of fn of x
+equals f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of the real
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+of f x f n of x equals the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f x f n of x equals the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f x f n of x equals the real part
+of f of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+limit as n goes to infinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of the
+imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+of f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f n of x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+the imaginary part of f x okay and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of f x okay and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of f x okay and if
+we're assuming fn is measurable for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming fn is measurable for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming fn is measurable for all
+n then the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then the real part
+and imaginary parts of fn are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary parts of fn are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary parts of fn are measurable
+for all n and therefore they're point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n and therefore they're point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n and therefore they're point
+wise limits which is the real part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise limits which is the real part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise limits which is the real part of f
+and imaginary part of f are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary part of f are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary part of f are measurable
+by the theorem we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we proved
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+extended real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued
+measurable functions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions and so
+we conclude that the real part of f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the real part of f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the real part of f and
+the imaginary part are measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part are measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part are measurable and
+therefore f is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore f is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore f is measurable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you don't have to work very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to work very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to work very hard
+you can just use what you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just use what you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just use what you know of
+what we proved from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we proved from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we proved from from
+the previous lecture about extended real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture about extended real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture about extended real
+valued functions which are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued functions which are measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued functions which are measurable
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as far as measurable functions go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as far as measurable functions go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as far as measurable functions go
+we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have a
+continuous function then that is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function then that is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function then that is so this
+is from the previous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the previous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the previous time
+from previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous lecture
+continuous functions are measurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions are measurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions are measurable and
+if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurable subset of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subset of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable subset of e
+then the indicator function of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the indicator function of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the indicator function of that set
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable
+and we know that linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that linear combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that linear combinations of
+measurable functions are measurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions are measurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions are measurable so
+if i take linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take linear combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take linear combinations of
+indicator functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator functions
+with say complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say complex
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+then that will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will remain
+measurable as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable as well
+and those are func and those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are func and those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are func and those functions
+are kind of the simplest type in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of the simplest type in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of the simplest type in that
+they only take finitely many values okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only take finitely many values okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only take finitely many values okay
+they're so simple that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so simple that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so simple that we
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+glorify them by giving them that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll show that they're kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll show that they're kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll show that they're kind of uh
+you know that every measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that every measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that every measurable function
+is in a sense approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a sense approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a sense approximately
+a simple function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple function so
+we have the following definition if e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the measurable function fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from e to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from e to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from e to c
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple or we call it a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple or we call it a simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple or we call it a simple function
+so we'll say is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say is a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the range of e phi of e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of e phi of e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of e phi of e is equal to
+finitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a measurable function is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable function is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable function is a simple
+function if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if
+its range is finite so let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its range is finite so let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its range is finite so let me make
+a general remark about simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general remark about simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general remark about simple functions
+and also when i write that ph of e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also when i write that ph of e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also when i write that ph of e is
+equal to a1 up to a n you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a1 up to a n you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a1 up to a n you know this is a
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when i write a 1 a 2 up to a n i am you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i write a 1 a 2 up to a n i am you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i write a 1 a 2 up to a n i am you
+know sort of implicitly writing here i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of implicitly writing here i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of implicitly writing here i'm
+not saying the set i'm saying each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying the set i'm saying each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying the set i'm saying each of
+these elements are different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements are different from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements are different from each
+other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay
+so you know a simple function that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a simple function that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a simple function that just
+takes the value one i would not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value one i would not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value one i would not write
+its range as one one one one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its range as one one one one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its range as one one one one okay so
+although that's a kind of simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's a kind of simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's a kind of simple and
+silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly
+uh remark to make i just wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remark to make i just wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remark to make i just wanted to make
+it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v is a simple function then we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is a simple function then we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is a simple function then we can write
+it in sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in sort of a
+canonical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+p is a simple function with phi of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is a simple function with phi of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is a simple function with phi of e
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1
+up to a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all i
+the set a sub i which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a sub i which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a sub i which is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+of so here phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so here phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so here phi
+is going from e to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from e to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from e to c
+the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+the single set singleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a closed uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed uh well
+this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inverse image of
+this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here
+is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's you know it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's you know it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's you know it's equal to
+the intersection of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of two
+measurable sets it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable sets it's equal to the
+intersection of when the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of when the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of when the real part
+equals the real part of phi equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the real part of phi equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the real part of phi equals the
+real part of a sub i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of a sub i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of a sub i
+intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect
+the set of all x's where the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all x's where the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all x's where the imaginary
+part of phi equals the imaginary part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of phi equals the imaginary part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of phi equals the imaginary part of
+a sub i okay so that's why this set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub i okay so that's why this set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub i okay so that's why this set is
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh measurable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have a few properties of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take two different uh elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take two different uh elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take two different uh elements
+in the range again this is sort of why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range again this is sort of why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range again this is sort of why i
+made that comment that when i write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that comment that when i write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that comment that when i write the
+range this way i'm not i'm listing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this way i'm not i'm listing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this way i'm not i'm listing the
+distinct elements of the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct elements of the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct elements of the range
+or the image of e for all i equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the image of e for all i equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the image of e for all i equals
+not equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to j
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i take the union of i equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take the union of i equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take the union of i equals 1 to
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+of the ai's this is equal to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ai's this is equal to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ai's this is equal to the total
+set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e
+okay because this is just the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is just the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is just the inverse
+image of this set which is just e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this set which is just e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of this set which is just e
+since uh u v equals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh u v equals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh u v equals that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+we can write p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write p of x
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+sum from i equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from i equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from i equals 1 to n
+of a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a i
+chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a sub i of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for a simple function i can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a simple function i can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a simple function i can write it
+in a canonical way where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a canonical way where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a canonical way where
+it's just a uh linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a uh linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a uh linear combination of
+indicator functions where the sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator functions where the sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator functions where the sets that
+those indicator functions are non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those indicator functions are non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those indicator functions are non-zero
+on are disjoint from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on are disjoint from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on are disjoint from each other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their union
+uh gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives me
+uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e
+the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these three are kind of the simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three are kind of the simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three are kind of the simple but
+important properties of how to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of how to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of how to represent
+a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's not difficult to verify again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not difficult to verify again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not difficult to verify again just
+from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition
+of a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple function
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say in products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+are again simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so i've said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've said that
+these functions are so simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions are so simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions are so simple that
+that's what we call them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call them uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+are somehow um universal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somehow um universal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somehow um universal that
+in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense
+any measurable function is almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any measurable function is almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any measurable function is almost a
+simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what in what sense do i mean that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in what sense do i mean that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in what sense do i mean that so
+that's the content of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the content of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the content of the following
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f from e
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+and let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's first
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we're going to do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this for
+extended real valued functions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued functions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued functions and then
+the proof will essentially carry over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof will essentially carry over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof will essentially carry over to
+the complex value so i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex value so i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex value so i'm just going to
+do it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for the
+extended real valued non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real valued non-negative
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again i'll indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i'll indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i'll indicate
+what the difference is once we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is once we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is once we go to
+complex valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued
+measurable functions so if e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh from
+so now this is extended real value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is extended real value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is extended real value but
+it's non-negative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-negative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-negative okay
+so if this is a measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fee sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that three things hold um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that three things hold um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that three things hold um
+we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this
+let's write down let's go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three things hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things hold
+roll x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll x
+and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+hold off on stating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold off on stating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold off on stating that
+f dominates these simple functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dominates these simple functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dominates these simple functions and
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+simple functions are point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions are point wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions are point wise
+increasing for all x and e 0 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing for all x and e 0 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing for all x and e 0 is less
+than or equal to phi 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to phi 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to phi 1 of
+v 0 of x is less than or equal to v1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 0 of x is less than or equal to v1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 0 of x is less than or equal to v1 of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+is less than or equal to v2 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to v2 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to v2 of x
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they all sit below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all sit below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all sit below
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+fees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converging to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to f of x
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a and b says that there exists a sim uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b says that there exists a sim uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b says that there exists a sim uh
+a sequence of measurable of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of measurable of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of measurable of simple
+functions that increase to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that increase to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that increase to f of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the last part is that if this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part is that if this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part is that if this function
+if this measurable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this measurable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this measurable function
+is bounded or wherever it's bounded this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded or wherever it's bounded this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded or wherever it's bounded this
+convergence is not just point wise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is not just point wise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is not just point wise but
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all b bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all b bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all b bigger than or equal to zero
+the sequence c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence c
+v n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v n
+converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+on the set where f is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again the take home is that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the take home is that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the take home is that for every
+non-negative extended real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative extended real value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative extended real value
+measurable function we can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function we can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function we can find a
+sequence of simple functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of simple functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of simple functions that
+well approximates f okay and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well approximates f okay and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well approximates f okay and in what
+sense does this will approximate f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense does this will approximate f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense does this will approximate f
+they increase to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increase to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increase to f
+and if f is bounded then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if f is bounded then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if f is bounded then that
+convergence is in fact uniform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is in fact uniform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is in fact uniform or
+you know more precisely wherever f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more precisely wherever f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more precisely wherever f is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+convergence is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is uniform
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is in what sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in what sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in what sense
+every measurable function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every measurable function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every measurable function is
+um you know almost a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started with the proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started with the proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started with the proof and
+first i'm going to draw a few pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to draw a few pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to draw a few pictures
+so that you can kind of get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can kind of get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can kind of get the idea
+of how we're going to do this or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we're going to do this or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we're going to do this or how
+we're going to construct the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to construct the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to construct the sequence of
+simple functions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions um
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know turn that into math which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know turn that into math which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know turn that into math which might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+a little bit jarring if i went that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit jarring if i went that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit jarring if i went that
+route first and then drew pictures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route first and then drew pictures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route first and then drew pictures so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and this picture i'm going to draw kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this picture i'm going to draw kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this picture i'm going to draw kind
+of looks like what i was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like what i was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like what i was talking about
+where we split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we split
+the domain the range up rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain the range up rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain the range up rather than the
+domain when we were motivating why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when we were motivating why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when we were motivating why we
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+you know even introduce the concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even introduce the concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even introduce the concept of a
+measurable function so let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function so let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function so let's say we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+our function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+how i'm going to build these fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i'm going to build these fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i'm going to build these fees
+are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that
+what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is
+so here i'm going to draw v0 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm going to draw v0 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm going to draw v0 now
+there's a yellow shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i do is
+this will indicate kind of the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will indicate kind of the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will indicate kind of the power of
+two how high up i'm going and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how high up i'm going and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how high up i'm going and also the
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+how much how much am i dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much am i dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much am i dividing
+how high up i'm going uh into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how high up i'm going uh into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how high up i'm going uh into smaller
+parts so fee 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so fee 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so fee 0
+you should think that my height will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think that my height will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think that my height will be
+well my height is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+and so what i do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how i define this this simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i define this this simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i define this this simple function
+phi 0 is i look at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi 0 is i look at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi 0 is i look at where
+f is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is above
+the final value 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final value 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final value 1
+and my simple function will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my simple function will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my simple function will be
+that final value 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final value 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final value 1 there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let me move this over a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that just leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+where f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is
+less than one and there i set the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one and there i set the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one and there i set the value
+of my simple function to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my simple function to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my simple function to be
+uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and zero simply because that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero simply because that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero simply because that's the the
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+bound or that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound or that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound or that's the the
+smallest value of this interval zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value of this interval zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value of this interval zero one
+okay and that's how i um define v0 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's how i um define v0 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's how i um define v0 it
+goes up to height one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to height one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to height one and
+i only split each um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only split each um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only split each um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+part into one so there's only one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part into one so there's only one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part into one so there's only one part
+here now maybe some of that didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now maybe some of that didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now maybe some of that didn't make
+any sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to you
+that's okay we're going to drop e1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we're going to drop e1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we're going to drop e1 and
+then i'm going to stop there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to stop there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to stop there because
+this is going to grow exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to grow exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to grow exponentially
+which means i'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means i'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means i'll probably
+draw an exponentially worse picture each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an exponentially worse picture each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an exponentially worse picture each
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to draw feed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to draw feed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to draw feed two
+and what i do is there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i do is there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i do is there's one
+feet or feet one sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one again should indicate the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again should indicate the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again should indicate the power of
+two that i'm both going up and resolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that i'm both going up and resolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that i'm both going up and resolving
+uh the axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the axis so
+now i go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i go up to
+let's make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again this will not be quite to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this will not be quite to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this will not be quite to scale
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopefully that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so let's let's make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's make this a
+little closer to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+now i have two parts two to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um
+parameterizing how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing how the
+tallest i'm going in and cutting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallest i'm going in and cutting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallest i'm going in and cutting up the
+the range of my function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve
+each part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in half okay 2 to the minus 1. so now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half okay 2 to the minus 1. so now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half okay 2 to the minus 1. so now i
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is now 3 halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now 3 halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now 3 halves
+and this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is now
+one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half
+two to the minus one okay so why am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus one okay so why am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus one okay so why am i
+writing two two to the minus one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing two two to the minus one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing two two to the minus one again
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+here corresponds to and that one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here corresponds to and that one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here corresponds to and that one here
+corresponds to i'm cutting the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to i'm cutting the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to i'm cutting the whole
+uh increments into halves if i go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increments into halves if i go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increments into halves if i go on to
+feed two i'm going to be going up to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed two i'm going to be going up to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed two i'm going to be going up to two
+to the two which is now four and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two which is now four and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two which is now four and from
+four to three three to two two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to three three to two two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to three three to two two to one
+i'm going to be cutting those into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be cutting those into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be cutting those into
+fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourths
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and again what i do is i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what i do is i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what i do is i look at
+i cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i look at where the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i look at where the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i look at where the function
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in these widths so if it's above my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these widths so if it's above my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these widths so if it's above my
+highest bound then my simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bound then my simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bound then my simple function
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that set of x's where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that set of x's where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that set of x's where it's
+at its highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its highest
+where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+goes past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes past
+the largest number which i'm resolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest number which i'm resolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest number which i'm resolving
+the axis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis in
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then now here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now here for
+example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you should try and draw your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should try and draw your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should try and draw your own
+picture and not just go off of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and not just go off of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and not just go off of mine
+because again mine is looking kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again mine is looking kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again mine is looking kind of
+rough already but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough already but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough already but
+now i look at the function the the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i look at the function the the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i look at the function the the set
+of x's where the function is between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x's where the function is between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x's where the function is between two
+and three halves right so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three halves right so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three halves right so that's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+um you know this piece and this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this piece and this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this piece and this piece
+and then i set my simple function to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i set my simple function to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i set my simple function to be
+equal to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value
+the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower
+bound on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on this
+interval that i've cut the range into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then i do that from three halves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i do that from three halves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i do that from three halves to
+one and for example that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and for example that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and for example that's happening
+here on this x and i set it equal to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this x and i set it equal to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this x and i set it equal to i
+set my simple function equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set my simple function equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set my simple function equal to the
+again the lower bound on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the lower bound on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the lower bound on this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+interval that i've cut the range up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that i've cut the range up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that i've cut the range up into
+which is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now uh the function between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh the function between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh the function between one and
+a half it's this is kind of only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half it's this is kind of only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half it's this is kind of only the
+last piece everywhere else is filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece everywhere else is filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece everywhere else is filled in
+and there's no f in between here so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no f in between here so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no f in between here so i
+don't assign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't assign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't assign a
+a value there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now that was me talking my way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was me talking my way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was me talking my way through
+how this function how the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this function how the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this function how the sequence of
+functions look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i'll just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll just write down
+what these functions how these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these functions how these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these functions how these functions
+are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for n equals 0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k between 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k between 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k between 2 to the
+2n minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+k n this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n this is equal to
+the set of all x's and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all x's and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all x's and e
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f x is between k times 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to k plus 1 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to k plus 1 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to k plus 1 2 to
+the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+me explicitly writing out that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explicitly writing out that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explicitly writing out that this is
+the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of
+k times 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n
+k plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+closed okay and this is a an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed okay and this is a an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed okay and this is a an interval
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since f is measurable assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is measurable assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f is measurable assumed to be
+measurable this is a measurable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable this is a measurable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable this is a measurable the
+inverse image of that interval is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of that interval is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse image of that interval is a
+measurable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then i define fn to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i define fn to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i define fn to be
+the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when f uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when f uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when f uh
+exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds
+my top value of how i'm cutting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my top value of how i'm cutting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my top value of how i'm cutting up the
+the range two to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range two to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range two to the n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+again which is measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally i will take um my simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally i will take um my simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally i will take um my simple
+function v n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function v n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function v n
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+k equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to
+2 to the 2 n minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k times 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+again this is the lower this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the lower this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the lower this would be
+this would correspond to the lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would correspond to the lower part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would correspond to the lower part
+of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my
+e k n that i'm looking at so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k n that i'm looking at so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k n that i'm looking at so for this
+example uh if this e k n is the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh if this e k n is the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh if this e k n is the two
+three halves and three halves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves and three halves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves and three halves is
+the lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times uh chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh chi
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where
+f exceeds 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f exceeds 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f exceeds 2 to the n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage you to
+maybe write out fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe write out fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe write out fee
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+what that actually is i mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually is i mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually is i mean you know
+there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh
+in fact here i'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i drew the picture that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i drew the picture that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i drew the picture that goes
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+let me write out what v1 actually looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write out what v1 actually looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write out what v1 actually looks
+like v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v1
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+0 times the indicator function where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times the indicator function where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times the indicator function where
+f is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is between
+0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+a half times the indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half times the indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half times the indicator function
+where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+between one half and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three halves
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the indicator function of when f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of when f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of when f is
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+no that's not three halves that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not three halves that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not three halves that should
+be one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+no no what am i doing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the indicator function where f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the indicator function where f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the indicator function where f is
+between one and three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves
+times chi f inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times chi f inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times chi f inverse
+of where f is between now three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so 2 is you know how high up i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 is you know how high up i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 is you know how high up i
+break up the range and then plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the range and then plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the range and then plus this
+last part this fn part which is 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part this fn part which is 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part this fn part which is 2 times
+chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+the indicator function of where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator function of where f
+is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 to the n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the n so
+bigger than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+all of these sets are disjoint the e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these sets are disjoint the e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these sets are disjoint the e k
+ns and fns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ns and fns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ns and fns for
+k different from k prime and fixed n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k different from k prime and fixed n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k different from k prime and fixed n is
+are disjoint and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disjoint and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disjoint and uh
+and they are disjoint from this set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are disjoint from this set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are disjoint from this set so
+you know this is a simple function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a simple function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a simple function the
+finitely many values it takes is 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many values it takes is 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many values it takes is 2 to
+the n along with k times 2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n along with k times 2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n along with k times 2 to the minus
+n or at least the finitely many values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or at least the finitely many values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or at least the finitely many values
+it can take is a subset of that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take is a subset of that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take is a subset of that so this
+is a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple function
+for each n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+by design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's always sitting below f right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always sitting below f right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always sitting below f right so
+let me in fact bring it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me in fact bring it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me in fact bring it up here
+well let me make the statement and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me make the statement and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me make the statement and then
+i'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in is
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and always
+sits below f x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits below f x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits below f x right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how do we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we see that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can see it from the general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it from the general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it from the general formula
+but i'll just indicate why just for say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll just indicate why just for say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll just indicate why just for say
+fee one let's say so x has to be in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee one let's say so x has to be in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee one let's say so x has to be in one
+of these sets let's say it's here in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sets let's say it's here in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sets let's say it's here in uh
+where f is between one half and one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is between one half and one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is between one half and one then
+phi one of x is equal to one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi one of x is equal to one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi one of x is equal to one half
+which is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than
+f of x because f takes on the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x because f takes on the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x because f takes on the value
+between one half and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one half and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one half and one
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact here i'll give a brief argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact here i'll give a brief argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact here i'll give a brief argument
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x
+is in e k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in e k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in e k n
+then by definition this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by definition this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by definition this means that
+k 2 to the minus n is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 2 to the minus n is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 2 to the minus n is less than
+f x is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x is less than or equal to
+k plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+which implies that v n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that v n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that v n of x
+which is by definition k times 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by definition k times 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by definition k times 2 to the
+minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+just again by how we've defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again by how we've defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again by how we've defined the
+feast of ends where did we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feast of ends where did we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feast of ends where did we define the
+fisa bins there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's for x and e k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for x and e k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for x and e k n
+and if x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if x is in
+f sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f sub n
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means f of x
+is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the n
+uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which
+is always bigger than or equal to phi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always bigger than or equal to phi n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always bigger than or equal to phi n
+of x well i mean this is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x well i mean this is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x well i mean this is actually equal
+to phi n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phi n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phi n of x
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we always have the fiends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we always have the fiends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we always have the fiends are
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+and they always sit below f of x so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always sit below f of x so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always sit below f of x so now
+let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove
+that they are in fact increasing so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in fact increasing so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in fact increasing so part
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we're proving part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're proving part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're proving part a
+that the fiends increase to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and again to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again to to
+since the for fixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the for fixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the for fixed in
+e k n and f n and the e k ends and f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k n and f n and the e k ends and f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k n and f n and the e k ends and f n
+uh form a disjoint union of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh form a disjoint union of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh form a disjoint union of e
+i just need to check that what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just need to check that what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just need to check that what i want
+holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on each of the ekns and fn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x is in
+ekn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ekn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ekn
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+k plus 1 times 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1 times 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1 times 2 to the minus n
+and it's bigger than k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's bigger than k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's bigger than k
+2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+which by a silly trick of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by a silly trick of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by a silly trick of just
+multiplying and dividing by 2 tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying and dividing by 2 tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying and dividing by 2 tells me
+that f is between 2 times k times 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is between 2 times k times 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is between 2 times k times 2 to
+the minus n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus n minus 1
+is less than f of x is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than f of x is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than f of x is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+2 k plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 k plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 k plus 2
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+2 to the minus n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n minus 1
+which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of
+e 2 k n plus 1 right 2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 k n plus 1 right 2 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 k n plus 1 right 2 k
+n plus 1 union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 union
+2 k plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 k plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 k plus 2
+and plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is in e2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in e2 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in e2 k
+n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+then i get that phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i get that phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i get that phi
+n of x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x is equal to
+by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition
+k times 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n
+which equals 2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2 k
+2 to the minus n minus 1 which because x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n minus 1 which because x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n minus 1 which because x
+is in e 2 k n plus 1 this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in e 2 k n plus 1 this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in e 2 k n plus 1 this is equal to
+the n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus 1
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if x is in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if x is in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if x is in e
+2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2
+n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no i shouldn't this shouldn't be a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i shouldn't this shouldn't be a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i shouldn't this shouldn't be a 2
+this should be a 1 i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a 1 i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a 1 i'm sorry
+because this goes from 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this goes from 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this goes from 2k
+up to 2k plus 1 and then from 2k plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 2k plus 1 and then from 2k plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 2k plus 1 and then from 2k plus 1
+up to 2k plus 2. okay so uh it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 2k plus 2. okay so uh it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 2k plus 2. okay so uh it's either
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+e2 k or 2k plus 1 and if e is in a 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 k or 2k plus 1 and if e is in a 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 k or 2k plus 1 and if e is in a 2k
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+vn of x is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn of x is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn of x is still
+i mean x is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean x is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean x is still in
+uh e k n so phi n of x is equal to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e k n so phi n of x is equal to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e k n so phi n of x is equal to still
+k times two to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times two to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times two to the minus n
+which is equal to two k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to two k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to two k
+times two to the minus n minus one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times two to the minus n minus one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times two to the minus n minus one which
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+two k plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two k plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two k plus one
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+two to the minus n minus one which is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus n minus one which is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus n minus one which is by
+definition since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition since
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+e2 k plus 1 n plus 1 n plus 1 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 k plus 1 n plus 1 n plus 1 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e2 k plus 1 n plus 1 n plus 1 of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is in fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in fn
+then n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then n of x
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+the n plus one of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus one of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus one of x
+okay so we verified for all x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+e is equal to this union over k equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to this union over k equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to this union over k equals 0
+2 to the 2n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the 2n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the 2n minus
+1 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 e
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+union f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+v n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v n of x
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+v n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v n plus one
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and this proves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how to prove
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+and c we'll prove these things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c we'll prove these things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c we'll prove these things will
+follow from part a and a simple estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from part a and a simple estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from part a and a simple estimate
+that we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+b and c will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c will follow
+immediately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from
+the following claim in part a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following claim in part a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following claim in part a which
+uh the claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the claim is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+y and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that f of y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of y is
+less than or equal to 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this part we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part we already know
+that f of x minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of x minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f of x minus v
+n of x is non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x is non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x is non-negative
+but in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact this is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+by two to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this claim
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+why does b follow from from this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does b follow from from this claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does b follow from from this claim
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wherever x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+i don't want to have to also explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to have to also explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to have to also explain
+what happens if f is you know equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if f is you know equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if f is you know equal to
+infinity that also follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that also follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that also follows
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+basically from the definitions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from the definitions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from the definitions not
+necessarily from this estimate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily from this estimate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily from this estimate but the
+more important part is when f is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important part is when f is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important part is when f is finite
+uh so let's assume f is just finite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's assume f is just finite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's assume f is just finite uh
+you know for every x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for every x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for every x
+so then every x in e is eventually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then every x in e is eventually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then every x in e is eventually in
+one of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these sets
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there exists
+let x be fixed then for n sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x be fixed then for n sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x be fixed then for n sufficiently
+large x is in one of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large x is in one of these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large x is in one of these sets
+okay since f of x is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since f of x is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since f of x is finite
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and therefore for all ends of it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all ends of it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all ends of it for
+capital n uh for all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n uh for all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n uh for all uh
+capital n sufficiently large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n sufficiently large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n sufficiently large
+this minus v n of x is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus v n of x is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus v n of x is less than or
+equal to 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 to the minus n
+but then f of x minus v to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then f of x minus v to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then f of x minus v to the m
+is also less than or equal to two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also less than or equal to two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also less than or equal to two to the
+minus n for every m bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n for every m bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n for every m bigger than or equal
+to n right because the phi ends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n right because the phi ends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n right because the phi ends are
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+if v n is this close to f then phi m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v n is this close to f then phi m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v n is this close to f then phi m is
+also that close to f if m is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that close to f if m is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that close to f if m is bigger than
+or equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to n
+right again because they're increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again because they're increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again because they're increasing
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's why point wise convergence b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why point wise convergence b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why point wise convergence b
+follows from from this estimate as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from from this estimate as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from from this estimate as far
+as part c that also follows from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part c that also follows from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part c that also follows from this
+estimate since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate since
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know if i have a fixed b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i have a fixed b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i have a fixed b
+then i can choose a natural number just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can choose a natural number just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can choose a natural number just
+depending on what b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what b is
+so that that set depending on b in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that set depending on b in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that set depending on b in the
+original statement i'm pointing at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original statement i'm pointing at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original statement i'm pointing at it
+but i don't think you can see it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't think you can see it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't think you can see it from
+the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera
+that set which depends on b is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set which depends on b is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set which depends on b is contained
+in one of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of these sets
+and therefore for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all x
+in the set where f is bounded by b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set where f is bounded by b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set where f is bounded by b
+this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds
+uniformly in x and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly in x and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly in x and that's where the
+uniform convergence comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence comes from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but the whole point is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole point is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the whole point is that this is the
+estimate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that that
+gives us b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us b and c
+once we've proved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've proved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've proved a
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so let's prove this claim it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this claim it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this claim it's not hard
+it's basically because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cutting up the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not only to height 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to height 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to height 2 to the n
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+with resolution 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with resolution 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with resolution 2 to the minus n
+at each stage at each end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+to prove the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+the set of of y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and e such that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e such that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e such that f of x
+is less than or equal to 2 to the n this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 2 to the n this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 2 to the n this
+is equal to the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the union
+k equals 0 2 to the 2 n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 2 to the 2 n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 2 to the 2 n minus 1
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the e k ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e k ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e k ends
+okay so if i want to check that bound i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i want to check that bound i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i want to check that bound i
+just have to check it for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to check it for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to check it for each
+if x is in one of these okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in one of these okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in one of these okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x
+is in e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in e to the
+k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i mean it really is just following from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it really is just following from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it really is just following from
+the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're
+cutting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range
+uh with resolution two to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with resolution two to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with resolution two to the minus n
+right so i'm just going to draw a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm just going to draw a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm just going to draw a small
+little picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture here
+we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um
+the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's
+k plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+times 2 to the minus n here's k times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 to the minus n here's k times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 to the minus n here's k times 2
+to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n
+if x is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that means the there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're looking at the portion of f that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the portion of f that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the portion of f that
+sits between k 2 to the minus n and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits between k 2 to the minus n and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits between k 2 to the minus n and k
+plus 1 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 2 to the minus n
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k times 2 to the minus n is less than f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n is less than f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times 2 to the minus n is less than f
+of x is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is less than or equal to
+k plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n
+and remember the simple function on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the simple function on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the simple function on this
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the value at the lower bound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at the lower bound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at the lower bound right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we get that
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+n of x minus phi n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x minus phi n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x minus phi n of x
+this is equal to not fn sorry f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to not fn sorry f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to not fn sorry f of x
+minus k 2 to the minus 1. now x again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k 2 to the minus 1. now x again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k 2 to the minus 1. now x again is
+an e k n so f of x is between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e k n so f of x is between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e k n so f of x is between these two
+numbers so this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is less than or equal to
+k plus 1 times 2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1 times 2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus 1 times 2 to the minus n
+minus k 2 to the minus n and this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k 2 to the minus n and this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k 2 to the minus n and this equals
+2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so whenever we have an x in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whenever we have an x in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whenever we have an x in one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+it has to be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be within
+2 to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus n
+the simple function evaluated at that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple function evaluated at that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple function evaluated at that x
+has to be within 2 to the minus n of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be within 2 to the minus n of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be within 2 to the minus n of f
+again this is just by construction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is just by construction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is just by construction by
+how we've cut up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've cut up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've cut up
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+y-axis if you like if the range okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis if you like if the range okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis if you like if the range okay
+we're cutting it up into res with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're cutting it up into res with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're cutting it up into res with
+resolution uh two to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution uh two to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution uh two to the minus n
+all right so that proves the claim which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that proves the claim which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that proves the claim which
+as i said along with part a proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said along with part a proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said along with part a proves
+b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that proves that you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that proves that you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that proves that you know every
+measurable function is almost a at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function is almost a at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function is almost a at least
+non-negative extended real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative extended real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative extended real valued
+measurable function is a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function is a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable function is a limit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of
+simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this theorem carries over without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem carries over without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem carries over without
+difficulty to complex valued functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty to complex valued functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty to complex valued functions
+after i just introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i just introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i just introduce
+kind of a breakup of a function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a breakup of a function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a breakup of a function in
+general so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if e is a function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity
+so an extended real valued function now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+its positive and negative part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its positive and negative part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its positive and negative part
+f plus s f plus of x to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus s f plus of x to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus s f plus of x to equal
+the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of
+f of x 0 so this is the positive part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x 0 so this is the positive part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x 0 so this is the positive part of
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f minus of x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min of
+the max i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+negative part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative part
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what about these positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what about these positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what about these positive
+and negative parts then f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative parts then f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative parts then f is
+equal to f plus minus f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f plus minus f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f plus minus f minus
+okay you can just check that i mean take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just check that i mean take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can just check that i mean take
+any x if f is positive or non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any x if f is positive or non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any x if f is positive or non-negative
+on that then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that then uh
+i get f of x out if it is negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get f of x out if it is negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get f of x out if it is negative then
+i will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of x which is the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x which is the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x which is the absolute value
+times minus gives me back f of x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus gives me back f of x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus gives me back f of x okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the absolute value of f is equal to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f is equal to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f is equal to f
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+plus f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f minus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me make a comment that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me make a comment that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me make a comment that you know
+if i this is just a definition for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i this is just a definition for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i this is just a definition for you
+know an arbitrary function from e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an arbitrary function from e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an arbitrary function from e to the
+extended real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended real numbers
+if f is measurable then each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is measurable then each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is measurable then each of these
+functions is measurable right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is measurable right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is measurable right because
+this is if you like the supremum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if you like the supremum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if you like the supremum of the
+sequence of functions given by f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions given by f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions given by f and
+then 0 afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0 afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0 afterwards
+and this is given by you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is given by you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is given by you know the
+supremum of functions given by minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum of functions given by minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum of functions given by minus f
+and 0 afterwards all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 afterwards all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 afterwards all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if f is measurable it's positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is measurable it's positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is measurable it's positive and
+negative parts are also measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative parts are also measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative parts are also measurable
+functions okay and they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and they're also
+non-negative okay so maybe that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative okay so maybe that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative okay so maybe that wasn't
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear or at least it should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or at least it should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or at least it should be clear
+this is the max always involving zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max always involving zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max always involving zero so
+it's always non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the construction we did a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the construction we did a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the construction we did a minute
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+essentially carries over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the case of complex valued measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the case of complex valued measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the case of complex valued measurable
+functions so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+be measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measurable
+and f from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f from e
+to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple functions
+v in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+kind of analogs of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analogs of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analogs of those three
+properties hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties hold a
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and e
+these are increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are increasing in
+in modulus an absolute value 0 is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modulus an absolute value 0 is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modulus an absolute value 0 is bigger
+than or equal to of course phi 0 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to of course phi 0 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to of course phi 0 of x
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of v1 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of v1 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of v1 of x
+less than or equal to the i say absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the i say absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the i say absolute
+value in modulus same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fee
+ends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends are
+converging to f point wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally convergence is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally convergence is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally convergence is uniform
+on sets where f is bounded so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sets where f is bounded so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sets where f is bounded so for all
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right say a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right say a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right say a minute ago
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+vn converges to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn converges to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn converges to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in
+e such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of f of x or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f of x or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f of x or the
+modulus of f of x is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of f of x is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of f of x is less than or equal
+to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this theorem follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem follows
+kind of immediately from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediately from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediately from the previous
+theorem because now what i do is i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because now what i do is i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because now what i do is i just
+take f i split it into its real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take f i split it into its real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take f i split it into its real and
+imaginary parts and then i split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts and then i split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts and then i split the
+imaginary the real and imaginary parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the real and imaginary parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the real and imaginary parts
+into both positive and negative parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both positive and negative parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both positive and negative parts so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i will leave it to you to to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will leave it to you to to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will leave it to you to to actually
+fill in the details but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you apply the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the real part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of f
+plus or minus which are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus which are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus which are now
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the positive and negative parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the positive and negative parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the positive and negative parts of
+the imaginary part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again which are non-negative measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which are non-negative measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which are non-negative measurable
+functions and then you just take linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then you just take linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then you just take linear
+combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these
+um simple functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simple functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simple functions that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+add up to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you will take the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will take the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will take the sequence of
+simple functions corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions corresponding to the
+real part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of f
+and subtract the sequence of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract the sequence of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract the sequence of simple
+functions that you got for the minus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you got for the minus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you got for the minus for
+the negative part of f real part of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative part of f real part of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative part of f real part of f
+and you will take that and add i times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will take that and add i times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will take that and add i times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+positive part or the sequence of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive part or the sequence of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive part or the sequence of simple
+functions converging to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converging to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converging to the positive
+part of the imaginary part of f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the imaginary part of f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the imaginary part of f minus
+the sequence of functions simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of functions simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of functions simple
+functions converging to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converging to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converging to the negative
+part of the imaginary part of f okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the imaginary part of f okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the imaginary part of f okay so
+that's what i mean by apply previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i mean by apply previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i mean by apply previous
+theorem to the positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the positive and negative
+parts of the real and imaginary parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the real and imaginary parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the real and imaginary parts of
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what's the significance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the significance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the significance of this
+theorem not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem not only
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me just say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say if
+you know also showing that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know also showing that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know also showing that somehow
+measurable functions are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable functions are well
+approximated or almost simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated or almost simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated or almost simple functions
+this also gives us a way of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also gives us a way of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also gives us a way of maybe
+defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+the integral at least of non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral at least of non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral at least of non-negative
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+that way we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way we don't have to
+deal with possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with possible
+deals with the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the in
+you know subtracting infinity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know subtracting infinity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know subtracting infinity from
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+by simply defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply defining
+uh its integral to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its integral to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its integral to be
+the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+integrals of these simple functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of these simple functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of these simple functions and
+for a simple function we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a simple function we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a simple function we would
+you know presumably know how to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know presumably know how to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know presumably know how to define
+an integral it would just be the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral it would just be the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral it would just be the numbers
+time the measure of the sets that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the measure of the sets that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the measure of the sets that uh
+appear in the indicator functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the indicator functions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the indicator functions for
+these simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know and like i said last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and like i said last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and like i said last lecture
+kind of if you wanted to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you wanted to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you wanted to define the
+lebeg integral that way you would run up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral that way you would run up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral that way you would run up
+against well you know does this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against well you know does this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against well you know does this number
+depend on the sequence of simple simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the sequence of simple simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the sequence of simple simple
+functions you chose to approximate f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you chose to approximate f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you chose to approximate f
+but we're not going to define the labeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to define the labeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to define the labeg
+integral in that way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in that way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in that way we're going to
+define it a little bit differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it a little bit differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it a little bit differently
+which is what we're going to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to move on to
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+which is the labeg integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the labeg integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the labeg integral of a
+non-negative function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will
+uh define the le vague integral or la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define the le vague integral or la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh define the le vague integral or la
+greg labeg integrable functions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greg labeg integrable functions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greg labeg integrable functions these
+will be complex value functions now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be complex value functions now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be complex value functions now for
+which we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can define
+an integral four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral four
+and that is the the full theory of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the the full theory of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the the full theory of and
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+you know end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know end of the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+end of the game for as far as defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game for as far as defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game for as far as defining
+lebeg integral and then we'll prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral and then we'll prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg integral and then we'll prove some
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+convergence theorems along the way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorems along the way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorems along the way which
+make the le big integral stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the le big integral stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the le big integral stronger than
+riemann integrals so now we're moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrals so now we're moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrals so now we're moving on
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the le vague integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the le vague integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the le vague integral
+of a non-negative function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+why start with a non-negative function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why start with a non-negative function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why start with a non-negative function
+again because you know i just pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because you know i just pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because you know i just pulled
+this trick on you a minute ago that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick on you a minute ago that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trick on you a minute ago that if
+somehow we know how to do stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we know how to do stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we know how to do stuff for
+uh non-negative measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-negative measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-negative measurable functions
+then by playing this game where we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by playing this game where we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by playing this game where we take
+the real and imaginary parts and split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary parts and split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary parts and split
+it up into positive and negative parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into positive and negative parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into positive and negative parts
+hopefully we can do something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we can do something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we can do something for
+general functions so that's why we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general functions so that's why we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general functions so that's why we start
+out with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with um
+introducing the or defining the labeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the or defining the labeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the or defining the labeg
+integral of a non-negative function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if e is a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a measurable
+subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+l plus of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus of e
+this is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended
+real valued functions non-negative real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued functions non-negative real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valued functions non-negative real
+value functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value functions
+that are measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of
+what the goal is is to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the goal is is to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the goal is is to define the
+integral of a function like that's in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function like that's in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function like that's in uh
+class and it may be an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and it may be an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and it may be an infinite number
+it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in order to do that we're first going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that we're first going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that we're first going to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+how to integrate the simplest type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to integrate the simplest type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to integrate the simplest type of
+functions uh well simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v be
+a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's write v in this kind of canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write v in this kind of canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write v in this kind of canonical
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so phi is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phi is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phi is equal to
+a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj
+chi aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all i not equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all i not equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all i not equal to j
+well first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all j
+aj is a subset of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all i not equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all i not equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all i not equal to j
+a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i
+intersect aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect aj
+is empty so these are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+their union gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the labag integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the simple function fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number
+which i said is kind of the simplest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i said is kind of the simplest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i said is kind of the simplest way
+or what you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you would expect
+to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to define the integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define the integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define the integral of a
+simple function right so we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure sets and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we initially built up measure so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral which would be a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral which would be a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral which would be a theory of
+area underneath the curve should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of the indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the indicator function
+should be the area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the area underneath the curve
+of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one
+area being the measure of the set where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area being the measure of the set where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area being the measure of the set where
+that indicator function is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+linearity this will be how we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity this will be how we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity this will be how we define the
+labeg integral of a simple function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeg integral of a simple function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeg integral of a simple function so
+the labeg integral of phi is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labeg integral of phi is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labeg integral of phi is uh
+the following number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following number
+e phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e phi
+this is how it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it's defined
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+j equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to n
+aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number could be infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know instead of writing just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instead of writing just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instead of writing just the
+integral over e of b i might add a dx in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over e of b i might add a dx in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over e of b i might add a dx in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just warning you ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is the labeg integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is the labeg integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is the labeg integral
+of a simple function again we split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple function again we split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple function again we split it
+up into this kind of canonical way where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into this kind of canonical way where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into this kind of canonical way where
+it's just um the indicator function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just um the indicator function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just um the indicator function of
+disjoint sets which whose union gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint sets which whose union gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint sets which whose union gives
+the the set of the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the set of the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the set of the domain
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+where these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these uh
+numbers out in front these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out in front these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out in front these coefficients
+give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the the numbers that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the numbers that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the numbers that go
+uh of the elements of the range so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the elements of the range so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the elements of the range so for
+example again i mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say a is from or let's say e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a is from or let's say e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a is from or let's say e is
+the interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i mean it's just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it's just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it's just from the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+my simple function is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know these sets are just intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if this is what my simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is what my simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is what my simple function
+looks like you know it takes finitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you know it takes finitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you know it takes finitely
+many values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many values
+this one this one this one this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one this one this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one this one this one this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and uh on these sets that whose disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh on these sets that whose disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh on these sets that whose disjoint
+union forms a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union forms a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union forms a b
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've
+uh defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defined
+and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since
+as i've defined the integral and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've defined the integral and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've defined the integral and since
+the measure of an interval equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of an interval equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of an interval equals the
+length of the interval uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the interval uh
+again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is
+you should count this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should count this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should count this as
+some more comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+integral equals you know the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equals you know the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral equals you know the sum of
+uh so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then how i've defined the lebeg integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how i've defined the lebeg integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how i've defined the lebeg integral
+it spits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spits out
+the area underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this simple function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple function that is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+taking these values on these intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these values on these intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these values on these intervals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i hope that's clear it's towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that's clear it's towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that's clear it's towards the end
+of the day so maybe my explanations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day so maybe my explanations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day so maybe my explanations are
+getting a bit wonky but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hope it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to use this
+definition of simple of how to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of simple of how to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of simple of how to integrate
+simple functions we're going to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions we're going to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions we're going to extend
+it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+general uh elements of l plus of e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh elements of l plus of e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh elements of l plus of e the
+the non-negative measurable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-negative measurable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-negative measurable functions
+but first uh let's prove a few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first uh let's prove a few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first uh let's prove a few uh
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of how we've defined the integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we've defined the integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we've defined the integral for
+simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take two
+simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple functions
+first is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that
+if c is bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if c is bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if c is bigger than or equal to zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+c times phi over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times phi over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times phi over e
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+c times the integral of e v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times the integral of e v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times the integral of e v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+the lebeg integral over e of phi plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lebeg integral over e of phi plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lebeg integral over e of phi plus
+uh psi is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh psi is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh psi is equal to
+the big integral of phi plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big integral of phi plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big integral of phi plus
+the lebeg integral of psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if phi is less than or equal to psi on e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if phi is less than or equal to psi on e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if phi is less than or equal to psi on e
+so i'm writing that shorthand by that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm writing that shorthand by that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm writing that shorthand by that so
+what i'm saying in that statement is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying in that statement is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying in that statement is for
+all x and e v of x is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all x and e v of x is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all x and e v of x is less than or equal
+to psi of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to psi of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to psi of x
+then what you expect is uh the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you expect is uh the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you expect is uh the integral
+of phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phi
+is less than or equal to the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the integral of
+psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and let me include in fact one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me include in fact one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me include in fact one more
+very simple property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's add a little punctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's add a little punctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's add a little punctuation
+if f is a measurable subset of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+phi which is a simple function on e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi which is a simple function on e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi which is a simple function on e is
+also a simple function on f it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a simple function on f it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a simple function on f it takes
+only finitely many values on f as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only finitely many values on f as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only finitely many values on f as well
+and therefore it has an integral over f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my claim is
+is that that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that is equal to
+the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh e of phi times the indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e of phi times the indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e of phi times the indicator function
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i will leave problem four to you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i will leave problem four to you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i will leave problem four to you i
+might even put on the assignment but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even put on the assignment but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even put on the assignment but um
+it will follow once you've seen how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will follow once you've seen how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will follow once you've seen how we
+prove one two and three okay you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove one two and three okay you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove one two and three okay you'll be
+like okay so i know how to do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so i know how to do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so i know how to do this so
+number one is pretty easy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because
+multiplying by a non-negative constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a non-negative constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a non-negative constant
+just carries through and just changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carries through and just changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carries through and just changes
+the constant but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant but not the
+sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so
+phi times c times v is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi times c times v is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi times c times v is equal to
+c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times
+a sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+the integral of c times phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of c times phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of c times phi
+over e this is equal this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e this is equal this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e this is equal this is by
+definition equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition equal to j
+sum from j equals 1 to n of c times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals 1 to n of c times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals 1 to n of c times a
+sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub j
+measure of a sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a sub j
+and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times
+sum from j equals 1 to n of a sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals 1 to n of a sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j equals 1 to n of a sub j
+m of a sub j and this equals c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral of phi over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so to prove two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we write fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write fee
+as again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as again as
+in this kind of canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form sum over a sub j's times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form sum over a sub j's times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form sum over a sub j's times the
+indicator function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator function of
+a sub j is where again these sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub j is where again these sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub j is where again these sets are
+disjoint and their union gives me e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint and their union gives me e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint and their union gives me e and
+then also i do the same thing for psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also i do the same thing for psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also i do the same thing for psi
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+k equals 1 to m maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m maybe
+take on different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on different number of
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+b k where again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k where again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k where again
+the b k's are disjoint and their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b k's are disjoint and their union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b k's are disjoint and their union
+gives me e okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since you know
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+the union of the ajs gives me e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the ajs gives me e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the ajs gives me e and the
+union of the bks give me e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that if i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at one of these ajs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these ajs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these ajs
+it's equal to a union of a certain type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the union
+k equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+of aj intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aj intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aj intersect
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+k because this is just going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k because this is just going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k because this is just going to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+aj intersect the union of the b k but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj intersect the union of the b k but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj intersect the union of the b k but
+the union of the b case gives me e okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the b case gives me e okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the b case gives me e okay
+and similarly for the b case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the union of aj's gives me e okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these are
+and these unions are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the ajs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the ajs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the ajs
+are disjoint from each other the bks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disjoint from each other the bks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disjoint from each other the bks are
+disjoint from each other so for all j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint from each other so for all j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint from each other so for all j
+and k aj intersect b k is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k aj intersect b k is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k aj intersect b k is going to be
+disjoint from another a j prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint from another a j prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint from another a j prime
+intersect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect uh
+b k prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k prime
+okay when j or k do not equal each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when j or k do not equal each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when j or k do not equal each other
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so since um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since um
+these are disjoint union unions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint union unions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint union unions we have
+from the additivity property of the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the additivity property of the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the additivity property of the bag
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that
+the integral over phi e plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over phi e plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over phi e plus the
+integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+e of psi this is equal to by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of psi this is equal to by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of psi this is equal to by definition
+j equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to
+n of aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of aj
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+aj plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+b k measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k measure of
+b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+aj is written as this disjoint union and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj is written as this disjoint union and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj is written as this disjoint union and
+therefore the measure of aj is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the measure of aj is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the measure of aj is equal to
+the sum of the measure of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a j intersect b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a j intersect b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a j intersect b k
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+and then the same thing here the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the same thing here the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the same thing here the measure
+of so bk is equal to this disjoint union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so bk is equal to this disjoint union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so bk is equal to this disjoint union
+so its measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its measure is
+the sum of the measure so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the measure so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the measure so this is
+this sum now includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum now includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum now includes
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just rewrite this as sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just rewrite this as sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just rewrite this as sum over
+j k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j k
+a j plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j plus b
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure of a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a j
+d k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d k
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the sum of these two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of these two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of these two simple
+functions you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can check
+this is equal to the sum over j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the sum over j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the sum over j
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a j plus b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j plus b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j plus b k
+times the indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the indicator function
+of aj intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aj intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aj intersect
+bk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bk
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so when x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when x
+so at those x's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at those x's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at those x's when
+phi equals aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi equals aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi equals aj
+and at those x's where psi equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at those x's where psi equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at those x's where psi equals
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+then i'm in this set and the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm in this set and the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm in this set and the two sides
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the met that the integral over e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the met that the integral over e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the met that the integral over e of
+5 plus psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 plus psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 plus psi
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the measure of aj intersect b k which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of aj intersect b k which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of aj intersect b k which as
+we just saw is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum of the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the integrals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was 2 3
+is not too difficult either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too difficult either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too difficult either
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+let's assume that phi and psi are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that phi and psi are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that phi and psi are
+written in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in that way
+in this canonical way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and e
+p of x is less than or equal to psi x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x is less than or equal to psi x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x is less than or equal to psi x
+this is equivalent to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a j is less than or equal to b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj
+and bk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bk
+is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not empty
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus again we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus again we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus again we're going to use the
+additivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity of
+lebeg measure and the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measure and the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebeg measure and the fact that the
+unions of these bks give me e then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions of these bks give me e then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions of these bks give me e then
+if i look at the integral of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the integral of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the integral of e
+of phi this is sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phi this is sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phi this is sum
+j equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 1 to n
+aj measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj measure
+of aj this is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aj this is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aj this is equal to the sum
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j
+times the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the measure of
+a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j
+b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+because the aj is a union over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the aj is a union over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the aj is a union over
+aj intersect b k's and those are that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj intersect b k's and those are that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj intersect b k's and those are that's
+a disjoint union and now whenever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disjoint union and now whenever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disjoint union and now whenever this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+whenever this is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this is non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this is non-zero
+that means that aj intersect b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that aj intersect b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that aj intersect b k
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+non is not empty and therefore that aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non is not empty and therefore that aj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non is not empty and therefore that aj
+appearing there is going to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing there is going to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing there is going to be less than
+or equal to b k and whenever this is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to b k and whenever this is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to b k and whenever this is 0
+well whatever's there is also always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever's there is also always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever's there is also always
+less than or equal to b k times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b k times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b k times the
+measure of aj intersect b k so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of aj intersect b k so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of aj intersect b k so this is
+less than or equal to j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to j
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k
+measure of aj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersect b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so whenever this is so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so whenever this is so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so whenever this is so maybe
+that previous uh explanation was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previous uh explanation was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previous uh explanation was not
+good whenever this is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good whenever this is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good whenever this is non-empty
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i will always have aj less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will always have aj less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will always have aj less than or equal
+to bk so i should have just said that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bk so i should have just said that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bk so i should have just said that i
+don't know what i was going on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what i was going on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what i was going on about
+measure zero stuff but ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure zero stuff but ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure zero stuff but ignore that
+whenever this is non-empty like i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this is non-empty like i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this is non-empty like i just
+said a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago
+aj is less than or equal to b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj is less than or equal to b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj is less than or equal to b k
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we just reverse coarse and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we just reverse coarse and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we just reverse coarse and this
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+k equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+of bk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bk
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+b k because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b k because
+union over j's of these sets give me b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union over j's of these sets give me b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union over j's of these sets give me b k
+and this is equal to the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to the integral of
+psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi
+v and again i will leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and again i will leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and again i will leave
+4 to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to u
+as a very simple exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+i'm about out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about out of time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we've done is we've defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is we've defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is we've defined the
+labeg integral of a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know as that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shows i hope or at least convinces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows i hope or at least convinces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows i hope or at least convinces you
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know if the simple function takes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the simple function takes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the simple function takes on
+that of a step function meaning it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of a step function meaning it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of a step function meaning it's the
+aj's are just intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj's are just intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj's are just intervals
+then the labeg integral of that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the labeg integral of that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the labeg integral of that step
+function will in fact be the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will in fact be the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will in fact be the area
+underneath fee so it's a you know again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath fee so it's a you know again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath fee so it's a you know again
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+you can think of that as two ways as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that as two ways as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of that as two ways as the
+le beg integral is giving a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+le beg integral is giving a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+le beg integral is giving a theory of
+the area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the curve
+you may also think of that as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also think of that as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also think of that as being
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indication that when i have a riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that when i have a riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that when i have a riemann
+integrable function it will be also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable function it will be also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable function it will be also the
+bag integrable because if i have a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag integrable because if i have a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag integrable because if i have a step
+function like phi is in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like phi is in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like phi is in the picture
+then that is a riemann integral function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is a riemann integral function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is a riemann integral function
+and the riemann integral is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the riemann integral is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the riemann integral is the area
+underneath the curve which also agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve which also agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve which also agrees
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the the definition of the lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the definition of the lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the definition of the lebeg
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that like i said should maybe indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like i said should maybe indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like i said should maybe indicate
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the lebago integral reduces to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lebago integral reduces to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lebago integral reduces to the
+riemann integral whenever we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral whenever we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral whenever we're uh
+integrating a riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating a riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating a riemann integrable
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so next time
+we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integral of a non-negative measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a non-negative measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a non-negative measurable
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using uh how we've defined the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh how we've defined the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh how we've defined the integral
+of simple functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple functions and
+prove some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some uh
+basic properties including two big two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties including two big two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties including two big two
+of the main convergence theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main convergence theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main convergence theorems
+um that go along with this theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that go along with this theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that go along with this theory of
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+so we'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U40Q3SzzEtU.txt b/U40Q3SzzEtU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6302a3aa249b0046c480086a95545efcaf14ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U40Q3SzzEtU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1586 @@
+FEMALE SPEAKER: The following
+content is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today we will discuss the
+inverse hyperbolic functions
+
+and, with this lecture, finish
+our block on the logarithmic
+
+exponential and hyperbolic
+functions.
+
+And what we're going to find is
+that much of what we have
+
+to say today is simply a
+specific application to a
+
+special function of the same
+theory that we were talking
+
+about in general before.
+
+Recall that we can always talk
+about an inverse function if
+
+the original function is
+a one-to-one function.
+
+For example, to introduce
+today's topic, suppose we take
+
+the function 'y' equals
+hyperbolic sine 'x'.
+
+'y' equals 'sinh x'.
+
+Well, as we saw last time,
+the graph of 'y'
+
+equals 'sinh x' is this.
+
+And we can see in a glance
+that this clearly is a
+
+one-to-one function.
+
+In fact, the derivative
+of sinh is cosh.
+
+And as we've seen also
+last time, the cosh
+
+can never be negative.
+
+In fact, the cosh can't
+be less than one.
+
+So here is a curve that's
+always rising--
+
+and, in fact, in general
+rising quite steeply.
+
+In any event, we can therefore
+talk about the inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine.
+
+All right?
+
+And how do we get the inverse
+function in general?
+
+Well we've always seen that to
+invert a function, all we have
+
+to do is to reflect the original
+graph with respect to
+
+the line, 'y' equals 'x'.
+
+Or, again, in more slow motion,
+we rotate through 90
+
+degrees and then flip
+the graph over.
+
+And, in any event, whichever way
+you want to look at this
+
+thing, we obtain that the
+graph 'y' equals inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine 'x' is this
+particular curve over here.
+
+This is the graph of the inverse
+hyperbolic sine.
+
+Now, again, what was the main
+issue or the main property of
+
+inverse functions?
+
+The idea was that once we knew
+the original function, we
+
+could, by a change in emphasis,
+
+study the inverse function.
+
+Well, by way of illustration,
+let's suppose we take the
+
+functional relationship 'y'
+equals inverse hyperbolic sine
+
+'x' and we say, let's
+find the 'ydx'.
+
+Recall that what we know how to
+do, is how to differentiate
+
+the hyperbolic sine.
+
+Consequently, given that y
+equals the inverse hyperbolic
+
+sine 'x', we simply switch the
+emphasis and say, this is the
+
+same as saying that 'x'
+equals 'sinh y'.
+
+And if 'x' equal 'sinh y',
+we already know that the
+
+derivative of 'x' with respect
+to 'y' is 'cosh y'.
+
+And since the derivative of 'y'
+with respect to 'x' is the
+
+reciprocal of the derivative of
+'x' with respect to 'y', we
+
+can conclude from this that the
+'ydx' is '1 over cosh y'.
+
+In a certain manner
+of speaking, we're
+
+all finished now.
+
+We have found that the
+derivative off inverse 'sinh
+
+x' is '1 over cosh y'.
+
+The only problem is, is as we've
+said many times also
+
+before that if 'y' is given as
+a function of 'x', we would
+
+like the 'ydx' expressed
+in terms of 'x'.
+
+Or, to put it in still different
+words, usually when
+
+you're given an expression like
+the 'ydx', you're asked
+
+to evaluate this when 'x' is
+some particular value, not
+
+when 'y' is some particular
+value.
+
+At any rate, we do much the same
+here as we did with the
+
+inverse circular
+trig functions.
+
+Namely, having arrived at '1
+over cosh y' and remembering
+
+that the relationship that ties
+in 'x' and 'y' is at 'x'
+
+equals 'sinh y', we invoke the
+fundamental identity that
+
+'cosh squared y' minus 'sinh
+squared y' is 1.
+
+From which we can conclude
+that 'cosh y'--
+
+and here we have to be a
+little bit careful--
+
+if we solve this algebraically
+we find that 'cosh y' is plus
+
+or minus the square root of
+'1 plus 'sinh squared y''.
+
+But recalling the cosh could
+never be negative, it means
+
+that for this particular
+problem, the minus
+
+sign does not apply.
+
+In other words, since cosh has
+to be at least as big one, you
+
+see, that 'cosh y' is plus the
+square root of '1 plus 'sinh
+
+squared y''.
+
+Now keep in mind why we
+went to this identity
+
+in the first place.
+
+The reason we went to this
+identity in the first place,
+
+is if we come back to the
+beginning of our problem we
+
+see that we had that 'x'
+is equal to 'sinh y'.
+
+In other words, down here now,
+all we do is replace 'sinh y'
+
+by a synonym, namely 'x'.
+
+And we arrive at the fact that
+'cosh y' is the square root of
+
+'1 plus 'x squared''.
+
+Therefore, since 'dy/dx' is the
+reciprocal of 'cosh y',
+
+the derivative of 'y' with
+respect to 'x' is '1 over the
+
+'square root of '1 plus
+'x squared'''.
+
+And this is summarized in
+our last step over here.
+
+In other words, the derivative
+of the inverse hyperbolic sine
+
+of 'x' with respect to 'x' is '1
+over the 'square root of '1
+
+plus 'x squared'''.
+
+Now, you see, the first thing I
+want to point out here is to
+
+observe that without worrying
+about what's important about
+
+this result, is to observe
+again that we obtain this
+
+information virtually free of
+charge by knowing the calculus
+
+of the regular hyperbolic
+functions.
+
+You see, this result
+was obtained
+
+without any new knowledge.
+
+The other thing I'd like to
+point out here is somewhat
+
+more subtle.
+
+And we also mentioned this in
+the same context, but from a
+
+different point of view, when
+we dealt with the inverse
+
+circular functions.
+
+Many people will say things
+like, who needs the inverse
+
+hyperbolic functions?
+
+How many times am I going to be
+confronted with having to
+
+work with inverse hyperbolic
+functions?
+
+And the interesting point that's
+typified by this result
+
+is that if we now invert
+this emphasis--
+
+in other words, if we now
+read this equation
+
+from right to left--
+
+observe that if you start with
+the function '1 over the
+
+'square root of '1 plus
+'x squared''''--
+
+which is hardly a hyperbolic
+function, this is a fairly
+
+straightforward algebraic
+function--
+
+notice that the inverse
+derivative leads to an inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine.
+
+In other words, stated from a
+different perspective and
+
+using our language of the
+indefinite integral, notice
+
+that what we have here is that
+the indefinite integral 'dx'
+
+over the 'square root of '1 plus
+'x squared''' is inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine 'x'
+plus a constant.
+
+Now what does this mean,
+say, geometrically?
+
+Suppose we take the curve 'y'
+equals '1 over the 'square
+
+root of '1 plus 'x squared'''.
+
+Without beating this thing to
+death, it should be fairly
+
+straightforward at this stage of
+the game that the graph of
+
+this function can be obtained,
+and it looks
+
+something like this.
+
+In fact, intuitively notice that
+'y' will be maximum when
+
+my denominator is smallest.
+
+My denominator is smallest
+when 'x' is zero.
+
+So the maximum value of 'y'
+occurs when 'x' is 0, at which
+
+case, 'y' is 1.
+
+Also, if I replace 'x'
+by minus 'x', I
+
+don't change the function.
+
+And therefore the graph--
+
+it's an even function--
+
+the graph is symmetric
+with respect to
+
+the y-axis, et cetera.
+
+At any rate, I have a
+picture like this.
+
+And now suppose I want to find
+the area of the region 'R',
+
+where 'R' is bounded above by
+this curve, below by the
+
+x-axis, on the left by the
+y-axis, and on the right by
+
+the line 'x' equals 't'.
+
+The area of the region 'R',
+which is a function of 't', is
+
+given by what?
+
+The definite integral from 0 to
+'t', 'dx' over the 'square
+
+root of '1 plus 'x squared'''.
+
+The point is I could, as we
+talked about in the previous
+
+block, try to evaluate this as
+the limit of a sum-- in other
+
+words, an infinite sum--
+
+and go through all sorts of work
+to try to do this thing.
+
+But the first fundamental
+theorem tells us in this
+
+particular case that this
+particular area just turns out
+
+to be the inverse hyperbolic
+sine of 't'.
+
+Notice that a non-trigonometric
+region has
+
+as its answer an inverse
+hyperbolic
+
+trigonometric function.
+
+Or, if you want this thing
+more specifically, for
+
+example, notice that if you want
+the area of this region
+
+from 0 to 1, the answer to this
+problem would have just
+
+been the inverse hyperbolic
+sine of 1.
+
+In other words, 'e to the
+1' minus 'e to the
+
+minus 1' over 2.
+
+Notice how 'e' sneaks into
+a problem which basically
+
+doesn't seem to have any
+relationship to 'e'.
+
+By the way-- as a very
+brief aside--
+
+for what it's worth, it's rather
+interesting to observe
+
+that this last equation that
+we've written down gives a
+
+rather interesting definition of
+the inverse hyperbolic sine
+
+without having to refer to
+a hyperbola or anything
+
+trigonometric.
+
+In other words, notice that the
+inverse hyperbolic sine
+
+can be defined as an integral,
+which is what we've really
+
+done over here.
+
+But again, that's
+just an aside.
+
+The main point that I wanted us
+to get a hold of over here
+
+was the fact that you solve
+non-hyperbolic functions
+
+conveniently if we
+have mastered
+
+the hyperbolic functions.
+
+Well, at any rate, here's
+another interesting question
+
+that comes up.
+
+And I thought that we should
+mention this, also.
+
+Notice that we arrived at
+this result by doing
+
+the thing in reverse.
+
+You'll recall that we started
+with 'y' equals inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine 'x' and show
+the derivative of that
+
+function was '1 over the 'square
+root of '1 plus 'x
+
+squared'''.
+
+An interesting question might
+have been, what if we had
+
+started with the integral being
+given and we hadn't have
+
+differentiated the inverse
+hyperbolic sine?
+
+How could we have got
+from here to the
+
+inverse hyperbolic sine?
+
+And I thought I would mention
+this because there may be some
+
+confusion, especially if you've
+taken to heart certain
+
+advice that I gave you earlier
+when we dealt with the inverse
+
+circular functions.
+
+Remember I told you that
+whenever you see something
+
+like the sum of two squares, to
+think of a right triangle?
+
+In other words, if you have the
+square root of '1 plus 'x
+
+squared'', it seems to me that
+the triangle that suggests
+
+itself is something like this.
+
+In other words, if I call this
+side 'x', I call this side 1,
+
+and this the square root of '1
+plus 'x squared'', it would
+
+seem to me that I could make
+a circular trigonometric
+
+substitution over here.
+
+In fact, what seems to dictate
+itself over here, is to make
+
+the substitution, let
+tan theta equal 'x'.
+
+Now if I let tan theta equal
+'x', watch what happens here.
+
+I get 'secant squared theta 'd
+theta'' equals 'dx', taking
+
+the differential
+of both sides.
+
+I also get, looking at my
+reference triangle, that the
+
+square root of '1 plus 'x
+squared'' is secant theta.
+
+See, this over this
+is secant theta.
+
+At any rate, then, making the
+substitution in here,
+
+replacing 'dx' by 'secant
+squared theta 'd theta'', and
+
+the square root of '1 plus 'x
+squared'' by secant theta, I
+
+wind up with integral of 'secant
+theta 'd theta''.
+
+Now you see what I've done here,
+is I have successfully
+
+transformed an integral
+in terms of 'x' into
+
+one in terms of theta.
+
+But without belaboring this
+point, it turns out that at
+
+this stage of the game, we do
+not know how to exhibit a
+
+function whose derivative
+with respect to
+
+theta is secant theta.
+
+In other words, we've made the
+substitution but we wind up
+
+with an integral that's just as
+tough to handle as the one
+
+that we started with.
+
+You see, in this case, trying
+to make a circular
+
+trigonometric substitution
+wouldn't have
+
+helped us very much.
+
+What I'd like to show you is,
+again, an interesting
+
+connection between the circular
+functions and the
+
+hyperbolic functions.
+
+Namely, when we did this
+particular thing over here
+
+using our reference triangle,
+what was the reference
+
+triangle really taking
+the place of?
+
+Notice that if we let 'x' equal
+tan theta, certainly '1
+
+plus 'x squared'' is 1 plus
+tan squared theta.
+
+But there is a trigonometric
+identity that says 1 plus tan
+
+squared theta is secant
+squared theta.
+
+I think the usual way that's
+given is that secant squared
+
+theta minus tan squared
+theta is 1.
+
+This is the result
+that we used.
+
+We didn't really use the
+triangle other than to get
+
+this result more visually.
+
+The point is, is there a
+hyperbolic function that has
+
+the same format?
+
+Is there a hyperbolic identity
+which says that the difference
+
+of two squares is one?
+
+The answer is, well remember our
+basic hyperbolic identity
+
+is the cosh squared theta minus
+sinh squared theta is 1.
+
+Structurally, notice that sinh
+theta does for the hyperbolic
+
+functions what tan theta does
+for the circular functions.
+
+See the common structure,
+here?
+
+We're going to reinforce this
+in the next block by doing
+
+problems like this again.
+
+But for the time being, I
+thought I would like to point
+
+this thing out to you.
+
+What the approach is, is that
+when you try a circular
+
+function substitution and it
+doesn't give you the answer
+
+that you want-- meaning that you
+wind up with an integral
+
+that's just as tough to handle
+as the original one--
+
+you look for the corresponding
+hyperbolic function.
+
+What hyperbolic function plays
+to the hyperbolic identity the
+
+same role that this
+trigonometric function play to
+
+the circular identity?
+
+In this case, we replace tan
+theta by sinh theta.
+
+Instead of making the
+substitution 'x' equals
+
+tangent theta, we make
+the substitution
+
+'x' equals sinh theta.
+
+And now watch what happens as
+we work this thing quite
+
+mechanically.
+
+The differential of sinh theta
+is 'cosh theta 'd theta''.
+
+And the square root of '1 plus
+'x squared'' is the square
+
+root of 1 plus sin
+squared theta.
+
+But notice that because
+of the relationship
+
+between sinh and cosh--
+
+that's how we rig this thing,
+that's why we chose 'x' to be
+
+sinh theta--
+
+notice that the square root of
+1 plus sinh squared theta is
+
+just cosh theta.
+
+And therefore, when we now
+substitute for the 'dx' over
+
+the square root of '1 plus 'x
+squared'', we get what?
+
+For 'dx' we have 'cosh
+theta 'd theta''.
+
+For the square root of
+'1 plus 'x squared''
+
+we have cosh theta.
+
+'Cosh theta 'd theta'' over cosh
+theta is just 'd theta'.
+
+And now we see the answer is,
+quite simply, theta plus 'c'.
+
+But what was theta?
+
+Since sinh theta was 'x',
+theta was inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine 'x'.
+
+And, you see, this is a
+technique whereby starting
+
+with the integral 'dx' over the
+'square root of '1 plus 'x
+
+squared''', we can show that
+we must have started with
+
+inverse sinh.
+
+At any rate, this will be
+reinforced in homework
+
+problems, it will be reinforced
+in the next block
+
+when we talk about techniques
+of integration.
+
+But I just wanted to again
+show the similarity, the
+
+things in common, between the
+hyperbolic functions and the
+
+circular functions and how
+they're intertwined.
+
+Let's make a few more comments
+while we're at it.
+
+You know, we mentioned that the
+hyperbolic functions were
+
+really combinations of
+exponential functions.
+
+Remember, 'cosh x' was ''e to
+the x' plus 'e to the minus
+
+x'' over 2, et cetera.
+
+So somehow or other, if the
+hyperbolic functions can be
+
+expressed in terms of
+exponentials, it would seem
+
+that the inverse hyperbolic
+functions should be
+
+expressible in terms of the
+inverse of exponentials--
+
+namely, in terms
+of logarithms.
+
+And so I thought that I would
+try to go through some of
+
+these finer points with you.
+
+And, for example, ask the
+following question.
+
+Given that 'y' equals inverse
+'sinh x', is there a way of
+
+writing this in terms of
+something that uses our
+
+natural logarithms?
+
+Another reason being, what?
+
+That if we've already learned
+natural logs and exponentials,
+
+it would seem that whenever we
+can reduce unfamiliar names to
+
+more familiar ones,
+psychologically we feel much
+
+more at home in dealing
+with the concepts.
+
+In other words, one might feel
+strange working with inverse
+
+hyperbolic sine because he
+hasn't seen that very much.
+
+But if he's used to seeing
+logarithms, that wouldn't seem
+
+quite as strange.
+
+At any rate, let's see how
+one could proceed here.
+
+Starting out with 'y' equals
+inverse 'sinh x', notice that
+
+by the property, the basic
+definition of inverse
+
+functions, I can now write
+that 'x' equals 'sinh y'.
+
+Now, for obvious reasons,
+since I want to get the
+
+inverse of exponentials in here,
+it would seem to me that
+
+I should express 'sinh y' in
+terms of exponentials.
+
+And going again back to basic
+definitions, 'sinh y' is ''e
+
+to the y' minus 'e to the
+minus y'' over 2.
+
+In other words, in terms of
+exponentials, 'x' is equal to
+
+''e to the y' minus 'e to
+the minus y'' over 2.
+
+If I now cross multiply, I get
+that '2x' is equal to 'e to
+
+the y' minus--
+
+now notice that 'e to the minus
+y' is just '1 over 'e to
+
+the y'', so I wind up now with
+this particular equation.
+
+And multiplying through by 'e to
+the y', to clear fractions
+
+in my denominator, to clear
+my denominators, I
+
+wind up with what?
+
+'e to the 2y' minus ''2x 'e
+to the y'' - 1' equals 0.
+
+And if I now recall that 'e to
+the 2y' is the square of 'e to
+
+the y', observe that what I
+now have is a quadratic
+
+equation in 'e to the y'.
+
+I have a quadratic equation
+in 'e to the y'.
+
+Now, since I have a quadratic
+equation in 'e to the y', I
+
+can use the quadratic formula
+to solve for 'e to the y'.
+
+If I do this I get what?
+
+Remember how this thing works.
+
+I take the coefficient of this
+term minus that, that's '2x'
+
+plus or minus the square root of
+this squared minus 4 times
+
+this times the coefficient
+of 'e to the y' squared.
+
+Leaving the details as being
+fairly obvious, 'e to the y'
+
+is '2x' plus or minus the square
+root of ''4x' squared'
+
+plus 4 all over 2.
+
+And noticing now that the 4 can
+be factored out here as a
+
+2, and that I can cancel a 2,
+then from both the numerator
+
+and denominator, I wind up with
+'e to the y' is 'x' plus
+
+or minus the square root
+of 'x squared' plus 1.
+
+The point to keep in mind, now,
+is remember that in terms
+
+of exponentials, 'e to the
+y' can never be negative.
+
+Observe that the square root
+of 'x squared plus 1' is
+
+bigger than 'x' in magnitude,
+you see.
+
+See, 'x' would be just
+the positive
+
+square root of 'x squared'.
+
+So the positive square root of
+'x squared plus 1' is bigger
+
+than 'x' in magnitude.
+
+Consequently, if I use the minus
+sign here, I'd be taking
+
+away more than what I had.
+
+That would make my answer
+negative, which would be a
+
+contradiction, since 'e to
+the y' can't be negative.
+
+Again, in terms of this
+particular problem, the minus
+
+root, the minus sign
+here is extraneous.
+
+And we therefore wind
+up with what?
+
+'e to the y' is 'x' plus
+the square root of 'x
+
+squared plus 1'.
+
+Therefore 'y' itself is the
+'log of x' plus the square
+
+root of 'x squared plus 1' to
+the base 'e', which we've
+
+already seen is called
+the natural log.
+
+Going back now, say, from the
+first step to the last, I
+
+guess we can now fill in what's
+really happened here.
+
+A synonym for the inverse 'sinh
+x' is the natural log of
+
+'x' plus the square root
+of 'x squared plus 1'.
+
+So notice that we can study the
+inverse sinh, for example,
+
+in terms of a suitably
+chosen natural log.
+
+And of course there are many
+more examples that we could
+
+use along these lines.
+
+But again, I think that with
+the previous explanation,
+
+coupled with the fact that there
+will be ample exercises
+
+in the like, I think the message
+has become clear as
+
+far as the inverse hyperbolic
+sine is concerned.
+
+What I would like to do now is
+to turn to another facet of
+
+inverse functions, something
+that involves principal values
+
+the same as it did with the
+circular functions.
+
+We wind up with the same problem
+as before when we come
+
+to the idea that, technically
+speaking, you cannot talk
+
+about an inverse function unless
+the original function
+
+is one-to-one.
+
+And so therefore, when one
+talks about the inverse
+
+hyperbolic cosine, one is in a
+way looking for trouble if one
+
+doesn't keep his eye
+on exactly what's
+
+going on around here.
+
+Namely, if we look at the graph
+'y' equals hyperbolic
+
+cosine 'x', observe that whereas
+the function is single
+
+valued, it is not one-to-one.
+
+In fact, there is a zero
+derivative at this point here,
+
+which leads us to believe that
+maybe what we should have done
+
+was to have broken this curve
+down into the union of two
+
+one-to-one functions.
+
+Let me call this curve 'y'
+equals 'c1 of x' and let me
+
+call this branch here 'y'
+equals 'c2 of x'.
+
+Notice that both 'c1
+of x' and 'c2 of x'
+
+are one-to-one functions.
+
+In fact, let's write this
+more formally using the
+
+picture as a guide.
+
+Let's do the following
+analytically.
+
+Let's say this.
+
+Define 'c sub 1 of x' to be
+'cosh x', provided that 'x' is
+
+at least as big as 0.
+
+Again, I mentioned this with the
+circular functions, let me
+
+reinforce this again.
+
+To define a function, it's not
+enough to tell the rule.
+
+You must also tell the domain.
+
+Notice that 'c1' is not the
+same as cosh, because the
+
+domain of cosh is all
+real numbers.
+
+The domain of 'c1' is just
+the non-negative reals.
+
+At any rate, I define 'c1' to
+be 'cosh x', where 'x' is at
+
+least as big as 0.
+
+I define 'c2 of x' to be
+'cosh x', where 'x' is
+
+no bigger than 0.
+
+In other words, these two
+functions are different,
+
+because even though the
+functional relations are the
+
+same, the domains
+are different.
+
+The interesting point is what?
+
+That 'cosh x' is the union
+of 'c1' and 'c2'.
+
+But the important point is that
+both 'c1' and 'c2' are
+
+one-to-one.
+
+And because they
+are one-to-one,
+
+their inverses exist.
+
+In other words, I can talk
+meaningfully about 'c1
+
+inverse' and 'c2 inverse'.
+
+In fact, pictorially,
+what I have is this.
+
+See, if I take the curve 'y'
+equals 'cosh x' and reflect it
+
+about the 45 degree line, this
+is the curve that I get.
+
+You see, it's a double
+value curve.
+
+All I'm saying is if we look at
+'y' equals 'c1x', which is
+
+a one-to-one function, its
+inverse is 'c1 inverse x',
+
+which is this piece over here.
+
+And if, on the other hand, we
+look at 'y' equals 'c2x',
+
+that's this branch over here,
+its inverse is this.
+
+You see, notice that these two
+pieces are symmetric with
+
+respect to the line 'y' equals
+'x', and these two pieces are
+
+symmetric with respect to
+the line 'y' equals 'x'.
+
+As long as we break this down
+into the union of two pieces,
+
+we can talk about inverse
+functions.
+
+Now you see, the interesting
+point is that what most
+
+authors traditionally refer to
+as the inverse hyperbolic
+
+cosine of 'x' is really what
+we call 'c1 inverse of x'.
+
+In other words, the definition
+'y' equals inverse hyperbolic
+
+cosine 'x' is 'x'
+equals cosh 'y'.
+
+And this is very important,
+and 'y' is at
+
+least as big as 0.
+
+Notice that the domain of 'cosh
+inverse x' is really 'x'
+
+has to be at least
+as big as one.
+
+But that's not the important
+point here.
+
+What I do want to see over here
+is that when you put this
+
+restriction on, instead if you
+left this restriction out,
+
+there would be no inverse
+function here.
+
+I'll come back to that
+in a moment.
+
+Let me just reinforce what we've
+talked about before, and
+
+let's find the derivative
+of 'inverse cosh x'.
+
+In other words, let's find
+'dy/dx', if 'y' equals
+
+'inverse cosh x'.
+
+Well again, what is the
+definition, 'y' equals
+
+'inverse cosh x'?
+
+It means 'x' equals cosh y',
+where 'y' is positive.
+
+OK.
+
+If 'x' equals 'cosh y',
+'dx/dy' is 'sinh y'.
+
+And we'll keep track of the
+fact that 'y' is positive.
+
+Actually, 'y' is non-negative.
+
+Therefore the reciprocal of
+'dx/dy' will be 'dy/dx'.
+
+In other words, 'dy/dx'
+is '1 over sinh y'.
+
+And this would be a correct
+answer, except, as usual, we
+
+would like to be able to express
+'dy/dx' for a given
+
+value of 'x'.
+
+What we do now is, remembering
+that 'x' is 'cosh y', we
+
+invoke the identity again.
+
+'Cosh squared y' minus 'sinh
+squared y' is one.
+
+From which we can solve and find
+that 'sinh y' is plus or
+
+minus the 'square root of
+'x squared minus 1'.
+
+And by the way, I'm not
+going to remove the
+
+extraneous sign here.
+
+Because in a certain manner
+of speaking, it is only
+
+extraneous because we are
+imposing the condition that
+
+'y' is positive.
+
+See, in other words, once we
+assume that y' is positive--
+
+remember that 'sinh y' is
+positive for positive values
+
+of 'y', and negative for
+negative values of 'y'--
+
+consequently, the assumption
+that 'y' is positive forces us
+
+to accept the fact that
+'sinh y' is positive.
+
+And that's what forces us, in
+terms of the restriction that
+
+we imposed the fact that y has
+to be at least as big as 0,
+
+why we can get rid of
+the minus sign here.
+
+And so we wind up with what?
+'Sinh y' is positive 'square
+
+root of 'cosh squared
+y' minus 1''.
+
+But 'cosh y' is 'x'
+in this problem.
+
+In other words, 'sinh y', in
+this problem, is the positive
+
+square root of 'x squared
+minus 1'.
+
+By the way, don't
+be nervous here.
+
+You might say, couldn't
+this be imaginary?
+
+In other words, what happens if
+'x squared' is less than 1?
+
+Remember, 'x' is at
+least as big as 1.
+
+So this thing here in
+the square root sign
+
+can never be negative.
+
+But at any rate, what we now
+wind up with is that the
+
+derivative of 'inverse cosh x',
+with respect to 'x', is '1
+
+over the 'square root of ''x
+squared' minus 1'''.
+
+Now again, there's no law that
+says that a person couldn't
+
+have been on the negative
+branch of this curve.
+
+In other words, if all you mean
+by inverse cosh is the
+
+inverse of cosh with no
+restriction to branch, what
+
+we've really proven is this.
+
+And let me summarize on
+this particular point.
+
+What we've really
+proven is this.
+
+That the derivative of 'c1'
+inverse is '1 over the 'square
+
+root of ''x squared'
+minus 1'''.
+
+The derivative of 'c2' inverse
+is '1 over minus the 'square
+
+root of ''x squared'
+minus 1'''.
+
+I've taken the liberty of
+putting the minus down with
+
+the square root sign, rather
+than with the fraction itself,
+
+to emphasize the fact that
+which of the two signs we
+
+choose depends on whether we're
+looking at the branch
+
+for which 'y' is above the
+x-axis, or the branch which
+
+'y' is below the x-axis.
+
+In other words, what we don't
+want to happen here is for
+
+people to lose track of the fact
+that all we have done is
+
+made a convention so we can
+talk about one-to-one
+
+functions and inverse functions
+more meaningfully.
+
+But you can be on either of
+these particular branches.
+
+In any event, this does complete
+our discussion of the
+
+hyperbolic functions.
+
+And we will now turn
+our attention to
+
+utilizing these results.
+
+We will learn some techniques of
+integration, and the like.
+
+But at any rate, until
+next time, goodbye.
+
+MALE SPEAKER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UGoGgkHYS10.txt b/UGoGgkHYS10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c8111c842d37375dbf7228d9b09b995f1dd6288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UGoGgkHYS10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+energies The Binding energies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies The Binding energies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies The Binding energies of the
+electron to the nucleus were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the nucleus were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the nucleus were
+quanti they Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by well these energy levels then were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by well these energy levels then were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by well these energy levels then were
+given by minus this ridberg constant R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by minus this ridberg constant R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by minus this ridberg constant R
+subh over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and this n was our quantum number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this n was our quantum number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this n was our quantum number it's
+a principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we saw that
+n smallest value was one two ran all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n smallest value was one two ran all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n smallest value was one two ran all the
+way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay well
+today what we're going to do is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what we're going to do is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what we're going to do is that uh
+we're going to solve this equation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve this equation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve this equation where
+we're going to look at the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the results of
+solving this equation for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this equation for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this equation for the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+s now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s in general here is a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in general here is a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in general here is a function of r
+Theta pi and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but we're going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to be looking at
+problems in which time doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in which time doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in which time doesn't have an
+effect in other words the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in other words the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in other words the wave functions
+that we're going to be looking at are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be looking at are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be looking at are
+what are what are called stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are called stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are called stationary
+waves we're actually not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves we're actually not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves we're actually not going to be
+looking at the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the wave function
+as a chemical reaction is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemical reaction is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemical reaction is happening
+we're either going to look at it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're either going to look at it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're either going to look at it before
+or after but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after but not
+during and in those cases we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during and in those cases we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during and in those cases we're looking
+at a wave function and the atom is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a wave function and the atom is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a wave function and the atom is just
+stable and it's sitting there right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and it's sitting there right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and it's sitting there right the
+time dependence here doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence here doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence here doesn't have a
+consequence and so therefore the waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence and so therefore the waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence and so therefore the waves
+functions that we're going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're going to be looking
+at are just a function of R Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at are just a function of R Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at are just a function of R Theta and
+F and we're looking at what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we're looking at what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we're looking at what's called
+time independent quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics okay later on in actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay later on in actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay later on in actually if
+you're in chemistry a graduate course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in chemistry a graduate course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in chemistry a graduate course in
+chemistry that's when you look at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that's when you look at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that's when you look at time
+dependent wave functions all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent wave functions all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent wave functions all right so
+we're going to look at time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at time independent
+quantum mechanics the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics the stationary
+weight okay now it turns out that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay now it turns out that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay now it turns out that when
+we go and solve the shinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go and solve the shinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go and solve the shinger equation
+here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for
+S what happens is that two more quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S what happens is that two more quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S what happens is that two more quantum
+numbers drop out of that solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers drop out of that solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers drop out of that solution to the
+differential equation remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation remember we said
+last time how quantum numbers arise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time how quantum numbers arise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time how quantum numbers arise they
+arise from imposing boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from imposing boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from imposing boundary conditions
+on your differential equation making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your differential equation making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your differential equation making
+that differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differential equation
+applicable to your actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to your actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to your actual physical
+problem and so when we do that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so when we do that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so when we do that not only
+well when we do that we get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when we do that we get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when we do that we get a new
+quantum number called L and L is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number called L and L is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number called L and L is I think
+you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know angular momentum quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know angular momentum quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know angular momentum quantum number
+absolutely angular momentum quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely angular momentum quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely angular momentum quantum
+number it's called the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's called the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's called the angular momentum
+quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number
+because it indeed dictates how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it indeed dictates how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it indeed dictates how much
+angular momentum the electron has okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the electron has okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the electron has okay
+it has allowed values the allowed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has allowed values the allowed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has allowed values the allowed values
+of L now are zero zero is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L now are zero zero is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L now are zero zero is the smallest
+value of L the lowest value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L the lowest value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L the lowest value of L
+allowed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+2 all the way up to nus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all the way up to nus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all the way up to nus one
+all right that's the largest value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the largest value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the largest value it
+can have can't be any larger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have can't be any larger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have can't be any larger than n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one why can't it be larger than n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why can't it be larger than n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why can't it be larger than n minus
+one Well it can't because the anual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Well it can't because the anual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Well it can't because the anual
+momentum quantum number at least if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number at least if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number at least if you
+want to think classically for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think classically for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think classically for a moment
+dictates how much rotational energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates how much rotational energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates how much rotational energy you
+have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and
+remember that this energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this energy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this energy here
+is dependent only on N this energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dependent only on N this energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dependent only on N this energy is
+the sum of kinetic energy plus potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of kinetic energy plus potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of kinetic energy plus potential
+energy so if L had the same value as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if L had the same value as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if L had the same value as n
+well essentially that would mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well essentially that would mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well essentially that would mean that
+we'd have only rotational kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have only rotational kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have only rotational kinetic energy
+and have no potential energy but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have no potential energy but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have no potential energy but that's
+not right we got potential energy we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right we got potential energy we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right we got potential energy we got
+an potential energy of interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an potential energy of interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an potential energy of interaction so
+physically that's why l is tied to n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that's why l is tied to n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that's why l is tied to n and
+it can't be larger than n minus one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be larger than n minus one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be larger than n minus one all
+right all right and then we have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right and then we have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right and then we have a third
+quantum number that drops out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that drops out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that drops out of that
+solution and that third quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that third quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that third quantum number
+is called M it is the magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called M it is the magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called M it is the magnetic quantum
+number and it is called that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it is called that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it is called that because
+indeed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it
+dictates how a atom moves magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates how a atom moves magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates how a atom moves magnetic field
+or the how it behaves in a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the how it behaves in a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the how it behaves in a magnetic
+field but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but more
+precisely what m is is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what m is is the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what m is is the Z
+component of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the angular
+momentum all right L is the total angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum all right L is the total angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum all right L is the total angle
+momentum M dictates the Z component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum M dictates the Z component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum M dictates the Z component of
+the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular
+momentum and the allowed values of M are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the allowed values of M are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the allowed values of M are
+r m equals z you can have no angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r m equals z you can have no angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r m equals z you can have no angular
+momentum in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z
+component or + one + two plus three all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or + one + two plus three all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or + one + two plus three all
+the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to
+plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L
+right and again m is tied to L can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again m is tied to L can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again m is tied to L can't be
+larger than L because if it were larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than L because if it were larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than L because if it were larger
+than L well then you would have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than L well then you would have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than L well then you would have more
+kinetic more uh uh angular momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic more uh uh angular momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic more uh uh angular momentum in
+the Z component than you had total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z component than you had total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z component than you had total
+angular momentum and that's a no no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and that's a no no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and that's a no no okay
+so m is tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is tied to
+L it's the largest value you can have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it's the largest value you can have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it's the largest value you can have is
+L but since this is a z component we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but since this is a z component we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but since this is a z component we got
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+direction and so M could also be -1 -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so M could also be -1 -2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so M could also be -1 -2
+-3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 -
+L okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay
+okay okay so we got three quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we got three quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we got three quantum
+numbers now that kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now that kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now that kind of makes sense
+because we got a threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got a threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got a threedimensional
+problem we're going to have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to have to have
+three quantum numbers to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers to completely
+describe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our
+system all right the consequence here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right the consequence here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right the consequence here of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+having three quantum numbers is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having three quantum numbers is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having three quantum numbers is that we
+now have more States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so for
+example our n equal one state that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our n equal one state that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our n equal one state that we
+talked about last time or completely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time or completely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time or completely we
+have to describe that state by two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to describe that state by two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to describe that state by two other
+quantum numbers so when n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers so when n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers so when n is equal to
+one what's the only value that L can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the only value that L can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the only value that L can
+have zero and if l is zero what the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero and if l is zero what the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero and if l is zero what the only
+value M can have zero and so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value M can have zero and so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value M can have zero and so more
+appropriately or more completely that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately or more completely that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately or more completely that n
+equal one state is the one z0 state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one state is the one z0 state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one state is the one z0 state and
+if we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an
+electron in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that
+one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0
+state we are going to describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we are going to describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we are going to describe that
+electron by the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron by the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron by the wave function
+S10 0 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S10 0 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S10 0 all
+right now what I I haven't told you yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what I I haven't told you yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what I I haven't told you yet
+is exactly how s represents the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly how s represents the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly how s represents the electron
+okay I'm just telling you right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just telling you right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just telling you right now that
+sigh does exactly how it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh does exactly how it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh does exactly how it does is
+something I haven't told you yet and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I haven't told you yet and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I haven't told you yet and we
+will do that later in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that later in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that later in the lecture
+today okay sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay sort
+of okay that's the energy right minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay that's the energy right minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay that's the energy right minus
+the r constant all right but now if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r constant all right but now if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r constant all right but now if n is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+what's the smallest value that L can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the smallest value that L can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the smallest value that L can
+have zero and the value of M in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero and the value of M in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero and the value of M in that
+case zero and so our n equal 2 state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case zero and so our n equal 2 state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case zero and so our n equal 2 state is
+more completely the two Z State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more completely the two Z State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more completely the two Z State and the
+wave function that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that describes the
+electron in that state is the S2000 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that state is the S2000 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that state is the S2000 Z
+wave function and then of course here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and then of course here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and then of course here's
+the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that
+state now when n is equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now when n is equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now when n is equal to two
+what's the next larger value of L one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next larger value of L one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next larger value of L one
+and if L is equal to one what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if L is equal to one what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if L is equal to one what is the
+largest value that M can be one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest value that M can be one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest value that M can be one and so
+we've got another state here the 2 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got another state here the 2 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got another state here the 2 one
+one state and if you have a wave fun if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state and if you have a wave fun if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state and if you have a wave fun if
+you have an electron in that state it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electron in that state it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electron in that state it is
+described by the side 211 a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the side 211 a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the side 211 a wave
+function however the energy here is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function however the energy here is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function however the energy here is also
+minus of the r ber constant it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus of the r ber constant it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus of the r ber constant it has the
+same energy as the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy as the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy as the 20
+State now if n is equal to two and L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now if n is equal to two and L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now if n is equal to two and L is
+equal to one what's the next larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one what's the next larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one what's the next larger
+value of m zero and so we've got a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of m zero and so we've got a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of m zero and so we've got a 2
+one0 State again that wave function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 State again that wave function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 State again that wave function for
+an electron in that state we label as s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in that state we label as s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in that state we label as s
+210 and then finally when n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+210 and then finally when n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+210 and then finally when n is equal to
+2 L is equal to 1 what's the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 L is equal to 1 what's the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 L is equal to 1 what's the final
+possible value of M minus one so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value of M minus one so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value of M minus one so we have
+a 2 one minus one state and a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 one minus one state and a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 one minus one state and a wave
+function that is the 2 one minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is the 2 one minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is the 2 one minus one
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function notice that the energy of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function notice that the energy of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function notice that the energy of all
+of these four states is the same one4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these four states is the same one4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these four states is the same one4
+minus one4 the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one4 the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one4 the ridberg
+constant these states are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant these states are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant these states are what we call
+degenerate degenerate means having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate degenerate means having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate degenerate means having the
+same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay now this is the way we label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay now this is the way we label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay now this is the way we label
+wave functions but we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions but we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions but we also have a
+different scheme for uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scheme for uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scheme for uh talking about
+wave functions and that is we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and that is we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and that is we have an
+orbital scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital scheme
+right and as I said or alluded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as I said or alluded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as I said or alluded to the
+other day an orbital is nothing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day an orbital is nothing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day an orbital is nothing other
+than a wave function it's the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a wave function it's the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a wave function it's the solution
+to the Shing durur equation that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Shing durur equation that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Shing durur equation that's what
+an orbital is it's actually the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orbital is it's actually the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orbital is it's actually the spatial
+part of the wave function there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave function there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave function there's
+another part called the spin part we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part called the spin part we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part called the spin part we'll
+deal with that later but an orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that later but an orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that later but an orbital is
+essentially a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a wave
+function have a different language for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have a different language for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have a different language for
+uh describing orbitals and the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh describing orbitals and the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh describing orbitals and the way we do
+this I think you're already already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think you're already already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think you're already already
+familiar with but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with but we're going to
+describe it by the principle quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it by the principle quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it by the principle quantum
+number and of course the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and of course the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and of course the momentum
+quantum number and the Magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and the Magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and the Magnetic quantum
+number except that we have a scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number except that we have a scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number except that we have a scheme
+where a code for l and m that code uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a code for l and m that code uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a code for l and m that code uses
+letters instead of numbers so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters instead of numbers so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters instead of numbers so for
+example if L is equal to zero here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if L is equal to zero here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if L is equal to zero here right
+we call that an swave function or an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that an swave function or an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that an swave function or an S
+orbital so for example here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so for example here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so for example here in the
+orbital language instead of s one0 0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital language instead of s one0 0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital language instead of s one0 0 we
+call this a 1s orbital here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a 1s orbital here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a 1s orbital here's the
+principal quantum number here's s l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number here's s l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number here's s l is
+equal to zero that's just our code for L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero that's just our code for L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero that's just our code for L
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+zero this state two 0 you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this state two 0 you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this state two 0 you have an
+electron in that state well it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that state well it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that state well it can
+describe that wave function by the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that wave function by the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that wave function by the 2s
+orbital here's the principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital here's the principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital here's the principal quantum
+number here's s our code for l equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here's s our code for l equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here's s our code for l equals
+zero now when L is equal to one we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now when L is equal to one we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now when L is equal to one we call
+that a p wve function or a p or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a p wve function or a p or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a p wve function or a p or
+so this state right here right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this state right here right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this state right here right it's the
+2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p
+State because n is two and L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State because n is two and L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State because n is two and L is
+one this state is also the 2p wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this state is also the 2p wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this state is also the 2p wave
+function and this state it's also the 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this state it's also the 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this state it's also the 2p
+wave function okay now if I had a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function okay now if I had a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function okay now if I had a wave
+function up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up
+here uh where L was equal to two we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh where L was equal to two we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh where L was equal to two we'd
+call that a d orbital and if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a d orbital and if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a d orbital and if I had a
+wave function up here barl is three we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function up here barl is three we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function up here barl is three we
+call that an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbital okay but now all of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital okay but now all of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital okay but now all of these wave
+functions in the orbital language have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the orbital language have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the orbital language have
+the same designation and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same designation and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same designation and that's because
+we haven't taken care of this yet the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't taken care of this yet the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't taken care of this yet the M
+Quantum numberic quantum number and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum numberic quantum number and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum numberic quantum number and we
+also have an alphabet scheme for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have an alphabet scheme for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have an alphabet scheme for those
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+numbers and the bottom line is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the bottom line is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the bottom line is that when
+n m is equal to zero we put a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n m is equal to zero we put a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n m is equal to zero we put a z
+subscript on the P all right so when m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript on the P all right so when m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript on the P all right so when m
+is equal to zero that's our 2 p z wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero that's our 2 p z wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero that's our 2 p z wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exact when m is equal to one we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact when m is equal to one we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact when m is equal to one we're going
+to put an X subscript on the P wve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an X subscript on the P wve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an X subscript on the P wve
+function and when m is equal to minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when m is equal to minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when m is equal to minus1
+we're going to put a y subscript on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put a y subscript on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put a y subscript on the
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+however I got to tell you that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I got to tell you that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I got to tell you that in the
+case of M is equal to 1 and M is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of M is equal to 1 and M is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of M is equal to 1 and M is equal
+to minus1 that is not strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus1 that is not strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus1 that is not strictly
+correct and the reason it isn't is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and the reason it isn't is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and the reason it isn't is
+because when you solve schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you solve schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you solve schinger
+equation for the 211 wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the 211 wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the 211 wave function and
+the 21 minus wave function the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 minus wave function the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 minus wave function the solutions
+are complex wave functions they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complex wave functions they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complex wave functions they're not
+real wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real wave functions
+and so in order for us to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in order for us to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in order for us to be able to
+draw and think about the PX and the py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and think about the PX and the py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and think about the PX and the py
+wave functions what we do is we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions what we do is we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions what we do is we take a
+linear combination of the PX and the py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the PX and the py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the PX and the py
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+functions we take a positive linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we take a positive linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we take a positive linear
+combination in the case of of the PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in the case of of the PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in the case of of the PX
+wave function so the PX wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so the PX wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so the PX wave function is
+really this wave function plus this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this wave function plus this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this wave function plus this wave
+function and the py wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the py wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the py wave function is
+really this wave fun is this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this wave fun is this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this wave fun is this wave
+function minus this wave function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function minus this wave function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function minus this wave function then
+we'll get a real function and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a real function and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a real function and that's
+easier to deal with so that's strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to deal with so that's strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to deal with so that's strictly
+what PX and py are PX and py are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PX and py are PX and py are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PX and py are PX and py are these
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+combinations of the actual functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the actual functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the actual functions
+that come out of the schinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of the schinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of the schinger equation
+pz is exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz is exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz is exactly correct
+pz m is equal to zero and the pz wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz m is equal to zero and the pz wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz m is equal to zero and the pz wave
+function all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all
+right now you're not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you're not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you're not responsible for
+knowing that that was just what I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that that was just what I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that that was just what I I just
+wanted to let you know so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to let you know so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to let you know so you don't have
+to remember that m is equal to 1 gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that m is equal to 1 gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that m is equal to 1 gives
+you the X subscript and M is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the X subscript and M is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the X subscript and M is minus one
+gives you the Y subscript okay you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the Y subscript okay you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the Y subscript okay you do
+have to know that when m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that when m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that when m is equal to
+zero you get a z subscript there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get a z subscript there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get a z subscript there because
+that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay all right now just one other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now just one other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now just one other uh
+comment here and that is that you see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here and that is that you see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here and that is that you see we
+didn't put a subscript on the sway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put a subscript on the sway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put a subscript on the sway
+functions well that's because for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions well that's because for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions well that's because for an
+sway function the only choice you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sway function the only choice you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sway function the only choice you have
+for m is zero and so we leave out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m is zero and so we leave out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m is zero and so we leave out that
+subscript we never put a z on here or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript we never put a z on here or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript we never put a z on here or a
+z on there it's always 1 s or 2s or 3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z on there it's always 1 s or 2s or 3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z on there it's always 1 s or 2s or 3s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right well in order to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well in order to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well in order to understand
+that just a little more let's uh draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a little more let's uh draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a little more let's uh draw an
+energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level
+diagram here's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here's the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here's the energy
+again and uh for n equal 1 we now see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and uh for n equal 1 we now see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and uh for n equal 1 we now see
+that the more complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more complete
+description is three quantum numbers 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is three quantum numbers 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is three quantum numbers 1 0
+0 that gives us the one z0 state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that gives us the one z0 state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that gives us the one z0 state or
+sometimes we say the 1s State okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we say the 1s State okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we say the 1s State okay there
+there is one state at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one state at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one state at that
+energy but in the case of n equal 2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but in the case of n equal 2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but in the case of n equal 2 we
+already saw that we've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw that we've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw that we've got four
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+states for the quantum number n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for the quantum number n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for the quantum number n equal
+two four different states they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two four different states they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two four different states they all have
+the same energy they are degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy they are degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy they are degenerate
+degenerate means having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate means having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate means having the same
+energy they differ in how much angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they differ in how much angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they differ in how much angular
+moment um the electron has or how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um the electron has or how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um the electron has or how much
+angular momentum the electron would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the electron would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the electron would have
+in the Z component if it were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z component if it were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z component if it were in a
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+okay so the total energy is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the total energy is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the total energy is the same
+because only n determines the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only n determines the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only n determines the energy
+it's just that the amount of anual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the amount of anual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the amount of anual
+momentum or the Z component of the anual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or the Z component of the anual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or the Z component of the anual
+momentum that differs in 2s 2py 2pz 2px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that differs in 2s 2py 2pz 2px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that differs in 2s 2py 2pz 2px
+all right but they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but they all have the same
+energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in
+general for any any value of n there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for any any value of n there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for any any value of n there are
+n s degenerate States at each value of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s degenerate States at each value of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s degenerate States at each value of n
+so if we have n is equal to three then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have n is equal to three then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have n is equal to three then
+the energy is minus 1 nth the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is minus 1 nth the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is minus 1 nth the ridberg
+constant but how many states do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but how many states do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but how many states do we have
+at n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equal
+3 nine here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 nine here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 nine here they are
+right just like for Nal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like for Nal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like for Nal 2
+we have the 3s 3p py 3pz and 3 PX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the 3s 3p py 3pz and 3 PX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the 3s 3p py 3pz and 3 PX and
+there are the associated quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the associated quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the associated quantum numbers
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that but now we've got some states here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now we've got some states here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now we've got some states here
+that I've labeled 3D States well 3D when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've labeled 3D States well 3D when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've labeled 3D States well 3D when
+you have a dstate that means L is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dstate that means L is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dstate that means L is equal
+to two so all of these states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two so all of these states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two so all of these states have
+principal quantum number three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number three and
+angular momentum quantum number number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum quantum number number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum quantum number number
+two and they differ also by the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and they differ also by the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and they differ also by the amount
+of angular momentum in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum in the Z Direction
+they differ in the quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they differ in the quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they differ in the quantum number
+M so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so for example the
+3dxy has we're going to call the m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3dxy has we're going to call the m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3dxy has we're going to call the m equal
+minus 2 State the 3dxy we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 State the 3dxy we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 State the 3dxy we're going to
+put XY in the uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put XY in the uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put XY in the uh as a
+subscript for m equal minus one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript for m equal minus one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript for m equal minus one we're
+going to put a subscript y z for m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a subscript y z for m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a subscript y z for m equal
+0 we're going to put a subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 we're going to put a subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 we're going to put a subscript
+z^2 for m = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 for m = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 for m = 1
+dxz and for m = 2 x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxz and for m = 2 x^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxz and for m = 2 x^2 -
+y^2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 now
+again for M = -2 -1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for M = -2 -1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for M = -2 -1 1 and
+two those wave functions when you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two those wave functions when you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two those wave functions when you solve
+Shing d equations are complex wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shing d equations are complex wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shing d equations are complex wave
+functions and what we do to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what we do to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what we do to talk about
+the wave functions is we take linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions is we take linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions is we take linear
+combinations of them to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of them to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of them to make them
+real and so when I say m is minus 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and so when I say m is minus 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and so when I say m is minus 2 is
+the 3dxy wave function it's not strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3dxy wave function it's not strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3dxy wave function it's not strictly
+correct so therefore again you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so therefore again you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so therefore again you don't
+need to know M minus 2 you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know M minus 2 you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know M minus 2 you don't need to
+know that subscript or m equal 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that subscript or m equal 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that subscript or m equal 1 you
+don't need to know that subscript but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know that subscript but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know that subscript but
+for m equals z this is a z^2 absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m equals z this is a z^2 absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m equals z this is a z^2 absolutely
+all right these are these wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these are these wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these are these wave functions
+are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear
+combinations this one is not it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations this one is not it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations this one is not it is a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+function okay when it comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay when it comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay when it comes out of the
+schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger
+equation you will talk about these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will talk about these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will talk about these wave
+functions the 3D wave functions a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the 3D wave functions a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the 3D wave functions a lot
+with professor cumins in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with professor cumins in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with professor cumins in the second half
+of the course right you'll actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course right you'll actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course right you'll actually look
+at the shapes of those wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shapes of those wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shapes of those wave functions
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+detail okay so that's the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay so that's the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay so that's the energy level
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+here all right all right so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right all right so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right all right so now let's
+actually talk about the shapes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about the shapes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about the shapes of the
+wave functions and I I'm going to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and I I'm going to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and I I'm going to raise
+this screen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think so what do these wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so what do these wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so what do these wave functions
+actually look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+okay well for a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well for a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well for a hydrogen
+atom our wave function here given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom our wave function here given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom our wave function here given by
+three quantum numbers n l and m function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers n l and m function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers n l and m function
+of r Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r Theta and
+F it turns out that those wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F it turns out that those wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F it turns out that those wave functions
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+factorable into a function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorable into a function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorable into a function that is
+only in R and a function that is only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in R and a function that is only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in R and a function that is only in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+angles all right so you can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles all right so you can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles all right so you can write that
+no approximation this is just the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no approximation this is just the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no approximation this is just the way it
+turns out the function that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the function that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the function that is a
+function only of r r of R it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only of r r of R it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only of r r of R it's called
+the radial function you call it capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial function you call it capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial function you call it capital
+r radial function of r it is labeled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r radial function of r it is labeled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r radial function of r it is labeled by
+only two quantum numbers n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two quantum numbers n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two quantum numbers n and
+L the function that is a function only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the function that is a function only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the function that is a function only
+of the angles Theta and Fi we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angles Theta and Fi we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angles Theta and Fi we're going
+to call Y this is the angular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Y this is the angular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Y this is the angular part of
+the wave function and it is labeled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and it is labeled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and it is labeled by
+only two quantum numbers but they are l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two quantum numbers but they are l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two quantum numbers but they are l
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+m sometimes we call this angular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sometimes we call this angular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sometimes we call this angular part
+for short we just call it the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short we just call it the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short we just call it the Y
+lm's okay so there's a radial part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lm's okay so there's a radial part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lm's okay so there's a radial part and
+there's an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an angular
+part and the actual functional forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the actual functional forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the actual functional forms are
+what I show you here on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I show you here on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I show you here on the side
+screen and in this case what I did is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and in this case what I did is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and in this case what I did is to
+separate the radial part from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the radial part from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the radial part from the
+angular part all right so this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part all right so this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part all right so this first
+part here is the radial part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here is the radial part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here is the radial part of the wave
+function and here on the right is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here on the right is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here on the right is the
+angular part of the wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part of the wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part of the wave function and
+I've written them down for the ons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written them down for the ons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written them down for the ons the
+2s and the bottom one's the 3s although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and the bottom one's the 3s although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and the bottom one's the 3s although
+I left the label off in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left the label off in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left the label off in order to get the
+whole wave function in there okay I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wave function in there okay I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wave function in there okay I want
+you to notice here that the angular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to notice here that the angular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to notice here that the angular part
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ym for the 3s wave for the swaave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym for the 3s wave for the swaave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym for the 3s wave for the swaave
+functions hey it's got no Theta and fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions hey it's got no Theta and fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions hey it's got no Theta and fi
+in it there's no angle angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it there's no angle angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it there's no angle angular
+dependence they're spherically symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence they're spherically symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence they're spherically symmetric
+all right that's going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's going to be different
+for the P wve functions angular part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the P wve functions angular part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the P wve functions angular part is
+just 1 over 4 pi to the 1 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 over 4 pi to the 1 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 over 4 pi to the 1 12
+power and it's the radial part here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and it's the radial part here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and it's the radial part here that
+we're actually going to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to take a look at
+uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right
+now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+um let's start with that 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start with that 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start with that 1s wave
+function that 1s wave function up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that 1s wave function up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that 1s wave function up there
+if I plotted that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plotted that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plotted that wave
+function so this is S10 0 or the 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is S10 0 or the 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is S10 0 or the 1s wave
+function versus R oh I should tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function versus R oh I should tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function versus R oh I should tell you
+one other thing that I didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing that I didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing that I didn't tell you
+and that is that throughout these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that throughout these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that throughout these wave
+functions you see this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you see this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you see this thing called a
+knot a knot is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot a knot is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot a knot is a
+constant it is called B's the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it is called B's the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it is called B's the bore
+radius I'll explain you where that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I'll explain you where that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I'll explain you where that comes
+from a little bit later but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a little bit later but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a little bit later but it has a
+value of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of about
+0.529
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529
+enroms okay so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant okay but let's plot here the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay but let's plot here the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay but let's plot here the uh
+one z z wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one z z wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one z z wave
+function if I went and plotted it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I went and plotted it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I went and plotted it what
+I'd find is simply that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd find is simply that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd find is simply that the wave
+function at R is equal to zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at R is equal to zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at R is equal to zero here
+would start out at some high finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start out at some high finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start out at some high finite
+value and there' just be an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and there' just be an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and there' just be an exponential
+decay right because if you look here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay right because if you look here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay right because if you look here at
+the functional form what do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form what do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form what do you have
+well you have all this stuff but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have all this stuff but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have all this stuff but that's
+just a constant and the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant and the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant and the only thing you
+have is an e to the minus r over a KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is an e to the minus r over a KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is an e to the minus r over a KN
+dependence right it's an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence right it's an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence right it's an exponential
+decay e the minus r over a KN that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay e the minus r over a KN that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay e the minus r over a KN that's
+what gives you this exponential drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives you this exponential drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives you this exponential drop in
+the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+function what this says is is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what this says is is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what this says is is that the
+wave function at all values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function at all values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function at all values of
+R right has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right has a positive
+value now what about the uh s to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now what about the uh s to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now what about the uh s to zero
+wave function well let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function well let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function well let's look at that
+side two 0 0 where the 2 swave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side two 0 0 where the 2 swave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side two 0 0 where the 2 swave function
+is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of
+r what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r what happens
+here well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well um
+we're plotting essentially this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting essentially this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting essentially this right
+all of this stuff is a constant and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this stuff is a constant and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this stuff is a constant and we
+have a 2 - R A KN time an eus R over 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 - R A KN time an eus R over 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 - R A KN time an eus R over 2 a
+that's what we're really plotting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're really plotting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're really plotting here
+and if I did that it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I did that it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I did that it would look
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we start at some large positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we start at some large positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we start at some large positive
+value here and you see that the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here and you see that the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here and you see that the a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+decreases and it gets to a a value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and it gets to a a value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and it gets to a a value of R
+where s is equal to zero okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where s is equal to zero okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where s is equal to zero okay that's a
+node that's a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node and in the case of the 2s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and in the case of the 2s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and in the case of the 2s wave
+function that radial node occurs at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that radial node occurs at r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that radial node occurs at r
+equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a
+not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all
+right and then the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the wave function
+becomes negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative
+increases gets more and more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases gets more and more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases gets more and more negative
+till you get to a point where it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you get to a point where it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you get to a point where it starts
+increasing again and then approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing again and then approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing again and then approaches
+zero right this part here of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right this part here of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right this part here of the wave
+function is really dictated by that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is really dictated by that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is really dictated by that the
+exponential term there the e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential term there the e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential term there the e to the
+minus r over 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r over 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r over 2 a
+KN this part of the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN this part of the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN this part of the wave function is
+dictated by this polinomial here 2 - R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by this polinomial here 2 - R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by this polinomial here 2 - R
+over a KN if you wanted to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a KN if you wanted to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a KN if you wanted to solve for
+that radial node what would you do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radial node what would you do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radial node what would you do well
+you would take that functional form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take that functional form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take that functional form and
+set it equal to zero and solve for R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to zero and solve for R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to zero and solve for R and
+so you can see that 2 - R over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that 2 - R over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that 2 - R over a
+KN set equal to zero that when R is 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN set equal to zero that when R is 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN set equal to zero that when R is 2 a
+KN that the wave function would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN that the wave function would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN that the wave function would have a
+value of zero that's how you solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero that's how you solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero that's how you solve for
+the value of r at which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of r at which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of r at which you have a
+node now this is really important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node now this is really important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node now this is really important here
+and that is that at the radial node the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that at the radial node the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that at the radial node the
+wave function changes sign the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function changes sign the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function changes sign the amplitude
+of the wave function goes from positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function goes from positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function goes from positive
+to negative that's important because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative that's important because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative that's important because at
+all nodes for all wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nodes for all wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nodes for all wave
+functions the wave function changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the wave function changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the wave function changes
+sign and the reason the sign of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the reason the sign of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the reason the sign of the way
+function is so important is in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is so important is in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is so important is in chemical
+bonding but let me back up for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding but let me back up for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding but let me back up for a moment
+many of you have talked about P orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have talked about P orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have talked about P orbitals
+or seen P orbitals before and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seen P orbitals before and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seen P orbitals before and sometimes
+on a lobe of a p orbital you put a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lobe of a p orbital you put a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lobe of a p orbital you put a plus
+sign and sometimes you put a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and sometimes you put a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and sometimes you put a negative
+sign you seen that right okay well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you seen that right okay well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you seen that right okay well what
+that is just referring to is the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just referring to is the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just referring to is the sign of
+the amplitude of the wave function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the wave function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the wave function it
+means that in that area the w function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in that area the w function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in that area the w function
+is the amplitudes positive and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amplitudes positive and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amplitudes positive and the other
+area the amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the amplitudes
+negative and the reason the amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the reason the amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the reason the amplitudes
+are so important or the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so important or the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so important or the sign of the
+amplitudes are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes are so
+important is because in a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is because in a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is because in a chemical
+reaction when you're bringing two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when you're bringing two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when you're bringing two atoms
+together and your electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and your electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and your electrons that are
+represented by waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by waves are
+overlapping if you're bringing in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping if you're bringing in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping if you're bringing in two
+wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions
+that have the same sign well then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same sign well then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same sign well then you're
+going to have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have constructive
+interference and you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and you're going to have
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+bonding if you bring in two atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding if you bring in two atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding if you bring in two atoms and
+the wave functions are overlapping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions are overlapping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions are overlapping and
+they have opposite signs hey you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have opposite signs hey you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have opposite signs hey you got
+destructive interference and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference and you're not
+going to have any chemical bonding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have any chemical bonding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have any chemical bonding all
+right so that's why the sign of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why the sign of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why the sign of those
+wave functions is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions is so
+important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+so that's uh S 2000 0 what about S 3 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 well that's the uh last function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well that's the uh last function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well that's the uh last function here
+on the board or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the side
+walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and
+um let me just write down the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just write down the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just write down the radial
+part 27 - 18 R over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part 27 - 18 R over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part 27 - 18 R over a
+plus 2 * R over a^ 2quared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 * R over a^ 2quared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 * R over a^ 2quared
+right time e Theus R over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time e Theus R over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time e Theus R over 3
+a and now if I plotted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now if I plotted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now if I plotted that
+function so S 3 0 0 3s wave function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so S 3 0 0 3s wave function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so S 3 0 0 3s wave function I
+find out at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out at R equals
+0 large value of s finite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 large value of s finite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 large value of s finite it
+drops it crosses zero gets negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops it crosses zero gets negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops it crosses zero gets negative then
+gets less negative crosses zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less negative crosses zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets less negative crosses zero again
+and then drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then drops
+off in the case of the 3s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the case of the 3s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the case of the 3s wave function
+we've got two radial nodes right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two radial nodes right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two radial nodes right we've
+got a radial node right in here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a radial node right in here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a radial node right in here and we
+got a radial node right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a radial node right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a radial node right in
+there and if you want to know what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you want to know what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you want to know what those
+radial nodes are you set the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes are you set the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes are you set the wave
+function equal to zero and solve for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equal to zero and solve for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equal to zero and solve for for
+the values of r that make that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of r that make that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of r that make that wave
+function zero and if you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function zero and if you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function zero and if you do that you
+would find this would come out to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find this would come out to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find this would come out to be in
+terms of units of a knot 1.9 aot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of units of a knot 1.9 aot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of units of a knot 1.9 aot and
+right here it would be 7.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it would be 7.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it would be 7.1
+a all right so the wave function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so the wave function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so the wave function in the
+case of the 3s has a positive value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the 3s has a positive value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the 3s has a positive value for
+R less than 1.9 a has a negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R less than 1.9 a has a negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R less than 1.9 a has a negative value
+from 1.9 a to 7 1 a and then a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1.9 a to 7 1 a and then a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1.9 a to 7 1 a and then a positive
+value again from 7.1 a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value again from 7.1 a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value again from 7.1 a to
+Infinity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so those are uh the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so those are uh the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so those are uh the wave
+functions the functional forms what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the functional forms what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the functional forms what they
+uh they actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they actually look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+now now it's time to talk about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it's time to talk about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it's time to talk about what the
+wave function actually means and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function actually means and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function actually means and how
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this was of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was of course a
+very puzzling question to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very puzzling question to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very puzzling question to um the
+scientific Community right soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Community right soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Community right soon as
+Schrodinger wrote down his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger wrote down his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger wrote down his uh
+Schrodinger equation hm H somehow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation hm H somehow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation hm H somehow these
+waves represent the particles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves represent the particles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves represent the particles but
+exactly how do they represent where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how do they represent where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how do they represent where the
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+are and the answer to that question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the answer to that question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the answer to that question is
+essentially there is no answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there is no answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially there is no answer to that
+question you know wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know wave functions are
+wave functions there was there there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions there was there there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions there was there there one
+of these Concepts that um you can't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Concepts that um you can't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Concepts that um you can't draw
+a classical analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical analogy to
+right you want to say well a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to say well a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to say well a wave
+function does this but the only way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does this but the only way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does this but the only way you
+can describe it is in terms of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe it is in terms of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe it is in terms of language
+that um is uh something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is uh something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is uh something that you
+experience every day in your world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every day in your world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every day in your world but
+you can't a wave function is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't a wave function is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't a wave function is a wave
+function right I can't draw a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right I can't draw a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right I can't draw a correct
+analogy to a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to a classical
+World okay really that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World okay really that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World okay really that's the
+case however it took a very uh smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case however it took a very uh smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case however it took a very uh smart
+gentleman by the name of Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman by the name of Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman by the name of Max
+Bourne to look at this problem and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne to look at this problem and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne to look at this problem and he
+said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well you
+know if I take the wave function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I take the wave function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I take the wave function and I
+Square it well then if I interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it well then if I interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it well then if I interpret that
+as a probability density well then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a probability density well then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a probability density well then I can
+understand all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all the
+predictions made by the Shing jur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions made by the Shing jur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions made by the Shing jur
+equation within that framework all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation within that framework all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation within that framework all right
+so in other words he said let me take s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words he said let me take s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words he said let me take s
+n l and m as a function of r Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n l and m as a function of r Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n l and m as a function of r Theta and
+F let me Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F let me Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F let me Square
+it let me interpret that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me interpret that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me interpret that as a
+probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability density is not a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is not a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is not a probability
+it's a density density is always per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a density density is always per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a density density is always per
+unit volume so probability density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume right the probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume right the probability per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume right the probability per unit
+volume well you know if I use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume well you know if I use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume well you know if I use that
+interpretation then I can understand all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation then I can understand all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation then I can understand all
+the predictions made by the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions made by the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predictions made by the shinger
+equation it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it makes
+sense okay and you know what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and you know what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and you know what that's
+it because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpretation does agree with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation does agree with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation does agree with our
+observations it is therefore we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations it is therefore we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations it is therefore we believe
+to be correct but it is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correct but it is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correct but it is just an
+assumption it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption it is an
+onset it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset it is a
+interpretation there is no derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation there is no derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation there is no derivation
+for it it's just that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it's just that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it's just that that
+interpretation works all right if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation works all right if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation works all right if it
+works we therefore believe it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works we therefore believe it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works we therefore believe it to be
+accurate there is no indication there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate there is no indication there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate there is no indication there is
+no there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are no
+data that seem to contradict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that seem to contradict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that seem to contradict that
+interpretation hey we think it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation hey we think it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation hey we think it's right
+all right then that's what Max Bourne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then that's what Max Bourne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then that's what Max Bourne
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+now Max Bourne was a really uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Max Bourne was a really uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Max Bourne was a really uh something
+in terms of his scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of his scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of his scientific
+accomplishments not only did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments not only did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments not only did he
+recognize or have the insight to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize or have the insight to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize or have the insight to realize
+what size squared was but he's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size squared was but he's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size squared was but he's also the
+born of the born Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born of the born Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born of the born Oppenheimer
+approximation which maybe some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which maybe some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which maybe some of you
+have heard of about before he's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of about before he's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of about before he's also the
+born in the distorted wave born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in the distorted wave born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in the distorted wave born
+approximation which probably none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which probably none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which probably none of you
+have heard before all right but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard before all right but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard before all right but you know
+despite all of those accomplishments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all of those accomplishments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all of those accomplishments you
+know SI squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know SI squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know SI squared
+interpretation borne Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation borne Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation borne Oppenheimer
+approximation distorted wave born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation distorted wave born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation distorted wave born
+approximation despite all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation despite all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation despite all of those
+accomplishments he is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments he is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments he is best
+known for being the grandfather of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for being the grandfather of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for being the grandfather of
+Olivia Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia Newton
+John that's right yep Olivia Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John that's right yep Olivia Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John that's right yep Olivia Newton
+John's a singer Greece two weeks ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's a singer Greece two weeks ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's a singer Greece two weeks ago in
+h the Boston Globe Parade Magazine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h the Boston Globe Parade Magazine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h the Boston Globe Parade Magazine which
+I actually think is uh a magazine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually think is uh a magazine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually think is uh a magazine that
+goes throughout the country in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes throughout the country in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes throughout the country in all the
+Sunday newspapers there's an article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday newspapers there's an article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday newspapers there's an article on
+Olivia Newton John Long article on her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia Newton John Long article on her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia Newton John Long article on her
+short sentence about her grandfather Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sentence about her grandfather Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sentence about her grandfather Max
+borne okay all right so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne okay all right so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne okay all right so that's our
+interpretation thanks to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation thanks to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation thanks to Max
+borne all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne all right
+so now how are we going to use that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how are we going to use that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how are we going to use that well
+first of all Let's uh let's take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all Let's uh let's take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all Let's uh let's take our
+size our functional forms for sigh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size our functional forms for sigh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size our functional forms for sigh here
+and let's Square it and let's plot those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's Square it and let's plot those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's Square it and let's plot those
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+densities for the individual wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities for the individual wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities for the individual wave
+functions and uh see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got all right the way I'm going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all right the way I'm going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all right the way I'm going to plot
+the probability density is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density is I'm going to
+use um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um some
+dots and the density of the dots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the density of the dots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the density of the dots is
+going to reflect the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflect the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflect the probability density
+so the more dense the dots the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more dense the dots the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more dense the dots the larger
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+density so if I take that functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so if I take that functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so if I take that functional
+form for the 1 s wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the 1 s wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the 1 s wave function and
+square it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it and then
+plot the value of that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the value of that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the value of that function
+squared with these uh with this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with these uh with this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with these uh with this density
+dot diagram right then uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot diagram right then uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot diagram right then uh you can see
+that the Dots here are most dense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dots here are most dense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dots here are most dense right
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+origin and that they exponentially decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and that they exponentially decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and that they exponentially decay
+in all directions right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions right so the
+probability density here for one s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density here for one s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density here for one s wave
+function is greatest at the origin R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is greatest at the origin R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is greatest at the origin R
+equals z and it decays exponentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and it decays exponentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and it decays exponentially in
+all directions it's spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions it's spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions it's spherically
+symmetric that's what you'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that's what you'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that's what you'd expect
+because that's the the W function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the the W function looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the the W function looks
+like you square that you get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you square that you get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you square that you get another
+exponential decays exponentially in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decays exponentially in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decays exponentially in all
+directions all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions all right so that's the
+probability density probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density probability of
+finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the
+electron per unit volume at some value R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron per unit volume at some value R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron per unit volume at some value R
+Theta and F and it turns out it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and F and it turns out it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and F and it turns out it doesn't
+matter what Theta and F is because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what Theta and F is because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what Theta and F is because this
+is spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spherically
+symmetric how about the 2s W function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric how about the 2s W function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric how about the 2s W function
+well here's the 2s probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the 2s probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the 2s probability
+density again you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density again you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density again you can see the
+probability density is a maximum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is a maximum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is a maximum at the
+origin at the nucleus that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the nucleus that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the nucleus that probability
+density decays uniformly in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density decays uniformly in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density decays uniformly in all
+directions and it decays so much that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and it decays so much that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and it decays so much that at
+some point you have no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you have no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you have no probability
+density why because that's the node if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density why because that's the node if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density why because that's the node if
+you square zero you still get zero r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square zero you still get zero r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square zero you still get zero r
+equal to a KN you can see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a KN you can see that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a KN you can see that in the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+density but then again as you move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but then again as you move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but then again as you move up
+this way right probability density as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right probability density as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right probability density as
+you increase R the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase R the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase R the probability density
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+again why because remember the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why because remember the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why because remember the wave
+function the wave function now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the wave function now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the wave function now has
+changed sign but in this area here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed sign but in this area here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed sign but in this area here where
+it's negative if I Square it well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative if I Square it well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative if I Square it well the
+probability density still is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density still is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density still is going to be
+large square a negative number hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large square a negative number hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large square a negative number hey
+you're going to have a large positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a large positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a large positive
+number so that's why the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that's why the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that's why the probability
+density increases right in here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density increases right in here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density increases right in here and then
+again it decays towards zero all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it decays towards zero all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it decays towards zero all right
+so you can see the radial node not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the radial node not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the radial node not only
+in the way function but also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way function but also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way function but also in the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density all right here's the 3s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all right here's the 3s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all right here's the 3s wave
+function probability density for the 3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function probability density for the 3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function probability density for the 3s
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function once again probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function once again probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function once again probability density
+is a maximum at R equals 0 and it decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a maximum at R equals 0 and it decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a maximum at R equals 0 and it decays
+uniformly in all directions Decay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly in all directions Decay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly in all directions Decay so
+much that it's some value of R right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that it's some value of R right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that it's some value of R right
+here the probability density is zero why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability density is zero why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability density is zero why
+because the wave function's zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function's zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function's zero you
+square it you're going to get a zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it you're going to get a zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it you're going to get a zero for
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+density and then the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then the probability density
+increases again why because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases again why because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases again why because you're
+getting a more and more negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a more and more negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a more and more negative value
+for the wave function right in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function right in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function right in this area
+square that well it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that well it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that well it's going to
+increase and then as you continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then as you continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then as you continue to
+increase R well probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase R well probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase R well probability density
+decreases decreases again so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases decreases again so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases decreases again so that you
+get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+zero you get a zero because the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get a zero because the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get a zero because the wave
+function is zero right there this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero right there this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero right there this is our
+second radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second radial
+node but then the probability increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node but then the probability increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node but then the probability increases
+again probability density increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again probability density increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again probability density increases
+again it increases because the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it increases because the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it increases because the wave
+function increases square that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function increases square that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function increases square that we're
+going to get a high probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a high probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a high probability density
+and then it tapers off all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it tapers off all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it tapers off all right so the
+important Point here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point here is the
+interpretation of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the probability
+density probability per unit volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density probability per unit volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density probability per unit volume the
+fact that the swave functions are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the swave functions are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the swave functions are all
+spherically symmetric they don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric they don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric they don't have an
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+dependence uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and what a radial node is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what a radial node is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what a radial node is if you
+want to get a radial node you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a radial node you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a radial node you take the
+wave function set it equal to zero solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function set it equal to zero solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function set it equal to zero solve
+for the value of r that gives you a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now so far we've talked only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so far we've talked only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so far we've talked only about
+the probability density and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density and this
+interpretation we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation we haven't talked about
+any probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any probabilities
+yet and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and to do
+so we're going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about this
+function here it's called a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here it's called a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here it's called a radial
+probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution
+the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial probability
+distribution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the
+probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an
+electron in a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a spherical
+shell that spherical shell will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that spherical shell will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that spherical shell will be some
+distance R away from the nucleus so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R away from the nucleus so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R away from the nucleus so that
+spherical shell will have a radius R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell will have a radius R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell will have a radius R and
+that spherical shell will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spherical shell will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spherical shell will have a
+thickness and the thickness we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and the thickness we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and the thickness we're going
+to call Dr all right so this isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Dr all right so this isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Dr all right so this isn't a
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+sphere this is a shell this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere this is a shell this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere this is a shell this is a
+sphere but the thickness of that sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere but the thickness of that sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere but the thickness of that sphere
+is very small the thickness of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small the thickness of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small the thickness of it is
+Dr and to try to represent that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and to try to represent that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and to try to represent that a little
+bit better I show you here a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better I show you here a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better I show you here a picture of
+the probability density here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density here for the
+one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0
+state and so this is kind of my do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so this is kind of my do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so this is kind of my do
+density dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density dot
+diagram and then this blue thing is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and then this blue thing is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and then this blue thing is my
+spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+shell this blue thing here has a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell this blue thing here has a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell this blue thing here has a radius
+R right and this blue thing has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right and this blue thing has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right and this blue thing has a
+thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness
+Dr and so I'm saying that the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and so I'm saying that the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and so I'm saying that the radial
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is going to be the
+probability of finding the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+this spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical
+shell that spherical shell is a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that spherical shell is a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that spherical shell is a distance
+r from the nucleus and has a thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r from the nucleus and has a thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r from the nucleus and has a thickness
+Dr all right now I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr all right now I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr all right now I want to point
+out that the volume of the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the volume of the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the volume of the spherical
+shell is just the surface area here 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is just the surface area here 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is just the surface area here 4 pi
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+squared times the thickness which is Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the thickness which is Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the thickness which is Dr
+not very thin not very thick spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very thin not very thick spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very thin not very thick spherical
+shell all right so the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell all right so the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell all right so the radial
+probability distributions probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions probability of
+finding electron in that spherical shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding electron in that spherical shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding electron in that spherical shell
+it's like the probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the probability of finding the
+electron a distance R to r+ Dr from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a distance R to r+ Dr from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a distance R to r+ Dr from the
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+okay all right why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right why is that
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+well because if I want to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because if I want to calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because if I want to calculate a
+probability what I can do then is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability what I can do then is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability what I can do then is to
+take the probab ility density here s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the probab ility density here s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the probab ility density here s
+squar for an S orbital I can take s squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar for an S orbital I can take s squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar for an S orbital I can take s squ
+which is probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probability per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probability per unit
+volume and I can then multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and I can then multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and I can then multiply it by
+that unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit
+volume in this case it was the 4 pi r 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in this case it was the 4 pi r 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in this case it was the 4 pi r 2
+Dr and the result will be a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and the result will be a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr and the result will be a probability
+right because I have probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I have probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I have probability density
+prob probability per unit volume times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob probability per unit volume times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob probability per unit volume times
+the volume hey that's a probability all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume hey that's a probability all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume hey that's a probability all
+right so now we're getting somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're getting somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're getting somewhere in
+terms of figuring out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of figuring out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of figuring out what the
+probability is of finding the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is of finding the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is of finding the electron
+some distance R to R plus Dr from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance R to R plus Dr from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance R to R plus Dr from the
+nucleus in the case of the um s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in the case of the um s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in the case of the um s
+orbitals I said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals I said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals I said that the
+side was a product of the radial part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was a product of the radial part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was a product of the radial part
+and the ym and the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ym and the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ym and the angular
+part remember that the ym for the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part remember that the ym for the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part remember that the ym for the S
+orbitals was always 1 over 4 Pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals was always 1 over 4 Pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals was always 1 over 4 Pi the
+square root of 1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 1 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 1 over 4
+Pi all right so s the ym squar is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi all right so s the ym squar is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi all right so s the ym squar is going
+to cancel with 4 PI right and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel with 4 PI right and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel with 4 PI right and you're
+just going to have R 2 time the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to have R 2 time the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to have R 2 time the radial
+part squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part squared
+so for a 1s orbital if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a 1s orbital if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a 1s orbital if you want to
+actually calculate the probability at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the probability at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the probability at
+some value R you just have to take s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value R you just have to take s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value R you just have to take s
+squar and multiply it by 4 pi r 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and multiply it by 4 pi r 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and multiply it by 4 pi r 2
+Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+okay however in the case of all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however in the case of all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however in the case of all other
+orbitals you can't do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals you can't do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals you can't do that because
+they're not spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not spherically
+symmetric and so for all other orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and so for all other orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and so for all other orbitals
+you only have you have to take the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have you have to take the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have you have to take the the
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+part and multiply it by R 2 Dr all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and multiply it by R 2 Dr all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and multiply it by R 2 Dr all right
+I'll explain that a little bit more next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain that a little bit more next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain that a little bit more next
+time okay see you on Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UNHQ7CRsEtU.txt b/UNHQ7CRsEtU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0ba4bda07c5957df8c7941218468680b50dfdc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UNHQ7CRsEtU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2742 @@
+ANNOUNCER: Open content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer High-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu .
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Let's
+recap where we were.
+
+Last lecture, we talked about,
+or started to talk about,
+
+efficiency.
+
+Orders of growth.
+
+Complexity.
+
+And I'll remind you, we saw a
+set of algorithms, and part of
+
+my goal was to get you
+to begin to recognize
+
+characteristics of algorithms
+that map into
+
+a particular class.
+
+So what did we see?
+
+We saw linear algorithms.
+Typical characterization, not
+
+all the time, but typical
+characterization, is an
+
+algorithm that reduces the size
+of a problem by one, or
+
+by some constant amount each
+time, is typically an example
+
+of a linear algorithm.
+
+And we saw a couple of examples
+of linear algorithms.
+
+We also saw a logarithmic
+algorithm. and we like log
+
+algorithms, because they're
+really fast. A typical
+
+characteristic of a log
+algorithm is a pro-- or sorry,
+
+an algorithm where it reduces
+the size of the problem by a
+
+constant factor.
+
+Obviously-- and that's a bad
+way of saying it, I said
+
+constant the previous time--
+in the linear case, it's
+
+subtract by certain amount.
+
+In the log case, it's
+divide by an amount.
+
+Cut the problem in half.
+
+Cut the problem in half again.
+
+And that's a typical
+
+characterization of a log algorithm.
+
+We saw some quadratic
+algorithms, typically those
+
+are things with multiple nested
+loops, or iterative or
+
+recursive calls, where you're
+doing, say, a linear amount of
+
+time but you're doing it a
+linear number of times, and so
+
+it becomes quadratic, and you'll
+see other polynomial
+
+kinds of algorithms.
+
+And finally, we saw an example
+of an exponential algorithm,
+
+those Towers of Hanoi.
+
+We don't like exponential
+algorithms, or at least you
+
+shouldn't like them, because
+they blow up quickly.
+
+And we saw some examples
+of that.
+
+And unfortunately, some problems
+are inherently
+
+exponential, you're sort of
+stuck with that, and then you
+
+just have to try be as
+clever as you can.
+
+OK.
+
+At the end of the lecture last
+time, I also showed you an
+
+example of binary search.
+
+And I want to redo that in a
+little more detail today,
+
+because I felt like I did that
+a little more quickly than I
+
+wanted to, so, if you really got
+binary search, fall asleep
+
+for about ten minutes, just
+don't snore, your neighbors
+
+may not appreciate it, but
+we're going to go over it
+
+again, because it's a problem
+and an idea that we're going
+
+to come back to, and I really
+want to make sure that I do
+
+this in a way that makes
+real good sense you.
+
+Again.
+
+Basic premise of binary search,
+or at least we set it
+
+up was, imagine I have a sorted
+list of elements.
+
+We get, in a second, to how
+we're going to get them
+
+sorted, and I want to know,
+is a particular
+
+element in that list..
+
+And the basic idea of binary
+search is to start with the
+
+full range of the list,
+pick the midpoint,
+
+and test that point.
+
+If it's the thing I'm looking
+for, I'm golden.
+
+If not, because the list is
+sorted, I can use the
+
+difference between what I'm
+looking for and that midpoint
+
+to decide, should I look in the
+top half of the list, or
+
+the bottom half of the list?
+
+And I keep chopping it down.
+
+And I want to show you a little
+bit more detail of
+
+that, so let's create a simple
+little list here.
+
+All right?
+
+I don't care what's in there,
+but just assume that's my
+
+list. And just to remind you, on
+your handout, and there it
+
+is on the screen, I'm going to
+bring it back up, there's the
+
+little binary search
+algorithm.
+
+We're going to call
+search, which just
+
+calls binary search.
+
+And you can look at it, and
+let's in fact take a look at
+
+it to see what it does.
+
+We're going to call binary
+search, it's going to take the
+
+list to search and the element,
+but it's also going
+
+to say, here's the first part
+of the list, and there's the
+
+last part of the list,
+and what does it
+
+do inside that code?
+
+Well, it checks to see,
+is it bigger than two?
+
+Are there more than two
+elements there?
+
+If there are less than two
+elements there, I just check
+
+one or both of those to
+see if I'm looking
+
+for the right thing.
+
+Otherwise, what does that
+code say to do?
+
+It says find the midpoint, which
+says, take the start,
+
+which is pointing to that place
+right there, take last
+
+minus first, divide it by
+2, and add it to start.
+
+And that basically, somewhere
+about here,
+
+gives me the midpoint.
+
+Now I look at that element.
+
+Is it the thing I'm
+looking for?
+
+If I'm really lucky, it is.
+
+If not, I look at the value of
+that point here and the thing
+
+I'm looking for.
+
+And for sake of argument, let's
+assume that the thing
+
+I'm looking for is smaller
+than the value here.
+
+Here's what I do.
+
+I change-- oops!
+
+Let me do that this way--
+
+I change last to here, and keep
+first there, and I throw
+
+away all of that.
+
+All right?
+
+That's just the those-- let me
+use my pointer-- that's just
+
+these two lines here.
+
+I checked the value, and in
+one case, I'm changing the
+
+last to be mid minus 1, which is
+the case I'm in here, and I
+
+just call again.
+
+All right?
+
+I'm going to call exactly
+the same thing.
+
+Now, first is pointing here,
+last is pointing there, again,
+
+I check to see, are there more
+than two things left?
+
+There are, in this case.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+I find the midpoint by taking
+last minus first, divide by 2,
+
+and add to start.
+
+Just for sake of argument, we'll
+assume it's about there,
+
+and I do the same thing.
+
+Is this value what
+I'm looking for?
+
+Again, for sake of argument,
+let's assume it's not.
+
+Let's assume, for sake of
+argument, the thing I'm
+
+looking for is bigger
+than this.
+
+In that case, I'm going to throw
+away all of this, I'm
+
+going to hit that bottom
+line of that code.
+
+Ah.
+
+What does that do?
+
+It changes the call.
+
+So in this case, first
+now points
+
+there, last points there.
+
+And I cut around.
+
+And again, notice
+what I've done.
+
+I've thrown away most of the
+array-- most of the list, I
+
+shouldn't say array-- most
+of the list. All right?
+
+So it cuts it down quickly
+as we go along.
+
+OK.
+
+That's the basic idea
+of binary search.
+
+And let's just run a couple of
+examples to remind you of what
+
+happens if we do this.
+
+So if I call, let's
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], let's set up
+
+s to be, I don't know, some
+big long list. OK.
+
+And I'm going to look to see, is
+a particular element inside
+
+of that list, and again, I'll
+remind you, that's just giving
+
+me the integers from zero up
+to 9999 something or other.
+
+If I look for, say, minus 1,
+you might go, gee, wait a
+
+minute, if I was just doing
+linear search, I would've
+
+known right away that minus
+one wasn't in this list,
+
+because it's sorted
+and it's smaller
+
+than the first elements.
+
+So this looks like it's doing
+a little bit of extra work,
+
+but you can see, if you look at
+that, how it cuts it down
+
+at each stage.
+
+And I'll remind you, what I'm
+printing out there is, first
+
+and last, with the range I'm
+looking over, and then just
+
+how many times the
+iteration called.
+
+So in this case, it just keeps
+chopping down from the back
+
+end, which kind of makes
+sense, all right?
+
+But in a fixed number, in fact,
+twenty-three calls, it
+
+gets down to the point
+of being able to say
+
+whether it's there.
+
+Let's go the other direction.
+
+And yes, I guess I'd better say
+s not 2, or we're going to
+
+get an error here.
+
+Again, in twenty-three checks.
+
+In this case, it's cutting up
+from the bottom end, which
+
+makes sense because the thing
+I'm looking for is always
+
+bigger than the midpoint, and
+then, I don't know, let's pick
+
+something in between.
+
+Somebody want-- ah, I keep doing
+that-- somebody like to
+
+give me a number?
+
+I know you'd like to give
+me other things, other
+
+expression, somebody
+give me a number.
+
+Anybody?
+
+No?
+
+Sorry.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Good number.
+
+OK, walks in very quickly.
+
+OK?
+
+And if you just look at the
+numbers, you can see how it
+
+cuts in from one side and then
+the other side as it keeps
+
+narrowing that range, until it
+gets down to the place where
+
+there are at most two things
+left, and then it just has to
+
+check those two to say whether
+it's there or not.
+
+Think about this compared
+to a linear search.
+
+All right?
+
+A linear search, I start at the
+beginning of the list and
+
+walk all the way through it.
+
+All right, if I'm lucky and it's
+at the low end, I'll find
+
+it pretty quickly.
+
+If it's not, if it's at the
+far end, I've got to go
+
+forever, and you saw that last
+time where this thing paused
+
+for a little while
+while it actually
+
+searched a list this big.
+
+OK.
+
+So, what do I want you to
+take away from this?
+
+This idea of binary search
+is going to be a
+
+really powerful tool.
+
+And it has this property,
+again, of
+
+chopping things into pieces.
+
+So in fact, what does that
+suggest about the order of
+
+growth here?
+
+What is the complexity of this?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Logarithmic.
+
+Why?
+
+STUDENT: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Yeah.
+
+Thank you.
+
+I mean, I know I sort of said
+it to you, but you're right.
+
+It's logarithmic, right?
+
+It's got that property of,
+it cuts things in half.
+
+Here's another way to think
+about why is this log.
+
+Actually, let me ask a slightly
+different question.
+
+How do we know this
+always stops?
+
+I mean, I ran three trials
+here, and it did.
+
+But how would I reason about,
+does this always stop?
+
+Well let's see.
+
+Where's the end test
+on this thing?
+
+The end test-- and I've got
+the wrong glasses on-- but
+
+it's up here, where I'm looking
+to see, is last minus
+
+first less than or equal to 2?
+
+OK.
+
+So, soon as I get down to a list
+that has no more than two
+
+elements in it, I'm done.
+
+Notice that.
+
+It's a less than or equal to.
+
+What if I just tested to see
+if it was only, say, one?
+
+There was one element
+in there.
+
+Would that have worked?
+
+I think it depends on
+whether the list is
+
+odd or even in length.
+
+Actually, that's probably
+not true.
+
+With one, it'll probably always
+get it down there, but
+
+if I've made it just equal to
+two, I might have lost.
+
+So first of all, I've got to be
+careful about the end test.
+
+But the second thing is, OK, if
+it stops whenever this is
+
+less than two, am I convinced
+that this will always halt?
+
+And the answer is sure.
+
+Because what do I do?
+
+At each stage, no matter which
+branch, here or here, I take,
+
+I'm cutting down the length
+of the list that I'm
+
+searching in half.
+
+All right?
+
+So if I start off with a list
+of length n, how many times
+
+can I divide it by 2, until
+I get to something no
+
+more than two left?
+
+Log times, right.?
+
+Exactly as the gentleman said.
+
+Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+You're patiently waiting
+for me to reward.
+
+Or actually, maybe you're not.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is, in fact, log.
+
+Now, having said that,
+I actually snuck
+
+something by you.
+
+And I want to spend a
+couple of minutes
+
+again reinforcing that.
+
+So if we look at that code,
+and we were little more
+
+careful about this, what
+did we say to do?
+
+We said look an-- sorry.
+
+Count the number of primitive
+operations in each step.
+
+OK.
+
+So if I look at this code,
+first of all I'm calling
+
+search, it just has one call,
+so looks like search is
+
+constant, except I
+don't know what
+
+happens inside of b search.
+
+So I've got to look
+at b search.
+
+So let's see.
+
+The first line, that
+print thing, is
+
+obviously constant, right?
+
+Just take it as a constant
+amount of operations But.
+
+let's look at the next one here,
+or is that second line?
+
+OK.
+
+If last minus first is greater
+than or equal to 2-- sorry,
+
+less than 2, then either
+look at this thing or
+
+look at that thing.
+
+And that's where I said we've
+got to be careful.
+
+That's accessing an element of
+a list. We have to make sure
+
+that, in fact, that operation
+is not linear.
+
+So let me expand on that very
+slightly, and again, we did
+
+this last time but I want
+to do one more time.
+
+I have to be careful about how
+I'm actually implementing a
+
+list.
+
+So, for example: in
+this case, my list
+
+is a bunch of integers.
+
+And one of the things I could
+take advantage of, is I'm only
+
+going to need a finite
+amount of space to
+
+represent an integer.
+
+So, for example, if I want to
+allow for some fairly large
+
+range of integers, I might say,
+I need four memory cells
+
+in a row to represent
+an integer.
+
+All right, if it's a zero, it's
+going to be a whole bunch
+
+of ones-- of zeroes, so one,
+it may be a whole bunch of
+
+zeroes in the first three and
+then a one at the end of this
+
+thing, but one of the way to
+think about this list in
+
+memory, is that I can decide in
+constant time how to find
+
+the i'th element of a list.
+
+So in particular, here's where
+the zero-th element of the
+
+list starts, there's where the
+first element starts, here's
+
+where the third element starts,
+these are just memory
+
+cells in a row, and to find the
+zero-th element, if start
+
+is pointing to that memory
+cell, it's just at start.
+
+To find the first element,
+because I know I need four
+
+memory cells to represent an
+integer, it's at start plus 4.
+
+To get to the second element,
+I know that that's-- you get
+
+the idea-- at the start plus 2
+times 4, and to get to the
+
+k'th element, I know that I
+want to take whatever the
+
+start is which points to that
+place in memory, take care,
+
+multiply by 4, and that tells me
+exactly where to go to find
+
+that location.
+
+This may sound like a nuance,
+but it's important.
+
+Why?
+
+Because that's a constant
+access, right?
+
+To get any location in memory,
+to get to any value of the
+
+list, I simply have to say which
+element do I want to
+
+get, I know that these things
+are stored in a particular
+
+size, multiply that index by 4,
+add it to start, and then
+
+it's in a constant amount of
+time I can go to that location
+
+and get out the cell.
+
+OK.
+
+That works nicely if I know that
+I have things stored in
+
+constant size.
+
+But what if I have
+a list of lists?
+
+What if I have a homogeneous
+list, a list of integers and
+
+strings and floats and lists and
+lists of lists and lists
+
+of lists of lists and all
+that sort of cool stuff?
+
+In that case, I've got to
+be a lot more careful.
+
+So in this case, one of the
+standard ways to do this, is
+
+to use what's called a linked
+list. And I'm going to do it
+
+in the following way.
+
+Start again, we'll point to the
+beginning of the list. But
+
+now, because my elements are
+going to take different
+
+amounts of memory, I'm going
+to do the following thing.
+
+In the first spot, I'm going to
+store something that says,
+
+here's how far you
+have to jump to
+
+get to the next element.
+
+And then, I'm going to use the
+next sequence of things to
+
+represent the first
+element, or
+
+the zero-th element,
+if you like.
+
+In this case I might
+need five.
+
+And then in the next spot, I'm
+going to say how far you have
+
+to jump to get to the
+next element.
+
+All right, followed by whatever
+I need to represent
+
+it, which might only
+be a blank one.
+
+And in the next spot, maybe I've
+got a really long list,
+
+and I'm going to say
+how to jump to
+
+get to the next element.
+
+All right, this is actually
+kind of nice.
+
+This lets me have a way of
+representing things that could
+
+be arbitrary in size.
+
+And some of these things
+could be huge, if
+
+they're themselves lists.
+
+Here's the problem.
+
+How do I get to the nth-- er,
+the k'th element in the list,
+
+in this case?
+
+Well I have to go to the zero-th
+element, and say OK,
+
+gee, to get to the next
+element, I've got
+
+to jump this here.
+
+And to get to the next element,
+I've got to jump to
+
+here, and to get to the next
+element, I've got to jump to
+
+here, until I get there.
+
+And so, I get some power.
+
+I get the ability to store
+arbitrary things, but what
+
+just happened to
+my complexity?
+
+How long does it take
+me to find the
+
+k'th element?
+
+Linear.
+
+Because I've got to walk
+my way down it.
+
+OK?
+
+So in this case, you
+have linear access.
+
+Oh fudge knuckle.
+
+Right?
+
+If that was the case in that
+code, then my complexity is no
+
+longer log, because I need
+linear access for each time
+
+I've got to go to the list,
+and it's going to be much
+
+worse than that.
+
+All right.
+
+Now.
+
+Some programming languages,
+primarily Lisp, actually store
+
+lists these ways.
+
+You might say, why?
+
+Well it turns out there's
+some trade-offs to it.
+
+It has some advantages in terms
+of power of storing
+
+things, it has some
+disadvantages, primarily in
+
+terms of access time.
+
+Fortunately for you, Python
+decided, or the investors of
+
+Python decided, to store
+this a different way.
+
+And the different way is to say,
+look, if I redraw this,
+
+it's called a box and pointer
+diagram, what we really have
+
+for each element
+is two things.
+
+And I've actually just reversed
+the order here.
+
+We have a pointer to the
+location in memory that
+
+contains the actual value, which
+itself might be a bunch
+
+of pointers, and we have a
+pointer to the actual-- sorry,
+
+a pointer the value and we have
+a pointer to the next
+
+element in the list.
+All right?
+
+And one of the things we could
+do if we look at that is, we
+
+say, gee, we could reorganize
+this in a pretty
+
+straightforward way.
+
+In particular, why don't we
+just take all of the first
+
+cells and stick them together?
+
+Where now, my list is a list of
+pointers, it's not a set of
+
+values but it's actually a
+pointer off to some other
+
+piece of memory that
+contains the value.
+
+Why is this nice?
+
+Well this is exactly like this.
+
+All right?
+
+It's now something that I can
+search in constant time.
+
+And that's what's going to
+allow me to keep this
+
+thing as being log.
+
+OK.
+
+With that in mind, let's go
+back to where we were.
+
+And where were we?
+
+We started off talking about
+binary search, and I suggested
+
+that this was a log algorithm,
+which it is, which is really
+
+kind of nice.
+
+Let's pull together what this
+algorithm actually does.
+
+If I generalize binary search,
+here's what I'm going to stake
+
+that this thing does.
+
+It says one: pick
+the midpoint.
+
+Two: check to see if this is
+the answer, if this is the
+
+thing I'm looking for.
+
+And then, three: if not, reduce
+to a smaller problem,
+
+and repeat.
+
+OK, you're going, yeah, come on,
+that makes obvious sense.
+
+And it does.
+
+But I want you to keep that
+template in mind, because
+
+we're going to come
+back to that.
+
+It's an example of a very common
+tool that's going to be
+
+really useful to us, not just
+for doing search, but for
+
+doing a whole range of problems.
+That is, in essence,
+
+the template the describes
+a log style algorithm.
+
+And we're going to
+come back to it.
+
+OK.
+
+With that in mind though,
+didn't I cheat?
+
+I remind you, I know you're not
+really listening to me,
+
+but that's OK.
+
+I reminded you at the beginning
+of the lecture, I
+
+said, let's assume we have
+a sorted list, and then
+
+let's go search it.
+
+Where in the world
+
+did that sorted list
+come from?
+
+What if I just get a list of
+elements, what do I do?
+
+Well let's see.
+
+My fall back is, I could just
+do linear search, walk down
+
+the list one at a time, just
+comparing those things.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's sort of my base.
+
+But what if I wanted, you know,
+how do I want to get to
+
+that sorted list?
+
+All right?
+
+Now.
+
+One of the questions, before we
+get to doing the sorting,
+
+is even to ask, what should I do
+in a search case like that?
+
+All right, so in particular,
+does it make sense, if I'm
+
+given an unsorted list,
+to first sort it,
+
+and then search it?
+
+Or should I just use the
+basically linear case?
+
+All right?
+
+So, here's the question.
+
+Should we sort before
+we search?
+
+OK.
+
+So let's see, if I'm going to
+do this, how fast could we
+
+sort a list?
+
+Can we sort a list in
+sublinear time?
+
+Sublinear meaning, something
+like log
+
+less than linear time?
+
+What do you think?
+
+It's possible?
+
+Any thoughts?
+
+Don't you hate professors who
+stand here waiting for you to
+
+answer, even when
+they have candy?
+
+Does it make sense to think we
+could do this in less than
+
+linear time?
+
+You know, it takes a little
+bit of thinking.
+
+What would it mean--
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] do I see
+a hand, way at the back,
+
+yes please?
+
+Thank you.
+
+Man, you're going to really make
+me work here, I have no
+
+idea if I can get it that
+far, ah, your friend
+
+will help you out.
+
+Thank you.
+
+The gentleman has it
+exactly right.
+
+How could I possibly do it in
+sublinear time, I've got to
+
+look at least every
+element once.
+
+And that's the kind of instinct
+I'd like you to get
+
+into thinking about.
+
+So the answer here is no.
+
+OK.
+
+Can we sort it in linear time?
+
+Hmmm.
+
+That one's not so obvious.
+
+So let's think about
+this for a second.
+
+To sort a list in linear time,
+would say, I have to look at
+
+each element in the
+list at most a
+
+constant number of times.
+
+It doesn't have to be
+just once, right?
+
+It could be two or three times.
+
+Hmm.
+
+Well, wait a minute.
+
+If I want to sort a list, I'll
+take one element, I've got to
+
+look at probably a lot of the
+other elements in the list in
+
+order to decide where it goes.
+
+And that suggests it's going
+to depend on how
+
+long the list is.
+
+All right, so that's a weak
+argument, but in fact, it's a
+
+way of suggesting,
+probably not.
+
+All right.
+
+So how fast could
+I sort a list?
+
+How fast can we sort it?
+
+And we're going to come back to
+this, probably next time if
+
+I time this right, but the
+answer is, we can do it in n
+
+log n time.
+
+We're going to come
+back to that.
+
+All right?
+
+And I'm going to say-- sort of
+set that stage here, so that--
+
+It turns out that that's
+probably about the best we can
+
+do, or again ends at the
+length of the list.
+
+OK, so that's still comes
+back to my question.
+
+If I want to search a list,
+should I sort it first and
+
+then search it?
+
+Hmmm.
+
+OK, so let's do the
+comparison.
+
+I'm just going to take an
+unsorted list and search it, I
+
+could do it in linear
+time, right?
+
+One at a time.
+
+Walk down the elements
+until I find it.
+
+That would be order n.
+
+On the other hand, if I want
+to sort it first, OK, if I
+
+want to do sort and search, I
+want to sort it, it's going to
+
+take n log n time to sort it,
+and having done that, then I
+
+can search it in log n time.
+
+Ah.
+
+So which one's better?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Ah-ha.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Hold on to that thought for
+second, I'm going to
+
+come back to it.
+
+That does not assume I'm running
+a search it wants,
+
+which one's better?
+
+The unsorted, and you have
+exactly the point I want to
+
+get to-- how come all the guys,
+sorry, all the people
+
+answering questions are way,
+way up in the back?
+
+Wow. that's a Tim Wakefield
+pitch right there, all right.
+
+Thank you.
+
+He has it exactly right.
+
+OK?
+
+Is this smaller than that?
+
+No.
+
+Now that's a slight lie.
+
+Sorry, a slight misstatement,
+OK?
+
+I could run for office, couldn't
+I, if I can do that
+
+kind of talk.
+
+It's a slight misstatement in
+the sense that these should
+
+really be orders of growth.
+
+There are some constants in
+there, it depends on the size,
+
+but in general, n log n has
+to be bigger than n.
+
+So, as the gentleman back there
+said, if I'm searching
+
+it once, just use the
+linear search.
+
+On the other hand, am I likely
+to only search a list once?
+
+Probably not.
+
+There are going to be multiple
+elements I'm going to be
+
+looking for, so that suggests
+that in fact, I want to
+
+amortize the cost.
+
+And what does that say?
+
+It says, let's assume
+I want to do k
+
+searches of a list. OK.
+
+In the linear case, meaning in
+the unsorted case, what's the
+
+complexity of this?
+k times n, right?
+
+Order n to do the search, and
+I've got to do it k times, so
+
+this would be k times n.
+
+In the [GARBLED PHRASE]
+
+sort and search case,
+what's my cost?
+
+I've got to sort it, and we
+said, and we'll come back to
+
+that next time, that I can do
+the sort in n log n, and then
+
+what's the search
+in this case?
+
+Let's log n to do one search, I
+want to do k of them, that's
+
+k log n, ah-ha!
+
+Now I'm in better
+shape, right?
+
+Especially for really large n or
+for a lot of k, because now
+
+in general, this is going
+to be smaller than that.
+
+So this is a place where
+the amortized cost
+
+actually helps me out.
+
+And as the gentleman at the
+back said, the question he
+
+asked is right, it depends
+on what I'm trying to do.
+
+So when I do the analysis, I
+want to think about what am I
+
+doing here, am I capturing
+all the pieces of it?
+
+Here, the two variables that
+matter are what's the length
+
+of the list, and how many times
+I'm going to search it?
+
+So in this case, this one wins,
+whereas in this case,
+
+that one wins.
+
+OK.
+
+Having said that, let's look
+at doing some sorts.
+
+And I'm going to start with
+a couple of dumb sorting
+
+mechanisms. Actually, that's
+the wrong way saying it,
+
+they're simply brain-damaged,
+they're not dumb, OK?
+
+They are computationally
+challenged, meaning, at the
+
+time they were invented, they
+were perfectly good sorting
+
+algorithms, there are better
+ones, we're going to see a
+
+much better one next time
+around, but this is a good way
+
+to just start thinking about
+how to do the algorithm, or
+
+how to do the sort.
+
+Blah, try again.
+
+How to do this sort.
+
+So the first one I want to talk
+about it's what's called
+
+selection sort.
+
+And it's on your handout, and
+I'm going to bring the code up
+
+here, you can see it, it's
+called cell sort, just for
+
+selection sort.
+
+And let's take a look
+at what this does.
+
+OK.
+
+And in fact I think the easy
+way to look at what this
+
+does-- boy.
+
+My jokes are that bad.
+
+Wow--
+
+All right.
+
+I think the easiest way to look
+at what this does, is
+
+let's take a really
+simple example--
+
+I want to make sure I put
+the right things out--
+
+I've got a simple little
+list of values there.
+
+And if I look at this code, I'm
+going to run over a loop,
+
+you can see that there, i is
+going to go from zero up to
+
+the length minus 1, and I'm
+going to keep track of a
+
+couple of variables.
+
+Min index, I think I
+called it min val.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's simulate the code.
+
+Let's see what it's
+doing here.
+
+All right, so we start off.
+
+Initially i-- ah, let me do it
+this way, i is going to point
+
+there, and I want to make sure
+I do it right, OK-- and min
+
+index is going to point to the
+value of i, which is there,
+
+and min value is initially going
+to have the value 1.
+
+So we're simply catting a hold
+of what's the first value
+
+we've got there.
+
+And then what do we do?
+
+We start with j pointing here,
+and we can see what this
+
+loop's going to do, right? j
+is just going to move up.
+
+So it's going to look at the
+rest of the list, walking
+
+along, and what does it do?
+
+It says, right.
+
+If j is-- well it says until j
+is at the less than the length
+
+of l-- it says, if min value is
+bigger than the thing I'm
+
+looking at, I'm going to do
+something, all right?
+
+So let's walk this.
+
+Min value is 1,.
+
+Is 1 bigger than 8?
+
+No.
+
+I move j up.
+
+Is 1 bigger than 3?
+
+No.
+
+1 bigger than 6?
+
+No.
+
+1 bigger than 4?
+
+No.
+
+I get to the end of the loop,
+and I actually do a little bit
+
+of wasted motion there.
+
+And the little bit of wasted
+motion is, I take the value at
+
+i, store it away temporarily,
+take the value where min index
+
+is pointing to, put it
+back in there, and
+
+then swap it around.
+
+OK.
+
+Having done that, let's move i
+up to here. i is now pointing
+
+at that thing.
+
+Go through the second
+round of the loop.
+
+OK.
+
+What does that say?
+
+I'm going to change min index to
+also point there n value is
+
+8, j starts off here, and I
+say, OK, is the thing I'm
+
+looking at here smaller
+than that?
+
+Yes.
+
+Ah-ha.
+
+What does that say to do?
+
+It says, gee, make min
+index point to there,
+
+min value be 3.
+
+Change j.
+
+Is 6 bigger than 3?
+
+Yes.
+
+Is 4 bigger than 3?
+
+Yes.
+
+Get to the end.
+
+And when I get to the
+end, what do I do?
+
+Well, you see, I say, take temp,
+and store away what's
+
+here, all right?
+
+Which is that value, and then
+take what min index is
+
+pointing to, and stick it in
+there, and finally, replace
+
+that value.
+
+OK.
+
+Aren't you glad I'm
+not a computer?
+
+Slow as hell.
+
+What's this thing doing?
+
+It's walking along the list,
+looking for the smallest thing
+
+in the back end of the list,
+keeping track of where it came
+
+from, and swapping it
+with that spot in
+
+the list. All right?
+
+So in the first case, I didn't
+have to do any swaps because 1
+
+was the smallest thing.
+
+In the second case, I found in
+the next smallest element and
+
+moved here, taking what was
+there and moving it on, in
+
+this case I would swap the 4 and
+the 8, and in next case I
+
+wouldn't have to do anything.
+
+Let's check it out.
+
+I've written a little bit of a
+test script here, so if we
+
+test cell sort, and I've written
+this so that it's
+
+going to print out what
+the list is at the end
+
+of each round, OK.
+
+Ah-ha.
+
+Notice what-- where am
+I, here-- notice what
+
+happened in this case.
+
+At the end of the first round,
+I've got the smallest element
+
+at the front.
+
+At the end of the second round,
+I've got the smallest
+
+two elements at the front,
+in fact I got all
+
+of them sorted out.
+
+And it actually runs through
+the loop multiple times,
+
+making sure that it's
+in the right form.
+
+Let's take another example.
+
+OK.
+
+Smallest element at the front.
+
+Smallest two elements
+at the front.
+
+Smallest three elements
+at the front.
+
+Smallest four elements at the
+front, you get the idea.
+
+Smallest five elements
+at the front.
+
+So this is a nice little
+search-- sorry, a nice little
+
+sort algorithm .
+
+And in fact, it's relying on
+something that we're going to
+
+come back to, called
+the loop invariant.
+
+Actually, let me put it on this
+board so you can see it.
+
+The loop invariant what does
+the loop invariant mean?
+
+It says, here is a property that
+is true of this structure
+
+every time through the loop.
+
+In the loop invariant here is
+the following: the list is
+
+split, into a prefix or a first
+part, and a suffix, the
+
+prefix is sorted, the suffix
+is not, and basically, the
+
+loop starts off with the prefix
+being nothing and it
+
+keeps increasing the size of the
+prefix by 1 until it gets
+
+through the entire list, at
+which point there's nothing in
+
+the suffix and entire
+prefix is sorted.
+
+OK?
+
+So you can see that, it's just
+walking through it, and in
+
+fact if I look at a couple of
+another-- another couple of
+
+examples, it's been a
+long day, again, you
+
+can see that property.
+
+You'll also notice that this
+thing goes through the entire
+
+list, even if the list
+is sorted before it
+
+gets partway through.
+
+And that you might look at,
+for example, that first
+
+example, and say, man by this
+stage it was already sorted,
+
+yet it had to go through and
+check that the third element
+
+was in the right place, and then
+the fourth and then the
+
+fifth and then the six.
+
+OK.
+
+What order of growth?
+
+What's complexity of this?
+
+I've got to get rid
+of this candy.
+
+Anybody help me out?
+
+What's the complexity of this?
+
+Sorry, somebody at the back.
+
+n squared.
+
+Yeah, where n is what?
+
+Yeah, and I can't even see
+who's saying that.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Sorry, I've got the wrong
+glasses on, but you're
+
+absolutely right, and in case
+the rest of you didn't hear
+
+it, n squared.
+
+How do I figure that out?
+
+Well I'm looping down
+the list, right?
+
+I'm walking down the list. So
+it's certainly at least linear
+
+in the length of the list.
+For each starting
+
+point, what do I do?
+
+I look at the rest of the list
+to decide what's the element
+
+to swap into the next place.
+
+Now, you might say, well,
+wait a minute.
+
+As I keep moving down, that part
+gets smaller, it's not
+
+always the initial length of
+the list, and you're right.
+
+But if you do the sums, or if
+you want to think of it this
+
+way, if you think about this
+more generally, it's always on
+
+average at least the length of
+the list. So I've got to do n
+
+things n times.
+
+So it's quadratic, in
+terms of that sort.
+
+OK.
+
+That's one way to
+do this sort.
+
+Let's do another one.
+
+The second one we're going to
+do is called bubble sort.
+
+All right?
+
+And bubble sort is also
+on your handout.
+
+And you want to take the first
+of these, let me-- sorry, for
+
+a second let me uncomment
+that, and let me
+
+comment this out--
+
+All right, you can see the code
+for bubble sort there.
+
+Let's just look at it for a
+second, then we'll try some
+
+examples, and then we'll
+figure out what
+
+it's actually doing.
+
+So bubble sort, which
+is right up here.
+
+What's it going to do?
+
+It's going to let j run over
+the length of the list, all
+
+right, so it's going to start
+at some point to move down,
+
+and then it's going to let i
+run over range, that's just
+
+one smaller, and what's
+it doing there?
+
+It's looking at successive
+pairs, right?
+
+It's looking at the i'th and the
+i plus first element, and
+
+it's saying, gee, if the i'th
+element is bigger than the
+
+i'th plus first element, what's
+the next set of three
+
+things doing?
+
+Just swapping them, right?
+
+I temporarily hold on to what's
+in the i'th element so
+
+I can move the i plus first one
+in, and then replace that
+
+with the i'th element.
+
+OK.
+
+What's this thing doing then,
+in terms of sorting?
+
+At the end of the first pass,
+what could I say about the
+
+result of this thing?
+
+What's the last element
+in the list look like?
+
+I hate professors who do this.
+
+Well, let's try it.
+
+Let's try a little test. OK?
+
+Test bubble sort-- especially if
+I could type-- let's run it
+
+on the first list. OK, let's
+try it on another one.
+
+Oops sorry.
+
+Ah, I didn't want to do it this
+time, I forgot to do the
+
+following, bear with me.
+
+I gave away my punchline.
+
+Let's try it again.
+
+Test bubble sort.
+
+OK, there's the first run, I'm
+going to take a different
+
+list. Can you see
+a pattern there?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: The last cell in the
+list is always going to
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Yeah.
+
+Why?
+
+You're right, but why?
+
+STUDENT: [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON:
+Exactly right.
+
+Thank you.
+
+The observation is, thank you,
+on the first pass through, the
+
+last element is the biggest
+thing in the list. On the next
+
+pass through, the next largest
+element is at the second point
+
+in
+
+the list. OK?
+
+Because what am I doing?
+
+It's called bubble sort
+because it's literally
+
+bubbling along, right?
+
+I'm walking along the list once,
+taking two things, and
+
+saying, make sure the
+biggest one is next.
+
+So wherever the largest element
+started out in the
+
+list, by the time I get through
+it, it's at the end.
+
+And then I go back and
+I start again, and
+
+I do the same thing.
+
+OK.
+
+The next largest element
+has to end up in
+
+the second last spot.
+
+Et cetera.
+
+All right, so it's called bubble
+sort because it does
+
+this bubbling up until
+it gets there.
+
+Now.
+
+What's the order
+of growth here?
+
+What's the complexity?
+
+I haven't talked to the side
+of the room in a while,
+
+actually I have. This gentleman
+has helped me out.
+
+Somebody else help me out.
+
+What's the complexity here?
+
+I must have the wrong glasses
+on to see a hand.
+
+No help.
+
+Log?
+
+Linear?
+
+Exponential?
+
+Quadratic?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Log.
+
+It's a good think, but why
+do you think it's log?
+
+Ah-ha.
+
+It's not a bad instinct, the
+length is getting shorter each
+
+time, but what's one of the
+
+characteristics of a log algorithm?
+
+It drops in half each time.
+
+So this isn't--
+
+OK.
+
+And you're also close.
+
+It's going to be linear,
+but how many times do
+
+I go through this?
+
+All right, I've got to do one
+pass to bubble the last
+
+element to the end.
+
+I've got to do another pass to
+bubble the second last element
+
+to the end.
+
+I've got to do another pass.
+
+Huh.
+
+Sounds like a linear number of
+times I've got to do-- oh
+
+fudge knuckle.
+
+A linear number of things,
+quadratic.
+
+Right?
+
+OK.
+
+So this is again an example,
+this was quadratic, and this
+
+one was quadratic.
+
+And I have this, to write it
+out, this is order the length
+
+of the list squared, OK?
+
+Just to make it clear
+what we're
+
+actually measuring there.
+
+All
+
+right.
+
+Could we do better?
+
+Sure.
+
+And in fact, next time we're
+going to show you that n log n
+
+algorithm, but even with bubble
+sort, we can do better.
+
+In a particular, if I look at
+those traces, I can certainly
+
+see cases where, man, I already
+had the list sorted
+
+much earlier on, and yet I
+kept going back to see if
+
+there was anything else
+to bubble up.
+
+How would I keep
+track of that?
+
+Could I take advantage of that?
+
+Sure.
+
+Why don't I just keep track
+on each pass through the
+
+algorithm whether I have
+done any swaps?
+
+All right?
+
+Because if I don't do any swaps
+on a pass through the
+
+algorithm, then it
+says everything's
+
+in the right order.
+
+And so, in fact, the version
+that I commented out-- which
+
+is also in your handout and I'm
+now going to uncomment,
+
+let's get that one out, get rid
+of this one-- notice the
+
+only change.
+
+I'm going to keep track of a
+little variable called swap,
+
+it's initially true, and as long
+as it's true, I'm going
+
+to keep going, but inside of the
+loop I'm going to set it
+
+to false, and only if I do a
+swap will I set it to true.
+
+This says, if I go through an
+entire pass through the list
+
+and nothing gets changed,
+I'm done.
+
+And in fact if I do that, and
+try test bubble sort, well, in
+
+the first case, looks the same.
+
+Ah.
+
+On the second case, I
+spot it right away.
+
+On the third case, it takes me
+the same amount of time.
+
+And the fourth case, when
+I set it up, I'm done.
+
+OK.
+
+So what's the lesson here?
+
+I can be a little more careful
+about keeping track of what
+
+goes on inside of that loop.
+
+If I don't have any more work
+to do, let me just stop.
+
+All right.
+
+Nonetheless, even with this
+change, what's the order
+
+growth for bubble sort?
+
+Still quadratic, right?
+
+I'm looking for the worst case
+behavior, it's still
+
+quadratic, it's quadratic in the
+length of the list, so I'm
+
+sort of stuck with that.
+
+Now.
+
+Let me ask you one last
+question, and then
+
+we'll wrap this up.
+
+Which of these algorithms
+is better?
+
+Insertion sort or bubble sort?
+
+STUDENT: Bubble.
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON:
+Bubble.
+
+Bubble bubble toil
+and trouble.
+
+Who said bubble?
+
+Why?
+
+STUDENT: Well, the first
+one was too inefficient
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] store and
+compare each one, so
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: It's
+not a bad instinct.
+
+Right.
+
+So it-- so, your argument is,
+bubble is better because it's
+
+is essentially not doing all
+these extra comparisons.
+
+Another way of saying it is,
+I can do this stop when
+
+I don't need to.
+
+All right?
+
+OK.
+
+Anybody have an opposing
+opinion?
+
+Wow, this sounds like a
+presidential debate.
+
+Sorry, I should reward you.
+
+Thank you for that statement.
+
+Anybody have an opposing
+opinion?
+
+Everybody's answering these
+things and sitting
+
+way up at the back.
+
+Nice catch.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: I
+don't think so, right?
+
+I think selection sort, I
+still have to go through
+
+multiple times, it was still
+quadratic, OK, but I think
+
+you're heading towards a
+direction I want to get at, so
+
+let me prime this
+a little bit.
+
+How many swaps do I do in
+general in bubble sort,
+
+compared to selection source?
+
+God bless.
+
+Oh, sorry, that wasn't a
+sneeze, it was a two?
+
+How many swaps do I
+do in bubble sort?
+
+A lot.
+
+Right.
+
+Potentially a lot because I'm
+constantly doing that, that
+
+says I'm running that inner loop
+a whole bunch of times.
+
+How many swaps do I do
+in selection sort?
+
+Once each time.
+
+Right?
+
+I only do one swap potentially,
+it-- though not
+
+one potentially, each
+time at the end of
+
+the loop I do a swap.
+
+So this actually suggests again,
+the orders of growth
+
+are the same, but probably
+selection sort is a more
+
+efficient algorithm, because
+I'm not doing that constant
+
+amount of work every
+time around.
+
+And in fact, if you go look up,
+you won't see bubble sort
+
+used very much.
+
+Most--
+
+I shouldn't say most, many
+computer scientists don't
+
+think it should be taught,
+because it's just so
+
+inefficient.
+
+I disagree, because it's a
+clever idea, but it's still
+
+something that we have
+to keep track of.
+
+All right.
+
+We haven't gotten to our n log n
+algorithm, we're going to do
+
+that next time, but I want to
+set the stage here by pulling
+
+out one last piece.
+
+OK.
+
+Could we do better in
+terms of sorting?
+
+Again, remember what
+our goal was.
+
+If we could do sort, then we
+saw, if we amortized the cost,
+
+that searching is a lot more
+efficient if we're searching a
+
+sorted list.
+
+How could we do better?
+
+Let me set the stage.
+
+I already said, back here, when
+I used this board, that
+
+this idea was really
+important.
+
+And that's because that is
+a version of a divide and
+
+conquer algorithm.
+
+OK.
+
+Binary search is perhaps the
+simplest of the divide and
+
+conquer algorithms, and
+what does that mean?
+
+It says, in order to solve a
+problem, cut it down to a
+
+smaller problem and try
+and solve that one.
+
+So to just preface what we're
+going to do next time, what
+
+would happen if I wanted to do
+sort, and rather than in
+
+sorting the entire list at once,
+I broke it into pieces,
+
+and sorted the pieces, and then
+just figured out a very
+
+efficient way to bring those two
+pieces and merge them back
+
+together again?
+
+Where those pieces, I would do
+the same thing with, I would
+
+divide them up into smaller
+chunks, and sort those.
+
+Is that going to give me a
+more efficient algorithm?
+
+And if you come back
+on Thursday,
+
+we'll answer that question.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UWxND4VTz-g.txt b/UWxND4VTz-g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5ddbaa0603cbeff0278bd94a8f24047494a8c89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UWxND4VTz-g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1167 @@
+The following content is provided by MIT OpenCourseWare under a creative  
+
+commons license.  Additional information about our license and  
+
+MIT OpenCourseWare in general is available at ocw.mit.edu  In  
+
+particular, we have a class quiz up there.  Take a moment if you  
+
+haven't.  You've heard a lot of these terms before.  One you  
+
+haven't.  I have a particularly wonderful item to make  
+
+up for the tough exam. It is a flashing,  
+
+isn't that so cool? It's a flashing jellyfish ball.  OK,  
+
+so let's see what we can do.  Yes, I know, this is a post-test item.  OK,  
+
+settle down.  Please, we have a lot to cover.  You've  
+
+heard most of these terms before. This lecture is all about these  
+
+terms phrased in a different way. So I want to make sure we are  
+
+together before we start.  [Student speaks] Yes, ma'am?  OK, so the final function of  
+
+a cell, OK.  Potency in the pink top.  I saw your hand first,  
+
+yeah?  Yeah, OK, potency. This is a very big one in stem cells,  
+
+the number of possible fates that a cell can assume,  
+
+commitment, decision to make a cell type, differentiation,  
+
+someone on the side of the room must have some thoughts.  Yeah?  
+
+OK, I'll give that to you, to the final transition here.  
+
+Do you want one that's orange rather than pink?  God knows I don't want  
+
+to be genderist here, but there we go.  The  
+
+differentiation, the process by which a cell assumes  
+
+its final fate.  And what we are going to discuss today  
+
+is the kind of gradations of commitments in differentiation,  
+
+commitment particularly, some of the steps of commitment.  
+
+The last one we have not discussed in class, but if anyone wants to  
+
+have a go, I will, yeah?  Lineage, the term lineage in  
+
+biology.   
+
+Ish, ish.  Let's try another one. Good, OK, a group of cells or a  
+
+group of cell types that descends from a common precursor,  
+
+so, this is a funny term, lineage, because it's used a lot in  
+
+stem cell biology.  Let's think about it for a moment.  The  
+
+definition I have is the set of cell types that normally arise from a  
+
+precursor cell.  Now, of course, if you think hard,  
+
+all cells arise from a fertilized egg from a zygote.  So,  
+
+really, all cell types are of a common lineage.  
+
+And this gets to the question of semantics, and where you put your  
+
+definition boxes.  OK, in stem cell biology, and a lot of  
+
+biology, the term lineage refers to a subset of cells arising from a  
+
+common precursor that is somewhat arbitrarily defined.  All right,  
+
+so this diagram which you've seen over several lectures  
+
+is really important. That's just what we've been talking  
+
+about, the progression from uncommitted cells through committed  
+
+cells through differentiated cells. And so, we are in the how-to two  
+
+module, talking about stem cells. Stem cells are in the news all the  
+
+time, and I want to, today, take you beyond the  
+
+newspapers, beyond the magazines, and tell you what I think stem cells  
+
+are all about. So, if you look at our game board of  
+
+life, we are, I would say, halfway plus through the semester,  
+
+and we've gone through all of these things, sticking out here into stem  
+
+cells.  So, where are we? OK, so what's a stem cell?  
+
+Let me go back for one moment, and let's talk about stem cells.  
+
+For those of you who don't have a handout, you really should get it.  
+
+It's two pages up front here. So, let's do some board stuff,  
+
+stem cell, which I will heretofore abbreviate SC is a cell type that I  
+
+am going to refer to as somewhat committed.  So that's deliberately  
+
+vague.  This is not a committed cell type, but it's somewhat committed.  
+
+It knows more or less what it's going to become.  
+
+It can be either unipotent or pluripotent or totipotent.  And that  
+
+stem cell, by definition, will go on and make an asymmetric  
+
+cell division.  So, it will give rise to itself,  
+
+another, not itself, but another stem cell.  
+
+And it will also give rise to a committed, and here's jargon you  
+
+should know, progenitor.  And so, this is an asymmetric with one S,  
+
+asymmetric cell division.  So, you'll end up with two daughters  
+
+that are different from one another, a committed cell, and a stem cell.  
+
+And so, the stem cell in a sense is self renewing,  
+
+or is self renewing.  And then, this is one of the big deals about  
+
+stem cells.  That committed progenitor will go on to divide,  
+
+and it eventually gives rise to one or more differentiated cell types.  
+
+OK, in those differentiated cells will come from a specific lineage.  
+
+ So, the stem cell is  
+
+undifferentiated.  The committed progenitor is undifferentiated,  
+
+and eventually you'll end up with a differentiated cell.  You can look  
+
+at your first handout.  Here it is; I've drawn it for you out.  You need  
+
+to know this, so I've done it in two places.  There is the asymmetric  
+
+division stem cell plus progenitor, and the progenitor goes on to give  
+
+these differentiated cell types. There is no magic about this.  This  
+
+is the same process we've been talking about all along except for  
+
+the fact of the self renewing thing. So, in the normal embryo,  
+
+cells go on down the pathway of commitment towards differentiation.  
+
+But they generally do not renew themselves.  
+
+So, a zygote, for example, although it's totipotent is not  
+
+considered a stem cell because it doesn't self renew.  And that's true  
+
+of most embryonic cells.  They do not self renew and so they are not  
+
+considered stem cells.  So, what's the deal with stem cells,  
+
+and why, when I Googled stem cells in Google News last night did I come  
+
+up with several thousand entries for the previous week?  
+
+This is the deal.  One of the great goals of biologists is to repair  
+
+organs, to repair damaged tissues. And this has been very difficult to  
+
+do.  We touched on this a few lectures ago.,  
+
+stem cells have some kind of promise a some kind of universal repair kit.  
+
+And the idea is this, that one could isolate some kind of  
+
+magic stem cell, or some kind of stem cell,  
+
+and it would be autologous, which means it would be matching  
+
+your own cells. OK, so you isolate some kind of  
+
+autologous, self matching stem cell. That stem cell under ideal  
+
+conditions is pluripotent, or that set of stem cells, and can  
+
+be coaxed to form many different cell types depending  
+
+on how you treat it. So, you can imagine adding some kind  
+
+of factor.  And if you like, you can call that an  
+
+inducer as we have been talking about secreted factors  
+
+in developmental biology.  And that inducer would turn those stem  
+
+cells into progenitors. And those progenitors would  
+
+have a specific --   
+
+-- future fate by virtue of which factor you treated the stem cells  
+
+with.  You would then take those progenitors, inject them into  
+
+someone whose body needed repair --   
+
+And the notion is that these progenitors would go on to  
+
+differentiate and repair whatever needed repairing.  
+
+ OK, so this is the dream.  And  
+
+this is why you can find headlines like this everywhere.  These are  
+
+some of the ones I pulled out last night: Stem Cells May Help Repair  
+
+Stroke Damage.  Stem Cells May Repair Broken Bones.  Note the use  
+
+of the term may.  OK, there's a lot of hype about stem  
+
+cells and not much that's been proven.  There's a lot of money  
+
+involved in stem cells, trying to isolate stem cells to  
+
+repair people, and there is also,  
+
+there are also advertisements where you pay people to take your stem  
+
+cells, and to store them. So, poured blood refers to the blood  
+
+of the umbilical cord of a newborn, which is believed to be, it was  
+
+known to be full of stem cells of a certain kinds.  And  
+
+you can pay someone a couple of thousand dollars to freeze that  
+
+group of cells and keep it in case the child needs some kind of stem  
+
+cell therapy in the future.  So, what's the deal?  Do stem cells  
+
+actually exist?   
+
+Well, yes, OK.   
+
+Do stem cells exist or are they just hype?  They do exist,  
+
+and the idea is that sometime in embryogenesis,  
+
+as cells are normally going on and making the different cell types,  
+
+some cells are put aside, that the body is going to use later on for  
+
+repairing itself.  And there are some examples,  
+
+and I will tell you a couple which are really fantastic illustrations  
+
+of this. So, do stem cells exist?  
+
+Yes.  Where?  Likely in the older embryo, and the adult,  
+
+and the particular organs that contains stem cells is not clear.  
+
+There are several very good examples, but it's not clear whether or not  
+
+some, yes, all, not clear. It's not clear whether all organs  
+
+contain stem cells.  So, let's look at this a bit more,  
+
+and let's go back to talking about how stem cells were discovered.  Why  
+
+are we having this conversation?   
+
+And I'm going to be referring to number two on your handout.  So,  
+
+let's talk about the discovery of stem cells.  The discovery of stem  
+
+cells was an accident, and it came about when people  
+
+started looking to see how long cells lived in a particular organ.  
+
+And the way you do this is by using a protocol called a pulse  
+
+chase experiment.   
+
+And a pulse chase experiment gets to the question of turnover rate,  
+
+or if you want, half-life of cells in an organ.  
+
+OK, this is the way it goes.  You've got this as number two on your  
+
+handouts.  You take a cell population, or you just take the  
+
+whole organism if you like, you feed it something called  
+
+bromodeoxyuridine.  It doesn't have to be this, but this is a good one.  
+
+Bromodeoxyuridine is a nucleotide. Deoxyuridine, so,  
+
+you know uracil is normally an RNA, but if you make the deoxy form,  
+
+it gets incorporated into DNA. The bromo part allows it,  
+
+later on, to be detected by various colorimetric assays,  
+
+and you can add BRDU to an organism for a short time.  This is called a  
+
+pulse.  The BRDU is incorporated into DNA of those cells that are  
+
+undergoing DNA synthesis, and then by various means you wash  
+
+out the BRDU.  And what you get is the labeled cell  
+
+population that had undergone DNA replication during this pulse  
+
+period.  And then, if you follow this group of cells  
+
+over a period of hours or days or weeks or months or years,  
+
+you can look and see what happens to those labeled cells.  
+
+So, in my example, I started off with for labeled cells  
+
+over some period of time, the number of labeled cells per  
+
+total unit number of other cells decreases by half.  And that gives  
+
+you the half-life of the population. And if you do this for many organs,  
+
+you find that adult organs do not just sit there with a cohort of  
+
+cells that doesn't divide. There is an enormous amount of cell  
+
+division in adult organs.  And we talked briefly about this  
+
+previously.  So, for example, red blood cells have a  
+
+half-life of about 120 days.  And that actually means that there are  
+
+more than ten to the 7th new cells produced per day.  
+
+The intestine is something we touched on previously.  Cells in the  
+
+intestine, some of the cells in the intestine had a half-life of three  
+
+to five days, and you're producing about ten to the tenth new cells per  
+
+day.  Obviously, the number that you're producing per  
+
+day depends on the total size of the population.  
+
+Skin has a half-life of about 14 days, hair on your head,  
+
+a half-life of about four years, and your eyebrows and eyelashes,  
+
+half life of about 30 days.  One of the mysterious half-lives are the  
+
+neural cells, your nerve cells. It was believed for a long time that  
+
+nerve cells never divided, and once you've got all your nerve  
+
+cells by about age two, you never made any more.  In fact,  
+
+that doesn't seem to be true.  And there are certainly populations of  
+
+neurons that divide.  But we don't really know the half-lives for those  
+
+cells.  So, this was very interesting data,  
+
+and it said that there had to be some way that the organism was using  
+
+to replenish these cells that were dying, and to repopulate the organs  
+
+so that things functioned properly. And in fact, you can go further  
+
+than this because you can not only count the labeled cells,  
+
+you can ask what those labeled cells become.  So, you can look at your  
+
+labeled cell population and assay the fate of those labeled cells.  
+
+And if the cells want to differentiate from an initially  
+
+undifferentiated population, you know that these differentiated  
+
+cells must have been derived from stem cells or from progenitors  
+
+by definition. OK, so what organs do we know have  
+
+got stem cells? Let's talk a bit about this.  The  
+
+test is a great example, and the spermatogonia,  
+
+the diploid precursors of the spermatozoa are dividing cells that  
+
+divide throughout life, and go on to give rise to themselves  
+
+so they can replenish themselves. And they go on to give to these  
+
+primary spermatocytes, which are the first step in the  
+
+cascade or in the lineage of cells that are going to differentiate as a  
+
+spermatozoa.  OK, and you know you can do these.  You  
+
+can look very clearly, and mathematically look and see the  
+
+number of cells, do this pulse chase analysis,  
+
+and know that the spermatigonea must be stem cells.  This is a very  
+
+important stem cell lineage.  It's the hematopoietic lineage.  
+
+In the bone marrow, there is some kind of pluripotential  
+
+hematopoietic cell that gives rise to all of myeloid progenitors,  
+
+so all the red blood cells, and the various other cells in the blood  
+
+stream as well as to all the immune cells.  And those come from a  
+
+single progenitor, a single pluripotent cell.  This is  
+
+called the hematopoietic lineage. And we will talk more about  
+
+that in a moment. This is an example that I mentioned  
+
+to you many lectures ago.  Newt limbs, if they are amputated, will  
+
+regrow.  The reason that they regrow is that there seem to be a  
+
+population of cells in the lab which are called blastema cells,  
+
+and those are the cells which can go on and to form the entire limb  
+
+again.  And that's something obviously we can't do,  
+
+but people are very interested in. That's been a tough system to look  
+
+at.  This might be a better system to try and understand the  
+
+details of regeneration. So, this is a planarian.  This is a  
+
+flatworm.  These are little guys. They can grow up to a couple of  
+
+centimeters, or a few centimeters. They are very pervasive animals in  
+
+the animal kingdom.  And they have this extraordinary property,  
+
+as many simple animals do, that you can cut them into pieces,  
+
+and they will regenerate the whole animal.  So, you can take out the  
+
+head.  And over time, it will regenerate the tail.  You  
+
+can take off the middle; it will regenerate a whole animal,  
+
+and so on.  And this bottom picture is a planarian that's stained for  
+
+BRDU incorporation, or for another marker as well.  
+
+And each of these dots is a cell called a neoblast.
+
+The neoblasts are the stem cells of planaria that can regenerate the  
+
+whole animal.  And if you look right up front here,  
+
+it's not very distinct, but you will see a region where  
+
+there are no neoblasts.  And that is the one region of the animal  
+
+that cannot regenerate.  So, if you cut off the very tip of the  
+
+sort of nose equivalent region.  It will not regenerate a new animal  
+
+because there are no neoblasts. And the system is being studied  
+
+here at MIT by Professor Reddien of the Whitehead Institute,  
+
+who is a new faculty member, and who some of you might went to Europe  
+
+with sometime.  OK, so let's talk about isolating stem  
+
+cells, and how you do this.  If one is going to use stem cells for  
+
+repair, you've got to be able to isolate these things.  
+
+And the challenge of isolating stem cells is that they are rare.  For  
+
+example, in the bone marrow, the hematopoietic stem cells,  
+
+which I'm abbreviating HSC, comprise about 0.01% of the bone marrow.  
+
+ And I would say it's fair to say  
+
+that no one has really seen a cell and said, oh, this is a stem cell.  
+
+It's hard to pinpoint exactly what a stem cell really looks like.  It's  
+
+just a cell.  But it's got particular properties,  
+
+and you need the appropriate way to look at the cells and see these  
+
+properties.  One way that's been used to isolate stem cells is  
+
+something called FACS, or fluorescence activated cell  
+
+sorting.  I'll talk about it in a moment.  And there are two ways  
+
+that FACS is being used to isolate stem cells.  One is by getting a  
+
+group of cells called SP cells where the SP stands for side population.  
+
+We'll talk about that more in a moment.  And the other is through  
+
+the use of cell surface proteins that are characteristic,  
+
+or enriched in stem cells.  And this has been many decades of work  
+
+by many people to come up with a set of criteria by which one can enrich  
+
+for stem cells in a particular population.  
+
+So, here's the way.  Actually, before I go through that, let me go  
+
+through the assays, and then we will go through all the  
+
+slides together.  How do you assay for stem cells?  
+
+Well, one of the ways you know you have a stem cell is if you have  
+
+something that can act as a stem cell.  And there are two assays  
+
+that you should be aware of.  One of them is a repopulation assay usually  
+
+done by transplant, and very often you remove some  
+
+endogenous group of cells, and then try to replace that group  
+
+of cells by using stem cells. So, you remove some set of  
+
+differentiated cells.   
+
+And then, you try to replace with transplanted stem cells.  And  
+
+the other way you can do this is in some kind of in vitro culture assay  
+
+which I will talk about later on. All right, so with this in mind,  
+
+let's go through some of the slides. You've all heard of bone marrow  
+
+transplants, which people who have leukemia and other associated  
+
+disorders undergo to repair themselves to get rid of the  
+
+leukemia cells to get rid of the cancer.  
+
+This is how it works in a mouse. And this is a repopulation assay.  
+
+I'm going to use bone marrow transplants as an example.  You take  
+
+your mouse, or your person if you are undergoing bone marrow  
+
+transplants.  And you irradiate to destroy the bone  
+
+marrow.  The reason you do that is to make space for new cells to come  
+
+in to expand and grow. If you just put your new cells into  
+
+an animal with an intact bone marrow, they kind of disappear  
+
+amidst the masses.  So, you have to give the cells your  
+
+assaying a chance.  And then, that irradiated mouse would die.  
+
+That irradiated person would die. But you get them,  
+
+now, an injection of normal bone marrow.  And if things go well,  
+
+the mouse or the person lives. And there was a Nobel Prize given  
+
+out some years ago for developing bone marrow transplantation.  One of  
+
+the gold standards in the stem cell field is asking whether or not this  
+
+rescued mouse has regenerated stem cells because you can imagine that  
+
+what you're doing in this case is giving cells that are the  
+
+progenitors.  They are one step down from the stem cells.  Or they might  
+
+even be partly differentiated.  So, you can imagine that you are  
+
+restoring this mouse is life by giving cells that are  
+
+not self-renewing. Excuse me, one of the gold standards  
+
+in the stem cell field is to take this rescued mouse,  
+
+isolate more stem cells or more putative stem cells,  
+
+and take those and then tried to rescue another mouse.  And  
+
+in the hematopoietic system, you can do this over and over again.  
+
+So, how many stem cells do you need to repopulate a mouse?  
+
+Actually, you need one, and I will tell you how this is  
+
+done.  So, the idea of the first thing when you are trying to do  
+
+assays to figure out how many stem cells you need for rescue.  You take  
+
+your bone marrow; you stain it for some stem cell marker.  You have  
+
+this in front of you.  OK, this is number nine of the first  
+
+page of your handout.  You stain somehow for a stem cell marker.  
+
+I'll tell you in a moment how you sought the stained cells through  
+
+this fluorescence activated cell sorter.  
+
+And you isolate from it a pure-ish population of stem cells,  
+
+an enriched population of stem cells.  And then,  
+
+you do a dilution assay where you inject different  
+
+numbers of cells into a recipient irradiated mouse.  Now,  
+
+you don't actually injects one, ten, and 100 cells.  You inject one  
+
+cell, and millions of carrier cells to help those cells along,  
+
+OK?  The one cell would just disappear in your syringe.  So,  
+
+you've got to give it some companions.  But  
+
+the bottom line is you really only need one stem cell to rescue the  
+
+life of that mouse. It can go and repopulate the entire  
+
+hematopoietic system, all the blood cells, all the immune  
+
+cells.  What is this fluorescence activated cell sorter?  
+
+Fantastic machine.  It looks like this.  Again, you have this in front  
+
+of you, so look up here.  The idea is that you take a reservoir of  
+
+cells that you have labeled with particular antibodies.  And these  
+
+are living cells. OK, you label them in certain ways,  
+
+and they can be labeled with fluorescent antibodies or  
+
+fluorescent dyes.  I'll tell you a dye example in a moment.  And  
+
+you put them in a reservoir, and you trip them out so that one drop of  
+
+liquid contains one cell on average, or zero cells.  And you let those  
+
+cells drip through a laser and a fluorescence detector.  The laser  
+
+activates the cells.  They fluoresce, and you set the detector to activate  
+
+a charging collar at a specific wavelength of  
+
+fluorescence. And when the charging collar is  
+
+activated, it will activate some deflecting plates which will give  
+
+charge to cells of particular colors, and move them into particular tubes  
+
+so that they are sorted on the basis of their color.  OK,  
+
+this is done one cell at a time but it's really quick.  And  
+
+you can purify millions of cells to do these kinds of assays.  
+
+This kind of thing is not done for human bone marrow transplants.  
+
+There, you take a much bigger population of cells from the bone  
+
+marrow, and you generally don't purify them very much.  But  
+
+if you want to do specific stem cell assays, and many others,  
+
+the fax machine is really fantastic. So, what do you get out of this?  
+
+Well, you can plot what the cells look like.  So,  
+
+here in this example, I've got cells that are labeled in  
+
+red and green.  And you can label them according to this  
+
+plot as to whether they have no label, red label,  
+
+green label, or both red and green. This is a real example of an  
+
+experiment that was done here at MIT a decade ago in Richard Mulligan's  
+
+lab.  And this is what a real FACS plot looks like.  OK,  
+
+it's a mess.  Every little is a cell.  But for reasons known only to  
+
+the Mulligan lab, Peggy Goodell who is now a  
+
+professor in her own laboratory, they assayed this little region of  
+
+cells in the bottom left-hand corner for their stem cell properties.  
+
+They called these SP cells or side population cells,  
+
+and they found to their surprise that these SP cells were highly  
+
+enriched for hematopoietic stem cells 1,000 fold or more.  And  
+
+in fact, if you take the very bottom left-hand corner where there are  
+
+almost no cells, you get a 10,000 fold enrichment.  
+
+So, the way they sorted these was with a dye called Hest 3342.  
+
+This is a vital dye.  It stains the DNA but it doesn't tell the cells.  
+
+And somehow, these SP exclude the dye, or efflux it,  
+
+remove it from the cell.  And it's really not clear what that has  
+
+to do with stem cellness, but this is still one of the very  
+
+best ways to isolate stem cells from almost every organ.  These SP cells,  
+
+these things that don't stain with these DNA dyes seem to be the ones  
+
+that are stem cell-like. OK, so let's move on to the question  
+
+to several questions that I want to discuss with you that fall under the  
+
+umbrella of regulation and control of stem cell fate.  And  
+
+there's several questions I like to pose to you.  Firstly,  
+
+what makes a stem cell self renewing? What's the molecular basis for that?  
+
+What makes a stem cell decide whether it's going to make  
+
+progenitors or not?   
+
+And the big one for the stem cell field, what controls the potency of  
+
+a stem cell?  Well, this is where we step back into the  
+
+developmental biology that we've been talking about because it all  
+
+controls at some level by gene expression.  
+
+And in particular, there are both intrinsic and  
+
+extrinsic factors that seem to control certainly the first two  
+
+points on my list, the self renewing and the progenitor   
+
+aspect, and perhaps also the potency also.  
+
+Intrinsic factors, cell autonomous factors,  
+
+determinants --   
+
+-- and extrinsic factors, non autonomous factors, secreted  
+
+ligands, inducers, and these and extrinsic factors have  
+
+been given a special name in the stem cell field just for argument's  
+
+sake.  They are called the niche where the niche contains all the  
+
+cells that influence stem cell activity, cells that influence  
+
+stem cell activity. OK, this is just a term.  You should  
+
+know it because if you read it you will know it.  So,  
+
+here's how it works.  The surrounding cells in the niche are  
+
+cells that seem to maintain stem cells usually in acquiescent state.  
+
+So, it's believed that in most organs, stem cells are  
+
+sitting there quietly. They're not dividing very much,  
+
+but they can be stimulated to divide, and this is on the second page of  
+
+your handout.  They can be stimulated to divide by some kind of  
+
+environmental input, and this changes the surrounding  
+
+cells.  And the environmental input could also be a secreted ligand for  
+
+example.  And the surrounding cells then induce  
+
+the stem cells to be activated.  And they go on to make progenitors,  
+
+and of course also to self renew. This is a fancy way of saying that  
+
+cell fate is controlled by induction.  OK,  
+
+so you should be nodding.  The should not be anything new for you  
+
+at this point.  It's phrased a little differently,  
+
+but that's all.  This is a very interesting example of control of  
+
+cell fate by surrounding cells. This is from my colleague,  
+
+Professor Fuchs at Rockefeller who studies the hair follicle,  
+
+and who has shown that this region called the bulge is the  
+
+source of stem cells. So, this brown thing is the hair  
+
+that sits in a shaft of cells that got a bunch of interesting cells  
+
+around it.  In particular, there's a rather inconspicuous group  
+
+of cells on one side called the bulge.  And some years ago,  
+
+there is another group of cells. I'm also going to refer to two at  
+
+the bottom, which is called the dermal propeller.  
+
+But some years ago, Professor Fuchs took the cells of  
+
+the bulge and she transplanted them into a mouse that didn't have any  
+
+hair.  It's called a nude mouse.  It has lots of problems including no  
+
+hair.  But when she did that, here's the control and here's a  
+
+mouse into which these stem cells have been transplanted.  And  
+
+you can see all of a sudden this poor little nude mouse has got tufts  
+
+of hair.  OK, and in fact, these hairs actually  
+
+glow-in-the-dark.  They've been labeled with green.  It's  
+
+really cool, OK? The cells that were transplanted,  
+
+this is something you know, as well. They were lineage labeled,  
+
+and so, you could prove that these hairs came from the transplanted  
+
+cells.  All right, so let's look.  So,  
+
+during the hair cycle, so you're hairs grow cyclically.  
+
+And there are a whole bunch of processes including growth,  
+
+regression, induction of growth, and new growth.  And during that  
+
+period of time, the bulge and the dermal papillae  
+
+are in relatively different positions.  
+
+So, during a process of growth, they are far away from each other,  
+
+and then as the hair and growth regresses, they come closer until  
+
+they're actually touching each other during the process of induction of  
+
+new growth.  And it's at that time that new growth in  
+
+the hair is stimulated.  And it's clear that the dermal papillae  
+
+is signaling to the bulge cells. And here's what it's using to  
+
+signal.  It's using something called the wind pathway,  
+
+and in particular, a molecule called beta-catenin.  If  
+
+you think back several lectures, we talked about beta-catenin is one  
+
+of the things that told the embryo to make its back rather than its  
+
+belly.  So, here's a different use of the same molecule in stimulating  
+
+hairs to grow.  And so this is a particularly cool example of cells  
+
+coming together at particular points to stimulate stem cells to go on and  
+
+to make progenitors. All right, let's move on to  
+
+something important called embryonic stem cells And all right --  
+
+ -- also called ES sells.  So,  
+
+although I told you that most adult organs are likely to have stem cells,  
+
+and this has been very clearly shown for many, there are many organs  
+
+where it's not clear whether they have stem cells,  
+
+or it's very difficult to isolate them.  Stem cells are rare in all  
+
+organs, and things like neural stem cells in the nervous system seemed  
+
+to be a exceedingly rare and difficult to isolate.  So,  
+
+the push has been to try to find a source of stem cells that would be  
+
+more plentiful and more useful for repairing lots of different organs.  
+
+And that's where the embryo comes in this particular kind of stem cell  
+
+called an embryonic stem cell.  And the idea is if one takes an embryo  
+
+or part of it, puts it into culture,  
+
+after many steps you get out cells that are called ES cells.  And  
+
+these ES cells are pluripotent. They are not totipotent.  But they  
+
+are very, if I can be forgiven, they are very pluripotent bouquet,  
+
+and they are pluripotent, and you can control their cell fate.  
+
+So, let me going to the slides, and we will talk more about this  
+
+through the slides.  So, in mammalian development,  
+
+and we're going to talk about mammals here specifically,  
+
+mammalian development, the blastula forms.  And at a certain point in  
+
+development, a group of cells called the inner cell mass segregates from  
+
+the rest of the cells which form a shell around the embryo.  
+
+We mentioned this previously.  This yellow stuff is fluid,  
+
+and this little group of cells called the ICM,  
+
+or inner cell mass, is the thing that's going to give  
+
+rise to the embryo proper.  The cells surrounding are going to give  
+
+rise to the placenta and the other extra embryonic components.  So,  
+
+the idea in trying to get these ES cells is to take the inner cell mass  
+
+of an early embryo, take it out of the embryo,  
+
+and put it in a Petri dish that's got nutrients and various factors to  
+
+disperse the cells such that you've got single cells dispersed in the  
+
+plate, and give them nutrients. And over time,  
+
+those cells will grow, and they will form clumps,  
+
+each of which is derived from a single embryonic cell.  OK,  
+
+now, normal embryonic cells do not do this.  OK, they will normally go  
+
+on and differentiate, and stop dividing, but there's  
+
+something that happens during this culture process that is abnormal.  
+
+And it turns the cells into groups of cells that can self renew.  OK,  
+
+so you've turned these cells into self renewing cells.  And  
+
+each of these groups of cells or colonies that you get may be able to  
+
+grow into a stem cell line.  And I'll talk about cell lines in a  
+
+moment.  I'll talk about cell lines now.  So, you might not be familiar  
+
+with the term cell line. What is the cell line?  
+
+A cell line is a cell population, a homogeneous cell population that  
+
+could grow continuously in culture. So, it's self renewing.  OK,  
+
+so all cell lines are self renewing. A stem cell line is a cell line  
+
+that has the capacity to go on and differentiate into specific normal  
+
+cell types.  So, there are many cell lines that will  
+
+grow continuously in culture, but they will never go on and  
+
+differentiate as anything.  They are very abnormal cells.  
+
+They are useful for many studies, but they are not stem cells.  The  
+
+stem cells not only can grow continuously, but they can go on and  
+
+differentiate.  But you are dealing with an abnormal cells here.  This  
+
+is not a normal embryonic cell.  OK, how do you test the potency of these  
+
+ES cells done in the following way? The ES cells from a mouse, a black  
+
+mouse, are taken, and they are injected into an early  
+
+embryo of an embryo derived from white parents.  
+
+And if you do that, the ES cells incorporate into the  
+
+embryo.  You then take the embryos, and put them into a surrogate  
+
+mother.  And when the mice are born, when the babies are born,  
+
+you can see that they often are not just pure white.  They often got  
+
+black stripes, and you can look at the various  
+
+organs and show that these ES cells have incorporated into various  
+
+organs.  So, these ES cells are highly potent.  And  
+
+the idea is that you can take these ES cells and add to them  
+
+various factors. So, you can add a particular red  
+
+factor that will turn an ES line into heart muscle cells or pancreas  
+
+cells or cartilage cells.  And you can use those cells in your stem  
+
+cell repair assays.  OK, and this is true.  You can take ES  
+
+cells, and you can do exactly this to them.  And then,  
+
+they will become these different kinds of differentiated derivatives.  
+
+So, this is really cool. And the push has been to try to get  
+
+this to work not for mice but for humans.  And this is where the huge  
+
+controversy in the stem cell field comes from.  So,  
+
+the controversy comes from the fact that you need embryos to get these  
+
+stem cells.  You get the embryos from in vitro fertilization that we  
+
+touched on a few lectures ago.  Eggs are isolated by ovarian stimulation.  
+
+They are fertilized in vitro, and they are allowed to grow in  
+
+vitro for a week or so. And at that point,  
+
+there are harvested or killed to make the ES line.  And  
+
+this is the very controversial point, whether or not it is ethically OK to  
+
+harvest these embryos, and turn them in to stem cell lines  
+
+or not.  Presently, there is no federal funding that is  
+
+allowed to be used to make human ES cell lines.  There are some that  
+
+exist, and President Bush has told scientists that they need to use the  
+
+ones that exist. However, they are not very good cell  
+
+lines, and so scientists have used private funding to make new human ES  
+
+lines that hopefully will be more useful.  I don't think there's any  
+
+right or wrong answer whether this is OK or not.  My opinion is that  
+
+this is an OK thing to do, with all due respect to the embryo.  
+
+I think one can save people's lives, well, and the embryo at this point  
+
+is not a differentiated entity. But it is an embryo.  And so,  
+
+this is an ethical issue.  There's opinion here, and it's good for you  
+
+to think about what your opinion about this type of research is.  OK,  
+
+so let's move on.  And I'm going to, in the last minute,  
+
+just touch on something called stem cell plasticity.  
+
+ One of the things that has come out  
+
+of the human ES work or all the ES work, and that has come out of the  
+
+quest not to use embryos for stem cells is to ask whether or not one  
+
+can turn one stem cell line into another.  So, it's easy,  
+
+or relatively easy, to get hematopoietic stem cells.  And  
+
+wouldn't it be wonderful if you take those hematopoietic stem cells and  
+
+turn them into brain stem cells, and fix people who have Parkinson's  
+
+or Alzheimer's? OK, wouldn't it be wonderful to fix  
+
+people who have muscular dystrophy by turning hematopoietic stem cells  
+
+that you can get lots of into muscle cells?  So, the idea is maybe you  
+
+could turn something from one lineage, a hematopoietic stem cell  
+
+into a stem cell from another lineage and get it to  
+
+do something else? And the hypothesis,  
+
+then, is that if you do appropriate experiments, you may be able to  
+
+figure out where the stem cells from one lineage can contribute to  
+
+another.  This is the second to last slide on your handout.  So,  
+
+this is the way the experiments were done.  It's the last thing I'm going  
+
+to tell you.  Bear with me.  You can take a mouse that's been dyed green,  
+
+and its hematopoietic stem cells are expressing GFP,  
+
+which is a green fluorescent protein.  You use that mouse as a  
+
+daughter for bone marrow transplants.  
+
+You put in the great cells.  Not only do you rescue the bone marrow,  
+
+you also ask whether other organs have got green cells in them,  
+
+indicating that the hematopoietic cells can contribute to other  
+
+lineages.  And when you do that,  
+
+initially people got very excited because you saw results like this.  
+
+And this is data from my colleague, Dr. Camargo over at the Whitehead  
+
+Institute.  When this experiment was done, he could show that the liver  
+
+of such an animal had lots of green cells, suggesting that the  
+
+hematopoietic stem cells could also be liver stem cells.  
+
+But when he looked more closely, this is a complete artifact.  And  
+
+what had happened was that the hematopoietic stem cells had  
+
+actually fused with the liver cells, making the liver cells green.  And  
+
+in fact, presently, there is no data to suggest that you  
+
+can interconvert stem cell lineages. And I'll stop there.  Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Um6UH_PRJ4k.txt b/Um6UH_PRJ4k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07df844194682d89a0a6eea417d7dd0dbc7dbf0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Um6UH_PRJ4k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1968 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to describe the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to describe the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to describe the data
+path and control logic needed to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and control logic needed to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and control logic needed to execute
+beta instructions in an upcoming lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta instructions in an upcoming lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta instructions in an upcoming lab
+assignment we'll ask you to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment we'll ask you to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment we'll ask you to build a
+working implementation using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working implementation using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working implementation using our
+standard cell library when you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard cell library when you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard cell library when you're done
+you'll have designed and debug a 32 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have designed and debug a 32 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have designed and debug a 32 bit
+reduced instruction set computer not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced instruction set computer not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced instruction set computer not bad
+before tackling a design task it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before tackling a design task it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before tackling a design task it's
+useful to understand the goals for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to understand the goals for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to understand the goals for the
+design functionality of course in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design functionality of course in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design functionality of course in our
+case the correct execution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the correct execution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the correct execution of
+instructions from the beta instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions from the beta instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions from the beta instruction
+set architecture but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set architecture but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set architecture but there are other
+goals we should think about an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals we should think about an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals we should think about an obvious
+goal is to maximize performance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to maximize performance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to maximize performance as
+measured by the number of instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by the number of instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by the number of instructions
+executed per second this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed per second this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed per second this is usually
+expressed in MIPS an acronym for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in MIPS an acronym for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in MIPS an acronym for
+millions of instructions per second when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of instructions per second when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of instructions per second when
+the Intel 8080 was introduced in 1974 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel 8080 was introduced in 1974 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel 8080 was introduced in 1974 it
+executed instructions at zero point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed instructions at zero point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed instructions at zero point two
+nine MIPS or 290 thousand instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine MIPS or 290 thousand instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine MIPS or 290 thousand instructions
+per second as measured by the dry stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second as measured by the dry stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second as measured by the dry stone
+benchmark modern multi-core processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark modern multi-core processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark modern multi-core processors
+are rated between 10,000 and 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rated between 10,000 and 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rated between 10,000 and 100,000
+MIPS another goal might be to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIPS another goal might be to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIPS another goal might be to minimize
+the manufacturing cost which an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing cost which an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing cost which an
+integrated circuit manufacturing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit manufacturing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit manufacturing is
+proportional to the size of the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the size of the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the size of the circuit
+or we might want to have the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might want to have the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might want to have the best
+performance for a given price in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for a given price in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for a given price in our
+increasingly mobile world the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly mobile world the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly mobile world the best
+performance per watt might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance per watt might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance per watt might be an
+important goal one of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goal one of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goal one of the interesting
+challenges in computer engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in computer engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in computer engineering is
+deciding exactly how to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding exactly how to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding exactly how to balance
+performance against cost and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance against cost and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance against cost and power
+efficiency clearly the designers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency clearly the designers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency clearly the designers of the
+Apple watch have a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple watch have a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple watch have a different set of
+design goals than the designers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design goals than the designers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design goals than the designers of
+high-end desktop computers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end desktop computers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end desktop computers the
+performance of a processor is inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a processor is inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a processor is inversely
+proportional to the length of time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length of time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length of time it
+takes to run a program the shorter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to run a program the shorter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to run a program the shorter the
+execution time the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time the higher the
+performance the execution time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance the execution time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance the execution time is
+determined by three factors first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by three factors first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by three factors first the
+number of instructions in the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of instructions in the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of instructions in the program
+second the number of clock cycles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the number of clock cycles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the number of clock cycles are
+sequential circuit requires to execute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential circuit requires to execute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential circuit requires to execute a
+particular instruction complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instruction complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instruction complex
+instructions for example adding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions for example adding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions for example adding two
+values from main memory may make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from main memory may make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from main memory may make a
+program shorter but may also require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program shorter but may also require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program shorter but may also require
+many clock cycles to perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many clock cycles to perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many clock cycles to perform the
+necessary memory and datapath operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary memory and datapath operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary memory and datapath operations
+third the amount of time needed for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the amount of time needed for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the amount of time needed for each
+clock cycle as determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock cycle as determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock cycle as determined by the
+propagation delay of the digital logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay of the digital logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay of the digital logic
+in our data path so to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data path so to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data path so to increase the
+performance we could reduce the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we could reduce the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we could reduce the number
+of instructions to be executed or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instructions to be executed or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instructions to be executed or we can
+try to minimize the number of clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to minimize the number of clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to minimize the number of clock
+cycles needed on the average to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles needed on the average to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles needed on the average to execute
+our instructions there's obviously a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our instructions there's obviously a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our instructions there's obviously a bit
+of a trade-off between these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trade-off between these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trade-off between these first two
+options more computation per instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options more computation per instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options more computation per instruction
+usually means it will take more time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually means it will take more time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually means it will take more time to
+execute the instruction or we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the instruction or we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the instruction or we can try to
+keep our logic simple minimizing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our logic simple minimizing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our logic simple minimizing its
+propagation delay in the hopes of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay in the hopes of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay in the hopes of having
+a short clock period today we'll focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short clock period today we'll focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short clock period today we'll focus
+on an implementation for the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an implementation for the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an implementation for the beta
+instruction set architecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set architecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set architecture that
+executes one instruction every clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes one instruction every clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes one instruction every clock
+cycle the combinational paths in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the combinational paths in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the combinational paths in our
+circuit will be fairly long but as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit will be fairly long but as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit will be fairly long but as we
+learned in part 1 of the course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in part 1 of the course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in part 1 of the course this
+gives us the opportunity to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the opportunity to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the opportunity to use
+pipelining to increase our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining to increase our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining to increase our
+implementations throughput we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations throughput we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations throughput we'll talk
+about the implementation of a pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the implementation of a pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the implementation of a pipeline
+processor in some upcoming lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor in some upcoming lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor in some upcoming lectures
+here's a quick refresher on the beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a quick refresher on the beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a quick refresher on the beta is
+a the beta has 32 32-bit registers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the beta has 32 32-bit registers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the beta has 32 32-bit registers that
+hold values for use by the data path the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold values for use by the data path the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold values for use by the data path the
+first class of value instructions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class of value instructions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class of value instructions which
+have 1 0 as the top two bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 0 as the top two bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 0 as the top two bits of the
+opcode field perform an operation on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode field perform an operation on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode field perform an operation on to
+register operands RA and RB storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register operands RA and RB storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register operands RA and RB storing the
+result back into a specified destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result back into a specified destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result back into a specified destination
+register R see there's a 6 bit opcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register R see there's a 6 bit opcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register R see there's a 6 bit opcode
+field to specify the operation and 3 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to specify the operation and 3 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to specify the operation and 3 5
+bit register fields to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit register fields to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit register fields to specify the
+registers to use a source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to use a source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to use a source and
+destination the second class of ALU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination the second class of ALU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination the second class of ALU
+instructions which have one one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions which have one one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions which have one one in the
+top two bits of the opcode perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top two bits of the opcode perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top two bits of the opcode perform the
+same set of operations where the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of operations where the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of operations where the second
+operand is a constant in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand is a constant in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand is a constant in the range of
+minus 30 to 768 to plus 32 767 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 to 768 to plus 32 767 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 to 768 to plus 32 767 the
+operations include arithmetic operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations include arithmetic operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations include arithmetic operations
+comparisons boolean operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons boolean operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons boolean operations and
+shifts in assembly language we use a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts in assembly language we use a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts in assembly language we use a C
+suffix added to the mnemonic shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix added to the mnemonic shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix added to the mnemonic shown here
+to indicate that the second operand is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that the second operand is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that the second operand is a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+the second instruction format is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second instruction format is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second instruction format is also
+used by the instructions that access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the instructions that access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the instructions that access
+memory and change the normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and change the normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and change the normally
+sequential execution order the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential execution order the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential execution order the use of
+just two instruction formats will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two instruction formats will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two instruction formats will make
+it very easy to build the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very easy to build the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very easy to build the logic
+responsible for translating the encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for translating the encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for translating the encoded
+instructions into the signals needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions into the signals needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions into the signals needed to
+control the operation of the data path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the operation of the data path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the operation of the data path
+in fact we'll be able to use many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we'll be able to use many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we'll be able to use many of the
+instruction bits as is will build our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction bits as is will build our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction bits as is will build our
+data path incrementally starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data path incrementally starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data path incrementally starting with
+the logic needed to perform the ALU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic needed to perform the ALU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic needed to perform the ALU
+instructions then add additional logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions then add additional logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions then add additional logic
+to execute the memory in branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute the memory in branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute the memory in branch
+instructions finally we'll need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions finally we'll need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions finally we'll need to add
+logic to handle what happens when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic to handle what happens when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic to handle what happens when an
+exception occurs an execution has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception occurs an execution has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception occurs an execution has to be
+suspended because the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended because the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended because the current
+instruction cannot be executed correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction cannot be executed correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction cannot be executed correctly
+we'll be using the digital logic gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using the digital logic gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using the digital logic gates
+we learned about in part 1 of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned about in part 1 of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned about in part 1 of the course
+in particular will need multi bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular will need multi bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular will need multi bit
+registers to hold state information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to hold state information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to hold state information from
+one instruction to the next recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction to the next recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction to the next recall that
+these memory elements load new values at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these memory elements load new values at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these memory elements load new values at
+the rising edge of the clock signal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising edge of the clock signal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising edge of the clock signal then
+store that value until the next rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that value until the next rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that value until the next rising
+clock edge will use a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge will use a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge will use a lot of
+multiplexers in our design to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexers in our design to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexers in our design to select
+between alternative values in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alternative values in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alternative values in the data
+path the actual computations will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the actual computations will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the actual computations will be
+performed by the arithmetic and logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by the arithmetic and logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by the arithmetic and logic
+unit that we designed at the end of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that we designed at the end of part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit that we designed at the end of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has logic to perform the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has logic to perform the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has logic to perform the arithmetic
+comparison boolean and shift operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison boolean and shift operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison boolean and shift operations
+listed on the previous slide it takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the previous slide it takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the previous slide it takes in
+two 32-bit operands and produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 32-bit operands and produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 32-bit operands and produces a
+32-bit result and finally we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit result and finally we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit result and finally we'll use
+several different memory components to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different memory components to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different memory components to
+implement register storage in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement register storage in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement register storage in the data
+path and also for main memory where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and also for main memory where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and also for main memory where
+instructions in data are stored you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in data are stored you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in data are stored you
+might find it useful to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find it useful to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find it useful to review the
+chapters on combinational and sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters on combinational and sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters on combinational and sequential
+logic in part 1 of the course the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic in part 1 of the course the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic in part 1 of the course the beta
+is a specifies 32 32-bit registers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a specifies 32 32-bit registers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a specifies 32 32-bit registers as
+part of the data path these are shown as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the data path these are shown as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the data path these are shown as
+the magenta rectangles in the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magenta rectangles in the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magenta rectangles in the diagram
+below these are implemented as load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below these are implemented as load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below these are implemented as load
+enabled registers which have an en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled registers which have an en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled registers which have an en
+signal that controls when the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that controls when the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that controls when the register
+is loaded with the new value if en is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loaded with the new value if en is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loaded with the new value if en is 1
+the register will be loaded from the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register will be loaded from the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register will be loaded from the D
+input at the next rising clock edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input at the next rising clock edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input at the next rising clock edge
+if en is zero the register is reloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if en is zero the register is reloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if en is zero the register is reloaded
+with its current value and hence its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its current value and hence its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its current value and hence its
+value is unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is unchanged
+it might seem easier to add enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might seem easier to add enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might seem easier to add enabling
+logic to the clock signal but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic to the clock signal but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic to the clock signal but this is
+almost never a good idea since any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never a good idea since any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never a good idea since any
+glitches in that logic might generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches in that logic might generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches in that logic might generate
+false edges that would cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false edges that would cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false edges that would cause the
+register to load a new value at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to load a new value at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to load a new value at the
+wrong time always remember the mantra no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong time always remember the mantra no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong time always remember the mantra no
+gated quacks there are multiplexers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gated quacks there are multiplexers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gated quacks there are multiplexers
+shown underneath the registers that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown underneath the registers that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown underneath the registers that let
+us select a value from any of the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us select a value from any of the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us select a value from any of the 32
+registers since we need two operands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers since we need two operands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers since we need two operands for
+the datapath logic there are two such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datapath logic there are two such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datapath logic there are two such
+multiplexers there select inputs are a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexers there select inputs are a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexers there select inputs are a 1
+and are a to function as addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are a to function as addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are a to function as addresses
+determining which register values will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining which register values will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining which register values will
+be selected as operands and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selected as operands and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selected as operands and finally
+there's a decoder that determines which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decoder that determines which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decoder that determines which
+of the 32 register load enables will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 32 register load enables will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 32 register load enables will be
+1 based on the 5 bit w-a input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 based on the 5 bit w-a input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 based on the 5 bit w-a input for
+convenience we'll package all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience we'll package all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience we'll package all this
+functionality into a single component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into a single component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into a single component
+called a register file the register file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a register file the register file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a register file the register file
+has to read ports which given a 5 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to read ports which given a 5 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to read ports which given a 5 bit
+address input deliver the selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address input deliver the selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address input deliver the selected
+register value on the read data ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register value on the read data ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register value on the read data ports
+the to read ports operate independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to read ports operate independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to read ports operate independently
+they can read from different registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can read from different registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can read from different registers
+or if the addresses are the same read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the addresses are the same read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the addresses are the same read
+from the same register the signals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same register the signals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same register the signals on
+the left of the register file include a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the register file include a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the register file include a
+5 bit value W a that selects a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 bit value W a that selects a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 bit value W a that selects a register
+to be written with the specified 32 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be written with the specified 32 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be written with the specified 32 bit
+write data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write data
+WD if the write naval signal W E is 1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WD if the write naval signal W E is 1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WD if the write naval signal W E is 1 at
+the rising edge of the clock signal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising edge of the clock signal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising edge of the clock signal the
+selected register will be loaded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected register will be loaded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected register will be loaded with
+the supplied write data note that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplied write data note that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplied write data note that in the
+beta is a reading from register address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is a reading from register address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is a reading from register address
+31 should always produce a 0 value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 should always produce a 0 value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 should always produce a 0 value the
+register file has internal logic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file has internal logic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file has internal logic to
+ensure that happens here's a timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that happens here's a timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that happens here's a timing
+diagram that shows the register file in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that shows the register file in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that shows the register file in
+operation to read a value from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to read a value from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to read a value from the
+register file supply a stable address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file supply a stable address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file supply a stable address
+input RA on one of the read ports after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input RA on one of the read ports after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input RA on one of the read ports after
+the registry files propagation delay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registry files propagation delay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registry files propagation delay the
+value of the selected register will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the selected register will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the selected register will
+appear on the corresponding read data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on the corresponding read data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on the corresponding read data
+port Rd not surprisingly the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port Rd not surprisingly the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port Rd not surprisingly the register
+file right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file right
+operation is very similar to writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is very similar to writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is very similar to writing an
+ordinary deregister the right addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary deregister the right addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary deregister the right addressed
+W a right data WD and write enable W II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W a right data WD and write enable W II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W a right data WD and write enable W II
+signals must all be valid and stable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals must all be valid and stable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals must all be valid and stable for
+some specified set-up time before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specified set-up time before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specified set-up time before the
+rising edge of the clock and must remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising edge of the clock and must remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising edge of the clock and must remain
+stable and valid for the specified hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and valid for the specified hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and valid for the specified hold
+time after the rising clock edge if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after the rising clock edge if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after the rising clock edge if
+those timing constraints are met the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those timing constraints are met the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those timing constraints are met the
+register file will reliably update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file will reliably update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register file will reliably update the
+value of the selected register when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the selected register when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the selected register when a
+register value is written at the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register value is written at the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register value is written at the rising
+clock edge if that value is selected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge if that value is selected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge if that value is selected by
+a read address the new data will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a read address the new data will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a read address the new data will appear
+after the propagation delay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the propagation delay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the propagation delay on the
+corresponding data port in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding data port in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding data port in other words
+the read data value changes if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read data value changes if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read data value changes if either
+the read address changes or the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read address changes or the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read address changes or the value of
+the selected register changes can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selected register changes can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selected register changes can we
+read and write the same register in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and write the same register in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and write the same register in a
+single clock cycle yes if the read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single clock cycle yes if the read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single clock cycle yes if the read
+address becomes valid at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address becomes valid at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address becomes valid at the beginning
+of the clock cycle the old value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clock cycle the old value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clock cycle the old value of the
+register will appear on the data port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will appear on the data port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will appear on the data port
+for the rest of the cycle then the write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the cycle then the write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the cycle then the write
+occurs at the end of the cycle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at the end of the cycle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at the end of the cycle and the
+new register value will be available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new register value will be available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new register value will be available in
+the next clock cycle okay that's a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next clock cycle okay that's a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next clock cycle okay that's a brief
+run-through of the components we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run-through of the components we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run-through of the components we'll be
+using let's get started on the design
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Uoukes39gb0.txt b/Uoukes39gb0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92b60073def32a247ab5f2df5f4c472b05b6d976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Uoukes39gb0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's compare kinetic energies in a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compare kinetic energies in a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compare kinetic energies in a two
+particle one-dimensional collision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one-dimensional collision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one-dimensional collision in
+different reference frames so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference frames so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference frames so we could
+have one reference frame in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reference frame in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reference frame in which
+particle one is coming in and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is coming in and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is coming in and particle
+two is moving like that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is moving like that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is moving like that and in
+particular so we can call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so we can call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so we can call this the
+ground frame and now let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame and now let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame and now let's consider the
+center of mass frame and in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass frame and in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass frame and in the center
+of mass frame let's remind you that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass frame let's remind you that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass frame let's remind you that when
+we have two different reference frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two different reference frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two different reference frames
+the velocity will call this the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity will call this the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity will call this the ground
+frame G in the ground frame is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame G in the ground frame is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame G in the ground frame is equal to
+the velocity of the object will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the object will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the object will actually
+write it this way just unprimed v1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way just unprimed v1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way just unprimed v1 the
+velocity in the center-of-mass frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the center-of-mass frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the center-of-mass frame so
+this is the velocity in the CM frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity in the CM frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity in the CM frame
+plus the relative velocities between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the relative velocities between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the relative velocities between the
+frames and that's why that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and that's why that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and that's why that's the
+velocity of the center of mass so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the center of mass so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the center of mass so this
+was our rule for describing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our rule for describing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our rule for describing how
+velocities change in different reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities change in different reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities change in different reference
+frames and so we can draw the picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and so we can draw the picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and so we can draw the picture in
+the center of mass frame v1 initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame v1 initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame v1 initial
+Prime and v2 initial Prime now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and v2 initial Prime now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and v2 initial Prime now let's
+compare kinetic energies in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare kinetic energies in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare kinetic energies in these
+different frames so we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frames so we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frames so we know that the
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+frame is just one-half m1 v1 initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is just one-half m1 v1 initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is just one-half m1 v1 initial
+squared prime put the prime there plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared prime put the prime there plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared prime put the prime there plus
+one-half to initial prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half to initial prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half to initial prime squared
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the center-of-mass
+frame how do we calculate the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame how do we calculate the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame how do we calculate the kinetic
+energy in the lab frame well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the lab frame well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the lab frame well that's a
+little bit more complicated and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated and we'll
+need a little algebra to start that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little algebra to start that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little algebra to start that so
+let's put kinetic energy in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put kinetic energy in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put kinetic energy in the ground
+frame we know is one-half m1 v1 initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we know is one-half m1 v1 initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we know is one-half m1 v1 initial
+squared plus one-half m2 v2 initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus one-half m2 v2 initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus one-half m2 v2 initial
+squared now what I have to do is use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now what I have to do is use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now what I have to do is use the
+law the velocity relationship and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the velocity relationship and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law the velocity relationship and this
+is going to take a little bit of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take a little bit of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take a little bit of algebra
+we have m1 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have m1 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have m1 all right
+1 prime plus vcn and remember that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 prime plus vcn and remember that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 prime plus vcn and remember that any
+quantity squared is the dot product B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared is the dot product B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared is the dot product B
+dot B so I'm gonna adopt this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot B so I'm gonna adopt this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot B so I'm gonna adopt this with
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+B one initial prime plus V center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one initial prime plus V center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B one initial prime plus V center of
+mass and I have the second term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and I have the second term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and I have the second term which
+looks identical to this first term I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks identical to this first term I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks identical to this first term I'll
+write it all the way down here one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it all the way down here one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it all the way down here one-half
+m2 v2 the initial prime plus BC M vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 v2 the initial prime plus BC M vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 v2 the initial prime plus BC M vector
+dot scaler dot product of V 2 initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot scaler dot product of V 2 initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot scaler dot product of V 2 initial
+prime plus B cm now when you take a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus B cm now when you take a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus B cm now when you take a dot
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+remember there's four terms here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's four terms here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's four terms here there's
+v1 prime dot v1 prime which is just v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 prime dot v1 prime which is just v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 prime dot v1 prime which is just v1
+prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squared
+there's V center of mass dot V center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's V center of mass dot V center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's V center of mass dot V center of
+mass so that's V center of mass squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so that's V center of mass squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so that's V center of mass squared
+and then there's the cross term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the cross term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the cross term and
+because they're identical there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're identical there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're identical there's a
+factor of two and it will be repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two and it will be repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two and it will be repeated
+below so the kinetic energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so the kinetic energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so the kinetic energy in the
+ground frame is 1/2 and 1 so we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame is 1/2 and 1 so we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame is 1/2 and 1 so we'll take
+v1 i prime dotted with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 i prime dotted with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 i prime dotted with itself
+that's v1 i prime squared we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's v1 i prime squared we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's v1 i prime squared we have the
+cross term which is a factor of 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term which is a factor of 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term which is a factor of 2 which
+will cancel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel this
+so the cross term is m1 that cancelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cross term is m1 that cancelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cross term is m1 that cancelled
+the factor of 2 v1 i prime dot b cm plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of 2 v1 i prime dot b cm plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of 2 v1 i prime dot b cm plus
+the BCM with itself so that's one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BCM with itself so that's one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BCM with itself so that's one-half
+m1 b cm squared now i have exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 b cm squared now i have exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 b cm squared now i have exactly the
+same thing on the next one so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing on the next one so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing on the next one so we'll
+write that down one-half b 2i prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down one-half b 2i prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down one-half b 2i prime
+squared plus m2 v2 AI prime dot b CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus m2 v2 AI prime dot b CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus m2 v2 AI prime dot b CM
+that's the same in both plus one-half m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same in both plus one-half m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same in both plus one-half m2
+v cm squared now let's look carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cm squared now let's look carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cm squared now let's look carefully
+what we have we have one-half m1 v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have we have one-half m1 v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have we have one-half m1 v1
+prime squared this is an m2 one-half m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squared this is an m2 one-half m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squared this is an m2 one-half m2
+v2 i prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 i prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 i prime squared
+so we have one-half m1 v1 i prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one-half m1 v1 i prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one-half m1 v1 i prime
+squared plus one-half m2 v2 I prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus one-half m2 v2 I prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus one-half m2 v2 I prime
+squared and you're already noticing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you're already noticing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you're already noticing
+that's the kinetic energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kinetic energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kinetic energy in the
+center-of-mass frame we have the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame we have the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame we have the total
+mass one-half m1 plus m2 v cm squared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one-half m1 plus m2 v cm squared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass one-half m1 plus m2 v cm squared I
+can just put a little check to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put a little check to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put a little check to show
+which terms are done so far and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which terms are done so far and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which terms are done so far and now
+here's the interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the interesting one
+we have m1 v1 I prime plus m2 b2 i prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have m1 v1 I prime plus m2 b2 i prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have m1 v1 I prime plus m2 b2 i prime
+dot v cm that represents this term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot v cm that represents this term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot v cm that represents this term in
+this term added together but recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term added together but recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term added together but recall that
+the center of mass reference frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass reference frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass reference frame is
+defined by the condition that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the condition that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the condition that the total
+momentum in that frame is zero so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in that frame is zero so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in that frame is zero so this
+term is zero and thus we get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero and thus we get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero and thus we get that the
+kinetic energy in the ground frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the ground frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in the ground frame is
+equal to the kinetic energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the kinetic energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the kinetic energy in the
+center-of-mass frame plus one-half m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame plus one-half m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame plus one-half m1
+plus m2 times V cm squared and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 times V cm squared and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 times V cm squared and that's
+how kinetic energy is in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how kinetic energy is in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how kinetic energy is in different
+reference frames and the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames and the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames and the next thing
+we'll look at is how that changes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at is how that changes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at is how that changes when
+we have a collision
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UxTIYMtNc4g.txt b/UxTIYMtNc4g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab8d1316007fb0e54aec79e47100a4d473dc1fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UxTIYMtNc4g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+very early in this lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in this lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in this lecture we
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+what mars is and how we can understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mars is and how we can understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mars is and how we can understand a
+mass of a proton and a mass of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of a proton and a mass of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of a proton and a mass of an
+electron as it interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as it interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as it interacts
+with the higgs background field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the higgs background field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the higgs background field
+but here the question is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the question is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the question is slightly
+different you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you want to understand
+uh the difference or the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference or the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference or the lack of
+difference between the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the mass
+in a gravitational field compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gravitational field compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gravitational field compared to the
+inertial mass a mass being pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial mass a mass being pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial mass a mass being pushed
+through some force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some force
+and it's probably einstein's biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably einstein's biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably einstein's biggest
+realization that those two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that those two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that those two things are
+the same and and that finding is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and and that finding is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and and that finding is called
+the equivalence principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence principle the
+equivalence of the gravitational and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of the gravitational and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of the gravitational and the
+inertial mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial mass
+so if you are you know a freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are you know a freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are you know a freely falling
+person um you will feel we will not feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um you will feel we will not feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um you will feel we will not feel
+your own weight in your gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own weight in your gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own weight in your gravitational
+field you will just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you will just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you will just drop
+and the gravitational field provides an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gravitational field provides an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gravitational field provides an
+acceleration and that acceleration if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and that acceleration if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and that acceleration if
+you're standing in an elevator or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're standing in an elevator or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're standing in an elevator or just
+sitting on this on a chair like i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on this on a chair like i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on this on a chair like i'm
+doing right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now
+then sets up an accelerating reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sets up an accelerating reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sets up an accelerating reference
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+so there's an equivalence between being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an equivalence between being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an equivalence between being
+accelerated or being stationary in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated or being stationary in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated or being stationary in a
+gravitational field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VqZBqoZgL7k.txt b/VqZBqoZgL7k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e608bd992ee5f7b85d7fb16e4f70f2365eb006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VqZBqoZgL7k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1920 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good morning.
+
+This is the second of two
+lectures that I'm retaping in
+
+the summer because we had
+technical difficulties with
+
+the lectures that were taped
+during the academic term.
+
+I feel I need to tell you
+this for two reasons.
+
+One, as I said before,
+the room is empty.
+
+And so when I say something
+hilarious and there's no
+
+laughter, it's because
+the room is empty.
+
+And if I'm not asking the
+students questions during the
+
+lecture, it's because there
+are no students.
+
+The other important thing I want
+you to understand is that
+
+I do own more than one
+shirt and more
+
+than one pair of pants.
+
+And the reason I'm dressed
+exactly the way I was for
+
+lecture 13 is I gave lecture
+13 five minutes ago, even
+
+though this is lecture 15.
+
+So again, here I am.
+
+And I apologize for the
+uniformity in my clothing.
+
+OK, on lecture 14, which came
+between 13 and 15, at the end
+
+of it I was talking about
+flipping coins and ended up
+
+with the question how can we
+know when it's safe to assume
+
+that the average result of some
+finite number of flips is
+
+representative of what we would
+get if we flipped the
+
+same coin many more times.
+
+In principle, an infinite
+number of times.
+
+Well, we might flip a coin
+twice, get 1 heads and 1 tails
+
+and conclude that the true
+probability of getting a head
+
+is exactly 0.5.
+
+Turns out--
+
+assume I have a fair coin--
+
+this would have been the
+right conclusion.
+
+Just because we have the right
+answer it doesn't mean our
+
+thinking is any good.
+
+And in fact, in this case our
+reasoning would have been
+
+completely faulty because if
+I flipped it twice and had
+
+gotten 2 heads, you might have
+said oh, it's always heads.
+
+But we know that wouldn't
+have been right.
+
+So the question I want to pose
+at the start of today's
+
+lecture is quite simply how
+many samples do we need to
+
+believe the answer?
+
+So how many samples do we need
+to look at before we can have
+
+confidence in the result.
+
+Fortunately, there's a very
+solid set of mathematics that
+
+lets us answer this question
+in a good way.
+
+At the root of all of it is
+the notion of variance.
+
+Variance is a measure of how
+much spread there is in the
+
+possible outcomes.
+
+Now in order to talk about
+variance, given this
+
+definition, we need to have
+different outcomes, which is
+
+why we always want to run
+multiple trials rather than
+
+say one trial with many flips.
+
+In fact, you may have wondered
+why am I not-- if I could end
+
+up flipping the coin a million
+times, why would I do multiple
+
+trials adding up to a
+million rather than
+
+1 trial of a million?
+
+And the reason is by having
+multiple trials, each of which
+
+give me a different outcome, I
+can then look at how different
+
+the outcomes of the different
+trials are and get a measure
+
+of variance.
+
+If I do 10 trials and I get the
+same answer each time, I
+
+can begin to believe that really
+is the correct answer.
+
+If I do 10 trials and get 10
+wildly different answers, then
+
+I probably shouldn't believe any
+one of those answers, and
+
+I probably shouldn't even think
+I can average those
+
+answers and believe the mean is
+a real answer because if I
+
+run an 11th trial maybe I'll
+get something totally
+
+different yet again.
+
+We can formalize this notion
+of variance in a way that
+
+should be familiar
+to many of you.
+
+And that's the concept of
+a standard deviation.
+
+Something I, in fact, already
+showed you when we looked at
+
+the spread of grades on the
+first quiz this semester.
+
+Informally, what the standard
+deviation is measuring is the
+
+fraction of values that
+are close to the mean.
+
+If many values are close to
+the mean, the standard
+
+deviation is small.
+
+If many values are relatively
+far from the mean, the
+
+standard deviation is
+relatively large.
+
+If all values are the same,
+then the standard
+
+deviation is 0.
+
+In the real world that
+essentially never happens.
+
+We can write a formula
+for this.
+
+Fortunately, it's not
+all about words.
+
+And we can say the standard
+deviation of x, where x is a
+
+set of trials--
+
+sigma is usually used
+to talk about that--
+
+is equal to the square root of
+1 over the absolute value of
+
+the length of x.
+
+So that's 1 over the number of
+trials times the summation of
+
+the value of each trial, little
+x and big X, of x minus
+
+mu squared, where
+mu is the mean.
+
+And as I said, that's the
+cardinality of x.
+
+Well, so that's a formula.
+
+And those of you are majoring
+in math are
+
+going to love that.
+
+But for those of you who are
+more computationally oriented,
+
+I recommend you just take
+a look at the code.
+
+So here's an implementation
+of the standard deviation.
+
+So the standard deviation
+of x is equal--
+
+start by getting the mean of x,
+which is by summing x and
+
+dividing it by the
+length of x.
+
+Then I'm just going to sum all
+the values in x and do the
+
+computation.
+
+So that code and that formula
+are the same thing.
+
+All right, now we know what
+standard deviation means.
+
+What are we going
+to do with it?
+
+We're going to use it to look
+at the relationship between
+
+the number of samples we've
+looked at and how much
+
+confidence we should
+have in the answer.
+
+So we'll do this again looking
+at a bunch of code.
+
+So I've got this function flip
+plot, which doesn't quite fit
+
+in the screen, but that's OK.
+
+It's not very interesting
+in the details.
+
+What it does is it runs multiple
+trials of some number
+
+of coin flips and plots a bunch
+of values about the
+
+relative frequency of heads
+and tails and also the
+
+standard deviation of each.
+
+So again nothing very exciting,
+in the code I'm just
+
+going to keep track for
+all these trials.
+
+The minimum and the
+maximum exponent.
+
+I'm using that so I can run
+a lot of trials quickly.
+
+The mean ratios, the
+differences, and the standard
+
+deviations for exponent
+in range.
+
+Minimum exponent to maximum
+exponent plus 1.
+
+I'm going to build an x-axis.
+
+So this is going to be
+the number of flips.
+
+And then for the number of flips
+I'm going to run a bunch
+
+of tests and get the ratios
+of heads to tails and the
+
+absolute difference between
+heads and tails.
+
+And then, I'm going to do
+a bunch of plotting.
+
+And again, what I want you to
+notice is when I'm doing the
+
+plotting, I'm going to
+label the axes and
+
+put some titles on.
+
+And I'm also going to use
+semilog because given that I'm
+
+looking at different powers, it
+would compress everything
+
+on the left if I would
+just use linear.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's run it.
+
+Actually, let's comment out the
+code we need to run it.
+
+So I'm going to call flip plot
+with a minimum exponent of 4,
+
+a maximum exponent of 20.
+
+That's pretty high.
+
+And I'm going to
+run 20 trials.
+
+This could take a little while
+to run, but not too long.
+
+And it'll give us some pretty
+pictures to look at.
+
+Give me a chance to have
+a drink of water.
+
+I know the suspense is killing
+you as to what these plots are
+
+going to look like.
+
+Here they are.
+
+All right.
+
+So if we look at plot
+one, that's the
+
+ratio of heads to tails.
+
+And as you can see, it bounces
+around in the beginning.
+
+When we have a small number of
+flips, the ratio moves a bit.
+
+But as I get to a lot of flips
+out here, 10 to the 5th, 10 to
+
+the 6th, what we're seeing is
+it begins to stabilize.
+
+We don't get much difference.
+
+Kind of interesting where
+it's stabilizing.
+
+Maybe not where we'd
+expect it.
+
+I would have guessed it would
+stabilize a little closer to
+
+one than it did as
+I got out here.
+
+And maybe I have
+an unfair coin.
+
+That's the problem with running
+these experiments in
+
+real time that I can't
+necessarily get
+
+the answer I want.
+
+But for the most part, actually,
+it looks much better
+
+on my screen than it does
+on your screen.
+
+In fact, in my screen,
+it looks like it's
+
+very close to 1.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I guess there's some
+distortion here.
+
+Think 1.
+
+And if we look at the standard
+deviation of the ratio of
+
+heads to tails, what we're
+seeing is that's also dropping
+
+from somewhere up here around
+10 to the 0 down to 10
+
+to the minus 3.
+
+And it's dropping pretty
+steadily as I increase the
+
+number of trials.
+
+That's really what you would
+hope to see and expect to see
+
+that not the number of trials,
+the number of flips.
+
+Sorry.
+
+As I flip more coins, the
+variance between trials should
+
+get smaller because in some
+sense, randomness is playing a
+
+less important role.
+
+The more random trials you do,
+the more likely you are to get
+
+something that's actually
+representative of the truth.
+
+And therefore, you would
+expect the standard
+
+deviation to drop.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, what we're saying here is
+because the standard deviation
+
+is dropping, not only are we
+getting something closer to
+
+the right answer but perhaps
+more importantly, we have
+
+better reason to believe we're
+seeing the right answer.
+
+That's very important.
+
+That's where I started
+this lecture.
+
+It's not good enough
+to get lucky and
+
+get the correct answer.
+
+You have to have evidence that
+can convince somebody that
+
+really is the correct answer.
+
+And the evidence here is the
+small standard deviation.
+
+Let's look at a couple
+of the other figures.
+
+So here's Figure (3).
+
+This is the mean of the absolute
+difference between
+
+heads and tails.
+
+Not too surprisingly--
+
+we saw this in the
+last lecture--
+
+as I flip more coins, the
+mean difference is
+
+going to get bigger.
+
+That's right.
+
+We expect the ratio to get
+smaller, but we expected the
+
+mean difference to get bigger.
+
+On the other hand, let's
+look at Figure (4).
+
+What we're looking here is
+this difference in the
+
+standard deviations.
+
+And interestingly, what we're
+seeing is the more coins I
+
+flip, the bigger the standard
+deviation is.
+
+Well, this is kind
+of interesting.
+
+I look at it, and I sort of said
+that when the standard
+
+deviation is small, we think
+that the variance is small.
+
+And therefore, the results
+are credible.
+
+When the standard deviation
+is large, we think
+
+the variance is large.
+
+And therefore, the results
+are maybe incredible.
+
+Well, I said that a
+little bit wrong.
+
+I tried to say it right
+the first time.
+
+What I have to ask is not is the
+standard deviation large
+
+or small, but is it relatively
+large a relatively small?
+
+Relative to what?
+
+Relative to the mean.
+
+If the mean is a million, and
+the standard deviation is 20,
+
+it's a relatively small
+standard deviation.
+
+If the mean is 10, and the
+standard deviation is 20, then
+
+it's enormous.
+
+So it doesn't make sense.
+
+And we saw this.
+
+We looked at quizzes.
+
+If the mean score on Quiz 1
+were 70 and the standard
+
+deviation were 5, we'd
+say OK, it's pretty
+
+packed around the mean.
+
+If the mean score were 10, which
+maybe is closer to the
+
+truth, and the standard
+deviation were 5, then we'd
+
+say it's not really packed
+around the mean.
+
+So we have to always look at it
+relative or think about it
+
+relative to that.
+
+Now the good news is we have,
+again, a mathematical formula
+
+that lets us do that.
+
+Get rid of all those figures
+for the moment.
+
+And that formula is called the
+coefficient of variation.
+
+For reasons I don't fully
+understand, this is
+
+typically not used.
+
+People always talk about
+the standard deviation.
+
+But in many cases, it's the
+coefficient of variation that
+
+really is a more
+useful measure.
+
+And it's simply the standard
+deviation divided by the mean.
+
+So that let's us talk
+about the relative
+
+variance, if you will.
+
+The nice thing about doing
+this is it lets us relate
+
+different datasets with
+different means and think
+
+about how much they vary
+relative to each other.
+
+So if we think about it--
+
+usually we argue in that if
+it's less than 1, we think
+
+about that as low variance.
+
+Now there should be some
+warnings that come with the
+
+coefficient of variation.
+
+And these are some of the
+reasons people don't use it as
+
+often because they don't
+want to bother
+
+giving the warning labels.
+
+If the mean is near 0, small
+changes in the mean are going
+
+to lead to large changes in the
+coefficient of variation.
+
+They're not necessarily
+very meaningful.
+
+So when the mean is near 0, the
+coefficient of variation
+
+is something you need
+to think about with
+
+several grains of salt.
+
+Makes sense.
+
+You're dividing by something
+near 0, a small change is
+
+going to produce
+something big.
+
+Perhaps more importantly,
+or equally importantly--
+
+and this is something we're
+going to talk about later--
+
+is that unlike the standard
+deviation, the coefficient of
+
+variation cannot be used to
+
+construct confidence intervals.
+
+I know we haven't talked about
+confidence intervals yet, but
+
+we will shortly.
+
+All right.
+
+By now, you've got to be
+tremendously bored with
+
+flipping coins.
+
+Nevertheless, I'm going to ask
+you to look at one more coin
+
+flipping simulation.
+
+And then, I promise we'll
+change the topic.
+
+And this is to show you some
+more aspects of the plotting
+
+facilities in PyLab.
+
+So I'm going to just flip
+a bunch of coins, run a
+
+simulation.
+
+You've seen this a
+zillion times.
+
+And then, we'll make
+some plots.
+
+And this is really kind of
+the interesting part.
+
+What I want you to notice
+about this--
+
+let's take a look at here.
+
+So now we have been
+plotting curves.
+
+Here we're going to
+plot a histogram.
+
+So I'm going to give a set of
+values, a set of y values.
+
+In this case the fraction
+of heads.
+
+And a number of bins in which
+to do the histogram.
+
+So let's look a little
+example first here
+
+independent of this program.
+
+Oops.
+
+Wrong way.
+
+So I'm going to set l, a list,
+equals 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4.
+
+And then, I'm just going to plot
+a histogram with 6 bins.
+
+And then show it.
+
+I've done something I'm
+not supposed to do.
+
+I just know title.
+
+There's no x-label.
+
+No y-label.
+
+That's because this is
+totally meaningless.
+
+I just wanted to show you
+how histograms work.
+
+And what you'll see here is that
+it's shown that I've got
+
+three instances of this
+value, of 3, and one
+
+of everything else.
+
+And it's just giving me
+essentially a bar
+
+chart, if you will.
+
+Again many, many plotting
+capabilities
+
+you'll see on the website.
+
+This is just a simple one.
+
+One I like to use and use
+fairly frequently.
+
+Some other things I want to
+show you here is I'm using
+
+xlim and ylim.
+
+So what we could do here is this
+is setting the limits of
+
+the x and y-axis, rather than
+using defaults saying the
+
+lowest value should be this
+thing, the variable called
+
+xmin, which I've computed
+up here.
+
+And the highest ymin.
+
+What you'll see if we
+go up a little bit--
+
+so I'm getting the fraction of
+heads1 and computing the mean
+
+1, and the standard
+deviation 1.
+
+Then I'm going to plot a
+histogram of the way
+
+we looked at it.
+
+And then what I'm going to do
+is say xmin and xmax is
+
+pyLab.xlim.
+
+If you call xlim with no
+arguments, what it will return
+
+is the minimum x value and the
+minimum y value of the current
+
+plot, the current figure.
+
+So now I stored the minimum
+x values and the maximum x
+
+values to the current one.
+
+And I did the same
+thing for y.
+
+And then going to plot
+the figure here.
+
+Then I'm going to
+run it again.
+
+I'm going to run another
+simulation, getting fracHeads
+
+2, mean 2, standard
+deviation 2.
+
+Going to plot the histograms.
+
+But then I'm going to set, for
+the new one, the x limit of
+
+this to the previous ones
+that I saved from
+
+the previous figure.
+
+Why am I doing that?
+
+Because I want to be able to
+compare the two figures.
+
+As we'll see when we have our
+lecture on how to lie with
+
+data, a great way to fool people
+with figures is to
+
+subtly change the range
+of one of the axes.
+
+And then you look at things
+and wow, that's really
+
+different or they're
+really the same.
+
+When in fact, neither
+conclusion is true.
+
+It's just that they've been
+normalized to either look the
+
+same or look different.
+
+So it's kind of cheating.
+
+And then we'll do it.
+
+So now let's run it and
+see what we get.
+
+I don't need this little
+silly thing first.
+
+Let's see.
+
+It's going to take a
+long time, maybe.
+
+That's one way to fill
+up a lecture.
+
+Just run simulations that
+take a long time to run.
+
+Much easier to prepare
+than actual material.
+
+But nevertheless, shouldn't
+take forever.
+
+I may have said this before.
+
+I have two computers.
+
+I have a fast one that sits at
+my desk that I use to prepare
+
+my lectures and a slower
+one that I
+
+use to give the lectures.
+
+I should probably be testing
+all these things out on the
+
+slow computer before
+making you wait.
+
+But really, it's going to stop.
+
+I promise.
+
+Ah.
+
+All right.
+
+So we'll look at these.
+
+So Figure (1) has got 100,000
+trials of 10 flips each.
+
+And Figure (2), 100,000 trials
+of a 1,000 flips each.
+
+And let's look at the two
+figures side by side.
+
+Make them a little smaller so
+we can squeeze them both in.
+
+So what have we got here?
+
+Notice if we look at these
+two plots, the means
+
+are about the same.
+
+0.5 and 0.499.
+
+Not much difference.
+
+The standard deviations
+are quite different.
+
+And again, you would
+expect that.
+
+A 100 flips should have a lot
+higher standard deviation than
+
+a 1,000 flips.
+
+And indeed, it certainly does.
+
+0.15 is a lot smaller
+than 0.05.
+
+So that tells us
+something good.
+
+It says, as we've discussed,
+that these results are more
+
+credible than these results.
+
+Not to say that they're
+more accurate
+
+because they're not really.
+
+But they're more believable.
+
+And that's what's important.
+
+Notice also the spread of
+outcomes is much tighter here
+
+than it is here.
+
+Now, that's why I played
+with xlim.
+
+If I used the default values, it
+would not have looked much
+
+tighter when I put this up on
+the screen because it would
+
+have said well, we don't have
+any values out here.
+
+I don't need to display
+all of this.
+
+And it would have then about the
+same visual width as this.
+
+And therefore, potentially very
+deceptive when you just
+
+stared at it if you didn't look
+carefully at the units on
+
+the x-axis.
+
+So what I did is since I knew
+I wanted to show you these
+
+things side by side and make the
+point about how tight the
+
+distribution is, I made both
+axes run the same length.
+
+And therefore, produce
+comparable figures.
+
+I also, by the way, used xlim
+and ylim if you look at the
+
+code, which you will have in
+your handout, to put this text
+
+box in a place where it
+would be easy to see.
+
+You can also use the fault of
+best, which often puts it in
+
+the right place.
+
+But not always.
+
+The distribution of the results
+in both cases is close
+
+to something called the
+normal distribution.
+
+And as we talk about things like
+standard deviation or a
+
+coefficient of variation, we are
+talking about not just the
+
+average value but the
+distribution of values in
+
+these trials.
+
+The normal distribution, which
+is very common, has some
+
+interesting properties.
+
+It always peaks at the mean and
+falls off symmetrically.
+
+The shape of the normal
+distribution, so I'm told,
+
+looks something like this.
+
+And there are people who imagine
+it looks like a bell.
+
+And therefore, the normal
+distribution is often also
+
+called the bell curve.
+
+That's a terrible picture.
+
+I'm going to get rid of it.
+
+And indeed, mathematicians
+will always call it this.
+
+This is often what people
+use in the non-technical
+
+literature.
+
+There was, for example, a very
+controversial book called "The
+
+Bell Curve," which I don't
+recommend reading.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is not a perfect
+normal distribution.
+
+It's not really exactly
+symmetric.
+
+We could zoom in on this one
+and see if it's better.
+
+In fact, let me make
+that larger.
+
+And then we'll zoom in on it.
+
+Now that we're not comparing the
+two, we can just zoom in
+
+on the part we care about.
+
+And you can see again it's
+not perfectly symmetric.
+
+But it's getting there.
+
+And in fact, the trials
+are not very big.
+
+Only a 1,000 flips.
+
+If I did 100,000 trials of
+a 100,000 flips each, we
+
+wouldn't finish the lecture.
+
+It'd take too long.
+
+But we'd get a very pretty
+looking curve.
+
+And in fact, I have done that
+in the quiet of my office.
+
+And it works very nicely.
+
+And so in fact, we would be
+converging here on the normal
+
+distribution.
+
+Normal distributions are
+frequently used in
+
+constructing probabilistic
+models for two reasons.
+
+Reason one, is they have nice
+mathematical properties.
+
+They're easy to reason about for
+reasons we'll see shortly.
+
+That's not good enough.
+
+The curve where every value
+is the same has even nicer
+
+mathematical properties
+but isn't very useful.
+
+But the nice thing about normal
+distributions is --
+
+many naturally occurring
+instances.
+
+So let's first look at what
+makes them nice mathematically
+
+and then let's look at
+where they occur.
+
+So the nice thing about them
+mathematically is they can be
+
+completely characterized by two
+parameters, the mean and
+
+the standard deviation.
+
+Knowing these is the equivalent
+to knowing the
+
+entire distribution.
+
+Furthermore, if we have a normal
+distribution, the mean
+
+and the standard deviation
+can be used to
+
+compute confidence intervals.
+
+So this is a very important
+concept.
+
+One that you see all the time in
+the popular press but maybe
+
+don't know what it actually
+means when you see it.
+
+So instead of estimating
+an unknown parameter--
+
+and that's, of course, all we've
+been doing with this
+
+whole probability business.
+
+So you get some unknown
+parameter like the probability
+
+of getting a head or a tail, and
+we've been estimating it
+
+using the various techniques.
+
+And typically, you've been
+estimating it by a single
+
+value, the mean of
+a set of trials.
+
+A confidence interval instead
+allows us to estimate the
+
+unknown parameter by providing
+a range that is likely to
+
+contain the unknown value.
+
+And a confidence that
+the unknown value
+
+lies within that range.
+
+It's called the confidence
+level.
+
+So for example, when you look at
+political polls, you might
+
+see something that would say the
+candidate is likely to get
+
+52% of the vote plus
+or minus 4%.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+Well, if somebody doesn't
+specify the confidence level,
+
+they usually mean 5%.
+
+So what this says is that 95%
+percent of the time--
+
+95th confidence interval--
+
+if the election were actually
+conducted, the candidate would
+
+get somewhere between 48%
+and 56% of the vote.
+
+So 95% percent of the time, 95%
+percent of the elections,
+
+the candidate would
+get between 48%
+
+and 56% of the votes.
+
+So we have two things, the range
+and our confidence that
+
+the value will lie within
+that range.
+
+When they make those
+assumptions, when you see
+
+something like that in the
+press, they are assuming that
+
+elections are random trials
+that have a normal
+
+distribution.
+
+That's an implicit assumption
+in the calculation
+
+that tells us this.
+
+The nice thing here is that
+there is something called the
+
+empirical rule, which is used
+for normal distributions.
+
+They give us a handy way to
+estimate confidence intervals
+
+given the mean and the
+standard deviation.
+
+If we have a true normal
+distribution, then roughly
+
+speaking, 68% of the data are
+within the one standard
+
+deviation above the mean.
+
+And 95% percent within two
+standard deviations.
+
+And almost all, 99.7%, will
+fall within three.
+
+These values are
+approximations.
+
+They're not exactly right.
+
+It's not exactly 68 and 95.
+
+But they're good enough
+for government work.
+
+So we can see this here.
+
+And this is what people
+use when they
+
+think about these things.
+
+Now this may raise
+an interesting
+
+question in your mind.
+
+How do the pollsters
+go about finding
+
+the standard deviation?
+
+Do they go out and conduct
+a 100 separate polls and
+
+then do some math?
+
+Sort of what we've been doing.
+
+You might hope so, but that's
+not what they do
+
+because it's expensive.
+
+And nobody wants to do that.
+
+So they use another
+trick to estimate
+
+the standard deviation.
+
+Now, you're beginning to
+understand why these polls
+
+aren't always right.
+
+And the trick they use for that
+is something called the
+
+standard error, which
+is an estimate of
+
+the standard deviation.
+
+And you can only do this under
+the assumption that the errors
+
+are normally distributed and
+also that the sample
+
+population is small.
+
+And I mean small, not large.
+
+It's small relative to the
+actual population.
+
+So this gets us to one of the
+things we like about the
+
+normal distribution that in
+fact, it's often an accurate
+
+model of reality.
+
+And when people have done polls
+over and over again,
+
+they do discover that, indeed,
+the results are typically
+
+normally distributed.
+
+So this is not a
+bad assumption.
+
+Actually, it's a pretty
+good assumption.
+
+So if we have p, which
+is equal to
+
+the percentage sample.
+
+And we have n, which is equal to
+the sample size, we can say
+
+that the standard error, which
+I'll write SE, is equal to the
+
+formula p times 100--
+
+because we're dealing
+with percentages--
+
+minus p divided by n to
+the 1/2, the square
+
+root of all of this.
+
+So if for example, a pollster
+were to sample 1,000 voters,
+
+and 46% of them said
+that they'll
+
+vote for Abraham Lincoln--
+
+we should be so lucky that
+Abraham Lincoln were running
+
+for office today--
+
+the standard error would
+be roughly 1.58%.
+
+We would interpret this to mean
+that in 95% percent of
+
+the time, the true percentage
+of votes that Lincoln would
+
+get is within two standard
+errors of 46%.
+
+I know that's a lot to
+swallow quickly.
+
+So as always, we'll try and
+make sense of it by
+
+looking at some code.
+
+By now, you've probably all
+figured out that I'm much more
+
+comfortable with code than
+I am with formulas.
+
+So we're going to conduct
+a poll here.
+
+Not really, we're going
+to pretend we're
+
+conducting a poll.
+
+n and p.
+
+We'll start with no votes.
+
+And for i in range n, if
+random.random is less than p
+
+over 100, the number of votes
+will be increased by 1.
+
+Otherwise, it will stay where
+it was and will return the
+
+number of votes.
+
+Nothing very dramatic.
+
+And then, we'll test
+the error here.
+
+So n equals 1,000, p equals 46,
+the percentage of votes
+
+that we think Abraham Lincoln
+is going to get.
+
+We'll run 1,000 trials.
+
+Results equal that.
+
+For t in range number of trials
+results.append, I'll
+
+run the poll.
+
+And we'll look at the standard
+deviation, and we'll look at
+
+the results.
+
+And we'll print the fraction
+of votes and
+
+the number of polls.
+
+All right, let's see what
+we get when we do this.
+
+Well, pretty darn close to
+a normal distribution.
+
+Kind of what we'd expect.
+
+The fraction of votes
+peaks at 46%.
+
+Again what we'd expect.
+
+But every once in while, it gets
+all the way out here to
+
+50 and looks like Abe might
+actually win an election.
+
+Highly unlikely in our
+modern society.
+
+And over here, he would
+lose a lot of them.
+
+If we look here, we'll
+see that the standard
+
+deviation is 1.6.
+
+So it turns out that the
+standard error, which you'll
+
+remember we computed using
+that formula to be 1.58--
+
+you may not remember it because
+I said it and didn't
+
+write it down--
+
+is pretty darn close to 1.6.
+
+So remember the standard error
+is an attempt to just use a
+
+formula to estimate
+what the standard
+
+deviation is going to be.
+
+And in fact, we use this
+formula, very simple formula,
+
+to guess what it would be.
+
+We then ran a simulation and
+actually measured the standard
+
+deviation, no longer a guess.
+
+And it came out to be 1.6.
+
+And I hope that most of you
+would agree that that was a
+
+pretty good guess.
+
+And so therefore because, if you
+will, the differences are
+
+normally distributed, the
+distribution is normal.
+
+It turns out the standard
+error is a very good
+
+approximation to the actual
+standard deviation.
+
+And that's what pollsters rely
+on and why polls are actually
+
+pretty good.
+
+So now the next time you read a
+poll, you'll understand the
+
+math behind it.
+
+In a subsequent lecture, we'll
+talk about some ways they go
+
+wrong that have nothing to do
+with getting the math wrong.
+
+Now, of course, finding a nice
+tractable mathematical model,
+
+the normal distribution, is of
+no use if it provides an
+
+inaccurate model of the data
+that you care about.
+
+Fortunately, many random
+variables have an
+
+approximately normal
+distribution.
+
+So if for example, I were doing
+a real lecture and I had
+
+100 students in this room, and
+I were to look at the heights
+
+of the students, we would find
+that they are roughly normally
+
+distributed.
+
+Any time you take a population
+of people and you look at it,
+
+it's quite striking that you
+do end up getting a normal
+
+distribution of the heights.
+
+You get a normal distribution
+of the weights.
+
+Same thing will be true if you
+look at plants, all sorts of
+
+things like that.
+
+I don't know why this is true.
+
+It just is.
+
+What I do know is that--
+
+and probably this is
+more important--
+
+many experimental setups, and
+this is what we're going to be
+
+talking about going forward,
+have normally distributed
+
+measurement errors.
+
+This assumption was used first
+in the early 1800s by the
+
+German mathematician and
+physicist Carl Gauss.
+
+You've probably heard of Gauss,
+who assumed a normal
+
+distribution of measurement
+errors in his analysis of
+
+astronomical data.
+
+So he was measuring various
+things in the heavens.
+
+He knew his measurements of
+where something was were not
+
+100% accurate.
+
+And he said, well, I'll bet it's
+equally likely it's to
+
+the left of where I think it
+is or the right as where I
+
+think it is.
+
+And I'll bet the further I get
+from its true value, the less
+
+likely I am to guess
+that's where it is.
+
+And he invented at that time
+what we now call the normal
+
+distribution.
+
+Physicists insist today still
+on calling it a Gaussian
+
+distribution.
+
+And it turned out to be a very
+accurate model of the
+
+measurement errors
+he would make.
+
+If you guys are in a chemistry
+lab, or a physics lab, or a
+
+bio lab, mechanical engineering
+lab, any lab where
+
+you're measuring things, it's
+pretty likely that the
+
+mistakes you will make will
+be normally distributed.
+
+And it's not just because you
+were sloppy in the lab.
+
+Actually, if you were sloppy
+in the lab, they may not be
+
+normally distributed.
+
+If you're not sloppy in the
+lab, they'll be normally
+
+distributed.
+
+It's true of almost
+all measurements.
+
+And in fact, most of science
+assumes normal distributions
+
+of measurement errors in
+reaching conclusions about the
+
+validity of their data.
+
+And we'll see some examples
+of that as we go forward.
+
+Thanks a lot.
+
+See you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WGgH9wpDs5c.txt b/WGgH9wpDs5c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afec7539c1d6f7bb40b3c50d353e3648f38c57fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WGgH9wpDs5c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so critical computational empowerment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical computational empowerment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical computational empowerment
+that's that's one of the key concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one of the key concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one of the key concepts
+that provides the Fox Harrell was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides the Fox Harrell was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides the Fox Harrell was one of
+our guests because discuss during his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guests because discuss during his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guests because discuss during his
+visit to class and it was a big hit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit to class and it was a big hit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit to class and it was a big hit in
+the class because as you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because as you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because as you know we have
+many engineers scientist in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many engineers scientist in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many engineers scientist in the course
+and and many of them are so used to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many of them are so used to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many of them are so used to the
+notion of of coding of computation being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of of coding of computation being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of of coding of computation being
+supposedly neutral when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly neutral when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly neutral when it comes to
+ideology and to societal tendencies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology and to societal tendencies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology and to societal tendencies but
+what folks should really clearly is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what folks should really clearly is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what folks should really clearly is that
+those Iraqis of power that this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Iraqis of power that this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Iraqis of power that this course
+is about really are themselves embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about really are themselves embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about really are themselves embedded
+in these codes in these codes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these codes in these codes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these codes in these codes that
+create video games virtual reality space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create video games virtual reality space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create video games virtual reality space
+platforms so if you not aware of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms so if you not aware of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms so if you not aware of these
+hierarchies and how they are coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies and how they are coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies and how they are coded
+really coded in those platforms then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coded in those platforms then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coded in those platforms then we
+become prey to them without even knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become prey to them without even knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become prey to them without even knowing
+we accept their assumptions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accept their assumptions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we accept their assumptions and we
+reinforce our own attitudes that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce our own attitudes that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce our own attitudes that might
+put down women in or immigrants or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down women in or immigrants or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down women in or immigrants or
+Muslims or gay people so we will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslims or gay people so we will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslims or gay people so we will become
+part of this Iraqis in mentoring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this Iraqis in mentoring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this Iraqis in mentoring them
+but also what Fox showed in his in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also what Fox showed in his in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also what Fox showed in his in his
+visit is that once we understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit is that once we understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit is that once we understand how
+coding can encode those Iraqis they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding can encode those Iraqis they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding can encode those Iraqis they may
+actually create codes that will in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create codes that will in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create codes that will in turn
+give us more flexibility for identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more flexibility for identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more flexibility for identities
+that are more inclusive and more humane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more inclusive and more humane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more inclusive and more humane
+towards especially women and and blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards especially women and and blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards especially women and and blacks
+and Latinos and Muslims etcetera so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latinos and Muslims etcetera so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Latinos and Muslims etcetera so in
+one thing that that folks did in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that that folks did in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that that folks did in his
+visit was to show us one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit was to show us one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit was to show us one of his
+platforms where it brings them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms where it brings them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms where it brings them together
+people at on different sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at on different sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at on different sides of a
+conflict so one case study showed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so one case study showed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so one case study showed was
+this conflict between the Israelis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conflict between the Israelis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conflict between the Israelis and
+the Palestinians where as so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinians where as so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Palestinians where as so this is
+platform where you can bring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform where you can bring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform where you can bring those
+soldiers together who fight on opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers together who fight on opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers together who fight on opposite
+sides and through that they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and through that they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and through that they get to
+better empathize with each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better empathize with each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better empathize with each other's
+identities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and
+biographies and life circumstances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographies and life circumstances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographies and life circumstances so
+that that was relief the powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was relief the powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was relief the powerful
+concept for the students to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for the students to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for the students to get to
+understand how coding can indeed help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how coding can indeed help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how coding can indeed help us
+coded a better world for all
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WwvDJqtHNBU.txt b/WwvDJqtHNBU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34b494f7ff6017fa06d4e76061c24d65a499a8db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WwvDJqtHNBU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we will talk about the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will talk about the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will talk about the calculation
+of angular momentum people often forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum people often forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum people often forget
+the angular momentum can be calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum can be calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum can be calculated
+for any object even for an object that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any object even for an object that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any object even for an object that's
+traveling in a straight line and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling in a straight line and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling in a straight line and not
+rotating at all for example here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating at all for example here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating at all for example here I have
+an object with mass M moving at a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with mass M moving at a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with mass M moving at a speed
+V along a straight line another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V along a straight line another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V along a straight line another
+important thing to keep in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to keep in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to keep in mind is that
+angular momentum does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum does not have a
+definite value it depends on the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite value it depends on the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite value it depends on the choice
+of origin which is arbitrary although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of origin which is arbitrary although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of origin which is arbitrary although
+some choices are easier to calculate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choices are easier to calculate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choices are easier to calculate or
+more useful than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful than others
+here I will choose this completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I will choose this completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I will choose this completely
+random point to be my origin notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point to be my origin notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point to be my origin notice that
+it can be any point in space angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be any point in space angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be any point in space angular
+momentum is a lot like torque they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is a lot like torque they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is a lot like torque they both
+involve a cross product of a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a cross product of a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a cross product of a distance
+vector with another vector for angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with another vector for angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with another vector for angular
+momentum it's the distance vector R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's the distance vector R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's the distance vector R the
+vector from the origin to the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from the origin to the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from the origin to the object
+cross P the momentum of the object or mV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once again we can write the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again we can write the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again we can write the magnitude of
+this cross product as R times M V times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross product as R times M V times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross product as R times M V times
+the sine of the theta between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine of the theta between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine of the theta between the two
+but it's moral it's often more helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's moral it's often more helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's moral it's often more helpful
+to think about this as R times sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this as R times sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this as R times sine
+theta times MV in other words the R sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta times MV in other words the R sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta times MV in other words the R sine
+theta is the component of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the component of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the component of the position
+vector that's perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's perpendicular to the
+direction of the momentum let's practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the momentum let's practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the momentum let's practice
+with a few other examples if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few other examples if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few other examples if I have a
+ball moving up and I have my origin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball moving up and I have my origin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball moving up and I have my origin at
+the side then this is the perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side then this is the perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side then this is the perpendicular
+distance so the angular momentum is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so the angular momentum is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so the angular momentum is our
+perpendicular times MV a reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular times MV a reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular times MV a reference point
+that's the same horizontal distance away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same horizontal distance away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same horizontal distance away
+from the object will see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the object will see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the object will see the same
+angular momentum notice that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum notice that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum notice that in this
+case the angular momentum is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the angular momentum is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the angular momentum is not
+changing as the ball moves because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as the ball moves because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as the ball moves because the
+perpendicular distance is not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance is not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance is not changing
+with time in this case if the ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time in this case if the ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time in this case if the ball is
+moving at an angle we again have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at an angle we again have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at an angle we again have to take
+the perpendicular component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular component of the
+position vector to find the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector to find the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector to find the angular
+momentum this second reference point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this second reference point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this second reference point is
+now a different distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a different distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a different distance of
+so the angular momentum is larger now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the angular momentum is larger now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the angular momentum is larger now
+let's talk about the sine of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the sine of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the sine of angular
+momentum you can calculate the sign of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you can calculate the sign of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you can calculate the sign of a
+cross product with the right-hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product with the right-hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product with the right-hand rule
+make sure your vectors are tail to tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure your vectors are tail to tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure your vectors are tail to tail
+when you compare the directions so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compare the directions so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compare the directions so in
+this case we have that R cross V points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have that R cross V points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have that R cross V points
+into the page in the case of circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the page in the case of circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the page in the case of circular
+motion R and V are always perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion R and V are always perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion R and V are always perpendicular
+so we can just multiply the magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just multiply the magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just multiply the magnitudes
+together and the sign tells us which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the sign tells us which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the sign tells us which way
+we are going around the circle if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going around the circle if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going around the circle if we
+consider out of the page to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider out of the page to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider out of the page to be positive
+and the angular momentum is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angular momentum is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angular momentum is positive
+then the object is circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the object is circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the object is circulating
+counterclockwise if the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise if the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise if the angular momentum
+is negative the object is circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative the object is circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative the object is circulating
+clockwise
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wxk2Q3F6oDE.txt b/Wxk2Q3F6oDE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f9c9fc27c2a032495cb8c1b9141b094a09afef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wxk2Q3F6oDE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have many and you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have many and you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have many and you remember
+that's feminine yes that when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's feminine yes that when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's feminine yes that when you have
+one it's masculine and when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's masculine and when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's masculine and when you have
+many it becomes feminine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are going to prepare five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to prepare five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to prepare five
+cinque cortioli five portions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinque cortioli five portions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinque cortioli five portions
+okay the proportions the proportion are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the proportions the proportion are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the proportions the proportion are
+very very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you don't have it at home you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have it at home you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have it at home you can
+just pound them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pound them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pound them
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what i want with the mandolin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want with the mandolin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want with the mandolin
+i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want
+them in in different sizes so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in different sizes so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in different sizes so some of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+you want to very very very fine follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to very very very fine follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to very very very fine follows
+like powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like powder
+and then you want to chop some of them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to chop some of them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to chop some of them a
+little bit thicker and maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit thicker and maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit thicker and maybe you can
+leave a handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a handful
+that's not chopped at all but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not chopped at all but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not chopped at all but you can
+put on the top kind of decoration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the top kind of decoration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the top kind of decoration
+nice okay then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice okay then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice okay then we need
+lemon zest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grapefruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the white part is bigger when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the white part is bigger when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the white part is bigger when you
+when you are well you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are well you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are well you use this
+to great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to great
+you really just want to stop at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just want to stop at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just want to stop at the very
+surface of the yellow part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the yellow part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the yellow part
+because the white part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the white part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the white part
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then we're going to add just a drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to add just a drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to add just a drop
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+vanilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i forgot very important ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very very very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to leave the butter outside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to leave the butter outside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to leave the butter outside a
+little bit because it really has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because it really has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because it really has to be
+at room temperature right now it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature right now it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature right now it's too
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit more
+i was thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking that
+no no no microwave is going to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no microwave is going to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no microwave is going to be too
+warm so leave it here and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm so leave it here and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm so leave it here and it's going to
+be the last ingredient because first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last ingredient because first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last ingredient because first you
+will mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mix
+all the dry ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dry ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dry ingredients
+then the eggs the last thing the butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eggs the last thing the butter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eggs the last thing the butter
+and as i told you you don't want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i told you you don't want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i told you you don't want to make
+it it's not like pizza that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not like pizza that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not like pizza that you really
+have to need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to need it
+no you really just want to just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you really just want to just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you really just want to just barely
+put things together it has to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put things together it has to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put things together it has to be very
+loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose
+okay and then we will we will put just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we will we will put just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we will we will put just
+directly the crumbles we just let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the crumbles we just let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the crumbles we just let them
+fall on the baking pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well because if you like the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because if you like the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because if you like the contrast
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+sweet salty dolce salato right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet salty dolce salato right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet salty dolce salato right
+but not everybody likes it and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody likes it and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody likes it and it's not
+in the traditional recipe but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the traditional recipe but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the traditional recipe but if you
+like it then you can add pizzico a pinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it then you can add pizzico a pinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it then you can add pizzico a pinch
+pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza
+picollo tea just a drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now we're using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're using this
+as baking pans that's fine but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as baking pans that's fine but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as baking pans that's fine but you can
+also use like baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use like baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use like baking
+sheets it's not really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets it's not really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets it's not really important
+and you can either cover them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes until you've scarred every spot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes until you've scarred every spot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes until you've scarred every spot on
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+and then you will help yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not the subject but the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the subject but the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the subject but the grammar
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really very delicate you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very delicate you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very delicate you don't want to
+make the dough no it's virtual ornaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the dough no it's virtual ornaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the dough no it's virtual ornaments
+with a lot of bridge on it so it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of bridge on it so it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of bridge on it so it has to
+remain very crumbly and the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain very crumbly and the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain very crumbly and the idea is that
+you want the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the thickness
+of something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something from
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+to two and a half centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two and a half centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two and a half centimeters
+if it's thinner it bakes faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's thinner it bakes faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's thinner it bakes faster
+thicker takes a little bit longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it smells so good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together and then you will like save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then you will like save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then you will like save it
+like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and
+spread it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half
+this is the way look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traditionally you do not use a knife to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally you do not use a knife to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally you do not use a knife to
+cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it
+you just break it you use it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just break it you use it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just break it you use it yeah
+it's probably a little too hot right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a little too hot right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a little too hot right now
+but usually you wait for it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually you wait for it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually you wait for it from the
+cooler and then you break it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler and then you break it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler and then you break it with your
+hands if you want you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands if you want you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands if you want you can try to
+transfer it to a plate and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer it to a plate and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer it to a plate and then you get
+a cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cooler
+and you can break it or you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can break it or you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can break it or you can try to
+breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's hot so it's crumbling even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's hot so it's crumbling even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's hot so it's crumbling even more
+than usual when it gets dry it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usual when it gets dry it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usual when it gets dry it becomes
+very hard sometimes it's really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a lunch and you see yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a lunch and you see yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a lunch and you see yeah we
+put a lot of butter but usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a lot of butter but usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a lot of butter but usually you
+don't eat as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X04gTpC7wAs.txt b/X04gTpC7wAs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..155094767b55025a29d5bb500711f482f9c41867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X04gTpC7wAs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have defined the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have defined the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have defined the conditional
+expectation of a random variable given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a random variable given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a random variable given
+another as an abstract object which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as an abstract object which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as an abstract object which is
+itself a random variable let us now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a random variable let us now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a random variable let us now do
+something analogous with the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something analogous with the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something analogous with the notion of a
+conditional variance let us start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance let us start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance let us start with a
+definition of the variance which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the variance which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the variance which is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+we look at the deviation of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the deviation of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the deviation of the random
+variable from its mean square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable from its mean square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable from its mean square it and
+take the average of that quantity if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average of that quantity if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average of that quantity if we
+live in a conditional universe where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a conditional universe where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a conditional universe where we
+are told the value of some other random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are told the value of some other random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are told the value of some other random
+variable capital Y then inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital Y then inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital Y then inside that
+conditional universe the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe the variance
+becomes the following it is defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the following it is defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the following it is defined the
+same way well in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way well in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way well in the conditional
+universe this is the expected value of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe this is the expected value of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe this is the expected value of X
+so this quantity here is the deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity here is the deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity here is the deviation
+of X from its expected value in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X from its expected value in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X from its expected value in that
+conditional universe we square this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe we square this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe we square this
+quantity we find the square deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we find the square deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we find the square deviation
+and we look at the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at the expected value of
+that square deviation but because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square deviation but because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square deviation but because we
+live in a conditional universe of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a conditional universe of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a conditional universe of course
+this expectation has to be a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation has to be a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation has to be a conditional
+one given the information that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one given the information that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one given the information that we have
+available so this is nothing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so this is nothing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so this is nothing but the
+ordinary variance but it's the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary variance but it's the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary variance but it's the variance
+of the conditional distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditional distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditional distribution of the
+random variable capital X this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital X this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital X this is an
+equality between numbers if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between numbers if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between numbers if I tell you
+the value of little Y the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of little Y the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of little Y the conditional
+variance is defined by this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is defined by this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is defined by this particular
+quantity which is a number now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is a number now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is a number now we
+proceed in the same way as we proceeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in the same way as we proceeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in the same way as we proceeded
+for the case where we defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case where we defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case where we defined the
+conditional expectation as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation as a random
+variable namely we think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable namely we think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable namely we think of this
+quantity as a function of little Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity as a function of little Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity as a function of little Y and
+that function can be now used to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function can be now used to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function can be now used to define
+a random variable and that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable and that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable and that random
+variable which we denote this way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which we denote this way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which we denote this way this
+is the random variable which takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the random variable which takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the random variable which takes this
+specific value when capital Y happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value when capital Y happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value when capital Y happens to
+be equal to little Y once we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to little Y once we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to little Y once we know the
+value of capital Y then this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital Y then this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital Y then this quantity
+takes a specific value but before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a specific value but before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a specific value but before we
+know the value of capital why then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of capital why then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of capital why then this
+quantity is not known it's random it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is not known it's random it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is not known it's random it's a
+random variable let us look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable let us look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable let us look at an
+example to make this more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to make this more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to make this more concrete
+suppose that Y is a random variable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that Y is a random variable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that Y is a random variable we
+draw the trend of variable and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the trend of variable and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the trend of variable and we're
+told that conditioned on the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that conditioned on the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that conditioned on the value of
+that random variable X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable X is going to be
+uniform on this particular interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform on this particular interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform on this particular interval from
+zero to Y so if I tell you that Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to Y so if I tell you that Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to Y so if I tell you that Capital
+y takes on a specific numerical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y takes on a specific numerical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y takes on a specific numerical value
+then the random variable X is uniform on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the random variable X is uniform on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the random variable X is uniform on
+the interval from zero to little Y a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from zero to little Y a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from zero to little Y a
+random variable that uniform on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that uniform on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that uniform on an
+interval of length little Y has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length little Y has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length little Y has a
+variance that we know what it is it's Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that we know what it is it's Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that we know what it is it's Y
+squared over 12 so this is an equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 12 so this is an equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 12 so this is an equality
+between numbers for any specific value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between numbers for any specific value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between numbers for any specific value
+of little Y this is the numerical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little Y this is the numerical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little Y this is the numerical value
+of the conditional variance let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditional variance let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditional variance let us now
+change this equality between numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this equality between numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this equality between numbers
+into an abstract equality between random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an abstract equality between random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an abstract equality between random
+variables the random variable variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the random variable variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the random variable variance
+of X given Y is a random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X given Y is a random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X given Y is a random variable that
+takes this value whenever Capital y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this value whenever Capital y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this value whenever Capital y is
+little Y but that's the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y but that's the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y but that's the same as this
+random variable this is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable this is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable this is a random
+variable that takes this value whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that takes this value whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that takes this value whenever
+capital y happens to be equal to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y happens to be equal to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y happens to be equal to little
+Y so we have defined the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so we have defined the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so we have defined the abstract
+concept of a conditional variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a conditional variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a conditional variance
+similar to the case of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the case of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the case of conditional
+expectations for conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for conditional
+expectations we had the law of iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we had the law of iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we had the law of iterated
+expectations that tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that tells us that the
+expected value of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the conditional
+expectation is the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is the unconditional
+expectation is it true that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is it true that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is it true that the expected
+value of the conditional variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the conditional variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the conditional variance is
+going to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the
+unconditional variance and fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance and fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional variance and fortunately
+know things are a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things are a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things are a little more
+complicated the unconditional variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the unconditional variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the unconditional variance
+is equal to the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the expected value of the
+conditional variance but there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance but there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance but there is an
+extra term that is the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term that is the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term that is the variance of the
+conditional expectations the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectations the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectations the entries
+here in red are all random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in red are all random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in red are all random variables
+so the conditional variance has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conditional variance has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conditional variance has been
+defined as a random variable so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a random variable so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a random variable so it has
+an expectation of its own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation of its own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation of its own the
+conditional expectation as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation as we have
+already discussed it's also a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed it's also a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed it's also a random
+variable so it has a variance of its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it has a variance of its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it has a variance of its own
+and by adding those terms we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by adding those terms we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by adding those terms we get the
+total variance of the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variance of the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variance of the random variable X
+so what we will do next will be first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we will do next will be first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we will do next will be first to
+prove this equality and then give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this equality and then give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this equality and then give a
+number of examples that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of examples that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of examples that are going to
+give us some intuition about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some intuition about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some intuition about what these
+terms mean and why this equality makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms mean and why this equality makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms mean and why this equality makes
+sense
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X3dLfxatijE.txt b/X3dLfxatijE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b1d50bbb80348510d1ee6ba49d7d007326c2ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X3dLfxatijE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi this is Angie I'll be giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi this is Angie I'll be giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi this is Angie I'll be giving the
+recitation this week on integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week on integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation this week on integer
+optimization in the sports scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in the sports scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in the sports scheduling
+lecture we saw how integer optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we saw how integer optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we saw how integer optimization
+was a great way to design an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great way to design an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great way to design an optimal
+schedule today we'll see how Mount Sinai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule today we'll see how Mount Sinai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule today we'll see how Mount Sinai
+Hospital in Toronto uses integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital in Toronto uses integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital in Toronto uses integer
+optimization to schedule their operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to schedule their operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to schedule their operating
+rooms let's get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XKEJRhypx84.txt b/XKEJRhypx84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3fb2dd6c3636ddca0dad4f5d0a6b9a602e2f37b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XKEJRhypx84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah so the original idea that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so the original idea that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so the original idea that we had
+was to have like music and light show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have like music and light show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have like music and light show
+that was triggered by how like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was triggered by how like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was triggered by how like when you
+got within a certain distance of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got within a certain distance of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got within a certain distance of it
+would just turn on and start going so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just turn on and start going so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just turn on and start going so we
+had some problems with triggering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some problems with triggering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some problems with triggering this
+on like upon coming close enough so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like upon coming close enough so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like upon coming close enough so this
+is LED lights that danced to the tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is LED lights that danced to the tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is LED lights that danced to the tempo
+of the music one of the cool things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the music one of the cool things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the music one of the cool things that
+we do is actually use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is actually use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is actually use another
+environment as well in conjunction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as well in conjunction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as well in conjunction with
+Arduino it's clock processing so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arduino it's clock processing so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arduino it's clock processing so that's
+another environment that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another environment that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another environment that allows you to
+integrate with like other software on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate with like other software on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate with like other software on
+the computer that any mp3 that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer that any mp3 that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer that any mp3 that you have
+so depending on the frequency you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on the frequency you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on the frequency you can
+assign a bass or trouble and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a bass or trouble and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a bass or trouble and so that's
+what assigns to each pin and so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what assigns to each pin and so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what assigns to each pin and so it was a
+really cool thing to know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool thing to know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool thing to know that there's
+other environments that work alongside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other environments that work alongside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other environments that work alongside
+Arduino and we figure that out within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arduino and we figure that out within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arduino and we figure that out within a
+couple hours and or got nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hours and or got nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hours and or got nicely
+there's also like so we're playing Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like so we're playing Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like so we're playing Jack
+and black in honor of Tony Stark and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and black in honor of Tony Stark and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and black in honor of Tony Stark and I
+love and I have MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could set those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could set those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could set those values
+differently also you could slice it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently also you could slice it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently also you could slice it up
+to more frequency of the ranges we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more frequency of the ranges we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more frequency of the ranges we
+almost have the the sensor working is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost have the the sensor working is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost have the the sensor working is
+just you need to have the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you need to have the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you need to have the processing
+language it doesn't have all the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it doesn't have all the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it doesn't have all the like
+libraries that our dureena environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries that our dureena environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries that our dureena environment
+has so there's that's why the the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so there's that's why the the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so there's that's why the the sensor
+wouldn't work or you could also try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work or you could also try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work or you could also try to
+create the next stage hath Arduino run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the next stage hath Arduino run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the next stage hath Arduino run a
+processing file and activate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing file and activate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing file and activate the
+communication between both software's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between both software's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between both software's so
+that be the next stage to get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be the next stage to get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be the next stage to get like
+actual sets are working on Arduino and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual sets are working on Arduino and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual sets are working on Arduino and
+then run the processing environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then run the processing environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then run the processing environment that
+runs our creature okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no so that's what we have code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no so that's what we have code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no so that's what we have code that
+slices the mp3 there so that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices the mp3 there so that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices the mp3 there so that's where the
+slicing code is and then processing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing code is and then processing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing code is and then processing has
+libraries we do Arduino dot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries we do Arduino dot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries we do Arduino dot this
+function and Arduino library and it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and Arduino library and it runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and Arduino library and it runs
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XUFJ8iuxfCI.txt b/XUFJ8iuxfCI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea8d753bd45a4b4ec22143102c55c277bd1c27a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XUFJ8iuxfCI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12648 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well
+hello dr broome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today i'll provide you with an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i'll provide you with an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i'll provide you with an overview
+of the work i've done for my term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work i've done for my term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work i've done for my term
+project on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on
+the ethics of engineering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethics of engineering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethics of engineering for
+international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+i should note that engineering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should note that engineering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should note that engineering for
+international development is not a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development is not a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development is not a term
+of art as you suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art as you suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art as you suggested
+but these are just the four words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are just the four words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are just the four words that
+most concisely describe the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most concisely describe the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most concisely describe the use of
+engineering to meet social health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to meet social health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to meet social health and
+economic needs in developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic needs in developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic needs in developing communities
+outside of the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to understand my title it might help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand my title it might help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand my title it might help you
+if i tell you that an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i tell you that an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i tell you that an alternative
+description for my talk could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for my talk could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for my talk could have been
+the ethics of humanitarian engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethics of humanitarian engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethics of humanitarian engineering
+in less developed countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less developed countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less developed countries
+humanitarian engineering is the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering is the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering is the term
+that some engineers are using for pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some engineers are using for pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some engineers are using for pro
+bono engineering service projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bono engineering service projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bono engineering service projects
+in developing communities usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing communities usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing communities usually in
+africa latin america and southern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa latin america and southern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa latin america and southern and
+eastern asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern asia
+this term is being used officially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is being used officially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is being used officially at
+the colorado school of mines where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colorado school of mines where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colorado school of mines where they
+now offer an undergraduate minor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now offer an undergraduate minor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now offer an undergraduate minor in
+humanitarian engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but whichever words i use today i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whichever words i use today i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whichever words i use today i'm
+trying to describe the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe the application of
+engineering to the design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to the design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to the design and
+dissemination of technology that meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissemination of technology that meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissemination of technology that meets
+the most basic human needs of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic human needs of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic human needs of people in
+developing countries and resource poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries and resource poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries and resource poor
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um i'll continue today with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i'll continue today with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i'll continue today with a
+discussion of the motivation for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the motivation for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the motivation for my
+project what problem am i trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what problem am i trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what problem am i trying to
+solve then i'll bring us up to speed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve then i'll bring us up to speed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve then i'll bring us up to speed on
+some vocabulary i'll introduce three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vocabulary i'll introduce three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vocabulary i'll introduce three
+motivating cases of engineering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating cases of engineering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating cases of engineering for
+international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+and these cases will serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cases will serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cases will serve as a
+springboard for a discussion of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springboard for a discussion of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springboard for a discussion of the main
+ethical issues that face engineers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues that face engineers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues that face engineers that
+are intervening in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intervening in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intervening in developing
+communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+then we'll look at some possible answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at some possible answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at some possible answers
+to those ethical questions from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those ethical questions from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those ethical questions from various
+sources in the literature and then i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources in the literature and then i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources in the literature and then i'll
+synthesize those answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize those answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize those answers
+excuse me and try to propose an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me and try to propose an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me and try to propose an ethical
+analysis that real engineers can use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that real engineers can use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that real engineers can use in
+the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field
+and then i'll test out that method on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll test out that method on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll test out that method on a
+recent case from my own experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what does engineering have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does engineering have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does engineering have to do with
+international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development
+and why do we need extra study of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do we need extra study of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do we need extra study of ethics
+for this type of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this type of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this type of engineering
+so let's start with an authoritative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with an authoritative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with an authoritative
+body the united nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the united nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the united nations
+in september of 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in september of 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in september of 2000
+all of the member countries of the un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the member countries of the un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the member countries of the un
+signed the millennium declaration which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the millennium declaration which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the millennium declaration which
+set forth eight goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set forth eight goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set forth eight goals
+for alleviating much human suffering by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alleviating much human suffering by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alleviating much human suffering by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eight targets are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eight targets are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eight targets are called the
+millennium development goals or mdgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium development goals or mdgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium development goals or mdgs
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+cutting the hunger rate in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the hunger rate in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the hunger rate in half
+providing universal education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing universal education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing universal education and
+combating preventable diseases like hiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combating preventable diseases like hiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combating preventable diseases like hiv
+aids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aids and
+malaria this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria this
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+on this slide is from the 2005 report on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide is from the 2005 report on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide is from the 2005 report on
+the mdg so every year the united nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mdg so every year the united nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mdg so every year the united nations
+just used to report on how they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used to report on how they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used to report on how they're doing
+and this just shows you that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you that in
+sub-saharan africa 33 of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-saharan africa 33 of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-saharan africa 33 of the people
+and in asia 10 to 20 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in asia 10 to 20 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in asia 10 to 20 percent of the
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+don't have access to enough calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access to enough calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access to enough calories
+every day so this is just one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day so this is just one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day so this is just one example of
+the real problems that exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problems that exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problems that exist in the
+developing world to combat extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world to combat extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world to combat extreme
+hunger and other problems the un set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger and other problems the un set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger and other problems the un set the
+mdgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdgs
+so now to solve these eight problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now to solve these eight problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now to solve these eight problems
+listed in mdgs the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in mdgs the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in mdgs the international
+community will absolutely need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community will absolutely need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community will absolutely need
+technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+so engineers who create technologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so engineers who create technologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so engineers who create technologies are
+essential to the accomplishment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to the accomplishment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to the accomplishment of the
+mdgs and many engineers are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdgs and many engineers are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdgs and many engineers are starting to
+realize this they're starting to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this they're starting to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this they're starting to realize
+that they can help the world achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can help the world achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can help the world achieve the
+mdgs and they're trying to get involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdgs and they're trying to get involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdgs and they're trying to get involved
+so every year there are new pro bono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every year there are new pro bono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every year there are new pro bono
+engineering service projects and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering service projects and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering service projects and new
+faculty and student humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and student humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and student humanitarian
+engineering projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering projects
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+both the professional and the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the professional and the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the professional and the student
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+often venture off to developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often venture off to developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often venture off to developing
+countries without any ethical training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries without any ethical training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries without any ethical training
+as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know
+and certainly without any training in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly without any training in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly without any training in
+the unique ethical dilemmas that face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique ethical dilemmas that face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique ethical dilemmas that face
+engineers who are practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers who are practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers who are practicing
+cross-country engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country engineering
+so let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at an example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at engineers without borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at engineers without borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at engineers without borders
+usa which is a new non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usa which is a new non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usa which is a new non-profit
+organization a humanitarian organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization a humanitarian organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization a humanitarian organization
+founded in the year 2000 by dr bernard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in the year 2000 by dr bernard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in the year 2000 by dr bernard
+amade whose faculty at uc colorado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amade whose faculty at uc colorado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amade whose faculty at uc colorado
+boulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulder
+so the stated mission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stated mission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stated mission of
+engineers without borders is to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers without borders is to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers without borders is to improve
+the quality of life in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of life in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of life in developing
+countries and help meet the mdgs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and help meet the mdgs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and help meet the mdgs and
+their stated vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stated vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stated vision
+is a world where all people have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a world where all people have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a world where all people have access
+to the knowledge and resources with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the knowledge and resources with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the knowledge and resources with
+which to meet their basic human needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to meet their basic human needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to meet their basic human needs
+very lofty goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lofty goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lofty goals
+and they say they state that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say they state that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say they state that they're
+going to need to follow six requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to follow six requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to follow six requirements
+to meet that vision and ethics as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet that vision and ethics as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet that vision and ethics as we
+were talking about the other day is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the other day is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about the other day is one
+of the requirements they think to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the requirements they think to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the requirements they think to have
+to follow i think they have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow i think they have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow i think they have to follow
+now let's look at how they define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at how they define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at how they define
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the promotion of honesty communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promotion of honesty communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promotion of honesty communication
+and forthright disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forthright disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forthright disclosure
+human dignity value and diversity social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human dignity value and diversity social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human dignity value and diversity social
+responsibility and appropriate action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and appropriate action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and appropriate action
+fairness and equitable distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and equitable distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and equitable distribution of
+time effort and resources sharing skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time effort and resources sharing skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time effort and resources sharing skills
+and resources and promotion of the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources and promotion of the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources and promotion of the ideal
+that people should not be exploited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people should not be exploited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people should not be exploited in
+any form whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any form whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any form whatsoever
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+great values but what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great values but what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great values but what happens when
+for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+the promotion of the equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promotion of the equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promotion of the equitable
+distribution of time conflicts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of time conflicts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of time conflicts with
+respecting someone's human dignity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting someone's human dignity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting someone's human dignity
+sometimes to respect one person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to respect one person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to respect one person's
+dignity you have to give them more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity you have to give them more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity you have to give them more time
+or more resources than other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more resources than other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more resources than other people so
+there's a lot of potential conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of potential conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of potential conflicts
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and how are engineers without borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are engineers without borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are engineers without borders
+members prepared to deal with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members prepared to deal with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members prepared to deal with those
+conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts
+so i think this example shows us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this example shows us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this example shows us that
+engineers without borders has indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers without borders has indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers without borders has indeed
+considered the ethics of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the ethics of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the ethics of their
+intervention in developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in developing communities
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+and they have good intentions but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have good intentions but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have good intentions but they
+lack pragmatism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack pragmatism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack pragmatism
+and they lack justification so we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they lack justification so we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they lack justification so we must
+ask what are the ethical traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what are the ethical traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what are the ethical traditions
+what is the justification for this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the justification for this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the justification for this code
+of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethics
+and how is engineers without borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is engineers without borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is engineers without borders
+providing its members tools to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing its members tools to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing its members tools to actually
+carry out these ambitious so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out these ambitious so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out these ambitious so-called
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this example of engineers without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example of engineers without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example of engineers without
+borders sort of unsupported ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders sort of unsupported ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders sort of unsupported ethical
+intentions is just one piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions is just one piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions is just one piece of the
+large amount of evidence that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of evidence that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of evidence that we need to
+do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do work
+scholarship to help engineers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship to help engineers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship to help engineers who are
+developing and disseminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and disseminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and disseminating
+technologies in developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in developing communities
+first we need to do some descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need to do some descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need to do some descriptive
+ethics as you helps me realize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics as you helps me realize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics as you helps me realize what
+ethical issues are faced by those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues are faced by those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues are faced by those who
+practice engineering and developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice engineering and developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice engineering and developing
+communities and then second we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and then second we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and then second we need to
+do normative ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do normative ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do normative ethics
+what should engineers do when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should engineers do when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should engineers do when they
+actually face these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually face these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually face these issues
+so before i tackle those two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before i tackle those two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before i tackle those two questions
+let me pause for some definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pause for some definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pause for some definitions
+so when i say international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i say international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i say international development
+today i mean positive changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i mean positive changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i mean positive changes in the
+quality of life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life of
+a society and its members in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a society and its members in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a society and its members in both the
+social and economic sense implying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and economic sense implying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and economic sense implying the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+for people to access the resources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to access the resources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to access the resources of
+their society and the right to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their society and the right to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their society and the right to choose
+between alternative resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alternative resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alternative resources
+when i say paternalism today i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say paternalism today i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say paternalism today i'm
+referring to the attitude that one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to the attitude that one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to the attitude that one group
+has when it believes it can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has when it believes it can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has when it believes it can decide
+what's best for another group that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's best for another group that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's best for another group that it
+perceives to be less capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives to be less capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives to be less capable
+an assistance is the word that is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistance is the word that is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistance is the word that is often
+used to describe the responsibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to describe the responsibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to describe the responsibility of
+more affluent countries to provide tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more affluent countries to provide tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more affluent countries to provide tax
+finance aid to poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance aid to poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance aid to poor countries
+humanitarian engineering would fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering would fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering would fall
+under the category of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the category of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the category of technical
+assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance
+so what organizations are doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what organizations are doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what organizations are doing these
+things are using these words we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are using these words we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are using these words we have the
+the united states agency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states agency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states agency for
+international development which i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development which i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development which i know
+you know about and then the world bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about and then the world bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about and then the world bank
+is um owned by 184 member countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um owned by 184 member countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um owned by 184 member countries and
+it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides
+interest-free credit low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest-free credit low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest-free credit low
+interest loans and grants to developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest loans and grants to developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest loans and grants to developing
+countries for education infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries for education infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries for education infrastructure
+health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+you know about the united nations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the united nations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the united nations and
+the world health organization is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world health organization is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world health organization is their
+specialized health agency then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized health agency then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized health agency then we have
+some non-profit engineering humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-profit engineering humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-profit engineering humanitarian
+engineering organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how is ethics involved in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how is ethics involved in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how is ethics involved in these
+humanitarian engineering projects let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering projects let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering projects let's
+do some descriptive ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some descriptive ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some descriptive ethics
+so here's our first case of humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our first case of humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our first case of humanitarian
+engineering gone wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering gone wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering gone wrong
+as we talked about when people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about when people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about when people from the
+united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+learn that in developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that in developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that in developing communities
+some people go out into the fields to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people go out into the fields to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people go out into the fields to
+get rid of their waste the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of their waste the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of their waste the engineers
+from the united states decide this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the united states decide this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the united states decide this is a
+problem something that needs to be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem something that needs to be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem something that needs to be fixed
+and in a paternalistic fashion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a paternalistic fashion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a paternalistic fashion they
+often decide that these communities need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often decide that these communities need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often decide that these communities need
+to build latrines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build latrines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build latrines
+but they kill two birds with one stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they kill two birds with one stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they kill two birds with one stone
+they suggest composting latrines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suggest composting latrines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suggest composting latrines so
+there's a safe place for humans to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a safe place for humans to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a safe place for humans to get
+rid of their waste and we can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of their waste and we can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of their waste and we can use that
+waste to fertilize the fields for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste to fertilize the fields for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste to fertilize the fields for
+farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming
+it sounds like a good idea do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like a good idea do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like a good idea do you
+suggest it also an old idea even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest it also an old idea even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest it also an old idea even though
+humanitarian engineering is a trendy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering is a trendy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering is a trendy
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+the technologies themselves are old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies themselves are old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies themselves are old
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it sounds like a good idea but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sounds like a good idea but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sounds like a good idea but if the
+local people don't internalize all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local people don't internalize all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local people don't internalize all of
+the messages associated with composting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages associated with composting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages associated with composting
+the trains all the messages about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains all the messages about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains all the messages about
+feeling and proper ventilation then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and proper ventilation then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and proper ventilation then the
+latrines turn into a disease factory a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latrines turn into a disease factory a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latrines turn into a disease factory a
+breeding ground for flies mosquitoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding ground for flies mosquitoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding ground for flies mosquitoes
+um bacteria parasites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bacteria parasites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bacteria parasites
+so the situation actually becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation actually becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation actually becomes much
+more dangerous to public health than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dangerous to public health than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dangerous to public health than
+when people were just going out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were just going out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were just going out to the
+fields to get rid of their waste so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields to get rid of their waste so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields to get rid of their waste so are
+the engineers who install these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers who install these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers who install these
+composting latrines morally culpable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composting latrines morally culpable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composting latrines morally culpable
+here's another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another case
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+of a technology failing because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a technology failing because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a technology failing because the
+entire set of messages wasn't conveyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set of messages wasn't conveyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set of messages wasn't conveyed
+it's the three-quarter what i call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the three-quarter what i call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the three-quarter what i call the
+three-quarter ring beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarter ring beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarter ring beam
+ring beams are continuous beams you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring beams are continuous beams you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring beams are continuous beams you
+probably know about this which sit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know about this which sit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know about this which sit on
+top of external walls to tie a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of external walls to tie a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of external walls to tie a whole
+building together to help support it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building together to help support it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building together to help support it
+during an earthquake to prevent it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an earthquake to prevent it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an earthquake to prevent it from
+collapse during an earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse during an earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse during an earthquake
+in one community in yemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one community in yemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one community in yemen
+engineers went in and taught the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers went in and taught the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers went in and taught the people
+about ring beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ring beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ring beams
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they missed the message the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they missed the message the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they missed the message the essential
+message that the beam has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that the beam has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that the beam has to be
+continuous around the whole house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous around the whole house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous around the whole house and
+many houses were built with the beam on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many houses were built with the beam on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many houses were built with the beam on
+only three of the four walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three of the four walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three of the four walls
+so now this doesn't provide any extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this doesn't provide any extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this doesn't provide any extra
+strength all it provides is a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength all it provides is a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength all it provides is a false
+sense of security that the family will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of security that the family will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of security that the family will
+be protected during an earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be protected during an earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be protected during an earthquake
+so again are the engineers morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again are the engineers morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again are the engineers morally
+culpable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culpable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culpable
+and we looked at these pictures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked at these pictures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked at these pictures the
+other day more evidence of humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day more evidence of humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day more evidence of humanitarian
+engineers failing to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers failing to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers failing to consider the
+ethical dimensions of their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical dimensions of their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical dimensions of their work
+so this is from an automated flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is from an automated flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is from an automated flood
+warning system project in honduras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning system project in honduras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning system project in honduras and
+in the left photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left photo
+we talked about um the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about um the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about um the fact that there's
+a honduran metal worker on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a honduran metal worker on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a honduran metal worker on top of a
+ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder
+which is supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is supported by
+people in a boat on top of 20 feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in a boat on top of 20 feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in a boat on top of 20 feet of
+water in a rushing river and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in a rushing river and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in a rushing river and he's
+drilling into concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling into concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling into concrete
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is not safe what if he fell he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not safe what if he fell he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not safe what if he fell he's
+installing a sensor that u.s engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing a sensor that u.s engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing a sensor that u.s engineers
+built and asked him to install would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and asked him to install would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and asked him to install would
+those engineers be culpable anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those engineers be culpable anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those engineers be culpable anything
+happened in the middle he's repelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the middle he's repelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the middle he's repelling
+off a bridge in not very safe conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a bridge in not very safe conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a bridge in not very safe conditions
+and on the right we have a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right we have a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right we have a mixture of
+u.s engineers and local engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s engineers and local engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s engineers and local engineers
+installing a radio tower with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing a radio tower with simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing a radio tower with simple
+rock climbing harnesses and one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock climbing harnesses and one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock climbing harnesses and one person
+on the ground supporting them this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground supporting them this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground supporting them this would
+not pass u.s safety standards what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pass u.s safety standards what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pass u.s safety standards what would
+what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+be the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the result
+if someone was hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for me these three cases illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me these three cases illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me these three cases illustrate
+some potentially very bad consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potentially very bad consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potentially very bad consequences
+consequences that could cause harm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that could cause harm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that could cause harm or
+destroy human life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy human life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy human life
+and for me they lead like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me they lead like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me they lead like
+it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay
+just getting to the big ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting to the big ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting to the big ethical
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so for me these cases lead to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me these cases lead to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me these cases lead to the three
+categories of questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of questions that
+humanitarian engineers should be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineers should be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineers should be asking
+first they should ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they should ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they should ask
+given the poverty hunger and disease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the poverty hunger and disease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the poverty hunger and disease in
+the developing world and given my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world and given my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world and given my
+relative wealth and surplus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative wealth and surplus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative wealth and surplus of
+engineering skills potent you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering skills potent you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering skills potent you know
+technical expertise am i obligated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical expertise am i obligated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical expertise am i obligated to
+lend those surplus skills to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend those surplus skills to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend those surplus skills to
+international development work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international development work
+on the other hand given that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand given that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand given that i don't
+understand the local culture and living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the local culture and living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the local culture and living
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+and given that i could do harm by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given that i could do harm by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given that i could do harm by
+intervening show that is it even morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening show that is it even morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening show that is it even morally
+permissible acceptable for me to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible acceptable for me to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible acceptable for me to go
+the second category of questions once i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second category of questions once i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second category of questions once i
+decide to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to go
+what regulations should i follow do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what regulations should i follow do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what regulations should i follow do
+international regulations take priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international regulations take priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international regulations take priority
+or local customs do they take priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or local customs do they take priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or local customs do they take priority
+then the third category of questions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third category of questions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third category of questions is
+how will i know if my engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will i know if my engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will i know if my engineering
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if they end up if those actions end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they end up if those actions end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they end up if those actions end up
+being harmful or paternalistic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being harmful or paternalistic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being harmful or paternalistic or
+protective how can i prevent the harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective how can i prevent the harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective how can i prevent the harm
+and the paternalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the paternalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the paternalism
+okay so now with these cases i've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with these cases i've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with these cases i've sort
+of exemplified these questions and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exemplified these questions and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exemplified these questions and i've
+summarized them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized them here
+now i want to move into normative ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to move into normative ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to move into normative ethics
+and share with you some solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share with you some solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share with you some solutions to
+these issues suggested by a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues suggested by a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues suggested by a variety of
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first we'll look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll look at the first
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+is there a moral obligation to lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a moral obligation to lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a moral obligation to lend
+engineering expertise to suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering expertise to suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering expertise to suffering
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um gail i have a handout for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so not surprisingly philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not surprisingly philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not surprisingly philosophers
+have the most to say about this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most to say about this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most to say about this matter
+because it's sort of the most abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of the most abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of the most abstract
+high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level
+in his 1972 article famine affluence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his 1972 article famine affluence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his 1972 article famine affluence and
+morality peter singer argued that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality peter singer argued that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality peter singer argued that humans
+have a universal moral obligation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a universal moral obligation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a universal moral obligation to
+contribute any surplus and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute any surplus and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute any surplus and he was
+talking financial surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking financial surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking financial surplus
+that they have toward alleviating global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have toward alleviating global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have toward alleviating global
+poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+later reflecting on zinger's position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later reflecting on zinger's position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later reflecting on zinger's position
+o'neill claims that individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'neill claims that individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'neill claims that individuals and
+states might not be capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states might not be capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states might not be capable
+of combating global poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combating global poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combating global poverty
+individuals and states are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and states are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and states are actually
+quite weak in some cases but there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite weak in some cases but there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite weak in some cases but there might
+be certain professions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be certain professions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be certain professions
+that do have the special skills to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do have the special skills to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do have the special skills to come
+combat global poverty and i suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combat global poverty and i suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combat global poverty and i suggest that
+engineering might be one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering might be one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering might be one of those
+professions with those special skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professions with those special skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professions with those special skills
+another philosopher pogue supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another philosopher pogue supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another philosopher pogue supporting
+o'neill argues that the redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'neill argues that the redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'neill argues that the redistribution
+of wealth is not enough to make poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth is not enough to make poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth is not enough to make poor
+countries richer to cause international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries richer to cause international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries richer to cause international
+development to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to happen
+people in foreign affluent countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in foreign affluent countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in foreign affluent countries
+have to also change their behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to also change their behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to also change their behavior and
+their policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their policies
+so that might mean going there more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might mean going there more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might mean going there more
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+okay besides academic philosophers i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay besides academic philosophers i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay besides academic philosophers i
+think that the the united nations also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the united nations also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the united nations also
+has something to say about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to say about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to say about whether
+engineers are obligated to share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are obligated to share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are obligated to share their
+skills if they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills if they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills if they're able
+one look at the millennium development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look at the millennium development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look at the millennium development
+goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals
+and their indicators which are partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their indicators which are partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their indicators which are partly
+showed here on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed here on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed here on the slide
+one look at them tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look at them tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look at them tells you that
+technologies and engineers are essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and engineers are essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and engineers are essential
+to the success of the mdgs so simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the success of the mdgs so simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the success of the mdgs so simply by
+signing on to the mggs i think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing on to the mggs i think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing on to the mggs i think that the
+more developed countries in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more developed countries in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more developed countries in the united
+nations are saying that the engineers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations are saying that the engineers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations are saying that the engineers in
+their countries are obligated to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their countries are obligated to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their countries are obligated to help
+out the countries have signed on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the countries have signed on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the countries have signed on then
+the people in their countries have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in their countries have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in their countries have also
+sort of signed on to mdgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of signed on to mdgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of signed on to mdgs
+okay on to the next category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on to the next category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on to the next category of
+questions for the humanitarian engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the humanitarian engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the humanitarian engineer
+if i'm a humanitarian engineer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm a humanitarian engineer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm a humanitarian engineer what
+regulations what standards what customs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations what standards what customs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations what standards what customs
+am i supposed to follow what takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i supposed to follow what takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i supposed to follow what takes
+priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority
+well i want to suggest that one source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want to suggest that one source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want to suggest that one source
+of knowledge for these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge for these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge for these types of
+questions is international law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is international law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is international law
+so here is a list of international legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a list of international legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a list of international legal
+principles that could guide engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that could guide engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that could guide engineers
+who are working in cross-country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working in cross-country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working in cross-country
+situations a more precise document is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations a more precise document is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations a more precise document is
+the international bill of rights which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international bill of rights which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international bill of rights which
+actually consists of three documents all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually consists of three documents all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually consists of three documents all
+adopted by the united nations general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted by the united nations general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted by the united nations general
+assembly in various years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly in various years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly in various years
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since these were signed on to by all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these were signed on to by all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these were signed on to by all of
+the member countries in the u.n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the member countries in the u.n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the member countries in the u.n
+i think the articles in this universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the articles in this universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the articles in this universal
+declaration of human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration of human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration of human rights
+can override local customs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can override local customs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can override local customs
+all the countries signed on to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the countries signed on to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the countries signed on to it
+right now onto the third category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now onto the third category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now onto the third category of
+ethical issues for intervening engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues for intervening engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues for intervening engineers
+am i doing harm or am i engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i doing harm or am i engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i doing harm or am i engaging in
+arrogant paternalism or am i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant paternalism or am i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant paternalism or am i actually
+providing for the protection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing for the protection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing for the protection of
+well-being in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being in humans
+the wealth yeah protection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth yeah protection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth yeah protection and
+well-being of humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of humans
+so here's where sort of academics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's where sort of academics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's where sort of academics from
+various disciplines have written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various disciplines have written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various disciplines have written the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+schumacher exhorts us to acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schumacher exhorts us to acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schumacher exhorts us to acknowledge
+that development does not start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that development does not start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that development does not start with
+goods does not start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods does not start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods does not start with the
+technologies but rather it starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but rather it starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but rather it starts with
+people and their education organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and their education organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and their education organization
+and disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disciplines
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+tavis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tavis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tavis
+a business scholar at notre dame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business scholar at notre dame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business scholar at notre dame
+insists that when a person engages in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insists that when a person engages in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insists that when a person engages in a
+multinational venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational venture
+he or she is responsible for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she is responsible for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she is responsible for learning
+more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about
+the local quality of life the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local quality of life the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local quality of life the
+multinational professional must know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational professional must know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational professional must know
+about the circumstances of the poor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the circumstances of the poor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the circumstances of the poor in
+order to be developmentally responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be developmentally responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be developmentally responsive
+says davis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says davis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says davis
+finally harris an engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally harris an engineering ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally harris an engineering ethics
+scholar that we have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar that we have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar that we have read
+suggests that to be ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that to be ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that to be ethical
+the engineer needs to realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer needs to realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer needs to realize that the
+public is those people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public is those people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public is those people who are
+vulnerable to the effects of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to the effects of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to the effects of technology
+through the lack of political or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lack of political or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lack of political or
+financial power to the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial power to the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial power to the lack of
+information lack of technical training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information lack of technical training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information lack of technical training
+or lack of time for deliberation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lack of time for deliberation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lack of time for deliberation and the
+engineer needs to be aware of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer needs to be aware of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer needs to be aware of all those
+potential lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now while these ivory tower academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while these ivory tower academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now while these ivory tower academic
+arguments are helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments are helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments are helpful
+i have more confidence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have more confidence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have more confidence in the
+suggestions from organizations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from organizations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from organizations that are
+dedicated to international development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to international development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to international development
+so we could choose to follow the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could choose to follow the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could choose to follow the united
+states agency for international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states agency for international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states agency for international
+development usaid's nine principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development usaid's nine principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development usaid's nine principles of
+development and reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and reconstruction
+assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance
+or we could follow the world bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could follow the world bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could follow the world bank's
+advice to rely heavily on community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice to rely heavily on community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice to rely heavily on community
+participation when we define technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation when we define technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation when we define technology
+requirements in developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in developing communities
+finally we could take a cue from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we could take a cue from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we could take a cue from the
+village earth consortium or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village earth consortium or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village earth consortium or other
+non-profit engineering organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit engineering organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit engineering organizations
+their guiding philosophy states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guiding philosophy states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guiding philosophy states that
+technologies for communities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies for communities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies for communities for
+developing communities should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing communities should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing communities should always
+start with a need defined by the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a need defined by the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a need defined by the local
+village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+they should always rely on local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should always rely on local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should always rely on local
+supplies and know-how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and know-how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and know-how
+the hard technologies should always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard technologies should always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard technologies should always be
+accompanied by the appropriate soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by the appropriate soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by the appropriate soft
+technologies like civic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies like civic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies like civic structure
+motivational techniques things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational techniques things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational techniques things like that
+and there should always be a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should always be a plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should always be a plan for
+monitoring and evaluating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and evaluating that
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay these organizational guidelines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these organizational guidelines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these organizational guidelines are
+great but i put the most stock in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but i put the most stock in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but i put the most stock in the
+words of the individual engineers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of the individual engineers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of the individual engineers that
+are actually making a living by working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually making a living by working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually making a living by working
+in developing communities i trust them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing communities i trust them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing communities i trust them
+most of these experts insist on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these experts insist on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these experts insist on the
+development of appropriate technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of appropriate technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of appropriate technologies
+and that actually is a term of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually is a term of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually is a term of art
+appropriate technology is defined as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology is defined as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology is defined as any
+object process practice or idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object process practice or idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object process practice or idea
+that satisfies human needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies human needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies human needs
+is compatible with local cultural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compatible with local cultural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compatible with local cultural and
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+conditions utilizes locally available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions utilizes locally available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions utilizes locally available
+materials and energy resources and uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and energy resources and uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and energy resources and uses
+tools and processes that are maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and processes that are maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and processes that are maintained
+locally by the people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally by the people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally by the people there
+one development engineer fritz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one development engineer fritz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one development engineer fritz
+gives us five criteria to test whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us five criteria to test whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us five criteria to test whether
+or not a technology is an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not a technology is an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not a technology is an appropriate
+technology we should ask are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we should ask are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we should ask are the
+characteristics of the technology close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the technology close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the technology close
+to traditional practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to traditional practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to traditional practices
+does the technology require little cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the technology require little cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the technology require little cash
+outlay does it have a low degree of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlay does it have a low degree of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlay does it have a low degree of risk
+is it comprehensible to use and does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it comprehensible to use and does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it comprehensible to use and does it
+not endanger a subsistence lifestyle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not endanger a subsistence lifestyle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not endanger a subsistence lifestyle so
+we have to answer yes to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to answer yes to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to answer yes to all these
+questions to have an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to have an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to have an appropriate
+technology the picture on this slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the picture on this slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the picture on this slide is
+a diagram of a screenless hammer mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagram of a screenless hammer mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagram of a screenless hammer mill
+which is an appropriate technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an appropriate technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an appropriate technology
+designed by amy smith here at mit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by amy smith here at mit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by amy smith here at mit to
+create flour from from grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create flour from from grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create flour from from grain
+and the fact that it's screenless means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's screenless means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's screenless means
+she's taken out the screen which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's taken out the screen which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's taken out the screen which is the
+part that breaks and needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that breaks and needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that breaks and needs to be
+replaced and is not an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced and is not an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced and is not an appropriate
+technology because it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology because it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology because it can't be
+found locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eric dudley another professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eric dudley another professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eric dudley another professional
+development worker has written an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development worker has written an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development worker has written an
+extremely helpful volume on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely helpful volume on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely helpful volume on how to do
+development engineering from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development engineering from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development engineering from the point
+of view of the critical villager so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of the critical villager so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of the critical villager so the
+critique of the local villager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of the local villager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of the local villager
+he tells us that in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tells us that in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tells us that in developing
+communities the reason that technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities the reason that technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities the reason that technologies
+often fail is because even if they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often fail is because even if they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often fail is because even if they seem
+simple they're based on a complex set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple they're based on a complex set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple they're based on a complex set of
+interrelated principles for their use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelated principles for their use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelated principles for their use
+and the local people often lack some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the local people often lack some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the local people often lack some
+critical piece of knowledge that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece of knowledge that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece of knowledge that would
+allow them to grasp grasp that whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to grasp grasp that whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to grasp grasp that whole set
+of principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of principles
+so to avoid this course of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to avoid this course of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to avoid this course of events
+the engineer must pass every technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer must pass every technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer must pass every technology
+through the big idea test the 3r test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the big idea test the 3r test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the big idea test the 3r test
+what could a critical villager say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could a critical villager say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could a critical villager say yes
+this is reasonable yes this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reasonable yes this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reasonable yes this is a
+recognizable technology i know it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable technology i know it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable technology i know it by
+name i know its limits and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name i know its limits and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name i know its limits and with a
+critical villager say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical villager say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical villager say this is a
+respectable thing for me and my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable thing for me and my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable thing for me and my family
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+after passing the technologies through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after passing the technologies through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after passing the technologies through
+the 3r big idea test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3r big idea test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3r big idea test
+then the engineer needs to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the engineer needs to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the engineer needs to look at the
+associated messages that are essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated messages that are essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated messages that are essential
+to the technology's success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i've just shared a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i've just shared a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i've just shared a lot of
+information with you a lot of advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with you a lot of advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with you a lot of advice
+from a lot of different sources first i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lot of different sources first i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lot of different sources first i
+went over ideas from philosophers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over ideas from philosophers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over ideas from philosophers and
+from the united nations about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the united nations about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the united nations about the
+possibility that engineers might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that engineers might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that engineers might be
+morally obligated to provide technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally obligated to provide technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally obligated to provide technical
+assistance to developing countries if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance to developing countries if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance to developing countries if
+they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+second i talked about resources from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i talked about resources from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i talked about resources from
+international law that might help us set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law that might help us set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law that might help us set
+priorities for which regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities for which regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities for which regulations
+standards and customs to follow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and customs to follow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and customs to follow and
+third i gave advice from academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third i gave advice from academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third i gave advice from academia
+development organizations and individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations and individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations and individual
+development professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development professionals
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+design and disseminate technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and disseminate technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and disseminate technologies that
+bring about the most good and avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring about the most good and avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring about the most good and avoid the
+most harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most harm
+now from all of these sources can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from all of these sources can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from all of these sources can we
+synthesize the arguments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize the arguments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize the arguments and
+exhortations into one unified sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhortations into one unified sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhortations into one unified sort of
+systematic method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic method
+that humanitarian engineers can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humanitarian engineers can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humanitarian engineers can actually
+use to do ethical moral decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to do ethical moral decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to do ethical moral decision making
+in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to guide this synthesis i want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide this synthesis i want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guide this synthesis i want to go
+back to the basics to the great thinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the basics to the great thinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the basics to the great thinkers
+as you were talking about professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were talking about professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you were talking about professor
+broome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broome
+of kant and mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see if they can help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if they can help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if they can help us
+so we remember that khan's categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we remember that khan's categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we remember that khan's categorical
+imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative
+to act according to a maxim which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act according to a maxim which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act according to a maxim which can be
+adopted at the same time as a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted at the same time as a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted at the same time as a universal
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+this tells us we have moral duties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us we have moral duties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us we have moral duties
+another way to state it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to state it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to state it is
+to act always so that you treat humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act always so that you treat humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act always so that you treat humanity
+whether in your person or in that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in your person or in that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in your person or in that of
+another as an end but never as a means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as an end but never as a means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as an end but never as a means
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+when doing decisions should be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing decisions should be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when doing decisions should be based on
+the respect of every person to extra of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect of every person to extra of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect of every person to extra of
+the freedom of every person to exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom of every person to exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom of every person to exercise
+his or her own will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think this implies that engineering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this implies that engineering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this implies that engineering in
+different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries
+must involve listening to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must involve listening to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must involve listening to the local
+community in order to define what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in order to define what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in order to define what that
+will of the local person is how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of the local person is how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of the local person is how can you
+respect the freedom of the will if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect the freedom of the will if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect the freedom of the will if you
+don't understand what the will of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand what the will of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand what the will of the
+person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what about mill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about mill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about mill and
+consequentialist analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist analysis
+male's ethics is to act according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male's ethics is to act according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male's ethics is to act according to the
+principle of producing the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of producing the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of producing the greatest
+utility for all involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for all involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for all involved
+and utility is defined as the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utility is defined as the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utility is defined as the greatest
+happiness which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness which is
+intended pleasure and absence of pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended pleasure and absence of pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended pleasure and absence of pain
+this principle i think again implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle i think again implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle i think again implies
+that engineering and developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering and developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering and developing
+communities involves listening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities involves listening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities involves listening to the
+local community so that we can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local community so that we can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local community so that we can learn
+what constitutes pleasure and pain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitutes pleasure and pain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitutes pleasure and pain for
+the local person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so combining these ideas from content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so combining these ideas from content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so combining these ideas from content
+mill and the other expertise i reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill and the other expertise i reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill and the other expertise i reviewed
+today i want to propose the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to propose the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to propose the following
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+for humanitarian engineers to use to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for humanitarian engineers to use to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for humanitarian engineers to use to do
+ethics in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in the field
+so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first
+we have to start engineers to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start engineers to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start engineers to have
+relative wealth have time to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative wealth have time to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative wealth have time to take off
+from work and family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work and family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work and family
+and the means to travel should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the means to travel should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the means to travel should just
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+can their engineering skills be lent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can their engineering skills be lent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can their engineering skills be lent to
+the human needs in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human needs in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human needs in developing
+communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+if they consider that and decide yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they consider that and decide yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they consider that and decide yes
+before initiating a project humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before initiating a project humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before initiating a project humanitarian
+engineers should consider how their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers should consider how their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers should consider how their
+potential project might infringe upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential project might infringe upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential project might infringe upon
+the rights of the local people and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of the local people and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of the local people and of
+others involved in the project so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others involved in the project so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others involved in the project so that
+sort of using kant's respect for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using kant's respect for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using kant's respect for the
+freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of
+the will of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will of other people
+then if they decide that it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if they decide that it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if they decide that it is indeed
+morally acceptable to engage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally acceptable to engage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally acceptable to engage in the
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+then as the technology is designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as the technology is designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as the technology is designed and
+disseminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminated
+they should constantly be checking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should constantly be checking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should constantly be checking that
+technology against the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology against the criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology against the criteria for
+appropriate technology the criteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology the criteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technology the criteria that
+we went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went over
+furthermore they should periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore they should periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore they should periodically
+pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause
+and reassess all that they've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reassess all that they've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reassess all that they've learned
+about the local community because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the local community because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the local community because that's
+the audience for their actions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience for their actions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience for their actions the
+ethical audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical audience
+and they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should
+reapply sort of an act utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reapply sort of an act utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reapply sort of an act utilitarian
+approach so this is bringing mill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is bringing mill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is bringing mill in
+what are the consequences of my actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the consequences of my actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the consequences of my actions
+now that i know more about my audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i know more about my audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i know more about my audience
+consequences change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences change
+the outcome of the act utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the act utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the act utilitarian
+analysis change as we learn more do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis change as we learn more do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis change as we learn more do more
+listening to the local people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up
+let's test this decision-making approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's test this decision-making approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's test this decision-making approach
+and one more oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one more case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water chlorination in honduras so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water chlorination in honduras so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water chlorination in honduras so here's
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+um villagers get their drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um villagers get their drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um villagers get their drinking water
+from surface streams up in the mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surface streams up in the mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surface streams up in the mountains
+the gravity fed down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity fed down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity fed down to
+community storage tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community storage tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community storage tanks
+and the surface streams are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the surface streams are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the surface streams are becoming
+increasingly contaminated by waste up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly contaminated by waste up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly contaminated by waste up in
+the mountains humans live there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains humans live there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains humans live there now
+there's lots of cattle there so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of cattle there so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of cattle there so these
+surface streams are susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface streams are susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface streams are susceptible to
+pathogens there are hypochlorinators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens there are hypochlorinators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens there are hypochlorinators
+on top of the water storage tanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the water storage tanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the water storage tanks so
+this is supposed to be a tank to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be a tank to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be a tank to hold
+super concentrated chlorine solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super concentrated chlorine solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super concentrated chlorine solution to
+disinfect the water however these tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinfect the water however these tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinfect the water however these tanks
+do not allow for reliable flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not allow for reliable flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not allow for reliable flow of
+chlorine into the tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine into the tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine into the tanks
+the communities decided that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities decided that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities decided that they don't
+work and they're not using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and they're not using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and they're not using them
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the people are drinking contaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people are drinking contaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people are drinking contaminated
+water and children are getting sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and children are getting sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and children are getting sick
+especially children from birth to age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially children from birth to age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially children from birth to age
+five with water-borne diseases diarrhea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five with water-borne diseases diarrhea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five with water-borne diseases diarrhea
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+potential solution that u.s engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential solution that u.s engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential solution that u.s engineers
+could help with is to first analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help with is to first analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help with is to first analyze
+exactly what the contamination level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the contamination level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the contamination level of
+the water is so that the villagers know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is so that the villagers know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is so that the villagers know
+how much chlorine they need exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much chlorine they need exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much chlorine they need exactly
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+to install an adjustment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install an adjustment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install an adjustment to the
+hyperchlorinator a flow regulator made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperchlorinator a flow regulator made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperchlorinator a flow regulator made
+out of simple materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of simple materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of simple materials
+and then to teach the local plumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to teach the local plumbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to teach the local plumbers
+better chlorination practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better chlorination practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better chlorination practices
+so that's a potential solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a potential solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a potential solution
+let's let's use this systematic method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's use this systematic method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's use this systematic method
+for doing ethics in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing ethics in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing ethics in this situation
+first should i go let's assume i'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first should i go let's assume i'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first should i go let's assume i'm the
+engineer who's deciding about this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer who's deciding about this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer who's deciding about this can
+my engineering skills help in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my engineering skills help in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my engineering skills help in this
+developing country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country
+well i think that with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think that with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think that with my
+knowledge of water treatment engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of water treatment engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of water treatment engineering
+i might be able to prevent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might be able to prevent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might be able to prevent some
+waterborne disease so i think i'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterborne disease so i think i'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterborne disease so i think i'll go
+all right well then the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well then the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well then the next thing
+before initiating the project i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before initiating the project i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before initiating the project i need to
+consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what
+rights might be infringed upon by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights might be infringed upon by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights might be infringed upon by this
+project what local rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what local rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what local rights
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+by going and working on water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going and working on water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going and working on water
+coordination in this community i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination in this community i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination in this community i might
+infringe upon the plumber's rights not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringe upon the plumber's rights not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringe upon the plumber's rights not
+to be defamed so by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defamed so by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defamed so by going
+and saying this is a problem it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying this is a problem it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying this is a problem it's not
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+i'm telling the community that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling the community that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling the community that the
+plumber is doing something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumber is doing something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumber is doing something wrong
+without the plumber having a say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the plumber having a say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the plumber having a say in
+whether or not i say that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not i say that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not i say that to the
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+i think i could also infringe upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i could also infringe upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i could also infringe upon the
+villagers rights not to be deceived what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers rights not to be deceived what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers rights not to be deceived what
+if we do this bacterial analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this bacterial analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this bacterial analysis of the
+water but we don't have great sanitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but we don't have great sanitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but we don't have great sanitary
+conditions it's hard to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's hard to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's hard to keep things
+really clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clean
+in this environment what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment what if i
+misdiagnose the contamination level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misdiagnose the contamination level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misdiagnose the contamination level of
+the water and then i tell the villagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and then i tell the villagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and then i tell the villagers
+a wrong contamination level so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong contamination level so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong contamination level so they're
+being deceived about how safe or unsafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deceived about how safe or unsafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deceived about how safe or unsafe
+their water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their water is
+i think i might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i might also
+infringe upon the villagers rights not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringe upon the villagers rights not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringe upon the villagers rights not
+not to suffer from broken promises so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to suffer from broken promises so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to suffer from broken promises so
+we might come in and help them learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might come in and help them learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might come in and help them learn
+about this technology and install it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this technology and install it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this technology and install it but
+what if it stops working because of lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it stops working because of lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it stops working because of lack
+of maintenance after we leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintenance after we leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintenance after we leave the
+villagers have been promised clean water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers have been promised clean water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers have been promised clean water
+they're now drinking their water what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now drinking their water what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now drinking their water what if
+it becomes not clean not safe anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes not clean not safe anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes not clean not safe anymore
+promises have been broken so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises have been broken so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises have been broken so those are
+some of the rights this project might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rights this project might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rights this project might
+infringe upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringe upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringe upon
+but i also have to consider what rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also have to consider what rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also have to consider what rights
+are being infringed upon now without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being infringed upon now without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being infringed upon now without any
+intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+so i would say that the villagers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say that the villagers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say that the villagers right
+to bodily integrity to health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bodily integrity to health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bodily integrity to health
+is being imprinted upon because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being imprinted upon because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being imprinted upon because they're
+told their drinking water is okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told their drinking water is okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told their drinking water is okay but
+it's really severely contaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really severely contaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really severely contaminated
+um the villagers right to informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the villagers right to informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the villagers right to informed
+consent is being impinged upon they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consent is being impinged upon they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consent is being impinged upon they
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+they're not informed of the health risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not informed of the health risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not informed of the health risks
+of drinking water um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drinking water um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drinking water um and
+the villagers right not to be deceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the villagers right not to be deceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the villagers right not to be deceived
+or cheated i think is being infringed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cheated i think is being infringed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cheated i think is being infringed
+upon because they're paying for chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon because they're paying for chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon because they're paying for chlorine
+they're paying a water tax and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paying a water tax and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paying a water tax and they're
+receiving water that is making their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving water that is making their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving water that is making their
+children sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children sick
+so i decide that the rights infringed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i decide that the rights infringed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i decide that the rights infringed
+upon by not intervening are more severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon by not intervening are more severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon by not intervening are more severe
+more severe rights impingements than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more severe rights impingements than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more severe rights impingements than the
+rights infringements that would occur by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights infringements that would occur by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights infringements that would occur by
+intervening so i decided to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening so i decided to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening so i decided to go
+to go do this water chlorination work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go do this water chlorination work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go do this water chlorination work
+and my engineering plan let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my engineering plan let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my engineering plan let's say
+to do bacterial analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do bacterial analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do bacterial analysis
+and to add this flow regulator to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to add this flow regulator to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to add this flow regulator to help
+the local plumbers learn how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local plumbers learn how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local plumbers learn how to build
+these learn how the technology works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these learn how the technology works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these learn how the technology works and
+install it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install it
+in their tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their tanks
+now i need to constantly check is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i need to constantly check is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i need to constantly check is this
+technology appropriate so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appropriate so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appropriate so let me
+describe this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the problem is this is just a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is this is just a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is this is just a big
+storage tank with a hole at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage tank with a hole at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage tank with a hole at the bottom
+that's supposed to allow chlorine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to allow chlorine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to allow chlorine to
+flow into the water tank well the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into the water tank well the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into the water tank well the flow
+rate out of the hole decreases as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate out of the hole decreases as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate out of the hole decreases as the
+amount of solution in the tank decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of solution in the tank decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of solution in the tank decreases
+as the pressure head drops the flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pressure head drops the flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pressure head drops the flow rate
+drops so we don't have a constant flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so we don't have a constant flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so we don't have a constant flow
+of chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine
+this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+plastic tank an upside down gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tank an upside down gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic tank an upside down gasoline
+tank with a toilet valve coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank with a toilet valve coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank with a toilet valve coming
+from the big tank so chlorine flows into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the big tank so chlorine flows into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the big tank so chlorine flows into
+this tank through a toilet valve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tank through a toilet valve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tank through a toilet valve the
+bulb the floater bulb on the toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb the floater bulb on the toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb the floater bulb on the toilet
+valve when it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when that floater bulb changes level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that floater bulb changes level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that floater bulb changes level
+more chlorine solution is added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chlorine solution is added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chlorine solution is added to the
+small holding tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small holding tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small holding tank
+so this allows a regular floor of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this allows a regular floor of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this allows a regular floor of flow
+of chlorine into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine into the water
+so that's that's what we would call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what we would call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what we would call the
+technology is it appropriate well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is it appropriate well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is it appropriate well let's
+apply those five criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply those five criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply those five criteria
+so are its characteristics close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are its characteristics close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are its characteristics close to
+traditional practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional practices
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+if you consider the traditional practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider the traditional practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider the traditional practice
+of adding chlorine solution to the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding chlorine solution to the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding chlorine solution to the big
+tank then all we're doing is adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank then all we're doing is adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank then all we're doing is adding
+another step in the middle so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another step in the middle so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another step in the middle so you could
+say it's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's close
+on the other hand this is a totally new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this is a totally new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this is a totally new
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+maybe it's not so close to traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so close to traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so close to traditional
+practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices
+does it require little cash outlay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it require little cash outlay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it require little cash outlay yes
+the answer to that is yes all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is yes all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is yes all these
+materials together cost only ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials together cost only ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials together cost only ten dollars
+and you just need them once they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just need them once they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just need them once they're
+already buying chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already buying chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already buying chlorine
+um does it have a low degree of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it have a low degree of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it have a low degree of risk
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we're not introducing any new risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not introducing any new risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not introducing any new risk
+into the water system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water system
+is it comprehensible to use well i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it comprehensible to use well i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it comprehensible to use well i think
+that depends on the training that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the training that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the training that we
+give to the plumbers and the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to the plumbers and the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to the plumbers and the local
+people so that's a question we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that's a question we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so that's a question we need to
+keep coming back to does it not endanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep coming back to does it not endanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep coming back to does it not endanger
+a subsistence way of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subsistence way of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subsistence way of life
+i don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think so
+it's not really associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really associated with that
+okay so those are the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the criteria for
+appropriate technologies and then as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technologies and then as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate technologies and then as we
+learn about the community work there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the community work there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the community work there
+with them we need to pause every once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we need to pause every once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we need to pause every once in
+a while and consider the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and consider the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and consider the consequences of
+this engineering action to do an act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this engineering action to do an act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this engineering action to do an act
+utilitarian analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian analysis
+one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example
+is that we might learn that the plumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we might learn that the plumbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we might learn that the plumbers
+when they clean out the storage tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they clean out the storage tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they clean out the storage tank
+with chlorine are not wearing protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chlorine are not wearing protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chlorine are not wearing protective
+gloves or mass so we learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves or mass so we learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves or mass so we learned that
+they're in this tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in this tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in this tank
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+not protecting themselves from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not protecting themselves from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not protecting themselves from this
+super concentrated chlorine plume that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super concentrated chlorine plume that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super concentrated chlorine plume that's
+around them that's corrosive so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them that's corrosive so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them that's corrosive so that
+might tell us that our decision not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell us that our decision not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell us that our decision not to
+do training sessions on the maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do training sessions on the maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do training sessions on the maintenance
+and cleaning for this chlorine solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleaning for this chlorine solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleaning for this chlorine solution
+but just to focus on this system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to focus on this system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to focus on this system that
+might tell us that that decision is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell us that that decision is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell us that that decision is is
+unethical because we're telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical because we're telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical because we're telling the
+plumbers to use chlorine but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbers to use chlorine but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbers to use chlorine but we're not
+passing along the messages of safe use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing along the messages of safe use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing along the messages of safe use
+of that chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that chlorine
+so that that's just a sampling of how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's just a sampling of how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's just a sampling of how i
+might use the systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use the systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use the systematic
+possibly systematic method of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly systematic method of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly systematic method of doing
+ethics in the humanitarian engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in the humanitarian engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in the humanitarian engineering
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+there's certainly more work to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly more work to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly more work to do to
+perfect this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect this method
+first i would suggest that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i would suggest that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i would suggest that that we
+survey all the humanitarian engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey all the humanitarian engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey all the humanitarian engineering
+organizations in the u.s those like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations in the u.s those like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations in the u.s those like
+engineers without borders et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers without borders et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers without borders et cetera
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+collect what their ethical guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect what their ethical guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect what their ethical guidelines
+and considerations are so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and considerations are so sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and considerations are so sort of
+understand what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what people
+are assuming is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are assuming is the standard
+and find out if people have the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out if people have the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out if people have the tools
+that they need and then i suggest we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they need and then i suggest we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they need and then i suggest we
+collect more case studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more case studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more case studies of
+humanitarian engineering projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering projects that
+have caused harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caused harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caused harm
+and then apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then apply this
+my suggested systematic method for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my suggested systematic method for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my suggested systematic method for doing
+ethics to those case studies and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics to those case studies and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics to those case studies and see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+see whether or not applying that ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether or not applying that ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether or not applying that ethical
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+would have prevented the harm that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have prevented the harm that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have prevented the harm that these
+projects have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we find that this
+ethical tool decision making tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical tool decision making tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical tool decision making tool
+wouldn't have prevented the harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have prevented the harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have prevented the harm
+wouldn't have pointed out the harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have pointed out the harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have pointed out the harmful
+consequences then improve upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences then improve upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences then improve upon this
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+add new techniques for doing moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new techniques for doing moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new techniques for doing moral
+decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to conclude let me just summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to conclude let me just summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to conclude let me just summarize
+what i've talked about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've talked about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've talked about today
+i explained why the ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i explained why the ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i explained why the ethics
+of engineering for international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering for international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering for international
+development is an increasingly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is an increasingly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is an increasingly important
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+that engineers are getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineers are getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineers are getting more and more
+involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this
+the international community has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international community has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international community has sort of
+said it's important but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's important but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's important but we're not
+providing training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing training
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i presented three cases where ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i presented three cases where ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i presented three cases where ethical
+dimensions had been neglected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions had been neglected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions had been neglected by
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+based on these cases and the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these cases and the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these cases and the literature
+i identified three main categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i identified three main categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i identified three main categories of
+ethical questions that face engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical questions that face engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical questions that face engineers
+who go into developing communities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who go into developing communities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who go into developing communities to
+try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help
+then i reviewed potential answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i reviewed potential answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i reviewed potential answers to
+these questions from philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions from philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions from philosophers
+development organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations and
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+and then i combined these ideas with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i combined these ideas with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i combined these ideas with the
+ideas of content mail to propose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of content mail to propose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of content mail to propose a
+systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+moral decision making tool for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral decision making tool for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral decision making tool for real
+engineers college students professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers college students professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers college students professors
+professionals on vacation time to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals on vacation time to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals on vacation time to use in
+the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the end
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah of course
+i'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd love to
+in your slides um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's my references and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my references and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my references and then
+the universal declaration of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal declaration of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal declaration of human
+rights which i talked about i wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which i talked about i wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which i talked about i wanted you
+just to have that in case there were any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have that in case there were any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have that in case there were any
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this course called humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course called humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course called humanitarian
+engineering right it's a minor so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering right it's a minor so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering right it's a minor so it's
+several courses several courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several courses several courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several courses several courses
+yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they
+started it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it
+there's actually an aswee paper there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually an aswee paper there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually an aswee paper there's
+a couple papers on their efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple papers on their efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple papers on their efforts to
+start this minor in humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this minor in humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this minor in humanitarian
+engineering i think it's about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i think it's about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i think it's about three
+years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old
+so it's courses um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's courses um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's courses um
+you know sort of the technical how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the technical how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the technical how to
+design appropriate technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design appropriate technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design appropriate technology and
+there's the cultural dimensions you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cultural dimensions you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cultural dimensions you know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+what is the history and politics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the history and politics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the history and politics of
+honduras for example they can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honduras for example they can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honduras for example they can sort of
+choose from a variety of more politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from a variety of more politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from a variety of more politics
+and geography and history classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geography and history classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geography and history classes
+so it's a combination of the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a combination of the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a combination of the technical
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity
+is the name carl mitchum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i haven't heard that name you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't heard that name you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't heard that name you're seeing
+it on school okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he might be the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he well i think that he is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he well i think that he is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he well i think that he is the
+pyramid scholar in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid scholar in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid scholar in the united states
+on philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i wonder if he has anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wonder if he has anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wonder if he has anything to do
+with that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh
+i'll have to look that up actually i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have to look that up actually i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll have to look that up actually i'll
+be folding him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be folding him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be folding him
+next week um if you're around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week um if you're around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week um if you're around
+mit in september he will be up here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit in september he will be up here oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit in september he will be up here oh
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be
+i'll be in boston stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be in boston stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be in boston stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they're they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're they're um
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+nspe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nspe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nspe
+their newsletter they're like september
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their newsletter they're like september
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their newsletter they're like september
+2005 newsletter there's an article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 newsletter there's an article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 newsletter there's an article about
+the program at colorado school of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program at colorado school of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program at colorado school of
+clients actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients actually
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i meant to put that reference somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can out it'll be in my paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can out it'll be in my paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can out it'll be in my paper
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the slide motivation for the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slide motivation for the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slide motivation for the project
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ethics is defined by ewb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is defined by ewb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is defined by ewb
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know what
+to offer here is except an observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer here is except an observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer here is except an observation
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+and that is that in the uh you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that in the uh you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that in the uh you might
+have noticed in many of the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed in many of the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed in many of the engineering
+codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of ethics
+is such a thing called a super principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a thing called a super principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a thing called a super principle
+they will say which one of which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say which one of which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say which one of which of
+these principles is more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles is more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles is more important than
+the other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other right
+and that principle is usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that principle is usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that principle is usually the
+health and welfare of the public is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and welfare of the public is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and welfare of the public is
+paramount the paramount c-class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount the paramount c-class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount the paramount c-class so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't know what to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what to do with this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+uh those bullets there but it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those bullets there but it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those bullets there but it would be
+nice to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to know
+if any one of them is right considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any one of them is right considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any one of them is right considered
+by the ewb is more important than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ewb is more important than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ewb is more important than the
+others that gives you a fallback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that gives you a fallback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that gives you a fallback
+position in case you've got confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in case you've got confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in case you've got confidence
+right that's what i think they need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what i think they need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what i think they need that
+they that that's sort of why i put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that that's sort of why i put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that that's sort of why i put this
+in the motivation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the motivation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the motivation like
+they have this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this list
+but how are they yeah how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how are they yeah how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how are they yeah how are they
+following it what is what takes priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it what is what takes priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it what is what takes priority
+so they don't they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't they don't have a
+paramount c clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount c clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount c clause
+listed in their code they just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in their code they just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in their code they just sort of
+list these things would you be inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list these things would you be inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list these things would you be inclined
+to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that
+recommendation in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation in your head
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+that's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea
+for organizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organizations that
+are doing humanitarian engineering they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing humanitarian engineering they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing humanitarian engineering they
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider
+what values and ethical principles they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values and ethical principles they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values and ethical principles they
+want to follow and they also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to follow and they also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to follow and they also need to
+provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide
+a paramounty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paramounty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paramounty
+clause yeah that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause yeah that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause yeah that's good
+unless they've done it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they've done it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they've done it like a
+philosopher this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher this to
+deduce principles to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce principles to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce principles to reduce
+deduce concepts from a single person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce concepts from a single person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce concepts from a single person or
+you know right unless they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right unless they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right unless they're going to
+do that i mean which is not what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that i mean which is not what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that i mean which is not what they
+did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here
+yeah they state their vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they state their vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they state their vision
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know that you can deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moral decision making from the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral decision making from the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral decision making from the vision
+that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know
+organization is frankly i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization is frankly i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization is frankly i don't think
+the organization is capable of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because people came together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people came together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people came together with
+slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motivations and visions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations and visions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations and visions
+and to hold everybody together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to hold everybody together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to hold everybody together you
+pretty much say well let's list down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much say well let's list down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much say well let's list down the
+things that we can agree on as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can agree on as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can agree on as a whole
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and those things are not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things are not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things are not necessarily
+deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving
+from a certain customer because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a certain customer because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a certain customer because they
+didn't work and they needed a start-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work and they needed a start-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work and they needed a start-up
+yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+okay so that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's fine
+but you as an analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you as an analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you as an analyst
+might be able to offer something to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to offer something to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to offer something to them
+because even in the case of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even in the case of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even in the case of engineering
+codes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes which are
+collectively decided upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively decided upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively decided upon
+they are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are able to
+reach out one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach out one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach out one of them
+that they can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can say
+go to this one in case there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this one in case there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this one in case there's a
+conflict with everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with everybody else
+it's kind of helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of helpful
+so that's a that would be a good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that would be a good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that would be a good um
+recommendation recommendation for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation recommendation for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation recommendation for you
+uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+i'm looking at the one trying to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at the one trying to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at the one trying to see the
+tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you hear what you said no uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you hear what you said no uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you hear what you said no uh she
+said which one would you pick like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which one would you pick like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which one would you pick like of
+these oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these oh
+if these were the ones they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these were the ones they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these were the ones they're they're
+stuck with and they need to prioritize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with and they need to prioritize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with and they need to prioritize
+well i'll tell you which one i have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll tell you which one i have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'll tell you which one i have no
+doubt about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt about
+the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if
+that's you know there's one human who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know who is who insists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who is who insists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who is who insists
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding
+doing anything to water besides just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything to water besides just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything to water besides just
+scooping it up from a stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooping it up from a stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooping it up from a stream and
+drinking it but doing anything else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking it but doing anything else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking it but doing anything else to
+it is harm is you know which doctoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is harm is you know which doctoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is harm is you know which doctoring
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+um if there's one human that believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there's one human that believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there's one human that believes
+that and then there's a child who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then there's a child who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then there's a child who's
+drinking this water and getting sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking this water and getting sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking this water and getting sick
+which of those two humans you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those two humans you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those two humans you know
+respecting human dignity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that involves life i guess yes notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves life i guess yes notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves life i guess yes notice
+that when i say human dignity i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i say human dignity i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i say human dignity i'm
+leaving out the other parts okay i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving out the other parts okay i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving out the other parts okay i'm
+just talking about humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about humanity
+which implies yeah the concept is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies yeah the concept is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies yeah the concept is that
+you should be able to treat everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to treat everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to treat everybody
+with high degrees of human dignity under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high degrees of human dignity under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high degrees of human dignity under
+all situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all situations
+there should be no conflict in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be no conflict in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be no conflict in the
+ability to treat everybody as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we do with criminal people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with criminal people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with criminal people you
+should respect them you can respect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should respect them you can respect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should respect them you can respect them
+as persons you you put them in jail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as persons you you put them in jail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as persons you you put them in jail
+facilities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities right
+so respect their most basic needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so respect their most basic needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so respect their most basic needs
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well i want to be abstract what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want to be abstract what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want to be abstract what is it
+that causes causes a person to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes causes a person to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes causes a person to be a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+i'm not gonna that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's rhetorical things that cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rhetorical things that cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rhetorical things that cause a
+person to be a person and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to be a person and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to be a person and some of those
+things rise above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things rise above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things rise above
+what would what you would say causes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what you would say causes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what you would say causes an
+animal to be an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal to be an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal to be an animal
+so there's something about being a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something about being a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something about being a human
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+now we can go to philosophers we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can go to philosophers we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can go to philosophers we can go
+to biologists we can go to theologians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biologists we can go to theologians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biologists we can go to theologians
+we go all over the place the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all over the place the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all over the place the point is
+you should be able to come up with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to come up with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to come up with a few
+things that says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that says what
+a person is something you can defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person is something you can defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person is something you can defend
+i'm not saying for the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying for the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying for the paper
+actually this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this might
+be i'm actually responding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i'm actually responding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i'm actually responding to this
+rather first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather first
+not yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yours
+so um you should be able to say and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you should be able to say and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you should be able to say and then
+give everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everybody
+equal difference when it comes to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal difference when it comes to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal difference when it comes to those
+things no matter what the circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things no matter what the circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things no matter what the circumstances
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+okay don't rob them of their humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is
+uh one way to do that is with emmanuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one way to do that is with emmanuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one way to do that is with emmanuel
+kant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kant's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kant's
+uh notion of um do not use a person as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notion of um do not use a person as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notion of um do not use a person as
+it means to end i can do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to end i can do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to end i can do that with
+anybody i don't care who the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody i don't care who the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody i don't care who the person is
+you can bring idioms you can bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adolf hitler i can still treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolf hitler i can still treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolf hitler i can still treat them
+and then as ends in themselves are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as ends in themselves are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as ends in themselves are not
+needs to my ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to my ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to my ends
+i'll put him in jail i'll do a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put him in jail i'll do a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put him in jail i'll do a whole lot
+of things with him if i have the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things with him if i have the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things with him if i have the power
+to do so but i can still say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but i can still say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but i can still say
+that i am not using you to advance my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i am not using you to advance my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i am not using you to advance my
+own self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think that there could maybe be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that there could maybe be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that there could maybe be a
+fine line between rob and zelda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine line between rob and zelda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine line between rob and zelda and
+their humanity that we discussed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their humanity that we discussed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their humanity that we discussed and
+infringing on someone's cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringing on someone's cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringing on someone's cultural
+um beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beliefs
+i think there is a final yeah because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there is a final yeah because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there is a final yeah because i
+think you did a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you did a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you did a great job
+addressing that and dealing with it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing that and dealing with it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing that and dealing with it i
+think there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's nothing magic i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing magic i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing magic i think
+or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um
+morally compelling about culture i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally compelling about culture i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally compelling about culture i mean
+cultures there's things that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures there's things that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures there's things that you do
+and value and have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and value and have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and value and have done
+as a people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a people
+uh and we can think of some cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can think of some cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can think of some cultures
+that need to change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to change right
+right and that's the governor gayson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the governor gayson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the governor gayson's
+argument yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yes
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that
+culture is probably one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is probably one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is probably one of the most
+important terms we could ever use we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important terms we could ever use we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important terms we could ever use we're
+talking about collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about collective
+collectivities of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectivities of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectivities of people
+particularly we're talking about clashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly we're talking about clashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly we're talking about clashes
+of cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cultures
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there's nothing sacrosanct in culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing sacrosanct in culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing sacrosanct in culture
+in and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but human dignity i think is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but human dignity i think is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but human dignity i think is something
+that can be observed it's like con i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be observed it's like con i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be observed it's like con i
+mean this is the logical thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is the logical thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is the logical thing you can
+observe it all the time with everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cause i just had a couple of comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause i just had a couple of comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause i just had a couple of comments
+but you didn't get to see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't get to see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't get to see all the
+pictures i'm so sorry i was stuck behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures i'm so sorry i was stuck behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures i'm so sorry i was stuck behind
+a disabled train and the whole time i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disabled train and the whole time i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disabled train and the whole time i'm
+like oh no i'm thinking oh dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh no i'm thinking oh dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh no i'm thinking oh dude
+right on the green light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the green light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the green light
+oh i don't know anyway oh that was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i don't know anyway oh that was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i don't know anyway oh that was so
+frustrating it was so frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating it was so frustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating it was so frustrating
+well here so these are the pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here so these are the pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here so these are the pictures you
+missed you can see really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed you can see really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed you can see really
+so i was talking about here's examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was talking about here's examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was talking about here's examples
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+that are supposed to be humanitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to be humanitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to be humanitarian
+humanitarian engineering interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanitarian engineering interventions
+but where some ethical dimensions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where some ethical dimensions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where some ethical dimensions were
+missed and harm there was either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed and harm there was either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed and harm there was either
+potential for harm or harm itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for harm or harm itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for harm or harm itself so
+like this idea of composting the trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this idea of composting the trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this idea of composting the trains
+that is sort of a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of a famous
+a favorite appropriate technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a favorite appropriate technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a favorite appropriate technology
+u.s engineers discover that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s engineers discover that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s engineers discover that people are
+going having to go out into the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going having to go out into the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going having to go out into the fields
+at night to defecate they say you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night to defecate they say you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night to defecate they say you need
+another train you need to have a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another train you need to have a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another train you need to have a safe
+place to do this and let's make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to do this and let's make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to do this and let's make it a
+composting latrine so we can use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composting latrine so we can use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composting latrine so we can use your
+waste to help your fields as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste to help your fields as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste to help your fields as well
+but if they don't convey all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they don't convey all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they don't convey all the
+messages about ventilation and sealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages about ventilation and sealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages about ventilation and sealing
+of the latrines then it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the latrines then it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the latrines then it becomes a
+disease factory right next to the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease factory right next to the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease factory right next to the house
+so this is one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one example
+another one is these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is these um
+ring beams which are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring beams which are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring beams which are just
+a continuous beam all the way around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous beam all the way around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous beam all the way around a
+house all the way around the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house all the way around the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house all the way around the external
+walls to help support it during an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls to help support it during an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls to help support it during an
+earthquake so it sort of makes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake so it sort of makes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake so it sort of makes all the
+walls work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls work together
+but in yemen in one community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in yemen in one community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in yemen in one community
+the local people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local people
+missed the message that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the message that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the message that the
+most important part of the technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of the technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of the technology is
+that it's a continuous beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a continuous beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a continuous beam
+and so they just they built all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just they built all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just they built all these
+houses with beams on just three walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses with beams on just three walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses with beams on just three walls
+and so then no extra strength is added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then no extra strength is added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then no extra strength is added
+you're just giving them false sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just giving them false sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just giving them false sense of
+security that their family is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that their family is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that their family is going to
+be safe so that was another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe so that was another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe so that was another one
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+these are from the honduras project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are from the honduras project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are from the honduras project and
+this slide is really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is really about
+the ethics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethics of
+engineering practices like construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering practices like construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering practices like construction
+and so we're installing sensors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're installing sensors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're installing sensors and
+radio towers and in the left it's blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio towers and in the left it's blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio towers and in the left it's blurry
+but there's a honduran metal worker on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a honduran metal worker on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a honduran metal worker on a
+ladder he's drilling into concrete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder he's drilling into concrete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder he's drilling into concrete the
+ladder is supported by people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is supported by people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is supported by people that are
+on a boat which is floating on 20 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a boat which is floating on 20 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a boat which is floating on 20 feet
+of water in a rushing river so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water in a rushing river so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water in a rushing river so it's just
+and then in that one he's repelling off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in that one he's repelling off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in that one he's repelling off
+a bridge and in this one they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge and in this one they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge and in this one they're like
+using rock climbing harnesses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using rock climbing harnesses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using rock climbing harnesses to
+construct a radio guitar so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a radio guitar so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a radio guitar so this is
+nothing bad happened but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing bad happened but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing bad happened but what if
+something had who would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something had who would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something had who would have been
+responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible
+so that's what those are the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what those are the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what those are the pictures
+you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um
+i like how you um presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like how you um presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like how you um presented
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+your analysis of the dynamic process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis of the dynamic process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis of the dynamic process you
+know that you just don't put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you just don't put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you just don't put a
+technology out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology out there
+this is good for the community's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good for the community's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good for the community's time
+because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i'm glad you pointed that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm glad you pointed that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm glad you pointed that out
+because that was something i hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was something i hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was something i hadn't
+articulated before i did this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated before i did this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated before i did this project
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+continual checking instead of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual checking instead of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual checking instead of just a
+needs assessment up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i have uh let's see some minor stylistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have uh let's see some minor stylistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have uh let's see some minor stylistic
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh case four the chlorination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh case four the chlorination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh case four the chlorination
+the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide
+actually the one that shows the tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one that shows the tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one that shows the tank
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the community water storage tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community water storage tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community water storage tank
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh this is stylish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is stylish okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is stylish okay
+uh it would be good to have some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be good to have some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be good to have some sense
+of the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dimensions
+okay it was like the person was standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was like the person was standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was like the person was standing
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+you could tell how high is that tank by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell how high is that tank by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell how high is that tank by
+the way anyway so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way anyway so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way anyway so it is
+you can see your version here if i still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see your version here if i still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see your version here if i still
+get to it yeah i kind of wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 meter 10 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 meter 10 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 meter 10 meters
+this is yeah this is one meter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yeah this is one meter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yeah this is one meter okay
+that's one meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not 10 meters it's like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not 10 meters it's like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not 10 meters it's like five
+meters tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters tall
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+whatever you decide to do with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you decide to do with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you decide to do with this and
+after you've heard this comment it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've heard this comment it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've heard this comment it'd be
+right though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though
+that's a good comment though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good comment though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good comment though
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah sometimes when i'm watching um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes when i'm watching um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes when i'm watching um
+these documentaries on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documentaries on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documentaries on television
+and they have a bone on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a bone on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a bone on the ground
+they don't have a pencil sitting beside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a pencil sitting beside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a pencil sitting beside
+the bubble yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubble yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubble yeah
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i just i didn't put captions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just i didn't put captions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just i didn't put captions on
+your videos pictures so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your videos pictures so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your videos pictures so this is
+this was from my trips to honduras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i'd um more time i would have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'd um more time i would have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'd um more time i would have talked
+about this practice so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this practice so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this practice so we're doing
+a bacterial analysis of water here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bacterial analysis of water here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bacterial analysis of water here with
+a really cool um another appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really cool um another appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really cool um another appropriate
+technology designed here at mit a cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology designed here at mit a cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology designed here at mit a cheap
+way to test water and it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to test water and it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to test water and it turned out
+great for us we when we did blank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for us we when we did blank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for us we when we did blank so
+when we put distilled water through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put distilled water through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put distilled water through the
+process we never found bacteria which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we never found bacteria which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we never found bacteria which is
+a check on our procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there's still the potential i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the potential i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the potential i mean it's
+not a lab environment we're just in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lab environment we're just in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lab environment we're just in like
+a meeting room you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meeting room you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meeting room you can see
+this is not the cleanest place to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the cleanest place to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the cleanest place to be
+doing water analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing water analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing water analysis
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's lots of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philosophers are hesitant to safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers are hesitant to safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers are hesitant to safely
+solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem
+re-engineers always say we solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not a question of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a question of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a question of being
+apologetic it's a question of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologetic it's a question of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologetic it's a question of knowing
+that whatever response you have to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever response you have to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever response you have to a
+problem is justified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is justified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is justified
+you can justify but somebody else may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify but somebody else may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify but somebody else may
+have a different response that's equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different response that's equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different response that's equally
+justifiable because in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable because in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable because in philosophy
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+there's no hierarchy of decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no hierarchy of decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no hierarchy of decision making
+in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering
+you cannot build a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot build a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot build a bridge
+ten different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten different
+correct ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct ways
+it doesn't matter if your way is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if your way is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if your way is correct
+you have to decide on one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide on one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide on one way to
+do in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in philosophy
+there's no bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bridge
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so whatever you decide to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever you decide to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever you decide to do with that
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+even if you decide to leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you decide to leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you decide to leave it
+just the word of solve or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the word of solve or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the word of solve or something
+okay just be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just be aware
+that there's this academic cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this academic cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this academic cultural
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+is there a term of art that's used or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a term of art that's used or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a term of art that's used or is
+there something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something that
+i mean what do you say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my conclusion
+and my justifications for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my justifications for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my justifications for that
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i'm not suggesting you change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not suggesting you change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not suggesting you change your
+language you just have to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you just have to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you just have to be aware
+that when you deal with crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you deal with crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you deal with crime
+well in a sense we're talking across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a sense we're talking across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a sense we're talking across
+academic cultures yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic cultures yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic cultures yeah yeah
+all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+depending on who your audience is think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who your audience is think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who your audience is think
+about how they perceive the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they perceive the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they perceive the word
+yeah these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these words
+i used to get in a lot of trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to get in a lot of trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to get in a lot of trouble with
+that all the time huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time huh
+uh as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i had a paper rejected once well i get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a paper rejected once well i get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a paper rejected once well i get a
+lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people
+but i had a paper rejected and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i had a paper rejected and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i had a paper rejected and and they
+said and the reason was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and the reason was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and the reason was
+that i referenced one of my own papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i referenced one of my own papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i referenced one of my own papers
+and i referenced it by using my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i referenced it by using my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i referenced it by using my last
+name bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name bruce
+and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said
+they said cop said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said cop said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said cop said
+and they said that uh newton said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said that uh newton said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said that uh newton said but
+broom doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom doesn't say
+you know like who are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like who are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like who are you
+to be said you know what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said you know what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said you know what you do is you
+don't reference your own name you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't reference your own name you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't reference your own name you have
+to reference the paper you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reference the paper you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reference the paper you could
+reference the do you use the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the do you use the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the do you use the first
+person then do you say i say or you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person then do you say i say or you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person then do you say i say or you just
+if you have to say i said you do but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to say i said you do but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to say i said you do but you
+try to say in this paper yes interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say in this paper yes interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say in this paper yes interesting
+they rejected it totally well i turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rejected it totally well i turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rejected it totally well i turned
+that i erased it and sent it right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i erased it and sent it right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i erased it and sent it right back
+and they published oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they published oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they published oh okay
+they rejected that i mean you can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rejected that i mean you can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rejected that i mean you can't be
+going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around
+using your name like aristotle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your name like aristotle yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your name like aristotle yeah
+who do you think you are well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do you think you are well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do you think you are well in
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+that's what we all do all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we all do all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we all do all the time
+i mean you're writing a paper that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you're writing a paper that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you're writing a paper that's
+built up from another paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there was another one like oh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another one like oh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another one like oh another
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you used a term of r correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it is problematic and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is problematic and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is problematic and that's
+paternalism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism okay
+now i'll tell you what was problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll tell you what was problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll tell you what was problematic
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+you'll never if you're never um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never if you're never um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never if you're never um
+you're never um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hurting anybody's feelings we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting anybody's feelings we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting anybody's feelings we need to
+work eternally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work eternally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work eternally
+you use the word metabolism you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the word metabolism you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the word metabolism you got a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of people don't like it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people don't like it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people don't like it like
+they're like that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like that term
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+because it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's negative
+paternalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalism
+isn't always negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always negative
+no i'm just not taking that with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm just not taking that with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm just not taking that with me
+maternal issues i never heard anyone use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal issues i never heard anyone use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal issues i never heard anyone use
+maternalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's because
+over the years we sort of ironed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years we sort of ironed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years we sort of ironed that
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+but there was a long time about 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a long time about 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a long time about 20 years
+when they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they could be
+when that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it makes it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it sound like
+maternal is bad eternal makes it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal is bad eternal makes it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal is bad eternal makes it sound
+like it's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's bad
+yeah but nobody's offended about it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but nobody's offended about it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but nobody's offended about it no
+man right but you but using maternal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man right but you but using maternal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man right but you but using maternal in
+a negative light is like putting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative light is like putting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative light is like putting down
+someone's mother yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's mother yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's mother yeah
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+so do you suggest a make any changes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you suggest a make any changes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you suggest a make any changes no
+i wouldn't suggest you making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't suggest you making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't suggest you making any
+changes okay but you have to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay but you have to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay but you have to be aware
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+because that's the turn of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the turn of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the turn of art
+but you just have to be aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just have to be aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just have to be aware that
+if you're gonna use paternalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna use paternalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna use paternalism
+don't go around later in the same paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go around later in the same paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go around later in the same paper
+and use my terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think you are on solid ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you are on solid ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you are on solid ground
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of this is to because there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is to because there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is to because there isn't
+one body of knowledge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one body of knowledge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one body of knowledge on
+engineering and developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and developing communities
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i pulled from a lot of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pulled from a lot of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pulled from a lot of different kinds
+of sources and at first i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources and at first i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources and at first i was just
+arranging it all just by philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging it all just by philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging it all just by philosophy
+organizations people like individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations people like individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations people like individuals
+but and i didn't have those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and i didn't have those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and i didn't have those three
+categories of questions and it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of questions and it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of questions and it was just
+kind of a mess it was like i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a mess it was like i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a mess it was like i was just
+telling you what i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what i read
+without organizing it at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without organizing it at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without organizing it at all so
+so then i did okay well let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i did okay well let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i did okay well let's have
+categories of questions and categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of questions and categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of questions and categories
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+conclusions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XxRjzphItU0.txt b/XxRjzphItU0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfed7ac0277e42d5d1eefc55595ac6cdf5ff6d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XxRjzphItU0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Bob field I've this is my 44th year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Bob field I've this is my 44th year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Bob field I've this is my 44th year
+at MIT and I've taught this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and I've taught this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and I've taught this course
+roughly half the time so it is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly half the time so it is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly half the time so it is my
+favorite course and and I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite course and and I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite course and and I'm a
+spectroscopy and that means that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and that means that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and that means that I use
+quantum mechanics almost like breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics almost like breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics almost like breathing
+and I'm going to try to convey some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to try to convey some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to try to convey some of
+the beauty and the utility of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty and the utility of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty and the utility of quantum
+mechanics this is not a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this is not a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this is not a typical
+undergraduate quantum mechanics class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate quantum mechanics class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate quantum mechanics class
+it's not about history it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about history it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about history it's not about
+philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+it's about use use for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about use use for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about use use for understanding
+complicated stuff used for insight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff used for insight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff used for insight and
+so a lot of the material is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the material is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the material is not in the
+assigned text which is a very good book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned text which is a very good book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned text which is a very good book
+but it's but it's mostly a safety-net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's but it's mostly a safety-net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's but it's mostly a safety-net
+the notes the printed notes all of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes the printed notes all of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes the printed notes all of which
+are posted except for a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are posted except for a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are posted except for a few lectures
+that I'm still working on now there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm still working on now there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm still working on now there and
+that is the text everything in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the text everything in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the text everything in the notes
+you're responsible for there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're responsible for there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're responsible for there are
+sections of the notes which I call non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the notes which I call non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the notes which I call non
+lecture that's explanation of what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's explanation of what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's explanation of what's in
+the lecture or a little bit going beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture or a little bit going beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture or a little bit going beyond
+it you're responsible for that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're responsible for that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're responsible for that if I
+don't finish all the material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't finish all the material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't finish all the material in the
+notes you're responsible for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you're responsible for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you're responsible for other
+material I didn't finish you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I didn't finish you can ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I didn't finish you can ask me
+questions about it you can ask your TAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it you can ask your TAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it you can ask your TAS
+questions about it but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it but there's a
+supplementary text which is a book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary text which is a book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary text which is a book that
+I wrote which is intended to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote which is intended to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote which is intended to take
+undergraduates like you to the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates like you to the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates like you to the frontier
+of research in spectroscopy this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research in spectroscopy this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research in spectroscopy this is the
+book that I used to use to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I used to use to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I used to use to teach
+graduate quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate quantum mechanics
+so I've written a lot of stuff which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've written a lot of stuff which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've written a lot of stuff which is
+already available on the web but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already available on the web but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already available on the web but I just
+want to make sure that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you know the
+structure of the course there are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the course there are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the course there are going
+to be nine problem sets always in weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be nine problem sets always in weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be nine problem sets always in weeks
+there is not an exam when there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not an exam when there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not an exam when there is not
+an exam and the problem sets are worth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and the problem sets are worth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and the problem sets are worth a
+hundred points there will be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred points there will be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred points there will be three
+50-minute exams which will - which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-minute exams which will - which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-minute exams which will - which you
+will be allowed at 90 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be allowed at 90 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be allowed at 90 minutes and
+they'll be evening exams and on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be evening exams and on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be evening exams and on Thursday
+nights okay there will be a final during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights okay there will be a final during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights okay there will be a final during
+final exam period and so the points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam period and so the points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam period and so the points for
+the course add up to 600 for each exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course add up to 600 for each exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course add up to 600 for each exam
+you will be entitled to bring one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be entitled to bring one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be entitled to bring one
+eight-and-a-half by eleven page that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-and-a-half by eleven page that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-and-a-half by eleven page that you
+prepared with as dense or as coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared with as dense or as coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared with as dense or as coarse
+writing as you want a different one page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as you want a different one page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as you want a different one page
+only one page for each exam and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one page for each exam and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one page for each exam and for the
+final one page the exam one page for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final one page the exam one page for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final one page the exam one page for the
+exams one page for the file not four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams one page for the file not four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams one page for the file not four
+pages for the final not two pages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages for the final not two pages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages for the final not two pages for
+the second exam etc one page I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second exam etc one page I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second exam etc one page I believe
+that writing these pages of notes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that writing these pages of notes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that writing these pages of notes or
+pages of things you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of things you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of things you should remember
+provided structure that you you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided structure that you you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided structure that you you actually
+learn by preparing this and so I'm stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by preparing this and so I'm stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by preparing this and so I'm stick
+to this my job here is to force you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this my job here is to force you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this my job here is to force you to
+suspend what you expect about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend what you expect about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend what you expect about the way
+matter and flight behave you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and flight behave you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and flight behave you expect
+things based on your experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things based on your experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things based on your experience with
+macroscopic objects and you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic objects and you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic objects and you're very
+smart you're here at MIT because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart you're here at MIT because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart you're here at MIT because you are
+able to integrate that material and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to integrate that material and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to integrate that material and that
+of those expectations and to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those expectations and to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those expectations and to express
+them in mathematical analysis of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in mathematical analysis of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in mathematical analysis of your
+observations so you're pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so you're pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so you're pretty good at
+that but quantum mechanics forces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but quantum mechanics forces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but quantum mechanics forces you
+to step away from what you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step away from what you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step away from what you think you
+understand perfectly because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand perfectly because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand perfectly because it doesn't
+apply to microscopic systems and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to microscopic systems and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to microscopic systems and so I'm
+going to destroy your expectations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to destroy your expectations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to destroy your expectations about
+how things work at the beginning and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things work at the beginning and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things work at the beginning and by
+the end I will give them back to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I will give them back to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I will give them back to you in
+the form of things called wave packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of things called wave packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of things called wave packets
+wave packets are quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets are quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets are quantum mechanical
+particle like objects they obey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like objects they obey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like objects they obey the
+rules and they do a lot of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and they do a lot of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and they do a lot of the things
+you expect but initially you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect but initially you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect but initially you have to
+suspend that belief in particles okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend that belief in particles okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend that belief in particles okay so
+I'm going to start by throwing a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start by throwing a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start by throwing a piece
+of chalk I have to show and throw it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chalk I have to show and throw it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chalk I have to show and throw it at
+my TAS so here's a piece of chalk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my TAS so here's a piece of chalk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my TAS so here's a piece of chalk and
+now the chalk followed a trajectory if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the chalk followed a trajectory if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the chalk followed a trajectory if
+you're a major league outfielder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a major league outfielder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a major league outfielder you
+look at the initial part of a trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the initial part of a trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the initial part of a trajectory
+and you can pretty much figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can pretty much figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can pretty much figure out where
+you have to go this sort of thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go this sort of thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go this sort of thing would
+be the subject of 801 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the subject of 801 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the subject of 801 but the
+outfielders don't know it with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfielders don't know it with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfielders don't know it with no
+physics they just have instincts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they just have instincts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they just have instincts and
+they know that if they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that if they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that if they look at the
+beginning of a trajectory they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a trajectory they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a trajectory they can
+predict where it will end and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict where it will end and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict where it will end and when it
+will end and this is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end and this is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end and this is really important
+that's the macroscopic you we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the macroscopic you we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the macroscopic you we talk about
+trajectories in quantum mechanics there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories in quantum mechanics there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories in quantum mechanics there
+are no trajectories we have possibly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no trajectories we have possibly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no trajectories we have possibly an
+observation of what was the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of what was the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of what was the initial
+condition and what was the detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what was the detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what was the detection
+event but we can't describe what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event but we can't describe what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event but we can't describe what's going
+on by observing point by point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by observing point by point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by observing point by point the
+position and momentum were only allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum were only allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum were only allowed
+to do what we call click-click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what we call click-click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what we call click-click
+experiments we start something in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we start something in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we start something in some
+kind of a well prepared state and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a well prepared state and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a well prepared state and then
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+detect what has happened at the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect what has happened at the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect what has happened at the end we
+might do something that the system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do something that the system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do something that the system in
+between but we cannot observe everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but we cannot observe everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between but we cannot observe everything
+as the system evolves so and here are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the system evolves so and here are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the system evolves so and here are I
+will attempt to a little bit justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will attempt to a little bit justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will attempt to a little bit justify
+that you need to suspend what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to suspend what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to suspend what you
+believe we I threw a piece of chalk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we I threw a piece of chalk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we I threw a piece of chalk it
+could have been a baseball and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been a baseball and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been a baseball and suppose
+now I said let's decrease the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I said let's decrease the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I said let's decrease the mass of
+the thrower the catcher and the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thrower the catcher and the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thrower the catcher and the object
+by a hundred you pretty much know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a hundred you pretty much know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a hundred you pretty much know
+exactly what will happen now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what will happen now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what will happen now let's
+decrease it by a factor of ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease it by a factor of ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease it by a factor of ten to the
+twenty which is like going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty which is like going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty which is like going from a
+baseball to an electron you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball to an electron you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball to an electron you think you
+might know but I guarantee you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know but I guarantee you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know but I guarantee you don't
+know and you're going to be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you're going to be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you're going to be surprised
+and it's because in the microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's because in the microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's because in the microscopic
+world observation modifies the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world observation modifies the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world observation modifies the state of
+the system and any sort of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and any sort of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and any sort of interaction
+of the evolving system is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the evolving system is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the evolving system is going to
+affect what you observe and and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect what you observe and and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect what you observe and and so we
+have to create a formal structure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to create a formal structure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to create a formal structure which
+is a kind of measurement theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of measurement theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of measurement theory
+what measurements are we allowed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what measurements are we allowed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what measurements are we allowed to make
+and what do they tell us because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do they tell us because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do they tell us because you
+cannot observe the time dependence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot observe the time dependence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot observe the time dependence you
+can calculate what the time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what the time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what the time dependence
+is if you know enough but you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you know enough but you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you know enough but you cannot
+observe this thing evolving except by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this thing evolving except by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this thing evolving except by
+destroying it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's quantum mechanics is beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quantum mechanics is beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quantum mechanics is beautiful
+because it describes the microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it describes the microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it describes the microscopic
+world and it doesn't tell you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it doesn't tell you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it doesn't tell you you're
+wrong about the macroscopic world it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about the macroscopic world it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about the macroscopic world it
+matches everything the macroscopic world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches everything the macroscopic world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches everything the macroscopic world
+does okay some of the key ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay some of the key ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay some of the key ideas of
+quantum mechanics so you do a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so you do a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so you do a series of
+identical experiments you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical experiments you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical experiments you don't get the
+same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result
+it's probabilistic and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probabilistic and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probabilistic and that should
+bother you because if you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you because if you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you because if you do an
+experiment carefully you're trained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment carefully you're trained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment carefully you're trained to
+think that you're doing carefully you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're doing carefully you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're doing carefully you'll
+get the same result but quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same result but quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same result but quantum
+mechanics says tough luck you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics says tough luck you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics says tough luck you can't do
+an experiment that carefully there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment that carefully there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment that carefully there's
+also this wave particle duality you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this wave particle duality you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this wave particle duality you know
+what particles are and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particles are and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particles are and what the
+properties of particles are you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of particles are you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of particles are you learn
+that in 801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 801
+you know what waves are and you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what waves are and you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what waves are and you probably
+also learned that in 801 or 802 but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learned that in 801 or 802 but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learned that in 801 or 802 but you
+know instinctively that particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instinctively that particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instinctively that particles and
+waves behave differently but in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves behave differently but in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves behave differently but in quantum
+mechanics everything is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics everything is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics everything is both
+particle-like and wave-like and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle-like and wave-like and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle-like and wave-like and this is
+this is also something that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also something that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also something that should
+bother you and the third thing is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you and the third thing is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you and the third thing is energy
+quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I said I'm a spectroscopy so I live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I said I'm a spectroscopy so I live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I said I'm a spectroscopy so I live
+in the I buy these spectra which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I buy these spectra which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I buy these spectra which
+consists of transitions between energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of transitions between energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of transitions between energy
+levels and these transitions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and these transitions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and these transitions between
+energy levels and code everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and code everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and code everything we
+want to know about the mechanics of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about the mechanics of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about the mechanics of an
+object its structure its what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object its structure its what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object its structure its what it does
+and and so quantum mechanics is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so quantum mechanics is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so quantum mechanics is an
+elaborate encoder of information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate encoder of information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate encoder of information and
+it's usually encoded in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually encoded in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually encoded in the form of
+these energy quantized energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy quantized energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy quantized energy levels and
+so you're going to want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to want to be able to
+calculate how the energy levels or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how the energy levels or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how the energy levels or the
+the spectrum that you would observe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum that you would observe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum that you would observe for
+an object it's related to the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object it's related to the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object it's related to the thing that
+describes what it can do and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what it can do and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what it can do and that's the
+Hamiltonian and the Hamiltonian wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and the Hamiltonian wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and the Hamiltonian wheels
+will look at in many useful ways now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at in many useful ways now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at in many useful ways now I
+just want to warn you that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to warn you that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to warn you that there are two
+ways of presenting quantum mechanics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of presenting quantum mechanics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of presenting quantum mechanics the
+Schrodinger picture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger picture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger picture which is
+differential equations and wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and wave
+functions and the Heisenberg picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the Heisenberg picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the Heisenberg picture
+which is matrix mechanics where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is matrix mechanics where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is matrix mechanics where we have
+matrices and we have eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we have eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we have eigenvectors and
+I'm a an advocate I'm passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a an advocate I'm passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a an advocate I'm passionate about
+the wave a the matrix picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave a the matrix picture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave a the matrix picture because
+what it does is presents everything in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is presents everything in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is presents everything in a
+way that you can then organize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can then organize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can then organize your
+insights whereas the Schrodinger picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights whereas the Schrodinger picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights whereas the Schrodinger picture
+mostly involves solving one complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly involves solving one complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly involves solving one complicated
+differential equation after another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation after another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation after another and
+the focus is on the mathematics and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus is on the mathematics and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus is on the mathematics and it's
+much harder to see the big picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to see the big picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to see the big picture now
+that means you need to know a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you need to know a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you need to know a little bit
+of linear algebra now most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra now most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra now most of you
+haven't taken a course in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken a course in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken a course in linear algebra
+but that doesn't matter because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't matter because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't matter because the
+amount of linear algebra you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of linear algebra you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of linear algebra you need to
+know for quantum mechanics is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for quantum mechanics is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for quantum mechanics is extremely
+small and I will probably present all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and I will probably present all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and I will probably present all of
+it in lectures but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in lectures but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in lectures but you will
+definitely have the TAS as a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have the TAS as a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have the TAS as a resource
+and it's possible that they will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's possible that they will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's possible that they will give
+some formal lectures on linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal lectures on linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal lectures on linear algebra
+or some handouts but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some handouts but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some handouts but it's not
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+it's beautiful ok so light like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful ok so light like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful ok so light like is
+electromagnetic radiation you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation you've heard
+that and it is both wave-like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it is both wave-like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it is both wave-like and
+particle-like now the particle-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle-like now the particle-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle-like now the particle-like
+aspect of light is going to bother you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of light is going to bother you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of light is going to bother you
+but it's very easy to show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very easy to show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very easy to show that it's
+necessary but ok so first of all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but ok so first of all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but ok so first of all what
+are some wave characteristics well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some wave characteristics well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some wave characteristics well if
+you have a wave what you what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave what you what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave what you what are you
+what kind of measurements are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of measurements are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of measurements are you going
+to make on it ok you can there there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make on it ok you can there there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make on it ok you can there there can
+be an intensity at a point in space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an intensity at a point in space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an intensity at a point in space but
+there could also be particles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could also be particles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could also be particles that are
+in pinching on that point so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pinching on that point so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pinching on that point so you need
+something a little bit more that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more that is
+definitely wave-like and you have yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'm angling for something more I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm angling for something more I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm angling for something more I'm
+but it does have a frequency and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does have a frequency and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does have a frequency and a
+wavelength and wavelengths are are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and wavelengths are are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and wavelengths are are how
+you understand interference effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand interference effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand interference effects
+there are interference effects and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are interference effects and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are interference effects and there
+you know when you put light through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you put light through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you put light through a
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+there's refraction when you put light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's refraction when you put light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's refraction when you put light on
+a grating there's differ action or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grating there's differ action or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grating there's differ action or
+through a pinhole and there's the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a pinhole and there's the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a pinhole and there's the two
+slit experiment where you send light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit experiment where you send light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit experiment where you send light on
+an object which has two slits and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object which has two slits and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object which has two slits and you
+can't tell which slit the light went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell which slit the light went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell which slit the light went
+through and this is a very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and this is a very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and this is a very beautiful
+thing which I will talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I will talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I will talk about in a
+coming lecture in fact lecture number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming lecture in fact lecture number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming lecture in fact lecture number
+three so the key properties of waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the key properties of waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the key properties of waves are
+refraction diffraction two slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction diffraction two slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction diffraction two slit
+experiment and behind that is so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and behind that is so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and behind that is so we can
+have just a sort of a comic book picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a sort of a comic book picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a sort of a comic book picture
+or a cartoon so here's a wave and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cartoon so here's a wave and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cartoon so here's a wave and here's
+another wave and this other wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wave and this other wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wave and this other wave has
+exactly the same frequency and phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same frequency and phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same frequency and phase and
+if we add these two guys together we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add these two guys together we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add these two guys together we get
+something that looks like that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like that and in
+fact the addition is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the addition is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the addition is a little bit
+nonlinear but so we have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but so we have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but so we have constructive
+interference or we can have destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference or we can have destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference or we can have destructive
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and anything in between if we had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything in between if we had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything in between if we had these
+two guys what you get is nothing so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys what you get is nothing so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys what you get is nothing so here
+you get a intensified wave constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a intensified wave constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a intensified wave constructive
+and here we get cancellation now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we get cancellation now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we get cancellation now it's a
+little bit stressful to think that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit stressful to think that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit stressful to think that if
+particles have wave characteristics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have wave characteristics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have wave characteristics they
+can annihilate each other well so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can annihilate each other well so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can annihilate each other well so you'll
+have to be prepared for that so quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be prepared for that so quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be prepared for that so quantum
+mechanics exploits constructive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics exploits constructive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics exploits constructive and
+destructive interference that's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference that's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference that's at the
+core and you have to get used to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and you have to get used to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and you have to get used to that
+and you have to use to seeing particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to use to seeing particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to use to seeing particles
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so waves have a frequency and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so waves have a frequency and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so waves have a frequency and a
+velocity and a wavelength and now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and a wavelength and now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and a wavelength and now here
+what is nu nu is C over lambda if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is nu nu is C over lambda if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is nu nu is C over lambda if
+someone on the telephone or on skype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone on the telephone or on skype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone on the telephone or on skype
+constantly asks you what is new you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly asks you what is new you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly asks you what is new you can
+put an end to that behavior by saying C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an end to that behavior by saying C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an end to that behavior by saying C
+over lambda and if you do it often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda and if you do it often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda and if you do it often
+enough it'll stop it may be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it'll stop it may be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it'll stop it may be that the
+question will be rephrased but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will be rephrased but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will be rephrased but it's
+useful to remember this as a repellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to remember this as a repellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to remember this as a repellent
+and also as a crucial organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also as a crucial organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also as a crucial organizing
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay waves are electromagnetic and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay waves are electromagnetic and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay waves are electromagnetic and so
+that means we have transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we have transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we have transverse
+electromagnetic waves and so here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves and so here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves and so here is one
+part of the wave and here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave and here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave and here is another
+part of the wave and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave and this is the
+electric part of the wave and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric part of the wave and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric part of the wave and so we have
+zero and here's easy zero and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and here's easy zero and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and here's easy zero and this is
+the magnetic part of the wave zero and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic part of the wave zero and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic part of the wave zero and B
+0 and this is in the X Z plane this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this is in the X Z plane this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this is in the X Z plane this is
+the Z Direction this is the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction this is the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction this is the Z direction
+and this is the Y Z plane now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the Y Z plane now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the Y Z plane now this
+corresponds to a wave which is linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a wave which is linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a wave which is linearly
+polarized along the x axis and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized along the x axis and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized along the x axis and so this
+is it's kind of hard to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's kind of hard to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's kind of hard to draw a
+transverse electromagnetic wave but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse electromagnetic wave but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse electromagnetic wave but
+there's an electric part and a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electric part and a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electric part and a magnetic
+part and for the most part I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and for the most part I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and for the most part I forget
+about this in magnetic resonance this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in magnetic resonance this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in magnetic resonance this is
+the only thing you care about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you care about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you care about but
+they're both part of light and ok so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both part of light and ok so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both part of light and ok so we
+have these waves and now the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these waves and now the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these waves and now the intensity
+of the light is proportional to the ez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light is proportional to the ez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light is proportional to the ez
+Rho squared the electric field squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho squared the electric field squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho squared the electric field squared
+and it's also measured in watts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also measured in watts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also measured in watts per
+square centimeter and this is an so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square centimeter and this is an so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square centimeter and this is an so this
+is a volts per centimeter squared no I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a volts per centimeter squared no I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a volts per centimeter squared no I I
+I'm an old-fashioned guy I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an old-fashioned guy I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an old-fashioned guy I used
+centimeters instead of meters you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters instead of meters you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters instead of meters you'll
+just have to forgive me for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to forgive me for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to forgive me for that
+not using MPI MKS units but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using MPI MKS units but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using MPI MKS units but the
+important thing is that the intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that the intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that the intensity is
+related to the square of an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the square of an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the square of an electric
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we have light impinging on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have light impinging on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have light impinging on a
+hunk of metal so a metal is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of metal so a metal is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of metal so a metal is something
+where the electrons are free to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are free to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are free to move
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+and so we like a metal because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we like a metal because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we like a metal because of that
+we could ask well what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could ask well what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could ask well what happens when we
+put light on salt or on some organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put light on salt or on some organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put light on salt or on some organic
+molecule and in some sense there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and in some sense there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and in some sense there's going
+to be a relationship but the easy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a relationship but the easy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a relationship but the easy thing
+is if we put a beam of light onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we put a beam of light onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we put a beam of light onto a
+metal and it's pushing the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and it's pushing the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and it's pushing the electrons
+around catchments and what's an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around catchments and what's an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around catchments and what's an electric
+field does it moves the electrons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field does it moves the electrons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field does it moves the electrons and so
+you would expect classically that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect classically that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect classically that at
+high enough intensity you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough intensity you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough intensity you're going to
+start ripping electrons out of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ripping electrons out of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ripping electrons out of the metal
+and that would be wrong and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be wrong and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be wrong and this is the
+photoelectric effect this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect this is what we
+observe zero the current divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe zero the current divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe zero the current divided by the
+charge on the electron so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the electron so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the electron so that's the
+number of electrons per second and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons per second and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons per second and and
+this is the intensity and if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the intensity and if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the intensity and if we have
+infrared radiation nothing happens no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared radiation nothing happens no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared radiation nothing happens no
+matter how strong it is if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how strong it is if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how strong it is if we have
+ultraviolet radiation we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet radiation we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet radiation we have something
+happening as the intensity of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as the intensity of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as the intensity of the light
+increases the number of electrons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the number of electrons per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the number of electrons per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ejected from the metal increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected from the metal increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected from the metal increases
+linearly so why is that we expected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly so why is that we expected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly so why is that we expected it
+would be intensity that determines it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be intensity that determines it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be intensity that determines it
+but it's the color of the light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the color of the light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the color of the light that
+determines we can also do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines we can also do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines we can also do something like
+this where we again ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we again ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we again ask what is the
+current divided by the charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current divided by the charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current divided by the charge of the
+electron versus frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron versus frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron versus frequency
+and again we have zero here and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we have zero here and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we have zero here and what we
+see is nothing up until some critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is nothing up until some critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is nothing up until some critical
+point and then this is so this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then this is so this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then this is so this is some
+special frequency which is different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special frequency which is different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special frequency which is different for
+every metal and then all of a sudden we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every metal and then all of a sudden we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every metal and then all of a sudden we
+start getting electrons and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases linearly or at least for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases linearly or at least for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases linearly or at least for a
+while increases linearly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while increases linearly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while increases linearly with the
+frequency so there's something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so there's something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so there's something about the
+frequency of light that rips out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of light that rips out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of light that rips out the
+electrons it has to be above a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it has to be above a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it has to be above a certain
+minimum and then the electrons increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and then the electrons increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and then the electrons increase
+with the frequency but in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frequency but in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frequency but in a little bit
+more complicated way than linearly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated way than linearly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated way than linearly and
+so I have something in the notes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have something in the notes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have something in the notes which
+is not quite right but this onset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite right but this onset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite right but this onset is
+important so these observations suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so these observations suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so these observations suggest
+that the electron is bound to the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron is bound to the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron is bound to the metal
+by some energy which we call the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some energy which we call the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some energy which we call the work
+function and it's called Phi and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's called Phi and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's called Phi and and so
+this is an energy that it takes to grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an energy that it takes to grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an energy that it takes to grip
+an electron out of a metal and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron out of a metal and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron out of a metal and so it's
+called the work function and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the work function and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the work function and work
+functions for metals range from a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for metals range from a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for metals range from a little
+over one electron volt to around five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one electron volt to around five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one electron volt to around five
+electron volts these are I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts these are I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts these are I'm going to
+use those units well you can forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those units well you can forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those units well you can forget that
+but they're all metals are within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all metals are within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all metals are within a
+relatively narrow range of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively narrow range of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively narrow range of work
+functions and this is somehow related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and this is somehow related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and this is somehow related to
+new zero so this is an energy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new zero so this is an energy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new zero so this is an energy and this
+is a frequency and so we expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a frequency and so we expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a frequency and so we expect that
+there is some relationship between nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some relationship between nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some relationship between nu
+zero and this energy and there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this energy and there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this energy and there is some
+proportionality constant which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant which I can
+call anything I want but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call anything I want but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call anything I want but I'm going to
+call it H because it's going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it H because it's going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it H because it's going to become
+Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planck's constant
+that's a proportionality constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a proportionality constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a proportionality constant and
+it's so the onset of ejection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so the onset of ejection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so the onset of ejection of
+electrons is when the frequency of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is when the frequency of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is when the frequency of light
+is greater than the work function as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the work function as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the work function as I
+said every metal has a different work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said every metal has a different work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said every metal has a different work
+function and okay so this is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and okay so this is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and okay so this is looking
+like somehow the light isn't it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somehow the light isn't it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somehow the light isn't it does not
+act in an additive way on the metal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act in an additive way on the metal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act in an additive way on the metal it
+acts in a singular way somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts in a singular way somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts in a singular way somehow
+there are particles of light that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are particles of light that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are particles of light that have
+definite energy this is what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite energy this is what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite energy this is what it looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+and we're gonna call those particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna call those particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna call those particles of
+light photons and so now we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light photons and so now we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light photons and so now we're trying to
+think of all right electro matic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all right electro matic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all right electro matic
+magnetic reishi radiation comes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic reishi radiation comes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic reishi radiation comes as
+particles what are the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles what are the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles what are the properties of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well particles well I'm getting ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well particles well I'm getting ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well particles well I'm getting ahead of
+myself but as long as I said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself but as long as I said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself but as long as I said this
+particles have kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have kinetic energy and
+momentum kinetic energy is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum kinetic energy is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum kinetic energy is a scalar
+quantity momentum is a vector quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity momentum is a vector quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity momentum is a vector quantity
+and right now what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now what we want to do is
+measure the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the kinetic energy of the
+electrons that are produced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are produced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are produced by the
+annihilation of photons okay and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation of photons okay and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation of photons okay and so we
+can imagine an apparatus like this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine an apparatus like this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine an apparatus like this here
+is our metal and here's the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our metal and here's the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our metal and here's the light
+impinging on the middle and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impinging on the middle and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impinging on the middle and we have
+grids we have a ground and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids we have a ground and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids we have a ground and we have
+good and a detector so we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and a detector so we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and a detector so we have we have
+ground the voltage is zero here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the voltage is zero here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the voltage is zero here we have
+a voltage less than zero electrons don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage less than zero electrons don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage less than zero electrons don't
+like that but these two grids are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but these two grids are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but these two grids are at the
+same potential so the electrons don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same potential so the electrons don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same potential so the electrons don't
+know which way to go and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which way to go and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which way to go and then there's
+another grid where we have the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another grid where we have the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another grid where we have the potential
+is V Plus V stop and so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V Plus V stop and so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V Plus V stop and so what happens is
+if the electron is ejected with enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the electron is ejected with enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the electron is ejected with enough
+kinetic energy to go uphill and cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy to go uphill and cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy to go uphill and cross
+through this potential this grid then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this potential this grid then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this potential this grid then it
+will make it to the detector and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it to the detector and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it to the detector and will
+comment so this is just a crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment so this is just a crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment so this is just a crude
+apparatus you if you were going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus you if you were going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus you if you were going to do
+this experiment you would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment you would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment you would probably
+design it better but the idea is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it better but the idea is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it better but the idea is what we
+want to do is to measure how much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to measure how much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to measure how much what
+is the voltage that we apply that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the voltage that we apply that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the voltage that we apply that causes
+the electrons to stop reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons to stop reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons to stop reaching the
+detector and that's the way we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and that's the way we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and that's the way we measure
+the kinetic energy of the electrons when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of the electrons when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of the electrons when
+all of the electrons stop hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the electrons stop hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the electrons stop hitting the
+detector we know the voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector we know the voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector we know the voltage the
+stopping voltage and we can now plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping voltage and we can now plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping voltage and we can now plot the
+stopping voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus frequency and here is a new 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus frequency and here is a new 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus frequency and here is a new 0 and
+what we see is this we see that below a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is this we see that below a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is this we see that below a
+new 0 there are no electrons ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new 0 there are no electrons ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new 0 there are no electrons ejected
+once we're above new 0 electrons start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we're above new 0 electrons start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we're above new 0 electrons start
+being objecting ejected and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being objecting ejected and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being objecting ejected and they have a
+kinetic energy which is measured by V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy which is measured by V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy which is measured by V
+stop and it increases linearly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and it increases linearly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and it increases linearly with
+frequency now when we do this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now when we do this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now when we do this experiment
+on different metals the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different metals the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different metals the slope is
+constant the same it's universal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the same it's universal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the same it's universal so the
+kinetic energy of the ejected electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the ejected electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the ejected electrons
+is equal to some constant it goes as nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some constant it goes as nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some constant it goes as nu
+minus nu 0 and this is the same constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus nu 0 and this is the same constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus nu 0 and this is the same constant
+that we saw before and this is Planck's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw before and this is Planck's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw before and this is Planck's
+constant and now what we've seen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now what we've seen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now what we've seen is that
+these particles of light have definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles of light have definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles of light have definite
+energy they have definite kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they have definite kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they have definite kinetic energy
+and we can stop and they transfer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can stop and they transfer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can stop and they transfer that
+energy and so we can have a draw energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we can have a draw energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we can have a draw energy
+level diagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here zero and here so this is energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero and here so this is energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero and here so this is energy and
+this is minus the work function and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus the work function and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus the work function and so
+we have a photon which has this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a photon which has this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a photon which has this energy
+and we have the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the kinetic energy of the
+electrons and this is H nu minus H nu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and this is H nu minus H nu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and this is H nu minus H nu 0
+so this story is complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this story is complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this story is complete the
+photoelectron effect is the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron effect is the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron effect is the easiest
+thing to understand at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to understand at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to understand at the beginning of
+quantum mechanics and it says that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and it says that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and it says that light
+comes in particles which we call photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in particles which we call photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in particles which we call photons
+and the energy of a photon is H nu H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy of a photon is H nu H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy of a photon is H nu H is
+a fundamental constant and we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental constant and we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental constant and we know what
+new is okay I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is okay I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is okay I'm going to talk about
+Compton scattering but Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering but Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering but Compton
+scattering is a little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is a little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is a little bit harder to
+understand than the photoelectron effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand than the photoelectron effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand than the photoelectron effect
+and I'm going to put equations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to put equations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to put equations on the
+board which I'm not going to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board which I'm not going to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board which I'm not going to derive
+they're easily derived but this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easily derived but this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easily derived but this is just
+to complete the picture of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the picture of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the picture of the particle
+like characteristic of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for Compton scattering we have a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Compton scattering we have a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Compton scattering we have a beam
+of x-rays x-ray is a form of light it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x-rays x-ray is a form of light it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x-rays x-ray is a form of light it's
+a very high-energy form of light we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high-energy form of light we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high-energy form of light we have
+a block of paraffin and what we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block of paraffin and what we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block of paraffin and what we observe
+is there there are electrons kicked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there is x-ray scattered so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is x-ray scattered so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is x-ray scattered so the
+experiment is we're looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is we're looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is we're looking for the
+particle characteristics particles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle characteristics particles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle characteristics particles have
+kinetic energy and they have vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and they have vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and they have vector
+momentum and you have been trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you have been trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you have been trained
+painfully and completely in conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painfully and completely in conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painfully and completely in conservation
+of energy and momentum because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and momentum because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and momentum because it
+enables you to solve all sorts of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to solve all sorts of useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to solve all sorts of useful
+problems so suppose the x-ray comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so suppose the x-ray comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so suppose the x-ray comes in
+hits the block and so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the block and so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the block and so we have the
+incident momentum and the x-ray is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident momentum and the x-ray is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident momentum and the x-ray is back
+scattered and the scattering angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered and the scattering angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered and the scattering angle theta
+is measured this way so the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured this way so the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured this way so the difference
+in momentum for this scattering is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum for this scattering is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum for this scattering is large
+for back scattering and much less for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for back scattering and much less for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for back scattering and much less for
+horrid scattering so now this momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrid scattering so now this momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrid scattering so now this momentum
+has to be transferred to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be transferred to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be transferred to the electron
+and so we can draw conservation diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can draw conservation diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can draw conservation diagrams
+or for this case the back scattering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for this case the back scattering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for this case the back scattering we
+have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P
+in we have the electron the electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have the electron the electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have the electron the electron and
+we have the the momentum of the x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the the momentum of the x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the the momentum of the x-ray
+okay so this diagram determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this diagram determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this diagram determines the
+momentum transferred to the electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transferred to the electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transferred to the electron and
+if the ILECs ray photon transfers energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ILECs ray photon transfers energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ILECs ray photon transfers energy
+to the transfers momentum to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the transfers momentum to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the transfers momentum to the
+electron it also transfers energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it also transfers energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it also transfers energy so
+what we're going to see and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see and I'm just
+going to wave my hands because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wave my hands because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wave my hands because the
+mathematical analysis is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical analysis is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical analysis is something you
+can do but I don't want to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do but I don't want to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do but I don't want to go through it
+I just want to show the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to show the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to show the structure of the
+argument what you measure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what you measure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what you measure is the
+wavelength of the X ray out - the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the X ray out - the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the X ray out - the
+wavelength of the X ray in and so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the X ray in and so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the X ray in and so if the
+X ray has transferred energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X ray has transferred energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X ray has transferred energy to the
+electron it has less energy when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it has less energy when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it has less energy when it
+leaves and it has longer wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and it has longer wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and it has longer wavelength so
+this is measurable the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measurable the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measurable the change in the
+wavelength of the X ray and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the X ray and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the X ray and that's going
+to be so we'll call that Delta lamda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so we'll call that Delta lamda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so we'll call that Delta lamda and
+that's going to be a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a function of the
+scattering angle so Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering angle so Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering angle so Compton scattering
+basically says okay particles light is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says okay particles light is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says okay particles light is a
+particle particles have kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle particles have kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle particles have kinetic energy
+and momentum conservation of energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum conservation of energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum conservation of energy and
+momentum predicts a difference a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum predicts a difference a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum predicts a difference a
+redshift of the photon which depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redshift of the photon which depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redshift of the photon which depends on
+the scattering angle the wrist is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering angle the wrist is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering angle the wrist is all
+eight 801 you can do that okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight 801 you can do that okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight 801 you can do that okay and so
+what you end up finding is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you end up finding is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you end up finding is that you
+the scattering is zero then delta lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering is zero then delta lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering is zero then delta lambda
+is zero there's no momentum they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero there's no momentum they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero there's no momentum they like
+the photon just goes through if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon just goes through if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon just goes through if the
+scattering is PI in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is PI in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is PI in other words it's
+perfectly backscattered and Delta Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly backscattered and Delta Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly backscattered and Delta Lambda
+you can calculate is 2h over the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate is 2h over the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate is 2h over the mass of
+the electron times the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron times the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron times the speed of light
+now this quantity H over the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this quantity H over the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this quantity H over the mass of
+electron times the speed of light is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times the speed of light is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times the speed of light is has
+dimensions of length and it's 0.02 or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of length and it's 0.02 or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of length and it's 0.02 or 3
+angstroms and this is called the Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wavelength of the electron because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the electron because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the electron because the
+photon is scattering an electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is scattering an electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is scattering an electron the
+change in wavelength of the photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in wavelength of the photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in wavelength of the photon is
+determined by this this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by this this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by this this is the the
+momentum transfer this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transfer this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transfer this gives you the
+momentum transferred and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transferred and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum transferred and so this is a
+universal constant it says electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal constant it says electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal constant it says electrons
+have when they're scattered out of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when they're scattered out of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when they're scattered out of any
+material have this behavior again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material have this behavior again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material have this behavior again
+Universal and strange the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and strange the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and strange the actual
+experiment since of what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment since of what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment since of what you actually
+want to measure is the change in lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure is the change in lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure is the change in lambda
+over lambda the change in lambda doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda the change in lambda doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda the change in lambda doesn't
+depend on lambda and but this does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on lambda and but this does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on lambda and but this does and
+so what you want to do is make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is make the
+observable thing large and so you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable thing large and so you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable thing large and so you go to
+a short wavelength to make this a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short wavelength to make this a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short wavelength to make this a large
+fractional change that's easily measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the equations are derived in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the equations are derived in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the equations are derived in the
+lecture notes and better in text and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes and better in text and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes and better in text and
+what I want to do now is just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is just tell you
+where we're going we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going we've talked about
+the wave and particle nature of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave and particle nature of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave and particle nature of photons
+of light and the particle nature is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and the particle nature is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and the particle nature is a
+surprise but it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise but it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise but it's perfectly
+understandable and observable the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and observable the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and observable the next
+thing we want to do is determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to do is determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to do is determine the
+wave nature of things that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave nature of things that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave nature of things that we call
+particles and so we're going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so we're going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so we're going to we're
+going to do other kinds of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do other kinds of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do other kinds of simple
+scattering experiments where we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering experiments where we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering experiments where we discover
+that the electron so we have some solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have we have UV light or x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have we have UV light or x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have we have UV light or x-rays
+and we go through this solid and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go through this solid and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go through this solid and it's
+mostly transparent it's mostly free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly transparent it's mostly free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly transparent it's mostly free
+space and and so this light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and so this light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and so this light is
+interacting with the electrons but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the electrons but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the electrons but and
+and maybe with the other stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe with the other stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe with the other stuff that
+involves that is involved in matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves that is involved in matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves that is involved in matter the
+nuclei but the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei but the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei but the important thing is that
+the electrons that gets scattered are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons that gets scattered are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons that gets scattered are in
+a kind of a diffused state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a diffused state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a diffused state this is
+mostly nothing this material doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly nothing this material doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly nothing this material doesn't
+scatter x-rays it it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter x-rays it it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter x-rays it it's mostly
+transparent and so an explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and so an explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and so an explanation for
+that is the Rutherford planetary model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the Rutherford planetary model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the Rutherford planetary model
+where we have a nucleus with a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a nucleus with a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a nucleus with a charge
+and electrons orbiting that nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons orbiting that nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons orbiting that nucleus and
+that's all very nice it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all very nice it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all very nice it's a way of
+saying well ok the electrons are forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well ok the electrons are forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well ok the electrons are forced
+to choose this distances from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose this distances from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose this distances from the
+nucleus and there's mostly empty space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there's mostly empty space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there's mostly empty space
+but then you look more closely and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you look more closely and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you look more closely and the
+electrons are doing this they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are doing this they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are doing this they're
+oscillating in space and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in space and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in space and they're going
+to radiate energy and this radiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radiate energy and this radiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radiate energy and this radiation of
+energy will cause the electron to spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will cause the electron to spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy will cause the electron to spiral
+in and combine with the charge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and combine with the charge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and combine with the charge in the
+middle and that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and that's a problem
+and so we have an explanation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have an explanation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have an explanation for why
+matter is mostly empty space and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is mostly empty space and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is mostly empty space and a
+conundrum the electron should recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum the electron should recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum the electron should recombine
+with the nucleus so how can matter be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nucleus so how can matter be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nucleus so how can matter be
+relatively non compressible and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively non compressible and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively non compressible and the best
+explanation is this planetary idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is this planetary idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is this planetary idea but
+then we have this thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this thing we have to
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's two hypotheses for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two hypotheses for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two hypotheses for this
+which are really just ad hoc things one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really just ad hoc things one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really just ad hoc things one
+is the Bohr model where it says in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Bohr model where it says in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Bohr model where it says in order
+for the electron do obey some laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron do obey some laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron do obey some laws of
+physics as it orbits the nucleus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as it orbits the nucleus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as it orbits the nucleus it
+conserves angular momentum well if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserves angular momentum well if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserves angular momentum well if it
+were rotating into combined with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rotating into combined with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rotating into combined with the the
+nucleus it wouldn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it wouldn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it wouldn't do that
+and so that's sort of ok and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's sort of ok and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's sort of ok and then
+there's debris is a very smart person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's debris is a very smart person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's debris is a very smart person
+was a very smart person and he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very smart person and he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very smart person and he said that
+in order for the electron not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for the electron not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for the electron not to
+annihilate itself as it goes around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilate itself as it goes around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilate itself as it goes around the
+orbit it has to have an integer number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit it has to have an integer number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit it has to have an integer number
+of half wavelengths along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of half wavelengths along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of half wavelengths along that
+trajectory then it won't annihilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory then it won't annihilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory then it won't annihilate
+itself and that is much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that is much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that is much better than
+Boris hypothesis but both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris hypothesis but both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris hypothesis but both of these
+hypotheses lead to line spectra hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses lead to line spectra hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses lead to line spectra hydrogen
+where you can build a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can build a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can build a really simple
+model and you can prick predict to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you can prick predict to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you can prick predict to eight
+decimal places all the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places all the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places all the absorption
+transitions of hydrogen atom so a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions of hydrogen atom so a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions of hydrogen atom so a very
+simple model leads to an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model leads to an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model leads to an incredibly
+powerful and mysterious result there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and mysterious result there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and mysterious result there's
+another experiment that I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another experiment that I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another experiment that I will talk
+about next lecture and that is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next lecture and that is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next lecture and that is suppose
+we have a thin sheet of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have photons x-rays or UV photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have photons x-rays or UV photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have photons x-rays or UV photons
+impinging on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impinging on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impinging on this
+metal and what it's is the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and what it's is the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and what it's is the there's
+there's diffraction because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's diffraction because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's diffraction because there's
+regular distances between the atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular distances between the atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular distances between the atoms in
+the particle in the film oil and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in the film oil and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in the film oil and so what
+we measure is diffraction rings for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure is diffraction rings for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure is diffraction rings for the
+electron and and for the photon and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and and for the photon and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and and for the photon and the
+diffraction rings are identical when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction rings are identical when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction rings are identical when you
+choose the wavelength of the particle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the wavelength of the particle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the wavelength of the particle to
+be equal to the wavelength of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the wavelength of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the wavelength of the photon
+and so this is another way of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another way of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another way of showing
+wave particle duality we can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave particle duality we can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave particle duality we can show that
+they have wavelengths and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have wavelengths and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have wavelengths and we can
+calculate to make them the same so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to make them the same so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to make them the same so this
+is all very exciting and this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all very exciting and this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all very exciting and this is about
+as much philosophy and history as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much philosophy and history as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much philosophy and history as you're
+going to get from me we're going to once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get from me we're going to once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get from me we're going to once
+we understand that there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand that there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand that there is something
+that we have to do which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do which is called
+quantum mechanics we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics we're going to start
+solving problems and then being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems and then being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems and then being able to
+understand incredibly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand incredibly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand incredibly complicated
+effects beyond the simple problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects beyond the simple problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects beyond the simple problems and
+that should be exciting but it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be exciting but it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be exciting but it should
+also be a little bit disturbing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a little bit disturbing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a little bit disturbing because
+I will use a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will use a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will use a technique called
+perturbation theory which for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory which for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory which for some
+reason all of the textbooks for of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason all of the textbooks for of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason all of the textbooks for of
+course at this level either ignore or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at this level either ignore or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at this level either ignore or
+treat in the most superficial way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat in the most superficial way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat in the most superficial way but
+perturbation theory is a way of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is a way of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is a way of taking
+problems that we understand and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we understand and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we understand and can
+solve exactly and exactly means an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve exactly and exactly means an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve exactly and exactly means an
+infinite number of states all of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of states all of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of states all of which
+are given to us by solving one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given to us by solving one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given to us by solving one equation
+and we can then use them to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can then use them to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can then use them to understand
+problems we can't solve exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can't solve exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can't solve exactly and
+they'll leave several ways in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll leave several ways in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll leave several ways in which I
+deal with that okay so it's it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that okay so it's it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that okay so it's it's time to
+stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and
+I hope you're excited about what lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you're excited about what lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you're excited about what lies
+ahead because it is strange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead because it is strange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead because it is strange and
+wonderful and it says we can look inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful and it says we can look inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful and it says we can look inside
+a molecule we can make measurements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule we can make measurements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule we can make measurements we
+can understand what this molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand what this molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand what this molecule is
+going to do but we have to develop our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do but we have to develop our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do but we have to develop our
+new way of doing that ok thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YKT-vSm4Nxw.txt b/YKT-vSm4Nxw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29ab2ea68f1eae7a4c1a1e20be150981f912b794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YKT-vSm4Nxw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2277 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: As it turns out, not
+by coincidence, the Apollo
+
+program that started after
+Kennedy's speech was made up
+
+of a few different elements of
+things that had been sort of
+
+percolating in the background.
+
+And one of them was studies at
+MIT on guidance, not so much
+
+to the Moon, but to Mars, and
+coming out of Draper's
+
+laboratories.
+
+So I wanted to say a little bit
+about that story, because
+
+it's an interesting story.
+
+And it's one you may not have
+seen quite in this way.
+
+So what we've talked about
+before and the inertial
+
+guidance and all that
+sort of stuff.
+
+This is the sort of very clearly
+posed paradigmatic
+
+picture of him.
+
+And during the Second World War,
+they started making these
+
+gun sights.
+
+And one of them was called
+Doc's Shoebox.
+
+And then I think we talked about
+that too, which allowed
+
+him to sort of lead
+the target.
+
+You can actually see, if you
+go into the front door of
+
+Draper Laboratories, they have
+this prototype that he built
+
+in his garage, sitting there.
+
+And then during the war,
+as we talked about--
+
+sorry, during the Cold War,
+they built a lot of
+
+different kinds of--
+
+I'm going to skip
+through these--
+
+inertial guidance and
+stuff, particularly
+
+for ballistic missiles.
+
+And a bunch of these guys,
+including this guy here, Dick
+
+Batten, really did some
+fundamental work in the theory
+
+of inertia guidance.
+
+It was pretty much literally how
+do I get a nuclear missile
+
+to land on a Russian city, given
+the gravity field of the
+
+Earth is not uniform, and
+there's a lot of calculations,
+
+and we don't have a lot
+of different things?
+
+And then this group--
+
+the guy on the left, his name
+is Hal Laning and he was a
+
+computer guy from the
+Whirlwind group.
+
+Milt Trageser is the guy in the
+back there and Dick Batten
+
+is on the right.
+
+Batten actually still teaches
+a course in Core 16 on
+
+astronomical guidance.
+
+Actually, he may not have
+taught it this year.
+
+That's more or less a course
+he's been teaching
+
+continuously since
+1945 or so, 1946.
+
+And if you've ever seen when
+they send a probe-- actually
+
+they just did this with the
+Messenger probe to Mercury--
+
+and then they sort of swing it
+around another planet as a way
+
+to get it accelerated toward its
+goal, as opposed to just
+
+sending it directly there,
+that's actually an idea that
+
+Batten invented.
+
+It is now used commonly in all
+these different space probes.
+
+And they made this Mars probe.
+
+And the idea behind this probe
+was to go to Mars, take one
+
+picture, and come back to
+the Earth and reenter
+
+and drop the film.
+
+And this thing, which looks just
+like the Mercury capsule,
+
+is the film canister.
+
+And they had also in the '50s,
+they built the guidance system
+
+for the Polaris missile.
+
+And the important thing about
+the Polaris missile is it was
+
+the first missile that could
+be launched out of a
+
+submarine, out of the
+Polaris submarine.
+
+And was a major US, huge project
+during the '50s.
+
+And basically they wrote a very
+short proposal, proposing
+
+to use that guidance system
+to go to the Moon.
+
+And they were awarded a contract
+August 4, I believe
+
+it was, 1961.
+
+It was the first contract of the
+entire Apollo program and
+
+it came to MIT.
+
+Which is some indicator a, of
+how important they considered
+
+the guidance.
+
+Like how do you get there and
+how you keep from smashing
+
+into the Moon, and how do you
+get home and keep from
+
+smashing into the Earth
+when you get home?
+
+And b, it was the only major
+contract of the entire program
+
+that was awarded to
+a university,
+
+and not to a company.
+
+And of course, the president
+was from Massachusetts.
+
+One of the very senior technical
+people, Bob Siemens,
+
+was an MIT guy, a student
+of Draper's.
+
+He was essentially the chief
+engineer at this point.
+
+And a little bit like the
+Radiation Lab, there's no
+
+question that those influences
+helped steer this contract,
+
+which was a lot of money.
+
+Although it was less significant
+for the money in
+
+some sense, than for
+the prestige that
+
+went along with it.
+
+And it was sole source.
+
+There was no competition.
+
+There was no proposals.
+
+It just came straight MIT.
+
+And all kinds of companies
+protested it to Congress.
+
+And it turned out it was
+fully legal, so they
+
+never changed it.
+
+But it was not for a
+computer, actually.
+
+It was just for this guidance
+unit and it was over the
+
+course of the project.
+
+And remember, this is 1961 and
+all they thought about was how
+
+do we get there and back?
+
+And they begin working on this
+problem in seven years or so.
+
+And the idea was that
+the astronaut would
+
+sit inside the capsule.
+
+And if you looked at the stars
+with the telescope, you could
+
+basically align yourself and
+align the inertia platform.
+
+Remember the inertial platform
+navigates with accelerometers,
+
+which can be very accurate.
+
+But what's problem
+with doing that?
+
+It drifts.
+
+So it loses its absolute
+accuracy over time.
+
+So every once in while, you have
+to realign it and retell
+
+it where it is.
+
+And you could align yourself by
+just pointing at the stars
+
+and knowing which way
+is up, in what's
+
+called an inertial frame.
+
+But if you wanted to actually
+navigate, you had to do things
+
+or closer to the planet.
+
+So you could look at particular
+
+points on the Earth.
+
+The obvious one, the easiest one
+is measure the size of the
+
+Earth, because as
+you go further
+
+away, it get's smaller.
+
+It turns out that's not a very
+accurate measurement.
+
+But it is one way to measure
+where you are.
+
+The most accurate way to
+measure it is star
+
+occultation.
+
+So that if there's a star that
+passes by the horizon, you
+
+note the timing of that star and
+that gives you a very good
+
+sense of where you are.
+
+So there's a whole variety of
+things-- is anybody into
+
+astronomy here?
+
+I never was particularly.
+
+But last year, my brother
+brought me a telescope that
+
+has one of these motorized
+mounts on it, where you can
+
+sort of tell it what star it
+is and it'll go there.
+
+That's basically what the Apollo
+guidance computer was,
+
+where it would point out
+different stars.
+
+It had a little database.
+
+And the database of stars that
+was used in the entire Apollo
+
+program was, I forget, something
+like 100 stars long.
+
+And it was one junior engineer
+in 1962, came to the MIT
+
+libraries and looked up all the
+star coordinates and put
+
+them in the computer.
+
+And that's the one they used
+all the way through.
+
+And astronauts were then trained
+to know which stars,
+
+and they each had a number on
+them, and they could align
+
+themselves with the catalog
+and make sure they were
+
+getting there.
+
+And eventually, they ended up
+putting a digital computer in
+
+it, which was a pretty radical
+step at the time.
+
+Because again, computers
+were room-size things.
+
+And this was a computer that
+was briefcase size.
+
+And for those of you who are
+into computers, it looked a
+
+lot more like a microcontroller
+than a
+
+full-up, general purpose
+computer.
+
+It was modest numerical
+capability, but lots of I/O
+
+and interrupts and things going
+in and out, 16 bits.
+
+And it wasn't actually a single
+chip thing, like a
+
+microcontroller today, but
+it had a lot of those
+
+characteristics, including this
+interface for the crew.
+
+And it tied into the
+inertial system.
+
+So you have this combination
+of the gyroscopes, the
+
+telescopes, the computer itself,
+and this display
+
+keyboard unit.
+
+And this is--
+
+actually I forget who this is.
+
+I think it's Jim Lovell.
+
+No, Jim Lovell's the next one.
+
+One of the Apollo astronauts
+operating this system.
+
+And there would have been a
+display keyboard like that, up
+
+on the main console, which he's
+looking at, you can see
+
+at the top.
+
+I don't know if you're
+familiar.
+
+Has anybody seen the Apollo
+capsules down in the
+
+Smithsonian Air and
+Space Museum?
+
+They looked very awkward
+on Earth.
+
+But they were easier in space,
+where when they're launching,
+
+this guy, he would be in the
+launch position, and have his
+
+back on the ground, looking
+at this control panel.
+
+And then when they get
+into space, he
+
+actually can move up here.
+
+And this is actually 90 degrees
+from that position.
+
+And there's a whole station
+where they navigate from.
+
+And what they would do would
+be navigate by--
+
+again, they're not flying the
+spaceship doing this.
+
+They're just aligning
+the inertial system.
+
+And then once the inertial
+system knows where it's going,
+
+they type in where they want
+to go on the keyboard.
+
+And so every few hours or so,
+the inertial system would need
+
+to be realigned.
+
+So it would point at where
+it thinks the star was.
+
+The astronaut would look through
+these telescopes.
+
+One was a sort of low power, for
+getting the thing in the
+
+field of view.
+
+And one was a high power, for
+the precision pointing.
+
+And then he had these
+two little sets of
+
+toggle switches here.
+
+One of them would just move the
+mirror in one axis and the
+
+other would actually rotate
+the spacecraft around.
+
+And between those two things,
+they would realign the star.
+
+It would usually be off center,
+just a little bit.
+
+And they would say no, that's
+not where it should be.
+
+It should be here.
+
+And then enter it into
+the computer
+
+and say that's centered.
+
+And the computer would take
+those error corrections, in
+
+what today we call
+a common filter--
+
+Batten was one of the inventors
+
+of the common filter--
+
+and then update its
+guidance solution.
+
+It turned out you could do
+that very accurately in
+
+getting to the Moon.
+
+And in Apollo 8, this is Jim
+Lovell, who is probably best
+
+known for his commanding of
+Apollo 13, a few years later.
+
+But this is Apollo 8, where they
+first flew to the Moon.
+
+And here you can see
+him doing it.
+
+And there's the keyboard
+unit up there.
+
+And there was essentially no
+real hands-on of the joystick,
+
+flying to the Moon.
+
+It was much more OK, we've
+got our unit aligned.
+
+He did this 200 times over the
+course of the trip to and from
+
+the Moon on Apollo 8.
+
+This is where they orbited,
+but they never landed.
+
+And he realigned it 200 times.
+
+It had very, very accurate
+navigation.
+
+And the rest of it would be OK,
+here's where we want to
+
+go, here's the velocity
+we want to achieve.
+
+And the computer would just
+orient the spacecraft, set up
+
+the big thruster to fire, fire
+it, and then have the big
+
+velocity change.
+
+A bit change in how the
+astronauts expected
+
+to fly to the Moon.
+
+Yeah, Sarah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that a picture of
+the Command Module or the
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is in the
+Command Module, actually.
+
+AUDIENCE: So there was
+a DSKY in both?
+
+PROFESSOR: There was a
+DSKY in both, yes.
+
+So there were two identical
+copies of the computer, one
+
+was in the Lunar Module and one
+was in the Command Module.
+
+They had different software
+running on them though.
+
+And in Apollo 13, that turned
+out to be a huge benefit
+
+because they could shut the
+entire Command Module down and
+
+transfer the coordinates from
+one to the other and keep the
+
+inertial solution of where they
+were in the Lunar Module,
+
+while they powered down.
+
+So they had a redundant system
+without really what being
+
+aware of it, in a certain way,
+without planning it, although
+
+they did sort of plan it.
+
+And the interesting thing is
+these were two separate
+
+spacecrafts.
+
+How would you do that today?
+
+Well, you'd have some network
+and you just say, copy the
+
+coordinates over.
+
+And all they could do there
+was read it off the LED
+
+display and yell it
+down the tunnel.
+
+And the other guy would
+type it in.
+
+There was no electrical
+
+connection between two computers.
+
+This is actually-- the picture
+in the MIT Museum, behind the
+
+prototype of the computer
+that's sitting there.
+
+It's Davey Hoag, one of the
+engineers on it, just another
+
+view of it.
+
+Although it's a very interesting
+thing here, this
+
+was the original block 1 version
+of the computer.
+
+And the idea was the astronauts
+would be able to
+
+repair the computer in flight.
+
+And it's sort of like, anybody
+ever have an old IBM PC where
+
+you could pull--
+
+I guess PCs are still
+this way.
+
+You can pull the cards
+out and put new
+
+cards in them and stuff.
+
+That was the idea here.
+
+You'd be able to pull
+the cards out.
+
+And they actually talked about
+the astronauts having tools
+
+and soldering irons and
+things to repair
+
+the computer in flight.
+
+That turned out to be a bad
+idea because on a space
+
+flight, and this is still
+true today, the physical
+
+environment becomes completely
+contaminated with all of the
+
+exhalations from the
+human bodies.
+
+And on one of the Mercury
+flights, one of the
+
+electronics boxes shorted out.
+
+And it turned out there were
+urine crystals from the
+
+astronaut that had--
+
+it was vapor I guess, that had
+crystallized on the circuits
+
+and shorted them out.
+
+And so after this, they ended
+up going away from this
+
+in-flight repair and just
+building one sealed box that
+
+was completely hermetically
+sealed, no possibility of
+
+repairing it.
+
+And how did they have redundancy
+you might ask?
+
+And the answer is they didn't.
+
+They just tried to engineer
+it really well, to
+
+make it really reliable.
+
+Anybody know how many on the
+Space Shuttle to control it?
+
+Five.
+
+Five parallel redundant
+computers.
+
+There's one in the
+Apollo system.
+
+It never failed in flight.
+
+This is another view
+of that process.
+
+Here's where the astronaut in
+the Command Module can look at
+
+the Lunar Module and
+they can navigate
+
+relative to each other.
+
+So you could think in your mind
+about all the different
+
+possible combinations of looking
+at the Command Module,
+
+looking at the Lunar Module,
+looking at the Earth, a
+
+million different things
+you can do.
+
+And it was an supremely
+flexible program
+
+that they could use.
+
+Here's another view.
+
+I probably just like the
+way they make these
+
+drawings and stuff.
+
+And you can see in all of them,
+made by the computer
+
+engineers at Draper, with
+computers in the center of the
+
+system and the astronaut is
+like this minor peripheral
+
+that contributes something
+here and there.
+
+Here's another one,
+yet another one.
+
+This is actually a view that's
+kind of interesting to look
+
+at, of the position error at the
+critical moment where they
+
+left the Earth's gravitational
+field and they entered the
+
+Moon's gravitational field.
+
+And when they're sighting on
+the Earth's horizon as they
+
+get that far away, the
+error is just rising
+
+and rising and rising.
+
+And then at this critical
+moment, they switched and they
+
+sight on the lunar horizon
+with these three stars.
+
+And you can see the error just
+goes down almost to nothing,
+
+compared to the later calculated
+accurate value.
+
+So they plotted this stuff
+obsessively and
+
+were extremely clear.
+
+Actually, this is the
+actual error.
+
+That's the position of where
+their orbit is and depending
+
+on where you are.
+
+And that was part of the common
+filter problem is you
+
+only want to take the sightings
+to update the
+
+solution when it's going to
+really be better than the
+
+noise in the process to do it.
+
+And Batten was very good
+at figuring out
+
+when that would be.
+
+Another view of it.
+
+Here's the one in the
+Lunar Module.
+
+Remember, the crews
+are standing up.
+
+You can see them here.
+
+Here's the astronaut
+right there.
+
+Again sort of considering
+obviously this human and
+
+machine computing thing
+that I've been
+
+talking about all semester.
+
+Another view of the landing.
+
+So I wanted to show you one
+little clip about the software
+
+for this, because it's actually
+really interesting.
+
+The entire work statement for
+MIT's role in the Apollo
+
+program is 10 pages long.
+
+This is before it became
+$140 million program.
+
+And one line says, of course MIT
+will provide the programs
+
+that are required to run
+them the computer.
+
+And it doesn't use the word
+"software." The word software
+
+hadn't been invented.
+
+And I'll show a graph
+in a little bit.
+
+By the end of the program, they
+were worried they may not
+
+make the landing on the
+Moon because the
+
+software wouldn't be ready.
+
+So the transition I would say
+between people bragging about
+
+how big their computers are and
+Apollo, was the beginning
+
+of people bragging about
+how small they are.
+
+And then also the transition
+from idea that hardware was
+
+really unreliable.
+
+But one of the things this
+computer used was really the
+
+first silicon chips, integrated
+circuits.
+
+They bought 60% of the entire US
+production of semiconductor
+
+chips in 1964.
+
+It gave a huge boost to this
+budding, very uncertain
+
+technology.
+
+And that made the hardware
+actually really reliable.
+
+And like I said, they
+never really had a
+
+hardware failure in fight.
+
+But there were all kinds of
+funky software bugs that they
+
+kind of uncover and the
+beginning of that software
+
+could kill you too.
+
+AUDIENCE: What was the
+percentage again?
+
+PROFESSOR: 60%.
+
+So I'll play this little clip,
+which is from a video that we
+
+made a couple years ago.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: So one of things
+interesting about that is that
+
+they wove this core-rope
+memory.
+
+And we started this class
+talking about the relationship
+
+of industry in New England,
+and typically the textile
+
+industry to the foundation of
+MIT and how many of the people
+
+who had founded that industry
+were MIT's early trustees.
+
+And here we are a hundred years
+later, and the textile
+
+industry which is essentially
+dying or dead by that time in
+
+New England, these workers are
+still very much using those
+
+same kinds of skills.
+
+Literally, that software was
+manufactured in an old textile
+
+plant in Waltham, Massachusetts,
+which still
+
+exists today.
+
+And also we probably mentioned
+Digital Equipment Corporation.
+
+They started in old
+textile plants.
+
+If you go today to Manchester,
+New Hampshire or even Lowell,
+
+you'll find high-tech software
+companies and stuff in these
+
+old textile factories.
+
+So there is this sort
+of site all of
+
+industrial decline and renewal.
+
+This is one model.
+
+You can see, those of
+you familiar with
+
+microcontrollers, it looks very
+similar to what you might
+
+see today, all the different
+inputs, radars, and sensors,
+
+and things, and the outputs for
+the Lunar Module Another
+
+view of the system.
+
+Totally fly-by-wife, so every
+time any commands from a
+
+joystick, which weren't used
+very commonly anyway, they
+
+always went through the digital
+computer before going
+
+out to any of the thrusters.
+
+At first, the astronauts wanted
+direct wires, physical
+
+wires, to control the solenoids
+for the thrusters.
+
+But there are 16 attitude
+thrusters on the Lunar Module.
+
+And you can imagine trying to,
+in these clusters of four,
+
+imagine trying to control each
+one of those individually.
+
+It was just not possible
+to do.
+
+Here's one view that I like
+to show from the Draper--
+
+the instrumentation lab,
+of no automation in
+
+the cockpit, no software.
+
+The crew is completely busy,
+overwhelmed, doing all these
+
+different jobs.
+
+And then full automation.
+
+They're sleeping and smoking
+cigars and playing cards.
+
+And all they have to do is
+look at the abort button.
+
+It's pretty much how the
+launch happened.
+
+And still happens in
+the shuttle today.
+
+There's no manual control for
+the first part of the launch.
+
+And the astronauts were
+convinced they could fly the
+
+Saturn V rocket by hand, off the
+launch pad, which turned
+
+out not to be the case.
+
+And they tried to find a kind of
+middle ground between these
+
+two positions.
+
+Another view of that
+navigation flow.
+
+This one is a little bit later
+and much more sophisticated
+
+than the earlier ones.
+
+I'll skip over a lot of this.
+
+That's the DSKY, the
+display keyboard.
+
+Another view of it.
+
+This type of digit, anybody
+seen those before?
+
+There's sort of a standard--
+
+you can still see them
+today in some places.
+
+They're called 7-segment
+displays, because it's seven
+
+segments of a number.
+
+They're a little bit
+obsolete today.
+
+But they're sort of part of
+calculators and stuff.
+
+As near as I can tell, that
+display was invented for the
+
+Apollo computer.
+
+There's one guy on the team
+who claims that he did it.
+
+And I've never found anybody
+who claims that they did it
+
+before that.
+
+So this kind of numerical
+output, which became an icon
+
+of the digital age for a long
+time, was created for Apollo.
+
+Just beginning to see touch-tone
+telephones.
+
+Anybody ever see a touchdown
+telephone?
+
+Probably before your
+time, mainly.
+
+But.
+
+Instead of dial tones.
+
+And this was the layout of
+the touch-tone telephone.
+
+And although in the end, AT&T
+flipped it upside down.
+
+And the astronauts had a
+lot of resistance to
+
+typing things in.
+
+Because again, typing was not
+something that highly-trained
+
+test pilots were
+used to doing.
+
+They'd consider that office work
+and mostly women's work.
+
+And now of course, everybody
+types all the time.
+
+But at the time, that
+sort of work was not
+
+their idea of fun.
+
+This guy is the guy you saw in
+that slide show, Don Eyles.
+
+Here he is with Don Draper.
+
+And I like this picture
+because--
+
+and it actually relates
+us to some of the
+
+readings for today.
+
+It captures the sense that this
+Apollo project was partly
+
+a product of what was
+really the '50s,
+
+kind of Cold War mentality.
+
+And by the time it came to
+fruition in the late '60s, was
+
+a whole different world.
+
+In fact, if you look at the
+naming of the Apollo capsules,
+
+the first ones are called Eagle
+and Colombia and these
+
+kind of super high-brow,
+patriotic names.
+
+And then by the later Apollo
+programs, the capsules are
+
+called Snoopy and Aquarius,
+and much more kind of
+
+reflecting '60s hippies
+culture.
+
+And this guy Don Eyles, he
+graduated from BU with a
+
+degree in mathematics
+in 1967, so two
+
+years before the landing.
+
+The Apollo program was already
+beginning to wind down on the
+
+engineering.
+
+He got a job at Draper Labs and
+he started working there.
+
+And within a few months, he
+was writing the code that
+
+controlled the landing
+on the Moon.
+
+And most of the code was written
+by him and a few other
+
+people for the actual landing.
+
+And he was 24 years old when
+Apollo 11 landed on the Moon.
+
+And he was basically a hippie.
+
+He had long hair.
+
+And he talks about, during his
+lunch breaks, he would go out
+
+in Cambridge to protest
+the Vietnam War.
+
+And then come back to this
+super-secret facility that was
+
+working on nuclear guidance and
+other things and work on
+
+the Apollo program.
+
+And he's this great example.
+
+And he's still around.
+
+And he's friend of
+mine these days.
+
+And he comes to speak
+in my Apollo class.
+
+And he's actually
+a visual artist.
+
+He does photography downtown.
+
+And of the way that, on the
+campus you have this mixture
+
+of different kinds of cultures
+and different sorts of
+
+politics, mixing very freely
+on the campus.
+
+And he never found any
+problem with that.
+
+And he did his job just fine.
+
+And he worked at Draper Labs for
+another 25 years until he
+
+retired about 10 years ago.
+
+This is an interesting
+one because it
+
+also shows you how--
+
+this thing right here
+is a paper tape.
+
+And they would literally take
+the code from the computer,
+
+and very much in the same spirit
+of the numerically
+
+controlled machine tools that we
+talked about, feed the code
+
+into this paper tape, into
+this big machine.
+
+And it would automatically
+position this frame over the
+
+hole, where she's putting
+her needle through.
+
+So they did manage to automate
+it somewhat, where all the
+
+worker had to do was thread the
+needle, wait for the thing
+
+to move, and thread it.
+
+She didn't have to look
+up a binary chart and
+
+then find it there.
+
+So that work was becoming
+increasingly automated.
+
+These are some of the people
+who were involved in the
+
+thing, some of who you
+saw in the video.
+
+This guy Joe Gavin
+was at MIT grad.
+
+He just died, I think less
+than a year ago.
+
+And he was vice president of
+Grumman when they made the
+
+Lunar Lander and then became
+president of Grumman later.
+
+And these other guys are mostly
+
+programmers of various kinds.
+
+And they mentioned Margaret
+Hamilton, one of the very few
+
+women engineers on
+the program.
+
+Here's the manpower for
+hardware, which peaks in '65
+
+and goes down.
+
+And then the software manpower
+just goes right up and almost
+
+swamps them by the end.
+
+I'll just say a little bit
+more about the landing.
+
+The landing was the most
+challenging part
+
+of the entire mission.
+
+And up until this point right
+here, at about 50,000 feet, it
+
+was entirely controlled
+by this computer.
+
+So all these programmers down
+in Cambridge are sitting
+
+there, watching it on
+the big screen.
+
+And there's a room full of
+people like this size.
+
+And each one of them has a
+little piece of that program
+
+that's written in.
+
+And they're all sort of
+contributing in real time.
+
+While the astronauts are
+standing there monitoring,
+
+until about 500 feet.
+
+And they have this very clever
+thing where the computer would
+
+spit out a number, which you
+could see down here, like 43.
+
+And then the commander, this
+would be Neil Armstrong, would
+
+look through his window at this
+number, minus 43, and he
+
+could look out and see where
+the target point was.
+
+And the idea was then he could
+change the target point if he
+
+didn't like where it was.
+
+And this is another view
+of what he might see.
+
+So there would be that the
+landing site there, just sort
+
+of a passive heads-up display.
+
+And he could actually jog his
+joystick and just say, I don't
+
+like that landing site.
+
+I want to kick it over there.
+
+It would move by a degree.
+
+And then the computer would
+recalculate the entire
+
+trajectory and bring
+them that way.
+
+And he could do that laterally
+and fore and aft, as many
+
+times as he wanted in the
+course of the landing.
+
+And in some of the landings,
+they actually did it up to 18
+
+or 20 times.
+
+And the idea was it would
+gradually converge on a
+
+perfect spot.
+
+And the interesting thing about
+that, which is sort of
+
+the topic of another story, is
+that on all six landings, they
+
+turned that system off at about
+500 feet and they flew
+
+it in a more semi-automatic
+mode, still
+
+very much fly by wire.
+
+But then the story of the Apollo
+landings became, the
+
+astronaut intervenes, turns
+off this sort of balky
+
+technology, which is landing him
+in a crater, and saves the
+
+day by finding the perfect spot
+and bringing it down.
+
+And it was not really an
+accurate story because the
+
+whole system was designed to
+interact with the operator to
+
+allow them to select the
+right kind of spot.
+
+But they all turned
+it off anyway.
+
+They just wanted to fly.
+
+Actually Dave Scott, who
+is an MIT graduate--
+
+it's about a third of the people
+who walked on the Moon
+
+had degrees from MIT.
+
+And I teach a graduate course in
+AeroAstro with Larry Young
+
+on this whole story.
+
+And we often have the Apollo
+astronauts in to
+
+speak to the students.
+
+And they'll tell you, they were
+either Larry's office
+
+mates or a few of them were
+his master's students when
+
+they were here in
+the early '60s.
+
+And actually tomorrow, Dave
+Scott is going to come.
+
+He was the commander
+of Apollo 15.
+
+And he's the only one who I
+think gave a really accurate
+
+description of what happened
+in these last seconds.
+
+He said, you can say that you
+wanted to be in the loop if
+
+anything went wrong.
+
+But you knew that if something
+went wrong with a computer,
+
+you were dead anyway.
+
+But I came away that whole
+way and darn it, I
+
+just wanted to fly.
+
+And so they all ended
+up flying it the
+
+last 500 feet or so.
+
+And then NASA and the public
+and the press could all say
+
+that sort of traditional
+American values were confirmed
+
+by these sort of cowboy
+astronauts landing on the Moon
+
+by themselves.
+
+But actually there was this
+MIT-designed computer there.
+
+And it's an interesting story
+too about MIT educations,
+
+because the earlier crews--
+
+Aldren had a Ph.D. from MIT.
+
+And the earlier astronauts
+were not
+
+very academic engineers.
+
+But gradually over
+time, they became
+
+much more highly educated.
+
+And MIT, with the exception of
+West Point and the Naval
+
+Academy and Air Force Academy,
+the service academies, MIT has
+
+trained more astronauts
+than any other school.
+
+And it became increasingly sort
+of de rigeur to have a
+
+master's or a Ph.D
+in engineering.
+
+And those crews were much more
+accepting of these advanced
+
+techniques for the guidance and
+much less interested in
+
+just flying it on in
+by themselves.
+
+Alan Shepard, and we mentioned
+his flight, he
+
+commanded Apollo 14.
+
+And he said, aah, if the
+computer failed, I could have
+
+just taken over and landed
+by myself on the Moon.
+
+Which is physically impossible,
+because you're
+
+looking at a terrain landscape
+that has zero indicators of
+
+how far away from it you are.
+
+You could actually be six inches
+or six miles and you
+
+wouldn't be able to tell the
+difference because there's no
+
+trees, there's no trucks,
+there are no highways,
+
+anything to give you
+a sense of scale.
+
+And he had a problem with
+his landing radar.
+
+It didn't come in until
+the last few minutes.
+
+But if the landing radar had
+never come in, he said he
+
+would have landed it anyway.
+
+And he probably would
+have crashed, if he
+
+had tried to do that.
+
+They're actually using this--
+
+anybody want to guess
+what this is, what
+
+this diagram portrays?
+
+It's actually a model of
+the lunar terrain.
+
+So if you've ever programmed a
+control system-- we used to
+
+have this problem building
+underwater robots all time--
+
+and you want to hold
+a fixed altitude.
+
+If you're cruising along the
+bottom of the ocean in a robot
+
+that's programmed to hold a
+fixed altitude, so it's
+
+sending a sonar beam off the
+bottom and trying to hold an
+
+altitude, and then you go over
+a hole, the vehicle is going
+
+to dive down like this
+and smash into
+
+the side of the hole.
+
+And same thing here.
+
+If you're trying to fly over
+a mountain range--
+
+it's not a coincidence that
+the site for the Apollo 11
+
+landing was called the
+Sea of Tranquility.
+
+They found the flattest, most
+even terrain they could find.
+
+But the geologists who were
+running the science
+
+experiments, really wanted to go
+into places where there was
+
+a lot of geological activity,
+so the terrain
+
+was a lot more crazy.
+
+And on the later flights, they
+really did land very much high
+
+up in the mountains.
+
+And this is just a way, where
+with five line segments, in a
+
+very, very simple computer
+model, all it takes is these
+
+five line segments and like six
+numbers, you could model
+
+that there were mountains
+here.
+
+And then you expected the
+terrain to go like that.
+
+And the computer model could eat
+all that stuff for lunch
+
+and it would keep a very stable
+trajectory and allow
+
+you to go over the mountains,
+and then land right at the
+
+edge, which is what they did on
+Apollo 15, and 16, and 17,
+
+a very clever thing.
+
+That's the view out the window,
+of Aldrin's side.
+
+AUDIENCE: When do you begin to
+see the sort of the decline in
+
+the pilot-orientedness
+of the astronauts
+
+wanting to control more?
+
+Because the thing that your
+lecture brings to my mind is
+
+the book, The Right Stuff, in
+which that's a big issue.
+
+But clearly what you're saying
+is over time, that declines.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hopefully,
+we're seeing it now.
+
+After the Moon landing,
+what did they do?
+
+They started sending an
+airplane into orbit.
+
+It wasn't the wisest choice.
+
+But it was because the
+astronauts wanted to fly
+
+something that had
+wings on it.
+
+And it's not a very efficient
+way to go to and from space.
+
+AUDIENCE: So was Alex Roland
+right all along?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, in some way.
+
+But from MIT's point of view,
+again building into the Bill
+
+Leslie piece from today, the
+Apollo program ends in 1972.
+
+It has this huge triumph
+in 1969.
+
+And that's right when all
+these protests end up
+
+happening and the Draper
+Labs gets spun out.
+
+They were extremely offended
+and insulted by that move.
+
+And there is still hard feelings
+about it today.
+
+A lot of the people who worked
+at the Instrumentation Lab
+
+were happy to work on
+a civilian project.
+
+And one of the reasons they
+liked working on Apollo was
+
+that it was a non-weapons
+kind of project.
+
+And then they felt like they
+got the bad end of the rap
+
+during a lot of the
+protests anyway.
+
+There was still a lot of
+military funding and a lot of
+
+weapons work going on there.
+
+But it's sort of this irony of
+this moment when this part of
+
+MIT has this world shattering
+technological triumph in a
+
+way, and then also becomes
+the brunt of it.
+
+And it just shows you again the
+ways that all these things
+
+on this campus and in
+the country were
+
+conflicted at the time.
+
+And somebody wrote recently
+that at the time it seemed
+
+like the hippies and the Moon
+landings were the furthest
+
+thing apart.
+
+One of them was the military
+industrial complex and one of
+
+them was this kind of Utopian
+vision of the world.
+
+But looking back 30 years later,
+you can see they have a
+
+lot in common.
+
+They were both sort of Utopian,
+futuristic visions
+
+that never quite succeeded in
+the promise that they held.
+
+And yet they both influenced
+the world in different ways
+
+that people hadn't
+really expected.
+
+And that was true on campus.
+
+So mentioned in their response
+paper, I'm forgetting who,
+
+about how it was really the
+one moment there was major
+
+political activism on campus.
+
+There were other places too.
+
+But in this entire story, we
+were teaching you the history
+
+of Yale University or
+NYU or Columbia.
+
+It's a very political story
+the way the students are
+
+responding to the currents in
+the outside world and how
+
+those things played
+out on campus.
+
+And it's a much more muted story
+here for reasons that
+
+might be worth discussing.
+
+And in the discussion, it's
+really remarkable and notable
+
+this one moment in the '70s,
+when it happened.
+
+And whereas, I went to college
+at Yale in the '80s and there
+
+were students being arrested all
+the time for protests and
+
+occupying the president's
+office and things.
+
+It became almost a kind of
+a cartoon of itself,
+
+it happened so often.
+
+Well, if you noticed in the
+150th Exhibit, one of the 150
+
+objects is a tape of the
+Grateful Dead playing on the
+
+front steps of the
+student center.
+
+And I think it was April 1970,
+was that when Kent State was?
+
+And the thing they write about
+it, it was within a week after
+
+Kent State.
+
+And the campus was
+extremely tense.
+
+Everybody was very unsure what
+was going to happen.
+
+And when they played their
+music, they were very aware of
+
+that and really tried to make
+it be a sort of soothing,
+
+calming moment as opposed to
+a fractious, contentious,
+
+potentially violent moment.
+
+And that's one of the reasons
+Debbie chose it as part of the
+
+150 objects.
+
+AUDIENCE: Very interesting.
+
+PROFESSOR: So that takes
+us up to 1970 or so.
+
+And then there's four more
+decades to deal with, between
+
+now and then, some of
+which we read about.
+
+The Cambridge recombinant DNA
+story is in some ways very
+
+much a continuation of
+this sort of story.
+
+Cambridge was, I'm not sure how
+much it still is, it still
+
+is a little bit, a very
+left-leaning community outside
+
+of the university, very
+activist, very concerned about
+
+these big, potentially
+scary technologies.
+
+That was very much the mood of
+the time, was what is this big
+
+nasty force of technology
+doing to our world?
+
+And MIT, it was pretty
+easy for to become
+
+the center of that.
+
+And John Durant's piece shows
+you how that played out,
+
+arguably in a constructive way,
+a very interesting one.
+
+And then in '80s,
+the military--
+
+we talked about this a little
+bit last time--
+
+got very much going again
+under Reagan.
+
+And a lot of money came into
+computer science and other
+
+engineering disciplines.
+
+But also the economics of
+technology and the challenge
+
+from Japan became a big issue.
+
+That had a lot of influence
+on campus.
+
+All the while, biotech and
+biology is sort of creeping up
+
+in importance and
+dollar value.
+
+And then the Cold War ends.
+
+Chuck Vest becomes president in
+the late either '89 or '90,
+
+'91 I think.
+
+He became president right about
+when I came here as a
+
+grad student.
+
+And the big question on
+everybody's mind was what at
+
+that point?
+
+MIT is dependent on government
+funding for so long.
+
+Now that the Cold War is over,
+are we going to just shrivel
+
+up and die?
+
+And the pendulum goes again.
+
+Where do they go?
+
+Back towards industry.
+
+And the '90s is very much--
+
+I mean the government research
+support is always there, but
+
+very much industry.
+
+I remember Chuck Vest saying--
+it was probably pretty late in
+
+his presidency, soon before he
+stepped down, in a faculty
+
+meeting, I've spent so many
+years cultivating industrial
+
+sponsors, it's very difficult.
+
+It's very time consuming.
+
+I would be very happy for the
+government to start up again
+
+and support--
+
+I mean it didn't go down
+ever, as much as
+
+people feared it did.
+
+But it became less of a
+percentage of MIT's income.
+
+Then the financial crisis in '08
+happens and the stimulus
+
+package comes in,
+more government.
+
+And the government runs out
+of money, less government.
+
+So this pendulum
+keeps swinging.
+
+AUDIENCE: The periods
+are shorter.
+
+PROFESSOR: The periods
+are maybe shorter.
+
+It could be true.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YLrCiurZTOE.txt b/YLrCiurZTOE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9046f27981b0bcab8da16eb361b64468f33eb8e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YLrCiurZTOE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in the previous video we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the previous video we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the previous video we talked about
+higher order diagrams and we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order diagrams and we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order diagrams and we looked at
+how we can classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can classify
+those contributions to the total matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contributions to the total matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contributions to the total matrix
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+we didn't do any of the calculations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do any of the calculations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do any of the calculations or
+we didn't calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't calculate
+the prime diagram itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime diagram itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime diagram itself
+and i'm not actually planning to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not actually planning to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not actually planning to do this
+in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture
+what we want to do here is investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do here is investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do here is investigate
+one of the features the very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the features the very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the features the very important
+features of having those higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of having those higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of having those higher order
+corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections
+so if we look at this higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at this higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at this higher order
+diagram here one of the specific ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here one of the specific ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here one of the specific ones
+where we have a self-correction set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a self-correction set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a self-correction set
+energy correction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy correction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy correction to the
+propagator c here so you find this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator c here so you find this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator c here so you find this loop
+here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle
+and if you wear two and we have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you wear two and we have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you wear two and we have all the
+tools at hand to actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools at hand to actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools at hand to actually do the
+calculation if you're there to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation if you're there to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation if you're there to calculate
+the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude
+you find this term here so very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this term here so very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this term here so very good so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+investigate the first part is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the first part is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the first part is this
+finite element here which we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element here which we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element here which we can rewrite
+as q cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q cubed
+times a finite element dq times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a finite element dq times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a finite element dq times
+you know all the angles which we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the angles which we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the angles which we have to
+integrate around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate around
+so we find this q cubed term if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find this q cubed term if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find this q cubed term if you look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+under this in this fraction here i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this in this fraction here i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this in this fraction here i will
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+a q squared times q square and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q squared times q square and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q squared times q square and if you go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+just very large values of q that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very large values of q that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very large values of q that's the
+only thing which remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing which remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing which remains
+so we have an integral one over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an integral one over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an integral one over q
+to the fourth power times q to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth power times q to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth power times q to the third
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+and then we have to integrate this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to integrate this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to integrate this from
+zero to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to infinite
+so if you do this you know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do this you know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do this you know that this
+results in the logarithmic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the logarithmic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the logarithmic term
+and if you have this evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have this evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have this evaluated at
+infinite we find that it diverges so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite we find that it diverges so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite we find that it diverges so the
+result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the
+of the of the integral is infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the integral is infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the integral is infinity
+that is a real problem now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a real problem now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a real problem now if you
+calculate the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the scattering
+um process the result is better not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um process the result is better not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um process the result is better not
+infinite the cross section shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite the cross section shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite the cross section shouldn't be
+infinite the lifetime shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite the lifetime shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite the lifetime shouldn't be
+zero um so that is that is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um so that is that is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um so that is that is a real
+problem and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that actually
+caused this entire theory to not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused this entire theory to not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused this entire theory to not really
+make much progress for quite some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much progress for quite some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much progress for quite some time
+because you were not actually able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were not actually able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were not actually able to
+calculate anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate anything
+the solution is to introduce a cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is to introduce a cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is to introduce a cutoff
+so what happens now if we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens now if we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens now if we don't just
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+do the integration trend right but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integration trend right but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integration trend right but to
+some scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scale
+and so you introduce this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you introduce this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you introduce this additional
+factor here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here in the
+in the integral or under the under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integral or under the under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integral or under the under the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the in the integral and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the integral and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the integral and you just
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+the the integral up to a cut off scale m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integral up to a cut off scale m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the integral up to a cut off scale m
+and then you have an additional term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have an additional term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have an additional term
+where you have to in principle evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to in principle evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to in principle evaluate
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+m to infinite you find that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to infinite you find that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to infinite you find that that
+additional element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional element
+is still infinite you can evaluate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still infinite you can evaluate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still infinite you can evaluate all
+the other parts and it turns out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts and it turns out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts and it turns out if you
+are smart in introducing the cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are smart in introducing the cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are smart in introducing the cutoff
+you know the the theory the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the theory the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the theory the calculations
+still remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remain
+sensible meaning that they perform fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible meaning that they perform fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible meaning that they perform fine
+under loans transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under loans transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under loans transformation
+all the physics intuition we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the physics intuition we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the physics intuition we have is
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+you just have the issue that still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the issue that still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the issue that still there
+is a contribution to this integral which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contribution to this integral which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contribution to this integral which
+is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite
+it turns out now by miracle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out now by miracle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out now by miracle that
+you know you can redefine we scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can redefine we scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can redefine we scale
+or we normalize uh the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we normalize uh the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we normalize uh the physical
+objects in your calculation such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in your calculation such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in your calculation such that
+it appears that there is a correction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears that there is a correction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears that there is a correction to
+your masses or a correction to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your masses or a correction to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your masses or a correction to your
+couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings
+so what you find then is that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you find then is that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you find then is that there is a
+component which is your physical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is your physical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is your physical value
+which is a bear mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bear mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bear mass
+in the bare coupling your coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bare coupling your coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bare coupling your coupling
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+plus some correction there is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some correction there is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some correction there is still a
+problem that those corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that those corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that those corrections
+at infinite scale are infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infinite scale are infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infinite scale are infinite
+however when we do experiments we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when we do experiments we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when we do experiments we are
+performing them at a specific scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing them at a specific scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing them at a specific scale
+and so this problem of you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this problem of you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this problem of you know if you
+go to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to really
+high scales things get out of hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high scales things get out of hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high scales things get out of hand
+is actually not a real problem when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not a real problem when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not a real problem when you
+compare the theoretical prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the theoretical prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the theoretical prediction
+this experiment there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment there's an interesting
+feature here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here
+when you actually look at the running or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at the running or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at the running or
+the evolution of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of your
+coupling which is shown here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling which is shown here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling which is shown here the
+function of energy this shows this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy this shows this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy this shows this as a
+logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm
+logarithm of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the energy
+you can do this for the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this for the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this for the electromagnetic
+for the weak and for the strong inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the weak and for the strong inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the weak and for the strong inter
+exchange and note here this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and note here this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and note here this is this is
+the inverse of the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the coupling
+um that they all they all run they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they all they all run they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they all they all run they all
+are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent
+and have to be evaluated at a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to be evaluated at a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to be evaluated at a specific
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+um but unfortunately that at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but unfortunately that at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but unfortunately that at a very high
+high mass scale they don't all appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high mass scale they don't all appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high mass scale they don't all appear to
+converge in the same spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in the same spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in the same spot
+it is interesting to know that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is interesting to know that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is interesting to know that if i
+introduce new particles along the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new particles along the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new particles along the scale
+here notices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notices
+you know 10 to the 10th gev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 to the 10th gev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 to the 10th gev
+this new particle will change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new particle will change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new particle will change the
+behavior of the running of the couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the running of the couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the running of the couplings
+the energy behavior of the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy behavior of the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy behavior of the coupling
+changes if i introduce new couplings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes if i introduce new couplings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes if i introduce new couplings and
+you can already understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already understand this
+because i would introduce new diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i would introduce new diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i would introduce new diagrams
+which contribute in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contribute in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contribute in this way
+and then those result in in a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those result in in a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those result in in a change in
+the running behavior so one of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running behavior so one of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running behavior so one of the ideas
+for new physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new physics
+which we might discuss in the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we might discuss in the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we might discuss in the very last
+lecture of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of this class
+is that you by introducing new particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you by introducing new particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you by introducing new particles
+along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+you are actually able to combine all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are actually able to combine all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are actually able to combine all of
+the couplings involved here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the couplings involved here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the couplings involved here
+electromagnetic weak and strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weak and strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weak and strong
+in a specific at a specific scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a specific at a specific scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a specific at a specific scale and
+then have a combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have a combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have a combined
+unified theory describing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theory describing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theory describing all of the
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+or we discuss in nuclear and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we discuss in nuclear and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we discuss in nuclear and particle
+physics so that would be great that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so that would be great that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so that would be great that is
+new physics and we don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new physics and we don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new physics and we don't know if this is
+realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized
+however what is realized in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what is realized in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what is realized in our
+calculation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is that
+the physical masses and couplings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical masses and couplings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical masses and couplings we
+observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+there are evaluated at a specific scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are evaluated at a specific scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are evaluated at a specific scale
+and they do run as function of the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do run as function of the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do run as function of the scale
+as shown in this in this plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown in this in this plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown in this in this plot here
+we will look at this very specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at this very specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at this very specifically
+at the running of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the running of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the running of
+uh you know those those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know those those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know those those three
+interactions the electromagnetic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the electromagnetic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the electromagnetic the
+weak and the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and the strong
+and we can also observe this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also observe this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also observe this when we
+study the masses involved they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the masses involved they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the masses involved they are
+have to be evaluated or are evaluated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be evaluated or are evaluated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be evaluated or are evaluated in
+experiments as a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as a specific
+at a specific scale
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YQQOfK3ZLRU.txt b/YQQOfK3ZLRU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bbe05528cd470afef8590169a94b63cb1d6c2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YQQOfK3ZLRU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11789 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome to 18 s190 intro to metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to 18 s190 intro to metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to 18 s190 intro to metric
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+my name is Paige dote so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Paige dote so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Paige dote so sometimes
+you'll see it as page bright online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it as page bright online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it as page bright online
+that's just because I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because I'm going to change
+my name uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name uh
+but you can just call me Paige
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yeah this is intro to metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah this is intro to metric spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah this is intro to metric spaces
+where today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where today we're going to talk about
+the connection between what's covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between what's covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between what's covered in
+18100a and was covered in 18100b or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18100a and was covered in 18100b or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18100a and was covered in 18100b or
+respectively p and Q and for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively p and Q and for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively p and Q and for those of
+y'all who don't know there's this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all who don't know there's this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all who don't know there's this nice
+little rubric that I like to draw every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rubric that I like to draw every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rubric that I like to draw every
+time I teach this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I teach this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I teach this class
+because it was drawn for me in my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was drawn for me in my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was drawn for me in my first
+year and it helped me really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and it helped me really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and it helped me really understand
+what the difference is between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is between the
+courses were which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses were which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses were which were
+not cim a communications class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cim a communications class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cim a communications class
+communications class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real analysis on euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis on euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis on euclidean space
+and or I guess I should say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or I guess I should say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or I guess I should say more
+than euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the classes go as follows 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the classes go as follows 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the classes go as follows 18
+100a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100a
+b p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b p and Q
+but realistically what I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but realistically what I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but realistically what I hope to
+highlight today is the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight today is the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight today is the fact that there's
+not too much difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much difference between these
+two courses it's just a conceptual leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two courses it's just a conceptual leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two courses it's just a conceptual leap
+but this conceptual leap is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this conceptual leap is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this conceptual leap is really
+important to have for next courses so 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have for next courses so 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have for next courses so 18
+101 102 103 901 there's any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 102 103 901 there's any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 102 103 901 there's any number of
+classes that come after this that having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that come after this that having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that come after this that having
+intuition of metric spaces will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of metric spaces will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of metric spaces will be
+deeply helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply helpful for
+so yeah metric spaces are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah metric spaces are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah metric spaces are going to be
+what lies on the interim between a B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lies on the interim between a B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lies on the interim between a B and
+P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and Q
+okay a little bit about me before I jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a little bit about me before I jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a little bit about me before I jump
+right in I'm a third year at MIT I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in I'm a third year at MIT I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in I'm a third year at MIT I've
+been teaching this class for two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching this class for two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching this class for two years
+this is my second year and I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my second year and I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my second year and I started
+teaching it because one of my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it because one of my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it because one of my friends
+was in 18102 and having a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 18102 and having a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 18102 and having a really hard
+time with things like Norms which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with things like Norms which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with things like Norms which is a
+version of a metric space which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a metric space which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a metric space which we'll
+talk about a little bit in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit in this class
+but it's rather unfortunate if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rather unfortunate if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rather unfortunate if you get
+to the next class and it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next class and it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next class and it seems like
+you're unprepared for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unprepared for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unprepared for one of the
+introductory tools but one that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory tools but one that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory tools but one that comes
+with a lot of baggage a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of baggage a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of baggage a lot of
+conceptual baggage to keep in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual baggage to keep in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual baggage to keep in mind and
+hopefully today through today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today through today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today through today's lecture
+you'll see what some of those concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what some of those concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what some of those concepts
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+but let's start with a simpler example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start with a simpler example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start with a simpler example
+before we jump right into metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we jump right into metric spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we jump right into metric spaces
+we're just going to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about what
+makes real analysis work like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes real analysis work like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes real analysis work like what are
+the what's the basic tool of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the basic tool of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the basic tool of real
+analysis that makes it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that makes it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that makes it work
+and as I'm certain y'all have realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I'm certain y'all have realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I'm certain y'all have realized
+through the definitions that we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the definitions that we use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the definitions that we use in
+real analysis like convergent sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis like convergent sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis like convergent sequences
+continuous functions all of it relies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions all of it relies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions all of it relies on
+a notion of absolute values and nor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of absolute values and nor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of absolute values and nor and
+um euclidean distance and so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um euclidean distance and so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um euclidean distance and so let me
+write out what that euclidian distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what that euclidian distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what that euclidian distance
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so given two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given two points
+X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y
+and euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and euclidean space
+we call the distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the distance between them
+x minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y
+in RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be the sum of the distances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of the distances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of the distances between
+each of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the components
+squared to the one-half this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the one-half this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the one-half this is just the
+Pythagorean theorem and this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem and this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem and this definition
+is known as euclidean distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I'm certain y'all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm certain y'all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm certain y'all know
+from 1802.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1802.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1802.
+mostly speaking though we focus on R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly speaking though we focus on R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly speaking though we focus on R
+just because most of the theory breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because most of the theory breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because most of the theory breaks
+down into studying everything in r so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into studying everything in r so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into studying everything in r so if
+you don't prefer thinking in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't prefer thinking in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't prefer thinking in N
+Dimensions you can always think in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you can always think in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you can always think in one
+dimension and for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and for the most part
+everything will be fine and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be fine and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be fine and in fact
+we'll see why it'll be fine in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why it'll be fine in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why it'll be fine in a moment
+but what are the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the most important
+properties of this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this distance
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+firstly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly
+we have that it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that the distance from X to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the distance from X to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the distance from X to y
+is the same as the distance from y to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over RN and this is something we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over RN and this is something we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over RN and this is something we should
+expect we should expect the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect we should expect the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect we should expect the distance
+from me to use the same as the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me to use the same as the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me to use the same as the distance
+from U to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to me
+we also have that it's positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have that it's positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have that it's positive or
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically that
+the distances between points is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances between points is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances between points is always
+bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if the distance is exactly equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the distance is exactly equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the distance is exactly equal to zero
+this is true only if if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true only if if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true only if if and only if the
+two points are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points are the same
+so the distance between you and someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance between you and someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distance between you and someone
+else is only zero if you are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is only zero if you are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is only zero if you are the same
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and if any of the notation I use doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if any of the notation I use doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if any of the notation I use doesn't
+make sense I'm happy to elaborate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense I'm happy to elaborate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense I'm happy to elaborate but
+this is the notation for if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the notation for if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the notation for if and only if
+and then finally the most important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally the most important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally the most important one
+arguably though the hardest one to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably though the hardest one to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably though the hardest one to show
+most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time
+is the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the distance between x and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance between x and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance between x and z
+is less than or equal to the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the distance
+from X to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to y
+plus the distance from y to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the three properties that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three properties that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three properties that make
+real analysis work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis work
+now if you think back to all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think back to all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think back to all those
+definitions that I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that I was talking about
+earlier convergent sequences koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier convergent sequences koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier convergent sequences koshy
+sequences and so on all of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and so on all of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and so on all of them have
+something to do with these absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with these absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with these absolute
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+and that's because these absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because these absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because these absolute values
+are in fact a metric when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact a metric when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact a metric when I when I
+Define what a metric space is which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what a metric space is which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what a metric space is which will
+just be in a moment is simply going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be in a moment is simply going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be in a moment is simply going to
+be a set with these three properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set with these three properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set with these three properties
+so let me go ahead and write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+is a set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D which will be called our metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D which will be called our metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D which will be called our metric
+which takes in two points in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes in two points in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes in two points in x
+and spits out a real number in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out a real number in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out a real number in fact it
+doesn't just spit out a real number it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just spit out a real number it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just spit out a real number it
+spits out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out one
+that is between 0 and infinity and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is between 0 and infinity and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is between 0 and infinity and not
+including Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Infinity
+and it satisfies the three properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and D satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can rewrite these definitions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite these definitions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite these definitions if you
+all would like but just replace the apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all would like but just replace the apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all would like but just replace the apps
+what's really happening is your place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is your place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is your place
+the absolute values between X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values between X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute values between X and Y
+with the distance from X to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the distance from X to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the distance from X to y
+does this make sense everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense everyone
+and one point of confusion last year was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one point of confusion last year was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one point of confusion last year was
+what is the notation with this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the notation with this times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the notation with this times
+thing mean it just means that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing mean it just means that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing mean it just means that we're
+taking in one point in X and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in one point in X and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in one point in X and another
+point in X so distance from X to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in X so distance from X to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in X so distance from X to y
+this is the definition of a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the definition of a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the definition of a metric space
+it's not terribly insane but what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly insane but what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly insane but what it
+allows us to do is study all the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do is study all the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do is study all the tools
+that we did in real analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did in real analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did in real analysis
+all of a sudden and the completely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden and the completely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden and the completely new
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+so now the first few examples I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the first few examples I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the first few examples I'm going
+to talk about r01s on euclidean Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about r01s on euclidean Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about r01s on euclidean Space
+just because we have a lot of intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we have a lot of intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we have a lot of intuition
+about that already but Sooners we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that already but Sooners we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that already but Sooners we'll see
+you can study this on plain old sets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study this on plain old sets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study this on plain old sets you
+can study this on topological spaces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study this on topological spaces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study this on topological spaces you
+can study this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study this on
+on functions it's a very powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on functions it's a very powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on functions it's a very powerful tool
+that generalized a lot of math when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generalized a lot of math when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generalized a lot of math when it
+was first invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first invented
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so let's start off with some more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start off with some more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start off with some more of
+these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another distance
+on RN that we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one that takes in two points X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that takes in two points X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that takes in two points X and Y
+in fact I'll call this one D Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I'll call this one D Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I'll call this one D Infinity
+for the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the metric
+so it takes an X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes an X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes an X and Y
+and spits out the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out the maximum
+over every component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distances
+so in other words if I have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here in three-dimensional Space X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in three-dimensional Space X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in three-dimensional Space X
+and one that goes here the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that goes here the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that goes here the largest
+distance would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance would probably be
+the vertical one I will just say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical one I will just say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical one I will just say and
+that would be the euclidean distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the euclidean distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the euclidean distance
+it's a maximum distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a maximum distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a maximum distance between the
+components so if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so if I write
+X as X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as X1
+through xn the metric just gives out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn the metric just gives out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn the metric just gives out the
+maximum value of the differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of the differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value of the differences of
+these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components
+uh since you just walked in let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since you just walked in let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since you just walked in let me just
+briefly explain what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly explain what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly explain what's happening
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redefine what a metric space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine what a metric space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine what a metric space is
+I simply a set with a function that acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simply a set with a function that acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simply a set with a function that acts
+like a distance and the three properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a distance and the three properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a distance and the three properties
+we wanted to have is we wanted it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to have is we wanted it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to have is we wanted it to be
+symmetric so the distance from me to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so the distance from me to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so the distance from me to use
+the same as U to me we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as U to me we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as U to me we want it to be
+positive definite we don't want our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite we don't want our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite we don't want our
+distances to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances to be negative
+and the triangle inequality which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the triangle inequality which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the triangle inequality which we
+should be a little bit more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a little bit more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a little bit more familiar
+with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so
+yeah that's the definition of a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the definition of a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the definition of a metric
+space and now I'm just defining a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and now I'm just defining a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and now I'm just defining a new
+example but if I ask you on a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but if I ask you on a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but if I ask you on a problem
+set which I will do to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which I will do to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which I will do to prove that
+something isometric you have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something isometric you have to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something isometric you have to prove
+the three properties which isn't in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three properties which isn't in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three properties which isn't in this
+case terrible to do because uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case terrible to do because uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case terrible to do because uh I guess
+proof technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof technically
+one it's definitely positive or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's definitely positive or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's definitely positive or it's
+definitely positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely positive
+because we're using absolute values it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're using absolute values it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're using absolute values it's
+not going to give us something negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give us something negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give us something negative
+but the thing that's a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing that's a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing that's a little bit harder
+to check sometimes is we have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check sometimes is we have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check sometimes is we have to check
+its positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definite
+so if the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the distance
+D Infinity from X to Y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Infinity from X to Y is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Infinity from X to Y is zero
+what does that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us
+well that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that tells us
+that for all I the distance between x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all I the distance between x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all I the distance between x i
+and y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y i
+must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero
+why is this true well if it wasn't zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true well if it wasn't zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true well if it wasn't zero
+if it was something slightly bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was something slightly bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was something slightly bigger than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+then the supplement metric on this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the supplement metric on this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the supplement metric on this D
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+would make this have to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make this have to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make this have to be bigger than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+right so this implies that X is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this implies that X is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this implies that X is in fact
+equal to Y that's how we Define equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y that's how we Define equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y that's how we Define equality
+on euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on euclidean space
+and the opposite direction usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the opposite direction usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the opposite direction usually a
+little bit easier if X is equal to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier if X is equal to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier if X is equal to y
+then the same conclusion holds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same conclusion holds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same conclusion holds so
+usually that direction is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that direction is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that direction is a little bit
+easier if you assume equality showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if you assume equality showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if you assume equality showing
+that it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's zero
+but the other direction can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other direction can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other direction can be a little
+bit harder assume it's zero what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit harder assume it's zero what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit harder assume it's zero what can you
+say or assume it's not zero what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or assume it's not zero what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or assume it's not zero what can you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+to do a proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a proof by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a proof by contradiction
+and then lastly we have to or sorry no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly we have to or sorry no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly we have to or sorry no
+two more uh it's definitely symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that it's symmetric just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's symmetric just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's symmetric just
+follows from the fact that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the fact that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the fact that you can just
+swap any of the two in the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap any of the two in the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap any of the two in the maximum
+it's not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad
+and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+I have to check the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to check the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to check the triangle inequality
+and this is where it can be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where it can be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where it can be a little bit
+more tricky because you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricky because you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricky because you might be
+inclined to just say oh it's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to just say oh it's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to just say oh it's the maximum
+of things that satisfy the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that satisfy the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that satisfy the triangle
+inequality but we have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but we have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but we have to be a little
+bit more careful than that and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more careful than that and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more careful than that and I'll
+explain why in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why in a moment
+so let's consider two three points x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider two three points x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider two three points x y
+and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z
+in euclidean space RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in euclidean space RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in euclidean space RN
+and let's suppose we're considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's suppose we're considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's suppose we're considering the
+distance D Infinity from X to Z which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D Infinity from X to Z which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D Infinity from X to Z which
+I'll write down again is the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write down again is the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write down again is the maximum of
+I between 1 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I between 1 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I between 1 and n
+of the different distances between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different distances between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different distances between the
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+now we want to go from this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to go from this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to go from this to
+information about Y and what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about Y and what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about Y and what we want to
+do is exploit the fact that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is exploit the fact that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is exploit the fact that we know that
+the absolute value satisfy the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value satisfy the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value satisfy the triangle
+inequality but this maximum function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but this maximum function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but this maximum function
+makes it a little bit more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a little bit more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a little bit more difficult
+and ideas of what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ideas of what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ideas of what we can do
+before we use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in this case there's only finitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case there's only finitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case there's only finitely
+many terms that we're considering so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many terms that we're considering so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many terms that we're considering so we
+know that a maximum has to exist so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a maximum has to exist so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a maximum has to exist so I'll
+just call that term J this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call that term J this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call that term J this is
+as opposed to looking at the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to looking at the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to looking at the maximum
+I'll just consider the distances of x j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just consider the distances of x j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just consider the distances of x j
+to ZJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ZJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ZJ
+and then I can apply the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can apply the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can apply the triangle
+inequality and this is where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and this is where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and this is where it's
+important to double check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to double check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to double check that
+everything is working out we had to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is working out we had to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is working out we had to note
+that a maximum existed before we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a maximum existed before we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a maximum existed before we could
+apply the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the triangle inequality
+so then this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this is less than or equal to
+the distance from X J to y j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from X J to y j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from X J to y j
+plus the distance from y j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the distance from y j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the distance from y j
+to Z J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z J
+and now we can apply the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can apply the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can apply the maximum
+operator again to both of these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator again to both of these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator again to both of these because
+we know that this one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this one is going to be
+less than or equal to the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the maximum
+over I of x i to y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I of x i to y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I of x i to y i
+and we know that this term will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that this term will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that this term will be less
+than or equal to the maximum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the maximum of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the maximum of that
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+so plus the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y i to z i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i to z i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i to z i
+and then we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions happy to reiterate any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions happy to reiterate any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions happy to reiterate any of
+these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+so this shows that it is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows that it is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows that it is in fact a
+metric and it's a pretty useful one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and it's a pretty useful one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and it's a pretty useful one at
+that like what this is telling you is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like what this is telling you is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like what this is telling you is if
+I want to study things on RN I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to study things on RN I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to study things on RN I can
+essentially just study them on R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just study them on R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just study them on R and
+things will work out the same because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will work out the same because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will work out the same because we
+can just study the maximum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just study the maximum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just study the maximum of the
+differences between their components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between their components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between their components
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's look at one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at one more example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at one more example
+on euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on euclidean space
+now as opposed to looking at the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as opposed to looking at the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as opposed to looking at the maximum
+I could instead some over all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could instead some over all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could instead some over all of the
+terms which it will in fact be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which it will in fact be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which it will in fact be a little
+bit easier so I'll call this the D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier so I'll call this the D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier so I'll call this the D1
+distance between X and Y in euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between X and Y in euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between X and Y in euclidean
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+this is the sum of the distances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum of the distances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum of the distances between
+the components so y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components so y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components so y i
+x i to y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll leave you to prove that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll leave you to prove that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll leave you to prove that this is
+in fact a metric but let's run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a metric but let's run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a metric but let's run through
+the checklist one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checklist one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checklist one time
+one we know that it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we know that it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we know that it's definitely
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+positive definite is a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite is a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite is a little bit harder
+right I mean if they're equal then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if they're equal then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if they're equal then we
+definitely have that the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have that the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have that the distances
+between these ones are all zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these ones are all zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these ones are all zero
+if it's if the distance is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if the distance is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if the distance is zero then
+note that we're taking the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we're taking the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we're taking the sum over
+non-negative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative things
+so if the thing on the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the thing on the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the thing on the left hand side is
+zero every single term in the sum must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero every single term in the sum must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero every single term in the sum must
+be zero and that allows us to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and that allows us to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and that allows us to use the
+same conclusion and then you can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same conclusion and then you can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same conclusion and then you can apply
+the triangle inequality right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality right now
+because we're just summing over terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just summing over terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just summing over terms so
+the triangle inequality automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality automatically
+applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies
+so if you want to write through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to write through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to write through that
+feel free to the thing that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to the thing that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to the thing that's more
+important that I want to note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that I want to note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that I want to note here
+is that this is known as the L1 metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you wanted to
+I could just replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just replace this
+D1 with the DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 with the DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 with the DP
+raise this to the piece power and raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this to the piece power and raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this to the piece power and raise
+this to the one over p and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the one over p and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the one over p and that would
+give me the lp metric which is deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the lp metric which is deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the lp metric which is deeply
+important in functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in functional analysis
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a tool that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tool that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tool that it's
+surprise tools that'll help us later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise tools that'll help us later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise tools that'll help us later
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if you take a class on functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a class on functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a class on functional
+analysis this is likely one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this is likely one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this is likely one of the first
+ones that you'll consider so to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you'll consider so to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you'll consider so to check
+that the lp metric is in fact a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lp metric is in fact a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lp metric is in fact a metric
+is a little bit more difficult there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more difficult there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more difficult there's a
+problem on the first problem set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on the first problem set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on the first problem set that's
+optional if you want to work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional if you want to work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional if you want to work through
+those details and there's a lot of hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details and there's a lot of hints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details and there's a lot of hints
+so that's helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's helpful
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now that we've gone through all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've gone through all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've gone through all of these
+examples on euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on euclidean space
+before I go much further I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go much further I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go much further I want to
+explain how this actually relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how this actually relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how this actually relates to the
+definitions that we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that we already have
+because you might be sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might be sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might be sitting here
+thinking to yourself why does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to yourself why does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to yourself why does this
+matter we've been studying real analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we've been studying real analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we've been studying real analysis
+and now we're going back to studying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going back to studying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going back to studying a
+function that acts like a distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that acts like a distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that acts like a distance so
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+well these four definitions we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these four definitions we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these four definitions we're going
+to be able to rewrite in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to rewrite in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to rewrite in terms of
+sequences of a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of a metric space
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's write out what a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write out what a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write out what a convergent
+sequence is uh let x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is uh let x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is uh let x i
+be a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the metric space XD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric space XD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric space XD
+and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+X be just a point in the metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X be just a point in the metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X be just a point in the metric space
+here sequence is just as we defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sequence is just as we defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sequence is just as we defined it
+in real analysis it's a bijection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real analysis it's a bijection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real analysis it's a bijection
+between this uh the set of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this uh the set of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this uh the set of points and
+the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers
+and then we Define convergence sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we Define convergence sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we Define convergence sequence
+for all Epsilon bigger than zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Epsilon bigger than zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Epsilon bigger than zero there
+exists an n in the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an n in the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an n in the natural numbers
+touch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch that
+for all n bigger than or equal to n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to n the
+distance between X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between X and
+X is less than Epsilon so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is less than Epsilon so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is less than Epsilon so this is what
+we mean for convert a sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean for convert a sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean for convert a sequence that
+converges to the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the point x
+and this is essentially just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is essentially just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is essentially just the same
+definition that we've been dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we've been dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we've been dealing with
+in real analysis just replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real analysis just replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real analysis just replace the
+distance with absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance with absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance with absolute values
+and I'm just going to go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to go through these
+other definitions as well uh so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other definitions as well uh so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other definitions as well uh so same
+setup let X I be a sequence and XD then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup let X I be a sequence and XD then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup let X I be a sequence and XD then
+a koshy sequence is such that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a koshy sequence is such that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a koshy sequence is such that for all
+Epsilon bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon bigger than zero
+there exists an n in the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an n in the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an n in the natural numbers
+such that for all n and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n and M
+bigger than or equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to n
+the distance between individual points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between individual points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between individual points
+of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence
+is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the definition of a koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the definition of a koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the definition of a koshy
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+who here hasn't heard of a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here hasn't heard of a definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here hasn't heard of a definition of
+an open set before no worries if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open set before no worries if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open set before no worries if not
+some classes don't cover it yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes don't cover it yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes don't cover it yeah let me
+just briefly explain up here what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly explain up here what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly explain up here what an
+open actually do it down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open actually do it down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open actually do it down here
+what an open set is actually no I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an open set is actually no I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an open set is actually no I'll do
+it up here so that y'all can keep taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here so that y'all can keep taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here so that y'all can keep taking
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so an open set is just a generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an open set is just a generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an open set is just a generalization
+of what an open interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what an open interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what an open interval is
+so an example of an open set in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example of an open set in r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example of an open set in r
+is for instance zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is such that if I'm considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that if I'm considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that if I'm considering the
+interval from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the thing that makes it an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing that makes it an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing that makes it an open
+interval is the fact that for any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is the fact that for any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is the fact that for any point
+I consider let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+that I can choose a ball of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can choose a ball of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can choose a ball of radius
+Epsilon around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon around it
+so distance Epsilon on both sides such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so distance Epsilon on both sides such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so distance Epsilon on both sides such
+that the ball of radius Epsilon around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ball of radius Epsilon around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ball of radius Epsilon around
+the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point x
+is contained between 0 and 1. and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained between 0 and 1. and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained between 0 and 1. and I can
+do this for every single point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for every single point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for every single point and the
+interval 0 to 1. this is what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to 1. this is what makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to 1. this is what makes it
+an open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open interval
+and the definition of an open set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of an open set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of an open set is
+going to be essentially the same where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be essentially the same where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be essentially the same where
+instead the definition of the ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the definition of the ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the definition of the ball of
+radius Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined
+as the set of points in your metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the set of points in your metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the set of points in your metric
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+such that the distance from X to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the distance from X to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the distance from X to y
+is less than Epsilon so that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon so that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon so that's the only
+difference between what's happening on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what's happening on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what's happening on a
+metric space rather than euclidean space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space rather than euclidean space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space rather than euclidean space
+before again this would be absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before again this would be absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before again this would be absolute
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to Define an open set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set
+a contained in X where X is a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contained in X where X is a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contained in X where X is a metric
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all
+points A and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points A and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points A and A
+there exists an Epsilon bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an Epsilon bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an Epsilon bigger than zero
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the ball of radius Epsilon around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball of radius Epsilon around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball of radius Epsilon around a
+is contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in a
+pictorially if you prefer to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially if you prefer to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially if you prefer to think about
+it this way this essentially means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way this essentially means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way this essentially means that
+there is no boundary on your set so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no boundary on your set so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no boundary on your set so if I
+were to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to draw a
+conceptual diagram of what's Happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual diagram of what's Happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual diagram of what's Happening
+Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here
+'s my set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s my set X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s my set X
+here's my subset a that lies in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm just cutting out the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just cutting out the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just cutting out the boundary
+and this allows us to say okay I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this allows us to say okay I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this allows us to say okay I can get
+for any point even as close as we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any point even as close as we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any point even as close as we want
+to the boundary of a I can still squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary of a I can still squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary of a I can still squeeze
+in a little ball there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little ball there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little ball there
+and in fact thinking about it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact thinking about it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact thinking about it in this
+conceptual drawing is deeply important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual drawing is deeply important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual drawing is deeply important
+and I'll give an example of this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll give an example of this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll give an example of this in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+um but this is the definition of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is the definition of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is the definition of an open
+set does everyone feel a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set does everyone feel a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set does everyone feel a little bit
+comfortable with what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with what this is
+cool I know it's just a little bit weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I know it's just a little bit weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I know it's just a little bit weird
+because some classes don't cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some classes don't cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some classes don't cover it
+because on 100a you don't particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on 100a you don't particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on 100a you don't particularly
+need it as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it as much
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now continuous functions are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now continuous functions are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now continuous functions are going to be
+a little bit weirder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit weirder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit weirder
+because before when we studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because before when we studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because before when we studied
+continuous functions we studied once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions we studied once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions we studied once
+from R to R right it takes in values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from R to R right it takes in values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from R to R right it takes in values in
+the real numbers and it spits out a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers and it spits out a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers and it spits out a real
+number but now that we have a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but now that we have a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but now that we have a notion of
+a metric space we can now study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space we can now study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space we can now study
+continuous functions between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions between them
+because all we really need again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we really need again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we really need again is
+absolute values right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values right
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+F be a function between X and Y where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F be a function between X and Y where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F be a function between X and Y where
+both of these are metric spaces in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are metric spaces in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are metric spaces in fact
+I'll write that out now I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write that out now I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write that out now I'm going to say
+that X has metric DX and Y has metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X has metric DX and Y has metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X has metric DX and Y has metric
+DUI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DUI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DUI
+and this is the appropriate notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the appropriate notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the appropriate notation for
+noting which one goes with which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I say that f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we're all Epsilon bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're all Epsilon bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're all Epsilon bigger than zero
+there exists a Delta bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a Delta bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a Delta bigger than zero
+such that if the distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if the distance between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if the distance between two
+points X and Y is less than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points X and Y is less than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points X and Y is less than Delta
+or sorry DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry DX
+then the distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance is
+in the space y of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space y of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space y of f of x
+and F of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F of Y
+is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon
+now let's double check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's double check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's double check that this
+definition actually makes sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition actually makes sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition actually makes sense this is
+a very helpful way to remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very helpful way to remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very helpful way to remember what
+metric goes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric goes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric goes where
+X and Y again are two points in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y again are two points in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y again are two points in x
+right so it only makes sense to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it only makes sense to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it only makes sense to consider
+the distance on the metric Space X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance on the metric Space X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance on the metric Space X
+acting on them and then F takes points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on them and then F takes points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on them and then F takes points
+in X to points in y so here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X to points in y so here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X to points in y so here on the right
+hand side we should have the metric on y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we should have the metric on y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we should have the metric on y
+and this is the definition of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the definition of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the definition of continuous
+I'm going to prove that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to prove that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to prove that it's very
+specific special operator is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific special operator is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific special operator is continuous
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+and that'll be helpful conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be helpful conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be helpful conceptually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but this is far more General if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is far more General if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is far more General if you
+prefer you can just let y be the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer you can just let y be the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer you can just let y be the set of
+real numbers and this is still a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and this is still a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and this is still a really
+powerful tool already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool already
+right because now we can study them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now we can study them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now we can study them
+between metrics basis X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between metrics basis X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between metrics basis X
+and the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real numbers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I just wanted to highlight what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just wanted to highlight what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just wanted to highlight what these
+four definitions convert over to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four definitions convert over to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four definitions convert over to in this
+class tomorrow not tomorrow sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class tomorrow not tomorrow sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class tomorrow not tomorrow sorry
+on Thursday we'll be proving quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday we'll be proving quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday we'll be proving quite a few
+theorems about all of these spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about all of these spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about all of these spaces
+to do yeah on Thursday we'll be proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yeah on Thursday we'll be proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yeah on Thursday we'll be proving
+quite a bit of properties about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of properties about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of properties about these
+definitions uh in fact I'm calling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions uh in fact I'm calling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions uh in fact I'm calling that
+the general theory of metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general theory of metric spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general theory of metric spaces
+it'll be a very intense class in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a very intense class in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a very intense class in terms
+of proof writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof writing
+but um I wanted to bring them up today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I wanted to bring them up today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I wanted to bring them up today
+so that y'all saw that it wasn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that y'all saw that it wasn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that y'all saw that it wasn't just
+random stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is all good and dandy we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all good and dandy we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all good and dandy we've only
+talked about uh euclidean metrics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh euclidean metrics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh euclidean metrics and
+this is fine but things get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine but things get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine but things get a little bit
+weirder once you go from finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder once you go from finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder once you go from finite
+Dimensions to infinite dimensions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions to infinite dimensions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions to infinite dimensions and in
+fact the definitions of for instance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the definitions of for instance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the definitions of for instance a
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+will look a little bit different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look a little bit different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look a little bit different right
+so let's give an example of one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give an example of one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give an example of one that's
+just a little bit weirder than uh a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit weirder than uh a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit weirder than uh a set
+of points in euclidean space actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points in euclidean space actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points in euclidean space actually
+I'm going to rearrange this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rearrange this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rearrange this a little bit
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+okay first I want to give a really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first I want to give a really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first I want to give a really weird
+example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's
+pretty simple but interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple but interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple but interesting
+nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless
+let X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let X
+be any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I Define the metric on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Define the metric on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Define the metric on x
+so the metric between two points X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the metric between two points X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the metric between two points X and Y
+could be as follows one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be as follows one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be as follows one
+If X is not equal to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If X is not equal to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If X is not equal to y
+and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so if x is equal to Y then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if x is equal to Y then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if x is equal to Y then it's going
+to be 0. why is this important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0. why is this important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0. why is this important because
+this is telling you that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling you that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling you that every single
+set you can give a metric to now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can give a metric to now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can give a metric to now that
+this metric isn't all too interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this metric isn't all too interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this metric isn't all too interesting
+but it is a useful example to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a useful example to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a useful example to keep in
+mind right and let's prove that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind right and let's prove that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind right and let's prove that this is
+a metric because it's even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric because it's even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric because it's even though it's a
+simple function it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function it's going to be a
+little bit weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird
+one definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one definitely
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or specifically non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess I should say that not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we just have to check a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just have to check a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just have to check a positive
+definiteness so if x is equal to Y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness so if x is equal to Y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness so if x is equal to Y then
+the distance from X to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from X to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from X to y
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+and the distance from X to Y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance from X to Y is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance from X to Y is zero
+only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if
+X is equal to y That's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to y That's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to y That's the definition of
+the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+is definitely symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because equality is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because equality is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because equality is symmetric
+and finally three the hardest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally three the hardest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally three the hardest one
+triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is this one the hardest because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this one the hardest because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this one the hardest because now
+we have three points and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three points and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three points and we have a
+binary acting on them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary acting on them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary acting on them right
+so let X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let X
+y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and z
+be in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in x
+then we have three possibilities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have three possibilities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have three possibilities or
+quite a few more but I'll state it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few more but I'll state it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few more but I'll state it in
+generality uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X is not equal to y y is not equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is not equal to y y is not equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is not equal to y y is not equal to Z
+and Z is not equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z is not equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z is not equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to Y but Y is not equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to Y but Y is not equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to Y but Y is not equal to Z
+or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three
+all of them are in fact equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why are these the only three cases well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these the only three cases well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these the only three cases well
+because X Y and Z that we're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X Y and Z that we're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X Y and Z that we're choosing
+are just arbitrary right so if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just arbitrary right so if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just arbitrary right so if I wanted
+to decide the case where Y is equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide the case where Y is equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide the case where Y is equal to Z
+but X is not equal to Y I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X is not equal to Y I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X is not equal to Y I would just
+relabel them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relabel them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relabel them right
+and so these are the three cases we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are the three cases we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are the three cases we have
+to check to make sure that our metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check to make sure that our metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check to make sure that our metric is
+actually a metric which happens in cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a metric which happens in cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a metric which happens in cases
+like this where our metric is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where our metric is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where our metric is defined
+via a binary or similarly simple cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a binary or similarly simple cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a binary or similarly simple cases
+so let's check each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's check each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's check each of these
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+actually I'll just do it here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll just do it here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll just do it here I can
+squeeze it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it in here
+if none of them are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if none of them are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if none of them are equal
+then the distance from X to Z is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance from X to Z is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance from X to Z is just
+going to be one by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one by definition
+and this is certainly less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is certainly less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is certainly less than or equal
+to 2 which is the sum of the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 which is the sum of the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 which is the sum of the other two
+distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances
+so we're good there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're good there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're good there
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+the distance from X to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from X to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from X to Z
+what's this going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if x is equal to Y and Y is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if x is equal to Y and Y is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if x is equal to Y and Y is not equal
+to Z what's the distance from X to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z what's the distance from X to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z what's the distance from X to Z
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+one exactly because X being equal to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exactly because X being equal to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exactly because X being equal to y
+means X is also not equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means X is also not equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means X is also not equal to Z
+and this is equal to 1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to 1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to 1 which is the
+distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+which is the distance from X to Y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the distance from X to Y plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the distance from X to Y plus
+the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+from y to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from y to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from y to Z
+because only one of them is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only one of them is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only one of them is one
+and then of course the last case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the last case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the last case when
+you plug in x equal to Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug in x equal to Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug in x equal to Y is equal to
+zero we're just going to get zeros equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're just going to get zeros equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're just going to get zeros equal
+to zero plus zero so we're all good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero plus zero so we're all good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero plus zero so we're all good
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+now you're going to have an example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to have an example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to have an example on
+your homework that is similarly based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework that is similarly based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework that is similarly based
+off of a binary where instead the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a binary where instead the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a binary where instead the binary
+is going to be based off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be based off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be based off of
+if three points x y and z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if three points x y and z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if three points x y and z are
+specifically sorry I'll just say X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sorry I'll just say X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sorry I'll just say X and Y
+where if X and Y are an R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if X and Y are an R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if X and Y are an R2
+then the distance between X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance between X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance between X and Y
+is just going to be the regular distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be the regular distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be the regular distance
+in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x y and zero are collinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise so to draw a picture of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so to draw a picture of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so to draw a picture of what I
+mean here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If X and Y lie on the same line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the distance is just as normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance is just as normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance is just as normal
+if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I have to add up the two distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to add up the two distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to add up the two distances
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+this is similarly a binary and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similarly a binary and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similarly a binary and when
+you're doing this on your homework one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this on your homework one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this on your homework one
+thing I would suggest is breaking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would suggest is breaking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would suggest is breaking it up
+into similar case work right either they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into similar case work right either they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into similar case work right either they
+all are collinear or none of them are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are collinear or none of them are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are collinear or none of them are or
+only one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of them is
+that's the sort of thing that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of thing that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of thing that you should
+do on a problem like this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on a problem like this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on a problem like this on the
+homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+this casework can be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this casework can be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this casework can be a little bit
+annoying but is useful to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying but is useful to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying but is useful to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so even though this metric is vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though this metric is vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though this metric is vaguely
+interesting in that it makes any a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in that it makes any a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in that it makes any a
+metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space
+let's start studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start studying
+a set that we care about a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set that we care about a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set that we care about a little bit
+more continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can in fact define a metric on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can in fact define a metric on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can in fact define a metric on
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I'm going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define
+C naught of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C naught of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C naught of a b
+to be the set of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a b
+to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R
+and I'm going to define a metric on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to define a metric on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to define a metric on them
+and the metric so example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metric so example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metric so example
+or I guess I should say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess I should say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess I should say this is the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I'm considering two functions f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm considering two functions f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm considering two functions f and g
+in the set of continuous functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of continuous functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of continuous functions on
+the interval A to B then the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval A to B then the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval A to B then the distance
+between these two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two functions
+is going to be the supper mom over all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the supper mom over all X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the supper mom over all X
+and A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A to B
+of the distances between the two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or between the two functions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between the two functions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between the two functions this is
+what I'm claiming as a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm claiming as a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm claiming as a metric
+and it's going to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be a little bit
+difficult to prove in one of the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to prove in one of the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to prove in one of the steps
+if you had to guess probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to guess probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to guess probably the
+triangle inequality because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality because that's where
+everything sort of messes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sort of messes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sort of messes up
+but let's go ahead and check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go ahead and check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go ahead and check that this
+is a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S as well specifically first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S as well specifically first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S as well specifically first it's
+definitely going to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the distance from F to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from F to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from F to G
+is equal to the supper mom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the supper mom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the supper mom of the
+distances between the functions f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between the functions f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between the functions f and g
+which is certainly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly equal to the
+distances of the supper mom from G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of the supper mom from G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of the supper mom from G of x
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+now one thing to be careful about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to be careful about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to be careful about here
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you have to you don't have to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you don't have to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you don't have to be as
+careful about it with symmetry because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it with symmetry because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it with symmetry because
+symmetry is a little bit more clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is a little bit more clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is a little bit more clear that
+you can mess around with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mess around with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mess around with these
+operations where the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations where the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations where the triangle inequality
+becomes a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a little bit harder
+there is a technical thing I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a technical thing I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a technical thing I'll come
+back to later about this step but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to later about this step but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to later about this step but
+essentially symmetry is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially symmetry is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially symmetry is done
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to the positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's definitely going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's definitely going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's definitely going to be
+positive because it's absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because it's absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because it's absolute values
+again or non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have to check definiteness well if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to check definiteness well if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to check definiteness well if f
+is equal to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to G
+then by definition f of x is equal to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by definition f of x is equal to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by definition f of x is equal to f
+h g of X everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h g of X everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h g of X everywhere
+for all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all X
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+is the distance between f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance between f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance between f and g
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+now what if the distance between f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if the distance between f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if the distance between f and g
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we conclude that f and g are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we conclude that f and g are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we conclude that f and g are in
+fact equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equal
+you know that because it's a supper mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that because it's a supper mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that because it's a supper mom
+everywhere at every single point they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere at every single point they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere at every single point they
+have to be equal you can also make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal you can also make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal you can also make an
+argument via continuity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument via continuity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument via continuity which is
+um which makes use of the extreme value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which makes use of the extreme value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which makes use of the extreme value
+theorem but you know we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but you know we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but you know we don't have to
+get into that much detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that much detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that much detail
+it's the harder part though so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the harder part though so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the harder part though so the
+positive definiteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definiteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definiteness
+the hardest part though is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part though is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part though is going to be
+the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality
+because here we do have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we do have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we do have to use the
+extreme values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let f
+G and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and H
+B continuous functions on a to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let's consider the distance from F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's consider the distance from F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's consider the distance from F
+to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h of x
+we want to go from this to information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go from this to information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go from this to information
+about f and g and G and H right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about f and g and G and H right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about f and g and G and H right so we
+can apply the triangle inequality well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply the triangle inequality well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply the triangle inequality well
+to do so this is the only part where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so this is the only part where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so this is the only part where we
+use the fact that the functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that the functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that the functions are
+continuous because knowing that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous because knowing that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous because knowing that they're
+continuous we can apply the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we can apply the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we can apply the extreme
+value theorem to them right so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem to them right so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem to them right so we know
+that this suburbum has to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this suburbum has to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this suburbum has to exist
+somewhere and I'm going to just let that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and I'm going to just let that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and I'm going to just let that
+point be y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point be y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point be y
+so this is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be equal to the
+distance from F of Y to H of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what now
+well now we can just directly apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we can just directly apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we can just directly apply the
+triangle inequality because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality because these are
+absolute values and we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values and we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values and we know that this is
+going to be less or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less or equal to the
+distance from F of Y to G of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from F of Y to G of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from F of Y to G of Y
+plus absolute value of G of Y minus h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus absolute value of G of Y minus h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus absolute value of G of Y minus h of
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+and then we can take the separate mom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can take the separate mom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can take the separate mom of
+both of these individually and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these individually and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these individually and we'll
+conclude the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude the proof
+but but the thing we have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the thing we have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the thing we have to make sure
+of first was we couldn't just apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first was we couldn't just apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first was we couldn't just apply the
+triangle inequality right away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality right away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality right away the
+subramum operator acting on it made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subramum operator acting on it made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subramum operator acting on it made it
+so that we had to go through these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we had to go through these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we had to go through these steps
+individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+and in fact if we wanted to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if we wanted to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if we wanted to be really
+careful it might have made sense to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful it might have made sense to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful it might have made sense to do
+it here as well where we know the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here as well where we know the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here as well where we know the sub
+problem exists and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem exists and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem exists and it's going to be
+equal to if I swap the two orders so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to if I swap the two orders so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to if I swap the two orders so but
+really it's important in the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's important in the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's important in the triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+and the thing to note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to note here
+is that this is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is precisely
+the same sort of argument we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of argument we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of argument we had to do
+right here for the D Infinity metric we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here for the D Infinity metric we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here for the D Infinity metric we
+knew that maximum existed so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that maximum existed so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that maximum existed so we just
+went with it and ran and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went with it and ran and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went with it and ran and that's
+generally speaking good advice if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking good advice if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking good advice if you're
+dealing with something that's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with something that's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with something that's continuous
+try narrowing your focus down as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try narrowing your focus down as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try narrowing your focus down as much as
+possible to a single point or to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to a single point or to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to a single point or to a
+single function whatever you can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single function whatever you can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single function whatever you can do to
+finish off your proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now depending on your background with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now depending on your background with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now depending on your background with
+analysis you might be wondering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you might be wondering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you might be wondering to
+yourself why do we only care about C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why do we only care about C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why do we only care about C
+naught why don't we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught why don't we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught why don't we care about
+um like what is c c naught why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like what is c c naught why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like what is c c naught why is that
+zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there
+well in fact the reason it's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact the reason it's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact the reason it's there is
+because we can study differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can study differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can study differentiable
+functions specifically continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions specifically continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions specifically continuously
+differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions
+so definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I'll just Define it for CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll just Define it for CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll just Define it for CK
+this is the set of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of set
+of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous functions
+On A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+1 exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two are continuous
+this is the set of what are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of what are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of what are known as
+continuously differentiable functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions so
+ones in which I when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in which I when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in which I when I take the
+derivative this um like derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this um like derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this um like derivative is
+going to be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be continuous
+and once we have this new set defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we have this new set defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we have this new set defined
+we can Define even weirder metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I guess not all that much weird but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess not all that much weird but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess not all that much weird but
+ones that are slightly more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are slightly more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are slightly more complicated
+I guess I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example
+let's just consider the ones on C1 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just consider the ones on C1 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just consider the ones on C1 of a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the following dc1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following dc1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following dc1
+of f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f and g
+I'm going to Define what the metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Define what the metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Define what the metric is
+first and what we want to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and what we want to show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and what we want to show is that
+this is in fact a metric this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in fact a metric this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in fact a metric this is going
+to be the subramum over X and A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+the separate Mama of X and A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f Prime of x
+plus G Prime of it or sorry minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Prime of it or sorry minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Prime of it or sorry minus G
+Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be our new metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof that this is in fact a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that this is in fact a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that this is in fact a metric
+proof one definitely non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we have to check positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to check positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to check positive
+definiteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if f is equal to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if f is equal to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if f is equal to G
+then f of x is equal to G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f of x is equal to G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f of x is equal to G of X
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact F Prime will be equal to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact F Prime will be equal to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact F Prime will be equal to G
+Prime which implies the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which implies the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which implies the same result
+right because you can just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can just take the
+derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this
+so that includes One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that includes One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that includes One Direction
+if the distance on C1 of f to G is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well again we're summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again we're summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again we're summing over
+non-negative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative things
+right so if the sum of two non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if the sum of two non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if the sum of two non-negative
+things is zero that implies that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is zero that implies that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is zero that implies that both
+terms must be zero this fact I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms must be zero this fact I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms must be zero this fact I cannot
+iterate it enough is deeply important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate it enough is deeply important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate it enough is deeply important
+when you're working on your problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working on your problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working on your problems
+that you will have to use this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will have to use this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will have to use this fact
+repeatedly that the sum of non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly that the sum of non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly that the sum of non-negative
+things being zero implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being zero implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being zero implies that the
+individual terms must be zero as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terms must be zero as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terms must be zero as well to
+prove positive definiteness that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove positive definiteness that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove positive definiteness that's where
+it mostly comes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mostly comes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mostly comes at
+so what this implies is that the supper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this implies is that the supper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this implies is that the supper
+mom of X and A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+equals zero and we've already explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and we've already explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and we've already explained
+above how this implies that this metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above how this implies that this metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above how this implies that this metric
+or that f equals g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is one of those examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those examples where
+you want to boil it down to the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to boil it down to the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to boil it down to the examples
+you've already done before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already done before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already done before
+okay so that proves positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that proves positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that proves positive
+definiteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness
+symmetry is pretty immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is pretty immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is pretty immediate
+and the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the triangle inequality
+follows by the same argument up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows by the same argument up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows by the same argument up here
+right we know that the we know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that the we know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that the we know that it
+the supper mom exists for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supper mom exists for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supper mom exists for each of the
+terms because it is because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms because it is because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms because it is because all the
+terms are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are continuous
+but the thing I want to note here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing I want to note here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing I want to note here is
+what stops us from doing this at C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stops us from doing this at C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stops us from doing this at C1
+can we do this at CK the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this at CK the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this at CK the answer is yes
+it's not too much more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too much more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too much more difficult
+use instead some over the zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use instead some over the zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use instead some over the zeroth
+derivative the first derivative so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the first derivative so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the first derivative so on
+and so forth up until the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth up until the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth up until the case
+derivative and that's fine what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that's fine what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that's fine what if I
+want to study it on smooth functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study it on smooth functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study it on smooth functions
+which I'll Define right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we Define c Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define c Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define c Infinity
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+to be the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the set
+of smooth functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I.E infinitely differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice that if it's infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if it's infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if it's infinitely
+differentiable each of the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable each of the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable each of the derivatives
+must be continuous because if it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous because if it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous because if it wasn't
+then the next derivative wouldn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next derivative wouldn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next derivative wouldn't exist
+right or the next derivative wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or the next derivative wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or the next derivative wouldn't be
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+so this is the set of smooth functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the set of smooth functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the set of smooth functions
+what stops us from just taking the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stops us from just taking the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stops us from just taking the sum
+over all of these terms over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of these terms over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of these terms over all
+infinitely many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the issue is that there are infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is that there are infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is that there are infinitely
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+right again a metric must be it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again a metric must be it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again a metric must be it must be
+the case step for a metric that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case step for a metric that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case step for a metric that the
+value that you get out is not Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you get out is not Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you get out is not Infinity
+I guess in theory you can mess around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in theory you can mess around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in theory you can mess around
+with this a little bit and you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this a little bit and you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this a little bit and you'd get
+weirder types of metrics but for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder types of metrics but for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder types of metrics but for our
+purposes you don't want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes you don't want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes you don't want it to be
+Infinity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but
+remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+a not too bad addendum to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not too bad addendum to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not too bad addendum to this
+on the pset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pset
+there's an example that you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example that you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example that you can work
+through that's a an optional one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that's a an optional one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that's a an optional one where
+you define a metric on this where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define a metric on this where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define a metric on this where what
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+is you sum over this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you sum over this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you sum over this interesting
+fraction dck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction dck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction dck
+f g 1 plus dck FG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f g 1 plus dck FG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f g 1 plus dck FG
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's something over a bunch of metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something over a bunch of metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something over a bunch of metrics
+you have to in fact show that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to in fact show that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to in fact show that this is a
+metric which is one of the other problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric which is one of the other problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric which is one of the other problem
+set problems but it's not that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set problems but it's not that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set problems but it's not that you can't
+Define a metric on smooth functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a metric on smooth functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a metric on smooth functions is
+that you just have to be careful of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have to be careful of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have to be careful of the
+fact that there are infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are infinitely many
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+and one small thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it possible that we could have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that we could have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that we could have gotten
+away with not including this term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with not including this term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with not including this term in the
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no
+uh and I'll let you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'll let you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'll let you think about this
+some more but the idea ends up coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more but the idea ends up coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more but the idea ends up coming
+from if we take this away and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if we take this away and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if we take this away and the
+distance is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is zero
+then what's the distances between F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the distances between F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the distances between F
+Prime and G Prime imply about f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and G Prime imply about f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and G Prime imply about f and g
+so I'll let you all think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll let you all think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll let you all think about that
+some more because that is a problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more because that is a problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more because that is a problem set
+problem but the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but the answer is no
+and it's a bit interesting to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bit interesting to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bit interesting to think
+about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why
+and that reasoning is exactly why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that reasoning is exactly why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that reasoning is exactly why we
+have to be careful about the infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful about the infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful about the infinitely
+differentiable case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now that we've done this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we've done this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we've done this now
+that we've defined a metric on C1 and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've defined a metric on C1 and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've defined a metric on C1 and C
+naught and so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and so yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah that's there's nothing wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's there's nothing wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's there's nothing wrong
+with that the issue is that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the issue is that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the issue is that it's not
+encapsulating as much information as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating as much information as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating as much information as we
+want it to so as we'll see in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to so as we'll see in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to so as we'll see in a moment
+we want to understand differentiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand differentiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand differentiability
+and integration as functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integration as functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integration as functions that are
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+so that's great question yes we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's great question yes we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's great question yes we could
+have just considered the first one as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just considered the first one as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just considered the first one as a
+metric on all of them in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric on all of them in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric on all of them in the same way
+that we can consider the trivial metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can consider the trivial metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can consider the trivial metric
+this one this is known as the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is known as the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this is known as the trivial
+metric to be a metric on all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric to be a metric on all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric to be a metric on all of them
+right but we want more information when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we want more information when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we want more information when
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+okay so I will come back over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that we have C naught and C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have C naught and C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have C naught and C1
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+we can in fact define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can in fact define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can in fact define
+differentiation and integration or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and integration or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and integration or not
+defined we can state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we can state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we can state that
+differentiation and integration are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and integration are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and integration are in
+fact continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact continuous
+and I'll do that right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do that right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do that right now so
+uh I guess this is a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I consider differentiation as a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I consider differentiation as a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I consider differentiation as a map
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+C naught of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C naught of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C naught of a b
+so continuous functions to sorry C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous functions to sorry C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuous functions to sorry C1
+to continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my claim
+is that differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that differentiation
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+or I guess map is a better word but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess map is a better word but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess map is a better word but a
+map between metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does this notation make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this notation make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this notation make sense to
+everyone the differentiation as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the differentiation as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the differentiation as a as a
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+cool so let's check that this is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so let's check that this is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so let's check that this is in fact
+a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is pretty nice to do like by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty nice to do like by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty nice to do like by this
+setup it's made to be nice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup it's made to be nice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup it's made to be nice which
+addresses your question about why we sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses your question about why we sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses your question about why we sum
+over the two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two terms
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to prove continuity what's often best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove continuity what's often best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove continuity what's often best to
+do is just to consider what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just to consider what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just to consider what the
+distances in fact are right like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in fact are right like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances in fact are right like let's
+write out the left hand side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the left hand side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the left hand side and the
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+of this implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this implication
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and g
+b and c 1 a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we consider the distances on C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we consider the distances on C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we consider the distances on C1
+of f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f and g
+and we want to say that if this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to say that if this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to say that if this is less
+than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta
+then the distance is on C naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance is on C naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance is on C naught
+of the derivatives so I'll just say F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivatives so I'll just say F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivatives so I'll just say F
+Prime of G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than Epsilon right we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon right we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon right we want to
+find for all Epsilon bigger than zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for all Epsilon bigger than zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for all Epsilon bigger than zero if
+there exists a Delta such that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a Delta such that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a Delta such that this is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+well let's State out what these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's State out what these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's State out what these two
+metrics actually are and that'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics actually are and that'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics actually are and that'll make it
+clear that the reduction is not that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the reduction is not that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the reduction is not that bad
+so again this is equal to the supper mum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is equal to the supper mum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is equal to the supper mum
+over X and A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+the supper mom of X and A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f Prime of X Plus G Prime of X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f Prime of X Plus G Prime of X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f Prime of X Plus G Prime of X or
+sorry minus G Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+this is simply the supper mom over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply the supper mom over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply the supper mom over the
+distances of f Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of f Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of f Prime of x
+minus G Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G Prime of x
+the reason why this step is nice to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this step is nice to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this step is nice to do
+first is because we notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is because we notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is because we notice that this
+term is precisely the same as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is precisely the same as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is precisely the same as this one
+on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side
+and all the terms are non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the terms are non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the terms are non-negative
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+Delta equal Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta equal Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta equal Epsilon
+if you let Delta equal Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let Delta equal Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let Delta equal Epsilon
+then this term being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term being
+dc1 of f to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc1 of f to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc1 of f to G
+being less than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being less than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being less than Delta
+implies that this term must be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that this term must be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that this term must be less than
+Delta or in fact less than Epsilon by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta or in fact less than Epsilon by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta or in fact less than Epsilon by
+Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that implies that this term is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that this term is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that this term is less
+than Epsilon which is what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon which is what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon which is what we wanted to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows
+or that's the end of the proof this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's the end of the proof this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's the end of the proof this
+shows that differentiation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that differentiation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that differentiation is a
+continuous map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous map
+and here we use the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we use the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we use the fact that we're
+summing over the two terms now on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the two terms now on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the two terms now on your
+problem set what you'll do is you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set what you'll do is you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set what you'll do is you'll
+show that integration from a to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that integration from a to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that integration from a to a point
+T from A to B is in fact also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T from A to B is in fact also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T from A to B is in fact also a
+continuous operator so that's I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous operator so that's I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous operator so that's I think is
+pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting
+it's going to be a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a little bit harder
+than this one because this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one because this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one because this direction
+doesn't include both terms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include both terms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include both terms but
+I think it'll be a worthwhile exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'll be a worthwhile exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'll be a worthwhile exercise
+to work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work through
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's see what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what's next
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so while you're going to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while you're going to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while you're going to show that
+integration is a continuous operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is a continuous operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is a continuous operator
+this doesn't stop us from studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't stop us from studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't stop us from studying
+integration as a worthwhile metric right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as a worthwhile metric right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as a worthwhile metric right
+now because we can Define integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we can Define integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we can Define integration
+not too poorly not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too poorly not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too poorly not too bad
+so we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+to be a metric on C naught a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a metric on C naught a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a metric on C naught a b
+times C naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I'll change this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll change this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll change this a little bit
+uh from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two zero to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two zero to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two zero to Infinity
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+i1 of f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 of f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 of f and g
+is simply the integral from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the integral from 0 to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the integral from 0 to 1.
+of f of x minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x minus G of x
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+we're going to show that this is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that this is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that this is in fact
+a metric now what are the few three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric now what are the few three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric now what are the few three
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+one symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we have to use the fact from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to use the fact from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to use the fact from
+Riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that because f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because f of x
+minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+is equal to G of x minus f of x under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to G of x minus f of x under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to G of x minus f of x under
+absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we get that the integrals are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get that the integrals are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get that the integrals are in
+fact the same from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just apply
+has everyone seen this fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has everyone seen this fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has everyone seen this fact about
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one way you can prove it is that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can prove it is that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can prove it is that if if
+they're less than or equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less than or equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less than or equal to each other
+then the integration still follows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integration still follows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integration still follows and
+you can apply the inequality both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can apply the inequality both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can apply the inequality both ways
+so just wanted to say that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just wanted to say that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just wanted to say that but
+symmetries works out pretty nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries works out pretty nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries works out pretty nicely
+two we know it's non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but positive definiteness is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but positive definiteness is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but positive definiteness is going to be
+a little bit harder this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit harder this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit harder this time
+right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if
+f is equal to G then clearly i1 of f to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to G then clearly i1 of f to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to G then clearly i1 of f to
+G is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is zero
+this comes from the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from the fact that the
+distances between the two points is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between the two points is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between the two points is just
+literally zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally zero
+but how do you do the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you do the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you do the other direction
+because this is where it can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is where it can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is where it can be a little
+bit more complicated what if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated what if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated what if for
+instance the two functions differ by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the two functions differ by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the two functions differ by a
+point then their integrals are still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then their integrals are still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then their integrals are still the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+but what does this actually tell us let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does this actually tell us let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does this actually tell us let
+me let me write this out uh what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+FG equals to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well here's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly right so because it's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so because it's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so because it's continuous
+suppose that this was not zero proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this was not zero proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this was not zero proof by
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+and I'll draw a nice picture of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll draw a nice picture of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll draw a nice picture of what's
+Happening Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+assuming that the integral of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the integral of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the integral of them is
+non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero
+then there must at least be one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there must at least be one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there must at least be one point
+let's say this is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is f
+and this is G that's pretty close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there must exist at least one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there must exist at least one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there must exist at least one point
+such that they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they're different
+right otherwise if there was no singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise if there was no singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise if there was no singular
+Point such that they were different then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point such that they were different then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point such that they were different then
+they must be equal everywhere and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be equal everywhere and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be equal everywhere and we
+reduced to the first case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to the first case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to the first case right
+or that in fact that's what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that in fact that's what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that in fact that's what we want to
+show but it not being equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show but it not being equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show but it not being equal to zero
+means that there must exist a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there must exist a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there must exist a point
+where they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're not the same
+and what this tells you is there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this tells you is there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this tells you is there must
+exist a little ball around X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a little ball around X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a little ball around X
+follow radius Epsilon let's say such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow radius Epsilon let's say such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow radius Epsilon let's say such
+that they're in fact not equal on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're in fact not equal on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're in fact not equal on that
+entire ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire ball
+but we can use this to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can use this to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can use this to show that the
+integrals over the the integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals over the the integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals over the the integral over the
+entire interval 0 to 1 must therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire interval 0 to 1 must therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire interval 0 to 1 must therefore
+not be zero and reach a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be zero and reach a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be zero and reach a contradiction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+specifically we would reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we would reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we would reach the
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+that f is not equal to G and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is not equal to G and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is not equal to G and all that
+you all work through the statements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all work through the statements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all work through the statements of
+that but yeah it is precisely the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah it is precisely the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yeah it is precisely the fact
+that if there's a point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a point where the
+integral is non-zero then there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is non-zero then there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is non-zero then there must be
+a ball around that point such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ball around that point such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ball around that point such that the
+distance is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is not zero
+cool and this just highlights why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and this just highlights why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and this just highlights why the
+fact why continuity is important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact why continuity is important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact why continuity is important here
+yet again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again
+not not just to show that nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not just to show that nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not just to show that nice things
+are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+lastly the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just want to State this because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to State this because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to State this because it's
+not too bad we just note before even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too bad we just note before even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too bad we just note before even
+integrating that the distances between f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating that the distances between f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating that the distances between f
+of x and H of X is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and H of X is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and H of X is less than or equal to
+f of x minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+G of x minus h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate
+on both sides of the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of the inequality
+and that allows us to reach our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us to reach our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us to reach our
+conclusion so in statements like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so in statements like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so in statements like this
+either choosing a point such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either choosing a point such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either choosing a point such that the
+supplement exists if it's based off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement exists if it's based off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement exists if it's based off of a
+separate amount that's a good way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate amount that's a good way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate amount that's a good way to do
+it the other way to do it is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other way to do it is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other way to do it is try to
+utilize facts about the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize facts about the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize facts about the absolute values
+before you even apply the metric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even apply the metric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even apply the metric so
+before you even apply integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even apply integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even apply integration
+see what you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you can say
+these are the few techniques that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the few techniques that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the few techniques that are
+deeply helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply helpful
+and there's one thing I want to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one thing I want to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one thing I want to note
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+do I still have it up I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I still have it up I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I still have it up I do not
+um because it was a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can view integration as a sum it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can view integration as a sum it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can view integration as a sum it's an
+infinite sum sure it's Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum sure it's Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum sure it's Riemann
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+but some nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some nonetheless
+what this is called I'll note it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is called I'll note it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is called I'll note it here
+this is known as the capital L1 metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on C naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on C naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on C naught
+AP or specifically the notation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP or specifically the notation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP or specifically the notation would be
+it's L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's L1
+a b this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b this is
+a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric
+the reason it's called L1 might remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's called L1 might remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's called L1 might remind
+you of the fact that we had a little L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the fact that we had a little L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the fact that we had a little L1
+that we'd find earlier where instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd find earlier where instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd find earlier where instead
+there we're summing over finitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're summing over finitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're summing over finitely many
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+it's the same exact notion it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same exact notion it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same exact notion it's just the
+only difference here is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference here is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference here is that we're
+summing over infinitely many terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over infinitely many terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over infinitely many terms and
+that's why the notation is the same now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the notation is the same now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the notation is the same now
+this notion is deeply important for 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion is deeply important for 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion is deeply important for 18
+102. because this is the definition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102. because this is the definition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102. because this is the definition this
+leads to definitions of lebeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to definitions of lebeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to definitions of lebeg
+integration which we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which we'll talk a little
+bit about in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about in this class
+um but really you know it's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but really you know it's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but really you know it's a question
+of integration as we already understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration as we already understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration as we already understand
+it via Riemann integration it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it via Riemann integration it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it via Riemann integration it's really
+really bad right what if we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad right what if we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad right what if we don't want
+to study things on continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study things on continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study things on continuous functions
+but instead ones with finitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead ones with finitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead ones with finitely many
+discontinuities the Riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities the Riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities the Riemann integral
+just becomes so much more annoying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes so much more annoying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes so much more annoying to
+deal with so the little big integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with so the little big integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with so the little big integral is
+the way around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around that
+um and it's called Capital L1 because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's called Capital L1 because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's called Capital L1 because of
+lebeg the person who invented it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but one thing I want to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing I want to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing I want to note
+is that all of the spaces that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of the spaces that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of the spaces that we've
+considered so far are vector spaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so far are vector spaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so far are vector spaces so
+for those of y'all who have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of y'all who have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of y'all who have studied
+linear algebra this is this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra this is this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra this is this will be
+slight review but I just want to note it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight review but I just want to note it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight review but I just want to note it
+here because it is somewhat important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it is somewhat important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it is somewhat important
+and we'll come up a little bit later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come up a little bit later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come up a little bit later in
+the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class
+a vector space is simply a space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector space is simply a space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector space is simply a space in
+which you can add two terms together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can add two terms together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can add two terms together and
+it'll stay in the same space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll stay in the same space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll stay in the same space
+this is in the class on linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the class on linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the class on linear algebra
+so there's not going to be too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not going to be too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not going to be too many
+times when the definition of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when the definition of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when the definition of a vector
+space comes up but it's a useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space comes up but it's a useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space comes up but it's a useful thing
+to keep in mind and to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind and to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind and to know about
+so Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the todr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not going to write out the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to write out the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to write out the entire
+definition because it's in fact quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because it's in fact quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because it's in fact quite
+lengthy but if it's base v such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy but if it's base v such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy but if it's base v such that we
+have addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which maps from v n v to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maps from v n v to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maps from v n v to B
+and multiplication which maps from real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplication which maps from real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplication which maps from real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+cross V to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V to V
+and ways to think about this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways to think about this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways to think about this is for
+instance the set of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the set of continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the set of continuous functions
+C naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C naught
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+we have addition defined on this such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have addition defined on this such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have addition defined on this such
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we'd find f plus G to just be f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd find f plus G to just be f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd find f plus G to just be f of x
+plus G of X everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we Define a constant times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Define a constant times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Define a constant times a
+function which is what R here is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is what R here is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is what R here is doing
+as just being the constant times f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just being the constant times f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just being the constant times f of x
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the basic idea for a vector space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea for a vector space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea for a vector space is
+that addition acts how you would want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that addition acts how you would want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that addition acts how you would want it
+to it maps from two points in the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it maps from two points in the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it maps from two points in the vector
+space to a point in the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to a point in the vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to a point in the vector space
+and scalar multiplication acts the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scalar multiplication acts the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scalar multiplication acts the same
+way it takes a scalar and a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it takes a scalar and a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it takes a scalar and a point in
+your vector space and Maps it to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector space and Maps it to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector space and Maps it to another
+point in your vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in your vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in your vector space
+why do I note this because metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I note this because metric spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I note this because metric spaces
+do not only have to be on Vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not only have to be on Vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not only have to be on Vector spaces
+we can have it be much weirder a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have it be much weirder a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have it be much weirder a good
+example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+so so if you did not catch the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you did not catch the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you did not catch the basic
+idea of what a vector space is all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what a vector space is all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what a vector space is all this
+example might highlight it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might highlight it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might highlight it
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+consider this fear S1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this fear S1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this fear S1 to be
+the set of X in let's say r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of X in let's say r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of X in let's say r
+three such that actually you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three such that actually you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three such that actually you know what
+I'll just do the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the circle of radius one in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of radius one in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of radius one in R2
+this is not a vector space under usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a vector space under usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a vector space under usual
+pointwise addition right because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise addition right because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise addition right because if I
+take a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a point
+on my Vector space let's say that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my Vector space let's say that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my Vector space let's say that one
+let's call it X and I do X Plus X I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it X and I do X Plus X I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it X and I do X Plus X I'm
+going to end up with a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with a point
+that's not on the circle this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not on the circle this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not on the circle this is not a
+vector space in the usual sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space in the usual sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space in the usual sense because
+we want addition to be contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want addition to be contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want addition to be contained in the
+vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space
+why is this important because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important because we can
+still Define distances on the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Define distances on the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Define distances on the circle
+right we can Define distances on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can Define distances on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can Define distances on the
+circle via just the regular distances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle via just the regular distances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle via just the regular distances so
+distance from X to Y being the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from X to Y being the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from X to Y being the usual
+distance on R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance on R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance on R2
+you could also Define it via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also Define it via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also Define it via
+the shortest distance between them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest distance between them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest distance between them which
+is known as a geodesic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this
+anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+so the point that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point that I'm trying to
+highlight here is you don't always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight here is you don't always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight here is you don't always have
+addition defined which is going to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition defined which is going to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition defined which is going to limit
+the number of theorems we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of theorems we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of theorems we can actually
+say about metrics right nowhere in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about metrics right nowhere in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about metrics right nowhere in our
+definition of a metric does it tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a metric does it tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a metric does it tell us
+how to add two functions together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to add two functions together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to add two functions together
+because sometimes we just simply can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes we just simply can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes we just simply can't
+the set of or when we can it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of or when we can it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of or when we can it starts
+becoming more like functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more like functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more like functional analysis
+which is 18 102. we'll talk briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 18 102. we'll talk briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 18 102. we'll talk briefly
+about that in two lectures from now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in two lectures from now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in two lectures from now but
+this notion of it not being a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of it not being a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of it not being a vector
+space is pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is pretty important
+was there anything else I wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there anything else I wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there anything else I wanted to know
+we might end today a little bit early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might end today a little bit early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might end today a little bit early
+which will be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the main other thing I wanted to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main other thing I wanted to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main other thing I wanted to note
+here was something that I noted earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was something that I noted earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was something that I noted earlier
+for the little L1 spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the little L1 spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the little L1 spaces
+is you can also Define LP spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can also Define LP spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can also Define LP spaces
+f of x minus h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus h of x
+to the P to the one over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the P to the one over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the P to the one over p
+this is known as LP spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as LP spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as LP spaces
+so functions in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so functions in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so functions in which
+this term is finite is an LP space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is finite is an LP space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is finite is an LP space
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so I actually only went through this 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually only went through this 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I actually only went through this 20
+minutes earlier faster than last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes earlier faster than last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes earlier faster than last time so
+if you all have any questions I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all have any questions I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all have any questions I'm happy
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+more of the material but we might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the material but we might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the material but we might just
+end today a little bit early I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end today a little bit early I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end today a little bit early I don't
+want to get into the general theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into the general theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into the general theory
+quite yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yet
+um what I would highly suggest is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I would highly suggest is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I would highly suggest is trying
+to sit with this notion a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit with this notion a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit with this notion a little bit
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+though it seems like a simple notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it seems like a simple notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it seems like a simple notion
+what we've really done here today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've really done here today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've really done here today is
+gone from understanding for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from understanding for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from understanding for instance
+functions as things that take in points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as things that take in points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as things that take in points
+and spit out points as things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spit out points as things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spit out points as things that can
+be manipulated as things that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be manipulated as things that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be manipulated as things that have a
+distance between them and once we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them and once we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them and once we study
+sequences of functions which is deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of functions which is deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of functions which is deeply
+important in analysis is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in analysis is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in analysis is going to be
+become more and more important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y_PNOmL_yqY.txt b/Y_PNOmL_yqY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49b2e8e2e027f3396a6558660163418450703df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y_PNOmL_yqY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+It's not unusual to find that an application
+is organized as multiple communicating processes.
+
+What's the advantage of using multiple processes
+instead of just a single process?
+
+Many applications exhibit concurrency, i.e.,
+some of the required computations can be performed
+
+in parallel.
+
+For example, video compression algorithms
+represent each video frame as an array of
+
+8-pixel by 8-pixel macroblocks.
+
+Each macroblock is individually compressed
+by converting the 64 intensity and color values
+
+from the spatial domain to the frequency domain
+and then quantizing and Huffman encoding the
+
+frequency coefficients.
+
+If you're using a multi-core processor to
+do the compression, you can perform the macroblock
+
+compressions concurrently.
+
+Applications like video games are naturally
+divided into the "front-end" user interface
+
+and "back-end" simulation and rendering engines.
+
+Inputs from the user arrive asynchronously
+with respect to the simulation and it's easiest
+
+to organize the processing of user events
+separately from the backend processing.
+
+Processes are an effective way to encapsulate
+the state and computation for what are logically
+
+independent components of an application,
+which communicate with one another when they
+
+need to share information.
+
+These sorts of applications are often data-
+or event-driven, i.e., the processing required
+
+is determined by the data to be processed
+or the arrival of external events.
+
+How should the processes communicate with
+each other?
+
+If the processes are running out of the same
+physical memory, it would be easy to arrange
+
+to share memory data by mapping the same physical
+page into the contexts for both processes.
+
+Any data written to that page by one process
+will be able to be read by the other process.
+
+To make it easier to coordinate the processes'
+communicating via shared memory, we'll see
+
+it's convenient to provide synchronization
+primitives.
+
+Some ISAs include instructions that make it
+easy to do the required synchronization.
+
+Another approach is to add OS supervisor calls
+to pass messages from one process to another.
+
+Message passing involves more overhead than
+shared memory, but makes the application programming
+
+independent of whether the communicating processes
+are running on the same physical processor.
+
+In this lecture, we'll use the classic producer-consumer
+problem as our example of concurrent processes
+
+that need to communicate and synchronize.
+
+There are two processes: a producer and a
+consumer.
+
+The producer is running in a loop, which performs
+some computation <xxx> to generate information,
+
+in this case, a single character C.
+The consumer is also running a loop, which
+
+waits for the next character to arrive from
+the producer, then performs some computation
+
+<yyy>.
+
+The information passing between the producer
+and consumer could obviously be much more
+
+complicated than a single character.
+
+For example, a compiler might produce a sequence
+of assembly language statements that are passed
+
+to the assembler to be converted into the
+appropriate binary representation.
+
+The user interface front-end for a video game
+might pass a sequence of player actions to
+
+the simulation and rendering back-end.
+
+In fact, the notion of hooking multiple processes
+together in a processing pipeline is so useful
+
+that the Unix and Linux operating systems
+provide a PIPE primitive in the operating
+
+system
+that connects the output channel of the upstream
+
+process to the input channel of the downstream
+process.
+
+Let's look at a timing diagram for the actions
+of our simple producer/consumer example.
+
+We'll use arrows to indicate when one action
+happens before another.
+
+Inside a single process, e.g., the producer,
+the order of execution implies a particular
+
+ordering in time:
+the first execution of <xxx> is followed by
+
+the sending of the first character.
+
+Then there's the second execution of <xxx>,
+followed by the sending of the second character,
+
+and so on.
+
+In later examples, we'll omit the timing arrows
+between successive statements in the same
+
+program.
+
+We see a similar order of execution in the
+consumer: the first character is received,
+
+then the computation <yyy> is performed for
+the first time, etc.
+
+Inside of each process, the process' program
+counter is determining the order in which
+
+the computations are performed.
+
+So far, so good - each process is running
+as expected.
+
+However, for the producer/consumer system
+to function correctly as a whole, we'll need
+
+to introduce some additional constraints on
+the order of execution.
+
+These are called "precedence constraints"
+and we'll use this stylized less-than sign
+
+to indicate that computation A must precede,
+i.e., come before, computation B.
+
+In the producer/consumer system we can't consume
+data before it's been produced, a constraint
+
+we can formalize as requiring that the i_th
+send operation has to precede the i_th receive
+
+operation.
+
+This timing constraint is shown as the solid
+red arrow in the timing diagram.
+
+Assuming we're using, say, a shared memory
+location to hold the character being transmitted
+
+from the producer to the consumer,
+we need to ensure that the producer doesn't
+
+overwrite the previous character before it's
+been read by the consumer.
+
+In other words, we require the i_th receive
+to precede the i+1_st send.
+
+These timing constraints are shown as the
+dotted red arrows in the timing diagram.
+
+Together these precedence constraints mean
+that the producer and consumer are tightly
+
+coupled in the sense that a character has
+to be read by the consumer before the next
+
+character can be sent by the producer,
+which might be less than optimal if the <xxx>
+
+and <yyy> computations take a variable amount
+of time.
+
+So let's see how we can relax the constraints
+to allow for more independence between the
+
+producer and consumer.
+
+We can relax the execution constraints on
+the producer and consumer by having them communicate
+
+via N-character first-in-first-out (FIFO)
+buffer.
+
+As the producer produces characters it inserts
+them into the buffer.
+
+The consumer reads characters from the buffer
+in the same order as they were produced.
+
+The buffer can hold between 0 and N characters.
+
+If the buffer holds 0 characters, it's empty;
+if it holds N characters, it's full.
+
+The producer should wait if the buffer is
+full, the consumer should wait if the buffer
+
+is empty.
+
+Using the N-character FIFO buffer relaxes
+our second overwrite constraint to the requirement
+
+that the i_th receive must happen before i+N_th
+send.
+
+In other words, the producer can get up to
+N characters ahead of the consumer.
+
+FIFO buffers are implemented as an N-element
+character array with two indices:
+
+the read index indicates the next character
+to be read, the write index indicates the
+
+next character to be written.
+
+We'll also need a counter to keep track of
+the number of characters held by the buffer,
+
+but that's been omitted from this diagram.
+
+The indices are incremented modulo N, i.e.,
+the next element to be accessed after the
+
+N-1_st element is the 0_th element, hence
+the name "circular buffer".
+
+Here's how it works.
+
+The producer runs, using the write index to
+add the first character to the buffer.
+
+The producer can produce additional characters,
+but must wait once the buffer is full.
+
+The consumer can receive a character anytime
+the buffer is not empty, using the read index
+
+to keep track of the next character to be
+read.
+
+Execution of the producer and consumer can
+proceed in any order so long as the producer
+
+doesn't write into a full buffer and the consumer
+doesn't read from an empty buffer.
+
+Here's what the code for the producer and
+consumer might look like.
+
+The array and indices for the circular buffer
+live in shared memory where they can be accessed
+
+by both processes.
+
+The SEND routine in the producer uses the
+write index IN to keep track of where to write
+
+the next character.
+
+Similarly the RCV routine in the consumer
+uses the read index OUT to keep track of the
+
+next character to be read.
+
+After each use, each index is incremented
+modulo N.
+
+The problem with this code is that, as currently
+written, neither of the two precedence constraints
+
+is enforced.
+
+The consumer can read from an empty buffer
+and the producer can overwrite entries when
+
+the buffer is full.
+
+We'll need to modify this code to enforce
+the constraints and for that we'll introduce
+
+a new programming construct that we'll use
+to provide the appropriate inter-process synchronization.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YdyhDdXaSP4.txt b/YdyhDdXaSP4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fa86d7bd44e49c69bce00c00813409a205bf595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YdyhDdXaSP4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've now described what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now described what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now described what we call the
+average velocity for a time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity for a time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity for a time interval
+between when the runner started at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between when the runner started at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between when the runner started at time
+T to a later time at t plus delta T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to a later time at t plus delta T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to a later time at t plus delta T and
+we describe that as the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe that as the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe that as the component of the
+displacement Vector divided by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement Vector divided by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement Vector divided by the time
+interval times a unit Vector I had now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval times a unit Vector I had now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval times a unit Vector I had now
+what we'd like to ask a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to ask a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to ask a separate
+question so our question now is what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so our question now is what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so our question now is what do
+we mean by the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by the velocity
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+T1 now in order to understand that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 now in order to understand that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 now in order to understand that let's
+just make a plot of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a plot of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a plot of the position
+function so remember we called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so remember we called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so remember we called the
+component of the position function X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the position function X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the position function X of
+T so we're going to plot the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we're going to plot the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we're going to plot the component
+of the position function with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position function with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position function with respect to
+time now let's just say that the runner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now let's just say that the runner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now let's just say that the runner
+started at the origin at time equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the origin at time equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the origin at time equals z
+so I can make some type of arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can make some type of arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can make some type of arbitrary
+plot of that position function and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of that position function and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of that position function and let's
+indicate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate in
+particular the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the time
+T1 so what this represents is X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so what this represents is X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so what this represents is X of
+T1 and so first I'd like to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and so first I'd like to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and so first I'd like to consider the
+interval T1 and T1 plus some later time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval T1 and T1 plus some later time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval T1 and T1 plus some later time
+delta T so let's make this T1 + delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so let's make this T1 + delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so let's make this T1 + delta T
+this is the time delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the time delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the time delta
+T and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and up
+here we have our position function at T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have our position function at T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have our position function at T1
+plus delta T then for this time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T then for this time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T then for this time interval
+the average velocity so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity so for this
+particular time interval the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time interval the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time interval the average
+represents Delta X over delta T so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents Delta X over delta T so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents Delta X over delta T so it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+the rise over run it's just the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise over run it's just the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise over run it's just the slope of
+this straight line so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight line so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight line so for this
+particular interval the average is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interval the average is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interval the average is the
+slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the
+line shown here on the figure now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shown here on the figure now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shown here on the figure now this
+is just an average velocity and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an average velocity and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an average velocity and now we
+would like to do is shrink down our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do is shrink down our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do is shrink down our
+interval delta T so now let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval delta T so now let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval delta T so now let's make
+another case where we shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case where we shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case where we shrink
+delta T and let's again calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and let's again calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and let's again calculate the
+average velocity so for instance suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity so for instance suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity so for instance suppose
+we have a smaller delta T and we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a smaller delta T and we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a smaller delta T and we draw
+that line then our average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line then our average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line then our average
+velocity represents that slope and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity represents that slope and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity represents that slope and again
+we keep on taking a limit so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep on taking a limit so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep on taking a limit so now we have
+another slope so we have this one slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another slope so we have this one slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another slope so we have this one slope
+two slopes and now we shrink again to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slopes and now we shrink again to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slopes and now we shrink again to a
+new delta T and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new delta T and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new delta T and you can see that the
+slope is changing and if we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is changing and if we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is changing and if we consider the
+limit as delta T goes to zero of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as delta T goes to zero of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as delta T goes to zero of this
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+slopes then what are we getting you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes then what are we getting you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes then what are we getting you can
+see graphically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see graphically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see graphically that
+eventually we will get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we will get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we will get to a
+line which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is the
+slope of the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+T1 and so in this particular case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and so in this particular case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and so in this particular case what
+we mean by the instantaneous velocity V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by the instantaneous velocity V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by the instantaneous velocity V
+at time T1 is the limit as Delta X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T1 is the limit as Delta X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T1 is the limit as Delta X goes
+to zero I had here where we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero I had here where we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero I had here where we're taking
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+limit delta T goes to Z of X at T1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit delta T goes to Z of X at T1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit delta T goes to Z of X at T1 +
+delta T minus X1 of T / delta T and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T minus X1 of T / delta T and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T minus X1 of T / delta T and the
+whole thing is a vector I have so what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is a vector I have so what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is a vector I have so what a
+limit is is a sequence of numbers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is is a sequence of numbers so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is is a sequence of numbers so we
+take a fixed delta T we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a fixed delta T we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a fixed delta T we calculate the
+slope we take a smaller delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope we take a smaller delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope we take a smaller delta T
+calculate the slope and each time we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the slope and each time we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the slope and each time we do
+that the slopes represent a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slopes represent a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slopes represent a sequence of
+numbers and the limit of that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the limit of that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and the limit of that sequence
+you can see graphically is the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see graphically is the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see graphically is the slope of
+the tangent line at time T1 and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent line at time T1 and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent line at time T1 and so what
+we say is V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say is V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say is V of
+T1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at
+time tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tal
+T1 and that's how we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and that's how we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and that's how we describe
+instantaneous velocity at some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous velocity at some specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous velocity at some specific
+time if we were now being a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if we were now being a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if we were now being a little bit
+more General we could just say that V at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General we could just say that V at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General we could just say that V at
+any time T is the limit delta T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time T is the limit delta T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time T is the limit delta T goes to
+zero Delta X over delta T all Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Delta X over delta T all Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Delta X over delta T all Direction
+I hat and the only thing here is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat and the only thing here is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat and the only thing here is we're
+no longer considering T1 but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer considering T1 but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer considering T1 but an
+arbitrary time T this quantity the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary time T this quantity the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary time T this quantity the limit
+is awkward to write every time it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awkward to write every time it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awkward to write every time it has a
+name and that's precisely what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and that's precisely what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and that's precisely what we call
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivative of the position function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position function so
+our instantaneous velocity is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our instantaneous velocity is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our instantaneous velocity is the time
+derivative of the position function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position function at
+any instant in time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YkYeYhXUeEE.txt b/YkYeYhXUeEE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fbe17393617d0f5bd30b1309d59e54d8cccb036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YkYeYhXUeEE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so um I am Kathy drenan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um I am Kathy drenan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so um I am Kathy drenan
+you're going to be learning more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be learning more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be learning more about
+me as this morning goes on everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as this morning goes on everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as this morning goes on everybody
+should have a handout if you do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a handout if you do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a handout if you do not have
+a hand out Aaron uh will come around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand out Aaron uh will come around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand out Aaron uh will come around and
+give you one if you just raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one if you just raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one if you just raise your hand
+um there's a few in the back that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a few in the back that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a few in the back that just
+came in we will be giving out the look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in we will be giving out the look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in we will be giving out the look
+for taas as you come in the room we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taas as you come in the room we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taas as you come in the room we'll
+have handouts for you every day so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have handouts for you every day so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have handouts for you every day so look
+for them um and if you come in late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them um and if you come in late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them um and if you come in late
+we'll normally leave them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll normally leave them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll normally leave them in the
+entrance way here um I know that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance way here um I know that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance way here um I know that some of
+you have a long uh walk between classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a long uh walk between classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a long uh walk between classes
+um so the handouts will be available so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the handouts will be available so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the handouts will be available so
+when you come in grab your handout come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come in grab your handout come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come in grab your handout come
+on into class so now let me tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into class so now let me tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into class so now let me tell you a
+little more about these these lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about these these lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about these these lecture
+notes that you can bring a pen or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that you can bring a pen or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that you can bring a pen or a
+pencil to class to write on um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil to class to write on um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil to class to write on um so this
+is the summary for today um so today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the summary for today um so today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the summary for today um so today is
+really more about announcements and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more about announcements and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more about announcements and what
+we're going to cover um but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover um but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover um but there's some
+features of today's handouts that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of today's handouts that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of today's handouts that will
+that you can use throughout the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use throughout the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use throughout the semester
+so um summaries lecture summaries will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um summaries lecture summaries will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um summaries lecture summaries will
+all always have the reading for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all always have the reading for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all always have the reading for the
+class for that day's class so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for that day's class so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for that day's class so when
+you're going back over things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going back over things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going back over things and
+thinking about it you can always look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it you can always look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it you can always look at
+what reading was associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reading was associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what reading was associated with the
+class they'll also always have a reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they'll also always have a reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they'll also always have a reading
+for the next class so you can read ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next class so you can read ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next class so you can read ahead
+which is good for the pre-lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for the pre-lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for the pre-lecture
+questions so um now I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so um now I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so um now I want to give you a
+sense of the material so we had this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the material so we had this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the material so we had this on
+our list of topics today general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our list of topics today general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our list of topics today general
+information we've gone through course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we've gone through course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we've gone through course
+material overvie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material overvie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material overvie
+um and introductions to the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and introductions to the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and introductions to the teaching
+team but it's MIT so we need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team but it's MIT so we need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team but it's MIT so we need to start
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+quiz the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz the quiz
+is can you tell me who these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are so who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it is
+me this is my college yearbook picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is my college yearbook picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is my college yearbook picture
+so one day you will have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one day you will have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one day you will have one of
+these who is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these who is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these who is this
+is it's all it's not me people say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's all it's not me people say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's all it's not me people say that
+but thank you um it is Lisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thank you um it is Lisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thank you um it is Lisa
+kudro so who knows who Lisa kudro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kudro so who knows who Lisa kudro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kudro so who knows who Lisa kudro
+is Friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Friends
+yes so Lisa kudro and I were classmates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so Lisa kudro and I were classmates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so Lisa kudro and I were classmates
+we were in the same year so you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in the same year so you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in the same year so you can look
+at who's next to you and figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at who's next to you and figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at who's next to you and figure out you
+know who in your row is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who in your row is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who in your row is going to be that
+famous person that one day you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous person that one day you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous person that one day you can say
+yes I was classmates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was classmates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was classmates with
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um so so Lisa and I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classmates what do you think Lisa went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates what do you think Lisa went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates what do you think Lisa went
+to college to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study I heard the correct answer out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study I heard the correct answer out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study I heard the correct answer out
+there it was in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was in fact
+biology what do you think I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what do you think I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what do you think I went to
+college to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college to
+study yes some people have watched my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study yes some people have watched my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study yes some people have watched my
+open courseware and know these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and know these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and know these things
+yes theater drama biopsychology that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes theater drama biopsychology that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes theater drama biopsychology that's
+kind of like a course nine um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a course nine um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a course nine um that's
+what I was interested in what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was interested in what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was interested in what do you
+think Lisa majored in biolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Lisa majored in biolog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Lisa majored in biolog
+Biology or drama it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biology or drama it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biology or drama it was
+biology what do you think I majored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what do you think I majored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what do you think I majored
+in it was chemistry and of course we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it was chemistry and of course we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it was chemistry and of course we all
+know that Lisa is an actress and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that Lisa is an actress and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that Lisa is an actress and and I
+am a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a chemistry
+professor so I like to start every class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so I like to start every class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so I like to start every class
+with this because I think it send of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this because I think it send of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this because I think it send of it
+says something very important I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something very important I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something very important I did not
+like chemistry in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemistry in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemistry in high
+school I would schedule I was in chorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I would schedule I was in chorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I would schedule I was in chorus
+I would schedule every one of my music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would schedule every one of my music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would schedule every one of my music
+lessons during the chemistry class I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons during the chemistry class I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons during the chemistry class I did
+everything to avoid having to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to avoid having to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to avoid having to attend
+chemistry in high school and then I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in high school and then I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in high school and then I went
+to college and they said you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college and they said you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college and they said you have to
+take chemistry if you're thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chemistry if you're thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chemistry if you're thinking of a
+biopsychology major and I was like I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopsychology major and I was like I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopsychology major and I was like I am
+I have taken chemistry I'm quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have taken chemistry I'm quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have taken chemistry I'm quite
+convinced chemistry Bears is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced chemistry Bears is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced chemistry Bears is not
+relevant to biology in any way I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to biology in any way I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to biology in any way I was
+told I was wrong I was sure I was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told I was wrong I was sure I was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told I was wrong I was sure I was right
+I took chemistry and realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took chemistry and realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took chemistry and realized that
+chemistry can be very different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry can be very different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry can be very different in
+different circumstances and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances and that
+everybody can find their appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can find their appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can find their appreciation
+for chemistry at a different time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemistry at a different time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemistry at a different time in
+their lives some of you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives some of you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives some of you right now
+already like chemistry but a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already like chemistry but a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already like chemistry but a lot of you
+probably have not found your love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have not found your love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have not found your love for
+chemistry yet some of you may find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry yet some of you may find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry yet some of you may find that
+love for chemistry during this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for chemistry during this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for chemistry during this semester
+I'm hoping it'll be a large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping it'll be a large fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping it'll be a large fraction of
+you some of you may not find your love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of you may not find your love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of you may not find your love
+for chemistry until next year or senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemistry until next year or senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemistry until next year or senior
+year at MIT or even in graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at MIT or even in graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at MIT or even in graduate school
+or even when you have a job later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even when you have a job later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even when you have a job later
+on sometimes when I'm uh traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sometimes when I'm uh traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sometimes when I'm uh traveling
+around and as a professor I travel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and as a professor I travel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and as a professor I travel the
+world and give talks and I'm chatting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and give talks and I'm chatting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and give talks and I'm chatting
+with someone and Air plane or or on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone and Air plane or or on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone and Air plane or or on a
+bus or something and they say what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus or something and they say what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus or something and they say what do
+you do and then I say oh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and then I say oh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and then I say oh you know I
+teach chemistry and I always kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach chemistry and I always kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach chemistry and I always kind of
+watch the reaction to that and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the reaction to that and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the reaction to that and some of
+them are like oh chemistry and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are like oh chemistry and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are like oh chemistry and other
+people say boy I I'm an engineer now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say boy I I'm an engineer now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say boy I I'm an engineer now and
+I have to work with chemist all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to work with chemist all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to work with chemist all the time
+and I really wish I had paid more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really wish I had paid more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really wish I had paid more
+attention in chemistry class because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in chemistry class because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in chemistry class because we
+need to work together and I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work together and I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work together and I need to
+understand more what they're doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more what they're doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more what they're doing so
+some people do not find their love or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people do not find their love or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people do not find their love or
+their appreciation for chemistry till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their appreciation for chemistry till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their appreciation for chemistry till
+they have a career later in life so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a career later in life so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a career later in life so I'm
+not sure when it's going to be for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure when it's going to be for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure when it's going to be for all
+of you um but if you have not found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you um but if you have not found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you um but if you have not found it
+yet I am hoping to find a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I am hoping to find a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I am hoping to find a connection
+your connection to chemistry what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your connection to chemistry what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your connection to chemistry what about
+chemistry relates to what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry relates to what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry relates to what you want to do
+in the future and one reason that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and one reason that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and one reason that I did
+not appreciate chemistry in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not appreciate chemistry in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not appreciate chemistry in high school
+is I didn't really understand who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I didn't really understand who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I didn't really understand who
+chemists were and I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists were and I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists were and I didn't really
+understand what chemistry was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what chemistry was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what chemistry was what
+people used chemistry for and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used chemistry for and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used chemistry for and part of
+the reason I I think were these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I I think were these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I I think were these pictures
+that are often shown in courses in intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are often shown in courses in intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are often shown in courses in intro
+courses for chemistry and in your intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for chemistry and in your intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for chemistry and in your intro
+textbooks that's partly why I think $8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that's partly why I think $8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that's partly why I think $8
+is a good price to spend on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good price to spend on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good price to spend on these
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+textbooks these were great chemists but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks these were great chemists but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks these were great chemists but
+they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+dead and that really gives the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead and that really gives the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead and that really gives the message
+that chemistry is not a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemistry is not a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemistry is not a living
+discipline chemistry was a thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline chemistry was a thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline chemistry was a thing that
+people used to do and it was exciting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to do and it was exciting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to do and it was exciting at
+that time but then when they they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but then when they they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but then when they they got
+rid of their powdered wigs they moved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of their powdered wigs they moved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of their powdered wigs they moved on
+to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other
+fields so I'm going to be showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so I'm going to be showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so I'm going to be showing you
+some different pictures in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different pictures in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different pictures in this class
+I'm going to be showing you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be showing you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be showing you these
+pictures some of the old pictures will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures some of the old pictures will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures some of the old pictures will
+be there too but every time I show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there too but every time I show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there too but every time I show you a
+dead white guy I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead white guy I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead white guy I want to show you
+someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's
+alive so these are living chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive so these are living chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive so these are living chemists
+people who are using chemistry every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are using chemistry every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are using chemistry every day
+of their lives and I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their lives and I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their lives and I'm going to be
+showing short videos of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing short videos of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing short videos of these people
+telling you how they're using chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how they're using chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how they're using chemistry
+and what chemistry is being used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what chemistry is being used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what chemistry is being used for
+today so you'll be hearing and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you'll be hearing and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you'll be hearing and this is a
+series I call in their own words another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I call in their own words another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I call in their own words another
+thing that I didn't appreciate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't appreciate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I didn't appreciate about
+chemistry was in the lab course I had we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry was in the lab course I had we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry was in the lab course I had we
+had a strong base in a weak acid and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a strong base in a weak acid and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a strong base in a weak acid and we
+would drop drop drop drop drop until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drop drop drop drop drop until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drop drop drop drop drop until it
+turned pink and then we could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned pink and then we could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned pink and then we could calculate
+the molecular weight of an unknown weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular weight of an unknown weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular weight of an unknown weak
+acid and I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and I asked
+myself is this like a real pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself is this like a real pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself is this like a real pressing
+problem there are like a lot of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there are like a lot of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there are like a lot of weak
+acids out there somewhere that if only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids out there somewhere that if only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids out there somewhere that if only
+we knew the molecular weight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the molecular weight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew the molecular weight the
+problems of the world would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solved but it turns out that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved but it turns out that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved but it turns out that this is
+kind of a good intro lab but it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a good intro lab but it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a good intro lab but it's in
+fact not what chemists do every day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact not what chemists do every day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact not what chemists do every day we
+will learn about titrations because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn about titrations because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn about titrations because we
+need to know PKA because PKA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know PKA because PKA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know PKA because PKA is
+important but we don't have a lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we don't have a lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we don't have a lab and
+we're not going to be doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be doing that
+experiment so what is chemistry research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so what is chemistry research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so what is chemistry research
+chemistry research arches all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry research arches all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry research arches all of these
+following things so creating Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following things so creating Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following things so creating Quantum
+dots to be used in surgery how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots to be used in surgery how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots to be used in surgery how do you
+know if the doctor's got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the doctor's got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the doctor's got the right
+amount of a tumor you don't want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of a tumor you don't want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of a tumor you don't want to take
+more flesh than you need but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flesh than you need but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flesh than you need but you don't
+want to miss some of the cancer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to miss some of the cancer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to miss some of the cancer so you
+want to image exactly where that cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to image exactly where that cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to image exactly where that cancer
+is chemistry is designing sensors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chemistry is designing sensors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chemistry is designing sensors to
+find explosives in war zones this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find explosives in war zones this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find explosives in war zones this is a
+really important problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important problem right
+now biofuels energy alternative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now biofuels energy alternative energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now biofuels energy alternative energy
+that's what chemistry is using basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what chemistry is using basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what chemistry is using basic
+principles to to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to to figure out how to
+design better biofuels or making new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design better biofuels or making new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design better biofuels or making new
+Pharmaceuticals we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmaceuticals we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmaceuticals we haven't really
+produced new antibiotics in a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced new antibiotics in a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced new antibiotics in a long time
+in this country and a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country and a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country and a lot of things that
+we thought used to be treatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought used to be treatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought used to be treatable
+conditions now are no longer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now are no longer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now are no longer so
+treatable because we don't have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatable because we don't have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatable because we don't have a new
+antibiotics and the bugs are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics and the bugs are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics and the bugs are becoming
+resistant to the old ones this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to the old ones this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to the old ones this is what
+chemistry research is today this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry research is today this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry research is today this is what
+you're going to be using chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be using chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be using chemical
+principles for so what chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for so what chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for so what chemical
+principles are you going to be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles are you going to be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles are you going to be learning
+that will help you solve these real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you solve these real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you solve these real
+world problem problems so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problem problems so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problem problems so we need to
+learn about matter and we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about matter and we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about matter and we need to know
+how matter reacts so in the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how matter reacts so in the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how matter reacts so in the first half
+of the course we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we're going to start with
+atomic theory there is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory there is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory there is going to be a
+little bit of history involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of history involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of history involved in that
+talking about the discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the discovery of the
+nucleus electrons protons um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus electrons protons um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus electrons protons um and so
+we're we're going to have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to have a little bit
+of history and some cool demos we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history and some cool demos we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history and some cool demos we're
+going to move on to the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to the periodic table
+that's the chemist toolbox those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chemist toolbox those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chemist toolbox those are the
+elements that we can combine to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we can combine to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we can combine to make
+things and when we combine them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when we combine them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and when we combine them to make
+things they need to bond so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they need to bond so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they need to bond so we're going
+to talk talk about bonding and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk talk about bonding and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk talk about bonding and they're
+going to form molecules and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form molecules and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form molecules and we need to
+think about the structures of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the structures of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the structures of those
+molecules because the structures dictate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because the structures dictate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because the structures dictate
+the properties of that of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of that of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of that of those
+molecules of that matter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of that matter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of that matter and then
+molecules can react so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can react so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can react so we're going to
+talk about how they react and whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how they react and whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how they react and whether a
+reactions going to go is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions going to go is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions going to go is about
+thermodynamics is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is it going to be
+spontaneous but then we also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous but then we also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous but then we also need to
+know if it's fast or if it's slow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's fast or if it's slow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's fast or if it's slow that's
+kinetic so we're going to cover both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic so we're going to cover both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic so we're going to cover both of
+those things chemical equilibrium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things chemical equilibrium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things chemical equilibrium you
+can have a reaction that goes one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a reaction that goes one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a reaction that goes one way
+and is going in the reverse Direction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is going in the reverse Direction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is going in the reverse Direction at
+the same time and there'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and there'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and there'll be an
+equilibrium constant associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant associated with
+that reaction but sometimes you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction but sometimes you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction but sometimes you really
+want to go more in the forward direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go more in the forward direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go more in the forward direction
+to make the thing you want to make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the thing you want to make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the thing you want to make so
+you need to think about how the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about how the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about how the reaction
+quotient Q is related to the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient Q is related to the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient Q is related to the equilibrium
+constant K and if you're the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K and if you're the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K and if you're the Green
+Lantern equilibrium constants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern equilibrium constants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern equilibrium constants are
+meaningless you have the Green Lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless you have the Green Lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless you have the Green Lantern
+ring and you can push that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and you can push that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and you can push that equilibrium
+any direction that you want if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any direction that you want if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any direction that you want if you're
+the Green Lantern Q is always greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Lantern Q is always greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Lantern Q is always greater
+than K but if you're a student of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K but if you're a student of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K but if you're a student of
+chemistry you actually can become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you actually can become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you actually can become a
+superhero by learning about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superhero by learning about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superhero by learning about those
+chemical principles and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical principles and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical principles and then you can
+drive Q to be greater than K as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive Q to be greater than K as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive Q to be greater than K as well so
+I want to teach you how to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to teach you how to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to teach you how to be a
+superhero I also am going to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superhero I also am going to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superhero I also am going to teach you
+about solubility and acid base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solubility and acid base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solubility and acid base and
+oxidation reduction reactions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction reactions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction reactions because
+those are really the fundamental types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really the fundamental types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really the fundamental types
+of reactions that occur in biology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactions that occur in biology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactions that occur in biology in
+materials in everything and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in everything and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in everything and a little
+unit on transition metals that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit on transition metals that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit on transition metals that middle
+part of the periodic table where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the periodic table where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the periodic table where you
+have iron and Cobalt and copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iron and Cobalt and copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iron and Cobalt and copper and
+nickel and all those amazing elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and all those amazing elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and all those amazing elements
+that really allow you to do the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really allow you to do the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really allow you to do the most
+challenging chemical reactions um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging chemical reactions um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging chemical reactions um those
+are especially fun and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are especially fun and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are especially fun and if you want to
+have the power of chemistry you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power of chemistry you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power of chemistry you got to
+know about the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the transition
+metals all right so without chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals all right so without chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals all right so without chemistry
+you wouldn't be alive your body or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be alive your body or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be alive your body or a
+series of chemical reactions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of chemical reactions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of chemical reactions you
+wouldn't be wearing the clothes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be wearing the clothes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be wearing the clothes that
+you're wearing pretty much a chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing pretty much a chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing pretty much a chemist
+figured out the material that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the material that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the material that you're
+wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing
+and or how to process it and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or how to process it and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or how to process it and I think
+really importantly you couldn't spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really importantly you couldn't spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really importantly you couldn't spell
+MIT without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT without
+chemistry we have the M from physics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry we have the M from physics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry we have the M from physics the
+I from math and we have the T from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I from math and we have the T from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I from math and we have the T from
+chemistry so if you want to spell m you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so if you want to spell m you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so if you want to spell m you
+got to learn about the ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to learn about the ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to learn about the ideal gas
+law and you wouldn't have the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and you wouldn't have the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and you wouldn't have the paper that
+you might be currently writing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be currently writing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be currently writing on
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+chemistry so chemistry you really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so chemistry you really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so chemistry you really should
+study chemistry because the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study chemistry because the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study chemistry because the major
+challenges of our time require chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of our time require chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of our time require chemistry
+knowledge to fix them treating human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to fix them treating human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to fix them treating human
+disease requires an understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease requires an understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease requires an understanding of
+chemistry solving the energy problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry solving the energy problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry solving the energy problem
+requires an understanding of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires an understanding of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires an understanding of chemistry
+and I believe people will come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe people will come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe people will come up with
+Alternative Energy I'm just less con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternative Energy I'm just less con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternative Energy I'm just less con
+convinced that they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that they're not going to
+destroy the environment while they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the environment while they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the environment while they do it
+so I really think we need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really think we need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really think we need people
+thinking about solving the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about solving the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about solving the energy
+problem who care about the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem who care about the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem who care about the environment
+and can use chemistry to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can use chemistry to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can use chemistry to think about how
+we can protect the environment so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can protect the environment so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can protect the environment so why do
+I care so much about this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care so much about this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care so much about this and that's
+because yesterday morning I walked my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yesterday morning I walked my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yesterday morning I walked my
+daughter to her first day of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter to her first day of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter to her first day of first
+grade she's six years old she's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade she's six years old she's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade she's six years old she's starting
+school and I need people to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I need people to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I need people to know
+chemistry to make the world a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to make the world a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to make the world a better
+place for her so what I can do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for her so what I can do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for her so what I can do as a
+mother who's a chemist is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother who's a chemist is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother who's a chemist is find the
+smartest people I can find which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest people I can find which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest people I can find which I've
+done and then teach them the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then teach them the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then teach them the chemical
+principles they know to make the world a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles they know to make the world a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles they know to make the world a
+better place for my daughter so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better place for my daughter so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better place for my daughter so what I'm
+hoping that you will do here in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that you will do here in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that you will do here in my
+objectives I said I'd get back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives I said I'd get back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives I said I'd get back to these
+I want you to have a working knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to have a working knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to have a working knowledge
+of chemistry that you can take Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry that you can take Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry that you can take Advanced
+courses starting pretty simple that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses starting pretty simple that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses starting pretty simple that's
+what I want I also want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want I also want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want I also want you to know
+enough chemistry so you can do a europ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough chemistry so you can do a europ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough chemistry so you can do a europ
+in a chemistry lab and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chemistry lab and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chemistry lab and we'll talk more
+about the undergraduate research program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the undergraduate research program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the undergraduate research program
+uh throughout the course um I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout the course um I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout the course um I would like
+you to employ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to employ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to employ
+chemistry principles in a lab that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry principles in a lab that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry principles in a lab that's not
+a chemistry lab in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry lab in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemistry lab in your
+europ I want you to appreciate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ I want you to appreciate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ I want you to appreciate how
+chemistry is used to solve real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is used to solve real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is used to solve real world
+problems to make informed decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to make informed decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to make informed decisions
+about your health about the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your health about the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your health about the environment
+and energy and science policy and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy and science policy and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy and science policy and I want
+you to be able to advance science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to advance science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to advance science and
+engineering through the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering through the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering through the application of
+chemistry principles because I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry principles because I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry principles because I want you
+to make the world a better place for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world a better place for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world a better place for my
+for my daughter and uh that's why I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my daughter and uh that's why I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my daughter and uh that's why I want
+you all to have Superior knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all to have Superior knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all to have Superior knowledge
+because my daughter needs more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my daughter needs more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my daughter needs more than
+adequate knowledge uh to have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate knowledge uh to have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate knowledge uh to have a better
+world she needs Superior knowledge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world she needs Superior knowledge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world she needs Superior knowledge so
+that's my goal for all of you to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my goal for all of you to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my goal for all of you to teach
+you these things you don't all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these things you don't all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these things you don't all have to
+become Chemists in fact it's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Chemists in fact it's fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Chemists in fact it's fantastic
+if you take the knowledge of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the knowledge of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the knowledge of chemistry
+and bring it to other disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring it to other disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring it to other disciplines
+because we're going to need all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to need all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to need all the
+disciplines coming together with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines coming together with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines coming together with that
+solid knowledge to be able to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid knowledge to be able to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid knowledge to be able to to make
+this world a better place I'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world a better place I'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world a better place I'll say that
+there were many uh 5111 Superstars um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many uh 5111 Superstars um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many uh 5111 Superstars um in
+this class in the past who came in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class in the past who came in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class in the past who came in like
+Sarah who hated chemistry and became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah who hated chemistry and became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah who hated chemistry and became a
+chem major and ended up getting a PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem major and ended up getting a PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem major and ended up getting a PhD in
+chemical biology um all these folks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biology um all these folks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biology um all these folks have
+gone on using chemistry not all as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone on using chemistry not all as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone on using chemistry not all as
+Chemists in biological engineering full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemists in biological engineering full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemists in biological engineering full
+uh full ride scholarship to medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh full ride scholarship to medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh full ride scholarship to medical
+school um PhD in biology running a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um PhD in biology running a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um PhD in biology running a local
+pharmaceutical company as an executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company as an executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company as an executive
+doing biof physics out at UCSF so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing biof physics out at UCSF so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing biof physics out at UCSF so all of
+these people learned the chemistry they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people learned the chemistry they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people learned the chemistry they
+needed to go on and do great things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to go on and do great things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to go on and do great things and
+you can put your picture in there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put your picture in there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put your picture in there okay
+so speaking of people we have H five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speaking of people we have H five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speaking of people we have H five
+minutes where I really need to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes where I really need to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes where I really need to introduce
+you to all the teaching team we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to all the teaching team we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to all the teaching team we have a
+huge group of people who are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge group of people who are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge group of people who are going to
+make it possible for you to obtain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it possible for you to obtain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it possible for you to obtain that
+Superior knowledge of chemistry and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior knowledge of chemistry and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior knowledge of chemistry and go
+on here at MIT to do great things so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here at MIT to do great things so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here at MIT to do great things so I'm
+going to ask them all to come down and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask them all to come down and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask them all to come down and I
+think we have a handheld mic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have a handheld mic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have a handheld mic and
+everyone can introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can introduce
+themselves and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring that
+down actually maybe we'll start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down actually maybe we'll start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down actually maybe we'll start here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everybody uh my name is Elena Goran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody uh my name is Elena Goran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everybody uh my name is Elena Goran
+I'm going to be your course coordinator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be your course coordinator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be your course coordinator
+for the semester so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the semester so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the semester so if you have any
+issues that uh you feel need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that uh you feel need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that uh you feel need to be
+handled by someone closer to Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled by someone closer to Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled by someone closer to Professor
+drenan uh I'm the one I'll also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenan uh I'm the one I'll also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenan uh I'm the one I'll also be
+sending a lot of emails to you guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a lot of emails to you guys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a lot of emails to you guys so
+pay attention um and I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention um and I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention um and I'll tell you a
+little bit about clickers you'll get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about clickers you'll get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about clickers you'll get an
+email from me about clickers very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email from me about clickers very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email from me about clickers very
+soon hi everyone my name is Sam um I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon hi everyone my name is Sam um I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon hi everyone my name is Sam um I am
+the clicker ta so I'll be handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker ta so I'll be handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clicker ta so I'll be handling
+clickers and clicker competitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers and clicker competitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers and clicker competitions and
+stuff like that so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so if you have any
+clicker questions you can find me before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker questions you can find me before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker questions you can find me before
+or after class in the clicker corner I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after class in the clicker corner I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after class in the clicker corner I
+think is what I'm designating it clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is what I'm designating it clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is what I'm designating it clicker
+Corner um so if you forget your clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner um so if you forget your clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner um so if you forget your clicker
+or anything like that I encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that I encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that I encourage you
+not to forget them um but if you happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to forget them um but if you happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to forget them um but if you happen
+to um Don't Panic just come see me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Don't Panic just come see me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Don't Panic just come see me and
+we'll work things out um and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work things out um and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work things out um and we're
+supposed to say something that I enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say something that I enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say something that I enjoy
+doing outside of chemistry in graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing outside of chemistry in graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing outside of chemistry in graduate
+school um so I ski so if there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um so I ski so if there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um so I ski so if there any
+skiers in the audience we should hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out hi everyone my name is Ashley I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out hi everyone my name is Ashley I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out hi everyone my name is Ashley I'll
+be running recitation number eight uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running recitation number eight uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running recitation number eight uh so
+I look forward to meeting as many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look forward to meeting as many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look forward to meeting as many of you
+as I'll have the opportunity to meet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll have the opportunity to meet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll have the opportunity to meet uh
+one of the things that I enjoy outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I enjoy outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I enjoy outside
+of chemistry is Latin dance I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry is Latin dance I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry is Latin dance I'm not
+saying I'm any good at it but I do try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm any good at it but I do try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm any good at it but I do try
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+uh hi I'm Ivon uh I'm I'm I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hi I'm Ivon uh I'm I'm I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hi I'm Ivon uh I'm I'm I run the
+microphone me and Ashley we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone me and Ashley we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone me and Ashley we run the
+microphone so we'll run around like give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone so we'll run around like give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone so we'll run around like give
+it to you whenever you have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you whenever you have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you whenever you have questions
+during class I run recitation 4 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during class I run recitation 4 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during class I run recitation 4 and I
+enjoy cycling outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy cycling outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy cycling outside of
+chemistry hi I'm Aaron uh I'm one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry hi I'm Aaron uh I'm one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry hi I'm Aaron uh I'm one of the
+two handout Tas so before class you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two handout Tas so before class you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two handout Tas so before class you want
+to make sure you have a handout before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you have a handout before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you have a handout before
+you get into class so toe and I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into class so toe and I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into class so toe and I and
+probably a few other people on some days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a few other people on some days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a few other people on some days
+will be making sure you all get handouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be making sure you all get handouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be making sure you all get handouts
+before you get in class I'll be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get in class I'll be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get in class I'll be running
+recitation 2 so I will hopefully see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation 2 so I will hopefully see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation 2 so I will hopefully see uh
+25 of you or so at 2:00 tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 of you or so at 2:00 tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 of you or so at 2:00 tomorrow and
+outside of class I enjoy doing taekwon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of class I enjoy doing taekwon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of class I enjoy doing taekwon
+do I'm Odin uh I was lucky enough to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm Odin uh I was lucky enough to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm Odin uh I was lucky enough to be
+switched into this class just yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched into this class just yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched into this class just yesterday
+actually um and I enjoy hiking I spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um and I enjoy hiking I spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um and I enjoy hiking I spent a
+lot of time in the White Mountains up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in the White Mountains up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in the White Mountains up in
+New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New
+Hampshire hi I'm Dan I'm in recitation 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire hi I'm Dan I'm in recitation 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire hi I'm Dan I'm in recitation 7
+so hopefully I'll see some of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully I'll see some of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully I'll see some of you guys
+tomorrow it's at 12:00 um and outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow it's at 12:00 um and outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow it's at 12:00 um and outside of
+chemistry uh I guess some of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh I guess some of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh I guess some of my favorite
+things to do are just play pickup games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do are just play pickup games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do are just play pickup games
+of soccer football with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of soccer football with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of soccer football with my
+friends uh hi I'm Mike I'm the mitx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends uh hi I'm Mike I'm the mitx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends uh hi I'm Mike I'm the mitx
+coordinator for the class so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator for the class so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator for the class so if you have
+questions about uh pre-lecture questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about uh pre-lecture questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about uh pre-lecture questions
+talk to me I was also the uh uh graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me I was also the uh uh graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me I was also the uh uh graduate
+uh chemistry teacher here for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemistry teacher here for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemistry teacher here for the last
+couple years so in in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years so in in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years so in in quantum mechanics
+so I'll have office hours on Wednesdays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have office hours on Wednesdays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have office hours on Wednesdays
+after class so if you have quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class so if you have quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class so if you have quantum
+mechanics class questions come and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics class questions come and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics class questions come and ask
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+hi I'm Lisa um I'm teaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Lisa um I'm teaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Lisa um I'm teaching the
+recitation 6 so if you're in six you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation 6 so if you're in six you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation 6 so if you're in six you're
+with me it's going to be awesome um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me it's going to be awesome um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me it's going to be awesome um I
+enjoy traveling and running so usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy traveling and running so usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy traveling and running so usually
+what I like to do is every time I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like to do is every time I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like to do is every time I go to
+a new place I like to go for a run there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new place I like to go for a run there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new place I like to go for a run there
+kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird
+but hi my name is Rose I'll be teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hi my name is Rose I'll be teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hi my name is Rose I'll be teaching
+recitation number nine um outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation number nine um outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation number nine um outside of
+chemistry in school I enjoy reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in school I enjoy reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in school I enjoy reading and
+being outside I go for runs too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being outside I go for runs too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being outside I go for runs too
+hi I'm Eric alt uh I think I'm teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Eric alt uh I think I'm teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Eric alt uh I think I'm teaching
+recitation five and outside of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation five and outside of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation five and outside of chemistry
+I like to run and play soccer and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to run and play soccer and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to run and play soccer and other
+sports hi my name is Frank and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports hi my name is Frank and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports hi my name is Frank and uh I'm
+not teaching any recitation but I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not teaching any recitation but I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not teaching any recitation but I'm the
+I will be the P ta for the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be the P ta for the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be the P ta for the course and
+what I love to do outside class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I love to do outside class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I love to do outside class was
+playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+badminton hi uh I'm toe uh like toe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badminton hi uh I'm toe uh like toe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badminton hi uh I'm toe uh like toe
+right here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here all
+right seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seriously
+um um I'm teaching recitation number 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I'm teaching recitation number 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I'm teaching recitation number 11
+and outside of chemistry I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outside of chemistry I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outside of chemistry I have no
+interest so I just sit there and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing hi I'm Anthony I teach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing hi I'm Anthony I teach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing hi I'm Anthony I teach uh
+recitation section number one uh bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation section number one uh bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation section number one uh bright
+and early at 10 a.m. tomorrow um outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early at 10 a.m. tomorrow um outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early at 10 a.m. tomorrow um outside
+of chemistry I enjoy tennis and playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry I enjoy tennis and playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemistry I enjoy tennis and playing
+piano hi my name is Eric and I teach at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano hi my name is Eric and I teach at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano hi my name is Eric and I teach at
+recitation 10 and outside of chemistry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation 10 and outside of chemistry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation 10 and outside of chemistry I
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+cook hi I'm Amanda um I don't W remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook hi I'm Amanda um I don't W remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook hi I'm Amanda um I don't W remember
+my recitation number but I know it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my recitation number but I know it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my recitation number but I know it's at
+2 o'clock in the afternoon um so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 o'clock in the afternoon um so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 o'clock in the afternoon um so maybe
+I'll see some of you tomorrow and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see some of you tomorrow and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see some of you tomorrow and when
+I'm not doing chemistry or school I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing chemistry or school I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing chemistry or school I like
+to ride horses I grew up on a horse farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ride horses I grew up on a horse farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ride horses I grew up on a horse farm
+so hi everybody I'm uh Jay I'm teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hi everybody I'm uh Jay I'm teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hi everybody I'm uh Jay I'm teaching
+rest or doing recitation number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest or doing recitation number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest or doing recitation number three
+it's at 3 p.m. tomorrow hopefully I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at 3 p.m. tomorrow hopefully I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at 3 p.m. tomorrow hopefully I'll
+see some of you guys there uh me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of you guys there uh me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of you guys there uh me and
+Eric are the two demo teas so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric are the two demo teas so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric are the two demo teas so when we
+bring awesome demos or when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring awesome demos or when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring awesome demos or when we have
+awesome Demos in class you can thank us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome Demos in class you can thank us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome Demos in class you can thank us
+um and outside of chemistry I like to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and outside of chemistry I like to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and outside of chemistry I like to I
+like to play tennis and table tennis too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z5yRMMVUC5w.txt b/Z5yRMMVUC5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e76a9e4b2b04b292a20c75067556abfc0548dee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z5yRMMVUC5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begin today we're going to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin today we're going to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin today we're going to continue the
+discussion on EO calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on EO calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on EO calculus
+so I briefly introduced you too LMA last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I briefly introduced you too LMA last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I briefly introduced you too LMA last
+time but let's begin by reviewing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but let's begin by reviewing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but let's begin by reviewing it
+and yeah stating in a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah stating in a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah stating in a slightly more
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+form okay so last time what we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so last time what we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so last time what we did was
+we did quadratic variation of brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion brownan process or I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion brownan process or I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion brownan process or I call it
+brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process we defined the Brownian process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we defined the Brownian process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we defined the Brownian process
+Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion
+and then show that it has quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation which can be written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form DB s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form DB s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form DB s is equal to
+DT and then we use that to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we use that to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we use that to show the
+simple form of EOS LMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which says that if f is a function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if f is a function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if f is a function on
+the Brum motion then D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brum motion then D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brum motion then D of
+f is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal
+to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F
+Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+DBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT
+plus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F
+Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+DT so this additional term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so this additional term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so this additional term
+was a characteristic of EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a characteristic of EO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a characteristic of EO
+calculus In classical calculus we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus In classical calculus we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus In classical calculus we only
+have this term but we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term but we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term but we have this
+additional term and if you remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional term and if you remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional term and if you remember this
+happened because exactly because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because exactly because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because exactly because of this
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+variation so let's review it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so let's review it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so let's review it I mean
+let's do it in a slightly more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it in a slightly more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it in a slightly more general
+form so assume now we have a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so assume now we have a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so assume now we have a function f
+depending on two variables T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on two variables T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on two variables T and
+x and we're interested in we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate
+our high of information on the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high of information on the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high of information on the function
+ft BT okay the second coordinate we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft BT okay the second coordinate we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft BT okay the second coordinate we want
+to we're planning to put in the Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're planning to put in the Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're planning to put in the Brownian
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+there then again let's do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then again let's do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then again let's do the same
+analysis can we describe D of f in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can we describe D of f in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can we describe D of f in terms
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+differentiations so to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiations so to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiations so to do
+that okay just like this let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay just like this let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay just like this let me start
+from tailor expansion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F at a point
+t plus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus delta
+T X+ Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T X+ Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T X+ Delta
+X by Tailor expansion for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables is f of T of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is f of T of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is f of T of X
+Plus F DF partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial of f over partial of T at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of f over partial of T at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of f over partial of T at T
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+X of delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus X okay that's the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X okay that's the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X okay that's the first order
+terms and then we have the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then we have the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then we have the second order
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the third order of terms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third order of terms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third order of terms and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so that's just tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just tailor
+expansion if you look at it we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion if you look at it we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion if you look at it we have a
+function f we want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f we want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f we want to look at the
+difference of f when we change the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of f when we change the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of f when we change the first
+variable a little bit and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a little bit and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a little bit and the second
+variable a little bit so it start from F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a little bit so it start from F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a little bit so it start from F
+of T of X in the first order terms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T of X in the first order terms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T of X in the first order terms you
+take the partial derivatives so take d f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial derivatives so take d f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial derivatives so take d f
+over d t and then multiply by the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over d t and then multiply by the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over d t and then multiply by the T
+difference second term you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference second term you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference second term you take the
+partial derivative with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to the
+second variable partial F over partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variable partial F over partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variable partial F over partial X
+and then multiply d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiply d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiply d
+x that much is enough for classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that much is enough for classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that much is enough for classical
+calculus but then as we have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but then as we have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but then as we have seen before
+we want to look at the second order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at the second order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at the second order term
+so let's write first write down what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write first write down what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write first write down what it
+is that's exactly what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's exactly what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's exactly what happened in
+Taylor expansion if you remember if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion if you remember if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion if you remember if you
+don't remember just believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember just believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember just believe
+me this one over two * takes the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this one over two * takes the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this one over two * takes the second
+part second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part second derivative
+partial okay so let's write it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial okay so let's write it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial okay so let's write it in terms
+of yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should oh yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should oh yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should oh yeah you're
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes is it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is it good
+now yeah okay so let's write it as DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah okay so let's write it as DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah okay so let's write it as DT
+all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Deltas just write like that I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas just write like that I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas just write like that I'll just
+not write down t of X and what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write down t of X and what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write down t of X and what we have
+is f+ d f over DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f+ d f over DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f+ d f over DT
+DT d f/ d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT d f/ d x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT d f/ d x
+DX plus the second order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the only important terms first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the only important terms first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the only important terms first
+of all these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these terms are
+important but then if you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but then if you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but then if you want to use
+xals B of T So if you're now interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals B of T So if you're now interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals B of T So if you're now interested
+in f t comma B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f t comma B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f t comma B of
+t or more generally if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t or more generally if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t or more generally if you were
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+in Ft + DT F VT + D of VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ft + DT F VT + D of VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ft + DT F VT + D of VT
+then these terms are important so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these terms are important so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these terms are important so if you
+subtract F of T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract F of T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract F of T of
+VT which you get as these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT which you get as these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT which you get as these two
+terms just Del F over d t DT plus d f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms just Del F over d t DT plus d f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms just Del F over d t DT plus d f
+over DX I'm just writing this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DX I'm just writing this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DX I'm just writing this as a
+second second variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second variable
+differentiation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DBT and then the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT and then the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT and then the second order
+terms instead of writing it all down DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms instead of writing it all down DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms instead of writing it all down DT
+sare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare is
+insignificant and DT DT * DBT also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant and DT DT * DBT also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant and DT DT * DBT also is
+insignificant but the only one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant but the only one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant but the only one thing
+that matters will be this one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters will be this one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters will be this one this is
+DBT Square which we saw is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT so from the second order term you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so from the second order term you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so from the second order term you'll
+have this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term
+surviving 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving 1/
+two partial F over partial X second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two partial F over partial X second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two partial F over partial X second
+derivative of DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of DT
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+it okay if you rearrange it what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay if you rearrange it what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay if you rearrange it what we get
+is partial F over partial t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and that's the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term if you ask me why these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term if you ask me why these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term if you ask me why these terms are
+not important and uh these terms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important and uh these terms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important and uh these terms are not
+important and these term this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and these term this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and these term this term is
+important well I can't really say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well I can't really say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well I can't really say it
+rigorously but if you think about DBT s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously but if you think about DBT s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously but if you think about DBT s
+= DT D * BT is kind of like square of DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= DT D * BT is kind of like square of DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= DT D * BT is kind of like square of DT
+it's not a good notation but if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good notation but if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good notation but if you use
+that these two terms are significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two terms are significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two terms are significantly
+smaller than DT because you're taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than DT because you're taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than DT because you're taking a
+power of it DT s becomes a lot smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of it DT s becomes a lot smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of it DT s becomes a lot smaller
+than DT DT the 32 is a lot smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than DT DT the 32 is a lot smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than DT DT the 32 is a lot smaller than
+DT and but this one survives because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and but this one survives because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and but this one survives because
+it's equal to DP here that's just a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to DP here that's just a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to DP here that's just a high
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+okay that's a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a slightly more
+sophisticated for form of EOS LMA let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated for form of EOS LMA let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated for form of EOS LMA let me
+write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down
+here and let's just fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now f is T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f is T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f is T of
+BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh that's D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's D of
+f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions just remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just remember from the
+classical calculus term we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical calculus term we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical calculus term we're only
+adding this one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this one term
+there yes why do we have X is uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yes why do we have X is uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yes why do we have X is uh just to
+because the second variable is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the second variable is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the second variable is supposed
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+X and then I don't want to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I don't want to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I don't want to write down
+partial derivative with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to a
+Brownian motion here because doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion here because doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion here because doesn't
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+good so it just means take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it just means take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it just means take the partial
+derivative with respect to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the second
+term so just view this as a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so just view this as a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so just view this as a function f
+of T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T of
+X evaluate it and then plug in xal BT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X evaluate it and then plug in xal BT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X evaluate it and then plug in xal BT in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah because I don't want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because I don't want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah because I don't want to write
+down partial BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+uh consider stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process X of
+t such that D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t such that D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t such that D of
+X is equal to Mu * D of t plus Sigma * T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to Mu * D of t plus Sigma * T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to Mu * D of t plus Sigma * T
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+PT okay so this is almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT okay so this is almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT okay so this is almost like a
+Brownian motion but you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion but you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion but you have this
+additional term this is called a drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and basically this happens if XT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and basically this happens if XT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and basically this happens if XT is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+Mt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt
+plus Sigma VT if mu and sigma are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Sigma VT if mu and sigma are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Sigma VT if mu and sigma are
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from now on what we're going to study is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on what we're going to study is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on what we're going to study is
+stochastic processes of these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes of these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes of these this
+type whose difference can be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type whose difference can be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type whose difference can be written in
+terms of some time U drift term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of some time U drift term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of some time U drift term and the
+Brum motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so we want to do a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we want to do a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we want to do a slightly more
+general form LMA where we want F of T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form LMA where we want F of T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form LMA where we want F of T of
+XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that will be the main object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that will be the main object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that will be the main object of
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll finally State the strongest EOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll finally State the strongest EOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll finally State the strongest EOS
+Lima that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use f is some smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and XT is a stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and XT is a stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and XT is a stochastic process
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that XT satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where BT is a Brum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where BT is a Brum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where BT is a Brum
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then DF of txt can be expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's just getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just getting more and more
+complicated but it's based on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's based on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's based on this one
+simple principle really it all happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple principle really it all happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple principle really it all happens
+because of the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the quadratic
+radiation I'll will show you why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation I'll will show you why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation I'll will show you why this
+form it Devi this form deviates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it Devi this form deviates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it Devi this form deviates from
+this form when we replace B to an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so remember here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember here
+all other terms didn't matter but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other terms didn't matter but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other terms didn't matter but the
+only term that mattered was partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term that mattered was partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term that mattered was partial
+square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of
+f of Delta x² DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay so to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this note that DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note that DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note that DF
+is partial F over partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial F over partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partial F over partial T
+DT plus partial F over partial x d of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus partial F over partial x d of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus partial F over partial x d of
+XT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT plus
+half of D of x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of D of x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of D of x^
+2 just exactly the same but I repl the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 just exactly the same but I repl the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 just exactly the same but I repl the
+DB previously what we had DB I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB previously what we had DB I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB previously what we had DB I'm
+replacing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing to
+DX okay now what changes is DX can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay now what changes is DX can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay now what changes is DX can be
+written like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written like
+that if you just plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get here
+is yes uh partial F or partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes uh partial F or partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes uh partial F or partial X
+MDT plus Sigma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDT plus Sigma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDT plus Sigma of
+DBT now what you get here is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT now what you get here is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT now what you get here is 12
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+partials and then mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials and then mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials and then mu
+DT plus Sigma DBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s out of the three terms here that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s out of the three terms here that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s out of the three terms here that we
+get mu s DT square + 2 * mu Sigma D mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mu s DT square + 2 * mu Sigma D mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mu s DT square + 2 * mu Sigma D mu
+db+ Sigma squ DB Square only this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+db+ Sigma squ DB Square only this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+db+ Sigma squ DB Square only this one
+survives just as before these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives just as before these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives just as before these ones
+disappear and then you just collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and then you just collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and then you just collect the
+terms so DT there's one DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so DT there's one DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so DT there's one DT
+here there's mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's mu
+* that here and that one will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* that here and that one will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* that here and that one will become a
+DT so it's half of Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so it's half of Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so it's half of Sigma
+squ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ s
+DT and there's only one DBT term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and there's only one DBT term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and there's only one DBT term
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma and I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+yes okay so this will be the form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this will be the form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this will be the form that
+you'll use it the most because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use it the most because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use it the most because you want
+to evaluate some stochastic process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate some stochastic process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate some stochastic process a
+difference uh some function that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh some function that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh some function that depends
+on time and that stochastic process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time and that stochastic process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time and that stochastic process you
+want to understand the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the difference
+DF and then DX will the X would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF and then DX will the X would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF and then DX will the X would have
+written in terms of a browni motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of a browni motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of a browni motion and
+a drift term and then that's it toal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drift term and then that's it toal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drift term and then that's it toal for
+it okay so but if you want to just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so but if you want to just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so but if you want to just if
+you just see this for the first time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see this for the first time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see this for the first time it
+just looks complicated too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks complicated too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks complicated too
+complicated you don't understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you don't understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you don't understand where
+all the terms are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms are coming from
+but in reality what it's really doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality what it's really doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality what it's really doing is
+just take this tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this tailor
+expansion remember these two classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion remember these two classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion remember these two classical
+terms and remember that there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and remember that there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and remember that there's one more
+term here you can derive it if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here you can derive it if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here you can derive it if you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh really try to know where it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh really try to know where it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh really try to know where it all comes
+from it all started from this one fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it all started from this one fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it all started from this one fact
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation because that made some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation because that made some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation because that made some of the
+second derivatives survive and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives survive and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives survive and because
+of those we get these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those we get these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those we get these kind of
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great let's see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great let's see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great let's see some
+examples that's too much of a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's too much of a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's too much of a there's
+too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry I'm going to use it a lot so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm going to use it a lot so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm going to use it a lot so let
+me record it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example number
+one let F ofx be equal to x²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then want to compute D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then want to compute D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then want to compute D of
+f f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BT I'll give you like three minutes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT I'll give you like three minutes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT I'll give you like three minutes just
+to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+practice you manage to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay so assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a function of two variables but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function of two variables but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function of two variables but it
+doesn't depend on T well you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on T well you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on T well you don't have
+to do that but let me just do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but let me just do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but let me just do that and
+partial over partial F over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t0 partial F over partial X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 partial F over partial X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 partial F over partial X is equal to
+2X and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and the second
+derivative equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at TX so now we plug in t comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TX so now we plug in t comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TX so now we plug in t comma
+BT yeah and yeah what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT yeah and yeah what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT yeah and yeah what you have is
+mual 0 Sigma = 1 if you want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mual 0 Sigma = 1 if you want to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mual 0 Sigma = 1 if you want to write it
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what you're going to have is 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you're going to have is 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you're going to have is 2 *
+BT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT of
+DBT + 1 / 2 * 2 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT + 1 / 2 * 2 D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT + 1 / 2 * 2 D
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them you can either use these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can either use these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can either use these parameters
+and just find that just plug in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just find that just plug in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just find that just plug in each of
+them to figure it out or a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to figure it out or a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to figure it out or a different way
+to do it is really write down remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is really write down remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is really write down remember
+the proof this is partial F over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof this is partial F over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof this is partial F over partial
+T DT plus partial F over partial X DX +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 remember this one and next is the BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that one is zero that one was 2x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that one is zero that one was 2x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that one is zero that one was 2x so
+2bt DBT and you do it one more time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2bt DBT and you do it one more time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2bt DBT and you do it one more time so
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+cool make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool make
+sense okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay let's
+do few more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more second one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one and you want to compute D of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and you want to compute D of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and you want to compute D of F
+at T comma B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T so maybe I'll just do it this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so maybe I'll just do it this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so maybe I'll just do it this time so
+again partial F over partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again partial F over partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again partial F over partial T
+DT plus partial F over partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus partial F over partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus partial F over partial X
+DBT that's the first order terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT that's the first order terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT that's the first order terms the
+second order term is 12 partial Square F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term is 12 partial Square F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term is 12 partial Square F
+partial x² of DBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x² of DBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x² of DBT
+s which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT and let's do it partial F over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and let's do it partial F over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and let's do it partial F over
+partial T you get mu *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T you get mu *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T you get mu *
+F this one is just equal to Mu *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this one is just equal to Mu *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this one is just equal to Mu *
+F or maybe I'm going too quick is Mu * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or maybe I'm going too quick is Mu * e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or maybe I'm going too quick is Mu * e
+mu t + DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT partial F over partial X is Sigma *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT partial F over partial X is Sigma *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT partial F over partial X is Sigma *
+mu t +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu t +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu t +
+DX and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then
+DBT plus if you take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT plus if you take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT plus if you take the second
+derivative you do that again what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you do that again what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you do that again what you
+get is 12 and then Sigma squ * e to Mt +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is 12 and then Sigma squ * e to Mt +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is 12 and then Sigma squ * e to Mt +
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+DT yes and the original equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT yes and the original equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT yes and the original equation that
+you just wrote is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wrote is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wrote is it
+Sig and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesare oh Sigma okay that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesare oh Sigma okay that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesare oh Sigma okay that's a good
+question but that Sigma is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but that Sigma is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but that Sigma is different
+that's if you plug in XT here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you plug in XT here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you plug in XT here if you
+plug in an XT where XT is equal to Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in an XT where XT is equal to Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in an XT where XT is equal to Mu
+Prime DT plus Sigma Prime D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime DT plus Sigma Prime D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime DT plus Sigma Prime D of
+BT then that Sigma Prime will be become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT then that Sigma Prime will be become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT then that Sigma Prime will be become
+a sigma Prime Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sigma Prime Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sigma Prime Square
+here but here the function is Mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but here the function is Mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but here the function is Mu and
+sigma but so maybe it's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma but so maybe it's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma but so maybe it's not a good
+notation let me use a and b here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead the sigma here is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the sigma here is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the sigma here is a different
+from it's different from here yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's different from here yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's different from here yeah if
+you replace a and b then these are yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace a and b then these are yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace a and b then these are yeah
+but I already wrote down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I already wrote down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I already wrote down all
+M that's a good point actually so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's a good point actually so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's a good point actually so but
+that's when you want to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you want to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you want to consider a
+general stochastic process this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stochastic process this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stochastic process this here
+other there than branium motion but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there than branium motion but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there than branium motion but here
+it's just a Brum motion so it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a Brum motion so it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a Brum motion so it's the most
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+form and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and that's what you
+get and this is what you get it's mu +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and this is what you get it's mu +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and this is what you get it's mu +
+half Sigma squ and these are just all F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Sigma squ and these are just all F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Sigma squ and these are just all F
+itself that's a good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's a good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's a good thing about
+exponential f * DT plus Sigma * D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BT okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense okay and there's a reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and there's a reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and there's a reason I
+covering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering this
+example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's
+because let's come back to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's come back to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's come back to this question
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+model stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model stock
+price stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stock
+price using Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Brownian
+process s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process s of
+T but you don't want St to be a Brum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but you don't want St to be a Brum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but you don't want St to be a Brum
+motion what you want is a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion what you want is a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion what you want is a difference
+percent percentile difference to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent percentile difference to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent percentile difference to be a
+Brownian motion so you want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion so you want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion so you want this
+percentile difference to behave like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile difference to behave like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile difference to behave like a
+Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance okay the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay the question
+was is stal to e to the sigma * B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is stal to e to the sigma * B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is stal to e to the sigma * B of
+T in this case and I already told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in this case and I already told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in this case and I already told you
+last time that it's no it's not true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that it's no it's not true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that it's no it's not true and
+we can now see why it's not true so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now see why it's not true so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now see why it's not true so take
+this function stal e to Sigma BT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function stal e to Sigma BT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function stal e to Sigma BT that's
+exactly when mu is equal to zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when mu is equal to zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when mu is equal to zero here
+what we got here was D of St in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got here was D of St in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got here was D of St in this
+case is equal to Mu is 0 so we get 12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is equal to Mu is 0 so we get 12 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is equal to Mu is 0 so we get 12 of
+Sigma squ * DT plus Sigma * D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BT we originally was were targeting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT we originally was were targeting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT we originally was were targeting at
+Sigma *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma *
+DBT but we got this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT but we got this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT but we got this additional
+term which we didn't want in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which we didn't want in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which we didn't want in the first
+hand in other words we have this drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I haven't I wasn't really clear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't I wasn't really clear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't I wasn't really clear in
+the beginning but our goal was to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning but our goal was to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning but our goal was to model
+stock price where the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price where the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price where the expected value is
+zero at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at all
+time so our guess was to take e to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so our guess was to take e to Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so our guess was to take e to Sigma
+BT but what turns out that in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT but what turns out that in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT but what turns out that in this case
+we have a drift if you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a drift if you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a drift if you just take
+naturally e to Sigma BT so to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally e to Sigma BT so to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally e to Sigma BT so to remove
+that drift what you can do is subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drift what you can do is subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drift what you can do is subtract
+that term somehow if you can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term somehow if you can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term somehow if you can get rid of
+that term and you can see if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and you can see if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and you can see if you add
+this to be minus 1 2 Sigma squ you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be minus 1 2 Sigma squ you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be minus 1 2 Sigma squ you can
+remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+okay that's why it doesn't work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+use what is it s of t = e to the - 1 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what is it s of t = e to the - 1 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what is it s of t = e to the - 1 / 2
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+s uh t plus Sigma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so that's a geometric brownia motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's a geometric brownia motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's a geometric brownia motion
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+drift and the reason it has no drift is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and the reason it has no drift is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and the reason it has no drift is
+because of that if you actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that if you actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that if you actually do the
+computation the DT term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disappears okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay so far we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so far we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so far we have been
+discussing differentiation now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing differentiation now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing differentiation now let's
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+integration yes could you just I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration yes could you just I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration yes could you just I mean so
+we do get this solution as of MH you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do get this solution as of MH you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do get this solution as of MH you
+also describe what it means so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also describe what it means so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also describe what it means so what does
+it mean this this solution this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean this this solution this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean this this solution this solution
+B yes yes so does that mean if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yes yes so does that mean if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yes yes so does that mean if we have a
+sample p BT then we could get the sampi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample p BT then we could get the sampi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample p BT then we could get the sampi
+for oh what this means yes so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oh what this means yes so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oh what this means yes so when
+whenever you have the BT values just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have the BT values just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have the BT values just at
+each time takes exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time takes exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time takes exponential
+value because we why we want to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because we why we want to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because we why we want to express
+this in term of brownie emotion is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in term of brownie emotion is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in term of brownie emotion is for
+Brownian motion we have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion we have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion we have a very good
+pretty good understanding it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding it's a really
+good process you understand fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good process you understand fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good process you understand fairly well
+and you can you have good control on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you have good control on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you have good control on
+it but the problem is you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the problem is you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the problem is you want to have a
+process who percentile difference behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process who percentile difference behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process who percentile difference behave
+like a Brum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Brum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Brum
+motion and this gives you a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and this gives you a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and this gives you a way of
+describing it in terms of Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it in terms of Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it in terms of Brownian
+motion as exponential function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion as exponential function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion as exponential function of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and is that does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and is that does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and is that does that answer your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+or right yes so this equation means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right yes so this equation means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right yes so this equation means that
+if we have a sample path BT M that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a sample path BT M that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a sample path BT M that would
+give a corresponding sample P for is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a corresponding sample P for is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a corresponding sample P for is it
+like a point wise evaluation oh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a point wise evaluation oh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a point wise evaluation oh that's a
+good question actually but yeah think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question actually but yeah think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question actually but yeah think of
+it as a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a point where
+evaluation that is not always correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation that is not always correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation that is not always correct
+but for most of the things that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most of the things that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most of the things that we will
+cover that's it's safe to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that's it's safe to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that's it's safe to think about it
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+yeah but if you think about it paf all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if you think about it paf all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if you think about it paf all
+the time eventually it fails but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time eventually it fails but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time eventually it fails but that's
+a very Advanced topic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this question is is basically BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this question is is basically BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this question is is basically BT
+is a probability space it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability space it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability space it's a
+probability distribution over passes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over passes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over passes so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation just look at it it looks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation just look at it it looks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation just look at it it looks right
+but doesn't really Mak sense because BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't really Mak sense because BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't really Mak sense because BT
+if it's a probability distribution what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a probability distribution what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a probability distribution what
+is e to a BT okay well basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to a BT okay well basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to a BT okay well basically what
+it's saying is BT is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is BT is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is BT is a probability
+distribution over passes so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over passes so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over passes so if you take
+omega according to a pass according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega according to a pass according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega according to a pass according to
+the browni motion sample uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browni motion sample uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browni motion sample uh probability
+distribution and for this path it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and for this path it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and for this path it's well
+defined this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this
+function okay so the probability dens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so the probability dens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so the probability dens
+density probability density function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density probability density function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density probability density function of
+this path is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path is equal to the probability
+density function of e to the whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function of e to the whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function of e to the whatever
+that is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution okay maybe it confused you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay maybe it confused you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay maybe it confused you
+more just consider this as some path has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just consider this as some path has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just consider this as some path has
+some well- defined function and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well- defined function and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well- defined function and you have
+a well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay so what was I trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so what was I trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so what was I trying to do
+oh integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition I will first give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I will first give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I will first give you a very
+very stupid definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid definition of
+integration we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration we say that
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+Define f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration okay
+if D of FAL to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT it's just we Define it as an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT it's just we Define it as an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT it's just we Define it as an inverse
+of differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because differentiation is now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because differentiation is now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because differentiation is now all
+defined we could we just Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we could we just Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we could we just Define
+integration as the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration as the inverse of
+it just as in what is it classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus so so far it doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so so far it doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so so far it doesn't have that
+good meaning other than being an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good meaning other than being an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good meaning other than being an inverse
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+it but at least it's well defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but at least it's well defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but at least it's well defined the
+question is does it exist I mean does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does it exist I mean does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does it exist I mean does it
+given f and g does it exist does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given f and g does it exist does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given f and g does it exist does
+integration always exist and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration always exist and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration always exist and so one
+there's lots of questions to ask but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of questions to ask but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of questions to ask but at
+least this is some definition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this is some definition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this is some definition and the
+natural question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural question
+is does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists a remanion some type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+description that means if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that means if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that means if you remember
+how you define integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't you have a function f a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you have a function f a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you have a function f a very good
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+f the integration of f from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B according to the remion some distri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B according to the remion some distri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B according to the remion some distri
+description was you just chop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description was you just chop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description was you just chop the
+interval into very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into very fine
+pieces A1 a0 A1 A2 A3 dot dot dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces A1 a0 A1 A2 A3 dot dot dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces A1 a0 A1 A2 A3 dot dot dot and
+then sum the area of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boxes and takes a limit so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes and takes a limit so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes and takes a limit so this was a
+limit of ranan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sums okay slightly more if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums okay slightly more if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums okay slightly more if you want
+is it's the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the limit as n goes to
+Infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the
+function 1 n * sum of I 1 to T I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 n * sum of I 1 to T I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 n * sum of I 1 to T I'll just
+call Z to b f of TB / nus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tus1 that bring bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus1 that bring bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus1 that bring bring up
+L okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no you're
+right good point no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good point no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good point no we
+don't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks so does inter inte inter integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so does inter inte inter integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so does inter inte inter integral
+defined in this way have this remion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in this way have this remion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in this way have this remion
+some type description the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type description the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type description the
+question so keep that in mind I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so keep that in mind I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so keep that in mind I will
+come back to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this point
+later and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and in
+fact it's a very deep it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's a very deep it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's a very deep it turns out to be
+a very deep question and very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep question and very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep question and very important
+question this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this question
+because if you remember like I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you remember like I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you remember like I hope you
+remember in the ranian sum it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the ranian sum it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the ranian sum it didn't
+matter which point you took in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which point you took in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which point you took in this
+interval okay that was the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay that was the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay that was the whole point
+you have the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the function
+in the interval AI to AI + 1 you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval AI to AI + 1 you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval AI to AI + 1 you take
+any point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in the
+middle and make a rectangle according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and make a rectangle according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and make a rectangle according to
+that point and then no matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and then no matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and then no matter which
+point you take when you go to the Limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you take when you go to the Limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you take when you go to the Limit
+you had exactly the same sum all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had exactly the same sum all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had exactly the same sum all the
+time that's how you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's how you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's how you define the
+limit but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but really
+interestingly like what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly like what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly like what's really
+interesting here is that it's not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here is that it's not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here is that it's not no
+it's no longer true if you take the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer true if you take the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer true if you take the left
+Point all the time and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all the time and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all the time and you take the
+right Point all the time the two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Point all the time the two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Point all the time the two limits
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+different and again that's due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and again that's due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and again that's due to the
+quadratic variation because that much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic variation because that much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic variation because that much of
+variance can accumulate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance can accumulate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance can accumulate over
+time okay so that's the reason we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's the reason we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's the reason we didn't
+start with a reming sum type definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a reming sum type definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a reming sum type definition
+of integral but I'll just make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integral but I'll just make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integral but I'll just make one
+remark e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is the
+limit of ranan sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+take the leftmost point of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval okay so you chop down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay so you chop down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay so you chop down this
+curve at the time interval into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at the time interval into pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at the time interval into pieces
+and for each rectangle pick the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each rectangle pick the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each rectangle pick the left
+move point and use it as a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you take the limit that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you take the limit that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you take the limit that will be
+your EO integral defined it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your EO integral defined it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your EO integral defined it will be
+exactly equal to this thing the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to this thing the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to this thing the inverse
+of our to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our to
+differentiation I won't be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation I won't be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation I won't be able to go
+into detail what's more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail what's more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail what's more interesting
+is instead what happens if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead what happens if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead what happens if you take the
+rightmost point all the time you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost point all the time you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost point all the time you get an
+equivalent theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent theory of
+calculus so it's just like eo's calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so it's just like eo's calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so it's just like eo's calculus
+it looks really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks really really
+similar and it's coherent itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and it's coherent itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and it's coherent itself so
+there's no logical flaw in it it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no logical flaw in it it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no logical flaw in it it all
+makes sense but the only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense but the only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense but the only difference is
+instead of a plus in the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a plus in the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a plus in the second order
+term you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you get
+minuses yeah so let me just make it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses yeah so let me just make it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses yeah so let me just make it as a
+remark but because I it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark but because I it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark but because I it's just a
+theoretical part thing but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical part thing but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical part thing but I think it's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+cool so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mark there exists an equivalent version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark there exists an equivalent version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark there exists an equivalent version
+maybe equivalent is not a right word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe equivalent is not a right word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe equivalent is not a right word but
+a very similar version of EO calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that basically what it says is DBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that basically what it says is DBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that basically what it says is DBT
+s is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to minus
+DT then that changed a lot of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then that changed a lot of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then that changed a lot of things but
+this far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far
+just it's not that important it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's not that important it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's not that important it's just a
+fun like cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun like cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun like cool
+stuff so let's think about this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so let's think about this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so let's think about this a little
+bit more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more this
+fact taking the leftmost point all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact taking the leftmost point all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact taking the leftmost point all the
+time means if you want want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time means if you want want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time means if you want want to make a
+decision for your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision for your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision for your time
+interval so at time T of I and time T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so at time T of I and time T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so at time T of I and time T of
+I + 1 let's say it's a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + 1 let's say it's a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + 1 let's say it's a stock
+price you want to say that you had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you want to say that you had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you want to say that you had like
+so many stocks in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many stocks in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many stocks in this time
+interval let's say you had so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval let's say you had so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval let's say you had so many
+stocks in times this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in times this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in times this time
+interval according to the values between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval according to the values between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval according to the values between
+this and this in real world your only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this in real world your only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this in real world your only
+choice you have is you have to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you have is you have to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you have is you have to make the
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T
+ofi your choice cannot depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofi your choice cannot depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofi your choice cannot depend on the
+future time you can't suddenly say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future time you can't suddenly say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future time you can't suddenly say okay
+in this interval my the stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval my the stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval my the stock price
+increased a lot so I'll assume that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased a lot so I'll assume that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased a lot so I'll assume that I
+had a lot of stops in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of stops in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of stops in this
+interval okay in this interval uh it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay in this interval uh it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay in this interval uh it I
+knew it was going to drop so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was going to drop so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was going to drop so I just
+going to take the rightmost interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the rightmost interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the rightmost interval
+like I'm going to take I I'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to take I I'll assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to take I I'll assume
+that I only had this many stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I only had this many stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I only had this many stuff you
+can't do that your decision has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that your decision has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that your decision has to be
+based on the leftmost point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the leftmost point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the leftmost point because
+the time you can't see the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you can't see the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you can't see the future and
+the reason EOS calculus is so works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason EOS calculus is so works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason EOS calculus is so works well
+in our setting is because of this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our setting is because of this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our setting is because of this fact
+because it has inside it the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has inside it the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has inside it the fact that
+you cannot see the future every decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot see the future every decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot see the future every decision
+is made made on the leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made made on the leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made made on the leftmost
+time so if you want to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if you want to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if you want to make a decision
+for your time interval you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your time interval you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your time interval you have to do it
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+beginning that intuition is like hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that intuition is like hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that intuition is like hidden
+inside of the theory and that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the theory and that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the theory and that's why it
+works so well now let me iterate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so well now let me iterate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so well now let me iterate that
+part a little this part a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a little this part a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a little this part a little bit
+more there the definition of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there the definition of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there the definition of these
+things where you're only allowed to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you're only allowed to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you're only allowed to at
+up at time T you're only allowed to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at time T you're only allowed to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at time T you're only allowed to use
+the information up to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information up to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information up to time
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+is I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+T is an adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+uh ad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is adapted to another castic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adapted to another castic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adapted to another castic process
+XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for all values of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all values of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all values of time
+variables delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables delta T
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+only on x0 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT there's a lot of vague statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT there's a lot of vague statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT there's a lot of vague statements
+inside here but what I'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here but what I'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here but what I'm trying to say
+is just assume X is a Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just assume X is a Brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just assume X is a Brownian motion
+underlying stock price so your stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changing you want to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing you want to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing you want to come up with a
+strategy and you want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and you want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and you want to say that
+mathematically the strategy makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the strategy makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the strategy makes
+sense and what it's saying is if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and what it's saying is if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and what it's saying is if your
+strategy makes your decision at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy makes your decision at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy makes your decision at time T
+is only based on the past values of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only based on the past values of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only based on the past values of your
+stock price then that's an adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price then that's an adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price then that's an adapted
+process so this defines the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so this defines the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so this defines the processes
+that are reasonable that cannot future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reasonable that cannot future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reasonable that cannot future
+and these are in terms of strategy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are in terms of strategy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are in terms of strategy if
+delta T is a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is a portfolio
+strategy these are the only meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy these are the only meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy these are the only meaningful
+strategies that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that you can
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+okay and because of what I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and because of what I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and because of what I said before
+because we're always taking the leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're always taking the leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're always taking the leftmost
+point this adapted processes just also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this adapted processes just also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this adapted processes just also
+fit very well with EOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit very well with EOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit very well with EOS
+calculus all comes into play alog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus all comes into play alog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus all comes into play alog
+together just a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first a very stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first a very stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first a very stupid
+example XT is adapted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT of course because at time T XT really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT of course because at time T XT really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT of course because at time T XT really
+depends only on XT nothing else two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on XT nothing else two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on XT nothing else two
+XT + 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT + 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT + 1 is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+adapted XT well this is maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted XT well this is maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted XT well this is maybe a little
+bit fague so call YT = x t +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit fague so call YT = x t +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit fague so call YT = x t +
+1 YT is the value at t + 1 and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 YT is the value at t + 1 and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 YT is the value at t + 1 and it's not
+based on the values of to time T just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the values of to time T just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the values of to time T just a
+very artificial example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but another example can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another example can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another example can
+be uh Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh Delta
+tals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adapted and I'll let you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted and I'll let you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted and I'll let you think about it
+the force is quite interesting suppose T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is quite interesting suppose T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is quite interesting suppose T
+is fixed some large integer or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed some large integer or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed some large integer or some
+large real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large real
+number then you let delta T to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then you let delta T to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then you let delta T to be the
+maximum of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T delta T yeah where S Sub s where T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T delta T yeah where S Sub s where T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T delta T yeah where S Sub s where T is
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+okay it's not adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this this means at time T I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this this means at time T I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this this means at time T I'm
+going to take at it this value a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum the maximum of all values inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the maximum of all values inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the maximum of all values inside
+this part the future so this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part the future so this refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part the future so this refers to
+the Future it's not an adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process any
+questions okay so now we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now we're ready to
+talk about the properties of Ito ito's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the properties of Ito ito's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the properties of Ito ito's
+integral just let's quickly review what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral just let's quickly review what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral just let's quickly review what
+we have first divined uh first I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have first divined uh first I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have first divined uh first I defined
+EO LMA so that means differentiation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO LMA so that means differentiation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO LMA so that means differentiation in
+EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO
+calculus then I defined integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus then I defined integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus then I defined integration
+using differentiation integration was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using differentiation integration was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using differentiation integration was an
+inverse operation of the differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse operation of the differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse operation of the differentiation
+but this integration also had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this integration also had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this integration also had an
+alternative description in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative description in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative description in terms of
+remanion sums where you're taking just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remanion sums where you're taking just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remanion sums where you're taking just
+the leftmost interval leftmost point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost interval leftmost point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost interval leftmost point at
+as the reference point for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the reference point for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the reference point for each
+interval and then as you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then as you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then as you see this
+naturally has this concept of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally has this concept of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally has this concept of using the
+leftmost point and to abstract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point and to abstract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point and to abstract that
+concept we come up with this adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we come up with this adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we come up with this adapted
+process very natural process which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process very natural process which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process very natural process which is
+like the real life procedures Real Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real life procedures Real Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real life procedures Real Life
+Strategies we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategies we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategies we can think
+of now let's see what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now let's see what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now let's see what happens when you
+take the integral of adapted processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral of adapted processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral of adapted processes
+each integral has really really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing is about normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing is about normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing is about normal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BT has normal distribution 0 to T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT has normal distribution 0 to T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT has normal distribution 0 to T so
+your Brum motion at time T has normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Brum motion at time T has normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Brum motion at time T has normal
+distribution with 0 t that means if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with 0 t that means if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with 0 t that means if your
+stochastic process is some constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process is some constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process is some constant time
+V of T of course then we have 0 and c² T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T of course then we have 0 and c² T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of T of course then we have 0 and c² T
+still normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still normal
+variable that means if you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that means if you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that means if you integrate
+that's the integration of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah that's the integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's the integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's the integration of
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DBT so if Sigma is a fixed constant when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT so if Sigma is a fixed constant when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT so if Sigma is a fixed constant when
+you when you take the to e to integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you take the to e to integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you take the to e to integral
+of DBT Sigma time DBT this constant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DBT Sigma time DBT this constant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DBT Sigma time DBT this constant at
+each time you get a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you get a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you get a normal distribution
+and this is like saying the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like saying the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like saying the sum of
+normal distribution is also normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is also normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is also normal
+distribution it has this hidden fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it has this hidden fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it has this hidden fact
+because integral is like sum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because integral is like sum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because integral is like sum in the
+limit and this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and this can be
+generalized so if delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized so if delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized so if delta
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+process depending only on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable so it does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it does not depend on the
+Brum motion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brum motion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brum motion then
+the process X of T equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process X of T equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process X of T equals the
+integration of delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DBT has normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time just like this we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just like this we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just like this we don't know the
+exact variance yet the variance will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact variance yet the variance will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact variance yet the variance will
+depend on the sigmas but still it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the sigmas but still it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the sigmas but still it's like
+a sum of normal variables so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of normal variables so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of normal variables so we'll have
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution that's one fact and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's one fact and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's one fact and it just
+gets better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better a second fact is called EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a second fact is called EO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a second fact is called EO
+isometry okay that was cool can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometry okay that was cool can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometry okay that was cool can we
+compute the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EXC yes can you that board off yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC yes can you that board off yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC yes can you that board off yeah
+sure does it go up oh this one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure does it go up oh this one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure does it go up oh this one doesn't
+go up that's a bad yeah so I'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that's a bad yeah so I'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that's a bad yeah so I'll do it
+later I wish this do go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+up okay so this has a name called e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isometry can be used to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometry can be used to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometry can be used to compute the
+variance so BT is a Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so BT is a Brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so BT is a Brownian motion
+delta T is adapted to a Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion which is brown your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is brown your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is brown your
+motion then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation of your E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of your E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of your E2
+integral that's the E2 integral of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's the E2 integral of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's the E2 integral of your
+redaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redaptive
+process that's a variance so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's a variance so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's a variance so you take
+the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of
+it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool your Square just comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool your Square just comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool your Square just comes
+in quite nice isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it before I won't prove it but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before I won't prove it but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before I won't prove it but let me
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+why just we already saw this phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just we already saw this phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just we already saw this phenomena
+before this is basically quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is basically quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is basically quadratic
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the proof also uses it if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof also uses it if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof also uses it if you take
+Delta s equals to one sorry I was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s equals to one sorry I was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s equals to one sorry I was using
+Korean one at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korean one at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korean one at all
+time then what we have is here you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then what we have is here you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then what we have is here you get a
+Brum motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brum motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brum motion
+BT so on the left you get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT so on the left you get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT so on the left you get like
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT
+square and on the right what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and on the right what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and on the right what you get is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T because when Delta s is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because when Delta s is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because when Delta s is equal to one
+at all time when you integrate from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all time when you integrate from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all time when you integrate from 0 to
+t you get T and you have t on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t you get T and you have t on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t you get T and you have t on the right
+hand side that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side that's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side that's what it's
+saying and that was the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and that was the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and that was the content of
+quadratic variation if you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic variation if you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic variation if you remember we
+were summing the squares maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were summing the squares maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were summing the squares maybe not
+exactly this but you're summing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this but you're summing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this but you're summing the
+squares over small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's some really good fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's some really good fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's some really good fact that
+you can use to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to compute the
+variance right you have an A2 integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right you have an A2 integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right you have an A2 integral
+you know the square can be computed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the square can be computed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the square can be computed just
+in this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's really
+cool okay and one more property this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay and one more property this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay and one more property this one
+will be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really
+important you will see it a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you will see it a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you will see it a lot in
+future lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that when is e integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Martingale what was a Martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale what was a Martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale what was a Martingale
+Martingale meant if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale meant if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale meant if you have a
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+process at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at any time
+T whatever happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T whatever happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T whatever happens after
+that the expected value at time T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value at time T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value at time T is
+equal to zero okay so it it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay so it it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay so it it doesn't have
+any natural tendency to go up or go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any natural tendency to go up or go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any natural tendency to go up or go down
+no matter which point you stop your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter which point you stop your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter which point you stop your
+process and you see your future it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you see your future it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you see your future it
+doesn't have a natural tendency to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a natural tendency to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a natural tendency to go up
+or go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go
+down in uh formal language it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in uh formal language it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in uh formal language it can be
+defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where ft is the events x0 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT so if you take the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT so if you take the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT so if you take the expected
+conditional expectation based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation based on
+whatever happened up to time T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened up to time T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened up to time T that
+expectation will just be whatever value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation will just be whatever value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation will just be whatever value
+you have at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time intuitively that just means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intuitively that just means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intuitively that just means you
+don't have any natural tendency to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any natural tendency to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any natural tendency to go up
+or go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go
+down question is when is or each to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down question is when is or each to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down question is when is or each to
+integral I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adapted to B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mar as long as G is not some crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar as long as G is not some crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar as long as G is not some crazy
+function as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as long as
+G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasonable one way you can be reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one way you can be reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one way you can be reasonable
+if it's L2 Norm is bounded if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's L2 Norm is bounded if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's L2 Norm is bounded if you don't
+know what it means just you can safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it means just you can safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it means just you can safely
+ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it basically if G doesn't like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically if G doesn't like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically if G doesn't like it's not
+a crazy function if it doesn't grow too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy function if it doesn't grow too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy function if it doesn't grow too
+fast then in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast then in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast then in most cases
+this integral is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is always a
+marting okay so if you flip it remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marting okay so if you flip it remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marting okay so if you flip it remember
+integral was defined as the inverse fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral was defined as the inverse fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral was defined as the inverse fun
+inverse of differentiation so if dxt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of differentiation so if dxt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of differentiation so if dxt is
+equal to some function mu that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some function mu that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some function mu that depends
+on both T and BT * DT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both T and BT * DT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both T and BT * DT plus
+Sigma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma of
+DBT what this means is XT is a marting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT what this means is XT is a marting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT what this means is XT is a marting
+gale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is
+zero at all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+okay and if it's not zero you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if it's not zero you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if it's not zero you have a
+drift so it's not not a marting gale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift so it's not not a marting gale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift so it's not not a marting gale
+okay Z that gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Z that gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Z that gives you some
+classification now if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification now if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification now if you look at a
+differential equation of this stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of this stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of this stochastic
+this is called a stochastic differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a stochastic differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a stochastic differential
+equation if you have a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you have a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you have a stochastic
+process if you look at a stas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you look at a stas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you look at a stas
+differential equation if it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation if it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation if it doesn't have
+a drift term it's a marting gale if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drift term it's a marting gale if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drift term it's a marting gale if it
+has a drift term it's not a marting gale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a drift term it's not a marting gale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a drift term it's not a marting gale
+that will be really useful later so try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be really useful later so try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be really useful later so try
+to remember it the whole point is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember it the whole point is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember it the whole point is when
+you write down a stochastic process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a stochastic process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a stochastic process in
+terms of something times DT something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of something times DT something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of something times DT something
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+DBT really this term contributes towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT really this term contributes towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT really this term contributes towards
+the what is it tendency like the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is it tendency like the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is it tendency like the slope
+of whatever is going to happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever is going to happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever is going to happen in the
+future and this is like the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and this is like the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and this is like the variance
+term it just it adds some variance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it just it adds some variance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it just it adds some variance to
+your stochastic process but still it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stochastic process but still it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stochastic process but still it
+doesn't add add our subtract value over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't add add our subtract value over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't add add our subtract value over
+time it's really fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's really fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's really fair
+Fairly like yeah fairly adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation remember that that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation remember that that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation remember that that's very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+fact you're going to use it a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you're going to use it a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you're going to use it a lot for
+example you're going to use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're going to use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're going to use it for
+pricing theory in pricing Theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing theory in pricing Theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing theory in pricing Theory you
+come up with this stochastic process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this stochastic process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this stochastic process or
+some strategy you look at its value like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strategy you look at its value like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strategy you look at its value like
+let's see XT is your value of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see XT is your value of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see XT is your value of your
+portfolio over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio over time
+if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+portfolio has yeah then you match it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio has yeah then you match it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio has yeah then you match it
+with your financial what it let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your financial what it let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your financial what it let me go
+over slowly again first you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over slowly again first you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over slowly again first you have like a
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative like option of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative like option of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative like option of a
+stock and then you have a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy assume that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy assume that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy assume that you have some
+strategy that at the expiration time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that at the expiration time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that at the expiration time
+gives you the exact value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the exact value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the exact value of the
+option now you look at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option now you look at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option now you look at the difference
+between these two stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes basically what it's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes basically what it's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes basically what it's saying is
+when your variance goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your variance goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your variance goes to zero
+your drift T has to goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drift T has to goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drift T has to goes to
+zero so when you look at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when you look at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when you look at the difference
+if you can somehow get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can somehow get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can somehow get rid of this
+variance term that means no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance term that means no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance term that means no matter what
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+govern the value of your portfolio if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the value of your portfolio if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the value of your portfolio if
+it's positive that means you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive that means you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive that means you can always
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+money because there's no variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because there's no variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because there's no variance
+without variance you make money that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without variance you make money that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without variance you make money that's
+called Arbitrage and you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Arbitrage and you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Arbitrage and you cannot have
+that B that but yeah I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B that but yeah I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B that but yeah I won't go into
+further detail because facil will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further detail because facil will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further detail because facil will cover
+it next time but just remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it next time but just remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it next time but just remember that
+flavor so when you write something down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor so when you write something down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor so when you write something down
+in a stochastic differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stochastic differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stochastic differential equation
+form that term is a drift term that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that term is a drift term that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that term is a drift term that term
+is a variance term and if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variance term and if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variance term and if you don't have
+drift it's a markting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift it's a markting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift it's a markting
+gale that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important any questions that kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important any questions that kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important any questions that kind of the
+basics of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus I will give you some exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus I will give you some exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus I will give you some exercises
+on it mostly just basic computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it mostly just basic computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it mostly just basic computation
+exercises so that you'll get familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises so that you'll get familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises so that you'll get familiar
+with it try to practice it and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it try to practice it and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it try to practice it and let me
+cover one more thing called Cen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one more thing called Cen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one more thing called Cen of
+theorem it's related but yeah these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's related but yeah these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's related but yeah these are
+really basics of the toal so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basics of the toal so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basics of the toal so if you have
+any questions on this please ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this please ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this please ask me
+right now before I move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+the last thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I want to talk about
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is a underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a underlying
+question suppose you have two Brum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question suppose you have two Brum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question suppose you have two Brum
+motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drift and you have another B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and you have another B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and you have another B
+Tilda Brum motion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drift so it's just some prob these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift so it's just some prob these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift so it's just some prob these are
+two probability distributions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probability distributions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probability distributions over
+passes according to BT you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes according to BT you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes according to BT you're more
+likely to have M branium motion that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have M branium motion that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have M branium motion that has
+no drift that's what let's say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no drift that's what let's say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no drift that's what let's say that's
+what sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sample
+path according to B Tilda you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drift and around your motion move close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and around your motion move close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and around your motion move close
+move closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move closer
+CL okay so typical path it will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL okay so typical path it will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL okay so typical path it will follow
+this line and we'll follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line and we'll follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line and we'll follow that
+line and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can
+we switch from this distribution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switch from this distribution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switch from this distribution to this
+distribution by a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure can we switch between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measures to probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributions by a change of measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me go a little bit more what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go a little bit more what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go a little bit more what it
+really means so assume that you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means so assume that you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means so assume that you're just
+looking at a brown your motion from Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a brown your motion from Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a brown your motion from Time
+Zero up to time T some fixed time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero up to time T some fixed time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero up to time T some fixed time
+interval then according to BT let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then according to BT let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then according to BT let's say
+this is path a sample path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is path a sample path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is path a sample path
+Omega you have some probability of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega you have some probability of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega you have some probability of Omega
+uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a
+PDF given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF given by
+this Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and then you have another PDF P Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then you have another PDF P Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then you have another PDF P Tilda
+of Omega where the PDF given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega where the PDF given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega where the PDF given
+by of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by of
+T the question is does there exist a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the question is does there exist a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the question is does there exist a z
+depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+Omega such that P of Omega is equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega such that P of Omega is equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega such that P of Omega is equal to Z
+* p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay do you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay clearly if you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay clearly if you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay clearly if you just look
+at it they're quite different the passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it they're quite different the passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it they're quite different the passes
+that you get according to distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get according to distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get according to distributions
+are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite
+different it's not clear why why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's not clear why why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's not clear why why should
+we should expect it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should expect it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should expect it at
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all and you'll see the answer soon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you'll see the answer soon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you'll see the answer soon but
+let me discuss what all this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me discuss what all this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me discuss what all this in the
+Contex different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+context just forget about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context just forget about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context just forget about all the
+brownie motion and everything just for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie motion and everything just for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie motion and everything just for a
+moment and this concept changing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and this concept changing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and this concept changing from
+one probability distrib dist to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one probability distrib dist to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one probability distrib dist to another
+distribution it's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's a very important
+Concept in analysis and probability just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in analysis and probability just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in analysis and probability just
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+theoretically and there is a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and there is a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and there is a name for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Z for this changing measure if Z exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for this changing measure if Z exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for this changing measure if Z exists
+it's called the radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the radon
+nikodim Ron nikodim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative so let me before doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so let me before doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so let me before doing that
+let me talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so suppose p is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose p is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose p is a probability
+distribution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega it's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so this is some set and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is some set and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is some set and P
+describes the probability that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the probability that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the probability that you have
+each element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element in the
+set and and you have another probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and and you have another probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and and you have another probability
+dist plda another probility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we
+Define p and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define p and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define p and p
+Tilda to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent if the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if the probability
+that a is greater than zero if and Only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If For All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these probability distributions describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probability distributions describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probability distributions describe
+the probability of the subsets so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the subsets so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the subsets so let me
+let's just think about a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about a very simple
+case Sigma is equal to 1 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Sigma is equal to 1 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Sigma is equal to 1 2 and
+3 P gives 1/3 probability to 1 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 P gives 1/3 probability to 1 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 P gives 1/3 probability to 1 1/3
+probability 2 1/3 probability to 3 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 2 1/3 probability to 3 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 2 1/3 probability to 3 p
+Tilda gives 23 probabilities to 3 1/ six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda gives 23 probabilities to 3 1/ six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda gives 23 probabilities to 3 1/ six
+probability to 2 1/ 6 probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to 2 1/ 6 probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to 2 1/ 6 probability to
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+so we have two probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two probability distribution
+over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some
+space they are equivalent if whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space they are equivalent if whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space they are equivalent if whenever
+you take a subset of your ground set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a subset of your ground set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a subset of your ground set
+let's say 1 two when a is equal to 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 1 two when a is equal to 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 1 two when a is equal to 1 2
+according to probability distribution P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to probability distribution P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to probability distribution P
+the probability you have you fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you have you fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you have you fall into
+the set a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a is equal to
+2/3 according to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 according to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 according to P
+Tilda you have 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda you have 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda you have 56
+they're not the same the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same the probability
+itself is not the same but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not the same but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not the same but this
+condition is satisfied when it's zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is satisfied when it's zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is satisfied when it's zero is
+when it's not zero is not zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not zero is not zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not zero is not zero and you
+can just check that it's always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just check that it's always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just check that it's always true
+because they're all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all positive
+probabilities on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the other hand if you
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+instead say 1/3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead say 1/3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead say 1/3 and
+zero now you take your a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three then you have 1/3 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then you have 1/3 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then you have 1/3 equal to
+zero so this means according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this means according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this means according to
+probability dist distribution P there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability dist distribution P there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability dist distribution P there is
+some probability that you'll get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability that you'll get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability that you'll get three
+but according to probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but according to probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but according to probability
+distribution P Tilda you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution P Tilda you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution P Tilda you don't have any
+probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting
+three so they're not equivalent in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so they're not equivalent in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so they're not equivalent in this
+case if you think about it then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you think about it then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you think about it then it's
+really clear so the theorem says this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear so the theorem says this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear so the theorem says this is
+a very important theorem analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important theorem analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important theorem analysis
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+theorem there exists a z such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there exists a z such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there exists a z such
+that uh P of Mega is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if and only
+if p and p Tia are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent you can change from run one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you can change from run one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you can change from run one
+probability measure to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure to another
+probability to meas measure just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to meas measure just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to meas measure just in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+multiplications if and only if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications if and only if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications if and only if they're
+equivalent and you can see that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and you can see that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and you can see that it's not
+the case for this when they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for this when they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for this when they're not
+equivalent you can't make a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you can't make a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you can't make a zero
+probability to 1/3 probability by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to 1/3 probability by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to 1/3 probability by
+multiplication so in the finite world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so in the finite world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so in the finite world
+this is very just intuitive theorem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very just intuitive theorem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very just intuitive theorem but
+this what this saying is is true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this saying is is true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this saying is is true for all
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+spaces and the is called the ronm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and the is called the ronm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and the is called the ronm
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our question is are these two Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question is are these two Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question is are these two Brownian
+motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions
+equivalent the paes that this Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the paes that this Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the paes that this Brownian
+motion without drift takes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion without drift takes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion without drift takes and the
+Brownian motion with drift takes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion with drift takes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion with drift takes are
+they kind of the same but just skewed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of the same but just skewed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of the same but just skewed in
+distribution or are they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or are they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or are they really
+fundamentally different that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different that's the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what gers of theorem says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what gers of theorem says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what gers of theorem says is
+that they are equivalent Al to me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are equivalent Al to me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are equivalent Al to me it
+came as a little bit not inuitive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came as a little bit not inuitive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came as a little bit not inuitive I
+would I would imagine that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would imagine that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would imagine that it's not
+equivalent these two just like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent these two just like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent these two just like these
+paths have a very natural tendency as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths have a very natural tendency as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths have a very natural tendency as
+you go to Infinity these PS and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to Infinity these PS and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to Infinity these PS and these
+pests will really look a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pests will really look a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pests will really look a lot
+different because when you go really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because when you go really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because when you go really
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+far the passes which have drift will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the passes which have drift will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the passes which have drift will be
+just really close to your line mu of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really close to your line mu of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really close to your line mu of t
+while the pathes which don't have drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the pathes which don't have drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the pathes which don't have drift
+will be really close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x-axis but still they are equivalent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis but still they are equivalent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis but still they are equivalent you
+can change from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change from one to
+another I'll just state that theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I'll just state that theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I'll just state that theorem
+without proof and this will also be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without proof and this will also be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without proof and this will also be used
+in pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pricing
+Theory and I can't really tell like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and I can't really tell like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and I can't really tell like I'm
+not an expert enough to tell why but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an expert enough to tell why but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an expert enough to tell why but
+basically what it's saying is you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it's saying is you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it's saying is you switch
+some stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stochastic
+process into a stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into a stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into a stochastic process
+without drift that's making it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without drift that's making it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without drift that's making it into a
+marting gale and Martingale has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marting gale and Martingale has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marting gale and Martingale has a lot of
+meaning in pricing Theory as you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in pricing Theory as you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in pricing Theory as you will
+see so this also has application that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this also has application that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this also has application that's
+why I'm trying to cover it Al it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm trying to cover it Al it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm trying to cover it Al it's quite
+a technical theorem try to remember at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical theorem try to remember at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical theorem try to remember at
+least this statement and the spirit what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this statement and the spirit what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this statement and the spirit what
+it means it just means these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it just means these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it just means these two are
+equivalent you can change from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you can change from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent you can change from one to
+another by a multiplicative function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another by a multiplicative function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another by a multiplicative function
+okay a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ra okay let me just state it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra okay let me just state it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra okay let me just state it in the
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form jle interject yeah sure with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form jle interject yeah sure with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form jle interject yeah sure with um
+these uh sort of changes of measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sort of changes of measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sort of changes of measure it
+it it turns out that um all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it turns out that um all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it turns out that um all of these
+theories uh with continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories uh with continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories uh with continuous time
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+should have an interpretation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an interpretation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an interpretation if you
+discretize time and sort of consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize time and sort of consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize time and sort of consider
+sort of a finer and finer discretization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a finer and finer discretization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a finer and finer discretization
+of the process and um with this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process and um with this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process and um with this change
+of measure um if you consider problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measure um if you consider problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measure um if you consider problems
+in discreet uh stochastic processes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discreet uh stochastic processes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discreet uh stochastic processes like
+uh random walks you know basically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random walks you know basically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random walks you know basically how
+uh say if you're gambling against you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say if you're gambling against you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say if you're gambling against you
+know uh a casino or against another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh a casino or against another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh a casino or against another
+player and you look at how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and you look at how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and you look at how you're
+winnings evolve you know as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnings evolve you know as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnings evolve you know as a random
+walk depending on your odds your odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk depending on your odds your odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk depending on your odds your odds
+could be that you will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you will tend to
+lose so there's basically a drift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose so there's basically a drift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose so there's basically a drift in
+your wealth as as this random process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth as as this random process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth as as this random process
+evolves you can transform that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves you can transform that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves you can transform that process
+to a pro basically by taking out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pro basically by taking out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pro basically by taking out your
+expected losses to a process which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected losses to a process which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected losses to a process which has
+sort of zero or change in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zero or change in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zero or change in expectation
+and so you can convert sort of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can convert sort of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can convert sort of these uh
+gambling problems where there's drift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling problems where there's drift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling problems where there's drift to
+uh a version where there's G where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a version where there's G where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a version where there's G where where
+the process essentially has no drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process essentially has no drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process essentially has no drift and
+it's a Martingale and the Martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Martingale and the Martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Martingale and the Martingale
+theory in stochastic process courses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in stochastic process courses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in stochastic process courses is
+very very powerful there's Martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful there's Martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful there's Martingale
+convergence theorems so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorems so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorems so you know that
+sort of the limit of the Martingale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the limit of the Martingale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the limit of the Martingale is
+uh basically there's convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically there's convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically there's convergence of the
+process and and that applies here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and and that applies here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and and that applies here as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do you will see some surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you will see some surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you will see some surprising
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+yeah and so try to at least digest is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so try to at least digest is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so try to at least digest is a
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because when the guest speaker comes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the guest speaker comes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the guest speaker comes and
+says by gers of theum you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says by gers of theum you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says by gers of theum you actually
+actually know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what it
+is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the
+spirit okay so Cur enough this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit okay so Cur enough this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit okay so Cur enough this is a very
+simple version there's a lot complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple version there's a lot complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple version there's a lot complicated
+versions but let me just state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so p is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution over passes from OT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over passes from OT to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over passes from OT to
+Infinity what this means is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what this means is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what this means is just
+passes from uh that stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes from uh that stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes from uh that stochastic process
+defined from Time Zero up to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from Time Zero up to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from Time Zero up to time
+T so these are pathes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+by a Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+mu and then P Tilda is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then P Tilda is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then P Tilda is the probability
+distribution defined by brownan motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution defined by brownan motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution defined by brownan motion
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drift then p and p T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift then p and p T are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift then p and p T are
+equivalent not only are they equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent not only are they equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent not only are they equivalent
+we can actually compute their rum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and the Ron Nickum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Ron Nickum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Ron Nickum
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+Z which is defined as T of P which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is defined as T of P which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is defined as T of P which we
+denote like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote like
+this has this nice form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a nice close form let me just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice close form let me just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice close form let me just tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+few implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now assume you have some let's say value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assume you have some let's say value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assume you have some let's say value
+of your portfolio over time that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your portfolio over time that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your portfolio over time that's a
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+process and you measure it according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you measure it according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you measure it according to
+this probability distribution so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability distribution so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability distribution so you're
+underlying let's say it depends on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying let's say it depends on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying let's say it depends on some
+stock price and this stock price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price and this stock price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price and this stock price is
+modeled using a brownia motion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled using a brownia motion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled using a brownia motion with
+drift what this is saying is now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift what this is saying is now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift what this is saying is now instead
+of computing this expectation in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing this expectation in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing this expectation in your
+probability space so this is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space so this is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space so this is defined
+over the probability space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the probability space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the probability space
+p r Sigma Omega P defined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p r Sigma Omega P defined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p r Sigma Omega P defined by this
+probability distribution you can instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution you can instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution you can instead
+compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in ah I missed it see just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can compute it as expectation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute it as expectation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute it as expectation in a
+different probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so you transform the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you transform the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you transform the problems
+about brownia motion with drift into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about brownia motion with drift into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about brownia motion with drift into a
+problem about brownia motion without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about brownia motion without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about brownia motion without
+drift and the reason I have Z tilta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and the reason I have Z tilta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift and the reason I have Z tilta
+instead of Z here is because I flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Z here is because I flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Z here is because I flipped
+what you really should have is e tilta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really should have is e tilta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really should have is e tilta
+here is expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C if you are use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C now I don't expect you to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now I don't expect you to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now I don't expect you to really be
+able to compute do computations and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compute do computations and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compute do computations and do
+that just by looking at the serum on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by looking at the serum on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by looking at the serum on so
+just really try to digest what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really try to digest what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really try to digest what it
+means and understand the flavor of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and understand the flavor of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and understand the flavor of it
+that you can transform problems in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can transform problems in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can transform problems in one
+probability space to another probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space to another probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space to another probability
+space and you can actually do that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you can actually do that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you can actually do that when
+the two distributions are defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two distributions are defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two distributions are defined by
+brownia motions where one has drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownia motions where one has drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownia motions where one has drift and
+one doesn't have a drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't have a drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't have a drift
+how we're going to use it is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to use it is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to use it is we're going
+to use a non- marting gill we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a non- marting gill we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a non- marting gill we're going
+to transform a non marting Gill process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform a non marting Gill process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform a non marting Gill process
+into a marting gill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a marting gill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a marting gill
+process and because it has Martin when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and because it has Martin when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and because it has Martin when
+you change it into marting Gill it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change it into marting Gill it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change it into marting Gill it has
+very good physical meanings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good physical meanings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good physical meanings to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so that's it for today and you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it for today and you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it for today and you only
+have one more math lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more math lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more math lecture
+remaining and maybe one or two homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining and maybe one or two homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining and maybe one or two homeworks
+but if you have two the second one won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have two the second one won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have two the second one won't
+be that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that long
+and you'll have a lot of guest lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have a lot of guest lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have a lot of guest lectures
+exciting guest lectures so try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting guest lectures so try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting guest lectures so try not to
+miss them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_eGNSuTBc60.txt b/_eGNSuTBc60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce6ebfe7858dd535047580f66d1aba3dca9871d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_eGNSuTBc60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back people can sit at that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back people can sit at that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back people can sit at that back
+table or Rob you want to come up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table or Rob you want to come up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table or Rob you want to come up here so
+I said you'd have a special new place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody can be my twin brother Rob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rob's not your guest speaker he's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob's not your guest speaker he's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob's not your guest speaker he's my
+guest but he will speak a little later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest but he will speak a little later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest but he will speak a little later
+when we talk about Nouriel Roubini and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about Nouriel Roubini and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about Nouriel Roubini and
+ravine e's thought so and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ravine e's thought so and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ravine e's thought so and blockchain
+economics Rob worked at ero price for 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics Rob worked at ero price for 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics Rob worked at ero price for 25
+years 24 years so he's from Salomon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 24 years so he's from Salomon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 24 years so he's from Salomon
+Brothers Wall Street he started his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers Wall Street he started his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers Wall Street he started his own
+hedge fund and that didn't work out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund and that didn't work out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund and that didn't work out so
+he closed that hedge fund he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he closed that hedge fund he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he closed that hedge fund he went to
+where 40 rowe price for 20 years and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 40 rowe price for 20 years and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 40 rowe price for 20 years and he
+ran a global equity fund but before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a global equity fund but before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a global equity fund but before that
+he was doing telecom and in investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was doing telecom and in investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was doing telecom and in investment
+but I will ask Rob as an asset manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will ask Rob as an asset manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will ask Rob as an asset manager
+around 20 billion dollars of money at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 20 billion dollars of money at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 20 billion dollars of money at
+one point in time and was successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in time and was successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in time and was successful at
+it his thoughts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it his thoughts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it his thoughts about this
+cryptocurrency crypto phase he has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency crypto phase he has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency crypto phase he has not
+as opposed to everybody in this class he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to everybody in this class he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to everybody in this class he
+has not read the readings for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not read the readings for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not read the readings for today's
+class but I know you all read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but I know you all read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but I know you all read the
+readings maybe but that will be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings maybe but that will be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings maybe but that will be when
+we're talking a little bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking a little bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking a little bit about that
+blockchain minimal s so we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain minimal s so we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain minimal s so we're now
+turning into what I call act 2 we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning into what I call act 2 we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning into what I call act 2 we've
+talked a lot about the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about the economics of
+blockchain throughout talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain throughout talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain throughout talking about the
+technology but now we're gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but now we're gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but now we're gonna take
+today and Thursday really that's dive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and Thursday really that's dive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and Thursday really that's dive a
+little bit more into the economics now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more into the economics now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more into the economics now
+of course we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're talking about the
+economics the entire semester but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the entire semester but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the entire semester but this
+is going to be just you know we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just you know we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just you know we're just
+gonna stay right on that and because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stay right on that and because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stay right on that and because my
+goal on this journey together is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal on this journey together is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal on this journey together is that we
+all get a little bit closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get a little bit closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get a little bit closer to the
+ground truth separating the hype from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth separating the hype from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth separating the hype from
+the reality I've I've tried to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality I've I've tried to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality I've I've tried to put in
+the readings if you if you've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings if you if you've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings if you if you've chosen
+sort of even do the skin reader look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of even do the skin reader look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of even do the skin reader look in
+some of the blockchain minimalist like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the blockchain minimalist like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the blockchain minimalist like
+the Nouriel Roubini piece that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nouriel Roubini piece that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nouriel Roubini piece that you you
+had and there doesn't get much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and there doesn't get much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and there doesn't get much more
+minimalist than ruby knees piece but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist than ruby knees piece but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist than ruby knees piece but I
+think it's it's relevant to know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's relevant to know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's relevant to know where
+paul krugman or nora roubini or joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul krugman or nora roubini or joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul krugman or nora roubini or joe
+stiglitz or others are on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiglitz or others are on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiglitz or others are on this
+technology I don't happen to agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I don't happen to agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I don't happen to agree with
+them but I'm not all the way over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I'm not all the way over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I'm not all the way over on the
+other side I'm not with the Tim Draper's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side I'm not with the Tim Draper's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side I'm not with the Tim Draper's
+and and and yesterday I had the honor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and yesterday I had the honor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and yesterday I had the honor to
+appear at a conference in New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at a conference in New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at a conference in New York City
+where fidelity was rolling out their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fidelity was rolling out their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fidelity was rolling out their new
+blockchain digital asset business and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain digital asset business and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain digital asset business and so
+I was the set up speaker I guess but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was the set up speaker I guess but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was the set up speaker I guess but one
+of the other speakers there was Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other speakers there was Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other speakers there was Mike
+Novogratz who started a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novogratz who started a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novogratz who started a company called
+galaxy I would put Mike and some others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy I would put Mike and some others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy I would put Mike and some others
+closer to the backs of molest or he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the backs of molest or he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the backs of molest or he he
+cautioned me he's not a 10 on the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautioned me he's not a 10 on the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautioned me he's not a 10 on the 10
+scale he's probably an 8 so but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale he's probably an 8 so but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale he's probably an 8 so but I've
+tried to put into this readings and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to put into this readings and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to put into this readings and this
+course so that you can leave this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so that you can leave this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so that you can leave this course
+with critical reasoning skills really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with critical reasoning skills really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with critical reasoning skills really
+what are the economics so let's go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the economics so let's go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the economics so let's go on
+that journey together today and also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that journey together today and also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that journey together today and also I
+say think about some of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say think about some of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say think about some of what we're
+talking about today and in light of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today and in light of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today and in light of your
+final projects because you're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final projects because you're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final projects because you're gonna be
+looking for some pain point in finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for some pain point in finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for some pain point in finance
+or if with a little special discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if with a little special discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if with a little special discussion
+with me outside of Finance and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me outside of Finance and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me outside of Finance and saying
+what's a use case that all this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a use case that all this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a use case that all this crazy
+blockchain stuff can come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain stuff can come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain stuff can come together and
+actually work work on it so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work work on it so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work work on it so so the
+overview of course as always I'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of course as always I'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of course as always I'll talk a
+little bit about what our readings I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what our readings I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what our readings I'll
+see if we'll do a little Socratic method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we'll do a little Socratic method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we'll do a little Socratic method
+so we're gonna talk about blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna talk about blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna talk about blockchain
+economics a little bit about blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics a little bit about blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics a little bit about blockchain
+versus the Internet that was Joey Ito's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the Internet that was Joey Ito's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the Internet that was Joey Ito's
+article that kind of set that up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that kind of set that up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that kind of set that up and
+Joey wrote that several years ago he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joey wrote that several years ago he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joey wrote that several years ago he
+might write it a little differently now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write it a little differently now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write it a little differently now
+but I still think it's really relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still think it's really relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still think it's really relevant
+to get behind how do we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get behind how do we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get behind how do we think of
+blockchain versus the Internet I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain versus the Internet I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain versus the Internet I call
+him the minimalist whether it's Rubini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the minimalist whether it's Rubini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the minimalist whether it's Rubini
+or Krugman or Stiglitz but or Gensler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Krugman or Stiglitz but or Gensler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Krugman or Stiglitz but or Gensler
+you're gonna hear from one back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna hear from one back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna hear from one back in the
+that Gensler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gensler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gensler
+it came three minutes after this Gensler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came three minutes after this Gensler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came three minutes after this Gensler
+well he might have come before me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he might have come before me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he might have come before me
+actually because Rob you lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because Rob you lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because Rob you lived in
+Botswana and didn't they believe that ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Botswana and didn't they believe that ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Botswana and didn't they believe that ii
+delivered was the first conceived but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered was the first conceived but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered was the first conceived but
+we're a tentacle so maybe it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a tentacle so maybe it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a tentacle so maybe it that way
+and some costs and i'm sorry i mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some costs and i'm sorry i mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some costs and i'm sorry i mean you
+know i oh yes we have to do the twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i oh yes we have to do the twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i oh yes we have to do the twins
+thing you know how many how many twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know how many how many twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know how many how many twins
+in this class yeah yeah alright it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class yeah yeah alright it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class yeah yeah alright it might
+be just statistical and you said your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just statistical and you said your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just statistical and you said your
+peruvian identical twin tentacle to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ii delivered is so has the birthright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rob has the birthright in peru we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rob has the birthright in peru we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rob has the birthright in peru we'll
+talk about costs and trade-offs we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about costs and trade-offs we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about costs and trade-offs we've
+done a little bit of this in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of this in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of this in the past
+and then we'll wrap it up and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll wrap it up and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll wrap it up and a little
+fewer slides i slimmed this out just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer slides i slimmed this out just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer slides i slimmed this out just so
+we can have a bit more discussion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a bit more discussion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a bit more discussion but
+the study questions how to decentralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study questions how to decentralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study questions how to decentralize
+blockchain applications affect the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain applications affect the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain applications affect the the
+cost of verification and cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of verification and cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of verification and cost of
+networking and and anybody want to dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and and anybody want to dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and and anybody want to dive
+into that or we want to dive in when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that or we want to dive in when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that or we want to dive in when i
+do this a little bit I'll give my read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this a little bit I'll give my read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this a little bit I'll give my read
+about how blockchain changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how blockchain changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how blockchain changes
+verification and networking those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and networking those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and networking those are
+the two things no that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things no that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things no that was in the
+christian catalina paper i know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian catalina paper i know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian catalina paper i know you
+didn't love it that I signed a 30-some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't love it that I signed a 30-some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't love it that I signed a 30-some
+page paper but Christians at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page paper but Christians at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page paper but Christians at the
+forefront of this he's in the Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefront of this he's in the Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefront of this he's in the Sloan
+faculties and uh he's not here he's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties and uh he's not here he's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties and uh he's not here he's sort
+of on a sabbatical semester but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on a sabbatical semester but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on a sabbatical semester but
+Christians paper he's at the forefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians paper he's at the forefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians paper he's at the forefront
+of the economics around block J and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economics around block J and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economics around block J and you
+can't take a good blockchain course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take a good blockchain course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't take a good blockchain course
+without reading Catalina's paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without reading Catalina's paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without reading Catalina's paper and
+it's not just cuz he's a slow knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just cuz he's a slow knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just cuz he's a slow knee
+I think he's kind of got that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's kind of got that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's kind of got that and then
+the comparison to the internet so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison to the internet so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison to the internet so it's
+sort of those two two big items and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of those two two big items and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of those two two big items and I
+know I somebody said there were too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I somebody said there were too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I somebody said there were too many
+readings there was only five that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings there was only five that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings there was only five that were
+required of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required of course
+rubee niece was just low-hanging fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubee niece was just low-hanging fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubee niece was just low-hanging fruit
+because he gave it last Thursday and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he gave it last Thursday and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he gave it last Thursday and it
+was how many people read the Rubini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how many people read the Rubini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how many people read the Rubini
+piece it wasn't required but so about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it wasn't required but so about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it wasn't required but so about
+1/3 or 1/2 you agree it was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 or 1/2 you agree it was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 or 1/2 you agree it was kind of a
+slap down what do you think Eileen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slap down what do you think Eileen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slap down what do you think Eileen how
+many of you that read the Rubini piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you that read the Rubini piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you that read the Rubini piece
+found that you agreed with most of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that you agreed with most of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that you agreed with most of what
+he said okay it's a two three four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay it's a two three four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay it's a two three four or
+five oh eight six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're you're identifying with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're identifying with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're identifying with the
+minimalist now okay okay one Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist now okay okay one Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist now okay okay one Thursday
+you're gonna read things like an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna read things like an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna read things like an open
+letter to Jamie Dimon that kind of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter to Jamie Dimon that kind of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter to Jamie Dimon that kind of goes
+it's not a maximalist but it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a maximalist but it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a maximalist but it kind of
+goes the other way and then the optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes the other way and then the optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes the other way and then the optional
+bits so let's start a little bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so let's start a little bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so let's start a little bit with
+blockchain economics and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain economics and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain economics and and and the
+first thing verification so what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing verification so what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing verification so what are you
+what are the costs anybody who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the costs anybody who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the costs anybody who actually
+dived in or dove into the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dived in or dove into the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dived in or dove into the longer
+Catalina piece the cost of verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalina piece the cost of verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalina piece the cost of verification
+and these are things that I'm not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are things that I'm not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are things that I'm not just
+presenting because somebody wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting because somebody wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting because somebody wrote about
+it I think I think Christians write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think I think Christians write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think I think Christians write
+about this I think that the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think that the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think that the blockchain
+can doesn't always but can really lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can doesn't always but can really lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can doesn't always but can really lower
+the cost of verification bori ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so efficiently auditing and lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so efficiently auditing and lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so efficiently auditing and lowering the
+cost of auditing transactions what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of auditing transactions what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of auditing transactions what else
+do you talk about Kelly right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you talk about Kelly right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you talk about Kelly right so you
+might have fewer people in the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have fewer people in the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have fewer people in the chain
+fewer actors you raise to privacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer actors you raise to privacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer actors you raise to privacy and
+censorship do you want to say or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship do you want to say or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship do you want to say or
+somebody else what what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else what what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else what what is it about
+privacy I mean because I these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy I mean because I these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy I mean because I these are
+really critical things that blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical things that blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical things that blockchain
+can do so but why does that matter about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so but why does that matter about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so but why does that matter about
+rights and values James Turley agree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and values James Turley agree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and values James Turley agree but
+what's the big commercial thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the big commercial thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the big commercial thing that's
+going on right now in big data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now in big data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now in big data the
+dominant I'm sorry Sean and Eric are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant I'm sorry Sean and Eric are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant I'm sorry Sean and Eric are
+saying the dominant revenue model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the dominant revenue model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the dominant revenue model in
+tech today whether it's a big tech like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Facebook and Google and so forth or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook and Google and so forth or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook and Google and so forth or any
+tech the dominant revenue model not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech the dominant revenue model not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech the dominant revenue model not the
+only is basically give me some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is basically give me some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is basically give me some of your
+data let me analyze it and either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let me analyze it and either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let me analyze it and either
+advertise against it or somehow in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise against it or somehow in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise against it or somehow in these
+days use me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days use me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days use me
+she and learning an AI to analyze it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and learning an AI to analyze it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she and learning an AI to analyze it and
+really market other products back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really market other products back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really market other products back to you
+maybe we all do it we live in this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we all do it we live in this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we all do it we live in this we
+give up our data some more so than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up our data some more so than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up our data some more so than
+others some less so but it's a big piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others some less so but it's a big piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others some less so but it's a big piece
+blockchain catalina races well maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain catalina races well maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain catalina races well maybe you
+can get a little bit more privacy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a little bit more privacy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a little bit more privacy if you
+wish it it might be part of the revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish it it might be part of the revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish it it might be part of the revenue
+mo how about censorship what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo how about censorship what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo how about censorship what was the
+point of that censorship anyway so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that censorship anyway so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that censorship anyway so when
+you're dealing with a central authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a central authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a central authority
+a commercial bag they can decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commercial bag they can decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commercial bag they can decide whether
+to extend credit or not that's a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend credit or not that's a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend credit or not that's a form of
+censorship it's this form of allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship it's this form of allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship it's this form of allocating
+something but it could be as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it could be as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it could be as simple as
+to whether to even sell you the tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether to even sell you the tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether to even sell you the tickets
+of the movie theater or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie theater or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie theater or not
+you know in a sense it doesn't happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a sense it doesn't happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a sense it doesn't happen to
+us often but distributed decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us often but distributed decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us often but distributed decentralized
+platforms or more censorship resistant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms or more censorship resistant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms or more censorship resistant I
+mean on a spectrum anything else from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean on a spectrum anything else from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean on a spectrum anything else from
+verification so let's see how we did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so let's see how we did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so let's see how we did so
+this was how I sort of take it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was how I sort of take it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was how I sort of take it back
+these six points the direct cost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these six points the direct cost there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these six points the direct cost there
+may be a cost trade-off that blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a cost trade-off that blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a cost trade-off that blockchain
+could have a lower cost of verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a lower cost of verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a lower cost of verification
+that doesn't always but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't always but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't always but a lot of
+verification and Finance has multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and Finance has multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and Finance has multiple
+back offices trying to reconcile between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back offices trying to reconcile between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back offices trying to reconcile between
+Ledger's we've talked a lot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's we've talked a lot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's we've talked a lot in this
+class about Ledger's Ledger's recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about Ledger's Ledger's recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about Ledger's Ledger's recording
+property rights so you can have one back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights so you can have one back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights so you can have one back
+recording the property rights another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the property rights another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the property rights another
+back recording a property right could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back recording a property right could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back recording a property right could be
+the ownership of equities it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ownership of equities it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ownership of equities it could be
+cash caught payments so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash caught payments so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash caught payments so there's a lot of
+direct costs that it can lower and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct costs that it can lower and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct costs that it can lower and I
+would say in the permission blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in the permission blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in the permission blockchain
+space a lot of big banks are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a lot of big banks are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a lot of big banks are looking at
+that very first point we just lower our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very first point we just lower our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very first point we just lower our
+direct cost of the back office stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct cost of the back office stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct cost of the back office stop
+there straight and simple we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there straight and simple we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there straight and simple we have a lot
+less reconciliation costs privacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less reconciliation costs privacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less reconciliation costs privacy and
+data leakage costs I call it both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data leakage costs I call it both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data leakage costs I call it both
+privacy which sounds like you know Hugo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy which sounds like you know Hugo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy which sounds like you know Hugo
+and I want my personal privacy or I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want my personal privacy or I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want my personal privacy or I just
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+kind of Facebook is taking my data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Facebook is taking my data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Facebook is taking my data I
+call that data leakage you know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that data leakage you know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that data leakage you know I'm not
+terribly worried about it but god it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly worried about it but god it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly worried about it but god it's
+it's it's something aleem very case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something aleem very case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something aleem very case here
+because I really feel to see one like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I really feel to see one like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I really feel to see one like I
+could see privacy in the sense that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see privacy in the sense that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see privacy in the sense that well
+you could transfer coins from anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could transfer coins from anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could transfer coins from anonymous
+spend their anonymous receivers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend their anonymous receivers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend their anonymous receivers and you
+could even hide the amount and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even hide the amount and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even hide the amount and that's
+useful for business because business is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for business because business is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for business because business is
+the one other business is knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one other business is knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one other business is knowing what
+they're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up to
+what other it's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other it's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other it's a very good question
+anybody have an answer for a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have an answer for a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have an answer for a link
+because I do but I just do others like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do but I just do others like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do but I just do others like a
+business use case where you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business use case where you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business use case where you might have
+users not giving up as much of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users not giving up as much of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users not giving up as much of their
+data and privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and privacy
+okay I'm gonna use uber oh did you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna use uber oh did you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna use uber oh did you don't
+want to know like because for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know like because for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know like because for example
+also hedge funds they hide behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hedge funds they hide behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hedge funds they hide behind the
+brokers they have certain like swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokers they have certain like swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokers they have certain like swaps
+with the brokers so they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brokers so they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brokers so they don't have to
+review the organization the peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the organization the peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the organization the peer
+reviewed and also they try to give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed and also they try to give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed and also they try to give your
+position under the five percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position under the five percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position under the five percentage
+threshold so in this way because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so in this way because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so in this way because any
+action your action maybe can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action your action maybe can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action your action maybe can move the
+market or a certain stock okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market or a certain stock okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market or a certain stock okay so
+there's a commercial situation as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a commercial situation as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a commercial situation as an
+asset manager I might not want others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset manager I might not want others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset manager I might not want others to
+know what trades I'm doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what trades I'm doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what trades I'm doing what
+positions I'm taking I was going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions I'm taking I was going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions I'm taking I was going to use
+a personal situation you could envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal situation you could envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal situation you could envision
+uber having been created on a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber having been created on a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber having been created on a blockchain
+it's not on a blockchain but I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not on a blockchain but I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not on a blockchain but I'm saying
+you could have envisioned it riders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have envisioned it riders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have envisioned it riders
+equipment owners caught car owners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment owners caught car owners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment owners caught car owners and
+drivers it's like three communities who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers it's like three communities who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers it's like three communities who
+owns the car who drives the car who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the car who drives the car who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the car who drives the car who
+needs the course coming together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the course coming together in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the course coming together in a
+blockchain and maybe part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and maybe part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and maybe part of the reason
+I'm comfortable with a blockchain uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comfortable with a blockchain uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comfortable with a blockchain uber
+maybe me is I might have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe me is I might have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe me is I might have a few
+girlfriends and I don't want anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriends and I don't want anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriends and I don't want anybody
+tracking that I'm visiting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking that I'm visiting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking that I'm visiting different
+girlfriends this would be you would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriends this would be you would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriends this would be you would call
+privacy but perfectly I'm single I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy but perfectly I'm single I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy but perfectly I'm single I'm
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+but I'm just saying that you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just saying that you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just saying that you know it's a
+perfectly legitimate thing that do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly legitimate thing that do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly legitimate thing that do I
+want to share that data we all share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share that data we all share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share that data we all share a
+tremendous amount of data if we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of data if we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of data if we use a
+credit card that particularly in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card that particularly in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card that particularly in today's
+world of machine learning and AI that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of machine learning and AI that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of machine learning and AI that
+you can take somebody spending patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take somebody spending patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take somebody spending patterns
+and really narrow down that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really narrow down that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really narrow down that's for
+instance say that I have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance say that I have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance say that I have a certain
+religious affiliation or a certain Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious affiliation or a certain Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious affiliation or a certain Pro
+Gon's or anti guns or any orientation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gon's or anti guns or any orientation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gon's or anti guns or any orientation I
+might have you get enough spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you get enough spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you get enough spending
+patterns you cancer piece together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you cancer piece together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you cancer piece together
+that's probably you that's probably your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably you that's probably your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably you that's probably your
+religion that's probably your sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion that's probably your sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion that's probably your sexual
+orientation that's probably the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that's probably the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that's probably the country
+you're from the ethnic group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from the ethnic group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from the ethnic group
+if you pull enough spending pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pull enough spending pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pull enough spending pattern
+coupled with machine learning and AI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with machine learning and AI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with machine learning and AI so
+so use cases people are really talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use cases people are really talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use cases people are really talking
+about well maybe maybe there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well maybe maybe there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well maybe maybe there's something
+that I can give a little privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can give a little privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can give a little privacy
+preserving attribute it won't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving attribute it won't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving attribute it won't be the
+dominant use case but something and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant use case but something and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant use case but something and that
+this class today is just about economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class today is just about economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class today is just about economics
+that's a legitimate economic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a legitimate economic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a legitimate economic thing
+that's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on here
+was there a hand over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+censorship risk basically that I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to the regulator's you said oh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to the regulator's you said oh I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to the regulator's you said oh I need
+to nation which may otherwise be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nation which may otherwise be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nation which may otherwise be just
+among certain Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among certain Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among certain Institute
+right so you're absolutely remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're absolutely remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're absolutely remember your
+first name Jennifer Jennifer is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name Jennifer Jennifer is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name Jennifer Jennifer is right
+there's a tension the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tension the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tension the traditional
+blockchains like Bitcoin have both they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains like Bitcoin have both they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains like Bitcoin have both they
+have they mask a lot of data because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they mask a lot of data because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they mask a lot of data because of
+the pseudonymity but it's not truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudonymity but it's not truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudonymity but it's not truly
+completely masked because you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely masked because you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely masked because you can use
+forensics and track things and to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics and track things and to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics and track things and to verify
+a permissionless blockchain it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permissionless blockchain it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permissionless blockchain it's all
+public so I agree with you it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so I agree with you it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so I agree with you it sort of
+goes both ways there are technical ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes both ways there are technical ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes both ways there are technical ways
+whether through zero knowledge proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether through zero knowledge proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether through zero knowledge proof
+sand other ways to have more privacy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand other ways to have more privacy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand other ways to have more privacy but
+I'm saying there's a legitimate economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying there's a legitimate economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying there's a legitimate economic
+cause Paul Krugman's last sentence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause Paul Krugman's last sentence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause Paul Krugman's last sentence in
+his op-ed was tell me a use case tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his op-ed was tell me a use case tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his op-ed was tell me a use case tell me
+remember Krugman it's like let he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Krugman it's like let he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Krugman it's like let he's a
+Nobel laureate pause brilliant and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel laureate pause brilliant and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel laureate pause brilliant and he
+writes eloquently for the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes eloquently for the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes eloquently for the New York Times
+but there there are and Jennifer you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there there are and Jennifer you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there there are and Jennifer you're
+right it's not perfect yet but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not perfect yet but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not perfect yet but there are
+privacy attributes that you can give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy attributes that you can give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy attributes that you can give to
+a system I do want to clarify I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system I do want to clarify I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system I do want to clarify I only
+have one girlfriend she lives in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one girlfriend she lives in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one girlfriend she lives in New
+York I just want to make sure there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York I just want to make sure there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York I just want to make sure there's a
+hypothetical about goober realized we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical about goober realized we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical about goober realized we're
+on film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you rob there was a story what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you rob there was a story what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you rob there was a story what no
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+settlement we've talked about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement we've talked about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement we've talked about this I
+think if you don't have some economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you don't have some economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you don't have some economics
+around settlement that you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around settlement that you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around settlement that you don't need
+some immutable record of the movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some immutable record of the movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some immutable record of the movement of
+a right particularly a property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right particularly a property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right particularly a property right
+you might just as well just stay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just as well just stay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just as well just stay with a
+traditional database I'm not sure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional database I'm not sure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional database I'm not sure I'm
+entirely right about that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely right about that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely right about that there might be
+some permissioned blockchain worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some permissioned blockchain worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some permissioned blockchain worthwhile
+but I'm kind of a view if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm kind of a view if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm kind of a view if you're not
+moving some something that matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving some something that matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving some something that matters and
+settlement means something that's final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement means something that's final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement means something that's final
+we talked briefly at six or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked briefly at six or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked briefly at six or eight
+lectures ago about that old lawsuit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago about that old lawsuit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago about that old lawsuit in
+Scotland the crop crawford case that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland the crop crawford case that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland the crop crawford case that if
+James steals a dollar from a but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James steals a dollar from a but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James steals a dollar from a but then
+hands the dollar to Andrew I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands the dollar to Andrew I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands the dollar to Andrew I can't get
+it back from Andrew I have no legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back from Andrew I have no legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back from Andrew I have no legal
+rights to get my dollar from Andrew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to get my dollar from Andrew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to get my dollar from Andrew I
+might have legal rights about James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have legal rights about James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have legal rights about James
+but it's final there's final settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's final there's final settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's final there's final settlement
+it's it's Andrews dollar so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's Andrews dollar so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's Andrews dollar so there's some
+thing so you just want finality one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you just want finality one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you just want finality one
+thing I would talk about is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would talk about is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would talk about is a lot of
+merchants in the u.s. don't like paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants in the u.s. don't like paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants in the u.s. don't like paying
+two-and-a-half to three percent of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-and-a-half to three percent of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-and-a-half to three percent of all
+their sales to the payment system visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sales to the payment system visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sales to the payment system visa
+first aid and so forth the lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first aid and so forth the lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first aid and so forth the lot of that
+goes to the backs not to visa first data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the backs not to visa first data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the backs not to visa first data
+and a lot of that is also for what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of that is also for what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of that is also for what's
+called charge backs so I was a chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called charge backs so I was a chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called charge backs so I was a chief
+financial officer of the Hillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial officer of the Hillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial officer of the Hillary
+campaign now it was really lousy that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign now it was really lousy that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign now it was really lousy that we
+lost for a lot of a lot of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost for a lot of a lot of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost for a lot of a lot of reasons
+beyond this discussion about blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond this discussion about blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond this discussion about blockchain
+but I continue to be the CFO for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I continue to be the CFO for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I continue to be the CFO for the
+next six months because we had to wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six months because we had to wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six months because we had to wind
+down a campaign and we had to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a campaign and we had to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a campaign and we had to deal with
+what I called the computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I called the computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I called the computer and
+refrigerator graveyard you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator graveyard you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator graveyard you know the
+hundreds of people we had working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people we had working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people we had working at
+headquarters left the equipment and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters left the equipment and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters left the equipment and they
+they left but the other thing I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left but the other thing I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left but the other thing I had to
+deal with for 60 days was chargebacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with for 60 days was chargebacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with for 60 days was chargebacks
+you know the donors could go to Visa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the donors could go to Visa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the donors could go to Visa and
+say no I didn't really buy that donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I didn't really buy that donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I didn't really buy that donate
+you know whether it's $50 you know low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether it's $50 you know low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether it's $50 you know low
+dollar or $2,700 and you know so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar or $2,700 and you know so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar or $2,700 and you know so I have
+a personal you know sense of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal you know sense of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal you know sense of this whole
+chargeback thing now donations to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargeback thing now donations to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargeback thing now donations to a
+political campaign are different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political campaign are different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political campaign are different than
+services you buy but it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services you buy but it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services you buy but it's something
+merchants deal with a lot Hugo we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants deal with a lot Hugo we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants deal with a lot Hugo we were
+in essence the merchant and yes we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence the merchant and yes we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence the merchant and yes we had
+to pay the campaign and as this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the campaign and as this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the campaign and as this happens
+in every losing campaign it didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every losing campaign it didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every losing campaign it didn't have
+anything to do that's a problem that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do that's a problem that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do that's a problem that's a
+real problem and and what the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem and and what the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem and and what the payment
+processing companies in that case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing companies in that case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing companies in that case it's
+it's a matter of public record we used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of public record we used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of public record we used a
+company called stripe rather than first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called stripe rather than first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called stripe rather than first
+data and so forth I mean the stripes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so forth I mean the stripes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so forth I mean the stripes of
+this world are taking some counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world are taking some counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world are taking some counterparty
+risk now most merchants are not shutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk now most merchants are not shutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk now most merchants are not shutting
+down we were shutting down you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we were shutting down you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we were shutting down you know but
+yeah so effectively it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so effectively it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so effectively it's on the
+merchants cost of trust in blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants cost of trust in blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants cost of trust in blockchain
+there is a cost of trust but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a cost of trust but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a cost of trust but it's
+trusting the code the computer code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting the code the computer code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting the code the computer code
+you're trusting the Bitcoin core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trusting the Bitcoin core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trusting the Bitcoin core
+developers so to speak and the consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers so to speak and the consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers so to speak and the consensus
+protocol so when some people say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so when some people say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so when some people say it's
+trust less it's not truly trust this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust less it's not truly trust this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust less it's not truly trust this you
+still have to trust the code you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to trust the code you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to trust the code you have to
+trust the consensus protocol versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the consensus protocol versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the consensus protocol versus the
+trust in the central intermediary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in the central intermediary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in the central intermediary so
+it's sort of trade-off of yes Ellie yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of trade-off of yes Ellie yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of trade-off of yes Ellie yes
+you're trusting the network and Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trusting the network and Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trusting the network and Bitcoin
+it's a very good point I think by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good point I think by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good point I think by and
+large we all trust the network even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we all trust the network even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we all trust the network even when
+we're dealing with Citibank as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with Citibank as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with Citibank as well but
+you're right that right in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that right in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that right in the center of
+a blockchain solution you're trusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blockchain solution you're trusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blockchain solution you're trusting
+the network for all its communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network for all its communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network for all its communications
+but even even at a central intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even even at a central intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even even at a central intermediary
+there's some trust in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double spend zip the network you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spend zip the network you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spend zip the network you can
+never mess us up when a permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mess us up when a permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mess us up when a permission
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+you cannot double spending there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot double spending there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot double spending there's
+different different issues I prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say you also trust the IFSP right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you also trust the IFSP right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you also trust the IFSP right not
+just sit even put your trust in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit even put your trust in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit even put your trust in the
+intermediary that gets you to City when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary that gets you to City when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary that gets you to City when
+this website lets enrollment put its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this website lets enrollment put its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this website lets enrollment put its own
+fake website in between them right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake website in between them right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake website in between them right okay
+so this there's layers of trust and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this there's layers of trust and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this there's layers of trust and I
+Drive a car not when I'm in Boston I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive a car not when I'm in Boston I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive a car not when I'm in Boston I
+Drive a car I'm trusting the carburetor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive a car I'm trusting the carburetor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive a car I'm trusting the carburetor
+as well and I don't really know how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and I don't really know how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and I don't really know how a
+carburetor works but so there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor works but so there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carburetor works but so there's all
+sorts of layers of trust but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of layers of trust but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of layers of trust but I would say
+that the central trade-off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the central trade-off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the central trade-off with
+blockchain is you're moving away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is you're moving away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is you're moving away from
+trusting the center intermediary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting the center intermediary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting the center intermediary and
+you're trusting code and consensus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trusting code and consensus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trusting code and consensus and
+then economic rents we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then economic rents we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then economic rents we've talked about
+this I mean it is not the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean it is not the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean it is not the reason why
+payment systems cost a half a percent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems cost a half a percent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems cost a half a percent to
+a percent of GDP around the globe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percent of GDP around the globe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percent of GDP around the globe but
+some of that is economic rents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that is economic rents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that is economic rents and the
+financial sector in the u.s. is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector in the u.s. is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector in the u.s. is a
+trillion and a half dollars or seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion and a half dollars or seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion and a half dollars or seven and
+a half percent of our economy here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half percent of our economy here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half percent of our economy here's a
+fair degree of economic rents in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair degree of economic rents in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair degree of economic rents in there
+so these are kind of the six or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are kind of the six or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are kind of the six or seven
+things not only that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not only that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not only that I think is
+worthwhile to discern out of Christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to discern out of Christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to discern out of Christian
+Connolly B's paper but it's also to Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connolly B's paper but it's also to Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connolly B's paper but it's also to Paul
+Krugman there are legitimate things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krugman there are legitimate things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krugman there are legitimate things that
+you would say well we can maybe lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well we can maybe lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well we can maybe lower
+the cost of verification the second big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of verification the second big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of verification the second big
+piece in Catalina he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in Catalina he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in Catalina he talked about
+networks now these are my words not his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now these are my words not his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now these are my words not his
+but it's basically the value networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically the value networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically the value networking
+moving property rights but again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving property rights but again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving property rights but again because
+I'm thinking blockchain is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking blockchain is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking blockchain is about
+property rights I mean we we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights I mean we we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights I mean we we can talk
+differently but moving some property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but moving some property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but moving some property
+right or a computer code that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or a computer code that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or a computer code that's going to
+trigger a smart contract that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger a smart contract that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger a smart contract that's gonna be
+installed and move some property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed and move some property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed and move some property rights
+around and does blockchain have own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and does blockchain have own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and does blockchain have own
+ability to lower the cost to develop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to lower the cost to develop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to lower the cost to develop or
+operate the network basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the network basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the network basically in
+Catalina's words to jumpstart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalina's words to jumpstart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalina's words to jumpstart the
+network or get over the collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or get over the collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or get over the collective
+action challenges and collective action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action challenges and collective action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action challenges and collective action
+challenges are always in business when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are always in business when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are always in business when
+you're trying to start a business some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to start a business some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to start a business some
+business is it's really hard to get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is it's really hard to get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is it's really hard to get over
+the collective-action issues I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collective-action issues I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collective-action issues I mean I
+don't know that any of you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that any of you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that any of you would have
+read a business case on Federal Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a business case on Federal Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a business case on Federal Express
+but but when I first went to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but when I first went to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but when I first went to business
+school they still had a case one Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school they still had a case one Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school they still had a case one Federal
+Express cuz the gentleman I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express cuz the gentleman I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express cuz the gentleman I think was
+Fred Smith who started this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred Smith who started this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred Smith who started this incredible
+idea how do you do overnight delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how do you do overnight delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how do you do overnight delivery
+the first day how do you make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day how do you make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day how do you make sure you
+have enough airplanes to fly all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough airplanes to fly all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough airplanes to fly all the
+packages in his case to Memphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages in his case to Memphis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages in his case to Memphis
+Tennessee and then the flight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee and then the flight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee and then the flight the
+package is somewhere else where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package is somewhere else where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package is somewhere else where you have
+no customers you have no employees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no customers you have no employees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no customers you have no employees and
+you have to all these collective action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to all these collective action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to all these collective action
+issues within one company uber Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues within one company uber Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues within one company uber Bitcoin
+itself had to get get and jump over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself had to get get and jump over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself had to get get and jump over and
+build a network Facebook built a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a network Facebook built a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a network Facebook built a network
+you know there's all sorts of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's all sorts of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's all sorts of study
+about how you build a network and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you build a network and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you build a network and how
+you sort of move towards a network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of move towards a network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of move towards a network and
+get the big payday of a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the big payday of a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the big payday of a network
+blockchain can be part of that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain can be part of that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain can be part of that I'm not
+saying it's the only way but it is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's the only way but it is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's the only way but it is one
+thing and and and Christian speaks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and and and Christian speaks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and and and Christian speaks about
+two things a token and yes token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things a token and yes token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things a token and yes token
+economics might not have much to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics might not have much to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics might not have much to do with
+many things but it Koken might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things but it Koken might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things but it Koken might
+incentivize and help fund the network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize and help fund the network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize and help fund the network so
+it's a new form of crowdfunding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new form of crowdfunding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new form of crowdfunding and
+economically speaking there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically speaking there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically speaking there's been
+crowdfunding for centuries but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding for centuries but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding for centuries but I mean
+it's a new form of crowdfunding kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new form of crowdfunding kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new form of crowdfunding kind of
+building on what Kickstarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on what Kickstarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on what Kickstarter
+starter and others have done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter and others have done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter and others have done to
+basically have a community of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a community of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a community of interest
+to pre fund a project before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pre fund a project before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pre fund a project before it's
+functional now we get into all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional now we get into all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional now we get into all sorts of
+public policy issues of whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy issues of whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy issues of whether it's a
+security or not but the raw economics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security or not but the raw economics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security or not but the raw economics is
+it's a it's a form it's a new form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a form it's a new form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a form it's a new form of
+crowdfunding before the theater is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding before the theater is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding before the theater is going
+to show its show but it also might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show its show but it also might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show its show but it also might be an
+incentive mechanism during an operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive mechanism during an operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive mechanism during an operating
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+that's one where I'm a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one where I'm a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one where I'm a little bit less
+sure off I have to admit I might be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure off I have to admit I might be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure off I have to admit I might be on
+the one-to-ten scale kind of a 2 or a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-to-ten scale kind of a 2 or a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-to-ten scale kind of a 2 or a 3
+and I don't want my bias to infect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want my bias to infect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want my bias to infect you
+although because there's some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although because there's some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although because there's some people
+that think there really are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think there really are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think there really are lots of
+token economics to help operate I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics to help operate I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics to help operate I think
+the first one it's a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it's a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it's a great way to
+crowdfund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfund
+I think that's already been shown I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's already been shown I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's already been shown I
+think that's that's kind of been proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's kind of been proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's kind of been proven
+I'm less sure about the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm less sure about the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm less sure about the second one
+do we need tokens and token economics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need tokens and token economics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need tokens and token economics to
+run a platform but let us not forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a platform but let us not forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a platform but let us not forget
+there are many gaming sites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many gaming sites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many gaming sites that
+effectively have tokens they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively have tokens they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively have tokens they might be
+called hammers and swords how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hammers and swords how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hammers and swords how many of
+you are gamers you don't want to admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are gamers you don't want to admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are gamers you don't want to admit
+it maybe that's six or seven so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe that's six or seven so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe that's six or seven so what's
+what what do you have to pay a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you have to pay a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you have to pay a lot for
+it's it's shield swords or hammers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's shield swords or hammers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's shield swords or hammers these
+days there's a social community there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days there's a social community there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days there's a social community there's
+a reward and incentive system in gaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reward and incentive system in gaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reward and incentive system in gaming
+that's very real and it's been deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very real and it's been deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very real and it's been deeply
+studied and it's a reward or an affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and it's a reward or an affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and it's a reward or an affinity
+or an identity I mean some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an identity I mean some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an identity I mean some of you
+probably have affinity or identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have affinity or identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have affinity or identity
+points or air miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or air miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or air miles
+anybody collect air miles all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody collect air miles all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody collect air miles all right you
+know do you do it just for the travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you do it just for the travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you do it just for the travel
+that you can get or do you feel a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get or do you feel a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get or do you feel a little
+cool when you get extra points you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool when you get extra points you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool when you get extra points you don't
+have to admit that Tom right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to admit that Tom right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to admit that Tom right you know
+you remember that George Clooney movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that George Clooney movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that George Clooney movie
+up in the air how many people saw up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the air how many people saw up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the air how many people saw up in
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+and do you remember one of the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you remember one of the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you remember one of the later
+scenes when he finally he wins he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes when he finally he wins he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes when he finally he wins he's like
+10 million miles so you know there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million miles so you know there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million miles so you know there is a
+piece of human nature and the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of human nature and the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of human nature and the people who
+are maximalist on the last point say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maximalist on the last point say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maximalist on the last point say
+this is part of an incentive system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of an incentive system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of an incentive system like
+that scene and up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene and up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene and up in the air
+I'm towards the minimalist ad but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm towards the minimalist ad but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm towards the minimalist ad but I have
+to respect it it might be I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect it it might be I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect it it might be I should be
+more neutral on that point Metcalfe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neutral on that point Metcalfe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neutral on that point Metcalfe's
+law anybody know Metcalfe's law other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law anybody know Metcalfe's law other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law anybody know Metcalfe's law other
+than a lien British yeah the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a lien British yeah the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a lien British yeah the British
+have you told a quest do you have a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you told a quest do you have a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you told a quest do you have a PhD
+to somewhere or something it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somewhere or something it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somewhere or something it's important
+concept the value increases with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the value increases with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the value increases with the
+number of nodes idea if I can only call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes idea if I can only call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes idea if I can only call
+alpha and alpha can call me he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and alpha can call me he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and alpha can call me he doesn't
+find that very valuable to call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that very valuable to call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that very valuable to call me
+actually but that's the bit but if alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but that's the bit but if alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but that's the bit but if alpha
+can now call five people he he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now call five people he he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now call five people he he doesn't
+hear that it's just five times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that it's just five times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that it's just five times more
+valuable maybe it's five squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable maybe it's five squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable maybe it's five squared the
+number of nodes now further studies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes now further studies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes now further studies have
+sort of said that doesn't really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of said that doesn't really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of said that doesn't really work
+once you get probably past 100 or 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get probably past 100 or 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get probably past 100 or 150
+nodes alpha doesn't really care once he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes alpha doesn't really care once he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes alpha doesn't really care once he
+can call his first hundred and fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call his first hundred and fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call his first hundred and fifty
+people you know is it really gonna keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know is it really gonna keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know is it really gonna keep
+going up so there's a modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up so there's a modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up so there's a modified
+Metcalfe's law that talks about n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metcalfe's law that talks about n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metcalfe's law that talks about n times
+log n but whatever the actual value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n but whatever the actual value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n but whatever the actual value is
+the concept is that it's nonlinear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is that it's nonlinear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is that it's nonlinear and
+that is part of the reason why Apple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is part of the reason why Apple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is part of the reason why Apple and
+Google and Amazon trade where they trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and Amazon trade where they trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and Amazon trade where they trade
+why are they worth 500 billion to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they worth 500 billion to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they worth 500 billion to a
+trillion dollars Rob will tell us why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars Rob will tell us why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars Rob will tell us why
+you know in the marketplace but part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the marketplace but part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the marketplace but part of
+it is this Metcalfe's law that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this Metcalfe's law that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this Metcalfe's law that it's
+nonlinear with two billion quote users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear with two billion quote users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear with two billion quote users
+of Facebook and so part of token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Facebook and so part of token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Facebook and so part of token
+economics are around Metcalfe's law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics are around Metcalfe's law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics are around Metcalfe's law and
+you'll hear people sort of say this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear people sort of say this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear people sort of say this so I
+thought I'd make sure you have it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd make sure you have it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd make sure you have it so
+back to Joey Ito Tom pasta hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Joey Ito Tom pasta hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Joey Ito Tom pasta hashing
+particularly for Bitcoin in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for Bitcoin in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for Bitcoin in a
+proof-of-work system and how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work system and how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work system and how those
+I still just can't wrap my brain around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still just can't wrap my brain around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still just can't wrap my brain around
+the idea that Bitcoin becomes so diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that Bitcoin becomes so diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that Bitcoin becomes so diffuse
+but yet transaction fees are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet transaction fees are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet transaction fees are small
+enough that's you're worried that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's you're worried that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's you're worried that in in
+bitcoins case that the proof-of-work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins case that the proof-of-work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins case that the proof-of-work and
+the electricity and the hashing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity and the hashing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity and the hashing function
+is just by design is going to be costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just by design is going to be costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just by design is going to be costly
+for a long time right I mean we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time right I mean we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time right I mean we think
+back to last winter where there were too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to last winter where there were too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to last winter where there were too
+many transactions for a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transactions for a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transactions for a Bitcoin
+blockchain so so one of the big I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain so so one of the big I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain so so one of the big I'm
+gonna hold this point for a bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hold this point for a bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hold this point for a bit but
+you're gonna see one of the big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see one of the big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see one of the big thing
+the minimalist I call them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalist I call them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalist I call them the
+minimalist would say is by its very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist would say is by its very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist would say is by its very
+design in nature blockchain is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in nature blockchain is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in nature blockchain is meant to
+be complex it's meant to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complex it's meant to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complex it's meant to have some
+Layton sees because it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Layton sees because it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Layton sees because it doesn't have a
+central authority and the trade off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authority and the trade off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authority and the trade off of
+having a central authority is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a central authority is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a central authority is some
+complexity you call it the hashing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you call it the hashing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you call it the hashing the
+proof of work the other the network a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work the other the network a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work the other the network a
+lien would say well you got a you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien would say well you got a you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien would say well you got a you've got
+a propagate on a network you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propagate on a network you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propagate on a network you have some
+Layton sees in bitcoins case blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Layton sees in bitcoins case blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Layton sees in bitcoins case blocks are
+at it every 10 minutes whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it every 10 minutes whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it every 10 minutes whatever that
+bucket of complexity and design features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of complexity and design features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of complexity and design features
+to not have a central authority that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have a central authority that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have a central authority that by
+its very nature the minimalist say will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its very nature the minimalist say will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its very nature the minimalist say will
+never never take off in any scalable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never take off in any scalable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never take off in any scalable way
+though I respect each piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I respect each piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I respect each piece of that
+argument I think one we might move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I think one we might move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I think one we might move to
+other consensus formulas too it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other consensus formulas too it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other consensus formulas too it doesn't
+have to take off in every use case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take off in every use case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take off in every use case
+question is whether in some use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether in some use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether in some use cases
+that will provide an alternative to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will provide an alternative to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will provide an alternative to a
+central intermediary but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central intermediary but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central intermediary but if you're
+saying about Bitcoin how it's designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about Bitcoin how it's designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about Bitcoin how it's designed
+right now I think Bitcoin it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think Bitcoin it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think Bitcoin it's very hard
+to get to very big scaleable solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus my Visa card when the requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus my Visa card when the requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus my Visa card when the requirement
+is probably too high right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably too high right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably too high right now that's
+probably true what we're gonna hear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true what we're gonna hear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true what we're gonna hear on
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+November 15th where we are gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 15th where we are gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 15th where we are gonna have
+not just guests but guest speakers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just guests but guest speakers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just guests but guest speakers when
+Jeff and Kelly Jeff Sprecher and Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff and Kelly Jeff Sprecher and Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff and Kelly Jeff Sprecher and Kelly
+Loffler they're coming Jeff is the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loffler they're coming Jeff is the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loffler they're coming Jeff is the chief
+executive officer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive officer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive officer of
+IntercontinentalExchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange
+and and I hope you stick with the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I hope you stick with the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I hope you stick with the class
+or even if you don't stick with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even if you don't stick with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even if you don't stick with the
+class you come because Jeff and Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you come because Jeff and Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you come because Jeff and Kelly
+Kelly is the CEO of their new startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly is the CEO of their new startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly is the CEO of their new startup
+act well hold your question for Jeff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act well hold your question for Jeff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act well hold your question for Jeff and
+Kelly in Jeff's one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly in Jeff's one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly in Jeff's one of the great
+entrepreneurs in the u.s. so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs in the u.s. so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs in the u.s. so the
+question that Ito raises in his write up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that Ito raises in his write up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that Ito raises in his write up
+is is Bitcoin kind of the next layer did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Bitcoin kind of the next layer did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Bitcoin kind of the next layer did
+we go you know all these protocols of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go you know all these protocols of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go you know all these protocols of
+the Internet these are just the four big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet these are just the four big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet these are just the four big
+known there's there's dozens of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known there's there's dozens of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known there's there's dozens of other
+protocols sub protocols and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols sub protocols and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols sub protocols and so forth
+but as Bitcoin kind of that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Bitcoin kind of that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Bitcoin kind of that next
+protocol so what what did you all take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so what what did you all take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so what what did you all take
+out of joeys work and again it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of joeys work and again it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of joeys work and again it was about
+three years ago but if Joey were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years ago but if Joey were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years ago but if Joey were here
+today he's still this is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today he's still this is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today he's still this is his
+architecture he he he started he runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture he he he started he runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture he he he started he runs
+the Media Lab he started the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Media Lab he started the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Media Lab he started the first
+Internet service provider in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet service provider in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet service provider in his
+bathroom in Tokyo at 23 years old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom in Tokyo at 23 years old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom in Tokyo at 23 years old and
+he's lived it and he thoughts from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's lived it and he thoughts from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's lived it and he thoughts from his
+peace know same do i cold call akira did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace know same do i cold call akira did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace know same do i cold call akira did
+you read what do you think do you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read what do you think do you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read what do you think do you agree
+with eat or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so blockchain versus the Internet some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so blockchain versus the Internet some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so blockchain versus the Internet some
+thoughts both their open protocols I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts both their open protocols I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts both their open protocols I
+mean they're a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're a little bit different
+protocols but you know broadly for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols but you know broadly for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols but you know broadly for this
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+it's both their open protocols both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both their open protocols both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both their open protocols both
+transport packets of data around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport packets of data around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport packets of data around a
+distributed network now in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed network now in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed network now in the case of
+but blockchain or certainly Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but blockchain or certainly Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but blockchain or certainly Bitcoin
+those packets or packets of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those packets or packets of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those packets or packets of data
+representing some property right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing some property right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing some property right that
+then becomes known as value remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes known as value remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes known as value remember
+when blockchain start with Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when blockchain start with Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when blockchain start with Bitcoin
+started it wasn't worth anything it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it wasn't worth anything it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started it wasn't worth anything it was
+kind of an idea but then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an idea but then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an idea but then all of a sudden
+it was worth the penny of a coin so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was worth the penny of a coin so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was worth the penny of a coin so to
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+and and when that there's two pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when that there's two pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when that there's two pizzas
+were delivered May 22nd 2010 it took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were delivered May 22nd 2010 it took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were delivered May 22nd 2010 it took a
+year and a half for anybody to transact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half for anybody to transact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half for anybody to transact
+10,000 Bitcoin for two pizzas it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 Bitcoin for two pizzas it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 Bitcoin for two pizzas it started
+to have some value but at first it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some value but at first it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some value but at first it was
+just an electronic code a property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an electronic code a property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an electronic code a property right
+whereas the Internet is content both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the Internet is content both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the Internet is content both
+have apps built on top of a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have apps built on top of a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have apps built on top of a protocol
+level so Facebook is really an app on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so Facebook is really an app on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so Facebook is really an app on
+top of a protocol of when there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a protocol of when there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a protocol of when there's many
+other apps on top of a protocol level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other apps on top of a protocol level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other apps on top of a protocol level
+and we studied smart contracts so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we studied smart contracts so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we studied smart contracts so just
+you know for for you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for for you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for for you're thinking about
+this and if you're investing in it or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you're investing in it or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you're investing in it or if
+you're managing around this is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're managing around this is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're managing around this is somebody
+pitching you on a protocol level like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching you on a protocol level like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching you on a protocol level like e
+theorem like Bitcoin a new protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem like Bitcoin a new protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem like Bitcoin a new protocol
+level that other things are built on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that other things are built on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that other things are built on top
+of or is it an app built on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or is it an app built on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or is it an app built on top of it
+usually through a smart contract not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually through a smart contract not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually through a smart contract not
+always the layer one is like Bitcoin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the layer one is like Bitcoin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the layer one is like Bitcoin and
+ether layer two is like the Lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether layer two is like the Lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether layer two is like the Lightning
+Network and maybe there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and maybe there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and maybe there should be
+something that's interoperable and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's interoperable and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's interoperable and one
+of the reasons he thinks of Bitcoin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons he thinks of Bitcoin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons he thinks of Bitcoin is
+an app I don't use that vocabulary what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an app I don't use that vocabulary what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an app I don't use that vocabulary what
+you've highlighted there's not settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've highlighted there's not settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've highlighted there's not settled
+vocabulary like this would be a heck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary like this would be a heck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary like this would be a heck of
+a class to give a vocabulary test in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class to give a vocabulary test in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class to give a vocabulary test in
+because in fairness to students there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fairness to students there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fairness to students there's
+not a settled vocabulary even on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a settled vocabulary even on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a settled vocabulary even on the
+word block chain or permissioned systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word block chain or permissioned systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word block chain or permissioned systems
+blockchain or not the purist would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain or not the purist would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain or not the purist would say
+no I would say well yes it's block J no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I would say well yes it's block J no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I would say well yes it's block J no
+I might not be that pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might not be that pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might not be that pure
+around blockchain right now Rob's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around blockchain right now Rob's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around blockchain right now Rob's not
+gonna answer both are said to be open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna answer both are said to be open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna answer both are said to be open
+network development but I would contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network development but I would contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network development but I would contend
+really and both there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and both there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and both there's a lot of
+centralization and and Joe Ito writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization and and Joe Ito writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization and and Joe Ito writes
+about how a group around I can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a group around I can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a group around I can really
+does a lot of the centralized I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot of the centralized I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot of the centralized I'm
+talking about Internet Protocol not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Internet Protocol not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Internet Protocol not the
+apps on top of it and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps on top of it and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps on top of it and of course the
+Bitcoin core developers or in a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin core developers or in a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin core developers or in a theory
+omit Vitalik Butera and sneezes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit Vitalik Butera and sneezes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit Vitalik Butera and sneezes
+everybody wants to know which way did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to know which way did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to know which way did he
+sneeze so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneeze so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneeze so there's a lot of
+centralization around development but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization around development but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization around development but it
+is open it's on github it's open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open it's on github it's open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open it's on github it's open source
+it's highly centralized and in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly centralized and in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly centralized and in kind of
+in both cases interoperability and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases interoperability and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases interoperability and this
+is goes back to Joey's point bitcoin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes back to Joey's point bitcoin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes back to Joey's point bitcoin is
+not interoperable with ether which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interoperable with ether which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interoperable with ether which is
+not interoperable with EOS etcetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interoperable with EOS etcetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interoperable with EOS etcetera
+etcetera they all are kind of in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera they all are kind of in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera they all are kind of in their
+own space they're not that ultimate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own space they're not that ultimate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own space they're not that ultimate base
+layer and so I think of it I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and so I think of it I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and so I think of it I might have
+the wrongs word is almost like the era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrongs word is almost like the era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrongs word is almost like the era
+when it was a private intranet and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was a private intranet and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was a private intranet and it's
+not truly the internet Bitcoin it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not truly the internet Bitcoin it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not truly the internet Bitcoin it's not
+communicating that word intranet mint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating that word intranet mint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating that word intranet mint
+between networks Alain will correct my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between networks Alain will correct my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between networks Alain will correct my
+words here what does it mean for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words here what does it mean for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words here what does it mean for a
+Bitcoin to be interoperable with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin to be interoperable with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin to be interoperable with it so
+for all intents and purposes right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all intents and purposes right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all intents and purposes right now
+you could do these atomic cross chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do these atomic cross chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do these atomic cross chain
+swaps or you could swap some aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps or you could swap some aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps or you could swap some aetherium
+it's a dip Quinn so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dip Quinn so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dip Quinn so that's pretty
+amazing in itself with more do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing in itself with more do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing in itself with more do you want
+whoa wait a minute wait a minute slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa wait a minute wait a minute slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa wait a minute wait a minute slow
+down you can move something of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you can move something of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you can move something of value
+from one ledger system the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one ledger system the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one ledger system the Bitcoin
+ledger system to the theory of ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system to the theory of ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system to the theory of ledger
+system through something called atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system through something called atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system through something called atomic
+swaps which we talked about which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps which we talked about which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps which we talked about which is a
+form of a layer two and maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a layer two and maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a layer two and maybe I don't
+want anything more maybe that solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want anything more maybe that solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want anything more maybe that solves
+this problem but there still is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but there still is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but there still is a
+problem that the Bitcoin code scripting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the Bitcoin code scripting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the Bitcoin code scripting
+code is different than the etherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is different than the etherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is different than the etherium
+scripting code and you might say so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripting code and you might say so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripting code and you might say so who
+cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares
+but they are separate networks you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are separate networks you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are separate networks you have
+to have this atomic swap to jump between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this atomic swap to jump between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this atomic swap to jump between
+Bitcoin and an ether and you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and an ether and you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and an ether and you'd have to
+have a probably a different protocol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a probably a different protocol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a probably a different protocol to
+jump from ether to EOS my different same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from ether to EOS my different same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from ether to EOS my different same
+algorithm but but they solve different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but but they solve different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but but they solve different
+problems so that's why the script in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so that's why the script in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so that's why the script in
+Bitcoin is different than the EVM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin is different than the EVM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin is different than the EVM and
+aetherium for example so by nature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium for example so by nature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium for example so by nature I
+I've said this to this class before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said this to this class before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said this to this class before I
+think a lot of the interoperability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of the interoperability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of the interoperability
+challenges will we'll get past them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges will we'll get past them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges will we'll get past them
+but we're really at a different stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're really at a different stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're really at a different stage
+the the internet pre 1990s before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the internet pre 1990s before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the internet pre 1990s before the
+world wide web in 91 or 92 and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world wide web in 91 or 92 and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world wide web in 91 or 92 and it was
+still like more private networks this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like more private networks this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like more private networks this
+feels like we're still kind of closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like we're still kind of closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like we're still kind of closer to
+that stage of the internet aleene's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stage of the internet aleene's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stage of the internet aleene's
+pointing out well maybe we're closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out well maybe we're closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out well maybe we're closer to
+the worldwide web because the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide web because the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide web because the solution
+is atomic swaps and jumping you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atomic swaps and jumping you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atomic swaps and jumping you still
+have to worry about the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the currency
+exchange rate no matter what you techies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate no matter what you techies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate no matter what you techies
+over here sorry can say hello but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here sorry can say hello but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here sorry can say hello but I can
+do this in my sleep yeah what's it worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in my sleep yeah what's it worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in my sleep yeah what's it worth
+to me because this price is going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me because this price is going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me because this price is going up and
+that price is going down and the minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price is going down and the minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price is going down and the minute
+you get currency exchange and value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get currency exchange and value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get currency exchange and value
+questions in there it's not seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in there it's not seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in there it's not seamless
+okay it's just not seamless it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just not seamless it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just not seamless it might be
+seamless technologically but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamless technologically but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamless technologically but that was
+the whole point of starting aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of starting aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of starting aetherium
+starting Bitcoin is that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Bitcoin is that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Bitcoin is that you're gonna
+have two different currencies so make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different currencies so make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different currencies so make up
+your mind like right or wrong what Rob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind like right or wrong what Rob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind like right or wrong what Rob
+is raising is there's precious currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raising is there's precious currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raising is there's precious currency
+this other just to clarify I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other just to clarify I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other just to clarify I don't
+understand what people mean when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what people mean when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what people mean when they
+say interoperability like I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say interoperability like I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say interoperability like I really don't
+know what they mean I hear at this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they mean I hear at this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they mean I hear at this a lot
+and I don't know what they mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know what they mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know what they mean what
+they want what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but you you haven't gotten your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you you haven't gotten your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you you haven't gotten your
+PhD yet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD yet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD yet right
+you know alright alright that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know alright alright that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know alright alright that's what I'm
+bringing up you know it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up you know it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up you know it really
+technically might be funny but the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically might be funny but the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically might be funny but the money
+side is live a little is one worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is live a little is one worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is live a little is one worth
+coolers one worth three and so so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolers one worth three and so so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolers one worth three and so so what I
+what I mean by interoperability is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by interoperability is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by interoperability is that
+you with the lowest amount of friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with the lowest amount of friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with the lowest amount of friction
+one might even say seamlessly move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might even say seamlessly move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might even say seamlessly move
+across various Ledger's in this space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across various Ledger's in this space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across various Ledger's in this space I
+mean interoperable conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean interoperable conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean interoperable conveniently
+elsewhere but so it's like if I I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but so it's like if I I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but so it's like if I I'm a
+financial firm and I set up a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firm and I set up a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firm and I set up a blockchain
+system can it speak to and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can it speak to and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can it speak to and move
+information and data and value with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and data and value with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and data and value with my
+legacy databases to the block J that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy databases to the block J that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy databases to the block J that's
+not going to be zero friction there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be zero friction there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be zero friction there's
+gonna be some friction moving stuff from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be some friction moving stuff from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be some friction moving stuff from
+the legacy systems to this system and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legacy systems to this system and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legacy systems to this system and if
+it's blockchain to blockchain again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blockchain to blockchain again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blockchain to blockchain again what
+I think of is can you with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of is can you with the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of is can you with the lowest
+amount of friction cost whether the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of friction cost whether the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of friction cost whether the cost
+or what Rob's talking about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what Rob's talking about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what Rob's talking about like the
+currency risk cost or just how you hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency risk cost or just how you hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency risk cost or just how you hook
+up the API or atomic swaps with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the API or atomic swaps with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the API or atomic swaps with the
+lowest amount of friction and so from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest amount of friction and so from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest amount of friction and so from a
+user interface is it seamless if I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface is it seamless if I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface is it seamless if I'm an
+institutional user can I hop skip and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional user can I hop skip and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional user can I hop skip and a
+jump across these systems let me move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump across these systems let me move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump across these systems let me move on
+but that's that would be my lay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that would be my lay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that would be my lay the
+incentives in blockchain and particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives in blockchain and particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives in blockchain and particular
+Bitcoin you have miners but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin you have miners but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin you have miners but there are
+incentives even in in the internet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives even in in the internet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives even in in the internet that
+you have registries and registrar's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have registries and registrar's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have registries and registrar's that
+Joey talks about but other incentives if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joey talks about but other incentives if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joey talks about but other incentives if
+somebody's got to be motivated to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to be motivated to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to be motivated to keep
+this thing alive and program as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing alive and program as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing alive and program as well and
+then I would lastly talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would lastly talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would lastly talk about the
+government the internet kind of came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the internet kind of came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the internet kind of came out
+of the government US Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the government US Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the government US Department of
+Defense and something called DARPA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense and something called DARPA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense and something called DARPA in
+the nineteen late 60s 70s it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nineteen late 60s 70s it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nineteen late 60s 70s it kind of
+government ultimately by the 1990s took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government ultimately by the 1990s took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government ultimately by the 1990s took
+a light touch approach to the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light touch approach to the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light touch approach to the internet
+but it wasn't like the internet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't like the internet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't like the internet was
+birthed in a libertarian like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthed in a libertarian like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthed in a libertarian like you know
+anti-government way and and and Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-government way and and and Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-government way and and and Bitcoin
+and satoshi nakamoto and the papers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satoshi nakamoto and the papers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satoshi nakamoto and the papers all
+kind of came from this cypherpunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of came from this cypherpunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of came from this cypherpunk
+libertarian ethos and culture so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libertarian ethos and culture so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libertarian ethos and culture so it's a
+little bit different cultural background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different cultural background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different cultural background
+it doesn't mean the internet loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean the internet loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean the internet loves
+government but it just sort of had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government but it just sort of had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government but it just sort of had a
+little bit different background Alexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different background Alexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different background Alexis
+rosetta or you're just thinking I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosetta or you're just thinking I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosetta or you're just thinking I should
+have said there's one other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said there's one other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said there's one other point
+significant investment the internet took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant investment the internet took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant investment the internet took
+20 to 25 years before a lot of money got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 25 years before a lot of money got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 25 years before a lot of money got
+thrown in an avalanche of money came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in an avalanche of money came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in an avalanche of money came
+into the internet by the mid not meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the internet by the mid not meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the internet by the mid not meant
+to late 90s Amazon eBay and some others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to late 90s Amazon eBay and some others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to late 90s Amazon eBay and some others
+I think were started in 1995 Netscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think were started in 1995 Netscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think were started in 1995 Netscape
+and everything was going on but by 98 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything was going on but by 98 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything was going on but by 98 99
+and 2000 yet that huge avalanche of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2000 yet that huge avalanche of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2000 yet that huge avalanche of
+money the avalanche of money into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the avalanche of money into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the avalanche of money into
+blockchain is not as big but it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is not as big but it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is not as big but it came
+earlier there was a good 15 to 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there was a good 15 to 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there was a good 15 to 20 years
+of quiet development on research labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quiet development on research labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quiet development on research labs
+like at MIT and in the Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at MIT and in the Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at MIT and in the Defense
+Department before that avalanche of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department before that avalanche of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department before that avalanche of
+money came to the internet and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money came to the internet and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money came to the internet and here we
+had a much faster those are like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a much faster those are like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a much faster those are like my
+sense of some of the differences with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of some of the differences with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of some of the differences with it
+so now let's talk about the minimalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about the minimalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about the minimalist
+they're kind of fun those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of fun those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of fun those are the
+paintings in the corner suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings in the corner suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings in the corner suggest
+minimalist this was the one that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist this was the one that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist this was the one that I think
+was talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about before
+Tom so what else do the minimalist say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom so what else do the minimalist say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom so what else do the minimalist say
+I'm gonna have like 10 or 15 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have like 10 or 15 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have like 10 or 15 things
+whose the minimalist aleene's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose the minimalist aleene's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose the minimalist aleene's and
+minimus who else is kind of a greased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimus who else is kind of a greased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimus who else is kind of a greased
+with Rubini right now show a hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Rubini right now show a hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Rubini right now show a hands
+anyway all right so I've got fit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right so I've got fit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right so I've got fit and
+you're still coming to class that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still coming to class that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still coming to class that's good
+that's good yeah well what else is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good yeah well what else is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good yeah well what else is in
+the minimalist cab Rob get ready because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalist cab Rob get ready because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalist cab Rob get ready because
+you're gonna give your view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story bunnies another one because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story bunnies another one because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story bunnies another one because it
+causes dog so you're saying it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes dog so you're saying it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes dog so you're saying it's not a
+good store value all right not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good store value all right not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good store value all right not a good
+store value let's just kind of roll top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no intrinsic value I'll take that shot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intrinsic value I'll take that shot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intrinsic value I'll take that shot I
+think that's really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrated the wealth concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated the wealth concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated the wealth concentration
+wealth concentration others remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth concentration others remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth concentration others remind me
+your first name Jack there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name Jack there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name Jack there's more than
+one Jack in the class it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Jack in the class it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Jack in the class it's not really
+centralized there was some stat that 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized there was some stat that 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized there was some stat that 99
+percent of transactions exchanges right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of transactions exchanges right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of transactions exchanges right
+so I usually ask in talks how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I usually ask in talks how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I usually ask in talks how many
+people about Bitcoin yesterday I am at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about Bitcoin yesterday I am at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about Bitcoin yesterday I am at a
+very high-end conference in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high-end conference in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high-end conference in New York
+with 150 to 200 what I call curated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 150 to 200 what I call curated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 150 to 200 what I call curated
+invitation lists and fidelity is rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation lists and fidelity is rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation lists and fidelity is rolling
+out this big announcement so the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this big announcement so the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this big announcement so the people
+in the room are kind of engaged and Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room are kind of engaged and Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room are kind of engaged and Mike
+Novogratz who made personally a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novogratz who made personally a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novogratz who made personally a half a
+billion dollars one on betting on ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars one on betting on ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars one on betting on ether
+and Bitcoin it was more ether than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bitcoin it was more ether than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bitcoin it was more ether than
+Bitcoin but on those two I asked how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but on those two I asked how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but on those two I asked how
+many people on Bitcoin two-thirds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people on Bitcoin two-thirds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people on Bitcoin two-thirds of the
+hand I've traded around Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I've traded around Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I've traded around Bitcoin
+two-thirds of the hand go up as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the hand go up as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the hand go up as you
+would think in a room like that how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think in a room like that how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think in a room like that how many
+had owned it directly on the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had owned it directly on the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had owned it directly on the blockchain
+meaning they downloaded the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they downloaded the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they downloaded the software
+they have the nodes of the about hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the nodes of the about hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the nodes of the about hundred
+hands that it went up that had owned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that it went up that had owned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that it went up that had owned it
+or traded three hands went up in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or traded three hands went up in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or traded three hands went up in that
+pretty door and sophisticated high touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty door and sophisticated high touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty door and sophisticated high touch
+area so it's rather centralized because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so it's rather centralized because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so it's rather centralized because
+of crypto exchanges other other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's subject to the 51% majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's subject to the 51% majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's subject to the 51% majority
+attack and as Rubini points out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and as Rubini points out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and as Rubini points out that's
+probably more true with regard to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more true with regard to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more true with regard to the
+small coins if you start a coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small coins if you start a coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small coins if you start a coin and
+there's only a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a million
+dollars of value or even fifty million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of value or even fifty million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of value or even fifty million
+of value and there's only a a dozen or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value and there's only a a dozen or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value and there's only a a dozen or a
+hundred nodes it's far easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred nodes it's far easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred nodes it's far easier to
+overwhelm it then this thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm it then this thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm it then this thing like
+Bitcoin that's lived out there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin that's lived out there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin that's lived out there in the
+wild one might say in the swamp for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild one might say in the swamp for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild one might say in the swamp for all
+these ten years but a state actor with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ten years but a state actor with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ten years but a state actor with a
+few probably single-digit billions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few probably single-digit billions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few probably single-digit billions to
+mess around could do a 51% attack even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess around could do a 51% attack even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess around could do a 51% attack even
+on Bitcoin you know if the government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bitcoin you know if the government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bitcoin you know if the government of
+China the government North Korea really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China the government North Korea really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China the government North Korea really
+wanted to buy enough computing power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to buy enough computing power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to buy enough computing power and
+Asics well frankly maybe even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asics well frankly maybe even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asics well frankly maybe even the
+government at China would just take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government at China would just take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government at China would just take over
+those two big mining poles that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two big mining poles that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two big mining poles that are in
+China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China
+I don't know but or the government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know but or the government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know but or the government of
+russia there's a big mining pole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russia there's a big mining pole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russia there's a big mining pole and
+they yeah so 51% attacks it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yeah so 51% attacks it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yeah so 51% attacks it's kind of an
+interesting thing other other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing other other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing other other things so
+hey where's the there there a lot of box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey where's the there there a lot of box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey where's the there there a lot of box
+bugs in there so there's still a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs in there so there's still a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs in there so there's still a lot to
+work out so let me show you the list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so let me show you the list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so let me show you the list and
+then Rob's gonna tell us what he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Rob's gonna tell us what he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Rob's gonna tell us what he thinks
+there's many technical challenges we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many technical challenges we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many technical challenges we've
+talked about this at a Tory lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this at a Tory lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this at a Tory lecture
+we're not through the scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not through the scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not through the scalability
+performance end of this again I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance end of this again I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance end of this again I keep
+contending I think in single-digit years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contending I think in single-digit years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contending I think in single-digit years
+not months but years we'll get through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not months but years we'll get through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not months but years we'll get through a
+lot of these scalability things maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these scalability things maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these scalability things maybe
+I'm too cockeyed optimist about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too cockeyed optimist about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too cockeyed optimist about the
+ability of technologists here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of technologists here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of technologists here at MIT and
+elsewhere but I think we'll get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but I think we'll get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but I think we'll get through
+a lot we won't necessarily get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot we won't necessarily get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot we won't necessarily get through
+the governance there's still a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the governance there's still a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the governance there's still a bunch of
+collective action issues but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action issues but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action issues but I think
+maybe we're already through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're already through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're already through the
+interoperability I think there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability I think there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability I think there's still
+stuff to do there they lack intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do there they lack intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do there they lack intrinsic
+value that was sad you didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that was sad you didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that was sad you didn't say
+there's a lot of volatility a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of volatility a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of volatility a lot of
+people raised that there's just a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people raised that there's just a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people raised that there's just a ton of
+volatility in these things that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility in these things that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility in these things that's not a
+technical bod but it's a it's a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical bod but it's a it's a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical bod but it's a it's a feature
+of the crypto itself and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crypto itself and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crypto itself and we talked about
+limited adoption Paul Krugman's piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited adoption Paul Krugman's piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited adoption Paul Krugman's piece
+says hey they're not accepted for taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says hey they're not accepted for taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says hey they're not accepted for taxes
+they're not legal tender fiat currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not legal tender fiat currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not legal tender fiat currencies
+have an advantage because over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an advantage because over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an advantage because over the last
+three or four hundred years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hundred years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hundred years
+nearly every society around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly every society around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly every society around the globe
+has said let's accept them for taxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said let's accept them for taxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said let's accept them for taxes and
+legal tender good point to Paul Krugman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender good point to Paul Krugman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender good point to Paul Krugman
+he's right can't get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's right can't get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's right can't get around that
+having multiple currencies counter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having multiple currencies counter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having multiple currencies counter in
+economic history and logic this is Ruby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic history and logic this is Ruby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic history and logic this is Ruby
+nice point but like do we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice point but like do we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice point but like do we really need
+twenty fifty a hundred a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty fifty a hundred a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty fifty a hundred a thousand
+separate currencies maybe not but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate currencies maybe not but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate currencies maybe not but on the
+other side why is it what did you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side why is it what did you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side why is it what did you call
+it skins yeah why is it that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it skins yeah why is it that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it skins yeah why is it that some people
+will value skins in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will value skins in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will value skins in the middle of a
+gaming site or affinity points so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaming site or affinity points so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaming site or affinity points so I
+wouldn't necessarily discard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily discard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily discard it
+completely that's it's like I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely that's it's like I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely that's it's like I just I
+think that's too simplistic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's too simplistic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's too simplistic to
+completely discard it and then token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely discard it and then token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely discard it and then token
+manat monetary policy we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manat monetary policy we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manat monetary policy we've talked about
+it Bitcoin you can have the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Bitcoin you can have the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Bitcoin you can have the maximum of
+21 million coins by the year 2140 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 million coins by the year 2140 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 million coins by the year 2140 it's
+put in the code do we want it to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the code do we want it to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the code do we want it to be the
+base currency it's not technically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base currency it's not technically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base currency it's not technically the
+monetary policy it's the base monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy it's the base monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy it's the base monetary
+policy only in code or do we want humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy only in code or do we want humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy only in code or do we want humans
+the minimalists would also tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalists would also tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimalists would also tell you that
+block chains tend towards centralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains tend towards centralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains tend towards centralization
+whether it's crypto exchanges whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's crypto exchanges whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's crypto exchanges whether
+it's development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's development
+the mining pulls themselves the holders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mining pulls themselves the holders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mining pulls themselves the holders
+and even alternative consensus protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even alternative consensus protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even alternative consensus protocols
+so right now you're thinking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now you're thinking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now you're thinking you're
+gonna go to the door and get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to the door and get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to the door and get out of this
+blockchain class but it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain class but it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain class but it's important to
+kind of know these things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know these things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of know these things to think
+alright now where where can it have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now where where can it have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now where where can it have a
+place nobody raised the private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place nobody raised the private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place nobody raised the private key
+thing you lose your private key you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you lose your private key you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you lose your private key you're
+done in most ledger systems we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in most ledger systems we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in most ledger systems we have
+backdoor ways to correct that I lose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backdoor ways to correct that I lose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backdoor ways to correct that I lose my
+password if a bank sometimes get somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password if a bank sometimes get somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password if a bank sometimes get somehow
+gets hacked there's a way to backdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hacked there's a way to backdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hacked there's a way to backdoor
+and protect against the loss this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protect against the loss this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protect against the loss this is the
+other side of finality if we truly want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of finality if we truly want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of finality if we truly want
+final settlement this the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement this the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement this the other side
+booter ends trilemma I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booter ends trilemma I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booter ends trilemma I'm not going to
+review that again we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that again we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that again we talked about
+and then people doubt the claims of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people doubt the claims of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people doubt the claims of
+token economics I'm probably a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics I'm probably a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics I'm probably a little
+bit in that camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in that camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in that camp
+oh no killer app the scams and frauds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no killer app the scams and frauds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no killer app the scams and frauds
+alright Rob what do you think Rob Brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright Rob what do you think Rob Brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright Rob what do you think Rob Brad
+at twenty billion dollar funds and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at twenty billion dollar funds and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at twenty billion dollar funds and he's
+not read a single thing on the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the 90s I was a tech and telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 90s I was a tech and telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 90s I was a tech and telecom
+investor and it's relevant to inform my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and it's relevant to inform my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and it's relevant to inform my
+biases because I saw you know Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases because I saw you know Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases because I saw you know Google
+wasn't the first search engine became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the first search engine became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the first search engine became
+public and came through our offices it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and came through our offices it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and came through our offices it
+wasn't even the top five it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even the top five it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even the top five it was the
+sixth or seventh if I recall search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth or seventh if I recall search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth or seventh if I recall search
+engine came through and the first five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine came through and the first five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine came through and the first five
+didn't have a monetization case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a monetization case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a monetization case in
+groove all wound up figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove all wound up figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove all wound up figuring out the
+puzzle under sit and I saw all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle under sit and I saw all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle under sit and I saw all the
+things in the 90s in the tech deck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the 90s in the tech deck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the 90s in the tech deck and
+the tech crash you know what intrigues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech crash you know what intrigues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech crash you know what intrigues
+me about this is and I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about this is and I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about this is and I'm not a
+minimalist this to blockchain has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist this to blockchain has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist this to blockchain has no
+economic basis it actually probably does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic basis it actually probably does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic basis it actually probably does
+and someone will figure it out and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone will figure it out and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone will figure it out and I'm
+very reminded I'm going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reminded I'm going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reminded I'm going to give you the
+full side of it and then I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full side of it and then I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full side of it and then I'll give you
+my real is when I first met in the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my real is when I first met in the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my real is when I first met in the 80s
+actually the head of Bell Labs if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the head of Bell Labs if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the head of Bell Labs if anyone
+doesn't know that it was a tease you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know that it was a tease you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know that it was a tease you
+know labs and all he said I asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know labs and all he said I asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know labs and all he said I asked him
+all his years in research what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his years in research what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his years in research what was the
+biggest lesson I could take away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest lesson I could take away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest lesson I could take away and
+learn in my tech investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in my tech investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in my tech investing
+he says when big change happens okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says when big change happens okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says when big change happens okay it
+always takes longer than you think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always takes longer than you think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always takes longer than you think to
+happen always much longer he says but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen always much longer he says but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen always much longer he says but
+when it doesn't happen is much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't happen is much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't happen is much faster
+than you could ever imagine when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could ever imagine when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could ever imagine when it
+finally does okay and where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally does okay and where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally does okay and where that
+compares to all of technology evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to all of technology evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to all of technology evolution
+even this and this is what worries me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this and this is what worries me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this and this is what worries me
+maybe I'm wrong in my because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm wrong in my because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm wrong in my because I'm
+bearish actually but maybe I'm wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish actually but maybe I'm wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish actually but maybe I'm wrong so
+I'm gonna give Wyatt could you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give Wyatt could you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give Wyatt could you maybe
+we're in that first stage where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in that first stage where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in that first stage where all the
+hype is happen because usually you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype is happen because usually you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype is happen because usually you have
+excitement pipe disappointment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement pipe disappointment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement pipe disappointment and then
+years later the use case the broad use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later the use case the broad use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later the use case the broad use
+case actually happens because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case actually happens because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case actually happens because right now
+I really feel strongly we're in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel strongly we're in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel strongly we're in that
+first excitement pipe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excitement pipe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excitement pipe I don't know
+whether the broad use case will ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the broad use case will ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the broad use case will ever
+happen it might but what worries me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it might but what worries me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it might but what worries me
+about Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bitcoin
+particularly with just a market sky okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with just a market sky okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with just a market sky okay
+that's all I am I don't think and I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I am I don't think and I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I am I don't think and I'm a
+practical guy not a research guy and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical guy not a research guy and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical guy not a research guy and in
+markets is like okay Bitcoin comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is like okay Bitcoin comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is like okay Bitcoin comes along
+and it's going up because the taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going up because the taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going up because the taxi
+driver is talking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is talking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is talking about it and
+everybody's in it why do they own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in it why do they own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in it why do they own
+Bitcoin they own it because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin they own it because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin they own it because of the
+greater fool theory I'm gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater fool theory I'm gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater fool theory I'm gonna find
+someone to pay me a higher price okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to pay me a higher price okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to pay me a higher price okay
+and I'm gonna miss out if I don't and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna miss out if I don't and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna miss out if I don't and I
+got to be involved in it and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be involved in it and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be involved in it and all the
+rest of it and then you see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it and then you see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it and then you see how many
+other coins are there if you pull it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coins are there if you pull it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coins are there if you pull it up
+statement coin market cap comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement coin market cap comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement coin market cap comment
+religious like it oh my god supply you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious like it oh my god supply you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious like it oh my god supply you
+know the last thing you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the last thing you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the last thing you want is
+interoperability if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability if you've got
+interoperability that supply is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability that supply is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability that supply is infinite
+okay so the value of these now they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the value of these now they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the value of these now they may
+still have an amazing use case as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have an amazing use case as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have an amazing use case as being
+a utility to provide this you know ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility to provide this you know ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility to provide this you know ease
+of transactions and all the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions and all the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions and all the positive
+things but well done bearish one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but well done bearish one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but well done bearish one is the
+value Bitcoin if you notice I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Bitcoin if you notice I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Bitcoin if you notice I'm not
+bearish on blockchain and adding value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish on blockchain and adding value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish on blockchain and adding value
+but if they're all interoperable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're all interoperable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're all interoperable
+actually would be great where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would be great where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would be great where the
+medical system all figured out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical system all figured out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical system all figured out a way to
+keep medical records in some better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep medical records in some better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep medical records in some better way
+they've used blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've used blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've used blockchain
+Wow wouldn't that be great but would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow wouldn't that be great but would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow wouldn't that be great but would we
+be using Bitcoin as a very high value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using Bitcoin as a very high value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using Bitcoin as a very high value
+thing and I'm also reminded I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm also reminded I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm also reminded I think
+Bitcoin sorry I'm not biased about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin sorry I'm not biased about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin sorry I'm not biased about this
+is a massive regulatory arbitrage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a massive regulatory arbitrage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a massive regulatory arbitrage I
+don't want the government's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the government's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the government's the
+officials anywhere in the world to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials anywhere in the world to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials anywhere in the world to know
+something I want to create a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to create a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to create a system
+that's beyond governments have you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beyond governments have you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beyond governments have you found
+anything maybe in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything maybe in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything maybe in the history of
+humankind there is something we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind there is something we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind there is something we're
+officially the official sector doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially the official sector doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially the official sector doesn't
+come back without vengeance and get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back without vengeance and get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back without vengeance and get its
+fair share so I think black chain can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair share so I think black chain can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair share so I think black chain can be
+very good as a utility to make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good as a utility to make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good as a utility to make a lot of
+other things it's like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things it's like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things it's like what are the
+killer apps that will come and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer apps that will come and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer apps that will come and it was
+true with the internet when the killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with the internet when the killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with the internet when the killer
+apps came guess what Amazon was a killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps came guess what Amazon was a killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps came guess what Amazon was a killer
+app and Apple was a killer app while app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app and Apple was a killer app while app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app and Apple was a killer app while app
+is different but Facebook etc and oh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different but Facebook etc and oh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different but Facebook etc and oh by
+the way all of them so it was years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way all of them so it was years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way all of them so it was years to
+say why didn't say there one 500 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why didn't say there one 500 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why didn't say there one 500 billion
+or a trillion it remember there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a trillion it remember there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a trillion it remember there was an
+installed base of value amazon's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed base of value amazon's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed base of value amazon's case
+one hundred percent of global retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred percent of global retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred percent of global retail
+that they could disrupt wow they've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could disrupt wow they've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could disrupt wow they've not
+even five percent yet i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even five percent yet i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even five percent yet i don't know
+whether you should own Amazon stock or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you should own Amazon stock or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you should own Amazon stock or
+not I'm gonna try to say that but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm gonna try to say that but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm gonna try to say that but well
+you know all of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of global
+type-c you know that's what's Google's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type-c you know that's what's Google's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type-c you know that's what's Google's
+you know Wow and they were disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Wow and they were disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Wow and they were disruptive
+okay so maybe Bitcoin becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe Bitcoin becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe Bitcoin becomes the
+utility that some app resides on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that some app resides on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that some app resides on top of
+that is you know and this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know and this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know and this becomes
+ubiquitous enough in 10 or 15 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous enough in 10 or 15 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous enough in 10 or 15 years and
+I actually think something will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually think something will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually think something will happen
+it's just well us all that we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just well us all that we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just well us all that we hadn't
+even considered but it's in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even considered but it's in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even considered but it's in the second
+phase not in this first phase of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase not in this first phase of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase not in this first phase of light
+disappointment and I don't think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointment and I don't think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointment and I don't think we're
+anywhere near the disappointment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near the disappointment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near the disappointment the
+disappointing that takes years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing that takes years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing that takes years ago
+something like the phoenix from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the phoenix from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the phoenix from the
+ashes it rises up again and it's once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashes it rises up again and it's once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashes it rises up again and it's once
+the distributed process is all out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributed process is all out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributed process is all out there
+and there's not nodes like a bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not nodes like a bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not nodes like a bitcoin
+nodes but nodes of users it's like guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes but nodes of users it's like guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes but nodes of users it's like guess
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+you know these things in our phone-ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these things in our phone-ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these things in our phone-ins
+distributed these until these were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed these until these were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed these until these were all
+there you couldn't have a facebook right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you couldn't have a facebook right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you couldn't have a facebook right
+facebook needed this first in a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook needed this first in a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook needed this first in a weird
+sense or they needed the desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or they needed the desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or they needed the desktop
+versions of this curse and i still think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this curse and i still think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this curse and i still think
+we're very early days of this stuff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very early days of this stuff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very early days of this stuff the
+real value will be made I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real value will be made I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real value will be made I'm telling you
+you'll make major investment dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make major investment dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make major investment dollars
+somewhere five minimum years maybe ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere five minimum years maybe ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere five minimum years maybe ten
+or fifteen years out and it'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fifteen years out and it'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fifteen years out and it'll be some
+sort of thing that's enabled because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that's enabled because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that's enabled because of
+this but it's not gonna be first guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's not gonna be first guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's not gonna be first guys
+there's too much supply was gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's too much supply was gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's too much supply was gonna say
+but that's been true for 60 years so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's been true for 60 years so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's been true for 60 years so and
+then I'm gonna do a couple more slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna do a couple more slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna do a couple more slides
+Sean during the peak of its bubble last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean during the peak of its bubble last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean during the peak of its bubble last
+year referring the total addressable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year referring the total addressable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year referring the total addressable
+market to do that go to the yes but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to do that go to the yes but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to do that go to the yes but has
+five thousand years or even longer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand years or even longer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand years or even longer of
+being the scarce resource that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the scarce resource that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the scarce resource that no one
+understands I certainly don't but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands I certainly don't but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands I certainly don't but it's
+the only you know it mining so it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only you know it mining so it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only you know it mining so it's got
+a lot of stability from that if Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stability from that if Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stability from that if Bitcoin
+truly was the only one but how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly was the only one but how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly was the only one but how many
+there's a hundred and sixty of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hundred and sixty of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hundred and sixty of them and
+you just said they're been all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said they're been all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said they're been all be
+interoperable so I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperable so I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperable so I don't know what the
+currency changed so it was supply really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency changed so it was supply really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency changed so it was supply really
+constrained I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained I don't know
+so I don't know I know that comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know I know that comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know I know that comparison
+one of the things about valuing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about valuing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about valuing one of
+the things about valuing any crypto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things about valuing any crypto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things about valuing any crypto and
+I told you at the beginning I'm most not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you at the beginning I'm most not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you at the beginning I'm most not
+gonna run a class that tells you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna run a class that tells you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna run a class that tells you how to
+invest in or out of crypto but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in or out of crypto but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in or out of crypto but here's
+just a conservation and feel free to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a conservation and feel free to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a conservation and feel free to ask
+more questions but that if any token I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions but that if any token I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions but that if any token I'm
+not just talking about Bitcoin any token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just talking about Bitcoin any token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just talking about Bitcoin any token
+it could be fall sharing app like foul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be fall sharing app like foul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be fall sharing app like foul
+coin has a really good good use and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin has a really good good use and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin has a really good good use and it's
+being used you have to start to jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used you have to start to jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used you have to start to jump to
+say what is the velocity of the token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what is the velocity of the token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what is the velocity of the token
+and then any of you that have studied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then any of you that have studied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then any of you that have studied a
+little bit about macroeconomics and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about macroeconomics and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about macroeconomics and you
+know the velocity of money it's how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the velocity of money it's how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the velocity of money it's how many
+times a piece of currency turns over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a piece of currency turns over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a piece of currency turns over
+it's sort of the economy divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the economy divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the economy divided by the
+monetary base whatever your measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary base whatever your measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary base whatever your measure is
+so how many times is a piece of currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many times is a piece of currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many times is a piece of currency
+turnover and the digital age it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover and the digital age it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover and the digital age it can
+turnover faster if it would just file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover faster if it would just file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover faster if it would just file
+storage and I'd get file storage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and I'd get file storage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and I'd get file storage from
+James and then James wants to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James and then James wants to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James and then James wants to you know
+get file storage from Hugo and a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get file storage from Hugo and a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get file storage from Hugo and a long
+and long and if there was high velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long and if there was high velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long and if there was high velocity
+you need fewer coins almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need fewer coins almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need fewer coins almost like the
+higher the velocity the less value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the velocity the less value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the velocity the less value in
+the coin so you almost need some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin so you almost need some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin so you almost need some people
+to be holding on to the the James wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be holding on to the the James wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be holding on to the the James wants
+to hold it because he thinks it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold it because he thinks it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold it because he thinks it's a good
+store of value and not use it for file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value and not use it for file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value and not use it for file
+storage because of all you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage because of all you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage because of all you're doing is
+turning it over whether it's file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it over whether it's file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it over whether it's file
+storage or or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or or anything else
+it sort of lowers the value of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of lowers the value of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of lowers the value of higher
+velocity and yet you it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and yet you it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and yet you it's kind of
+counter to it so I don't know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to it so I don't know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to it so I don't know there's a
+mixture in the valuation mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture in the valuation mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture in the valuation mode of
+speculation store value usability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation store value usability but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation store value usability but
+not too much velocity I'm gonna say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much velocity I'm gonna say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much velocity I'm gonna say well
+listen I am convinced there is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen I am convinced there is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen I am convinced there is huge
+value that's going to be created but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's going to be created but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's going to be created but
+it's in the things that are enabled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the things that are enabled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the things that are enabled to
+be able to be done by this it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be done by this it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be done by this it's not in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+you call coins or tokens where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call coins or tokens where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call coins or tokens where they're
+the enablers and and if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enablers and and if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enablers and and if you've got a
+really expensive one somebody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive one somebody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive one somebody else is
+gonna have a cheaper one that'll enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a cheaper one that'll enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a cheaper one that'll enable
+all this great potentiality and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this great potentiality and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this great potentiality and somebody
+they'll be huge I just want to cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be huge I just want to cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be huge I just want to cover it
+you could stay up Rob I just wanted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stay up Rob I just wanted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stay up Rob I just wanted so
+we've already talked about this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about this but I
+just want to remind you of this was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind you of this was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind you of this was sort
+of like centralization versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like centralization versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like centralization versus
+decentralization when we're all thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization when we're all thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization when we're all thinking
+together about the economics and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together about the economics and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together about the economics and again
+you could change the slopes that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could change the slopes that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could change the slopes that the
+cost of decentralization might come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of decentralization might come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of decentralization might come down
+the orange one but as you know I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange one but as you know I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange one but as you know I'm sort
+of a little bit closer to permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit closer to permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit closer to permission
+systems than permissionless systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems than permissionless systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems than permissionless systems and
+in terms of traditional Bayt databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of traditional Bayt databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of traditional Bayt databases
+we've done this before but again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this before but again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this before but again the
+public blockchains versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public blockchains versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public blockchains versus the
+traditional databases and I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases and I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases and I don't mean
+every word you need to remember or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word you need to remember or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word you need to remember or
+anything like that but if you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that but if you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that but if you don't need
+a ledger if you don't fundamentally need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ledger if you don't fundamentally need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ledger if you don't fundamentally need
+something to move around property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to move around property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to move around property rights
+I think you're probably in a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're probably in a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're probably in a traditional
+database side you can move over into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database side you can move over into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database side you can move over into the
+middle if you think that an invention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle if you think that an invention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle if you think that an invention of
+the early 1990s append-only databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1990s append-only databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1990s append-only databases
+the blockchain sprinkle a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain sprinkle a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain sprinkle a whole bunch of
+cryptography on top of it the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography on top of it the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography on top of it the hash
+functions and the digital signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the digital signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the digital signatures
+that's kind of your permission database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of your permission database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of your permission database
+systems it can give you finality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it can give you finality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it can give you finality of
+settlement it can give you an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement it can give you an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement it can give you an awful lot
+but it's a club deal and amongst the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a club deal and amongst the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a club deal and amongst the big
+commercial banks or bug amongst some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks or bug amongst some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks or bug amongst some
+system they they're they're doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they they're they're doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they they're they're doing a lot
+there I think to get to the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think to get to the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think to get to the right-hand
+side we'll need to get some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we'll need to get some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we'll need to get some of this
+performance behind us in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance behind us in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance behind us in some
+single-digit years get the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-digit years get the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-digit years get the performance
+up to speed but still even after those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to speed but still even after those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to speed but still even after those
+three or five or six years when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or five or six years when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or five or six years when we get
+the performance up to speed I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance up to speed I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance up to speed I think you
+have to say one of two things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say one of two things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say one of two things one is
+this is this a lower cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this a lower cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this a lower cost of
+verification and it might be and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and it might be and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and it might be and I
+say this for your final projects - if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this for your final projects - if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this for your final projects - if
+you find a pain point that has high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a pain point that has high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a pain point that has high
+economic rents this might be a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents this might be a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents this might be a lower
+cost if you find a pain point around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if you find a pain point around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if you find a pain point around
+privacy a pain point around censorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy a pain point around censorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy a pain point around censorship
+like it depends on what the pain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it depends on what the pain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it depends on what the pain point
+is or if you're just something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or if you're just something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or if you're just something that's
+not yet centralised I continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet centralised I continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet centralised I continue to
+believe that if you're trying to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that if you're trying to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that if you're trying to attack
+if you all are trying to attack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all are trying to attack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all are trying to attack a
+centralized system with blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized system with blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized system with blockchain
+you've got to basically go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to basically go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to basically go through the
+door of lower verification cost lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door of lower verification cost lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door of lower verification cost lower
+economic rents lower privacy lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents lower privacy lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents lower privacy lower
+censorship but lower some verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship but lower some verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship but lower some verification
+costs if it's currently a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs if it's currently a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs if it's currently a decentralized
+thing there's no centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's no centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's no centralized
+intermediary it might be the token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary it might be the token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary it might be the token
+economics or way to jumpstart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or way to jumpstart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or way to jumpstart the
+consensus and the collective action but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and the collective action but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and the collective action but
+I remind you even in medical records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remind you even in medical records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remind you even in medical records
+where there's no centralized thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no centralized thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no centralized thing you
+still have to think how is this gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to think how is this gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to think how is this gonna
+jumpstart and get over this darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumpstart and get over this darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumpstart and get over this darn
+collective-action problem that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective-action problem that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective-action problem that is
+existed for decades or loan syndication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed for decades or loan syndication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed for decades or loan syndication
+is another example collective action it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another example collective action it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another example collective action it
+might it might and by the way Goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it might and by the way Goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it might and by the way Goldman
+Sachs and Morgan Stanley and JP Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs and Morgan Stanley and JP Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs and Morgan Stanley and JP Morgan
+and banque nationale Perry and BMP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and banque nationale Perry and BMP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and banque nationale Perry and BMP and
+others they trust each other only to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others they trust each other only to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others they trust each other only to an
+extent so even the middle the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so even the middle the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so even the middle the middle
+category you know these club deals are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category you know these club deals are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category you know these club deals are a
+little odd - so I'm just repeating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd - so I'm just repeating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd - so I'm just repeating this
+is gonna be something you've seen so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be something you've seen so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be something you've seen so can
+you lower verification cost that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lower verification cost that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lower verification cost that's my
+core thing can you lower verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core thing can you lower verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core thing can you lower verification
+cost whether it's direct cost privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost whether it's direct cost privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost whether it's direct cost privacy
+censorship settlement and finality risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship settlement and finality risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship settlement and finality risks
+and the cost of trust or economic rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost of trust or economic rents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost of trust or economic rents
+if you can this might be an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can this might be an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can this might be an alternative
+to the centralized databases or does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the centralized databases or does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the centralized databases or does it
+jumpstart through some reward affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumpstart through some reward affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumpstart through some reward affinity
+and I love this kids you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love this kids you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love this kids you know is it
+somehow help you jump-start something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow help you jump-start something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow help you jump-start something
+I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+just thinking about what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about what are your
+thoughts collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts collectively
+yeah so so Bitcoin is I mean there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so Bitcoin is I mean there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so Bitcoin is I mean there's no
+necessarily like intrinsic value like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like intrinsic value like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like intrinsic value like
+direct like peg where you can say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct like peg where you can say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct like peg where you can say like
+you know this is tied to this but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is tied to this but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is tied to this but what
+about like tokenization of some assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like tokenization of some assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like tokenization of some assets
+you know namely maybe real estate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know namely maybe real estate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know namely maybe real estate where
+if you sell a piece of real estate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sell a piece of real estate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sell a piece of real estate on
+new you know on a newfound token right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new you know on a newfound token right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new you know on a newfound token right
+you kind of understand gonna where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of understand gonna where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of understand gonna where the
+market value of that piece of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value of that piece of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value of that piece of real
+estate is from you know sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate is from you know sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate is from you know sales
+comparables etc but the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparables etc but the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparables etc but the value
+potentially add from tokenizing asset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially add from tokenizing asset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially add from tokenizing asset is
+lower transaction cost so you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower transaction cost so you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower transaction cost so you can kind
+of directly peg value to the real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directly peg value to the real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directly peg value to the real estate
+and also the value from the cost savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the value from the cost savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the value from the cost savings
+from not having to pay those transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not having to pay those transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not having to pay those transaction
+fees the real question is is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees the real question is is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees the real question is is there an
+application of blockchain technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of blockchain technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of blockchain technology to
+using a token to digitize and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a token to digitize and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a token to digitize and otherwise
+either a liquid or liquid asset because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a liquid or liquid asset because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a liquid or liquid asset because
+it could be Dan used real estate but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be Dan used real estate but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be Dan used real estate but you
+could just as well say is there a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just as well say is there a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just as well say is there a role
+to have a blockchain token and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a blockchain token and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a blockchain token and
+underlying it is oil or underlying it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is oil or underlying it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is oil or underlying it is
+gold or maybe underlying it as a basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or maybe underlying it as a basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or maybe underlying it as a basket
+of equities or even fiat currency I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equities or even fiat currency I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equities or even fiat currency I
+think yes it's sort of a newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes it's sort of a newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes it's sort of a newer
+modern-day version of exchange-traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern-day version of exchange-traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern-day version of exchange-traded
+funds or it's a modern-day version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds or it's a modern-day version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds or it's a modern-day version of
+rep warehouse receipts paper money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep warehouse receipts paper money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep warehouse receipts paper money
+started exactly this way paper money was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started exactly this way paper money was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started exactly this way paper money was
+like please will you store my grain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like please will you store my grain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like please will you store my grain and
+give me a warehouse receipt and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a warehouse receipt and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a warehouse receipt and then it
+was gold and I'll take a warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gold and I'll take a warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gold and I'll take a warehouse
+receipt and it was easier to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt and it was easier to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt and it was easier to exchange
+the paper warehouse receipt than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper warehouse receipt than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper warehouse receipt than the
+gold or the wheat and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or the wheat and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or the wheat and so forth
+so I have to say from an economic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to say from an economic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to say from an economic point
+of view there's a long history the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view there's a long history the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view there's a long history the
+answer has to be yes however caution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer has to be yes however caution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer has to be yes however caution is
+particularly when you get to illiquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you get to illiquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you get to illiquid is
+it really gonna create liquidity where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really gonna create liquidity where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really gonna create liquidity where
+there isn't a liquidity real estate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a liquidity real estate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a liquidity real estate is
+still very idiosyncratic gold is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very idiosyncratic gold is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very idiosyncratic gold is very
+fungible gold is something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fungible gold is something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fungible gold is something that doesn't
+degrade it can be in a warehouse now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade it can be in a warehouse now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade it can be in a warehouse now it
+might be that they started issuing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that they started issuing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that they started issuing too
+much paper but I so I I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much paper but I so I I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much paper but I so I I think that I
+have to say yes with a big footnote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say yes with a big footnote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say yes with a big footnote and
+I'm not as sure when you get to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not as sure when you get to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not as sure when you get to the the
+illiquid end of the curve but the highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiquid end of the curve but the highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiquid end of the curve but the highly
+liquid commodity end of the curve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid commodity end of the curve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid commodity end of the curve but
+even on the commodity and you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the commodity and you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the commodity and you might say
+well what why is this any better than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what why is this any better than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what why is this any better than an
+exchange-traded fund and particularly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange-traded fund and particularly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange-traded fund and particularly by
+the time the securities regulators say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the securities regulators say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the securities regulators say
+yes to it and sprinkle holy water on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to it and sprinkle holy water on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to it and sprinkle holy water on it
+it might look like an exchange-traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might look like an exchange-traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might look like an exchange-traded
+fund their education costs enough line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund their education costs enough line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund their education costs enough line
+to the digital version of representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the digital version of representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the digital version of representation
+then you kind of don't gain that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of don't gain that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of don't gain that the
+same lowering costs as you would do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lowering costs as you would do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lowering costs as you would do when
+you're dealing with a purely digital so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a purely digital so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a purely digital so
+that could actually set the stage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could actually set the stage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could actually set the stage for
+some sort of collaboration with existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of collaboration with existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of collaboration with existing
+intermediaries that could kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries that could kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries that could kind of work
+on the making sure that that offline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the making sure that that offline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the making sure that that offline and
+digital version matching come in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version matching come in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version matching come in right
+so talking in the Catalina paper is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking in the Catalina paper is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking in the Catalina paper is that
+a digital token tied to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital token tied to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital token tied to some other
+digital asset there might be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital asset there might be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital asset there might be higher
+benefits than tying it to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits than tying it to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits than tying it to something
+that's offline i colloquially call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's offline i colloquially call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's offline i colloquially call them
+el liquids but not everything offline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+el liquids but not everything offline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+el liquids but not everything offline is
+illiquid and and hitpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiquid and and hitpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiquid and and hitpoint
+is basically if it's digital to digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically if it's digital to digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically if it's digital to digital
+it's probably has more benefit and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably has more benefit and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably has more benefit and and
+there's less costs embedded and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less costs embedded and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less costs embedded and it could
+be with less friction and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with less friction and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with less friction and that's one
+reason why it might have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it might have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it might have more
+applicability in the world of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability in the world of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability in the world of finance
+than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+does to the world of diamonds or supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to the world of diamonds or supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to the world of diamonds or supply
+chain management but one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain management but one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain management but one of the reasons
+I think it might have a real benefit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it might have a real benefit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it might have a real benefit in
+supply chain management its supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain management its supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain management its supply chain
+management has not dealt with collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management has not dealt with collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management has not dealt with collective
+action issues in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action issues in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action issues in the past
+so rather than verification supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than verification supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than verification supply chain
+management and healthcare records are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and healthcare records are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and healthcare records are
+somewhere down in the network bag maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere down in the network bag maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere down in the network bag maybe
+this is a way to start to jumpstart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to start to jumpstart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to start to jumpstart or
+get some of the network effects in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of the network effects in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of the network effects in here
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+starting or operating I knew there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting or operating I knew there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting or operating I knew there was
+something else on this page did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else on this page did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else on this page did you have
+anything to add no so we're gonna do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to add no so we're gonna do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to add no so we're gonna do the
+same thing on Thursday you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing on Thursday you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing on Thursday you don't have
+five readings and five optionals I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five readings and five optionals I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five readings and five optionals I know
+it was a long list I think it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a long list I think it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a long list I think it's only
+what is it for an open letter let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it for an open letter let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it for an open letter let's see
+I know you're a bunch of business school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you're a bunch of business school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you're a bunch of business school
+students the open letter to do to Jamie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the open letter to do to Jamie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the open letter to do to Jamie
+Dimon is kind of brief and The Economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimon is kind of brief and The Economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimon is kind of brief and The Economist
+articles two pages and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles two pages and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles two pages and so forth so
+Mackenzie's is so so I'm not gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mackenzie's is so so I'm not gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mackenzie's is so so I'm not gonna say
+all of these Mackenzie's and PwC and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Mackenzie's and PwC and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Mackenzie's and PwC and the
+some of them that I put in there general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them that I put in there general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them that I put in there general
+surveys but I like to include them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys but I like to include them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys but I like to include them with
+the academic papers because this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academic papers because this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academic papers because this is what
+the business community they skim they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business community they skim they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business community they skim they
+look at these things it's McKinsey some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these things it's McKinsey some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these things it's McKinsey some
+of you're gonna go work for consulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you know it's good to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's good to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's good to know what
+that vocabulary and that worlds about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vocabulary and that worlds about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vocabulary and that worlds about
+the Geneva report you've read some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Geneva report you've read some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Geneva report you've read some of
+that that's of course Simonson Nahas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's of course Simonson Nahas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's of course Simonson Nahas and
+and Jonah and Michaels and why we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jonah and Michaels and why we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jonah and Michaels and why we came
+together but we tried to sort of lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but we tried to sort of lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but we tried to sort of lay out
+some of the these economic issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the these economic issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the these economic issues in
+there as well any other questions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well any other questions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well any other questions the
+law and any other questions for Rob who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and any other questions for Rob who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and any other questions for Rob who
+like actually knows something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step back I hope that many of you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back I hope that many of you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back I hope that many of you do
+going on this journey and doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this journey and doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on this journey and doing these
+readings don't need to agree with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings don't need to agree with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings don't need to agree with many
+of the things that are written whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that are written whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that are written whether
+it's by the minimalist or the maximalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by the minimalist or the maximalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by the minimalist or the maximalist
+whether it's by the tech folks or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's by the tech folks or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's by the tech folks or the
+Mackenzies that are doing big you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mackenzies that are doing big you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mackenzies that are doing big you know
+kind of glossy business reviews I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of glossy business reviews I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of glossy business reviews I hope
+you come to your own of judgement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to your own of judgement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to your own of judgement and
+opinion just like you have I will react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion just like you have I will react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion just like you have I will react
+to what you're saying I think that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you're saying I think that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you're saying I think that that
+whether it's a currency or a security is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a currency or a security is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a currency or a security is
+relevant for the regulatory situation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for the regulatory situation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for the regulatory situation it
+might be relevant to the business cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be relevant to the business cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be relevant to the business cases
+but I'm not I'm not with you on that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not I'm not with you on that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not I'm not with you on that I'm
+probably not with you I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not with you I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not with you I don't really
+care if you call it a currency or call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if you call it a currency or call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if you call it a currency or call
+it a crypto asset what I'm try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a crypto asset what I'm try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a crypto asset what I'm try to
+interesting is is blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is is blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is is blockchain technology
+in the permission or permission this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the permission or permission this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the permission or permission this way
+something that can either disrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can either disrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can either disrupt the
+incumbents do it cheaper to verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents do it cheaper to verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents do it cheaper to verification
+cheap or do databases Ledger's cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap or do databases Ledger's cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap or do databases Ledger's cheaper
+or is it a neat nifty way to to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it a neat nifty way to to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it a neat nifty way to to jump
+start a new network and we're literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new network and we're literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new network and we're literally
+if we did not have Ober today I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did not have Ober today I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did not have Ober today I could
+see wow that would be an interesting use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see wow that would be an interesting use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see wow that would be an interesting use
+case you could use something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you could use something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you could use something like this
+to connect a community of people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect a community of people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect a community of people that
+owned cars people that want to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned cars people that want to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned cars people that want to drive
+cars people that want to rent cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars people that want to rent cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars people that want to rent cars and
+it's someone that lived and lost a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's someone that lived and lost a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's someone that lived and lost a lot
+of money made a lot of money for others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money made a lot of money for others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money made a lot of money for others
+in disruptors thank you to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disruptors thank you to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disruptors thank you to yourself
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+is Bitcoin and blockchain I put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Bitcoin and blockchain I put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Bitcoin and blockchain I put them
+together for this statement only is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for this statement only is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for this statement only is it
+gonna be a disrupter to traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a disrupter to traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a disrupter to traditional
+stores of value the monetary systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores of value the monetary systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores of value the monetary systems
+dollars euros yen you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars euros yen you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars euros yen you could be
+disrupting that or is it a disrupter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting that or is it a disrupter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting that or is it a disrupter for
+medical records or Rubert psych is it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records or Rubert psych is it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records or Rubert psych is it an
+enabler to disrupt some other industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabler to disrupt some other industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabler to disrupt some other industry
+I'm betting on the second case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm betting on the second case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm betting on the second case I
+actually think this will someday be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think this will someday be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think this will someday be a
+disrupter to some industry just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter to some industry just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter to some industry just like
+guess what the Internet we didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the Internet we didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the Internet we didn't know
+it at the time in all session was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the time in all session was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the time in all session was a
+disrupter to the taxi industry somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter to the taxi industry somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter to the taxi industry somehow
+it happened that you know we nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened that you know we nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened that you know we nobody
+would saw that coming in the 90s but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would saw that coming in the 90s but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would saw that coming in the 90s but the
+taxi industry got disrupt etc etc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi industry got disrupt etc etc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi industry got disrupt etc etc you
+know Airbnb in the hotel industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Airbnb in the hotel industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Airbnb in the hotel industry
+accepted all this stuff so yes and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted all this stuff so yes and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted all this stuff so yes and it
+might be a disrupter to the monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a disrupter to the monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a disrupter to the monetary
+system that's one day I actually am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's one day I actually am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's one day I actually am
+negative embarrass from that bet but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative embarrass from that bet but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative embarrass from that bet but a
+very bullish that it will be a disruptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bullish that it will be a disruptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bullish that it will be a disruptor
+on things that we're dying aren't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things that we're dying aren't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things that we're dying aren't even
+talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that
+I've been considered or maybe you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been considered or maybe you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been considered or maybe you guys
+have and I think that's the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I think that's the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I think that's the more
+interesting discussion is what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion is what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion is what's going
+to disrupt as an enabling platform so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disrupt as an enabling platform so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disrupt as an enabling platform so I
+thank you we're in a close with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you we're in a close with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you we're in a close with your
+question but also remember for Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but also remember for Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but also remember for Thursday
+for those of you that feel that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you that feel that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you that feel that you
+wanted another way to participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted another way to participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted another way to participate in the
+class it's not required and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's not required and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's not required and it's not
+required you can participate we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required you can participate we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required you can participate we'll have
+a little bit of this discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this discussion about
+whether it's minimalist maximalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's minimalist maximalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's minimalist maximalist
+blockchain economics is Thursday not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain economics is Thursday not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain economics is Thursday not
+discussions of something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of something that's not
+related to Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aGbP_7yAiEk.txt b/aGbP_7yAiEk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d4850b732787797abf973bb3e95ea3c867af4f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aGbP_7yAiEk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+In this brief segment,
+we will discuss
+
+an important application
+of the convolution formula.
+
+Suppose that X is a normal
+random variable with a given
+
+mean and variance.
+
+So that the PDF of
+X takes this form.
+
+And similarly, Y is normal
+with a given mean and variance.
+
+So its PDF takes this form.
+
+We assume that X and
+Y are independent.
+
+And we're interested in the
+sum of the two random variables
+
+X and Y. And we wish
+to derive the PDF of Z.
+
+Of course, the PDF of Z is given
+by the convolution formula.
+
+And now we plug in here, the
+form for the density of X.
+
+And here, we plug the
+form of the density of Y.
+
+Except that instead
+of the argument Y,
+
+we need to put in the
+argument z minus x.
+
+So we obtain this
+form, where here we
+
+have a z minus x instead of y.
+
+Now this is an integral that
+looks pretty complicated.
+
+But it is not too hard to do.
+
+One just needs to be patient,
+rearrange terms, collect terms.
+
+And the details of
+the calculations
+
+are not as interesting.
+
+So we will skip them for now.
+
+And I will just tell you
+that the final answer
+
+takes this form.
+
+What is this form?
+
+Well, it's
+exponential of minus z
+
+minus something squared
+divided by a constant.
+
+And we recognize
+that this is the form
+
+of a normal random variable.
+
+It's a normal random
+variable whose mean
+
+is given by this term
+here, it's mu x plus mu y.
+
+And the variance of that
+normal random variable
+
+is that constant that appears
+next to the factor of 2
+
+in the denominator.
+
+So the sum of these two
+normal random variables,
+
+these two independent
+normal random variables,
+
+is also normal.
+
+The fact that this
+is the mean and this
+
+is the variance of the sum,
+of course, is not a surprise.
+
+What is important in this
+result that we have here
+
+is that the sum is
+actually normal.
+
+Now, we carried
+out this argument
+
+for the case of the sum of
+two normal random variables.
+
+But suppose that we
+had the sum of three
+
+independent normal
+random variables,
+
+what can we say about it?
+
+By the result that we just
+discussed, this sum is normal.
+
+This is assumed to be normal.
+
+We assume that X, Y,
+and W are independent.
+
+Therefore, this sum
+is independent from W.
+
+So we're dealing
+with the sum of two
+
+independent normal
+random variables again.
+
+So this sum here is going
+to be normal as well.
+
+And we continue this
+argument by induction,
+
+and conclude that
+more generally,
+
+the sum of any finite number
+of independent normal random
+
+variables is normal.
+
+This is a very important,
+but also useful fact.
+
+It means that when
+we start working
+
+with normal random
+variables, very often
+
+we stay within the realm
+of normal random variables.
+
+We can form linear
+functions of them,
+
+take linear
+combinations of them,
+
+and still remain in the world
+of normal random variables.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aW-e04zwTnc.txt b/aW-e04zwTnc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eec419dfbdb6253084cb53c53b49e5e21af0bd86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aW-e04zwTnc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello I'm Cleve Moler one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello I'm Cleve Moler one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello I'm Cleve Moler one of the
+founders and chief mathematician that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders and chief mathematician that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders and chief mathematician that
+the math works this series of videos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math works this series of videos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math works this series of videos is
+about solving ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving ordinary differential
+equations in that lab we can begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in that lab we can begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in that lab we can begin by
+recalling the definition of derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling the definition of derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling the definition of derivative
+the derivative of a function at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a function at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a function at a point
+is the slope of the tangent line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slope of the tangent line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slope of the tangent line to the
+graph of the function at that point our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the function at that point our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the function at that point our
+numerical approximations will rely upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical approximations will rely upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical approximations will rely upon
+the slope of the secant to the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the secant to the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the secant to the graph
+that's a line through two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a line through two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a line through two points
+separated by a distance H we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a distance H we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a distance H we'll have a
+lot to say about the step size H as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to say about the step size H as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to say about the step size H as we
+go along what's important to realize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along what's important to realize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along what's important to realize is
+that as H goes to 0 the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as H goes to 0 the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as H goes to 0 the slope of the
+secant approaches the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant approaches the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant approaches the slope of the
+tangent the wiggly equal sign means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent the wiggly equal sign means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent the wiggly equal sign means
+approximately equal to t0 is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to t0 is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to t0 is the point
+where we finding the approximation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we finding the approximation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we finding the approximation the
+value of the derivative at T 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the derivative at T 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the derivative at T 0 is
+approximately equal to the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the slope of the
+secant the slope of the secant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant the slope of the secant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant the slope of the secant is the
+change in the Y value over the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the Y value over the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the Y value over the change in
+the T value the change in the Y value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T value the change in the Y value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T value the change in the Y value is
+the difference between the two values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the two values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the two values of
+Y of Y the change in the T value is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of Y the change in the T value is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of Y the change in the T value is the
+step size H if we rewrite this we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size H if we rewrite this we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size H if we rewrite this we get
+the value of y at the point t 0 plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of y at the point t 0 plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of y at the point t 0 plus h
+is approximately equal to the value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to the value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to the value of y
+at t 0 plus h times the value of y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t 0 plus h times the value of y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t 0 plus h times the value of y Prime
+at T 0 this is the basis for our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T 0 this is the basis for our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T 0 this is the basis for our first
+numerical method Euler's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether Euler was a 18th century Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Euler was a 18th century Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Euler was a 18th century Swiss
+mathematician probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician probably the most
+influential mathematician of his era he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential mathematician of his era he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential mathematician of his era he
+made important contributions to a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made important contributions to a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made important contributions to a wide
+range of fields and mathematics physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of fields and mathematics physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of fields and mathematics physics
+and astronomy he invented the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and astronomy he invented the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and astronomy he invented the notion of
+function for example the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example the differential
+equation is given by this function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is given by this function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is given by this function f of
+two variables T and Y and the task in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables T and Y and the task in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables T and Y and the task in
+general is to find a function y whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is to find a function y whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is to find a function y whose
+derivative is equal to F now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is equal to F now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is equal to F now there's
+lots of functions Y derivative is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of functions Y derivative is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of functions Y derivative is equal
+to F and so there's a initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F and so there's a initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F and so there's a initial condition
+a point T naught or T 0 and a value y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point T naught or T 0 and a value y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point T naught or T 0 and a value y 0
+and the initial condition is that Y at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial condition is that Y at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial condition is that Y at T
+0 should be equal to y 0 here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 should be equal to y 0 here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 should be equal to y 0 here's some
+examples the compound interest problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the compound interest problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the compound interest problem
+is the function is just the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function is just the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function is just the interest
+rate times y here the function of t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate times y here the function of t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate times y here the function of t and
+y doesn't actually depend upon T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y doesn't actually depend upon T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y doesn't actually depend upon T and
+it's linear and why the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear and why the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear and why the initial
+condition is at time 0 there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is at time 0 there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is at time 0 there's a
+specified value of y like ghandar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified value of y like ghandar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified value of y like ghandar
+dollars that's the compound interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's the compound interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's the compound interest
+problem here's the logistic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here's the logistic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here's the logistic equation
+nonlinear equation here f of T and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation here f of T and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation here f of T and y
+again doesn't depend upon T and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again doesn't depend upon T and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again doesn't depend upon T and it's a
+constant times y minus another constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times y minus another constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times y minus another constant
+times y squared that's the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y squared that's the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y squared that's the logistic
+equation and again a value is specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and again a value is specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and again a value is specified
+at 0 let's say that the y at 0 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 let's say that the y at 0 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 let's say that the y at 0 is equal
+to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1
+here's another nonlinear equation f of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another nonlinear equation f of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another nonlinear equation f of T
+and Y is T squared plus wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is T squared plus wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is T squared plus wise
+squared it's not possible to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it's not possible to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it's not possible to find an
+analytic solution to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic solution to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic solution to this equation
+we'll use this numerical methods to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this numerical methods to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this numerical methods to find
+some solution to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solution to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solution to this equation
+initial condition y at 0 is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition y at 0 is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition y at 0 is equal to 0
+that's an example of a function of dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Weathers method actually isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weathers method actually isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weathers method actually isn't a
+practical numerical method in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical numerical method in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical numerical method in general
+we're just using it to get us started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just using it to get us started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just using it to get us started
+thinking about the ideas underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the ideas underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the ideas underlying
+numerical methods what is method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods what is method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods what is method
+involves a sequence of points T sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a sequence of points T sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a sequence of points T sub n
+separated by a fixed step size H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a fixed step size H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a fixed step size H and
+then Y sub n is the approximate value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y sub n is the approximate value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y sub n is the approximate value of
+approximation to the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the value of the
+solution at T sub n the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at T sub n the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at T sub n the approximation
+comes from the slope of the secant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the slope of the secant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the slope of the secant the
+ratio of the difference of the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the difference of the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the difference of the values of
+Y and the to the step size H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the to the step size H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and the to the step size H the
+differential equation says that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation says that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation says that these
+this ratio should be the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio should be the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio should be the value of the
+function at at T sub n and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at at T sub n and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at at T sub n and if we
+rearrange this equation we get Euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this equation we get Euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this equation we get Euler's
+method that yn plus 1 is yn plus h times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that yn plus 1 is yn plus h times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that yn plus 1 is yn plus h times
+the function f evaluated at T sub N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f evaluated at T sub N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f evaluated at T sub N and
+Y sub n this is Euler's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're now ready for our first MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now ready for our first MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now ready for our first MATLAB
+program OD e1 it so-called OD 1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program OD e1 it so-called OD 1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program OD e1 it so-called OD 1 because
+it's our first program and because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our first program and because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our first program and because it
+evaluates the function f that defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the function f that defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the function f that defines
+the differential equation once per step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation once per step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation once per step
+there are five input arguments the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five input arguments the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five input arguments the first
+is f a function that defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f a function that defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f a function that defines the
+differential equation this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation this is something
+called an anonymous function I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an anonymous function I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an anonymous function I'll talk
+more about that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in a moment
+the other four are scalar numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other four are scalar numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other four are scalar numerical
+values the first three define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the first three define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the first three define the
+interval of integration we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of integration we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of integration we're going from
+T not in steps of h2 T final v input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T not in steps of h2 T final v input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T not in steps of h2 T final v input
+argument is y naught the initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is y naught the initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is y naught the initial value
+the output is a vector vector Y out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is a vector vector Y out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is a vector vector Y out is
+the values of the solution at the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the solution at the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the solution at the points
+in the interval we start by putting Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval we start by putting Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval we start by putting Y
+naught the initial value into y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the initial value into y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the initial value into y and then
+putting Y into the output vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Y into the output vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Y into the output vector the
+body of the function is a for loop T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the function is a for loop T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the function is a for loop T
+goes from T naught in steps of H up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from T naught in steps of H up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from T naught in steps of H up to
+one step one step short of T final and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step one step short of T final and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step one step short of T final and
+then the final passage through the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final passage through the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final passage through the body
+of the code takes T up to T final we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code takes T up to T final we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code takes T up to T final we
+evaluate the function f at T and Y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function f at T and Y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function f at T and Y that
+gives us gives us a slope s asses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us gives us a slope s asses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us gives us a slope s asses for
+slope here's the euler step step take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here's the euler step step take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here's the euler step step take
+the current value of y and H times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current value of y and H times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current value of y and H times the
+slope that gives us this new value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope that gives us this new value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope that gives us this new value of y
+and then Y is appended to Y out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Y is appended to Y out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Y is appended to Y out this
+construction with the MATLAB MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with the MATLAB MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with the MATLAB MATLAB
+construction with the square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with the square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with the square brackets
+takes a vector Y adds another value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vector Y adds another value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vector Y adds another value to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+making it one element long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it one element long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it one element long
+and puts the result in why out back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts the result in why out back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts the result in why out back and
+why out this is the entire code this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why out this is the entire code this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why out this is the entire code this is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+this is eau de 1 that implements Euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is eau de 1 that implements Euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is eau de 1 that implements Euler's
+method the first argument to any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the first argument to any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the first argument to any of the
+MATLAB o de solvers is the name of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB o de solvers is the name of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB o de solvers is the name of a
+function that specifies the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that specifies the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that specifies the differential
+equation this is known as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is known as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is known as a function
+handle these days way to get a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle these days way to get a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle these days way to get a function
+handle is to make use of an anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle is to make use of an anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle is to make use of an anonymous
+function created with the ampersand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function created with the ampersand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function created with the ampersand or
+at sign all of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sign all of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sign all of the differential
+equations involve anonymous functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involve anonymous functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involve anonymous functions of
+two variables T comma T and Y and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables T comma T and Y and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables T comma T and Y and so we
+have F equals at parenthesis T comma Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F equals at parenthesis T comma Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F equals at parenthesis T comma Y
+close parenthesis this is followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close parenthesis this is followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close parenthesis this is followed by
+any expression involving either T it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any expression involving either T it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any expression involving either T it or
+Y and many of them don't depend upon T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and many of them don't depend upon T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and many of them don't depend upon T
+so here's an anonymous function defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an anonymous function defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an anonymous function defining
+armed interest problem and we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed interest problem and we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed interest problem and we can just
+evaluate this like any any ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this like any any ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this like any any ordinary
+function when y is equal to 1 f of 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when y is equal to 1 f of 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when y is equal to 1 f of 1 is
+0.06 here's a example of a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.06 here's a example of a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.06 here's a example of a function that
+depends upon both T and Y the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon both T and Y the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon both T and Y the functions
+can involve constants that have values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can involve constants that have values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can involve constants that have values
+so here we can define two constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we can define two constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we can define two constants and
+then we can use those two constants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use those two constants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use those two constants to
+define the logistic equation f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the logistic equation f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the logistic equation f of
+a times y minus B times y squared again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times y minus B times y squared again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times y minus B times y squared again
+this is an autonomous equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an autonomous equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an autonomous equation that
+doesn't exactly doesn't actually depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exactly doesn't actually depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exactly doesn't actually depend
+upon T let's see how Euler's method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon T let's see how Euler's method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon T let's see how Euler's method and
+no de 1 work on this simple example y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no de 1 work on this simple example y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no de 1 work on this simple example y
+prime equals 2y with the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals 2y with the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals 2y with the initial
+condition Y of 0 equals 10 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition Y of 0 equals 10 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition Y of 0 equals 10 on the
+interval T between 0 and 3 we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval T between 0 and 3 we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval T between 0 and 3 we define the
+anonymous function f of T and Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous function f of T and Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous function f of T and Y is equal
+to 2y the initial condition is T 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2y the initial condition is T 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2y the initial condition is T 0
+equals 0 we're going to take a step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 we're going to take a step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 we're going to take a step size
+of 1 go to T final equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 go to T final equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 go to T final equals 3
+starting at y 0 equals 10 and here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at y 0 equals 10 and here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at y 0 equals 10 and here's our
+call to OD e 1 we have an animation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to OD e 1 we have an animation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to OD e 1 we have an animation that
+showed these steps start at T 0 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed these steps start at T 0 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed these steps start at T 0 equals 0
+and y 0 equals 10 here's our first point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y 0 equals 10 here's our first point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y 0 equals 10 here's our first point
+we evaluate the function there we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluate the function there we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluate the function there we get a
+slope of 20 that's 2 times 10 we take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of 20 that's 2 times 10 we take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of 20 that's 2 times 10 we take an
+euler step of length 1 across the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler step of length 1 across the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler step of length 1 across the the
+first step that brings us to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step that brings us to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step that brings us to the second
+point 30 evaluate the function there 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 30 evaluate the function there 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 30 evaluate the function there 2
+times 30 is 60 that's our slope take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 30 is 60 that's our slope take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 30 is 60 that's our slope take the
+second step to get to Y 2 y 2 is 90 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step to get to Y 2 y 2 is 90 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step to get to Y 2 y 2 is 90 you
+evaluate the function there get 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function there get 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function there get 2 times
+90 is 180 that gives us that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 is 180 that gives us that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 is 180 that gives us that gives us a
+slope take a step across the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope take a step across the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope take a step across the interval
+with that slope and get us to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that slope and get us to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that slope and get us to a third
+point the third point is 270 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the third point is 270 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the third point is 270 and that's
+the end of the integration so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the integration so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the integration so that's
+three Euler steps to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Euler steps to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Euler steps to get from
+d 0 2 T final minus method is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d 0 2 T final minus method is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d 0 2 T final minus method is actually
+the same as computing compound interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as computing compound interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as computing compound interest
+so let's do a compound interest problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a compound interest problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a compound interest problem
+to find the interest rate define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the interest rate define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the interest rate define our
+anonymous function using that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous function using that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous function using that interest
+rate start at time 0 go in steps of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate start at time 0 go in steps of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate start at time 0 go in steps of a
+month go for 10 years start with $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month go for 10 years start with $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month go for 10 years start with $100
+and here's our result of rent using OD 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's our result of rent using OD 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's our result of rent using OD 1
+to compute compound interest that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute compound interest that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute compound interest that's one
+hundred one hundred and twenty one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred one hundred and twenty one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred one hundred and twenty one
+numbers MATLAB actually has a format for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers MATLAB actually has a format for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers MATLAB actually has a format for
+looking at dollars and cents and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at dollars and cents and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at dollars and cents and so here
+they are as dollars and cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as dollars and cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are as dollars and cents
+starting with $100 and compounding every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with $100 and compounding every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with $100 and compounding every
+month we get up to just over a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month we get up to just over a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month we get up to just over a hundred
+and eighty dollars I'm going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eighty dollars I'm going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eighty dollars I'm going to plot
+that so I want a time vector of months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I want a time vector of months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I want a time vector of months
+and I actually want to compare it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually want to compare it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually want to compare it with
+simple interest so here's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple interest so here's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple interest so here's how you
+compute simple interest 50 cents a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute simple interest 50 cents a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute simple interest 50 cents a month
+and now let's plot those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the straight line is simple interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the straight line is simple interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the straight line is simple interest
+getting up to 160 dollars and the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up to 160 dollars and the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up to 160 dollars and the blue
+line is the compound interest there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the compound interest there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the compound interest there's a
+slight upward curvature getting us up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight upward curvature getting us up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight upward curvature getting us up to
+180 dollars there's a dot every month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 dollars there's a dot every month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 dollars there's a dot every month
+here as we show the results of Euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we show the results of Euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we show the results of Euler's
+method which as I said is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which as I said is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which as I said is the same thing
+as computing compound interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally here's an exercise find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally here's an exercise find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally here's an exercise find the
+differential equation that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that produces
+linear growth and rerun this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear growth and rerun this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear growth and rerun this example
+using OD e 1 twice wants to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using OD e 1 twice wants to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using OD e 1 twice wants to compute the
+compound interest and wants to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound interest and wants to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound interest and wants to compute
+the simple interest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aWYwHnH-ptI.txt b/aWYwHnH-ptI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad9376025b81f69c0764c5db054afb3e0eed4d78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aWYwHnH-ptI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@
+FEMALE VOICE: The following
+content is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today, we're going to learn a
+rather powerful technique,
+
+called the technique of partial
+fractions, that's
+
+particularly applicable for one
+special type of integrand.
+
+In particular, it's going to be
+applicable to the situation
+
+where the integral has the form,
+the quotient, of two
+
+polynomials.
+
+In other words, suppose we have
+integral ''P of x' dx'
+
+over 'Q of x', where 'P'
+and 'Q' are both
+
+polynomials in 'x'.
+
+And, by the way, for reasons
+that will become apparent
+
+later, we'll assume that the
+degree of 'P' is less than the
+
+degree of 'Q'.
+
+In other words, that the
+highest exponent in the
+
+numerator is less than the
+highest exponent in the
+
+denominator.
+
+By the way, if that's not the
+case, we can always carry out
+
+long division first and carry
+out enough terms until we get
+
+a term in which this is
+the particular case.
+
+You see, I'll make that clearer
+as we go along.
+
+But, for the time being, all we
+really care about in terms
+
+of outlining this form--
+
+and, again, as we will often
+do in these types of
+
+techniques--
+
+the place that we'll pick up
+the real fine computational
+
+points are in the exercises.
+
+We'll use the lectures to just
+outline what the technique is
+
+and how its used.
+
+But suppose, now, that we
+have the quotient of two
+
+polynomials and we want
+to integrate it.
+
+Now, the idea is this, there are
+two key steps that dictate
+
+this particular method.
+
+The first thing is, we saw it
+in the last lecture, that we
+
+can handle denominators if they
+involve nothing worse
+
+than linear and quadratic
+polynomials.
+
+In other words, we know how to
+integrate something like
+
+'dx/x' plus a constant.
+
+We know now how to integrate 'dx
+/ ''ax squared' plus 'bx'
+
+plus 'c'', so we know how
+to handle that type, OK?
+
+And the second important
+thing--
+
+and I'll amplify this,
+too, as we go along--
+
+the second important thing is
+that, theoretically, every
+
+real polynomial can be factored
+into linear and
+
+quadratic terms.
+
+Now, this is a little bit
+misleading, if you try to read
+
+more into this than what
+it really says.
+
+It doesn't mean that we can
+always find a factorization
+
+quite simply.
+
+In other words, we may,
+at best, be able to
+
+approximate a root.
+
+We'll have to use things like
+we've talked about in the
+
+notes so far: Newton's method,
+and things like this, linear
+
+approximations, tangential
+approximations.
+
+We may have to approximate
+the roots.
+
+But that, theoretically, if
+a polynomial with real
+
+coefficients has degree greater
+than 2, it has, at
+
+least, one real root.
+
+In other words, we can keep
+factoring things out this way.
+
+The only thing we can't do is to
+guarantee that, once we get
+
+down to a quadratic, that we can
+get real roots out of this
+
+particular thing.
+
+In fact, the classic example
+is to visualize 'x
+
+squared plus 1'.
+
+In other words, we can't factor
+'x squared plus 1'
+
+unless we introduce
+non-real numbers.
+
+Remember the technique you can
+write, that 'x squared plus 1'
+
+is 'x squared' minus 'i squared'
+where 'i' is the
+
+square root of minus 1.
+
+And this factors into 'x plus
+i' times 'x minus i', et
+
+cetera, but these are
+non-real numbers.
+
+In other words, you can't always
+factor a quadratic to
+
+get real numbers.
+
+In fact, if you recall the
+quadratic formula of this:
+
+square root of 'b squared' minus
+'4 ac', if 'b squared'
+
+is less than '4 ac', what's
+inside the square root sign is
+
+negative, and that leads
+to non-real roots.
+
+So, you see, we can't
+always factor
+
+quadratics into real factors.
+
+By the way, don't identify
+things that were difficult to
+
+factor with things that
+can't be factored.
+
+You know, a lot of times, we
+think of, say-- here's an
+
+example I thought you might
+enjoy seeing here--
+
+take, for example, ''x'
+to the fourth plus 1'.
+
+That looks something like it
+belongs to the family 'x
+
+squared plus 1'.
+
+And 'x squared plus 1'
+can't be factored.
+
+You might think that
+''x' to the fourth
+
+plus 1' can't be factored.
+
+Now, again, it's not important
+that you understand what made
+
+me think of these tricks
+or what have you.
+
+What I do want to show is that
+even situations where the
+
+polynomials might look like a
+known factor, they really do.
+
+For example, with ''x' to the
+fourth plus 1', we can write
+
+this in the disguised form ''x
+squared plus 1' squared', see?
+
+That's, what? ''x' to
+the fourth plus 1'.
+
+But there's a middle term here
+of 2 'x squared', so I
+
+subtract off the
+2 'x squared'.
+
+Now, this has the form, the
+sum and difference of 2
+
+squares, namely, ''x squared
+plus 1' squared' and, also,
+
+the square root of 2
+times 'x squared'.
+
+In other words, I can write this
+as this plus the square
+
+root of 2 times 'x' times
+this minus the square
+
+root of '2 times x'.
+
+Observing, that even though
+the square root of 2 is an
+
+irrational number, it is,
+nonetheless, a real number.
+
+The important point that I want
+to point out, though, as
+
+far as setting up this technique
+called partial
+
+fractions, is that, whether
+it's easy or not easy, the
+
+fact remains that, when we
+have a polynomial in our
+
+denominator, it can always be
+factored into a combination of
+
+linear and quadratic factors
+using real numbers.
+
+Well, it's difficult to factor
+some of these things, so, by
+
+way of illustration,
+let me pick out
+
+one that comes factored.
+
+Let me start with a particular
+problem here.
+
+Let's take the integral 'dx/
+''x minus 1' times 'x
+
+squared plus 1''.
+
+So, what is the integrand
+in this case?
+
+It's 1/ ''x minus 1' times
+'x squared plus 1''.
+
+Now, the idea is this.
+
+See, here's a quadratic factor,
+
+here's a linear factor.
+
+What fractions do I have
+to add to wind up with
+
+something like this?
+
+Well, again-- and this is going
+to be another example of
+
+our old adage that it's easier
+to scramble an egg than to
+
+unscramble one.
+
+You see, given two fractions,
+it's one thing
+
+to find their sum.
+
+Given the sum, it's quite
+another thing,
+
+computationally, to find what
+fractions you had to add to
+
+get that sum.
+
+The idea is this.
+
+If you wind up with a
+denominator that has an 'x
+
+minus 1' term and an 'x squared
+plus 1' term, it
+
+appears that you must have
+started with terms, say, what?
+
+In other words, you must have
+had one term which had a
+
+denominator of 'x minus 1' and a
+term which had a denominator
+
+of 'x squared plus 1'.
+
+Because, you see, if I start
+with these kind of
+
+denominators when I
+cross-multiply and put things
+
+over a common denominator, I
+will wind up with 'x minus 1'
+
+times 'x squared plus 1'.
+
+The question that comes up is
+what shall our numerators be?
+
+And here's the main reason why
+we picked the degree of the
+
+numerator to be less than the
+degree of the denominator.
+
+Notice, for example, in this
+particular case, the numerator
+
+has degree 0, namely, the
+highest power of 'x' to the
+
+peers is the 'x'
+to the 0 term.
+
+On the other hand, the
+denominator has degree 3.
+
+See, there's an 'x cubed'
+term in the denominator.
+
+You see, if they're doing
+'x' to the fourth in the
+
+numerator, I could have
+multiplied out the
+
+denominator, divided it into the
+numerator, and just kept
+
+carrying out the division long
+enough until I wound up with a
+
+remainder which was less than
+a degree, less than a cubic.
+
+In other words, less
+than a third
+
+degree polynomial remainder.
+
+That's not the point.
+
+The point is that as long as the
+degree of the numerator is
+
+less than the degree of the
+denominator, it means that the
+
+terms that we're adding must
+have the degree of the
+
+numerator less than the degree
+of the denominator.
+
+See, it's like adding
+fractions.
+
+If you start with one fraction
+whose numerator is greater
+
+than the denominator then,
+certainly, any sum that you
+
+get is going to be
+bigger than 1.
+
+In other words, if you want to
+wind-up, dealing with positive
+
+numbers, and you want to wind-up
+with a fraction which
+
+is less than 1, it stands to
+reason that all of the
+
+fractions that you're adding
+must be less than 1.
+
+So, if I'm going to wind-up
+adding quotients of
+
+polynomials to get a sum in
+which the degree of the
+
+numerator is less than the
+degree of the denominator, it
+
+means that every one of the
+terms in my sum must have this
+
+particular property.
+
+In other words, with this as
+a hint, I say look at, my
+
+denominator here is 'x minus
+1', that's degree one.
+
+That means my numerator can't
+be greater than degree 0.
+
+But degree 0 means a constant.
+
+So I say OK, that means that
+this has to form some constant
+
+over 'x minus 1'.
+
+Now, I look at this
+denominator.
+
+It's quadratic.
+
+And I say to myself I'm starting
+out with a quadratic,
+
+the degree of the numerator
+can't be greater than the
+
+degree of the denominator.
+
+Since the degree of the
+denominator is 2, that means
+
+the degree of the numerator
+can't be more than 1.
+
+And the most general first
+degree polynomial has the
+
+form, what?
+
+Some constant times 'x'
+plus a constant.
+
+So what I'm saying is,
+OK, to wind-up with
+
+something of the form--
+
+well, to wind-up with 1/ ''x
+minus 1' times 'x squared plus
+
+1'', I had better start with
+something of the form 'A/ 'x
+
+minus 1'' plus ''Bx plus C' over
+'x squared plus 1'' where
+
+'A', 'B', and 'C'
+are constants.
+
+The key point is that if we
+weren't sure that the degree
+
+of the numerator were less
+than the degree of the
+
+denominator, we would
+not know where
+
+to stop in our numerator.
+
+In other words, by this
+convention, we're sure that
+
+the degree of the numerator in
+any one of these terms can't
+
+be greater than the degree
+of the corresponding
+
+denominator, you see?
+
+And by the way, notice, for
+example, if it turns out that
+
+we put too much in--
+
+for example, suppose it turns
+out that this numerator here
+
+should only be a constant--
+
+there's no law against having
+'B' turn out to be 0.
+
+By the way, again, what these
+things are called--
+
+just to increase our
+vocabulary--
+
+what I'm going to do now
+is called the method of
+
+undetermined coefficients.
+
+You see, what I know is that I
+must have the form 'A over 'x
+
+minus 1' plus ''Bx plus C'
+over 'x squared plus 1''.
+
+What I don't know is,
+specifically, how to choose
+
+the values of 'A',
+'B', and 'C'.
+
+And the technique works
+something like this.
+
+What we do is we put this over
+a common denominator.
+
+What will the common
+denominator be?
+
+It'll be 'x minus 1' times
+'x squared plus 1'.
+
+How will I put this over
+a common denominator?
+
+It'll be 'A' times 'x squared
+plus 1', plus 'Bx plus C'
+
+times 'x minus 1'.
+
+Now, this is supposed
+to be an identity.
+
+Now, if two fractions are
+identical and the denominators
+
+are the same, which is what they
+will be after I put this
+
+over a common denominator, the
+only way they can be identical
+
+is for the numerators
+to be identical.
+
+So, you see, what I'm going to
+do is to cross-multiply here
+
+to obtain the numerator of
+the right-hand side.
+
+And I will equate that to the
+numerator on the left-hand
+
+side, which is 1.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, what is the numerator
+on the right-hand side?
+
+It's 'A' times 'x squared
+plus 1', that's 'A x
+
+squared plus A'.
+
+Then it's going to be 'x minus
+1' times 'Bx plus C'.
+
+That's going to be 'B x squared'
+minus 'Bx plus C'
+
+times 'x minus C'.
+
+And now the idea something like
+this, and I'll come back
+
+to this in a few moments to
+hammer this home from a
+
+different point of view.
+
+What is the coefficient of 'x
+squared' on the right-hand
+
+side of the equation?
+
+The coefficient of 'x squared'
+on the right-hand side of the
+
+equation is 'A plus B'.
+
+What is the coefficient of 'x
+squared' on the left-hand side
+
+of the equation?
+
+And at first glance you say
+there is no 'x squared' on the
+
+left-hand side of
+the equation.
+
+What that means, of course, is
+that the coefficient of 'x
+
+squared' on the left-hand side
+of the equation is 0.
+
+So what we say is OK, the
+coefficients of 'x squared'
+
+must match up, therefore,
+'A plus B', which is a
+
+coefficient of 'x squared' on
+the right-hand side, must
+
+equal 0, which is the
+coefficient of 'x squared' on
+
+the left-hand side.
+
+In a similar way, the
+coefficient of 'x' is 'C minus
+
+B' on the right-hand side.
+
+The coefficient of 'x' on
+the left-hand side is 0.
+
+Consequently, 'C minus
+B' must be 0.
+
+And, finally, the constant term
+on the right-hand side is
+
+given by 'A minus C'.
+
+On the left-hand side, the
+right-hand term is 1.
+
+Consequently, 'A minus
+C' must equal 1.
+
+What do I wind-up with?
+
+Three equations with
+three unknowns.
+
+Well, there are a number of ways
+of handling these things.
+
+The easiest one I see, off-hand,
+is I notice if I add
+
+the first two equations, I
+wind-up with 'A plus C' is 0.
+
+Knowing that 'A plus C' is 0
+and, also, that 'A minus C' is
+
+1, it's easy for me to conclude
+that 'A' must be 1/2
+
+and 'C' must be minus 1/2.
+
+And, by the way, now knowing
+what 'A' and 'C' are, I can
+
+use either of these two
+equations to determine 'B',
+
+and 'B' turns out
+to be minus 1/2.
+
+In other words, what
+does this tell me?
+
+It tells me that if I replace
+'A' here by 1/2, and 'B' and
+
+'C' each by minus 1/2, the
+right-hand side here will be
+
+an identity for the left-hand
+side, that there'll be two
+
+different ways of naming
+the same number for
+
+each value of 'x'.
+
+In fact, doing this now out in
+more detail, what we've really
+
+shown here, in other words, if
+I replace 'A' by 1/2 and 'B'
+
+and 'C' each by minus 1/2, then
+I factor the 1/2 out.
+
+What I've shown is that one over
+the quantity 'x minus 1'
+
+times 'x squared plus 1' is
+equal to 1/2 times the
+
+quantity '1 over 'x minus 1''
+minus the quantity ''x plus 1'
+
+over 'x squared plus 1''.
+
+By the way, I can separate this
+into two terms, each of
+
+which has a denominator
+of 'x squared plus
+
+1', and I get, what?
+
+1/2 times 1/ 'x minus 1' minus
+1/ ''2 times x'/ 'x squared
+
+plus 1'' minus 1/2 times '1/
+'x squared plus 1''.
+
+Now, the key is this.
+
+I didn't really want this,
+what I wanted was, what?
+
+This was to be my integrand.
+
+What I wanted was to integrate
+this with respect to 'x'.
+
+Well, if given this identity
+over here, the integral of
+
+'dx'/ ''x minus 1' times 'x
+squared plus 1'', recalling
+
+that the integral of a sum is
+a sum of the integrals, et
+
+cetera, can now be
+written as, what?
+
+It's 1/2 integral 'dx'/ 'x minus
+1' minus 1/2 integral
+
+'x'/ 'x squared plus 1' times
+'dx' minus 1/2 integral 1/ 'x
+
+squared plus 1' times 'dx'.
+
+Now, here's the point.
+
+Notice that every one of my
+denominators, now, is either
+
+linear or quadratic.
+
+In fact, without going through
+the details here again, if I
+
+let 'u' equal 'x minus 1' in
+this example, this reduces
+
+this to the form 'du/u',
+in other words, a ''u
+
+to the n' du' form.
+
+If I let 'u' equal 'x squared
+plus 1' over here, if 'u' is
+
+'x squared plus 1', notice
+that 'du' is '2 xdx'.
+
+So my numerator becomes a
+constant multiple of 'du' and,
+
+again, I have a ''u of
+the n' du' form.
+
+And finally, if I look at my
+last integral here, notice
+
+that this is the sum of two
+squares, which suggests the
+
+circular trigonometric functions
+that we were talking
+
+about last time.
+
+Or, if you wish, you can
+go to tables and look
+
+these things up.
+
+They're all in there.
+
+But, again, without going
+through the details because
+
+this is the easy part, again,
+it turns out that once you
+
+have this relationship here we
+can integrate this to obtain
+
+log absolute value
+'x minus 1'.
+
+The integral here is log,
+natural log, absolute value of
+
+'x squared plus 1'.
+
+I can leave the absolute value
+signs out because 'x squared
+
+plus 1' has to be, at
+least, as big as 1.
+
+It can't be negative.
+
+And finally, either by
+trigonometric substitution, or
+
+by memorization, or what have
+you, integral of 'dx'/ 'x
+
+squared plus 1' is just the
+inverse tangent of 'x'.
+
+In other words, by using partial
+fractions and reducing
+
+a complicated polynomial
+denominator into a sum of
+
+linear and quadratic terms,
+I was able, by knowing my
+
+techniques of last time,
+to integrate the given
+
+expression.
+
+And, by the way, I would be a
+little remiss at the stage of
+
+the game if I did not take the
+time to, once again, reinforce
+
+a very important concept, and
+that is it may be difficult,
+
+starting with this,
+to get this.
+
+What should not be difficult is,
+starting with this, to be
+
+able to differentiate it and
+show that you wind-up with 1/
+
+''x minus 1' times 'x
+squared plus 1''.
+
+In other words, as usual, with
+the inverse derivative, once
+
+you find an answer and you
+want to see whether your
+
+answer is correct or not,
+all you have to do is
+
+differentiate the answer and see
+if you get the integrand.
+
+But, at any rate, this is how
+the technique called partial
+
+fractions works.
+
+It works for the quotient
+of two polynomials.
+
+And to make the undetermined
+coefficients technique work
+
+right, you must assume that the
+degree of the numerator is
+
+less than the degree
+of the denominator.
+
+And, obviously, in the
+exercises, I'll give you some
+
+where the degree of the
+numerator is greater than the
+
+degree of the denominator.
+
+And, if you don't perform long
+division first, you're going
+
+to get into trouble
+trying to find the
+
+answer to the problem.
+
+But all I want to emphasize
+here is the technique.
+
+And, by the way, what I want to
+do before I go any further,
+
+also, is to emphasize a rather
+special property of polynomial
+
+identities.
+
+You recall that undetermined
+coefficients
+
+hinged on the following.
+
+And I'll pick a quadratic
+to illustrate it with.
+
+Suppose you have two quadratic
+expressions in 'x' identically
+
+equal, in other words, 'a sub-2
+'x squared'' plus 'a
+
+sub-1 x' plus 'a sub-0' was
+identically equal to 'b sub-2
+
+'x squared'' plus 'b
+sub-1 x' plus 'b0'.
+
+Notice the technique that we
+used was is we said look at,
+
+let's compare the coefficients
+of 'x squared'.
+
+Let's equate the coefficients
+of 'x', and let's equate the
+
+constant terms.
+
+How do we know that you're
+allowed to do this?
+
+Well, let's see if we can show
+that this must be the case.
+
+For example, let's do this
+without any calculus at all.
+
+Suppose this is an identity.
+
+If this is an identity,
+it must be true for
+
+all values of 'x'.
+
+In particular, it must be
+true when 'x' is 0.
+
+Notice that, when 'x' is 0,
+the left-hand side is 'a
+
+sub-0', the right-hand side is
+'B sub-0', and we wind-up with
+
+'a sub-0' equals 'b sub-0'.
+
+See, the constant
+terms are equal.
+
+Well, if 'a sub-0' equals 'b
+sub-0', we can cancel 'a
+
+sub-0' and 'b sub-0'
+from this equation.
+
+That leaves us with this
+equaling this.
+
+From this, we can factor out an
+'x', and get to 'x' times
+
+'a sub-2 x' plus 'a1' is
+identical with 'x' times 'b
+
+sub-2 x' plus 'b1'.
+
+If 'x' is not 0, we can cancel
+'x' from both sides of the
+
+equation, and that
+shows, what?
+
+That, for any non-zero value of
+'x', 'a 2x' plus 'a1' must
+
+be identically equal to
+'b 2x' plus 'b1'.
+
+Once we have this formula
+established, let's let 'x'
+
+equal 0 in here, and
+we see, what?
+
+With 'x' equal to 0, then 'a1'
+equals 'b1', in other words,
+
+that the coefficient of 'x' on
+the left-hand side equals the
+
+coefficient of 'x' on
+the right-hand side.
+
+You can keep on this way, but
+a very nice technique to use
+
+here is a reinforcement
+of something that we
+
+talked about before.
+
+I think it was when we
+were doing implicit
+
+differentiation, and
+we talked about
+
+identities verses equations.
+
+You see, if this is an identity,
+and what I mean by
+
+an identity, that this--
+
+we're not saying find
+what values of 'x'
+
+this is true for.
+
+By an identity, we're saying
+look at, these two expressions
+
+are the same for all
+values of 'x'.
+
+They're synonyms.
+
+And what we're saying is, if
+these two things are synonyms,
+
+their derivatives must
+be synonyms.
+
+And all we're saying is look
+at, if you want to use
+
+calculus here, differentiate
+both sides of this expression.
+
+And you wind-up with '2a sub-2
+x' plus 'a1' is identically
+
+equal to '2b sub-2
+x' plus 'b1'.
+
+Since these two things are
+identical, let's equate their
+
+derivatives again.
+
+See, the derivative of
+identities are identical, and
+
+we wind-up with '2 a2' is
+identically equal to '2 b2'
+
+and, therefore, 'a2'
+must equal 'b2'.
+
+Knowing that 'a2' equals 'b2',
+we can come back to this step
+
+and show that 'a1'
+equals 'b1'.
+
+And now, knowing that 'a2'
+equals 'b2', and 'a1' equals
+
+'b1', we can come back to the
+original equation and show
+
+that 'a0' must equal 'b0'.
+
+Now, you may wonder why are we
+making all of this ado over
+
+what appears to be a
+very obvious thing?
+
+And I would like to give
+you a caution here.
+
+I'd like you to beware
+of something.
+
+It's something which works very
+nicely for polynomials,
+
+but doesn't always have
+to work all the time.
+
+In fact, later, when one
+studies differential
+
+equations, this becomes a very
+important concept, which later
+
+gets the name linear dependence
+and linear
+
+independence.
+
+We're not going to go
+into that now, but
+
+the key idea is this.
+
+In general, knowing that 'a1 u1'
+plus 'a2 u2' is equal to
+
+'b1 u1' plus 'b2 u2', you cannot
+say ah, therefore, the
+
+coefficients of 'u1' must be
+equal, and the coefficients of
+
+'u2' must be equal.
+
+Don't get me wrong, if 'a1'
+equals 'b1', and 'a2' equals
+
+'b2', then, certainly, 'a1 u1'
+plus 'a2 u2' is equal to 'b1
+
+u1' plus 'b2 u2'.
+
+I'm not saying that.
+
+What I'm saying is, conversely,
+if you start,
+
+knowing that this is true, it
+does not follow that they must
+
+match up coefficient
+by coefficient, OK?
+
+And you say well, why doesn't
+it have to follow?
+
+And I think the best
+way to do that is
+
+by means of an example.
+
+For example, in this general
+expression, let 'u1' equal
+
+'x', and let 'u2' to be 'x/2'.
+
+Look at the expression
+'5x' plus '6 times
+
+x/2', that's, what?
+
+It's '5x' plus '3x' is '8x'.
+
+Look at '3x' plus
+'10 times x/2'.
+
+That's '3x' plus '5x',
+which is also '8x'.
+
+In other words, 5 times 'x'
+plus 6 times 'x/2' is
+
+identically equal to 3 times
+'x' plus 10 times 'x/2'.
+
+Yet, you can't say, therefore,
+the coefficients of 'x' must
+
+be equal, and the coefficients
+of 'x/2' must be equal.
+
+In fact, if you said that,
+you'd be saying that 5 is
+
+equal to 3 and 6 is equal
+to 10, which, of course,
+
+is not true, OK?
+
+So, at any rate, I just wanted
+to show you here the kind of
+
+mathematical rigor and cautions
+that have to be taken
+
+if one is going to use a
+technique called partial
+
+fractions, what the key
+ingredients are.
+
+Now, it turns out that not only
+are partial fractions
+
+important in their own right, it
+also turns out that partial
+
+fractions handles a rather
+difficult type of integral:
+
+one that uses polynomials in
+'sine x' and 'cosine x'.
+
+And the reason I wanted to
+mention this was not so much
+
+because the technique is nice.
+
+The technique, by the
+way, is in the text.
+
+But there's something very
+interesting in the text, the
+
+way the author introduces
+a topic.
+
+And I thought that
+that was worth an
+
+aside in its own right.
+
+In the section where this thing
+appears, it says, "It
+
+has been discovered that." The
+author makes no attempt to
+
+show logically why one would
+expect that a certain thing is
+
+going to work.
+
+All the author says is, "It has
+been discovered that." And
+
+this tells a long story that, in
+many cases, we wind up with
+
+an integrand that we don't
+know how to handle.
+
+We make all sorts of
+substitutions in the hope that
+
+we can reduce the given
+integrand to a form that we
+
+know how to handle.
+
+Sometimes we're successful,
+sometimes we're not.
+
+In the cases where we're not
+successful, somebody, either
+
+by clever intuition or what
+have you, maybe it's just
+
+blind luck, stumbles
+across a technique
+
+that happens to work.
+
+And I, sort of, liked this
+particular example in the text
+
+where the author says, "It has
+been discovered that,"
+
+because, to me, it's not at
+all self-evident, and yet,
+
+it's a rather pretty result.
+
+The result says this: suppose
+you make the substitution 'z'
+
+equals tangent 'x/2'.
+
+Now, where do you pull this
+out of the hat from?
+
+'z' equals tangent 'x/2', that's
+the ingenuity, the
+
+experience, the luck.
+
+But the idea is, let's suppose
+that we stumbled across this
+
+one way or the other.
+
+If we translate this equation
+into a reference triangle, we
+
+have, what?
+
+We'll call the angle 'x/2'.
+
+And the tangent is 'z', so we'll
+make the side opposite
+
+'z', the side-adjacent 1.
+
+That makes the hypotenuse
+the square root
+
+of '1 plus z squared'.
+
+Now, watch what happens
+when you do this.
+
+See, 'z' is equal to '10x/2',
+therefore, 'dz' is the
+
+differential of '10x/2'.
+
+Remember, the differential of
+'10x', with respect to 'x', is
+
+secant squared.
+
+But we also, by the chain rule,
+have to multiply by a
+
+derivative of 'x/2' with
+respect to 'x'.
+
+In other words, if 'z' is
+'10x/2', 'dz' is not secant
+
+squared 'x/2', it's 1/2 'secant
+squared 'x/2' dx'.
+
+But what's 'secant
+squared 'x/2''?
+
+Let's go back and look
+at our diagram.
+
+The secant of 'x/2' is the
+hypotenuse over side-adjacent.
+
+That's the square root of '1
+plus 'z squared'' over 1 and,
+
+therefore, the square of the
+secant is just '1 plus 'z
+
+squared'' over 1, see,
+'1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+So, with the 1/2 in here, this
+becomes '1 plus 'z squared''
+
+over 2 times 'dx'.
+
+And, consequently, if I compare
+these two now, notice
+
+that 'dx' is just twice 'dz'/
+'1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+In other words, what's
+happened to 'dx'?
+
+It's been replaced by a
+differential in 'z', which
+
+involves the quotient
+of two polynomials.
+
+So, 'dx' comes out very nicely
+this way, in terms of, what?
+
+The quotient of two
+polynomials.
+
+How about 'sine x'
+and 'cosine x'?
+
+And, again, notice the
+dependency on identities.
+
+'Sine x' is twice 'sine
+'x/2' cosine 'x/2''.
+
+But, from my reference triangle,
+I can pick off the
+
+trigonometric functions
+of 'x/2' very easily.
+
+Namely, the sine of 'x/2' is
+just 'z' over the square root
+
+of '1 plus 'z squared'', and the
+cosine of 'x/2' is just 1
+
+over the square root of
+'1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+Plugging that in here, I find
+that 'sine x' is twice 'z'
+
+over the square root of '1 plus
+'z squared'' times 1 over
+
+the square root of '1
+plus 'z squared''.
+
+Multiplying this out,
+I find, what?
+
+That 'sine x' is twice 'z', and
+the square root of '1 plus
+
+'z squared'' times itself is
+just '1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+In other words, 'sine x' is
+'2z'/ '1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+In other words, with the
+substitution, what
+
+happens to 'sine x'?
+
+It becomes '2z'/ '1 plus 'z
+squared'', which is also the
+
+quotient of two polynomials
+in 'z', OK?
+
+Finally, how about 'cosine x'?
+
+What identity can we use
+to reduce 'cosine
+
+x' in terms of 'x/2'?
+
+Why do we want the 'x/2'?
+
+Again, notice that even though
+we may not have invented this
+
+substitution by ourself,
+once it's invented, the
+
+relationship to the angle 'x/2'
+becomes very apparent.
+
+At any rate, notice the identity
+that says that
+
+'cosine 2x' is 'cosine squared
+x' minus 'sine squared x'
+
+translates into 'cosine x' is
+cosine squared of half the
+
+angle minus sine squared
+of half the angle.
+
+Well, 'cosine squared 'x/2'',
+well, 'cosine 'x/2'' is just 1
+
+over the square root of '1 plus
+'c squared'', so 'cosine
+
+squared 'x/2'' is just 1/
+'1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+Similarly, 'sine squared 'x/2''
+is just 'z squared'
+
+over '1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+And what we find is that 'cosine
+x' is '1 minus 'z
+
+squared'' over '1 plus
+'z squared''.
+
+And, again, what's happened?
+
+'Cosine x' is now expressable
+as the quotient of two
+
+polynomials in 'z'.
+
+In fact, as an application of
+this, let's come back to an
+
+integrand that's been giving
+us some trouble for
+
+quite some time now.
+
+Let's look at the integral
+'secant x dx' and see if we
+
+can't use this technique that
+we've just learned to solve
+
+this particular problem.
+
+Notice that secant is 1 over
+cosine, therefore, integral
+
+'secant x dx' is integral
+'dx' over 'cosine x'.
+
+Now, let's come back here
+for a moment just
+
+to refresh our memories.
+
+We saw that 'dx' was two 'dz'/
+'1 plus 'z squared''.
+
+We saw that 'cosine x' was '1
+minus 'z squared'' over '1
+
+plus 'z squared'', therefore, '1
+over cosine x' will just be
+
+the reciprocal of this.
+
+In other words, coming back here
+now, we can replace 'dx'
+
+by '2 dz' over '1 plus 'z
+squared'' and '1 over cosine
+
+x' by '1 plus 'z squared''
+over '1 minus
+
+'z squared'', OK?
+
+Therefore, in terms of this
+substitution, integral 'secant
+
+x dx' is just twice integral
+'dz'/ '1 minus 'z squared''.
+
+But, what is this integrand?
+
+This integrand is the quotient
+of two polynomials in 'z',
+
+therefore, I could use partial
+fractions here, write this as
+
+a term: something over '1 plus
+z' plus something over '1
+
+minus z', et cetera, solve the
+problem in terms of 'z', and
+
+then, remembering that 'z' is
+'tangent 'x/2'', I can then
+
+replace 'z' by what its equal
+to in terms of 'x', and in
+
+that way solve the problem.
+
+Now, you see, what I want you to
+see again, that comes true
+
+here all the time, is how we
+are continually looking for
+
+ways of reducing integrals to
+equivalent integrals, but,
+
+hopefully, ones that are more
+familiar to us, meaning, what?
+
+Ones that we are
+able to handle.
+
+In the next lesson, we're going
+to find a very powerful
+
+technique, which is far more
+general than partial
+
+fractions, a technique which is
+used over, and over, again,
+
+which is probably the single
+most important technique.
+
+But, I won't say any more
+about that right now.
+
+We'll continue with this
+discussion next time.
+
+And, until next time,
+good bye.
+
+MALE VOICE: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a_R_DpsENfk.txt b/a_R_DpsENfk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ac4ed74e168e2e7fc8785a474f93f173c379894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a_R_DpsENfk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+I could afternoon everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could afternoon everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could afternoon everyone
+so let's get started so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started so today we're
+going to be talking about races and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about races and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about races and
+parallelism and you'll be doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and you'll be doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and you'll be doing a lot of
+parallel programming for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programming for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programming for the next
+homework assignment in project one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment in project one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment in project one thing
+I want to point out is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to point out is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to point out is that it's
+important to meet with your MIT policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to meet with your MIT policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to meet with your MIT policy
+as soon as possible if you haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as possible if you haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as possible if you haven't done
+so already since that's going to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already since that's going to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already since that's going to be part
+of the evaluation for the project one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the evaluation for the project one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the evaluation for the project one
+grade and if you have trouble reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade and if you have trouble reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade and if you have trouble reaching
+your MIT policy members please contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your MIT policy members please contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your MIT policy members please contact
+your TA and also make a post on Piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TA and also make a post on Piazza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TA and also make a post on Piazza
+as soon as possible ok so as a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as possible ok so as a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as possible ok so as a reminder
+let's look at the basics of silk so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the basics of silk so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the basics of silk so we
+have silk spawn and silk sync statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have silk spawn and silk sync statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have silk spawn and silk sync statements
+in silk this was the code that we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silk this was the code that we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silk this was the code that we saw in
+last lecture which computes the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture which computes the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture which computes the nth
+Fibonacci number so when we say silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number so when we say silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number so when we say silk
+spawn it means that the named child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn it means that the named child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn it means that the named child
+function the function right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the function right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the function right after the
+silk spawn keyword can execute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawn keyword can execute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawn keyword can execute in
+parallel with the parent caller so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with the parent caller so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with the parent caller so it
+says that fib of n minus 1 can execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that fib of n minus 1 can execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that fib of n minus 1 can execute
+in parallel with the fib function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with the fib function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with the fib function that
+called it and then silks Inc says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it and then silks Inc says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it and then silks Inc says that
+control cannot pass this point until all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control cannot pass this point until all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control cannot pass this point until all
+the spawned children have returned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawned children have returned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawned children have returned so
+this is going to wait for fib of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to wait for fib of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to wait for fib of n minus
+1 to finish before it goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to finish before it goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to finish before it goes on and
+returns the sum of X and y and recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the sum of X and y and recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the sum of X and y and recall
+that the sole keywords grant permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sole keywords grant permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sole keywords grant permission
+for parallel execution but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parallel execution but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parallel execution but they don't
+actually force parallel executions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually force parallel executions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually force parallel executions so
+this code here says that we can execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code here says that we can execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code here says that we can execute
+fib of n minus 1 in parallel with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of n minus 1 in parallel with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of n minus 1 in parallel with this
+parent caller but it doesn't say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent caller but it doesn't say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent caller but it doesn't say that we
+necessarily have to execute it execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to execute it execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to execute it execute
+them in parallel and it's up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in parallel and it's up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in parallel and it's up to the
+runtime system to decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system to decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system to decide whether
+these different functions will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different functions will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different functions will be
+executed in parallel we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed in parallel we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed in parallel we'll talk more
+about the runtime system today and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the runtime system today and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the runtime system today and also
+we talked about this example where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this example where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this example where we
+wanted to do an in-place matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do an in-place matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do an in-place matrix
+transpose and this used the silk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and this used the silk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and this used the silk for
+keyword and this says that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword and this says that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword and this says that we can
+execute the iterations of this silk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the iterations of this silk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the iterations of this silk for
+loop in parallel and again this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in parallel and again this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in parallel and again this says
+that runtime system is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runtime system is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runtime system is allowed to
+schedule these iterations in parallel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule these iterations in parallel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule these iterations in parallel it
+doesn't necessarily say that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily say that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily say that they have
+to execute in parallel and under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute in parallel and under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute in parallel and under the
+hood silk spawned statements or soap for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood silk spawned statements or soap for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood silk spawned statements or soap for
+statements are translated into nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are translated into nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are translated into nested
+silk spawn and silk sink calls so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawn and silk sink calls so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawn and silk sink calls so the
+compiler is going to divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is going to divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is going to divide the
+iteration space in half do a silk spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration space in half do a silk spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration space in half do a silk spawn
+on one of the two halfs called the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the two halfs called the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the two halfs called the other
+half and then this is done recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then this is done recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then this is done recursively
+until we reach a certain size for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we reach a certain size for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we reach a certain size for the
+number of iterations and a loop at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of iterations and a loop at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of iterations and a loop at which
+point it just creates a single task for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it just creates a single task for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it just creates a single task for
+that so any questions on on the soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so any questions on on the soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so any questions on on the soul
+constructs yes so it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs yes so it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs yes so it's actually not
+going to figure out whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to figure out whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to figure out whether the
+iterations are independent for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations are independent for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations are independent for you the
+programmer actually has to reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer actually has to reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer actually has to reason about
+that but silk does have a nice tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but silk does have a nice tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but silk does have a nice tool
+which we'll talk about that will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about that will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about that will tell
+you which places your code might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which places your code might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which places your code might
+possibly be reading and writing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be reading and writing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be reading and writing the same
+memory location and that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location and that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location and that allows you to
+localize any possible race bugs in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize any possible race bugs in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize any possible race bugs in your
+code so we'll actually talk about races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so we'll actually talk about races
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so we'll actually talk about races
+but if you just compile this code silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just compile this code silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just compile this code silk
+isn't going to know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to know whether the
+iterations are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so determinacy races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so determinacy races
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so determinacy races
+okay so race conditions are the bane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so race conditions are the bane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so race conditions are the bane of
+concurrency so you don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency so you don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency so you don't want to have
+race conditions in your code and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race conditions in your code and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race conditions in your code and there
+are these two famous race bugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two famous race bugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two famous race bugs that
+cause disaster so there's this therac-25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause disaster so there's this therac-25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause disaster so there's this therac-25
+radiation therapy machine and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation therapy machine and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation therapy machine and there's a
+race condition in the software and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race condition in the software and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race condition in the software and this
+led to three people being killed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to three people being killed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to three people being killed and
+many more being seriously injured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more being seriously injured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more being seriously injured the
+North American blackout of 2003 was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American blackout of 2003 was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American blackout of 2003 was also
+caused by a race bug in the software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by a race bug in the software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by a race bug in the software and
+this left 50 million people without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left 50 million people without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left 50 million people without
+power so these are very bad and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so these are very bad and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so these are very bad and they're
+notoriously difficult to discover by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notoriously difficult to discover by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notoriously difficult to discover by
+conventional testing so race bugs aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional testing so race bugs aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional testing so race bugs aren't
+going to appear every time you execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear every time you execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear every time you execute
+your program in fact the hardest ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program in fact the hardest ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program in fact the hardest ones to
+find and the hardest ones to find which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and the hardest ones to find which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and the hardest ones to find which
+caused these events are actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused these events are actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused these events are actually very
+rare event so most of the times when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare event so most of the times when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare event so most of the times when you
+won't run your program you're not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't run your program you're not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't run your program you're not gonna
+see the race bug only very rarely will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the race bug only very rarely will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the race bug only very rarely will
+you see it so this makes it very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it so this makes it very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it so this makes it very hard to
+find these rates bugs and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these rates bugs and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these rates bugs and furthermore
+when you see a race bug it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a race bug it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a race bug it doesn't
+necessarily always happen in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always happen in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always happen in the same
+place in your code so that makes it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in your code so that makes it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in your code so that makes it even
+harder ok so what is a race so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder ok so what is a race so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder ok so what is a race so a
+determinacy race is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinacy race is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinacy race is one of the most
+basic forms of races in a determinacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic forms of races in a determinacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic forms of races in a determinacy
+race occurs when two logically parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race occurs when two logically parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race occurs when two logically parallel
+instructions access the same memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions access the same memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions access the same memory
+location and at least one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and at least one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and at least one of these
+instructions performs a right to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions performs a right to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions performs a right to that
+location so let's look at a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so let's look at a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so let's look at a simple
+example so in this code here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so in this code here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so in this code here
+my first setting X equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first setting X equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first setting X equal to zero and
+then I have a soak for loop with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a soak for loop with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a soak for loop with two
+iterations and each of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and each of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and each of the two
+iterations are incrementing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations are incrementing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations are incrementing this
+variable X and then at the end I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and then at the end I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and then at the end I'm going
+to assert that X is equal to two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assert that X is equal to two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assert that X is equal to two so
+there's actually a race in this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a race in this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a race in this program
+here so in order to understand where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in order to understand where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in order to understand where the
+race occurs let's look at the execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race occurs let's look at the execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race occurs let's look at the execution
+graph here so I'm gonna label each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here so I'm gonna label each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here so I'm gonna label each of
+these statements with a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statements with a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statements with a letter
+the first statement a is just setting X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first statement a is just setting X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first statement a is just setting X
+equal to zero and then after that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and then after that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and then after that we're
+actually going to have two parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have two parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have two parallel
+paths because we have two iterations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths because we have two iterations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths because we have two iterations of
+this so for loop which can execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for loop which can execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for loop which can execute
+parallel and each of these paths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and each of these paths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and each of these paths are
+going to increment X by one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increment X by one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increment X by one and then
+finally we're going to assert that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're going to assert that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're going to assert that X is
+equal to two at the end and this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two at the end and this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two at the end and this sort of
+graph is known as a dependency graph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is known as a dependency graph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is known as a dependency graph it
+tells you what X what instructions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what X what instructions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what X what instructions have
+to finish before you execute the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish before you execute the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish before you execute the next
+instruction so here it says that B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so here it says that B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so here it says that B and C
+must wait for a to execute before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must wait for a to execute before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must wait for a to execute before they
+proceed but B and C can actually happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed but B and C can actually happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed but B and C can actually happen
+in parallel because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel because there's no
+dependency among them and then D has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency among them and then D has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency among them and then D has to
+happen after B and C finish so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen after B and C finish so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen after B and C finish so to
+understand why there's a race bug here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why there's a race bug here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why there's a race bug here
+we actually need to take a closer look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually need to take a closer look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually need to take a closer look
+at this dependency graph so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this dependency graph so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this dependency graph so let's take a
+closer look so when you run this code X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look so when you run this code X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look so when you run this code X
+plus plus is actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus is actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus is actually going to be
+translated into 3 steps so first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into 3 steps so first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into 3 steps so first we're
+going to load the value of x into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to load the value of x into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to load the value of x into some
+some processors register r1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some processors register r1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some processors register r1 and then
+we're going to increment r1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to increment r1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to increment r1 and then
+we're going to set X equal to the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set X equal to the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set X equal to the result
+of our one in a same thing for r2 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our one in a same thing for r2 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our one in a same thing for r2 we're
+gonna load X into register r2 increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna load X into register r2 increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna load X into register r2 increment
+r2 and then set X equal to r2 ok so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 and then set X equal to r2 ok so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 and then set X equal to r2 ok so here
+we have a race because both of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a race because both of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a race because both of these in
+both of these stores X 1 equal to R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these stores X 1 equal to R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these stores X 1 equal to R 1
+and X 2 equal to r2 are actually writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 equal to r2 are actually writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 equal to r2 are actually writing
+to the same memory location so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same memory location so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same memory location so let's
+look at one possible execution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one possible execution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one possible execution of this
+computation graph and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation graph and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation graph and we're going to
+keep track of the values of X r1 and r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the values of X r1 and r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the values of X r1 and r2
+so the first instruction we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first instruction we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first instruction we're going to
+execute is X equal to 0 so we just set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute is X equal to 0 so we just set X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute is X equal to 0 so we just set X
+equal 0 and everything's good so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 and everything's good so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 and everything's good so far
+then next we can actually pick one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next we can actually pick one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next we can actually pick one of
+two instructions to execute because both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two instructions to execute because both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two instructions to execute because both
+of these two instructions have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two instructions have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two instructions have their
+predecessors satisfied already their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors satisfied already their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors satisfied already their
+predecessors have already executed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors have already executed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors have already executed so
+let's say I pick r1 equal X to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I pick r1 equal X to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I pick r1 equal X to execute
+and this is going to place the value 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to place the value 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to place the value 0
+into register r1 now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into register r1 now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into register r1 now I'm going to
+increment r1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment r1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment r1 so
+this change it's a value in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change it's a value in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change it's a value in our
+one-to-one and then now let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one and then now let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one and then now let's say I
+execute our to equal to X so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute our to equal to X so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute our to equal to X so that's
+going to read X which has a value of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read X which has a value of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read X which has a value of 0
+is going to place the value of 0 into R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to place the value of 0 into R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to place the value of 0 into R
+2 it's going to increment R 2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's going to increment R 2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's going to increment R 2 that's
+gonna change that value to 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna change that value to 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna change that value to 1 and then
+now let's say I write R 2 back to X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say I write R 2 back to X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say I write R 2 back to X so
+I'm gonna place a value of 1 into X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna place a value of 1 into X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna place a value of 1 into X then
+now when I execute this instruction X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I execute this instruction X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I execute this instruction X 1
+equal to R 1 is also placing a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R 1 is also placing a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R 1 is also placing a value of
+1 into X and then finally when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 into X and then finally when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 into X and then finally when I do the
+assertion this value here is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion this value here is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion this value here is not equal
+to 2 and that's wrong because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 and that's wrong because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 and that's wrong because if you
+executed this sequentially you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed this sequentially you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed this sequentially you would get
+a value of 2 here and the reason as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of 2 here and the reason as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of 2 here and the reason as I
+said the reason why this occurs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the reason why this occurs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the reason why this occurs is
+because we have multiple rights the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have multiple rights the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have multiple rights the same
+a shared memory location which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared memory location which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared memory location which could
+execute in parallel and one of the nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute in parallel and one of the nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute in parallel and one of the nasty
+things about this example here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this example here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this example here is that
+the race bug doesn't necessarily always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race bug doesn't necessarily always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race bug doesn't necessarily always
+occur so does anyone see why this race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so does anyone see why this race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so does anyone see why this race
+bug doesn't necessarily always show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right so the answer is because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the answer is because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the answer is because if
+one of these two branches execute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two branches execute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these two branches execute all
+three of his instructions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of his instructions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of his instructions before we
+start the other one then the result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the other one then the result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the other one then the result the
+final result in X is going to be 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result in X is going to be 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result in X is going to be 2 which
+is correct so if I executed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct so if I executed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct so if I executed these
+instructions in order of 1 2 3 7 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in order of 1 2 3 7 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in order of 1 2 3 7 4 5 6
+and then finally 8 the value is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally 8 the value is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally 8 the value is going to
+be 2 and X so the race bug here doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 and X so the race bug here doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 and X so the race bug here doesn't
+necessarily always occur and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always occur and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always occur and this is
+what one one thing that makes these bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one one thing that makes these bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one one thing that makes these bugs
+hard to find so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there are two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are two different types of
+determinacy races I mean they're shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinacy races I mean they're shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinacy races I mean they're shown
+in this table here so let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this table here so let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this table here so let's suppose that
+instruction a an instruction B both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction a an instruction B both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction a an instruction B both
+access some location X and suppose a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access some location X and suppose a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access some location X and suppose a is
+parallel to B so both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to B so both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to B so both of the
+instructions can execute in parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions can execute in parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions can execute in parallel so
+if a and B are just reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a and B are just reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a and B are just reading that
+location then that's fine you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then that's fine you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then that's fine you don't
+actually have a race here but if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a race here but if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a race here but if one of
+the two instructions is writing to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two instructions is writing to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two instructions is writing to that
+location whereas the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location whereas the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location whereas the other one is
+reading to that location then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading to that location then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading to that location then you have
+what's called a read race and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a read race and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a read race and the
+program might have a non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program might have a non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program might have a non-deterministic
+result when you have a read race because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result when you have a read race because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result when you have a read race because
+the final answer might depend on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer might depend on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer might depend on whether
+you've read a first before be updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read a first before be updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read a first before be updated
+their value or whether a read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value or whether a read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value or whether a read the
+updated value before B reads it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated value before B reads it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated value before B reads it so the
+order of the execution of a and B can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the execution of a and B can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the execution of a and B can
+affect the final result that you see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the final result that you see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the final result that you see and
+finally if both a and B write to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if both a and B write to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if both a and B write to the
+same shared location then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shared location then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shared location then you have a
+write race and again this will cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write race and again this will cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write race and again this will cause
+non-deterministic behavior in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic behavior in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic behavior in your
+program because the final answer could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because the final answer could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because the final answer could
+depend on whether a did the right first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on whether a did the right first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on whether a did the right first
+or bead at the right first and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bead at the right first and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bead at the right first and we say
+that two sections of code are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two sections of code are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two sections of code are
+independent if there are no determinacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if there are no determinacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if there are no determinacy
+races between them so the two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races between them so the two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races between them so the two pieces of
+code can't have a shared location where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code can't have a shared location where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code can't have a shared location where
+one computation writes to it and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one computation writes to it and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one computation writes to it and on the
+other computation reads two reads from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other computation reads two reads from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other computation reads two reads from
+it or if both computations write to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if both computations write to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if both computations write to that
+location any questions on the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so races are really bad and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so races are really bad and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so races are really bad and you
+should avoid having races in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should avoid having races in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should avoid having races in your
+program so here are some tips on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so here are some tips on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so here are some tips on how to
+avoid races so I mean I can tell you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid races so I mean I can tell you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid races so I mean I can tell you not
+to write races in your program and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write races in your program and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write races in your program and you
+know that races are bad but sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that races are bad but sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that races are bad but sometimes I
+mean when you're writing code you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you're writing code you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you're writing code you just
+have races in your program and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have races in your program and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have races in your program and you can't
+help it but here are some tips on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help it but here are some tips on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help it but here are some tips on how
+you can avoid races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can avoid races
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can avoid races
+so first the iterations of a soap for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the iterations of a soap for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the iterations of a soap for
+loop should be independent so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop should be independent so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop should be independent so you should
+make sure that the diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the diff
+iterations of a silk for-loop aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of a silk for-loop aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of a silk for-loop aren't
+writing to the same memory location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secondly between a silk spawn statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly between a silk spawn statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly between a silk spawn statement
+in the corresponding silk sync the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corresponding silk sync the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corresponding silk sync the code
+of the spawn child should be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spawn child should be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spawn child should be independent
+of the code of the parent and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code of the parent and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code of the parent and this
+includes code that's executed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes code that's executed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes code that's executed by
+additional spawned or call children by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional spawned or call children by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional spawned or call children by
+the spawn child so you should make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn child so you should make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn child so you should make sure
+that these pieces of code are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these pieces of code are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these pieces of code are
+independent there's no read or write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there's no read or write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there's no read or write
+racist between them one thing to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist between them one thing to note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist between them one thing to note is
+that the arguments to a spawn function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the arguments to a spawn function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the arguments to a spawn function
+are evaluated in the parent before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaluated in the parent before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaluated in the parent before the
+spawn actually occurs so you can't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn actually occurs so you can't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn actually occurs so you can't get a
+race in the argument evaluation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race in the argument evaluation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race in the argument evaluation because
+the parent is going to evaluate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent is going to evaluate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent is going to evaluate these
+arguments and there's only there's place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and there's only there's place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and there's only there's place
+only one thread that's doing this so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one thread that's doing this so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one thread that's doing this so so
+it's fine and another thing to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine and another thing to note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine and another thing to note is
+that the machine word size matters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine word size matters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine word size matters so
+you need to watch out for races when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to watch out for races when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to watch out for races when
+you're reading and writing to packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading and writing to packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading and writing to packed
+data structures so here's an example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures so here's an example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures so here's an example I
+have a struct ax with two cars a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a struct ax with two cars a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a struct ax with two cars a and B
+and updating X dot a and X dot B may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and updating X dot a and X dot B may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and updating X dot a and X dot B may
+possibly cause a race and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly cause a race and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly cause a race and this is a
+nasty race because it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty race because it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty race because it depends on the
+compiler optimization level fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler optimization level fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler optimization level fortunately
+this is safe on the Intel machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is safe on the Intel machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is safe on the Intel machines that
+we're using in this class you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using in this class you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using in this class you can't get
+a race in this example but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a race in this example but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a race in this example but there are
+other architectures that might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other architectures that might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other architectures that might have a
+race when you're updating the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race when you're updating the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race when you're updating the two
+variables a and B in this case so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a and B in this case so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a and B in this case so with
+the Intel machines that were using if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel machines that were using if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel machines that were using if
+you're using standard data types like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using standard data types like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using standard data types like
+cars shorts intz and Long's inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars shorts intz and Long's inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars shorts intz and Long's inside a
+struct you won't get races but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct you won't get races but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct you won't get races but if you're
+using non-standard types for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using non-standard types for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using non-standard types for example
+you're using the C bit fields facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using the C bit fields facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using the C bit fields facilities
+and the sizes of the fields are not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sizes of the fields are not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sizes of the fields are not one
+of the standard sizes that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard sizes that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard sizes that you could
+possibly get a race and in particular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get a race and in particular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get a race and in particular of
+your ending individual bits inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ending individual bits inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ending individual bits inside a
+word in parallel then you might see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in parallel then you might see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in parallel then you might see a
+race there so you need to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race there so you need to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race there so you need to be careful
+questions okay so fortunately silk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so fortunately silk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so fortunately silk the
+silk platform has a very nice tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk platform has a very nice tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk platform has a very nice tool
+called the yes question because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the yes question because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the yes question because the
+architecture might actually be updating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture might actually be updating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture might actually be updating
+destruct at the granularity of more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruct at the granularity of more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruct at the granularity of more than
+one byte so if you're updating single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one byte so if you're updating single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one byte so if you're updating single
+bits a single bytes inside this larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits a single bytes inside this larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits a single bytes inside this larger
+word than that might cause a race but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word than that might cause a race but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word than that might cause a race but
+fortunately this doesn't happen on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately this doesn't happen on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately this doesn't happen on in
+toll machines okay so the souks and race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll machines okay so the souks and race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll machines okay so the souks and race
+detector if you compile your code using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector if you compile your code using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector if you compile your code using
+this flag - f sanitized equal to silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flag - f sanitized equal to silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flag - f sanitized equal to silk
+then it's going to generate a silk seein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to generate a silk seein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to generate a silk seein
+instrumented program and then if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented program and then if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented program and then if an
+ostensibly deterministic SIL program run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly deterministic SIL program run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly deterministic SIL program run
+on a given input could possibly behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a given input could possibly behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a given input could possibly behave
+any differently than its serial elision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any differently than its serial elision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any differently than its serial elision
+then silk sin is going to guarantee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then silk sin is going to guarantee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then silk sin is going to guarantee to
+report and localize the offending race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and localize the offending race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and localize the offending race
+so silk sin is going to tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so silk sin is going to tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so silk sin is going to tell you which
+memory location there might be a race on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location there might be a race on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location there might be a race on
+and which of the instructions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of the instructions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of the instructions were
+involved in this race so silks an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this race so silks an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this race so silks an
+employs a regression test methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employs a regression test methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employs a regression test methodology
+where the programmer provides it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the programmer provides it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the programmer provides it
+different test inputs and for each test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different test inputs and for each test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different test inputs and for each test
+input if there could possibly be a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input if there could possibly be a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input if there could possibly be a race
+in the program then it will report these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the program then it will report these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the program then it will report these
+races and it identifies the file names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races and it identifies the file names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races and it identifies the file names
+the lines the variables involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines the variables involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines the variables involved in the
+races including the stack traces so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races including the stack traces so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races including the stack traces so it's
+very helpful when you're trying to debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful when you're trying to debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful when you're trying to debug
+your code and find out where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code and find out where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code and find out where there's a
+race in your program one thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race in your program one thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race in your program one thing to note
+is that you should ensure that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you should ensure that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you should ensure that all of
+your program files are instrumented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program files are instrumented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program files are instrumented
+because if you only instrument some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you only instrument some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you only instrument some of
+your files and not the other ones then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your files and not the other ones then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your files and not the other ones then
+you'll you'll possibly miss out on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll possibly miss out on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll possibly miss out on some
+of these race bugs and one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these race bugs and one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these race bugs and one of the nice
+things about the silks and race detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the silks and race detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the silks and race detector
+is that it's always going to report a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's always going to report a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's always going to report a
+race if there is possibly a race unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race if there is possibly a race unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race if there is possibly a race unlike
+many other retail race detectors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other retail race detectors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other retail race detectors which
+are best-effort so they might report a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are best-effort so they might report a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are best-effort so they might report a
+race some of the times when the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race some of the times when the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race some of the times when the race
+actually occurs but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually occurs but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually occurs but they don't
+necessarily report a race all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily report a race all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily report a race all the time
+because in some acts executions the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some acts executions the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some acts executions the race
+doesn't occur but the silks and race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur but the silks and race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur but the silks and race
+detector is going to always report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is going to always report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is going to always report the
+race if there there's potentially a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race if there there's potentially a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race if there there's potentially a race
+in there okay and silks and is your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there okay and silks and is your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there okay and silks and is your best
+friends so use this when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so use this when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so use this when you're
+debugging your homeworks and projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging your homeworks and projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging your homeworks and projects
+here's an example of the output that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of the output that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of the output that's
+generated by soaks in so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by soaks in so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by soaks in so you can see
+that it's saying that there's a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's saying that there's a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's saying that there's a race
+detected at this memory address here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected at this memory address here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected at this memory address here and
+the function took the code the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function took the code the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function took the code the line of
+code that caused this race is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that caused this race is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that caused this race is shown here
+as well as the file name so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the file name so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the file name so this is a
+matrix multiplication example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication example and then
+it also tells you how many races are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also tells you how many races are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also tells you how many races are
+detected okay so any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected okay so any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected okay so any questions on
+determinacy races all right so let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinacy races all right so let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinacy races all right so let's now
+talk about parallelism so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about parallelism so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about parallelism so what is
+parallelism can we quantitatively define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism can we quantitatively define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism can we quantitatively define
+what parallelism is so what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parallelism is so what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parallelism is so what does it mean
+when somebody tells you that their code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody tells you that their code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody tells you that their code
+is highly parallel all right so to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly parallel all right so to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly parallel all right so to have
+a formal definition of parallelism we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formal definition of parallelism we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formal definition of parallelism we
+first need to look at the silk execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first need to look at the silk execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first need to look at the silk execution
+model so this is a code that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is a code that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is a code that we saw
+before for fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for fibonacci
+let's now look at what a call to fib say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at what a call to fib say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at what a call to fib say
+before looks like so here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before looks like so here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before looks like so here I've
+color-coded the different lines of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded the different lines of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded the different lines of code
+here so that I can refer to them when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that I can refer to them when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that I can refer to them when
+I'm drawing this computation graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing this computation graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing this computation graph so
+now I'm gonna draw this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna draw this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna draw this computation
+graph corresponding to how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph corresponding to how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph corresponding to how the
+computation unfolds during execution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation unfolds during execution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation unfolds during execution so
+the first thing I'm gonna do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I'm gonna do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I'm gonna do is I'm
+gonna call fit before and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call fit before and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call fit before and that's going
+to generate this magenta node here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this magenta node here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this magenta node here
+corresponding to the call to fit before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the call to fit before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the call to fit before
+and that's going to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to represent
+it's pink code here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pink code here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pink code here and this
+illustration is similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration is similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration is similar to the
+computation graphs that you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation graphs that you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation graphs that you saw in the
+previous lecture but this is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture but this is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture but this is happening
+in parallel and I'm only labeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel and I'm only labeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel and I'm only labeling the
+argument here but you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here but you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here but you could actually
+also write the local variables thereby I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write the local variables thereby I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write the local variables thereby I
+didn't do it because I want to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it because I want to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it because I want to fit
+everything on this slide so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on this slide so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on this slide so so what
+happens when you call fit before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you call fit before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you call fit before it's
+gonna get to this silk spawn statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to this silk spawn statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to this silk spawn statement
+and then it's gonna call fib of 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's gonna call fib of 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's gonna call fib of 3 and
+when I get to a silk spawn statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to a silk spawn statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get to a silk spawn statement
+what I do is I'm going to create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I'm going to create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I'm going to create another
+node that corresponds to the child that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that corresponds to the child that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that corresponds to the child that
+I spawned so this is this magenta node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spawned so this is this magenta node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spawned so this is this magenta node
+here in this blue box and then I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this blue box and then I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this blue box and then I also
+have a continuing to agree note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuing to agree note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuing to agree note that
+represents the computation after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the computation after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the computation after the
+silk spawned statement so this green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawned statement so this green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawned statement so this green
+node here corresponds to the green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here corresponds to the green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here corresponds to the green line
+of code in the code snippet ok now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code in the code snippet ok now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code in the code snippet ok now I can
+unfold this computation graph one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold this computation graph one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold this computation graph one more
+step so we see that fib 3 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we see that fib 3 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we see that fib 3 is going to
+call fib of 2 so I created another node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call fib of 2 so I created another node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call fib of 2 so I created another node
+here and here the green node here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here the green node here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here the green node here which
+corresponds to this green line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this green line of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this green line of code
+it's also going to make a function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also going to make a function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also going to make a function call
+it's gonna call fib of 2 and that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna call fib of 2 and that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna call fib of 2 and that's also
+going to create a new node so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new node so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new node so in general
+when I do a spawn I'm gonna have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do a spawn I'm gonna have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do a spawn I'm gonna have two
+outgoing edges out of the out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges out of the out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges out of the out of a
+magenta node and when I do a call I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta node and when I do a call I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta node and when I do a call I'm
+gonna have one outgoing edge out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have one outgoing edge out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have one outgoing edge out of a
+green node so this green node the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green node so this green node the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green node so this green node the
+outgoing edge corresponds to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edge corresponds to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edge corresponds to a function
+call and for this magenta node the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and for this magenta node the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and for this magenta node the its
+first outgoing edge corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first outgoing edge corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first outgoing edge corresponds to a
+spawn and then that second outgoing edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn and then that second outgoing edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn and then that second outgoing edge
+goes to the continuation strand okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the continuation strand okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the continuation strand okay so
+I can unfold this one more time and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can unfold this one more time and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can unfold this one more time and here
+I see that I'm creating some more spawns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that I'm creating some more spawns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that I'm creating some more spawns
+and calls to fib and if I do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calls to fib and if I do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calls to fib and if I do this one
+more time I've actually reached the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time I've actually reached the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time I've actually reached the base
+case because once N is equal to 1 or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because once N is equal to 1 or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because once N is equal to 1 or 0
+I'm not going to make any more recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to make any more recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to make any more recursive
+calls and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and by the way
+the bark the color of these boxes that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bark the color of these boxes that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bark the color of these boxes that I
+used here correspond to whether I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here correspond to whether I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here correspond to whether I called
+that function or whether I spawned it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function or whether I spawned it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function or whether I spawned it so
+a box with white background corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box with white background corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box with white background corresponds
+to a function that I called whereas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a function that I called whereas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a function that I called whereas a
+box with blue background corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with blue background corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with blue background corresponds to
+a function that I spawned okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that I spawned okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that I spawned okay so now
+now that I'm done I'm now that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I'm done I'm now that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I'm done I'm now that I've
+gotten to the base case I need to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to the base case I need to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to the base case I need to now
+execute this blue statement which sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this blue statement which sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this blue statement which sums
+up x and y and returns the result to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up x and y and returns the result to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up x and y and returns the result to the
+parent caller okay so here I have a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent caller okay so here I have a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent caller okay so here I have a blue
+node so this is going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so this is going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so this is going to take the
+results of the two recursive calls sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the two recursive calls sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the two recursive calls sum
+them together I mean I have another blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together I mean I have another blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together I mean I have another blue
+note here and then it's gonna pass its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here and then it's gonna pass its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here and then it's gonna pass its
+value to the parent that called it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the parent that called it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the parent that called it so
+I'm gonna pass this up to its parent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna pass this up to its parent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna pass this up to its parent and
+then I'm gonna pass this one up as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna pass this one up as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna pass this one up as well
+and finally I have a blue node at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally I have a blue node at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally I have a blue node at the
+top level which is going to compute my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level which is going to compute my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level which is going to compute my
+final result and that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result and that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result and that's going to be the
+output of the program okay so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the program okay so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the program okay so one thing
+to know is that this computation dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is that this computation dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is that this computation dag
+unfolds dynamically during the execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds dynamically during the execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds dynamically during the execution
+so the runtime system isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the runtime system isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the runtime system isn't going to
+create this graph at the beginning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this graph at the beginning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this graph at the beginning it's
+actually going to create this on the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to create this on the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to create this on the fly
+as you run the program so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you run the program so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you run the program so this this
+graph here unfolds dynamically and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here unfolds dynamically and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here unfolds dynamically and also
+this graph here is processor oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here is processor oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here is processor oblivious
+and nowhere in this computation dag did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowhere in this computation dag did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowhere in this computation dag did
+I mention the number of processors I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mention the number of processors I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mention the number of processors I had
+for the computation and similarly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the computation and similarly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the computation and similarly in the
+code here I never mentioned the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here I never mentioned the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here I never mentioned the number
+of processors that I'm using so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors that I'm using so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors that I'm using so the
+runtime system is going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system is going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system is going to figure out
+how to map these tasks to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to map these tasks to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to map these tasks to the number of
+processors that you give to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that you give to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that you give to the
+computation diamond dynamically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation diamond dynamically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation diamond dynamically at
+runtime so for example I can run this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime so for example I can run this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime so for example I can run this on
+any number of prostitutes if I run it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of prostitutes if I run it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of prostitutes if I run it on
+one processor is just going to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one processor is just going to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one processor is just going to execute
+these tasks in parallel in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tasks in parallel in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tasks in parallel in fact it's
+going to execute them in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute them in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute them in a in a
+depth-first order which corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth-first order which corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth-first order which corresponds to
+the what the sequential algorithm would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the sequential algorithm would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the sequential algorithm would
+do so I'm going to start with before go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I'm going to start with before go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I'm going to start with before go
+to fail above 3 v to fib of 1 and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fail above 3 v to fib of 1 and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fail above 3 v to fib of 1 and got
+popped back up and then do fib of 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped back up and then do fib of 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped back up and then do fib of 0 and
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+and so on so if I use one processor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so if I use one processor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so if I use one processor it's
+going to execute it's gonna create and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute it's gonna create and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute it's gonna create and
+execute this computation dag in a def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this computation dag in a def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this computation dag in a def
+first manner and if I do if I have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first manner and if I do if I have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first manner and if I do if I have more
+than one processor it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one processor it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one processor it's not necessarily
+gonna follow a def first order because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna follow a def first order because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna follow a def first order because I
+could have multiple computations going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have multiple computations going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have multiple computations going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this example I'm
+actually going to formally define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to formally define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to formally define some
+terms on the next slide so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on the next slide so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on the next slide so that we can
+formalize the notion of a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize the notion of a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize the notion of a computation
+dag so so DAC stands for directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag so so DAC stands for directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag so so DAC stands for directed
+acyclic graph and this is a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graph and this is a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graph and this is a directed
+acyclic graph so we call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graph so we call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graph so we call it a
+computation dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag
+so a parallel instruction stream is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a parallel instruction stream is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a parallel instruction stream is a
+DAC G with vertices V and edges E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DAC G with vertices V and edges E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DAC G with vertices V and edges E and
+each vertex in this dag corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex in this dag corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex in this dag corresponds to a
+strand in a strand is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand in a strand is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand in a strand is a sequence of
+instructions not containing a spawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions not containing a spawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions not containing a spawn a
+sync or return from a spawn so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync or return from a spawn so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync or return from a spawn so the
+instructions inside a strand are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions inside a strand are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions inside a strand are
+executed sequentially there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed sequentially there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed sequentially there's no
+parallelism within a strand we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism within a strand we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism within a strand we call the
+first strand the initial strand so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strand the initial strand so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strand the initial strand so this
+is the purple of the magenta node up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the purple of the magenta node up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the purple of the magenta node up
+here the last string we call the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the last string we call the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the last string we call the final
+strand and then everything else we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and then everything else we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and then everything else we just
+call it a strand and then there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a strand and then there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a strand and then there are four
+types of edges so there's spawn edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of edges so there's spawn edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of edges so there's spawn edges
+call edges return edges or continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call edges return edges or continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call edges return edges or continue
+edges in a spawn edge corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in a spawn edge corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in a spawn edge corresponds to an
+edge to a function that you spawned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to a function that you spawned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to a function that you spawned so
+these spawn edges are going to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spawn edges are going to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spawn edges are going to go to a
+magenta node a call edge corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta node a call edge corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta node a call edge corresponds to
+an edge that goes a function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge that goes a function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge that goes a function that you
+called so in this example these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so in this example these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so in this example these are
+coming out of the green nodes and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the green nodes and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the green nodes and going
+to a magenta node return edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a magenta node return edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a magenta node return edge
+corresponds to an edge going back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an edge going back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an edge going back up to
+the parent caller so here it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent caller so here it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent caller so here it's going
+into one of these blue nodes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these blue nodes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these blue nodes and then
+finally a continue edge it's just a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a continue edge it's just a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a continue edge it's just a the
+other edge when you spawn a function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other edge when you spawn a function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other edge when you spawn a function so
+this is - that goes the green node it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is - that goes the green node it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is - that goes the green node it's
+representing the the computation after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the the computation after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the the computation after
+you spawn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and notice that in this computation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that in this computation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that in this computation that
+we never explicitly represented silk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never explicitly represented silk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never explicitly represented silk for
+because as I said before silk fours are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said before silk fours are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said before silk fours are
+converted to nested silks bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to nested silks bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to nested silks bonds and
+silks Inc statements so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silks Inc statements so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silks Inc statements so we don't
+actually need to explicitly represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to explicitly represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to explicitly represent
+silk fours in the computation dag any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk fours in the computation dag any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk fours in the computation dag any
+questions on this definition so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this definition so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this definition so we're
+going to be using this computation dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using this computation dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using this computation dag
+throughout this lecture to analyze how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this lecture to analyze how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this lecture to analyze how
+much parallelism there is in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much parallelism there is in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much parallelism there is in in a
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so assuming that each of these strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming that each of these strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming that each of these strands
+execute sin unit time this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute sin unit time this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute sin unit time this assumption
+isn't always true in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always true in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't always true in practice and
+practice strands will take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice strands will take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice strands will take different
+amounts of time but let's assume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of time but let's assume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of time but let's assume for
+simplicity each strand here takes unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity each strand here takes unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity each strand here takes unit
+time does anyone want to guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does anyone want to guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does anyone want to guess what the
+parallelism of this computation is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism of this computation is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism of this computation is so
+how parallel do you think this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how parallel do you think this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how parallel do you think this is what's
+the maximum speed-up you might get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum speed-up you might get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum speed-up you might get on
+this computation five somebody said five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation five somebody said five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation five somebody said five
+any other guesses who thinks this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other guesses who thinks this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other guesses who thinks this is
+gonna be less than five you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be less than five you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be less than five you know a
+couple people who thinks it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people who thinks it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people who thinks it's gonna be
+more than five couple people who thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than five couple people who thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than five couple people who thinks
+there's any parallelism at all in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any parallelism at all in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any parallelism at all in this
+computation yeah it seems like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation yeah it seems like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation yeah it seems like a lot of
+people think there is some parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think there is some parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think there is some parallelism
+here so we're actually going to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're actually going to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're actually going to analyze
+how much parallelism is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much parallelism is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much parallelism is in this
+computation so I'm not going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so I'm not going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so I'm not going to tell you
+the answer now but I'll tell you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer now but I'll tell you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer now but I'll tell you in a
+couple slides first need to go over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides first need to go over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides first need to go over some
+terminology so whenever you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so whenever you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so whenever you start
+talking about parallelism somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about parallelism somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about parallelism somebody's
+always almost always going to bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always almost always going to bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always almost always going to bring up
+am Dahl's law and Amdahl's law says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am Dahl's law and Amdahl's law says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am Dahl's law and Amdahl's law says that
+if 50% of your application is parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if 50% of your application is parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if 50% of your application is parallel
+in the other 50% is serial then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other 50% is serial then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other 50% is serial then you
+can't get more than a factor of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get more than a factor of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get more than a factor of 2
+speed-up no matter how many processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up no matter how many processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up no matter how many processors
+you run the computation on does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the computation on does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the computation on does anyone
+know why this is the case yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you you have to spend at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you have to spend at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you have to spend at least
+fifty percent of the time in the serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent of the time in the serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent of the time in the serial
+portion so in the best case if I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion so in the best case if I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion so in the best case if I gave
+you an infinite number of processors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an infinite number of processors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an infinite number of processors and
+you can reduce the parallel portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the parallel portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the parallel portion of
+your code to zero running time you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code to zero running time you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code to zero running time you still
+have the 50 percent of the serial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 50 percent of the serial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 50 percent of the serial time
+that you have to execute and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to execute and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to execute and therefore
+the best speed-up you can get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best speed-up you can get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best speed-up you can get is a
+factor of two and in general if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two and in general if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two and in general if a
+fraction alpha of an application must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction alpha of an application must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction alpha of an application must be
+run serially then the speed-up can be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run serially then the speed-up can be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run serially then the speed-up can be at
+most one over alpha so if one third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one over alpha so if one third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one over alpha so if one third of
+your program has to be executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program has to be executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program has to be executed
+sequentially then the speed-up can be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially then the speed-up can be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially then the speed-up can be at
+most three because even if you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most three because even if you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most three because even if you reduce
+the parallel portion of your code to tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel portion of your code to tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel portion of your code to tab
+a running time of zero you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running time of zero you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running time of zero you still have
+the sequential part of your code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequential part of your code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequential part of your code that
+you have to wait for okay so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait for okay so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait for okay so let's try
+to quantify the parallelism in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify the parallelism in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify the parallelism in this
+computation here so how many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here so how many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here so how many of these
+nodes have to be executed sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so it turns out to be less than nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes seven turns out to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes seven turns out to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes seven turns out to be less than
+seven yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven yes
+so it turns out to be less than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns out to be less than four you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be less than four you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be less than four you
+you're getting close to so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting close to so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting close to so it turns out
+to be more than to what's left three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more than to what's left three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more than to what's left three
+okay so so three of these notes have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so three of these notes have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so three of these notes have to
+be executed - sequentially because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be executed - sequentially because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be executed - sequentially because when
+you're executing these notes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're executing these notes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're executing these notes there's
+nothing else that can happen in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that can happen in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that can happen in parallel
+for all the remaining notes when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the remaining notes when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the remaining notes when you're
+executing them you can potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing them you can potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing them you can potentially be
+executing some of some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing some of some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing some of some of the other
+notes in parallel but for these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in parallel but for these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in parallel but for these three
+notes that I've colored in yellow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that I've colored in yellow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that I've colored in yellow you
+have to execute those sequential II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to execute those sequential II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to execute those sequential II
+because there's nothing else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing else that's
+going on in parallel so according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in parallel so according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in parallel so according to
+Amdahl's law this says that the serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amdahl's law this says that the serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amdahl's law this says that the serial
+fraction of the program is three over 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the program is three over 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the program is three over 18
+so there's 18 nodes in this graph here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's 18 nodes in this graph here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's 18 nodes in this graph here
+so therefore the serial fractions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the serial fractions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the serial fractions one
+over six in the speed-up is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six in the speed-up is upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six in the speed-up is upper
+bounded by one over that which is 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by one over that which is 6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by one over that which is 6 so
+Amdahl's law tells us that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amdahl's law tells us that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amdahl's law tells us that the maximum
+speed-up we can get is six any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up we can get is six any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up we can get is six any questions
+on how I got this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out that Amdahl's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that Amdahl's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that Amdahl's law
+actually gives us a pretty loose upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives us a pretty loose upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives us a pretty loose upper
+bound on the on the parallelism and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the on the parallelism and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the on the parallelism and it's
+not that useful in many practical cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that useful in many practical cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that useful in many practical cases
+so we're actually going to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to look at a
+better definition of parallelism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better definition of parallelism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better definition of parallelism that
+will give us a better upper bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us a better upper bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us a better upper bound on the
+maximum speed-up we can get okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum speed-up we can get okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum speed-up we can get okay so
+we're gonna define T sub P to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna define T sub P to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna define T sub P to be the
+execution time of the program on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time of the program on P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time of the program on P
+processors and T sub one is just a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and T sub one is just a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and T sub one is just a work
+so T sub one is if you executed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T sub one is if you executed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T sub one is if you executed this
+program on one processor how much stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on one processor how much stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on one processor how much stuff
+do you have to do and we define that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do and we define that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do and we define that to
+me to work recall in lecture two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to work recall in lecture two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to work recall in lecture two we
+looked at many ways to optimize the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at many ways to optimize the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at many ways to optimize the work
+this is the work term so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the work term so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the work term so in this example
+the number of nodes here is 18 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes here is 18 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes here is 18 so the
+work is just going to be 18 we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is just going to be 18 we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is just going to be 18 we also
+define T of infinity to be the span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define T of infinity to be the span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define T of infinity to be the span the
+span is also called the critical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span is also called the critical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span is also called the critical path
+length or the computational depth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the computational depth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the computational depth of the
+graph and this is equal to the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this is equal to the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this is equal to the longest
+directed path you can find in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed path you can find in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed path you can find in this graph
+so in this example the longest path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example the longest path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example the longest path is
+nine so one of the students answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so one of the students answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so one of the students answered
+nine earlier and this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine earlier and this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine earlier and this is actually the
+span of this graph so there are nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of this graph so there are nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of this graph so there are nine
+nodes along this path here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes along this path here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes along this path here and that's
+the longest one you can find and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest one you can find and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest one you can find and we call
+this T of infinity because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T of infinity because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T of infinity because that's
+actually the execution time of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the execution time of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the execution time of this
+program if you had an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if you had an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program if you had an infinite number of
+processors so there are two laws that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors so there are two laws that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors so there are two laws that
+are going to relate these quantities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to relate these quantities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to relate these quantities so
+T sub P the work law says that he's a P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T sub P the work law says that he's a P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T sub P the work law says that he's a P
+is greater than or equal to the t sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to the t sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to the t sub 1
+divided by P so it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P so it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P so it says that the
+execution time on three P processors has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time on three P processors has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time on three P processors has
+to be greater than or equal to the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be greater than or equal to the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be greater than or equal to the work
+of the program divided by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program divided by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program divided by the number of
+processors you have does anyone see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you have does anyone see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you have does anyone see why
+the work law is true so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work law is true so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work law is true so the answer is
+if you have P processors on each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have P processors on each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have P processors on each time
+step you can do at most P work so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can do at most P work so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can do at most P work so if you
+multiply both sides by P get P times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by P get P times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by P get P times T
+sub P is greater than or equal to t1 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub P is greater than or equal to t1 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub P is greater than or equal to t1 if
+P times T sub P was less than t1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times T sub P was less than t1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times T sub P was less than t1 so that
+means you're not done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're not done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're not done with the
+computation because you haven't done all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because you haven't done all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation because you haven't done all
+the work yet so the work law says that T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work yet so the work law says that T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work yet so the work law says that T
+sub P has to be greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub P has to be greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub P has to be greater than or equal to
+t1 over P any questions on the work law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so let's look at another law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's look at another law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's look at another law
+this is called the span law it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the span law it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the span law it says that
+T sub P has to be greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T sub P has to be greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T sub P has to be greater than or equal
+to T sub infinity so the execution time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T sub infinity so the execution time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T sub infinity so the execution time
+on P processors has to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on P processors has to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on P processors has to be at least
+execution time on an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time on an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time on an infinite number of
+processors anyone know why the span law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors anyone know why the span law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors anyone know why the span law
+has to be true so another way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true so another way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true so another way to see
+this is that if you had an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that if you had an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that if you had an infinite
+number of processors you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors you can actually
+simulate a PD processor system you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a PD processor system you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate a PD processor system you just
+use P of the processors and leave all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use P of the processors and leave all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use P of the processors and leave all
+the remaining processors idle and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining processors idle and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining processors idle and that
+can't slow down your program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't slow down your program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't slow down your program so
+therefore you have that T sub P has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have that T sub P has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have that T sub P has to
+be greater than or equal to T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than or equal to T sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than or equal to T sub
+infinity if you add more processors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity if you add more processors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity if you add more processors to
+it the the running time can't go up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the the running time can't go up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the the running time can't go up any
+questions so let's see how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's see how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's see how we can
+compose the work and the span quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose the work and the span quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose the work and the span quantities
+of different computations so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different computations so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different computations so let's say I
+have two computations a and B and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two computations a and B and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two computations a and B and let's
+say that a has to execute before B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a has to execute before B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a has to execute before B so
+everything in a has to be done before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a has to be done before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a has to be done before I
+start the computation in B and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the computation in B and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the computation in B and let's say
+I know what the work of a and the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the work of a and the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what the work of a and the work
+of B individually are what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B individually are what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B individually are what would be the
+work of a union B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the work is just gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the work is just gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the work is just gonna be the
+sum of the work of a and the work of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the work of a and the work of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the work of a and the work of B
+because you have to do all the work of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to do all the work of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to do all the work of a
+and then do all the work of B so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do all the work of B so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do all the work of B so you
+just add them together what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add them together what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add them together what about the
+span so let's say I know the span of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span so let's say I know the span of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span so let's say I know the span of a
+and I know the span of B what's the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know the span of B what's the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know the span of B what's the span
+of a union B so again it's just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a union B so again it's just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a union B so again it's just the sum
+of the span of a in the sum of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the span of a in the sum of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the span of a in the sum of in the
+span of B this is because I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of B this is because I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of B this is because I have to
+execute everything in a before I start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute everything in a before I start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute everything in a before I start a
+a B so I just sum together the spans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B so I just sum together the spans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B so I just sum together the spans so
+this is series copy to composition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is series copy to composition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is series copy to composition what
+if I do parallel composition so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do parallel composition so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do parallel composition so let's
+say here I'm executing the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here I'm executing the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here I'm executing the two
+computations in parallel what's the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations in parallel what's the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations in parallel what's the work
+of a union B so it's not it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a union B so it's not it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a union B so it's not it's not going
+to be the maximum yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's still going to be the sum of t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's still going to be the sum of t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's still going to be the sum of t1
+of a and t1 of B because you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and t1 of B because you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and t1 of B because you still have
+the same amount of work that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of work that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of work that you have to
+do it's just that you're doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's just that you're doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's just that you're doing it in
+parallel but the work is just the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but the work is just the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but the work is just the time
+if you had one processor so if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one processor so if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one processor so if you had
+one processor you wouldn't be executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one processor you wouldn't be executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one processor you wouldn't be executing
+these in parallel what about the span so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in parallel what about the span so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in parallel what about the span so
+if I know the span of a in the span of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the span of a in the span of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the span of a in the span of B
+what's the span of the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the span of the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the span of the parallel
+composition of the two yes yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the two yes yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the two yes yeah so the
+span of a union B is going to be the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of a union B is going to be the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of a union B is going to be the max
+of the span of a in a span of B because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the span of a in a span of B because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the span of a in a span of B because
+I'm going to be bottlenecked by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be bottlenecked by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be bottlenecked by the
+slower by the slower of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower by the slower of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower by the slower of the two
+computations so I just take the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so I just take the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so I just take the one that
+has longer span and that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has longer span and that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has longer span and that gives me the
+overall span any questions ok so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall span any questions ok so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall span any questions ok so here's
+another definition so T 1 divided by T P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another definition so T 1 divided by T P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another definition so T 1 divided by T P
+is the speed-up on P processors if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the speed-up on P processors if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the speed-up on P processors if I
+have T 1 divided by T P less than P then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have T 1 divided by T P less than P then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have T 1 divided by T P less than P then
+this means that I have sub linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that I have sub linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that I have sub linear
+speed-up I'm not making use of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up I'm not making use of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up I'm not making use of all of
+the processors because I'm using P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processors because I'm using P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processors because I'm using P
+processors but I'm not getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors but I'm not getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors but I'm not getting a
+speed-up of P if T 1 over T P is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of P if T 1 over T P is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of P if T 1 over T P is equal
+to P then I'm getting perfect linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P then I'm getting perfect linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P then I'm getting perfect linear
+speed-up I'm making use of all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up I'm making use of all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up I'm making use of all my
+processors I'm putting P at P times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors I'm putting P at P times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors I'm putting P at P times as
+many resources into my computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many resources into my computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many resources into my computation and
+it becomes P times faster so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes P times faster so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes P times faster so this is the
+good case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case
+and finally if T 1 over T P is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if T 1 over T P is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if T 1 over T P is greater
+than P we have something called super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P we have something called super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P we have something called super
+linear speed-up in our simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up in our simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up in our simple
+performance model this can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance model this can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance model this can't actually
+happen because of the work law the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because of the work law the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because of the work law the work
+law says that T P has to be at least t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that T P has to be at least t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that T P has to be at least t1
+divided by P so if you rearrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P so if you rearrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P so if you rearrange the
+terms you'll see that we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you'll see that we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you'll see that we get a
+contradiction in our model in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction in our model in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction in our model in practice
+you might sometimes see that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sometimes see that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sometimes see that you have a
+super linear speed-up because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super linear speed-up because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super linear speed-up because when
+you're using more processors you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using more processors you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using more processors you might
+have access to more cache and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to more cache and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to more cache and that could
+improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the
+normos of your program but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normos of your program but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normos of your program but in general
+you might see a little bit of super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see a little bit of super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see a little bit of super
+linear speed-up but not that much and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up but not that much and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up but not that much and in
+our simplified model we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simplified model we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simplified model we're just going to
+assume that you can't have super linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you can't have super linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you can't have super linear
+speed-up and getting perfect linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up and getting perfect linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up and getting perfect linear
+speed-up is already very good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up is already very good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up is already very good so the
+because the span law says that TP has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the span law says that TP has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the span law says that TP has to
+be at least T infinity the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least T infinity the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least T infinity the maximum
+possible speed up is just going to be T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible speed up is just going to be T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible speed up is just going to be T
+1 divided by T infinity and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 divided by T infinity and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 divided by T infinity and that's the
+parallelism of your computation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism of your computation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism of your computation this is
+a maximum possible speed up you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum possible speed up you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum possible speed up you can get
+another way to view this is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to view this is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to view this is that it's
+equal to the average amount of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the average amount of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the average amount of work that
+you have to do per step along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do per step along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do per step along the
+spanned so for every step along the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned so for every step along the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned so for every step along the span
+you're doing this much work and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this much work and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this much work and after
+all the steps and you've done all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps and you've done all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps and you've done all of the
+work so what's the parallelism of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what's the parallelism of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what's the parallelism of of
+this computation dag here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- why is it - yeah so t1 is 18 there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- why is it - yeah so t1 is 18 there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- why is it - yeah so t1 is 18 there are
+18 nodes in this graph T infinity is 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 nodes in this graph T infinity is 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 nodes in this graph T infinity is 9
+and the last time I checked t1 over 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last time I checked t1 over 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last time I checked t1 over 18
+divided by 9 is 2 so the parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 9 is 2 so the parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 9 is 2 so the parallelism
+here is 2 okay so now we can go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 2 okay so now we can go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 2 okay so now we can go back to
+our Fibonacci example and we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Fibonacci example and we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Fibonacci example and we can also
+analyze the work and span of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the work and span of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the work and span of this and
+compute the maximum parallelism so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the maximum parallelism so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the maximum parallelism so again
+for simplicity let's assume that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity let's assume that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity let's assume that each of
+these strands takes unit time to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strands takes unit time to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strands takes unit time to execute
+again in practice is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in practice is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in practice is not necessarily
+true but for some please let's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but for some please let's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but for some please let's for
+simplicity let's just assume that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity let's just assume that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity let's just assume that so
+what's the work of this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+17 right so the work is just the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 right so the work is just the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 right so the work is just the number
+of notes you have in this graph and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes you have in this graph and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes you have in this graph and you
+can just count that up and you get 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just count that up and you get 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just count that up and you get 17
+what about the span somebody said 8 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the span somebody said 8 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the span somebody said 8 yeah
+so the span is 8 and here's the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the span is 8 and here's the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the span is 8 and here's the longest
+path so this is the path that has 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so this is the path that has 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so this is the path that has 8
+nodes in it and that's the longest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in it and that's the longest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in it and that's the longest one
+you can find here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find here
+so therefore the parallelism is just 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the parallelism is just 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the parallelism is just 17
+divided by 8 which is 2 point 1 2 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 8 which is 2 point 1 2 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 8 which is 2 point 1 2 5 and
+so for all of you who guessed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all of you who guessed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all of you who guessed that the
+parallelism was 2 you're very close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism was 2 you're very close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism was 2 you're very close this
+tells us that using many more than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that using many more than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that using many more than 2
+processors can only yield us perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors can only yield us perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors can only yield us perform
+marginal performance gains because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal performance gains because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal performance gains because the
+maximum speed-up we can get us to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum speed-up we can get us to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum speed-up we can get us to point
+1 to 5 so we throw 8 processors at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 5 so we throw 8 processors at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 5 so we throw 8 processors at this
+computation we're not gonna get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we're not gonna get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we're not gonna get a
+speed-up beyond 2 point 1 to 5 ok so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up beyond 2 point 1 to 5 ok so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up beyond 2 point 1 to 5 ok so to
+figure out how much parallelism is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much parallelism is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much parallelism is in
+your computation you need to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computation you need to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computation you need to analyze the
+work of your computation and the span of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of your computation and the span of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of your computation and the span of
+your computation and then take the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computation and then take the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computation and then take the ratio
+between the two quantities but for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two quantities but for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two quantities but for large
+computations is actually pretty tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations is actually pretty tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations is actually pretty tedious
+to analyze this by hand you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this by hand you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this by hand you don't want
+to draw these things out by hand for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw these things out by hand for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw these things out by hand for a
+very large computation and fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large computation and fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large computation and fortunately
+silk has a tool called the silk scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk has a tool called the silk scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk has a tool called the silk scale
+scalability analyzer so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability analyzer so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability analyzer so this is
+integrated into the tape or LLVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into the tape or LLVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into the tape or LLVM
+compiler that you'll be using for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler that you'll be using for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler that you'll be using for this
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and silk scale use this compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silk scale use this compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silk scale use this compiler
+instrumentation to analyze a serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation to analyze a serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation to analyze a serial
+execution of a program and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of a program and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of a program and it's going to
+generate the work and the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the work and the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the work and the span
+quantities and then use those quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and then use those quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and then use those quantities
+to derive upper bounds on the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive upper bounds on the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive upper bounds on the parallel
+speed-up of your program so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of your program so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of your program so you have a
+chance to play around with silk scale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play around with silk scale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play around with silk scale in
+homework 4 so let's try to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework 4 so let's try to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework 4 so let's try to analyze the
+parallelism of quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism of quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism of quicksort
+and here we're using a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're using a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're using a parallel
+quicksort algorithm the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort algorithm the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort algorithm the function
+quicksort here takes two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort here takes two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort here takes two inputs
+these are two pointers laugh points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two pointers laugh points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two pointers laugh points to
+the beginning of the array that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the array that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the array that we want
+to sort right points to one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort right points to one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort right points to one element
+after the end of the array and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of the array and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of the array and what we
+do is we first check if left is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we first check if left is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we first check if left is equal to
+right if so then we just return because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if so then we just return because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if so then we just return because
+there are no elements to sort otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no elements to sort otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no elements to sort otherwise
+we're going to call this partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this partition
+function the partition function is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the partition function is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the partition function is going
+to pick a random pivot so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a random pivot so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a random pivot so this is a
+randomized quicksort algorithm and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quicksort algorithm and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quicksort algorithm and then
+it's going to move everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to move everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to move everything that's
+less than the pivot to the left part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the pivot to the left part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the pivot to the left part of
+the array and everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and everything to the
+everything that's greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's greater than or equal
+to the pivot to the right part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pivot to the right part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pivot to the right part of the
+array is also going to return as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is also going to return as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is also going to return as a
+pointer to the pivot and then now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the pivot and then now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the pivot and then now we can
+execute two recursive calls so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute two recursive calls so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute two recursive calls so we do
+quicksort on the left side and quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort on the left side and quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort on the left side and quicksort
+on the right side and this can happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side and this can happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side and this can happen in
+parallel so we use the silks spawn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so we use the silks spawn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so we use the silks spawn here
+to spawn off one of these calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spawn off one of these calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spawn off one of these calls to
+quicksort in parallel and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort in parallel and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort in parallel and therefore the
+two recursive calls are parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursive calls are parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursive calls are parallel and
+then finally we sync up before we return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we sync up before we return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we sync up before we return
+from the function all right so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the function all right so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the function all right so let's say
+we wanted to sort 1 million numbers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to sort 1 million numbers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to sort 1 million numbers with
+this quicksort algorithm and let's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quicksort algorithm and let's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quicksort algorithm and let's also
+assume that the partition function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the partition function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the partition function here
+is written sequentially so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written sequentially so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written sequentially so you have to
+go through all the elements one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the elements one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the elements one by one
+can anyone guess what the parallelism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone guess what the parallelism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone guess what the parallelism is
+in this computation so the guess was 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this computation so the guess was 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this computation so the guess was 1
+million any other guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fifty thousand any other guesses yes -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand any other guesses yes -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand any other guesses yes -
+it's a good guess log log base two of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good guess log log base two of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good guess log log base two of a
+million any other guesses so log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million any other guesses so log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million any other guesses so log base
+two of a million to 50,000 in 1 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of a million to 50,000 in 1 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of a million to 50,000 in 1 million
+anything anyone think it's more than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anyone think it's more than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anyone think it's more than 1
+million no so no takers on more than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million no so no takers on more than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million no so no takers on more than 1
+million ok so if you run this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million ok so if you run this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million ok so if you run this program
+using silk skill it will generate a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using silk skill it will generate a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using silk skill it will generate a plot
+that looks like this and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and there are
+several lines on this plot so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lines on this plot so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lines on this plot so let's talk
+about what each of these lines mean ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what each of these lines mean ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what each of these lines mean ok
+so this purple line here is the speed-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this purple line here is the speed-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this purple line here is the speed-up
+that you observe in your computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe in your computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe in your computation
+when you're running it and you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're running it and you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're running it and you can get
+that by taking the single processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by taking the single processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by taking the single processor
+running time and dividing it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time and dividing it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time and dividing it by the
+running time on P processors so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time on P processors so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time on P processors so this is
+the observed speed-up that's the purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed speed-up that's the purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed speed-up that's the purple
+line the blue line here is the line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the blue line here is the line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the blue line here is the line that
+you get from the span law so this is T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from the span law so this is T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from the span law so this is T 1
+over T infinity and here this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T infinity and here this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T infinity and here this gives us a
+bound of about 6 for the parallelism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound of about 6 for the parallelism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound of about 6 for the parallelism the
+Green Line is the bound from the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line is the bound from the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line is the bound from the work
+law so this is just a linear in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so this is just a linear in a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so this is just a linear in a linear
+line with a slope of 1 it says that on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with a slope of 1 it says that on P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with a slope of 1 it says that on P
+processors you can't get more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you can't get more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you can't get more than a
+factor of P speed-up so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of P speed-up so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of P speed-up so therefore the
+the maximum speed up you can get has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum speed up you can get has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum speed up you can get has to
+be below the green line and below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be below the green line and below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be below the green line and below the
+blue line so you're in this lower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line so you're in this lower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line so you're in this lower right
+quadrant of the plot there's also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant of the plot there's also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant of the plot there's also this
+orange line which is of the speed-up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange line which is of the speed-up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange line which is of the speed-up you
+would get if you used a greedy scheduler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get if you used a greedy scheduler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get if you used a greedy scheduler
+we'll talk more about the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about the greedy
+scheduler later on in this lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler later on in this lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler later on in this lecture so
+this is sort of the plot that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the plot that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the plot that you would
+get and we see here that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and we see here that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and we see here that the maximum
+speed-up is about 5 so for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up is about 5 so for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up is about 5 so for those of you
+who guessed 2 and log base 2 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who guessed 2 and log base 2 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who guessed 2 and log base 2 of a
+million you're the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also generate a plot that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also generate a plot that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also generate a plot that just
+tells you the execution time versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the execution time versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the execution time versus the
+number of processors and you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors and you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors and you can get
+this quite easily just by doing a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quite easily just by doing a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quite easily just by doing a simple
+transformation from the previous plot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the previous plot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from the previous plot so
+sylph scale is going to give you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylph scale is going to give you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylph scale is going to give you these
+useful plots that you can use to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful plots that you can use to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful plots that you can use to figure
+out how much parallelism is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much parallelism is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much parallelism is in your
+program and let's see why why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and let's see why why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and let's see why why the
+parallelism here is so low so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism here is so low so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism here is so low so I said
+that we were going to execute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to execute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to execute this
+partition function sequentially and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function sequentially and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function sequentially and it
+turns out that that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's actually the
+bottleneck to the parallelism so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck to the parallelism so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck to the parallelism so so the
+expected work of quicksort is an order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected work of quicksort is an order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected work of quicksort is an order n
+log n so some of you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n so some of you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n so some of you might have seen
+this in your previous algorithms courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your previous algorithms courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your previous algorithms courses
+if you haven't seen this yet then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't seen this yet then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't seen this yet then you
+can take a look at your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a look at your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a look at your favorite
+textbook introduction to algorithms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook introduction to algorithms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook introduction to algorithms it
+turns out that the parallel version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the parallel version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the parallel version of
+quicksort also has an expected work down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort also has an expected work down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort also has an expected work down
+of order n log n if you pick a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order n log n if you pick a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order n log n if you pick a random
+pivot so the analysis is similar they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so the analysis is similar they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so the analysis is similar they
+expect a span bound turns out to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a span bound turns out to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a span bound turns out to be at
+least n and this is because on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least n and this is because on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least n and this is because on the first
+level of recursion we have to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of recursion we have to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of recursion we have to call this
+partition function which is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function which is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function which is going to go
+through the elements one by one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the elements one by one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the elements one by one so so
+that already has linear span and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already has linear span and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already has linear span and it
+turns out that the overall span is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the overall span is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the overall span is also
+order n because the span actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n because the span actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n because the span actually works
+out to be a geometrically decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a geometrically decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a geometrically decreasing
+sequence and sums to order n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and sums to order n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and sums to order n and
+therefore the maximum parallelism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the maximum parallelism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the maximum parallelism you
+can get is order log n so you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get is order log n so you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get is order log n so you just take
+the work divided by the span so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work divided by the span so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work divided by the span so for the
+student who guessed that the parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who guessed that the parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who guessed that the parallelism
+is log base 2 of n that's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log base 2 of n that's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log base 2 of n that's very good
+turns out that like it's not exactly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that like it's not exactly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that like it's not exactly log
+base 2 event because there are constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 event because there are constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 event because there are constants
+and these work and span bounds so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these work and span bounds so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these work and span bounds so it's
+on the order of log log of n that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of log log of n that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of log log of n that's the
+parallelism and turns out that order log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and turns out that order log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and turns out that order log
+n parallelism is not very high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n parallelism is not very high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n parallelism is not very high in
+general you want the parallelism to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you want the parallelism to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you want the parallelism to be
+much higher something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher something
+polynomial and n and in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and n and in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and n and in order to get
+more parallelism in this algorithm what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parallelism in this algorithm what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parallelism in this algorithm what
+you have to do is sorry what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is sorry what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is sorry what you have to
+do is you have to paralyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you have to paralyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you have to paralyze this
+partition function because right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function because right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function because right now I
+I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just
+executing this sequentially but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing this sequentially but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing this sequentially but you can
+actually indeed write a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually indeed write a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually indeed write a parallel
+partition function that takes linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function that takes linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function that takes linear
+work in order log n span and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in order log n span and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in order log n span and then this
+would give you an overall span bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you an overall span bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you an overall span bound
+with log squared n and if you take n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log squared n and if you take n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log squared n and if you take n log
+n divided by log squared and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divided by log squared and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divided by log squared and that gives
+you an overall parallelism of n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overall parallelism of n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overall parallelism of n over log
+n which is much higher than order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is much higher than order log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is much higher than order log n
+here similarly if you were to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here similarly if you were to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here similarly if you were to implement
+a merge sort you would also need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a merge sort you would also need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a merge sort you would also need to make
+sure that the merging routine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the merging routine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the merging routine is
+implemented in parallel if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in parallel if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in parallel if you want to
+see significant speed-up so not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see significant speed-up so not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see significant speed-up so not only do
+you have to execute the two recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to execute the two recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to execute the two recursive
+calls in parallel you also need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls in parallel you also need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls in parallel you also need to make
+sure that the merging portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the merging portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the merging portion of the
+code is done in parallel any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is done in parallel any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is done in parallel any questions
+on this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so though I mean I I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so though I mean I I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so though I mean I I believe
+that that's just due to noise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just due to noise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just due to noise because
+there's some noise going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some noise going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some noise going on in the
+machine so if you ran it enough times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so if you ran it enough times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so if you ran it enough times
+and took the average or the median it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and took the average or the median it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and took the average or the median it
+should be always going up or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be always going up or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be always going up or it
+shouldn't be decreasing at least yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be decreasing at least yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be decreasing at least yes so
+at one level of recursion the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one level of recursion the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one level of recursion the partition
+function takes order log n span you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function takes order log n span you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function takes order log n span you can
+show that there log n levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there log n levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there log n levels of
+recursion in this quicksort algorithm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion in this quicksort algorithm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion in this quicksort algorithm I
+didn't go over the details of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go over the details of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go over the details of this of
+this analysis but you can show that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis but you can show that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis but you can show that and
+then therefore the overall span is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then therefore the overall span is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then therefore the overall span is going
+to be order log squared and I can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order log squared and I can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be order log squared and I can show
+you on the board after class if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the board after class if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the board after class if you're
+interested or I can give you a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions okay so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay so it turns out
+that in addition to quicksort there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in addition to quicksort there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in addition to quicksort there are
+also many other interesting practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also many other interesting practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also many other interesting practical
+parallel algorithms out there so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithms out there so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithms out there so here
+I've listed a few of them and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed a few of them and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed a few of them and by
+practical I mean that the silk program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical I mean that the silk program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical I mean that the silk program
+running on one processor is competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on one processor is competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on one processor is competitive
+with the best sequential program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the best sequential program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the best sequential program for
+that problem and so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and so you can see that
+I've listed the work in a span of merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed the work in a span of merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed the work in a span of merge
+sort here and if you implement the merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort here and if you implement the merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort here and if you implement the merge
+in parallel the span of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel the span of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel the span of the overall
+computation would be log cubed n + n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation would be log cubed n + n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation would be log cubed n + n log
+n divided by log cubed n is n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divided by log cubed n is n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divided by log cubed n is n over log
+squared and thus apparel ISM which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and thus apparel ISM which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and thus apparel ISM which is
+pretty high and in general all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and in general all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and in general all of these
+computations have pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations have pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations have pretty high
+parallelism another thing to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism another thing to note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism another thing to note is
+that these algorithms are practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these algorithms are practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these algorithms are practical
+because their work bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their work bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their work bound is
+asymptotically equal to the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to the work of the
+corresponding sequential algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding sequential algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding sequential algorithm
+that's known as a work efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as a work efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as a work efficient
+parallel algorithm and it's actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithm and it's actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithm and it's actually one
+of the goals of parallel algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goals of parallel algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goals of parallel algorithm
+designed to come up with work efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to come up with work efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to come up with work efficient
+parallel algorithms because this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithms because this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithms because this means
+that even if you have a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you have a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you have a small number of
+processors you can still be competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you can still be competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you can still be competitive
+with the sequential algorithm running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sequential algorithm running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sequential algorithm running on
+running on one processor and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on one processor and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on one processor and in the next
+lecture we'll actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll actually see
+Yeah right in the next lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right in the next lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right in the next lecture we'll
+actually see some examples of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see some examples of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see some examples of these
+other algorithms and possibly even ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other algorithms and possibly even ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other algorithms and possibly even ones
+not listed on the slide and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not listed on the slide and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not listed on the slide and we'll go
+over the work and span analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the work and span analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the work and span analysis and
+figure out the parallelism so now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the parallelism so now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the parallelism so now I want
+to move on to talk about some scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to talk about some scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to talk about some scheduling
+theories so I talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories so I talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories so I talked about these
+computation DAGs earlier analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation DAGs earlier analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation DAGs earlier analyze the
+work in the span of them but I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the span of them but I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the span of them but I never
+talked about how these different strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how these different strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how these different strands
+are actually mapped to processors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually mapped to processors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually mapped to processors at
+running time so let's talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time so let's talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time so let's talk a little bit
+about scheduling theory it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scheduling theory it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scheduling theory it turns out
+that scheduling theory is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scheduling theory is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scheduling theory is actually very
+general it's not just limited to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's not just limited to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's not just limited to a
+parallel programming I was used and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programming I was used and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programming I was used and all
+over over the places in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over the places in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over the places in computer science
+operations research research and math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations research research and math so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations research research and math so
+as a reminder silk allows the programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder silk allows the programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder silk allows the programmer
+to express potential parallelism in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express potential parallelism in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express potential parallelism in an
+application and a soak schedule is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and a soak schedule is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and a soak schedule is gonna
+map these strands onto the processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map these strands onto the processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map these strands onto the processors
+that you have available dynamically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have available dynamically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have available dynamically at
+runtime silk actually uses a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime silk actually uses a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime silk actually uses a distributed
+scheduler but since the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler but since the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler but since the theory of
+distributed schedulers is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed schedulers is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed schedulers is a little bit
+complicated we'll actually explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we'll actually explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated we'll actually explore the
+ideas of scheduling first using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of scheduling first using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of scheduling first using a
+centralized scheduler and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized scheduler and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized scheduler and the
+centralized scheduler knows everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized scheduler knows everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized scheduler knows everything
+about what's going on in the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on in the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on in the computation
+and it can use that to make a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can use that to make a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can use that to make a good
+decision so let's first look at what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so let's first look at what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so let's first look at what a
+centralized scheduler does and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized scheduler does and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized scheduler does and then I'll
+talk a little bit about the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the silk
+distributed schedule and we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed schedule and we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed schedule and we'll learn
+more about that in a future lecture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in a future lecture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in a future lecture as
+well so we're gonna look at a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we're gonna look at a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we're gonna look at a greedy
+scheduler in an idea of a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler in an idea of a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler in an idea of a greedy
+scheduler is to just do as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler is to just do as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler is to just do as much as
+possible on every step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible on every step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible on every step of the
+computation so as anyone seen greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so as anyone seen greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so as anyone seen greedy
+algorithms before right so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms before right so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms before right so many of you
+have seen greedy algorithms before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen greedy algorithms before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen greedy algorithms before so
+the idea is similar here we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is similar here we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is similar here we're just
+gonna do as much as possible at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do as much as possible at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do as much as possible at the
+current time step we're not gonna think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time step we're not gonna think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time step we're not gonna think
+too much about the future so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the future so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the future so we're going
+to define a ready strand to be a strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a ready strand to be a strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a ready strand to be a strand
+where all of its predecessors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of its predecessors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of its predecessors in the
+computation dag have already executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag have already executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag have already executed
+so in this example here let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example here let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example here let's say I
+already executed all of these blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already executed all of these blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already executed all of these blue
+strands then the yellow the one shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands then the yellow the one shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands then the yellow the one shaded
+in yellow are going to be my ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow are going to be my ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow are going to be my ready
+strands because they have all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands because they have all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands because they have all of their
+predecessors executed already and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors executed already and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors executed already and there
+are two types of steps in a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two types of steps in a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two types of steps in a greedy
+scheduler the first kind of step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler the first kind of step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler the first kind of step is
+called a complete step and in a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a complete step and in a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a complete step and in a complete
+step we have at least P strands ready so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we have at least P strands ready so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we have at least P strands ready so
+if we had P equal to 3 then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had P equal to 3 then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had P equal to 3 then we have a
+complete step now because we have 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete step now because we have 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete step now because we have 5
+strands ready which is greater than 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands ready which is greater than 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands ready which is greater than 3 so
+what are we gonna do in a complete step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do in a complete step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do in a complete step
+what would a greedy scheduler do yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so greedy schedule would just do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so greedy schedule would just do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so greedy schedule would just do as
+much as it can say we just run any three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as it can say we just run any three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as it can say we just run any three
+of these or any P in general so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these or any P in general so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these or any P in general so let's
+say I picked these these three to run so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I picked these these three to run so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I picked these these three to run so
+it turns out that these are actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that these are actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that these are actually the
+worst three to run because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst three to run because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst three to run because they don't
+enable any new strands to be ready but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable any new strands to be ready but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable any new strands to be ready but I
+can pick those three and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick those three and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick those three and then the
+incomplete step is one where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step is one where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step is one where I have
+fewer than P strands ready so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than P strands ready so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than P strands ready so here I
+have two strands ready and I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two strands ready and I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two strands ready and I have three
+processors so what would I do in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors so what would I do in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors so what would I do in an
+incomplete step yeah so just running all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step yeah so just running all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step yeah so just running all
+of them so here I'm gonna execute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so here I'm gonna execute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so here I'm gonna execute these
+two strands and here we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strands and here we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strands and here we're gonna use
+complete steps and incomplete steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete steps and incomplete steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete steps and incomplete steps to
+analyze the performance of the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the performance of the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the performance of the greedy
+scheduler there's a famous theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler there's a famous theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler there's a famous theorem which
+was first shown by Ron Graham in 1968
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first shown by Ron Graham in 1968
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first shown by Ron Graham in 1968
+that says that any greedy scheduler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that any greedy scheduler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that any greedy scheduler
+achieves the following time bound T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the following time bound T sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the following time bound T sub
+P is less than or equal to T 1 over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is less than or equal to T 1 over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is less than or equal to T 1 over P
+plus T infinity and you might recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T infinity and you might recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T infinity and you might recognize
+the terms on the right hand side T 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms on the right hand side T 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms on the right hand side T 1 is
+the work and T infinity is the span that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work and T infinity is the span that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work and T infinity is the span that
+we saw earlier and here's a simple proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw earlier and here's a simple proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw earlier and here's a simple proof
+for why this time bound holds so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this time bound holds so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this time bound holds so we can
+upper bound the number of complete steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound the number of complete steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound the number of complete steps
+in the computation by T 1 over P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computation by T 1 over P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computation by T 1 over P and
+this is because each complete step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because each complete step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because each complete step is
+going to perform P work so after T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to perform P work so after T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to perform P work so after T 1
+over P complete steps will have done all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P complete steps will have done all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P complete steps will have done all
+of the work in our computation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work in our computation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work in our computation so that
+that that means that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means that the number of
+complete steps can be at most T 1 over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete steps can be at most T 1 over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete steps can be at most T 1 over P
+so any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's look at the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at the number of
+incomplete steps we can have so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete steps we can have so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete steps we can have so the
+number of incomplete steps we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incomplete steps we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incomplete steps we can have
+its upper bounded by the span or T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its upper bounded by the span or T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its upper bounded by the span or T
+infinity and the reason why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and the reason why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and the reason why is that
+if you look at the UH necks acute addd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the UH necks acute addd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the UH necks acute addd
+AG right before you execute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG right before you execute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG right before you execute an
+incomplete step and you measure the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step and you measure the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step and you measure the span
+of that uh next acute dag you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that uh next acute dag you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that uh next acute dag you'll see
+that once you execute an incomplete step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you execute an incomplete step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you execute an incomplete step
+it's going to reduce a span of that dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to reduce a span of that dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to reduce a span of that dag
+by one so here this is the span of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one so here this is the span of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one so here this is the span of our
+uh necks acute attack that contains just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh necks acute attack that contains just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh necks acute attack that contains just
+these seven nodes the span of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven nodes the span of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven nodes the span of this is
+five and when we execute an incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and when we execute an incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and when we execute an incomplete
+step we're gonna process all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're gonna process all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we're gonna process all of the
+roots of this uh necks acute attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of this uh necks acute attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of this uh necks acute attack
+delete them from the dag and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete them from the dag and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete them from the dag and therefore
+we're gonna reduce the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna reduce the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna reduce the length of the
+longest path by one so well we execute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path by one so well we execute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path by one so well we execute a
+incomplete step it decreases a span from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step it decreases a span from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete step it decreases a span from
+five to four and then the time bound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to four and then the time bound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to four and then the time bound up
+here T sub P it's just upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here T sub P it's just upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here T sub P it's just upper bounded by
+the sum of these two types of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two types of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two types of steps
+because after you execute t1 over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after you execute t1 over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after you execute t1 over P
+complete steps and T infinity incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete steps and T infinity incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete steps and T infinity incomplete
+steps you must must have finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you must must have finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you must must have finished the
+entire computation so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a corollary of this theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a corollary of this theorem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a corollary of this theorem is that
+any grease scheduled or achieved within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any grease scheduled or achieved within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any grease scheduled or achieved within
+a factor of two of the optimal running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two of the optimal running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two of the optimal running
+time so this is the optimal running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is the optimal running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is the optimal running time
+of a scheduler that knows everything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scheduler that knows everything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scheduler that knows everything it
+can predict the future and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict the future and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict the future and so on so
+let's let T sub P TP star be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let T sub P TP star be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let T sub P TP star be the
+execution time produced by an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time produced by an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution time produced by an optimal
+scheduler we know that TP star has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler we know that TP star has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler we know that TP star has to be
+at least the max of t1 over P and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the max of t1 over P and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the max of t1 over P and T
+infinity does this do to the work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity does this do to the work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity does this do to the work and
+span laws so it has to be at least a max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span laws so it has to be at least a max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span laws so it has to be at least a max
+of these two terms otherwise we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two terms otherwise we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two terms otherwise we wouldn't
+have finished the computation so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finished the computation so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finished the computation so now we
+can take the inequality we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the inequality we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the inequality we had before
+for the greedy scheduler bound so TP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the greedy scheduler bound so TP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the greedy scheduler bound so TP is
+less than equal to t1 over P plus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to t1 over P plus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to t1 over P plus T
+infinity and this is upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and this is upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and this is upper bounded by
+two times the max of these two terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the max of these two terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the max of these two terms so
+a plus B is upper bounded by two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus B is upper bounded by two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus B is upper bounded by two times
+the max of a and B and then now the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of a and B and then now the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of a and B and then now the max
+of t1 over P and T infinity is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t1 over P and T infinity is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t1 over P and T infinity is just
+upper bounded by TP star so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by TP star so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by TP star so we can
+substitute that in and we get that TP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in and we get that TP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in and we get that TP is
+upper bounded by two times TP star which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by two times TP star which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by two times TP star which
+is the running time of the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the running time of the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the running time of the optimal
+scheduler so the greedy scheduler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler so the greedy scheduler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler so the greedy scheduler
+achieves within a factor of two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves within a factor of two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves within a factor of two of the
+optimal scheduler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another corollary this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another corollary this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another corollary this is a more
+interesting corollary it says that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting corollary it says that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting corollary it says that any
+greedy scheduler achieves near perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy scheduler achieves near perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy scheduler achieves near perfect
+linear speed-up whenever T 1 / T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up whenever T 1 / T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up whenever T 1 / T
+infinity is greater than or equal to P 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is greater than or equal to P 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is greater than or equal to P 2
+see why this is chuh if we have that T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why this is chuh if we have that T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why this is chuh if we have that T 1
+over T infinity is great much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T infinity is great much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T infinity is great much greater
+than P so the the double arrows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P so the the double arrows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P so the the double arrows here
+mean that the left-hand side is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the left-hand side is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the left-hand side is much
+greater than the right-hand side then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the right-hand side then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the right-hand side then
+this means that the span is much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the span is much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the span is much less
+than T 1 over P and the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T 1 over P and the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T 1 over P and the greedy
+scheduling theorem gives us that TP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling theorem gives us that TP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling theorem gives us that TP is
+less than or equal to T 1 over P plus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to T 1 over P plus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to T 1 over P plus T
+infinity but T infinity is much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity but T infinity is much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity but T infinity is much less
+than T 1 over P so the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T 1 over P so the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T 1 over P so the first term
+dominates and we have that TP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and we have that TP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and we have that TP is
+approximately equal to T 1 over P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to T 1 over P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to T 1 over P and
+therefore the speed-up you get is T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the speed-up you get is T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the speed-up you get is T 1
+over P which is P and this is near this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P which is P and this is near this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P which is P and this is near this
+is linear speed-up the quantity T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear speed-up the quantity T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear speed-up the quantity T 1
+divided by P times T infinity is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P times T infinity is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by P times T infinity is known
+as the parallel slackness so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the parallel slackness so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the parallel slackness so this is
+basically measuring how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically measuring how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically measuring how much more
+parallelism you have in a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism you have in a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism you have in a computation
+than the number of processors you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number of processors you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number of processors you have
+and if parallel slackness is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if parallel slackness is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if parallel slackness is very high
+then this corollary is going to hold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this corollary is going to hold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this corollary is going to hold and
+you're gonna see near linear speed-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see near linear speed-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see near linear speed-up
+as a rule of thumb you usually want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a rule of thumb you usually want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a rule of thumb you usually want the
+parallel slackness of your program to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel slackness of your program to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel slackness of your program to be
+at least 10 because if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10 because if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10 because if you have a
+parallel slackness of just 1 you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel slackness of just 1 you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel slackness of just 1 you can't
+actually amortize the overheads of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually amortize the overheads of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually amortize the overheads of the
+scheduling mechanism so therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling mechanism so therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling mechanism so therefore you
+want the parallel slackness to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the parallel slackness to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the parallel slackness to be at
+least 10 when you're programming in silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was the greedy scheduler let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the greedy scheduler let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the greedy scheduler let's
+talk a little bit about the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the silk
+scheduler so seok uses a work stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler so seok uses a work stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler so seok uses a work stealing
+scheduler and achieves and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler and achieves and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler and achieves and expected
+running time TP equal to t1 over P plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time TP equal to t1 over P plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time TP equal to t1 over P plus
+order T infinity so instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order T infinity so instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order T infinity so instead of just
+summing the two terms we actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the two terms we actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the two terms we actually have a
+Big O in front of the T infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big O in front of the T infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big O in front of the T infinity and
+this is used to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used to account for the
+overheads of scheduling the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads of scheduling the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads of scheduling the greedy
+scheduler I presented earlier I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler I presented earlier I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler I presented earlier I didn't
+account for any of the overheads of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for any of the overheads of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for any of the overheads of
+scheduling I just assumed that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling I just assumed that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling I just assumed that it could
+figure out which of the tasks to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which of the tasks to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which of the tasks to execute
+so this silk work stealing scheduler has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this silk work stealing scheduler has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this silk work stealing scheduler has
+has this expected time provably so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this expected time provably so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this expected time provably so you
+can prove this using random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove this using random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove this using random variables
+and tail balance of distributions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tail balance of distributions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tail balance of distributions so
+charles leiserson has a paper that talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles leiserson has a paper that talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles leiserson has a paper that talks
+about how to prove this and empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to prove this and empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to prove this and empirically
+we usually see that TP is more like t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually see that TP is more like t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually see that TP is more like t1
+over P plus T infinity so we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P plus T infinity so we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P plus T infinity so we usually
+don't see any big constant in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any big constant in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any big constant in front of
+the T infinity term in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T infinity term in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T infinity term in practice and
+therefore we can get near linear near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can get near linear near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can get near linear near
+perfect linear speed-up as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect linear speed-up as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect linear speed-up as long as the
+number of processors is much less than T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors is much less than T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors is much less than T
+1 over T infinity the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over T infinity the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over T infinity the maximum
+parallelism and as I said earlier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and as I said earlier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and as I said earlier the
+instrumentation is silk scale will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation is silk scale will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation is silk scale will allow
+you to measure the work and span terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to measure the work and span terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to measure the work and span terms
+so that you can figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can figure out how much
+parallelism is in your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism is in your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism is in your program
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk a little bit about
+how the silk runtime system works so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the silk runtime system works so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the silk runtime system works so in
+the silk runtime system each worker or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system each worker or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system each worker or
+processor maintains a work deck deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor maintains a work deck deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor maintains a work deck deck
+stands for double ended queue so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for double ended queue so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for double ended queue so it's
+just short for double ended queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just short for double ended queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just short for double ended queue
+maintains a work deck of ready strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a work deck of ready strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a work deck of ready strands
+and it manipulates the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it manipulates the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it manipulates the bottom of the
+deck just like you would in in a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck just like you would in in a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck just like you would in in a stack
+of a sequential program so here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequential program so here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequential program so here I have
+four processors and each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four processors and each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four processors and each one of them
+have their own decks and they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own decks and they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own decks and they have these
+things on on the stack these function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on on the stack these function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on on the stack these function
+calls saves the return address to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls saves the return address to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls saves the return address to local
+variables and so on so a processor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so on so a processor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so on so a processor can
+call a function and when it calls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a function and when it calls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a function and when it calls a
+function it just places that functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it just places that functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it just places that functions
+frame at the bottom of its stack you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame at the bottom of its stack you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame at the bottom of its stack you can
+also spawn things so then it places a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also spawn things so then it places a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also spawn things so then it places a
+spawn frame at the bottom of this deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn frame at the bottom of this deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn frame at the bottom of this deck
+and then these things can happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these things can happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these things can happen in
+parallel so multiple processes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so multiple processes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so multiple processes can be
+spawning and calling things in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can also return from spawn or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also return from spawn or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also return from spawn or a
+call so here I'm gonna return from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so here I'm gonna return from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so here I'm gonna return from a
+call then I returned from a spawn and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call then I returned from a spawn and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call then I returned from a spawn and at
+this point I don't actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I don't actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I don't actually have
+anything left to do for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything left to do for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything left to do for the second
+processor so what I what what I do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor so what I what what I do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor so what I what what I do now
+when I'm left with nothing to do yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the idea here is to steal some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the idea here is to steal some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the idea here is to steal some
+work from another processor so when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from another processor so when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from another processor so when a
+worker runs out of work to do it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker runs out of work to do it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker runs out of work to do it's gonna
+steal from the top of a random victims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal from the top of a random victims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal from the top of a random victims
+deck so it's gonna pick one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck so it's gonna pick one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck so it's gonna pick one of these
+processors at random it's gonna roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors at random it's gonna roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors at random it's gonna roll
+some dice to determine who to steal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dice to determine who to steal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dice to determine who to steal from
+and let's say that it picked the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that it picked the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that it picked the third
+processor now it's going to take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor now it's going to take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor now it's going to take all
+this stuff at the top of the deck up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff at the top of the deck up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff at the top of the deck up
+until the next spawn and place it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the next spawn and place it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the next spawn and place it into
+its own deck and then now it has stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own deck and then now it has stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own deck and then now it has stuff
+to do again so now we can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do again so now we can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do again so now we can continue
+executing this code it can spawn stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing this code it can spawn stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing this code it can spawn stuff
+call stuff and so on so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stuff and so on so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stuff and so on so the idea is that
+whenever a worker runs out of work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a worker runs out of work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a worker runs out of work to do
+it's going to start stealing some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start stealing some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start stealing some work
+from other processors but if it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other processors but if it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other processors but if it always
+has enough work to do then it's happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has enough work to do then it's happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has enough work to do then it's happy
+and it doesn't need to steal things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't need to steal things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't need to steal things from
+other processors and this is why MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processors and this is why MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processors and this is why MIT
+gives us so much work to do so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us so much work to do so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us so much work to do so we don't
+have to steal work from other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+famous theorem says that were sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous theorem says that were sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous theorem says that were sufficient
+parallelism workers steal very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism workers steal very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism workers steal very
+infrequently and this gives us near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequently and this gives us near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequently and this gives us near
+linear speed-up so with sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up so with sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up so with sufficient
+parallelism the first term in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism the first term in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism the first term in our
+running bound is going to dominate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running bound is going to dominate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running bound is going to dominate the
+t1 over P term and that gives us near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 over P term and that gives us near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 over P term and that gives us near
+linear speed-up let me actually show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up let me actually show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up let me actually show you
+a pseudo proof of this theorem and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pseudo proof of this theorem and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pseudo proof of this theorem and I'm
+I'm allowed to do a pseudo proof it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to do a pseudo proof it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to do a pseudo proof it's
+not actually a real proof a pseudo proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually a real proof a pseudo proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually a real proof a pseudo proof
+so I'm allowed to do this because I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm allowed to do this because I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm allowed to do this because I I'm
+not the author of an algorithms textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the author of an algorithms textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the author of an algorithms textbook
+so here's a pseudo proof yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a pseudo proof yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a pseudo proof yet so
+processor is either working or stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor is either working or stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor is either working or stealing
+at every time step in the total time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every time step in the total time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every time step in the total time
+that all processors spend working is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all processors spend working is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all processors spend working is
+just t1 because that's the total work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just t1 because that's the total work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just t1 because that's the total work
+that you have to do and then when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do and then when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do and then when it's
+not doing work it's stealing and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing work it's stealing and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing work it's stealing and each
+steal has a 1 over P chance of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal has a 1 over P chance of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal has a 1 over P chance of reducing
+the span by one because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span by one because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span by one because one of the
+processors is contributing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors is contributing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors is contributing to the
+longest path in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path in the
+in the computation dag and there's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computation dag and there's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computation dag and there's a one
+over P chance that I'm gonna pick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P chance that I'm gonna pick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P chance that I'm gonna pick that
+processor and steal some work from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and steal some work from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and steal some work from that
+processor and reduce the span of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and reduce the span of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and reduce the span of my
+remaining computation by one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining computation by one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining computation by one and
+therefore the expected cost of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the expected cost of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the expected cost of all
+steals is going to be order P times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals is going to be order P times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals is going to be order P times T
+infinity because I have to steal P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity because I have to steal P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity because I have to steal P
+things and expectation before I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and expectation before I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and expectation before I get to
+the processor that has the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processor that has the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processor that has the the the
+critical path and and therefore my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical path and and therefore my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical path and and therefore my
+overall cost for stealing is order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall cost for stealing is order P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall cost for stealing is order P
+times T infinity because I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T infinity because I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T infinity because I'm gonna do
+this T infinity times and since there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T infinity times and since there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T infinity times and since there
+are P processors I'm gonna divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are P processors I'm gonna divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are P processors I'm gonna divide the
+expected time by P so t1 plus o of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time by P so t1 plus o of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time by P so t1 plus o of P
+times T infinity divided by P and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T infinity divided by P and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T infinity divided by P and that's
+gonna give me the bound t1 over P plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give me the bound t1 over P plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give me the bound t1 over P plus
+order T infinity so this you know proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order T infinity so this you know proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order T infinity so this you know proof
+here ignores issues with independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ignores issues with independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ignores issues with independence
+but it still gives you an intuition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still gives you an intuition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still gives you an intuition of
+why we get this expected running time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we get this expected running time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we get this expected running time if
+you want to actually see the full proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to actually see the full proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to actually see the full proof
+it's actually quite interesting it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite interesting it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite interesting it uses
+random variables in tail bounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in tail bounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in tail bounds of
+distributions and this is the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and this is the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and this is the paper that
+has this this is by blue muff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this this is by blue muff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this this is by blue muff and
+charles leiserson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so another thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so another thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so another thing I want to
+talk about is that silk supports C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is that silk supports C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is that silk supports C's
+rules for pointers so a pointer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for pointers so a pointer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for pointers so a pointer to a
+stack space can be passed from a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack space can be passed from a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack space can be passed from a parent
+to a child but not from a child to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a child but not from a child to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a child but not from a child to a
+parent and this is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and this is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and this is the same as the
+stacked rule for sequential C programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked rule for sequential C programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked rule for sequential C programs
+so let's say I have this computation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I have this computation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I have this computation on
+the left here so a is going to spawn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left here so a is going to spawn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left here so a is going to spawn off
+B in it and then it's going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in it and then it's going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in it and then it's going to continue
+executing C and the C is going to spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing C and the C is going to spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing C and the C is going to spawn
+off D and xqe so we see on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off D and xqe so we see on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off D and xqe so we see on the right
+hand side the views of the stacks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the views of the stacks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the views of the stacks for
+each of the tasks here so a sees its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the tasks here so a sees its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the tasks here so a sees its own
+stack B has it sees its own stack but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack B has it sees its own stack but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack B has it sees its own stack but it
+also sees a stack because a is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sees a stack because a is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sees a stack because a is its
+parent C will see its own stack but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent C will see its own stack but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent C will see its own stack but
+again it sees a stack because a is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it sees a stack because a is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it sees a stack because a is its
+parent and then finally D and E they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and then finally D and E they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and then finally D and E they see
+the stack of C and they also see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack of C and they also see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack of C and they also see the
+stack of a so in general TAS can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of a so in general TAS can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of a so in general TAS can see the
+stack of all of its ancestors in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of all of its ancestors in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of all of its ancestors in this
+computation graph and we call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation graph and we call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation graph and we call this a
+cactus stack because it sort of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus stack because it sort of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus stack because it sort of looks
+like a cactus if you draw this upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cactus if you draw this upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cactus if you draw this upside
+down and silks cactus stack supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and silks cactus stack supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and silks cactus stack supports
+multiple views of the stacks in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple views of the stacks in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple views of the stacks in parallel
+this is what makes the parallel calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what makes the parallel calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what makes the parallel calls to
+functions work and see we can also found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions work and see we can also found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions work and see we can also found
+the stack space used by a silk program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack space used by a silk program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack space used by a silk program
+so let's let S sub 1 be the stack space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let S sub 1 be the stack space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let S sub 1 be the stack space
+required by the serial execution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the serial execution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the serial execution of a
+silk program then the sack space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk program then the sack space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk program then the sack space
+required by a P processor execution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by a P processor execution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by a P processor execution is
+going to be bounded by P times s 1 so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bounded by P times s 1 so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bounded by P times s 1 so s
+P is the stack space required by P P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is the stack space required by P P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is the stack space required by P P
+processor execution that's less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor execution that's less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor execution that's less than or
+equal to P times s 1 here's a high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P times s 1 here's a high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P times s 1 here's a high-level
+proof of why this is true so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of why this is true so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of why this is true so it turns
+out that the work-stealing algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the work-stealing algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the work-stealing algorithm and
+silk maintains what's called the busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk maintains what's called the busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk maintains what's called the busy
+leaves property and this says that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves property and this says that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves property and this says that each
+of the existing leaves that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existing leaves that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existing leaves that are still
+active in the computation dag have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in the computation dag have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in the computation dag have some
+worker executing on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker executing on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker executing on it
+so in this example here the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example here the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example here the vertices
+shaded in blue and purple these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded in blue and purple these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded in blue and purple these are the
+ones that are in my remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are in my remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are in my remaining
+computation dag and all of the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag and all of the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag and all of the gray
+notes have already been finished and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes have already been finished and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes have already been finished and
+here for each of the leaves here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for each of the leaves here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for each of the leaves here I have
+one processor on that leaf executing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one processor on that leaf executing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one processor on that leaf executing the
+tasks associated with this so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks associated with this so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks associated with this so it's so
+guarantees this busy leaves property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees this busy leaves property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees this busy leaves property and
+now for each of these processors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for each of these processors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for each of these processors the
+amount of stack space it needs is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stack space it needs is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stack space it needs is in
+these two sacks space for its own tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sacks space for its own tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sacks space for its own tasks
+and then everything above it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything above it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything above it in this
+computation dag and we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag and we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag and we can actually
+bound that by the stack space needed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that by the stack space needed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that by the stack space needed by
+a single processor execution of the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single processor execution of the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single processor execution of the silk
+program s 1 because s 1 is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program s 1 because s 1 is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program s 1 because s 1 is just the
+maximum a stack space we need which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a stack space we need which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a stack space we need which is
+the basically the the longest path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the the longest path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the the longest path in
+this graph and we do this for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph and we do this for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph and we do this for every
+processor so therefore the upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor so therefore the upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor so therefore the upper bound
+on the stack space required by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stack space required by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stack space required by P
+processor execution is just P times s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor execution is just P times s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor execution is just P times s 1
+and in general this is a quite loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this is a quite loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this is a quite loose
+upper bound because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound because you're not
+necessarily going all the way all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going all the way all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going all the way all the
+way down in this computation dag every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down in this computation dag every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down in this computation dag every
+time sometimes you'll be and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sometimes you'll be and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sometimes you'll be and usually
+you'll be much higher in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be much higher in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be much higher in this
+computation dag so any questions yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag so any questions yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation dag so any questions yes in
+practice if you have enough parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice if you have enough parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice if you have enough parallelism
+then you're not actually going to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not actually going to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not actually going to steal
+that much in your algorithm so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in your algorithm so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in your algorithm so if you
+guarantee that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that there's a lot of
+parallelism then each processor is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism then each processor is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism then each processor is going
+to have a lot of its own work to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of its own work to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of its own work to do and
+it doesn't need to steal very frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't need to steal very frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't need to steal very frequently
+but if if if your parallelism is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if if your parallelism is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if if your parallelism is very
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+I'm compared to the number of processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm compared to the number of processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm compared to the number of processes
+if it's equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's equal to the number of
+processors then you're going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors then you're going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors then you're going to spend a
+significant amount of time stealing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of time stealing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of time stealing and
+the overheads of the works dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overheads of the works dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overheads of the works dealing
+algorithm are going to show up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm are going to show up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm are going to show up in your
+running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you so the standard silks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you so the standard silks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you so the standard silks were
+stealing scheduler it takes everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing scheduler it takes everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing scheduler it takes everything
+at the top of the deck up until the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the deck up until the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of the deck up until the next
+spawn so basically that's the strand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn so basically that's the strand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn so basically that's the strand so
+it takes that there are variants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes that there are variants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes that there are variants that
+take more than that but the silk work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more than that but the silk work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more than that but the silk work
+stealing scheduler we'll be using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing scheduler we'll be using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing scheduler we'll be using in
+this class just takes the top strand any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class just takes the top strand any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class just takes the top strand any
+other questions okay so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay so that's actually
+all I have for today if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have for today if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have for today if you have any
+additional questions you can come talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional questions you can come talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional questions you can come talk
+to talk to us after class and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to us after class and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to us after class and remember
+to meet with your MIT Posse mentors soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bBzcaYNAfcI.txt b/bBzcaYNAfcI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33e34bc5447d4980a3d3d6653cd05efff33ffdee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bBzcaYNAfcI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today is the last day of our unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today is the last day of our unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today is the last day of our unit
+about random walks on groups and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about random walks on groups and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about random walks on groups and um the
+main the goal of the day is to digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main the goal of the day is to digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main the goal of the day is to digest
+think about the banan gamber theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the banan gamber theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the banan gamber theorem
+about mixing on SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mixing on SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mixing on SL2FP
+um so we stated it at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we stated it at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we stated it at the end of last
+time first I'll Remember, remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first I'll Remember, remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first I'll Remember, remind
+everybody what it says.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So it's about mixing on SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's about mixing on SL2FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's about mixing on SL2FP.
+So it says if mu is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it says if mu is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it says if mu is a probability
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SL2F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2F
+actually maybe we it doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe we it doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe we it doesn't matter that
+much but maybe we said it in ter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but maybe we said it in ter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but maybe we said it in ter in
+terms of subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the question is when when does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is when when does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is when when does
+the random walk coming from a u mix? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk coming from a u mix? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk coming from a u mix? So
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um so then the conclusion will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then the conclusion will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then the conclusion will be
+the singular value of this walk is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value of this walk is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value of this walk is less
+than 1 minus c of epsilon meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 minus c of epsilon meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 minus c of epsilon meaning that
+it does mix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does mix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does mix.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so and um to see that this happens we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and um to see that this happens we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and um to see that this happens we
+need to know that a doesn't lie in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that a doesn't lie in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that a doesn't lie in any
+subgroup. And so we have a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup. And so we have a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup. And so we have a hypothesis
+that's related to that. It says that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to that. It says that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to that. It says that for
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+borell subgroup B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borell subgroup B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borell subgroup B
+um A intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um A intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um A intersect
+GB. So any G in our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this guy is bounded by K of epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy is bounded by K of epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy is bounded by K of epsilon
+P the minus epsilon* A. So only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the minus epsilon* A. So only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the minus epsilon* A. So only a small
+fraction of A lies in any co-et of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of A lies in any co-et of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of A lies in any co-et of a
+burell group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell group.
+Okay. Um, and we'll put in parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and we'll put in parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and we'll put in parenthesis
+that a is symmetric. We don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is symmetric. We don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is symmetric. We don't really
+need it, but it also doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it, but it also doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it, but it also doesn't matter that
+much. And, uh, it will make things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. And, uh, it will make things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. And, uh, it will make things a
+little cleaner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cleaner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cleaner.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Question about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Question about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Question about the difference between
+hey, is a sub or a subset versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey, is a sub or a subset versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey, is a sub or a subset versus a
+measure. Is it possible to kind of pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure. Is it possible to kind of pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure. Is it possible to kind of pass
+between the two cases by just waiting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two cases by just waiting by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two cases by just waiting by
+different subgroup sets?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subgroup sets?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subgroup sets?
+>> Yeah, that's right. So the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's right. So the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's right. So the question was
+what's the difference between taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between taking a
+subset or taking a measure? I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset or taking a measure? I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset or taking a measure? I think
+there's not that much difference. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not that much difference. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not that much difference. I
+think if you can use this as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you can use this as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you can use this as a black box
+and prove things about measures, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove things about measures, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove things about measures, I think
+we also could just use measures through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also could just use measures through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also could just use measures through
+the whole proof and it would work fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole proof and it would work fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole proof and it would work fine.
+Okay. So this proof breaks into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this proof breaks into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this proof breaks into the
+proof of this theorem breaks into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this theorem breaks into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this theorem breaks into two
+important pieces which are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important pieces which are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important pieces which are both
+interesting and which are both connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and which are both connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and which are both connected
+in different ways to themes of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways to themes of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways to themes of our
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first part says that if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first part says that if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first part says that if if you
+just have any pretty much any set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have any pretty much any set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have any pretty much any set and
+you do this random walk, the only way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this random walk, the only way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this random walk, the only way it
+can fail to mix if is if it gets stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fail to mix if is if it gets stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fail to mix if is if it gets stuck
+in something which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something which is sort of
+approximately a subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a subgroup.
+So, so it can fail to mix if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so it can fail to mix if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so it can fail to mix if it's
+literally contained in a subgroup. And a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally contained in a subgroup. And a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally contained in a subgroup. And a
+little bit more generally, it can it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more generally, it can it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more generally, it can it can
+only fail to mix if there's a set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fail to mix if there's a set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fail to mix if there's a set which
+is a lot like a subgroup which contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot like a subgroup which contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot like a subgroup which contains
+a lot of the mass of the measure. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the mass of the measure. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the mass of the measure. Okay,
+so let's try to write this down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so this is probably true for any group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probably true for any group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probably true for any group.
+I'm going to write it for SL2FP for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write it for SL2FP for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write it for SL2FP for now
+and then as we talk about it more let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as we talk about it more let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as we talk about it more let's
+keep our eyes open of what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our eyes open of what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our eyes open of what we actually
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sigma one ta it's bigger than 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll put
+1 - epsilon Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists uh some kind of approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists uh some kind of approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists uh some kind of approximate
+subgroup called H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah hold let me adjust a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hold let me adjust a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hold let me adjust a little bit.
+Let me also say that a is pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me also say that a is pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me also say that a is pretty big
+and is not not too tiny. Um then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is not not too tiny. Um then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is not not too tiny. Um then there
+exists some H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some H.
+Um so that mu tensored to some power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that mu tensored to some power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that mu tensored to some power of
+H is pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this H is sort of like a subgroup in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this H is sort of like a subgroup in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this H is sort of like a subgroup in
+the following sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So h if you multiply it by itself many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So h if you multiply it by itself many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So h if you multiply it by itself many
+times for example five you could do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for example five you could do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for example five you could do more
+um this is less than p to the o of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is less than p to the o of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is less than p to the o of delta
+* h and h also is not too big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so if you had another group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so if you had another group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so if you had another group you
+would have to adjust these things but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to adjust these things but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to adjust these things but I
+think that that that's sort of minor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that that's sort of minor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that that's sort of minor I
+think that's all you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's all you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's all you would have to
+change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change.
+Okay. So if you have a set which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you have a set which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you have a set which is a
+decent sized fraction of our group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent sized fraction of our group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent sized fraction of our group and
+let's say it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's symmetric
+um then either that random walks mixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then either that random walks mixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then either that random walks mixes
+or there is some subset which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is some subset which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is some subset which is sort of
+like a group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a group and
+when you take K steps of your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take K steps of your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take K steps of your random
+walk you have a high probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you have a high probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you have a high probability of
+being in this set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in this set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in this set.
+Um and this set is sort of like a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this set is sort of like a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this set is sort of like a group
+in in this sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. And so there's delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And so there's delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And so there's delta and
+epsilon. Maybe at the beginning I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. Maybe at the beginning I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. Maybe at the beginning I should
+say this and delta depends on epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this and delta depends on epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this and delta depends on epsilon.
+That's possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Any questions or comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any questions or comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any questions or comments
+about theorem one? It's theorem one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theorem one? It's theorem one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theorem one? It's theorem one is
+is gamber essentially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Where does the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Where does the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Where does the two
+>> Yeah. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's significant here is just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's significant here is just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's significant here is just that
+this is is less significantly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is less significantly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is less significantly smaller
+than the whole group. Um and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+>> like power group less than one or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like power group less than one or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like power group less than one or like
+little of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> um right right yeah okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um right right yeah okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um right right yeah okay so so this
+comes last time from this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes last time from this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes last time from this um uh
+so actually it's also important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually it's also important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually it's also important that
+this is bigger than two so we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than two so we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than two so we had this
+um important property of SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important property of SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important property of SL2FP
+that it's um uh that it it's um ah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's um uh that it it's um ah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's um uh that it it's um ah yeah
+so this actually this wouldn't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually this wouldn't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually this wouldn't work for
+any group. So we have this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any group. So we have this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any group. So we have this important
+property for SL2FP from last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for SL2FP from last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for SL2FP from last time that
+every non-trivial representation has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every non-trivial representation has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every non-trivial representation has a
+large dimension and that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dimension and that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dimension and that had the
+property that if you got if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if you got if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if you got if this thing
+had a small L2 norm so it was like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a small L2 norm so it was like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a small L2 norm so it was like kind
+of decently well mixed then we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decently well mixed then we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decently well mixed then we would get
+a spectral gap and then if you kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectral gap and then if you kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectral gap and then if you kept
+going it would become really really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it would become really really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it would become really really well
+mixed and that's crucially being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and that's crucially being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and that's crucially being used
+here. Um, and so here you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, and so here you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, and so here you could put
+anything bigger than two. Um, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bigger than two. Um, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bigger than two. Um, and the
+the point is that it can only go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that it can only go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that it can only go wrong
+by getting stuck in something of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting stuck in something of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting stuck in something of size
+really smaller than P squed because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smaller than P squed because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smaller than P squed because we
+know once it spread over something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once it spread over something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once it spread over something of
+size bigger than P^ squ then it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size bigger than P^ squ then it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size bigger than P^ squ then it's going
+to keep going and spread all the way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep going and spread all the way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep going and spread all the way.
+Yeah. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Thanks.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, this theorem raises a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, this theorem raises a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, this theorem raises a
+question. um who are all the subsets H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. um who are all the subsets H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. um who are all the subsets H
+that are like this it becomes a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like this it becomes a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like this it becomes a much
+nicer theorem when we can write them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer theorem when we can write them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer theorem when we can write them all
+down and um or at least say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and um or at least say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and um or at least say something
+meaningful about them. Okay, so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful about them. Okay, so theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful about them. Okay, so theorem
+two says something about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this theorem is due to healthcott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this theorem is due to healthcott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this theorem is due to healthcott
+and it builds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it builds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it builds on
+rushski.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So it says if h is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it says if h is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it says if h is a subset of
+sl2fp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl2fp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl2fp
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it has these two properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So all of this stuff is smaller than p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of this stuff is smaller than p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of this stuff is smaller than p
+to the delta h.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the delta h.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the delta h.
+Um and h is at least p to the epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and h is at least p to the epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and h is at least p to the epsilon.
+You can kind of read that off from here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can kind of read that off from here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can kind of read that off from here.
+It's not going to get stuck in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not going to get stuck in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not going to get stuck in something
+smaller than a um and at most p to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a um and at most p to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a um and at most p to the
+2.5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5.
+Then the conclusion is that h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the conclusion is that h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the conclusion is that h is
+concentrated in a burell subgroup or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in a burell subgroup or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in a burell subgroup or
+burell coet. So then there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell coet. So then there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell coet. So then there exists
+a burell subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a burell subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a burell subgroup
+B with an element G in our group. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with an element G in our group. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with an element G in our group. Um so
+that H intersect B is bigger than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H intersect B is bigger than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H intersect B is bigger than some
+small constant times H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small constant times H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small constant times H.
+So our approximate subgroups basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our approximate subgroups basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our approximate subgroups basically
+have to sit in a burell subgroup. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit in a burell subgroup. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit in a burell subgroup. This
+isn't a complete classification because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a complete classification because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a complete classification because
+some of the subsets of B are approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the subsets of B are approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the subsets of B are approximate
+subgroups and many of them aren't. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups and many of them aren't. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups and many of them aren't. Um
+but it's a meaningful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a meaningful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a meaningful piece of
+information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So um you you put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So um you you put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So um you you put these two
+theorems together, you can prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems together, you can prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems together, you can prove that
+theorem pretty quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem pretty quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem pretty quickly.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Um if this C does it depend on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um if this C does it depend on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um if this C does it depend on anything
+or is it universe?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it universe?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it universe?
+>> Does it depend on anything? Let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does it depend on anything? Let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does it depend on anything? Let's put
+this here. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here. Um
+let's see. I have all these epsilons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. I have all these epsilons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. I have all these epsilons and
+deltas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't think it depends on anything. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it depends on anything. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it depends on anything. So I
+guess here there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here there should be
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we can do this. So this is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this. So this is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this. So this is getting
+stronger as epsilon's getting smaller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger as epsilon's getting smaller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger as epsilon's getting smaller.
+Epsilon's telling us that our thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon's telling us that our thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon's telling us that our thing is
+not too small. Um and uh and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too small. Um and uh and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too small. Um and uh and then I
+think that this is just a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is just a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is just a constant.
+Um I guess that does suggest that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I guess that does suggest that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I guess that does suggest that we
+could have said something stronger up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said something stronger up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said something stronger up
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is definitely H, not B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I think it's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's right.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Um, this is a question about kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, this is a question about kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, this is a question about kind of the
+choice of G. If point H is a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of G. If point H is a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of G. If point H is a symmetric
+subset, would that kind of imply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset, would that kind of imply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset, would that kind of imply that
+the sort of optimal G is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of optimal G is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of optimal G is always going to
+just be the identity because you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the identity because you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the identity because you think
+of H as kind of being centered in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H as kind of being centered in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H as kind of being centered in some
+way around the identity. So shifting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around the identity. So shifting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around the identity. So shifting a
+subgroup by by kind of non identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup by by kind of non identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup by by kind of non identity
+element wouldn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wouldn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wouldn't change the
+intersection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection.
+>> Yeah. So the question is if maybe if H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is if maybe if H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is if maybe if H
+were itself symmetric which in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were itself symmetric which in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were itself symmetric which in fact I
+think will happen in this setup um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will happen in this setup um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will happen in this setup um then
+maybe you don't need this G and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't need this G and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't need this G and maybe
+it's actually only actual subgroups. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually only actual subgroups. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually only actual subgroups. Um
+I think that may be so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that may be so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that may be so let me just
+describe that I'm not sure we need G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct. Yeah. So, so a good example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. Yeah. So, so a good example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. Yeah. So, so a good example to
+think about is if you just take a co-et
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is if you just take a co-et
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is if you just take a co-et
+of a burell subgroup and in the aelion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a burell subgroup and in the aelion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a burell subgroup and in the aelion
+world a co-et of a subgroup will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a co-et of a subgroup will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a co-et of a subgroup will be very
+small when you add it to itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small when you add it to itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small when you add it to itself.
+But in the nonabelian world it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the nonabelian world it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the nonabelian world it's not so
+clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear.
+So I'll make a remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll make a remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll make a remark
+if H is a co-et of a group then um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if H is a co-et of a group then um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if H is a co-et of a group then um how
+big is just H * H? Well it's G * B * G *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is just H * H? Well it's G * B * G *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is just H * H? Well it's G * B * G *
+B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B.
+And because it's not commutative I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because it's not commutative I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because it's not commutative I can't
+bring this across.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this across.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this across.
+So it's not obvious that this is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not obvious that this is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not obvious that this is small.
+So I I think this is in fact large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So based on that, I think it's likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on that, I think it's likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on that, I think it's likely
+that we don't need this. Um but it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't need this. Um but it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't need this. Um but it made
+the proof it makes the proof a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof it makes the proof a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof it makes the proof a little
+shorter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. Okay, so I have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Okay, so I have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Okay, so I have a couple of
+big picture comments about this. Um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture comments about this. Um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture comments about this. Um one
+comment is um let's compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is um let's compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is um let's compare to the
+perhaps simpler setting of an aelion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps simpler setting of an aelion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps simpler setting of an aelion
+group. So we maybe have the group of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. So we maybe have the group of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. So we maybe have the group of the
+integers or the group of the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or the group of the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or the group of the integers
+modulo P. Suppose we had a subset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo P. Suppose we had a subset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo P. Suppose we had a subset in
+there that had this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that had this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that had this property
+and this property. So when you add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this property. So when you add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this property. So when you add it to
+itself many times it expands but only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself many times it expands but only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself many times it expands but only by
+a little bit by a small power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit by a small power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit by a small power of the
+size of the set. Then what can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the set. Then what can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the set. Then what can we say
+about the structure of such things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of such things?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of such things?
+That's a big open problem in additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a big open problem in additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a big open problem in additive
+combinatorics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics.
+Um that's the sort of friend and rouia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's the sort of friend and rouia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's the sort of friend and rouia
+problem. If you have something even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. If you have something even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. If you have something even
+smaller here like log p or or so um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller here like log p or or so um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller here like log p or or so um then
+there would be a classification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a classification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a classification that
+would have to look like a generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look like a generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look like a generalized
+arithmetic progression. But in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progression. But in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progression. But in this
+range there's there's not a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there's there's not a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there's there's not a whole lot
+there's nothing like a structure theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing like a structure theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing like a structure theorem
+that currently exists in this range. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that currently exists in this range. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that currently exists in this range. So
+in a certain sense it's this is stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense it's this is stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense it's this is stronger
+information in the non-commutive world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the non-commutive world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the non-commutive world
+than we have in the commutive world. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have in the commutive world. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have in the commutive world. Of
+course you might point out that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you might point out that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you might point out that this is
+not a complete structure theorem either.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a complete structure theorem either.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a complete structure theorem either.
+Um but this is a really strong piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but this is a really strong piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but this is a really strong piece of
+information about our group and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about our group and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about our group and I think
+in some ways it's stronger than any what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's stronger than any what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's stronger than any what
+we know in the community world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know in the community world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know in the community world.
+Yeah. Um another comment so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um another comment so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um another comment so I'm not
+sure. So so Rashki and Hut both worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. So so Rashki and Hut both worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. So so Rashki and Hut both worked
+on this. Rashowski came from logic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this. Rashowski came from logic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this. Rashowski came from logic and I
+think that he was interested in the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that he was interested in the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that he was interested in the idea
+from the point of view of logic of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of logic of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of logic of like
+an approximate subgroup. You know like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximate subgroup. You know like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximate subgroup. You know like a
+a basic thing we have axioms for is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic thing we have axioms for is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic thing we have axioms for is that
+you know axims for a group and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know axims for a group and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know axims for a group and what
+happens if you uh relax those axioms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you uh relax those axioms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you uh relax those axioms a
+little bit. What can you say? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. What can you say? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. What can you say? So
+interesting question from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question from the point of
+view of logic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool. Uh all right. So the goal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. Uh all right. So the goal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. Uh all right. So the goal for
+the class is to discuss each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is to discuss each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is to discuss each of these
+things in moderate depth probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in moderate depth probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in moderate depth probably
+without giving complete proofs. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving complete proofs. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving complete proofs. Um
+uh and and they're they have quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and they're they have quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and they're they have quite
+different ideas but in both cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas but in both cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas but in both cases the
+ideas are related to stuff in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are related to stuff in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are related to stuff in in our
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+Okay. So first let's talk about theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first let's talk about theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first let's talk about theorem
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we start with the measure mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we start with the measure mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we start with the measure mu
+which is mu aa and we notice that mu l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one over the size of a. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over the size of a. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over the size of a. So that's
+like is at most p to the minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is at most p to the minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is at most p to the minus epsilon
+because it was it was built into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was it was built into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was it was built into our
+assumptions here that a is is at least p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions here that a is is at least p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions here that a is is at least p
+the epsilon. Okay. Now let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon. Okay. Now let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon. Okay. Now let's start
+convolving mu with itself and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving mu with itself and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving mu with itself and we want to
+see if we convolve it with itself enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we convolve it with itself enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we convolve it with itself enough
+times um is what will happen to the L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um is what will happen to the L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um is what will happen to the L2
+norm. So let's say mu2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm. So let's say mu2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm. So let's say mu2
+so that's let's call this mu1. Mu2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's let's call this mu1. Mu2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's let's call this mu1. Mu2 is
+mu1 convolved with mu1 and in general mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 convolved with mu1 and in general mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 convolved with mu1 and in general mu
+k + 1 is mu k convolved with mu k. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + 1 is mu k convolved with mu k. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + 1 is mu k convolved with mu k. So
+we're convolving with this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're convolving with this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're convolving with this thing with
+itself many times and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself many times and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself many times and we're going to see
+what happens to the L2 norm. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the L2 norm. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the L2 norm. Okay. So
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+um that if at some point mu k l2^2 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if at some point mu k l2^2 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if at some point mu k l2^2 were
+to be smaller than 1 over p the 2.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller than 1 over p the 2.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be smaller than 1 over p the 2.1
+then we would get um that sigma 1 of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would get um that sigma 1 of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would get um that sigma 1 of t
+mu k was bounded by well bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we would get that sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we would get that sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we would get that sigma 1
+of t mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t mu
+So mu k is mu convolved with itself 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mu k is mu convolved with itself 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mu k is mu convolved with itself 2
+the k times. So that would be um p the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k times. So that would be um p the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k times. So that would be um p the
+minus1 / 10 * 2 the k. So if k is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 / 10 * 2 the k. So if k is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 / 10 * 2 the k. So if k is not
+too big we would get a spectral bank. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big we would get a spectral bank. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big we would get a spectral bank. So
+that's our plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our plan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our plan.
+Okay. So we keep doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we keep doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we keep doing these
+convolutions and we watch what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions and we watch what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions and we watch what happens
+to the L2 norm. And at every step maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L2 norm. And at every step maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L2 norm. And at every step maybe
+the L2 norm goes down significantly. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 norm goes down significantly. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 norm goes down significantly. In
+that case we're happy. or maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we're happy. or maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we're happy. or maybe it
+doesn't go down. In that case, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go down. In that case, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go down. In that case, we're
+stuck. And the stuck situation, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. And the stuck situation, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. And the stuck situation, we'll
+try to analyze it carefully and see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to analyze it carefully and see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to analyze it carefully and see that
+the stuck situation only arises because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuck situation only arises because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuck situation only arises because
+of this situ this structure, this setup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this situ this structure, this setup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this situ this structure, this setup.
+So, let me write that out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me write that out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me write that out.
+So, let's say G stands for our goal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's say G stands for our goal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's say G stands for our goal,
+which is that mu k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that mu k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that mu k
+L2 is less than 1 over P 2.1. If we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 is less than 1 over P 2.1. If we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 is less than 1 over P 2.1. If we get
+there, we're happy. P will stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, we're happy. P will stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, we're happy. P will stand for
+progress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress.
+We're not necessarily there, but mu k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not necessarily there, but mu k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not necessarily there, but mu k +
+one l2^ 2 is bounded by p the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one l2^ 2 is bounded by p the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one l2^ 2 is bounded by p the minus
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+mu k l2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And then s stands for stuck which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then s stands for stuck which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then s stands for stuck which means
+we are not at our goal and we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not at our goal and we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not at our goal and we are not
+making progress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress.
+not goal and not progress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+Okay, so as long as we don't get stuck,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so as long as we don't get stuck,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so as long as we don't get stuck,
+we will reach our goal in about one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will reach our goal in about one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will reach our goal in about one over
+delta steps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta steps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta steps.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if s never happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we reach the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reach the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reach the goal
+and less than one over delta steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than one over delta steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than one over delta steps and
+no matter what delta is delta is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what delta is delta is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what delta is delta is just a
+large constant and that still that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large constant and that still that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large constant and that still that is
+enough to to to give the conclusion. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to to give the conclusion. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to to give the conclusion. So
+then if you if you do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you if you do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you if you do a little
+calculation using this you'll you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using this you'll you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using this you'll you'll get
+a spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So suppose we do get stuck. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose we do get stuck. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose we do get stuck. Let's
+think about what that means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, there was a comment at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, there was a comment at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, there was a comment at the
+beginning of the class that perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class that perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class that perhaps
+there's not a big difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a big difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a big difference between a
+set and a measure because if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and a measure because if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and a measure because if you have a
+set, you can turn it into a measure. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, you can turn it into a measure. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, you can turn it into a measure. If
+you have a measure, you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a measure, you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a measure, you can look at the
+points that where the measure is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that where the measure is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that where the measure is pretty
+big and you get a set. Um, and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and you get a set. Um, and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and you get a set. Um, and that's
+actually what we're going to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're going to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're going to do.
+So um let's say that a lambda of mu k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um let's say that a lambda of mu k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um let's say that a lambda of mu k is
+the set of group elements for our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of group elements for our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of group elements for our group
+sl2fp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl2fp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl2fp
+where mu k of g is approximately lambda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mu k of g is approximately lambda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mu k of g is approximately lambda.
+Okay so we can decompose our group into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we can decompose our group into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we can decompose our group into
+pieces where muk has various sizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces where muk has various sizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces where muk has various sizes and
+one of these sizes must have a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these sizes must have a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these sizes must have a decent
+fraction of the measure. So we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the measure. So we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the measure. So we choose
+lambda so that muk k of a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so that muk k of a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so that muk k of a lambda
+is around one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around one.
+So we've we've cut our whole group into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've we've cut our whole group into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've we've cut our whole group into
+maybe logarithmically many pieces. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe logarithmically many pieces. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe logarithmically many pieces. They
+their total measure is one. So one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their total measure is one. So one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their total measure is one. So one of
+them has to be pretty big. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has to be pretty big. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has to be pretty big. All right.
+And now let's say a k is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now let's say a k is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now let's say a k is defined to be
+this set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So what we've learned is that mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So what we've learned is that mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So what we've learned is that mu
+k is roughly uniform on ak and ak has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is roughly uniform on ak and ak has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is roughly uniform on ak and ak has a
+good fraction of the total measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fraction of the total measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fraction of the total measure of
+mu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu.
+Okay, great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay so more or less you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so more or less you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so more or less you could imagine
+that mu k is just the uniform measure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu k is just the uniform measure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu k is just the uniform measure on
+ak. Um all right so now what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ak. Um all right so now what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ak. Um all right so now what would we
+learn algebraically about ak from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn algebraically about ak from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn algebraically about ak from the
+fact that we are stuck?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we are stuck?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we are stuck?
+um that actually has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that actually has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that actually has a nice
+interpretation in terms of a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation in terms of a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation in terms of a previous
+character in our course which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in our course which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in our course which was the
+idea of energy. So let's recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of energy. So let's recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of energy. So let's recall what
+what energy means and put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what energy means and put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what energy means and put it in a
+non-commutative context and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutative context and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutative context and we'll see
+that it sort of exactly fits here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say
+that so if we have two subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if we have two subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if we have two subsets
+A and B in our group the energy of AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B in our group the energy of AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B in our group the energy of AB
+is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of
+uh A1 A2 B1 B2 these guys are in A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 A2 B1 B2 these guys are in A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 A2 B1 B2 these guys are in A and
+these guys are in B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are in B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are in B.
+So that a1 * b1 is the same as a2 * b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy a. Now we this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a. Now we this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a. Now we this is the same
+definition that we saw before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we saw before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we saw before in the
+context of a commutive group. A group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a commutive group. A group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a commutive group. A group is
+now not commutive which means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not commutive which means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not commutive which means that it
+matters what order I wrote those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what order I wrote those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what order I wrote those things
+in. And so it matters what order I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And so it matters what order I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And so it matters what order I wrote
+those things in. So eab is not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things in. So eab is not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things in. So eab is not actually
+the same as eba.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as eba.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as eba.
+Okay. But it's otherwise it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it's otherwise it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it's otherwise it's a very
+similar looking definition. Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and and we can relate this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and and we can relate this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and and we can relate this to
+what to what to to this setup. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to what to to this setup. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to what to to this setup. We can
+notice that EAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that EAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that EAB
+is I take the characteristic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I take the characteristic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I take the characteristic function of
+A and I convolve it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and I convolve it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and I convolve it with the
+characteristic function of B. When I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of B. When I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of B. When I do
+that, if I evaluate this at G, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, if I evaluate this at G, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, if I evaluate this at G, it will
+tell me how many ways are there to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how many ways are there to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how many ways are there to write
+G as little A times little B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G as little A times little B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G as little A times little B.
+Now I'm going to square it because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to square it because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to square it because I
+want to how many ways and that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to how many ways and that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to how many ways and that many
+choices for this and that many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for this and that many choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for this and that many choices
+for that and sum over B. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and sum over B. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and sum over B. So this is
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So notice um I took something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So notice um I took something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So notice um I took something I
+convolved it by something else and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved it by something else and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved it by something else and I
+took its L2 norm that's the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took its L2 norm that's the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took its L2 norm that's the character
+that's involved in being stuck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So something we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay actually so before before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay actually so before before we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay actually so before before we do
+that let me make a little normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me make a little normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me make a little normalization
+um so remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E A A is in between A cubed and A squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E A A is in between A cubed and A squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E A A is in between A cubed and A squ
+right. So the A squared comes from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the A squared comes from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the A squared comes from I
+could take these to be equal and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take these to be equal and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take these to be equal and I could
+take those to be equal and a cubed upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those to be equal and a cubed upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those to be equal and a cubed upper
+bound comes from once I've chosen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound comes from once I've chosen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound comes from once I've chosen these
+three there's at most one choice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there's at most one choice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there's at most one choice for the
+last one. Okay. So the these ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one. Okay. So the these ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one. Okay. So the these ones are
+have a lot of additive structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of additive structure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of additive structure and the
+typical example is an actual subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example is an actual subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example is an actual subgroup
+and these have very little additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have very little additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have very little additive
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+Okay. Um so now let's relate to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so now let's relate to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so now let's relate to being
+stuck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck.
+So if we are in the stuck case for ak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we are in the stuck case for ak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we are in the stuck case for ak
+for mu k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mu k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mu k
+and we could see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could see um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so mu k is essentially 1 over a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mu k is essentially 1 over a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mu k is essentially 1 over a k
+this characteristic function of a k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characteristic function of a k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characteristic function of a k and
+if we want to be rigorous I guess we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to be rigorous I guess we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to be rigorous I guess we say
+something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this.
+And um if we say mu k convolved with mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um if we say mu k convolved with mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um if we say mu k convolved with mu
+k is smaller than is larger than p the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is smaller than is larger than p the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is smaller than is larger than p the
+minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta
+mu k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is equivalent to saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is equivalent to saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is equivalent to saying that the
+energy a k with a k is smaller than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a k with a k is smaller than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a k with a k is smaller than some
+p to the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p to the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p to the delta
+time a k cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim. If we unwind this we'll get this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. If we unwind this we'll get this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. If we unwind this we'll get this.
+So we unwind this we'll see an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we unwind this we'll see an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we unwind this we'll see an energy
+the energy of AK and this you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of AK and this you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of AK and this you know this
+is almost the minimum possible value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost the minimum possible value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost the minimum possible value of
+the L2 norm and so it's almost the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 norm and so it's almost the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 norm and so it's almost the um
+sorry it's almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's almost the
+this goes the other way. So the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes the other way. So the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes the other way. So the the um
+there let me say that again. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let me say that again. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let me say that again. So this is
+encoding this energy. It's a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding this energy. It's a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding this energy. It's a lower bound
+for it and the lower bound is almost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and the lower bound is almost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and the lower bound is almost um
+the biggest it could be. So this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest it could be. So this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest it could be. So this energy
+is almost the biggest it could be. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost the biggest it could be. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost the biggest it could be. Yes.
+>> That be ak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That be ak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That be ak
+lower bound for energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for energy.
+>> Uh right. No. So no it's ak cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh right. No. So no it's ak cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh right. No. So no it's ak cubed and
+this is a minus sign. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a minus sign. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a minus sign. So this is
+possible. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Yeah.
+>> Okay. So this just got copied there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So this just got copied there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So this just got copied there. And
+um uh all right. So okay. So if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh all right. So okay. So if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh all right. So okay. So if you look
+at this L2 norm, these are probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this L2 norm, these are probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this L2 norm, these are probability
+measures. So this L2 norm is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures. So this L2 norm is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures. So this L2 norm is at most
+that L2 norm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L2 norm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L2 norm.
+So when you look at this inequality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you look at this inequality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you look at this inequality,
+this L2 norm is really pinched.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L2 norm is really pinched.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L2 norm is really pinched.
+It's at least a small fraction. It's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's at least a small fraction. It's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's at least a small fraction. It's at
+least a large fraction of mu2 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a large fraction of mu2 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a large fraction of mu2 and it's
+at most mu2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most mu2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most mu2.
+So it's just about as big as it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's just about as big as it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's just about as big as it could
+be. So this energy is just about as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So this energy is just about as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So this energy is just about as big
+as it could be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+All right. So if we get stuck there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So if we get stuck there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So if we get stuck there must
+be a subset of very high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a subset of very high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a subset of very high energy
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+step towards being an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step towards being an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step towards being an approximate
+subgroup but it's not as strong as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup but it's not as strong as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup but it's not as strong as the
+conclusion of theorem one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of theorem one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of theorem one.
+Um okay so at this point the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so at this point the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so at this point the story
+connects to some characters that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to some characters that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to some characters that we
+talked about when we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about when we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about when we were doing
+projection theory over finite fields. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory over finite fields. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory over finite fields. um
+it relates to the balag summary gow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to the balag summary gow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to the balag summary gow
+theorem and the punicarusa inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and the punicarusa inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and the punicarusa inequality.
+So first of all let me just recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all let me just recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all let me just recall what
+they said um in the commutive case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said um in the commutive case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said um in the commutive case and
+then this is a non-commutive case. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a non-commutive case. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a non-commutive case. So
+then we'll have to talk about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have to talk about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have to talk about you know
+what's actually true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually true in the
+non-commutive case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutive case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutive case.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So you recall that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you recall that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you recall that if we have a
+contained in z a commutative group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then we have two important theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we have two important theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we have two important theorems
+gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus
+says that if a has a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it has a large subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the large subset is actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the large subset is actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the large subset is actually has a
+small subset.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this set has additive structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this set has additive structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this set has additive structure in
+one sense but it has a large subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sense but it has a large subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sense but it has a large subset
+which has additive structure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has additive structure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has additive structure in a
+stronger sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger sense.
+And then once we have this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then once we have this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then once we have this there's
+another important theorem the plunicus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important theorem the plunicus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important theorem the plunicus
+theorem that says if a prime plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that says if a prime plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that says if a prime plus a
+prime smaller than l * a prime so l will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime smaller than l * a prime so l will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime smaller than l * a prime so l will
+be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this
+um then you can also look at the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you can also look at the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you can also look at the sum of
+three of them or four of them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them or four of them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them or four of them or
+whatever. So I'll write I'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this guy is bounded by L to the 50th.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is bounded by L to the 50th.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is bounded by L to the 50th.
+You could put other things. You get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could put other things. You get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could put other things. You get the
+idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is a sort this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is a sort this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is a sort this sequence of
+theorems is important because it gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems is important because it gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems is important because it gives a
+sort of amplification of structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amplification of structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amplification of structure.
+So this has this assumption is that A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has this assumption is that A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has this assumption is that A
+has some additive structure in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some additive structure in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some additive structure in some
+fairly weak sense and that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly weak sense and that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly weak sense and that implies that
+a big subset has additive structure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big subset has additive structure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big subset has additive structure in a
+stronger sense and then therefore it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger sense and then therefore it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger sense and then therefore it has
+additive structure in even stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive structure in even stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive structure in even stronger
+sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if we were allowed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we were allowed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we were allowed to just
+apply these two theorems then from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these two theorems then from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these two theorems then from this
+moment we would get the conclusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we would get the conclusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we would get the conclusion of
+theorem one. Conclusion of theorem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one. Conclusion of theorem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one. Conclusion of theorem one
+would be that there's some set H which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that there's some set H which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that there's some set H which
+could be could have been AK which obeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could have been AK which obeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could have been AK which obeys
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+um so we we can't we can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we can't we can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we can't we can't do that
+because this is for a commutive group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is for a commutive group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is for a commutive group.
+So we need to talk about what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to talk about what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to talk about what happens in
+a non-commutive group. Um but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-commutive group. Um but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-commutive group. Um but I thought
+it was we'll talk about that. But I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was we'll talk about that. But I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was we'll talk about that. But I also
+thought it was a nice moment to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a nice moment to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a nice moment to recall
+these theorems and uh reappreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theorems and uh reappreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theorems and uh reappreciate that
+they're important and useful and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important and useful and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important and useful and do
+something kind of neat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um in our halfway through the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in our halfway through the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in our halfway through the course
+check-in email when I asked people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in email when I asked people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in email when I asked people uh
+you know what what things that we did do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what things that we did do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what things that we did do
+you feel like they really sunk in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like they really sunk in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like they really sunk in and
+you understood them and what things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understood them and what things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understood them and what things you
+feel like it was sort of maybe hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it was sort of maybe hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it was sort of maybe hard to
+remember what actually was happening. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what actually was happening. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what actually was happening. um
+these this theorem in particular was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this theorem in particular was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this theorem in particular was
+cited as something where it was hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited as something where it was hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited as something where it was hard
+people did not feel like they remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did not feel like they remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did not feel like they remembered
+very well what actually happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well what actually happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well what actually happened
+so okay so we get to talk about it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we get to talk about it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we get to talk about it again
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+um yeah oh I guess another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah oh I guess another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah oh I guess another thing you
+might you might wonder is okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might wonder is okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might wonder is okay this is
+logically is stronger than this but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically is stronger than this but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically is stronger than this but does
+it really matter later when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really matter later when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really matter later when we look at
+theorem two we'll have a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two we'll have a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two we'll have a good example
+theorem two like really requires this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two like really requires this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two like really requires this as
+an input so we'll see an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input so we'll see an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input so we'll see an interesting
+example of why you might want this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um
+let's talk about the balac summarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the balac summarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the balac summarity
+garish theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garish theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garish theorem.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so I will tell you okay yeah I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will tell you okay yeah I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will tell you okay yeah I guess
+first I should tell you what is true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I should tell you what is true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I should tell you what is true in
+the non-commutive world which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-commutive world which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-commutive world which really
+looks pretty similar to this. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar to this. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar to this. Um, and
+then we'll actually remember the proof a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll actually remember the proof a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll actually remember the proof a
+little bit um to to see if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um to to see if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um to to see if we can get
+the proof to sink in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof to sink in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof to sink in a little bit
+deeper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, I'm going to erase this and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to erase this and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to erase this and what I
+want us to remember is just that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to remember is just that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to remember is just that to
+finish theorem one, what we need is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish theorem one, what we need is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish theorem one, what we need is a
+good version of balag sum dows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good version of balag sum dows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good version of balag sum dows and
+plunker rouia in the non-commutive fold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Um so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um so theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um so theorem
+non-commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutative
+balance over gallons. So it says if A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance over gallons. So it says if A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance over gallons. So it says if A is
+a subset of a group G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of a group G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of a group G
+um and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the energy
+a A is at least K inverse A cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A is at least K inverse A cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A is at least K inverse A cubed.
+Um then there exists a subset a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then there exists a subset a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then there exists a subset a prime
+and a so that it's pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um there are a few different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there are a few different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there are a few different things
+we could write but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write but
+actually let me call this a tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a tilda time a tilda inverse is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So it looks very little different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, but let's take this opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but let's take this opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but let's take this opportunity to
+remember how the proof worked and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how the proof worked and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how the proof worked and see if
+we can get it to sink in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get it to sink in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get it to sink in a little bit
+more deeply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deeply.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deeply.
+All right, so proof sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So, remember that the energy AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, remember that the energy AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, remember that the energy AA
+is the sum over all of our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all of our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all of our group
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+of R A of G squared where R A of G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R A of G squared where R A of G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R A of G squared where R A of G is
+the number of pairs A1 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pairs A1 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pairs A1 A2
+squared. So that A1 A2 is G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's the energy. Okay. So for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the energy. Okay. So for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the energy. Okay. So for the
+energy to be large, there must be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be large, there must be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be large, there must be a lot
+of group elements G where this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of group elements G where this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of group elements G where this is pretty
+large. We'll call those popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. We'll call those popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. We'll call those popular
+products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+P the set of popular products this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the set of popular products this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the set of popular products this is
+the set of G where R A of G is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of G where R A of G is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of G where R A of G is greater
+than K to the minus something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K to the minus something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K to the minus something.
+times the size of a which so the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the size of a which so the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the size of a which so the size of
+a is the biggest it could be and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the biggest it could be and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the biggest it could be and so
+they're almost as big as it could be. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost as big as it could be. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost as big as it could be. So
+they're quite popular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite popular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite popular.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh all right. So it's an exercise to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all right. So it's an exercise to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all right. So it's an exercise to see
+that if the energy is really big most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the energy is really big most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the energy is really big most of
+the energy actually comes from popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy actually comes from popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy actually comes from popular
+products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+energy aa is pretty much is yeah is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy aa is pretty much is yeah is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy aa is pretty much is yeah is more
+than half comes from so half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half comes from so half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half comes from so half of the
+energy of a is less than the sum over g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a is less than the sum over g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a is less than the sum over g
+and the popular products of ra a g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so this is this is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so this is this is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so this is this is having
+popular products that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular products that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular products that's almost
+equivalent to having a line of energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having a line of energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having a line of energy.
+Those are basically the same thing. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are basically the same thing. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are basically the same thing. Um,
+all right. So then we'll do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So then we'll do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So then we'll do a little
+thought experiment. Suppose that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment. Suppose that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment. Suppose that every
+product was popular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product was popular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product was popular.
+Every product in the product set of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every product in the product set of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every product in the product set of A
+had the same number of representations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same number of representations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the same number of representations.
+Well, that number of representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that number of representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that number of representations
+would have to be pretty large because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be pretty large because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be pretty large because
+there's a lot of energy. And that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of energy. And that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of energy. And that would
+tell us that A times A was small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us that A times A was small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us that A times A was small.
+Okay. Um, so then we would be done. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so then we would be done. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so then we would be done. and
+a tilda could just be a but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda could just be a but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda could just be a but that's not
+true because it's it's not true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because it's it's not true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because it's it's not true that the
+every every element can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every element can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every element can be written as a
+product in the same number of ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in the same number of ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in the same number of ways.
+Um so what we want to do we're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what we want to do we're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what we want to do we're hoping to
+find a subset a tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a subset a tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a subset a tilda
+so that all the products in a tilda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all the products in a tilda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all the products in a tilda a
+tilda time a tilda they all can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda time a tilda they all can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda time a tilda they all can be
+written uh as a product in lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh as a product in lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uh as a product in lots of ways
+or something in that space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something in that space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something in that space.
+Okay. So now let's make the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's make the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's make the popular
+product to graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the vertices are G cross G. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the vertices are G cross G. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the vertices are G cross G. Here's a
+copy of G. Here's a copy of G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And um we put an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um we put an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um we put an edge
+from A to B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B.
+edge from a to b if um a * b is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge from a to b if um a * b is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge from a to b if um a * b is a
+popular product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular product.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular product.
+Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right actually this is not a g by g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually this is not a g by g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually this is not a g by g
+graph. This is an a by a graph taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. This is an a by a graph taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. This is an a by a graph taking
+elements of our set and looking at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of our set and looking at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of our set and looking at their
+products. Okay. So not every pair is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. Okay. So not every pair is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. Okay. So not every pair is a
+popular product. They might not all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular product. They might not all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular product. They might not all be
+popular. Uh but there are by hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular. Uh but there are by hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular. Uh but there are by hypothesis
+because of there's a lot of energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of there's a lot of energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of there's a lot of energy.
+There's a lot of popular products. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a lot of popular products. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a lot of popular products. So
+the number of edges is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are lots of edges in this graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a tilda is going to be some subset o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a tilda is going to be some subset o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a tilda is going to be some subset o
+over here. And the good feature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. And the good feature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. And the good feature of a
+tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda
+is that for every a1 and a2 both in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for every a1 and a2 both in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for every a1 and a2 both in a
+tilda there are many edges there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda there are many edges there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda there are many edges there are
+many paths. So let me let me draw it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's say this is a1 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say this is a1 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say this is a1 and this is
+a2. And then we're going to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2. And then we're going to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2. And then we're going to think of
+paths of length four that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths of length four that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths of length four that go
+from A1 to A2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are many
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+more than something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths of length four that go from A1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths of length four that go from A1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths of length four that go from A1 to
+A2 in our graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um and how many? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and how many? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and how many? Well,
+the from a typical point there are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from a typical point there are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from a typical point there are about
+maybe one over k times a uh edges out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one over k times a uh edges out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one over k times a uh edges out.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+uh so we have you know a choices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have you know a choices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have you know a choices a
+choices a choices and then we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices a choices and then we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices a choices and then we have to go
+to a2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So there was a graph theory lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there was a graph theory lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there was a graph theory lema
+that we can choose a substantial set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can choose a substantial set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can choose a substantial set a
+tilda here that has all of these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda here that has all of these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda here that has all of these edges
+and that was the hardest part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the hardest part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the hardest part of the
+proof but it's exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but it's exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but it's exactly the same as
+before. It had nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. It had nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. It had nothing to do with
+anything being commutative. So I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything being commutative. So I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything being commutative. So I I just
+uh that part I won't repeat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that part I won't repeat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that part I won't repeat.
+So there was a lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was a lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was a lema
+that we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can choose
+a tilda so that this is true. Um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda so that this is true. Um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda so that this is true. Um and a
+tilda is pretty big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+So, let's name everybody in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's name everybody in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's name everybody in the middle
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+name these. Let me actually rename
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name these. Let me actually rename
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name these. Let me actually rename
+these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+I'll call these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and a prime. And then we go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a prime. And then we go over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a prime. And then we go over here
+to a1 to a2 to a3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a1 to a2 to a3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a1 to a2 to a3.
+So we know a a1 is popular. We know a2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know a a1 is popular. We know a2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know a a1 is popular. We know a2 *
+a1 is popular. We know a2 * a3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is popular. We know a2 * a3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is popular. We know a2 * a3 is
+popular and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And what this allows us to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this allows us to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this allows us to do is to
+write a over a prime in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a over a prime in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a over a prime in many different
+ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways.
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+a over. Okay. I have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over. Okay. I have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over. Okay. I have to be careful
+because I'm in a non-commutive group. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm in a non-commutive group. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm in a non-commutive group. I
+think I want to write a let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to write a let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to write a let's call this
+a tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda
+a * a tilda inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * a tilda inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * a tilda inverse.
+So that's a * a1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a * a1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a * a1.
+And now I'll put a2 * a1 inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'll put a2 * a1 inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'll put a2 * a1 inverse.
+And now I'll put a2 * a3. And then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'll put a2 * a3. And then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'll put a2 * a3. And then I'll
+put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a
+tilda * a3 inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we do this out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we do this out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we do this out.
+So this guy here is a1 inverse a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy here is a1 inverse a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy here is a1 inverse a2
+inverse. You can see cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. You can see cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. You can see cancellation
+cancellation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation.
+And this guy here is a3 inverse a tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this guy here is a3 inverse a tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this guy here is a3 inverse a tilda
+inverse. Cancel that. So that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Cancel that. So that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. Cancel that. So that's this
+equality. So not difficult.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality. So not difficult.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality. So not difficult.
+Um but we've written it in terms of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we've written it in terms of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we've written it in terms of four
+guys that are popular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that are popular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that are popular.
+So this um a2 * a1 is not just a2 * a1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this um a2 * a1 is not just a2 * a1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this um a2 * a1 is not just a2 * a1.
+It's a popular product. It can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a popular product. It can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a popular product. It can be
+written in many different ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in many different ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in many different ways.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+a tilda a * a tilda inverse can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda a * a tilda inverse can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda a * a tilda inverse can be
+written as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z1 z2 inverse or maybe p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 z2 inverse or maybe p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 z2 inverse or maybe p1
+p2 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2 inverse
+p3 p4 inverse where pi are popular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p3 p4 inverse where pi are popular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p3 p4 inverse where pi are popular.
+Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay and it and this can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and it and this can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and it and this can be done
+in many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and the number of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the number of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the number of choices
+for the pi is at least uh a cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pi is at least uh a cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pi is at least uh a cubed.
+Okay. So the conclusion is that the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the conclusion is that the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the conclusion is that the size
+of a tilda time a tilda inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tilda time a tilda inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tilda time a tilda inverse is
+bounded by I'm going to choose four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by I'm going to choose four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by I'm going to choose four
+popular guys. So that's p to the 4th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular guys. So that's p to the 4th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular guys. So that's p to the 4th and
+then I I've overcounted because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I've overcounted because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I I've overcounted because each
+person has now been represented a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has now been represented a cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has now been represented a cubed
+different ways and ignoring some factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and ignoring some factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and ignoring some factors
+of k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k.
+And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, I remember the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I remember the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I remember the first time I
+taught it, I struggled a little bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it, I struggled a little bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught it, I struggled a little bit with
+the intuition of this. Um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition of this. Um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition of this. Um the first
+thing you might hope to do is to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might hope to do is to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might hope to do is to choose
+a tilda so that every product in a tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda so that every product in a tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda so that every product in a tilda
+can be is popular. they all can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be is popular. they all can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be is popular. they all can be
+written in many ways just as a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in many ways just as a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in many ways just as a product
+of two things in a and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things in a and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things in a and then there are
+clearly not so many of those but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not so many of those but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not so many of those but I think
+it's not possible to do that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible to do that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible to do that it's not
+possible to choose a tilda where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to choose a tilda where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to choose a tilda where every
+one of these products is popular in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these products is popular in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these products is popular in that
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+but by take by by by being a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by take by by by being a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by take by by by being a little bit
+more flexible we've chosen a tilda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible we've chosen a tilda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible we've chosen a tilda so
+that every quotient can be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every quotient can be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every quotient can be written in
+many ways um not just as a quotient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways um not just as a quotient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways um not just as a quotient of
+two things in a but many ways in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things in a but many ways in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things in a but many ways in this in
+this uh slightly more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh slightly more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh slightly more flexible
+framework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any questions or comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> So, why can't you get the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, why can't you get the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, why can't you get the same result
+for a * a if you just choose paths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a * a if you just choose paths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a * a if you just choose paths of
+length three?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three?
+>> Yeah, I think you could get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I think you could get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I think you could get the same
+result for a * a if you choose paths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for a * a if you choose paths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for a * a if you choose paths of
+length three or a * b. Yeah. So, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three or a * b. Yeah. So, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three or a * b. Yeah. So, okay.
+Um, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sorry, I maybe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sorry, I maybe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sorry, I maybe was
+not transparent about um so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not transparent about um so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not transparent about um so the the
+thing with positive length three still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with positive length three still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with positive length three still
+still works. Um I think that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works. Um I think that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works. Um I think that might
+produce two different subsets. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two different subsets. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two different subsets. Um
+actually maybe in the commutive case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe in the commutive case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe in the commutive case I
+actually should have had two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually should have had two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually should have had two different
+subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+at least initially um it works fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least initially um it works fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least initially um it works fine and
+the and the reason that I have a tilda*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the reason that I have a tilda*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the reason that I have a tilda*
+a tilda inverse the motivation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda inverse the motivation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilda inverse the motivation for that
+is going to come in a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come in a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come in a moment and
+actually I'm going to try to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to try to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to try to argue that
+this is better than a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is better than a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is better than a * a
+And uh just a clarifying thing the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh just a clarifying thing the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh just a clarifying thing the way
+you stated it before the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stated it before the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stated it before the popular
+products here is the subset of a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products here is the subset of a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products here is the subset of a * a
+with a small projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small projection
+right it was stated in terms of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it was stated in terms of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it was stated in terms of uh a
+subset having a um large projection then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset having a um large projection then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset having a um large projection then
+that leads to you can choose a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to you can choose a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to you can choose a subset of
+a such that the um subset is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a such that the um subset is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a such that the um subset is small.
+>> Yeah that's right. That's right. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah that's right. That's right. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah that's right. That's right. So in
+the projection theory version the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection theory version the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection theory version the this
+would be the small projection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the small projection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the small projection and
+there'd be some big piece of a cross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some big piece of a cross a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some big piece of a cross a
+that that projects here. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool. Um so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. Um so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. Um so this is the
+non-commutative analog of bacity gow. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutative analog of bacity gow. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commutative analog of bacity gow. It
+really looks a lot like bacity gus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks a lot like bacity gus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks a lot like bacity gus and
+this inverse is because we want it. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse is because we want it. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse is because we want it. We
+probably could we could also have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could we could also have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could we could also have had a
+tilda time b tilda if we want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda time b tilda if we want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda time b tilda if we want.
+Okay. Um the situation with Pluna Caruza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um the situation with Pluna Caruza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um the situation with Pluna Caruza
+is actually a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a little bit more
+complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So non-commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So let's ask a question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's ask a question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's ask a question.
+Suppose we have a is a subset of a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we have a is a subset of a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we have a is a subset of a group
+and a * a is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does it imply that a * a * a is small?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this would be that natural analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be that natural analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be that natural analog of
+plumus inequality. And the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumus inequality. And the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumus inequality. And the answer to
+this is no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, here's the example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, here's the example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, here's the example.
+So let's say H contained in G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say H contained in G is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say H contained in G is a
+subgroup and A is H union one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup and A is H union one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup and A is H union one other
+element which is not in the subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which is not in the subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which is not in the subgroup.
+Now what happens when I take A * A? A *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what happens when I take A * A? A *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what happens when I take A * A? A *
+A is H * H. That's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is H * H. That's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is H * H. That's good.
+plus or union h * g union g * h union g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or union h * g union g * h union g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or union h * g union g * h union g
+* g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* g.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* g.
+Okay, there's nothing special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there's nothing special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there's nothing special about
+these, but because g is only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, but because g is only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, but because g is only one
+element, all of this stuff is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, all of this stuff is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element, all of this stuff is small.
+So we can see that a * a is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can see that a * a is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can see that a * a is smaller than
+1 2 3 smaller than 4 a probably 3 a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 smaller than 4 a probably 3 a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 smaller than 4 a probably 3 a.
+Okay. But now what happens when I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now what happens when I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now what happens when I take a
+* a * a?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a * a?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a * a?
+Okay. Now I have three factors. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I have three factors. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I have three factors. And so
+that concludes h * g * h.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concludes h * g * h.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concludes h * g * h.
+And in the non-commutative world, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the non-commutative world, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the non-commutative world, I
+cannot slide this over. And this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot slide this over. And this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot slide this over. And this is not
+so good. There's no reason for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good. There's no reason for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good. There's no reason for this to
+be small. And so the size of h * g * h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small. And so the size of h * g * h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small. And so the size of h * g * h
+is could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could be
+could well be the size of h squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that didn't work very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that didn't work very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that didn't work very well.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what to do about it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about it?
+There is a theorem that if a * a * a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a theorem that if a * a * a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a theorem that if a * a * a is
+small then a * a * a * a is small. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then a * a * a * a is small. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then a * a * a * a is small. Yeah.
+>> Does the time example that you show have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does the time example that you show have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does the time example that you show have
+an example in s of p?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example in s of p?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example in s of p?
+>> Yeah it does. Um so h could be any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah it does. Um so h could be any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah it does. Um so h could be any any
+subgroup say a burell subgroup and g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup say a burell subgroup and g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup say a burell subgroup and g is
+not in there. Yeah this will happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in there. Yeah this will happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in there. Yeah this will happen.
+So this this could happen in SL2F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so there is a theorem that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there is a theorem that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there is a theorem that if you
+assume that a product of three copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that a product of three copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that a product of three copies of
+A is small then the product of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is small then the product of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is small then the product of four
+copies of A is also small. Um but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of A is also small. Um but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of A is also small. Um but that
+theorem is not immediately useful to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is not immediately useful to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is not immediately useful to us
+because we don't have any input that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have any input that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have any input that a
+product of three things is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three things is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three things is small.
+Um okay there's another fix to this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay there's another fix to this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay there's another fix to this.
+Let's just suppose think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just suppose think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just suppose think about this
+example and how we might fix it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this example has a lot of algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example has a lot of algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example has a lot of algebraic
+structure and this is the algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and this is the algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and this is the algebraically
+structured part and this is garbage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured part and this is garbage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured part and this is garbage.
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+we need it would be helpful to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need it would be helpful to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need it would be helpful to separate
+a into the structured part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into the structured part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into the structured part and the
+garbage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage.
+So how might we do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how might we do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how might we do that?
+So let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's look at
+um so this is the continuing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the continuing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the continuing in the
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's look at a * a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at a * a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at a * a inverse
+You could do a time. Anyway, this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could do a time. Anyway, this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could do a time. Anyway, this works
+a little bit better for a time a so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better for a time a so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better for a time a so what
+do we have? We have h * h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually. Yeah. So, so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Yeah. So, so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Yeah. So, so we will
+eventually look at a * a inverse. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually look at a * a inverse. But um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually look at a * a inverse. But um
+let's think about how we how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how we how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how we how we might
+separate this. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this. So,
+so this set has different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this set has different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this set has different pieces
+and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can
+if we want to separate the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to separate the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to separate the algebraic
+part from the garbage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the garbage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the garbage.
+So, we'd like to find this part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'd like to find this part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'd like to find this part and
+distinguish it from that part, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it from that part, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it from that part, right?
+How are they different from each other?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How are they different from each other?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How are they different from each other?
+Well, let's think about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's think about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's think about how many
+representations there are for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations there are for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations there are for each
+product in this product set. Any product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this product set. Any product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this product set. Any product
+in here has many, many representations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here has many, many representations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here has many, many representations.
+And the products here have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the products here have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the products here have only one
+representation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation.
+So this guy here is the set of popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy here is the set of popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy here is the set of popular
+products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products.
+And actually that if once we identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually that if once we identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually that if once we identified
+it, the popular product set then is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, the popular product set then is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, the popular product set then is an
+actual subgroup. It has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual subgroup. It has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual subgroup. It has a lot of
+algebraic structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic structure.
+Okay. So now let that motivate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let that motivate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let that motivate the
+following proposition which is an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following proposition which is an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following proposition which is an analog
+of plate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plate.
+It says if um a * a inverse is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says if um a * a inverse is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says if um a * a inverse is less than
+or equal to k a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to k a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to k a
+so a inverse that means take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a inverse that means take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a inverse that means take each
+element of a and take its inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a and take its inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a and take its inverse.
+Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then
+okay and then if Q is the set of popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if Q is the set of popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if Q is the set of popular
+quotients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's the set of g so that um r a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the set of g so that um r a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the set of g so that um r a a
+inverse of g is bigger than k to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of g is bigger than k to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of g is bigger than k to the
+something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you can raise q to any power you like q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can raise q to any power you like q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can raise q to any power you like q
+let's say we do L times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Q has a lot of algebraic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Q has a lot of algebraic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Q has a lot of algebraic structure
+and their proof has a similar idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their proof has a similar idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their proof has a similar idea of
+writing things in many different ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So proof um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, actually I think it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, actually I think it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, actually I think it's a little bit
+tricky. I think it should be that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the proof is let's look at a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the proof is let's look at a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the proof is let's look at a *
+Q * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q * Q
+say I'll illustrate the proof in L= 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll illustrate the proof in L= 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll illustrate the proof in L= 4.
+Let's illustrate with L equ= 3. That'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's illustrate with L equ= 3. That'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's illustrate with L equ= 3. That'll
+give you the idea. Times A inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So somebody in here can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So somebody in here can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So somebody in here can be written as
+little a and now this is a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a and now this is a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a and now this is a popular
+quotient. So this is little a2 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient. So this is little a2 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient. So this is little a2 inverse
+little a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a3
+and there are many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then actually let's illustrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then actually let's illustrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then actually let's illustrate with
+l equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 2
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+uh here we'll have little a4 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we'll have little a4 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we'll have little a4 inverse
+little a5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a5
+We have many choices here. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have many choices here. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have many choices here. How many
+choices? We have about a choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices? We have about a choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices? We have about a choices
+have about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about a
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+and then at the end I'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end I'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end I'll do this
+A6 inverse A7 about eight traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A6 inverse A7 about eight traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A6 inverse A7 about eight traces
+and then A8 inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, so to say more better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, so to say more better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, so to say more better
+what I'm saying, suppose that I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying, suppose that I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying, suppose that I have an
+element of this set, then I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this set, then I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this set, then I can write
+the element this way. And so I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element this way. And so I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element this way. And so I can say
+that X belongs to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X belongs to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X belongs to um
+a A inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A inverse.
+So x can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as um all right okay so x can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um all right okay so x can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um all right okay so x can be written
+in in many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in many different ways
+and for each way of writing it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each way of writing it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each way of writing it we'll
+notice that this guy lives in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this guy lives in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this guy lives in a a
+inverse that guy lives in a aa ina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that guy lives in a aa ina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that guy lives in a aa ina
+inverse and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and so on
+so can be written in around a cubed ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can be written in around a cubed ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can be written in around a cubed ways
+as b1 b2 b3 b4 where the b i are in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as b1 b2 b3 b4 where the b i are in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as b1 b2 b3 b4 where the b i are in a a
+inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+the size of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bounded by the size of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bounded by the size of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bounded by the size of a a
+inverse to the fourth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to the fourth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to the fourth.
+So I get to choose these B's and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get to choose these B's and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get to choose these B's and now
+I've overounted because each for each X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've overounted because each for each X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've overounted because each for each X
+there are around a cub different choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are around a cub different choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are around a cub different choices
+of how I could write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how I could write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how I could write it
+/ Aub and that is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. There's one thing I hid at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. There's one thing I hid at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. There's one thing I hid at the
+beginning. Um, let me do it properly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Um, let me do it properly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Um, let me do it properly and
+then pause and see what people think. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pause and see what people think. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pause and see what people think. So
+we were given a * a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given a * a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given a * a inverse
+is small and that implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and that implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and that implies that the
+energy of a a inverse is large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a a inverse is large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a a inverse is large.
+This is stronger than this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is stronger than this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is stronger than this.
+And now I'd like to switch these. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'd like to switch these. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'd like to switch these. And
+this is is actually the same as this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is actually the same as this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is actually the same as this.
+So even though I don't know a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even though I don't know a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even though I don't know a inverse
+time a is small, I do know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a is small, I do know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a is small, I do know that a
+inverse a has a lot of energy. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse a has a lot of energy. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse a has a lot of energy. And the
+reason I can switch them is if I have a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I can switch them is if I have a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I can switch them is if I have a1
+a2 inverse equals a3 a4 inverse, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 inverse equals a3 a4 inverse, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 inverse equals a3 a4 inverse, that's
+a quadruple that's being counted in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadruple that's being counted in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadruple that's being counted in this
+energy. Uh let's just rearrange things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Uh let's just rearrange things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Uh let's just rearrange things a
+little bit. I divide by a3 a3 inverse a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. I divide by a3 a3 inverse a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. I divide by a3 a3 inverse a1
+a2 inverse equals a4 inverse. Then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 inverse equals a4 inverse. Then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 inverse equals a4 inverse. Then I
+will multiply on the right by a2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's a quadruple that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a quadruple that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a quadruple that's being
+counted here. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted here. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted here. Yeah.
+>> Didn't you know that big inverse a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Didn't you know that big inverse a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Didn't you know that big inverse a has
+to be small because it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small because it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small because it's just the
+inverse of any element in a inverse or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of any element in a inverse or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of any element in a inverse or a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+>> Oh. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh. Um
+yeah, maybe that's true. Yeah, maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, maybe that's true. Yeah, maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, maybe that's true. Yeah, maybe I
+made this too complicated. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this too complicated. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this too complicated. So these are
+equal but you you claim that actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but you you claim that actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but you you claim that actually a
+inverse time a is a a * a inverse. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse time a is a a * a inverse. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse time a is a a * a inverse. So
+over here I have a1 a2 inverse. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I have a1 a2 inverse. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I have a1 a2 inverse. If I
+invert it if I invert that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it if I invert that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert it if I invert that I get
+uh what's the inverse of this? Should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the inverse of this? Should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the inverse of this? Should
+invert this one. I don't think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this one. I don't think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this one. I don't think this
+quite works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite works.
+>> So I didn't manage to switch the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I didn't manage to switch the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I didn't manage to switch the order
+when I did that. But I can switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did that. But I can switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did that. But I can switch the
+order when I look at the quadruple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order when I look at the quadruple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order when I look at the quadruple.
+Okay, good try.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so so this is large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so so this is large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so so this is large.
+So therefore there are lots of popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So therefore there are lots of popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So therefore there are lots of popular
+quotients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients.
+So Q is large which is what we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Q is large which is what we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Q is large which is what we used
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So both both of these proofs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So both both of these proofs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So both both of these proofs have
+a following highle idea. Um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a following highle idea. Um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a following highle idea. Um there's a
+lot of energy around. So it frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy around. So it frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy around. So it frequently
+happens that you can write a product or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that you can write a product or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that you can write a product or
+a quotient in many different ways. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quotient in many different ways. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quotient in many different ways. And
+if you could arrange a set where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could arrange a set where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could arrange a set where every
+product could be written in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product could be written in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product could be written in many ways
+then you estimate you could get a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you estimate you could get a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you estimate you could get a clean
+estimate for the size of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the size of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the size of the product
+set. And um by uh playing around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. And um by uh playing around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. And um by uh playing around with
+the sort of products that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of products that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of products that that you
+consider and by some experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and by some experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and by some experience and
+craft and skill we we can get that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craft and skill we we can get that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craft and skill we we can get that to
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is the analog of Plunka's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is the analog of Plunka's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is the analog of Plunka's
+inequality and the reason that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and the reason that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and the reason that it was
+sort of desirable to put a tilda a tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of desirable to put a tilda a tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of desirable to put a tilda a tilda
+inverse in bali gowers is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse in bali gowers is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse in bali gowers is that that
+thing is designed to fit into to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is designed to fit into to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is designed to fit into to this
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this Q is the approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this Q is the approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this Q is the approximate
+subgroup that we were that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup that we were that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup that we were that we were
+looking for which is the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for which is the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for which is the you know the
+conclusion of of of theorem one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this finishes the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this finishes the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this finishes the discussion of
+theorem one as a pretty detailed proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one as a pretty detailed proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one as a pretty detailed proof
+sketch. Um, and it is a fair somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch. Um, and it is a fair somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch. Um, and it is a fair somewhat
+different setup that shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different setup that shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different setup that shows the
+significance of the idea of like balm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the idea of like balm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the idea of like balm
+garrison and plarusa and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garrison and plarusa and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garrison and plarusa and this
+cominatorial methods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now in the 15 minutes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now in the 15 minutes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now in the 15 minutes that's
+left, I'd like to I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, I'd like to I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, I'd like to I'm going to try to
+say a little bit about the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about the proof of
+theorem 2. Uh and the proof of theorem 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 2. Uh and the proof of theorem 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 2. Uh and the proof of theorem 2
+it also connects um with um with themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also connects um with um with themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also connects um with um with themes
+of the of the class and especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the class and especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the class and especially with
+how some estimates are different in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how some estimates are different in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how some estimates are different in the
+case of a prime field or the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a prime field or the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a prime field or the case of a
+non-prime field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So let's have so let's do discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's have so let's do discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's have so let's do discussion of
+theorem too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, I'd like to put us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'd like to put us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'd like to put us in the
+following framework. We're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following framework. We're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following framework. We're going to look
+at SL2 of KAR where K bar is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at SL2 of KAR where K bar is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at SL2 of KAR where K bar is an
+algebraically closed field. Could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically closed field. Could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically closed field. Could
+imagine it's the the algebraic closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's the the algebraic closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's the the algebraic closure
+of FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FP.
+All right. And we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And we're going to look at
+subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups
+of SL2 and K bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2 and K bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2 and K bar.
+Um, okay. So here let's remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So here let's remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So here let's remember the
+some easy ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some easy ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some easy ones
+have a subgroup like this where a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subgroup like this where a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subgroup like this where a and a
+inverse are in this field. Um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse are in this field. Um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse are in this field. Um we have
+the burell subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burell subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burell subgroup.
+So that's a a inverse t and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a a inverse t and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a a inverse t and we have the
+unitary subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So those are some subgroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are some subgroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are some subgroups.
+We can take uh conjugates of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can take uh conjugates of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can take uh conjugates of them
+actually. Let me come back to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Let me come back to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Let me come back to that.
+Okay. Yeah. So then we can do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. So then we can do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. So then we can do two
+general things. We can look at sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general things. We can look at sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general things. We can look at sub
+fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I can take SL2K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can take SL2K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can take SL2K
+where K contained in K bar is a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K contained in K bar is a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K contained in K bar is a sub
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+Or you could take this any of these with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or you could take this any of these with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or you could take this any of these with
+a sub field. Those are subgroups. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub field. Those are subgroups. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub field. Those are subgroups. And
+you could take conjugates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take conjugates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take conjugates.
+conjugate any any subgroup you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate any any subgroup you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate any any subgroup you get
+another subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another subgroup.
+Okay, so that is a bunch of subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that is a bunch of subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that is a bunch of subgroups
+that we can identify without too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can identify without too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can identify without too much
+trouble that sit inside of SL2 of K bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble that sit inside of SL2 of K bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble that sit inside of SL2 of K bar.
+Um, okay. And there is a theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And there is a theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And there is a theorem that
+says that this is not exactly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this is not exactly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this is not exactly but
+reasonably close to the to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably close to the to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably close to the to the full
+list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+So Dixon in 1901 gave a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Dixon in 1901 gave a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Dixon in 1901 gave a full
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+of these subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a little bit messy. It includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit messy. It includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit messy. It includes
+a variety of finite subgroups in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of finite subgroups in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of finite subgroups in certain
+cases and so on. Um and his theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and so on. Um and his theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and so on. Um and his theorem
+implies that if H is an actual subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that if H is an actual subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that if H is an actual subgroup
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+either um H is contained in a conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um H is contained in a conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um H is contained in a conjugate
+of SL2K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2K
+where K is a sub field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is a sub field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is a sub field
+uh or most of H is contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or most of H is contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or most of H is contained in a
+conjugative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And if we know from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if we know from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if we know from the beginning
+that we're talking about a subgroup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about a subgroup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about a subgroup of
+SL2 of FP, a proper subgroup of SL2 FP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2 of FP, a proper subgroup of SL2 FP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2 of FP, a proper subgroup of SL2 FP,
+it eliminates the first case. So we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it eliminates the first case. So we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it eliminates the first case. So we must
+be in the second case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the second case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the second case.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+but Dixon's methods are are some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Dixon's methods are are some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Dixon's methods are are some of them
+at least are not very robust. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least are not very robust. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least are not very robust. If you
+replace the hypothesis of being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the hypothesis of being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the hypothesis of being an
+actual subgroup by something like H* H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual subgroup by something like H* H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual subgroup by something like H* H
+is pretty small. Um, so here's a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty small. Um, so here's a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty small. Um, so here's a here's
+a common example of a technique that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common example of a technique that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common example of a technique that we
+use to classify subgroups that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to classify subgroups that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to classify subgroups that does not
+do very well if we replace it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very well if we replace it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very well if we replace it by
+approximate subgroups. example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate subgroups. example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate subgroups. example is
+there's a uh the order of the subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh the order of the subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh the order of the subgroup
+divides the order of the group. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the order of the group. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the order of the group. That's
+really useful in 18701.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful in 18701.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful in 18701.
+You want to classify the subgroups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to classify the subgroups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to classify the subgroups of
+some group with eight elements. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some group with eight elements. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some group with eight elements. Um but
+it is something like that is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is something like that is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is something like that is not going
+to survive an approximate subgroup in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive an approximate subgroup in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive an approximate subgroup in
+any useful way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any useful way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any useful way.
+Okay. Um so the the proof of theorem two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so the the proof of theorem two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so the the proof of theorem two
+is based on a rather different strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on a rather different strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on a rather different strategy
+for for this classification that's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this classification that's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this classification that's due
+to Larsson and pink. Um okay so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Larsson and pink. Um okay so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Larsson and pink. Um okay so um so
+let me say part A which is the Larson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say part A which is the Larson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say part A which is the Larson
+and pink strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we're going to think about
+how a subgroup inter intersects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a subgroup inter intersects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a subgroup inter intersects this
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+these subgroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subgroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subgroups.
+Uh so if you take SL2K and you intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so if you take SL2K and you intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so if you take SL2K and you intersect
+it with one of these,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with one of these,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with one of these,
+it will either be empty or it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will either be empty or it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will either be empty or it would just
+be identity or something like that or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identity or something like that or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identity or something like that or it
+will be a subgroup that's like t0 of K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a subgroup that's like t0 of K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a subgroup that's like t0 of K.
+Um okay. So we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. So we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. So we're going to study
+H intersected with T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T of K bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of K bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of K bar
+H intersected with B of K bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H intersected with B of K bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H intersected with B of K bar.
+H intersected with U of K bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H intersected with U of K bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H intersected with U of K bar.
+And we'll see the following behavior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll see the following behavior.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll see the following behavior.
+The h intersected with t of k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The h intersected with t of k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The h intersected with t of k bar
+is roughly h to the 1/3 or big o of 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I take sl2 fp and I intersect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take sl2 fp and I intersect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take sl2 fp and I intersect it
+with this I'll get t0 of fp there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this I'll get t0 of fp there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this I'll get t0 of fp there'll be
+about p of those which is about the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about p of those which is about the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about p of those which is about the cube
+root of the size of sl2fp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the size of sl2fp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the size of sl2fp.
+if I take some crazy Taurus in algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take some crazy Taurus in algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take some crazy Taurus in algebraic
+closure that it may not intersect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure that it may not intersect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure that it may not intersect this
+except at the identity. Um so so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at the identity. Um so so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at the identity. Um so so these
+these are the two things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two things that could
+happen and then similarly with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So they first proved that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So they first proved that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So they first proved that if you
+take an arbitrary group and you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an arbitrary group and you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an arbitrary group and you consider
+how it intersects these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it intersects these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it intersects these kind of
+fundamental algebraic subgroups that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental algebraic subgroups that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental algebraic subgroups that it
+behaves a lot like it were SL2 of a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves a lot like it were SL2 of a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves a lot like it were SL2 of a sub
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and then building from this they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then building from this they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then building from this they were
+able to see that actually it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see that actually it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see that actually it it would
+have to be SL2 of a sub field. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be SL2 of a sub field. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be SL2 of a sub field. So that's
+their approach to the rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their approach to the rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their approach to the rough
+classification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification.
+Um yeah so this so this was a a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah so this so this was a a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah so this so this was a a cool
+paper um in pure group they they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um in pure group they they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um in pure group they they weren't
+interested in approximate subgroups they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in approximate subgroups they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in approximate subgroups they
+they were interested in pure group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in pure group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in pure group
+theory problem classifying subgroups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory problem classifying subgroups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory problem classifying subgroups of
+SLD of K or other other like le groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLD of K or other other like le groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLD of K or other other like le groups
+over finite fields. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over finite fields. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over finite fields. Um
+and the complete classification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complete classification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complete classification is
+clearly hard because any finite group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly hard because any finite group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly hard because any finite group
+embeds in a permutation group which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeds in a permutation group which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeds in a permutation group which
+embeds in SLD of FP. So all finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeds in SLD of FP. So all finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeds in SLD of FP. So all finite
+groups occur as subgroups of SLD of FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups occur as subgroups of SLD of FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups occur as subgroups of SLD of FP
+for sum D and sum P. Um and so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sum D and sum P. Um and so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sum D and sum P. Um and so it's so
+so it's it's not really plausible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not really plausible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not really plausible to
+give a complete classification or anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a complete classification or anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a complete classification or anyway
+it would be at least as hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be at least as hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be at least as hard as
+classifying finite groups to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying finite groups to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying finite groups to give a
+complete classification but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete classification but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete classification but they were
+able to classify um I think it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify um I think it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify um I think it's like
+subgroups of SLD of FP which have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups of SLD of FP which have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups of SLD of FP which have at
+least some size like P to the epsilon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some size like P to the epsilon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some size like P to the epsilon or
+epsilon* d or something like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon* d or something like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon* d or something like this the
+ones that are decently large um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are decently large um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are decently large um and uh
+and that was in you know around 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was in you know around 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was in you know around 2000s
+really is a hard thing Um, okay. But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a hard thing Um, okay. But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a hard thing Um, okay. But it
+also turns out that their method uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also turns out that their method uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also turns out that their method uh
+interacts well with just assuming that h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts well with just assuming that h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts well with just assuming that h
+* h * h * h is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* h * h * h is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* h * h * h is small.
+So here this whole argument works if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here this whole argument works if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here this whole argument works if we
+just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that h * h * h * h *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I may or may not have like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I may or may not have like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I may or may not have like two
+minutes to try to describe what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to try to describe what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to try to describe what they
+yeah how this part works significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how this part works significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how this part works significance of
+the algebraic closure like why if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic closure like why if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic closure like why if if we
+only care about subgroups of a sub2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about subgroups of a sub2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about subgroups of a sub2 to
+FP. What is the what what information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP. What is the what what information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP. What is the what what information
+are you gaining from intersecting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you gaining from intersecting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you gaining from intersecting with
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+>> Yeah. So the question is why bring into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is why bring into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is why bring into
+play the algebraic closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the algebraic closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the algebraic closure
+>> also what is the algebraic closure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> also what is the algebraic closure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> also what is the algebraic closure of
+FP?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP?
+>> And what is the algebraic closure of FP?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And what is the algebraic closure of FP?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And what is the algebraic closure of FP?
+Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I am um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Okay. you you do you do need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. you you do you do need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. you you do you do need this
+for the following reason that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the following reason that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the following reason that should
+that should be familiar to us even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be familiar to us even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be familiar to us even as
+analysts. Um so suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts. Um so suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts. Um so suppose you have a
+matrix in SL2R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in SL2R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in SL2R
+and you would like to diagonalize it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would like to diagonalize it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would like to diagonalize it.
+You'd like to look at its IGEN values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd like to look at its IGEN values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd like to look at its IGEN values or
+whatever. Well, you can't necessarily do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Well, you can't necessarily do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Well, you can't necessarily do
+that in SL2R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in SL2R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in SL2R
+um um because the IGEN values could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um because the IGEN values could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um because the IGEN values could be
+complex. So in order to diagonalize it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex. So in order to diagonalize it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex. So in order to diagonalize it,
+you might want to move to SL2C. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to move to SL2C. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to move to SL2C. And
+diagonalizing matrices is is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing matrices is is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing matrices is is useful
+because um you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you know you can
+you can classify matrices by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can classify matrices by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can classify matrices by their
+Jordan canonical form. And this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan canonical form. And this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan canonical form. And this is a
+convenient way to organize things. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to organize things. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to organize things. And
+that's the same thing that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing that's going on
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+>> But like the intersections look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But like the intersections look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But like the intersections look the same
+though, right? Like the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, right? Like the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though, right? Like the intersection of
+if H is just a subgroup of SL2 K, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if H is just a subgroup of SL2 K, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if H is just a subgroup of SL2 K, then
+the intersection of T K bar is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of T K bar is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of T K bar is the same
+as the intersection of TK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the intersection of TK.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the intersection of TK.
+>> Yeah, that's correct. That's correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's correct. That's correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's correct. That's correct.
+But um okay, so the comment the comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um okay, so the comment the comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um okay, so the comment the comment
+was that if if uh okay so what did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if if uh okay so what did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if if uh okay so what did this
+so um if h is in sl2 k then h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if h is in sl2 k then h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if h is in sl2 k then h
+intersected with t kn of k bar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with t kn of k bar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with t kn of k bar is the
+same thing as h intersected with t kn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as h intersected with t kn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as h intersected with t kn of
+k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+Yeah. Okay. I think the problem with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. I think the problem with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. I think the problem with is
+that I I forgot to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I forgot to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I forgot to say something about
+what's written on the board here. This t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written on the board here. This t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written on the board here. This t
+is not t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not t.
+Um the conjugates are really important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the conjugates are really important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the conjugates are really important.
+So t of k bar is a conjugate of t kn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So t of k bar is a conjugate of t kn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So t of k bar is a conjugate of t kn of
+k bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bar.
+>> Yeah. Are the kind of elements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Are the kind of elements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Are the kind of elements that are
+being diagonalized like just elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diagonalized like just elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diagonalized like just elements of
+SL2 or kind of bigger linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2 or kind of bigger linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2 or kind of bigger linear operators
+on SL2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2?
+>> Uh think if it's just SL2, you only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh think if it's just SL2, you only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh think if it's just SL2, you only need
+the degree two extensions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree two extensions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree two extensions.
+>> Yeah, that so the comment is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that so the comment is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that so the comment is that if we
+just want to diagonalize matrices in SL2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to diagonalize matrices in SL2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to diagonalize matrices in SL2
+FP, we probably only need a degree 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP, we probably only need a degree 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP, we probably only need a degree 2
+extension of FP, which which we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of FP, which which we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of FP, which which we might
+feel more comfortable with. Uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable with. Uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable with. Uh I think
+that's probably right. I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably right. I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably right. I think we could
+probably work with the degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably work with the degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably work with the degree two
+extension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the output
+of the Larsson pink argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Larsson pink argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Larsson pink argument
+is um after conjugating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um after conjugating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um after conjugating.
+Okay. So yeah. So first so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So yeah. So first so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So yeah. So first so first of all
+we can arrange that um our h intersected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can arrange that um our h intersected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can arrange that um our h intersected
+with some unitary guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some unitary guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some unitary guy
+is pretty big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And after conjugating we can arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And after conjugating we can arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And after conjugating we can arrange
+that this is you not k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is you not k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is you not k.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+h contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h contains
+some guys like this where t is in sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guys like this where t is in sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guys like this where t is in sub
+subset that I'll call e and e is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset that I'll call e and e is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset that I'll call e and e is pretty
+big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and moreover this part is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and moreover this part is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and moreover this part is still
+should not expand too much when we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not expand too much when we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not expand too much when we take
+products. Um so here let's call let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. Um so here let's call let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. Um so here let's call let's
+call this thing sort of a unitary piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this thing sort of a unitary piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this thing sort of a unitary piece
+of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h
+uh * uh also this isn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh * uh also this isn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh * uh also this isn't completely
+obvious but it's not that difficult. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it's not that difficult. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it's not that difficult. It
+shouldn't be that much bigger than uh H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be that much bigger than uh H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be that much bigger than uh H.
+And that tells us that E plus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that tells us that E plus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that tells us that E plus E
+shouldn't be that much bigger than E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Also, we should have this this U is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, we should have this this U is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, we should have this this U is in
+some B and H intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some B and H intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some B and H intersect
+B of K bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of K bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of K bar.
+Uh well, so we've we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, so we've we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, so we've we've already
+conjugated so that U is U not. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated so that U is U not. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated so that U is U not. So this
+is going to be b and this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be b and this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be b and this should be
+around um h to the 2/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So uh and inside of there we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh and inside of there we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh and inside of there we'll
+have a t and h intersect that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a t and h intersect that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a t and h intersect that should be
+like h to the 1/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like h to the 1/3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like h to the 1/3.
+So h intersect t k bar. Um that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So h intersect t k bar. Um that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So h intersect t k bar. Um that's going
+to be some guys that look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these A's live in some set that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these A's live in some set that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these A's live in some set that I'll
+call F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call F.
+Okay. So then if you think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then if you think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then if you think about how
+these matrices act on these matrices,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices act on these matrices,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices act on these matrices,
+um we should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we should get
+so T0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T0.
+So let's call this guy uh T the T part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's call this guy uh T the T part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's call this guy uh T the T part
+of H and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H and U
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow. Okay. and um and and and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow. Okay. and um and and and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow. Okay. and um and and and and this
+thing here is the B part of H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the B part of H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the B part of H.
+Okay, so the B part of H times the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the B part of H times the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the B part of H times the B
+part of H should be not that much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of H should be not that much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of H should be not that much bigger
+than the B part of H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you unwind what that means, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you unwind what that means, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you unwind what that means, you
+multiply these you'll have things like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these you'll have things like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these you'll have things like a
+a inverse a T where a is an F, T is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse a T where a is an F, T is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse a T where a is an F, T is an
+E. So the conclusion is that E* F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. So the conclusion is that E* F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. So the conclusion is that E* F is
+also not that much bigger than E or F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in other words once you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words once you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words once you have like a
+unipotent piece where you have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipotent piece where you have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipotent piece where you have have
+these guys then this multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys then this multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys then this multiplication
+operation just gives you addition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation just gives you addition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation just gives you addition of the
+numbers in here. So you have a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in here. So you have a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in here. So you have a like a
+simpler thing. And then once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing. And then once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler thing. And then once you have a
+bunch of upper triangular guys um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of upper triangular guys um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of upper triangular guys um then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then this multiplication just gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then this multiplication just gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then this multiplication just gives
+you this matrix multiplication induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this matrix multiplication induces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this matrix multiplication induces
+this regular multiplication and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular multiplication and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular multiplication and we have
+small products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small products.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this is consistent with the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is consistent with the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is consistent with the pro
+possibility that E and F could both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that E and F could both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that E and F could both be
+just some sub field K or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some sub field K or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some sub field K or some
+approximate sub fields. But the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sub fields. But the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sub fields. But the sum
+product theorem says that FP has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product theorem says that FP has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product theorem says that FP has no
+approximate subfields. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate subfields. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate subfields. And so the
+subproduct theorem rules out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproduct theorem rules out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproduct theorem rules out the
+possibility that this could happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that this could happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that this could happen.
+So the conclusion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the conclusion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the conclusion is the
+sum product theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this can't happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Yeah. So, so what's on the board? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so what's on the board? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so what's on the board? Let me
+I I should add one thing. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I should add one thing. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I should add one thing. So, we're
+going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume
+that H is not contained in a BL guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So this this whole thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this this whole thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this this whole thing would
+that that wouldn't be true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wouldn't be true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wouldn't be true for the
+burell subgroup. Um it's only true once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup. Um it's only true once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup. Um it's only true once
+we assume that our subgroup is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that our subgroup is not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that our subgroup is not not
+contained in burell. And then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in burell. And then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in burell. And then we get
+this and that tells us that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that tells us that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that tells us that it has to
+look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look uh
+uh like the intersection sizes have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the intersection sizes have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the intersection sizes have to
+match SL2 of a sub field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match SL2 of a sub field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match SL2 of a sub field.
+And then if you look more carefully at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you look more carefully at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you look more carefully at
+what the matrices that appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the matrices that appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the matrices that appear in the
+intersections, you see that the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections, you see that the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections, you see that the entries
+there have to be kind of like a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have to be kind of like a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have to be kind of like a sub
+field. And then it becomes a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. And then it becomes a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. And then it becomes a question of
+whether there are approximate subfields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me say it one more time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me say it one more time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me say it one more time and
+then we will break for the week. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will break for the week. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will break for the week. So the
+theorem says that if you have a subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if you have a subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if you have a subgroup
+which is not pretty much contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not pretty much contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not pretty much contained in a
+burell subgroup then it must be SL2 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup then it must be SL2 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup then it must be SL2 of a
+sub field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub field.
+Okay. Uh so we take and and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so we take and and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so we take and and it's going
+to be true for honest subgroups but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true for honest subgroups but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true for honest subgroups but it's
+also true for approximate subgroups. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true for approximate subgroups. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true for approximate subgroups. So
+imagine we have an approximate subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have an approximate subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have an approximate subgroup.
+We're going to gradually prove that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to gradually prove that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to gradually prove that it
+has more and more properties of SL2 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more and more properties of SL2 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more and more properties of SL2 of a
+finite field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field.
+So the first property we will consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first property we will consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first property we will consider
+is uh how it intersects various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh how it intersects various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh how it intersects various
+algebraic subgroups of SL2 of KAR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic subgroups of SL2 of KAR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic subgroups of SL2 of KAR and
+the sizes of those intersections behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes of those intersections behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes of those intersections behave
+in a way that matches what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that matches what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that matches what you would
+expect from SL2 of a sub field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from SL2 of a sub field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from SL2 of a sub field.
+There's this there's a substantial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this there's a substantial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this there's a substantial thing
+to say about this proof that we we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about this proof that we we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about this proof that we we won't
+have time to do in this class. Um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to do in this class. Um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to do in this class. Um okay
+but once you know that um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you know that um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you know that um these
+subgroups are useful because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups are useful because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups are useful because the
+matrices in here are simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in here are simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in here are simpler than
+general 2x2 matrices. So the unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general 2x2 matrices. So the unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general 2x2 matrices. So the unitary
+subgroup has matrices that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup has matrices that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup has matrices that look like
+this. And when we multiply them you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And when we multiply them you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And when we multiply them you just
+add the upper right hand corner. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the upper right hand corner. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the upper right hand corner. And so
+now if you just look at these upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you just look at these upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you just look at these upper
+right hand corners you see that adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corners you see that adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corners you see that adding
+those numbers it doesn't change very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers it doesn't change very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers it doesn't change very
+much. That's a property of a sub field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. That's a property of a sub field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. That's a property of a sub field.
+So it's behaving like a sub field. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's behaving like a sub field. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's behaving like a sub field. and
+the upper diagonal matrices um you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper diagonal matrices um you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper diagonal matrices um you are
+the multiplication rule is only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication rule is only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication rule is only a little
+bit more complicated. It's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated. It's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated. It's a it's a
+pretty simple mix of multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple mix of multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple mix of multiplication and
+addition. So you could see you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition. So you could see you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition. So you could see you know that
+that that these diagonal entries they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that these diagonal entries they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that these diagonal entries they
+should be almost closed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be almost closed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be almost closed under
+multiplication and they interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and they interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and they interact with
+each other and and so you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and and so you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and and so you would get
+something like this. Anyway, all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. Anyway, all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. Anyway, all those
+things being consistent algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being consistent algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being consistent algebraically
+with being a sub field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being a sub field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being a sub field.
+>> Okay. Yeah. How did we use 2.5?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh, where did we use 2.5?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, that's a good question. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a good question. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a good question. Actually,
+I don't see where we used that here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see where we used that here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see where we used that here.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ah yeah we used that um here so so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah we used that um here so so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah we used that um here so so at
+the end we have to say E and F cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we have to say E and F cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we have to say E and F cannot be
+approximately a sub field so and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a sub field so and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a sub field so and that
+requires that they're significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that they're significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that they're significantly
+smaller than FP so if you take FP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than FP so if you take FP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than FP so if you take FP and
+you remove like two or three elements it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove like two or three elements it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove like two or three elements it
+is almost closed under addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost closed under addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost closed under addition and
+multiplication so that would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that would be this
+could happen then if you were allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen then if you were allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen then if you were allowed to
+take a really large subset of FP a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a really large subset of FP a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a really large subset of FP a
+really large subset of sub 2 FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. I apologize for going over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. I apologize for going over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. I apologize for going over.
+Thanks for your patience. Uh, have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks for your patience. Uh, have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks for your patience. Uh, have a
+good weekend and I will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend and I will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weekend and I will see you next
+week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cVEj5p9GiBA.txt b/cVEj5p9GiBA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..579e0bdfeeb4a5a50738b149ce619c9b8431066a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cVEj5p9GiBA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+If the symbols we are trying to encode occur
+with equal probability (or if we have no a
+
+priori reason to believe otherwise), then
+we'll use a fixed-length encoding, where all
+
+leaves in the encoding's binary tree are the
+same distance from the root.
+
+Fixed-length encodings have the advantage
+of supporting random access, where we can
+
+figure out the Nth symbol of the message by
+simply skipping over the required number of
+
+bits.
+
+For example, in a message encoded using the
+fixed-length code shown here, if we wanted
+
+to determine the third symbol in the encoded
+message, we would skip the 4 bits used to
+
+encode the first two symbols and start decoding
+with the 5th bit of message.
+
+Mr. Blue is telling us about the entropy for
+random variables that have N equally-probable
+
+outcomes.
+
+In this case, each element of the sum in the
+entropy formula is simply (1/N)*log2(N), and,
+
+since there are N elements in the sequence,
+the resulting entropy is just log2(N).
+
+Let's look at some simple examples.
+
+In binary-coded decimal, each digit of a decimal
+number is encoded separately.
+
+Since there are 10 different decimal digits,
+we'll need to use a 4-bit code to represent
+
+the 10 possible choices.
+
+The associated entropy is log2(10), which
+is 3.322 bits.
+
+We can see that our chosen encoding is inefficient
+in the sense that we'd use more than the minimum
+
+number of bits necessary to encode, say, a
+number with 1000 decimal digits: our encoding
+
+would use 4000 bits, although the entropy
+suggests we *might* be able to find a shorter
+
+encoding, say, 3400 bits, for messages of
+length 1000.
+
+Another common encoding is ASCII, the code
+used to represent English text in computing
+
+and communication.
+
+ASCII has 94 printing characters, so the associated
+entropy is log2(94) or 6.555 bits, so we would
+
+use 7 bits in our fixed-length encoding for
+each character.
+
+One of the most important encodings is the
+one we use to represent numbers.
+
+Let's start by thinking about a representation
+for unsigned integers, numbers starting at
+
+0 and counting up from there.
+
+Drawing on our experience with representing
+decimal numbers, i.e., representing numbers
+
+in "base 10" using the 10 decimal digits,
+our binary representation of numbers will
+
+use a "base 2" representation using the two
+binary digits.
+
+The formula for converting an N-bit binary
+representation of a numeric value into the
+
+corresponding integer is shown below – just
+multiply each binary digit by its corresponding
+
+weight in the base-2 representation.
+
+For example, here's a 12-bit binary number,
+with the weight of each binary digit shown
+
+above.
+
+We can compute its value as 0*2^11 plus 1*2^10
+plus 1*2^9, and so on.
+
+Keeping only the non-zero terms and expanding
+the powers-of-two gives us the sum 1024 +
+
+512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 16 which, expressed
+in base-10, sums to the number 2000.
+
+With this N-bit representation, the smallest
+number that can be represented is 0 (when
+
+all the binary digits are 0) and the largest
+number is 2^N – 1 (when all the binary digits
+
+are 1).
+
+Many digital systems are designed to support
+operations on binary-encoded numbers of some
+
+fixed size, e.g., choosing a 32-bit or a 64-bit
+representation, which means that they would
+
+need multiple operations when dealing with
+numbers too large to be represented as a single
+
+32-bit or 64-bit binary string.
+
+Long strings of binary digits are tedious
+and error-prone to transcribe, so let's find
+
+a more convenient notation, ideally one where
+it will be easy to recover the original bit
+
+string without too many calculations.
+
+A good choice is to use a representation based
+on a radix that's some higher power of 2,
+
+so each digit in our representation corresponds
+to some short contiguous string of binary
+
+bits.
+
+A popular choice these days is a radix-16
+representation, called hexadecimal or "hex"
+
+for short, where each group of 4 binary digits
+is represented using a single hex digit.
+
+Since there are 16 possible combinations of
+4 binary bits, we'll need 16 hexadecimal "digits":
+
+we'll borrow the ten digits "0" through "9"
+from the decimal representation, and then
+
+simply use the first six letters of the alphabet,
+"A" through "F", for the remaining digits.
+
+The translation between 4-bit binary and hexadecimal
+is shown in the table to the left below.
+
+To convert a binary number to "hex", group
+the binary digits into sets of 4, starting
+
+with the least-significant bit (that's the
+bit with weight 2^0).
+
+Then use the table to convert each 4-bit pattern
+into the corresponding hex digit: "0000" is
+
+the hex digit "0", "1101" is the hex digit
+"D", and "0111" is the hex digit "7".
+
+The resulting hex representation is "7D0".
+
+To prevent any confusion, we'll use a special
+prefix "0x" to indicate when a number is being
+
+shown in hex, so we'd write "0x7D0" as the
+hex representation for the binary number "0111
+
+1101 0000".
+
+This notation convention is used by many programming
+languages for entering binary bit strings.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cfL8blVkE1E.txt b/cfL8blVkE1E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f135348ea86b68ce18f6ccb2008432d8c1f6214f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cfL8blVkE1E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3271 @@
+SPEAKER: The following content
+is provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support well help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: The CDMA and the
+cellular standard, the IS95,
+
+which is a kind of an old
+standard by now, but it's
+
+still widely used.
+
+There's still three major
+standards that are used for
+
+cellular communication, cellular
+voice communication.
+
+This is one of them.
+
+This is the one which is
+primarily being used as a
+
+jumping off point for all of the
+new standards that people
+
+are trying to think of.
+
+I want to talk about it for that
+reason but also because
+
+it really is a nice way of
+pulling together almost
+
+everything we talked about
+in the course.
+
+All of it comes into this one
+particular way of sending
+
+cellular voice.
+
+Let's go through some of
+the details of it.
+
+Some things here might sound
+more detailed than what you're
+
+interested in but I think it's
+good to have the numbers on it
+
+because it gives you some idea
+of which things, which factors
+
+are really relevant and which
+ones aren't so relevant.
+
+So it uses a frequency ban from
+800 to 900 megahertz.
+
+Most of the new standards that
+people are thinking up are up
+
+in the gigahertz range
+around two gigahertz
+
+or five or six gigahertz.
+
+I don't know the exact
+bandwidths.
+
+All of these bandwidths depend
+critically on what the FCC
+
+wants to allocate and also
+depend critically one which
+
+particular bands are good for
+electromagnetic propagation
+
+and which ones tend to absorb
+all of the radiation.
+
+Anyway, you use the band 800 to
+850 for the reverse channel
+
+for the cell phone to the base
+and you use the band 850 to
+
+900 for the forward channel.
+
+Why do you want to separate the
+reverse channels and the
+
+forward channels by as
+much as you can?
+
+If you think for just a minute
+about the power levels at your
+
+sending antenna, either at the
+base station or at the cell
+
+phone itself, and then you think
+about how much power
+
+you're receiving, he see there's
+an enormous difference
+
+between these two.
+
+Because things get attenuated
+enormously after they got
+
+transmitted.
+
+So what you're trying to do is
+to filter out what you're
+
+sending, which is an enormously
+high power and you
+
+have to filter it out by enough
+so that it doesn't
+
+clobber what you're
+trying to receive.
+
+This means you need
+very good filters.
+
+How do you build very
+good filters?
+
+It's a lot easier to build good
+filters if you're not
+
+trying to make them cut
+off immediately.
+
+If you have 50 megahertz, and
+you actually have a lot more
+
+than that, you have exactly 50
+megahertz because this is all
+
+separated into a bunch of
+different channels.
+
+People in wireless, most
+practical communicators, when
+
+they talk about a channel, what
+they're talking about is
+
+a particular bandwidth.
+
+All along what we've been
+talking about is a particular
+
+medium going from transmitter
+to receiver.
+
+That's what they're talking
+about is these channels, these
+
+channels or sub-bands are 1.25
+megahertz wide each.
+
+We'll see what the
+significance of
+
+that is in a while.
+
+So you have a transmit and
+receive pair which are both
+
+1.25 megahertz wide and which
+are separated by 50 megahertz.
+
+So you have one channel then,
+at the bottom of the range,
+
+another channel a little bit
+higher, another channel, a
+
+little bit higher, and so
+forth all the way up.
+
+So you have lots of different
+channels and you put lots of
+
+different cell phones in each
+channel for each base station.
+
+So that's roughly the overall
+architecture of it.
+
+It's the same kind of system
+that we've been
+
+talking about all along.
+
+You start out with voice wave
+forms, you have voice
+
+compression.
+
+You then have channel coding,
+you then have modulation and
+
+then it goes out
+on the channel.
+
+Guess what happens when
+it comes back?
+
+You have demodulation, channel
+decoding, and then you turn it
+
+back into voice.
+
+Those are the three major steps
+which we viewed before
+
+primarily as two steps.
+
+All of the channel stuff is much
+harder than all of the
+
+source stuff.
+
+Let's talk about the
+source stuff first.
+
+The input voice gets segmented
+into these
+
+20 millisecond segments.
+
+Why 20 milliseconds?
+
+Well it sort of seems like it's
+probably a number that
+
+somebody picked out of a hat.
+
+It's kind of striking that
+all of the standards
+
+use the same interval.
+
+If you think about
+it awhile --
+
+I'll talk about this more
+on the next slide --
+
+the reason for this interval
+is that in voice
+
+communication, delay is
+enormously important.
+
+You don't want to have much
+delay and since you don't want
+
+to have much delay, you
+have to do encoding
+
+over very short segments.
+
+Well anyway, what this does is
+it takes each 20 millisecond
+
+segment of voice and it
+maps it into 172 bits.
+
+What that means is if you
+multiply the 172 by the 50
+
+segments that you have per
+second, it comes out to be 8.6
+
+kilobits per second.
+
+That might not sound like
+much of an achievement.
+
+Think about the old fashioned
+way that people used to encode
+
+voice back in a time when they
+were first doing digital
+
+communication.
+
+What you would was you would
+think of the voice as having a
+
+bandwidth that went from
+about 400 hertz up
+
+to about 3,200 hertz.
+
+You would then view it as a base
+band wave form zero to
+
+4,000 hertz.
+
+If you were going to try to
+sample that wave form you'd
+
+have to sample it 8,000
+times per second.
+
+If you want good quality, you
+then have to use a large
+
+number bits.
+
+You need a large number of
+bits for each sample.
+
+The standard thing was to use
+eight bits per sample.
+
+That gave you 64,000 bits per
+second in the old fashioned
+
+way of doing it.
+
+People have worked
+for many years.
+
+Many engineers at the old Bell
+labs spent their whole career
+
+trying to find out how to
+compress voice into smaller
+
+and smaller numbers of bits.
+
+You know, 8.6 kilobits
+per second is still
+
+sort of a good rate.
+
+It's still a good rate if you
+insist that you have to do it
+
+in 20 millisecond segments.
+
+If you can take much longer
+segments to encode voice, you
+
+can do much better.
+
+Voice really has a lot of
+constraints over relatively
+
+long periods of time.
+
+Well actually, you know this
+because if you take a person's
+
+voice and you map it into text
+and then you also add a few
+
+things about pitch and things
+like that, you can really come
+
+by with a very small
+number of bits.
+
+Here you're constraining
+yourself to something that
+
+sounds like the actual voice
+and also has to be done in
+
+these 20 millisecond segments
+because of delay.
+
+So it still is a reasonably
+good achievement.
+
+All of the standards have
+figures about like this, in
+
+the same order of magnitude.
+
+I expect that all of
+the new standards
+
+will do similar things.
+
+They will probably
+have slightly
+
+smaller numbers of bits.
+
+They will probably do much
+more computation.
+
+They will achieve a little
+bit more because
+
+this was already --
+
+I think --
+
+relatively close to how
+far you can go.
+
+The next thing they
+do is they add 12
+
+parity checks per segment.
+
+They use that for
+error detection.
+
+I don't want to talk about that
+a lot because it probably
+
+isn't necessary.
+
+All of the standards do
+something or other like this.
+
+The reason is, if you take this
+20 millisecond segment
+
+and you go through all of this
+enormous processing that we're
+
+going to go through: namely
+turning it into an encoded
+
+wave form, transmitting it,
+receiving it, detecting it,
+
+doing all the stuff we're
+going to do to it.
+
+If you get the 20 millisecond
+segment confused, and usually
+
+if you make errors you
+make a lot of errors.
+
+If at the receiver you wind up
+with the wrong thing, it is
+
+really going to sound awful.
+
+They found that it's much better
+if you're not quite
+
+sure of what that segment is,
+to just send silence for 20
+
+milliseconds.
+
+The silence is hardly detectable
+at all; it just
+
+sounds like good voice.
+
+I mean for most of us it really
+sound wonderful to have
+
+a little more silence
+than we usually do.
+
+Well enough of that.
+
+Then there's another thing.
+
+This is eight zeros per segments
+that are added to
+
+this 172 bits as something which
+is called a terminator
+
+for the convolutional code.
+
+I might say a little bit about
+that but not much.
+
+So what we've done is to
+add 12 bits and eight
+
+bits to this 172 bits.
+
+That brings us up to 192 bits,
+which brings us up to 9,600
+
+bits per second which
+is what we're now
+
+going to try to transmit.
+
+OK so that's the voice
+compression part of the thing
+
+and a little bits of
+overhead done for
+
+various special functions.
+
+The main reason I want to talk
+about these overhead factors
+
+is that every communication
+system I know starts out with
+
+very nice principles studying
+very carefully what are the
+
+essential things.
+
+By the time you got done with
+it, there are all sorts of
+
+little overhead items that got
+thrown in to make the thing
+
+work and it's frustrating
+to everybody.
+
+It's usually 10% or 20% of the
+capacity of the thing, but
+
+it's always there.
+
+That's why I bring up these
+two terms because that's
+
+exactly the kind of things
+they're doing.
+
+They're just patching
+to make things work.
+
+So you have many details that
+lose all of the efficiency
+
+that you would like to have.
+
+Those are what makes it hard to
+compare different systems.
+
+Each system, architecturally
+nice though it might be to
+
+start with, always winds up
+with these little things
+
+because of these silly little
+constraints that say, since
+
+you have to have small delay,
+you have to segment voice into
+
+segments which are not
+much more than 20
+
+milliseconds long.
+
+Those things cause you to
+do these other things.
+
+That's where all of
+this comes in.
+
+OK, all of the timing in this
+IS95 cell phone system,
+
+everything is keyed to this
+9,600 bits per second and it's
+
+all keyed through this 20
+millisecond interval.
+
+Everything is done in terms of
+20 millisecond intervals.
+
+It's all a completely
+block system.
+
+The source generates 20
+milliseconds worth of data.
+
+You encode that into
+a 192 bits.
+
+That gets mapped into some code
+word, gets turned into
+
+some high frequency wave form.
+
+At the output you look at 20
+milliseconds and that gets
+
+turned back into your best hope
+of the 172 bits that you
+
+started with and from there
+to some wave form.
+
+Every 20 milliseconds is
+completely independent of
+
+every other 20 milliseconds.
+
+You don't even save any
+knowledge about what the
+
+channel is between those
+periods of time.
+
+Everything is independent
+from one to the next.
+
+The point is here, we talked
+a great deal about all of
+
+digital communication sort of
+being generated from people's
+
+realization that they ought to
+separate voice coding from
+
+channel coding.
+
+In other words, there's just
+binary interface between all
+
+sources and all channels.
+
+This is a violation
+of that; all cell
+
+phones have this violation.
+
+They don't have this pure
+separation because all of them
+
+face the fact that to do this
+small delay -- anytime you
+
+want to get small delay -- you
+have to have some mixing of
+
+what you do with the
+source and what
+
+you do with the channel.
+
+The delay has to be some
+combination of what happens in
+
+both places.
+
+So, we do have that violation
+and it's because of
+
+interactive voice.
+
+You probably never thought about
+why it is that you need
+
+small delay on voice.
+
+If you try to talk to somebody
+with a 50 millisecond delay,
+
+in between what you're saying
+and what the other person is
+
+saying, you will find it turns
+you into a stutter in about
+
+five minutes, everyone.
+
+The problem is we all have these
+social conventions that
+
+we use to tell us when we can
+start to talk when we hear
+
+silence from the other person.
+
+If you have a break in that
+routine, even at 50
+
+milliseconds, it totally
+screws it up.
+
+Both people start to talk at
+the same time and it's very
+
+hard to have a conversation.
+
+Back in the early days of
+telephony, they found that
+
+about as much delay as they
+could tolerate was about 20
+
+milliseconds.
+
+When it got much longer than
+that, it gets very
+
+objectionable.
+
+If you talk to somebody on the
+phone who is in Japan, you
+
+have a little more
+delay than that.
+
+You find it's very hard
+to talk to them.
+
+I mean, you have to practice
+a little bit, you have
+
+to think about it.
+
+If it's somebody for whom
+English is a second language,
+
+or you have Japanese
+as a second
+
+language, it's very easy.
+
+Then you both talk very slowly
+so you catch up on that delay.
+
+but.
+
+If you're both talking English
+very rapidly, or both Japanese
+
+very rapidly, it becomes
+hell on wheels.
+
+As far as the channel is
+concerned, we could also do
+
+very well by using longer code
+words on the channel.
+
+Again, we're stuck by this
+20 milliseconds.
+
+Everything has to be blocked
+into 20 millisecond periods.
+
+OK, so the first thing as far
+as coding is concerned, is
+
+what's called a convolutional
+encoder.
+
+We unfortunately, have not
+talked about coding at all in
+
+this course; we're not going
+to talk about it.
+
+I just want to enough about
+convolutional codes so you get
+
+some idea of what they are.
+
+Here's the simplest example of
+a convolutional code that I
+
+think you can think of.
+
+You have a stream of input bits
+which are coming in one
+
+per second.
+
+Each time an input bit comes
+in, that input bit sits at
+
+this dock here.
+
+I guess most people would prefer
+to put an extra memory
+
+element in but it just
+complicates the diagram.
+
+You have this input bit, you
+have the previous input bit,
+
+and you have the input
+bit before that.
+
+What comes out, a time J is a
+linear combination of this
+
+bit, that previous bit, and the
+bit one bit before that.
+
+You call this a convolutional
+code with a constraint length
+
+of two because it has memory
+of these two bits.
+
+If you think about it a little
+bit, this is a device that has
+
+four states.
+
+OK, because at time J, it needs
+to remember whether this
+
+bit was a one or a zero
+and whether this bit
+
+was a one or a zero.
+
+So it's just a linear modulo
+two device that happens to
+
+have four states.
+
+It produces two bits in each
+interval of time which are
+
+functions of this bit and
+of the current state.
+
+In this convolutional encoder
+which is used in IS95, the
+
+constraint length is eight
+instead of two.
+
+In other words, you have 8 of
+these memory devices here and
+
+the rate is one-third instead of
+one-half Here you have two
+
+bits coming out for
+each bit going in.
+
+There you have three
+bits coming out for
+
+each bit going in.
+
+It's the same principle.
+
+If you think about it a little
+bit, as you increase the
+
+constraint length, the number
+of possible states that you
+
+have is going up very rapidly.
+
+So, if you have a constraint
+length of eight, which means
+
+eight binary digits stored
+there, you have two to the
+
+eighth different states,
+which is 256 states.
+
+If you added one more state to
+this thing, you would double
+
+the complexity.
+
+Well, it turns out that because
+of the way the decoder
+
+works, if you added one more bit
+to this block length, it
+
+would multiply the complexity
+of the decoder
+
+by a factor of two.
+
+So, when you try to decide how
+long these constraint lengths
+
+should be, you have to take into
+account that every time
+
+you make it one bit longer,
+yes, the thing is going to
+
+work better.
+
+Also, you make it twice
+as complex.
+
+Therefore, you have to wait
+another six months before you
+
+produce it at the same cost.
+
+OK, we're going to
+use a Viterbi
+
+algorithm for decoding.
+
+If you don't know what the
+Viterbi algorithm is fine.
+
+If you think in terms of finite
+state devices, think of
+
+it this way; you have a device
+here which has four states.
+
+Somehow the decoder has to
+realize at each instant of
+
+time, if it's gonna decode,
+it could either
+
+decode the bits here.
+
+A nicer way to think of it is,
+it decodes the state, at each
+
+instant of time.
+
+If it decodes the state at
+each instant of time, it
+
+doesn't really have to
+have any memory.
+
+As soon as it knows what the
+state is at one unit of time,
+
+then it has a very simple
+decision to make to figure out
+
+what the incoming bit is and
+what the state is at the next
+
+instant of time.
+
+And what a Viterbi decoder is,
+is something that does maximum
+
+likelihood decisions
+on the state.
+
+There's a nice trellis diagram
+to talk about how that's done,
+
+in the notes.
+
+You can read about it,
+it's interesting.
+
+Many of you who have probably
+seen about it, it's sort of
+
+the easiest thing to
+explain, as far as
+
+coding theory is concerned.
+
+It's the easiest thing to
+explain until you put all the
+
+notation in.
+
+Then whoever does it, as soon
+as they put all of the
+
+notation in, it becomes
+a bloody mess.
+
+Anyway, the idea is simple.
+
+So at that point, we can sort
+of summarize what we've done
+
+as far as waste compression
+and channel coding.
+
+So far, the IS95 standard is
+pretty much the same as any
+
+other cellular standard.
+
+All of them, it turns out,
+use convolutional codes.
+
+Whether that's a good idea or
+not is another question, but
+
+they all do.
+
+It certainly is a very
+sensible thing to do.
+
+All of them use the
+same segmentation.
+
+All of them use similar
+techniques for doing voice
+
+compression.
+
+All of them have all these
+little overhead
+
+terms that come in.
+
+If you look at the numbers of
+what's going on, we started
+
+out with a 172 bits per second,
+which was what comes
+
+out of the voice compressor.
+
+You then have these two
+overhead items.
+
+Incidentally this eight bit
+convolutional terminator, we
+
+can now get some idea
+of what that's for.
+
+You put in your 172 bits here.
+
+You're thinking of this thing in
+terms of the state of each
+
+unit of time.
+
+If you're going to figure out
+what's going on at the end,
+
+after you put in your 172 bits,
+you have to put in a
+
+couple of extra zeros to let
+this thing settle down.
+
+You have to let this bit go
+all the way through this
+
+device so you got enough
+data out about it that
+
+you can decode it.
+
+So that's what that terminator
+is for, for putting zeros in
+
+at the end of the sequence so
+you can view it all as one
+
+block code.
+
+Again, this is overhead, which
+is caused by the need for
+
+small delay.
+
+If you're going to need small
+delay, that overhead term
+
+would be much, much smaller.
+
+So at that point, we're up to
+9.6 kilobits per second and
+
+we're up 192 bits per segment.
+
+Then we go into this
+convolutional encoder and the
+
+convolutional encoder
+multiplies things
+
+by a factor of three.
+
+In fact, the rate one-third is
+a little bit different for
+
+most of the other standards
+because one of the things that
+
+we're going to be doing here,
+since we're mapping this input
+
+into one and a quarter mega
+bits, that's a considerably
+
+broader band than these
+other standards used.
+
+The other standards are quite
+narrow band and therefore they
+
+don't want to have a large
+number of bits per second.
+
+Here we're going to wind up
+talking about 28.8 kilobits
+
+per second at this point which
+is 576 bits per second, which
+
+is three times what we
+started out with.
+
+We've expanded the number of
+bits by a factor of three.
+
+If you question whether this
+makes sense to get a slightly
+
+smaller error probability
+through coding but increasing
+
+your rate by a factor of three,
+that's a perfectly
+
+sensible question to ask.
+
+It just turns out that you do
+get a saving from that and
+
+that's what all of coding theory
+is about, how much
+
+savings you actually get.
+
+In fact, the savings are
+pretty considerable.
+
+So, at this point, we're up
+here at 28.8 kilobits per
+
+second with 578, 576
+bits per segment.
+
+We then go through
+an interleaver.
+
+Don't ask yet what the
+interleaver is for.
+
+All the interleaver does is
+takes these 576 bits and it's
+
+scrambles them all around.
+
+The receiver knows how they've
+been scramble so the receiver
+
+can unscramble them again.
+
+Why you'd need that is something
+we will talk about
+
+later, a good deal later.
+
+The next thing we're going to
+do, you thought you were
+
+through with coding but no.
+
+In this system, they're actually
+two stages of coding
+
+that you go through.
+
+You can view one of them as
+modulation instead of coding.
+
+Therefore, you can claim you're
+only doing one stage of
+
+coding and one stage of fairly
+complex modulation.
+
+You remember when we talked
+about orthogonal codewords.
+
+We said we could view orthogonal
+codewords almost as
+
+easily, either as a coding
+technique or as
+
+a modulation technique.
+
+Mainly, you'd gather together
+lots of bits and then you'd
+
+form codewords, which we're
+signals, which had a large
+
+number of dimensions in them.
+
+We're going to do the
+same thing here.
+
+We are going to take this
+interleaver output; we're
+
+going to segment it into
+six, six bit blocks.
+
+Then each six bit block is going
+to choose one of a set
+
+of 64 orthogonal codewords.
+
+I mean, with six bits, you have
+two to the sixth, which
+
+is 64 different combinations.
+
+So, if you're going to use
+orthogonal codewords, you need
+
+64 of them.
+
+When we were talking about
+orthogonal codewords before,
+
+we didn't quite know how
+to generate them.
+
+We then said last time, that may
+be using PN sequences is a
+
+nice way of doing it.
+
+That's not quite exact.
+
+Here using Hadamard matrices
+is a nice exact
+
+way of doing it.
+
+That happens to be the way it's
+done and it's simple.
+
+I mean, you have a Hadamard
+matrix for each integer b.
+
+If you start out with b equals
+one, which is one bit that you
+
+want to encode.
+
+You have a matrix which consists
+of 2 orthogonal
+
+codewords one of which is 0,
+0 and the other is 0, 1.
+
+There aren't too many choices
+for that and they're all
+
+equivalent.
+
+Then when you want to go to b
+equals two, the thing you'd do
+
+is make a matrix and the rows of
+the matrix are going to be
+
+the codewords.
+
+The columns correspond to the
+bits in the codeword.
+
+The first codeword here is 0,
+0 second codeword is 0, 1.
+
+The first codeword here
+is 0, 0, 0, 0 the next
+
+one is 0, 1, 0, 1.
+
+For orthogonal codes, the block
+lengths of the code and
+
+the number of codewords is
+going to be the same.
+
+So the thing you'd do is you
+take this matrix, you put it
+
+there, you put it there,
+and you put it there.
+
+Then you compliment the matrix
+and you put it there.
+
+OK why does that work?
+
+Well if we just look at this
+part of it, this was an
+
+orthogonal code, this was
+an orthogonal code.
+
+In other words, each of them
+differ from each of the others
+
+in half the positions, which
+is why you think of it as
+
+being orthogonal.
+
+This is the confusion that
+runs through all of
+
+communication theory.
+
+We might as well get rid of
+that confusion right now.
+
+When you talk about binary
+sequences and you say they're
+
+orthogonal, what you mean is, if
+you turn that sequence into
+
+a 2PAM signal, those
+corresponding signals are
+
+orthogonal.
+
+In other words, an orthogonal
+binary sequence, an orthogonal
+
+set of binary sequences is a set
+of binary sequences where
+
+each of the sequences differ
+from each of the other
+
+sequences in half of
+the positions.
+
+Here with these Hadamard
+matrices, the way that's done
+
+is that one of the sequences
+is always all zero and the
+
+other sequences are all half
+ones and half zeros.
+
+It turns out that when you add
+any two sequences, add this
+
+sequence to this sequence for
+example, you got something
+
+else, which is half ones .
+
+In fact, something else which is
+in there, is what's called
+
+a group code.
+
+When you add any two codewords
+you got another code.
+
+Anyway, when you look at this,
+which is mapped into
+
+here and here --
+
+I think the argument is
+difficult here because it's
+
+too simple minded, so you
+don't see it in it's
+
+generality -- each time you go
+from one b to the next b, the
+
+thing you do is the
+same thing.
+
+You start out with this matrix,
+put it there, you put
+
+it there, you put it there,
+and you put the
+
+complement of it there.
+
+What that does is when you look
+at the first half of the
+
+matrix, all of these differ in
+half the positions because
+
+they differ in half the
+positions here, and they
+
+differ in half the
+positions here.
+
+So, they differ in half the
+positions over all.
+
+When you look at everything down
+here, they differ in half
+
+the positions for the same
+reason because complementing
+
+this doesn't change any of those
+distance properties.
+
+When you look at the difference
+between these and
+
+these, it's the same kind of
+thing if you think about it
+
+for a couple of minutes.
+
+So, this is an orthogonal
+code.
+
+Why do we want to use this
+orthogonal code rather than
+
+just an orthogonal code which
+uses the first degree of
+
+freedom and sends an enormous
+amount of energy?
+
+Or the second degree of freedom
+sends an enormous
+
+amount of energy and so forth?
+
+That's the same thing we were
+talking about last time with
+
+regard to channel measurement.
+
+You don't want to send enormous
+amounts of energy in
+
+any one degree of freedom.
+
+You want to spread it out over
+all the degrees of freedom.
+
+That's what all these codes are
+doing; all these codes are
+
+using 2PAM on each
+degree of freedom
+
+to generate a codeword.
+
+So the codewords all have sort
+of uniform power in them.
+
+OK, so at this point, we have
+gone into this orthogonal code
+
+generator with 28.8 kilobits
+per second.
+
+We have come out of it with 28.8
+kilobits per second times
+
+64 over six.
+
+Namely for each six bit
+segment in, we've
+
+gotten 64 bits out.
+
+So the total number of bits that
+we have has gone up by a
+
+factor of 64 divided by six.
+
+So we're suddenly up to 307.2
+kilobits per second.
+
+What we're trying to do is get
+ourselves -- by hook or by
+
+crook -- get ourselves up from
+these very small bit rates
+
+that we need to represent voice,
+up to these large bit
+
+rates, 1.25 megabits per second,
+which we're going to
+
+spread this wave form to.
+
+All the reasons we want to
+spread the wave form, I'll
+
+talk about them later.
+
+For now let's just think about
+it as saying, somehow or other
+
+we want to spread the wave
+form out and turn a small
+
+number of bits into a large
+number of bits.
+
+So we've done a pretty
+significant part
+
+of that right here.
+
+If we think of turning these
+binary rows of the Hadamard
+
+matrix and modulate them
+by 2PAM we wind
+
+up with wave forms.
+
+The wave forms are orthogonal.
+
+If you wanted to think of taking
+these wave forms and
+
+then transmitting them up to
+passband, we would wind up
+
+with the bandwidth
+of 307,000 hertz.
+
+That's not enough yet, we want
+to go up to 1.25 megahertz.
+
+Anyway, these wave forms are
+called Walsh functions.
+
+So the wave forms that you got
+from Hadamard matrices are
+
+called Walsh functions.
+
+You have to find something to
+honor everybody that's done a
+
+significant amount in this field
+and Walsh was one of
+
+these people.
+
+Walsh functions are quite famous
+and all they are are
+
+just these orthogonal
+wave forms.
+
+So, we now have an orthogonal
+code of length 64.
+
+The receiver, I'm going
+to talk about the
+
+receiver more later.
+
+In essence, what it's going to
+do is take the 64 orthogonal
+
+wave forms, only one of them
+will get transmitted in each
+
+of these small units of time.
+
+When the period of time
+corresponding to six bits into
+
+the encoder, we have to decode
+which of these 64
+
+wave forms was sent.
+
+We're going to do that by
+using a rake receiver.
+
+That's what's used in IS95.
+
+This rake receiver is different
+from the one we
+
+talked about.
+
+The one we talked about, we were
+making a decision between
+
+two hypotheses.
+
+Here we're making a decision
+between 64 possible
+
+hypotheses.
+
+If you can remember the
+structure of that rake
+
+receiver, it sort of split into
+two separate sections.
+
+One section was used for the
+decision on one of the wave
+
+forms, the other one, on
+the other wave form.
+
+When we do this with 64 wave
+forms, it spreads into 64
+
+different sections,
+which is why it's
+
+called the rake receiver.
+
+If you draw a picture of
+it looks like a rake.
+
+You start out here with the
+handle and then you have it
+
+spread out into 64 different
+tines and all of these tines
+
+have all of this signal
+processing going on.
+
+At the output you come back and
+you change what your model
+
+of the channel is depending on
+the actual decision that
+
+you've made.
+
+So what we're using is a rake
+receiver but a rake receiver
+
+which has 64 decision devices
+instead of two.
+
+Suppose we go into an orthogonal
+code using seven
+
+bits instead of six bits.
+
+Now, at this point, you're
+talking about real money.
+
+OK, because at this point,
+you're talking about taking
+
+this rake receiver and turning
+it from 64 arms into 128 arms.
+
+Now, you can do that because
+these things are essentially
+
+free now and computation
+is essentially free.
+
+At the time when this was
+designed, there was a very
+
+hard constraint in terms of
+complexity about how many bits
+
+they can encode together into
+orthogonal wave forms.
+
+I'll show you why
+in a little bit.
+
+It wouldn't have done them much
+better to have a larger
+
+set of orthogonal wave
+forms anyway.
+
+It also uses incoherent soft
+decisions as a way of doing
+
+its detection.
+
+We talked about incoherent
+detection.
+
+This rake receiver uses that
+instead of the coherent
+
+detection that we talked
+about in class.
+
+If you just put together in
+your mind, the lecture we
+
+spent talking about rake
+receivers and the one we spent
+
+talking about incoherent
+detection and you put them
+
+together, you have what this
+receiver is doing.
+
+I'll talk about just a
+little more as we go.
+
+OK, if we now imagine these are
+orthogonal codewords and
+
+suppose that each orthogonal
+codeword has an
+
+energy e sub s.
+
+Suppose for the time being
+that the channel is
+
+represented perfectly by a
+single-tap model and we know
+
+what the energy in that
+single-tap model is.
+
+We don't know what the
+phase so we're
+
+using incoherent detection.
+
+What's the error probability?
+
+Well the error probability for
+an incoherent receiver for
+
+making a decision between two
+possibilities was one-half
+
+times e to the minus energy
+divided by 2 N 0.
+
+Here we have 64 different
+possibilities.
+
+So we're going to transmit one
+of these wave forms and we now
+
+use the union band to say
+there's this probability of
+
+error to each of the other
+63 possible wave forms.
+
+we could make an error
+to any one of them.
+
+That's equally likely to make
+an error to any one of them
+
+because they're each orthogonal
+to the one that
+
+we're dealing with.
+
+So this is a reasonably good
+bound on the error
+
+probability.
+
+OK, now you go back from this to
+look at the reason why, one
+
+of the main reasons why
+you want to do this.
+
+E sub s is the amount of energy
+you use to transmit six
+
+bits instead of one bit.
+
+Therefore, when you look at the
+energy per bit that you're
+
+using, it's e sub s
+divided by six.
+
+So, your probability of error,
+-- if in fact you were making
+
+hard decisions at the output of
+this incoherent detector --
+
+would be in the order of 63 over
+2 times e to the minus
+
+3eb over N0.
+
+This is a considerably larger
+exponent and therefore, a
+
+considerably lower error
+probability than we were
+
+getting when we were
+talking about
+
+transmitting single bits.
+
+In other words, the same thing
+is going on here as was going
+
+on when we were talking about
+getting up the channel
+
+capacity using a large number
+of orthogonal wave forms.
+
+It's the same idea.
+
+When you encode lots of bits
+together, you make a joint
+
+decision on all of them,
+you make a gain.
+
+That's exactly what's
+happening here.
+
+You made a gain because you've
+taken the amount of energy
+
+that you have available for
+each one of your bits and
+
+you've combined it all
+so that you get this
+
+bigger exponent in here.
+
+If you're lucky, the exponent
+is big enough that it
+
+overwhelms this term and your
+decision comes out with very
+
+small error probability.
+
+Well, as it turns out, we're not
+interested in making these
+
+hard decisions.
+
+What we're really interested
+in doing is just sending a
+
+likelihood ratio back to this
+Viterbi decoder which it can
+
+use in making final decisions.
+
+To see how well that's going to
+work, this is exactly the
+
+thing you want to look at.
+
+This is what's telling you, if
+E b is large enough your
+
+decisions, if you had to make
+them, would be very good.
+
+Therefore, if instead of making
+decisions, you pass
+
+likelihood ratios on, those
+likelihood ratios are going to
+
+have a lot of information
+in them.
+
+Essentially, those likelihood
+ratios tell you what those
+
+codewords are.
+
+OK, now, the effect of fading
+is to change this E sub b
+
+because when we were talking
+about this incoherent
+
+detection, we were looking at
+the energy per bit after going
+
+through the channel.
+
+So, this is the error
+probability for a particular
+
+received energy per bit.
+
+Sometimes when the channel is
+badly faded, this number is
+
+very small.
+
+This bound is a lot bigger than
+one but you don't care
+
+about it because the bound
+is no good then.
+
+When the channel is good, this
+number is large and this
+
+probability there is very small
+and your likelihood
+
+ratios give you a lot
+of information.
+
+If you had multitap diversity
+instead of the single-tap
+
+here, if you have
+a lot of taps.
+
+If you have a lot of taps you
+can visualize this as getting
+
+independent readings
+on the channel.
+
+Therefore, you can view it
+as getting independent
+
+information about the bits that
+were sent and this is
+
+what diversity is.
+
+I mean, the trouble with these
+Rayleigh fading channels is
+
+when they're faded there's
+nothing you can do.
+
+If you have multiple taps
+instead of one tap, then in
+
+fact, you have diversity
+between all of them.
+
+If any of them are good,
+then you decode.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: You were saying
+earlier that PAM is not ideal
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Why is the standard using 2PAM
+instead of pulse position
+
+modulation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well because it's
+using these long codewords.
+
+Because back when we were
+analyzing it, we were
+
+analyzing it using
+two codewords.
+
+Those two codewords were
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+We could have made them plus
+one minus one and plus one
+
+minus one for the other one if
+we had in fact known what the
+
+channel was ahead of time, OK.
+
+That brings up a good point
+because you have to get to
+
+started somehow.
+
+I mean you have to know somehow,
+what's going on at
+
+the channel at the point
+where you start.
+
+I'm not going to talk
+about that.
+
+If you have this multitap
+diversity than E sub b is
+
+going to be better
+than it would be.
+
+Otherwise, this says, if you can
+make the bandwidth bigger,
+
+as you make the bandwidth
+bigger, the bits
+
+are coming in faster.
+
+As the bits are coming in
+faster, this bit time is the
+
+separation between the taps
+and this digital model.
+
+So that as you make the
+bandwidth bigger, you
+
+automatically get
+more diversity.
+
+You get more taps in this
+discrete model.
+
+Looking at it another way, you
+have a certain frequency
+
+coherence in the channel.
+
+If you're sending a broad
+bandwidth, you get lots of
+
+different frequencies.
+
+If you get lots of different
+frequencies, there's a good
+
+chance that one of
+them is good.
+
+OK, so we are going to get some
+gain in diversity there.
+
+Typically we're going to get a
+relatively large amount of
+
+energy if the thing works.
+
+Well, now we come to a question
+that we've been
+
+carefully avoiding all term.
+
+It's sort of the question of,
+if you make codewords
+
+orthogonal or if you make
+codewords have nice structure
+
+at the input to a channel and
+the channel has some strange
+
+behavior, what's going to be
+the output of the channel?
+
+What we're doing here is
+making our codewords
+
+orthogonal at the input of the
+channel, we can't guarantee
+
+that they're still orthogonal
+at the output.
+
+What we do know is that PN
+sequences are almost
+
+orthogonal anyway.
+
+If you put PN sequence through
+anything, they still look like
+
+PN sequences.
+
+In other words, if you think
+of a PN sequence as an IID
+
+binary sequence, and you have
+a very long IID binary
+
+sequence, and you corrupt it
+in any way you want to, it
+
+still looks like an IID
+binary sequence.
+
+So, the point is, if you can
+make these orthogonal
+
+codewords look more like PN
+sequences, you can make them
+
+behave better at the output of
+the channel as well as the
+
+input to the channel.
+
+So you'll get something that
+looks orthogonal whether the
+
+channel essentially looks like
+a one tap channel or a
+
+multiple tap channel.
+
+OK, we also have bandwidth to
+burn because we're only up to
+
+307 kilohertz.
+
+What they decided to do was to
+take a PN sequence and run it
+
+at four times the speed
+of this bit sequence.
+
+So we have bits coming in at
+307,000 bits per second.
+
+We're going to have a PN
+sequence which is changing
+
+four times for each bit time.
+
+So suddenly we're increasing the
+speed of this whole system
+
+by a factor of four.
+
+For every one bit, we multiply
+it by a sequence of four bits.
+
+So instead of getting a change
+every one over 307,000
+
+seconds, you now get a change
+every one over 1.2288
+
+millionths of a second.
+
+So, suddenly you're up to a
+sequence which is right at the
+
+bandwidth you want.
+
+I mean we want it to get
+up to 1.25 megahertz.
+
+Suddenly, we're up so close to
+that it's going to be a real
+
+challenge to build a filter,
+which will really make the
+
+output look like it's limited
+to this 1.25 megahertz.
+
+So we need very tight
+filters here.
+
+If you multiply this PN sequence
+, you're using the
+
+same PN sequence on all of
+the orthogonal codewords.
+
+If you think just a little bit
+about it, if these orthogonal
+
+codewords --
+
+I'm I mean think of them still
+as binary sequences --
+
+if each of them differ from each
+other when in half the
+
+places, when you multiply both
+of them by this PN sequence,
+
+they're still gonna differ
+in half the places.
+
+You still got the
+same affect out.
+
+They're still perfectly
+orthogonal before going
+
+through a channel but now you
+have a good chance that
+
+they're pretty close to
+orthogonal after going through
+
+the channel.
+
+So, suddenly, we've got
+it up to the bandwidth
+
+we want to be at.
+
+There's another reason
+for the PN sequence.
+
+I mean, so far we've been
+thinking in terms of, how do
+
+you build a cell phone
+and a base station so
+
+they will work together?
+
+Actually, you want to build a
+base station and thousands of
+
+cell phones so they'll
+work together.
+
+So you want some way of making
+different cell phones look
+
+different from each other.
+
+What they use this PN sequence
+for is to make different cell
+
+phones look different.
+
+Each cell phone is going to
+start out on this PN sequence
+
+at a different point.
+
+The PN sequence is going to be
+generated by a 42 bit feedback
+
+shift register.
+
+If you don't know what a
+feedback shift register is,
+
+don't worry about it.
+
+Most of you probably do.
+
+A 42 bit feedback shift
+register, with the right kind
+
+of settings in it, is going to
+generate a periodic sequence
+
+with a period of two to the
+forty second minus one, which
+
+is about four times
+10 to the twelfth.
+
+It doesn't repeat very often.
+
+I mean, this really
+looks like an IID
+
+sequence and binary digits.
+
+It really goes through every non
+zero 42 bit combination in
+
+this period here.
+
+It has very nice properties
+to it.
+
+But the property we want for
+this system is that in fact,
+
+when you give a cell phone a
+particular setting in that
+
+shift register, it starts it off
+generating a PN sequence
+
+which looks totally different
+from that generated by any
+
+other cell phone.
+
+That's the only thing that makes
+these different cell
+
+phones different.
+
+It's enough to make each one
+of them look orthogonal to
+
+each of the others.
+
+OK, their basements sequences
+and thus passband wave forms
+
+are now going to be essentially
+orthogonal to
+
+those of other cell phones.
+
+In other words, at this point,
+we're sort of going into
+
+fantasy world.
+
+I mean, we started out
+generating 64 wave forms which
+
+were strictly orthogonal
+to each other.
+
+Then we said we want these
+wave forms to still be
+
+orthogonal after we go through
+this unknown channel.
+
+We said, well we can do
+this by making them
+
+look like PN sequences.
+
+But the other thing that PN
+sequences do, is it all of the
+
+possible wave forms for one
+cellphone will look orthogonal
+
+to the wave forms for all of
+the other cell phones.
+
+So that in fact, what's
+happening is, if you look at a
+
+base station, and the base
+station is trying to receive
+
+information from each cell
+phone, what it receives from
+
+one cell phone is going to be
+essentially independent of
+
+what it receives from
+the next cell phone.
+
+Now if we think of the base
+station as trying to receive
+
+what's coming from one cell
+phone, what's the interference
+
+from the other cell phone
+going to look like?
+
+We're going to take thousands
+and thousands of sequences,
+
+which are now turned into wave
+forms, which look like IID
+
+wave forms, IID binary wave
+forms, and now we're adding
+
+together a large
+number of them.
+
+They fill up the whole
+spectrum uniformly.
+
+So they have a spectral
+density --
+
+I mean it's a random process
+-- and it has a spectral
+
+density which is flat over this
+
+bandwidth of 1.25 megahertz.
+
+And you've added a lot of them
+together, so it looks like
+
+white noise.
+
+So the effect of these other
+cell phones is just like a
+
+small addition of white noise
+as far as trying to detect
+
+what's going on at
+one cell phone.
+
+Now, in fact you could be very
+clever here because, as soon
+
+as a base station decodes one
+cell phone, it can say, I know
+
+what that wave form was,
+subtracts it off from the
+
+received wave form, and uses
+that to help in decoding other
+
+wave forms.
+
+These standards do not
+do anything as
+
+sophisticated as that.
+
+Lots of papers talk
+about doing it.
+
+Information theorists
+love this idea.
+
+I think it's one of these ideas
+that sooner or later, ah
+
+going to become practical.
+
+As soon as it becomes
+practical,
+
+everyone will use it.
+
+What does it take to
+become practical?
+
+For someone to use it, because
+we all know it'll work.
+
+It's just a matter of
+actually doing it.
+
+But anyway, it's not done now.
+
+All of these interferes are just
+going to look like white
+
+noise as far as this
+one cellphone
+
+detection is concerned.
+
+Now, if we compare this IS95
+system with all of the narrow
+
+band systems that people use, at
+this point you can find the
+
+main difference between these
+different systems.
+
+When you use a narrow band
+system, things are a ranged so
+
+that only one cell phone is
+talking to one base station on
+
+one of these narrow bands
+of frequency.
+
+Namely the channels are very
+narrow but because they're
+
+narrow if you have two cell
+phones which are using that
+
+same bandwidth, they're just
+going to interfere with each
+
+other totally.
+
+You won't get through.
+
+So each cell phone which is
+using one base station has to
+
+be using a different
+narrow bandwidth.
+
+Cell phones using different
+adjoining base stations are
+
+also going to have to
+use different bands.
+
+In fact, that's a terribly
+complicated problem just
+
+because these base stations
+are put in sort of, random
+
+locations and trying to program
+things in such a way
+
+that you don't have two cell
+phones which are using
+
+adjacent base stations using
+the same frequency.
+
+It's a real nightmare.
+
+So, you're going to have cell
+phones using the same base
+
+station, which are a little
+bit separated, but still
+
+because of all sorts of
+channeling effects and strange
+
+electromagnetic effects, base
+stations still receive data
+
+from these far away
+cell phones.
+
+They're also trying to receive
+data from the cell phone
+
+that's using that frequency.
+
+So you got a lot of interference
+in these narrow
+
+band systems; you got a lot of
+interference from cell phones
+
+using different base stations.
+
+In the IS95 system, you get more
+interference from cell
+
+phones that are using this
+particular base station
+
+because they're all using
+the same bandwidth.
+
+They all just look like white
+noise to each other.
+
+So they do interfere with
+each other, they
+
+raise the noise level.
+
+When you look at the
+interference with cell phones
+
+using other base stations, it's
+not catastrophic like it
+
+is with these narrow
+band systems.
+
+So what you effectively wind
+up with is that in the IS95
+
+system, you have more
+interference within a base
+
+station but less interference
+between base stations.
+
+In the narrow band systems you
+have no interference within a
+
+base station but considerable
+interference
+
+between base stations.
+
+Which is better?
+
+Nobody really knows.
+
+Well except for the fact that
+almost all new systems are
+
+planning to use CDMA.
+
+It seems that most people have
+sort of agreed that you get
+
+less noise, overall, if
+you're using if you're
+
+using a CDMA system.
+
+So that let's us sort of
+summarize where we are with
+
+all of this.
+
+We started out with 28.8
+kilobits per second.
+
+We then going into this Walsh
+function, orthogonal wave form
+
+and coder, which comes
+out with 307.2
+
+kilobits per second.
+
+We then multiplied by this long
+PN sequence, 42 bits long
+
+with four bits coming in here
+for each bit coming in here.
+
+Now we're implementing this and
+anybody with any sense who
+
+was trying to implement PN
+sequences with multipliers
+
+would just say, I don't want
+to turn things into to PAM
+
+sequences yet.
+
+I want to keep them binary
+and add them mod 2
+
+because that's easier.
+
+So all of this is still
+mod 2 binary digits.
+
+This is mod 2 binary digits.
+
+This is mod 2 binary digits.
+
+The only thing we haven't talked
+about yet is now they
+
+throw in two other
+PN sequences.
+
+One on the real part of what's
+going on here and one on the
+
+quadrature part.
+
+The thing they're doing is
+taking this one sequence,
+
+splitting it into two parts;
+adding a PN sequence here,
+
+adding a PN sequence here,
+then doing the 2PAM, then
+
+filtering and sending this
+stuff out on the cosign
+
+channel and the stuff out
+on the sign channel.
+
+I've never had a very good sense
+of why you need these
+
+two PN sequences here.
+
+I can like sort of explain it
+to you in the following way.
+
+If you didn't have PN sequences
+here, what you'd be
+
+doing here is simply sending
+this same sequence twice.
+
+So you be sending it on the
+cosign channel, you'd be
+
+sending it on the sign channel,
+which would sort of
+
+be equivalent to sending
+it at 45 degrees.
+
+Once you realize that, you say
+well, I might as well leave
+
+this whole thing out and just
+use the cosign channel and
+
+nothing else.
+
+If I'm just using the cosign
+channel and nothing else it
+
+won't make much difference
+because the cosign just refers
+
+to the phase at this
+transmitter.
+
+I'm talking about many cell
+phones whose transmitters are
+
+all at different places relative
+to a base station.
+
+Therefore, they're all going to
+be using different phases
+
+so they're all going to fill
+up the signal space.
+
+The thing that, that doesn't
+take into account is the fact
+
+that if we do that we're not
+using all the degrees of
+
+freedom available to us.
+
+We're still just using the
+number of degrees of freedom
+
+that we got here, which are
+real degrees of freedom.
+
+When we do this and this,
+we got twice as
+
+many degrees of freedom.
+
+The PN sequences that we're
+looking at, which are the
+
+things that are orthogonal
+to each other.
+
+We have twice as many bits in
+a give interval of time when
+
+we have these two PN sequences
+as we do when we only use this
+
+one PN sequence.
+
+So in fact, if we view PN as
+IID binary digits, you get
+
+twice as many binary digits this
+way as you got before.
+
+Therefore, everything
+works better.
+
+You come much closer to being
+orthogonal with higher
+
+probabilities.
+
+If you didn't understand
+that's fine.
+
+It's not explained in
+the notes either.
+
+It's not explained in
+the IS95 standard.
+
+I think the explanation is
+right but it needs some
+
+fleshing out.
+
+OK, here's another interesting
+feature
+
+about this rake receiver.
+
+It doesn't use this digital
+model of the channel that
+
+we've talked about.
+
+It in fact, uses the analogue
+base band model.
+
+In other words, the base band
+model of the channel is the
+
+channel is represented
+by an analog filter.
+
+The analogue filter has impulses
+or almost impulses at
+
+different delays.
+
+Now what you'd like to do in
+this rake receiver here is
+
+instead of having taps at these
+sample times for the
+
+given bandwidth, they're going
+to adjust the taps so the taps
+
+are right on top of these things
+that look like impulses
+
+in all of these path returns.
+
+So the question is, what's the
+difference between these two
+
+strategies?
+
+I mean, we sort of show that
+the digital model was
+
+completely equivalent
+to the analog model.
+
+Then I cheated you; I didn't
+realize I cheated you until
+
+about nine o'clock
+this morning.
+
+I cheated you in the following
+way: I told you that if you
+
+model the channel in terms of
+the discrete set of taps
+
+according to the sampling
+therom, this was completely
+
+equivalent to trying to model it
+-- as far as a band limited
+
+input was concerned -- in terms
+of an analog filter.
+
+That's absolutely right if you
+use an infinite number of taps
+
+for the channel.
+
+If you now say that the impulse
+response of the
+
+channel is about one tap long
+and then you say, how many
+
+tabs do I need to
+represent it?
+
+It's an interesting question
+because if the impulse
+
+response is one tap long and you
+filter to look like a sign
+
+x over x, the impulse response
+can look like this.
+
+So you have one tap here, one
+tap here, which is zero, one
+
+tap here, one tap here,
+which is zero.
+
+If you've gotten your spacing
+off by half a cycle, what do
+
+you have then?
+
+You have a tap here.
+
+You have a tap here.
+
+You have a tap here.
+
+You have these taps which are
+going down as one over time.
+
+So in fact, modeling this
+kind of thing with one
+
+tap would be terrible.
+
+Now when you use the analog
+filter and you actually put
+
+these taps of the rake receiver
+at the places where
+
+you have actual physical
+responses you do much better.
+
+You particularly do better if
+the impulse response duration
+
+of the channel is the same order
+of magnitude as 1 over
+
+the bandwidth of the source
+that you're using.
+
+At that point this becomes
+an important issue.
+
+That's exactly the situation
+we have here because of the
+
+impulse response of
+these channels.
+
+The sample time on this discrete
+model it's about
+
+eight-tenths of a microsecond.
+
+If you think of how far light
+can travel in eight-tenths of
+
+a microsecond, it's about the
+same as the multipath spreads
+
+you would find outdoors
+when you're in a
+
+relatively rural area.
+
+If you're in a city area,
+multipath spreads are going to
+
+be even smaller.
+
+So if you want to a rake
+receiver to work well you
+
+should really have a rake
+receiver which is trying to
+
+zero in on the actual physical
+response times.
+
+This is what this system does.
+
+They did it right and
+I did it wrong.
+
+OK, final thing.
+
+I told you I wanted to talk
+about why we did scrambling.
+
+This rake decoder, in other
+words, this decision device,
+
+which every six bits tries to
+make a decision on these 64
+
+different orthogonal
+wave forms.
+
+You can just make hard decisions
+which gives you six
+
+bits out each time.
+
+You can produce six bits out
+also with some likelihood
+
+about how likely they
+are to be right.
+
+So what you'd like is some
+information which is
+
+essentially the logarithm of
+the probability of being
+
+correct over the probability
+of error.
+
+You can estimate that in
+your rake receiver.
+
+You can estimate it by knowing
+whether you're making a close
+
+call or whether there's one
+orthogonal wave form which is
+
+far more likely than
+all of the others.
+
+So if you're making a close
+call, then you produce an
+
+output that says, I think
+it's this output but
+
+I'm not very sure.
+
+This is what goes into
+this viterbi decoder.
+
+The viterbi decoder, since it's
+operating on these states
+
+-- in other words, it's
+operating on what it
+
+visualizes is being the state
+of the viterbi decoder --
+
+it can actually deal with these
+log likelihood ratios as
+
+well as anything else.
+
+That's one of the reasons you
+want to use a viterbi decoder
+
+because most coding devices
+that people have invented
+
+don't work very well with
+analog signals.
+
+This does work well with
+analog signals.
+
+The problem is, anytime you
+make a mistake on the 64
+
+orthogonal wave forms, you
+have a six bit batch of
+
+digits, a six bit block, and
+you're going to be wrong,
+
+typically in three of them.
+
+well, you're going to be wrong
+in a random number of them.
+
+Half the time you're
+going to be wrong.
+
+What this means is if you put
+this data into a decoder, what
+
+you're going to find is that
+every time there's an error in
+
+the in the rake receiver, you're
+going to have a burst
+
+of errors, some random bunch
+of errors over six bits.
+
+This is typically going to be in
+the order of three bits an
+
+error all at once.
+
+If you look at the structure of
+that decoder, anytime you
+
+got a large number of errors in
+all at once, it's going to
+
+screw the thing up terribly.
+
+I'll give you one
+example of that.
+
+You can take a much simpler
+coding example.
+
+Suppose you transmit either
+all zeros, seven zeros or
+
+seven ones.
+
+At the receiver there's a
+certain probability that you
+
+make an error on each
+one of these bits.
+
+You first make a decision on
+each bit and then after that
+
+you make a decision on
+the whole code word.
+
+If the bit errors are
+independent of each other,
+
+then you make an error in the
+overall detection of these
+
+code words only when you make
+four errors out of seven.
+
+Or five errors out of seven
+which is negligible.
+
+So you calculate, what's the
+probability of making four
+
+errors out of seven here?
+
+Well it's the number of
+combinations of seven things
+
+taken three at a time which is
+35 times p fourth, p to the
+
+fourth power which is
+the probability
+
+of making four errors.
+
+If those bits are perfectly
+correlated mainly, if whenever
+
+you make one bit error you make
+all seven bit errors,
+
+then the probability of error is
+p If p is relatively small,
+
+p is always a lot bigger than
+35 times p to the fourth.
+
+In other words, the lesson here
+is that highly dependent
+
+errors cause trouble for
+any kind of decoder.
+
+Now you see why you had the
+scrambler in here, why you
+
+have the interleaver.
+
+You Have the interleaver to take
+these highly correlated
+
+errors which are coming out of
+the rake receiver where you
+
+make blocks of six errors all
+tend to appear together.
+
+You're scrambling them out so
+they're widely separated so
+
+that the viterbi decoder is
+able to deal with them.
+
+That's the last piece
+of the whole thing.
+
+I could talk a little bit about
+how the viterbi decoder
+
+works but I think you're
+probably exhausted by now.
+
+I think I will stop
+at this point.
+
+Than you all for your attention
+all term and good
+
+luck on the final.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cllmFIIbzrc.txt b/cllmFIIbzrc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00b54c7469c1a71aa57ad524f6b006fde5f0116b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cllmFIIbzrc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous video we got a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we got a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we got a feel for
+how regression trees can do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how regression trees can do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how regression trees can do things that
+linear regression cannot but what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression cannot but what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression cannot but what really
+matters at the end of a day is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters at the end of a day is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters at the end of a day is whether
+it can predict things better than linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can predict things better than linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can predict things better than linear
+regression and so let's try that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and so let's try that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and so let's try that right
+now we're going to try and predict house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to try and predict house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to try and predict house
+prices using all the variables we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices using all the variables we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices using all the variables we have
+available to us so we'll load the CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us so we'll load the CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us so we'll load the CA
+tools library that'll help us do a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools library that'll help us do a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools library that'll help us do a split
+on data we'll set the seed so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data we'll set the seed so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data we'll set the seed so our
+results to reproducible and we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to reproducible and we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to reproducible and we'll say
+our split OB on the Boston house prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our split OB on the Boston house prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our split OB on the Boston house prices
+and we'll split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll split it
+70% training 30% test so our training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% training 30% test so our training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% training 30% test so our training
+data is the subset of the Boston data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is the subset of the Boston data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is the subset of the Boston data
+where a split is true and the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a split is true and the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a split is true and the testing
+data is the subset of the Boston data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is the subset of the Boston data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is the subset of the Boston data
+where the split this false okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the split this false okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the split this false okay
+first of all let's make a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's make a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's make a linear
+regression model nice and easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model nice and easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model nice and easy
+it's a linear model and it is a variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear model and it is a variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear model and it is a variant
+the variables latitude longitude crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables latitude longitude crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables latitude longitude crime
+learning industri rivers in the Chou's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning industri rivers in the Chou's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning industri rivers in the Chou's
+referral not a pollution room's age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral not a pollution room's age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral not a pollution room's age
+distance another fun with the sense tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance another fun with the sense tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance another fun with the sense tax
+rates and the parent as a pupil tisha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the parent as a pupil tisha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the parent as a pupil tisha
+ratio the data is training data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the data is training data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the data is training data okay
+let's see what our linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what our linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what our linear regression
+looks like so we see that the latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we see that the latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we see that the latitude
+and longitude are not significant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude are not significant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude are not significant for
+linear regression which is perhaps not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression which is perhaps not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression which is perhaps not
+surprising because linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because linear regression
+didn't seem to be able to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to be able to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to be able to take advantage
+of them crime is very important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them crime is very important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them crime is very important the
+residential zoning might be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential zoning might be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential zoning might be important
+whether at some of the Charles River or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether at some of the Charles River or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether at some of the Charles River or
+not as a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a fact
+useful factor air pollution does seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful factor air pollution does seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful factor air pollution does seem to
+matter the coefficient is negative as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the coefficient is negative as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the coefficient is negative as it
+expect a matter of number every chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a matter of number every chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a matter of number every chamber
+of rooms significance the age is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rooms significance the age is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rooms significance the age is
+somewhat important distance to Centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat important distance to Centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat important distance to Centers
+of employment dis is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of employment dis is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of employment dis is very important
+distance to highways and taxes somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to highways and taxes somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to highways and taxes somewhat
+importance and the pupil teacher ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and the pupil teacher ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and the pupil teacher ratio
+is also very significant somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also very significant somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also very significant somebody's
+might be correlated so we can't put too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be correlated so we can't put too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be correlated so we can't put too
+much stock and silly interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stock and silly interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stock and silly interpreting
+directly but it's interesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but it's interesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but it's interesting the
+adjusted r-squared is 0.65 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted r-squared is 0.65 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted r-squared is 0.65 which is
+pretty good so because it's kind of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so because it's kind of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so because it's kind of hard
+to compare out-of-sample accuracy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare out-of-sample accuracy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare out-of-sample accuracy for
+regression we need to think of how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we need to think of how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we need to think of how we're
+going to do that you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that you know with
+classification we just say oh this myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification we just say oh this myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification we just say oh this myth
+had got X percent correct in this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had got X percent correct in this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had got X percent correct in this method
+got Y person correct well since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Y person correct well since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Y person correct well since we're
+doing continuous variables let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing continuous variables let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing continuous variables let's
+calculate the sum of squared error which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the sum of squared error which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the sum of squared error which
+we discussed in the original linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed in the original linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed in the original linear
+regression video so we'll say the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression video so we'll say the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression video so we'll say the linear
+linear regressions predictions predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regressions predictions predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regressions predictions predicts
+then rig the new data is the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rig the new data is the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rig the new data is the testing
+data set and the Lin regression sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and the Lin regression sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and the Lin regression sum of
+squared errors is simply the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors is simply the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors is simply the sum of the
+predicted values versus the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted values versus the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted values versus the actual
+values squared so let's see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values squared so let's see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values squared so let's see what that
+number is 303 sorry three thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is 303 sorry three thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is 303 sorry three thousand and
+thirty seven point zero zero eight okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty seven point zero zero eight okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty seven point zero zero eight okay
+so you know what we're interested to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what we're interested to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what we're interested to see
+now is can we beat this using regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is can we beat this using regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is can we beat this using regression
+trees so let's build a tree up a tree a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so let's build a tree up a tree a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so let's build a tree up a tree a
+pot command again actually to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot command again actually to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot command again actually to save
+myself from typing them up again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself from typing them up again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself from typing them up again I'm
+gonna go back to her regression command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go back to her regression command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go back to her regression command
+and just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just change
+LM two apart and change linreg the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM two apart and change linreg the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM two apart and change linreg the tree
+much easier alright so we've built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier alright so we've built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier alright so we've built a
+tree let's have a look at it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree let's have a look at it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree let's have a look at it using the
+GRP command from our part plant and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRP command from our part plant and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRP command from our part plant and here
+we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go
+so again latitude and longitude really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again latitude and longitude really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again latitude and longitude really
+important as far as the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as far as the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as far as the tree is
+concerned the the rooms aren't the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned the the rooms aren't the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned the the rooms aren't the most
+important split pollution appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important split pollution appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important split pollution appears in
+there twice so it's in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there twice so it's in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there twice so it's in some sense
+nonlinear on the amount of pollution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear on the amount of pollution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear on the amount of pollution if
+it's greater than a certain amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than a certain amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than a certain amount and
+listen about certain amount it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen about certain amount it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen about certain amount it does
+different things crime is in their ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things crime is in their ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things crime is in their ages
+in their room of his three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their room of his three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their room of his three times
+actually sorry that's interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry that's interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry that's interesting so
+it's very nonlinear on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very nonlinear on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very nonlinear on the number of
+rooms the things that were important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms the things that were important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms the things that were important for
+the linear regression in turn and parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear regression in turn and parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear regression in turn and parent
+as include people teacher ratio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as include people teacher ratio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as include people teacher ratio the
+disks variable doesn't appear in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disks variable doesn't appear in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disks variable doesn't appear in our
+regression tree at all either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression tree at all either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression tree at all either
+so the definitely doing different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definitely doing different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definitely doing different things
+but you know how do they compare so will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know how do they compare so will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know how do they compare so will
+predict a gain of a tree tree grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a gain of a tree tree grid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a gain of a tree tree grid is
+the prediction of a tree of a new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction of a tree of a new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction of a tree of a new data
+okay and the tree sum of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the tree sum of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the tree sum of squared errors
+is the sum of a tree's predictions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of a tree's predictions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of a tree's predictions this
+is what they really should be and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they really should be and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they really should be and the
+moment of truth four thousand three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of truth four thousand three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of truth four thousand three
+hundred and twenty eight so simply put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty eight so simply put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty eight so simply put
+regression trees a nut as good as linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees a nut as good as linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees a nut as good as linear
+regression for this problem what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for this problem what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for this problem what this is
+to us given what we saw of the latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us given what we saw of the latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us given what we saw of the latitude
+and longitude is that let you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude is that let you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude is that let you in
+longitude are nowhere near as useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude are nowhere near as useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude are nowhere near as useful for
+predicting apparently as these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting apparently as these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting apparently as these other
+variables are that's just the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are that's just the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are that's just the way it
+goes I guess it's always nice when a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes I guess it's always nice when a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes I guess it's always nice when a new
+method does better but it is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method does better but it is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method does better but it is no
+guarantee that's going to happen we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that's going to happen we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that's going to happen we need
+special structure to really be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special structure to really be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special structure to really be useful
+let's stop here with the R and go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop here with the R and go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop here with the R and go back
+to the slides and discuss how CP works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slides and discuss how CP works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slides and discuss how CP works
+and then we'll apply cross-validation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll apply cross-validation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll apply cross-validation to
+our tree and we'll see if maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tree and we'll see if maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tree and we'll see if maybe we can
+improve in our results
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d484GRz9zjY.txt b/d484GRz9zjY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a883a2f6b8d6061182cef7541e3e42d1654fb74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d484GRz9zjY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation
+in lecture you've been doing related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture you've been doing related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture you've been doing related
+rates problems I've got another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates problems I've got another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates problems I've got another example
+for you here so this one's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you here so this one's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you here so this one's a really
+tricky one so I'm gonna give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky one so I'm gonna give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky one so I'm gonna give you some
+time to work on it but I I really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work on it but I I really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work on it but I I really think
+you should really you know try and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really you know try and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really you know try and work
+work through this one yourself it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this one yourself it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this one yourself it'll
+it'll be well worth your effort so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be well worth your effort so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be well worth your effort so we've
+got here okay so it's a mouthful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here okay so it's a mouthful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here okay so it's a mouthful so
+we've got a 20-foot long ladder and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a 20-foot long ladder and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a 20-foot long ladder and it's
+leaning against a 12-foot wall but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning against a 12-foot wall but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning against a 12-foot wall but it's
+leaning over the wall so five feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning over the wall so five feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning over the wall so five feet of
+the ladder project over the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder project over the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder project over the top of the
+wall and then the bottom of the ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and then the bottom of the ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and then the bottom of the ladder
+is being pulled away from the wall at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being pulled away from the wall at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being pulled away from the wall at
+five feet per second so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five feet per second so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five feet per second so the question is
+while this is going on how quickly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this is going on how quickly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this is going on how quickly is
+the top of the ladder going downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the ladder going downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the ladder going downwards
+how quickly is it approaching the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly is it approaching the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly is it approaching the ground
+so why don't you take a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you take a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you take a few minutes
+maybe more than a few for this one took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more than a few for this one took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more than a few for this one took
+me a while to work it out the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a while to work it out the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a while to work it out the first time
+take a few minutes work this one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few minutes work this one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few minutes work this one out
+come back and we'll we'll see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and we'll we'll see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and we'll we'll see how it
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so hopefully you've had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so hopefully you've had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so hopefully you've had some
+luck working out this problem on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck working out this problem on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck working out this problem on your
+own now let's work it out together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own now let's work it out together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own now let's work it out together so
+okay so this is a sort of classic really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a sort of classic really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a sort of classic really
+tricky related rates problem in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky related rates problem in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky related rates problem in that
+there's a lot of geometric work that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of geometric work that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of geometric work that you
+have to do at the beginning in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do at the beginning in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do at the beginning in order to
+get this right and then once you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this right and then once you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this right and then once you get the
+the geometry down the the calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry down the the calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry down the the calculus is
+basically totally straightforward you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically totally straightforward you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically totally straightforward you're
+you know you compute a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you compute a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you compute a couple
+derivatives you use the chain rule once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you use the chain rule once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you use the chain rule once
+whatever you know so so okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know so so okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know so so okay so let's
+let's so let's start off by trying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's start off by trying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's start off by trying and
+drawing a careful picture and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a careful picture and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a careful picture and then we'll
+have to figure out what the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what the quantities
+that we're interested in are and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in are and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in are and and the
+relationships between them so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between them so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between them so we have
+here here's the ground and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12-foot wall and we have a 20-foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-foot wall and we have a 20-foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-foot wall and we have a 20-foot
+ladder leaning against the wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder leaning against the wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder leaning against the wall and
+extending over it so my ladder so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending over it so my ladder so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending over it so my ladder so here's
+my ladder here's my wall alright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ladder here's my wall alright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ladder here's my wall alright and
+this the bottom of the ladder here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bottom of the ladder here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bottom of the ladder here is is
+what's getting pulled away from the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's getting pulled away from the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's getting pulled away from the wall
+at five units per second five feet per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five units per second five feet per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five units per second five feet per
+second so my feet per second is is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so my feet per second is is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so my feet per second is is how
+fast that's going and we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast that's going and we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast that's going and we're interested
+so while you do that though you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while you do that though you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while you do that though you know the
+ladder is changing position so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is changing position so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is changing position so the
+question is how fast is the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how fast is the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how fast is the top of the
+ladder descending so you know it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder descending so you know it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder descending so you know it might
+also be moving in some other directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be moving in some other directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be moving in some other directions
+but we're just interested in and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just interested in and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just interested in and how
+quickly it's going straight down so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's going straight down so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's going straight down so okay
+so so first let's talk about the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first let's talk about the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first let's talk about the things
+that don't change so the height of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't change so the height of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't change so the height of this
+wall is not changing the wall is staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall is not changing the wall is staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall is not changing the wall is staying
+put the whole time and the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole time and the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the whole time and the length of the
+ladder is not changing that's staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is not changing that's staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is not changing that's staying
+put as well but what okay but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as well but what okay but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as well but what okay but those are
+the so those are the fixed quantities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so those are the fixed quantities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so those are the fixed quantities in
+this problem basically everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem basically everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem basically everything else
+is changing so so for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing so so for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing so so for example this
+distance between the base of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the base of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the base of the of the
+wall and the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and the base of the
+ladder that's changing cuz because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder that's changing cuz because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder that's changing cuz because the
+ladder is being pulled away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is being pulled away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is being pulled away from the
+wall so we can give that a name let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall so we can give that a name let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall so we can give that a name let's
+call that that's a horizontal distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that that's a horizontal distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that that's a horizontal distance
+what we can call it X say and the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can call it X say and the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can call it X say and the height
+of the top of the ladder is changing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top of the ladder is changing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top of the ladder is changing so
+let's let's draw that in and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's draw that in and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's draw that in and that's what
+we're interested in it's a height so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in it's a height so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in it's a height so we
+can call it Y and let's see what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it Y and let's see what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it Y and let's see what else
+well okay so the whole ladder isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so the whole ladder isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so the whole ladder isn't
+changing in length but the amount but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in length but the amount but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in length but the amount but as
+this gets pulled the you know this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets pulled the you know this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets pulled the you know this top
+point is sort of sliding down toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is sort of sliding down toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is sort of sliding down toward the
+wall the amount of ladder that extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the amount of ladder that extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the amount of ladder that extends
+over the wall is changing so I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wall is changing so I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wall is changing so I guess we
+could choose we could give this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose we could give this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose we could give this a
+variable name or we could give this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name or we could give this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name or we could give this part
+a variable name I think I'm gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable name I think I'm gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable name I think I'm gonna give
+the little one a variable name I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little one a variable name I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little one a variable name I'll call
+it D for distance I guess and okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it D for distance I guess and okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it D for distance I guess and okay so if
+this is D because the whole ladder has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D because the whole ladder has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D because the whole ladder has
+length 20 we have that this part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 20 we have that this part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 20 we have that this part this
+segment has length 20 minus D okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment has length 20 minus D okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment has length 20 minus D okay so I
+think that those quantities describe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that those quantities describe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that those quantities describe all
+the all the possible lengths of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the possible lengths of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the possible lengths of interest
+in this picture so now okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture so now okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture so now okay so that's
+that's just the the first the set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the the first the set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the the first the set up
+right so that's the first thing that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the first thing that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the first thing that has
+to happen now after we've set up we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen now after we've set up we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen now after we've set up we need
+to figure out what the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the relationships
+between these different variables are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different variables are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different variables are so
+well let's see what have we got well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see what have we got well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see what have we got well one
+thing we've got is that we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we've got is that we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we've got is that we've got a
+right triangle here so the wall and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle here so the wall and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle here so the wall and the
+ground and the ladder those those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and the ladder those those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and the ladder those those three
+segments form a form a right triangle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments form a form a right triangle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments form a form a right triangle so
+okay so we can apply the Pythagorean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can apply the Pythagorean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can apply the Pythagorean
+theorem here so that's one relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here so that's one relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here so that's one relationship
+we have and that's going to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and that's going to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and that's going to give us a
+relationship between X and well okay 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between X and well okay 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between X and well okay 20
+minus D so it'll that'll give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D so it'll that'll give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D so it'll that'll give us a
+relationship between X and D so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between X and D so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between X and D so this
+Pythagorean theorem say so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem say so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem say so by the
+Pythagorean theorem we have x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem we have x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem we have x squared
+plus well that's a 1 12 squared is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well that's a 1 12 squared is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well that's a 1 12 squared is equal
+to the quantity 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quantity 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quantity 20
+- dsquared so that's one identity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- dsquared so that's one identity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- dsquared so that's one identity that
+we have identity we have that relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have identity we have that relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have identity we have that relates
+these three quantities so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three quantities so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three quantities so that's good
+because we know how fast X is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know how fast X is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know how fast X is changing
+and so with this identity that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this identity that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this identity that means we
+can use related rates to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use related rates to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use related rates to figure out how
+fast D is changing as well so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast D is changing as well so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast D is changing as well so that's
+good that that'll be a step in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that that'll be a step in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that that'll be a step in the right
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+but what we actually need to know is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we actually need to know is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we actually need to know is how
+fast Y is changing so right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Y is changing so right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Y is changing so right because
+that's what the question is asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the question is asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the question is asking for
+how quickly is the top of the ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly is the top of the ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly is the top of the ladder
+approaching the ground so how what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the ground so how what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the ground so how what's the
+rate of change in Y with respect to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change in Y with respect to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change in Y with respect to time
+so I need another identity here in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need another identity here in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need another identity here in order
+to figure out what the relationship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the relationship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the relationship with
+Y is and these other variables and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is and these other variables and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is and these other variables and there
+are a couple of different ways to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of different ways to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of different ways to go
+about this I think the one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think the one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think the one that I'm
+gonna do so there is another right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do so there is another right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do so there is another right
+triangle here so you could if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here so you could if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here so you could if you wanted
+to name this segment as well then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name this segment as well then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name this segment as well then you
+could do another right triangle but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do another right triangle but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do another right triangle but then
+you need a third relationship relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a third relationship relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a third relationship relating
+this segment to D or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment to D or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment to D or something like that
+so I'm not gonna go that route but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not gonna go that route but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not gonna go that route but I'm
+gonna go do something related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go do something related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go do something related to that
+which is that this bigger right triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that this bigger right triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that this bigger right triangle
+right which has this this well this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which has this this well this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which has this this well this the
+height of the top of the ladder from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the top of the ladder from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the top of the ladder from the
+ground and the and the whole length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and the and the whole length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and the and the whole length of
+the ladder is two of its sides and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder is two of its sides and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder is two of its sides and a
+piece of the ground so that bigger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the ground so that bigger right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the ground so that bigger right
+triangle is similar to this smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is similar to this smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is similar to this smaller
+right triangle right I mean they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle right I mean they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right triangle right I mean they have
+you know they're right triangles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're right triangles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're right triangles and
+they have the same base angle there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same base angle there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same base angle there so
+they're similar triangles so so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar triangles so so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar triangles so so okay so
+by similar triangles now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by similar triangles now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by similar triangles now I have to
+remember all my geometry right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all my geometry right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all my geometry right so the
+the ratio of corresponding sides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of corresponding sides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of corresponding sides are
+equal so in this case the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so in this case the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so in this case the ratio of the
+hypotenuse is is equal to the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is is equal to the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is is equal to the ratio of
+these of these legs and that will relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these legs and that will relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these legs and that will relate
+so the hypo the hypotenuse is involved D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hypo the hypotenuse is involved D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hypo the hypotenuse is involved D
+and the and the vertical legs well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the vertical legs well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the vertical legs well one
+of them is just constant and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is just constant and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is just constant and one of them
+involves Y so that'll set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Y so that'll set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Y so that'll set up a
+relationship between D and Y and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between D and Y and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between D and Y and so then
+I'll have X linked to D and I'll have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have X linked to D and I'll have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have X linked to D and I'll have D
+linked to Y and so then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to Y and so then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to Y and so then we can use
+related rates to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related rates to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related rates to figure out what the
+relationship between y and X is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between y and X is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between y and X is and
+figure out the thing we're after which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the thing we're after which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the thing we're after which
+is the rate of change in Y okay so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change in Y okay so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change in Y okay so so I
+haven't actually written anything down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually written anything down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually written anything down
+yet so what is the the similar triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so what is the the similar triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so what is the the similar triangle
+so here the let's look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the let's look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the let's look at the the
+hypotenuse is so the big hypotenuse has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is so the big hypotenuse has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is so the big hypotenuse has
+length 20 and the small hypotenuse has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 20 and the small hypotenuse has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 20 and the small hypotenuse has
+length 20 minus D good so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 20 minus D good so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 20 minus D good so that's the
+ratio of the hypotenuse and so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the hypotenuse and so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the hypotenuse and so that has
+to be equal to the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the ratio of the
+corresponding legs and so the big leg is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding legs and so the big leg is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding legs and so the big leg is
+y and the small leg is 12 okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and the small leg is 12 okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and the small leg is 12 okay all right
+so there's Pythagorean theorem they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Pythagorean theorem they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Pythagorean theorem they're
+similar triangles so we now have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar triangles so we now have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar triangles so we now have the
+relationships that we're after relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we're after relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we're after relating
+X and Y and D all to each other great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and D all to each other great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and D all to each other great so
+now we can do the calculus part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can do the calculus part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can do the calculus part of this
+problem right so now we know oh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so now we know oh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so now we know oh I guess
+so actually we need a few more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually we need a few more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually we need a few more things
+take it back so now we need the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it back so now we need the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it back so now we need the the
+condition we're after this at a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we're after this at a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we're after this at a moment
+at a particular moment in time and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular moment in time and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular moment in time and at
+our particular moment in time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular moment in time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular moment in time so I
+haven't I haven't used this one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I haven't used this one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I haven't used this one given
+yet that five feet of the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet that five feet of the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet that five feet of the wall
+oh sorry five feet of the ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry five feet of the ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry five feet of the ladder
+projects over the wall so okay so at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects over the wall so okay so at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects over the wall so okay so at our
+moment so at the key moment we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so at the key moment we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so at the key moment we have the
+D is equal to five okay so that means 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is equal to five okay so that means 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is equal to five okay so that means 20
+minus D is equal to 15 what else does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D is equal to 15 what else does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D is equal to 15 what else does
+that mean so that means that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean so that means that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean so that means that at that
+moment X in this right triangle is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment X in this right triangle is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment X in this right triangle is the
+third leg in a right triangle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third leg in a right triangle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third leg in a right triangle with
+hypotenuse 15 and one leg 12 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse 15 and one leg 12 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse 15 and one leg 12 so that's
+20 or three four or five triangles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or three four or five triangles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or three four or five triangles but
+blown up a little bit so we have at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown up a little bit so we have at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown up a little bit so we have at that
+moment that X is equal to nine and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that X is equal to nine and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that X is equal to nine and okay
+so at that moment to figure out why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that moment to figure out why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that moment to figure out why we
+can use this other relationship that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this other relationship that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this other relationship that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+20 over 15 is equal to Y over 12 so Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 over 15 is equal to Y over 12 so Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 over 15 is equal to Y over 12 so Y is
+equal to well 20 over 15 times 12 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well 20 over 15 times 12 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well 20 over 15 times 12 so
+that's 4 over 3 so that's 16 so at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 4 over 3 so that's 16 so at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 4 over 3 so that's 16 so at our
+key moment in time these are the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key moment in time these are the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key moment in time these are the values
+that we're going to end up plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to end up plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to end up plugging in
+and also dxdt is equal to v right X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also dxdt is equal to v right X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also dxdt is equal to v right X is
+being increased increased yeah X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being increased increased yeah X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being increased increased yeah X is
+right this so as the foot gets pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this so as the foot gets pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this so as the foot gets pulled
+away X is getting bigger so X is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away X is getting bigger so X is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away X is getting bigger so X is being
+increased at at 5 units per second all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased at at 5 units per second all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased at at 5 units per second all
+right so these are all the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are all the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are all the things we're
+gonna plug in all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna plug in all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna plug in all right good
+so now we are after dy DT at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are after dy DT at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are after dy DT at this moment
+and we don't have a relate so we know DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have a relate so we know DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have a relate so we know DX
+DT we don't have a direct relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT we don't have a direct relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT we don't have a direct relationship
+between y and X we do have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between y and X we do have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between y and X we do have a direct
+relationship between y and D so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between y and D so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between y and D so if we
+got D D DT sorry D DT then we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got D D DT sorry D DT then we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got D D DT sorry D DT then we could get
+dy DT and because of this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT and because of this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT and because of this relationship
+we can get D D DT all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get D D DT all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get D D DT all right so let's
+start off by doing that so okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by doing that so okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by doing that so okay so this
+is an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an identity
+it holds always so we can differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds always so we can differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds always so we can differentiate
+it and we're going to differentiate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to differentiate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to differentiate it
+with respect to T X and D are functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T X and D are functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T X and D are functions
+of T so okay so differentiating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T so okay so differentiating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T so okay so differentiating this
+identity I get 2x times DX DT plus well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I get 2x times DX DT plus well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I get 2x times DX DT plus well
+okay derivative of 144 with respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay derivative of 144 with respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay derivative of 144 with respect to T
+is 0 it's equal to I guess I could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 it's equal to I guess I could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 it's equal to I guess I could I
+could expand this out but I it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could expand this out but I it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could expand this out but I it's easier
+just to use the chain rule right away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to use the chain rule right away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to use the chain rule right away so
+this is equal to 2 times 20 minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 2 times 20 minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 2 times 20 minus D
+times the derivative of 20 minus D with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of 20 minus D with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of 20 minus D with
+respect to T which is minus d D DT all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T which is minus d D DT all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T which is minus d D DT all
+right I begged the gods of math notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I begged the gods of math notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I begged the gods of math notation
+to forgive me for D D DT but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forgive me for D D DT but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forgive me for D D DT but okay
+so alright so now so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so now so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so now so this is this is
+always true and what we want is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true and what we want is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true and what we want is the
+value of D D DT at our particular moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of D D DT at our particular moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of D D DT at our particular moment
+in time so at our particular moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so at our particular moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so at our particular moment in
+time we have well let's see okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have well let's see okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have well let's see okay so we
+have X we have DX DT and we have D so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X we have DX DT and we have D so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X we have DX DT and we have D so we
+can just plug all those things in so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just plug all those things in so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just plug all those things in so at
+our moment let me see how I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our moment let me see how I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our moment let me see how I'm gonna do
+this I'll do it over here at our moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll do it over here at our moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll do it over here at our moment
+so 2x is 18 times DX DT is 5 equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2x is 18 times DX DT is 5 equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2x is 18 times DX DT is 5 equals 2
+times 20 minus D is 15 times minus DT DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 20 minus D is 15 times minus DT DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 20 minus D is 15 times minus DT DT
+and DT DT is what we're after so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DT DT is what we're after so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DT DT is what we're after so okay so
+we just divide through okay so divide 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just divide through okay so divide 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just divide through okay so divide 2
+into this is 9 45 divided by 15 is 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this is 9 45 divided by 15 is 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this is 9 45 divided by 15 is 3 so
+DD DT is equal to minus 3 at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD DT is equal to minus 3 at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD DT is equal to minus 3 at the moment
+that we're interested in all right great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in all right great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in all right great
+great so now we have D D DT and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so now we have D D DT and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so now we have D D DT and so now
+we can go back to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back to the second
+relationship we have the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we have the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we have the one that
+relates D and Y and we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates D and Y and we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates D and Y and we can do the same
+thing here we can take a derivative use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here we can take a derivative use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here we can take a derivative use
+the chain rule use and and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule use and and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule use and and get a
+relationship between dy DT and D and DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between dy DT and D and DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between dy DT and D and DT
+DT and then we'll be able to plug in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we'll be able to plug in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we'll be able to plug in all
+these values we have for our for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values we have for our for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values we have for our for our
+particular moment it's okay so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular moment it's okay so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular moment it's okay so I think
+I'm just gonna differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna differentiate
+differentiate this straight there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this straight there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this straight there are
+some simplifications I could do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simplifications I could do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simplifications I could do first
+but it'll work fine if we just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll work fine if we just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll work fine if we just do it
+straight so okay so I need to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so okay so I need to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so okay so I need to compute
+the derivatives is an identity I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives is an identity I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives is an identity I can
+take its derivative so I differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative so I differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative so I differentiate
+the left hand side with respect to T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side with respect to T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side with respect to T so
+I get 20 over so this is a minus first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 20 over so this is a minus first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 20 over so this is a minus first
+power so I get minus 20 over 20 minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so I get minus 20 over 20 minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so I get minus 20 over 20 minus D
+quantity squared times I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared times I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared times I need the
+derivative of the bottom is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the bottom is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the bottom is minus
+DD DT and on the right-hand side I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD DT and on the right-hand side I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD DT and on the right-hand side I get
+dy DT over 12 so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT over 12 so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT over 12 so I have this
+relationship between D and why I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between D and why I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between D and why I take
+its derivative now I have a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative now I have a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative now I have a relationship
+that involves dy DT which is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves dy DT which is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves dy DT which is the thing
+that I'm after so whoo so now I'm back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm after so whoo so now I'm back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm after so whoo so now I'm back
+at this plugging in stage so at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this plugging in stage so at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this plugging in stage so at our
+moment in time I know what D is and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time I know what D is and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time I know what D is and I
+just figured out what D D DT is so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured out what D D DT is so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured out what D D DT is so I can
+just plug those values in to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug those values in to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug those values in to figure out
+what dy DT is so okay so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dy DT is so okay so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dy DT is so okay so let's do that
+so at this moment in time we have so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment in time we have so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment in time we have so let
+me just multiply through by the 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just multiply through by the 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just multiply through by the 12 and
+that'll let us solve so we have dy DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll let us solve so we have dy DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll let us solve so we have dy DT is
+equal to 12 times well so it's minus 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 12 times well so it's minus 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 12 times well so it's minus 20
+over 15 squared times minus minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15 squared times minus minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15 squared times minus minus 3
+times 3 so this is alright arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 so this is alright arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 so this is alright arithmetic
+not my favorite thing in the world so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my favorite thing in the world so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my favorite thing in the world so we
+got two threes here we got an are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two threes here we got an are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two threes here we got an are we
+gonna end up with a 5 in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with a 5 in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with a 5 in the denominator
+and then we've got 4 times minus 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got 4 times minus 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got 4 times minus 4 so
+that's the minus 16 over 5 so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the minus 16 over 5 so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the minus 16 over 5 so all right
+so that's the answer let's um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer let's um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer let's um let's
+remember what we've done so minus 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we've done so minus 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we've done so minus 16
+over 5 that's a negative number why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 that's a negative number why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 that's a negative number why is
+it a negative number well as we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a negative number well as we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a negative number well as we pull
+this the bottom of this ladder here away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bottom of this ladder here away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the bottom of this ladder here away
+from the wall the top of the ladder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall the top of the ladder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall the top of the ladder is
+gonna fall downwards it's gonna it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fall downwards it's gonna it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fall downwards it's gonna it's
+going to get closer to the ground and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get closer to the ground and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get closer to the ground and y
+is the vertical distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vertical distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vertical distance between the
+ground and the top of the ladder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and the top of the ladder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and the top of the ladder so
+that's shrinking Y is shrinking there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shrinking Y is shrinking there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shrinking Y is shrinking there to
+have a negative derivative okay negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative derivative okay negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative derivative okay negative
+derivative minus 16 over 5 feet per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative minus 16 over 5 feet per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative minus 16 over 5 feet per
+second so it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so it would take
+if this instantaneous rate held up which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this instantaneous rate held up which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this instantaneous rate held up which
+it won't in this situation if it held up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't in this situation if it held up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't in this situation if it held up
+it would take five seconds get down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take five seconds get down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take five seconds get down so
+it's not falling very quickly okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not falling very quickly okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not falling very quickly okay that
+seems about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems about right
+anything else I guess we we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I guess we we computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I guess we we computed
+that dddg was also negative same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dddg was also negative same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dddg was also negative same same
+thing here when you pull this way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here when you pull this way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here when you pull this way this
+length is gonna shrink so D is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is gonna shrink so D is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is gonna shrink so D is getting
+smaller so it has negative derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so it has negative derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so it has negative derivative
+okay so at this moment in time the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at this moment in time the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at this moment in time the top
+of the ladder is falling the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ladder is falling the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ladder is falling the thing we're
+interested in at exactly 16 over 5 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in at exactly 16 over 5 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in at exactly 16 over 5 feet
+per second and we're all set
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dcVU_uELhGU.txt b/dcVU_uELhGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4338e79d30c13e8731a0cd3ee1a50f8973fb2fee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dcVU_uELhGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and did you sort of go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did you sort of go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did you sort of go through
+the methods used to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods used to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods used to classify
+disease in that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in that or
+here and there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there okay
+well that's what i'm focused on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what i'm focused on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what i'm focused on in the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+two blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks
+and i guess this is a block of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess this is a block of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess this is a block of four
+lectures that are going to focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that are going to focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that are going to focus on this
+area and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and this is the
+use of microarrays for disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of microarrays for disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of microarrays for disease
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it's important to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's important to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's important to keep it
+straight in your mind when looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight in your mind when looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight in your mind when looking at
+papers that use microarray technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that use microarray technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that use microarray technology or
+in your own use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own use
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+which of these two very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these two very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these two very distinct
+applications you're using it for because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you're using it for because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you're using it for because
+there is some overlap between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some overlap between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some overlap between the two
+but they are fundamentally distinct uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are fundamentally distinct uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are fundamentally distinct uses
+of the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the technology
+and the two uses are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two uses are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two uses are for the
+understanding of disease pathophysiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of disease pathophysiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of disease pathophysiology
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+fairly straightforward in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward in a
+certain way you look at expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way you look at expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way you look at expression of
+genes in a tissue of interest and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in a tissue of interest and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in a tissue of interest and a
+disease of interest and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease of interest and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease of interest and try to
+understand what the mechanism of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the mechanism of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the mechanism of disease
+is in that tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in that tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in that tissue
+the other approach is simply disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other approach is simply disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other approach is simply disease
+classification which can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification which can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification which can be done
+completely independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independently
+of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding
+anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+particular genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genes
+but but is essentially a strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but is essentially a strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but is essentially a strictly
+computational approach to looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational approach to looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational approach to looking at
+a large sequence of numbers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large sequence of numbers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large sequence of numbers that are
+generated by an experiment for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by an experiment for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by an experiment for a
+particular tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tissue
+and doing this in multiple tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing this in multiple tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing this in multiple tissues
+and trying to classify disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to classify disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to classify disease
+again without reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again without reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again without reference to
+what the underlying biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying biology is
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+that's where we're focused and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're focused and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're focused and i think
+the title of this block is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of this block is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of this block is the new
+histopathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histopathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histopathology
+and there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a number of
+papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that
+have come out over the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come out over the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come out over the last couple of
+years that our representative is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that our representative is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that our representative is that uh
+is you gonna put anyone to sleep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you gonna put anyone to sleep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you gonna put anyone to sleep you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so there's been a number of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's been a number of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's been a number of um
+approaches to using microarray in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to using microarray in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to using microarray in this
+in this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way and
+particularly in cancer and i guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in cancer and i guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in cancer and i guess you
+did hear about the approach in leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did hear about the approach in leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did hear about the approach in leukemia
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but there's a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a few different
+applications within classification they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications within classification they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications within classification they
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+things like prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like prediction
+over here trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here trying to predict
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+another predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another predictive
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this one is more of just straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is more of just straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is more of just straight
+classification but we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification but we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification but we're going to talk
+about these different methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these different methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these different methods and
+approaches here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches here
+fundamentally i think this this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally i think this this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally i think this this is sort
+of similar to what happened when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to what happened when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to what happened when
+medical scientists started using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical scientists started using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical scientists started using
+microscopes to analyze disease and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes to analyze disease and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes to analyze disease and this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+quote that microarrays have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that microarrays have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that microarrays have the
+potential to serve as microscopes to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to serve as microscopes to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to serve as microscopes to see
+a comprehensive dynamic molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comprehensive dynamic molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comprehensive dynamic molecular
+picture of the living cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the living cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the living cell
+so i'm going to carry that analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to carry that analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to carry that analogy
+through a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little bit more
+and we'll take a group of diseases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll take a group of diseases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll take a group of diseases that
+are muscle diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are muscle diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are muscle diseases
+which is an area i work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an area i work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an area i work in
+and look at its classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at its classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at its classification
+and so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so before
+microscopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes
+were invented and used in medicine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were invented and used in medicine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were invented and used in medicine um
+physicians did certainly know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians did certainly know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians did certainly know about
+muscle diseases and had a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle diseases and had a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle diseases and had a certain
+classification of them but having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of them but having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of them but having the
+microscope and looking at muscle tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and looking at muscle tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and looking at muscle tissue
+from patients under the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from patients under the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from patients under the microscope
+allowed for refinements in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for refinements in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for refinements in that
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+and the way that works is you look under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that works is you look under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that works is you look under
+you look at tissue under a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at tissue under a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at tissue under a microscope
+and this is a cross-section of muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a cross-section of muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a cross-section of muscle
+these are muscle fibers the red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are muscle fibers the red one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are muscle fibers the red one
+there's some inflammatory cells here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some inflammatory cells here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some inflammatory cells here but
+we can essentially make a list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can essentially make a list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can essentially make a list of the
+abnormal findings that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal findings that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal findings that we see
+in the muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the muscle
+and use that to then classify disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to then classify disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to then classify disease so
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+other um cases yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um cases yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um cases yeah
+sure is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure is what
+is the defining character of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the defining character of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the defining character of the
+inflammatory cells the fact that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory cells the fact that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory cells the fact that there
+are these little bodies these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these little bodies these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these little bodies these little
+dark stone bodies inside of them or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark stone bodies inside of them or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark stone bodies inside of them or are
+those the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the actual
+so some of these dark staining bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these dark staining bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these dark staining bodies
+are nuclei this is a nucleus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclei this is a nucleus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclei this is a nucleus here
+muscle is a syncytium so muscle fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle is a syncytium so muscle fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle is a syncytium so muscle fibers
+are tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tubes
+that have fused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have fused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have fused
+myoblasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myoblasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myoblasts
+that join their cytoplasm and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that join their cytoplasm and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that join their cytoplasm and have
+multiple nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple nuclei
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+in this particular picture here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular picture here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular picture here what
+you're looking at that's a nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at that's a nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at that's a nucleus
+that's a nucleus within a muscle fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nucleus within a muscle fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nucleus within a muscle fiber
+these are inflammatory cells they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are inflammatory cells they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are inflammatory cells they're a
+little bit larger they stain a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger they stain a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger they stain a little
+bit darker um they have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit darker um they have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit darker um they have other
+characteristics yeah and they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics yeah and they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics yeah and they're they're
+also much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also much smaller
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+is this surround what's that surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this surround what's that surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this surround what's that surrounding
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+what this is this is a degenerating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is this is a degenerating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is this is a degenerating a
+necrotic part of this muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necrotic part of this muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necrotic part of this muscle
+fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber
+that these inflammatory cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these inflammatory cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these inflammatory cells are
+invading i can't tell you which cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invading i can't tell you which cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invading i can't tell you which cells
+they are from this view here but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from this view here but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from this view here but they're
+likely to be macrophages and cda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be macrophages and cda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be macrophages and cda
+positive t cells that are attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive t cells that are attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive t cells that are attacking
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the the reason i use this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the reason i use this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the reason i use this example is
+we can look at a variety of features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at a variety of features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at a variety of features
+when we look at muscle under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at muscle under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at muscle under the
+microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+we have i'm going to turn off my auto we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have i'm going to turn off my auto we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have i'm going to turn off my auto we
+have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um
+a lot of different features that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different features that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different features that we see
+that are characteristic of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are characteristic of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are characteristic of different
+diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+inflammatory cells are characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory cells are characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory cells are characteristic of
+inflammatory myopathies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory myopathies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory myopathies
+other myopathies like muscular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other myopathies like muscular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other myopathies like muscular
+dystrophies have a different pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystrophies have a different pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystrophies have a different pattern
+there's no inflammation there are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no inflammation there are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no inflammation there are large
+muscle fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle fibers
+other diseases like toxic myopathies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diseases like toxic myopathies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diseases like toxic myopathies
+have yet another characteristic feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet another characteristic feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet another characteristic feature
+when we look at it pathologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at it pathologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at it pathologically
+and so the point i'm trying to make here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the point i'm trying to make here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the point i'm trying to make here
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+looking under the microscope has allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking under the microscope has allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking under the microscope has allowed
+us to see different patterns within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to see different patterns within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to see different patterns within
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+and to realize that some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to realize that some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to realize that some of the things
+that were just called muscle diseases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were just called muscle diseases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were just called muscle diseases in
+the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+actually two different types of muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two different types of muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two different types of muscle
+disease so what you're seeing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so what you're seeing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so what you're seeing on the
+left is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is a
+sample from a patient with polymyositis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from a patient with polymyositis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from a patient with polymyositis
+which is a type of inflammatory muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a type of inflammatory muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a type of inflammatory muscle
+disease and on the right is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and on the right is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and on the right is something
+called inclusion body myositis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inclusion body myositis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inclusion body myositis and
+they're mainly distinguished by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mainly distinguished by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mainly distinguished by the
+presence of vacuoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of vacuoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of vacuoles
+that you can see under the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see under the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see under the microscope
+there and they're very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they're very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they're very different
+diseases polymyositis responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases polymyositis responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases polymyositis responds to
+treatment with immunosuppressive agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment with immunosuppressive agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment with immunosuppressive agents
+and inclusion body myositis does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inclusion body myositis does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inclusion body myositis does not
+and so the microscope allows for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the microscope allows for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the microscope allows for very
+meaningful classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful classification
+of diseases that we were previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diseases that we were previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diseases that we were previously
+unaware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaware of
+represented some types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented some types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented some types
+of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease
+and we sort of certainly we sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sort of certainly we sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sort of certainly we sort of take
+that for granted now that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for granted now that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for granted now that part of
+accurate diagnosis for many diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate diagnosis for many diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate diagnosis for many diseases
+involves examination of tissue specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves examination of tissue specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves examination of tissue specimens
+under the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the microscope
+but it's really the the same analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really the the same analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really the the same analogy
+goes through with microarrays and i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through with microarrays and i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through with microarrays and i just
+wanted to carry that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to carry that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to carry that through
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because we're not yet taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not yet taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not yet taking that
+for granted so in a way the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted so in a way the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted so in a way the microscope
+lets us look at tissue and enumerate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us look at tissue and enumerate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us look at tissue and enumerate a
+list of features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of features
+in the tissue and they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tissue and they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tissue and they're sort of
+limited the sort of things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited the sort of things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited the sort of things that we can
+see in diseases of muscle compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in diseases of muscle compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in diseases of muscle compared to
+normal muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal muscle
+is a small list of different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small list of different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small list of different things that
+we might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might see
+microarrays similarly allow us to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays similarly allow us to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays similarly allow us to take a
+tissue of interest and to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue of interest and to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue of interest and to measure the
+expression of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of genes
+at the level of messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of messenger rna
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+thousands of genes simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of genes simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of genes simultaneously
+and similarly provides us with a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly provides us with a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly provides us with a list
+quantitative list of expression levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative list of expression levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative list of expression levels
+for all these different genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these different genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these different genes
+and so just how we similarly how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just how we similarly how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just how we similarly how the
+pattern looking at the pattern of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern looking at the pattern of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern looking at the pattern of the
+microscope has helped to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope has helped to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope has helped to classify
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+looking at the pattern of numbers from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the pattern of numbers from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the pattern of numbers from a
+microarray experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiment
+is also being used to classify disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also being used to classify disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also being used to classify disease
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but you can also so the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but you can also so the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but you can also so the example that
+you gave with the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave with the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave with the microscope
+if you combine that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you combine that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you combine that with
+what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about
+you know immunological like information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know immunological like information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know immunological like information
+processes could also be used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes could also be used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes could also be used in the
+other branch that you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other branch that you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other branch that you mentioned
+the pathophysiology right so this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's where the analogy is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the analogy is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the analogy is coming
+from is that you can write so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is that you can write so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is that you can write so
+they can the microscope microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can the microscope microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can the microscope microscopic
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+of disease it's more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease it's more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease it's more like the
+microscopes are like a direct analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes are like a direct analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes are like a direct analogy to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+well that's both micros so what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's both micros so what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's both micros so what we see
+in the microscope also helps us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microscope also helps us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microscope also helps us to
+understand disease as well as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand disease as well as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand disease as well as to
+classify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify it
+um and so going back to this here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so going back to this here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so going back to this here this
+process is completely independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is completely independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is completely independent of
+understanding disease here we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding disease here we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding disease here we don't know
+what vacuoles are due to in ibm nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vacuoles are due to in ibm nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vacuoles are due to in ibm nobody
+really has much idea about why vacuoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has much idea about why vacuoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has much idea about why vacuoles
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+um similarly with polymyositis we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly with polymyositis we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly with polymyositis we know
+they're inflammatory cells it's believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inflammatory cells it's believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inflammatory cells it's believed
+to be an autoimmune disorder but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an autoimmune disorder but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an autoimmune disorder but we
+don't really have any antigens we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have any antigens we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have any antigens we don't
+really know how it starts we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how it starts we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how it starts we don't know
+if it's antigen specific even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's antigen specific even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's antigen specific even
+but even putting that completely aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even putting that completely aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even putting that completely aside
+if you just describe features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just describe features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just describe features
+which are sort of internal nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of internal nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of internal nuclei
+inflammatory cells etc just describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory cells etc just describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory cells etc just describing
+features allows one to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features allows one to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features allows one to distinguish
+meaningful categories of disease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful categories of disease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful categories of disease that
+are clinically important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clinically important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clinically important
+there are many patients with inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many patients with inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many patients with inclusion
+body myositis who are being treated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body myositis who are being treated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body myositis who are being treated with
+steroids and get labeled as so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids and get labeled as so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroids and get labeled as so-called
+refractory polymyositis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractory polymyositis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractory polymyositis
+before somebody pays sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before somebody pays sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before somebody pays sufficient
+attention to their muscle biopsy slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to their muscle biopsy slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to their muscle biopsy slides
+and realizes they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realizes they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realizes they don't have
+polymyositis so it's a very clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymyositis so it's a very clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymyositis so it's a very clinically
+relevant area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant area
+but it's completely independent of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's completely independent of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's completely independent of any
+biological knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological knowledge
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and so that's why stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why stress
+stress sort of this extreme they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress sort of this extreme they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress sort of this extreme they
+certainly both microscopes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly both microscopes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly both microscopes and
+microarrays have applications in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays have applications in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays have applications in both
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+but this this one area of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this one area of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this one area of disease
+classification can take place completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification can take place completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification can take place completely
+independently of understanding mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of understanding mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of understanding mechanism
+through this analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so disease classification of the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so disease classification of the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so disease classification of the area of
+disease classification actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease classification actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease classification actually has a
+sort of a few different areas within it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a few different areas within it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a few different areas within it
+um and i want to sort of formalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i want to sort of formalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i want to sort of formalize that
+a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and
+they include discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they include discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they include discovery
+diagnostics but they all have in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics but they all have in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics but they all have in common
+the concept of an expression profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of an expression profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of an expression profile
+representing a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a signature
+so the expression profile is a term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expression profile is a term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expression profile is a term we
+use for this vector of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for this vector of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for this vector of numbers
+that we get from a microarray experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get from a microarray experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get from a microarray experiment
+on a single tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a single tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a single tissue
+so you take one muscle sample you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take one muscle sample you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take one muscle sample you
+extract its rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract its rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract its rna
+you hybridize it to a microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hybridize it to a microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hybridize it to a microarray
+experiment overnight and you get back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment overnight and you get back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment overnight and you get back a
+list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+10 or 20 000 genes and their expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 000 genes and their expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 000 genes and their expression
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+and we can view that list as an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can view that list as an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can view that list as an ordered
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+and we can compare that to other muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can compare that to other muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can compare that to other muscle
+samples that had a microarray experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that had a microarray experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that had a microarray experiment
+and also gave back a list of 20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also gave back a list of 20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also gave back a list of 20 000
+ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered
+numbers and we can sort of ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we can sort of ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we can sort of ask questions
+about how similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how similar
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ordered lists of numbers are to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered lists of numbers are to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered lists of numbers are to each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll
+go through that more so but the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that more so but the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that more so but the basic
+idea is that the expression part so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the expression part so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the expression part so an
+expression profile is this vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile is this vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile is this vector of
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+okay and it's the expression profile for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's the expression profile for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's the expression profile for
+a single tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single tissue
+under a single experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a single experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a single experiment
+and they're often viewed as signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're often viewed as signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're often viewed as signatures
+as unique to this tissue or this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as unique to this tissue or this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as unique to this tissue or this to
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+and so we just want to explore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we just want to explore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we just want to explore that
+concept of signatures a little bit as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of signatures a little bit as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of signatures a little bit as an
+aside this is the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside this is the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside this is the disease
+pathophysiology the other branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathophysiology the other branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathophysiology the other branch
+and i'm sort of contrasting a bit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sort of contrasting a bit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sort of contrasting a bit back
+and forth just to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth just to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth just to be clear
+um i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't know
+if you guys have done this or had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys have done this or had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys have done this or had
+lectures about doing this and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures about doing this and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures about doing this and how to
+identify differentially expressed genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify differentially expressed genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify differentially expressed genes
+and tissues versus controls their fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tissues versus controls their fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tissues versus controls their fairly
+simple methods of just comparing ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple methods of just comparing ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple methods of just comparing ratios
+or doing statistical analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing statistical analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing statistical analyses
+and i'm going to skip that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to skip that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to skip that part
+and get back to class so staying back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get back to class so staying back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get back to class so staying back in
+classification now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification now
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+question is sort of formalizes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is sort of formalizes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is sort of formalizes what is
+an expression profile signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression profile signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression profile signature
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um and to ask whether it truly exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to ask whether it truly exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to ask whether it truly exists in
+a given situation there are many papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given situation there are many papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given situation there are many papers
+out there that will say we looked at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that will say we looked at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that will say we looked at an
+expression profile signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile signature
+but they failed to demonstrate that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they failed to demonstrate that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they failed to demonstrate that what
+they got out of a microwave experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got out of a microwave experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got out of a microwave experiment
+was a signature of that tissue other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a signature of that tissue other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a signature of that tissue other
+than say random noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say random noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say random noise
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so there are some important aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are some important aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are some important aspects
+to a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a signature
+and that that analogy goes to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that analogy goes to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that analogy goes to sort of
+that signature we use when we write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signature we use when we write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signature we use when we write and
+signatures that we use are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures that we use are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures that we use are useful
+because they're distinct my signature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're distinct my signature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're distinct my signature is
+different than yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than yours
+because it's reproducible whenever i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's reproducible whenever i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's reproducible whenever i
+write my name down in my signature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write my name down in my signature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write my name down in my signature it's
+pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar
+in that it's readable in a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it's readable in a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that it's readable in a certain way
+well that's not always the case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not always the case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not always the case with
+signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is similarly true of what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similarly true of what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similarly true of what we will
+call classes and classes are groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+groups of conditions that fit into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of conditions that fit into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of conditions that fit into one
+category of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of some sort
+in this context in the context of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context in the context of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context in the context of using
+microarrays to classify disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays to classify disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays to classify disease
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+say the expression pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the expression pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the expression pattern
+expression profile from 10 patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile from 10 patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile from 10 patients with
+a single disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single disease
+does that form a particular does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that form a particular does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that form a particular does that
+form a class those ten expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a class those ten expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a class those ten expression
+profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles
+together and classes need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and classes need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and classes need to have
+similar properties as signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i don't know why i put that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i don't know why i put that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i don't know why i put that up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay so the signature idea again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the signature idea again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the signature idea again is
+that's my signature and that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my signature and that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my signature and that expression
+profile would represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile would represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile would represent
+the profile of a tissue specimen under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile of a tissue specimen under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile of a tissue specimen under
+my query experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my query experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my query experiment
+okay and so the first question is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the first question is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the first question is is it
+reproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible
+and so when you do look at papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you do look at papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you do look at papers in
+this area and you're interested in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area and you're interested in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area and you're interested in data
+you need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to see
+that somebody can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody can do the same thing
+twice on a given tissue and get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice on a given tissue and get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice on a given tissue and get the same
+pattern out i could take a bucket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern out i could take a bucket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern out i could take a bucket of
+paint and throw it on the wall and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint and throw it on the wall and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint and throw it on the wall and call
+that a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a signature
+but it only is meaningful if i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it only is meaningful if i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it only is meaningful if i can
+reproduce that and get the same pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce that and get the same pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce that and get the same pattern
+when i throw the bucket of paint on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i throw the bucket of paint on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i throw the bucket of paint on so
+you do need to show that you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need to show that you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need to show that you can and
+certainly it is possible to do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it is possible to do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it is possible to do it this
+is data from our experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data from our experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data from our experiments
+but you should see this type of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should see this type of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should see this type of data
+when you look at papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at papers
+that people have reproduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have reproduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have reproduced
+what they the profile they get out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they the profile they get out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they the profile they get out then
+two experiments on their tissue sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two experiments on their tissue sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two experiments on their tissue sample
+and gotten the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten the same
+pattern of numbers out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of numbers out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of numbers out
+each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time
+it needs to be clear that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be clear that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be clear that this is
+distinct that the signature from say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct that the signature from say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct that the signature from say one
+disease is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is different
+from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another
+and there are ways to do that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways to do that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways to do that and then
+the question of readability comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of readability comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of readability comes out
+and that's how do we read a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how do we read a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how do we read a signature
+so if i do an experiment i have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do an experiment i have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do an experiment i have these
+vectors of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of numbers
+and i'm going to do this for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to do this for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to do this for 10
+different tissues and sort of compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissues and sort of compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissues and sort of compare
+and ask how are these vectors similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask how are these vectors similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask how are these vectors similar to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+we sort of have to define some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of have to define some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of have to define some way of
+comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+vectors to each other and judging their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to each other and judging their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to each other and judging their
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+you know 20 000 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 20 000 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 20 000 dimensional
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+here and there's a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's a number of different
+measures that are used to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that are used to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that are used to look at
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+these profiles and they include use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these profiles and they include use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these profiles and they include use of
+correlation coefficients so just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients so just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients so just taking
+the pearson correlation coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pearson correlation coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pearson correlation coefficient of
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+vectors and that's what we i did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that's what we i did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that's what we i did here
+this is just the pearson correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the pearson correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the pearson correlation
+coefficient of one set of microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of one set of microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of one set of microarray
+numbers against another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+euclidean distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean distance
+mutual information has just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual information has just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual information has just about
+dropped off the scene at this point as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped off the scene at this point as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped off the scene at this point as a
+use in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in this field
+but there are a number of similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a number of similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a number of similarity
+measures and this will change how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and this will change how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and this will change how one
+reads these profiles and compares them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the same principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the same principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the same principles that
+apply to signatures also apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to signatures also apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to signatures also apply to
+classes if we define classes the classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes if we define classes the classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes if we define classes the classes
+also have to have the same features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to have the same features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to have the same features
+and the way we look at distinctness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we look at distinctness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we look at distinctness of
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+mostly through clustering methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly through clustering methods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly through clustering methods so
+clustering methods which you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering methods which you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering methods which you may have
+had some exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some exposure to
+here what clustering methods are a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what clustering methods are a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what clustering methods are a way
+of organizing tissue samples by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizing tissue samples by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizing tissue samples by
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+into classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into classes
+and they differ substantially in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they differ substantially in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they differ substantially in terms
+of the way that they create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way that they create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way that they create a
+organizational class structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational class structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational class structure
+classification so hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification so hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification so hierarchical
+classification is used quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is used quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is used quite a lot
+and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+trees basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees basically
+of relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relationships
+they're not actually true classes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not actually true classes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not actually true classes in the
+sense that they're distinct everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they're distinct everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they're distinct everything
+is related to everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to everything else
+under hierarchical clustering but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under hierarchical clustering but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under hierarchical clustering but the
+degree of relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of relationship
+is just greater for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profiles that get classified together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles that get classified together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles that get classified together on
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+the same same node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same node
+there's different types of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different types of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different types of class
+hierarchical class is non-hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical class is non-hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical class is non-hierarchical
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+and so the point here is to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the point here is to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the point here is to emphasize
+there's a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of
+mathematical methods that are still used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical methods that are still used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical methods that are still used
+in this field to try and define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field to try and define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field to try and define
+distinctness of classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reproducibility so again the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility so again the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility so again the signature
+issue was distinctness reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue was distinctness reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue was distinctness reproducibility
+and sort of readability reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of readability reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of readability reproducibility
+of classes is a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes is a big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes is a big issue
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that when you see papers which will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you see papers which will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you see papers which will look
+def say we have a certain classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def say we have a certain classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def say we have a certain classification
+and we've like the leukemia one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've like the leukemia one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've like the leukemia one we have
+al and aml separable into two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al and aml separable into two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al and aml separable into two classes
+it's important to ask whether this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to ask whether this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to ask whether this is a
+reproducible classification system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible classification system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible classification system
+that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you
+do this under some slightly perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this under some slightly perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this under some slightly perturbed
+way whether you end up with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way whether you end up with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way whether you end up with the same
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a somewhat neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a somewhat neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a somewhat neglected
+area still within this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area still within this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area still within this field
+of demonstrating reproducibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstrating reproducibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstrating reproducibility of
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+readability we mentioned the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readability we mentioned the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readability we mentioned the different
+similarity measures that are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity measures that are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity measures that are used to
+read out expression profiles this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out expression profiles this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out expression profiles this is
+just the correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to go into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to go into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to go into a little
+bit more detail about hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail about hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail about hierarchical
+clustering because it's such a commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering because it's such a commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering because it's such a commonly
+used technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used technique
+now on how tissues are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on how tissues are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on how tissues are organized
+by similarity and the basic method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by similarity and the basic method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by similarity and the basic method for
+this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to
+so again our basic data set consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again our basic data set consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again our basic data set consists of
+let's say 20 different tissue samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 20 different tissue samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 20 different tissue samples
+and the expression profile for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expression profile for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expression profile for each one
+okay so 10 000 genes measured for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 10 000 genes measured for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 10 000 genes measured for 20
+diff each of 20 different profiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff each of 20 different profiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff each of 20 different profiles and
+we're going to try and organize these 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and organize these 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and organize these 20
+different tissue samples into groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissue samples into groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissue samples into groups
+or some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some structure
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+their similarity of their expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their similarity of their expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their similarity of their expression
+profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles
+and so the way hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way hierarchical clustering
+works is to first look at all pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is to first look at all pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is to first look at all pairwise
+correlation coefficients of these 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients of these 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients of these 20
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+so sample number one and sample number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sample number one and sample number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sample number one and sample number
+four have a certain correlation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four have a certain correlation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four have a certain correlation with
+each other and one and five have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and one and five have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and one and five have a
+certain correlation with them and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain correlation with them and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain correlation with them and we're
+just going to calculate all correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to calculate all correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to calculate all correlation
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+that's the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step
+and then for the single highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the single highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the single highest
+correlation coefficient so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient so the two
+samples that are most correlated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that are most correlated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that are most correlated it
+might be sample 8 and sample 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sample 8 and sample 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sample 8 and sample 15
+we're going to define those as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to define those as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to define those as being
+uh together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh together
+as as close together and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as close together and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as close together and being
+two leaves basically on the end of a tr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leaves basically on the end of a tr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leaves basically on the end of a tr
+uh on end of a branch of a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on end of a branch of a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on end of a branch of a tree
+and then we're going to repeat this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to repeat this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to repeat this for
+the remaining samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining samples
+and build a tree up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a tree up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a tree up
+basically from the leaves this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from the leaves this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from the leaves this is one
+type of hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of hierarchical clustering
+so here there's scatter plot diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there's scatter plot diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there's scatter plot diagrams
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+three of the pairs within a samp within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the pairs within a samp within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the pairs within a samp within
+a data set that are shown but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data set that are shown but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data set that are shown but you do
+this for all pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all pairs
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you start let's say sample one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start let's say sample one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start let's say sample one and two
+were the most correlated from the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the most correlated from the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the most correlated from the whole
+sample you join them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you join them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you join them together
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+leaves and then let's say sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and then let's say sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and then let's say sample the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ones that are with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are with the highest
+correlation coefficient are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient are
+sample seven and and five they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample seven and and five they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample seven and and five they get
+joined together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined together
+and then the next highest correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next highest correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next highest correlation
+coefficient might be the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient might be the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient might be the average
+coefficient of the s1 s2 group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the s1 s2 group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the s1 s2 group and the
+75 so they get joined together so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 so they get joined together so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 so they get joined together so this
+tree gets built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree gets built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree gets built up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i guess i'm assuming you've seen some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i'm assuming you've seen some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i'm assuming you've seen some of
+these pictures of hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures of hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures of hierarchical
+clustering diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering diagrams
+have you seen any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen any
+pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+okay well maybe i'll i'll show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well maybe i'll i'll show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well maybe i'll i'll show you one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+way to look at this process is to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at this process is to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at this process is to switch
+to colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to colors
+this is a pretty common visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty common visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty common visual
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+in this field of how to represent these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field of how to represent these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field of how to represent these
+data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+so what i have here is my columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i have here is my columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i have here is my columns are
+each a different tissue specimen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a different tissue specimen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a different tissue specimen
+so they're different let's say muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're different let's say muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're different let's say muscle
+biopsy specimens from patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopsy specimens from patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopsy specimens from patients
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for each one we did a microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one we did a microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one we did a microarray
+experiment so there were seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so there were seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so there were seven
+microarray experiments done and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments done and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments done and we
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+12 000 genes in their expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 000 genes in their expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 000 genes in their expression
+here and we put this into a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we put this into a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we put this into a table
+and then color coded according to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then color coded according to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then color coded according to some
+color scale so that the the greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color scale so that the the greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color scale so that the the greens
+represent the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the lowest
+expression levels and the reds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels and the reds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression levels and the reds the
+highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+and so we end up in sort of this color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we end up in sort of this color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we end up in sort of this color
+diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here
+and so the process of them classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the process of them classifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the process of them classifying
+our tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tissues
+is a process whereby we try and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process whereby we try and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process whereby we try and find
+specimens that have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens that have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens that have similar
+colors in a at each gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors in a at each gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors in a at each gene
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+classification involves shuffling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification involves shuffling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification involves shuffling these
+columns one can also classify rows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns one can also classify rows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns one can also classify rows but
+for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of
+classifying disease we will shuffle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying disease we will shuffle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying disease we will shuffle the
+columns accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns accordingly
+and when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+hierarchical clustering or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering or other
+algorithms to do that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to do that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to do that you can
+this contrived example there were three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contrived example there were three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contrived example there were three
+different classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes
+represented in here and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in here and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in here and that's what
+disease classification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease classification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease classification is
+using microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one can also shuffle the rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can also shuffle the rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can also shuffle the rose
+and classify the gene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and classify the gene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and classify the gene or
+cluster the genes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the genes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the genes here
+what that tends to do is to bring genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that tends to do is to bring genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that tends to do is to bring genes
+together of similar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together of similar function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together of similar function
+within the the rows so that genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the the rows so that genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the the rows so that genes that
+are behaving similarly across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are behaving similarly across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are behaving similarly across
+this data set of tissues will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set of tissues will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set of tissues will tend to
+get grouped together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get grouped together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get grouped together
+and that's a whole that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a whole that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a whole that's a different
+there's things you can do with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things you can do with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things you can do with that you
+can sort of infer gene function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of infer gene function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of infer gene function and
+other things but it's not what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but it's not what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but it's not what we're
+focused on yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a
+representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of
+a micro experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micro experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micro experiment
+of a group a data set made up of seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a group a data set made up of seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a group a data set made up of seven
+microarray experiments right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments right right
+and when you're choosing your tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're choosing your tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're choosing your tissue
+specimens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens uh
+the seven that you're looking at are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven that you're looking at are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven that you're looking at are
+those the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the actual
+i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess
+questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from
+tissue that you suspect for now has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that you suspect for now has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that you suspect for now has a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+clinical phenotype agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical phenotype agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical phenotype agencies
+or do you throw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you throw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you throw in
+your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it depends on what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on what you want to
+study what you want to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study what you want to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study what you want to demonstrate
+and so there certainly are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there certainly are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there certainly are in the
+diseases i study there are patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases i study there are patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases i study there are patients
+whose muscle biopsy looks normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose muscle biopsy looks normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose muscle biopsy looks normal
+and so under the microscope even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so under the microscope even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so under the microscope even though
+we know they have a muscle disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know they have a muscle disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know they have a muscle disease
+and so that's of interest to us then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's of interest to us then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's of interest to us then to
+to do a classification experiment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a classification experiment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a classification experiment here
+where we take that data from say five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take that data from say five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take that data from say five
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+with a disease but they have normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a disease but they have normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a disease but they have normal
+muscle biopsies and five patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle biopsies and five patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle biopsies and five patients with
+normal muscle biopsies who don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal muscle biopsies who don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal muscle biopsies who don't have a
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+and to shuffle them and see if they fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to shuffle them and see if they fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to shuffle them and see if they fall
+into two classes properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two classes properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two classes properly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they do i'll show you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do i'll show you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do i'll show you an example
+of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but
+so i mean so in that way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean so in that way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean so in that way we can
+demonstrate that sometimes microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that sometimes microarrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that sometimes microarrays
+can see things that we don't see under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see things that we don't see under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see things that we don't see under
+the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope
+but it strictly depends on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it strictly depends on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it strictly depends on an
+application a particular application the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application a particular application the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application a particular application the
+principles are what we're focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles are what we're focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles are what we're focused on
+here and when you're doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when you're doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when you're doing these
+shuffling though you're doing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffling though you're doing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffling though you're doing them
+in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they're being done strictly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're being done strictly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're being done strictly uh
+through say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say
+an algorithm like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm like this
+hierarchical clustering where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering where you're
+just looking at the columns of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the columns of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the columns of numbers
+and you're saying this vector is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're saying this vector is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're saying this vector is similar
+to this vector let's put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this other vector is the next similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other vector is the next similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other vector is the next similar
+most let's put that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most let's put that together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most let's put that together
+so it's completely it's independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's completely it's independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's completely it's independent of
+the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels
+so a lot of people think of this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people think of this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people think of this field
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+supervised or un so this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised or un so this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised or un so this particular
+application is unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is unsupervised
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+have you had those terms come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you had those terms come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you had those terms come up
+supervised versus on it's the way a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised versus on it's the way a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised versus on it's the way a lot
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+artificial intelligence and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and machine
+learning community thinks about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community thinks about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community thinks about this
+area i don't like to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area i don't like to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area i don't like to think about this
+area in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in that way
+because that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of
+secondary whether a method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary whether a method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary whether a method is
+unsupervised or supervised it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised or supervised it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised or supervised it's not
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+it doesn't that hasn't helped that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't that hasn't helped that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't that hasn't helped that's
+confused me so many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me so many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me so many times
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+um i like to think about it in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i like to think about it in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i like to think about it in the way
+that i'm presenting it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm presenting it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm presenting it to you
+right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+classification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification so
+there's a group of distinct methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group of distinct methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group of distinct methods
+that we call class methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call class methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call class methods
+that are applicable for a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are applicable for a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are applicable for a number of
+different types of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of applications
+within disease classification and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within disease classification and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within disease classification and the
+three methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three methods are
+class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class comparison
+class prediction and class discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class prediction and class discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class prediction and class discovery
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so class comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so class comparison
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+uh an area in which we are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an area in which we are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an area in which we are simply
+describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+different classes that might exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes that might exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes that might exist
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+one of these data sets that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these data sets that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these data sets that we
+can that we put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that we put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that we put together
+from let's take for example 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's take for example 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's take for example 50
+50 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 samples
+and a microarray experiment for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a microarray experiment for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a microarray experiment for each of
+those and consider that one data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and consider that one data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and consider that one data set
+and so class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so class comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so class comparison
+is a sort of exploratory method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of exploratory method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of exploratory method
+to just sort of compare and contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sort of compare and contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sort of compare and contrast
+whether there are classes within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are classes within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are classes within this
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+what the differences are there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the differences are there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the differences are there's a
+variety of computational tools that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of computational tools that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of computational tools that are
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+and these include cluster analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these include cluster analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these include cluster analysis
+the so-called supervised learning fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called supervised learning fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called supervised learning fold
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i'm focused more on not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm focused more on not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm focused more on not the
+computational tool that's being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational tool that's being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational tool that's being used
+whether we're doing unsupervised or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're doing unsupervised or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're doing unsupervised or
+supervised classification but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised classification but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised classification but the
+broader concept about what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader concept about what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader concept about what we're trying
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+and so one group of applications were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one group of applications were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one group of applications were
+just trying to explore the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to explore the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to explore the data
+and its class structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its class structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its class structure
+and that's called comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called comparison
+prediction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is a
+mut as a whole different area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mut as a whole different area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mut as a whole different area
+and prediction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prediction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prediction is a
+method by which we want to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method by which we want to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method by which we want to predict the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+of a new sample that's given to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new sample that's given to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new sample that's given to us
+based on our prior data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on our prior data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on our prior data
+so that involves using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that involves using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that involves using
+data that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we have
+and constructing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constructing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constructing some
+function essentially or some method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function essentially or some method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function essentially or some method
+based on that data set so that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that data set so that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that data set so that if we
+encounter a new sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a new sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a new sample
+that we can then predict something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then predict something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then predict something about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that new sample based on the prior data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new sample based on the prior data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new sample based on the prior data
+that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had
+okay that's prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's prediction
+very different than class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although some of them use similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although some of them use similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although some of them use similar
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+so the tools that might be used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tools that might be used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tools that might be used to do
+class prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class prediction
+can also be used to do class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class discovery is yet a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class discovery is yet a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class discovery is yet a third
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+and class discovery is focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and class discovery is focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and class discovery is focused on
+discovering new disease subtypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering new disease subtypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering new disease subtypes
+so it's most analogous to what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's most analogous to what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's most analogous to what i
+started to talk with in terms of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to talk with in terms of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to talk with in terms of looking
+at things we learned when we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things we learned when we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things we learned when we looked
+under the microscope initially about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the microscope initially about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the microscope initially about
+muscle disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle disease
+we learned that there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned that there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned that there are different
+types of diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of diseases
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+truly are subtypes of muscle disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly are subtypes of muscle disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly are subtypes of muscle disease
+that we didn't know about beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't know about beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't know about beforehand
+and so class discovery is focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so class discovery is focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so class discovery is focused on
+looking at microarray data from tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at microarray data from tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at microarray data from tissue
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+and trying to understand if there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to understand if there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to understand if there might
+be some subtype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some subtype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some subtype
+that's defined by the microarray data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by the microarray data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by the microarray data
+that we weren't aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't aware of
+beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such a subtype has to have sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a subtype has to have sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a subtype has to have sort of some
+meaning to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to it
+it can't just be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't just be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't just be that
+we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found
+you know looking at these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking at these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking at these very
+underdetermined data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermined data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermined data sets
+that we found different classes of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found different classes of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found different classes of these
+you know vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vectors
+it has to translate to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to translate to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to translate to something
+meaningful so one has to define classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful so one has to define classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful so one has to define classes
+and then go back and say whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back and say whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back and say whether this
+class actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually
+means something whether these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something whether these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something whether these patients
+who fell into this class are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who fell into this class are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who fell into this class are really
+different than the other patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the other patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the other patients and
+people just never noticed that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just never noticed that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just never noticed that before
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so going through those class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going through those class comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going through those class comparison
+again is used to sort of establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is used to sort of establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is used to sort of establish
+distinctness of classes and just compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctness of classes and just compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctness of classes and just compare
+and contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast
+there's no direct medical applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct medical applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct medical applications
+of this tool there are indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tool there are indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tool there are indirect
+applications it can be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it can be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it can be useful for
+generating ideas about classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ideas about classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ideas about classification
+and pathophysiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathophysiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathophysiology
+and there's a variety of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a variety of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a variety of computational
+tools that can be used to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that can be used to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that can be used to complete
+compare classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare classes
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an example of class comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of class comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of class comparison
+where we looked at 45 muscle biopsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we looked at 45 muscle biopsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we looked at 45 muscle biopsy
+tissue specimens from four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue specimens from four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue specimens from four different
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+we had normals we had patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had normals we had patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had normals we had patients with
+duchenne muscular dystrophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duchenne muscular dystrophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duchenne muscular dystrophy
+memoline myopathies and then a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoline myopathies and then a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoline myopathies and then a group of
+inflammatory myopathies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory myopathies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory myopathies
+of which there's a variety of subtypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one of the tools for class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the tools for class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the tools for class
+comparison is hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison is hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison is hierarchical clustering
+which we did and when we hire use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did and when we hire use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did and when we hire use
+hierarchical clustering applied to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering applied to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering applied to this
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+using one of these sort of color schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one of these sort of color schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one of these sort of color schemes
+this is sort of the raw data here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the raw data here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the raw data here in
+this column and again this is 45 columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and again this is 45 columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and again this is 45 columns
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and this is just a portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a portion
+maybe this is three or four thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is three or four thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is three or four thousand
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+that are represented in rows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are represented in rows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are represented in rows here
+and you sort of just look at it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of just look at it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of just look at it and you
+can see streaks of green or red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see streaks of green or red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see streaks of green or red
+going down suggesting that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down suggesting that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down suggesting that there are
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+classes here that certain tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes here that certain tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes here that certain tissues
+seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have
+say low expression levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say low expression levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say low expression levels
+for these genes and high expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these genes and high expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these genes and high expression
+levels for these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for these genes
+this here is a blow up diagram of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is a blow up diagram of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is a blow up diagram of this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and it has the labels and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the labels and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the labels and so the
+hierarchical tree here has has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical tree here has has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical tree here has has four
+branches essentially here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches essentially here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches essentially here
+this branch is all of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch is all of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch is all of the normal
+specimens so all the normal specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens so all the normal specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens so all the normal specimens
+got classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got classified
+correctly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly here
+these are all the inflammatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the inflammatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the inflammatory
+myopathies these are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopathies these are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopathies these are mostly
+patients from the third group memoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients from the third group memoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients from the third group memoline
+and these are mostly patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are mostly patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are mostly patients
+with the shen muscular dystrophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the shen muscular dystrophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the shen muscular dystrophy
+okay but this is class comparison we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is class comparison we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is class comparison we
+just applied hierarchical clustering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just applied hierarchical clustering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just applied hierarchical clustering to
+this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+found classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found classes
+here that we're sort of interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we're sort of interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we're sort of interested in
+just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at
+we knew about these classes already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew about these classes already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew about these classes already
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason that this is not a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that this is not a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that this is not a direct
+clinical application in the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical application in the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical application in the house
+because you're not going in and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not going in and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not going in and trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between these different patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different patterns that
+have allowed you to classify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have allowed you to classify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have allowed you to classify these
+different well it has indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well it has indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well it has indirect
+applications but by direct i mean very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but by direct i mean very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but by direct i mean very
+direct so that if i have a new patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct so that if i have a new patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct so that if i have a new patient
+and i do a microarray experiment on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do a microarray experiment on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do a microarray experiment on it
+can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i
+make any predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any predictions
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+this approach that you so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach that you so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach that you so far
+or have i discovered any new classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have i discovered any new classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have i discovered any new classes of
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here amongst these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here amongst these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here amongst these groups
+those would be fairly direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be fairly direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be fairly direct
+applications they're certainly indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications they're certainly indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications they're certainly indirect
+applications here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here
+so there are things that come up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are things that come up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are things that come up like
+one of the only misclassification for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the only misclassification for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the only misclassification for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+inflammatory myopathies was this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory myopathies was this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammatory myopathies was this one
+one patient with an inflammatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one patient with an inflammatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one patient with an inflammatory
+myopathy this one who had this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopathy this one who had this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopathy this one who had this disease
+called ibm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ibm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ibm
+got classified in this group instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got classified in this group instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got classified in this group instead of
+this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group
+and it turns out that this one it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that this one it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that this one it was
+was really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really different
+than all of the others in that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all of the others in that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all of the others in that it was a
+patient who had a familial form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who had a familial form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who had a familial form
+of ibm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ibm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ibm
+we don't know what genes are involved if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what genes are involved if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what genes are involved if
+any and we don't know what this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and we don't know what this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and we don't know what this is it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+rare for familial instances of ibm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare for familial instances of ibm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare for familial instances of ibm but
+this particular patient had familial ibm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular patient had familial ibm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular patient had familial ibm
+so this might tell me that there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might tell me that there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might tell me that there really
+is something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something different
+about that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that disease
+because we can't the under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't the under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't the under the
+microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+we don't see any difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see any difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see any difference
+in that patient compared to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that patient compared to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that patient compared to the other
+patients with inflammatory myopathies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with inflammatory myopathies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with inflammatory myopathies so
+agenda helps me generate hypotheses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda helps me generate hypotheses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda helps me generate hypotheses and
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess i'm just confused because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i'm just confused because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i'm just confused because
+in this particular example that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular example that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular example that you've
+given us you started with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us you started with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us you started with something that
+you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there was no new identification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no new identification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no new identification of the
+disease correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease correct
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+like you know a sample of tissue samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know a sample of tissue samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know a sample of tissue samples
+that were from patients that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were from patients that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were from patients that had
+diseases that affected something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that affected something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that affected something else
+you didn't know about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it seems like you could have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like you could have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like you could have this
+classification of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can use this tool to do that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this tool to do that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this tool to do that but you
+have to add in a few other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add in a few other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add in a few other things
+yeah so that you know this this tool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that you know this this tool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that you know this this tool of
+hierarchical clustering does cut across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering does cut across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering does cut across
+the three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three different
+major class methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major class methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major class methods
+exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+prediction and discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and discovery
+but you have to add more to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to add more to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to add more to it
+so i didn't mean to confuse you and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't mean to confuse you and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't mean to confuse you and say
+that way but there there is you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but there there is you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but there there is you know you
+do want to keep the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to keep the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to keep the tools
+separate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the
+the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method
+the the overall approach that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the overall approach that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the overall approach that you're
+you're doing if you're just exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing if you're just exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing if you're just exploring
+data there's a bunch of tools if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there's a bunch of tools if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there's a bunch of tools if you're
+trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make
+predictions diagnostic or prognostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions diagnostic or prognostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions diagnostic or prognostic
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+of new patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new patients
+it's an overlapping set of tools but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overlapping set of tools but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overlapping set of tools but a
+totally different approach or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different approach or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different approach or different
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah let's skip this one and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's skip this one and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's skip this one and that one
+too okay so class discovery that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so class discovery that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so class discovery that is the
+next area of those three methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next area of those three methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next area of those three methods
+that i outlined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i outlined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i outlined
+and this one uses expression data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one uses expression data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one uses expression data to
+discover previously unrecognized but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover previously unrecognized but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover previously unrecognized but
+clinically relevant disease subtypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically relevant disease subtypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically relevant disease subtypes
+it also doesn't have direct medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't have direct medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't have direct medical
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+um and by direct i mean things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by direct i mean things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by direct i mean things that
+would immediately be applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would immediately be applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would immediately be applicable
+to patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to patients
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i mean patients who you might see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean patients who you might see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean patients who you might see in the
+in the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the office
+and maybe i should revise that one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i should revise that one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i should revise that one here
+i haven't over the last year but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't over the last year but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't over the last year but maybe
+but certainly indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly indirect
+it does advance the field because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does advance the field because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does advance the field because it
+improves our ability to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves our ability to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves our ability to recognize
+diagnostic and potentially prognostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic and potentially prognostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic and potentially prognostic
+subtypes and potentially treat patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes and potentially treat patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes and potentially treat patients
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+this subtype of disease that they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subtype of disease that they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subtype of disease that they may
+have that we didn't previously know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that we didn't previously know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that we didn't previously know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the basic method of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the basic method of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the basic method of class
+discovery often starts with cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery often starts with cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery often starts with cluster
+analysis to try and define classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to try and define classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to try and define classes and
+it can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be any
+hierarchical or k means any variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical or k means any variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical or k means any variety of
+approaches to defining classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to defining classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to defining classes
+here but after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but after that
+one explores the phenotypic variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explores the phenotypic variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explores the phenotypic variations
+within the defined classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the defined classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the defined classes
+for a number of different very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of different very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of different very different
+types of phenotypic variables so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of phenotypic variables so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of phenotypic variables so you
+you take 50 patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take 50 patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take 50 patients with
+let's say a type of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a type of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a type of cancer
+who you think all have the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you think all have the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you think all have the same type of
+cancer you know everything that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer you know everything that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer you know everything that you know
+our best classificat our best diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best classificat our best diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best classificat our best diagnostic
+classification system now of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification system now of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification system now of looking at
+history and physical exam and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and physical exam and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and physical exam and doing
+tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+you know says that all these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know says that all these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know says that all these patients
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable
+and you do microarray experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do microarray experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do microarray experiments
+classify the data and then you'll you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the data and then you'll you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify the data and then you'll you
+will certainly get out classes whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly get out classes whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly get out classes whether
+they're real or not or meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real or not or meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real or not or meaningful
+doesn't matter but the algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but the algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but the algorithms are
+guaranteed to spit out classes for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to spit out classes for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to spit out classes for you
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you then want to go back and ask well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then want to go back and ask well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then want to go back and ask well is
+there something different about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something different about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something different about this
+class compared to that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class compared to that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class compared to that class
+that's clinically meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clinically meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clinically meaningful
+and one thing might be time to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing might be time to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing might be time to some
+endpoint much such as survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint much such as survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint much such as survival
+do patients in one class based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do patients in one class based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do patients in one class based on their
+expression profiles live longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles live longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles live longer than
+patients in a different class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in a different class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in a different class
+or any other endpoint do they fail do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other endpoint do they fail do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other endpoint do they fail do
+they not respond to treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not respond to treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not respond to treatment
+so i go back and i see there were 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i go back and i see there were 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i go back and i see there were 20
+patients in this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in this class and
+10 in another class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 in another class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 in another class and
+say you know how did the patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know how did the patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know how did the patients in
+this class respond to treatment compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class respond to treatment compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class respond to treatment compared
+to the patients in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is actually a fairly powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually a fairly powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually a fairly powerful
+method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to
+discover new disease subtypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover new disease subtypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover new disease subtypes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we are cur that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are cur that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are cur that
+we don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know about
+yeah i think it's an excellent method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think it's an excellent method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think it's an excellent method to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it certainly has been successful in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly has been successful in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly has been successful in a
+variety of areas in cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of areas in cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of areas in cancer
+for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+its application to other disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its application to other disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its application to other disease is
+lagging behind that of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a few examples
+where it's been done i think i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's been done i think i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's been done i think i was
+planning on going through a couple i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on going through a couple i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on going through a couple i
+don't know if we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you want me to go through an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to go through an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to go through an example
+this is a lymphoma paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lymphoma paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lymphoma paper
+as an example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example okay
+in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper
+the investigators had 96 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investigators had 96 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investigators had 96 patients
+who they knew about nine classes ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they knew about nine classes ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they knew about nine classes ahead
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+and these are all patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all patients who have
+different types of lymphoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of lymphoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of lymphoma
+one two three four five six seven eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six seven eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six seven eight
+nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine
+actually there's eight lymphomas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's eight lymphomas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's eight lymphomas in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and they used lymph node tissue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they used lymph node tissue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they used lymph node tissue from
+patients who have lymphoma from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have lymphoma from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have lymphoma from some
+normals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals
+they did microarray experiments so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did microarray experiments so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did microarray experiments so he
+did 96 microarray experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 96 microarray experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 96 microarray experiments
+measured something like 4000 or so genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured something like 4000 or so genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured something like 4000 or so genes
+for each of 96 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of 96 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of 96 patients
+and did clustering of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did clustering of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did clustering of the data
+hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering
+and then for purposes of presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for purposes of presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for purposes of presentation
+sort of colored things in for us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of colored things in for us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of colored things in for us here
+so this is the sort of dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sort of dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sort of dendrogram
+structure that they obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they obtained
+and they've nicely colored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've nicely colored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've nicely colored in the
+picture so that all patients who had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so that all patients who had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so that all patients who had one
+type of lymphoma cll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of lymphoma cll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of lymphoma cll
+are yellow that's this group of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yellow that's this group of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yellow that's this group of patients
+and the patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the patients with
+this type of lymphoma diffuse large b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of lymphoma diffuse large b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of lymphoma diffuse large b
+cell lymphoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell lymphoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell lymphoma
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+coated in purples i think one or two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated in purples i think one or two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated in purples i think one or two one
+of them ended up out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them ended up out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them ended up out here
+one is here one is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is here one is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is here one is here
+most of them are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are in this
+section of the tree with a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the tree with a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the tree with a couple of
+other diseases mixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this would be at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be at this point
+which would you call this at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would you call this at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would you call this at this point
+of the class methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class methods
+exploration discovery or prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparison right so this is class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison right so this is class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison right so this is class
+comparison they're sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison they're sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison they're sort of just
+looking at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here
+but they go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they go on
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on
+this structure here for this disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure here for this disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure here for this disease so
+looking at the patients with diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the patients with diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the patients with diffuse
+large b cell lymphoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large b cell lymphoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large b cell lymphoma
+they noticed two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they noticed two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they noticed two different
+branches at this level okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches at this level okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches at this level okay so there's
+this group of patients starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of patients starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of patients starting from
+this one here out to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here out to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here out to here
+and then there's another group starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another group starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another group starting
+from here out to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here out to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here out to here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so then they did class discovery so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they did class discovery so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they did class discovery so
+they asked you know that's curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked you know that's curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked you know that's curious
+why do i have two different branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i have two different branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i have two different branches
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and it may just be an artifact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may just be an artifact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may just be an artifact of the
+algorithm in fact again hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in fact again hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in fact again hierarchical
+clustering doesn't really give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering doesn't really give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering doesn't really give you
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+everything is continually divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is continually divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is continually divided into
+sort of a binary tree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a binary tree structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a binary tree structure
+and so it's always going to split things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's always going to split things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's always going to split things
+down and you have to decide what level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you have to decide what level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you have to decide what level
+you want to look at similarity but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at similarity but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at similarity but they
+asked the question so they then went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question so they then went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question so they then went and
+said well what about survival of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what about survival of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what about survival of these
+two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups
+do the patients in this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the patients in this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the patients in this group
+here have a different survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a different survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a different survival
+than patients in this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+let's make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure
+and i have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what they show here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they show here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they show here
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+diffuse so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hang on one second let me make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on one second let me make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on one second let me make sure
+that i know what i'm talking about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i know what i'm talking about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i know what i'm talking about yeah
+that's it there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it there right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at
+survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival
+based so let's ignore this one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based so let's ignore this one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based so let's ignore this one on the
+left and look at these two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and look at these two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and look at these two here
+so survival and decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so survival and decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so survival and decisions about
+chemotherapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy
+are based on largely on something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on largely on something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on largely on something called
+the international prognostic index in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international prognostic index in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international prognostic index in
+this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease
+and that's a measure of clinical risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a measure of clinical risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a measure of clinical risk
+okay and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they found
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+actually let's do this one first so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's do this one first so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's do this one first so they
+did cluster they did look at survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did cluster they did look at survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did cluster they did look at survival
+for the two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two groups
+and found that they did have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found that they did have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found that they did have very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival
+here that one group had much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that one group had much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that one group had much
+better survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectancy than the other group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy than the other group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy than the other group
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they then further looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then further looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then further looked at
+um the international prognostic index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the international prognostic index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the international prognostic index
+and how it grouped patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it grouped patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it grouped patients
+and according to that scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and according to that scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and according to that scheme
+there's a group of low and high clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group of low and high clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group of low and high clinical
+risk patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk patients
+and the high ones will generally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high ones will generally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high ones will generally get
+more aggressive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive treatment
+than the low ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the low ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the low ones
+and so they looked at this low risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they looked at this low risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they looked at this low risk
+group according to their microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group according to their microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group according to their microarray
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+and asked how did they fall into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked how did they fall into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked how did they fall into these
+two different groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different groups
+that we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found
+and they found that a number of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found that a number of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found that a number of those
+patients 14 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were in the better prognostic group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the better prognostic group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the better prognostic group of
+the two they had defined and another 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two they had defined and another 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two they had defined and another 10
+were in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the worst
+and so they were able to refine and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they were able to refine and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they were able to refine and say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this group that's previously been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group that's previously been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group that's previously been called
+low clinical risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low clinical risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low clinical risk
+based on the international prognostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the international prognostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the international prognostic
+index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+actually has two subgroups within it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two subgroups within it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two subgroups within it
+and one subgroup has a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one subgroup has a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one subgroup has a pretty good
+prognosis and the other has quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognosis and the other has quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognosis and the other has quite a bit
+more aggressive disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive disease
+and they averaged out to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they averaged out to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they averaged out to this
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+but the microagree data suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the microagree data suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the microagree data suggests that
+these patients are at greater risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients are at greater risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients are at greater risk
+and should probably be treated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should probably be treated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should probably be treated more
+aggressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively
+based on their microarray data generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their microarray data generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their microarray data generate
+expression profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that takes age and gender and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes age and gender and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes age and gender and
+stage of disease at presentation whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of disease at presentation whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of disease at presentation whether
+it's just in a lymph node whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in a lymph node whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in a lymph node whether it's
+metastatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastatic
+there's a few other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few other variables
+in there and i'm not an oncologist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and i'm not an oncologist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and i'm not an oncologist so
+i'm not sure but their clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure but their clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure but their clinical
+variables their patterns under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables their patterns under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables their patterns under the
+microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+but it's the best that medicine has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the best that medicine has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the best that medicine has
+and the microarray work suggests that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the microarray work suggests that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the microarray work suggests that we
+could do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better
+and that's not an unreasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not an unreasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not an unreasonable thing to
+suspect in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect in the first place
+particularly in cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in cancer
+where if we can generate twenty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if we can generate twenty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if we can generate twenty thousand
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+that represent physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent physiology
+and that's the other thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the other thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the other thing is the
+microscope really doesn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope really doesn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope really doesn't show
+physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology
+it shows histol shows anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows histol shows anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows histol shows anatomy
+there the microarrays and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the microarrays and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the microarrays and that's what
+the quote said at the beginning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote said at the beginning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote said at the beginning a
+physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological
+microscope looking at living processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope looking at living processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope looking at living processes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i get the impression that they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that's the probability of being alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of being alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of being alive
+at a given year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given year
+at a given period so at four years on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given period so at four years on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given period so at four years on
+the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+you have a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 20
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+oh no in this curve being live yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no in this curve being live yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no in this curve being live yeah
+these are actually censored um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually censored um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually censored um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+here and that's a sort of complex thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's a sort of complex thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's a sort of complex thing
+about data representation i didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data representation i didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data representation i didn't want
+to get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that
+um except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um except
+the point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point um
+to to take out of this i think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to take out of this i think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to take out of this i think is that
+this has enormous potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has enormous potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has enormous potential for
+disease to disease discovery of subtypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease to disease discovery of subtypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease to disease discovery of subtypes
+disease subtypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease subtypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease subtypes
+and again particularly in cancer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again particularly in cancer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again particularly in cancer where
+the physiology of these tumors what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physiology of these tumors what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physiology of these tumors what
+genes are turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are turned on
+is probably very much related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably very much related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably very much related to the
+disease course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease course
+do these have metastatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these have metastatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these have metastatic potential
+are they growing rapidly or slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they growing rapidly or slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they growing rapidly or slowly
+based on the expression of genes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the expression of genes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the expression of genes in the
+tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that was the point about adding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was the point about adding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was the point about adding to
+the ipi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ipi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ipi
+okay i won't do another example of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i won't do another example of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i won't do another example of class
+discovery there's plenty out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery there's plenty out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery there's plenty out there
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+um in a variety of different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a variety of different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a variety of different areas
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's class prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's class prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's class prediction
+okay so class prediction is a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so class prediction is a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so class prediction is a method of
+using expression data to build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using expression data to build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using expression data to build a model
+that will then predict a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will then predict a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will then predict a class
+assignment of a new sample presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of a new sample presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of a new sample presented to
+that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model
+this one has potential very direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has potential very direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has potential very direct
+medical applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical applications
+if one can build such a model for breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one can build such a model for breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one can build such a model for breast
+cancer then when you see a new patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer then when you see a new patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer then when you see a new patient
+with breast cancer and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with breast cancer and you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with breast cancer and you do a
+microarray experiment on the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiment on the cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiment on the cancer
+tissue and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and it
+apply it to the model and the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the model and the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the model and the model
+spits out some prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out some prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out some prediction
+you know high risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know high risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know high risk of
+death within the next year that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death within the next year that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death within the next year that will
+help you to decide how to treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to decide how to treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to decide how to treat the
+patient if it's accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this can be used to establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be used to establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be used to establish a
+diagnosis to make predictions of outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis to make predictions of outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis to make predictions of outcome
+is one of them but it could be things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of them but it could be things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of them but it could be things
+like predicting response to a medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like predicting response to a medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like predicting response to a medication
+this patient is more likely to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient is more likely to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient is more likely to respond
+to this medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this medication
+as opposed to that one based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to that one based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to that one based on their
+expression profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile
+indirectly it does tell us about disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly it does tell us about disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly it does tell us about disease
+pathophysiology to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathophysiology to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathophysiology to some extent
+so this method is a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this method is a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this method is a bit more
+um involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um involved
+but it's pretty pretty standard in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty pretty standard in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty pretty standard in the
+way people do this now and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people do this now and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people do this now and so the
+approach is to take a data set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to take a data set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to take a data set that's
+sufficiently large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large
+let's say a hundred patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a hundred patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a hundred patients
+with breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with breast cancer
+microarray experiments on each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments on each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments on each of the
+hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+cancer specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer specimens
+for twenty thousand genes and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for twenty thousand genes and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for twenty thousand genes and that's the
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+so the first approach that's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first approach that's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first approach that's usually
+taken is from within that data to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken is from within that data to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken is from within that data to choose
+a gene set that will discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene set that will discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene set that will discriminate
+amongst classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst classes
+so in this approach one decides ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this approach one decides ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this approach one decides ahead of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+one hopes to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hopes to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hopes to predict
+so let's say one wants to predict good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say one wants to predict good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say one wants to predict good
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+good outcome might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good outcome might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good outcome might be
+survival five years from now without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival five years from now without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival five years from now without
+metastases does a disease-free survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastases does a disease-free survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastases does a disease-free survival
+in five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years
+from now and that's a good outcome if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now and that's a good outcome if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now and that's a good outcome if
+patients have that we call that good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients have that we call that good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients have that we call that good if
+they don't that's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't that's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't that's bad
+and so we're going to try and build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to try and build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to try and build a
+model based on our data set to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model based on our data set to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model based on our data set to predict
+good versus bad outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good versus bad outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good versus bad outcome
+so this will be a binary predictor we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a binary predictor we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a binary predictor we're
+trying to predict one outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict one outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict one outcome of the
+other one can build predictors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one can build predictors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one can build predictors that are
+not binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not binary
+that put people into one of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put people into one of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put people into one of three
+classes of four classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of four classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of four classes
+and say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know
+so forth but this is the simplest type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but this is the simplest type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but this is the simplest type
+of binary prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binary prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binary prediction
+so we're going to instead of using 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to instead of using 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to instead of using 20
+000 genes we're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 genes we're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 genes we're going to sort of
+whittle them down to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whittle them down to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whittle them down to a more
+representative set of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative set of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative set of genes
+that are more meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more meaningful
+to build this model and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this model and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this model and that's called
+the gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we have to construct or choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we have to construct or choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we have to construct or choose a
+prediction function that when applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function that when applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function that when applied to
+a new expression profile will produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new expression profile will produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new expression profile will produce a
+a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number
+okay so this prediction function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this prediction function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this prediction function is
+going to be a mathematical function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a mathematical function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a mathematical function
+take this times that add this square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this times that add this square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this times that add this square it
+subtract something else and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract something else and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract something else and it's going
+to spit out a single number 8 8.5 6.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we need to choose a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to choose a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to choose a prediction
+rule that will classify a sample based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that will classify a sample based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that will classify a sample based
+on the output of the prediction function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output of the prediction function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output of the prediction function
+after application so we take our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after application so we take our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after application so we take our new
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+our new vector we feed it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new vector we feed it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new vector we feed it to the
+function we get out 8.5 and we decide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we get out 8.5 and we decide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we get out 8.5 and we decide if
+the number is greater than 5 it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is greater than 5 it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is greater than 5 it's good
+okay if it's less than 5 it's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the last method is to validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last method is to validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last method is to validate
+this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model
+and its application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its application
+and that's class prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's class prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's class prediction
+so going through it in a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going through it in a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going through it in a little bit of
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+we start with our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with our data set
+on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+20 000 rows whatever number of rows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000 rows whatever number of rows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000 rows whatever number of rows here
+i guess seven thousand eight some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess seven thousand eight some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess seven thousand eight some number
+of rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows
+here then we have our columns which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we have our columns which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we have our columns which
+represent individual expression profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent individual expression profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent individual expression profiles
+from different tissue samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different tissue samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different tissue samples of
+patients with breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with breast cancer
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+figure out some discriminating set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some discriminating set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some discriminating set
+and there's a variety of methods to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a variety of methods to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a variety of methods to do
+that we'll go through a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll go through a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll go through a couple
+and we decide well we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decide well we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decide well we're not going to
+use all 20 000 genes but maybe just 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all 20 000 genes but maybe just 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all 20 000 genes but maybe just 500
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we pick those genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pick those genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pick those genes
+and then we construct our prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we construct our prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we construct our prediction
+function and the prediction function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the prediction function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the prediction function
+looks like that so if i feed it a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that so if i feed it a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that so if i feed it a vector
+we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take
+the expression level for gene 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression level for gene 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression level for gene 8
+and multiply by 2 in the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by 2 in the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by 2 in the expression
+level for gene 33 and square it and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for gene 33 and square it and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for gene 33 and square it and do
+all these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other things
+and the prediction function is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prediction function is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prediction function is going to
+give us a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a number
+like 8.5 and then we need a rule and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8.5 and then we need a rule and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8.5 and then we need a rule and one
+type of rule is a simple threshold rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of rule is a simple threshold rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of rule is a simple threshold rule
+if it's less than 10 it's in one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's less than 10 it's in one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's less than 10 it's in one class
+grade and ten is another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade and ten is another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade and ten is another class
+all right makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's plenty of options for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's plenty of options for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's plenty of options for
+building these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these models
+along each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along each step
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you there are papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are papers
+using all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of these different
+options to build these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options to build these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options to build these models
+it is still rather ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still rather ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still rather ad hoc
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+to model building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model building
+one approach is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach is to
+cluster the genes so to do class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the genes so to do class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the genes so to do class
+exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration
+cluster the genes and the columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the genes and the columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the genes and the columns and
+sort of look at it and say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at it and say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at it and say you know
+there's a lot of red for these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of red for these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of red for these genes
+in one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one class
+and a lot of green over here i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of green over here i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of green over here i think
+this set of genes are important i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of genes are important i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of genes are important i'm
+going to use that in my discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that in my discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that in my discriminating
+gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a pretty successful way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty successful way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty successful way of doing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+actually another method is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another method is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another method is something
+called correlation to ideal outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called correlation to ideal outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called correlation to ideal outcome
+there are other methods principled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other methods principled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other methods principled
+methods for doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for doing this
+defining the discriminating gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the discriminating gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the discriminating gene set
+this is one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where
+from my data set if i was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my data set if i was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my data set if i was trying to
+build some sort of predictive model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some sort of predictive model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some sort of predictive model this
+is the clustering of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the clustering of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the clustering of both the
+muscle samples and the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle samples and the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle samples and the genes
+going that way and i'm looking at ibm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that way and i'm looking at ibm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that way and i'm looking at ibm
+and polymyositis and i see a lot of red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polymyositis and i see a lot of red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polymyositis and i see a lot of red
+and a whole cluster of genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a whole cluster of genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a whole cluster of genes that are
+overexpressed in those diseases compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpressed in those diseases compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpressed in those diseases compared
+to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to others
+the genes have a lot of similar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes have a lot of similar function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes have a lot of similar function
+there are immunoglobulin related genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are immunoglobulin related genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are immunoglobulin related genes
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+um and so if i was trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so if i was trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so if i was trying to build a
+model that would predict a new sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that would predict a new sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that would predict a new sample
+as either being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as either being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as either being
+you know within this group versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know within this group versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know within this group versus
+something else i'd probably use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else i'd probably use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else i'd probably use these
+genes in the discriminating gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the discriminating gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the discriminating gene set
+that would be one one way to do it same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one one way to do it same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one one way to do it same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+one can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can do that
+okay another option is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another option is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another option is what's called
+correlation to ideal outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation to ideal outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation to ideal outcome
+and this one is used fairly often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is used fairly often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is used fairly often and
+seems like a pretty good method and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a pretty good method and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a pretty good method and the
+way this works is we we have our samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works is we we have our samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works is we we have our samples
+and we have our genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we will first organize our samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will first organize our samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will first organize our samples
+into the classes that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the classes that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the classes that we want
+and to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be in
+the good versus the bad so take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good versus the bad so take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good versus the bad so take all the
+breast cancer patients who had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer patients who had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer patients who had a good
+outcome at five years and we'll put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome at five years and we'll put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome at five years and we'll put them
+in one group and the ones that had a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one group and the ones that had a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one group and the ones that had a bad
+outcome in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in the other
+then we'll create this ideal vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll create this ideal vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll create this ideal vector in
+which ones represent a good class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones represent a good class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones represent a good class and
+zero the bad class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the bad class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the bad class
+and we'll look at pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at pairwise
+correlation coefficients for all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients for all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients for all of our
+genes compared to this ideal vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes compared to this ideal vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes compared to this ideal vector so
+we essentially correlation coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially correlation coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially correlation coefficients
+test sort of linear direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test sort of linear direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test sort of linear direction
+of correlation and so we'll be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation and so we'll be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation and so we'll be asking
+which genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes
+behave like this vector which genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like this vector which genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like this vector which genes are
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+up in this class and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this class and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this class and then
+change and down in this other class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and down in this other class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and down in this other class
+and that's how we'll find our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we'll find our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we'll find our
+gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+it doesn't matter what you use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what you use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what you use here
+you just need two different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need two different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need two different numbers
+um and you can do the math i mean linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can do the math i mean linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can do the math i mean linear
+linear correlation coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear correlation coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear correlation coefficients are
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+to stretch transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't think one or zero met well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think one or zero met well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think one or zero met well one
+or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you're just yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you can use any ideal vector as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use any ideal vector as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use any ideal vector as long as
+it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one
+one numbers represent one class and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one numbers represent one class and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one numbers represent one class and a
+different number represent the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number represent the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number represent the others
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you certainly it just matters how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly it just matters how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly it just matters how you
+build the predictor function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the predictor function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the predictor function
+um so at this step for discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so at this step for discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so at this step for discriminating
+gene set this could certainly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set this could certainly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set this could certainly be
+extended this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended this particular
+method of finding an optimal gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of finding an optimal gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of finding an optimal gene set
+correlation to idea outcome could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation to idea outcome could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation to idea outcome could be
+established for any number of groupings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for any number of groupings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established for any number of groupings
+of classes you could use two one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes you could use two one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes you could use two one zero
+different numbers in this ideal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers in this ideal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers in this ideal vector
+and you will end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will end up with
+with a discriminating gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discriminating gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discriminating gene set
+a set of genes that do have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of genes that do have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of genes that do have some
+differences in expression across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in expression across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in expression across the
+three classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i don't know i'm sure that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't know i'm sure that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't know i'm sure that people
+have applied fuzzy logic people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have applied fuzzy logic people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have applied fuzzy logic people have
+applied just about every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied just about every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied just about every
+mathematical method uh available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical method uh available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical method uh available to
+doing classification and model building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing classification and model building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing classification and model building
+but i don't know if that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't know if that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't know if that's something
+you're interested in you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in you might want to
+look at that and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and see
+what people have done so but this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done so but this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done so but this basic
+method is to correlate all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is to correlate all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is to correlate all of our
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+to this ideal vector to compute for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ideal vector to compute for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ideal vector to compute for each
+one the correlation coefficient with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the correlation coefficient with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the correlation coefficient with our
+ideal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal vector
+and i sort of listed fictitious examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sort of listed fictitious examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sort of listed fictitious examples
+there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and
+we see that say for gene two it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that say for gene two it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that say for gene two it has a
+very high correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high correlation coefficient
+with the vector so we might want that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vector so we might want that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vector so we might want that to
+be part of our gene discriminating set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of our gene discriminating set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of our gene discriminating set
+to build this model so we might take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this model so we might take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this model so we might take the
+highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+hundred genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred genes
+out of ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ten thousand
+here the ones with the highest car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the ones with the highest car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the ones with the highest car
+correlation coefficients and use that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients and use that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients and use that as
+our discriminating gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discriminating gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discriminating gene set
+to build this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say these here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these here okay
+okay so then we want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we want to make a
+prediction function once we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function once we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction function once we have a
+discriminating gene set and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating gene set and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating gene set and again
+lots of ways to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to do this
+how to compute a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute a function
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give us back a number that differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us back a number that differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us back a number that differs
+significantly between the two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly between the two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly between the two classes
+like that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then lastly a prediction rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly a prediction rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly a prediction rule
+the rule is often done as a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is often done as a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is often done as a threshold
+saying like that example there if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like that example there if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like that example there if it's
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+or less than one number it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than one number it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than one number it's in a
+different class there are certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different class there are certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different class there are certainly
+prediction rules that can be ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction rules that can be ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction rules that can be ambiguous
+as well as deterministic ones so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as deterministic ones so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as deterministic ones so you can
+have a prediction rule that says if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a prediction rule that says if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a prediction rule that says if it's
+greater than 10 it's in one class if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 10 it's in one class if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 10 it's in one class if
+it's less than five it's in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than five it's in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than five it's in another
+class and between five and ten i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and between five and ten i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and between five and ten i can't
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the choice of the rule is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the choice of the rule is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the choice of the rule is the
+classic trade-off of sensitivity versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic trade-off of sensitivity versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic trade-off of sensitivity versus
+specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity
+that once you build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you build your
+model and your prediction function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and your prediction function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and your prediction function you
+can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then
+arbitrarily sort of vary your rule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily sort of vary your rule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily sort of vary your rule to
+optimize sensitivity and specificity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize sensitivity and specificity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize sensitivity and specificity you
+know depending on let's say a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on let's say a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on let's say a threshold
+depending on where you put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you put this
+threshold you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold you might get
+all of them correct in one class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them correct in one class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them correct in one class but
+there are some from that class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some from that class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some from that class that
+were in the other class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the other class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the other class
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+or you might move it down some other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might move it down some other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might move it down some other way
+and then you capture everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you capture everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you capture everybody who
+belongs in class one but there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs in class one but there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs in class one but there's a few
+people from class two are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from class two are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from class two are also
+being classified in class one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being classified in class one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being classified in class one
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+anyone okay with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that that's sort of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's sort of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's sort of an example
+here without going into too many details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without going into too many details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without going into too many details
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+classification that the black is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification that the black is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification that the black is one
+type of sample the white is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of sample the white is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of sample the white is another
+they built a model they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a model they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a model they used to
+discriminate discriminative gene set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate discriminative gene set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate discriminative gene set the
+function and then depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then depending on whether
+they put their threshold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put their threshold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put their threshold here
+or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here
+you know if you put it down here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you put it down here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you put it down here you get
+more of the blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the blacks
+into this classification but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this classification but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this classification but you you
+pick up a couple of extra whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a couple of extra whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a couple of extra whites
+here which don't belong the blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which don't belong the blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which don't belong the blacks
+belong up here and the whites belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong up here and the whites belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong up here and the whites belong
+here and so depending on where you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so depending on where you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so depending on where you move
+this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+you get different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get different values
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+sensitivity and specificity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity of your
+prediction predictive model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now the last part of this for class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the last part of this for class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the last part of this for class
+prediction is validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is validation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this is a very important part so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very important part so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very important part so the
+question is why do validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why do validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why do validation
+and that's my only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my only
+fun slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun slide
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and that's because of overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of overfitting
+so the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is
+let's say you have a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a data set
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and i want to build a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i want to build a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i want to build a prediction
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+which will tell me what to do with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will tell me what to do with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will tell me what to do with new
+data so i could draw a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so i could draw a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so i could draw a straight line
+through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+it's a you know i'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know i'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know i'm going to use a
+simple model like that now if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model like that now if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model like that now if you give
+me an x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an x value
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i'm going to predict the y value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to predict the y value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to predict the y value
+using the function and that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the function and that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the function and that's right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's say instead i start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say instead i start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say instead i start with this
+data set and i use a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and i use a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and i use a very complicated
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+instead of a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a straight line
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+one that works perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that works perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that works perfectly
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+data point ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point ends up
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+correct 100 percent correctly predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 100 percent correctly predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 100 percent correctly predicted
+by this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this function
+okay but this is some complex function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is some complex function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is some complex function
+this is more than a cubic here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more than a cubic here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more than a cubic here but
+that's what i put up as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i put up as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i put up as an example
+so if you get a new point now and the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you get a new point now and the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you get a new point now and the x
+coordinate and you ask for a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and you ask for a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and you ask for a prediction
+of y you might get something down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y you might get something down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y you might get something down here
+from this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function
+which probably is not the best match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably is not the best match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably is not the best match
+it's you know there's no one really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know there's no one really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know there's no one really to
+say what the best match is here but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what the best match is here but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what the best match is here but it's
+probably not the best match and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the best match and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the best match and this is
+the issue that has it continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that has it continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that has it continues to
+plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague
+model building in this field and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model building in this field and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model building in this field and that's
+the overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overfitting
+because what we're doing what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we're doing what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we're doing what these
+models are doing are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are doing are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are doing are taking
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know 100 samples let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 samples let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 samples let's say
+10 000 genes for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 genes for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 genes for each
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+picking out of these 10 000 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out of these 10 000 genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out of these 10 000 genes
+a set of genes and a predictive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of genes and a predictive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of genes and a predictive function
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+correctly classifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly classifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly classifies
+this set of 100 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of 100 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of 100 samples
+so you essentially have 10 or 20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you essentially have 10 or 20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you essentially have 10 or 20 000
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+to define a hundred samples into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a hundred samples into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a hundred samples into two
+classes accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes accurately
+and it's a highly underdetermined data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a highly underdetermined data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a highly underdetermined data
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+if you allow yourself the freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow yourself the freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow yourself the freedom to
+choose any one of a number of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any one of a number of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any one of a number of ways to
+pick the discriminative gene set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the discriminative gene set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the discriminative gene set to
+build the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the function
+one can take random noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can take random noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can take random noise
+and build a perfect predictive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a perfect predictive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a perfect predictive function
+that will classify it and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will classify it and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will classify it and so that's
+where validation comes in validation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where validation comes in validation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where validation comes in validation is
+then an approach in which one has built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an approach in which one has built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an approach in which one has built
+the model and then needs to test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and then needs to test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and then needs to test it
+before deciding i'm going to use this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before deciding i'm going to use this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before deciding i'm going to use this in
+patients to decide how to correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients to decide how to correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients to decide how to correctly
+predict new samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict new samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict new samples
+and the correct way to test it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correct way to test it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correct way to test it is to
+once you have your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have your model
+is to then look at your next hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to then look at your next hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to then look at your next hundred
+patients who come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who come in
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+do their gene expressions make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their gene expressions make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their gene expressions make a
+prediction wait five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction wait five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction wait five years
+see who's really in the good versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who's really in the good versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who's really in the good versus the
+bad outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad outcome
+and that's the way this will need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the way this will need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the way this will need to be
+done but in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but in the meantime
+nobody really has time to wait five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really has time to wait five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really has time to wait five
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+or to do this on another 100 samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to do this on another 100 samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to do this on another 100 samples of
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+um and to look that far ahead although i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to look that far ahead although i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to look that far ahead although i
+suspect people are starting to get take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect people are starting to get take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect people are starting to get take
+that perspective in this so what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective in this so what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective in this so what people
+have usually done is they go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have usually done is they go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have usually done is they go back to the
+original data set they use to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data set they use to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data set they use to build the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and validate the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validate the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validate the model
+on that data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+some sometimes this is done through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes this is done through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes this is done through the
+combination of a training set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a training set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a training set and
+validation set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation set so
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+so you had 100 samples so why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you had 100 samples so why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you had 100 samples so why don't we
+just build the model on 66 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build the model on 66 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build the model on 66 of the
+samples and save the other 33 to test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and save the other 33 to test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and save the other 33 to test it
+and that's fine to do that so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine to do that so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine to do that so people
+build the model based on two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the model based on two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the model based on two-thirds of
+the data and you then call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and you then call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and you then call that the
+training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set
+and then the other third is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other third is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other third is used to
+validate the model and test its accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate the model and test its accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate the model and test its accuracy
+another approach when people don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach when people don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach when people don't don't
+have a separate validation set and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate validation set and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate validation set and use
+all specimens to create their model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all specimens to create their model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all specimens to create their model is
+is called cross validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called cross validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called cross validation
+and that's a way of validating the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a way of validating the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a way of validating the model
+on the original data set that was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the original data set that was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the original data set that was used
+to construct it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are there is a potential way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are there is a potential way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are there is a potential way
+to do this okay it's inherently got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this okay it's inherently got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this okay it's inherently got
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+the most common method is leave one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common method is leave one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common method is leave one out
+cross validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validation
+so in that method one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that method one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that method one
+you have 100 samples first you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 100 samples first you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 100 samples first you remove
+one sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sample
+so now you have 99 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have 99 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have 99 samples
+you build the model based on those 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build the model based on those 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build the model based on those 99
+samples and then you test it on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and then you test it on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and then you test it on this one
+sample that's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that's left
+and you see whether it makes the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see whether it makes the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see whether it makes the correct
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+then you do it again you take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do it again you take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do it again you take another
+sample and remove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and remove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and remove it
+build another model based on those 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build another model based on those 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build another model based on those 99
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+test its function prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test its function prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test its function prediction
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that sample you do that 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sample you do that 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sample you do that 100 times
+and you ask what is the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask what is the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask what is the accuracy
+of this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this approach
+and did it accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did it accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did it accurately
+predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+all hundred times correctly the class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hundred times correctly the class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hundred times correctly the class or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+for the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+validation options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation options
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's the leave one out cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the leave one out cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the leave one out cross
+validation construct predictor apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation construct predictor apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation construct predictor apply
+predictor to one left out sample repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor to one left out sample repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor to one left out sample repeat
+for each sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each sample
+calculate an error rate as present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an error rate as present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an error rate as present in
+this classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classifications
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+the way that cross validation works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that cross validation works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that cross validation works
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+again the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the first
+the underline there is construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underline there is construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underline there is construct
+predictor using all data except one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor using all data except one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor using all data except one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if we go back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to what
+the method we use to construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method we use to construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method we use to construct a
+predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor
+is we from the data we choose a gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we from the data we choose a gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we from the data we choose a gene set
+we choose a prediction function and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose a prediction function and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose a prediction function and we
+choose a prediction rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a prediction rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a prediction rule
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so a common problem in this area is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a common problem in this area is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a common problem in this area is that
+people don't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't do this
+they skip step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they skip step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they skip step one
+so they don't go back and re-choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't go back and re-choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't go back and re-choose a
+new gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new gene set
+each time they apply cross-validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time they apply cross-validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time they apply cross-validation
+if you think about it you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it you will have to
+choose a new gene set and you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a new gene set and you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a new gene set and you might get
+a different set of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of genes
+each time and that's a problem if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and that's a problem if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and that's a problem if you're
+trying to build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build a model
+and say that you know these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that you know these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that you know these are the
+genes that are important in my model i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are important in my model i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are important in my model i'm
+going to use them for new patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use them for new patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use them for new patients
+you can't really test that hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really test that hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really test that hypothesis
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so people have looked at simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people have looked at simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people have looked at simulations
+of doing incorrect cross-validation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing incorrect cross-validation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing incorrect cross-validation of
+not repeating that first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeating that first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeating that first step
+and essentially the simulations show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the simulations show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the simulations show
+that you can build predictors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can build predictors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can build predictors that are
+100 accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even in a data set that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a data set that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a data set that's completely
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't
+wrap this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but if you repeat the pr the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you repeat the pr the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you repeat the pr the process
+correctly by reselecting the informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly by reselecting the informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly by reselecting the informative
+gene set each time you leave one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set each time you leave one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set each time you leave one out
+then the predictor's accuracy is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the predictor's accuracy is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the predictor's accuracy is no
+better than chance as expected in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than chance as expected in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than chance as expected in a
+random data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random data set
+so it makes a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes a huge difference
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+many papers have incorrect cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many papers have incorrect cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many papers have incorrect cross
+validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation
+in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them
+the paper on breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper on breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper on breast cancer
+in nature and its follow-up in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature and its follow-up in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature and its follow-up in new
+england journal of medicine as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england journal of medicine as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england journal of medicine as well
+reported an accuracy of 73
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported an accuracy of 73
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported an accuracy of 73
+of its predicted they built a predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its predicted they built a predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its predicted they built a predictor
+to predict first good versus bad outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict first good versus bad outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict first good versus bad outcome
+and reported a 73 percent accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reported a 73 percent accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reported a 73 percent accuracy
+they did this is based on leave without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this is based on leave without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this is based on leave without
+cross validation but they did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validation but they did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validation but they did not
+recalculate the informative gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate the informative gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate the informative gene set
+if one does that the correct it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one does that the correct it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one does that the correct it actually
+is only 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only 59
+it's not much better than flipping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much better than flipping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much better than flipping a
+coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other papers even the all aml did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other papers even the all aml did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other papers even the all aml did
+incorrect cross validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect cross validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect cross validation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well yeah i'm that's not correct they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah i'm that's not correct they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah i'm that's not correct they
+didn't do any craw cross relation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do any craw cross relation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do any craw cross relation but
+they had a classifier which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a classifier which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a classifier which was
+ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+that's another issue in reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another issue in reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another issue in reporting
+accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy
+is they did not use a classifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they did not use a classifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they did not use a classifier that
+said yes or no there was a gray zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes or no there was a gray zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes or no there was a gray zone
+and so they reported the accuracy as 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they reported the accuracy as 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they reported the accuracy as 36
+out of 38 but the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 38 but the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 38 but the other two
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly with another paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly with another paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly with another paper on
+medulloblastoma in terms of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastoma in terms of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastoma in terms of using
+ambiguous classifiers reporting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous classifiers reporting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous classifiers reporting an
+accuracy of 72 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of 72 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of 72 percent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's not really the right way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really the right way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really the right way to do it
+with ambiguous classification so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ambiguous classification so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ambiguous classification so that's
+a a separate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a separate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a separate one
+so i think i'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i'll stop
+here so i have a little something to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i have a little something to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i have a little something to say
+next time i see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time i see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time i see you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+thanks any questions right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so is this i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is this i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is this i'm trying to
+keep it fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it fairly simple
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+does it seem appropriate not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it seem appropriate not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it seem appropriate not to
+uh complex but not too slow either it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex but not too slow either it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex but not too slow either it
+doesn't seem a little too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah these are the same ones i used last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these are the same ones i used last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these are the same ones i used last
+year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so
+it's it's the stuff that we put up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the stuff that we put up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the stuff that we put up last
+year still on there doesn't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year still on there doesn't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year still on there doesn't need to be
+put up yeah so that's still on there yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up yeah so that's still on there yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up yeah so that's still on there yep
+have you guys been getting problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the eisen cluster and treeview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the eisen cluster and treeview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the eisen cluster and treeview
+software so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the treeview makes the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treeview makes the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treeview makes the graph
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as you put it in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you put it in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you put it in the right
+format for treat you to look at yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format for treat you to look at yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format for treat you to look at yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the pink and blue system too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the pink and blue system too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the pink and blue system too so
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+some of those are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of like peter park who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like peter park who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like peter park who's going to
+talk to you i think next week he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you i think next week he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you i think next week he just
+uses our programs that he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses our programs that he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses our programs that he wrote
+to do that there's commercial software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that there's commercial software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that there's commercial software
+called jean spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called jean spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called jean spring
+that uses pink and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses pink and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses pink and blue
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+a program called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program called uh
+tgiv tgev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tgiv tgev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tgiv tgev
+out of the tiger the institute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the tiger the institute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the tiger the institute for
+genomic research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic research
+and they have free clustering programs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eFX04wkGZ3Y.txt b/eFX04wkGZ3Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e51d8a8d84a604a5ba7dc5301f87ae6a13be3333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eFX04wkGZ3Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17581 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um i i come with this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i i come with this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i i come with this actually
+originally from a pediatric oncology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally from a pediatric oncology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally from a pediatric oncology
+perspective so i'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so i'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so i'm going to start by
+giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples of a couple of patients that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a couple of patients that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a couple of patients that i
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+um in the jimmy fund clinic at the dana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the jimmy fund clinic at the dana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the jimmy fund clinic at the dana
+farber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farber
+it was sort of typical so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sort of typical so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sort of typical so the first
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+was a nine-year-old girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a nine-year-old girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a nine-year-old girl
+who presented to a pediatrician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who presented to a pediatrician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who presented to a pediatrician
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+she turned these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a fever and bruises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fever and bruises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fever and bruises
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+she got a blood test and a bone marrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got a blood test and a bone marrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got a blood test and a bone marrow
+test that revealed that her bone marrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that revealed that her bone marrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that revealed that her bone marrow
+had been replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been replaced by
+acute leukemia cells um acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute leukemia cells um acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute leukemia cells um acute
+lymphoblastic leukemia cells or alol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoblastic leukemia cells or alol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoblastic leukemia cells or alol and
+so she was enrolled on what was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she was enrolled on what was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she was enrolled on what was a
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+chemotherapy protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy protocol
+which was like nine different drugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was like nine different drugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was like nine different drugs in
+rotation and combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and combination
+she entered remission in three weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she entered remission in three weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she entered remission in three weeks and
+is still alive and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still alive and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still alive and well
+and then a few months later there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a few months later there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a few months later there is a
+second patient this kid happened to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second patient this kid happened to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second patient this kid happened to be a
+boy about the same age same presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy about the same age same presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy about the same age same presentation
+same diagnosis acute lymphoblastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same diagnosis acute lymphoblastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same diagnosis acute lymphoblastic
+leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia
+was enrolled on the same treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enrolled on the same treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enrolled on the same treatment
+protocol so got the same drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same hospital setting so it was as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hospital setting so it was as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hospital setting so it was as close
+to a controlled experiment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a controlled experiment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a controlled experiment as
+one could do in a human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could do in a human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could do in a human being
+because of course response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course response to
+any kind of therapeutic intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of therapeutic intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of therapeutic intervention
+result it's not only a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's not only a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's not only a measure of
+the treatment itself but how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment itself but how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment itself but how it's
+delivered so that was controlled but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered so that was controlled but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered so that was controlled but
+this patient didn't respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unfortunately and died about six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately and died about six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately and died about six months
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+so the overarching question that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overarching question that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overarching question that i'm
+sure you've been addressing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you've been addressing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you've been addressing in this
+course also is is generally how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course also is is generally how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course also is is generally how to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+this clinical variability and to discern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clinical variability and to discern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clinical variability and to discern
+whether there's a molecular underpinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a molecular underpinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a molecular underpinning
+to that variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that variability
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're particularly interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're particularly interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're particularly interested in this
+patient who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+responded particularly well and so did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded particularly well and so did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded particularly well and so did
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+pretty straightforward which is to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward which is to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward which is to do a
+standard chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard chromosome
+analysis carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis carry
+typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing
+experiment using some molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment using some molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment using some molecular
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+uh known as fluorescence and situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known as fluorescence and situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known as fluorescence and situ
+hybridization details don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization details don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization details don't really
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+except to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to say that
+while it wasn't apparent at the routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it wasn't apparent at the routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it wasn't apparent at the routine
+morphological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological
+analysis of the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the chromosomes
+if you look molecularly it was clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look molecularly it was clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look molecularly it was clear
+there is a translocation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a translocation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a translocation between
+chromosomes 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes 12
+and 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 21
+that fused two genes actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fused two genes actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fused two genes actually two
+transcription factors one called tel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors one called tel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors one called tel one
+called aml to make this tell a ml1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called aml to make this tell a ml1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called aml to make this tell a ml1
+translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation
+and it turned out that while it hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that while it hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that while it hadn't
+been previously discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been previously discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been previously discovered
+actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+the majority of known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of known
+genetic abnormalities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic abnormalities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic abnormalities in
+childhood leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood leukemia
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+lion's share of those actually have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lion's share of those actually have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lion's share of those actually have this
+translocation and of those patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and of those patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and of those patients in
+retrospective and now prospective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospective and now prospective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospective and now prospective
+analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses
+about 90 of those patients survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 of those patients survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 of those patients survive
+uh turned out the patient number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turned out the patient number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turned out the patient number two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+had a different translocation a 922
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a different translocation a 922
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a different translocation a 922
+translocation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation that
+fuses two genes bcr unable that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses two genes bcr unable that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses two genes bcr unable that you've
+probably talked about and it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably talked about and it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably talked about and it's known
+that these patients given the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these patients given the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these patients given the same
+therapeutic regimen only have about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic regimen only have about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic regimen only have about 10
+percent uh survival and so these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent uh survival and so these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent uh survival and so these these
+are molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecular
+tests done at the time of diagnosis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests done at the time of diagnosis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests done at the time of diagnosis so
+what i think this really sets up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think this really sets up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think this really sets up is
+which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+generally accepted but was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally accepted but was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally accepted but was really
+emerging at this time was the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging at this time was the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging at this time was the notion
+that cancer is a genetic disease it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancer is a genetic disease it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancer is a genetic disease it's
+one second and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second and that the
+outcome clinical outcome is predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome clinical outcome is predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome clinical outcome is predictable
+based on molecular determinants at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on molecular determinants at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on molecular determinants at the
+time of diagnosis as long as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of diagnosis as long as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of diagnosis as long as you know
+what to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+is before greenback turns out that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is before greenback turns out that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is before greenback turns out that even
+with gleevec which targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gleevec which targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gleevec which targets
+bcr able in these patients it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcr able in these patients it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcr able in these patients it doesn't
+it's not particularly effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncharacterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiple balanced translocations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple balanced translocations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple balanced translocations that
+identify a single oncogene at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a single oncogene at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a single oncogene at a
+breakpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakpoint
+so we started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started thinking about
+alternative ways to try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ways to try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ways to try to think about
+molecular classification of cancers more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular classification of cancers more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular classification of cancers more
+generally and this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obvious kind of experiment two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious kind of experiment two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious kind of experiment two
+biological states that could be clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological states that could be clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological states that could be clinical
+states or biological states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or biological states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or biological states
+um that you collect some kind of genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you collect some kind of genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you collect some kind of genomic
+information on like microarray data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on like microarray data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on like microarray data
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+have this pesky problem of actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this pesky problem of actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this pesky problem of actually how
+trying to figure out how to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how to interpret
+the patterns that emerge and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns that emerge and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns that emerge and i'll
+say quite a bit about that part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quite a bit about that part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quite a bit about that part because
+it's tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tough
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+have you talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you talked about the
+non-analytical but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just sort of laboratory aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of laboratory aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of laboratory aspects of
+microarrays at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays at all
+let me just spend one slide talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just spend one slide talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just spend one slide talking
+about this so all of the microarrays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so all of the microarrays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so all of the microarrays are
+based on the basic principle of somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the basic principle of somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the basic principle of somehow
+labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+mrna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrna
+or its derivatives from a cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its derivatives from a cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its derivatives from a cell and
+hybridizing to probes on some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridizing to probes on some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridizing to probes on some sort of a
+solid support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid support
+whether it's a microscope slide a silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a microscope slide a silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a microscope slide a silica
+wafer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer something
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they're cdna rays and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cdna rays and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cdna rays and they're
+oligonucleotide arrays and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide arrays and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide arrays and you can
+either make them yourself or you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either make them yourself or you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either make them yourself or you can buy
+them commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them commercially
+cdnas generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdnas generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdnas generally
+take the form of two color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the form of two color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the form of two color
+hybridizations where you simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridizations where you simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridizations where you simultaneously
+hybridize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize
+a test sample and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test sample and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test sample and a
+reference or a control whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference or a control whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference or a control whereas the
+oligonucleotide arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide arrays
+generally use a single color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use a single color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use a single color
+this is completely and entirely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely and entirely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely and entirely a
+historical artifact of how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical artifact of how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical artifact of how these things
+were developed there's nothing intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed there's nothing intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed there's nothing intrinsic
+about cvna arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cvna arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cvna arrays
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+makes them require two color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them require two color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them require two color
+hybridization the only reason for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization the only reason for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization the only reason for using
+two color hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two color hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two color hybridization
+is if the quality of the raise is so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the quality of the raise is so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the quality of the raise is so bad
+that you need an internal control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need an internal control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need an internal control for
+every spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every spot
+otherwise you can't interpret the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can't interpret the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can't interpret the data
+and such was the case for the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such was the case for the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such was the case for the earliest
+cdna arrays which are the first ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna arrays which are the first ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna arrays which are the first ones to
+be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i would venture to say that cdnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would venture to say that cdnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would venture to say that cdnas
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+are going to become obsolete very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to become obsolete very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to become obsolete very
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of
+oligonucleotide arrays probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide arrays probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide arrays probably
+commercial ones the genome is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial ones the genome is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial ones the genome is finite
+once you have a genome represented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a genome represented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a genome represented and
+identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified
+probably not much advantage to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not much advantage to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not much advantage to making
+your own and most of the arguments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own and most of the arguments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own and most of the arguments that
+say oh we can make them much cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh we can make them much cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh we can make them much cheaper
+making them ourselves are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them ourselves are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them ourselves are usually
+uh sort of enron type accounting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of enron type accounting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of enron type accounting uh
+uh practices where you don't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh practices where you don't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh practices where you don't sort of
+well we didn't count the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't count the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't count the cost
+of all the people involved in making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the people involved in making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the people involved in making
+these things we didn't include the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we didn't include the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we didn't include the fact
+that we spent three years trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we spent three years trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we spent three years trying to
+figure out how to do these and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do these and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do these and they
+didn't exactly work when you really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't exactly work when you really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't exactly work when you really get
+right down to it usually buying them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down to it usually buying them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down to it usually buying them is
+cheaper and they require quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper and they require quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper and they require quality
+i should also mention that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should also mention that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should also mention that there are
+non-microarray based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-microarray based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-microarray based
+expression profiling methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiling methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiling methods
+like serial analysis of gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like serial analysis of gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like serial analysis of gene expression
+or something called mpss that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something called mpss that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something called mpss that are
+transcript counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript counting
+based methods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based methods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based methods where
+you use essentially dna sequencing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use essentially dna sequencing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use essentially dna sequencing to
+enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate
+the precise number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precise number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precise number of
+copies of a given transcript in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of a given transcript in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of a given transcript in a given
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+and the proponents of this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proponents of this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proponents of this method
+um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say
+and they're correct this is the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're correct this is the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're correct this is the only way
+to really know how many copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really know how many copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really know how many copies
+of a particular transcript there are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular transcript there are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular transcript there are in
+a particular cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular cell
+i would say that's absolutely true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say that's absolutely true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say that's absolutely true
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's actually not that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not that interesting
+because for most biological questions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for most biological questions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for most biological questions it
+actually doesn't matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't matter how many
+absolute copies of a transcript there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute copies of a transcript there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute copies of a transcript there
+are it's not that useful information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's not that useful information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's not that useful information
+what's useful is to have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's useful is to have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's useful is to have some kind of
+comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative
+experiment that tells you there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that tells you there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that tells you there are more
+with statistical significance more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with statistical significance more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with statistical significance more in
+this sample than that sample and rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample than that sample and rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample than that sample and rarely
+do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+want to know that there are 682 copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that there are 682 copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that there are 682 copies
+you know but it is true uh but i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but it is true uh but i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but it is true uh but i would
+say that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the the
+the low throughput and cost of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low throughput and cost of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low throughput and cost of these
+counting based methods greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting based methods greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting based methods greatly
+outweighs the benefit that you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweighs the benefit that you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweighs the benefit that you get from
+this absolute counting based method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well copies of the transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well copies of the transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well copies of the transcript
+not of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of the gene
+so you could say we sequenced we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say we sequenced we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say we sequenced we
+identified a million total transcripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a million total transcripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a million total transcripts
+in a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell
+of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+were transcripts from encoded by gene x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were transcripts from encoded by gene x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were transcripts from encoded by gene x
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that that can be useful kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be useful kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be useful kind of
+quantitative information but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative information but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative information but not so
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+to i mean these these experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i mean these these experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i mean these these experiments are
+still you know many thousands of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you know many thousands of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you know many thousands of dollars
+per sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sample
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+when it comes down to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes down to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes down to like a
+pharmaceutical company trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company trying to figure
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+the mechanism of the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism of the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism of the disease and
+actually how to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how to go in and
+develop target drug molecules that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop target drug molecules that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop target drug molecules that might
+interfere like i'm assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere like i'm assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere like i'm assuming that
+this technique would be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique would be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique would be useful
+for example if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you do
+if you do one of the above to oligarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do one of the above to oligarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do one of the above to oligarchy
+and you don't know the quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know the quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know the quantitative
+number of transcription present you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transcription present you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transcription present you just
+know sort of qualitatively more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of qualitatively more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of qualitatively more or less
+compared to disease state or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+if you know if you know a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if you know a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if you know a number
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+does not give you the ability to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not give you the ability to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not give you the ability to make
+speculative speculation about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative speculation about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative speculation about you know
+how those transitions are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those transitions are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those transitions are being
+processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed
+and whether that's an important process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether that's an important process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether that's an important process
+in the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i would say it doesn't actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say it doesn't actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say it doesn't actually because
+if you tell me you know if god tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell me you know if god tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell me you know if god tells me
+that there are 684
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are 684
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are 684
+copies of a given transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of a given transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of a given transcript
+i don't know what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what that means
+i do know what it means that if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do know what it means that if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do know what it means that if there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+five times as much of a given transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times as much of a given transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times as much of a given transcript
+in a disease state compared to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a disease state compared to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a disease state compared to normal
+state i can at least say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state i can at least say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state i can at least say
+that having one-fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having one-fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having one-fifth
+the number of transcripts isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of transcripts isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of transcripts isn't
+sufficient to give you the disease state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to give you the disease state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to give you the disease state
+right whereas if you just give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas if you just give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas if you just give me an
+absolute number without a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute number without a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute number without a comparative
+sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't know what that means and i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what that means and i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what that means and i'm not
+sure that saying there's 600 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that saying there's 600 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that saying there's 600 in this
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and three thousand in that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three thousand in that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three thousand in that state
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+that's not really more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really more useful
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+than knowing relative abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+what the resolution is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the resolution is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the resolution is in terms of
+common differentiation that's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common differentiation that's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common differentiation that's like you
+get it usually you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it usually you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it usually you get an
+exact number for the bottom reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number for the bottom reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact number for the bottom reference
+but for the top you get a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the top you get a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the top you get a sufficiently
+resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+samples that you can say that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that you can say that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that you can say that's right
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and i would say for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and i would say for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and i would say for most
+biological and clinical applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological and clinical applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological and clinical applications
+knowing that the ratio is one to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that the ratio is one to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that the ratio is one to five
+gives you about 95 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you about 95 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you about 95 percent of the
+information that's useful compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's useful compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's useful compared to
+saying it's 500 versus 100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's 500 versus 100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's 500 versus 100.
+there might you might be able to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might you might be able to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might you might be able to think
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+some special experiments where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special experiments where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special experiments where you
+really want to know the number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know the number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know the number but
+usually it doesn't help you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are all sorts of sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of sources of
+variability that we won't discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that we won't discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that we won't discuss
+except there's only one that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there's only one that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except there's only one that matters
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+biological and clinical variability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological and clinical variability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological and clinical variability that
+goes into these experiments with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into these experiments with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into these experiments with a lot
+of people that spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that spend a lot of time
+handling over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling over
+these various technical things and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various technical things and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various technical things and none
+of them make any difference really as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them make any difference really as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them make any difference really as
+far as i can tell because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as i can tell because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as i can tell because they're
+overwhelmed by biological variability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed by biological variability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed by biological variability so
+making microarrays that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making microarrays that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making microarrays that are
+somewhat more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more accurate
+or precise in their measurement won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or precise in their measurement won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or precise in their measurement won't
+actually make that much of a dent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that much of a dent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that much of a dent in the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+because that variability is exceeded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that variability is exceeded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that variability is exceeded so
+tremendously by biological variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously by biological variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously by biological variability
+that's all i'll say about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i'll say about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i'll say about that
+so let me give some examples of applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give some examples of applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give some examples of applying
+this and i know you've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and i know you've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and i know you've discussed
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+general methods before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general methods before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general methods before but
+that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay
+so here's an experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an experiment where
+we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the
+differential clinical outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential clinical outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential clinical outcome of
+children with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+brain tumor called medulloblastoma you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain tumor called medulloblastoma you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain tumor called medulloblastoma you
+didn't just have you discussed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't just have you discussed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't just have you discussed this
+particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we had 60 pre-treatment biopsies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 60 pre-treatment biopsies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 60 pre-treatment biopsies of
+patients with this brain tumor tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with this brain tumor tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with this brain tumor tumors
+were biopsied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were biopsied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were biopsied
+and we knew the long-term clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew the long-term clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew the long-term clinical
+outcome of these patients whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of these patients whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of these patients whether they
+uh survived from their disease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh survived from their disease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh survived from their disease or
+they died despite therapy they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they died despite therapy they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they died despite therapy they had the
+tumors removed and were treated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors removed and were treated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors removed and were treated with
+chemotherapy and radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy and radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy and radiation
+and we knew that some of the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew that some of the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we knew that some of the patients
+survived and some of them did not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and some of them did not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and some of them did not and
+based on that we said well perhaps there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that we said well perhaps there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that we said well perhaps there
+are two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two classes
+subclasses of disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses of disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclasses of disease so
+we clustered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we clustered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we clustered
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+this was across i think 6800 genes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was across i think 6800 genes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was across i think 6800 genes on a
+on a microarray so each dot represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a microarray so each dot represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a microarray so each dot represents a
+different patient sample say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patient sample say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patient sample say well if
+they're two classes let's cluster into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two classes let's cluster into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two classes let's cluster into
+two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups
+um because we have this clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we have this clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we have this clinical
+suspicion there are two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion there are two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion there are two classes
+and of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+the algorithm to cluster into two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm to cluster into two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm to cluster into two groups
+in this case it's something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's something called a
+self-organizing map but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing map but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing map but it doesn't
+matter you could take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you could take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you could take the two
+major branches on a dendrogram from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major branches on a dendrogram from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major branches on a dendrogram from a
+hierarchical clustering dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering dendrogram
+whatever you get the same picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you get the same picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you get the same picture you
+get two classes and the patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two classes and the patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two classes and the patients are
+shown there about equally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there about equally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there about equally distributed
+and now if we fill in the labels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we fill in the labels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we fill in the labels of the
+patients that is whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that is whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that is whether they're
+survivors turned out to be survivors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors turned out to be survivors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors turned out to be survivors or
+not survivors you get this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not survivors you get this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not survivors you get this picture
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you don't need a statistician to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a statistician to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a statistician to tell
+you that there's no correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there's no correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there's no correlation between
+this class structure and survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do you take what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you take what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you take what do you
+what do you think of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can you conclude what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you conclude what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you conclude what do you do
+with this how are you going to rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this how are you going to rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this how are you going to rescue
+this are you saying that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are you saying that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are you saying that there's no
+signature survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so i think you're both hitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i think you're both hitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i think you're both hitting on
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+relevant point here which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+unsupervised learning clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning clustering
+algorithm found some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm found some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm found some structure
+dominant structure that made these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant structure that made these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant structure that made these two
+classes they just don't happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes they just don't happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes they just don't happen to have
+anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do
+with the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the question
+that we're interested in which was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in which was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in which was one
+of survival and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of survival and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of survival and so that
+gets back to this basic notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to this basic notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to this basic notion of
+two general approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general approaches to
+to data analysis which you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to data analysis which you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to data analysis which you've probably
+discussed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed but
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+often gets confused so unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often gets confused so unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often gets confused so unsupervised
+learning which is not exactly synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is not exactly synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is not exactly synonymous
+with clustering but it's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clustering but it's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clustering but it's a reasonable
+first approximation or supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation or supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation or supervised
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+uh classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classification
+so here you're interested in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you're interested in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you're interested in finding
+dominant structure defined only by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant structure defined only by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant structure defined only by the
+intrinsic gene expression patterns in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic gene expression patterns in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic gene expression patterns in a
+given data set irrespective of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given data set irrespective of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given data set irrespective of anything
+you happen to know about the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to know about the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to know about the samples
+such as their clinical outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as their clinical outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as their clinical outcome
+here you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're saying
+whatever maybe there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever maybe there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever maybe there's some other
+interesting biological structure but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting biological structure but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting biological structure but i'm
+not interested in that right now i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in that right now i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in that right now i want
+to know whether it's a gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether it's a gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether it's a gene expression
+pattern that's correlated with the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's correlated with the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's correlated with the thing
+i care about in this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i care about in this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i care about in this particular example
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+outcome so we take the tank the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so we take the tank the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so we take the tank the same
+data set the same matrix of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set the same matrix of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set the same matrix of data
+samples by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples by
+gene expression values and now apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression values and now apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression values and now apply
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised
+learning approaches this happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approaches this happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approaches this happens to be a
+k nearest neighbor classifier again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k nearest neighbor classifier again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k nearest neighbor classifier again it
+doesn't make any difference what you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any difference what you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any difference what you use
+here and this happens to be an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this happens to be an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this happens to be an eight
+gene model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene model
+you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a
+you classify the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you classify the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you classify the samples
+using a level and out cross-validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a level and out cross-validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a level and out cross-validation
+approach so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so that you don't
+you attempt not to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attempt not to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attempt not to over
+fit the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the data
+the model to the initial training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to the initial training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to the initial training set
+and then you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+of the two classes that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two classes that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two classes that are that are
+predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+how do those patients actually fare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those patients actually fare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those patients actually fare and
+here is a survival plot in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a survival plot in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a survival plot in terms of
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+months of survival for those patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of survival for those patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of survival for those patients
+who are predicted to be alive versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are predicted to be alive versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are predicted to be alive versus
+those that are predicting to be dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are predicting to be dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are predicting to be dead
+so what do you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you look if you look in a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look if you look in a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look if you look in a you know
+basic biostatistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biostatistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biostatistics
+textbook about how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook about how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook about how to calculate
+statistical significance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance of a
+kaplan-meyer survival curve such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaplan-meyer survival curve such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaplan-meyer survival curve such as this
+is they'll tell you to do the log rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they'll tell you to do the log rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they'll tell you to do the log rank
+test and if you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and if you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and if you did that
+you would get a p-value that if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get a p-value that if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get a p-value that if you've
+looked at a lot of these things would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a lot of these things would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a lot of these things would
+sort of match your intuition for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of match your intuition for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of match your intuition for this
+degree of separation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of separation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of separation okay
+um so it looks something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it looks something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it looks something like that
+is that reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that reasonable
+right well i mean that looks quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well i mean that looks quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well i mean that looks quite
+significant but you should ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant but you should ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant but you should ask well
+how come this model has eight genes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come this model has eight genes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come this model has eight genes for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+how do you choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you choose that
+number well it's quite easy we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number well it's quite easy we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number well it's quite easy we chose
+that because it worked the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it worked the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it worked the best
+worked better than six worked better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked better than six worked better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked better than six worked better
+than 10 or 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 or 50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 or 50.
+um so we have to pay some penalty right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have to pay some penalty right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have to pay some penalty right
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+overfitting a model potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting a model potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting a model potentially
+to this particular data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this particular data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this particular data set
+so the ways that you could then really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ways that you could then really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ways that you could then really
+test the significant the statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the significant the statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the significant the statistic
+statistical significance of this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance of this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance of this model
+would be to apply it to another data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to apply it to another data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to apply it to another data set
+i that's the gold standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's the gold standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's the gold standard
+but short of that a reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but short of that a reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but short of that a reasonable thing to
+do to better approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to better approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to better approximate the
+significance is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance is to
+take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into
+account the fact that there are a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the fact that there are a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the fact that there are a number
+of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters
+of this model that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model that were
+optimized to fit this data set and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized to fit this data set and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized to fit this data set and you
+can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+doing a permutation test where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a permutation test where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a permutation test where you don't
+scramble the gene expression values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble the gene expression values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble the gene expression values
+themselves but you randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but you randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but you randomize
+the class labels in terms of are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class labels in terms of are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class labels in terms of are the
+patients alive or dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients alive or dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients alive or dead
+and you go through the same procedure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through the same procedure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through the same procedure of
+attempting to build an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to build an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to build an optimal
+classifier and choosing including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier and choosing including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier and choosing including
+choosing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the number of
+optimal number of genes to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal number of genes to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal number of genes to ask
+if you really try hard with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really try hard with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really try hard with these
+machine learning methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning methods
+how often can you make a classifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often can you make a classifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often can you make a classifier that
+works as well as this one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as well as this one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as well as this one does
+and when we did that a thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we did that a thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we did that a thousand times
+nine times out of a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine times out of a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine times out of a thousand
+we could do this well or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do this well or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do this well or better
+so we estimated the significance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we estimated the significance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we estimated the significance of this
+model here which is still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here which is still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here which is still you know
+decent but you can see we took a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent but you can see we took a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent but you can see we took a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a hit of a couple orders of magnitude on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hit of a couple orders of magnitude on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hit of a couple orders of magnitude on
+this p-value so if you had had a nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p-value so if you had had a nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this p-value so if you had had a nominal
+p-value of 0.05 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value of 0.05 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value of 0.05 or something
+right that result would entirely vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that result would entirely vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that result would entirely vanish
+when you appropriately attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you appropriately attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you appropriately attempt to
+correct for such multiple hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for such multiple hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for such multiple hypothesis
+testing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and this
+is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of
+what particular classifier you use so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particular classifier you use so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particular classifier you use so i
+would say much of the literature and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say much of the literature and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say much of the literature and you
+know everyone's figuring out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone's figuring out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everyone's figuring out how to do
+this sort of as we go along but much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of as we go along but much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of as we go along but much of
+the literature and worries about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and worries about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and worries about
+failure to reproduce an initial model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to reproduce an initial model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to reproduce an initial model
+are due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are due to
+the problem of over estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of over estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of over estimating the
+significance of an initial model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of an initial model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of an initial model because
+of these overfitting types of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just make a couple of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make a couple of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make a couple of general
+comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about
+supervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some of them may seem obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them may seem obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them may seem obvious but
+turn out to be actually problematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be actually problematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be actually problematic and
+this is one example so the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one example so the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one example so the first step
+establish the class labels of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the class labels of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the class labels of what
+you're trying to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to classify
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in one of our first experiments we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one of our first experiments we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one of our first experiments we're
+trying to classify the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to classify the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to classify the two different
+basic types of acute leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types of acute leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types of acute leukemia
+acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute
+myeloid leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloid leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myeloid leukemia
+the way you build a classifier is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you build a classifier is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you build a classifier is to
+choose examples of one class examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose examples of one class examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose examples of one class examples of
+another class and then find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class and then find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class and then find
+gene expression patterns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression patterns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression patterns that are
+correlated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+who's to say that we have these right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's to say that we have these right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's to say that we have these right
+right what should you use as the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what should you use as the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what should you use as the gold
+standard for these things it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for these things it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for these things it's not
+always obvious particularly for the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obvious particularly for the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obvious particularly for the very
+things that we want to build better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we want to build better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we want to build better
+molecular classifiers for because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular classifiers for because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular classifiers for because the
+current clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current clinical
+diagnostics are so poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics are so poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics are so poor
+it doesn't really feel like a good gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really feel like a good gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really feel like a good gold
+standard to go back rely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to go back rely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard to go back rely on the
+clinical labels as the gold standard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical labels as the gold standard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical labels as the gold standard uh
+and so this is in general a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is in general a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is in general a real problem
+for survival studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for survival studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for survival studies
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+force the question into a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the question into a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the question into a simple
+two-class problem survivor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-class problem survivor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-class problem survivor or
+non-survivor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-survivor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-survivor
+well everyone's a non-survivor at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everyone's a non-survivor at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everyone's a non-survivor at some
+point so at what point do you declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so at what point do you declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so at what point do you declare
+that a patient is a survivor of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a patient is a survivor of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a patient is a survivor of their
+tumor for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor for example
+that requires some judgment call in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires some judgment call in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires some judgment call in
+terms of which bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of which bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of which bin
+to put the samples into and i would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the samples into and i would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the samples into and i would say
+that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much
+of at least our effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least our effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least our effort
+and time has gone into trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time has gone into trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time has gone into trying to figure
+out how to get this right and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to get this right and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to get this right and there are
+some approaches that one could take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approaches that one could take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approaches that one could take to
+not have to be so rigid on how you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be so rigid on how you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be so rigid on how you how
+you assign these labels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign these labels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign these labels but
+it's a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the second general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step in in making a classifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in in making a classifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in in making a classifier is
+selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting
+the features that you're going to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that you're going to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that you're going to feed
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+model features in this case being genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model features in this case being genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model features in this case being genes
+the details don't matter their whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details don't matter their whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details don't matter their whole
+long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list of
+ways that you can rank genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can rank genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can rank genes
+this is a simple one that is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple one that is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple one that is based on
+the mean expression level in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean expression level in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean expression level in the two
+classes and their standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and their standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and their standard deviation
+it's a relatively unsophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively unsophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively unsophisticated
+way to select genes because it assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to select genes because it assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to select genes because it assumes
+that there's a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a uniform
+behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+these marker genes in the two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these marker genes in the two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these marker genes in the two classes
+which in many cases is not at all uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in many cases is not at all uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in many cases is not at all uh the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+there are many other methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other methods
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+and then i'm sure you've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm sure you've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm sure you've talked about
+these at length so i think maybe i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at length so i think maybe i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at length so i think maybe i'll
+skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this
+that you then take these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you then take these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you then take these things and
+classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for unsupervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for unsupervised learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for unsupervised learning
+there are all these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these methods
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i think they basically don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they basically don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they basically don't matter
+that either for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either for
+for clustering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clustering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clustering or
+supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised
+uh machine learning methods if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh machine learning methods if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh machine learning methods if you get a
+result that that is obtainable with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that that is obtainable with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that that is obtainable with only
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+magical you know one person's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical you know one person's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical you know one person's really
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+algorithm i would worry deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i would worry deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i would worry deeply
+that there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a problem
+uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with
+you know there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's there's
+an information leak somehow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information leak somehow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information leak somehow or
+something's not right uh because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's not right uh because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's not right uh because at
+least in my experience when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my experience when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my experience when there's
+really biologically or clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really biologically or clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really biologically or clinically
+meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+structure to be found you can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to be found you can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to be found you can find it
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different
+approaches in fact that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches in fact that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches in fact that's a reasonable
+sanity check to make sure that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check to make sure that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check to make sure that you can
+recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+structure whether you're using machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure whether you're using machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure whether you're using machine
+learning or unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or unsupervised
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+clustering algorithms that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithms that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithms that you can
+recover it with multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover it with multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover it with multiple different
+methods there are some examples to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods there are some examples to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods there are some examples to that
+that can be interesting but on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be interesting but on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be interesting but on the whole
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm confident thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm confident thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm confident thing
+it doesn't really matter and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter and it's really
+the input to these data sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to these data sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to these data sets that
+matters the most that is are you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters the most that is are you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters the most that is are you really
+sampling the diversity of for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the diversity of for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the diversity of for example
+the disease process that you're studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease process that you're studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease process that you're studying
+with the samples that are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the samples that are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the samples that are in your
+initial data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's more challenging is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more challenging is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more challenging is
+how do you evaluate the output of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you evaluate the output of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you evaluate the output of these
+clusters in terms of their biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters in terms of their biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters in terms of their biology
+in terms of really knowing how robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of really knowing how robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of really knowing how robust
+the structure is given any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is given any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is given any
+algorithm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+how do you actually know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually know when you
+having seen a given structure once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seen a given structure once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seen a given structure once
+how do you actually apply it to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually apply it to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually apply it to another
+data set to know whether it's you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set to know whether it's you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set to know whether it's you see it
+there as well it's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me give a couple more any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a couple more any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a couple more any questions
+about that general stuff i wasn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that general stuff i wasn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that general stuff i wasn't going
+to say anymore because i know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say anymore because i know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say anymore because i know you've
+covered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give a couple other examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a couple other examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a couple other examples of
+applying these principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying these principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying these principles
+to some some data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some some data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some some data sets
+did you talk about this one no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you talk about this one no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you talk about this one no okay
+so here again focusing on childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again focusing on childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again focusing on childhood
+leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia
+most kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most kids
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+childhood all respond to chemotherapy i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood all respond to chemotherapy i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood all respond to chemotherapy i
+told you about this subgroup of bcr able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about this subgroup of bcr able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about this subgroup of bcr able
+patients it does not another group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients it does not another group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients it does not another group that
+does not respond well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not respond well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not respond well
+are infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infants
+less than a year of age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a year of age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a year of age
+who generally don't respond it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who generally don't respond it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who generally don't respond it turns out
+that most of those patients have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of those patients have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of those patients have
+translocations into a gene called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocations into a gene called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocations into a gene called
+mll um and so but it's clinically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mll um and so but it's clinically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mll um and so but it's clinically of
+interest because these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest because these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest because these patients
+don't respond to conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't respond to conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't respond to conventional
+chemotherapy and this just shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy and this just shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy and this just shows you
+that using standard clinical criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using standard clinical criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using standard clinical criteria
+they're hard to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hard to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hard to distinguish
+so what if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if we take
+conventional all samples these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional all samples these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional all samples these
+infant mll rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mll rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mll rearranged
+leukemias and some aml the myeloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias and some aml the myeloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias and some aml the myeloid
+leukemias and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias and
+we apply an unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply an unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply an unsupervised
+learning approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach
+uh this happens to be principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this happens to be principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this happens to be principal
+component analysis but could be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis but could be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis but could be your
+favorite clustering algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three different classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different classes
+why do you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jose speak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jose speak up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jose speak up
+you might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yes you see three classes but only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you see three classes but only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you see three classes but only if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have the right the colors filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right the colors filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right the colors filled in
+right so if you imagine this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you imagine this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you imagine this is just a
+group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of
+of leukemias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leukemias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leukemias
+you might get the sense that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get the sense that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get the sense that there
+you know was something going on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know was something going on over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know was something going on over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but if you imagine these all black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you imagine these all black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you imagine these all black
+it's not so obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so obvious
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this is completely unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is completely unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is completely unsupervised
+so that's that's the first point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the first point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the first point is that
+these things often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things often
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+clearer when you actually impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer when you actually impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer when you actually impose
+knowledge on them even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on them even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on them even though
+the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure
+here is done an unsupervised way you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is done an unsupervised way you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is done an unsupervised way you get
+this sort of impression that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of impression that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of impression that's a really
+clean result if you superimpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean result if you superimpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean result if you superimpose
+knowledge afterwards okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge afterwards okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge afterwards okay that's the
+first thing but let's say yes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing but let's say yes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing but let's say yes there are
+three classes and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three classes and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three classes and i think
+you can appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can appreciate that
+one question was when maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question was when maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question was when maybe these
+infants with the ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with the ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with the ml
+rearrange genomes in green maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange genomes in green maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange genomes in green maybe they
+don't respond to therapy because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't respond to therapy because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't respond to therapy because they're
+babies and you know that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies and you know that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies and you know that this is a
+metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic
+post-metabolism problem and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-metabolism problem and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-metabolism problem and their
+leukemias are the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias are the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias are the same as the
+conventional alls shown in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional alls shown in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional alls shown in in
+dark blue this would argue that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue this would argue that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue this would argue that it's
+actually not the case that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the case that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the case that they're
+fundamentally different leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different leukemia
+is this helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so it's sort of helpful maybe from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of helpful maybe from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of helpful maybe from a
+taxonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy
+perspective but does it tell you what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but does it tell you what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but does it tell you what to
+do for these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for these patients
+right so what if you wanted to gain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what if you wanted to gain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what if you wanted to gain some
+biological insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological insight
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was different about
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ml green infant leukemias what might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml green infant leukemias what might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml green infant leukemias what might you
+do you've got these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you've got these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you've got these data
+you see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that they
+that those patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those patients
+define a different class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a different class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a different class
+what could you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody have any idea what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any idea what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any idea what would you do
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the genes whose weights explain the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes whose weights explain the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes whose weights explain the most
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+that's right so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh you could do that it turns out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could do that it turns out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could do that it turns out in
+this case there are a lot of genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there are a lot of genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there are a lot of genes that
+actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relatively equal weight so you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively equal weight so you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively equal weight so you still
+have a large list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large list and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three principal components don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three principal components don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three principal components don't
+perfectly separate the classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly separate the classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly separate the classes
+so you could go back and say well now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could go back and say well now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could go back and say well now i
+believe that these mll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that these mll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that these mll
+leukemias are a distinct entity so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias are a distinct entity so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemias are a distinct entity so now
+you could go back that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back that would be
+reasonable no that's a reasonable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable no that's a reasonable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable no that's a reasonable thing
+to do but the other way you could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but the other way you could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but the other way you could do is
+to say well now this tells me that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well now this tells me that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well now this tells me that i
+believe that these ml leukemia is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that these ml leukemia is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that these ml leukemia is our
+distinct entity now let's use supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct entity now let's use supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct entity now let's use supervised
+learning types of methods to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning types of methods to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning types of methods to identify
+the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes
+that are most correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are most correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are most correlated
+with the class of interest for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the class of interest for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the class of interest for example
+high in the ml class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in the ml class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in the ml class
+versus the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the others
+that would be a straightforward thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a straightforward thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a straightforward thing to
+do right so you could rank the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right so you could rank the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right so you could rank the genes
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+that distinction so we did that and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction so we did that and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction so we did that and did
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you case be comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you case be comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you case be comparing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+between the different classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different classifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different classifications
+uh the difference that the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference that the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference that the different
+genes can expression over there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes can expression over there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes can expression over there and the
+second phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+no i think it's more that if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think it's more that if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think it's more that if if you
+didn't have these colors to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have these colors to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have these colors to look at and
+you said ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said ah
+there's some structure here i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some structure here i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some structure here i don't know
+what it is what's the biological basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is what's the biological basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is what's the biological basis
+of this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this structure
+looking at the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the weights
+of the genes that are driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genes that are driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genes that are driving
+this distinction would be a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction would be a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction would be a reasonable
+thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+in this case we had a specific question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we had a specific question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we had a specific question
+are these leukemias unique or they add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these leukemias unique or they add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these leukemias unique or they add
+mixed with the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with the others
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+determined that they are unique it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined that they are unique it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined that they are unique it's a
+little bit cleaner to say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit cleaner to say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit cleaner to say all right
+let's use supervised methods to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use supervised methods to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use supervised methods to find the
+genes that distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that distinguish
+one class from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class from the other
+of course if you had perfect separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you had perfect separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you had perfect separation
+it would be it would reduce to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be it would reduce to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be it would reduce to the same
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+but because it's imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it's imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it's imperfect
+um there's some advantages to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's some advantages to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's some advantages to using
+class labels here i should mention also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class labels here i should mention also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class labels here i should mention also
+that you see this blue guy here sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see this blue guy here sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see this blue guy here sitting
+in a sea of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sea of green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sea of green
+so this is a patient that based on gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a patient that based on gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a patient that based on gene
+expression one would predict to be ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one would predict to be ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression one would predict to be ml
+rearranged but the clinical record for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged but the clinical record for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged but the clinical record for
+this patient said he was not but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient said he was not but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient said he was not but when we
+went back and actually looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and actually looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and actually looked at this
+turns out that there was a missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there was a missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there was a missed
+translocation into the mll gene that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation into the mll gene that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation into the mll gene that you
+could recover by fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could recover by fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could recover by fish
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know there's this is not a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's this is not a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's this is not a public
+health menace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health menace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health menace
+you know uh diagnosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh diagnosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh diagnosing
+these leukemias properly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leukemias properly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leukemias properly but
+there are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of
+of missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of missed
+diagnoses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses that
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+can be i think looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be i think looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be i think looking at these
+multi-parameter gene expression readouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-parameter gene expression readouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-parameter gene expression readouts
+can serve as a a unifier an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can serve as a a unifier an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can serve as a a unifier an integrator
+of lots of upstream genetic activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of upstream genetic activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of upstream genetic activity and
+so i think the power to detect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think the power to detect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think the power to detect those
+upstream events is going to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream events is going to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream events is going to be higher
+when you look at some downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at some downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at some downstream
+pattern such as an rna pattern as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern such as an rna pattern as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern such as an rna pattern as
+opposed to developing specific tests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to developing specific tests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to developing specific tests for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+of the individual genetic abnormalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual genetic abnormalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual genetic abnormalities
+that could cause the same phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause the same phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause the same phenotype
+because in the end all you care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end all you care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end all you care about is
+is knowing whether the molecular program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is knowing whether the molecular program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is knowing whether the molecular program
+has been activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been activated
+but so if you rank the genes according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so if you rank the genes according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so if you rank the genes according
+to this distinction and just start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this distinction and just start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this distinction and just start at
+the top of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the list
+uh here is the gene that was top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is the gene that was top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is the gene that was top of the
+list of twelve thousand six hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of twelve thousand six hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of twelve thousand six hundred
+whatever that were on on the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that were on on the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that were on on the list
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and anytime a tyrosine kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rears its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rears its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rears its head
+in a cancer classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cancer classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cancer classification
+cancer biology experiment you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer biology experiment you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer biology experiment you pay
+attention to it particularly given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it particularly given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it particularly given the
+gleevec story right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gleevec story right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gleevec story right um
+so what do you think about this i tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think about this i tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think about this i tell
+you oh look at this expression the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh look at this expression the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh look at this expression the rna
+level of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of a
+kinase so receptor tyrosine kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase so receptor tyrosine kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase so receptor tyrosine kinase
+called flip 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called flip 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called flip 3
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characteristically high in the mls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristically high in the mls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristically high in the mls
+compared to the others what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the others what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the others what do you think
+of that in terms of therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in terms of therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in terms of therapeutic
+potential therapeutic significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential therapeutic significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential therapeutic significance
+so yeah what would you do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe this already popped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because these kind of slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these kind of slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these kind of slower
+right so we define this list by virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we define this list by virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we define this list by virtue
+of the fact that it's high in the mls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that it's high in the mls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that it's high in the mls
+compared to the other two combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a flip 3 inhibitor so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a flip 3 inhibitor so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a flip 3 inhibitor so you want to
+treat patients with a flip 3 inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat patients with a flip 3 inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat patients with a flip 3 inhibitor
+well that's not an fda approved drug so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not an fda approved drug so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not an fda approved drug so
+you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there is so there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is so there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is so there there are
+so the quite the underlying question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quite the underlying question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quite the underlying question is
+the hypothesis would be that ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis would be that ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis would be that ml
+leukemia cells are dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia cells are dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia cells are dependent on
+flit 3 kinase activity for survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flit 3 kinase activity for survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flit 3 kinase activity for survival
+if that's not the case then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's not the case then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's not the case then you don't
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+unless that's the case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless that's the case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless that's the case the
+over-expression of this thing is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-expression of this thing is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-expression of this thing is totally
+irrelevant from a therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant from a therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant from a therapeutic
+perspective right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right
+so you could do that genetically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do that genetically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do that genetically for
+example using rna interference to knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example using rna interference to knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example using rna interference to knock
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+the expression or you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression or you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression or you could do it
+pharmacologically if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacologically if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacologically if there was a
+compounding development not yet a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding development not yet a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding development not yet a drug
+but a compound in development that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a compound in development that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a compound in development that
+inhibits kinase activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits kinase activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits kinase activity
+and so that's what this experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can do it in you can't do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in you can't do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it in you can't do it in
+in vivo in a person but you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vivo in a person but you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vivo in a person but you can do it in
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+derived cell lines so clinically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived cell lines so clinically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived cell lines so clinically and
+that would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+hypothesis that you want to go down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that you want to go down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that you want to go down that
+path that's right now you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that's right now you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that's right now you can you can
+make the argument that well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the argument that well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the argument that well you know
+doing these things in cell lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things in cell lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these things in cell lines and
+mice that's not real disease and so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice that's not real disease and so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice that's not real disease and so i
+don't care what any of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what any of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what any of this stuff
+shows but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows but still
+if your hypothesis is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your hypothesis is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your hypothesis is that
+a given gene the overexpression of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given gene the overexpression of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given gene the overexpression of a
+given gene is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given gene is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given gene is important
+and you do the experiments to ablate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do the experiments to ablate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do the experiments to ablate the
+expression of that gene and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of that gene and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of that gene and nothing
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+that should deflate your enthusiasm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should deflate your enthusiasm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should deflate your enthusiasm a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+okay so here's the experiment though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the experiment though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the experiment though
+here now taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now taking
+patient derived human cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient derived human cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient derived human cells
+that have been engineered to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been engineered to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been engineered to express
+firefly luciferase gene so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefly luciferase gene so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefly luciferase gene so that they
+glow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow
+and you can monitor in vivo tumor burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can monitor in vivo tumor burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can monitor in vivo tumor burden
+so here mice that on week one you inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here mice that on week one you inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here mice that on week one you inject
+in the tail vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infant leukemia derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant leukemia derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant leukemia derived
+tumor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor cells
+and you see over four weeks time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see over four weeks time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see over four weeks time
+the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of
+luciferase activity increases as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferase activity increases as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luciferase activity increases as the
+cells grow and the mice start to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells grow and the mice start to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells grow and the mice start to die
+around week four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around week four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around week four
+and here is uh a cohort of mice also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is uh a cohort of mice also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is uh a cohort of mice also
+injected but treated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected but treated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected but treated with
+a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug
+once a day by mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a day by mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a day by mouth
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+functions as a flit 3 kinase inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as a flit 3 kinase inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as a flit 3 kinase inhibitor
+and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the development of the leukemia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the leukemia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the leukemia is
+significantly obligated which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly obligated which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly obligated which
+at least to our first approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to our first approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to our first approximation
+validates the hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates the hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates the hypothesis that
+flip 3 overexpression is not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 3 overexpression is not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 3 overexpression is not just a
+diagnostic marker of this class but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic marker of this class but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic marker of this class but it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+a potential therapeutic target and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential therapeutic target and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential therapeutic target and so
+based on this and some other preclinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this and some other preclinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this and some other preclinical
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the clinical trial that you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical trial that you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical trial that you wanted to do
+with a flip 3 inhibitor is is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flip 3 inhibitor is is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flip 3 inhibitor is is being
+planned to treat patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are
+infected with a retrovirus that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with a retrovirus that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with a retrovirus that contains
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cdna for firefly luciferase gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna for firefly luciferase gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna for firefly luciferase gene
+so that if you inject these mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you inject these mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you inject these mice
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the compound luciferin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compound luciferin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compound luciferin
+they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+enzyme that fireflies do and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that fireflies do and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that fireflies do and they will
+glow so usually this is done in vitro in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow so usually this is done in vitro in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow so usually this is done in vitro in
+test tubes but here you introduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tubes but here you introduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tubes but here you introduce it
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+the cells in the animal so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the animal so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells in the animal so that you can
+monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+what you used to have to do would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you used to have to do would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you used to have to do would be to
+inject a whole bunch of mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a whole bunch of mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a whole bunch of mice
+kill some of them here kill some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill some of them here kill some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill some of them here kill some of them
+here and then like examine the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then like examine the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then like examine the bone
+marrows to evaluate the progression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrows to evaluate the progression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrows to evaluate the progression of
+the disease what's nice here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease what's nice here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease what's nice here is that you
+can follow a cohort of mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow a cohort of mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow a cohort of mice
+non-invasively yes dumb questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invasively yes dumb questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invasively yes dumb questions
+when you actually look at these mice can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at these mice can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at these mice can
+you tell that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell that they're
+fluorescing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh no you need to use a special device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no you need to use a special device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no you need to use a special device
+that can measure i think in the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can measure i think in the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can measure i think in the near
+infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+range there are green fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there are green fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there are green fluorescent
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+mice that actually do glow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice that actually do glow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice that actually do glow
+and you can tell that they're green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mice that you use are they um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mice that you use are they um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mice that you use are they um like
+immune like rag knockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune like rag knockout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune like rag knockout
+if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a
+massive immune function yeah so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive immune function yeah so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive immune function yeah so you have
+to do this in immunodeficient mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in immunodeficient mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in immunodeficient mice
+so they don't uh reject the human tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't uh reject the human tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't uh reject the human tumors
+and how do you account like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you account like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you account like
+does that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that factor
+in your determination of like the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your determination of like the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your determination of like the degree
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know the potency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the potency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the potency of the
+spine of the tumor cells and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine of the tumor cells and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine of the tumor cells and whatnot
+because of just sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of just sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of just sort of the
+fact that the images you can direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the images you can direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the images you can direct
+attacks against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks against
+and so when you're when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you're when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you're when you're
+considering these experiments you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering these experiments you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering these experiments you're
+saying okay i see this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay i see this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay i see this you know
+spread across the entire mouth in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread across the entire mouth in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread across the entire mouth in this
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+how do you factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you factor that
+you don't you factor that in by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you factor that in by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you factor that in by saying
+that there are many things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurring in these models that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in these models that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in these models that don't
+recapitulate what happens in mouths most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate what happens in mouths most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate what happens in mouths most
+people don't get cancer by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get cancer by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get cancer by having
+intravenous injection of a tumor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intravenous injection of a tumor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intravenous injection of a tumor into
+them you know most patients have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know most patients have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know most patients have an
+immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system
+you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+i think it's just one of the limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's just one of the limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's just one of the limitations
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it would not be worth the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not be worth the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not be worth the time and
+expense to have a drug development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense to have a drug development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense to have a drug development
+project around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project around
+every you know little inkling that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know little inkling that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know little inkling that comes
+out of a microwave experience and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a microwave experience and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a microwave experience and you do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+even though it's deficient in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's deficient in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's deficient in many ways
+and you've hit on some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've hit on some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've hit on some of them
+to say is this interesting or is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is this interesting or is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is this interesting or is it not
+i think not yet at the point where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think not yet at the point where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think not yet at the point where one
+can do this entirely computationally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this entirely computationally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this entirely computationally and
+have any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of
+you know confidence that being said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know confidence that being said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know confidence that being said
+these so-called xenograft models where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so-called xenograft models where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so-called xenograft models where
+you put human tumor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put human tumor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put human tumor into
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+mouse model are not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse model are not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse model are not particularly
+predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+efficacy of a drug in a human clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy of a drug in a human clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy of a drug in a human clinical
+trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+but in the absence of anything better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the absence of anything better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the absence of anything better
+it's still what most people do first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still what most people do first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still what most people do first is
+more robust and like if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more robust and like if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more robust and like if there's no
+effect on the xenographs then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the xenographs then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the xenographs then
+you're really a loser if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really a loser if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really a loser if you go to the
+human no it's actually more if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human no it's actually more if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human no it's actually more if anything
+at the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the opposite
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show
+some activity in the xenographs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some activity in the xenographs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some activity in the xenographs you
+often see activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see activity
+but failure to see activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but failure to see activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but failure to see activity
+failures the activity of xenographs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures the activity of xenographs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures the activity of xenographs is
+not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly
+particular for molecularly targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for molecularly targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for molecularly targeted
+therapies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies
+where you it may be that you can show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you it may be that you can show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you it may be that you can show in
+the mouse that you've really shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse that you've really shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse that you've really shut down
+the pathway let's say you've inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway let's say you've inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway let's say you've inhibited
+flip 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 3
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+so some people are start drug companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people are start drug companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people are start drug companies
+starting to use xenographs in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to use xenographs in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to use xenographs in that way
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+all the mouse is is a test tube so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mouse is is a test tube so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mouse is is a test tube so that
+i can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can ask
+have i inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i inhibited
+flip 3 enzymatic activity yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 3 enzymatic activity yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 3 enzymatic activity yes or no
+if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+and i believe that flip 3 is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe that flip 3 is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe that flip 3 is a good
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+i don't care whether the tumor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care whether the tumor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care whether the tumor's
+actually shrunk or not i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shrunk or not i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shrunk or not i'm going to
+bring it forward to to clinical trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it forward to to clinical trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it forward to to clinical trial
+but you need something to convince you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need something to convince you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need something to convince you
+that the target is reasonable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i think you see them there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think you see them there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think you see them there because
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+cells they're injected intravenously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they're injected intravenously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they're injected intravenously in
+the tail vein but they home to the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail vein but they home to the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail vein but they home to the bone
+marrow and you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrow and you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrow and you're seeing
+large bone marrow cavities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bone marrow cavities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bone marrow cavities
+which is why you see them kind of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why you see them kind of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why you see them kind of over
+the flank there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think i'm going to skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you talk about this no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about this no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about this no good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you do these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+usually present you with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually present you with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually present you with two
+you either have one of two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either have one of two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either have one of two problems
+after you do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do all this
+appropriate correction from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate correction from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate correction from multiple
+hypothesis testing that i told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing that i told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing that i told you about
+either despite having done that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either despite having done that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either despite having done that still
+have a list of genes that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of genes that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of genes that's too
+impossibly long to bring biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly long to bring biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly long to bring biological
+understanding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+corrected away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected away
+everything and you have the impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and you have the impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and you have the impression
+that there's actually nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually nothing
+that is differentially expressed in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is differentially expressed in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is differentially expressed in your
+two cases and so let me show some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases and so let me show some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases and so let me show some of the
+more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent
+approaches to dealing with this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to dealing with this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to dealing with this because
+it's really substantially changing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really substantially changing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really substantially changing our
+thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to
+how to do these kinds of experiments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do these kinds of experiments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do these kinds of experiments so
+this is not a cancer example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a cancer example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a cancer example
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+a diabetes experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diabetes experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diabetes experiment where
+there were patients who were either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were patients who were either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were patients who were either
+adult patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult patients
+who either had type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who either had type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who either had type 2 diabetes
+or they were normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they were normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they were normal
+as defined by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as defined by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as defined by having
+a normal glucose tolerance test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal glucose tolerance test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal glucose tolerance test
+and they underwent voluntary skeletal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they underwent voluntary skeletal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they underwent voluntary skeletal
+muscle biopsies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle biopsies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle biopsies
+under eu glycemic clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under eu glycemic clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under eu glycemic clamp
+18 of these patients 17 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 of these patients 17 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 of these patients 17 of these
+patients it's a simple two class problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients it's a simple two class problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients it's a simple two class problem
+right get the expression data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right get the expression data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right get the expression data
+to identify those genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify those genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify those genes that are
+differentially expressed in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially expressed in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially expressed in these two
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+do the appropriate permutation testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the appropriate permutation testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the appropriate permutation testing
+to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you
+correct for multiple hypothesis testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for multiple hypothesis testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for multiple hypothesis testing
+and here's the result nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the result nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the result nothing
+meet significant so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet significant so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet significant so even
+so out of the 20 000 genes on the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of the 20 000 genes on the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of the 20 000 genes on the array
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+the top-ranked gene doesn't meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top-ranked gene doesn't meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top-ranked gene doesn't meet
+statistical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical significance
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+that this is the case but the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case but the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case but the question
+is are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are there
+other ways that you might go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways that you might go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways that you might go about
+recovering a biological story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering a biological story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering a biological story here
+and so the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way that
+ramsay mutha and graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramsay mutha and graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramsay mutha and graduate students
+arvind subumanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arvind subumanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arvind subumanian
+took to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to this
+was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+groups of genes or gene sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose activity as a collection of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose activity as a collection of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose activity as a collection of genes
+could be interrogated in these data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interrogated in these data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interrogated in these data sets
+and we could have a rich discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have a rich discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have a rich discussion
+about how does one define such gene sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does one define such gene sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does one define such gene sets
+you could do it based on the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it based on the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it based on the literature
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ask zach what genes are important in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask zach what genes are important in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask zach what genes are important in you
+know some pathway that he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some pathway that he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some pathway that he knows
+something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+that could be a list or you could say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a list or you could say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a list or you could say uh
+we don't trust zach about you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust zach about you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust zach about you know that
+sort of that'll bring zach's bias we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that'll bring zach's bias we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that'll bring zach's bias we're
+not interested in that or anyone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in that or anyone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in that or anyone else's
+intuition let's just experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition let's just experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition let's just experimentally
+derive lists of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive lists of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive lists of genes
+by one way or the other perturb cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one way or the other perturb cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one way or the other perturb cells
+get the gene expression change and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gene expression change and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gene expression change and that
+makes a gene set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a gene set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a gene set okay
+and you can collect as many of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can collect as many of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can collect as many of these as
+you could stand for these experiments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stand for these experiments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stand for these experiments we
+made 150 of these gene sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made 150 of these gene sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made 150 of these gene sets
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+before you go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go online
+twice on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice on this slide
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah he's enriched here he should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he's enriched here he should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he's enriched here he should be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so then how do you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then how do you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then how do you do this
+so first thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first thing you do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+rank all the genes on the array one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank all the genes on the array one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank all the genes on the array one
+through twenty thousand according to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through twenty thousand according to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through twenty thousand according to how
+well they're correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're correlated with the
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+i already told you this top one even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already told you this top one even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already told you this top one even
+that one doesn't meet significance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't meet significance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't meet significance in a
+single gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single gene
+and then you interrogate each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you interrogate each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you interrogate each of these
+gene sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene sets
+and ask are they enriched and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask are they enriched and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask are they enriched and so here
+would be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of
+a hypothetical gene set each gene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothetical gene set each gene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothetical gene set each gene in the
+gene set of a dozen genes or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set of a dozen genes or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set of a dozen genes or whatever
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+enriched towards the top of this rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched towards the top of this rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched towards the top of this rank
+ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+whereas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here
+is a hypothetical gene set it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hypothetical gene set it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hypothetical gene set it's not
+perfect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect right
+but it's non-randomly distributed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's non-randomly distributed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's non-randomly distributed on
+this rank ordered list it's enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rank ordered list it's enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rank ordered list it's enriched
+towards the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the top
+you see this as a similar operation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this as a similar operation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this as a similar operation to
+um the following there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the following there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the following there's a bunch of
+programs out there look at forgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs out there look at forgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs out there look at forgiving
+microarray result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray result
+at gene ontology and say what classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at gene ontology and say what classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at gene ontology and say what classes
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+gene and today are over-represented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and today are over-represented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and today are over-represented and
+they give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give them
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yes that is so you can define these gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that is so you can define these gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that is so you can define these gene
+sets based on a gene ontology annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets based on a gene ontology annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets based on a gene ontology annotation
+that's an example the important part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example the important part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example the important part is
+to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you appropriately correct for testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you appropriately correct for testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you appropriately correct for testing
+all these gene sets so now instead of 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these gene sets so now instead of 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these gene sets so now instead of 22
+000 genes we have 150 gene sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 genes we have 150 gene sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 genes we have 150 gene sets
+but that you should think of like 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you should think of like 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you should think of like 150
+hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you should do the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do the same sort of
+permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type of testing and say if i randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of testing and say if i randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of testing and say if i randomize
+in this case the diabetes or normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the diabetes or normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the diabetes or normal
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+is my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite
+gene ontology class still enriched and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene ontology class still enriched and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene ontology class still enriched and
+that's what some of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what some of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what some of the current
+approaches that kind of annotation don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that kind of annotation don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that kind of annotation don't
+don't do and so you can codify this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do and so you can codify this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do and so you can codify this in
+something called the kolmogorov smeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the kolmogorov smeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the kolmogorov smeared
+off statistic it doesn't matter you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off statistic it doesn't matter you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off statistic it doesn't matter you can
+come up with an enrichment score for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an enrichment score for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an enrichment score for
+these things if you do that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things if you do that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things if you do that in this
+example you essentially get one gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you essentially get one gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you essentially get one gene set
+which meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no just which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no just which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no just which
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+high statistical significance for a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high statistical significance for a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high statistical significance for a set
+of genes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes so
+how do you reconcile this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reconcile this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reconcile this
+how do you reconcile this thing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reconcile this thing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reconcile this thing and this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+how could that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that be
+that's my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing you're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you're saying that
+you didn't pick up any difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't pick up any difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't pick up any difference in the
+expression of a gene by gene basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of a gene by gene basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of a gene by gene basis
+basis but then when you group a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but then when you group a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but then when you group a couple
+of them together all sudden there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them together all sudden there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them together all sudden there is a
+difference right so how could that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right so how could that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right so how could that be
+how could that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the microarrays themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the precision of these arrays you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precision of these arrays you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precision of these arrays you know
+is not so fantastic and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so fantastic and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so fantastic and so you can
+imagine that there's a subtle signal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there's a subtle signal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there's a subtle signal on
+a gene by gene basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene by gene basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene by gene basis
+it's difficult to detect it but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to detect it but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to detect it but if you
+consider the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the coordinate
+regulation of a group of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of a group of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of a group of genes
+all in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the same direction
+as a group this might be quite striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group this might be quite striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a group this might be quite striking
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+shown right here which is really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right here which is really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right here which is really quite
+amazing when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing when you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing when you think about it
+so here we'll look at the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we'll look at the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we'll look at the mean
+expression level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression level of
+all the diabetic patients versus all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the diabetic patients versus all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the diabetic patients versus all the
+normal patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal patients
+all the genes on the array are shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the genes on the array are shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the genes on the array are shown in
+gray and so as you would expect there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray and so as you would expect there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray and so as you would expect there
+are no outliers right there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no outliers right there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no outliers right there's nothing
+really way off a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really way off a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really way off a diagonal
+if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were
+those would show up as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would show up as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would show up as as
+single genes that were differentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single genes that were differentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single genes that were differentially
+expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+of course you could have one massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you could have one massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you could have one massive
+outlier that could screw you up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier that could screw you up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier that could screw you up with
+looking at the means but still you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the means but still you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the means but still you get
+my point and here are these oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point and here are these oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point and here are these oxidative
+phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation
+the gene set that was defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene set that was defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene set that was defined by
+those genes that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes that are involved in
+oxidative phosphorylation and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative phosphorylation and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative phosphorylation and you can
+see that with only a few exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that with only a few exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that with only a few exceptions
+they're all lined up just below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all lined up just below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all lined up just below the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+change in gene expression is only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in gene expression is only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in gene expression is only about
+20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent
+compared to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to normal
+but it's all in the same direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all in the same direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all in the same direction so
+20 percent change in this number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent change in this number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent change in this number of
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+is is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is quite
+quite significant so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite significant so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite significant so this
+are you getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you getting that
+let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try
+to because it's an incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because it's an incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because it's an incredibly important
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+um the chance if you look at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chance if you look at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chance if you look at any given
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being
+what it means to be one on just near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be one on just near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be one on just near the
+diagonal one side of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal one side of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal one side of the other
+you might make a much story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might make a much story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might make a much story
+or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that it's on one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's on one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's on one side of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+and then just by dump luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just by dump luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just by dump luck
+they're all on one side of the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on one side of the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on one side of the diagonal
+if they hook that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they hook that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they hook that up
+that's going to be incredibly unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be incredibly unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be incredibly unlikely
+and so each individual gene being on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each individual gene being on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each individual gene being on one
+side of the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diagonal
+the fact that all genes that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that all genes that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that all genes that you have
+assigned beforehand would be other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned beforehand would be other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned beforehand would be other types
+in this case oxygen phosphorylation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case oxygen phosphorylation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case oxygen phosphorylation they
+will end up on one set of diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up on one set of diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up on one set of diagonals
+that's hugely unlikely the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hugely unlikely the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hugely unlikely the fact that you
+can just like dumb luck put them all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just like dumb luck put them all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just like dumb luck put them all on
+one side of the diagonal so it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the diagonal so it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the diagonal so it's less
+tied to the enrichment levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to the enrichment levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to the enrichment levels
+that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+given that you've said these are genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you've said these are genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you've said these are genes
+that are should be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are should be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are should be related
+to their interaction yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right because if you look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right because if you look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right because if you look if you
+you take this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this point
+in isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isolation
+you know there's no way that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no way that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no way that's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+significant because it's it's right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant because it's it's right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant because it's it's right in
+the middle of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of you know
+in this in this thing so so this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this thing so so this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this thing so so this is sort
+of an eye-opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an eye-opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an eye-opening
+experiment and it's causing us to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and it's causing us to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and it's causing us to go
+back and re-analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and re-analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and re-analyze
+uh using this methodology it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using this methodology it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using this methodology it's called
+gene set enrichment analysis some old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set enrichment analysis some old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene set enrichment analysis some old
+data sets let me give you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets let me give you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets let me give you a couple of
+other examples of unpublished examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of unpublished examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of unpublished examples
+that are in slightly different use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in slightly different use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in slightly different use it in
+a slightly different way so i told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different way so i told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different way so i told you
+about our medulloblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our medulloblastoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our medulloblastoma
+outcome prediction experiments before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome prediction experiments before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome prediction experiments before
+and around the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around the same time
+there was a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a paper
+published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+that looked at us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked at us
+the same question essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question essentially
+non-metastatic versus metastatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-metastatic versus metastatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-metastatic versus metastatic
+medulloblastoma different patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastoma different patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastoma different patients
+different arrays different group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrays different group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrays different group
+whatever they made a classifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they made a classifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they made a classifier that
+was centered around the pdgf receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was centered around the pdgf receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was centered around the pdgf receptor
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+gene was a predictor and also a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene was a predictor and also a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene was a predictor and also a number
+of the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the downstream
+players of pdgf receptor alpha and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players of pdgf receptor alpha and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players of pdgf receptor alpha and so we
+asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked
+are any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any of
+when we look at our classifier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at our classifier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at our classifier of
+outcome which i showed you is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome which i showed you is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome which i showed you is pretty
+decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where's the pdgf receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the pdgf receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the pdgf receptor
+alpha pathway um on there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha pathway um on there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha pathway um on there and
+neither pgf receptor alpha or the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither pgf receptor alpha or the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither pgf receptor alpha or the genes
+in that pathway were among the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pathway were among the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pathway were among the top
+predictors like top 50 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors like top 50 genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors like top 50 genes
+in our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data set
+which i think would lead one to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think would lead one to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think would lead one to believe
+that one or both of those data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one or both of those data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one or both of those data sets
+is wrong or the models derive from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong or the models derive from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong or the models derive from them
+are wrong but if you take this pdgf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong but if you take this pdgf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong but if you take this pdgf
+receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related genes as a gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related genes as a gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related genes as a gene set
+and ask is it enriched in our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask is it enriched in our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask is it enriched in our data set
+using this methodology shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this methodology shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this methodology shown
+schematically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically here
+it's enriched see they're not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enriched see they're not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enriched see they're not at the
+very top this list is is you know 12 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top this list is is you know 12 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top this list is is you know 12 000
+genes long or so so you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes long or so so you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes long or so so you can see it's
+they're not all stacked up like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all stacked up like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all stacked up like 1
+through 50 but they're non-randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 50 but they're non-randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 50 but they're non-randomly
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+uh we take to mean that actually the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we take to mean that actually the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we take to mean that actually the two
+data sets are consistent if you had data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets are consistent if you had data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets are consistent if you had data
+sets of infinite size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of infinite size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of infinite size
+then you'd start to see convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd start to see convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd start to see convergence of
+the markers being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markers being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markers being
+overlapping at the very top of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping at the very top of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping at the very top of the list
+but with these smaller data sets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with these smaller data sets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with these smaller data sets and the
+clinical variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical variability
+this puts some uh formalism around what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this puts some uh formalism around what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this puts some uh formalism around what
+boston was waving his hands and yelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston was waving his hands and yelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston was waving his hands and yelling
+about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's another example of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example of that sort
+of thing is also unpublished so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing is also unpublished so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing is also unpublished so we
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+looked at lung cancer human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at lung cancer human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at lung cancer human
+adenocarcinoma the lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenocarcinoma the lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenocarcinoma the lung
+and identify some let's we just drew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify some let's we just drew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify some let's we just drew the
+line at 50 because a nice number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at 50 because a nice number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at 50 because a nice number
+predictors of outcome in the boston lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors of outcome in the boston lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors of outcome in the boston lung
+cancer patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer patients
+university of michigan did the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of michigan did the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of michigan did the same
+experiment published around the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment published around the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment published around the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+overlapping gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping gene
+of these two lists of 50 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two lists of 50 genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two lists of 50 genes
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning
+but if you look in the space of gene set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look in the space of gene set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look in the space of gene set
+space and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you ask
+what gene sets are enriched in one data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gene sets are enriched in one data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gene sets are enriched in one data
+set what gene sets which you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set what gene sets which you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set what gene sets which you can think
+of loosely as pathways they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loosely as pathways they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loosely as pathways they're not
+really pathways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pathways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pathways but
+it's reasonable think of them for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonable think of them for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonable think of them for this
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+there's really quite significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really quite significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really quite significant
+overlap in gene set space so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in gene set space so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in gene set space so i think
+what this is saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is that
+you know botstein is right that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know botstein is right that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know botstein is right that there is
+more biologic coherence in these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more biologic coherence in these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more biologic coherence in these data
+sets it's just we haven't been smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's just we haven't been smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's just we haven't been smart
+enough to really know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to really know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to really know how to
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this comes from
+we now have about 450 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have about 450 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have about 450 or so
+uh such gene set some of which are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh such gene set some of which are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh such gene set some of which are good
+some of which aren't particularly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which aren't particularly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which aren't particularly useful
+they include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they include
+some go annotation i don't think those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some go annotation i don't think those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some go annotation i don't think those
+are particularly useful because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are particularly useful because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are particularly useful because the
+granularity isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity isn't
+fine enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine enough
+i think in the end the most useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in the end the most useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in the end the most useful
+types of gene sets are going to be those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of gene sets are going to be those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of gene sets are going to be those
+that are experimentally derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are experimentally derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are experimentally derived
+but this is a mixture of those and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a mixture of those and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a mixture of those and we're
+not yet at the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet at the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet at the point where
+we even started to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even started to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even started to try to understand
+like of these 35 enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of these 35 enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of these 35 enriched
+sets of genes what are they what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of genes what are they what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of genes what are they what's the
+biological story so if i read it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological story so if i read it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological story so if i read it like
+you threw at it on the order of 60 gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you threw at it on the order of 60 gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you threw at it on the order of 60 gene
+sets no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets no
+no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+um we threw at it 400 and something gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we threw at it 400 and something gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we threw at it 400 and something gene
+sets and asked how many of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and asked how many of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and asked how many of those are
+enriched in the boston data set and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in the boston data set and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in the boston data set and the
+answer is 35 plus 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is 35 plus 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is 35 plus 18
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh 35 plus 12 were enriched here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 35 plus 12 were enriched here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 35 plus 12 were enriched here and so
+the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the
+sets are enriched in one were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are enriched in one were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are enriched in one were also
+enriched in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in the other
+that's helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they're not cancer specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're not cancer specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're not cancer specific
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're a combination as a set of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a combination as a set of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a combination as a set of you
+know some are like these metacarta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some are like these metacarta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some are like these metacarta
+pathways that are sort of so-so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that are sort of so-so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that are sort of so-so
+annotation some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation some are
+entirely computationally derived that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely computationally derived that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely computationally derived that is
+they're the nearest neighbor genes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the nearest neighbor genes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the nearest neighbor genes of a
+given index gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given index gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given index gene
+uh in a data set they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a data set they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a data set they are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+various things and you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things and you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things and you know what the
+definitive collection of gene sets would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive collection of gene sets would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive collection of gene sets would
+actually look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look like
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that's right and so i think the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and so i think the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and so i think the way to
+do this i mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this i mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this i mean if
+on the one hand i i think it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand i i think it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand i i think it will be
+useful to just not fret about it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just not fret about it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just not fret about it too
+much and worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and worry about
+uh exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly
+how to define these things just get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define these things just get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define these things just get them
+in there um the nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um the nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there um the nice thing about this
+gsta methodology that i didn't really go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gsta methodology that i didn't really go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gsta methodology that i didn't really go
+through in detail is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in detail is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in detail is that it's
+forgiving the the how you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiving the the how you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiving the the how you calculate
+these enrichment scores is forgiving of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enrichment scores is forgiving of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enrichment scores is forgiving of
+the definition of the gene sets because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the gene sets because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the gene sets because
+you're looking for enrich a non-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for enrich a non-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for enrich a non-random
+enrichment of the gene set so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of the gene set so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of the gene set so the fact
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know a third or a half of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a third or a half of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a third or a half of the gene
+set may actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set may actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set may actually
+be inappropriately there doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inappropriately there doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inappropriately there doesn't make
+any difference because there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference because there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference because there's still
+enough that's significantly rich to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's significantly rich to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's significantly rich to
+detect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can we didn't happen to do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can we didn't happen to do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can we didn't happen to do it here
+but you can i'm you know again like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can i'm you know again like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can i'm you know again like any
+of these other things they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other things they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other things they're going to
+be a number of different metrics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number of different metrics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number of different metrics that
+you could apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could apply to
+measure significant enrichment the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure significant enrichment the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure significant enrichment the most
+important thing is just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is just to make sure
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+correct for the possibility of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for the possibility of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for the possibility of whatever
+metric you use that you're detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric you use that you're detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric you use that you're detecting
+something beyond what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something beyond what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something beyond what you'd
+expect by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect by chance
+so um i have two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm assuming that you can also detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm assuming that you can also detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm assuming that you can also detect
+like you have a location of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a location of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a location of a particular
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+which you haven't mentioned so far as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you haven't mentioned so far as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you haven't mentioned so far as a
+given example of you know actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given example of you know actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given example of you know actually this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um
+is that something you would find by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something you would find by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something you would find by
+going back to like uh your health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to like uh your health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to like uh your health
+examples and comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and comparing
+you know looking for an enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking for an enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking for an enrichment
+relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+your disease yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so actually the way you calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the way you calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the way you calculate this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the metric doesn't specifically look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric doesn't specifically look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric doesn't specifically look for
+enrichment towards the top it looks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment towards the top it looks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment towards the top it looks for
+a non-random distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-random distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-random distribution so
+you would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find
+you would find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find um
+depletion we can also find which i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion we can also find which i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion we can also find which i think
+is this score will capture and is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this score will capture and is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this score will capture and is not
+desirable would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable would be like
+something that's yeah concentrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's yeah concentrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's yeah concentrated in
+the middle which is very uninteresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which is very uninteresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which is very uninteresting
+so there are some false positives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so it
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in
+t cell activation you get you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t cell activation you get you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t cell activation you get you know which
+is you know like monolithic circulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know like monolithic circulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know like monolithic circulation
+you get up regulation of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get up regulation of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get up regulation of certain
+proteins you have down regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you have down regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you have down regulation of
+others and so what what i haven't heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so what what i haven't heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so what what i haven't heard
+yet is how you account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet is how you account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet is how you account for
+perhaps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps um
+you know enrichment or part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know enrichment or part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know enrichment or part of your
+juice yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice yeah
+so there is another version of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is another version of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is another version of this that
+tries to dissect the gene sets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to dissect the gene sets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to dissect the gene sets into
+those components that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components that
+move coherently in one direction versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move coherently in one direction versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move coherently in one direction versus
+the other because you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other because you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other because you're absolutely
+right if for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if for example
+yeah if for example you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if for example you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if for example you take
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+use go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use go
+annotation or something like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation or something like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation or something like that or
+some pathway if half the genes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pathway if half the genes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pathway if half the genes in the
+pathway go up and half the genes go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that could look like no enrichment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could look like no enrichment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could look like no enrichment at
+all whereas if you separate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all whereas if you separate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all whereas if you separate those
+somehow you could see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are we doing for ton where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing for ton where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing for ton where you've
+got 20 minutes eight minutes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 20 minutes eight minutes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 20 minutes eight minutes okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me push this to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me push this to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me push this to to
+uh not classification but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not classification but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not classification but
+some newer directions that were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some newer directions that were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some newer directions that were thinking
+about how can you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how can you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how can you use these
+signatures for useful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures for useful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures for useful things
+um particularly to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um particularly to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um particularly to think about
+something that's sort of closer to drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sort of closer to drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sort of closer to drug
+discovery so this is the way the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discovery pipeline would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery pipeline would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery pipeline would look like
+you have some disease process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some disease process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some disease process or
+biological process you care about you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process you care about you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process you care about you do
+some microarray experiments and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some microarray experiments and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some microarray experiments and then a
+miracle supposed to occur whereby you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle supposed to occur whereby you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle supposed to occur whereby you
+develop sufficient molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop sufficient molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop sufficient molecular
+understanding of what the data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the data are
+telling you that you can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you can identify
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+smoking gun target and then you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking gun target and then you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking gun target and then you know you
+partner with a drug company and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner with a drug company and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner with a drug company and say
+screen for a small molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for a small molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for a small molecule that
+inhibits this critical therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits this critical therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits this critical therapeutic
+target the problem is that this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the problem is that this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the problem is that this part is
+is really tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really tough
+and so what we've been thinking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've been thinking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've been thinking about is
+well could you bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could you bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could you bypass
+the understanding part at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understanding part at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understanding part at least
+initially um whereby you screen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially um whereby you screen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially um whereby you screen for
+small molecules based on their ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules based on their ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules based on their ability
+simply to perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to perturb
+a signature of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature of interest
+and then once you have those in hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have those in hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have those in hand you
+could use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use them
+to further dissect the biology or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further dissect the biology or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further dissect the biology or if
+you're lucky you know think about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky you know think about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky you know think about them
+like drugs and so the proof of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drugs and so the proof of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drugs and so the proof of concept
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here
+where here are two biological states for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here are two biological states for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here are two biological states for
+example a leukemia cell which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a leukemia cell which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a leukemia cell which is
+undifferentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated
+and a normal blood cell which is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a normal blood cell which is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a normal blood cell which is fully
+mature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature and
+has differentiated along the myeloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has differentiated along the myeloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has differentiated along the myeloid
+pathway a peripheral blood neutrophil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway a peripheral blood neutrophil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway a peripheral blood neutrophil
+it's not known what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not known what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not known what the
+critical targets are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical targets are of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical targets are of this
+pathway so it's hard to do a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so it's hard to do a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so it's hard to do a small
+molecule screen to induce this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule screen to induce this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule screen to induce this process
+which would be nice if you could simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be nice if you could simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be nice if you could simply
+induce your leukemia cells to turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce your leukemia cells to turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce your leukemia cells to turn into
+normal cells so the question is could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cells so the question is could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cells so the question is could we
+define a signature of this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a signature of this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a signature of this state
+the signature of this state and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature of this state and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature of this state and then
+screen for compounds that trigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for compounds that trigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for compounds that trigger the
+signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+the details don't matter here but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details don't matter here but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details don't matter here but the
+concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is
+define signatures of the two states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define signatures of the two states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define signatures of the two states of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+so we call this thing gehts for gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call this thing gehts for gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call this thing gehts for gene
+expression based high throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression based high throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression based high throughput
+screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening
+define the signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the signatures
+stands now standards what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands now standards what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands now standards what we've been
+talking about on microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about on microarrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about on microarrays
+where the experiment would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the experiment would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the experiment would be
+treat cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat cells
+with various different chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various different chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various different chemical
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+and ask whether any of those compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask whether any of those compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask whether any of those compounds
+trigger the signature of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the signature of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the signature of interest
+and to make this feasible we simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make this feasible we simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make this feasible we simplify
+these complex signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex signatures
+into a handful of genes that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a handful of genes that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a handful of genes that you can
+measure by multiplexed pcr so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure by multiplexed pcr so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure by multiplexed pcr so what's
+that i mean i read the paper was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i mean i read the paper was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i mean i read the paper was this
+purely a cost issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely a cost issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely a cost issue
+as opposed to going directly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to going directly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to going directly for
+microarrays it's a cost and throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays it's a cost and throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays it's a cost and throughput
+issue yeah so if you wanted to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue yeah so if you wanted to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue yeah so if you wanted to be good
+very completely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very completely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very completely uh
+if you wanted to screen tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to screen tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to screen tens of
+thousands of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of compounds
+not really feasible if it costs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really feasible if it costs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really feasible if it costs you
+you know 500 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 500 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 500 bucks
+a pop in the throughput issue there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pop in the throughput issue there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pop in the throughput issue there so
+yeah it's a practical matter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a practical matter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a practical matter here
+this part doesn't matter it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part doesn't matter it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part doesn't matter it's nice to
+say there's a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's a method
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+how to measure simplified signature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure simplified signature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure simplified signature in
+high throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we screened a couple thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we screened a couple thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we screened a couple thousand
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and asked do any of them trigger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked do any of them trigger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked do any of them trigger this
+little mini 5 gene signature and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini 5 gene signature and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini 5 gene signature and some of
+them did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did
+details don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details don't matter
+then the question should be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question should be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question should be well
+maybe these things just trigger these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these things just trigger these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these things just trigger these
+five genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five genes
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+i mean sorry that these compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean sorry that these compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean sorry that these compounds
+trigger the five genes but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the five genes but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the five genes but actually
+don't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything
+so one way that you can start out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way that you can start out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way that you can start out when
+they actually do anything biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do anything biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do anything biologically
+is to now step back and look across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to now step back and look across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to now step back and look across the
+whole genome again take cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole genome again take cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole genome again take cells
+treat them with these candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them with these candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them with these candidate
+compounds and ask did you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and ask did you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and ask did you actually
+recapitulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate
+the overall molecular program not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall molecular program not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall molecular program not just
+of these five genes but of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these five genes but of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these five genes but of the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+of the whole molecular program so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole molecular program so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole molecular program so if you
+turn back to genome-wide arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back to genome-wide arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back to genome-wide arrays
+you can see that a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that a number of these
+compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds
+recapitulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulated
+the molecular program of differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular program of differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular program of differentiation
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+so you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you use the
+simplified high throughput assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified high throughput assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified high throughput assay
+just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a
+readout of whether you've triggered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readout of whether you've triggered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readout of whether you've triggered the
+signature or not and then with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature or not and then with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature or not and then with those
+candidates in hand you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates in hand you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates in hand you go back and
+interrogate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the genes in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the genes in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the genes in this little
+signature itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature itself
+we don't know if they're actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know if they're actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know if they're actually doing
+anything to the rest of the cell well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the rest of the cell well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the rest of the cell well
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+i'm pretty confident they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pretty confident they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pretty confident they don't actually
+but it's irrelevant so you define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's irrelevant so you define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's irrelevant so you define these
+signatures not based on their being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures not based on their being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures not based on their being
+important or somebody thinks oh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or somebody thinks oh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or somebody thinks oh that's a
+good target and you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good target and you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good target and you know that's
+important for leukemia or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for leukemia or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for leukemia or
+differentiation or whatever it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation or whatever it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation or whatever it's simply
+it represents a class all you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a class all you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a class all you care about
+and you can measure it well so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can measure it well so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can measure it well so sometimes
+you find a good candidate marker that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a good candidate marker that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a good candidate marker that
+for some reason it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason it doesn't
+behave nicely in this assay so you chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave nicely in this assay so you chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave nicely in this assay so you chuck
+it out and replace it with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and replace it with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and replace it with something
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's just an example to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's just an example to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's just an example to say that
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+as you might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might expect
+when you treat leukemia cells with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you treat leukemia cells with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you treat leukemia cells with these
+candidate compounds discovered solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate compounds discovered solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate compounds discovered solely
+based on that gene expression changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that gene expression changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that gene expression changes
+they do the thing the cells do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the thing the cells do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the thing the cells do the
+things that maturing leukemia cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that maturing leukemia cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that maturing leukemia cells
+should do like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do like they
+become phagocytic they start engulfing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become phagocytic they start engulfing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become phagocytic they start engulfing
+differentiated life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated life
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's sort of promising idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of promising idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of promising idea
+um this is one unpublished example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one unpublished example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one unpublished example that
+says well you know it is known that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blood cell differentiation is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cell differentiation is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cell differentiation is largely
+governed at the transcriptional level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed at the transcriptional level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed at the transcriptional level so
+maybe that's why you can define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's why you can define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's why you can define these
+transcriptional signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional signatures
+of the differentiation process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differentiation process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differentiation process and
+screen for things but here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for things but here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for things but here's an example
+of defining a gene expression signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defining a gene expression signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defining a gene expression signature
+again the signature itself is devoid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the signature itself is devoid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the signature itself is devoid of
+any real biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real biological
+meaning other than it reads out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning other than it reads out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning other than it reads out
+in this case activation of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case activation of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case activation of a signal
+transduction pathway so i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction pathway so i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction pathway so i mean
+the usual way of thinking about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual way of thinking about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual way of thinking about this as
+well if you want to look at signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to look at signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to look at signal
+transduction you know proteins talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction you know proteins talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction you know proteins talk to
+each other rna has no place in that rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other rna has no place in that rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other rna has no place in that rna
+profile has no place in that but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile has no place in that but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile has no place in that but here
+the idea is if we stimulate a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is if we stimulate a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is if we stimulate a signaling
+pathway in this case by stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in this case by stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in this case by stimulating
+cells with platelet-derived growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with platelet-derived growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with platelet-derived growth
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+and then capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then capture
+the transcriptional response at the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptional response at the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptional response at the rna
+level because we use an rna signature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because we use an rna signature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because we use an rna signature as
+a readout for pdgf receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout for pdgf receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout for pdgf receptor
+activation and screen for inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and screen for inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and screen for inhibitors
+of the signal transduction pathway using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal transduction pathway using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal transduction pathway using
+rna as a readout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna as a readout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna as a readout
+and here is a work of a grad mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a work of a grad mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a work of a grad mit
+graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student
+chemistry grad graduate student who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry grad graduate student who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry grad graduate student who
+pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out
+a compound called orange tricarboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compound called orange tricarboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compound called orange tricarboxylic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+as an example which turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example which turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example which turns out to be
+a previously unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previously unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previously unknown
+inhibitor of the pdgf receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor of the pdgf receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor of the pdgf receptor
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+but it was discovered by looking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was discovered by looking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was discovered by looking down
+here at a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at a signature
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i think this is this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is this is going to
+be useful for various being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful for various being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful for various being able to
+screen for things that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for things that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for things that you can't
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+screen for so this is a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for so this is a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for so this is a chemical
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+not currently being explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not currently being explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not currently being explored
+in people who know much more than i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people who know much more than i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people who know much more than i do
+about kinase inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kinase inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kinase inhibitors
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because no one thought to look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one thought to look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one thought to look at it and
+it was discovered simply by using it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was discovered simply by using it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was discovered simply by using it as
+a signature as a readout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature as a readout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature as a readout
+so the last five minutes let me push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last five minutes let me push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last five minutes let me push the
+signature idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature idea
+sort of perhaps further than i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of perhaps further than i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of perhaps further than i should
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+let's end the class and i'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's end the class and i'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's end the class and i'm kind of
+excited about the idea but it has less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the idea but it has less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the idea but it has less
+data surrounding it and that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data surrounding it and that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data surrounding it and that's the idea
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using these signatures so you can see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these signatures so you can see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these signatures so you can see at
+least in my thing my thinking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my thing my thinking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in my thing my thinking has
+shifted over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over the past
+year or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+away from finding oh what's the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from finding oh what's the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from finding oh what's the needle
+and using these microtypes experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using these microtypes experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using these microtypes experiments
+to find needle in the haystack what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find needle in the haystack what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find needle in the haystack what's
+the gene that's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene that's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene that's responsible for
+something i care about to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i care about to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i care about to thinking about
+the power of these signatures as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of these signatures as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of these signatures as
+readouts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readouts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readouts for
+various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things
+so the idea here is to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is to use the
+signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures
+rna signatures as a vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna signatures as a vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna signatures as a vehicle
+for establishing connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for establishing connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for establishing connectivity
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components of the genome and each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the genome and each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the genome and each other
+that you manipulate through perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you manipulate through perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you manipulate through perturbation
+it's a little bit different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different than
+relevance networks i think but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance networks i think but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance networks i think but it's
+conceptually similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing
+connections between drugs and drugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between drugs and drugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between drugs and drugs and
+drugs and genes so the idea would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and genes so the idea would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and genes so the idea would be
+that if you can define a gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can define a gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can define a gene expression
+signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+let's say comprehensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say comprehensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say comprehensively
+of all drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all drugs
+they're only about 2 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only about 2 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only about 2 000
+fda approved drugs it's actually amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fda approved drugs it's actually amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fda approved drugs it's actually amazing
+that that's just not publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just not publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just not publicly available
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+what happens to cells when you treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to cells when you treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to cells when you treat
+them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with
+drugs we give to patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs we give to patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs we give to patients
+if you had that and for example you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had that and for example you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had that and for example you had
+a signature that was a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature that was a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature that was a result of
+ablating each gene in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablating each gene in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablating each gene in the genome
+sequentially the only 26 000 genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially the only 26 000 genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially the only 26 000 genes in
+the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+and they are now reagents coming online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are now reagents coming online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are now reagents coming online
+with rna interference where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rna interference where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rna interference where you can
+actually do that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that experiment
+then you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd have a
+systematic matrix of perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic matrix of perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic matrix of perturbations
+whereby you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby you use these
+gene expression signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression signatures
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+sort of universal bio essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of universal bio essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of universal bio essay
+to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect
+genes with genes genes with drugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes with genes genes with drugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes with genes genes with drugs and
+drugs with drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs with drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs with drugs
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i'm just questioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just questioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just questioning
+how do we connect from three elephants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we connect from three elephants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we connect from three elephants
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to our cancer cells or the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our cancer cells or the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our cancer cells or the structure of
+the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we're arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're arguing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're arguing that
+don't bother doing this in lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother doing this in lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother doing this in lower
+organisms because you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms because you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms because you can do the
+experiment in human cells so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in human cells so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in human cells so we're going
+to do it in human cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in human cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in human cells
+and i would say that the idea again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would say that the idea again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would say that the idea again for
+establishing these connections is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing these connections is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing these connections is not to
+be able to be perfect i think people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be perfect i think people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be perfect i think people who
+think that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you can
+create like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create like a
+a wiring diagram and reverse engineer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wiring diagram and reverse engineer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wiring diagram and reverse engineer a
+cell out of their minds you know based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell out of their minds you know based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell out of their minds you know based
+on these data it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these data it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these data it's just not
+feasible so the question is can you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so the question is can you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so the question is can you and
+find can you find for example enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find can you find for example enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find can you find for example enrichment
+in the same gsea kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same gsea kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same gsea kind of
+thinking can you and find enrichment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking can you and find enrichment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking can you and find enrichment of
+one signature in another thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one signature in another thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one signature in another thereby
+establishing connectivity in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing connectivity in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing connectivity in which case
+you know yes you'll get some of it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes you'll get some of it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes you'll get some of it wrong
+because the context isn't right or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the context isn't right or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the context isn't right or the
+species mapping isn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species mapping isn't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species mapping isn't right
+but will you be able to see enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will you be able to see enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will you be able to see enough
+connection to establish connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep sure
+yep certainly some we're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep certainly some we're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep certainly some we're finding
+actually i'll give you a couple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'll give you a couple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'll give you a couple examples
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+while that is certain to be that context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that is certain to be that context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that is certain to be that context
+dependence is certain to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is certain to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is certain to be the case
+there's lots that shared and so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots that shared and so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots that shared and so when we
+first started talking about this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started talking about this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started talking about this project
+there were a lot of objections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of objections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of objections to the
+idea oh still are that oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea oh still are that oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea oh still are that oh you know
+what if you don't choose the right cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you don't choose the right cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you don't choose the right cell
+line to do this in you know ideally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to do this in you know ideally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to do this in you know ideally you
+would do it in like a hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it in like a hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it in like a hundred different
+cell types but then it get then it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types but then it get then it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types but then it get then it gets
+to be a serious experiment you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a serious experiment you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a serious experiment you know even
+in one cell line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one cell line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one cell line
+uh it's a huge experiment well i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a huge experiment well i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a huge experiment well i think i
+told them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them
+that i've seen the same endocrinological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've seen the same endocrinological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've seen the same endocrinological
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+many many cell types would never people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many cell types would never people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many cell types would never people
+particularly would be there they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly would be there they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly would be there they're just
+there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+so let me give a couple examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give a couple examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give a couple examples and
+then we'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll end
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and it also come again comes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also come again comes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also come again comes back to
+this idea of enrichment looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of enrichment looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of enrichment looking for
+enrichment using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment using a
+homogenous enrichment test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenous enrichment test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenous enrichment test
+so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+an experiment published not by us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment published not by us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment published not by us
+but by a group at abbott laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by a group at abbott laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by a group at abbott laboratories
+where they are interested in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are interested in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are interested in this class
+of drugs called histone deacetylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drugs called histone deacetylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drugs called histone deacetylase
+inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors
+they took what is it five of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took what is it five of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took what is it five of these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+treated cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated cells
+took a common set of genes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a common set of genes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a common set of genes that were
+regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+and defined a signature of 22 genes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and defined a signature of 22 genes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and defined a signature of 22 genes it's
+a gene set it's the hdac inhibitor gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene set it's the hdac inhibitor gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene set it's the hdac inhibitor gene
+set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay
+we took breast cancer cells not the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took breast cancer cells not the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took breast cancer cells not the cell
+type they used and treated them with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type they used and treated them with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type they used and treated them with a
+bunch of different drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different drugs
+including one valproic acid which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including one valproic acid which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including one valproic acid which is
+actually used to treat seizures as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to treat seizures as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to treat seizures as it
+turns out was later discovered valproic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out was later discovered valproic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out was later discovered valproic
+acid actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid actually has
+histone deacetylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histone deacetylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histone deacetylase
+inhibitory activity it's kind of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory activity it's kind of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory activity it's kind of weak
+but it's there and we ask can we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there and we ask can we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there and we ask can we see
+enrichment of this signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of this signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of this signature
+in any of those compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of those compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of those compounds
+uh and the answer is yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the answer is yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the answer is yes so
+trichostatin a was actually whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trichostatin a was actually whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trichostatin a was actually whereas
+here's the top one it was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the top one it was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the top one it was one of the
+drugs that they used to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that they used to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that they used to define the
+signature so we recovered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so we recovered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so we recovered it
+not surprisingly but it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly but it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly but it's a little bit
+cheating because it wasn't a new example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating because it wasn't a new example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating because it wasn't a new example
+but here you see sodium valproate third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you see sodium valproate third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you see sodium valproate third
+and fourth ranked on the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fourth ranked on the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fourth ranked on the list
+which was not used to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not used to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not used to define the
+signature but simply based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but simply based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but simply based on the
+signature connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature connectivity
+had we not known it we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we not known it we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we not known it we could have
+rediscovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered
+that we could have discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have discovered that
+sodium valproate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium valproate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium valproate
+was an hdac inhibitor because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an hdac inhibitor because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an hdac inhibitor because of this
+connectivity you'll also see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity you'll also see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity you'll also see here
+trichostatin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trichostatin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trichostatin a
+so the signature is defined i can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the signature is defined i can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the signature is defined i can't even
+remember in one cell type and we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in one cell type and we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in one cell type and we see it
+triggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering
+the signature the hdac inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature the hdac inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature the hdac inhibitor
+signature in breast cancer cells and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature in breast cancer cells and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature in breast cancer cells and in
+leukemia cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia cells
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's robust to context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's robust to context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's robust to context
+interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly
+we also ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also ran
+our little connectivity mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little connectivity mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little connectivity mini
+connectivity map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity map
+across the oxidative phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the oxidative phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the oxidative phosphorylation
+signature we defined cause hypoglycemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature we defined cause hypoglycemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature we defined cause hypoglycemia
+it does we didn't know that we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does we didn't know that we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does we didn't know that we thought
+we discovered something new yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered something new yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered something new yeah but
+there's a lot of specialty and the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of specialty and the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of specialty and the wrong
+specialty he has reported about 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty he has reported about 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty he has reported about 20 years
+ago that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that uh
+valproate causes hypoglycemia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valproate causes hypoglycemia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valproate causes hypoglycemia and
+modulates oxidative phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates oxidative phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates oxidative phosphorylation
+separable activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable activities
+separable from the sea anti-seizure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable from the sea anti-seizure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable from the sea anti-seizure
+activity separable from the hdac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity separable from the hdac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity separable from the hdac
+inhibitor activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor activity
+and they trigger separate gene sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they trigger separate gene sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they trigger separate gene sets
+so one last example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one last example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one last example
+signature defined of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature defined of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature defined of
+a drug called rapamycin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug called rapamycin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug called rapamycin
+which sits in this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sits in this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sits in this pathway
+simplified here of pi3 kinase akt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified here of pi3 kinase akt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified here of pi3 kinase akt
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a protein called mtor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein called mtor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein called mtor
+and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you define the signature of rapamycin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define the signature of rapamycin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define the signature of rapamycin
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+here it's defined in t cells published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's defined in t cells published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's defined in t cells published
+by david sabatini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by david sabatini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by david sabatini
+and apply that signature to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply that signature to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply that signature to our
+connectivity map matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity map matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity map matrix
+you see that rapamycin itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that rapamycin itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that rapamycin itself is
+recovered in two different cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered in two different cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered in two different cell types
+but also this thing ly294002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also this thing ly294002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also this thing ly294002
+which didn't know what that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which didn't know what that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which didn't know what that was
+initially but then you look it up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but then you look it up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but then you look it up it's
+actually an inhibitor of pi3 kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an inhibitor of pi3 kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an inhibitor of pi3 kinase
+which is upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is upstream
+of mtor so it puts in the same pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mtor so it puts in the same pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mtor so it puts in the same pathway
+two drugs that act together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two drugs that act together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two drugs that act together
+and trigger the same signature so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trigger the same signature so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trigger the same signature so again
+i don't think it's going to be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think it's going to be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think it's going to be possible
+in the near term to actually reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the near term to actually reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the near term to actually reconstruct
+signal transduction pathways in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction pathways in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction pathways in their
+entirety but to be able to put either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety but to be able to put either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety but to be able to put either
+genes or drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes or drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes or drugs
+together in a pathway not previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a pathway not previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a pathway not previously
+known to be in the same pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be in the same pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be in the same pathway
+i think is going to be possible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is going to be possible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is going to be possible with
+this sort of approach so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of approach so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of approach so we're
+committed to figuring out how to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to figuring out how to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to figuring out how to launch
+what would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a
+large-scale public domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale public domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale public domain
+connectivity map project where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity map project where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity map project where
+we would do these perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do these perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do these perturbations
+and put the data in the public domain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the data in the public domain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the data in the public domain so
+that people could use the data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people could use the data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people could use the data to
+find their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their own
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i'm not sure you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not sure you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not sure you know what
+i think she's talking about the ncaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think she's talking about the ncaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think she's talking about the ncaa
+an expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on response to the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on response to the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on response to the molecules
+this is actual response to the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actual response to the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actual response to the molecules
+so that data set is the resting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that data set is the resting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that data set is the resting
+untreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated
+expression of the cell lines which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the cell lines which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the cell lines which you
+can then correlate with how they respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then correlate with how they respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then correlate with how they respond
+this is the acute changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the acute changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the acute changes
+of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of response
+because the nice thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nice thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nice thing about that
+experiment is that you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that you only have to
+measure each cell line once and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure each cell line once and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure each cell line once and then you
+can correlate it with all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can correlate it with all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can correlate it with all those things
+here you actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you actually have to
+do a microarray for each different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a microarray for each different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a microarray for each different
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+yeah okay so last slide whoops let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so last slide whoops let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so last slide whoops let's
+skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's some future challenges um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some future challenges um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some future challenges um
+just to remember that these prognostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remember that these prognostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remember that these prognostic
+signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures
+that everyone's developing are really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone's developing are really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone's developing are really a
+function of therapy so they're only as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likely only to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely only to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely only to be useful
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+continue to use the same therapy so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to use the same therapy so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to use the same therapy so like
+in this medulloblastoma example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this medulloblastoma example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this medulloblastoma example
+we can predict things pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can predict things pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can predict things pretty well
+as long as we're trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're trying to predict
+response to therapy that was given 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to therapy that was given 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to therapy that was given 10
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+but the therapy has evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the therapy has evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the therapy has evolved
+and it's not certain that our classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not certain that our classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not certain that our classifier
+will still hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still hold
+this is going to be challenging because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be challenging because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be challenging because
+the clinical trials are generally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical trials are generally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical trials are generally small
+and underpowered to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underpowered to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underpowered to do this kind of
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+still not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not clear
+how once these signatures are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how once these signatures are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how once these signatures are actually
+vetted and validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vetted and validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vetted and validated
+what form will they take when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what form will they take when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what form will they take when they
+actually go to the clinic will they be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the clinic will they be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the clinic will they be a
+microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've
+sort of given you some ideas about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of given you some ideas about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of given you some ideas about how
+one might do signature based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might do signature based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might do signature based
+chemical discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical discovery
+but turning a chemical into a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turning a chemical into a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turning a chemical into a drug
+you know is a big deal and and not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is a big deal and and not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is a big deal and and not easy
+and so for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for that reason
+pharmaceutical companies aren't dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies aren't dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies aren't dropping
+their current approach to drug discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their current approach to drug discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their current approach to drug discovery
+in favor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of this
+and in general how to integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general how to integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general how to integrate this
+kind of signatures into the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of signatures into the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of signatures into the drug
+development process is still something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process is still something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process is still something
+to think about uh but i still think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh but i still think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh but i still think this
+notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these
+tools whatever personalized medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools whatever personalized medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools whatever personalized medicine
+means but to gain more insight into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but to gain more insight into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but to gain more insight into the
+particulars of a given individual's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars of a given individual's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars of a given individual's
+disease to better match them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease to better match them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease to better match them with
+an existing or new therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing or new therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing or new therapeutic
+is likely to be here to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely to be here to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely to be here to stay
+even though there aren't a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there aren't a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there aren't a lot of
+examples of it happening yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of it happening yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of it happening yet
+that's all i have
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/elYbxYJlKNc.txt b/elYbxYJlKNc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..960b2f29ee74ea6c86f860012605e3fbef90073b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/elYbxYJlKNc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we were going through the topics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were going through the topics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were going through the topics in
+the course all of them dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course all of them dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course all of them dealing with the
+nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of
+creativity and this is Tyler coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and this is Tyler coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and this is Tyler coming in
+please be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be on
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um in art Science and Technology though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in art Science and Technology though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in art Science and Technology though
+as a matter of fact as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact as you'll see
+uh one of the topics is why Li why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the topics is why Li why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the topics is why Li why is
+creativity to be thought to be Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to be thought to be Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to be thought to be Li
+limited to them why not to all of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to them why not to all of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to them why not to all of life
+maybe as in the religious Traditions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as in the religious Traditions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as in the religious Traditions uh
+to the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nature of the
+universe in uh the most popular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in uh the most popular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in uh the most popular uh
+gospel I mean the Bible uh the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gospel I mean the Bible uh the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gospel I mean the Bible uh the world
+begins with God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with God
+creating um everything what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating um everything what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating um everything what was the
+nature that creativity how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that creativity how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that creativity how does that
+creativity relate to us as human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity relate to us as human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity relate to us as human
+beings are we capable of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are we capable of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are we capable of having a
+creativity that is as authentic as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that is as authentic as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that is as authentic as that
+stupendous Divine uh act that began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupendous Divine uh act that began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupendous Divine uh act that began
+everything as uh we know it that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything as uh we know it that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything as uh we know it that's one
+of the problems that related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems that related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems that related to the
+nature of creativity we'll be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of creativity we'll be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of creativity we'll be coming
+back to that uh time and again and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that uh time and again and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that uh time and again and in
+fact with the new material today I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact with the new material today I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact with the new material today I'll
+even start with that very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even start with that very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even start with that very brief
+briefly in the last classes we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly in the last classes we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly in the last classes we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+creativity uh in relation to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in relation to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in relation to our
+concepts of what an artist is but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of what an artist is but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of what an artist is but not
+just any artist uh let's say particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any artist uh let's say particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any artist uh let's say particular
+artists like Beethoven who are who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists like Beethoven who are who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists like Beethoven who are who was
+aloof and lived uh in a way that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloof and lived uh in a way that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloof and lived uh in a way that most
+people were incapable of in his personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were incapable of in his personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were incapable of in his personal
+life and also in his artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and also in his artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and also in his artistic
+life uh or an artist like moar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh or an artist like moar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh or an artist like moar
+who was said to have been taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was said to have been taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was said to have been taking
+dictation from God at least in the U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God at least in the U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God at least in the U uh
+play in film Amadeus saleri his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in film Amadeus saleri his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in film Amadeus saleri his
+competitor uh says that after he's read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor uh says that after he's read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor uh says that after he's read
+a manuscript of Mard that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manuscript of Mard that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manuscript of Mard that has no
+Corrections that seemed to have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections that seemed to have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections that seemed to have come
+straight from his hand and S can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from his hand and S can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from his hand and S can't
+imagine that uh there weren't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that uh there weren't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that uh there weren't any
+mistakes or alterations or drafts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes or alterations or drafts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes or alterations or drafts that
+he went through as if he were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went through as if he were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went through as if he were taking
+dictation from God so creativity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God so creativity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God so creativity then
+would have gone through God into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone through God into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone through God into a
+unique person like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique person like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique person like like
+mozard uh then there is the uh concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mozard uh then there is the uh concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mozard uh then there is the uh concept
+that uh is present in a book by the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is present in a book by the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is present in a book by the 20th
+century author Arthur Kesler k o s t l e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century author Arthur Kesler k o s t l e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century author Arthur Kesler k o s t l e
+r called The Act of Creation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r called The Act of Creation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r called The Act of Creation in which
+Kesler an analyzes and defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kesler an analyzes and defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kesler an analyzes and defines
+creativity in terms of what he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in terms of what he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in terms of what he calls
+bisociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisociation
+which is the welding together of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the welding together of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the welding together of two
+different and conflicting matrices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and conflicting matrices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and conflicting matrices of
+thought Each of which we're used to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Each of which we're used to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Each of which we're used to an
+ordinary life but they're merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life but they're merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life but they're merging
+together we're not used to and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're not used to and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're not used to and that's
+for him the fundamental idea we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him the fundamental idea we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him the fundamental idea we'll we'll
+come back to that and discuss that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that and discuss that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that and discuss that uh
+even today uh then there is the ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today uh then there is the ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today uh then there is the ideas of
+creativity being related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity being related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity being related to the
+unconscious or to the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious or to the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious or to the nature of
+Dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreams
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+I in my book feeling and Imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in my book feeling and Imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in my book feeling and Imagination
+which you reading uh deal with it in Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you reading uh deal with it in Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you reading uh deal with it in Rel
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+imagination that was what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that was what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that was what we were
+discussing in class last time uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in class last time uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in class last time uh today
+it's in relation to idealization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in relation to idealization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in relation to idealization and
+that's what Nick is going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Nick is going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Nick is going to be talking
+about but and then after that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but and then after that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but and then after that uh
+creativity is an ultimate source of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is an ultimate source of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is an ultimate source of what
+I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call
+consummation uh the Gen enal link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation uh the Gen enal link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation uh the Gen enal link
+between these three chapters is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these three chapters is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these three chapters is that
+through imagination we make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through imagination we make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through imagination we make something
+new in the world and therefore it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in the world and therefore it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in the world and therefore it is
+creative through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative through
+idealization uh we use those acts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization uh we use those acts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization uh we use those acts of
+imagination to pursue ideals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination to pursue ideals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination to pursue ideals and the
+making of uh and pursuit of ideals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of uh and pursuit of ideals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of uh and pursuit of ideals which
+is characteristic of human beings more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characteristic of human beings more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characteristic of human beings more
+than any other creature is itself an act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other creature is itself an act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other creature is itself an act
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+creativity and that that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and that that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and that that's one way of
+analyzing human behavior why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing human behavior why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing human behavior why is it that
+uh people go to war as much as they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people go to war as much as they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people go to war as much as they do
+well because they have a cause whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they have a cause whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they have a cause whether
+the cause is religious or political or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause is religious or political or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause is religious or political or
+racial I mean related to one's ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial I mean related to one's ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial I mean related to one's ethnic
+group um whatever it is there are very a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um whatever it is there are very a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um whatever it is there are very a
+whole gamut of ideals that control human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gamut of ideals that control human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gamut of ideals that control human
+behavior and if one then says well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and if one then says well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and if one then says well why
+should people care that much well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should people care that much well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should people care that much well when
+one answer might be because it's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer might be because it's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer might be because it's by
+means of the construction of ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of the construction of ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of the construction of ideals
+whatever the ideals are to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the ideals are to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the ideals are to whatever
+people and however they pursue them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and however they pursue them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and however they pursue them this
+is uh an expression of creativity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh an expression of creativity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh an expression of creativity on
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+part uh the um just to carry this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh the um just to carry this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh the um just to carry this a
+little further now though we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further now though we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further now though we'll be
+talking about it more uh later on uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it more uh later on uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it more uh later on uh one
+thing that's occurred to me real re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's occurred to me real re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's occurred to me real re
+recently is the phenomenon that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is the phenomenon that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is the phenomenon that in the
+19th century in the United States there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century in the United States there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century in the United States there
+were people whom we now look back on as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people whom we now look back on as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people whom we now look back on as
+Rober Barons people who devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rober Barons people who devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rober Barons people who devoted
+themselves to amassing enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to amassing enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to amassing enormous
+fortunes so much so that uh they left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunes so much so that uh they left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunes so much so that uh they left
+the money to foundations to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to foundations to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to foundations to their
+children and the foundations that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and the foundations that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and the foundations that their
+children were to create to make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were to create to make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were to create to make uh
+rather than doing anything with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than doing anything with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than doing anything with the
+money themselves uh above all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money themselves uh above all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money themselves uh above all in the
+United States they were generally very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States they were generally very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States they were generally very
+puritanical types who work themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puritanical types who work themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puritanical types who work themselves
+into the graves why did they do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the graves why did they do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the graves why did they do that I
+mean somehow they couldn't even enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean somehow they couldn't even enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean somehow they couldn't even enjoy
+their money even if they had tried they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money even if they had tried they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money even if they had tried they
+had so much they couldn't have enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so much they couldn't have enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so much they couldn't have enjoyed
+it to that extent uh but why didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to that extent uh but why didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to that extent uh but why didn't they
+have a more leisurely life when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more leisurely life when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more leisurely life when they
+made a little Fortune you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a little Fortune you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a little Fortune you don't need
+much to live a luxurious life uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to live a luxurious life uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to live a luxurious life uh in a
+country that is was so abundant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that is was so abundant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that is was so abundant to the
+United States you really need very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States you really need very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States you really need very
+little even nowadays you don't need much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little even nowadays you don't need much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little even nowadays you don't need much
+they didn't they never thought that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't they never thought that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't they never thought that way
+they thought about creating empires of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought about creating empires of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought about creating empires of
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+Empires developing whatever uh aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empires developing whatever uh aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empires developing whatever uh aspect of
+wealth that they were had access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth that they were had access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth that they were had access to
+making monopolies because that for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making monopolies because that for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making monopolies because that for them
+was a way of U getting more money why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way of U getting more money why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way of U getting more money why
+did they do that well it was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do that well it was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do that well it was because
+they were driven by an ideal the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were driven by an ideal the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were driven by an ideal the ideal
+being to uh create wealth not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being to uh create wealth not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being to uh create wealth not just
+discover wealth but to create it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover wealth but to create it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover wealth but to create it to
+create institutions to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create institutions to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create institutions to create
+corporations to create a United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations to create a United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations to create a United States
+that would go from the east from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would go from the east from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would go from the east from the
+east coast to the West Coast these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast to the West Coast these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast to the West Coast these were
+all creative ideals on the part of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all creative ideals on the part of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all creative ideals on the part of very
+pedestrian dreary people who would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian dreary people who would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian dreary people who would never
+have thought of themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of themselves as
+idealists and yet who fought very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealists and yet who fought very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealists and yet who fought very hard
+and were willing in many cases to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were willing in many cases to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were willing in many cases to to
+engage in E economic Warfare which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in E economic Warfare which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in E economic Warfare which
+sometime involved violence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime involved violence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime involved violence against
+workers or others who oppose their plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or others who oppose their plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or others who oppose their plans
+all of this with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this with the idea that
+eventually it would go to their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it would go to their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it would go to their children
+and the foundations that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the foundations that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the foundations that would
+distribute the money in a moral way an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the money in a moral way an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the money in a moral way an
+equitable way or religious way and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable way or religious way and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable way or religious way and most
+of them were very religious a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were very religious a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were very religious a great deal
+of human behavior explained in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human behavior explained in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human behavior explained in terms of
+ideals and my subsequent question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and my subsequent question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and my subsequent question is why
+do people go to the trouble why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people go to the trouble why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people go to the trouble why is
+Imagination so important and why are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination so important and why are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination so important and why are the
+pursuit of ideals so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of ideals so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of ideals so important
+specifically to human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to human beings
+particularly ideals that don't bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly ideals that don't bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly ideals that don't bring
+happiness that don't bring peace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness that don't bring peace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness that don't bring peace that
+don't often achieve what people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often achieve what people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often achieve what people think
+they want to achieve and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to achieve and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to achieve and the only
+solution I can get is that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I can get is that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I can get is that through
+creativity there is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity there is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity there is a kind of
+consummation that you can't get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation that you can't get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation that you can't get more
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+by means of anything else so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of anything else so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of anything else so that the
+payoff as I say in the chapter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff as I say in the chapter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff as I say in the chapter the
+payoff for imagination and idealist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff for imagination and idealist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff for imagination and idealist is
+consummation uh that chapter U which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation uh that chapter U which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation uh that chapter U which
+you're going to be reading next weeks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be reading next weeks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be reading next weeks so
+we go on go on a little more about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on go on a little more about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on go on a little more about it uh
+starts out asserting that uh traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out asserting that uh traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out asserting that uh traditional
+philosophical explanations of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical explanations of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical explanations of behavior
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+pleasure uh are naive because uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure uh are naive because uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure uh are naive because uh there
+isn't any one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any one thing
+that is can be can explain all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is can be can explain all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is can be can explain all of the
+hedonic that is desirable feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedonic that is desirable feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedonic that is desirable feeling that
+go to human behavior so it is pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to human behavior so it is pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to human behavior so it is pleasure
+is one but then there are other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one but then there are other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one but then there are other things
+that have to be analyzed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be analyzed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be analyzed and
+distinguished from sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished from sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished from sheer
+pleasure pleasantness enjoyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure pleasantness enjoyment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure pleasantness enjoyment
+satisfaction um a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction um a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction um a sense of
+fulfillment and often you can fulfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillment and often you can fulfill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillment and often you can fulfill
+yourself not by having anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself not by having anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself not by having anything like
+pleasure enjoyment satisfaction but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure enjoyment satisfaction but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure enjoyment satisfaction but by
+Dying by fighting to the death there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dying by fighting to the death there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dying by fighting to the death there is
+a kind of fulfillment that you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of fulfillment that you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of fulfillment that you get by
+pursuing your ideals to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing your ideals to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing your ideals to the point where
+you have to give your life for them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to give your life for them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to give your life for them I
+mean it's true after you've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's true after you've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's true after you've done that
+you don't feel uh very good you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel uh very good you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel uh very good you don't
+have any consummation but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any consummation but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any consummation but what's
+motivating you in the meantime is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating you in the meantime is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating you in the meantime is the
+consummatory sense that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory sense that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory sense that I'm
+doing the right thing I'm doing what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing I'm doing what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing I'm doing what I
+believe in I'm doing what matter matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in I'm doing what matter matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in I'm doing what matter matters
+to me I'm making life more meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me I'm making life more meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me I'm making life more meaningful
+you don't say that but that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't say that but that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't say that but that's what's
+happening the need to make life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the need to make life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the need to make life
+meaningful is deeply ingrained in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful is deeply ingrained in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful is deeply ingrained in human
+beings because we have an intellect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings because we have an intellect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings because we have an intellect
+unlike other animals that shows us all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike other animals that shows us all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike other animals that shows us all
+the hazards of Life most animals don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hazards of Life most animals don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hazards of Life most animals don't
+think about death they don't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about death they don't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about death they don't think about
+wasting their time because they're lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting their time because they're lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting their time because they're lying
+in the sun all day doing nothing at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun all day doing nothing at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun all day doing nothing at all
+it's people who have intellects who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's people who have intellects who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's people who have intellects who have
+that kind of of response and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of of response and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of of response and as a
+compens ation for the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compens ation for the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compens ation for the sense of
+meaninglessness that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaninglessness that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaninglessness that comes from the
+intellect showing you that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect showing you that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect showing you that you're
+worthless in terms of whatever ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless in terms of whatever ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless in terms of whatever ideals
+have been imparted to you that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been imparted to you that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been imparted to you that you've
+grown up to or that you yourself believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown up to or that you yourself believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown up to or that you yourself believe
+in that you're not living up to your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you're not living up to your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you're not living up to your own
+ideals uh we seek out ways of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals uh we seek out ways of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals uh we seek out ways of making
+life more meaningful and it's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life more meaningful and it's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life more meaningful and it's out of
+that sense of meaningfulness that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense of meaningfulness that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense of meaningfulness that comes
+from uh various aspects of life that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh various aspects of life that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh various aspects of life that we
+get um the consummatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the consummatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the consummatory
+sense uh that makes makes the efforts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh that makes makes the efforts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh that makes makes the efforts of
+imagination and idealization worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and idealization worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and idealization worthwhile
+now those activities are supremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those activities are supremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those activities are supremely
+creative and so out of an analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and so out of an analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and so out of an analysis of
+that sort you can drive all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort you can drive all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort you can drive all of the
+things that we usually associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we usually associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we usually associate with
+creativity in art science and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in art science and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in art science and technology
+so you see how all of these Concepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how all of these Concepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how all of these Concepts and
+distinctions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions are
+interwoven one examp example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interwoven one examp example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interwoven one examp example that I
+spent a good deal of time on as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a good deal of time on as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a good deal of time on as you'll
+find in the chapter is Socrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the chapter is Socrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the chapter is Socrates the
+forefather of all Western philosophy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefather of all Western philosophy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefather of all Western philosophy um
+he never wrote anything uh he stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never wrote anything uh he stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never wrote anything uh he stood
+around in the marketplace and talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the marketplace and talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the marketplace and talked to
+young men women weren't allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men women weren't allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men women weren't allowed to
+develop their minds so there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop their minds so there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop their minds so there was nothing
+much to say to them he was married he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to say to them he was married he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to say to them he was married he
+had four children but um so it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had four children but um so it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had four children but um so it's not as
+if he knew didn't know what a woman was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he knew didn't know what a woman was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he knew didn't know what a woman was
+like but uh the ones he wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but uh the ones he wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but uh the ones he wanted to talk
+to and exchange ideas with were men that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and exchange ideas with were men that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and exchange ideas with were men that
+was characteristic of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was characteristic of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was characteristic of that
+Society uh what he was trying to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh what he was trying to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh what he was trying to do was
+to help people clarify their ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people clarify their ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people clarify their ideas for
+me that's a great tradition I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's a great tradition I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's a great tradition I think of
+philosophy as helping people to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy as helping people to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy as helping people to make
+their own ideas clear and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own ideas clear and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own ideas clear and then once
+you've done that you can go out and live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you can go out and live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you can go out and live
+you can pursue studies on your own you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pursue studies on your own you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pursue studies on your own you
+you can be totally different from me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be totally different from me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be totally different from me but
+I would have helped you as a philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have helped you as a philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have helped you as a philosopher
+to make your ideas clear uh he was put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your ideas clear uh he was put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your ideas clear uh he was put
+to death during the pelian war partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death during the pelian war partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death during the pelian war partly
+because some of his pupils uh went out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of his pupils uh went out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of his pupils uh went out
+and um did things that the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um did things that the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um did things that the state
+considered tyrannous um uh not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered tyrannous um uh not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered tyrannous um uh not just
+tyranus but treacherous uh that they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyranus but treacherous uh that they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyranus but treacherous uh that they uh
+were undermining uh the Athenian State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were undermining uh the Athenian State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were undermining uh the Athenian State
+at a time that Athens was having a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time that Athens was having a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time that Athens was having a hard
+time in its struggle with Sparta so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in its struggle with Sparta so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in its struggle with Sparta so they
+blamed this old man who was standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed this old man who was standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed this old man who was standing
+there and accused him of corrupting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and accused him of corrupting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and accused him of corrupting the
+youth uh they also accus him of uh viif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth uh they also accus him of uh viif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth uh they also accus him of uh viif
+the gods by getting people to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gods by getting people to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gods by getting people to think
+about religious religion he was not he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about religious religion he was not he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about religious religion he was not he
+claimed in his defense that he was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed in his defense that he was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed in his defense that he was not
+irreligious and uh far from corrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreligious and uh far from corrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreligious and uh far from corrupting
+the youth he was helping to liberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the youth he was helping to liberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the youth he was helping to liberate
+them and make them good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make them good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make them good
+Athenians he went to death by by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athenians he went to death by by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athenians he went to death by by taking
+H drinking Hemlock uh that being uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H drinking Hemlock uh that being uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H drinking Hemlock uh that being uh the
+way in which uh people were executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which uh people were executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which uh people were executed
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of a willed and agree um accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a willed and agree um accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a willed and agree um accepted
+suicide he could have escaped but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide he could have escaped but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide he could have escaped but he
+didn't and there are various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't and there are various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't and there are various uh
+dialogues that Plato recur um Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues that Plato recur um Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues that Plato recur um Plato
+recites um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recites um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recites um
+uh in in which Socrates discusses his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in which Socrates discusses his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in which Socrates discusses his
+trial and his coming death so he he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and his coming death so he he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and his coming death so he he was
+a philosopher from beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosopher from beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosopher from beginning to
+end why because what could be a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end why because what could be a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end why because what could be a greater
+consummation in the field that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation in the field that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation in the field that you're
+using your powers to the fullest if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your powers to the fullest if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your powers to the fullest if you
+have the talent that He has if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the talent that He has if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the talent that He has if you care
+enough about uh your state your country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about uh your state your country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about uh your state your country
+and in fact Socrates had fought in Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact Socrates had fought in Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact Socrates had fought in Wars
+before and risked his life he was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and risked his life he was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and risked his life he was now
+old he was 70 years old he couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old he was 70 years old he couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old he was 70 years old he couldn't do
+that anymore but he could help the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore but he could help the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore but he could help the the
+state by educating the young there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by educating the young there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by educating the young there must
+have been a tremendous fulfillment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a tremendous fulfillment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a tremendous fulfillment of
+himself as a human being and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as a human being and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as a human being and as a
+patriot has nothing to do with pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriot has nothing to do with pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patriot has nothing to do with pleasure
+it it isn't a question of drinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it isn't a question of drinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it isn't a question of drinking the
+hemlock because you like the taste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemlock because you like the taste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemlock because you like the taste and
+therefore all the typical uh hedonistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all the typical uh hedonistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all the typical uh hedonistic
+analyses of human behavior in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses of human behavior in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses of human behavior in the
+western world seems to me to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western world seems to me to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western world seems to me to be very
+short- minded and impoverished and by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short- minded and impoverished and by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short- minded and impoverished and by by
+introducing the concept of consummation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the concept of consummation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the concept of consummation
+I open up that way of thinking and deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I open up that way of thinking and deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I open up that way of thinking and deal
+with it very broadly there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it very broadly there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it very broadly there's another
+book of mine that came out the same year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of mine that came out the same year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of mine that came out the same year
+that this one came out it's called sex a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one came out it's called sex a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one came out it's called sex a
+philosophical primer was listed in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical primer was listed in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical primer was listed in in
+the uh books by Irving singer at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh books by Irving singer at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh books by Irving singer at the
+beginning of feeling and Imagination uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of feeling and Imagination uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of feeling and Imagination uh
+in that book I take the analysis even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that book I take the analysis even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that book I take the analysis even
+further in talking about sex not merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in talking about sex not merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in talking about sex not merely
+in terms of pleasure but in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of pleasure but in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of pleasure but in terms of a
+great many uh related con cepts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many uh related con cepts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many uh related con cepts which
+have to be distinguished from pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be distinguished from pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be distinguished from pleasure
+in order to deal with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to deal with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to deal with some of the
+problems that sexuality poses for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that sexuality poses for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that sexuality poses for a
+philosopher all right that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher all right that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher all right that's what I
+wanted you to read for next time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to read for next time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to read for next time and I
+look forward to all of your discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to all of your discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to all of your discussion
+uh next on the list is h a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next on the list is h a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next on the list is h a distinction
+that's made sometimes between intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made sometimes between intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made sometimes between intuition
+and Instinct in intuition being thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Instinct in intuition being thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Instinct in intuition being thought
+to be closer to explaining the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closer to explaining the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closer to explaining the nature of
+cre creativity uh the great 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre creativity uh the great 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre creativity uh the great 20th century
+French philosopher hre bergson b s o n I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French philosopher hre bergson b s o n I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French philosopher hre bergson b s o n I
+discussed a little because he makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a little because he makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a little because he makes that
+distinction very sharp and then goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction very sharp and then goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction very sharp and then goes on
+to a theory of creativity that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a theory of creativity that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a theory of creativity that I want to
+discuss later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later
+on uh I also talk about the platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I also talk about the platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I also talk about the platonic
+idea of creativity consisting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creativity consisting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creativity consisting in the
+search for Perfection and Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for Perfection and Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for Perfection and Perfection
+being related to the metaphysics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being related to the metaphysics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being related to the metaphysics of
+Plato and and as against that I posed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato and and as against that I posed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato and and as against that I posed a
+more pragmatis empirical approach which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pragmatis empirical approach which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pragmatis empirical approach which
+says that even in the question of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that even in the question of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that even in the question of love
+which is fundamental in Plato's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fundamental in Plato's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fundamental in Plato's
+philosophy uh you can often love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy uh you can often love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy uh you can often love
+somebody not because he or she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody not because he or she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody not because he or she is
+perfect that in fact can get in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect that in fact can get in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect that in fact can get in the way
+of your love but rather because he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your love but rather because he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your love but rather because he or
+she is imperfect and you can help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is imperfect and you can help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is imperfect and you can help to
+overcome that so that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that so that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that so that there's something
+wrong in the whole orientation of Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in the whole orientation of Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in the whole orientation of Plato
+now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as
+rest of you probably know I've written I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you probably know I've written I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you probably know I've written I
+don't know eight eight books at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know eight eight books at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know eight eight books at least on
+love and sexuality and a great deal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and sexuality and a great deal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and sexuality and a great deal on
+Plato was for me the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato was for me the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato was for me the greatest
+philosopher who ever lived and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who ever lived and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who ever lived and a
+tremendous inspiration for someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous inspiration for someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous inspiration for someone like
+me who totally disagrees with him uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me who totally disagrees with him uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me who totally disagrees with him uh uh
+and u i developed that idea very far but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u i developed that idea very far but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u i developed that idea very far but
+not sufficiently in terms of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficiently in terms of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficiently in terms of creativity
+itself and that's what I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that's what I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that's what I want to be
+doing with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we get toward the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get toward the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get toward the end of the
+presentations um I don't remember that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations um I don't remember that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations um I don't remember that I
+said very much about time creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said very much about time creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said very much about time creativity in
+relation to time I'll come back to it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to time I'll come back to it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to time I'll come back to it in
+a moment I just want to say here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment I just want to say here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment I just want to say here that
+there are certain views about City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain views about City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain views about City
+creativity that sort of limit it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that sort of limit it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that sort of limit it to a
+sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden
+inspiration uh a good example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration uh a good example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration uh a good example of that is
+the creativity of a great scientist like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creativity of a great scientist like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creativity of a great scientist like
+Archimedes you all remember what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes you all remember what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes you all remember what he's
+famous for uh taking a bath and jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous for uh taking a bath and jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous for uh taking a bath and jumping
+up and running nude through the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and running nude through the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and running nude through the streets
+because Eureka I found it right do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Eureka I found it right do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Eureka I found it right do any
+of you know the uh circumstances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the uh circumstances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the uh circumstances in
+which that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that kind of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+exhibitionism uh flashing that's isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitionism uh flashing that's isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitionism uh flashing that's isn't
+that what you call it flashing take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you call it flashing take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you call it flashing take
+place oh I'll tell you uh the king of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place oh I'll tell you uh the king of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place oh I'll tell you uh the king of um
+the city state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city state
+had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a
+crown which had irregular an irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown which had irregular an irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown which had irregular an irregular
+shape the way crowns do correct and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the way crowns do correct and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the way crowns do correct and uh
+it was made of gold and he didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was made of gold and he didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was made of gold and he didn't know
+what the go what the crown was worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the go what the crown was worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the go what the crown was worth
+because he didn't know what the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't know what the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't know what the volume
+of the crown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crown
+was uh sa is nodding do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sa is nodding do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sa is nodding do you know the
+rest why don't you tell him some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest why don't you tell him some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest why don't you tell him some sort of
+calculation he did to to discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation he did to to discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation he did to to discover the
+true weight and how did he discover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true weight and how did he discover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true weight and how did he discover it
+dis H displacement of water displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis H displacement of water displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis H displacement of water displacement
+of water that's right nobody had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water that's right nobody had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water that's right nobody had been
+able to solve that problem uh including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve that problem uh including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve that problem uh including
+Archimedes until he was taking a bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes until he was taking a bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes until he was taking a bath
+once and he noticed that when he got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and he noticed that when he got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and he noticed that when he got in
+and out the level of the water changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out the level of the water changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out the level of the water changed
+as you know so that the uh his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know so that the uh his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know so that the uh his own
+volume uh showed itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh showed itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh showed itself in the
+displacement of water when he was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of water when he was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of water when he was in the
+bath and so he jumped out uh because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath and so he jumped out uh because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath and so he jumped out uh because he
+had found the solution and all he had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found the solution and all he had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found the solution and all he had to
+do was to put the king's crown in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was to put the king's crown in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was to put the king's crown in water
+and then calculate what its weight was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculate what its weight was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculate what its weight was
+that's a sudden inspiration that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sudden inspiration that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sudden inspiration that one
+might think of as sort of characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as sort of characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as sort of characteristic
+paradigmatic about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigmatic about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigmatic about the nature of
+creativity right uh as against that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity right uh as against that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity right uh as against that um
+what I suggest is that um even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I suggest is that um even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I suggest is that um even that
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+instantaneous that that the passage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous that that the passage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous that that the passage of
+time has a very intimate relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has a very intimate relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has a very intimate relationship to
+the nature of creativity I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of creativity I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of creativity I'll come back
+to that shortly because there's a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that shortly because there's a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that shortly because there's a um
+heading a little further down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading a little further down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading a little further down that
+encompasses that uh another thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses that uh another thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses that uh another thing we
+talked about briefly was the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about briefly was the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about briefly was the importance
+of our vegetative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our vegetative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our vegetative
+being uh I don't know which class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh I don't know which class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh I don't know which class of
+was and with u Nick was it the first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and with u Nick was it the first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and with u Nick was it the first I
+did talk about that our vegetative being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did talk about that our vegetative being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did talk about that our vegetative being
+yeah yeah that's sort of thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's sort of thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's sort of thing people
+would you would remember uh and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would remember uh and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would remember uh and very
+briefly uh I I repeated something I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh I I repeated something I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh I I repeated something I do
+in a chapter of a book called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chapter of a book called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chapter of a book called The
+Harmony of Nature and spirit and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of Nature and spirit and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of Nature and spirit and there's
+several Pages uh chapters on the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Pages uh chapters on the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Pages uh chapters on the nature
+of Happiness one chapter is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Happiness one chapter is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Happiness one chapter is called
+Beyond The Suffering in life and uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond The Suffering in life and uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond The Suffering in life and uh my
+argument there is that people neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there is that people neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there is that people neglect
+the extent to which we live as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent to which we live as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent to which we live as
+vegetative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative
+creatures I even say we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures I even say we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures I even say we are
+vegetables and that's shocking cuz you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables and that's shocking cuz you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables and that's shocking cuz you
+know we're not cabbages and pears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not cabbages and pears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not cabbages and pears and
+strawberries uh but we have a vegetative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries uh but we have a vegetative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries uh but we have a vegetative
+being of which we're usually not aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of which we're usually not aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of which we're usually not aware
+at every moment in our lives our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every moment in our lives our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every moment in our lives our
+digestive system is working you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive system is working you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive system is working you never
+think about that unless you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that unless you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that unless you have a
+stomach ache or you know one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach ache or you know one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach ache or you know one of those
+ailments that the television ads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailments that the television ads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailments that the television ads are
+always giving you remedies for irritable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always giving you remedies for irritable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always giving you remedies for irritable
+bowel syndrome irritable bowel syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowel syndrome irritable bowel syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowel syndrome irritable bowel syndrome
+no no uh uh reflex I'd never heard of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no uh uh reflex I'd never heard of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no uh uh reflex I'd never heard of it
+before yeah i' never heard of it except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah i' never heard of it except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah i' never heard of it except
+in terms of that product and I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of that product and I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of that product and I've never
+experienced so this was it very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced so this was it very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced so this was it very you know
+television can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television can be very
+instructive ordinarily we're not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive ordinarily we're not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive ordinarily we're not at all
+aware about our digestive system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware about our digestive system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware about our digestive system there
+are cultures in which digestion is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cultures in which digestion is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cultures in which digestion is very
+important so Italian children French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so Italian children French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so Italian children French
+children those are two in particular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children those are two in particular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children those are two in particular I
+know about are taught that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about are taught that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about are taught that it's very
+important to to digest your meal and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to digest your meal and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to digest your meal and a
+lot of the culture centers about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the culture centers about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the culture centers about that
+and they're right uh whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're right uh whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're right uh whether or not
+youve instructed in that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve instructed in that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve instructed in that if you have a
+good life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good life you
+will naturally uh arranged for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will naturally uh arranged for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will naturally uh arranged for the
+digestive system to work in a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive system to work in a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive system to work in a an
+acceptable fashion we're not aware of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable fashion we're not aware of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable fashion we're not aware of it
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+and yet that's what we are and my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet that's what we are and my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet that's what we are and my point
+there is that one of the paths to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that one of the paths to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that one of the paths to H
+happiness is to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness is to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness is to accept
+ourselves as creatures who have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as creatures who have um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as creatures who have um a
+vegetative being so that you accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative being so that you accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative being so that you accept the
+fact that you are not totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you are not totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you are not totally different
+from a tree or a plant they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a tree or a plant they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a tree or a plant they're they're
+stationary vegetables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary vegetables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary vegetables
+or literal vegetables is stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or literal vegetables is stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or literal vegetables is stationary
+until they're plucked and we are mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they're plucked and we are mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they're plucked and we are mobile
+we're not only that but that is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not only that but that is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not only that but that is part of
+what it is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is what we
+are now H that having established that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now H that having established that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now H that having established that
+in that chapter in Harmony in nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter in Harmony in nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter in Harmony in nature and
+spirit what it occurred to me later now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit what it occurred to me later now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit what it occurred to me later now
+is that that may be a key to the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that may be a key to the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that may be a key to the nature
+of creativity that being creative is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity that being creative is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity that being creative is a
+function of having certain veget ative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of having certain veget ative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of having certain veget ative
+processes operating in a way that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes operating in a way that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes operating in a way that will
+provide fruitful ideas and even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide fruitful ideas and even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide fruitful ideas and even the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase fruitful a fruitful idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase fruitful a fruitful idea that's
+uh certainly referring to the vegetative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly referring to the vegetative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly referring to the vegetative
+aspect of things fruitful ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of things fruitful ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of things fruitful ideas
+that develop in you that grow in you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that develop in you that grow in you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that develop in you that grow in you we
+talk of processes of growth Tyler I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk of processes of growth Tyler I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk of processes of growth Tyler I'm
+sorry oh I'm sorry I was going to add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh I'm sorry I was going to add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh I'm sorry I was going to add in
+it's something that takes time to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that takes time to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that takes time to and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes time that's right that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes time that's right that's my
+point and that's that I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's that I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's that I'll come back to
+the time function but what I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time function but what I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time function but what I just wanted
+to finish now was the idea of it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish now was the idea of it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish now was the idea of it's being
+part of our vegetative being operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our vegetative being operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our vegetative being operating
+well if it operates badly then U somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it operates badly then U somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it operates badly then U somehow
+you'll be in a state of malz and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be in a state of malz and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be in a state of malz and not
+likely to be very creative especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be very creative especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be very creative especially
+and this is another topic that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another topic that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another topic that we'll
+come to later if you think of creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to later if you think of creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to later if you think of creation
+or creativity in terms of having a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creativity in terms of having a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creativity in terms of having a good
+life being a creative act that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life being a creative act that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life being a creative act that it's not
+just uh making paintings that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh making paintings that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh making paintings that other
+people give you money or or musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people give you money or or musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people give you money or or musical
+compositions or great grand scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions or great grand scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions or great grand scientific
+theories as an example of creativity why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories as an example of creativity why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories as an example of creativity why
+wouldn't living a good life be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't living a good life be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't living a good life be a
+creative act n uh in his final phase Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative act n uh in his final phase Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative act n uh in his final phase Way
+Beyond anything the Nazi could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond anything the Nazi could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond anything the Nazi could even
+understand or appreciate uh thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or appreciate uh thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or appreciate uh thought that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Superman the Uber mench that the nais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman the Uber mench that the nais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman the Uber mench that the nais
+glorified because they thought he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorified because they thought he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorified because they thought he was a
+military conqueror who would who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military conqueror who would who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military conqueror who would who
+tread on the heads of inferior races
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tread on the heads of inferior races
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tread on the heads of inferior races
+that wasn't n's idea at all and as it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't n's idea at all and as it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't n's idea at all and as it be
+come became clear uh from his final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come became clear uh from his final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come became clear uh from his final
+writings that were collected only long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings that were collected only long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings that were collected only long
+after he died um the the Superman is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died um the the Superman is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he died um the the Superman is the
+artist he's a man who's able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist he's a man who's able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist he's a man who's able to create
+things and the greatest act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the greatest act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the greatest act of
+creativity is to create a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is to create a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is to create a good
+life now if you're if that's true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life now if you're if that's true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life now if you're if that's true then
+uh the passage of time is of way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the passage of time is of way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the passage of time is of way of the
+enabling you to develop in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling you to develop in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling you to develop in the direction
+of creativity partly because of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity partly because of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity partly because of your
+vegetative n the processes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative n the processes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative n the processes of the
+vegetative processes working properly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative processes working properly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative processes working properly in
+you that it goes against the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it goes against the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it goes against the idea of
+creativity being this spontaneous event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity being this spontaneous event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity being this spontaneous event
+uh like Archimedes Shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like Archimedes Shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like Archimedes Shing
+Eureka that might exist but it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka that might exist but it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka that might exist but it has to be
+seen in the perspective of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the perspective of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the perspective of something
+that takes much more time and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes much more time and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes much more time and even if
+you think about a little more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about a little more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about a little more about
+eurek and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eurek and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eurek and
+Archimedes you know he he wasn't a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes you know he he wasn't a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archimedes you know he he wasn't a guy
+who just got into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just got into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just got into a
+bath uh he was a scientist he was a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath uh he was a scientist he was a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath uh he was a scientist he was a man
+whose processes of rosin of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose processes of rosin of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose processes of rosin of reasoning
+and of uh collecting evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of uh collecting evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of uh collecting evidence and
+thinking about this took a good deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this took a good deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this took a good deal of
+time so the think thinking is itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the think thinking is itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the think thinking is itself uh
+a time consuming activity that grows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time consuming activity that grows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time consuming activity that grows and
+develops this point I can't resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops this point I can't resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops this point I can't resist
+telling you a an anecdote about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you a an anecdote about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you a an anecdote about a
+colleague of mine whom you wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine whom you wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine whom you wouldn't have
+heard of because he died prematurely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of because he died prematurely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of because he died prematurely uh
+55 uh his name was George bulas he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 uh his name was George bulas he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 uh his name was George bulas he was
+an important logician at MIT and he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important logician at MIT and he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important logician at MIT and he uh
+we had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a a
+uh something in common because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something in common because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something in common because
+uh he had been at WM College when um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he had been at WM College when um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he had been at WM College when um I
+was at Oxford and I knew the master the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at Oxford and I knew the master the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at Oxford and I knew the master the
+warden of wam is called the warden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warden of wam is called the warden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warden of wam is called the warden of
+wam very well who was the legendary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wam very well who was the legendary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wam very well who was the legendary
+Oxford figure uh and bulas told me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford figure uh and bulas told me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford figure uh and bulas told me the
+story of his walking through the arcades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of his walking through the arcades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of his walking through the arcades
+as an undergraduate thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an undergraduate thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an undergraduate thinking about
+something and he I knew from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and he I knew from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and he I knew from
+acquaintance said when he thought he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintance said when he thought he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintance said when he thought he was
+in a kind of Trance he was logician he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of Trance he was logician he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of Trance he was logician he
+was mathematician he was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mathematician he was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mathematician he was thinking
+without observing around him too much he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without observing around him too much he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without observing around him too much he
+was thinking about the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about the concepts
+mathematical or other Concepts that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical or other Concepts that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical or other Concepts that he
+was focusing on one day this famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focusing on one day this famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focusing on one day this famous
+aloof Warden uh Master of the college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloof Warden uh Master of the college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloof Warden uh Master of the college
+head of the college uh walked by him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the college uh walked by him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the college uh walked by him in
+the arcades and hard without hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arcades and hard without hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arcades and hard without hardly
+stopping looked over and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping looked over and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping looked over and said
+thinking uh and bullas just ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh and bullas just ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh and bullas just ongoing
+about two or 3 weeks later the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two or 3 weeks later the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two or 3 weeks later the the
+same POS they were in the same position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same POS they were in the same position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same POS they were in the same position
+uh in the arcade with the warden Hing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the arcade with the warden Hing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the arcade with the warden Hing
+past and this time when he looked over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and this time when he looked over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and this time when he looked over
+he said still thinking well that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said still thinking well that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said still thinking well that's it
+there it thinking is not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it thinking is not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it thinking is not something that
+just happens to you it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to you it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to you it's a function of
+time it's something that grows in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's something that grows in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's something that grows in you
+and develops in you and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develops in you and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develops in you and that is the
+basis of all education that through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of all education that through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of all education that through in
+the course of thinking you will develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of thinking you will develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of thinking you will develop
+into capacities levels areas uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into capacities levels areas uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into capacities levels areas uh that you
+could never have reached all at once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never have reached all at once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never have reached all at once it
+takes time for this to occur and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time for this to occur and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time for this to occur and that is
+part of the creative process that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the creative process that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the creative process that's how
+you create yourself as a fully-fledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create yourself as a fully-fledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create yourself as a fully-fledged
+thinker it leads me to the further idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker it leads me to the further idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker it leads me to the further idea
+which I can't remember whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can't remember whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can't remember whether I
+mentioned uh that if you really are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh that if you really are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh that if you really are an
+artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist
+um a creative artist you don't sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a creative artist you don't sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a creative artist you don't sort
+of do your job at the moment only I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do your job at the moment only I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do your job at the moment only I mean
+if if you're a writer you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're a writer you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're a writer you're always
+thinking in terms of words poets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of words poets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of words poets
+particularly but anybody who's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly but anybody who's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly but anybody who's really
+interested in good writing uh who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in good writing uh who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in good writing uh who's a
+stylist I a good deal of my life goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylist I a good deal of my life goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylist I a good deal of my life goes
+into my writing and I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my writing and I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my writing and I think I'm
+primarily an author uh and I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily an author uh and I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily an author uh and I find that
+walking over the bridge in the Back Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking over the bridge in the Back Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking over the bridge in the Back Bay
+my mind is always filled with words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind is always filled with words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind is always filled with words and
+little phrases and then uh meanings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phrases and then uh meanings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phrases and then uh meanings that
+I can possibly use in something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can possibly use in something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can possibly use in something that I
+believe in and may even be writing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in and may even be writing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in and may even be writing or
+may not be writing but there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be writing but there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be writing but there is this
+active fermentation always going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active fermentation always going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active fermentation always going on and
+in my case very largely in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my case very largely in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my case very largely in terms of
+words now words are not enough for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words now words are not enough for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words now words are not enough for me
+because um I think of good style as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um I think of good style as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um I think of good style as a
+function of a sense of the music in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a sense of the music in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a sense of the music in what
+you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write
+that to write well you have to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to write well you have to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to write well you have to realize
+that it sounds right otherwise there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sounds right otherwise there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sounds right otherwise there's
+some confusion in your thought so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confusion in your thought so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confusion in your thought so I
+could be whistling or thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be whistling or thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be whistling or thinking and
+that's all part of what's going on not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all part of what's going on not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all part of what's going on not
+that I'm going to be writing an opera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to be writing an opera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to be writing an opera or
+I'm doing one of these in isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing one of these in isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing one of these in isolation
+they're somehow related but what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're somehow related but what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're somehow related but what I'm
+primarily thinking about are the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily thinking about are the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily thinking about are the words
+and this is a matter of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a matter of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a matter of time
+fermentation uh development that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation uh development that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation uh development that occurs
+to me in a writer painters I think must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me in a writer painters I think must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me in a writer painters I think must
+be the same musicians the same probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same musicians the same probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same musicians the same probably
+scientists uh scientists mul a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists uh scientists mul a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists uh scientists mul a great
+deal and so that this not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and so that this not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and so that this not just the
+passage of time and the acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of time and the acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of time and the acceptance of
+one's vegetative being in which this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's vegetative being in which this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's vegetative being in which this is
+all being used for some organic purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all being used for some organic purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all being used for some organic purpose
+though that purpose can be aesthetic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that purpose can be aesthetic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that purpose can be aesthetic or
+scientific uh but also the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific uh but also the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific uh but also the fact that it
+takes time for it to develop in you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time for it to develop in you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time for it to develop in you is
+very important understanding the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important understanding the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important understanding the nature
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity um this leads me to a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um this leads me to a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um this leads me to a big
+topic which I'll try not to talk too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which I'll try not to talk too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which I'll try not to talk too
+much about because I see it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about because I see it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about because I see it's almost
+3:00 already but I do want to go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 already but I do want to go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 already but I do want to go on and
+I I if you don't mind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I if you don't mind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I if you don't mind I
+probably should take another half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should take another half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should take another half hour
+is that acceptable oh yeah fine no if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that acceptable oh yeah fine no if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that acceptable oh yeah fine no if
+I'm first of all I want you to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm first of all I want you to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm first of all I want you to come in
+and to discuss as much as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to discuss as much as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to discuss as much as possible and
+that's exactly what I'm leading toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I'm leading toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what I'm leading toward
+but there's no reason for you not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no reason for you not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no reason for you not to
+start right now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right now if you
+want my hope is that you'll do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want my hope is that you'll do it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want my hope is that you'll do it more
+freely once you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely once you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely once you have this kind of
+preparation am I right but you all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation am I right but you all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation am I right but you all do
+feel to discuss and the the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel to discuss and the the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel to discuss and the the value of the
+course will depend on your ideas as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will depend on your ideas as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will depend on your ideas as they
+develop in you and that means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in you and that means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in you and that means you're
+discussing them and again over period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing them and again over period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing them and again over period of
+time because that will make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because that will make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because that will make it more
+valuable uh another uh part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh another uh part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh another uh part of this
+emphasis upon time is that uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis upon time is that uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis upon time is that uh a
+subplot my the belief that I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot my the belief that I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subplot my the belief that I have that
+it's only by being criticized that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only by being criticized that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only by being criticized that one
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+develops now I mean I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops now I mean I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops now I mean I don't mean
+somebody who's tearing you to shred or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's tearing you to shred or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's tearing you to shred or
+you're being criticized by an idiot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being criticized by an idiot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being criticized by an idiot or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+maliciously but it's only when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maliciously but it's only when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maliciously but it's only when people
+point out your uh shortcomings your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out your uh shortcomings your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out your uh shortcomings your
+mistakes your clumsiness um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes your clumsiness um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes your clumsiness um your
+inability to handle the proper this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to handle the proper this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to handle the proper this the
+way the problem in a way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the problem in a way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the problem in a way that you
+yourself would consider acceptable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself would consider acceptable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself would consider acceptable that
+you ever do develop and I always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever do develop and I always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever do develop and I always think
+of a saying about the stock market that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a saying about the stock market that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a saying about the stock market that
+is that a bull market you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a bull market you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a bull market you know one
+that's going up always mounts on a wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going up always mounts on a wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going up always mounts on a wall
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+worry that U it's only because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry that U it's only because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry that U it's only because of the
+interference you get from that wall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you get from that wall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you get from that wall that
+you're able to advance and in case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to advance and in case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to advance and in case it's
+very apt for the B for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very apt for the B for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very apt for the B for the
+stock market because for everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market because for everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market because for everybody who
+buys something and therefore drives up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys something and therefore drives up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys something and therefore drives up
+the price there has to be somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price there has to be somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price there has to be somebody who's
+selling it because he doesn't think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it because he doesn't think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it because he doesn't think the
+price is going to go up so there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to go up so there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to go up so there's that
+kind of dialectic between positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dialectic between positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dialectic between positive and
+negative uh attitudes towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh attitudes towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh attitudes towards the
+commodity that a market exists and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity that a market exists and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity that a market exists and that
+people who make money are able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who make money are able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who make money are able to make
+money if they happen to be on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if they happen to be on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if they happen to be on the right
+side at the right moment all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side at the right moment all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side at the right moment all right uh
+well the same thing is true about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same thing is true about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same thing is true about our
+minds and our mental development uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds and our mental development uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds and our mental development uh you
+learn by being uh criticized and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by being uh criticized and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by being uh criticized and being
+self-critical if you're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-critical if you're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-critical if you're too
+self-critical then you smother your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-critical then you smother your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-critical then you smother your
+ability to develop if uh people never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to develop if uh people never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to develop if uh people never
+question anything you say you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question anything you say you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question anything you say you're not
+going to learn very much it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn very much it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn very much it's going to
+be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very
+boring uh uh whenever uh I read a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring uh uh whenever uh I read a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring uh uh whenever uh I read a review
+or there some comment that about me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there some comment that about me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there some comment that about me and
+if it's favorable I think is that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's favorable I think is that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's favorable I think is that nice
+but if it's um a a Critic ISM that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's um a a Critic ISM that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's um a a Critic ISM that isn't
+just that isn't hostile because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that isn't hostile because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that isn't hostile because you
+can't do anything with that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything with that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything with that but that
+really shows some understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows some understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows some understanding of what
+I was doing and uh an attempt an honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was doing and uh an attempt an honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was doing and uh an attempt an honest
+attempt to attack me to get Beyond me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to attack me to get Beyond me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to attack me to get Beyond me to
+show what I'm missing that's where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what I'm missing that's where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what I'm missing that's where I
+learn that's how I learn so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that's how I learn so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that's how I learn so that is
+something that I relish more it's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I relish more it's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I relish more it's but
+it's of a different sort I re I relish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of a different sort I re I relish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of a different sort I re I relish
+being loved and everyone saying aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being loved and everyone saying aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being loved and everyone saying aren't
+you wonderful but that's not the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wonderful but that's not the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wonderful but that's not the point
+for the sake of my own development uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of my own development uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of my own development uh
+the kind of uh approach that I relish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh approach that I relish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh approach that I relish is
+the one in which I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in which I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in which I am
+challenged now that takes time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged now that takes time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged now that takes time because
+you have to be challenged time and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be challenged time and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be challenged time and time
+and time again in order for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time again in order for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time again in order for you to
+advance time and time and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance time and time and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance time and time and time
+again as a further this is getting far a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a further this is getting far a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a further this is getting far a
+field um I I had lunch today with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um I I had lunch today with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um I I had lunch today with
+somebody who writes Works teaches in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who writes Works teaches in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who writes Works teaches in the
+writing program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing program
+and as I was saying to her that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I was saying to her that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I was saying to her that
+um it's only after I go through many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's only after I go through many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's only after I go through many
+many drafts of anything I write that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many drafts of anything I write that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many drafts of anything I write that I
+finally want to show it to anybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally want to show it to anybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally want to show it to anybody and
+many more before I'm willing to let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more before I'm willing to let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more before I'm willing to let it
+get printed published assuming it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get printed published assuming it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get printed published assuming it
+there's a publisher who wants to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a publisher who wants to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a publisher who wants to print
+my stuff and even at the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my stuff and even at the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my stuff and even at the very last
+moment when um the galleys are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when um the galleys are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when um the galleys are in
+and it will cost a lot of money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will cost a lot of money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will cost a lot of money to
+change the text I try to make last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the text I try to make last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the text I try to make last
+minute changes that are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute changes that are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute changes that are not going to
+cost anything uh because I never feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost anything uh because I never feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost anything uh because I never feel
+I've reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reached
+Perfection then fin it's it's published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection then fin it's it's published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection then fin it's it's published
+it's out of my life and I go back maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of my life and I go back maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of my life and I go back maybe
+to think about that book and I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that book and I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that book and I think you
+know maybe that could have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe that could have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe that could have been done
+better I and I learned from my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I and I learned from my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I and I learned from my own
+imperfections in a way that I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections in a way that I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections in a way that I couldn't
+have at an earlier period of time time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at an earlier period of time time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at an earlier period of time time
+so time is very important I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so time is very important I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so time is very important I think in the
+whole nature of creativity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole nature of creativity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole nature of creativity it's
+something for you to think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you to think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you to think about all
+right uh I also wanted to relate this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I also wanted to relate this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I also wanted to relate this to
+uh the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nature of
+learning uh maybe I'll have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh maybe I'll have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh maybe I'll have to leave
+that early I'll say a few things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early I'll say a few things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early I'll say a few things but
+there's a great deal I have quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great deal I have quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great deal I have quite a lot
+in my notes about uh learning that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my notes about uh learning that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my notes about uh learning that a
+theory of creativity of the sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of creativity of the sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of creativity of the sort that
+I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to
+create uh thanks to you listening to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh thanks to you listening to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh thanks to you listening to me
+and eliciting these ideas out of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliciting these ideas out of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliciting these ideas out of me
+because you as you can see this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you as you can see this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you as you can see this is not
+pre-formed lecturing of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-formed lecturing of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-formed lecturing of something that
+I've already published this is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already published this is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already published this is being
+created thanks to the importance of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created thanks to the importance of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created thanks to the importance of you
+as human beings to whom I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as human beings to whom I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as human beings to whom I can
+communicate there are many human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate there are many human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate there are many human beings
+I can't communicate I I love Mist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't communicate I I love Mist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't communicate I I love Mist
+students because they can see through me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students because they can see through me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students because they can see through me
+instantly and understand everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly and understand everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly and understand everything I
+say and that forces me to think in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and that forces me to think in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and that forces me to think in ways
+that are very helpful to me so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very helpful to me so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very helpful to me so that the
+process is a learning process and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is a learning process and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is a learning process and a
+creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative
+process and what I now beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and what I now beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and what I now beginning to
+think that all learning is creative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that all learning is creative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that all learning is creative that
+it's only by means of creativity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only by means of creativity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only by means of creativity that
+we're able to learn anything how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to learn anything how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to learn anything how can
+that be uh you uh all sit in on courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be uh you uh all sit in on courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be uh you uh all sit in on courses
+let's say in engineering or certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in engineering or certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in engineering or certain uh
+aspects of Science in which there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of Science in which there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of Science in which there's a
+lectur who has uh a kind of textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectur who has uh a kind of textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectur who has uh a kind of textbook
+that he's writing or has written and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's writing or has written and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's writing or has written and
+he's instructing you on let's say how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's instructing you on let's say how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's instructing you on let's say how to
+build a bridge and if you don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a bridge and if you don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a bridge and if you don't do it
+the right way the bridge will fall down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way the bridge will fall down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way the bridge will fall down
+if you do it the right way it'll stay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it the right way it'll stay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it the right way it'll stay up
+and you've got to do it that way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to do it that way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to do it that way the
+right way uh where's the creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way uh where's the creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way uh where's the creativity in
+that there's a great deal of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a great deal of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a great deal of science and
+a great deal of life that is purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal of life that is purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal of life that is purely
+mechanical we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical we talk about the
+mechanics at the beginning of a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics at the beginning of a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics at the beginning of a class
+these are the mechanics these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the mechanics these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the mechanics these are the
+rules that are being laid down doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are being laid down doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are being laid down doesn't
+seem to be anything creative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be anything creative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be anything creative in
+formulating and imparting that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating and imparting that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating and imparting that kind of
+information information itself would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information information itself would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information information itself would
+seem to be less creative than what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be less creative than what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be less creative than what you
+get from a work of art because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a work of art because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a work of art because it's
+there it's formed it's transferred you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's formed it's transferred you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's formed it's transferred you
+know we transfer ination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that's not the way we learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the way we learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the way we learn the
+transference of information is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of information is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of information is not the
+same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as
+learning um when I was at I in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um when I was at I in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um when I was at I in my life
+I've taken only one course in physics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken only one course in physics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken only one course in physics it
+was as a freshman at Harvard um many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as a freshman at Harvard um many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as a freshman at Harvard um many
+many years ago uh I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago uh I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago uh I don't know if you
+would even remember the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would even remember the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would even remember the name of the
+great man who is s lecture in physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great man who is s lecture in physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great man who is s lecture in physics uh
+and um I got an A in the course h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I got an A in the course h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I got an A in the course h
+and immediately afterwards I said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and immediately afterwards I said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and immediately afterwards I said to
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+but what have you learned I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what have you learned I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what have you learned I don't think
+I've learned anything about physics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned anything about physics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned anything about physics I
+got an A in the course but I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an A in the course but I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an A in the course but I didn't know
+what physics really was about and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what physics really was about and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what physics really was about and I
+never took another course in physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never took another course in physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never took another course in physics uh
+for good reason because I just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good reason because I just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good reason because I just didn't
+have enough talent I had lots of talents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough talent I had lots of talents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough talent I had lots of talents
+for getting A's and that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting A's and that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting A's and that's what that's
+what I did in that course but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did in that course but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did in that course but that's not
+what it is to learn that's going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to learn that's going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to learn that's going through
+the mechanical process of satisfying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical process of satisfying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical process of satisfying the
+expectations of whoever gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of whoever gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of whoever gives you the
+grade or uh imparts the information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade or uh imparts the information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade or uh imparts the information on
+ba basis of which uh you can get an A uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba basis of which uh you can get an A uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba basis of which uh you can get an A uh
+there is a there was a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there was a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there was a famous
+psychoanalyst well I think he was famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalyst well I think he was famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalyst well I think he was famous
+I knew him very well at many for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew him very well at many for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew him very well at many for many
+years at MIT he was the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at MIT he was the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at MIT he was the head of the
+psychiatric Service uh and he wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric Service uh and he wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric Service uh and he wrote a
+book on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on um
+now I've forgotten the Tittle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've forgotten the Tittle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've forgotten the Tittle of the
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+um it was it was about um an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was it was about um an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was it was about um an MIT
+education from the point of view of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education from the point of view of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education from the point of view of his
+observations as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations as a
+psychiatrist uh this book was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist uh this book was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist uh this book was uh
+published 30 years ago at least and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published 30 years ago at least and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published 30 years ago at least and the
+burden of it was that students at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of it was that students at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of it was that students at MIT
+are taught how to succeed as students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taught how to succeed as students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taught how to succeed as students at
+MIT they they're taught how to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT they they're taught how to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT they they're taught how to get the
+kinds of grades will send them out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of grades will send them out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of grades will send them out into
+the world I I assume things have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world I I assume things have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world I I assume things have changed
+a great deal since then but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal since then but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal since then but this is a
+characteristic way in which a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic way in which a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic way in which a great deal
+of higher education and and even lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher education and and even lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher education and and even lower
+education uh is imparted learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education uh is imparted learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education uh is imparted learning a
+mechanical method that can satisfy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical method that can satisfy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical method that can satisfy your
+place in society or give you a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in society or give you a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in society or give you a better
+place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the
+future but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but to
+learn the subject to learn how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the subject to learn how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the subject to learn how to think
+to learn how to deal with life's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to deal with life's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to deal with life's
+problems or to deal with the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or to deal with the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or to deal with the problems of
+the real problems of physics or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problems of physics or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problems of physics or any
+science or the real problems of Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or the real problems of Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or the real problems of Building
+Bridges which is more than just seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges which is more than just seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges which is more than just seeing
+to it that they don't fall down uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it that they don't fall down uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it that they don't fall down uh that
+takes something else that takes uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes something else that takes uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes something else that takes uh time
+and it takes a kind of acquisition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes a kind of acquisition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes a kind of acquisition of
+creativity that occurs in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that occurs in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that occurs in the process
+and the question is how does it occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is how does it occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is how does it occur
+and one of the conclusions I reach with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the conclusions I reach with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the conclusions I reach with
+and I won't go any further because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't go any further because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't go any further because there
+are many conclusions is that uh learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many conclusions is that uh learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many conclusions is that uh learning
+what is creative in learning results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is creative in learning results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is creative in learning results
+from a student teaching himself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a student teaching himself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a student teaching himself or
+herself whatever it is he or she wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself whatever it is he or she wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself whatever it is he or she wants
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learn as inspired by respect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn as inspired by respect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn as inspired by respect and
+admiration for somebody who's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration for somebody who's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration for somebody who's already
+gone through this process and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through this process and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through this process and has
+learned how to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to excite
+that kind of interest on the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of interest on the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of interest on the part of the
+students so that the creativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so that the creativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so that the creativity and
+learning really occurs in what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning really occurs in what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning really occurs in what's
+happening to the student but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the student but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the student but it doesn't
+occur in isolation it occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in isolation it occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in isolation it occurs in the
+presence of uh others and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of uh others and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of uh others and under
+circumstances that a creative teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances that a creative teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances that a creative teacher
+will have installed in place so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have installed in place so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have installed in place so to speak
+to enable the students to learn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable the students to learn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable the students to learn I
+suppose this is related to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is related to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is related to the idea
+ideas of progressive education and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of progressive education and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of progressive education and uh
+the creator of that was the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creator of that was the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creator of that was the great
+philosopher whom I mentioned before John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher whom I mentioned before John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher whom I mentioned before John
+Dewey and John Dewey was very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey and John Dewey was very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey and John Dewey was very much
+interested in the nature of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the nature of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the nature of creativity
+any of you who want to write on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you who want to write on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you who want to write on a
+philosopher on creativity uh I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher on creativity uh I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher on creativity uh I'll be
+happy to steer you to the relevant works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to steer you to the relevant works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to steer you to the relevant works
+of John Dey he died 1952 he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of John Dey he died 1952 he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of John Dey he died 1952 he's not
+contemporary but when he was alive he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary but when he was alive he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary but when he was alive he
+was the most important philosopher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most important philosopher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most important philosopher in
+the English language pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much so what I say is the student learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so what I say is the student learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so what I say is the student learns
+by acquiring the teachers's ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by acquiring the teachers's ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by acquiring the teachers's ability to
+learn that's a short short hand of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that's a short short hand of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that's a short short hand of uh
+that enormous topic uh then I go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enormous topic uh then I go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enormous topic uh then I go on
+to something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else that
+Kesler the person the author Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kesler the person the author Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kesler the person the author Arthur
+Kessler the author of the book I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kessler the author of the book I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kessler the author of the book I
+mentioned the act of creativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the act of creativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the act of creativity of
+Creation The Act of Creation uh he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creation The Act of Creation uh he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creation The Act of Creation uh he says
+that the art of forgetting is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the art of forgetting is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the art of forgetting is very
+essential in the nature of creativity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential in the nature of creativity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential in the nature of creativity if
+we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't
+forget a great deal we would never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget a great deal we would never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget a great deal we would never be
+able I suppose never be able to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able I suppose never be able to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able I suppose never be able to remember
+what we do remember because there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do remember because there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do remember because there would
+be just too much information coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just too much information coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just too much information coming in
+uh but we wouldn't be able to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we wouldn't be able to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we wouldn't be able to deal with
+it in a creative way and give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a creative way and give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a creative way and give some
+examples uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um from creative people including one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from creative people including one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from creative people including one or
+two that I like especially about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Edison let me read to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a direct quote from Kesler he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a direct quote from Kesler he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a direct quote from Kesler he
+says the prerequisite of originality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the prerequisite of originality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the prerequisite of originality in
+the art is the art of forgetting the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art is the art of forgetting the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art is the art of forgetting the the
+prerequisite of originality is the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of originality is the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of originality is the art
+of forgetting at the proper moment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forgetting at the proper moment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forgetting at the proper moment what
+we know without the art of forgetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know without the art of forgetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know without the art of forgetting
+the Mind remains cluttered up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mind remains cluttered up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mind remains cluttered up with
+ready-made answers and never finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready-made answers and never finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready-made answers and never finds
+occasion to ask the proper questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion to ask the proper questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion to ask the proper questions
+notice this gets Beyond uh that true is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this gets Beyond uh that true is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this gets Beyond uh that true is
+that I was saying about the mind getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was saying about the mind getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was saying about the mind getting
+too much information what's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much information what's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much information what's more
+interesting what I just quoted kesler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what I just quoted kesler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what I just quoted kesler's
+saying is that the mind gets cluttered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that the mind gets cluttered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that the mind gets cluttered
+up with ready-made answers rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ready-made answers rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ready-made answers rather than
+being original so it's a question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being original so it's a question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being original so it's a question of the
+originality not just the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality not just the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality not just the ability of the
+mind to digest uh so much information at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind to digest uh so much information at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind to digest uh so much information at
+a time when Al Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when Al Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when Al Edison
+right now at a time when Edison's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at a time when Edison's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at a time when Edison's
+invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention
+were transforming the pattern of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were transforming the pattern of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were transforming the pattern of our
+civilization his ignorance of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization his ignorance of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization his ignorance of scientific
+theory raised criticism and opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory raised criticism and opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory raised criticism and opposition
+especially among highly trained speal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially among highly trained speal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially among highly trained speal
+scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and
+Engineers without inventive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Talent Edison was said to have carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent Edison was said to have carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent Edison was said to have carried
+the art of forgetting to such extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art of forgetting to such extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art of forgetting to such extremes
+that on one occasion when he had to cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on one occasion when he had to cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on one occasion when he had to cue
+at New York City Hall to pay his taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at New York City Hall to pay his taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at New York City Hall to pay his taxes
+and an official suddenly asked him his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an official suddenly asked him his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an official suddenly asked him his
+name Edison could not at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Edison could not at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Edison could not at the moment
+remember it and lost his place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it and lost his place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it and lost his place in the
+queue uh close quote actually it reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue uh close quote actually it reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue uh close quote actually it reminds
+me of one of the Sherlock Holmes stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of one of the Sherlock Holmes stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me of one of the Sherlock Holmes stories
+in which Dr Watson uh mentions to homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Dr Watson uh mentions to homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Dr Watson uh mentions to homes
+the distance between the Earth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the Earth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the Earth and the
+Moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moon
+and uh Holmes nods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Holmes nods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Holmes nods and
+said that figure is something I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that figure is something I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that figure is something I will
+immediately forget what possible use can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately forget what possible use can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately forget what possible use can
+it be to me why should I I care why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be to me why should I I care why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be to me why should I I care why
+should I want to know that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I want to know that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I want to know that I think
+that's relevant now uh there may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant now uh there may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant now uh there may have
+been things that Holmes neglected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been things that Holmes neglected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been things that Holmes neglected and
+forgot that he should have kept in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot that he should have kept in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot that he should have kept in mind
+but uh what he was illustrating was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh what he was illustrating was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh what he was illustrating was the
+fact that if you're going to have uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if you're going to have uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if you're going to have uh an
+inventive creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointed ability to perceive details that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed ability to perceive details that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed ability to perceive details that
+will solve a detective's problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve a detective's problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve a detective's problems you
+don't want your mind filled with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your mind filled with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your mind filled with all of
+this irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this irrelevant
+information and I so that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and I so that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and I so that I think is
+worth exploring too how the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth exploring too how the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth exploring too how the art of
+forgetting may be one of the bases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting may be one of the bases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting may be one of the bases of
+creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um there's another subject that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um there's another subject that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um there's another subject that I
+want to go on to which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go on to which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go on to which is
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+creativity if one can make sense of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity if one can make sense of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity if one can make sense of it
+should also be explicable of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be explicable of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also be explicable of human
+behavior that's related to what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that's related to what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that's related to what I was
+saying about the creativity necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about the creativity necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about the creativity necessary to
+live a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a good
+life and in um these notes I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and in um these notes I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and in um these notes I have
+virtually a little essay which which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually a little essay which which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually a little essay which which I
+hope someday to rework and rework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope someday to rework and rework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope someday to rework and rework and
+rework and put into that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework and put into that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework and put into that part of the
+book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on
+creativity um I won't bore you with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um I won't bore you with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um I won't bore you with that
+and I probably won't come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I probably won't come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I probably won't come back to it
+later in the term but I want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the term but I want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the term but I want to mention
+it here uh I choose as a as a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here uh I choose as a as a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here uh I choose as a as a practical
+question uh a question that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh a question that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh a question that was very
+live at the time that I was writing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live at the time that I was writing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live at the time that I was writing and
+uh that I didn't do anything with uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I didn't do anything with uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I didn't do anything with uh I
+had been invited by the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been invited by the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been invited by the University of
+Amsterdam medical school to give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amsterdam medical school to give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amsterdam medical school to give them a
+lecture when I was lecturing in Belgium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when I was lecturing in Belgium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when I was lecturing in Belgium
+uh and so it would have been a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it would have been a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it would have been a little
+detour uh and I turned it down because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour uh and I turned it down because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour uh and I turned it down because I
+was over over charging my system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over over charging my system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over over charging my system and
+doing too much and so I thought I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing too much and so I thought I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing too much and so I thought I'll
+leave this for another time and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this for another time and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this for another time and so I
+said no and then I went away thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no and then I went away thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no and then I went away thinking
+maybe I should have given them I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have given them I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have given them I could
+have just I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just I could have
+created something that might be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created something that might be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created something that might be of
+interest to them and I still haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to them and I still haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to them and I still haven't
+gone back but in that absence feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone back but in that absence feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone back but in that absence feeling
+there was an opportunity missed uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an opportunity missed uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an opportunity missed uh I
+started thinking about a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about a problem that
+was uh Lively at the time namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Lively at the time namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Lively at the time namely the
+problem of assisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of assisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of assisted
+suicide as a practical problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide as a practical problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide as a practical problem that
+doctors have to face and in fact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors have to face and in fact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors have to face and in fact in the
+Netherlands they faced it more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands they faced it more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands they faced it more than I
+think in any other country because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in any other country because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in any other country because the
+Netherland has uh experimented with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherland has uh experimented with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherland has uh experimented with
+different kinds of way of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of way of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of way of dealing
+dealing with it uh sometimes in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it uh sometimes in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with it uh sometimes in terms of
+euth in Asia sometimes not uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euth in Asia sometimes not uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euth in Asia sometimes not uh and
+they're very much uh alert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much uh alert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much uh alert and
+sophisticated about the need to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated about the need to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated about the need to control
+doctors from making mistakes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors from making mistakes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors from making mistakes by
+encouraging Su suicides by not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging Su suicides by not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging Su suicides by not uh
+processing the situation of of a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the situation of of a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the situation of of a patient
+who says I want to commit suicide will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says I want to commit suicide will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says I want to commit suicide will
+you please help me you know all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you please help me you know all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you please help me you know all of those
+complications in it and what I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications in it and what I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications in it and what I then
+wrote was this little essay in a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote was this little essay in a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote was this little essay in a in the
+first draft uh about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first draft uh about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first draft uh about the different
+attitudes towards the from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards the from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards the from a
+philosopher's point of view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher's point of view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher's point of view the
+different attitudes towards this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different attitudes towards this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different attitudes towards this as a
+practical problem what I ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problem what I ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problem what I ended up with
+not knowing that my mind was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing that my mind was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing that my mind was already
+broaching uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broaching uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broaching uh
+this book this material on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book this material on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book this material on the nature of
+creativity what I said was the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity what I said was the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity what I said was the big
+mistake is to assume that a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake is to assume that a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake is to assume that a practical
+Pursuit like being a doctor the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit like being a doctor the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pursuit like being a doctor the medical
+field is a science it's not a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a science it's not a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a science it's not a science
+nor is it an art like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor is it an art like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor is it an art like other
+Arts it's uh based upon creativity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts it's uh based upon creativity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts it's uh based upon creativity of a
+very special sort and therefore instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special sort and therefore instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special sort and therefore instead
+of looking for a yes or no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking for a yes or no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking for a yes or no answer
+that'll apply to every case uh perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll apply to every case uh perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll apply to every case uh perhaps
+the only solution to the problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only solution to the problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only solution to the problem is to
+train doctors to be capable of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train doctors to be capable of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train doctors to be capable of a
+creative response to the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative response to the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative response to the dimensions of
+any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular
+case right and that was sort of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right and that was sort of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right and that was sort of my
+solution now thinking about it now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now thinking about it now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now thinking about it now uh
+the trouble with that solution is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble with that solution is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble with that solution is that
+uh if you can't create creative people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you can't create creative people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you can't create creative people
+very easily how are you going to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily how are you going to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily how are you going to be sure
+that the doctors that you process with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the doctors that you process with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the doctors that you process with
+this freedom to make that decision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this freedom to make that decision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this freedom to make that decision for
+against uh doctor suicide a doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh doctor suicide a doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh doctor suicide a doctor
+assisted suicide that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted suicide that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted suicide that they're going to
+be creative how can you control them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative how can you control them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative how can you control them how
+can you properly train them we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you properly train them we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you properly train them we're in a
+kind of uh very primitive state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh very primitive state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh very primitive state in the
+development of the human race where even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the human race where even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the human race where even
+the philosophers can't even imagine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophers can't even imagine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophers can't even imagine what
+to do with a problem like that and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a problem like that and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a problem like that and all
+the legislators and all of the suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legislators and all of the suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legislators and all of the suffering
+people involved you our mentality our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people involved you our mentality our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people involved you our mentality our
+state of evolution uh in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of evolution uh in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of evolution uh in terms of this
+kind of development is very limited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of development is very limited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of development is very limited and
+of course in now in terms of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in now in terms of evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in now in terms of evolution
+the little sliver that is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little sliver that is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little sliver that is what we call
+human nature is is uh primitive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature is is uh primitive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature is is uh primitive it's
+very young it's very shortlived it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young it's very shortlived it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young it's very shortlived it
+hasn't gone very far maybe in a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't gone very far maybe in a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't gone very far maybe in a thousand
+years this is possible and so one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this is possible and so one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this is possible and so one has to
+decide is it worth taking the risk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is it worth taking the risk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is it worth taking the risk with
+uh backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh backward
+uh creatures humanoids of the sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creatures humanoids of the sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creatures humanoids of the sort that
+we are but so that's the trouble with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are but so that's the trouble with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are but so that's the trouble with my
+suggestion but in terms of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion but in terms of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion but in terms of a kind of
+Phil philosophical principle to hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil philosophical principle to hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil philosophical principle to hold a
+loft and then let the world work its way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loft and then let the world work its way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loft and then let the world work its way
+to toward or against for for against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to toward or against for for against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to toward or against for for against
+this idea uh that was the best I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea uh that was the best I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea uh that was the best I could
+do at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the time
+and um that would would be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that would would be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that would would be an example of
+questions of creativity being Rel ated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of creativity being Rel ated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of creativity being Rel ated
+to an actual practice having said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an actual practice having said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an actual practice having said that
+however I I now want to say maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I I now want to say maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I I now want to say maybe that's
+true of all practice it's not just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of all practice it's not just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of all practice it's not just it's
+not just um what a doctor goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just um what a doctor goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just um what a doctor goes through
+it's what every Carpenter goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what every Carpenter goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what every Carpenter goes through
+because he isn't a machine he is a maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he isn't a machine he is a maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he isn't a machine he is a maker
+of machines and even if he has lathes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machines and even if he has lathes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machines and even if he has lathes to
+turn out his table he is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out his table he is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out his table he is responsible for
+the operation of the lathe and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of the lathe and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of the lathe and therefore
+he has a creative involvement in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a creative involvement in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a creative involvement in what
+happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the
+machine this in turn leads into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine this in turn leads into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine this in turn leads into
+questions uh that you all by now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh that you all by now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh that you all by now more
+and more sophisticated about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sophisticated about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sophisticated about the
+creativity of computers computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity of computers computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity of computers computers and
+machines and yet they think in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and yet they think in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and yet they think in a sense
+or they don't think they can be made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they don't think they can be made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they don't think they can be made to
+to respond to human beings who think how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to human beings who think how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to human beings who think how
+can we be creative how can we not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we be creative how can we not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we be creative how can we not um
+when I the first year that I gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I the first year that I gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I the first year that I gave this
+course which was two years ago uh I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which was two years ago uh I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which was two years ago uh I and
+the class and I read uh something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and I read uh something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and I read uh something that I
+highly recommend to you it's um a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend to you it's um a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend to you it's um a book
+that Marvin Minsky in artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Marvin Minsky in artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Marvin Minsky in artificial
+intelligence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is
+writing uh you all know the name Marvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing uh you all know the name Marvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing uh you all know the name Marvin
+Minsky don't you and some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky don't you and some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky don't you and some of you may
+have read his book um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read his book um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read his book um the
+um What's the title of his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the creative mind or go ahead go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the creative mind or go ahead go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the creative mind or go ahead go
+ahead creative mind I don't know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead creative mind I don't know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead creative mind I don't know I'm not
+sure um I don't know if it's creative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um I don't know if it's creative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um I don't know if it's creative um
+I've forgotten it now too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten it now too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten it now too
+um it's a it's a title that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a it's a title that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a it's a title that's very
+suggestive of his interests in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive of his interests in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive of his interests in uh
+artificial int intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well who's first let's stop who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well who's first let's stop who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well who's first let's stop who's
+going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a
+the presentation next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation next
+week so far Joe and today Nick are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so far Joe and today Nick are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so far Joe and today Nick are the
+only ones who have uh who will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ones who have uh who will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ones who have uh who will do it
+next week on consummation do Okay Tyler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week on consummation do Okay Tyler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week on consummation do Okay Tyler
+your one of your jobs is to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your one of your jobs is to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your one of your jobs is to get the
+exact title of Marvin Minsky's book to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact title of Marvin Minsky's book to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact title of Marvin Minsky's book to
+start out with uh the book came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with uh the book came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with uh the book came out in
+the middle 1980s and he's been writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle 1980s and he's been writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle 1980s and he's been writing
+uh a sequel but he does it on on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a sequel but he does it on on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a sequel but he does it on on uh the
+internet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and
+uh he um does it that way because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he um does it that way because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he um does it that way because he
+wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to
+encourage his people which is you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage his people which is you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage his people which is you who
+live on the internet uh to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the internet uh to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the internet uh to respond to
+the ideas that he puts out and there he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that he puts out and there he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas that he puts out and there he
+the responses come into the book he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses come into the book he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responses come into the book he
+anwers them they're recorded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anwers them they're recorded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anwers them they're recorded on the
+internet and it seems to be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and it seems to be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and it seems to be like a
+wonderful way to write a book if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful way to write a book if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful way to write a book if you're
+that kind of person with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of person with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of person with that kind of
+audience and that kind of mentality I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and that kind of mentality I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and that kind of mentality I
+don't know that I could do it but I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that I could do it but I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that I could do it but I find
+his doing it very exciting the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his doing it very exciting the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his doing it very exciting the book is
+called the emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the emotion
+machine it's relevant to studies in Ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it's relevant to studies in Ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it's relevant to studies in Ai
+and to um studies about uh computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to um studies about uh computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to um studies about uh computer
+science and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I forget now how I got into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually do I remember oh oh I know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do I remember oh oh I know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do I remember oh oh I know uh
+that um possibly in all of life there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um possibly in all of life there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um possibly in all of life there is
+an element of creativity because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of creativity because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of creativity because we are
+responsible for the things that we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the things that we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the things that we make
+the machines that we make uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines that we make uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines that we make uh and that
+this is especially relevant to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is especially relevant to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is especially relevant to you
+because an important thing in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an important thing in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an important thing in your life
+and in my life is that thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in my life is that thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in my life is that thing which is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+computer and uh someone like Minsky is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and uh someone like Minsky is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and uh someone like Minsky is
+very very sophisticated about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very sophisticated about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very sophisticated about that and
+has this whole book about uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this whole book about uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this whole book about uh the the
+emotion machine how machines might or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion machine how machines might or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion machine how machines might or
+might not have emotions how we who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have emotions how we who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have emotions how we who are
+people can learn about our own emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can learn about our own emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can learn about our own emotions
+can learn as a chapter uh I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn as a chapter uh I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn as a chapter uh I think on
+imagination because several of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because several of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because several of these
+chapters haven't yet been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters haven't yet been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters haven't yet been written
+they're just numbers uh were partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just numbers uh were partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just numbers uh were partly
+written in first drafts and as time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in first drafts and as time goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in first drafts and as time goes
+on he writes more and keeps putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on he writes more and keeps putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on he writes more and keeps putting in
+more drafts It's a Wonderful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more drafts It's a Wonderful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more drafts It's a Wonderful way of
+proceeding except that it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding except that it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding except that it seems to be
+taking a long time for him to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a long time for him to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a long time for him to finish
+this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book
+uh that's something you may all want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's something you may all want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's something you may all want to
+use as a resource for your own your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as a resource for your own your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as a resource for your own your own
+papers and your own research in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and your own research in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and your own research in this
+course you can get onto that book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can get onto that book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can get onto that book by
+calling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling up
+Minsky's um uh email uh address uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky's um uh email uh address uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky's um uh email uh address uh in uh
+what is it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Minsky at media MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky at media MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky at media MIT
+media is that it yeah media. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media is that it yeah media. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media is that it yeah media. mit.edu
+that's right Minsky media. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right Minsky media. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right Minsky media. mit.edu
+and uh on the right hand side under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh on the right hand side under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh on the right hand side under the
+links you'll see uh the emotion machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links you'll see uh the emotion machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links you'll see uh the emotion machine
+and then you you click on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you click on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you click on that and
+you'll get whatever state the that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get whatever state the that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get whatever state the that book
+is in and I'd be fascinated to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in and I'd be fascinated to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in and I'd be fascinated to know what
+you think of it and how you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another problem in creativity that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem in creativity that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem in creativity that I can
+go over very quickly right now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over very quickly right now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over very quickly right now is the
+fact that we talk about creativity uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we talk about creativity uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we talk about creativity uh in
+different media but maybe there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different media but maybe there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different media but maybe there isn't
+any one creativity may maybe every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one creativity may maybe every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one creativity may maybe every
+medium has its own form of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium has its own form of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium has its own form of creativity
+maybe it really means almost something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it really means almost something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it really means almost something
+different from one to the other uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one to the other uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one to the other uh so
+that we know that creativity in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that creativity in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that creativity in music
+means one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one thing
+does that mean that creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that creativity in
+painting and literature and of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and literature and of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and literature and of course uh
+in a non-art like science is that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-art like science is that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-art like science is that going
+to mean the same thing even in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean the same thing even in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean the same thing even in science
+is creativity in mathematics the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creativity in mathematics the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creativity in mathematics the same as
+creativity in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in um in
+uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh
+chemistry so one has to analyze with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so one has to analyze with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so one has to analyze with
+greater powers of Distinction what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater powers of Distinction what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater powers of Distinction what the
+different kinds of C creativity uh might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of C creativity uh might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of C creativity uh might
+be or even within uh a subclass like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or even within uh a subclass like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or even within uh a subclass like
+literature is creativity in Dr in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is creativity in Dr in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is creativity in Dr in
+tragedy can be the same as creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy can be the same as creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy can be the same as creativity in
+comedy is cre creativity uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy is cre creativity uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy is cre creativity uh in a
+melodrama different from creativity in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama different from creativity in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama different from creativity in a
+tragedy um could very well be so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy um could very well be so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy um could very well be so we need
+much more analysis and having the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more analysis and having the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more analysis and having the more
+panoramic ideas of creativity might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panoramic ideas of creativity might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panoramic ideas of creativity might take
+us part of the way but we need much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us part of the way but we need much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us part of the way but we need much more
+Soph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soph
+sophistication um is the creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication um is the creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication um is the creativity in
+lyric poetry the same as creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyric poetry the same as creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyric poetry the same as creativity in
+non-lc poetry there are different rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lc poetry there are different rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lc poetry there are different rules
+uh there are different techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are different techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are different techniques
+different styles and what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles and what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles and what about the
+difference between Baro and romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Baro and romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Baro and romantic
+style there's different form kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style there's different form kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style there's different form kind of
+creativity uh so that once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh so that once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh so that once you start
+analyzing creativity the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing creativity the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing creativity the the
+distinctions seem to be almost endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions seem to be almost endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions seem to be almost endless
+and nobody has really done that properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody has really done that properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody has really done that properly
+over and above all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above all that
+uh there are questions about a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are questions about a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are questions about a formal
+definition I myself don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I myself don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I myself don't think
+definitions are too important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions are too important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions are too important to
+philosophy most philosophers think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy most philosophers think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy most philosophers think that
+if you give a definition of X as y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give a definition of X as y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give a definition of X as y then
+you've done something and from that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done something and from that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done something and from that you
+can derive Z because y implies Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive Z because y implies Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can derive Z because y implies Z and
+then you have a kind of uh mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a kind of uh mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a kind of uh mode of
+inference to go from various premises to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference to go from various premises to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference to go from various premises to
+various conclusions I I don't I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various conclusions I I don't I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various conclusions I I don't I'm not
+that kind of philosopher anymore I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of philosopher anymore I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of philosopher anymore I was
+trained that way when I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained that way when I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained that way when I was an
+analytical philosopher uh in graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosopher uh in graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosopher uh in graduate
+school and shortly afterwards but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and shortly afterwards but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and shortly afterwards but since
+since my feelings have been that life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since my feelings have been that life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since my feelings have been that life is
+defeats those procedures life is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeats those procedures life is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeats those procedures life is much
+more complex life is more chaotic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex life is more chaotic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex life is more chaotic and
+that even in a subject like or above all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in a subject like or above all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in a subject like or above all
+in a subject like the one that I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a subject like the one that I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a subject like the one that I then
+became wedded to the nature of Love um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became wedded to the nature of Love um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became wedded to the nature of Love um I
+didn't see any fruitfulness in defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see any fruitfulness in defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see any fruitfulness in defining
+it in terms of necessary and sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of necessary and sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of necessary and sufficient
+conditions or too too minutely instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or too too minutely instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or too too minutely instead
+what I ended up doing in these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I ended up doing in these eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I ended up doing in these eight
+books I mentioned to you and 2500 Pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I mentioned to you and 2500 Pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I mentioned to you and 2500 Pages
+or whatever and it's keeps on going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and it's keeps on going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and it's keeps on going uh
+was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making
+distinctions which none of which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions which none of which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions which none of which will be
+complete all of which will be a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete all of which will be a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete all of which will be a partial
+Insight or perspective into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight or perspective into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight or perspective into this
+enormous concept with this very vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous concept with this very vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous concept with this very vague
+Lang anguage that is related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang anguage that is related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang anguage that is related to this
+part of human nature it's so enormous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of human nature it's so enormous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of human nature it's so enormous uh
+it defies any one definition or if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it defies any one definition or if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it defies any one definition or if there
+is possibly um a narrow definition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possibly um a narrow definition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possibly um a narrow definition it's
+not going to take us very far it'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to take us very far it'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to take us very far it'll have
+slight interest as I'll illustrate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight interest as I'll illustrate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight interest as I'll illustrate in a
+moment but uh it won't solve the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but uh it won't solve the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but uh it won't solve the really
+important life's problems which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important life's problems which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important life's problems which is the
+reason why most people go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why most people go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why most people go into
+philosophy once they're in they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy once they're in they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy once they're in they become
+technicians and then they forget why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicians and then they forget why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicians and then they forget why
+they that why they went in and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that why they went in and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that why they went in and they
+don't get tenure for being uh interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get tenure for being uh interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get tenure for being uh interested
+in life's problems usually nowadays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life's problems usually nowadays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life's problems usually nowadays in
+particular they get tenure for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they get tenure for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they get tenure for being
+faster smarter uh better technicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster smarter uh better technicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster smarter uh better technicians
+than anybody else within a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anybody else within a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anybody else within a particular
+narrow part of it that their colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow part of it that their colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow part of it that their colleagues
+respect enough to get them this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect enough to get them this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect enough to get them this kind of
+job uh nevertheless philosophy as I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job uh nevertheless philosophy as I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job uh nevertheless philosophy as I it
+and Aspire Tod is one in which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Aspire Tod is one in which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Aspire Tod is one in which people
+become very sophisticated about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very sophisticated about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very sophisticated about making
+of distinctions that are important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distinctions that are important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distinctions that are important in
+life that can be madei precise without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that can be madei precise without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that can be madei precise without
+being totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being totally
+definitive and uh are of a kind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive and uh are of a kind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive and uh are of a kind that
+most people don't even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't even think about
+because they don't think at this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't think at this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't think at this level
+of what I consider to be philosophy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I consider to be philosophy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I consider to be philosophy I
+mentioned this as a preparation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this as a preparation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this as a preparation for
+giving you uh one one definition that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you uh one one definition that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you uh one one definition that uh
+is related to something on your on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to something on your on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to something on your on your
+partial um uh um reading list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial um uh um reading list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial um uh um reading list
+incidentally I call it a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally I call it a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally I call it a partial
+research list because I don't expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research list because I don't expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research list because I don't expect you
+to go ahead and read all this plus more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go ahead and read all this plus more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go ahead and read all this plus more
+I don't mean it's partial reading list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean it's partial reading list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean it's partial reading list
+uh that's required none of it's required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's required none of it's required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's required none of it's required
+but all of it can be useful to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of it can be useful to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of it can be useful to you uh
+more could too but you you work your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more could too but you you work your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more could too but you you work your way
+through it in any way that is Meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it in any way that is Meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it in any way that is Meaningful
+to you now most of the books are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you now most of the books are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you now most of the books are in the
+library or I have them out U so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library or I have them out U so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library or I have them out U so that you
+pick and choose now one of the books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose now one of the books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose now one of the books on
+that list is a book edited by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list is a book edited by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list is a book edited by um
+Margaret Bowden bodn called dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret Bowden bodn called dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret Bowden bodn called dimensions
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+creativity and she has a chapter in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and she has a chapter in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and she has a chapter in that
+collection of writings it's in uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of writings it's in uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of writings it's in uh called
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+creativity she gives a definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+inventiveness of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorts uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inventiveness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventiveness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventiveness is
+superficial and another and exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial and another and exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial and another and exploratory
+that's that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that she
+uses so that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses so that you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses so that you uh
+investigate in a way that other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate in a way that other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate in a way that other people
+haven't to to get some new ideas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't to to get some new ideas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't to to get some new ideas but
+they're not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not uh
+necessarily profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas and she illustrates that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and she illustrates that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and she illustrates that by
+comparing the music and style of heyen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the music and style of heyen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the music and style of heyen
+who was a great composer with the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a great composer with the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a great composer with the music
+and style of mide who is sort of supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and style of mide who is sort of supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and style of mide who is sort of supreme
+and a Shakespeare of music you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Shakespeare of music you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Shakespeare of music you know one
+of a kind um and she says that this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind um and she says that this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind um and she says that this uh
+Innovative capacity that they both have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative capacity that they both have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative capacity that they both have
+of exploring in regions of what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploring in regions of what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploring in regions of what has
+already been established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been established
+uh is common to both of them but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is common to both of them but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is common to both of them but in the
+case of Mozart there is a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Mozart there is a trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Mozart there is a trans
+formational kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formational kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formational kind of
+inventiveness that takes him much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventiveness that takes him much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventiveness that takes him much
+further than heyen and that shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than heyen and that shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than heyen and that shows us
+what true creativity is now people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what true creativity is now people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what true creativity is now people who
+recognize the greatness of hi highness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the greatness of hi highness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the greatness of hi highness
+might quibble about that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might quibble about that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might quibble about that that's
+something to be resolved by yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be resolved by yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be resolved by yourselves
+or uh by doing more research but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh by doing more research but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh by doing more research but I
+wanted to give you that distinction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give you that distinction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give you that distinction that
+she makes between the exploratory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she makes between the exploratory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she makes between the exploratory and
+the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans
+transformational sense of inventiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational sense of inventiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational sense of inventiveness
+the latter of which being more clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter of which being more clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter of which being more clearly
+creative than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative than the
+former and I spent I turn to her now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former and I spent I turn to her now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former and I spent I turn to her now
+because I want to read to you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to read to you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to read to you something
+that she quotes as being highly creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she quotes as being highly creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she quotes as being highly creative
+and highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly
+transformational and it's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational and it's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational and it's a wonderful
+example she really puts hits the nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example she really puts hits the nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example she really puts hits the nail
+with this one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one I think
+uh it's uh four lines out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's uh four lines out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's uh four lines out of
+Shakespeare's play MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's play MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's play MC
+Beth uh in which which is relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beth uh in which which is relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beth uh in which which is relevant to
+the fact that lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that lady
+McBeth uh walks in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McBeth uh walks in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McBeth uh walks in her
+sleep uh she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep uh she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep uh she's a
+somnambulist and wipes her hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somnambulist and wipes her hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somnambulist and wipes her hands and
+shows signs of psychiatric distress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows signs of psychiatric distress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows signs of psychiatric distress of
+grief and we know why because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief and we know why because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief and we know why because she's
+feeling guilty about having murdered D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling guilty about having murdered D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling guilty about having murdered D
+Duncan and and other people um the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan and and other people um the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan and and other people um the way
+her husband did and the lines are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband did and the lines are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband did and the lines are as
+follows sleep that knits up the raveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows sleep that knits up the raveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows sleep that knits up the raveled
+sleeve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeve of
+care the death of each day's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care the death of each day's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care the death of each day's
+life sore labors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life sore labors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life sore labors
+bath bomb of hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath bomb of hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath bomb of hurt
+Minds great Nature's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minds great Nature's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minds great Nature's second
+course Chief ner iser in life's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Chief ner iser in life's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Chief ner iser in life's
+Feast that I mean that's out of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feast that I mean that's out of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feast that I mean that's out of context
+but her point is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but her point is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but her point is that these
+metaphors are very very imaginative who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors are very very imaginative who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors are very very imaginative who
+would have thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought of
+comparing um sleep to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing um sleep to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing um sleep to uh a
+bath or uh that the beautiful line about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath or uh that the beautiful line about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath or uh that the beautiful line about
+sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve
+of time so you sleep sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so you sleep sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so you sleep sort of
+men's what is troubling you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men's what is troubling you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men's what is troubling you because
+you're oblivious to the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're oblivious to the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're oblivious to the nature of the
+trouble it's like a sleeve that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble it's like a sleeve that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble it's like a sleeve that needs to
+be mended and sleep does that um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mended and sleep does that um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mended and sleep does that um also
+what I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I noticed
+immediately uh is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately uh is something that is
+implausible that I find untrue to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implausible that I find untrue to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implausible that I find untrue to life
+and therefore more exciting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore more exciting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore more exciting more
+transformational the idea of the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational the idea of the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational the idea of the death
+of each day's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each day's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each day's
+life now I don't think myself that sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life now I don't think myself that sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life now I don't think myself that sleep
+is a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of
+death uh for me sleep is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death uh for me sleep is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death uh for me sleep is a very
+important part of life and in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of life and in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of life and in fact in
+the book I mentioned on happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book I mentioned on happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book I mentioned on happiness
+Harmony of Nature and spirit I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of Nature and spirit I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of Nature and spirit I say that
+some of the happiest moments in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the happiest moments in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the happiest moments in my life
+occurs as I'm Awakening to a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs as I'm Awakening to a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs as I'm Awakening to a kind of
+Consciousness that I had before i f fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness that I had before i f fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness that I had before i f fell
+asleep and I didn't have during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and I didn't have during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and I didn't have during the
+Sleep there's something in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sleep there's something in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sleep there's something in that in
+between period that for me is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between period that for me is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between period that for me is sort of
+blissful I think uh it's a a way of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blissful I think uh it's a a way of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blissful I think uh it's a a way of my
+saying look I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I'm still
+alive uh but the reason I can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive uh but the reason I can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive uh but the reason I can say that
+is because when you're asleep you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because when you're asleep you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because when you're asleep you are
+still alive sleep is not a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive sleep is not a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still alive sleep is not a process
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from
+life uh this is related to theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh this is related to theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh this is related to theories
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+creativity uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in terms of
+the unconscious particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconscious particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconscious particularly the
+Freudian unconscious which is a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian unconscious which is a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian unconscious which is a separate
+realm According to Freud uh we don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm According to Freud uh we don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm According to Freud uh we don't I
+don't want to get into that today but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into that today but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get into that today but I
+don't believe in those I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in those I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in those I don't think
+that sleep is different from the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sleep is different from the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sleep is different from the rest of
+life it's the brain that's working it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's the brain that's working it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's the brain that's working it's
+a the brain is a kind of U allight Cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the brain is a kind of U allight Cafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the brain is a kind of U allight Cafe
+uh it's open all the time the nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's open all the time the nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's open all the time the nerve
+endings are there they're operating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings are there they're operating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings are there they're operating the
+digestive juices a vegetative system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive juices a vegetative system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestive juices a vegetative system uh
+not the not the motor system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the not the motor system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the not the motor system because
+you're lying down but that it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lying down but that it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lying down but that it's true
+when you're resting but uh uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're resting but uh uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're resting but uh uh there
+isn't a a death that occurs in sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a a death that occurs in sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a a death that occurs in sleep
+there isn't an unconscious to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't an unconscious to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't an unconscious to be
+explained apart from your Waking Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained apart from your Waking Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained apart from your Waking Life
+sleep is a part of your total existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep is a part of your total existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep is a part of your total existence
+it's a part of your organic being and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a part of your organic being and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a part of your organic being and
+the importance of sleep is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of sleep is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of sleep is that if you
+can't sleep happily you're being you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sleep happily you're being you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sleep happily you're being you're
+diminishing yourself and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing yourself and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing yourself and therefore
+there's there's something wrong and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's something wrong and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's something wrong and that
+has to be taken care of to live well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be taken care of to live well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be taken care of to live well is
+to sleep well at least part of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep well at least part of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep well at least part of the time
+I don't mean that uh you have to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that uh you have to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that uh you have to sleep
+without waking up you can get up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without waking up you can get up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without waking up you can get up there
+are all sorts of variants about good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of variants about good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of variants about good
+sleep but it's one thing to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep but it's one thing to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep but it's one thing to have a good
+night's sleep most of the time at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night's sleep most of the time at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night's sleep most of the time at least
+and never to have a good night's sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never to have a good night's sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never to have a good night's sleep
+it's one thing to be in your sleep like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing to be in your sleep like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing to be in your sleep like
+lady MC Beth because she is racked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady MC Beth because she is racked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady MC Beth because she is racked by
+guilt and therefore afraid that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt and therefore afraid that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt and therefore afraid that somebody
+is going to catch her or that guilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to catch her or that guilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to catch her or that guilt
+feelings are based on the fear of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings are based on the fear of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings are based on the fear of of
+being apprehended uh it's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being apprehended uh it's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being apprehended uh it's another thing
+to have a good night's sleep and but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good night's sleep and but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good night's sleep and but in
+either event what it is is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either event what it is is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either event what it is is a function of
+the the rest of your life and your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rest of your life and your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rest of your life and your life
+and as a to as an organic totality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a to as an organic totality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a to as an organic totality so
+that it isn't a death death is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't a death death is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't a death death is something
+else death is uh Extinction unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else death is uh Extinction unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else death is uh Extinction unless you
+believe there's another life but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe there's another life but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe there's another life but then
+that raises a totally different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that raises a totally different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that raises a totally different uh
+question whether we should believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether we should believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether we should believe that
+whether our religion and what the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether our religion and what the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether our religion and what the focus
+of that religion but limiting ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that religion but limiting ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that religion but limiting ourselves
+what we know is our life uh sleep is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is our life uh sleep is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know is our life uh sleep is not
+the death of it it is rather uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death of it it is rather uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death of it it is rather uh an
+important part of it here Shakespeare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of it here Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of it here Shakespeare
+speaking of it as the death of each life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of it as the death of each life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of it as the death of each life
+which I'm now questioning uh immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm now questioning uh immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm now questioning uh immediately
+afterwards he calls it sore Labor's bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards he calls it sore Labor's bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards he calls it sore Labor's bath
+and that's true because uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true because uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true because uh if you're
+sleeping you're resting and the mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping you're resting and the mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping you're resting and the mind is
+resting it's awake it's alive I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting it's awake it's alive I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting it's awake it's alive I mean I
+it's not awake or you wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not awake or you wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not awake or you wouldn't be
+sleeping it's it's alive uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping it's it's alive uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping it's it's alive uh but it's
+resting it's like U you closing your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting it's like U you closing your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting it's like U you closing your eye
+during the day and taking a rest there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day and taking a rest there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day and taking a rest there
+were some people just a cur from be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some people just a cur from be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some people just a cur from be
+Edison who was the example be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison who was the example be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison who was the example be of
+forgetting who didn't sleep much at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting who didn't sleep much at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting who didn't sleep much at all
+at night I don't know how much he slept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night I don't know how much he slept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night I don't know how much he slept
+maybe 1 hour or 2 hours very little but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 1 hour or 2 hours very little but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 1 hour or 2 hours very little but
+during the day he would take 5 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day he would take 5 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day he would take 5 minute
+naps and that made up the deficiency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naps and that made up the deficiency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naps and that made up the deficiency so
+that sleep in the middle in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sleep in the middle in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sleep in the middle in the middle
+of the night for one hour for someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night for one hour for someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night for one hour for someone
+like him is in principle probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like him is in principle probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like him is in principle probably not
+very different from those 5 minute naps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from those 5 minute naps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from those 5 minute naps
+and that's all he needed that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all he needed that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all he needed that's the way
+he operating so that it's not a death of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he operating so that it's not a death of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he operating so that it's not a death of
+of life it's a resting of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life it's a resting of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life it's a resting of life and
+therefore using an analogy to bathing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore using an analogy to bathing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore using an analogy to bathing of
+Labor s you know you've worked hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor s you know you've worked hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor s you know you've worked hard and
+so you take a hot bath and that loosens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take a hot bath and that loosens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take a hot bath and that loosens
+your muscles the bath um cures your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your muscles the bath um cures your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your muscles the bath um cures your
+aches and pains and sleep can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aches and pains and sleep can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aches and pains and sleep can do the
+same if you've worked hard you sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if you've worked hard you sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if you've worked hard you sleep and
+wake up refreshed in the morning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up refreshed in the morning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up refreshed in the morning so
+that's fine but what do we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but what do we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but what do we just say
+about sleep is the death of each day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sleep is the death of each day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sleep is the death of each day
+that doesn't seem right but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem right but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem right but the fact
+that it doesn't can have its poetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't can have its poetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't can have its poetic
+effect as well it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as well it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as well it's so
+extreme it calls attention um to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme it calls attention um to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme it calls attention um to certain
+things uh about sleep that resemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh about sleep that resemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh about sleep that resemble
+death because sometimes people who sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death because sometimes people who sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death because sometimes people who sleep
+uh look as if they're dead or you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look as if they're dead or you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look as if they're dead or you may be
+afraid they're never going to wake up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid they're never going to wake up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid they're never going to wake up or
+they may be afraid they're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be afraid they're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be afraid they're never going
+to wake up uh they're less um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake up uh they're less um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake up uh they're less um
+belligerent they're more they're more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belligerent they're more they're more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belligerent they're more they're more uh
+immobile than they are in life and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile than they are in life and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobile than they are in life and so
+other people might think of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people might think of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people might think of that as
+being similar to death in that limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being similar to death in that limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being similar to death in that limited
+respect it isn't it's not death in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect it isn't it's not death in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect it isn't it's not death in other
+ways but that's but the fact that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but that's but the fact that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but that's but the fact that is so
+extreme and and even so limited gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and and even so limited gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and and even so limited gave me
+the idea that the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that the real
+creativity in this these lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in this these lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in this these lines of
+Shakespeare consist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare consist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare consist in
+they're not just being exploratory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just being exploratory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just being exploratory but
+transformational they're being extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational they're being extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational they're being extreme
+and that there is a kind of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there is a kind of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there is a kind of creativity
+that neither Bowden nor uh Kesler as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither Bowden nor uh Kesler as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither Bowden nor uh Kesler as far
+as I know anybody else have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know anybody else have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know anybody else have said
+anything much about and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything much about and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything much about and that's what I
+started developing some ideas about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started developing some ideas about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started developing some ideas about and
+that is the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the idea of the
+Absurd now that will lead us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absurd now that will lead us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absurd now that will lead us into
+something that kesla does talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that kesla does talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that kesla does talk a lot
+about and and that's humor and also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and and that's humor and also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and and that's humor and also that
+comes into ber bergson's theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into ber bergson's theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into ber bergson's theories of
+creativity uh what they don't emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh what they don't emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh what they don't emphasize
+as much as I would would be that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as I would would be that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as I would would be that kind of
+absurdity uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity uh which is
+funny and as an example of that um I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny and as an example of that um I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny and as an example of that um I put
+into my notes um a Jewish joke about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my notes um a Jewish joke about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my notes um a Jewish joke about two
+men who haven't seen each other for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men who haven't seen each other for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men who haven't seen each other for a
+long times were good friends in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long times were good friends in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long times were good friends in their
+youth and one says to the other uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth and one says to the other uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth and one says to the other uh how
+has life treated you how's your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has life treated you how's your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has life treated you how's your life
+been and he says oh y it's been good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and he says oh y it's been good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and he says oh y it's been good
+I've had a good life I've been happy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had a good life I've been happy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had a good life I've been happy and
+the he says what about you and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he says what about you and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he says what about you and the other
+one says well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one says well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one says well you
+know it hasn't been bad but to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it hasn't been bad but to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it hasn't been bad but to tell the
+truth if I had it all to do over again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth if I had it all to do over again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth if I had it all to do over again I
+just as soon never have been born and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as soon never have been born and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as soon never have been born and
+the other one says yes but who can be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one says yes but who can be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one says yes but who can be so
+lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky
+all right now if if you find that funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now if if you find that funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now if if you find that funny
+you see the humor even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the humor even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the humor even if you don't
+enjoy it very much it's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it very much it's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it very much it's because of the
+absurdity of that what do you mean who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity of that what do you mean who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity of that what do you mean who
+could be that lucky you mean never to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that lucky you mean never to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that lucky you mean never to
+have been you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been you're
+happier than with the life you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier than with the life you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier than with the life you've had
+but very you're very lucky to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very you're very lucky to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very you're very lucky to be one of
+those who never was but then how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who never was but then how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who never was but then how can
+there be happiness of any sort what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be happiness of any sort what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be happiness of any sort what what
+is the condition of never to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the condition of never to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the condition of never to have been
+you might say we and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say we and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say we and this is something
+to be discussed um I have a chapter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discussed um I have a chapter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discussed um I have a chapter in
+the book of mine called um the N uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book of mine called um the N uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book of mine called um the N uh
+meaning in life the creation of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in life the creation of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in life the creation of value
+called the nature of death you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of death you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of death you the
+question is what is death and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is death and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is death and there is a
+view which we all know uh that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which we all know uh that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which we all know uh that you may
+or may not accept which is that death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not accept which is that death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not accept which is that death is
+a total Annihilation that just is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total Annihilation that just is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total Annihilation that just is the
+it's absurd or it's absurd yeah to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absurd or it's absurd yeah to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absurd or it's absurd yeah to ask
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um what happens to the candle after it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens to the candle after it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens to the candle after it's
+been snuffed out it's been annihilated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been snuffed out it's been annihilated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been snuffed out it's been annihilated
+there isn't anything there was a candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't anything there was a candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't anything there was a candle
+and there was a light the light went has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a light the light went has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a light the light went has
+gone out well one view is the same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out well one view is the same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out well one view is the same is
+true about our human existence we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true about our human existence we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true about our human existence we have
+the light of Consciousness we die uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light of Consciousness we die uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light of Consciousness we die uh and
+since our mind depends on our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since our mind depends on our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since our mind depends on our body
+everything goes out right you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes out right you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes out right you may not
+believe that you may have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you may have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you may have all sorts of
+other views and I'm not getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other views and I'm not getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other views and I'm not getting into
+them or questioning them right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or questioning them right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or questioning them right now
+but what's truly absurd even for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's truly absurd even for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's truly absurd even for people
+who don't accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't accept that
+view people who believe in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view people who believe in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view people who believe in all sorts of
+other views is what is it never to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other views is what is it never to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other views is what is it never to have
+existed and I this doesn't doesn't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and I this doesn't doesn't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and I this doesn't doesn't um
+isn't related to the Catholic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't related to the Catholic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't related to the Catholic idea of
+insulant the Catholic idea of insulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulant the Catholic idea of insulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulant the Catholic idea of insulate
+is that God creates an infinite or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that God creates an infinite or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that God creates an infinite or a
+very large number of souls they remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of souls they remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of souls they remain
+in heaven the way souls are able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heaven the way souls are able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heaven the way souls are able to uh
+until God is arranged for them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until God is arranged for them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until God is arranged for them to be
+instantiated and then they get born then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated and then they get born then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated and then they get born then
+they become zygotes they they enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become zygotes they they enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become zygotes they they enter into
+um life and that's related to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um life and that's related to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um life and that's related to the whole
+question of abortion because even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of abortion because even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of abortion because even if the
+zygote and the fetus are not persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote and the fetus are not persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote and the fetus are not persons
+they are the embodiments of the souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the embodiments of the souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the embodiments of the souls
+and the souls are Eternal because God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the souls are Eternal because God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the souls are Eternal because God
+made them that way and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them that way and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them that way and therefore it
+destroy a fetus or a zygote to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy a fetus or a zygote to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy a fetus or a zygote to say
+nothing of destroying a young child a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing of destroying a young child a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing of destroying a young child a a
+bab uh fetus um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bab uh fetus um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bab uh fetus um is a
+murder because you're destroying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder because you're destroying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder because you're destroying a
+special kind of human existence right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of human existence right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of human existence right
+all right that's got nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's got nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's got nothing to do with
+it let's put aside the Catholic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's put aside the Catholic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's put aside the Catholic idea of
+insulin what how would you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin what how would you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin what how would you interpret
+somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who
+says it would be you'd be so lucky if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it would be you'd be so lucky if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it would be you'd be so lucky if
+you were never born born at all who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were never born born at all who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were never born born at all who's
+the you I mean who would is who what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you I mean who would is who what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you I mean who would is who what
+would it be if it had never been born so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be if it had never been born so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be if it had never been born so
+it's absurd right now my feeling there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absurd right now my feeling there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absurd right now my feeling there
+and I'm just going to throw it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to throw it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to throw it out
+because it needs much more analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it needs much more analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it needs much more analysis and
+we'll have to come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to come back to it
+particularly in relation to the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in relation to the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in relation to the nature
+of humor is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor is that
+creativity is revealed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is revealed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is revealed in the
+Absurd so that for Archimedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absurd so that for Archimedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absurd so that for Archimedes
+contemporaries it was a be absurd to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries it was a be absurd to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaries it was a be absurd to
+think that the weight of of a crown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the weight of of a crown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the weight of of a crown
+could be determined by displacement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be determined by displacement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be determined by displacement of
+water you want to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you want to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you want to find out what the
+crown weighs put it in water that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown weighs put it in water that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown weighs put it in water that was an
+absurd idea and we have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd idea and we have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd idea and we have all sorts of
+absurd ideas that um um um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd ideas that um um um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd ideas that um um um an
+astronaut going off into space could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronaut going off into space could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronaut going off into space could
+come back younger than when he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back younger than when he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back younger than when he started
+out absolutely absurd all of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out absolutely absurd all of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out absolutely absurd all of modern
+physics and modern science is built bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and modern science is built bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and modern science is built bu
+up out of that kind of absurdity in view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of that kind of absurdity in view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of that kind of absurdity in view
+of what our rational commonplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what our rational commonplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what our rational commonplace
+thinking was prior to those developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking was prior to those developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking was prior to those developments
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+science it's an absurdity to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science it's an absurdity to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science it's an absurdity to think that
+a a woman could have uh uh both of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a woman could have uh uh both of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a woman could have uh uh both of her
+eyes on one side of her nose yet Picasso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes on one side of her nose yet Picasso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes on one side of her nose yet Picasso
+turns that absurdity into a work of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns that absurdity into a work of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns that absurdity into a work of art
+he's saying something by means of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's saying something by means of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's saying something by means of the
+absurdity and what he's saying is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity and what he's saying is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurdity and what he's saying is very
+creative nobody would have thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative nobody would have thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative nobody would have thought of
+that before uh or um Brock and Cubist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before uh or um Brock and Cubist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before uh or um Brock and Cubist
+painters generally who take ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters generally who take ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters generally who take ordinary
+objects that we recognize you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we recognize you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we recognize you know
+that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a
+can of Coke that's a book so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of Coke that's a book so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of Coke that's a book so on and then
+breaks them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks them up
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+particles and mixes them around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and mixes them around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and mixes them around and
+makes a montage uh in which you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a montage uh in which you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a montage uh in which you don't
+see a face or or a bottle or a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a face or or a bottle or a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a face or or a bottle or a book
+anymore but Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but Parts
+rearranged that's absurd because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged that's absurd because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged that's absurd because when
+you know I look across the table I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I look across the table I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I look across the table I don't
+see anything like that but it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything like that but it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything like that but it's a way of
+saying something about the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something about the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying something about the material
+world that we we learn and recognize as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we we learn and recognize as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we we learn and recognize as
+a very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very creative
+inventive uh gesture on the part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventive uh gesture on the part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventive uh gesture on the part of that
+artist so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist so the
+Absurd properly analyzed and I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absurd properly analyzed and I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absurd properly analyzed and I haven't
+done it nobody else has it but maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it nobody else has it but maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it nobody else has it but maybe you
+can um takes us a good deal of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um takes us a good deal of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um takes us a good deal of the way
+to understanding the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding the nature of
+creativity I don't know how much you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity I don't know how much you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity I don't know how much you see
+now I have gone too much uh I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have gone too much uh I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have gone too much uh I think I
+would have stopped here but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have stopped here but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have stopped here but um I
+whatever more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever more in the
+preparation I have can come out next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation I have can come out next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation I have can come out next
+week and some of what I've been doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and some of what I've been doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and some of what I've been doing is
+more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just
+preparation uh my the U point I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation uh my the U point I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation uh my the U point I wanted
+to make was that on all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make was that on all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make was that on all of these
+questions there isn't any definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there isn't any definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there isn't any definition
+that will explain all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will explain all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will explain all of
+creativity uh in a sense I am a Cubist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in a sense I am a Cubist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in a sense I am a Cubist
+and recommend that to you as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recommend that to you as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recommend that to you as a way of
+doing Philosophy by putting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Philosophy by putting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Philosophy by putting together
+these different perspectives and points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different perspectives and points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different perspectives and points
+of view you get an insight into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view you get an insight into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view you get an insight into the
+reality which you will then experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which you will then experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which you will then experience
+differently and that will affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and that will affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and that will affect the
+creativity in your mind and you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in your mind and you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in your mind and you'll get a
+feeling for what it is to be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for what it is to be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for what it is to be creative
+better than if you had a mechanical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than if you had a mechanical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than if you had a mechanical uh
+cut and dried definition in terms of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and dried definition in terms of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and dried definition in terms of one
+or another one or another um necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another one or another um necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another one or another um necessary
+and sufficient conditions and for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient conditions and for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sufficient conditions and for me
+that's a way of doing all of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of doing all of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of doing all of philosophy
+you don't have to do it the way I do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do it the way I do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do it the way I do but
+um see whether it's of any use to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see whether it's of any use to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see whether it's of any use to you to
+have ex uh come into contact with it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ex uh come into contact with it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ex uh come into contact with it all
+right now I think we ought to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think we ought to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I think we ought to take a
+little break right m and um Ramon why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little break right m and um Ramon why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little break right m and um Ramon why
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+you maramon stop while we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maramon stop while we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maramon stop while we're taking the
+break and then come back and Nick will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then come back and Nick will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then come back and Nick will
+give a presentation of the reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation of the reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation of the reading for
+this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great Nick Martinez will now give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Nick Martinez will now give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Nick Martinez will now give a
+presentation based on today's readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation based on today's readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation based on today's readings
+and as in the case of all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as in the case of all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as in the case of all of your
+presentations what's primarily needed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations what's primarily needed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations what's primarily needed is
+not just a summary because in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a summary because in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a summary because in principle
+you're all doing the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all doing the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all doing the reading
+but the creation of a discussion which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the creation of a discussion which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the creation of a discussion which a
+kind of creativity worth cultivating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of creativity worth cultivating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of creativity worth cultivating in
+terms of IDE of your own uh or ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of IDE of your own uh or ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of IDE of your own uh or ideas of
+mind that you can't understand and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you can't understand and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you can't understand and think
+you should go beyond be attack me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go beyond be attack me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go beyond be attack me uh
+improve upon me in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon me in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon me in any way
+please oh okay well uh chapter 2 is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please oh okay well uh chapter 2 is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please oh okay well uh chapter 2 is on
+idealization which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization which
+is the making of ideals and the pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the making of ideals and the pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the making of ideals and the pursuit
+of ideals and we consider ideals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideals and we consider ideals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideals and we consider ideals or
+idealization so we can understand its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization so we can understand its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization so we can understand its
+interplay between imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between imagination
+idealization to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization to understand
+creativity um the chapter begins with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um the chapter begins with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um the chapter begins with a
+history lesson on Plato and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history lesson on Plato and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history lesson on Plato and other
+philosop um philosophers um Plato made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosop um philosophers um Plato made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosop um philosophers um Plato made
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+idealization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization
+um the basis of his theory of love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basis of his theory of love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basis of his theory of love and
+he thought idealization as a cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought idealization as a cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought idealization as a cognitive
+and depend uh cognitive ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depend uh cognitive ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depend uh cognitive ability
+dependent of feeling imagination so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent of feeling imagination so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent of feeling imagination so he
+thought that love and and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that love and and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that love and and everything
+else developed from reason and it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else developed from reason and it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else developed from reason and it wasn't
+just it was completely dependent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was completely dependent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was completely dependent from
+feeling and your imagination but he for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and your imagination but he for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and your imagination but he for
+like noted in chapter one he forgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like noted in chapter one he forgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like noted in chapter one he forgets
+that his development of idea of his idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his development of idea of his idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his development of idea of his idea
+is dependent on his own imagination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dependent on his own imagination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dependent on his own imagination so
+he's kind of wrong in that sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kind of wrong in that sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kind of wrong in that sense and
+therefore gets everything else that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore gets everything else that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore gets everything else that he
+developed down the line kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed down the line kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed down the line kind of
+incorrect do you do you think I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect do you do you think I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect do you do you think I was
+being fared PL uh yeah I mean he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being fared PL uh yeah I mean he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being fared PL uh yeah I mean he has to
+realize that his own ideas were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that his own ideas were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that his own ideas were a
+product of his own imagination so if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of his own imagination so if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of his own imagination so if he
+just believes that everything can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just believes that everything can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just believes that everything can be
+explained by reason and he makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by reason and he makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by reason and he makes that
+idea from his own imagination he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea from his own imagination he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea from his own imagination he was
+already wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already wrong
+so but what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had um an an uneducated man trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um an an uneducated man trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um an an uneducated man trying to
+tell you how to live would wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to live would wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to live would wouldn't you
+say well his reason isn't sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well his reason isn't sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well his reason isn't sufficiently
+developed doesn't matter that he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed doesn't matter that he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed doesn't matter that he's very
+imaginative in his erroneous conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative in his erroneous conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative in his erroneous conception
+of the world all we've got to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world all we've got to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world all we've got to do is to
+educate him to train him to show him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate him to train him to show him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate him to train him to show him the
+difference between ignorance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between ignorance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between ignorance and
+knowledge between right and wrong all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge between right and wrong all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge between right and wrong all
+sorts of things that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things that come from
+developing a person's Reason Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a person's Reason Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a person's Reason Not
+encouraging his imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um gler would say that's not the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gler would say that's not the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gler would say that's not the way to
+find out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out about
+reality not I mean just relying on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality not I mean just relying on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality not I mean just relying on his
+imagination right I you can't just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination right I you can't just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination right I you can't just make
+up anything you want so you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anything you want so you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anything you want so you must have
+some type of interplay between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of interplay between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of interplay between
+imagination and reason order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and reason order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and reason order to figure
+out the truth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the truth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the truth in
+life okay any else go on your own way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life okay any else go on your own way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life okay any else go on your own way
+don't let me interrupt you too much no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let me interrupt you too much no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let me interrupt you too much no
+well does anyone else want to enter any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does anyone else want to enter any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does anyone else want to enter any
+suggestions or comments okay well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions or comments okay well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions or comments okay well we
+have feel free to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feel free to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feel free to jump
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um well Plato also states that love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well Plato also states that love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well Plato also states that love
+alone reveals true idealization and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone reveals true idealization and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone reveals true idealization and that
+all other types of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other types of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other types of effective
+relationships belong to a realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships belong to a realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships belong to a realm of
+appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+appearance uh which can never find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance uh which can never find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance uh which can never find
+reality in idealization because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in idealization because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in idealization because uh
+appearance isn't perfect in goodness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance isn't perfect in goodness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance isn't perfect in goodness and
+Beauty so it's feudly U just tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty so it's feudly U just tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty so it's feudly U just tries to
+seek this um truth but it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek this um truth but it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek this um truth but it never
+does and the same idea is also seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and the same idea is also seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and the same idea is also seen as
+Plato uh thoughts about sex and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato uh thoughts about sex and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato uh thoughts about sex and how it
+holds back a person from attaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds back a person from attaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds back a person from attaining
+higher interest and he did this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest and he did this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest and he did this by
+recommending young adults to um give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending young adults to um give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending young adults to um give
+into all their urges early on in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all their urges early on in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all their urges early on in their
+life so they can try and extinguish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so they can try and extinguish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so they can try and extinguish that
+drive early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive early
+on so they can um attain higher um beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so they can um attain higher um beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so they can um attain higher um beats
+or higher ideas that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher ideas that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher ideas that's
+right going going to MIT is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right going going to MIT is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right going going to MIT is not like
+being in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school okay
+and uh nii had a different idea and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh nii had a different idea and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh nii had a different idea and he
+defended the idea of sexual love with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defended the idea of sexual love with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defended the idea of sexual love with
+the spiritualizing of sex and how sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spiritualizing of sex and how sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spiritualizing of sex and how sex
+can actually be a physical response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be a physical response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be a physical response
+combined with a spiritual meaning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with a spiritual meaning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with a spiritual meaning to
+give rise to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State um the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State um the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State um the relationship between
+spiritual and creativity spirituality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual and creativity spirituality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual and creativity spirituality
+and creativity is something I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creativity is something I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creativity is something I want to
+discuss at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss at
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+um uh since I didn't how does n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh since I didn't how does n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh since I didn't how does n
+interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+spirituality um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I'm not really sure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm not really sure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm not really sure of
+that well he he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well he he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well he he was
+anti-christian his idea is that Superman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-christian his idea is that Superman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-christian his idea is that Superman
+is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saint that he uh Nish is clearly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint that he uh Nish is clearly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint that he uh Nish is clearly an
+atheist but spirituality is for him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheist but spirituality is for him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atheist but spirituality is for him the
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+perfection within the dimensions of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection within the dimensions of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection within the dimensions of your
+being as a human being within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as a human being within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as a human being within
+nature so it's a very different concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so it's a very different concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so it's a very different concept
+of spirituality from the Orthodox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spirituality from the Orthodox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spirituality from the Orthodox
+religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious
+one and uh that's what he means when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh that's what he means when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh that's what he means when he
+thinks of sex as a spiritual realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of sex as a spiritual realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of sex as a spiritual realization
+of the senses which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the senses which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the senses which is what I
+mentioned he doesn't develop that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned he doesn't develop that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned he doesn't develop that very
+far but you see it's totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but you see it's totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but you see it's totally different
+from Plato because for Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Plato because for Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Plato because for Plato
+spirituality is not a um cultivation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality is not a um cultivation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality is not a um cultivation and
+Prof ction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prof ction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prof ction of the
+senses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses but
+rather a trajectory that takes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather a trajectory that takes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather a trajectory that takes you
+beyond the senses and that's what Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the senses and that's what Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the senses and that's what Plato
+was the found one of the two found one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the found one of the two found one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the found one of the two found one
+of the founders in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founders in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founders in a sense of
+Christianity Christianity's Dogma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity Christianity's Dogma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity Christianity's Dogma is
+based on Greek philosophy plus uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Greek philosophy plus uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Greek philosophy plus uh the
+Hebrew scriptures the Bible and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hebrew scriptures the Bible and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hebrew scriptures the Bible and what the
+Greek philosophy was that they cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek philosophy was that they cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek philosophy was that they cared
+about was platonic ideas about a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was platonic ideas about a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was platonic ideas about a perfect
+realm Beyond this world in which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm Beyond this world in which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm Beyond this world in which uh
+there would be pure spirit that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be pure spirit that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be pure spirit that one
+achiev by Rising beyond the limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achiev by Rising beyond the limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achiev by Rising beyond the limitations
+of nature that's not what nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature that's not what nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature that's not what nature is
+talking about because he doesn't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because he doesn't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because he doesn't believe
+there is that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+realm okay well um for him this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm okay well um for him this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm okay well um for him this
+spirituality is the Fulfillment of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality is the Fulfillment of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality is the Fulfillment of your
+potential within the natural Order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential within the natural Order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential within the natural Order of
+Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things
+see so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so it's a
+total difference from Orthodox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total difference from Orthodox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total difference from Orthodox
+religion so n you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion so n you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion so n you believe that
+spirituality Came From Within so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality Came From Within so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality Came From Within so it's
+kind of in the same realm you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the same realm you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the same realm you can't go
+beyond your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond your own
+senses okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MH okay and um Freud also follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH okay and um Freud also follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH okay and um Freud also follows the
+same idea although derives from schenher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea although derives from schenher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea although derives from schenher
+uh like FL they believe that empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like FL they believe that empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like FL they believe that empirical
+science can explain medical physical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science can explain medical physical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science can explain medical physical um
+dualism that tells about the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dualism that tells about the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dualism that tells about the knowledge
+of reality and that people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reality and that people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reality and that people actually
+delude themselves by reason and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delude themselves by reason and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delude themselves by reason and they
+don't use reason to uncover truths they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use reason to uncover truths they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use reason to uncover truths they
+just use it to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it to hide
+reality um as an example um they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um as an example um they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality um as an example um they say
+that sex is geared toward reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex is geared toward reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex is geared toward reproduction
+and that Freud's idea of liido doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Freud's idea of liido doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Freud's idea of liido doesn't
+care about perfection of Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about perfection of Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about perfection of Ideal
+idealization it just cares about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization it just cares about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization it just cares about um
+reproduction so it just goes toward any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction so it just goes toward any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction so it just goes toward any
+person that it sees and gears a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that it sees and gears a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that it sees and gears a person
+for sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sex and
+um so since love is also just aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so since love is also just aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so since love is also just aim
+inhibited sex uh it too is this um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited sex uh it too is this um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited sex uh it too is this um has
+the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea
+that um Love is impure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Love is impure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Love is impure it's
+um doesn't care about perfection so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't care about perfection so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't care about perfection so it
+just it to also cares for just self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it to also cares for just self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it to also cares for just self
+preservation would anybody like a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation would anybody like a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation would anybody like a hard
+candy I my voice starts disappearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy I my voice starts disappearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy I my voice starts disappearing
+about this time without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it Flo also stated that we overvalue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Flo also stated that we overvalue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Flo also stated that we overvalue the
+other person and this as much as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person and this as much as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person and this as much as a
+survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival
+mechanism but we also falsify what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but we also falsify what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but we also falsify what we
+desire so um idealization is illusionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm and shopen schopenhauer talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm and shopen schopenhauer talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm and shopen schopenhauer talks about
+the will being random with no goals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will being random with no goals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will being random with no goals or
+ideals um and it's also just part of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals um and it's also just part of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals um and it's also just part of um
+self-preservation so he sees well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation so he sees well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation so he sees well as
+evil because it exists with no meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil because it exists with no meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil because it exists with no meaning
+since it's just towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's just towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's just towards
+self-preservation it doesn't um look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation it doesn't um look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation it doesn't um look for
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+truth so and sex again is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth so and sex again is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth so and sex again is just another
+means of self-preservation oh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of self-preservation oh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of self-preservation oh what about
+what about actions of the will which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about actions of the will which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about actions of the will which
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+no uh progress toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh progress toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh progress toward
+reproduction well with um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction well with um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction well with um not
+reproduction but um so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction but um so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction but um so you're saying
+every other action besides reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other action besides reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other action besides reproduction
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh okay oh no would you consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay oh no would you consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay oh no would you consider that
+desire is that what you mean like lust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire is that what you mean like lust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire is that what you mean like lust
+no I'm saying um anything that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm saying um anything that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm saying um anything that was
+completely unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unrelated
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preservation any activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation any activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation any activity of the
+night I guess that CA the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I guess that CA the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I guess that CA the question
+whether there are activities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are activities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are activities that are
+not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not related to
+your that's yeah I mean I brought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's yeah I mean I brought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's yeah I mean I brought that
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+before are are you able to pick this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before are are you able to pick this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before are are you able to pick this up
+R okay in general present more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay in general present more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay in general present more I
+mean uh throw your voices a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh throw your voices a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh throw your voices a little more
+but apparently there's no great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay so you're asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so you're asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so you're asking about
+thoughts of the mind that have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts of the mind that have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts of the mind that have nothing
+to do with preservation well I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with preservation well I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with preservation well I'm curious
+I didn't I haven't read about this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't I haven't read about this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't I haven't read about this guy
+but how what do he can you tell me more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how what do he can you tell me more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how what do he can you tell me more
+about he what he says um actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about he what he says um actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about he what he says um actually I
+probably can't since I've only read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't since I've only read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't since I've only read
+what's in the chapter and I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the chapter and I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the chapter and I don't really
+know much about chop how and his other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much about chop how and his other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much about chop how and his other
+beliefs but um anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs but um anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs but um anyone else
+I I I I was hoping that you would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I was hoping that you would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I was hoping that you would take
+over well you know you all feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well you know you all feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well you know you all feel free to
+talk but if I if I get started you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but if I if I get started you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but if I if I get started you've
+got to stop me tell me exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to stop me tell me exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to stop me tell me exactly what
+you're asking for in relation to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for in relation to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for in relation to which
+schopenhauer n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer n
+ory or all three of them uh shophow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ory or all three of them uh shophow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ory or all three of them uh shophow I
+was I thought it was interesting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I thought it was interesting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I thought it was interesting when
+Nick said that he says the mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick said that he says the mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick said that he says the mind is
+evil because mind is evil the will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil because mind is evil the will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil because mind is evil the will the
+will is not evil in the sense of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is not evil in the sense of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is not evil in the sense of being
+intentionally bad it it's doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally bad it it's doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally bad it it's doesn't have a
+mind it's just a field of force you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's just a field of force you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's just a field of force you
+could translate a great deal of shophow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could translate a great deal of shophow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could translate a great deal of shophow
+in terms of contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of contemporary
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um would you wouldn't want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would you wouldn't want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would you wouldn't want to say that
+um the second law of electrodynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second law of electrodynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second law of electrodynamics is
+um evil the thermodynamics is evil you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um evil the thermodynamics is evil you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um evil the thermodynamics is evil you
+would just say it's sort of merciless or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say it's sort of merciless or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say it's sort of merciless or
+it has no concern about human welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no concern about human welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no concern about human welfare
+and that's really what shopen now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what shopen now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what shopen now is
+talking about that the will to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that the will to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that the will to live
+which is the vital force that we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the vital force that we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the vital force that we're all
+a part of you know it's not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of you know it's not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of you know it's not something
+separate from us we are the will because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from us we are the will because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from us we are the will because
+we're all living and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all living and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all living and we
+Manifest this uh vital sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has no concern about the welfare of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no concern about the welfare of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no concern about the welfare of any
+individual no concern about human ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual no concern about human ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual no concern about human ideals
+of good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good and
+evil or better or worse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil or better or worse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil or better or worse it's
+simply an impulse running through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an impulse running through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an impulse running through
+everything that's alive to stay alive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's alive to stay alive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's alive to stay alive to
+be alive it's it's uh the field of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be alive it's it's uh the field of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be alive it's it's uh the field of force
+that manifests the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifests the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifests the nature of
+life it's evil in the sense metaphoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's evil in the sense metaphoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's evil in the sense metaphoric
+sense that it is perfectly prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it is perfectly prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it is perfectly prepared to
+destroy people and to use them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy people and to use them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy people and to use them for
+purposes that they themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes that they themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes that they themselves
+don't excuse me aspire to it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't excuse me aspire to it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't excuse me aspire to it so the
+whole idea of love in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of love in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of love in in
+schopenhauer um in the embodi present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer um in the embodi present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer um in the embodi present in
+the chapter called the metaphysics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter called the metaphysics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter called the metaphysics of
+sexual love or love between the Sexes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual love or love between the Sexes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual love or love between the Sexes is
+that love is uh an attempt on the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that love is uh an attempt on the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that love is uh an attempt on the part
+of the will to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the will to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the will to stay
+alive in dimorphic creatures like us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive in dimorphic creatures like us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive in dimorphic creatures like us by
+inducing in uh intersexual coidus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing in uh intersexual coidus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing in uh intersexual coidus
+because that's the only way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way in which
+life goes on for us in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life goes on for us in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life goes on for us in order to get the
+right man to mate with the right woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right man to mate with the right woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right man to mate with the right woman
+for the sake of the future Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of the future Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of the future Generations
+that are beneficial to the Contin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are beneficial to the Contin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are beneficial to the Contin of
+life in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in the
+species Nature has contrived for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species Nature has contrived for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species Nature has contrived for them to
+fall in love they fall in love thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in love they fall in love thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in love they fall in love thinking
+that it's only in the arms of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's only in the arms of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's only in the arms of the other
+person they're going to find happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they're going to find happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they're going to find happiness
+they fall in love thinking that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall in love thinking that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall in love thinking that only
+that person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is
+worth bestowing energy upon that she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth bestowing energy upon that she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth bestowing energy upon that she is
+the most beautiful of women that he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most beautiful of women that he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most beautiful of women that he is
+the most handsome of men this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most handsome of men this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most handsome of men this is
+characteristic of 19th century romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of 19th century romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of 19th century romantic
+love and uh schopenhauer says those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and uh schopenhauer says those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and uh schopenhauer says those who
+say that love doesn't exist or that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that love doesn't exist or that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that love doesn't exist or that it's
+unimportant are wrong it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant are wrong it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant are wrong it's the most
+important thing it's just that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing it's just that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing it's just that in order
+for it to be enacted people have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be enacted people have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be enacted people have to be
+put into a state of Illusion about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into a state of Illusion about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into a state of Illusion about the
+other object and that's because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other object and that's because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other object and that's because that is
+beneficial to what the will wants quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to what the will wants quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to what the will wants quote
+wants because the will isn't conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants because the will isn't conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants because the will isn't conscious
+doesn't want things the way we want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want things the way we want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want things the way we want them
+um the way in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way in which the
+will is is charged or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is is charged or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is is charged or
+motivated uh for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated uh for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated uh for the sake of
+reproduction now if people suffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction now if people suffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction now if people suffer and
+shopan Aro thinks they do because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopan Aro thinks they do because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopan Aro thinks they do because if
+you're living in illusion with a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're living in illusion with a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're living in illusion with a person
+that you eventually will find out is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you eventually will find out is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you eventually will find out is not
+what you thought he or she was there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you thought he or she was there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you thought he or she was there's
+going to be a great deal of suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a great deal of suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a great deal of suffering
+and so marriage is based upon passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so marriage is based upon passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so marriage is based upon passion
+that is sexual ardor that can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sexual ardor that can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sexual ardor that can lead to
+cois and uh in order for the cois to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cois and uh in order for the cois to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cois and uh in order for the cois to be
+functional that happens within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that happens within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that happens within a
+marriage um such marriages are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage um such marriages are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage um such marriages are usually
+miserable people end up uh giving birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable people end up uh giving birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable people end up uh giving birth
+to the Next Generation but hating each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Next Generation but hating each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Next Generation but hating each
+other the only kind of marriage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the only kind of marriage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the only kind of marriage that
+shopen house has ever affords any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopen house has ever affords any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopen house has ever affords any kind
+of happiness or marriages of convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happiness or marriages of convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happiness or marriages of convenience
+where you marry somebody because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you marry somebody because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you marry somebody because he's
+rich rich or she's Rich because it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich rich or she's Rich because it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich rich or she's Rich because it fits
+a political scheme that you believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political scheme that you believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political scheme that you believe in
+uh that kind of marriage where passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that kind of marriage where passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that kind of marriage where passion
+uh is not the prime motive that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not the prime motive that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not the prime motive that can
+sometimes be happy but marriage is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be happy but marriage is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be happy but marriage is based
+on what lovers are hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what lovers are hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what lovers are hoping
+for in their passionate State those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in their passionate State those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in their passionate State those
+usually turn out badly so there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually turn out badly so there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually turn out badly so there is an
+illusion which is evil or creates harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion which is evil or creates harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion which is evil or creates harm
+creates a great deal of Misery all so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a great deal of Misery all so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a great deal of Misery all so um
+most of human life according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of human life according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of human life according to
+schopenhauer is unhappy people live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer is unhappy people live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer is unhappy people live and
+they give birth to Future Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give birth to Future Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give birth to Future Generations
+but uh in conditions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in conditions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in conditions that are
+not capable of bringing about widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of bringing about widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of bringing about widespread
+happiness and then they die they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness and then they die they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness and then they die they they
+they're they just as Pawns of the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they just as Pawns of the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they just as Pawns of the will
+and that's a tragedy so in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a tragedy so in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a tragedy so in that sense
+the will is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will is
+evil um I one could say most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil um I one could say most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil um I one could say most of this
+without bringing in that moralistic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bringing in that moralistic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bringing in that moralistic term
+but it is representative of what sh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is representative of what sh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is representative of what sh in
+our beliefs does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beliefs does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beliefs does that answer your
+question okay then Nick can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay then Nick can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay then Nick can go
+on but I'm eager to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I'm eager to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I'm eager to get your
+ideas not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas not not
+mine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine okay
+um sh continues to um to state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sh continues to um to state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sh continues to um to state that
+compassion as a basis of morality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion as a basis of morality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion as a basis of morality and
+that compassion is a feeling um apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compassion is a feeling um apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compassion is a feeling um apart
+from love um play states that nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from love um play states that nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from love um play states that nothing is
+ruled by feelings and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled by feelings and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled by feelings and everything is
+ruled by all reason so therefore he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled by all reason so therefore he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled by all reason so therefore he
+doesn't take into account compassion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account compassion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account compassion and
+Freud also states that um love can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud also states that um love can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud also states that um love can never
+benefit oneself so uh he also just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit oneself so uh he also just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit oneself so uh he also just kind
+of tosses inside compassion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tosses inside compassion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tosses inside compassion because
+um he doesn't believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um he doesn't believe that compassion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he doesn't believe that compassion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he doesn't believe that compassion so
+since compassion would Al benit you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since compassion would Al benit you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since compassion would Al benit you as
+well if you befriend someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there is that big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is that big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is that big difference between
+schopenhauer and Frey that's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer and Frey that's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer and Frey that's true in
+beyond the Pleasure Principle a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the Pleasure Principle a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the Pleasure Principle a book
+Freud wrote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud wrote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud wrote in
+1921 he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1921 he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1921 he talks
+about uh the search for death being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the search for death being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the search for death being
+instinctual in us and that um life seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual in us and that um life seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual in us and that um life seems
+to fit the shophow Arian pattern what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit the shophow Arian pattern what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit the shophow Arian pattern what he
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+recognize is that part of the shophow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that part of the shophow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that part of the shophow
+Arian pattern is schopenhauer's belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arian pattern is schopenhauer's belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arian pattern is schopenhauer's belief
+that for some mysterious reason we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some mysterious reason we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some mysterious reason we are
+capable of transcending our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of transcending our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of transcending our own
+selfishness everything in nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishness everything in nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfishness everything in nature is
+selfish because that's the way the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish because that's the way the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish because that's the way the will
+manages to stay alive uh even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to stay alive uh even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to stay alive uh even if it's
+destructive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive of
+other entities that want to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other entities that want to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other entities that want to live
+but Chow says somehow compassion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Chow says somehow compassion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Chow says somehow compassion can
+also come into it for human beings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also come into it for human beings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also come into it for human beings and
+it's a mystery and he doesn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mystery and he doesn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mystery and he doesn't know how
+to explain it you know one could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it you know one could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it you know one could say
+well he doesn't want to confess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he doesn't want to confess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he doesn't want to confess that
+he's self-contradictory in his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's self-contradictory in his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's self-contradictory in his uh
+naturalistic Philosophy for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalistic Philosophy for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalistic Philosophy for whatever
+reason schopenhauer constructs all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason schopenhauer constructs all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason schopenhauer constructs all of
+morality out of the fact that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality out of the fact that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality out of the fact that human
+beings are capable of compassion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are capable of compassion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are capable of compassion which
+means a non-selfish concern about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a non-selfish concern about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a non-selfish concern about other
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entity uh and that is not present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity uh and that is not present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity uh and that is not present in
+Freud if you have that kind of uh love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud if you have that kind of uh love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud if you have that kind of uh love
+for instance love of humanity as such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance love of humanity as such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance love of humanity as such
+love of suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of suffering
+Humanity then that's a manifestation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity then that's a manifestation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity then that's a manifestation of
+some confusion or weakness on your part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confusion or weakness on your part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confusion or weakness on your part
+why does you do it what's the good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does you do it what's the good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does you do it what's the good to
+you uh in one of the later books of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in one of the later books of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in one of the later books of of
+Freud which is really a Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud which is really a Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud which is really a Great
+Masterpiece that everybody who graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masterpiece that everybody who graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masterpiece that everybody who graduates
+from high school from college should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high school from college should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high school from college should be
+required to read called um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to read called um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to read called um uh
+civilization and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and its
+discontents he argues that um the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontents he argues that um the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontents he argues that um the love
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+humanity uh does not uh make a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity uh does not uh make a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity uh does not uh make a person
+better it does not uh it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it does not uh it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it does not uh it does not
+strengthen him it's just the confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen him it's just the confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen him it's just the confusion
+that uh prevents him from Living living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh prevents him from Living living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh prevents him from Living living
+the kind of healthy strong life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of healthy strong life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of healthy strong life that
+comes by satisfying his own selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impulses so this is a problem for Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses so this is a problem for Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses so this is a problem for Freud
+and he tries to handle it in his own way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tries to handle it in his own way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tries to handle it in his own way
+whereas for schopenhauer uh it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for schopenhauer uh it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for schopenhauer uh it the
+problem is solved because the love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is solved because the love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is solved because the love of
+humanity is an illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity is an illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity is an illustration of
+compassion and compassion is instinctual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion and compassion is instinctual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion and compassion is instinctual
+to us he says why he says I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us he says why he says I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us he says why he says I don't know
+but it is and out of this all morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is and out of this all morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is and out of this all morality
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Springs so the reason to do uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so the reason to do uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so the reason to do uh good
+would be because you have a concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be because you have a concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be because you have a concern
+about the harm that would come to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the harm that would come to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the harm that would come to other
+people and compassion to desire not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and compassion to desire not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and compassion to desire not to
+allow that harm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that harm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that harm to
+occur so there is that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so there is that further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so there is that further
+complexity in Freud in uh I'm sorry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in Freud in uh I'm sorry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in Freud in uh I'm sorry in
+schopenhauer that doesn't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer that doesn't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer that doesn't exist in
+frud um I have just one thought um Elsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frud um I have just one thought um Elsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frud um I have just one thought um Elsa
+what I'm sorry have just one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm sorry have just one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm sorry have just one quick
+thought in a naturalistic sense wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought in a naturalistic sense wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought in a naturalistic sense wouldn't
+Compassion or the love of humanity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compassion or the love of humanity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compassion or the love of humanity um
+just be another manifestation of man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be another manifestation of man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be another manifestation of man's
+wanting or man wanting to perpetuate his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting or man wanting to perpetuate his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting or man wanting to perpetuate his
+species because if I mean obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species because if I mean obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species because if I mean obviously you
+don't want to kill off your race or then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to kill off your race or then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to kill off your race or then
+you know what's the point so wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the point so wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the point so wouldn't
+that compassion kind of well relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compassion kind of well relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compassion kind of well relate to
+it why why would you care about killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why why would you care about killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why why would you care about killing
+off the race after your death you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the race after your death you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the race after your death you're
+dead I mean you don't want want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead I mean you don't want want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead I mean you don't want want to
+destroy them all while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy them all while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy them all while you're
+alive but um for the sake of living a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive but um for the sake of living a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive but um for the sake of living a
+good life yourself it might be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good life yourself it might be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good life yourself it might be helpful
+to get rid of the the ones who need your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the the ones who need your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the the ones who need your
+compassion uh this this is has immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion uh this this is has immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion uh this this is has immediate
+practical ramifications in a democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical ramifications in a democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical ramifications in a democracy
+because in a democracy there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a democracy there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a democracy there is an
+attempt to provide welfare for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to provide welfare for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to provide welfare for those who
+can't survive in a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't survive in a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't survive in a competitive
+capitalist system of the sort that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist system of the sort that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist system of the sort that we
+have well those who have a good job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well those who have a good job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well those who have a good job and
+are surviving and have H are satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surviving and have H are satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surviving and have H are satisfied
+with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+Investments if they wanted to for purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments if they wanted to for purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments if they wanted to for purely
+selfish reasons they could argue well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish reasons they could argue well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish reasons they could argue well
+let's get rid of those who uh are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get rid of those who uh are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get rid of those who uh are the
+underclass they don't benefit us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underclass they don't benefit us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underclass they don't benefit us and
+they don't um they don't benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't um they don't benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't um they don't benefit the
+society whereas the argument to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society whereas the argument to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society whereas the argument to someone
+who believes in compassion is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who believes in compassion is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who believes in compassion is that if
+they uh can't survive in this Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh can't survive in this Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh can't survive in this Society
+then we have to help them we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to help them we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to help them we have to
+change society to that extent so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change society to that extent so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change society to that extent so this
+you see this gets this gets to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this gets this gets to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this gets this gets to be a very
+important thing um and the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing um and the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing um and the point about
+the the race as a whole uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the race as a whole uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the race as a whole uh it's
+notorious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious
+that individuals and Nations seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individuals and Nations seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individuals and Nations seem to
+care very little about the race they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care very little about the race they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care very little about the race they
+just care about their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just care about their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just care about their own
+Survival now if you if you drop atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survival now if you if you drop atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survival now if you if you drop atomic
+bombs and destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs and destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs and destroy
+the race then you're going to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race then you're going to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race then you're going to destroy
+all of the members of race including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the members of race including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the members of race including
+yourself so that's counterproductive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so that's counterproductive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so that's counterproductive but
+it isn't because you are necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't because you are necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't because you are necessarily
+motivated by a concern about the race as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by a concern about the race as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by a concern about the race as
+such now some people are but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such now some people are but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such now some people are but then the
+question is what would a one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what would a one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what would a one kind of
+naturalist of A Sort uh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalist of A Sort uh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalist of A Sort uh that would
+follow from Freud's theory I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from Freud's theory I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from Freud's theory I think about
+that compared to someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compared to someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compared to someone like
+schopenhauer who would say uh uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer who would say uh uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer who would say uh uh in the
+process you're destroying an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're destroying an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're destroying an important
+part of yourself because that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of yourself because that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of yourself because that you
+because of the compassion which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the compassion which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the compassion which is the
+basis of all morality now in Practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of all morality now in Practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of all morality now in Practical
+terms flud was also a reformer um he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms flud was also a reformer um he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms flud was also a reformer um he was
+against for instance social laws that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against for instance social laws that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against for instance social laws that
+prevented people from uh enjoying their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented people from uh enjoying their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented people from uh enjoying their
+sexuality unimpaired so he was in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality unimpaired so he was in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality unimpaired so he was in favor
+of divorce uh he doesn't quite Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divorce uh he doesn't quite Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divorce uh he doesn't quite Act
+Advocate adultery but he says Society is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate adultery but he says Society is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate adultery but he says Society is
+too harsh on Those who commit adultery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too harsh on Those who commit adultery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too harsh on Those who commit adultery
+um and that all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that all sorts
+of uh conservative uh laws about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh conservative uh laws about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh conservative uh laws about one
+sexuality should be loosened in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality should be loosened in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality should be loosened in order to
+allow people to attain greater happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow people to attain greater happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow people to attain greater happiness
+and then of course as a doctor as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course as a doctor as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course as a doctor as a
+psychiatrist he devotes himself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist he devotes himself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist he devotes himself to
+helping people to live a good life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people to live a good life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people to live a good life and
+to overcome their neurosis and get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome their neurosis and get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome their neurosis and get more
+happiness in their personal intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness in their personal intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness in their personal intimate
+affairs so it is as if he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affairs so it is as if he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affairs so it is as if he is a
+cold-hearted uh see reactionary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold-hearted uh see reactionary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold-hearted uh see reactionary or
+conservative but the the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative but the the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative but the the fundamental
+philosophical questions still would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical questions still would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical questions still would be
+different from those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those of
+schopenhauer as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer as a matter of fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer as a matter of fact
+schopenhauer himself was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer himself was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer himself was much more
+conservative in his politics than Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative in his politics than Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative in his politics than Freud
+was but by having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but by having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but by having that
+that way of thinking of Morality In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way of thinking of Morality In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way of thinking of Morality In
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+compassion it seems to me it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion it seems to me it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion it seems to me it's a very
+different kind of philosophy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of philosophy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of philosophy from
+Freud's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's
+who finds the disc civilization and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who finds the disc civilization and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who finds the disc civilization and its
+discontents uh as a result of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontents uh as a result of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontents uh as a result of the fact
+that people aren't sufficiently selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people aren't sufficiently selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people aren't sufficiently selfish
+in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way
+of loving themselves rather than loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loving themselves rather than loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loving themselves rather than loving
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people that's that's part of Freud's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's that's part of Freud's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's that's part of Freud's uh
+critique of Christianity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of Christianity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of Christianity
+says love your neighbors um uh love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says love your neighbors um uh love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says love your neighbors um uh love
+those who do harm to you and Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who do harm to you and Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who do harm to you and Freud
+belonging to a minority people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to a minority people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to a minority people who were
+persecuted unfairly the Jews uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persecuted unfairly the Jews uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persecuted unfairly the Jews uh
+naturally though he doesn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally though he doesn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally though he doesn't say that
+he's speaking as a Jew uh repli but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's speaking as a Jew uh repli but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's speaking as a Jew uh repli but why
+but they're trying to kill me and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're trying to kill me and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're trying to kill me and my
+people why should I love them for it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people why should I love them for it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people why should I love them for it why
+shouldn't I resist why shouldn't I fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't I resist why shouldn't I fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't I resist why shouldn't I fight
+against them what kind of a religion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them what kind of a religion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them what kind of a religion is
+this that tells me to submit and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that tells me to submit and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that tells me to submit and to be
+passive uh and self-sacrificial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive uh and self-sacrificial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive uh and self-sacrificial in
+imitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of
+Christ schopenhauer doesn't think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ schopenhauer doesn't think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ schopenhauer doesn't think in
+those terms at all while not being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms at all while not being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms at all while not being a
+Christian being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian being a
+anti-christian uh he has a different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-christian uh he has a different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-christian uh he has a different uh
+fundamental theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um shinh Hower uh continues to to um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shinh Hower uh continues to to um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shinh Hower uh continues to to um or
+states that ideals emerge from Primal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that ideals emerge from Primal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that ideals emerge from Primal
+forces um and that they show themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces um and that they show themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces um and that they show themselves
+in human nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human nature and
+then imagination is U the creative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then imagination is U the creative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then imagination is U the creative um
+faculties that modified determinance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties that modified determinance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties that modified determinance of
+human nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um Imagination kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um Imagination kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um Imagination kind
+of changes the way that ideals emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changes the way that ideals emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changes the way that ideals emerge
+and therefore both interplay to whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore both interplay to whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore both interplay to whose
+idea is that that's your idea right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that that's your idea right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that that's your idea right okay
+um do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah I would have to say that I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I would have to say that I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I would have to say that I agree
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um your own way of viewing the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your own way of viewing the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your own way of viewing the world is
+um basically change or changes in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically change or changes in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically change or changes in how
+you create your ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone want to said those who those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to said those who those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to said those who those who
+haven't yet read the chapter of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet read the chapter of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet read the chapter of course
+can't say much but those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say much but those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say much but those who
+have anything you would like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything you would like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything you would like to say
+that's critical of me please please be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's critical of me please please be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's critical of me please please be
+critical of meate the idea I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of meate the idea I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of meate the idea I didn't
+fully catch that you didn't quite hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully catch that you didn't quite hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully catch that you didn't quite hear
+what he was saying no um you see um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was saying no um you see um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was saying no um you see um I
+think we're misled by Ron being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're misled by Ron being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're misled by Ron being able to
+pick you up by turning the amplifier at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick you up by turning the amplifier at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick you up by turning the amplifier at
+the camera because you have to project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera because you have to project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera because you have to project
+so the other end of the table will okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other end of the table will okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other end of the table will okay
+uh imag I heard you but Tyler didn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh imag I heard you but Tyler didn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh imag I heard you but Tyler didn't so
+could you do it again imagination is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you do it again imagination is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you do it again imagination is the
+creative faculties that modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative faculties that modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative faculties that modify
+determinant of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of human
+nature so the idea that imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so the idea that imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so the idea that imagination
+transforms the ideas you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the ideas you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the ideas you make
+that are shown in your human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are shown in your human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are shown in your human
+nature I think that's very true since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I think that's very true since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I think that's very true since
+imagination is your own perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is your own perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is your own perception of
+the bound or or even the boundlessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound or or even the boundlessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound or or even the boundlessness
+of of what you can uh create or or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what you can uh create or or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what you can uh create or or do
+with your life so you're you are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your life so you're you are bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your life so you're you are bounded
+by your imagination that is that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your imagination that is that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your imagination that is that is what
+determines what your life will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what your life will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what your life will
+be um I think that's true but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um I think that's true but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um I think that's true but I don't
+think that was the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was the point
+that uh Nick was referring to in in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Nick was referring to in in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Nick was referring to in in my
+chapter um because he was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um because he was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um because he was talking about
+the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which
+imagination changes your conception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination changes your conception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination changes your conception of
+the world and affects the ideals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and affects the ideals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and affects the ideals that
+you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also
+creating so that uh living for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so that uh living for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so that uh living for the sake
+of those ideals you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those ideals you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those ideals you end up with
+something very different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different from what you
+would have had if you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had if you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had if you would have a
+different level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level of
+imagination now it's also true what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination now it's also true what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination now it's also true what you
+just now saying that there are limits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now saying that there are limits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now saying that there are limits to
+one's imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's imagination
+and um one of the functions of Art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one of the functions of Art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one of the functions of Art and
+of science but above all of teaching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science but above all of teaching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science but above all of teaching is
+to awaken imagination in other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to awaken imagination in other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to awaken imagination in other people so
+that those bounds will no longer exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those bounds will no longer exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those bounds will no longer exist
+or at least be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least be
+expanded there are there's always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded there are there's always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded there are there's always going
+to be a bound since the M the mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bound since the M the mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bound since the M the mind is
+not an infinite no but but within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an infinite no but but within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an infinite no but but within the
+limitations of imagination we use very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of imagination we use very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of imagination we use very
+little of the totality MH uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of the totality MH uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of the totality MH uh and
+therefore that the job of Art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that the job of Art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that the job of Art and
+Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and
+education uh we all there's a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education uh we all there's a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education uh we all there's a phrase
+that I like very much it's just a cliche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like very much it's just a cliche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like very much it's just a cliche
+that the uh scales fell from my eyes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh scales fell from my eyes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh scales fell from my eyes it
+probably comes from the Bible um meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably comes from the Bible um meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably comes from the Bible um meaning
+that until I was something was pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that until I was something was pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that until I was something was pointed
+out to me or some something I read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to me or some something I read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to me or some something I read or
+experienced affected my powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced affected my powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced affected my powers of
+perception there were things I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception there were things I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception there were things I I
+couldn't see things I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see things I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see things I couldn't
+imagine and when the enlightening event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine and when the enlightening event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine and when the enlightening event
+occurred it's as if there were scales on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred it's as if there were scales on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred it's as if there were scales on
+my eyes and they fell away well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my eyes and they fell away well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my eyes and they fell away well I think
+that is what happens to us very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what happens to us very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what happens to us very often
+when we benefit from art from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we benefit from art from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we benefit from art from
+science uh from education uh it's within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh from education uh it's within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh from education uh it's within
+a certain overall parameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain overall parameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain overall parameter of
+possibilities the imagination but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the imagination but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the imagination but since
+we use so little uh there's a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use so little uh there's a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use so little uh there's a great deal
+of opportunity for developing one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunity for developing one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunity for developing one's
+imagination much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further uh the um filmmaker I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh the um filmmaker I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh the um filmmaker I think I've
+mentioned before Jean renois in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before Jean renois in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before Jean renois in his
+writings on film says in one place uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings on film says in one place uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings on film says in one place uh I
+I quickly learned when I started making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I quickly learned when I started making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I quickly learned when I started making
+movies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in
+1930s that the modern man had lost his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s that the modern man had lost his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s that the modern man had lost his
+power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to
+see not literally but somehow he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see not literally but somehow he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see not literally but somehow he didn't
+observe things and that the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe things and that the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe things and that the function of
+fil Mar is to get us just to sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fil Mar is to get us just to sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fil Mar is to get us just to sense the
+world better to see things further to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world better to see things further to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world better to see things further to
+have new kinds of immed mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have new kinds of immed mediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have new kinds of immed mediate
+experiences than then we are accustomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences than then we are accustomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences than then we are accustomed
+to anymore because there's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anymore because there's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anymore because there's the whole
+pressure of uh technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of uh technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of uh technology of
+commercialization and of he doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization and of he doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization and of he doesn't go
+into it but increase the pressures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but increase the pressures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but increase the pressures from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+overpopulation and all kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpopulation and all kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpopulation and all kinds of uh
+influences upon individual personalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences upon individual personalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences upon individual personalities
+such that we don't develop our ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we don't develop our ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we don't develop our ability
+to imagine and con we don't see as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine and con we don't see as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine and con we don't see as much
+and that's the job of the artist and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the job of the artist and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the job of the artist and I
+think that's right uh but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right uh but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right uh but um
+doesn't suggest that there's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't suggest that there's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't suggest that there's an infinite
+Improvement that's possible just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement that's possible just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement that's possible just an
+awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful
+lot and this will vary from person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and this will vary from person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and this will vary from person to
+person Society to society and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Society to society and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Society to society and I think
+also art from one art to another and Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also art from one art to another and Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also art from one art to another and Art
+and Science uh different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Science uh different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Science uh different ways and
+different areas and different degrees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas and different degrees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas and different degrees in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+imagination can be developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination can be developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination can be developed
+but all creativity will be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all creativity will be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all creativity will be a function of
+that effort being made I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effort being made I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effort being made I think that's
+the crucial thing and it affects our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crucial thing and it affects our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crucial thing and it affects our
+ideals uh Nick mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals uh Nick mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals uh Nick mentioned
+ideals as something we live with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals as something we live with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals as something we live with but
+they never fixed they're subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never fixed they're subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never fixed they're subject to
+Evolution to uh on this John Dewey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution to uh on this John Dewey's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution to uh on this John Dewey's
+writings are are very good that he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings are are very good that he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings are are very good that he says
+we've got to think about ideals the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to think about ideals the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to think about ideals the way
+we do about other natural entities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do about other natural entities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do about other natural entities that
+just as uh there is an evolution in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as uh there is an evolution in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as uh there is an evolution in uh
+behavioral forms of um uh animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral forms of um uh animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral forms of um uh animals and
+the behavior of animals that scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of animals that scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of animals that scientists
+will discuss or or even geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss or or even geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss or or even geological
+Evolution uh astronomical changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh astronomical changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh astronomical changes that
+show evolutionary patterns um so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show evolutionary patterns um so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show evolutionary patterns um so to
+ideals develop we shouldn't expect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals develop we shouldn't expect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals develop we shouldn't expect them
+to be a constant we shouldn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant we shouldn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant we shouldn't expect
+them to be WR for all eternity by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be WR for all eternity by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be WR for all eternity by some
+Supreme Being who laid them down as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Being who laid them down as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Being who laid them down as the
+fixed rules for humanities and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed rules for humanities and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed rules for humanities and certainly
+in the history of societies we find they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of societies we find they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of societies we find they
+they're always shifting they're like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always shifting they're like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always shifting they're like uh
+geological plates that are always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological plates that are always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological plates that are always in the
+Earth in our in our world and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth in our in our world and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth in our in our world and moving
+around well trapping the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around well trapping the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around well trapping the evolution of
+ideals which some some writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals which some some writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals which some some writers
+sociologist anthropologists historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist anthropologists historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist anthropologists historians
+do but not enough uh at least not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but not enough uh at least not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but not enough uh at least not with
+the kind of Brilliance that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of Brilliance that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of Brilliance that a
+philosopher like dwey does though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher like dwey does though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher like dwey does though he
+doesn't do the historical job just talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do the historical job just talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do the historical job just talks
+about uh the nature of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the nature of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the nature of the problem
+um would reveal how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would reveal how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would reveal how
+much we are always creating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we are always creating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we are always creating and
+recreating our ideals our ideals are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreating our ideals our ideals are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreating our ideals our ideals are in
+flux at this point let me make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux at this point let me make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux at this point let me make very
+briefly uh comment about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh comment about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh comment about something
+current which is the tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is the tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is the tremendous
+controversy about same-sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy about same-sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy about same-sex
+marriage uh members of your generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage uh members of your generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage uh members of your generation
+can't possibly have any idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly have any idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly have any idea of what
+attitudes towards that whole area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards that whole area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards that whole area of
+sexuality were like 30 years ago you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality were like 30 years ago you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality were like 30 years ago you may
+I don't know how much you may have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much you may have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much you may have read
+about it about the sexual Revolution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it about the sexual Revolution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it about the sexual Revolution as
+it's called in 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called in 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called in 1970
+uh that's what about 30 years 30 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what about 30 years 30 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what about 30 years 30 35
+years ago but all of this is result of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but all of this is result of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but all of this is result of a
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+evolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in
+H Western man and specifically American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Western man and specifically American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Western man and specifically American
+society um Western man thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society um Western man thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society um Western man thinking about
+his sexuality its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his sexuality its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his sexuality its
+sexuality uh this is an evolving fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality uh this is an evolving fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality uh this is an evolving fluid
+situation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh
+when I was young young nobody even used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young young nobody even used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young young nobody even used
+the word homosexual or knew what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word homosexual or knew what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word homosexual or knew what it was
+like no it wasn't a matter of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no it wasn't a matter of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no it wasn't a matter of any
+awareness and there weren't any ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness and there weren't any ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness and there weren't any ideals
+whether this is good or bad it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is good or bad it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is good or bad it was just
+too bizarre to even to think about too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bizarre to even to think about too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bizarre to even to think about too
+freakish um in the 70s a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freakish um in the 70s a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freakish um in the 70s a lot of these
+questions were reopened and there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were reopened and there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were reopened and there's been
+an evolution about what the the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolution about what the the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolution about what the the nature
+of women because feminism also started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of women because feminism also started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of women because feminism also started
+burgeoning at that point the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgeoning at that point the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgeoning at that point the most recent
+phase of feminism and also how sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of feminism and also how sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of feminism and also how sexual
+orientation ought to be or not to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation ought to be or not to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation ought to be or not to be um
+and even uh very recently when for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even uh very recently when for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even uh very recently when for the
+first time in uh certainly American life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in uh certainly American life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in uh certainly American life
+and maybe the life of most countries uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the life of most countries uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the life of most countries uh
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+legislative that sexual Choice was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative that sexual Choice was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative that sexual Choice was a
+matter of Freedom that the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of Freedom that the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of Freedom that the government
+had had no right to interfere in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had no right to interfere in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had no right to interfere in just
+sexual Choice see that's an evolu that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Choice see that's an evolu that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Choice see that's an evolu that
+is an ideal itself which didn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ideal itself which didn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ideal itself which didn't exist
+until very recently and now the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very recently and now the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very recently and now the further
+question is well assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well assuming that
+governments can't interfere with sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments can't interfere with sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments can't interfere with sexual
+choice or even sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice or even sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice or even sexual
+orientation um how does that implicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation um how does that implicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation um how does that implicate
+upon legalized marriage that marriage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon legalized marriage that marriage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon legalized marriage that marriage is
+a great ideal in the western world one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great ideal in the western world one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great ideal in the western world one
+that has been cherished not just by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been cherished not just by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been cherished not just by the
+churches but also by Ordinary People in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches but also by Ordinary People in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches but also by Ordinary People in
+everyday secular life these ideals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday secular life these ideals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday secular life these ideals are
+in great flux and and what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great flux and and what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great flux and and what's going on
+what's so exciting is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so exciting is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so exciting is the fact that
+what's going on throughout the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on throughout the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on throughout the country
+is a battle uh of A Sort that always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a battle uh of A Sort that always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a battle uh of A Sort that always
+exists between Advocates of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists between Advocates of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists between Advocates of different uh
+ideals and different developments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and different developments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and different developments of
+even the same ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the same ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the same ideal
+and the outcome is always uncertain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcome is always uncertain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcome is always uncertain but
+it's never written you know in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never written you know in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never written you know in advance
+in a way that can't be changed it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that can't be changed it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that can't be changed it's a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+evolution that's relevant to what Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution that's relevant to what Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution that's relevant to what Nick
+is talking about because by as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talking about because by as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talking about because by as you know
+by idealization I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by idealization I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by idealization I
+mean the making of ideals well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the making of ideals well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the making of ideals well the
+making of ideals is an empirical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of ideals is an empirical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of ideals is an empirical process
+that people philosophers don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people philosophers don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people philosophers don't think
+about very much and that is to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very much and that is to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very much and that is to all of
+the variability that scientists take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability that scientists take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability that scientists take for
+granted when they study geology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted when they study geology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted when they study geology or
+biology or or um um one or another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or or um um one or another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or or um um one or another form
+of Technology there's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology there's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology there's always going to be
+an evolution we don't know where it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolution we don't know where it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolution we don't know where it'll
+go we can't be sure where it should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we can't be sure where it should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we can't be sure where it should go
+and whatever happens is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever happens is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever happens is always going to
+be a great deal of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a great deal of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a great deal of what the
+anthropologists the primatologist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologists the primatologist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologists the primatologist in
+particular call uh equivocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular call uh equivocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular call uh equivocation
+you all familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all familiar with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all familiar with that
+concept no no I'm sorry not equivocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept no no I'm sorry not equivocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept no no I'm sorry not equivocation
+forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+equilibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration
+equilibration I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration I'm
+sorry um sa you're nodding do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um sa you're nodding do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um sa you're nodding do you want
+to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell
+people I have an idea well let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I have an idea well let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I have an idea well let's say you
+have two animal colonies and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two animal colonies and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two animal colonies and they're
+hostile toward each other uh but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile toward each other uh but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile toward each other uh but they
+are forced to live in the same place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forced to live in the same place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forced to live in the same place and
+so they're always testing their strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're always testing their strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're always testing their strength
+against each other uh they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other uh they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other uh they're always
+equilibrating they always try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrating they always try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrating they always try to work
+out some kind of stable relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some kind of stable relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some kind of stable relationship and
+if one can't dominate the other then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one can't dominate the other then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one can't dominate the other then
+they have to sort of balance the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to sort of balance the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to sort of balance the forces
+in a way that be beneficial to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that be beneficial to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that be beneficial to both
+that's equilibration and it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equilibration and it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equilibration and it's part of
+the uh natural process in behavioral bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh natural process in behavioral bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh natural process in behavioral bi
+biology well the same as true of ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology well the same as true of ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology well the same as true of ideals
+they're always they are always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always they are always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always they are always a
+function of some equilibration in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some equilibration in people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some equilibration in people
+living in some particular setting uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in some particular setting uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in some particular setting uh is
+it getting close to time when we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it getting close to time when we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it getting close to time when we have to
+stop uh you have five more minutes Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop uh you have five more minutes Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop uh you have five more minutes Nick
+go ahead okay well I mean you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead okay well I mean you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead okay well I mean you don't need
+to stop class on a kind of me I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop class on a kind of me I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop class on a kind of me I'll just
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+um uh another philosopher predicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh another philosopher predicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh another philosopher predicts that
+or PR predicts that all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PR predicts that all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PR predicts that all positive
+feelings such as sexuality love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings such as sexuality love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings such as sexuality love
+friendship and just any postive feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship and just any postive feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship and just any postive feelings
+towards other people um is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards other people um is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards other people um is really a
+response to an image created to possess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to an image created to possess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to an image created to possess
+an object um and he sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object um and he sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object um and he sees
+imagination as relevant to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as relevant to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as relevant to all
+senses so um this image is an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses so um this image is an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses so um this image is an expression
+of values that is important to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values that is important to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values that is important to the
+person um it's a projection of ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um it's a projection of ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um it's a projection of ideals
+that arise due to trying to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise due to trying to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise due to trying to get uh
+maximum fulfillment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum fulfillment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum fulfillment so
+but um um the person tries to uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um um the person tries to uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um um the person tries to uh or
+creates this image so he can try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates this image so he can try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates this image so he can try and
+hide the true reality and attain this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the true reality and attain this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the true reality and attain this um
+maximum fulfillment so he can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum fulfillment so he can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum fulfillment so he can be more
+happy um but he's not just also trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy um but he's not just also trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy um but he's not just also trying
+to you know reach maximum perform he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know reach maximum perform he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know reach maximum perform he's
+also trying to possess um the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trying to possess um the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trying to possess um the physical
+um the hidden reality behind the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hidden reality behind the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hidden reality behind the um the
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+um the image hides us from what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the image hides us from what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the image hides us from what we're
+truly seeking um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly seeking um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly seeking um I
+guess um the truth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um the truth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um the truth of
+reality and because of this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and because of this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and because of this we're
+divided uh between the search of Truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided uh between the search of Truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided uh between the search of Truth
+and human needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human needs to
+reproduce so the consumatory Oneness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce so the consumatory Oneness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce so the consumatory Oneness
+will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fail so like um the more you try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so like um the more you try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so like um the more you try and
+um um attain either one of the needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um attain either one of the needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um attain either one of the needs the
+more damaging the failure when you since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more damaging the failure when you since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more damaging the failure when you since
+you always um fail in trying to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always um fail in trying to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always um fail in trying to um
+attain both truth and human needs um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain both truth and human needs um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain both truth and human needs um the
+more you yearn for both of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you yearn for both of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you yearn for both of them the
+harder you the D more damaging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder you the D more damaging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder you the D more damaging the
+failure anybody want to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can you break that down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you break that down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you break that down a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+um yeah sure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah sure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah sure um
+I guess as earlier like Professor singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess as earlier like Professor singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess as earlier like Professor singer
+said that we're vegetative beings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we're vegetative beings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we're vegetative beings but
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+also more than vegetative beings as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more than vegetative beings as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more than vegetative beings as well
+and we also in addition to just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also in addition to just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also in addition to just trying
+to reproduce we also try and search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce we also try and search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce we also try and search for
+truth and um but since we can't do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and um but since we can't do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and um but since we can't do both
+and if we try to do both we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we try to do both we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we try to do both we're always
+going to fail to find this Oneness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail to find this Oneness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail to find this Oneness of
+finding truth and attaining human needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and PR says the only way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and PR says the only way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and PR says the only way to the
+only the only solution to it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only solution to it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only solution to it is to
+remove himself from all types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove himself from all types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove himself from all types of
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+attachments uh all except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments uh all except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments uh all except for the
+attachment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment to
+Art because he sees art as um vital for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art because he sees art as um vital for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art because he sees art as um vital for
+continuing um I guess the expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing um I guess the expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing um I guess the expansion of
+one's imagination I wasn't really sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's imagination I wasn't really sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's imagination I wasn't really sure
+about why he only um accepted all art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why he only um accepted all art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why he only um accepted all art
+from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all
+attachments yeah that's PR yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments yeah that's PR yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments yeah that's PR yeah
+um if you want a more elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want a more elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want a more elaborate
+treatment of this question of PR's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of this question of PR's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of this question of PR's
+philosophy um there is a book of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um there is a book of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um there is a book of mine
+called the nature of love the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of love the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of love the modern
+world and I have in it a 70 page chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and I have in it a 70 page chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and I have in it a 70 page chapter
+on Pro PR as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Pro PR as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Pro PR as a
+philosopher uh what this is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher uh what this is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher uh what this is these are
+some later ideas I had but they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later ideas I had but they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later ideas I had but they're very
+partial and the most the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial and the most the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial and the most the complete
+presentation of whatever I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of whatever I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of whatever I think about
+PR would be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there can one assume that everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can one assume that everyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can one assume that everyone knows
+much about Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about Bruce
+here none of you have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here none of you have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here none of you have read
+him well perhaps we can come into him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him well perhaps we can come into him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him well perhaps we can come into him
+later but obviously ly this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but obviously ly this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but obviously ly this is not the
+time this we have just about no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this we have just about no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this we have just about no time
+left so why don't we stop on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so why don't we stop on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so why don't we stop on this uh
+catch up on the reading please for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up on the reading please for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up on the reading please for next
+week and uh Tyler will give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and uh Tyler will give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and uh Tyler will give the
+presentation consumation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation consumation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation consumation on
+consummation um and the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation um and the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation um and the rest of
+you I I can't be sure when the U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I can't be sure when the U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I I can't be sure when the U the
+videotapes will be available I gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotapes will be available I gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotapes will be available I gave them
+to be copied at the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be copied at the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be copied at the U
+um at the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the film
+office I would think by the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office I would think by the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office I would think by the beginning of
+next by the end of this week beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next by the end of this week beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next by the end of this week beginning
+of next week they may very well be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next week they may very well be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next week they may very well be so
+could you get them just as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you get them just as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you get them just as soon as you
+can and uh they you'll be told when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and uh they you'll be told when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and uh they you'll be told when to
+come back if they're not yet ready so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back if they're not yet ready so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back if they're not yet ready so
+I'll see you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ep_Hd5cxcWQ.txt b/ep_Hd5cxcWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23d19493c5ca2921f10fc29dce93d74fd4566d50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ep_Hd5cxcWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a creative common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh, okay. So, I'm actually going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, okay. So, I'm actually going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, okay. So, I'm actually going to keep
+discussion today pretty short because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today pretty short because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today pretty short because
+the games that we've got lined up are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games that we've got lined up are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games that we've got lined up are
+pretty long. Uh and uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty long. Uh and uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty long. Uh and uh there are
+>> two of them I know are really good. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> two of them I know are really good. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> two of them I know are really good. One
+of them was good last year. So we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was good last year. So we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was good last year. So we'll see
+again this year.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this year.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this year.
+So So we'll see. Um are they all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So we'll see. Um are they all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So we'll see. Um are they all for
+playing games at least?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing games at least?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing games at least?
+>> I'm blessed. I we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm blessed. I we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm blessed. I we're going to have
+Puerto Rico which I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rico which I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rico which I told
+>> I call thieves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I call thieves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I call thieves.
+>> Cool. Uh for people have you played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Uh for people have you played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Uh for people have you played
+thieves before?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thieves before?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thieves before?
+>> No. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. Good.
+>> Okay. So, uh, for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, uh, for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, uh, for people
+>> who played San Juan last time, I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> who played San Juan last time, I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> who played San Juan last time, I think,
+uh, Puerto Rico is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, Puerto Rico is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, Puerto Rico is an interesting
+comparison. Uh, because San's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. Uh, because San's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison. Uh, because San's actually a
+sequel to Puerto Rico. Uh, so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel to Puerto Rico. Uh, so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel to Puerto Rico. Uh, so you're
+kind of playing in reverse order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of playing in reverse order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of playing in reverse order.
+>> Uh, that was the one where, uh, sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, that was the one where, uh, sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, that was the one where, uh, sort of
+like, how would you describe it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, how would you describe it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, how would you describe it?
+>> Is it related to Race the Galaxy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is it related to Race the Galaxy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is it related to Race the Galaxy as
+well?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well?
+>> You choose the action.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You choose the action.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You choose the action.
+>> Ah, Race. Okay. So that that takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah, Race. Okay. So that that takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah, Race. Okay. So that that takes us
+right into today's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into today's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into today's uh
+>> so Puerto Rico is kind what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Puerto Rico is the um I'm going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Puerto Rico is the um I'm going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Puerto Rico is the um I'm going to I'm
+going to guess it was actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to guess it was actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to guess it was actually the first
+in the series. I certainly do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the series. I certainly do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the series. I certainly do not know
+of any immediate predecessors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any immediate predecessors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any immediate predecessors or
+inspirations and uh San's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirations and uh San's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspirations and uh San's kind of the
+carc version of this. um which is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carc version of this. um which is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carc version of this. um which is why we
+introduced it earlier because you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it earlier because you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it earlier because you guys
+were working on on card games. Race to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on on card games. Race to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on on card games. Race to
+the Galaxy is more of a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galaxy is more of a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galaxy is more of a um
+spiritual successor uh as as described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual successor uh as as described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual successor uh as as described
+in in in reading or uh but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in reading or uh but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in reading or uh but you could
+also think of it as a clone with few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of it as a clone with few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of it as a clone with few
+upgrades because it wasn't the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades because it wasn't the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrades because it wasn't the same
+people. It wasn't the same people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. It wasn't the same people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. It wasn't the same people who
+made uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh
+>> to clarify the guy who did San Juan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> to clarify the guy who did San Juan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> to clarify the guy who did San Juan and
+the guy who did Race for the Galaxy were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who did Race for the Galaxy were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who did Race for the Galaxy were
+kind of collaborating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of collaborating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of collaborating
+So the games are really similar. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the games are really similar. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the games are really similar. They
+influenced each other, but they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced each other, but they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced each other, but they were not
+strictly the same project. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly the same project. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly the same project. So you can
+think of it as multiple people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as multiple people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as multiple people from the
+same artist community turning out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same artist community turning out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same artist community turning out
+similar games at the same time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar games at the same time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar games at the same time.
+>> Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Nice.
+>> You know, uh but yeah, informed by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You know, uh but yeah, informed by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You know, uh but yeah, informed by each
+other. And um and when Race came out, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And um and when Race came out, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And um and when Race came out, it
+was very much seen as this is this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much seen as this is this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much seen as this is this is uh
+Puerto Rico with problems fixed or uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rico with problems fixed or uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rico with problems fixed or uh or
+gameplay expanded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay expanded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay expanded uh
+>> problems added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> problems added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> problems added to
+>> and problems added to and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and problems added to and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and problems added to and you know and
+of course a completely different scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a completely different scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a completely different scene
+but you can s but at least in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can s but at least in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can s but at least in terms of
+game mechanics that's a nice a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics that's a nice a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics that's a nice a nice
+connection that you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that you can actually see
+among the games that you played before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the games that you played before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the games that you played before
+and you're going to be playing today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to be playing today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to be playing today.
+Um, not every single game that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, not every single game that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, not every single game that we've got
+here is got that kind of u that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is got that kind of u that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is got that kind of u that kind of
+heritage. In fact, today's games aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage. In fact, today's games aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage. In fact, today's games aren't
+specifically picked to meet to meet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically picked to meet to meet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically picked to meet to meet to
+match up with today's team uh of our of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up with today's team uh of our of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up with today's team uh of our of
+sequels. The only reason why I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequels. The only reason why I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequels. The only reason why I talk
+about sequels cuz we have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sequels cuz we have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sequels cuz we have to talk about
+it sooner or later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sooner or later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sooner or later.
+>> Um, of course, Battle Star is, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, of course, Battle Star is, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, of course, Battle Star is, you know,
+straight up adaptation of of of the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up adaptation of of of the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up adaptation of of of the TV
+series. And uh and you know I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. And uh and you know I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. And uh and you know I wouldn't
+quite call this a sequel in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite call this a sequel in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite call this a sequel in a sense
+because simply this is not based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because simply this is not based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because simply this is not based on a
+previous Battlestar Galactica game. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Battlestar Galactica game. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Battlestar Galactica game. I'm
+sure there were previous Battle Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there were previous Battle Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there were previous Battle Star
+games that you know were based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that you know were based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that you know were based on the
+old 70s TV series that have nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old 70s TV series that have nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old 70s TV series that have nothing to
+do with this one. This is more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this one. This is more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this one. This is more of a
+adaptation. Um and I and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation. Um and I and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation. Um and I and the reason why
+I'm using that that phrase is so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using that that phrase is so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using that that phrase is so that we
+can be fairly clear in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fairly clear in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be fairly clear in our in our
+vocabulary. This is taking elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary. This is taking elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary. This is taking elements of a
+something that's in a different medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's in a different medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's in a different medium
+like a film or a TV series uh and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a film or a TV series uh and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a film or a TV series uh and trying
+to figure out what in that TV series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what in that TV series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what in that TV series in
+that world that has been created that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world that has been created that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world that has been created that
+fictional world um might be might yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictional world um might be might yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictional world um might be might yield
+interesting gameplay and this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting gameplay and this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting gameplay and this game is
+pretty much about figuring out who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much about figuring out who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much about figuring out who is
+Sylon among all the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sylon among all the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sylon among all the players
+>> uh you know among all the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh you know among all the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh you know among all the players
+there's going to be traders and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be traders and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be traders and you try
+to hide your activities and you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hide your activities and you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hide your activities and you try to
+help people uh help human race survive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people uh help human race survive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people uh help human race survive.
+Uh if you happen not to be a traitor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if you happen not to be a traitor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if you happen not to be a traitor,
+but some of the things that you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the things that you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the things that you end up
+doing in order to help the human race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in order to help the human race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in order to help the human race
+not to survive, they end up looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to survive, they end up looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to survive, they end up looking
+suspicious. And if you play Mafia, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious. And if you play Mafia, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious. And if you play Mafia, it
+kind of has a little bit of that feel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has a little bit of that feel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has a little bit of that feel.
+This is way more heavyweight in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is way more heavyweight in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is way more heavyweight in terms of
+game mechanics because they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics because they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics because they really
+really wanted to make you think like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to make you think like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to make you think like the
+charact like you have the same dilemas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charact like you have the same dilemas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charact like you have the same dilemas
+that the characters in in the TV show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the characters in in the TV show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the characters in in the TV show
+have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+>> Does the Sylon know that he or she is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does the Sylon know that he or she is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does the Sylon know that he or she is a
+Sylon? I believe that I believe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sylon? I believe that I believe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sylon? I believe that I believe you can
+find out halfway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out halfway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out halfway.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+>> Yeah. Uh if I recall the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Uh if I recall the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Uh if I recall the rules
+correctly. Um and then there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Um and then there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Um and then there are people
+and then there are uh players who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are uh players who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are uh players who will
+know right from the beginning. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right from the beginning. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right from the beginning. So there
+may be more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more than one
+>> generally is more than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> generally is more than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> generally is more than one.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> I'm psyched.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm psyched.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm psyched.
+>> Okay. So um to um there were a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So um to um there were a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So um to um there were a bunch of
+different things that were that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that were that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that were that were
+listed in previous reason as reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in previous reason as reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in previous reason as reasons why
+people want to do SQL but for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to do SQL but for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to do SQL but for for the
+most part the big one is just you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part the big one is just you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part the big one is just you're
+building off an established base. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building off an established base. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building off an established base. You're
+not having to build everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to build everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to build everything from
+scratch. Um in many cases a sequel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. Um in many cases a sequel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. Um in many cases a sequel
+doesn't actually cost less or take less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually cost less or take less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually cost less or take less
+time than making the original game. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time than making the original game. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time than making the original game. you
+just end up spending hopefully spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just end up spending hopefully spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just end up spending hopefully spending
+the development time a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development time a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development time a little bit more
+wisely, right? You start you you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisely, right? You start you you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisely, right? You start you you you you
+avoid a lot of pitfalls because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid a lot of pitfalls because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid a lot of pitfalls because they're
+pretty much making a very similar game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much making a very similar game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much making a very similar game.
+And game industry has been one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And game industry has been one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And game industry has been one of those
+fields where uh um oddly enough, part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields where uh um oddly enough, part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields where uh um oddly enough, part
+two, you know, the the followup tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, you know, the the followup tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, you know, the the followup tends to
+be better than the original as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than the original as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than the original as opposed
+to um you know, how many movie sequels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you know, how many movie sequels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you know, how many movie sequels
+are generally better than the original.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally better than the original.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally better than the original.
+Godfather, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfather, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfather, that's
+>> back. Uh, it's rare.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> back. Uh, it's rare.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> back. Uh, it's rare.
+>> It's really rare. Um, I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's really rare. Um, I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's really rare. Um, I'm thinking
+>> the Kendy's word man of No Name series,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the Kendy's word man of No Name series,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the Kendy's word man of No Name series,
+Godfather. Any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfather. Any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfather. Any other
+>> Back to the Future?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Back to the Future?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Back to the Future?
+>> Back to the Future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Back to the Future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Back to the Future.
+>> I don't know. It could go either way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. It could go either way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. It could go either way.
+>> I don't agree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't agree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't agree.
+>> It could It's arguable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It could It's arguable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It could It's arguable.
+>> It's arguable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's arguable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's arguable.
+>> You mean like Empire Strikes Back?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You mean like Empire Strikes Back?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You mean like Empire Strikes Back?
+>> Spider-Man.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Spider-Man.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Spider-Man.
+>> Spider-Man, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Spider-Man, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Spider-Man, too.
+>> I don't know. I felt like they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. I felt like they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. I felt like they were all
+>> true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> true.
+>> It was better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It was better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It was better.
+But yeah, you know, it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah, you know, it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yeah, you know, it's really
+difficult because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because
+>> Dark Knight. Uh yeah, I will yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Dark Knight. Uh yeah, I will yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Dark Knight. Uh yeah, I will yeah, I
+will give you that. Um but you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you that. Um but you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you that. Um but you know,
+it's it's still kind of tough. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's still kind of tough. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's still kind of tough. Uh
+whereas how many good game sequels, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas how many good game sequels, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas how many good game sequels, how
+how many games can can can you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games can can can you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games can can can you think of
+where you play both the first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you play both the first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you play both the first the
+original and then the sequel to it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and then the sequel to it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and then the sequel to it?
+>> Also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also,
+just the sequel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sequel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sequel.
+>> Oh. Oh, okay. Because Okay. for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh. Oh, okay. Because Okay. for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh. Oh, okay. Because Okay. for some of
+them the space apart so far that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the space apart so far that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the space apart so far that you
+actually only ended up playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only ended up playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only ended up playing
+>> I mean like Halfife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I mean like Halfife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I mean like Halfife
+>> Halfife Halfife 2 for instance you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Halfife Halfife 2 for instance you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Halfife Halfife 2 for instance you know
+Starcraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starcraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starcraft
+>> Starcraft 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Starcraft 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Starcraft 2
+>> Age of Empires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Age of Empires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Age of Empires
+>> Age of Empires one two and then three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Age of Empires one two and then three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Age of Empires one two and then three
+>> Shogun Total War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Shogun Total War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Shogun Total War
+>> well the Total War series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> well the Total War series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> well the Total War series
+>> yeah Total War is kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah Total War is kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah Total War is kind of an interesting
+thing because they don't pitch them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because they don't pitch them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because they don't pitch them as
+sequels but they but they very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequels but they but they very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequels but they but they very much
+pitch them as a series and they and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch them as a series and they and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch them as a series and they and the
+whole idea is that if you liked one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is that if you liked one game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is that if you liked one game
+you actually know a lot about what any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know a lot about what any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know a lot about what any
+of the other games in that series do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other games in that series do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other games in that series do.
+Sure. Graphically they're upgrading game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Graphically they're upgrading game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Graphically they're upgrading game
+game mechanics wise. They're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics wise. They're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics wise. They're trying to
+port over a lot of things. They just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port over a lot of things. They just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port over a lot of things. They just
+some of them are medieval, some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are medieval, some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are medieval, some of them
+are Japanese.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Japanese.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Japanese.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> In reading they mentioned that Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> In reading they mentioned that Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> In reading they mentioned that Final
+Fantasy 7 was a sequel to six. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy 7 was a sequel to six. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy 7 was a sequel to six. Is that
+corre? I don't think is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corre? I don't think is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corre? I don't think is that like
+correct nomenclature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct nomenclature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct nomenclature.
+>> Uh you see and I and I will disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh you see and I and I will disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh you see and I and I will disagree
+with that actually. It's like I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that actually. It's like I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that actually. It's like I don't I
+mean Final Fantasy 7 actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Final Fantasy 7 actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Final Fantasy 7 actually has a
+sequel for instance. Uh was it crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel for instance. Uh was it crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel for instance. Uh was it crisis
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+actually? There's more than one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually? There's more than one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually? There's more than one and it's
+okay. Sure. Well, I mean, first it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Sure. Well, I mean, first it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Sure. Well, I mean, first it was
+the movie, right? Their sequel was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie, right? Their sequel was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie, right? Their sequel was the
+movie and then they they did a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and then they they did a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and then they they did a bunch of
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+>> Oh god.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh god.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh god.
+>> Final Fantasy 7 is Final Fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Final Fantasy 7 is Final Fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Final Fantasy 7 is Final Fantasy
+>> an entry in a series, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> an entry in a series, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> an entry in a series, but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+>> but I think when it comes to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but I think when it comes to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but I think when it comes to this is
+what we're going to be pitching to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be pitching to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be pitching to a
+publisher. I I'm not sure if Square Enix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher. I I'm not sure if Square Enix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher. I I'm not sure if Square Enix
+needs to pitch Final Fantasy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to pitch Final Fantasy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to pitch Final Fantasy.
+>> I I think of another game that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I I think of another game that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I I think of another game that has a
+long series, you know, um if anyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long series, you know, um if anyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long series, you know, um if anyone can
+come up with one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with one.
+Bersgate might be actually a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bersgate might be actually a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bersgate might be actually a good one
+because different different companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because different different companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because different different companies
+end up working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up working
+>> working on different types of revisions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> working on different types of revisions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> working on different types of revisions.
+Uh actually most of the sort of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh actually most of the sort of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh actually most of the sort of yeah
+that well actually Fallout and Balders's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well actually Fallout and Balders's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well actually Fallout and Balders's
+Gate both come from inner play I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gate both come from inner play I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gate both come from inner play I believe
+originally. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally. So like
+>> they went out of business after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> they went out of business after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> they went out of business after
+Bloodlines. We were talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloodlines. We were talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloodlines. We were talking about this
+yesterday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday.
+>> I suspect that that was vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I suspect that that was vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I suspect that that was vampire
+yesterday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday.
+>> Yeah. But uh but basically it know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. But uh but basically it know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. But uh but basically it know
+leaving aside what makes a company go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving aside what makes a company go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving aside what makes a company go
+out of business. Um yeah the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of business. Um yeah the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of business. Um yeah the the the
+issue of when you have a series and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of when you have a series and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of when you have a series and then
+you have different companies making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different companies making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different companies making
+different brands. Guitar Hero 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brands. Guitar Hero 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brands. Guitar Hero 3
+nice old re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice old re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice old re
+so boware was did the first one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boware was did the first one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boware was did the first one and
+Obsidian did the second one. Um Fallout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obsidian did the second one. Um Fallout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obsidian did the second one. Um Fallout
+was Bethesda. Obsidian, I believe. OB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bethesda. Obsidian, I believe. OB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bethesda. Obsidian, I believe. OB
+Obsidian's really built a whole business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obsidian's really built a whole business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obsidian's really built a whole business
+model around making part two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model around making part two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model around making part two or
+something. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Um,
+>> or expansion packs and stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or expansion packs and stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or expansion packs and stuff.
+>> Oh, expansion packs. Yeah. Closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, expansion packs. Yeah. Closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, expansion packs. Yeah. Closely
+closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely
+re related to that. And in those cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re related to that. And in those cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re related to that. And in those cases,
+sometimes like in the case of um boware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like in the case of um boware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like in the case of um boware
+obsidian connections, they they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsidian connections, they they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsidian connections, they they have a
+good relationship. They're borrowing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good relationship. They're borrowing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good relationship. They're borrowing a
+lot of technology and they are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of technology and they are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of technology and they are getting
+that advantage of. We kind of we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that advantage of. We kind of we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that advantage of. We kind of we we
+we've kind of ironed out the kinks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of ironed out the kinks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of ironed out the kinks.
+we're just sort of continuing the story,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sort of continuing the story,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sort of continuing the story,
+especially if it's a story based game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a story based game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a story based game
+like Knights of the Old Republic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Knights of the Old Republic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Knights of the Old Republic.
+Clearly, you've got to fit it within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearly, you've got to fit it within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearly, you've got to fit it within the
+whole Star Wars story. Um, and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Star Wars story. Um, and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Star Wars story. Um, and they had
+the interest to basically keep the tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest to basically keep the tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest to basically keep the tale
+of these characters going. Uh, even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these characters going. Uh, even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these characters going. Uh, even more
+so for well for Mass Effect it was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for well for Mass Effect it was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for well for Mass Effect it was by
+the way by you know that sort of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way by you know that sort of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way by you know that sort of thing.
+Um but then you have the other you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but then you have the other you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but then you have the other you have
+the other angle where uh you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other angle where uh you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other angle where uh you just want
+to sort of get the same success but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get the same success but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get the same success but you
+want to tell a different story or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell a different story or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell a different story or in the
+case of Guitar Hero 3 have a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Guitar Hero 3 have a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Guitar Hero 3 have a completely
+different set of set of music. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of set of music. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of set of music. Um, and
+uh, you know, Final Fantasy 7, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you know, Final Fantasy 7, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you know, Final Fantasy 7, you have
+the certain game mechanics and certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain game mechanics and certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain game mechanics and certain
+things that carry on from game to game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that carry on from game to game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that carry on from game to game.
+And definitely you want to carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And definitely you want to carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And definitely you want to carry the
+fans from game to game, but part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans from game to game, but part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans from game to game, but part of the
+appeal of the Final Fantasy series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal of the Final Fantasy series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal of the Final Fantasy series is
+that every single one is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single one is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single one is going to be a
+different story. Not dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story. Not dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story. Not dramatically
+different, but it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, but it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, but it's going to be a
+different story um, with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story um, with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story um, with different
+characters and different world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and different world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and different world.
+So um but it's pitched very similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um but it's pitched very similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um but it's pitched very similarly
+when you go to a game company and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to a game company and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to a game company and the
+whole idea is how do we get the fans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is how do we get the fans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is how do we get the fans to
+buy even more or even more fans to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy even more or even more fans to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy even more or even more fans to buy
+version uh two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh two.
+There is a there are kind of two ages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a there are kind of two ages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a there are kind of two ages to
+that sword though because what typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sword though because what typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sword though because what typically
+happens in a lot of sequel development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a lot of sequel development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a lot of sequel development
+is that you're trying so hard to please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're trying so hard to please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're trying so hard to please
+your original fans and often by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original fans and often by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original fans and often by adding
+complexity by adding things that build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity by adding things that build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity by adding things that build
+on things that you that players of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things that you that players of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things that you that players of the
+first game already know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game already know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game already know that you
+actually start alienating new players uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start alienating new players uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start alienating new players uh
+the game becomes just so complex or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game becomes just so complex or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game becomes just so complex or you
+know just complex enough that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just complex enough that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just complex enough that people
+start getting turned off. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting turned off. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting turned off. Um
+uh couple of weeks ago over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couple of weeks ago over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couple of weeks ago over here we
+played Guitar Freaks um on Friday on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Guitar Freaks um on Friday on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Guitar Freaks um on Friday on
+Friday games for Gambit and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday games for Gambit and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday games for Gambit and the first
+version is actually extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is actually extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is actually extremely
+accessible. Once you get from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible. Once you get from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible. Once you get from the second
+version all the way up to I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version all the way up to I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version all the way up to I think the
+version four that we were playing uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version four that we were playing uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version four that we were playing uh it
+is almost impossible for a new player to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost impossible for a new player to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost impossible for a new player to
+jump in because they've got like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in because they've got like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in because they've got like one
+beginner friendly song and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginner friendly song and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginner friendly song and everything
+else is based for fans of the game. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is based for fans of the game. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is based for fans of the game. So
+you imagine a Guitar Hero game that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine a Guitar Hero game that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine a Guitar Hero game that's
+built entirely for people who've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built entirely for people who've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built entirely for people who've already
+mastered expert on the previous game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastered expert on the previous game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastered expert on the previous game.
+That's kind of what happened with Guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of what happened with Guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of what happened with Guitar
+Freaks. And in many cases that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freaks. And in many cases that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freaks. And in many cases that might be
+enough to, you know, if if game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to, you know, if if game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to, you know, if if game was
+particularly successful the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly successful the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly successful the first time
+around and you only get 80% of the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you only get 80% of the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you only get 80% of the fan
+base to buy the second version, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to buy the second version, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to buy the second version, that's
+still a lot of money and it's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of money and it's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot of money and it's a way
+lower risk compared to, you know, coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk compared to, you know, coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk compared to, you know, coming
+up with new IP from scratch. Um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with new IP from scratch. Um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with new IP from scratch. Um but um
+and and a lot of companies when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a lot of companies when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a lot of companies when they're
+creating IP they're very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating IP they're very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating IP they're very much
+specifically thinking right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically thinking right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically thinking right off the bat
+what are the SQL opportunities even now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the SQL opportunities even now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the SQL opportunities even now
+of course you got downloadable content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you got downloadable content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you got downloadable content
+so it's even narrower than that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's even narrower than that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's even narrower than that is what
+are downloadable content uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are downloadable content uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are downloadable content uh uh
+opportunities how do we release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities how do we release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities how do we release
+expansion packs you know really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion packs you know really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion packs you know really really
+quickly and uh how do we create stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and uh how do we create stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and uh how do we create stories
+worlds technology that just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds technology that just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds technology that just going to be
+able to anticipate all that um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to anticipate all that um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to anticipate all that um there's a
+game up there now on Xbox Live Arcade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game up there now on Xbox Live Arcade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game up there now on Xbox Live Arcade
+called Monday night combat um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Monday night combat um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Monday night combat um and uh and
+they they did some little clever hacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they did some little clever hacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they did some little clever hacks
+to basically allow them to update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically allow them to update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically allow them to update the
+game on a week- toeek basis. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game on a week- toeek basis. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game on a week- toeek basis. Whereas
+typically that that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that that kind of
+certification that's required from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification that's required from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification that's required from
+Microsoft is really expensive. Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft is really expensive. Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft is really expensive. Every
+time you want to release a new version,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you want to release a new version,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you want to release a new version,
+you have to put it through an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put it through an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put it through an entire
+rigorous QA testing schedule again. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous QA testing schedule again. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous QA testing schedule again. But
+they came up with some technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with some technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with some technology that
+lets let them make at least game tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets let them make at least game tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets let them make at least game tuning
+changes on the fly uh without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes on the fly uh without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes on the fly uh without having to
+go through the Microsoft tuning uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the Microsoft tuning uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the Microsoft tuning uh uh
+testing uh so it's not technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh so it's not technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh so it's not technically
+releasing a sequel. Uh but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a sequel. Uh but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a sequel. Uh but they were
+very much thinking about how do we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much thinking about how do we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much thinking about how do we keep
+updating this game. Um I wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating this game. Um I wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating this game. Um I wouldn't be
+surprised if Steam started off as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if Steam started off as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if Steam started off as that
+Blizzard uh battle net kind of started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blizzard uh battle net kind of started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blizzard uh battle net kind of started
+off as just an easy way for them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as just an easy way for them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as just an easy way for them to get
+up patches and to keep tuning this game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up patches and to keep tuning this game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up patches and to keep tuning this game.
+Eventually someone involved decided hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually someone involved decided hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eventually someone involved decided hey
+we could sell games this way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sell games this way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sell games this way and you
+know launch was kind of bumpy but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know launch was kind of bumpy but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know launch was kind of bumpy but you
+know it's fine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's fine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's fine now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is one thing which the which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one thing which the which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one thing which the which the
+book didn't mention which is the reboot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book didn't mention which is the reboot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book didn't mention which is the reboot
+the sort of franchise reboot um this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of franchise reboot um this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of franchise reboot um this can
+sometimes happen when you have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes happen when you have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes happen when you have a uh
+publisher who's got control of an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher who's got control of an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher who's got control of an IP
+that kind of floundered halfway you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of floundered halfway you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of floundered halfway you know
+maybe there was a bad bad execution on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there was a bad bad execution on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there was a bad bad execution on
+the on on narration and lost most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on on narration and lost most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on on narration and lost most of the
+fans or they just played out the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans or they just played out the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans or they just played out the formula
+to death. Uh and then they want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death. Uh and then they want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to death. Uh and then they want to try
+to get a new batch of fans. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a new batch of fans. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a new batch of fans. You know,
+few people who like the original one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people who like the original one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people who like the original one.
+Um, and I was talking about the Tomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I was talking about the Tomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I was talking about the Tomb
+Raider game uh uh you know that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider game uh uh you know that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider game uh uh you know that that um
+where they're just trying to they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're just trying to they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're just trying to they've
+rebooted the Tomb Raider several uh Tomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebooted the Tomb Raider several uh Tomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebooted the Tomb Raider several uh Tomb
+Raider franchise several times at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider franchise several times at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider franchise several times at this
+point each time trying to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point each time trying to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point each time trying to say okay
+you've probably heard from Tomb Raider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard from Tomb Raider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard from Tomb Raider
+from the huge amount of advertising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the huge amount of advertising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the huge amount of advertising that
+we've done but you may not actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done but you may not actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done but you may not actually have
+liked the previous versions of the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the previous versions of the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the previous versions of the games
+and we're going to reboot this franchise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to reboot this franchise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to reboot this franchise
+by making a different game in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making a different game in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making a different game in that same
+world where maybe we'll make and Tomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where maybe we'll make and Tomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where maybe we'll make and Tomb
+Raider will use the characters and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider will use the characters and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raider will use the characters and we'll
+use the fiction but we'll change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fiction but we'll change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fiction but we'll change the
+game play significantly. Um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play significantly. Um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play significantly. Um because
+we're not going after the old fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going after the old fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going after the old fans
+anymore. We're going after a new batch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. We're going after a new batch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. We're going after a new batch.
+Um it's uh probably about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's uh probably about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's uh probably about the same
+technical challenge as uh updating as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical challenge as uh updating as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical challenge as uh updating as
+trying to make a SQL for a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a SQL for a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a SQL for a completely
+new platform. So uh uh because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new platform. So uh uh because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new platform. So uh uh because you're
+basically having to write everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically having to write everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically having to write everything
+from from from scratch. But the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from scratch. But the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from scratch. But the good
+news of course is that all that previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news of course is that all that previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news of course is that all that previous
+advertising that you did, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that you did, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that you did, you know, a
+decade ago still still still works. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago still still still works. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago still still still works. Um,
+let me think of uh Can anyone think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think of uh Can anyone think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think of uh Can anyone think of a
+good example of a good reboot?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of a good reboot?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of a good reboot?
+>> Is Mario 64 a reboot?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is Mario 64 a reboot?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is Mario 64 a reboot?
+>> Uh, I think it was seen to a lot of pe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, I think it was seen to a lot of pe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, I think it was seen to a lot of pe a
+lot of people that it was cuz it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people that it was cuz it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people that it was cuz it wasn't
+clearly a uh a sequel to any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a uh a sequel to any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a uh a sequel to any of the
+previous Mario games. And it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Mario games. And it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Mario games. And it was kind of
+Nintendo kind of saying, "Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo kind of saying, "Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo kind of saying, "Hey,
+>> it's not really a clone of anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's not really a clone of anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's not really a clone of anything.
+>> It's not really a invented a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's not really a invented a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's not really a invented a lot of
+invented a lot of things for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented a lot of things for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented a lot of things for the first
+time." In fact, I would say that Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time." In fact, I would say that Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time." In fact, I would say that Mario
+64 and and and and of course the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and and and and of course the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and and and and of course the way how
+they branded it, they didn't brand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they branded it, they didn't brand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they branded it, they didn't brand it
+Super Mario World what, five or Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Mario World what, five or Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Mario World what, five or Super
+Mario World 4 or something. They called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario World 4 or something. They called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario World 4 or something. They called
+it Mario 64 to sort of distinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Mario 64 to sort of distinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Mario 64 to sort of distinguish it
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+>> I would almost call it an upgrade more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I would almost call it an upgrade more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I would almost call it an upgrade more
+than a reboot though because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a reboot though because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a reboot though because it was
+mostly just the move from two uh 2D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just the move from two uh 2D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just the move from two uh 2D to
+3D. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D. Um,
+>> it was more it's a good challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it was more it's a good challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it was more it's a good challenge
+because to the player it may seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to the player it may seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to the player it may seem like
+it's not that, but for a technical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that, but for a technical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that, but for a technical point
+of view, they had to completely reinvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view, they had to completely reinvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view, they had to completely reinvent
+the way how Mario moves, the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way how Mario moves, the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way how Mario moves, the way how
+Mario jumps, frankly. Uh, uh, the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario jumps, frankly. Uh, uh, the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario jumps, frankly. Uh, uh, the way
+how the camera moves never used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the camera moves never used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the camera moves never used to be a
+huge problem in the 2D games. Uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem in the 2D games. Uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem in the 2D games. Uh, but
+was the primary thing that they managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the primary thing that they managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the primary thing that they managed
+to figure out how to get working in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to get working in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to get working in in
+in 3D was was the camera. Um, I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D was was the camera. Um, I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D was was the camera. Um, I think I
+mean I wouldn't be surprised if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I wouldn't be surprised if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I wouldn't be surprised if their
+marketing pitched it a little bit like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing pitched it a little bit like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing pitched it a little bit like a
+sequel, but it was also very very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel, but it was also very very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel, but it was also very very clear
+of like this is going to be a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this is going to be a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this is going to be a whole new
+generation. You've never played a Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. You've never played a Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. You've never played a Mario
+anything like this. So don't expect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like this. So don't expect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like this. So don't expect your
+previous Mario experience to cover to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Mario experience to cover to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Mario experience to cover to
+carry over necessarily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry over necessarily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry over necessarily.
+>> I was going to say Metroid as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was going to say Metroid as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was going to say Metroid as well.
+>> Metroid Prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Metroid Prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Metroid Prime.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah. That's that's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. That's that's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. That's that's a really good
+example of um in fact Metroid Prime was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of um in fact Metroid Prime was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of um in fact Metroid Prime was
+an instance where they gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance where they gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance where they gave the
+franchise to a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise to a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise to a completely different
+developer. You know, previously it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer. You know, previously it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer. You know, previously it was
+all old internal Nintendo and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all old internal Nintendo and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all old internal Nintendo and then
+Nintendo went to Western Developer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo went to Western Developer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo went to Western Developer um
+Retro Studios over in Texas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Retro Studios over in Texas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Retro Studios over in Texas and
+basically had them make the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically had them make the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically had them make the first person
+uh version of of Metroid, but they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version of of Metroid, but they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version of of Metroid, but they had a
+very heavy hand in controlling that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavy hand in controlling that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavy hand in controlling that.
+Whereas um I'm not sure we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas um I'm not sure we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas um I'm not sure we're going to
+be playing this later, Castlevania Laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be playing this later, Castlevania Laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be playing this later, Castlevania Laws
+of Laws of Shadow, which just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Laws of Shadow, which just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Laws of Shadow, which just came out
+was a kind of windy other way around. a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of windy other way around. a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of windy other way around. a
+western developer, a spe a Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western developer, a spe a Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western developer, a spe a Spanish
+developer decided to make a Castlevania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer decided to make a Castlevania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer decided to make a Castlevania
+clone. Um, you know, they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone. Um, you know, they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone. Um, you know, they love
+Castlevania and they were going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania and they were going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania and they were going to make
+a game that was just like Castlevania,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that was just like Castlevania,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that was just like Castlevania,
+but they wouldn't call it Castlevania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they wouldn't call it Castlevania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they wouldn't call it Castlevania
+because they didn't have the rights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have the rights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have the rights for
+it. And then they showed it off at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then they showed it off at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then they showed it off at like
+a E3 or something. And Konami basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a E3 or something. And Konami basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a E3 or something. And Konami basically
+said, why don't just turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, why don't just turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, why don't just turn it into a
+Castlevania game and they put Kojima on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania game and they put Kojima on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania game and they put Kojima on
+it to to to make it work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to to make it work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to to make it work.
+>> That must have been their dream come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That must have been their dream come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That must have been their dream come
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+>> That was probably their dream come true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That was probably their dream come true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That was probably their dream come true.
+That's probably what they wanted. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's probably what they wanted. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's probably what they wanted. And
+you have the advantage of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the advantage of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the advantage of all the
+Castlevania fans now now now saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania fans now now now saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania fans now now now saying,
+"Okay, this is this is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, this is this is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, this is this is going to be in
+Canada. If we like Castlevania, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada. If we like Castlevania, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada. If we like Castlevania, we
+probably like this one." Which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like this one." Which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like this one." Which is
+exactly what they were trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they were trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they were trying to get
+across. It's like imagine the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across. It's like imagine the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across. It's like imagine the people who
+made Torch Light being approached from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made Torch Light being approached from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made Torch Light being approached from
+Blizzard say, "Why don't we just turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blizzard say, "Why don't we just turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blizzard say, "Why don't we just turn
+this into Diablo 3?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into Diablo 3?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into Diablo 3?"
+>> A bunch of people who made First Light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A bunch of people who made First Light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A bunch of people who made First Light
+were from Blizzard, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were from Blizzard, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were from Blizzard, right?
+>> Uh I wouldn't be surprised Diablo team.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh I wouldn't be surprised Diablo team.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh I wouldn't be surprised Diablo team.
+>> I wouldn't be surprised in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I wouldn't be surprised in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I wouldn't be surprised in the same
+sense that a lot of people who made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that a lot of people who made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that a lot of people who made
+Guild Wars were from the World of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guild Wars were from the World of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guild Wars were from the World of
+Warcraft team. Uh so that's that is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warcraft team. Uh so that's that is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warcraft team. Uh so that's that is less
+issue of sequels and more an issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of sequels and more an issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of sequels and more an issue of
+just that's just how the game industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just how the game industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just how the game industry
+works. People move from project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. People move from project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. People move from project to
+project and carry knowledge with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and carry knowledge with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and carry knowledge with them
+>> like Call of Duty was elemental modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like Call of Duty was elemental modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like Call of Duty was elemental modern
+people, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, right?
+>> Yes. Call of Duty. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Call of Duty. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Call of Duty. Yes.
+>> Got tired of it. We're like we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Got tired of it. We're like we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Got tired of it. We're like we can do
+better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better.
+>> That that that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That that that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That that that's an interesting
+discussion of the instead of sequels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the instead of sequels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the instead of sequels uh
+you have companies making effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have companies making effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have companies making effectively
+clones uh competing against the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clones uh competing against the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clones uh competing against the original
+franchise. And this particular case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise. And this particular case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise. And this particular case that
+you're drawing yet there's people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing yet there's people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing yet there's people who
+left EA uh of 2015 I believe and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left EA uh of 2015 I believe and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left EA uh of 2015 I believe and then
+they started Infinity War and they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started Infinity War and they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started Infinity War and they made
+a game that basically competed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that basically competed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that basically competed with the
+original.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original.
+>> The first Call of Duty was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The first Call of Duty was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The first Call of Duty was so
+ridiculously good. At least it marked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously good. At least it marked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously good. At least it marked me
+when I played it the first time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I played it the first time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I played it the first time.
+>> But it but it's very clearly trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it but it's very clearly trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it but it's very clearly trying to
+be Medal of Honor the next version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Medal of Honor the next version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Medal of Honor the next version.
+>> Yeah, clearly. Yeah. No, of course. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, clearly. Yeah. No, of course. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, clearly. Yeah. No, of course. Of
+course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+>> Yeah. So, so, so that's that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, so, so that's that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, so, so that's that that's an
+interesting situation where uh it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation where uh it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situation where uh it's hard
+to be a spiritual successor when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a spiritual successor when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a spiritual successor when you're
+competing against the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against the original
+tournament. Uh, but you know, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament. Uh, but you know, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament. Uh, but you know, you can
+think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them
+>> by that dragon I mean not competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> by that dragon I mean not competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> by that dragon I mean not competing
+spiritual success with Dragon Age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual success with Dragon Age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual success with Dragon Age
+because they don't have the right gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have the right gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have the right gate
+anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore.
+>> Uh, yeah. Well, Dragon Age is more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, yeah. Well, Dragon Age is more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, yeah. Well, Dragon Age is more of a
+DND clone I would say. Uh, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DND clone I would say. Uh, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DND clone I would say. Uh, which
+>> yeah, I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah, I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah, I guess
+>> Empire Earth is reinvented itself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Empire Earth is reinvented itself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Empire Earth is reinvented itself with
+with Empire Earth. Empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Empire Earth. Empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Empire Earth. Empire
+>> with with zero success doing wonder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> with with zero success doing wonder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> with with zero success doing wonder.
+>> Oh. Uh I kind of lost track of this. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh. Uh I kind of lost track of this. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh. Uh I kind of lost track of this. You
+>> in the whole game the whole game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in the whole game the whole game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in the whole game the whole game the
+first game was like you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game was like you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game was like you can go through
+15 ages. We will like model you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 ages. We will like model you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 ages. We will like model you can
+literally play a game against someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally play a game against someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally play a game against someone
+and go from prehistoric units to nukes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go from prehistoric units to nukes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go from prehistoric units to nukes
+>> in the same game with everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in the same game with everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in the same game with everything in
+between. And then they release a sequel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. And then they release a sequel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. And then they release a sequel
+which I think overseas and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think overseas and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think overseas and then they
+decide to read it themselves and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to read it themselves and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to read it themselves and go
+we're going to simplify everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to simplify everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to simplify everything.
+there's just going to be like four ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just going to be like four ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just going to be like four ages
+kind of like in ancient empires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like in ancient empires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like in ancient empires and
+we're not going to have this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have this like
+massive progression and and they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive progression and and they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive progression and and they try to
+simplify everything and it totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify everything and it totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify everything and it totally
+>> you see I think that's a reboot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> but but but I think that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but but but I think that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but but but I think that's that's that's
+a reboot gone wrong that's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reboot gone wrong that's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reboot gone wrong that's that that
+that's a our original game is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a our original game is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a our original game is not
+selling well enough among new players it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling well enough among new players it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling well enough among new players it
+maybe and it's not entirely satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and it's not entirely satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and it's not entirely satisfying
+our old fans. So, we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old fans. So, we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our old fans. So, we're going to take
+this franchise that we've advertised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this franchise that we've advertised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this franchise that we've advertised
+really, really well. Uh, and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, really well. Uh, and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, really well. Uh, and we're going
+to make a completely effectively a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a completely effectively a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a completely effectively a new
+game, maybe with the same theme, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, maybe with the same theme, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, maybe with the same theme, but but
+a new game that's targeted at a new set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new game that's targeted at a new set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new game that's targeted at a new set
+of players. Sometimes it works,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of players. Sometimes it works,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of players. Sometimes it works,
+sometimes it bombs. Um, Mind of Magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it bombs. Um, Mind of Magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it bombs. Um, Mind of Magic
+released a game called Clash of Heroes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released a game called Clash of Heroes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released a game called Clash of Heroes.
+Might Magic. Clash of Heroes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Might Magic. Clash of Heroes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Might Magic. Clash of Heroes for the
+Nintendo DS. And who's played any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo DS. And who's played any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo DS. And who's played any of the
+original Mind and Magic games?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Mind and Magic games?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Mind and Magic games?
+>> They're different from Heroes of Mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They're different from Heroes of Mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They're different from Heroes of Mind of
+Magic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magic.
+>> Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh,
+either of them, actually. So, who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of them, actually. So, who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of them, actually. So, who's the
+Heroes of Mind of Magic?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heroes of Mind of Magic?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heroes of Mind of Magic?
+>> Okay. Can you describe the game?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Can you describe the game?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Can you describe the game?
+>> What's it like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What's it like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What's it like?
+>> Do you want to go for it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you want to go for it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you want to go for it?
+>> Well, it's like a it's essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, it's like a it's essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, it's like a it's essentially just
+a turn-based strategy game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turn-based strategy game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turn-based strategy game
+>> where you have cities and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> where you have cities and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> where you have cities and you have
+heroes and these heroes lead armies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes and these heroes lead armies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes and these heroes lead armies and
+you encounter other smaller armies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter other smaller armies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter other smaller armies and
+try and defeat them and stuff. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and defeat them and stuff. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and defeat them and stuff. And you
+have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like
+>> and build up your city and turn to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and build up your city and turn to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and build up your city and turn to have
+you have an economy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an economy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an economy.
+>> Yeah. you have an economy and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. you have an economy and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. you have an economy and and you
+you build things in your city that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build things in your city that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build things in your city that can
+then like produce better units for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like produce better units for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like produce better units for your
+armies and stuff and you can take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies and stuff and you can take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies and stuff and you can take over
+other cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities and
+>> so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so
+civilization I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization I would say
+>> yeah it's it's like civilization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah it's it's like civilization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah it's it's like civilization but
+if you took civilization removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you took civilization removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you took civilization removed
+everything that wasn't like military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that wasn't like military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that wasn't like military
+>> and battles are played out we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and battles are played out we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and battles are played out we sort of
+distinctive like arena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive like arena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive like arena
+>> yeah you have like a battlefield field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah you have like a battlefield field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah you have like a battlefield field
+where it's turnbased and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's turnbased and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's turnbased and you have your
+units on one side and the opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units on one side and the opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units on one side and the opponent's
+units on the other side and you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units on the other side and you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units on the other side and you move
+units together. So like if you have, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units together. So like if you have, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units together. So like if you have, you
+know, Pikeman and Bowman, you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Pikeman and Bowman, you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Pikeman and Bowman, you have like
+the clump of all Bowman who then move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clump of all Bowman who then move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clump of all Bowman who then move
+together as a unit and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as a unit and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as a unit and so on and so
+forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth.
+>> So Clash of Heroes is a Nintendo DS game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So Clash of Heroes is a Nintendo DS game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So Clash of Heroes is a Nintendo DS game
+in the in the Might Magic series. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Might Magic series. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Might Magic series. And
+what they did was they made a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was they made a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was they made a match
+three game. They made a game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three game. They made a game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three game. They made a game where you
+it's like Bejeweled. You take three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like Bejeweled. You take three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like Bejeweled. You take three
+Bowman, put them in a row, and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowman, put them in a row, and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowman, put them in a row, and then they
+become a bunch of Bowmen who are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a bunch of Bowmen who are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a bunch of Bowmen who are going
+to attack. Uh, so they they get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attack. Uh, so they they get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attack. Uh, so they they get the same
+idea of let's take and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of let's take and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of let's take and because of
+Nintendo DS, there are two screens, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo DS, there are two screens, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo DS, there are two screens, so
+the enemies uh armies are on one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemies uh armies are on one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemies uh armies are on one and
+yours are on the other just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours are on the other just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours are on the other just kind of like
+sending troops up and down. Uh, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending troops up and down. Uh, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending troops up and down. Uh, but the
+game play is dramatically different. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play is dramatically different. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play is dramatically different. Uh,
+it's effectively a franchise reboot. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's effectively a franchise reboot. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's effectively a franchise reboot. Uh,
+they they they want to sort of get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they want to sort of get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they want to sort of get the
+same idea of, you know, leading massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea of, you know, leading massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea of, you know, leading massive
+armies against each other. I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies against each other. I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies against each other. I think they
+take some of the characters or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of the characters or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of the characters or at least
+some of the technologies that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the technologies that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the technologies that came from
+the original heroes might m magic. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original heroes might m magic. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original heroes might m magic. Um
+but that that that's as far as it got.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that that's as far as it got.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that that's as far as it got.
+Everything else that everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything else that everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything else that everything else
+they changed because they're going for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed because they're going for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed because they're going for a
+completely different audience. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different audience. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different audience. The the
+assumption being Nintendo DS players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption being Nintendo DS players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption being Nintendo DS players
+like match three games. Um like Joel. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like match three games. Um like Joel. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like match three games. Um like Joel. Um
+it's actually really good. I I I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really good. I I I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really good. I I I will
+encourage you if you like match three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you if you like match three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you if you like match three
+games. Um, so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Um, so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Um, so,
+uh, I was going to put Sarah on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I was going to put Sarah on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I was going to put Sarah on the
+spot, uh, for, uh, having worked on, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot, uh, for, uh, having worked on, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot, uh, for, uh, having worked on, uh,
+Thief 2 and Thief Gold and Thief Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief 2 and Thief Gold and Thief Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief 2 and Thief Gold and Thief Two
+Gold and, uh, a number of, uh, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gold and, uh, a number of, uh, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gold and, uh, a number of, uh, of
+releases, but you can start telling us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases, but you can start telling us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases, but you can start telling us a
+little bit about your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about your original
+involvement on Thief.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement on Thief.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement on Thief.
+>> Sure. Uh, you're going to stand up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. Uh, you're going to stand up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. Uh, you're going to stand up so
+you can actually hear me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually hear me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually hear me.
+>> I can bring the microphone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I can bring the microphone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I can bring the microphone.
+>> Um, so, um, Thief, the dark project, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, so, um, Thief, the dark project, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, so, um, Thief, the dark project, um,
+I came on as actually as lead tester. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came on as actually as lead tester. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came on as actually as lead tester. Um
+partway through it I became QA manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partway through it I became QA manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partway through it I became QA manager
+essentially and then I actually stepped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and then I actually stepped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and then I actually stepped
+into design role um for about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into design role um for about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into design role um for about the second
+half of the project. Um and I continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the project. Um and I continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the project. Um and I continued
+to work as a design designer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work as a design designer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work as a design designer and a
+project manager on thief 2 and uh thief.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project manager on thief 2 and uh thief.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project manager on thief 2 and uh thief.
+>> What were you designing in thief?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What were you designing in thief?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What were you designing in thief?
+>> Um in thief one I was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um in thief one I was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um in thief one I was pretty
+specifically designing gameplay for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designing gameplay for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designing gameplay for a
+level that someone else had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that someone else had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that someone else had already
+built. building levels took a lot longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built. building levels took a lot longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built. building levels took a lot longer
+than putting in gameplay. Um, at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than putting in gameplay. Um, at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than putting in gameplay. Um, at least
+from my point of view, I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my point of view, I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my point of view, I think the
+person who built it thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who built it thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who built it thought that
+building levels was a lot faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building levels was a lot faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building levels was a lot faster than
+putting in gameplay. Um, so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in gameplay. Um, so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in gameplay. Um, so it was a
+good combination, but it was built by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good combination, but it was built by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good combination, but it was built by an
+artist who didn't have the scripting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist who didn't have the scripting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist who didn't have the scripting
+experience or the testing patients to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or the testing patients to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or the testing patients to go
+through and make sure that all the exper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and make sure that all the exper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and make sure that all the exper
+the gameplay experience was working. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gameplay experience was working. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gameplay experience was working. So,
+I was basically handed the level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was basically handed the level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was basically handed the level and
+said, "Okay, make it fun."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Okay, make it fun."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Okay, make it fun."
+>> Now, Thief is a first person stealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Now, Thief is a first person stealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Now, Thief is a first person stealth
+game. Basically, you're looking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Basically, you're looking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Basically, you're looking through
+the eyes of a thief who is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes of a thief who is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes of a thief who is not
+physically all that robust, but uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically all that robust, but uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically all that robust, but uh he
+can sneak and uh he can shoot arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sneak and uh he can shoot arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sneak and uh he can shoot arrows
+usually at your back uh and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at your back uh and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at your back uh and you know and
+hide. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide. So,
+>> and the AI is unlike in most games where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and the AI is unlike in most games where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and the AI is unlike in most games where
+AI is tuned to sort of aha we noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI is tuned to sort of aha we noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI is tuned to sort of aha we noticed
+you, we recharge you. The AI is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, we recharge you. The AI is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, we recharge you. The AI is is
+carefully tuned to both tell the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully tuned to both tell the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully tuned to both tell the player
+if the AI sort of notices you if the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the AI sort of notices you if the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the AI sort of notices you if the AI
+thinks he's looking for you and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks he's looking for you and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks he's looking for you and is
+looking for you and if he's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for you and if he's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for you and if he's actually
+coming after you so that a player who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming after you so that a player who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming after you so that a player who
+makes a noise while sneaking up on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a noise while sneaking up on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a noise while sneaking up on them
+will realize that oh he noticed that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will realize that oh he noticed that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will realize that oh he noticed that I
+should go be more quiet. Um so uh the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go be more quiet. Um so uh the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go be more quiet. Um so uh the AI
+feedback and tuning the AIS was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and tuning the AIS was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and tuning the AIS was actually
+really pretty important to playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty important to playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty important to playing
+experience apart. If you didn't give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience apart. If you didn't give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience apart. If you didn't give the
+player an avenue to approach a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player an avenue to approach a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player an avenue to approach a guard
+from behind or to sneak up on them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behind or to sneak up on them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behind or to sneak up on them in
+some way, you were pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way, you were pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way, you were pretty much
+guaranteeing the player would get play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing the player would get play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing the player would get play
+get killed because the player could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed because the player could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed because the player could not
+in fact take one guard on one to one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact take one guard on one to one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact take one guard on one to one um
+many times. You could probably kill one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times. You could probably kill one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times. You could probably kill one
+guard face to face, but then he'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard face to face, but then he'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard face to face, but then he'd be
+sufficiently wounded that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently wounded that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently wounded that the second
+fight would finish off. So, you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight would finish off. So, you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight would finish off. So, you had to
+be giving the player uh channels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving the player uh channels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving the player uh channels and
+ways to sneak up and places to hide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to sneak up and places to hide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to sneak up and places to hide and
+things like that if you wanted to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that if you wanted to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that if you wanted to have
+an interesting game. a challenge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting game. a challenge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting game. a challenge.
+>> And that's the gameplay tweaks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And that's the gameplay tweaks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And that's the gameplay tweaks that
+you're talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about.
+>> Those are the gameplay tweaks I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Those are the gameplay tweaks I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Those are the gameplay tweaks I'm
+talking about. Yeah. Placing AIs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. Yeah. Placing AIs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. Yeah. Placing AIs,
+determining their paths. Um, putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining their paths. Um, putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining their paths. Um, putting
+actually this little particular level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this little particular level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this little particular level
+had a lot of traps in it. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of traps in it. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of traps in it. So, um,
+creating the traps and then giving clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the traps and then giving clues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the traps and then giving clues
+to the player in game so that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the player in game so that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the player in game so that they could
+a either notice the trap was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a either notice the trap was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a either notice the trap was there
+before getting hit by it and, uh, find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting hit by it and, uh, find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting hit by it and, uh, find
+some other way to trigger it or, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other way to trigger it or, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other way to trigger it or, um,
+notice that it was there or notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it was there or notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it was there or notice it
+was there and then discover how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there and then discover how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there and then discover how to get
+out of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it.
+Thief is a uh 199
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief is a uh 199
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief is a uh 199
+>> 198 at this point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 198 at this point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 198 at this point.
+>> 199 1996 was it was it was released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 199 1996 was it was it was released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 199 1996 was it was it was released
+around the same time Doom was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time Doom was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time Doom was.
+>> And and it's pretty impressive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and it's pretty impressive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and it's pretty impressive because
+in Doom you can't look up. I believe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Doom you can't look up. I believe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Doom you can't look up. I believe you
+can shoot them but you can't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shoot them but you can't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shoot them but you can't.
+>> Yeah. In in Thief you can crouch, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. In in Thief you can crouch, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. In in Thief you can crouch, you
+can lean around corners. Um you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lean around corners. Um you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lean around corners. Um you can in
+fact shoot your bow while leaning around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact shoot your bow while leaning around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact shoot your bow while leaning around
+corners and Yeah. um you can look up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and Yeah. um you can look up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and Yeah. um you can look up and
+down and all around. So yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and all around. So yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and all around. So yeah.
+>> So that's Thief one. How what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's Thief one. How what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's Thief one. How what happens
+when Thief 2 gets approved or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Thief 2 gets approved or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Thief 2 gets approved or you know
+>> um well the first thing I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um well the first thing I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um well the first thing I need to do is
+convince people they want to do Thief 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people they want to do Thief 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people they want to do Thief 2
+because while Thief was a great game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while Thief was a great game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while Thief was a great game and
+it has actually sold fairly well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has actually sold fairly well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has actually sold fairly well over
+time. Its initial sales were not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Its initial sales were not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Its initial sales were not what
+publishers want to see because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishers want to see because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishers want to see because the
+initial sales the publisher wants to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sales the publisher wants to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial sales the publisher wants to see
+is oh my god it sold 10 million copies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh my god it sold 10 million copies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh my god it sold 10 million copies.
+Awesome. Instead, what we did was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome. Instead, what we did was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome. Instead, what we did was we
+sold a fairly good first initial sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold a fairly good first initial sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold a fairly good first initial sell
+through and then it just kind of kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and then it just kind of kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and then it just kind of kept
+going. So, the first thing we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So, the first thing we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So, the first thing we had to do
+was convince them that yes, Thief 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was convince them that yes, Thief 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was convince them that yes, Thief 2
+would be a good idea. Enough people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good idea. Enough people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good idea. Enough people are
+continuing to buy Thief 1 that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to buy Thief 1 that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to buy Thief 1 that those
+same people will all run out and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people will all run out and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people will all run out and buy
+Thief 2 on the very first day. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief 2 on the very first day. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief 2 on the very first day. Um, and
+the way we did that was first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we did that was first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we did that was first of all
+taking a look at forums and saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at forums and saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at forums and saying,
+"Hey, look, people are pretty excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, look, people are pretty excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, look, people are pretty excited
+about this. They're enjoying it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. They're enjoying it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. They're enjoying it. It's
+got good lasting power. Our fans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got good lasting power. Our fans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got good lasting power. Our fans are
+going to stick around to play with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick around to play with it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick around to play with it a
+second time." And that was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time." And that was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time." And that was sort of a
+marketing and analysis that kind of went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and analysis that kind of went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and analysis that kind of went
+into the publisher. And the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the publisher. And the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the publisher. And the other part
+was saying, okay, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying, okay, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying, okay, what are the
+improvements we're going to make to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements we're going to make to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements we're going to make to this
+game? How are we going to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game? How are we going to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game? How are we going to change this
+game to make it better than Thief 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to make it better than Thief 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to make it better than Thief 1
+while still taking advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still taking advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still taking advantage of
+everything we did? So, we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we did? So, we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we did? So, we created
+basically a big design doc with here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a big design doc with here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a big design doc with here are
+the areas that we thought we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that we thought we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that we thought we could have
+done better in Thief 1. Here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done better in Thief 1. Here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done better in Thief 1. Here's what
+we're going to prove. And here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove. And here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove. And here are the
+changes we're going to make. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes we're going to make. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes we're going to make. So, we're
+not going to make Thief 1 again. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to make Thief 1 again. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to make Thief 1 again. We're
+going to take what Thief One was, add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take what Thief One was, add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take what Thief One was, add
+some improvements to it, make a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some improvements to it, make a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some improvements to it, make a deeper
+story, and hopefully give a more variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story, and hopefully give a more variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story, and hopefully give a more variety
+of gameplay was what we actually ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gameplay was what we actually ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gameplay was what we actually ended
+up aiming for in our initial docs. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up aiming for in our initial docs. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up aiming for in our initial docs. Um,
+was we wanted to give Garrett additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we wanted to give Garrett additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we wanted to give Garrett additional
+abilities, give him a little bit, give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities, give him a little bit, give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities, give him a little bit, give
+him give vary the gameplay. The gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him give vary the gameplay. The gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him give vary the gameplay. The gameplay
+in Thief 1 was all speed. We tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thief 1 was all speed. We tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thief 1 was all speed. We tried to
+have some additional types of missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some additional types of missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some additional types of missions
+in Thief 2. It's been long enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thief 2. It's been long enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thief 2. It's been long enough that
+there was a little more face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little more face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little more face-to-face
+fighting. there was a little more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting. there was a little more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting. there was a little more um
+subtrafuge instead of just sneaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtrafuge instead of just sneaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtrafuge instead of just sneaking
+around. We also had okay so now you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. We also had okay so now you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. We also had okay so now you need
+to disguise yourself to someone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disguise yourself to someone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disguise yourself to someone and
+sneak in and sneak out again because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak in and sneak out again because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak in and sneak out again because you
+need to achieve you need to pass for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to achieve you need to pass for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to achieve you need to pass for
+them while getting a goal done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them while getting a goal done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them while getting a goal done and
+things like that. So we tried to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So we tried to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So we tried to find
+what are additional stealth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are additional stealth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are additional stealth and
+subtrauge um issues in gameplay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtrauge um issues in gameplay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtrauge um issues in gameplay we can
+have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+>> How many of those features in teeth do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How many of those features in teeth do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How many of those features in teeth do
+were inherited from like dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inherited from like dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inherited from like dropped
+features of teeth or ideas? A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of teeth or ideas? A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of teeth or ideas? A lot of
+them, a lot of them inherited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, a lot of them inherited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, a lot of them inherited from
+dropped ideas from Thief 1, but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped ideas from Thief 1, but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped ideas from Thief 1, but when we
+first when they first started designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first when they first started designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first when they first started designing
+Thief, and I was not on the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief, and I was not on the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief, and I was not on the initial
+Thief design team, so now I'm I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief design team, so now I'm I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief design team, so now I'm I'm making
+up what they were talking about. Um, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what they were talking about. Um, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what they were talking about. Um, it
+wasn't clear that it was going to be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear that it was going to be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear that it was going to be it
+was it was sort of like it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was sort of like it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was sort of like it's going to be
+a stealthy e game, but we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stealthy e game, but we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stealthy e game, but we hadn't
+actually defined what stealthy gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined what stealthy gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined what stealthy gameplay
+was yet. So, um, it was Thief one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yet. So, um, it was Thief one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yet. So, um, it was Thief one that
+kind of told us what this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of told us what this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of told us what this is what
+stealth play is that works. And once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth play is that works. And once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth play is that works. And once we
+found the one or two things that worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the one or two things that worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the one or two things that worked
+and kind of went with that and hung with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of went with that and hung with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of went with that and hung with
+that, it was a thief too. We got to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it was a thief too. We got to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it was a thief too. We got to play
+around with what are some other ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with what are some other ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with what are some other ideas of
+selfie gameplay. What are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfie gameplay. What are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfie gameplay. What are some other
+ways to trick people into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to trick people into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to trick people into
+if people have played Metal Gear Solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people have played Metal Gear Solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people have played Metal Gear Solid
+or any of the games in the Metal Gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the games in the Metal Gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the games in the Metal Gear
+Solid series, it always a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solid series, it always a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solid series, it always a lot of
+especially the really really noisy NPCs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the really really noisy NPCs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the really really noisy NPCs.
+You want I heard something. I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want I heard something. I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want I heard something. I wonder
+what's over there. That's awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's over there. That's awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's over there. That's awesome.
+>> DSX also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> DSX also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> DSX also.
+>> But but DSX also also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But but DSX also also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But but DSX also also got
+>> Yes. Well, that's what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Well, that's what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Well, that's what I'm saying is
+that DSX also actually took a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DSX also actually took a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DSX also actually took a lot of
+thieves lessons and went on with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thieves lessons and went on with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thieves lessons and went on with them
+from there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there.
+>> Again, a lot of people working on thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Again, a lot of people working on thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Again, a lot of people working on thief
+DSX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSX
+>> uh DSX 2 or DSX 2, but yeah, um Looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh DSX 2 or DSX 2, but yeah, um Looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh DSX 2 or DSX 2, but yeah, um Looking
+Glass folded and went out of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass folded and went out of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glass folded and went out of business
+and um a lot of people moved to Austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a lot of people moved to Austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a lot of people moved to Austin
+to then work on Thief 3 and DSX 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then work on Thief 3 and DSX 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then work on Thief 3 and DSX 2 and
+and and those projects there. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those projects there. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those projects there. So,
+>> um I have a question about um the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um I have a question about um the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um I have a question about um the gold
+the gold version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold version.
+>> The gold version. the gold versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The gold version. the gold versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The gold version. the gold versions of
+the games are um really a way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games are um really a way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games are um really a way to try to
+convince from the marketing point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince from the marketing point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince from the marketing point of
+view is a way to convince players to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is a way to convince players to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is a way to convince players to buy
+the same material again. So it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same material again. So it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same material again. So it was it
+was I'm being a little cynical here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I'm being a little cynical here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I'm being a little cynical here and
+I admit that. Um but we added new we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I admit that. Um but we added new we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I admit that. Um but we added new we did
+in fact add what we did was we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact add what we did was we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact add what we did was we added
+several new missions. So, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several new missions. So, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several new missions. So, it was
+expanded play and then we went back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded play and then we went back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded play and then we went back and
+problems that we knew were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we knew were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we knew were in the
+missions, we fixed them and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions, we fixed them and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions, we fixed them and we actually
+added some richer gameplay to several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some richer gameplay to several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some richer gameplay to several of
+the missions that, oh god, we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missions that, oh god, we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missions that, oh god, we have to
+take this out the door. We have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this out the door. We have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this out the door. We have to take
+this out the door. This would be so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out the door. This would be so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out the door. This would be so cool
+if we could set this up, but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could set this up, but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could set this up, but we don't
+have time to. And out it goes. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to. And out it goes. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to. And out it goes. And so,
+we went back and we touched up over half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back and we touched up over half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back and we touched up over half
+of the missions. We added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the missions. We added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the missions. We added some
+additional gameplay. We added extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional gameplay. We added extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional gameplay. We added extra
+goals. We added we took areas where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals. We added we took areas where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals. We added we took areas where we
+thought the gameplay was particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the gameplay was particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the gameplay was particularly
+weak because we'd gotten rushed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak because we'd gotten rushed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak because we'd gotten rushed on
+finishing it. and we made the levels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing it. and we made the levels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing it. and we made the levels a
+bit longer and a little more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer and a little more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer and a little more interesting
+in our opinion. And then we also added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our opinion. And then we also added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our opinion. And then we also added
+three new levels in. It was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new levels in. It was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new levels in. It was kind of a
+chance. It was a doover. Um, we had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance. It was a doover. Um, we had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance. It was a doover. Um, we had very
+limited programming resources, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited programming resources, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited programming resources, so we
+didn't really need to add any add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to add any add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to add any add in
+much in the way of new features, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the way of new features, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the way of new features, but we
+were able to go back and tune it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to go back and tune it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to go back and tune it and
+make significant changes to the levels,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make significant changes to the levels,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make significant changes to the levels,
+to the way that the guards worked, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way that the guards worked, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way that the guards worked, to
+the scripting behind the levels. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scripting behind the levels. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scripting behind the levels. If
+anyone's working on a 3D mod, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's working on a 3D mod, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's working on a 3D mod, you know,
+there's usually a fair bit that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually a fair bit that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually a fair bit that a
+designer can do behind the behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer can do behind the behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer can do behind the behind the
+walls of of telling the AIs what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of of telling the AIs what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of of telling the AIs what to do
+and how to think and how the gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to think and how the gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to think and how the gameplay
+flows. And Thief especially had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. And Thief especially had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. And Thief especially had an
+extremely rich editor that u more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rich editor that u more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rich editor that u more
+powerful, I think, than any other editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful, I think, than any other editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful, I think, than any other editor
+I've ever worked with. Even though it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever worked with. Even though it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever worked with. Even though it is
+now 15 or 20 years old, 15 years old, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 15 or 20 years old, 15 years old, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 15 or 20 years old, 15 years old, I
+think, um, it's still the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, um, it's still the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, um, it's still the most powerful
+editor for a designer that I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor for a designer that I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor for a designer that I've ever
+seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen.
+>> So, um, Do you feel that in like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, um, Do you feel that in like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, um, Do you feel that in like how
+much you you mentioned you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you you mentioned you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you you mentioned you looked at the
+forums and you looked at pan input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums and you looked at pan input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums and you looked at pan input and
+how much of that of what went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of that of what went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of that of what went into
+creating the sequels actually came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the sequels actually came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the sequels actually came from
+pan input or was it just like verifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan input or was it just like verifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan input or was it just like verifying
+what you already wanted to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you already wanted to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you already wanted to do?
+>> Part of it was to verify what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Part of it was to verify what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Part of it was to verify what we wanted
+to do. Part of it was to verify there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Part of it was to verify there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Part of it was to verify there
+was enough interest that people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough interest that people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough interest that people would
+want to do it. Part of it was to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it. Part of it was to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it. Part of it was to see
+what did people like most? Which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did people like most? Which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did people like most? Which of the
+missions did people like most? And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions did people like most? And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions did people like most? And what
+are there any good ideas out there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any good ideas out there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any good ideas out there for
+how to play how to play a game that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play how to play a game that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play how to play a game that we
+think yes, you know, they're right. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes, you know, they're right. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes, you know, they're right. We
+never thought of that. I think that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought of that. I think that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought of that. I think that one
+of the things people talked about a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things people talked about a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things people talked about a lot
+was actually disguise missions. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually disguise missions. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually disguise missions. And I
+think we had two disguise missions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we had two disguise missions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we had two disguise missions in
+Thief 2 where you kind of disguise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief 2 where you kind of disguise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thief 2 where you kind of disguise
+yourself as as no, no, nobody look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as as no, no, nobody look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as as no, no, nobody look at
+me. I'm I'm just another guard walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. I'm I'm just another guard walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. I'm I'm just another guard walking
+around. Don't worry about me. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Don't worry about me. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Don't worry about me. Um,
+and that was something that we said, oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was something that we said, oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was something that we said, oh
+yeah, that would be really cool. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, that would be really cool. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, that would be really cool. And
+that's something we had no time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we had no time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we had no time to
+implement for Thief. But if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement for Thief. But if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement for Thief. But if we're
+choosing our if we're choosing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing our if we're choosing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing our if we're choosing which
+features new features to implement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features new features to implement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features new features to implement for
+thief too, that was actually not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief too, that was actually not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief too, that was actually not an
+amazingly difficult one because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly difficult one because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly difficult one because you just
+figure out a way to put a tag on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to put a tag on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to put a tag on the
+player that says, "Oh, guards don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player that says, "Oh, guards don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player that says, "Oh, guards don't get
+upset when you see them."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset when you see them."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset when you see them."
+>> Did you have uh situations where players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did you have uh situations where players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did you have uh situations where players
+came out with exploits that you tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with exploits that you tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with exploits that you tried to
+address in the gold version?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in the gold version?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in the gold version?
+>> There were not. No, actually there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There were not. No, actually there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There were not. No, actually there were
+a couple of places where people found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of places where people found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of places where people found
+bugs that were um level enders that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that were um level enders that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that were um level enders that got
+people stuck that we went in and fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stuck that we went in and fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stuck that we went in and fixed.
+There were not a whole lot of exploits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were not a whole lot of exploits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were not a whole lot of exploits
+um that I recall us trying to get in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I recall us trying to get in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I recall us trying to get in and
+fix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix.
+>> So if somebody like deliberately found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So if somebody like deliberately found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So if somebody like deliberately found
+something that put them on the roof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that put them on the roof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that put them on the roof of
+the castle or something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the castle or something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the castle or something like that that
+you didn't bother trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't bother trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't bother trying to
+>> um if it if it allowed the player to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um if it if it allowed the player to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um if it if it allowed the player to get
+to the place where it broke the game, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place where it broke the game, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place where it broke the game, we
+did try to fix it because we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did try to fix it because we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did try to fix it because we tried to
+fix anything that was a game breaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix anything that was a game breaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix anything that was a game breaker
+where you could get up on the wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could get up on the wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could get up on the wall and
+then leap off into the void. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then leap off into the void. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then leap off into the void. Um, but
+sometimes what we do is rather than stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes what we do is rather than stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes what we do is rather than stop
+you from getting up on the castle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from getting up on the castle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from getting up on the castle and
+proving how cool you were, we'd let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving how cool you were, we'd let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving how cool you were, we'd let you
+get up on the castle, but we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up on the castle, but we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up on the castle, but we put
+invisible barrier so you couldn't hurl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible barrier so you couldn't hurl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible barrier so you couldn't hurl
+yourself into the darkness and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into the darkness and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into the darkness and then
+crash the game. So, right there, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash the game. So, right there, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash the game. So, right there, if
+players enjoy finding those things, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players enjoy finding those things, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players enjoy finding those things, so
+taking them out doesn't taking them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them out doesn't taking them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them out doesn't taking them out
+doesn't enhance the gameplay. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't enhance the gameplay. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't enhance the gameplay. And the
+point of the goal project was to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the goal project was to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the goal project was to try to
+make something where the gameplay was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something where the gameplay was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something where the gameplay was
+sufficiently enhanced that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently enhanced that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently enhanced that it was
+worthwhile to go out and buy again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to go out and buy again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to go out and buy again.
+>> So now we're in an environment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So now we're in an environment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So now we're in an environment where
+patches are pretty much just downloaded,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches are pretty much just downloaded,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches are pretty much just downloaded,
+right? We don't we don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We don't we don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We don't we don't necessarily
+have that situation in the early 90s. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that situation in the early 90s. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that situation in the early 90s. Uh
+is there still a rule of space called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there still a rule of space called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there still a rule of space called
+gold versions re-releases?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold versions re-releases?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold versions re-releases?
+>> I think now again that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think now again that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think now again that would be an
+expansion pack. I don't think I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion pack. I don't think I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion pack. I don't think I don't
+think that you would do a gold version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you would do a gold version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you would do a gold version.
+you do an expansion pack and with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an expansion pack and with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an expansion pack and with a with
+an expansion pack patch you could fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expansion pack patch you could fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expansion pack patch you could fix
+old problems and you might introduce new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old problems and you might introduce new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old problems and you might introduce new
+versions of levels but I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of levels but I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of levels but I don't think you
+go through the hassle of doing you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the hassle of doing you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the hassle of doing you just
+expansion pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion pack
+>> thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> thanks
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for
+your experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> so pretty much all your dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so pretty much all your dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so pretty much all your dat
+forums we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums we
+>> oh no oh no that was just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> oh no oh no that was just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> oh no oh no that was just one of the
+places where we looked we also looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where we looked we also looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where we looked we also looked at
+sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales
+and continued sales and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continued sales and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continued sales and things like
+that. Like I said, that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Like I said, that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Like I said, that was actually
+more of a marketing sales to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a marketing sales to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a marketing sales to sort of do
+here's the hard here's why we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the hard here's why we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the hard here's why we think
+players will like it. Here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players will like it. Here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players will like it. Here's some
+experiences we got. Here's the hard data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences we got. Here's the hard data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences we got. Here's the hard data
+on our sales, how our sales are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our sales, how our sales are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our sales, how our sales are
+continuing. Um, and the fact that Thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing. Um, and the fact that Thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing. Um, and the fact that Thief
+is having while it did not come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having while it did not come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having while it did not come out and
+sell 100,000 copies the first month,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell 100,000 copies the first month,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell 100,000 copies the first month,
+it's continuing to sell 20 or 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuing to sell 20 or 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuing to sell 20 or 30,000
+copies a month, which means that word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies a month, which means that word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies a month, which means that word of
+mouth is pretty strong and people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth is pretty strong and people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth is pretty strong and people are
+continuing to go out and buy it and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to go out and buy it and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to go out and buy it and go
+out and play it. And here's the forum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and play it. And here's the forum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and play it. And here's the forum
+where a whole bunch of people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a whole bunch of people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a whole bunch of people are using
+the editor we released and the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editor we released and the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editor we released and the activity
+in that forum is going up over time, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that forum is going up over time, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that forum is going up over time, not
+down over time, which indicates you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over time, which indicates you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over time, which indicates you've
+got more people coming into it. People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more people coming into it. People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more people coming into it. People
+are coming in, they're staying at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in, they're staying at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in, they're staying at it and
+using it. And you've got more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it. And you've got more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it. And you've got more people
+continuing to come in. The community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to come in. The community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to come in. The community is
+growing, which is means that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing, which is means that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing, which is means that there's
+interest there and there's people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest there and there's people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest there and there's people who
+are paying attention to project continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying attention to project continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying attention to project continue
+to pay attention to product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention to product.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay attention to product.
+>> But also for gameplay, for finding dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But also for gameplay, for finding dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But also for gameplay, for finding dead
+ends, for finding So you said you fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends, for finding So you said you fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends, for finding So you said you fixed
+some dead ends of games you found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dead ends of games you found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dead ends of games you found out
+about those. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Well,
+the difference between a Let me think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a Let me think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a Let me think.
+At our height, we had a 12 person QA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At our height, we had a 12 person QA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At our height, we had a 12 person QA
+department.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department.
+Um, and 50,000 users is pretty big. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and 50,000 users is pretty big. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and 50,000 users is pretty big. Um,
+I we did our best on testing it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we did our best on testing it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we did our best on testing it and we
+had like another 10 or 15 helpers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like another 10 or 15 helpers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like another 10 or 15 helpers
+through our publisher, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our publisher, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our publisher, but
+I mean, we had comparatively speaking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, we had comparatively speaking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, we had comparatively speaking a
+ridiculously small QA department for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously small QA department for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously small QA department for for
+the game. But then you have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. But then you have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. But then you have a situation
+where someone does something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone does something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone does something on the
+forum and then you can verify it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum and then you can verify it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum and then you can verify it when
+you give it to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it to.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> And you can actually figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And you can actually figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And you can actually figure out whether
+what they were seeing was exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were seeing was exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were seeing was exactly the
+problem they were describing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they were describing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they were describing.
+>> And it being a solely single player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And it being a solely single player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And it being a solely single player
+game. I know a lot of games do um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. I know a lot of games do um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. I know a lot of games do um you
+know beta do large beta tests where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beta do large beta tests where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beta do large beta tests where they
+ask you know 500 200 or a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know 500 200 or a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know 500 200 or a thousand
+people to to play the game. We did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to play the game. We did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to play the game. We did not
+do any external testing like that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any external testing like that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any external testing like that at
+all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Also back in the 90s that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also back in the 90s that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also back in the 90s that would have
+>> also Yeah. It was not the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> also Yeah. It was not the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> also Yeah. It was not the sort of thing
+that was really done in the 90s as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really done in the 90s as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really done in the 90s as well.
+So, it's a it's very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a it's very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a it's very much a
+developmental shift.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental shift.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental shift.
+>> Did you ever explicitly ask on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did you ever explicitly ask on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did you ever explicitly ask on the
+forums like if there were another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums like if there were another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums like if there were another
+sequel, would you buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel, would you buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel, would you buy it
+>> or did you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or did you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or did you just
+>> I don't know. I did not do that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. I did not do that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. I did not do that. Um,
+>> I was not on the forums. I helped some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was not on the forums. I helped some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was not on the forums. I helped some
+of the forum data and read forums, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forum data and read forums, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forum data and read forums, but I
+didn't really post on the forums a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really post on the forums a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really post on the forums a lot.
+>> Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um,
+>> do you think that'd be a viable tactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> do you think that'd be a viable tactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> do you think that'd be a viable tactic
+or would you just say people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you just say people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you just say people would
+probably just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just say
+>> I think that your data would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think that your data would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think that your data would be very
+good. Okay. I mean, the most you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Okay. I mean, the most you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Okay. I mean, the most you're
+probably going to get is a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to get is a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to get is a thousand
+people who read the forum say yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who read the forum say yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who read the forum say yes and
+that's a thousand people and that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thousand people and that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thousand people and that's um
+not enough sales to justify doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough sales to justify doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough sales to justify doing
+anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything.
+>> It's more interesting. I think it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's more interesting. I think it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's more interesting. I think it's more
+useful to look at trends like if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to look at trends like if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to look at trends like if you've
+got like a survey out maybe. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like a survey out maybe. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like a survey out maybe. I don't
+know. I've seen I've seen companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. I've seen I've seen companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. I've seen I've seen companies
+bring in focus groups of their people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in focus groups of their people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in focus groups of their people
+who played the first game to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played the first game to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played the first game to come in and
+they're bouncing off either prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bouncing off either prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bouncing off either prototypes
+or features that they're planning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or features that they're planning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or features that they're planning for
+the second version to see how they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second version to see how they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second version to see how they will
+respond to them. I would say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to them. I would say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to them. I would say that the
+information you get back from that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you get back from that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you get back from that is
+also not very good. Um, but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not very good. Um, but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not very good. Um, but it might be
+something that is done to gain traction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is done to gain traction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is done to gain traction
+in internal studio politics. And I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in internal studio politics. And I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in internal studio politics. And I was
+like, well, we did this exercise where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, well, we did this exercise where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, well, we did this exercise where
+we brought these people in and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we brought these people in and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we brought these people in and they said
+these features are okay, so we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features are okay, so we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features are okay, so we can take
+the risk of actually developing it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of actually developing it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of actually developing it as
+opposed to, you know, saying driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to, you know, saying driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to, you know, saying driving the
+entire process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire process of
+>> games. Games don't respond really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> games. Games don't respond really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> games. Games don't respond really well
+to um focus test based development.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um focus test based development.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um focus test based development.
+Well, focus group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, focus group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, focus group.
+>> Focus group based group development. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Focus group based group development. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Focus group based group development. Um,
+getting feedback on your games is great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting feedback on your games is great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting feedback on your games is great.
+Um, finding out how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, finding out how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, finding out how many people are
+likely to like your game is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to like your game is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to like your game is a lot
+harder,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder,
+>> especially if they never if they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> especially if they never if they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> especially if they never if they can't
+actually see it when you ask them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it when you ask them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it when you ask them that
+question. Uh, then they have no idea uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Uh, then they have no idea uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Uh, then they have no idea uh
+what they're commenting on. You'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're commenting on. You'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're commenting on. You'll make
+something up that they think you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up that they think you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up that they think you want to
+hear. Uh, it's like, "Yes, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear. Uh, it's like, "Yes, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear. Uh, it's like, "Yes, of course,
+we'll buy a copy of the game. We love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll buy a copy of the game. We love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll buy a copy of the game. We love
+the first one. Sure." You know, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one. Sure." You know, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one. Sure." You know, but
+they've never actually seen the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never actually seen the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never actually seen the second
+version of the game. of you. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the game. of you. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the game. of you. So you
+don't actually know that the case. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know that the case. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know that the case. Um
+for those of you who do miss Iran Goi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who do miss Iran Goi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who do miss Iran Goi's
+talk uh last week uh he was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh last week uh he was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh last week uh he was talking
+about how um in amplitude which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how um in amplitude which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how um in amplitude which was a
+sequel amplitude or frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel amplitude or frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel amplitude or frequency
+>> frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> frequency
+>> frequency is the first one amplitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> frequency is the first one amplitude.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> frequency is the first one amplitude.
+>> Oh yeah I think it wasn't the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah I think it wasn't the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah I think it wasn't the very first
+one. So that was frequency. uh he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that was frequency. uh he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that was frequency. uh he was
+talking about how uh how the folks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how uh how the folks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how uh how the folks from
+Sunny were helping them run their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny were helping them run their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny were helping them run their their
+focus groups and um and they did two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus groups and um and they did two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus groups and um and they did two
+tests and one of the tests was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and one of the tests was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and one of the tests was you know
+after they played the game they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they played the game they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they played the game they would
+they did a survey of how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a survey of how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a survey of how many people
+were planning on buying this when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planning on buying this when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planning on buying this when it
+came out and they had like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and they had like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and they had like some
+ridiculously high score like 80% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously high score like 80% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously high score like 80% or
+something like that like the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like the highest
+but they also did a survey of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also did a survey of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also did a survey of how many
+people were planning on buying the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were planning on buying the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were planning on buying the game
+just by looking at the box before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the box before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the box before they
+played the game and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the game and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the game and that was a
+ridiculous be no number and it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous be no number and it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous be no number and it's only
+and it's only people called it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only people called it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only people called it. It's
+like this is not going to sell because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is not going to sell because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is not going to sell because
+you know sure the people who played your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sure the people who played your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sure the people who played your
+game are going to enjoy your game but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are going to enjoy your game but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are going to enjoy your game but no
+one's going to play your game in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to play your game in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to play your game in the
+first place because people can't figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place because people can't figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place because people can't figure
+out what what your game's about and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what what your game's about and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what what your game's about and you
+try to address those problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to address those problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to address those problems with the
+sequel. Uh that's that uh that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel. Uh that's that uh that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel. Uh that's that uh that's one
+thing Brenda talks about your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Brenda talks about your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Brenda talks about your your
+chance to do a doo a chance for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do a doo a chance for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do a doo a chance for you to
+go back and fix the problems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and fix the problems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and fix the problems that you
+found in the first one especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the first one especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the first one especially when
+you find those problems really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find those problems really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find those problems really close to
+ship date. There's nothing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship date. There's nothing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship date. There's nothing that you can
+do about for the first time around, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about for the first time around, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about for the first time around, but
+if you're lucky, you get a second chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky, you get a second chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky, you get a second chance
+to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it.
+>> Yeah. I also noticed that frequency was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. I also noticed that frequency was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. I also noticed that frequency was
+not called in or rather it wasn't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not called in or rather it wasn't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not called in or rather it wasn't um
+frequency too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency too.
+>> It was it wasn't frequency too. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It was it wasn't frequency too. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It was it wasn't frequency too. They
+called it amplitude. So, it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it amplitude. So, it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it amplitude. So, it was actually
+kind of a reboot as well. It was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a reboot as well. It was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a reboot as well. It was like
+they kind of just wanted people, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of just wanted people, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of just wanted people, okay,
+let's pretend frequency didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pretend frequency didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pretend frequency didn't happen
+and that's we'll make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we'll make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we'll make sure that the
+frequency people who love the game know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency people who love the game know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency people who love the game know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+>> have a ton. Yeah. It's much easier to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> have a ton. Yeah. It's much easier to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> have a ton. Yeah. It's much easier to to
+tell the a small base who liked you, oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the a small base who liked you, oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the a small base who liked you, oh
+yeah, and buy this game than it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, and buy this game than it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, and buy this game than it is to
+say to tell a large group of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to tell a large group of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to tell a large group of people who
+weren't interested the first time, no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't interested the first time, no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't interested the first time, no,
+no, you didn't like it the first time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, you didn't like it the first time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, you didn't like it the first time,
+but trust us, you'll like it this time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust us, you'll like it this time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust us, you'll like it this time.
+Um I've seen a couple of uh companies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I've seen a couple of uh companies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I've seen a couple of uh companies do
+uh effectively uh go versions every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effectively uh go versions every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effectively uh go versions every time
+they move to a new platform like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move to a new platform like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move to a new platform like the
+latest platform which they release it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest platform which they release it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest platform which they release it
+from tends to become the definitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tends to become the definitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tends to become the definitive
+version that if you're a big fan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that if you're a big fan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that if you're a big fan of the
+franchise and you're willing to buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise and you're willing to buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franchise and you're willing to buy this
+game multiple times you want to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game multiple times you want to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game multiple times you want to get that
+because of a few extra features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a few extra features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a few extra features that
+they put in. Maybe it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in. Maybe it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in. Maybe it's different
+endings. Maybe it's upgraded cut scenes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings. Maybe it's upgraded cut scenes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings. Maybe it's upgraded cut scenes.
+Uh if it's a role playing game I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if it's a role playing game I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if it's a role playing game I see
+that a lot. uh maybe they redided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot. uh maybe they redided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot. uh maybe they redided the
+cut scene from scratch or reded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut scene from scratch or reded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut scene from scratch or reded the
+audio from from from scratch. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio from from from scratch. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio from from from scratch. So it's
+the same assets but clearer and science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same assets but clearer and science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same assets but clearer and science
+higher resolution. And of course, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resolution. And of course, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resolution. And of course, you
+have games that uh that started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have games that uh that started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have games that uh that started off
+their lives as online flash games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives as online flash games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives as online flash games and
+stuff like that and then get moved on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and then get moved on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and then get moved on to
+other platforms like DS or PSP. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other platforms like DS or PSP. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other platforms like DS or PSP. And
+those those games tend to have not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those games tend to have not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those games tend to have not only
+completely reworked controls because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely reworked controls because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely reworked controls because
+controls are different um but also a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls are different um but also a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls are different um but also a lot
+more features because you have to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more features because you have to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more features because you have to now
+justify to people who may have loved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify to people who may have loved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify to people who may have loved the
+game but didn't pay any money for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but didn't pay any money for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but didn't pay any money for the
+first version to actually put down money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version to actually put down money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version to actually put down money
+for it now. Um so N is a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it now. Um so N is a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it now. Um so N is a good example of
+that. It's one is a game that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's one is a game that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's one is a game that came out
+by Xbox live arcade. um and did DS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Xbox live arcade. um and did DS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Xbox live arcade. um and did DS and
+PSP but started it live as a free flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSP but started it live as a free flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSP but started it live as a free flash
+game and lots of people loved it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and lots of people loved it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and lots of people loved it but
+lots of people didn't have to pay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people didn't have to pay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people didn't have to pay any
+money for the first version so how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the first version so how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the first version so how much
+they love it is uh kind of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love it is uh kind of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love it is uh kind of a weird
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+okay so well that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so well that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so well that's not really
+I guess we should start with the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we should start with the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we should start with the games
+more questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/et3FOZdI6pk.txt b/et3FOZdI6pk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3192bace33ea8d7ed292aba4e36f01b4feef9d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/et3FOZdI6pk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we begin on four classes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we begin on four classes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we begin on four classes on
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+Theory the purpose of taking it up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory the purpose of taking it up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory the purpose of taking it up now
+is that we're still practicing proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're still practicing proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're still practicing proofs
+and number theory is a a nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number theory is a a nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number theory is a a nice uh
+self-contained Elementary subject as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained Elementary subject as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained Elementary subject as
+we'll treat it which has some quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll treat it which has some quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll treat it which has some quite
+elegant uh proofs and illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant uh proofs and illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant uh proofs and illustrates
+contradiction and other structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction and other structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction and other structure
+structures that we've learned about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we've learned about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we've learned about a
+little bit of induction and definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of induction and definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of induction and definitely
+some applications of the well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some applications of the well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some applications of the well ordering
+principle oh the ultimate punchline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle oh the ultimate punchline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle oh the ultimate punchline of
+the whole unit is to understand the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole unit is to understand the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole unit is to understand the RSA
+crypto system and how it works along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system and how it works along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system and how it works along the
+way we will today actually establish one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we will today actually establish one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we will today actually establish one
+of those mother's milk facts that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those mother's milk facts that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those mother's milk facts that we all
+take for granted about unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for granted about unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for granted about unique
+factorization of integers into primes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of integers into primes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of integers into primes uh
+but in fact that's a theorem that merits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's a theorem that merits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's a theorem that merits
+some proof uh as an example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proof uh as an example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proof uh as an example in the
+homework shows where we exhibited a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework shows where we exhibited a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework shows where we exhibited a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+of numbers which didn't Factor uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers which didn't Factor uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers which didn't Factor uniquely
+and finally we will be able to knock off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we will be able to knock off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we will be able to knock off
+the Die Hard story once and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all so let's begin by stating the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so let's begin by stating the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so let's begin by stating the rules
+of the game um we're going to assume all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game um we're going to assume all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game um we're going to assume all
+of the usual algebraic rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the usual algebraic rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the usual algebraic rules for
+addition and multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication and
+subtraction so you may know some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction so you may know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction so you may know some of
+these rules have names like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules have names like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules have names like the first
+equality is called distributivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality is called distributivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality is called distributivity of
+multiplication over plus of times over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication over plus of times over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication over plus of times over
+plus and then the second uh rule here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then the second uh rule here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then the second uh rule here is
+called commutativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called commutativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called commutativity of
+multiplication and uh here are some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and uh here are some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and uh here are some more
+familiar rules this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar rules this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar rules this is called
+associativity of multiplication this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associativity of multiplication this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associativity of multiplication this is
+called the additive identity a minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the additive identity a minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the additive identity a minus a
+is zero or actually additive inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero or actually additive inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero or actually additive inverse
+zero is the additive identity and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the additive identity and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the additive identity and minus
+a is the inverse of a um a + 0 equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the inverse of a um a + 0 equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the inverse of a um a + 0 equals a
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+definition of uh zero being an additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uh zero being an additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uh zero being an additive
+identity A+ 1 is greater than a so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity A+ 1 is greater than a so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity A+ 1 is greater than a so these
+are all standard algebraic facts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all standard algebraic facts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all standard algebraic facts that
+we're going to take for granted and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take for granted and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take for granted and not
+worry about and one more fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about and one more fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about and one more fact that we
+also know um and we're going to take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know um and we're going to take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know um and we're going to take as
+an axiom um if I uh divide a number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axiom um if I uh divide a number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axiom um if I uh divide a number a
+positive number uh sorry if I divide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number uh sorry if I divide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number uh sorry if I divide a
+number a by a positive number B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a by a positive number B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a by a positive number B then
+when we're talking about integers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about integers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about integers uh
+what I'm going to get is a quotient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is a quotient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is a quotient and
+a remainder what's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remainder what's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remainder what's the definition of the
+quotient in a remainder well um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient in a remainder well um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient in a remainder well um the
+division theorem says that if I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division theorem says that if I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division theorem says that if I divide
+uh a by B that means if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a by B that means if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a by B that means if I take the
+quotient time B plus the remainder I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient time B plus the remainder I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient time B plus the remainder I get
+a and in fact there's a unique quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and in fact there's a unique quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and in fact there's a unique quotient
+of a divided B and this unique remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a divided B and this unique remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a divided B and this unique remainder
+of a divided B where the remainder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a divided B where the remainder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a divided B where the remainder uh
+what makes it unique is the remainder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it unique is the remainder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it unique is the remainder is
+constrained to be uh in the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to be uh in the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to be uh in the interval
+greater than or equal to zero and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and less
+than the div visor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the div visor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the div visor
+B so we're going to take this uh fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're going to take this uh fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're going to take this uh fact
+for granted too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted too
+um proving it is not worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um proving it is not worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um proving it is not worth thinking
+about too hard because it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about too hard because it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about too hard because it's one of those
+facts that's so Elementary that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that's so Elementary that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that's so Elementary that it's
+hard to think of other things that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to think of other things that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to think of other things that uh
+would more legitimately prove it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would more legitimately prove it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would more legitimately prove it I'm
+sure it could be proved by induction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it could be proved by induction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it could be proved by induction but
+I haven't really thought that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't really thought that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't really thought that through
+okay um a key relation that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um a key relation that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um a key relation that we're going
+to be looking at today uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at today uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at today uh is the
+relation of divisibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of divisibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of divisibility
+between uh integers so by the way all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh integers so by the way all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh integers so by the way all of
+the variables for the next week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables for the next week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables for the next week or so
+are going to be understood to range over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be understood to range over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be understood to range over
+the integers so when I say number I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers so when I say number I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers so when I say number I mean
+integer when I talk about variables A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer when I talk about variables A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer when I talk about variables A
+and C and K I mean that they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C and K I mean that they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C and K I mean that they're taking
+integer values so I'm going to Define c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values so I'm going to Define c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values so I'm going to Define c
+divides a using this vertical bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides a using this vertical bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides a using this vertical bar
+notation it's r as divide C divides a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it's r as divide C divides a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it's r as divide C divides a if
+and only if um a is equal to K * C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if um a is equal to K * C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if um a is equal to K * C for
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+k um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um
+and there are a variety of synonyms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of synonyms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of synonyms for
+a divides B like a is a a divid c sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divides B like a is a a divid c sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divides B like a is a a divid c sorry
+C divides a um is to say that a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C divides a um is to say that a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C divides a um is to say that a is a
+multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of
+c um and C is a divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um and C is a divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um and C is a divisor of
+a okay let's just practice this so five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay let's just practice this so five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay let's just practice this so five
+divides 15 well because 15 is 3 * 5 um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides 15 well because 15 is 3 * 5 um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides 15 well because 15 is 3 * 5 um a
+number n divid 0 every number n divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n divid 0 every number n divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n divid 0 every number n divides
+0 even 0 divides 0 because 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 even 0 divides 0 because 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 even 0 divides 0 because 0 is equal to
+0 * n so um zero is a multiple of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 * n so um zero is a multiple of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 * n so um zero is a multiple of every
+number um another trivial fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um another trivial fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um another trivial fact that
+follows from the definition is that if C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the definition is that if C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the definition is that if C
+divides a then C divides any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides a then C divides any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides a then C divides any constant
+times a well let's just check that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a well let's just check that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a well let's just check that out
+how it follows from the definition um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it follows from the definition um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it follows from the definition um if
+I'm given that c divides a that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given that c divides a that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given that c divides a that means
+that a is equal to K Prime C for some K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to K Prime C for some K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is equal to K Prime C for some K
+Prime that implies that um If I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that implies that um If I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that implies that um If I multiply
+both sides of this equality by S I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of this equality by S I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of this equality by S I get
+that sa is equal to S Prime C and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sa is equal to S Prime C and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sa is equal to S Prime C and if I
+parenthesize the SK Prime I can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesize the SK Prime I can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesize the SK Prime I can call
+that to be K and I found sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be K and I found sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be K and I found sure enough
+that sa is a multiple of C that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sa is a multiple of C that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sa is a multiple of C that's a
+trivial Pro we're just practicing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial Pro we're just practicing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial Pro we're just practicing with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+um so we have just verified this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have just verified this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have just verified this fact
+that if C divides a then C divides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if C divides a then C divides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if C divides a then C divides a
+constant time a um as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time a um as a matter of fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time a um as a matter of fact
+if C divides A and C divides B then C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C divides A and C divides B then C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C divides A and C divides B then C
+divides a plus b let's just check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides a plus b let's just check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides a plus b let's just check that
+one um what we've got is C uh C divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um what we've got is C uh C divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um what we've got is C uh C divides
+a means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a means that
+um uh that a is equal to K1 * C and uh C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that a is equal to K1 * C and uh C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that a is equal to K1 * C and uh C
+divides b means that b is equal to K2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides b means that b is equal to K2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides b means that b is equal to K2 *
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+so that means that a plus b is simply K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that a plus b is simply K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that a plus b is simply K1
++ K2 * C where what I've done is here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ K2 * C where what I've done is here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ K2 * C where what I've done is here is
+used the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the uh
+distributivity uh law to factor C out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributivity uh law to factor C out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributivity uh law to factor C out
+and use the fact that multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the fact that multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the fact that multiplication is
+commutative so I can factor out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative so I can factor out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative so I can factor out on
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+side okay um let's put those facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay um let's put those facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay um let's put those facts
+together if C divides A and C divides B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if C divides A and C divides B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if C divides A and C divides B
+then C divides sa plus TB where s and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C divides sa plus TB where s and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C divides sa plus TB where s and t
+are any integers at all so a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any integers at all so a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any integers at all so a combination
+of two numbers A and B like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two numbers A and B like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two numbers A and B like this is
+called a linear combination of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a linear combination of A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a linear combination of A and B
+in integer linear combination but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integer linear combination but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integer linear combination but since
+we're only talking about integers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about integers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about integers I'm
+going to stop saying integer linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop saying integer linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop saying integer linear
+combination and just say linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and just say linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and just say linear
+combination a linear combination of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a linear combination of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a linear combination of A
+and B Is What You Get by uh multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B Is What You Get by uh multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B Is What You Get by uh multiplying
+them by coefficients s and t and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by coefficients s and t and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by coefficients s and t and adding
+them okay uh so we've just figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay uh so we've just figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay uh so we've just figured out
+that in fact if C divides A and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact if C divides A and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact if C divides A and C
+divides B then C divides integer linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides B then C divides integer linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides B then C divides integer linear
+combination of B when C divides two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of B when C divides two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of B when C divides two
+numbers it's called a common divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's called a common divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's called a common divisor of
+those two numbers so we could rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers so we could rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers so we could rephrase
+this observation by saying common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation by saying common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation by saying common
+divisors of A and B divide integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisors of A and B divide integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisors of A and B divide integer
+linear combinations of A and B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of A and B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of A and B which is
+a good fact to just file away in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good fact to just file away in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good fact to just file away in your
+head now what we're going to be focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head now what we're going to be focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head now what we're going to be focusing
+on for the rest of today is the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the rest of today is the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the rest of today is the concept
+of the greatest common divisor of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greatest common divisor of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the greatest common divisor of A and
+B called the gcd of A and B um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B called the gcd of A and B um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B called the gcd of A and B um the
+greatest common divisor of A and B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common divisor of A and B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common divisor of A and B uh
+exists by the well ordering principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists by the well ordering principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists by the well ordering principle
+because uh it's a set of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's a set of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's a set of non- negative
+integers with an upper bound um namely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with an upper bound um namely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers with an upper bound um namely a
+is an upper bound on the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an upper bound on the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an upper bound on the greatest common
+divisor of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor of A and
+B um and uh so uh as we did in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um and uh so uh as we did in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um and uh so uh as we did in an
+exercise or I think in the text that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise or I think in the text that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise or I think in the text that
+implies that there will be a greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that there will be a greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that there will be a greatest
+one among all common divisors assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one among all common divisors assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one among all common divisors assuming
+there are any um but one is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any um but one is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any um but one is always a
+common divisor so there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor so there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor so there there are
+guaranteed to be some um let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be some um let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be some um let's look at
+some examples um the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples um the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples um the greatest common
+diviser of 10 and 12 you can check it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diviser of 10 and 12 you can check it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diviser of 10 and 12 you can check it's
+two uh mainly because the 10 factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh mainly because the 10 factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh mainly because the 10 factors
+into 2 * 5 and 12 factors into uh 2 * 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 2 * 5 and 12 factors into uh 2 * 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 2 * 5 and 12 factors into uh 2 * 6
+and the six and the five have no common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the six and the five have no common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the six and the five have no common
+factors so the only one that they share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so the only one that they share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so the only one that they share
+is two uh the GCT of 13 and 12 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two uh the GCT of 13 and 12 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two uh the GCT of 13 and 12 is one
+they have no common factors in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no common factors in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no common factors in uh in
+common you can see that because 13 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common you can see that because 13 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common you can see that because 13 is a
+prime and so uh it has no uh factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and so uh it has no uh factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and so uh it has no uh factors
+other than 1 and 13 and 13 doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than 1 and 13 and 13 doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than 1 and 13 and 13 doesn't
+divide 12 because it's too big so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide 12 because it's too big so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide 12 because it's too big so it's
+got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be
+one the gcd of 17 and 17 is 17 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the gcd of 17 and 17 is 17 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the gcd of 17 and 17 is 17 that's a
+general phenomenon the gcd of n and n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon the gcd of n and n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon the gcd of n and n is
+always n the greatest common divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always n the greatest common divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always n the greatest common divisor of
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+N uh is equal to n for any positive n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh is equal to n for any positive n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh is equal to n for any positive n
+that's because everything is a divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because everything is a divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because everything is a divisor
+of zero and uh it means the gcd of Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero and uh it means the gcd of Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero and uh it means the gcd of Z and
+N is simply the greatest divisor of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is simply the greatest divisor of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is simply the greatest divisor of n
+which is of course n by itself one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course n by itself one final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course n by itself one final
+fact to set things up for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to set things up for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to set things up for the next
+segment is to think about the gcd of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is to think about the gcd of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is to think about the gcd of a
+prime and a number and it's either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and a number and it's either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and a number and it's either one
+or P the reason is that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or P the reason is that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or P the reason is that the only
+divisors of a prime are plus- one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisors of a prime are plus- one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisors of a prime are plus- one and
+plusus P so uh if P divides a the gcd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus P so uh if P divides a the gcd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus P so uh if P divides a the gcd is
+p and otherwise the gcd is one
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fFSii5VxO4I.txt b/fFSii5VxO4I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64806922818235f283e15d13f1abf2add577b3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fFSii5VxO4I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we have this so let's complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have this so let's complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have this so let's complete
+the Einstein discussion and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein discussion and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein discussion and that's
+practical formulas that are relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical formulas that are relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical formulas that are relevant to
+some of the exercises you will find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the exercises you will find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the exercises you will find in
+homework so when we set up the rates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so when we set up the rates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so when we set up the rates in
+Einsteins argument we said that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einsteins argument we said that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einsteins argument we said that for
+spontaneous emission Einsteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission
+he put a ray that was proper he said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put a ray that was proper he said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put a ray that was proper he said the
+number of transitions that occur due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transitions that occur due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transitions that occur due to
+spontaneous emission is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission is proportional to
+the number of atoms and B the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of atoms and B the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of atoms and B the number of
+photons present times some coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons present times some coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons present times some coefficient
+that I don't know Bab that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know Bab that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know Bab that's how the
+rate of atoms changing I'm going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of atoms changing I'm going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of atoms changing I'm going from
+the top level to the low level was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top level to the low level was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top level to the low level was but
+this is the one per atom this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one per atom this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one per atom this is the
+transition rate per atom multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate per atom multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate per atom multiplied by
+the number of atoms present in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of atoms present in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of atoms present in the top
+level gave you the rate for spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level gave you the rate for spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level gave you the rate for spontaneous
+emission this quantity is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission this quantity is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission this quantity is the one that
+is equal to that Omega a B so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to that Omega a B so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to that Omega a B so this is
+equal to Omega B a like this therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega B a like this therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega B a like this therefore
+if you compare the báb of Einstein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare the báb of Einstein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare the báb of Einstein is
+all except the U so be a B is four PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except the U so be a B is four PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except the U so be a B is four PI
+squared over 3 H squared the a B vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 3 H squared the a B vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 3 H squared the a B vector
+squared so as I said could not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so as I said could not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so as I said could not do that
+because he didn't have quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't have quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he didn't have quantum theory
+but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do
+and we now can calculate from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now can calculate from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now can calculate from first
+principles this quantity in an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles this quantity in an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles this quantity in an atomic
+transition and the other good thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and the other good thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and the other good thing was
+that even though there was a rate rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though there was a rate rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though there was a rate rate
+for spontaneous emission that rate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spontaneous emission that rate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spontaneous emission that rate was
+fixed by Einstein's argument to be h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by Einstein's argument to be h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by Einstein's argument to be h-bar
+Omega be a cube over pi C cubed be a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you knew the B coefficient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you knew the B coefficient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you knew the B coefficient you
+knew the a coefficient for spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the a coefficient for spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the a coefficient for spontaneous
+emission many times were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission many times were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission many times were interested in
+spontaneous emission so we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission so we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission so we calculate the
+stimulated emission coefficient is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission coefficient is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission coefficient is here
+and that's given in terms of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's given in terms of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's given in terms of this matrix
+element well we might as well give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element well we might as well give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element well we might as well give the
+general formula so we just substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula so we just substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula so we just substitute
+the B a B and now we have that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B a B and now we have that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B a B and now we have that a is
+equal to 4/3 Omega B a cubed over H Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4/3 Omega B a cubed over H Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4/3 Omega B a cubed over H Bar
+C cube V ay B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4/3 Omega a B a cubed this one H bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 Omega a B a cubed this one H bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 Omega a B a cubed this one H bar in
+the bottom there's the C cube yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom there's the C cube yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom there's the C cube yep
+so that completes that argument we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that completes that argument we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that completes that argument we now
+have combined our development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have combined our development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have combined our development in
+time-dependent perturbation fear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent perturbation fear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent perturbation fear with
+the statistical physics arguments a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical physics arguments a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical physics arguments a fine
+set to determine those rates a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to determine those rates a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to determine those rates a little
+more is me that if you have to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is me that if you have to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is me that if you have to compute a
+practical rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical rate as
+you will have to do for the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to do for the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to do for the homework
+it's just the concept of a lifetime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a couple of selection rules so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of selection rules so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of selection rules so let
+me make a few comments about it we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make a few comments about it we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make a few comments about it we get
+for example a decay rate a it's a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a decay rate a it's a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a decay rate a it's a rate
+spot for spontaneous emission you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot for spontaneous emission you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot for spontaneous emission you have
+an atom there's a decay rate a so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom there's a decay rate a so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom there's a decay rate a so if you
+have a population of atoms and atoms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a population of atoms and atoms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a population of atoms and atoms at
+P equals zero and a decay being a decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals zero and a decay being a decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals zero and a decay being a decay
+rate per atom means that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate per atom means that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate per atom means that the number of
+states that are changing in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are changing in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are changing in a little
+time DT is minus a times DT the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DT is minus a times DT the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DT is minus a times DT the rate
+multiplied by the time per atom times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the time per atom times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the time per atom times
+the number of atoms so DM DT is minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and the number of atoms as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the number of atoms as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the number of atoms as a
+function of T go like n at T equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T go like n at T equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T go like n at T equals zero
+times e to the minus T so since we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus T so since we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus T so since we use
+we always call processes that go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always call processes that go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always call processes that go like
+peat e to the minus T over tau tau is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peat e to the minus T over tau tau is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peat e to the minus T over tau tau is
+the lifetime that is nothing else than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime that is nothing else than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime that is nothing else than 1
+over a so you get the decay rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a so you get the decay rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a so you get the decay rate it's
+synonymous to a lifetime you just invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous to a lifetime you just invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous to a lifetime you just invert
+it no big problem nevertheless if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no big problem nevertheless if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no big problem nevertheless if you
+have an object sometimes can be K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an object sometimes can be K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an object sometimes can be K in
+different ways it can decay maybe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways it can decay maybe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways it can decay maybe to
+one type of states another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of states another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of states another type of
+states a third type of state so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a third type of state so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a third type of state so the
+total a might be equal to a1 plus a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total a might be equal to a1 plus a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total a might be equal to a1 plus a2
+when there are various decay channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can decay a system come decay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decay a system come decay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decay a system come decay from
+my excited state it can go to one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my excited state it can go to one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my excited state it can go to one state
+or another state to a third state each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another state to a third state each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another state to a third state each
+one contributes a total decay rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contributes a total decay rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contributes a total decay rate
+because the total disappearance of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total disappearance of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total disappearance of those
+atoms is because they either go into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms is because they either go into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms is because they either go into one
+or the other or the third so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other or the third so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other or the third so this is
+true that the total decay rate is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the total decay rate is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the total decay rate is that
+so this gives you relation the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you relation the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you relation the total
+lifetime which is 1 over this is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime which is 1 over this is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime which is 1 over this is the sum
+of the inverses of the partial lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inverses of the partial lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inverses of the partial lifetimes
+so if you have a process that can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a process that can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a process that can go in
+various ways you may want to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways you may want to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways you may want to combine
+them to get a total lifetime so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get a total lifetime so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get a total lifetime so the last
+thing we should say about this the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we should say about this the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we should say about this the last
+thing we're gonna do is mention what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're gonna do is mention what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're gonna do is mention what
+happens when you really try to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you really try to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you really try to calculate
+these things for hydrogen levels you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for hydrogen levels you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for hydrogen levels you're
+gonna have the ability to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have the ability to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have the ability to calculate the
+lifetime of an excited state of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of an excited state of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of an excited state of hydrogen
+now that's quite a thing to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's quite a thing to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's quite a thing to be able to
+get the number that is correct up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the number that is correct up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the number that is correct up to
+factors of 2 and it's measurable so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of 2 and it's measurable so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of 2 and it's measurable so what
+do you have to consider well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to consider well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to consider well what is the
+only thing we haven't quite done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we haven't quite done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we haven't quite done is
+computed this matrix elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed this matrix elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed this matrix elements of the
+dipole operator see everything else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole operator see everything else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole operator see everything else that
+could be done was done we integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done was done we integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done was done we integrated
+over the incoherent radiation we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the incoherent radiation we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the incoherent radiation we found
+the Fermi golden rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fermi golden rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fermi golden rule
+have everything simplified but still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything simplified but still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything simplified but still the
+matrix element is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element is something that you
+have to calculate so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate so there's some
+selection rules rules and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules rules and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules rules and this will be
+discussed in recitation it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in recitation it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in recitation it's pretty
+important stuff I'll just mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stuff I'll just mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stuff I'll just mention the
+result it's very readable in Griffiths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's very readable in Griffiths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's very readable in Griffiths
+and it has to do with the matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the matrix element
+so D is the dipole operator so it boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so D is the dipole operator so it boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so D is the dipole operator so it boils
+down to R so what you're if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to R so what you're if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to R so what you're if you really
+knew n L prime M prime the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew n L prime M prime the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew n L prime M prime the matrix
+elements of n L M if you knew all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of n L M if you knew all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of n L M if you knew all of
+this you would be done you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would be done you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would be done you could
+calculate anything so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate anything so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate anything so the question is
+when do these elements exist and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do these elements exist and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do these elements exist and when
+are they nonzero you need them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they nonzero you need them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they nonzero you need them to be
+nonzero to get a nonzero transition rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero to get a nonzero transition rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero to get a nonzero transition rate
+so when do they not vanish so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when do they not vanish so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when do they not vanish so the only
+cases these I'll summarize the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases these I'll summarize the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases these I'll summarize the answer
+are nonzero they're they can this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonzero they're they can this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonzero they're they can this can be
+nonzero be nonzero there can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero be nonzero there can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero be nonzero there can still be
+accidents that they could can so only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents that they could can so only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents that they could can so only if
+Delta M the change in M from one side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta M the change in M from one side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta M the change in M from one side to
+another which is M prime minus M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another which is M prime minus M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another which is M prime minus M is
+either equal to 0 or plus or minus 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either equal to 0 or plus or minus 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either equal to 0 or plus or minus 1 you
+cannot change the quantum state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change the quantum state of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change the quantum state of a
+system do with a dipole interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do with a dipole interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do with a dipole interaction
+unless M changes at most by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless M changes at most by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless M changes at most by one
+and moreover the one that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moreover the one that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moreover the one that is quite
+interesting as well is that Delta L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as well is that Delta L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as well is that Delta L
+which is L prime - L can only must only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L prime - L can only must only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L prime - L can only must only
+be plus or minus one so those changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus or minus one so those changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus or minus one so those changes
+have to happen so now you can at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to happen so now you can at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to happen so now you can at least
+get a qualitative understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a qualitative understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a qualitative understanding of the
+hydrogen atom stability you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom stability you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom stability you have the
+ground state here one s here is 2's 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state here one s here is 2's 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state here one s here is 2's 2p
+3s 3p and 3v let's see who can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s 3p and 3v let's see who can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s 3p and 3v let's see who can go to
+whom well the ground state cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom well the ground state cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom well the ground state cannot go
+anywhere that's at the bottom so ok two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that's at the bottom so ok two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that's at the bottom so ok two
+years going to 1s is it possible no very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years going to 1s is it possible no very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years going to 1s is it possible no very
+good it violates Delta L so this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it violates Delta L so this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it violates Delta L so this doesn't
+happen so if this doesn't happen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so if this doesn't happen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so if this doesn't happen these
+2's can almost go nowhere because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's can almost go nowhere because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's can almost go nowhere because it
+doesn't have the it has to go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the it has to go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the it has to go by
+spontaneous emission something has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission something has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission something has to go
+to something lower so it almost doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something lower so it almost doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something lower so it almost doesn't
+go anywhere so actually it has a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere so actually it has a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere so actually it has a long
+lifetime and it can decay via two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime and it can decay via two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime and it can decay via two
+photons or more complicated the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or more complicated the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or more complicated the case
+that we will not consider but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will not consider but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will not consider but this is
+fairly stable Dow this one 2p can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly stable Dow this one 2p can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly stable Dow this one 2p can go
+here because it can go from L equal 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it can go from L equal 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it can go from L equal 1 to
+L equal zero and it can change m by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equal zero and it can change m by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equal zero and it can change m by some
+value the 3s you would say all it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the 3s you would say all it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the 3s you would say all it does
+kind of though here cannot go here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of though here cannot go here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of though here cannot go here but
+it can go laterally in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go laterally in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go laterally in that direction
+because it can go change L from 1 to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can go change L from 1 to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can go change L from 1 to 0
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+change of L and that is possible the 3p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of L and that is possible the 3p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of L and that is possible the 3p
+can go here and my diamond starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go here and my diamond starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go here and my diamond starting to
+get cluttered and it could go here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cluttered and it could go here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cluttered and it could go here as
+well all the way down and the 3d can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all the way down and the 3d can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all the way down and the 3d can
+only go here cannot go up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go here cannot go up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go here cannot go up to here
+because that would be L equal to so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be L equal to so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be L equal to so that
+is your diagram of possible the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your diagram of possible the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your diagram of possible the case of
+hydrogen and you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and you're going to be
+competing a couple of those
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fHEk2WFgmXQ.txt b/fHEk2WFgmXQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e11e024b3cd1dbf005fe3ce3fd96ca185b21de42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fHEk2WFgmXQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most organic reactions occur slowly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic reactions occur slowly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic reactions occur slowly at
+room temperature and require heat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature and require heat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature and require heat to
+allow them to go to completion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to go to completion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to go to completion in a
+reasonable time period if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable time period if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable time period if these
+reactions were heated in a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions were heated in a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions were heated in a closed
+container pressure would fill up inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container pressure would fill up inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container pressure would fill up inside
+the container and it may explode if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container and it may explode if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container and it may explode if
+these reactions were heated in an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions were heated in an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions were heated in an open
+container then the solvent May evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container then the solvent May evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container then the solvent May evaporate
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+system the method of refluxing solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the method of refluxing solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the method of refluxing solves
+both of the above Problems by allowing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the above Problems by allowing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the above Problems by allowing a
+chemist to heat a reaction at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist to heat a reaction at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist to heat a reaction at its
+boiling point without any materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point without any materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point without any materials
+evaporating or any containers exploding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating or any containers exploding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating or any containers exploding
+reflexing works by heating a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexing works by heating a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexing works by heating a solution to
+Boiling and condensing the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boiling and condensing the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boiling and condensing the resulting
+Vapor by continuous cooling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vapor by continuous cooling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vapor by continuous cooling because
+approximately 80 % of all organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 80 % of all organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 80 % of all organic
+reactions involve reflexing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involve reflexing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involve reflexing this
+technique is an important one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is an important one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is an important one to
+understand to carry out a reflux you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to carry out a reflux you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to carry out a reflux you
+will need a cork ring a round bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need a cork ring a round bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need a cork ring a round bottom
+flask a stir plate and stir bar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask a stir plate and stir bar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask a stir plate and stir bar or
+boiling Stones a condenser grease a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling Stones a condenser grease a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling Stones a condenser grease a
+ringstand two extension clamps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringstand two extension clamps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringstand two extension clamps with
+fasteners two pieces of thin walled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasteners two pieces of thin walled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasteners two pieces of thin walled
+rubber tubing three hose Clips a heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber tubing three hose Clips a heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber tubing three hose Clips a heating
+mantle an iron ring and a variac the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle an iron ring and a variac the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle an iron ring and a variac the
+first first step of reflexing involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first step of reflexing involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first step of reflexing involves
+choosing an appropriate solvent a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an appropriate solvent a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an appropriate solvent a good
+reflexing solvent will dissolve all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexing solvent will dissolve all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexing solvent will dissolve all of
+the reagents but not react with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reagents but not react with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reagents but not react with them and
+it will boil at a temperature high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will boil at a temperature high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will boil at a temperature high
+enough to allow the reaction to proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to allow the reaction to proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to allow the reaction to proceed
+rapidly after choosing your solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly after choosing your solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly after choosing your solvent
+dissolve all of the reagents in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve all of the reagents in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve all of the reagents in it and
+transfer the solution to a round bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the solution to a round bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the solution to a round bottom
+flask the round bottom flask should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask the round bottom flask should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask the round bottom flask should be
+no more than half full then add either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than half full then add either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than half full then add either a
+stir bar or boiling stones to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir bar or boiling stones to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stir bar or boiling stones to the
+solution to avoid bumping bumping is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to avoid bumping bumping is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to avoid bumping bumping is the
+eruption of large bubbles from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eruption of large bubbles from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eruption of large bubbles from a
+solution due to superheating which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution due to superheating which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution due to superheating which
+results in material loss or even a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in material loss or even a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in material loss or even a fire
+magnetic stirs disallow bumping because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic stirs disallow bumping because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic stirs disallow bumping because
+they create turbulence in the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they create turbulence in the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they create turbulence in the solution
+which disrupt the large bubbles boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which disrupt the large bubbles boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which disrupt the large bubbles boiling
+stones are also able to disrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones are also able to disrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones are also able to disrupt the
+large bubbles because these porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bubbles because these porous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bubbles because these porous
+materials produce a steady stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials produce a steady stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials produce a steady stream of
+fine air bubbles when heated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine air bubbles when heated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine air bubbles when heated in a
+solvent always Place boiling stones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent always Place boiling stones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent always Place boiling stones in
+the solution before heating if boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution before heating if boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution before heating if boiling
+stones are added to a hot solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones are added to a hot solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones are added to a hot solution
+the liquid May instantaneously boil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid May instantaneously boil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid May instantaneously boil and
+shoot out of the flask to assemble the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot out of the flask to assemble the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot out of the flask to assemble the
+reflex apparatus clamp the round bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex apparatus clamp the round bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex apparatus clamp the round bottom
+flask containing your sample to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask containing your sample to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask containing your sample to a
+ringstand lightly Grease the male end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringstand lightly Grease the male end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringstand lightly Grease the male end of
+the condenser and attach it to the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and attach it to the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and attach it to the round
+bottom flask attach the water inlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom flask attach the water inlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom flask attach the water inlet
+tubing to the bottom connection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing to the bottom connection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing to the bottom connection and the
+water Outlet tubing to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water Outlet tubing to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water Outlet tubing to the top
+connection secure the tubing with hose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection secure the tubing with hose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection secure the tubing with hose
+Clips to prevent the tubes from popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clips to prevent the tubes from popping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clips to prevent the tubes from popping
+off and flooding the lab due to pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and flooding the lab due to pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and flooding the lab due to pressure
+changes in the water secure an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the water secure an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the water secure an
+appropriately sized heating mantle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately sized heating mantle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately sized heating mantle and
+iron ring below the flask if you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron ring below the flask if you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron ring below the flask if you do not
+have an appropriately sized heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appropriately sized heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appropriately sized heating
+mantle then use one that is too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle then use one that is too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle then use one that is too big
+never use a heating mantle that is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never use a heating mantle that is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never use a heating mantle that is too
+small because heat is not easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because heat is not easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because heat is not easily
+transferred between the mantle and glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred between the mantle and glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred between the mantle and glass
+due to P contact which causes the mantle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to P contact which causes the mantle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to P contact which causes the mantle
+to burn out if the mantle is too big for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burn out if the mantle is too big for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burn out if the mantle is too big for
+the flask then add sand to fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask then add sand to fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask then add sand to fill in the
+spaces finally plug the heating mantle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces finally plug the heating mantle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces finally plug the heating mantle
+into a variable voltage Transformer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a variable voltage Transformer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a variable voltage Transformer or
+variac never directly into the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac never directly into the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac never directly into the wall
+before starting the reflex make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before starting the reflex make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before starting the reflex make sure
+that the apparatus is open at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the apparatus is open at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the apparatus is open at the top of
+the condenser never heat a closed system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser never heat a closed system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser never heat a closed system
+because the pressure buildup may cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pressure buildup may cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pressure buildup may cause
+an explosion to reflex a reaction double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosion to reflex a reaction double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosion to reflex a reaction double
+check that all of the joints are secured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that all of the joints are secured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that all of the joints are secured
+with hose clips and start the water flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hose clips and start the water flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hose clips and start the water flow
+slowly increase the setting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly increase the setting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly increase the setting on the
+variac until the solution begins a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac until the solution begins a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac until the solution begins a
+gentle boil you will see a ring of vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle boil you will see a ring of vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle boil you will see a ring of vapor
+or condensate form above the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or condensate form above the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or condensate form above the solution
+this this Vapor enters the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Vapor enters the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Vapor enters the condenser
+cools and the resulting liquid drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools and the resulting liquid drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools and the resulting liquid drops
+back into the flask carefully adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the flask carefully adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the flask carefully adjust the
+amount of heat that is delivered to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of heat that is delivered to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of heat that is delivered to the
+solution so that the Ring of condensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so that the Ring of condensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so that the Ring of condensate
+stabilizes about halfway up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizes about halfway up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizes about halfway up the
+condenser if the ring is too high sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser if the ring is too high sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser if the ring is too high sample
+may be lost out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be lost out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be lost out of the
+condenser if the ring is too low then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser if the ring is too low then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser if the ring is too low then
+the reaction will occur over too long of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction will occur over too long of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction will occur over too long of
+a time period after the reflux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time period after the reflux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time period after the reflux is
+finished remove the heat let the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished remove the heat let the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished remove the heat let the round
+bottom flask cool and shut off the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom flask cool and shut off the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom flask cool and shut off the water
+during your laboratory experiences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your laboratory experiences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your laboratory experiences you
+may need to run your reflex under dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need to run your reflex under dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need to run your reflex under dry
+conditions to accomplish this simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to accomplish this simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to accomplish this simply
+place a clean dry drying tube at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a clean dry drying tube at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a clean dry drying tube at the top
+of the condenser this drying tube allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the condenser this drying tube allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the condenser this drying tube allows
+the system to be open while preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to be open while preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to be open while preventing
+the atmosphere from Reaching Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere from Reaching Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere from Reaching Your
+solution alternatively insert a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution alternatively insert a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution alternatively insert a t
+connector on the top of the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector on the top of the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector on the top of the condenser
+and connect the other two arms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect the other two arms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect the other two arms of the
+connector to a nitrogen source and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector to a nitrogen source and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector to a nitrogen source and a
+bubbler you may also wish to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbler you may also wish to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbler you may also wish to add
+reagents to your solution while the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents to your solution while the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents to your solution while the flux
+is occurring to accomplish this addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring to accomplish this addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring to accomplish this addition
+you will need an addition funnel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need an addition funnel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need an addition funnel which
+is a separatory funnel with a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a separatory funnel with a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a separatory funnel with a ground
+glass joint a glass stopper that fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass joint a glass stopper that fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass joint a glass stopper that fits
+the funnel and a cazin adapter simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funnel and a cazin adapter simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funnel and a cazin adapter simply
+fit the cazin adapter on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the cazin adapter on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the cazin adapter on top of the
+round bottom flask attach the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round bottom flask attach the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round bottom flask attach the condenser
+to the Joint directly above the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Joint directly above the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Joint directly above the round
+bottom flask and attach the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom flask and attach the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom flask and attach the addition
+funnel to the sidearm remember to grease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel to the sidearm remember to grease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel to the sidearm remember to grease
+all the joints alternatively you may use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the joints alternatively you may use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the joints alternatively you may use
+a three-neck flask in place of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-neck flask in place of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-neck flask in place of the
+single neck flask and cazin adapter just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single neck flask and cazin adapter just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single neck flask and cazin adapter just
+remember to place a rubber septum on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to place a rubber septum on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to place a rubber septum on the
+remaining neck of the flask if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining neck of the flask if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining neck of the flask if your
+addition funnel does not have a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition funnel does not have a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition funnel does not have a pressure
+equalizing arm then you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizing arm then you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizing arm then you must
+periodically remove the glass stopper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically remove the glass stopper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically remove the glass stopper to
+break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the
+vacuum refluxing allows a chemist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum refluxing allows a chemist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum refluxing allows a chemist to
+heat a reaction over an extended time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat a reaction over an extended time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat a reaction over an extended time
+period without worrying about exploding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period without worrying about exploding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period without worrying about exploding
+glass wear or solent evaporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass wear or solent evaporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass wear or solent evaporation
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fQKMD2iFe5w.txt b/fQKMD2iFe5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e507a8197990a5832f3a5d9abc07d303025b20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fQKMD2iFe5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8600 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just got the uh the feedback from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just got the uh the feedback from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just got the uh the feedback from the
+uh one minute things just a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one minute things just a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one minute things just a few minutes
+before class so I think I may defer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class so I think I may defer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class so I think I may defer
+commenting on a couple of them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on a couple of them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on a couple of them to the
+beginning of next uh lecture but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of next uh lecture but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of next uh lecture but there
+are a couple of things that I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of things that I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of things that I can I
+think I can say one is several people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can say one is several people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can say one is several people
+were wondering how does how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering how does how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering how does how does the
+cell decide whether to to uh do mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell decide whether to to uh do mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell decide whether to to uh do mitosis
+or meiosis but the mitosis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or meiosis but the mitosis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or meiosis but the mitosis which is
+ordinary cell division is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cell division is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cell division is what happens
+every where in your body in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every where in your body in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every where in your body in your
+intestine and your skin and your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine and your skin and your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine and your skin and your eye
+anywhere uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh
+except uh you know since that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except uh you know since that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except uh you know since that's how you
+make all the different cells we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the different cells we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the different cells we have the
+meiosis which which uh creates these sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis which which uh creates these sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis which which uh creates these sex
+cells or gametes happens in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells or gametes happens in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells or gametes happens in a very
+specific Place either in the testes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Place either in the testes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Place either in the testes if
+you're a male or in the ovary if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a male or in the ovary if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a male or in the ovary if you're
+a female so there's a a dedicated place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a female so there's a a dedicated place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a female so there's a a dedicated place
+where myio meiosis takes place and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where myio meiosis takes place and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where myio meiosis takes place and you
+can just your knowledge of human anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just your knowledge of human anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just your knowledge of human anatomy
+and physiology can make a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physiology can make a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physiology can make a pretty good
+guess as to where that is so everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to where that is so everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to where that is so everywhere
+else it's mitosis there's a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's mitosis there's a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's mitosis there's a very special
+place where that where that happens um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where that where that happens um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where that where that happens um a
+couple of you still got confused when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you still got confused when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of you still got confused when I
+um when I was talking about uh meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I was talking about uh meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I was talking about uh meiosis
+and I was showing you a progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was showing you a progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was showing you a progression
+through and I put a double-headed Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and I put a double-headed Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and I put a double-headed Arrow
+to to meaning that was what that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to meaning that was what that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to meaning that was what that period
+was called don't confuse it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called don't confuse it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called don't confuse it that the
+process is unidirectional it only goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is unidirectional it only goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is unidirectional it only goes
+in one way it's not a reversible not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one way it's not a reversible not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one way it's not a reversible not a
+reversible process there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process there were some
+questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the
+kayata the kayma um why is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kayata the kayma um why is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kayata the kayma um why is there
+crossover the kayma and meiosis butan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover the kayma and meiosis butan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover the kayma and meiosis butan
+and mitosis I will tell you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitosis I will tell you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitosis I will tell you about that
+today very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today very
+specifically um why was there a tall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically um why was there a tall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically um why was there a tall and
+a short pair of chromosomes that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short pair of chromosomes that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short pair of chromosomes that was
+arbitrary I made up a simple cell for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary I made up a simple cell for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary I made up a simple cell for us
+to consider these properties in one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider these properties in one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider these properties in one with
+a long and one with a short nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long and one with a short nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long and one with a short nothing else
+I don't wasn't trying to represent any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't wasn't trying to represent any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't wasn't trying to represent any
+particular organism and I'll pick up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular organism and I'll pick up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular organism and I'll pick up on
+a couple of other things I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other things I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other things I just want to
+quickly just mention something since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just mention something since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just mention something since
+I've seen you I flew out to San Franc to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen you I flew out to San Franc to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen you I flew out to San Franc to
+San Diego gave a talk yesterday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Diego gave a talk yesterday morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Diego gave a talk yesterday morning
+in a Major meeting hopped on a plane got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Major meeting hopped on a plane got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Major meeting hopped on a plane got
+back at midnight and here I am again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at midnight and here I am again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at midnight and here I am again
+there's a part of being a a scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a part of being a a scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a part of being a a scientist
+come teacher at a place like MIT that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come teacher at a place like MIT that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come teacher at a place like MIT that
+you guys tend not to see but my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys tend not to see but my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys tend not to see but my life
+research life goes on while I'm teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research life goes on while I'm teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research life goes on while I'm teaching
+and I just wanted to briefly mention one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just wanted to briefly mention one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just wanted to briefly mention one
+thing I talked about yesterday cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I talked about yesterday cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I talked about yesterday cuz it
+just in my own life it captures a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in my own life it captures a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in my own life it captures a couple
+of the things that that uh I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that that uh I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that that uh I've been
+trying to tell you that the textbook is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you that the textbook is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you that the textbook is
+not the ultimate Authority that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the ultimate Authority that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the ultimate Authority that's that's
+just what we think up till today a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we think up till today a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we think up till today a new
+finding can change the way you you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding can change the way you you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding can change the way you you think
+about things and what I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and what I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and what I'm telling you
+and some of you are frustrated at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you are frustrated at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you are frustrated at that
+I'm not just paring back the textbook is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not just paring back the textbook is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not just paring back the textbook is
+because this is the way it is and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the way it is and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the way it is and if you
+guys are going to be leaders in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going to be leaders in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going to be leaders in whatever
+field you're in you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you're in you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you're in you're going to be
+dealing with this process of Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this process of Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this process of Shifting
+Sands as we gain new knowledge so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sands as we gain new knowledge so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sands as we gain new knowledge so in
+fact what I was talking about has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what I was talking about has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what I was talking about has some
+relationship to the cell cycle that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the cell cycle that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the cell cycle that I
+talked about that uh work of Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that uh work of Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that uh work of Lee
+Heartwell particularly helped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heartwell particularly helped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heartwell particularly helped us
+understand that there's a there's a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there's a there's a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there's a there's a what
+called a G1 phase which is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a G1 phase which is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a G1 phase which is you could
+think of as a preparation for DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as a preparation for DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as a preparation for DNA
+synthesis there's what's known as the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis there's what's known as the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis there's what's known as the S
+phase where DNA synthesis actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where DNA synthesis actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where DNA synthesis actually
+occurs and now you're at 4N you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and now you're at 4N you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and now you're at 4N you've
+doubled the DNA content and there's G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the DNA content and there's G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the DNA content and there's G2
+where it s of cleans up from s-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it s of cleans up from s-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it s of cleans up from s-phase
+gets ready for for mitosis and mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets ready for for mitosis and mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets ready for for mitosis and mitosis
+is when you then separate the doted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you then separate the doted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you then separate the doted
+chromatids you go back to 2N and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids you go back to 2N and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids you go back to 2N and then
+ultimately the cell divides and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the cell divides and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the cell divides and we're
+back to 2 N and when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 2 N and when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 2 N and when we were talking
+about DNA replication I told you how DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about DNA replication I told you how DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about DNA replication I told you how DNA
+polymerases the replicate of DNA plas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases the replicate of DNA plas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases the replicate of DNA plas is
+test for Watson Crick shape and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for Watson Crick shape and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for Watson Crick shape and the
+little movie I showed you where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movie I showed you where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movie I showed you where they
+flip the base pair into a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the base pair into a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the base pair into a very narrow
+slot in the protein and they check there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot in the protein and they check there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot in the protein and they check there
+it's there and I said at that time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there and I said at that time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there and I said at that time that
+uh rep that's why replica plases have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rep that's why replica plases have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rep that's why replica plases have a
+problem when they get a lesion such as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when they get a lesion such as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when they get a lesion such as a
+thyine dimer that we get when we go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyine dimer that we get when we go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyine dimer that we get when we go out
+in the sun and then one of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun and then one of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun and then one of the thing
+recent pieces of excitement in the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent pieces of excitement in the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent pieces of excitement in the DNA
+repair field that I work in was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair field that I work in was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair field that I work in was the
+discovery of a whole class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of a whole class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of a whole class of
+translesion DNA plases that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translesion DNA plases that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translesion DNA plases that are very
+flexible active sites and are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible active sites and are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible active sites and are able to
+copy over allion so right at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy over allion so right at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy over allion so right at this point
+uh you will find in the literature all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will find in the literature all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will find in the literature all
+sorts of reviews about pimas switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of reviews about pimas switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of reviews about pimas switching
+where people are envisioning uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are envisioning uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are envisioning uh the
+replicate of pimas coming along it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate of pimas coming along it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate of pimas coming along it hits
+a lesion it gets stuck it recruits one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lesion it gets stuck it recruits one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lesion it gets stuck it recruits one
+of these translesion plases that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these translesion plases that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these translesion plases that comes
+in copies over the lesion it switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in copies over the lesion it switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in copies over the lesion it switches
+back to the replicate of plase and on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the replicate of plase and on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the replicate of plase and on it
+goes and there are reviews like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and there are reviews like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and there are reviews like that
+coming out in um in the literature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out in um in the literature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out in um in the literature so
+one of the genes that's needed for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the genes that's needed for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the genes that's needed for this
+sort of error prone kind of translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of error prone kind of translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of error prone kind of translation
+synthesis in yeast and in humans is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis in yeast and in humans is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis in yeast and in humans is a
+gene called rev one you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene called rev one you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene called rev one you don't have to
+know this for the exam this bad uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this for the exam this bad uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this for the exam this bad uh but
+if you knock the function of that Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knock the function of that Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knock the function of that Gene
+that the yeast aren't mutated by UV or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the yeast aren't mutated by UV or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the yeast aren't mutated by UV or
+chemicals anymore so you know it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals anymore so you know it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals anymore so you know it has an
+essential function somehow in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential function somehow in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential function somehow in this in
+this process of translesion synthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of translesion synthesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of translesion synthesis so
+one of our big surprises was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our big surprises was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our big surprises was I was
+trying we were actually trying to fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying we were actually trying to fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying we were actually trying to fish
+out partners that might interact with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out partners that might interact with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out partners that might interact with it
+because we thought it would be regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we thought it would be regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we thought it would be regulated
+and we found to our surprise something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found to our surprise something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found to our surprise something
+the experiments revealed something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments revealed something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments revealed something we
+hadn't expected we found out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't expected we found out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't expected we found out that this
+protein that was critical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that was critical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that was critical for
+mutagenesis was extremely strongly cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenesis was extremely strongly cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenesis was extremely strongly cell
+cycle Reg ated well given the reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle Reg ated well given the reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle Reg ated well given the reviews
+I've told you or if somebody were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you or if somebody were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you or if somebody were
+writing a textbook today this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a textbook today this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a textbook today this is what
+they tell you prelimary switching during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you prelimary switching during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you prelimary switching during
+S phase so you might have thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S phase so you might have thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S phase so you might have thought that
+it would be high in s-phase but it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be high in s-phase but it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be high in s-phase but it isn't
+we can barely detect it during S phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can barely detect it during S phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can barely detect it during S phase
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+instead the Rev one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the Rev one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the Rev one
+levels are at least 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are at least 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are at least 50
+times uh in in the g2m phase actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh in in the g2m phase actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh in in the g2m phase actually
+it's it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it goes
+right through this part of of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through this part of of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through this part of of the cell
+cycle 50 times what they are during uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle 50 times what they are during uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle 50 times what they are during uh
+during S phase and so there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during S phase and so there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during S phase and so there's a couple
+of possibilities right now either these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities right now either these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities right now either these
+very tiny amounts that are doing S phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny amounts that are doing S phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny amounts that are doing S phase
+are what everybody thinks in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what everybody thinks in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what everybody thinks in the current
+models would predict you're getting ply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models would predict you're getting ply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models would predict you're getting ply
+switching and it makes 50 fold more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and it makes 50 fold more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and it makes 50 fold more
+during this phase for something else if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this phase for something else if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this phase for something else if
+so I don't know what that is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what that is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what that is the other
+possibility is we have to rethink our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is we have to rethink our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is we have to rethink our
+model and that the pl it isn't ply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and that the pl it isn't ply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and that the pl it isn't ply
+switching during replication it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching during replication it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching during replication it's
+actually the the replication fork just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the replication fork just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the replication fork just
+keeps moving and it leaves behind little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving and it leaves behind little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving and it leaves behind little
+messes and when the cell is busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messes and when the cell is busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messes and when the cell is busy
+starting to line up those chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to line up those chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to line up those chromosomes
+and even while it's pulling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even while it's pulling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even while it's pulling them
+apart that's when this this transion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that's when this this transion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that's when this this transion
+synthesis stuff comes in and it cleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis stuff comes in and it cleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis stuff comes in and it cleans
+up the damage now I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the damage now I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the damage now I don't know what the
+right answer is that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is that was one of the
+things I was talking about yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I was talking about yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I was talking about yesterday
+morning but it's an example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning but it's an example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning but it's an example of how
+something that you guys can now hope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you guys can now hope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you guys can now hope at
+least understand in principle is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least understand in principle is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least understand in principle is you
+know being debated right now and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know being debated right now and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know being debated right now and the
+finding from my lab changed the way I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding from my lab changed the way I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding from my lab changed the way I'd
+been thinking about it at least I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about it at least I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about it at least I can
+now see another very real possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see another very real possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see another very real possibility
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so just to uh move on so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to uh move on so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to uh move on so we're going
+back to mendle now who did an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to mendle now who did an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to mendle now who did an awful lot
+more than I told you a few of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I told you a few of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I told you a few of you
+thought it was pretty frustrating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was pretty frustrating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was pretty frustrating and
+had all of that uh but mle was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all of that uh but mle was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all of that uh but mle was doing
+other things you already know what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you already know what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you already know what he
+could do he knew how to do crosses he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do he knew how to do crosses he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do he knew how to do crosses he
+knew how to count and he could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to count and he could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how to count and he could think
+which is really important and he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really important and he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really important and he saw
+ratios instead of just just numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios instead of just just numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios instead of just just numbers so
+there was another classic experiment he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another classic experiment he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another classic experiment he
+could do and that was he could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do and that was he could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do and that was he could do a
+cross where he looked at more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross where he looked at more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross where he looked at more than one
+trait at once and he didn't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait at once and he didn't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait at once and he didn't have all
+that many options for things he could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many options for things he could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many options for things he could do
+but he he did what are known as dihybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crosses where followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two traits at once and I showed you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two traits at once and I showed you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two traits at once and I showed you some
+of the the traits that um that he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the traits that um that he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the traits that um that he he
+studied in fact that picture I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in fact that picture I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in fact that picture I showed
+you is actually uh a a cross that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is actually uh a a cross that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is actually uh a a cross that we
+could think of right now he's got smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of right now he's got smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of right now he's got smooth
+and yellow and smooth and smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow and smooth and smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow and smooth and smooth
+wrinkled and green and yellow and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled and green and yellow and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled and green and yellow and you'll
+see them in all four uh combinations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in all four uh combinations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in all four uh combinations so
+uh one an example of a kind of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one an example of a kind of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one an example of a kind of cross
+that that Mel carried out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mel carried out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mel carried out then
+was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+took smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took smooth
+yellow which actually is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow which actually is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow which actually is the dominant
+Alo in both which he learned from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alo in both which he learned from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alo in both which he learned from his
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+crosses and he crossed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with wrinkled green which I'll represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wrinkled green which I'll represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wrinkled green which I'll represent
+as little s little s uh little y little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little s little s uh little y little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little s little s uh little y little
+Y where he'd previously known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y where he'd previously known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y where he'd previously known
+the the little s and little y Al the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little s and little y Al the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little s and little y Al the
+wrinkled and green were the recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled and green were the recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled and green were the recessive
+Al and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al and then the
+F1 generation wouldn't be surprising to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 generation wouldn't be surprising to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 generation wouldn't be surprising to
+you at this point I think that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at this point I think that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at this point I think that they were
+all smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yellow and they all were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and they all were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and they all were
+SS y y and if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS y y and if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS y y and if you think about the
+possible gamt you could get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible gamt you could get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible gamt you could get out of this
+you could only get a big ass Big Y out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could only get a big ass Big Y out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could only get a big ass Big Y out
+of this one and a little s little y out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one and a little s little y out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one and a little s little y out
+of that one so if they came together it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one so if they came together it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one so if they came together it
+would have to be have to be that so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be have to be that so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be have to be that so then
+when he um did the uh self he now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he um did the uh self he now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he um did the uh self he now
+self-crossed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F1 and what what he got out of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and what what he got out of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and what what he got out of that was
+the kind of mixture of things that uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of mixture of things that uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of mixture of things that uh he
+saw up there he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yellow smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green wrinkled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yellow and wrinkled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and wrinkled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and wrinkled
+green and doing the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and doing the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and doing the same kind of
+experiments that we we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we we talked about
+before he counted them he looked to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he counted them he looked to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he counted them he looked to see
+if he saw character istic ratios he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he saw character istic ratios he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he saw character istic ratios he did
+the ratios he saw were 9 to 3 to 3:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios he saw were 9 to 3 to 3:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios he saw were 9 to 3 to 3:
+1 so I think he knew how he how his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I think he knew how he how his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I think he knew how he how his head
+worked at this point trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at this point trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at this point trying to figure
+out if he could explain this uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if he could explain this uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if he could explain this uh these
+results by the kind of uh model that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results by the kind of uh model that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results by the kind of uh model that he
+was developing where hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developing where hereditary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developing where hereditary
+information came in um in particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information came in um in particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information came in um in particles and
+he could but he had to do had to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could but he had to do had to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could but he had to do had to make a
+critical assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you've just seen the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you've just seen the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you've just seen the the next
+Square I'm going to draw without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square I'm going to draw without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square I'm going to draw without
+realizing the this assumption underlies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing the this assumption underlies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing the this assumption underlies
+it then you've missed a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you've missed a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you've missed a great deal of
+the point of his of his thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of his of his thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of his of his thinking and
+that was that the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes assort or the two traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes assort or the two traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes assort or the two traits
+anyway say the two traits CU he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway say the two traits CU he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway say the two traits CU he didn't
+know they were genes yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independently and um way we could uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and um way we could uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and um way we could uh see
+that would be to think about what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be to think about what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be to think about what were
+the kind of alals that you could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of alals that you could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of alals that you could the
+kind of gametes that you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from those
+f1s so we could get a big S and a Big Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1s so we could get a big S and a Big Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1s so we could get a big S and a Big Y
+from here or a big S and a little y or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here or a big S and a little y or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here or a big S and a little y or a
+little s and a Big Y or a little s and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little s and a Big Y or a little s and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little s and a Big Y or a little s and a
+little Y and since this is selfing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y and since this is selfing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y and since this is selfing it's
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so I won't fill this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I won't fill this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I won't fill this whole thing
+in but we we get two s's two big y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but we we get two s's two big y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but we we get two s's two big y's
+here um down here we'd have little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um down here we'd have little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um down here we'd have little
+s little y like that I'll fill in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s little y like that I'll fill in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s little y like that I'll fill in a
+couple of here where we' got big S um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of here where we' got big S um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of here where we' got big S um
+big S Big Y little y here we have big S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S Big Y little y here we have big S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S Big Y little y here we have big S
+big S but two little y's here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S but two little y's here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S but two little y's here we have
+big S little s Big Y little Y and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S little s Big Y little Y and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S little s Big Y little Y and over
+here we have big S little s two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have big S little s two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have big S little s two little
+y's so if you were to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's so if you were to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's so if you were to make
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then a table or a chart like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a table or a chart like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a table or a chart like this that
+showed the phenotypes you'll find all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the phenotypes you'll find all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the phenotypes you'll find all of
+these look uh wild type we can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look uh wild type we can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look uh wild type we can see it
+here however this one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here however this one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here however this one would be
+smooth but it's got the two Le so it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth but it's got the two Le so it' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth but it's got the two Le so it' be
+green this one would be smooth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green this one would be smooth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green this one would be smooth and
+yellow and this again be smooth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and this again be smooth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and this again be smooth but
+green and down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and down in this
+corner is the wrinkled green and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner is the wrinkled green and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner is the wrinkled green and if you
+follow that uh out dry out the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that uh out dry out the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that uh out dry out the rest of
+that you'll discover there are the 9 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll discover there are the 9 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll discover there are the 9 to
+3 to 3: 1 ratios that was what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to 3: 1 ratios that was what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to 3: 1 ratios that was what what
+mendle observed in all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendle observed in all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendle observed in all of his
+experiments um but there was a pro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um but there was a pro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um but there was a pro and
+he wasn't particularly bothered by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't particularly bothered by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't particularly bothered by it
+because he'd shown particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he'd shown particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he'd shown particular
+information the fact they sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the fact they sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the fact they sorted
+randomly uh wasn't an issue however uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh wasn't an issue however uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh wasn't an issue however uh
+that was before people knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was before people knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was before people knew about
+chromosomes which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which we
+spent uh quite a bit of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent uh quite a bit of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent uh quite a bit of time talking
+about on uh the other day and as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on uh the other day and as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on uh the other day and as I said
+when people saw those chromosomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people saw those chromosomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people saw those chromosomes that
+gave rise to what's known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave rise to what's known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave rise to what's known as the
+chromosomal theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inheritance and what was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and what was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and what was interesting
+about the chromosomal in theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chromosomal in theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chromosomal in theory of
+inheritance is that uh it predicted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance is that uh it predicted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance is that uh it predicted a
+different outcome depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcome depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcome depending on whether
+the traits you were studying were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traits you were studying were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traits you were studying were
+encoded by genes on the same chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by genes on the same chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by genes on the same chromosome
+or by genes on different chromosomes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by genes on different chromosomes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by genes on different chromosomes now
+as it happened what I think Mel did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it happened what I think Mel did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it happened what I think Mel did was
+he found traits that were well behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found traits that were well behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found traits that were well behaved
+and he could could study and those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he could could study and those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he could could study and those all
+happened to be on separate chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be on separate chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be on separate chromosomes
+so his results didn't disclose this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his results didn't disclose this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his results didn't disclose this uh
+uh this issue that was that was raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this issue that was that was raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this issue that was that was raised
+by the uh chromosomal discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the uh chromosomal discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the uh chromosomal discovery of
+chromosomes but let me they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes but let me they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes but let me they have
+different the chromosomal theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the chromosomal theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the chromosomal theory of
+inheritance um gives different as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance um gives different as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance um gives different as I say
+different predicts different outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different predicts different outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different predicts different outcomes
+depending whether things are on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending whether things are on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending whether things are on the same
+or different uh chromosomes so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different uh chromosomes so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different uh chromosomes so let's uh
+consider that by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that by taking the
+F1 so let's say say they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 so let's say say they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 so let's say say they're on
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosomes let's take the F1 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes let's take the F1 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes let's take the F1 from the
+previous uh cross over here so big S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh cross over here so big S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh cross over here so big S
+little s big Big Y little Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little s big Big Y little Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little s big Big Y little Y and then
+we'll cross it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cross it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cross it with the
+homozygous recessive parent that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive parent that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive parent that was a
+cross that I mentioned in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that I mentioned in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that I mentioned in the first
+leure was very important it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure was very important it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure was very important it's important
+enough it's given a special name it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's given a special name it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's given a special name it's
+called a test cross well here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a test cross well here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a test cross well here we
+are using it here well what are the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using it here well what are the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using it here well what are the what
+are the possible outcomes that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possible outcomes that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possible outcomes that could
+come uh from this sort of thing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come uh from this sort of thing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come uh from this sort of thing well
+what sort of I think the way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of I think the way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of I think the way you could
+think about it most easily is what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it most easily is what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it most easily is what kind
+of gametes or sex cells could we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gametes or sex cells could we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gametes or sex cells could we get out
+of this well from here we could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this well from here we could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this well from here we could get a
+big S and a um a Big Y or we could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S and a um a Big Y or we could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S and a um a Big Y or we could get a
+big S and a little y a little s and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S and a little y a little s and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big S and a little y a little s and a
+Big Y or a little s and a little y so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Y or a little s and a little y so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Y or a little s and a little y so we
+could get four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get four different
+types of sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of sex
+cells the damet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the damet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the damet we
+could we could get out of this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could get out of this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we could get out of this sign
+there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one
+type so if we start combining those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so if we start combining those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so if we start combining those I
+think you can see what the the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can see what the the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can see what the the outcome
+would be um it's so simple we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um it's so simple we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um it's so simple we don't even
+need to draw out the square that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to draw out the square that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to draw out the square that if we
+had big S Big Y over they're all going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had big S Big Y over they're all going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had big S Big Y over they're all going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over well actually yeah yeah I'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well actually yeah yeah I'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well actually yeah yeah I'll draw
+them this way because I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this way because I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this way because I think it's a
+little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so there would be four possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so there would be four possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so there would be four possible um
+things that would come out of this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would come out of this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would come out of this test
+cross this would be the smooth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this would be the smooth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this would be the smooth and
+yellow here would be what have I done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow here would be what have I done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow here would be what have I done
+wrong here oh no this right U this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong here oh no this right U this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong here oh no this right U this would
+be smooth and green this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smooth and green this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smooth and green this would be
+wrinkled and yellow and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled and yellow and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled and yellow and this would be
+wrinkled in green and you see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled in green and you see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled in green and you see what the
+ratio would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio would
+be it would be 1 to one to one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it would be 1 to one to one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it would be 1 to one to one to one
+because we have an equal probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have an equal probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have an equal probability of
+making any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any of those
+uh and I'm going to rearrange these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm going to rearrange these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm going to rearrange these
+because a way that'll help us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a way that'll help us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a way that'll help us think
+about it this is one of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is one of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is one of the the the
+types that we found in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that we found in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that we found in the original
+cross that's a parental phenotype smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that's a parental phenotype smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that's a parental phenotype smooth
+and yellow it was one of the parents up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow it was one of the parents up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow it was one of the parents up
+there this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is the
+other one that looks like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one that looks like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one that looks like one of the
+original parents so I'm I can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original parents so I'm I can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original parents so I'm I can divide
+these into parental or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-parental phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are one to one and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are one to one and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are one to one and then these
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were ones that the where the progeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ones that the where the progeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ones that the where the progeny
+differed from uh the parent and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed from uh the parent and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed from uh the parent and they're
+all one to one to one to one now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one to one to one to one now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one to one to one to one now that's
+what the chromosomal theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chromosomal theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chromosomal theory of
+inheritance would predict if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance would predict if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance would predict if they were
+on separate chromosomes that's what mle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on separate chromosomes that's what mle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on separate chromosomes that's what mle
+saw when he was doing his cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw when he was doing his cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw when he was doing his cross
+but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the what if they were on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosome so we're going to have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so we're going to have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so we're going to have to go
+back to the original cross now to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original cross now to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original cross now to think
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through so what uh what mle started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so what uh what mle started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so what uh what mle started with
+was a smooth yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a smooth yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a smooth yellow
+parent so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was Sy y Sy y but because these are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Sy y Sy y but because these are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Sy y Sy y but because these are on
+the same chromosome I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chromosome I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chromosome I'm going to have
+I'm going to depict them this way so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to depict them this way so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to depict them this way so we
+can see they're going to travel as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they're going to travel as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they're going to travel as a
+unit most of the time so and That Was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit most of the time so and That Was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit most of the time so and That Was
+Then crossed with the wrinkled green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then crossed with the wrinkled green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then crossed with the wrinkled green
+which would be a little s little Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a little s little Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a little s little Y in
+each case L each the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case L each the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case L each the
+F1 in this case case will be all smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 in this case case will be all smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 in this case case will be all smooth
+and yellow the recessive traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow the recessive traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow the recessive traits
+disappear but this time they're only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but this time they're only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but this time they're only uh
+what the progyny will have they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the progyny will have they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the progyny will have they will
+have gotten one of the possible alal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten one of the possible alal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten one of the possible alal
+from this one which would be the Sy y on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one which would be the Sy y on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one which would be the Sy y on
+the same chromosome and one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chromosome and one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chromosome and one from the
+other parent the little s little y again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parent the little s little y again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parent the little s little y again
+on the same chromosome so now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same chromosome so now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same chromosome so now if you
+start to ask what will happen if I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to ask what will happen if I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to ask what will happen if I do a
+test cross you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cross you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cross you're going to get a
+different outcome so here's the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcome so here's the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcome so here's the test
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+case so we've got this F1 it's smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we've got this F1 it's smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we've got this F1 it's smooth
+and yellow but it's actually at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow but it's actually at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow but it's actually at the
+chromosomal level now it's like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomal level now it's like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomal level now it's like this and
+we're crossing it with the homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're crossing it with the homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're crossing it with the homozygous
+recessive parent that's now going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive parent that's now going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive parent that's now going to to
+look like that so if you think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that so if you think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that so if you think through
+what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+gametes could we get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes could we get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes could we get out of
+this well there's only two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well there's only two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well there's only two possibilities
+we get this one or this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this one or this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this one or this one
+and over here the kind of gametes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here the kind of gametes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here the kind of gametes we
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+get's only one type so what are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get's only one type so what are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get's only one type so what are we going
+to get out of this cross what what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of this cross what what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of this cross what what we'll
+end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting
+is Big s y over the little s y or little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Big s y over the little s y or little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Big s y over the little s y or little
+Sy y over the little s y like like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sy y over the little s y like like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sy y over the little s y like like that
+that's smooth in yellow this is wrinkled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smooth in yellow this is wrinkled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smooth in yellow this is wrinkled
+in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green
+the ratio of these are one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of these are one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of these are one to
+one but you see the difference from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but you see the difference from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but you see the difference from what
+we saw before these are the parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenotypes there you don't get any non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes there you don't get any non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes there you don't get any non
+the chromosomal theory of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomal theory of inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomal theory of inheritance
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+predict um that you'll or predicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict um that you'll or predicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict um that you'll or predicts that
+you will not get the nonparental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not get the nonparental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not get the nonparental
+phenotypes so if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes so if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes so if you wanted to
+distinguish between these two hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two hypotheses
+and figure out where your your genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out where your your genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out where your your genes
+were you do the experiment what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you do the experiment what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you do the experiment what happened
+when this was done is again what often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this was done is again what often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this was done is again what often
+happens in science you think you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in science you think you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in science you think you've got
+it straightened out you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it straightened out you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it straightened out you've got
+hypothesis a and hypothesis B and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis a and hypothesis B and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis a and hypothesis B and you do
+experiment planning to do the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment planning to do the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment planning to do the scientific
+method and show it and you get a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and show it and you get a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and show it and you get a result
+that isn't what you expected with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't what you expected with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't what you expected with either
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and that's in fact what happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in fact what happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in fact what happened in this
+case and it led to the discovery of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and it led to the discovery of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and it led to the discovery of uh
+genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic
+recombination and to to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and to to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and to to show you
+actually the experiments where that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the experiments where that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the experiments where that was
+discovered I'm going to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered I'm going to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered I'm going to switch to
+another widely used genetic model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another widely used genetic model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another widely used genetic model which
+is the dropa melanogaster or the fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dropa melanogaster or the fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dropa melanogaster or the fruit
+fly which you see in the summer run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly which you see in the summer run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly which you see in the summer run
+around rotting fruit or if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around rotting fruit or if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around rotting fruit or if you're in the
+biology building there one is apt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology building there one is apt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology building there one is apt to
+land on your sandwich because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on your sandwich because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on your sandwich because there
+always a few few the stragglers that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a few few the stragglers that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a few few the stragglers that get
+out of the uh the dropa genetics Labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the uh the dropa genetics Labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the uh the dropa genetics Labs
+but the one thing you can see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one thing you can see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one thing you can see from this
+is the eye is pretty cool it's got red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eye is pretty cool it's got red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eye is pretty cool it's got red
+the wild type is a red eye and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild type is a red eye and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild type is a red eye and the
+body's uh Brown and you can see the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body's uh Brown and you can see the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body's uh Brown and you can see the red
+eyes if you look at a fruit carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes if you look at a fruit carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes if you look at a fruit carefully
+you'll be able to see uh just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see uh just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see uh just this
+summer if you take a look you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer if you take a look you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer if you take a look you'll see
+that they have red eyes so they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have red eyes so they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have red eyes so they've been
+a a very uh useful model organism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very uh useful model organism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very uh useful model organism for
+genetics partly because they grow pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics partly because they grow pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics partly because they grow pretty
+fast and they're they're uh easy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and they're they're uh easy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and they're they're uh easy to to
+handle in a lab and so um I'll introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in a lab and so um I'll introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in a lab and so um I'll introduce
+you to a couple of features so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to a couple of features so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to a couple of features so the uh
+the the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wild
+type you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you find in
+nature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature the
+body it's a brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it's a brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it's a brown
+body I'll call that plus and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I'll call that plus and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I'll call that plus and it has
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wings and which I I'll refer to is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings and which I I'll refer to is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings and which I I'll refer to is as
+Plus and a some mutant phenotypes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and a some mutant phenotypes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus and a some mutant phenotypes that
+geneti have been able to find is a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneti have been able to find is a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneti have been able to find is a black
+body which I'll refer to as a little B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body which I'll refer to as a little B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body which I'll refer to as a little B
+and vestigal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wings which I'll refer to as as U VG so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings which I'll refer to as as U VG so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings which I'll refer to as as U VG so
+these are fairly easy to score they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are fairly easy to score they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are fairly easy to score they look
+like sort of little little tiny wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of little little tiny wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of little little tiny wings
+and so it's fairly easy if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's fairly easy if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's fairly easy if you're
+Crossing uh drop and then looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing uh drop and then looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing uh drop and then looking at
+progyny to go through and score what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progyny to go through and score what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progyny to go through and score what
+color are their eyes and do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color are their eyes and do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color are their eyes and do they have
+ordinary wings or little wings so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary wings or little wings so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary wings or little wings so this
+is the kind of cross uh that was carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of cross uh that was carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of cross uh that was carried
+out and we're going to switch now to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we're going to switch now to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we're going to switch now to an
+organism that has male and female up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that has male and female up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that has male and female up
+until now plants are are both they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now plants are are both they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now plants are are both they make
+pollen and they have the the eggs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollen and they have the the eggs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollen and they have the the eggs that
+are going to develop into the seeds once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to develop into the seeds once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to develop into the seeds once
+they're fertilized but uh drop are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fertilized but uh drop are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fertilized but uh drop are more
+like us they come in males and females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us they come in males and females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us they come in males and females
+they're going to have to specify uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have to specify uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have to specify uh
+which is which is which and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is which and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is which and I think
+probably most of you are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most of you are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most of you are familiar with
+this termin this terminology this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this termin this terminology this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this termin this terminology this is
+female the symbol geneus is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female the symbol geneus is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female the symbol geneus is used for
+female and this is the one that is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and this is the one that is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and this is the one that is used
+for male so in this case let's let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for male so in this case let's let's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for male so in this case let's let's set
+up exactly the same kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up exactly the same kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up exactly the same kind of thing that
+we start here we're going to cross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start here we're going to cross a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start here we're going to cross a
+homozygous uh dominant parent versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous uh dominant parent versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous uh dominant parent versus a
+homozygous recessive parent that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive parent that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive parent that's just
+exactly the kind of thing we're up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of thing we're up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of thing we're up here
+but I'm going to do it this time using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to do it this time using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to do it this time using
+sort of drop genetic speak and so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of drop genetic speak and so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of drop genetic speak and so we'll
+be taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking a
+female who wild type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female who wild type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female who wild type
+for for both traits we're going to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for both traits we're going to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for both traits we're going to cross
+with a male that's homozygous recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a male that's homozygous recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a male that's homozygous recessive
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+both trades this is the way dropa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both trades this is the way dropa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both trades this is the way dropa
+Genesis tend to represent this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis tend to represent this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis tend to represent this kind of
+thing so it's exactly the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's exactly the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's exactly the same kind of
+cross that we've got before and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that we've got before and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that we've got before and at this
+point what what we get out of the F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what what we get out of the F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what what we get out of the F1
+um it shouldn't be news for you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it shouldn't be news for you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it shouldn't be news for you can see
+genetically what it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically what it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically what it's going to be
+they'll have to get one Alo from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have to get one Alo from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have to get one Alo from here
+and one Alo from there so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one Alo from there so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one Alo from there so by
+definition the only possibilties you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the only possibilties you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the only possibilties you can
+get out of this the the f1s will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of this the the f1s will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of this the the f1s will all
+have one Al dominant and one recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Al dominant and one recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Al dominant and one recessive
+Al just like just like up there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al just like just like up there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al just like just like up there and so
+this will be since the wild type is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be since the wild type is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be since the wild type is the
+dominant Al this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and
+normal and normal wings and then uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and normal wings and then uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and normal wings and then uh at
+this point they then set up will'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point they then set up will'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point they then set up will'll set
+up a test cross exactly the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a test cross exactly the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a test cross exactly the same idea
+we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F1 and this case we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and this case we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and this case we'll
+take a female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a female
+who's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll cross her with a male who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll cross her with a male who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll cross her with a male who
+homozygous recessive so that'll be black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive so that'll be black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive so that'll be black
+over black and vdal over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digil and out of this there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digil and out of this there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digil and out of this there are four
+possibilities we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we can
+get the parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the parental
+phenotypes um so there will be from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes um so there will be from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes um so there will be from that
+the black over if you look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black over if you look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black over if you look through the
+various combinations of uh how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various combinations of uh how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various combinations of uh how these
+things could go together we'll find we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could go together we'll find we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could go together we'll find we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get the stigle Plus or we can get black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the stigle Plus or we can get black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the stigle Plus or we can get black
+over black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over black and
+theil over vestigal for example this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theil over vestigal for example this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theil over vestigal for example this one
+coming from those two getting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from those two getting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from those two getting together
+and this one coming from this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one coming from this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one coming from this one and
+this one uh getting together so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh getting together so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh getting together so this is
+just exactly the same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same kind of thing
+we've done but done using dropa traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done but done using dropa traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done but done using dropa traits
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonparental so now we'd get for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparental so now we'd get for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparental so now we'd get for example
+black over black and the sigil over plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black over black and the sigil over plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black over black and the sigil over plus
+so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be black but normal wings or we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be black but normal wings or we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be black but normal wings or we could
+have black over plus vestigal over vdal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have black over plus vestigal over vdal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have black over plus vestigal over vdal
+which would be a brown body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but with vestigal wings so if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with vestigal wings so if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with vestigal wings so if we were
+trying to doing we're doing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to doing we're doing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to doing we're doing this kind of
+cross and we're trying to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and we're trying to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and we're trying to see what the
+outcome would be uh the mendal every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome would be uh the mendal every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome would be uh the mendal every
+trait assorts independently would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait assorts independently would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait assorts independently would
+predict the one to one to one: one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the one to one to one: one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the one to one to one: one and
+the uh chromosomal theory of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh chromosomal theory of inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh chromosomal theory of inheritance
+would predict we'd get one to one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would predict we'd get one to one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would predict we'd get one to one here
+and we wouldn't see those at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wouldn't see those at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wouldn't see those at
+all instead what Happ happened when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all instead what Happ happened when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all instead what Happ happened when this
+experiment was done were uh numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done were uh numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done were uh numbers that
+didn't really fit this part worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really fit this part worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really fit this part worked
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+well these are numbers from from an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are numbers from from an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are numbers from from an an
+experiment of this type so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of this type so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of this type so these are
+pretty close to one: one that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one: one that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one: one that's okay
+that fits with with both of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits with with both of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits with with both of the models
+the surprise was over here where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surprise was over here where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surprise was over here where there
+it's 2 over 6 to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 over 6 to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 over 6 to to
+185 so these are in the ballpark of 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+185 so these are in the ballpark of 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+185 so these are in the ballpark of 1 to
+one but what you can see is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what you can see is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what you can see is the result
+is not what was predicted by either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what was predicted by either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what was predicted by either
+model this is the kind of thing I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this is the kind of thing I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this is the kind of thing I'm sort
+of been trying to tell you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been trying to tell you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been trying to tell you through the
+course keeps happening in biology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course keeps happening in biology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course keeps happening in biology it's
+not a QED sort of thing where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a QED sort of thing where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a QED sort of thing where you can
+work it out by Logic very often when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out by Logic very often when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out by Logic very often when you
+do an experiment you get a result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment you get a result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment you get a result that
+doesn't fit within your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit within your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit within your current
+framework and then you have to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and then you have to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and then you have to go back
+and redo your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redo your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redo your your
+thinking what was going on here as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what was going on here as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what was going on here as it
+turned out and it all got sorted out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out and it all got sorted out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out and it all got sorted out was
+uh science had just discovered genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh science had just discovered genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh science had just discovered genetic
+re combination and here's where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re combination and here's where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re combination and here's where it was
+it what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about meiosis 1 and we had duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meiosis 1 and we had duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meiosis 1 and we had duplicated
+the DNA so we now had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA so we now had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA so we now had two
+chromatids and I showed you this k asata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids and I showed you this k asata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids and I showed you this k asata
+a Kay Asma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I was was drawing it looked sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was was drawing it looked sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was was drawing it looked sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and I said that you always saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I said that you always saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I said that you always saw
+these physical attachments that once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical attachments that once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical attachments that once the
+homologous pairs were duplicated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous pairs were duplicated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous pairs were duplicated they
+would always be in contact and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always be in contact and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always be in contact and I said
+there was actually a a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually a a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually a a physical
+interaction going on there well what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction going on there well what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction going on there well what was
+going on in there was uh an exchange a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in there was uh an exchange a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in there was uh an exchange a
+re combinational event at the DNA level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re combinational event at the DNA level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re combinational event at the DNA level
+that's just exactly equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just exactly equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just exactly equivalent to the
+what was happening when I showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening when I showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening when I showed you the
+Fage cross remember we had a Fage cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fage cross remember we had a Fage cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fage cross remember we had a Fage cross
+and we if we got a Rec combination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we if we got a Rec combination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we if we got a Rec combination in
+between the two genes then we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two genes then we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two genes then we could get
+uh progyny that were a mixture of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh progyny that were a mixture of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh progyny that were a mixture of the of
+the of the two traits so if we were plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the two traits so if we were plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the two traits so if we were plus
+plus for example these were on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for example these were on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for example these were on the same
+chromosome and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and the other
+one was like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+Vil black and Vil if we get a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vil black and Vil if we get a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vil black and Vil if we get a genetic
+recombination going on here where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination going on here where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination going on here where these
+two intersect and and recombine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two intersect and and recombine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two intersect and and recombine in
+between these two genes what you get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two genes what you get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two genes what you get out
+of that then is this chromatid is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that then is this chromatid is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that then is this chromatid is still
+the same it's got both wild type alals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it's got both wild type alals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it's got both wild type alals
+but in this case now the black Gene has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case now the black Gene has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case now the black Gene has
+black alil has moved from here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black alil has moved from here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black alil has moved from here to the
+tip of this one pairing it with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip of this one pairing it with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip of this one pairing it with that and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+other chromatid over here of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromatid over here of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromatid over here of the other
+homologous pair now has the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous pair now has the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous pair now has the plus
+together with the Vil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the Vil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the Vil and
+then here so if you then draw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here so if you then draw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here so if you then draw out the
+possible gametes one will have look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible gametes one will have look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible gametes one will have look like
+one parent one will look like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parent one will look like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parent one will look like the other
+parent this one can give rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent this one can give rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent this one can give rise to a
+non-parental phenotype in a in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parental phenotype in a in a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parental phenotype in a in a test
+cross and that one can give rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and that one can give rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and that one can give rise to a
+non-parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parental
+phenotype in a in a test cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype in a in a test cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype in a in a test cross and
+that's what's going on in uh in the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going on in uh in the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going on in uh in the this
+experiment I've described but the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I've described but the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I've described but the nice
+thing about this since uh this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this since uh this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this since uh this sort of
+thing is happening is one can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is happening is one can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is happening is one can calculate
+then a re combination frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in just the same way that we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just the same way that we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just the same way that we calculated
+it when we were doing uh Fage cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we were doing uh Fage cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we were doing uh Fage cross and
+in this case it was the prominance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it was the prominance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it was the prominance which
+in this context I'm referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context I'm referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context I'm referring
+to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonparental the recombinant over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparental the recombinant over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparental the recombinant over the
+total of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of the
+parental types and the nonparental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case this would be 206 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case this would be 206 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case this would be 206 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 965 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 965 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 965 +
+944 + 206 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+944 + 206 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+944 + 206 +
+185 and if I haven't blown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+185 and if I haven't blown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+185 and if I haven't blown the
+arithmetic that would be a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic that would be a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic that would be a combination
+frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of
+177% now when we were back talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177% now when we were back talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177% now when we were back talking about
+that Sage cross remember we we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sage cross remember we we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sage cross remember we we did a
+pair of of crosses between Gene one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of of crosses between Gene one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of of crosses between Gene one and
+two and between two and three then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and between two and three then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and between two and three then we
+were trying to figure out how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out how those
+could how if they were on in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could how if they were on in a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could how if they were on in a linear
+order how we could explain it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order how we could explain it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order how we could explain it and we
+finally worked out the order by crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally worked out the order by crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally worked out the order by crossing
+a Leo 1 and three and we made a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Leo 1 and three and we made a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Leo 1 and three and we made a little
+genetic map that could show uh the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic map that could show uh the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic map that could show uh the order
+of Gene 1 2 and three based on nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gene 1 2 and three based on nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gene 1 2 and three based on nothing
+more than the recombination frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the recombination frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the recombination frequency so
+that's exactly what people were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what people were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what people were able to
+do by this kind of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by this kind of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by this kind of this kind of
+measurement and that then led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and that then led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and that then led to the
+generation of chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of chromosome
+Maps uh this is a publication from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps uh this is a publication from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps uh this is a publication from
+science in 1994 this was before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in 1994 this was before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in 1994 this was before the
+human genome was done and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome was done and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome was done and they were
+using a a mapping a kind of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a mapping a kind of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a a mapping a kind of of uh
+genetic marker we'll talk about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic marker we'll talk about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic marker we'll talk about whether
+we do restriction enzymes but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do restriction enzymes but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do restriction enzymes but they were
+able to associate it with Banning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to associate it with Banning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to associate it with Banning
+patterns they had seen on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns they had seen on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns they had seen on the on the
+chromosome this is the sort of thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome this is the sort of thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome this is the sort of thing the
+cytologists saw and as um scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologists saw and as um scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologists saw and as um scientists
+were were working this out then they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were working this out then they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were working this out then they uh
+were able to associate these genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to associate these genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to associate these genetic
+maps of Loi and and begin to associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps of Loi and and begin to associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps of Loi and and begin to associate
+them with the physical maps of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the physical maps of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the physical maps of binding
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um of banding patterns and chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of banding patterns and chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of banding patterns and chromosomes
+now we have the sort of ultimate genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the sort of ultimate genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the sort of ultimate genetic
+map which is the sequence of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which is the sequence of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which is the sequence of the human
+chromosome so now we know exactly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so now we know exactly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so now we know exactly to the
+base pair how far different genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair how far different genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair how far different genes are
+but the part of the way that the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the part of the way that the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the part of the way that the human
+uh genome was assembled from all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genome was assembled from all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genome was assembled from all these
+little tiny fragments of DNA that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny fragments of DNA that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny fragments of DNA that were
+sequenced were taking advantage of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced were taking advantage of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced were taking advantage of these
+kind of maps that told the scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maps that told the scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maps that told the scientists
+assembling all these little fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling all these little fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling all these little fragments of
+DNA sequence what order they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence what order they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence what order they had to be
+in what part of the chromosome they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what part of the chromosome they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what part of the chromosome they were
+on and that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that kind of thing
+um there is uh this then leads us though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is uh this then leads us though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is uh this then leads us though
+to an another issue since I've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an another issue since I've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an another issue since I've now
+started to to talk about chromosomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to talk about chromosomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to talk about chromosomes and
+oh one more thing let me just say before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one more thing let me just say before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one more thing let me just say before
+I I leave this so from this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I leave this so from this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I leave this so from this kind of
+thing if the re combination frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if the re combination frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if the re combination frequency is
+much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than
+50% then they're on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosome and the word geneticist used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and the word geneticist used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and the word geneticist used
+to describe this is they say the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this is they say the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this is they say the genes
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+linked if the re combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked if the re combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked if the re combination
+frequency is is 50% then there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different chromosomes at this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chromosomes at this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chromosomes at this point is
+just random assortment go one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random assortment go one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random assortment go one way or the
+other so you get a number of 50% if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you get a number of 50% if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you get a number of 50% if you
+do this kind of calculation and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of calculation and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of calculation and these
+are referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are referred to as
+unlink and those of you who are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlink and those of you who are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlink and those of you who are thinking
+about it can probably imagine that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it can probably imagine that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it can probably imagine that there
+there might be a problem that if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a problem that if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a problem that if you had
+a very long chromosome so the two genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long chromosome so the two genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long chromosome so the two genes
+you were studying were very far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were studying were very far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were studying were very far apart
+you might get so many re combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get so many re combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get so many re combination
+events in between that it would be skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in between that it would be skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in between that it would be skin
+to look the recombination frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look the recombination frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look the recombination frequency
+might be 50 come close to 50% and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 50 come close to 50% and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 50 come close to 50% and you
+would perhaps have a difficult time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would perhaps have a difficult time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would perhaps have a difficult time in
+that genetic cross telling whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genetic cross telling whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genetic cross telling whether the
+genes are really unlined they were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are really unlined they were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are really unlined they were on
+separate chromosomes or they were linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chromosomes or they were linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chromosomes or they were linked
+but but very far apart so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but very far apart so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but very far apart so this kind of
+thing be a little hard to to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing be a little hard to to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing be a little hard to to resolve
+that kind of situation but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of situation but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of situation but there are
+other things you can do to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you can do to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you can do to look at that
+so the chromosomes we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chromosomes we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chromosomes we've been talking
+about are what are known as autosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical
+pairs but there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs but there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs but there's an
+exception and those are the genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception and those are the genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception and those are the genes that
+are involved in sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determination it's the chromosomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination it's the chromosomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination it's the chromosomes that
+are involved in sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in sex
+determination these are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heteros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteros and
+there on this picture that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on this picture that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on this picture that I showed you
+where they use this technique of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they use this technique of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they use this technique of of um
+chromosome painting to show it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome painting to show it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome painting to show it you can
+see how uh that all all these autosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how uh that all all these autosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how uh that all all these autosomes
+are in identical pairs but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in identical pairs but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in identical pairs but this is a
+male obviously because there's the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male obviously because there's the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male obviously because there's the Y
+chromosome and there's an X and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and there's an X and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and there's an X and if
+you're a female you'd have two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a female you'd have two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a female you'd have two copies of
+the X something I think most of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X something I think most of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X something I think most of you know
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+the if we think about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we think about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we think about the uh
+how this works in humans females have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works in humans females have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works in humans females have an
+x two x's and uh males have an X and A Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x two x's and uh males have an X and A Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x two x's and uh males have an X and A Y
+in drop the fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fly it's the same thing males have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly it's the same thing males have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly it's the same thing males have
+2X females have two x's and males have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X females have two x's and males have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X females have two x's and males have
+an XY but there isn't anything magic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XY but there isn't anything magic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XY but there isn't anything magic in
+nature about women having two of females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature about women having two of females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature about women having two of females
+having two of the same and and males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two of the same and and males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two of the same and and males
+having one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one of
+uh one of each because in Birds where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of each because in Birds where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of each because in Birds where
+it's different enough they use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different enough they use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different enough they use different
+notation females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation females
+have one of uh one of each and I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of uh one of each and I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of uh one of each and I make
+sure I got my notation right I think see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I got my notation right I think see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I got my notation right I think see
+ZZ excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me males
+have two and the females have have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and the females have have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and the females have have one
+of each so there nature tends to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each so there nature tends to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each so there nature tends to use
+these these differences to as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these differences to as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these differences to as part of
+sex determination but this then poses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex determination but this then poses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex determination but this then poses a
+new kind of problem and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of problem and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of problem and that is what
+would happen if you were doing a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you were doing a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you were doing a cross
+and the Y that you were studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Y that you were studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Y that you were studying
+happened to be on a sex chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be on a sex chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be on a sex chromosome
+instead of one of these you might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one of these you might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one of these you might guess
+that since females have two of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since females have two of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since females have two of one and
+males have one of one of each that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males have one of one of each that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males have one of one of each that it
+would not give the results that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not give the results that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not give the results that are
+predicted uh by here by by what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted uh by here by by what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted uh by here by by what we've
+talked about so far and so in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so far and so in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so far and so in fact this
+led to the discovery of what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the discovery of what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the discovery of what's known as
+sex linkage and that's important and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex linkage and that's important and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex linkage and that's important and in
+fact as you'll see in a minute affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as you'll see in a minute affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as you'll see in a minute affects
+stuff that we're familiar with in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're familiar with in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're familiar with in our
+lives so I want to just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives so I want to just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives so I want to just quickly
+introduce you to this and show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to this and show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to this and show you how
+it was uh how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh how it was
+discovered this was done by Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this was done by Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this was done by Thomas
+Morgan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan in
+1910 actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discovery what he was doing was he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery what he was doing was he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery what he was doing was he took
+a white eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+male crossed it with a rede female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male crossed it with a rede female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male crossed it with a rede female
+female wild type and he got the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female wild type and he got the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female wild type and he got the expected
+result that the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that the uh the
+f1s were all red eye but then when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1s were all red eye but then when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1s were all red eye but then when he
+took the F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the F1
+female and which was red and crossed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and which was red and crossed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and which was red and crossed it
+with a redyed male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a redyed male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a redyed male
+he got something that was was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got something that was was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got something that was was very
+puzzling at the time the females were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling at the time the females were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling at the time the females were
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+red the males half of them had red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyes and half of them had white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and half of them had white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and half of them had white
+eyes if you followed the logic up till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes if you followed the logic up till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes if you followed the logic up till
+now or you to try and work this out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or you to try and work this out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or you to try and work this out you
+would find you couldn't generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find you couldn't generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find you couldn't generate this
+pattern by the stuff that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern by the stuff that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern by the stuff that we've talked
+about now so once again this led to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now so once again this led to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now so once again this led to to
+uh the need to create a new model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the need to create a new model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the need to create a new model and
+something that expanded our thinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that expanded our thinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that expanded our thinking so
+the way the thinking went was well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the thinking went was well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the thinking went was well there
+must be something to do with with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be something to do with with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be something to do with with uh the
+sex of the fruit fly in this and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex of the fruit fly in this and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex of the fruit fly in this and so here
+was the the hypothesis and that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the hypothesis and that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the hypothesis and that was that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+white-eyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white-eyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white-eyed
+male had this this genotype they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male had this this genotype they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male had this this genotype they they
+had an a Le of the that caused the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an a Le of the that caused the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an a Le of the that caused the white
+eyess but it was located on the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyess but it was located on the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyess but it was located on the X
+chromosome so the male would have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so the male would have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so the male would have had a
+white uh Y chromosome paired with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white uh Y chromosome paired with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white uh Y chromosome paired with that
+and the redey female used in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the redey female used in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the redey female used in the in the
+first cross would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cross would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cross would
+have a wild type Al on both x uh B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wild type Al on both x uh B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wild type Al on both x uh B on
+both X U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X U
+chromosomes and so if that were if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and so if that were if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and so if that were if that
+were the the model what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the model what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the model what's going to
+happen then when we do this this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then when we do this this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then when we do this this cross
+that we've described here well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've described here well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've described here well let's
+let's think it through true so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think it through true so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think it through true so we've
+got female who's X+ X plus we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got female who's X+ X plus we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got female who's X+ X plus we're
+crossing with the male that's got the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing with the male that's got the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing with the male that's got the X
+with the white Al over the Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the white Al over the Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the white Al over the Y so
+the the females can either be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the females can either be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the females can either be they
+they'll get an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get an X
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+xw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xw and
+the males just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah right the males are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah right the males are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah right the males are going to get
+uh they will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they will get
+this for y so now if he takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for y so now if he takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for y so now if he takes this
+redyed uh redey female that was the F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redyed uh redey female that was the F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redyed uh redey female that was the F1
+from the the cross up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the cross up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the cross up
+here which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which will
+be like this and crossed with a redyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this and crossed with a redyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this and crossed with a redyed
+male now that that means the male has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male now that that means the male has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male now that that means the male has to
+have the good Al what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the good Al what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the good Al what are we going to
+what are we going to get well for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to get well for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to get well for the
+females in this cross we've got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females in this cross we've got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females in this cross we've got a couple
+of possibilities this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we could get just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we could get just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we could get just
+the the wild type female back or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wild type female back or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wild type female back or we
+could get this one pairing with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get this one pairing with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get this one pairing with this one
+which will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us this so this is these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this so this is these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this so this is these are these are
+are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all
+red that fit but the males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red that fit but the males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red that fit but the males
+then if you see what happens they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you see what happens they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you see what happens they have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+have each have to have a y and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each have to have a y and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each have to have a y and then they
+can either get this a or that a so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either get this a or that a so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either get this a or that a so they
+get this a they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this a they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this a they're
+red if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Le they're white if you stand back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le they're white if you stand back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le they're white if you stand back and
+and look at that you'll see that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at that you'll see that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at that you'll see that is the
+outcome that was observed females were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that was observed females were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that was observed females were
+all red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all red
+the males half red half half white well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the males half red half half white well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the males half red half half white well
+this is a characteristic of a of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a characteristic of a of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a characteristic of a of what's
+this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XL trade and I want to just point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL trade and I want to just point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL trade and I want to just point out
+one thing this this female excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing this this female excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing this this female excuse me
+wrong wrong female this female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong wrong female this female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong wrong female this female
+here is what's referred to as a carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's referred to as a carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's referred to as a carrier
+she she's got this Al that es the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's got this Al that es the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's got this Al that es the white
+eye but she's not expressing it herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye but she's not expressing it herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye but she's not expressing it herself
+but she's able to transmit it to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she's able to transmit it to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she's able to transmit it to her
+sons and when she transmits when she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sons and when she transmits when she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sons and when she transmits when she has
+progeny on average half of her sons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny on average half of her sons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny on average half of her sons will
+have uh will have the trait now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh will have the trait now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh will have the trait now
+excellent traits are common there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent traits are common there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent traits are common there are a
+number of them that we know about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them that we know about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them that we know about uh
+some of you may know hemophilia Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know hemophilia Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know hemophilia Queen
+Victoria was a carrier of this Gene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victoria was a carrier of this Gene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victoria was a carrier of this Gene that
+causes hemophilia where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes hemophilia where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes hemophilia where there's a
+problem with the clotting mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the clotting mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the clotting mechanism and
+if you get a cut then you can bleed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a cut then you can bleed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a cut then you can bleed a
+lot so her some of her her sons had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so her some of her her sons had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so her some of her her sons had had
+this a more common one which has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a more common one which has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a more common one which has to
+apply to some people in this room is red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to some people in this room is red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to some people in this room is red
+green color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color
+blindness uh if you're a male you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness uh if you're a male you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness uh if you're a male you have a
+a much higher probability of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much higher probability of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much higher probability of of uh of
+being color blind because it it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being color blind because it it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being color blind because it it's an
+exic trait and I want to just close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exic trait and I want to just close by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exic trait and I want to just close by
+showing you how human geneticists think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how human geneticists think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how human geneticists think
+about this sort of thing and it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of thing and it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of thing and it's we
+have to think about things differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about things differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about things differently
+if we're doing human genetics because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're doing human genetics because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're doing human genetics because as
+most of you know I think all of us would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know I think all of us would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know I think all of us would
+be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very
+uncooperative subjects in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncooperative subjects in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncooperative subjects in a kind of
+genetic cross that a uh fruit fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic cross that a uh fruit fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic cross that a uh fruit fly
+geneticist or a mouse geneticist would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist or a mouse geneticist would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist or a mouse geneticist would
+uh like to have us do in which we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like to have us do in which we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like to have us do in which we would
+put in a cage with one other with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a cage with one other with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a cage with one other with a
+member of the other sex and say mate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the other sex and say mate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the other sex and say mate
+that was your choice in in life well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your choice in in life well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your choice in in life well
+that would be a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a different kind of
+existence for it all so human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence for it all so human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence for it all so human
+geneticists don't have that luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists don't have that luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists don't have that luxury
+having pure breeding strains and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having pure breeding strains and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having pure breeding strains and doing
+controlled crosses we all have very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled crosses we all have very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled crosses we all have very uh
+strong feelings about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong feelings about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong feelings about the kind of
+crosses that we want to engage in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses that we want to engage in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses that we want to engage in and so
+and so um what they have to do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um what they have to do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um what they have to do they have
+to make use with what they find and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make use with what they find and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make use with what they find and and
+they use a few couple of symbols here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a few couple of symbols here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a few couple of symbols here
+that I'll just show you they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just show you they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just show you they look at
+pedigrees and then they look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees and then they look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees and then they look for
+patterns and they use a little Shand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and they use a little Shand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and they use a little Shand for
+doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this
+uh males are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh males are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh males are
+squares which I don't know there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares which I don't know there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares which I don't know there's any
+symbolism to that or not but if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism to that or not but if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism to that or not but if they're
+affected they show it as a shaded square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they show it as a shaded square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they show it as a shaded square
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unaffected as an open symbol so affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected as an open symbol so affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected as an open symbol so affected
+males or solid squares affected females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males or solid squares affected females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males or solid squares affected females
+solid circles so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid circles so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid circles so let's take a look at
+the sort of thing that a human gen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that a human gen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that a human gen a
+pedigree that a human geneticist might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree that a human geneticist might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree that a human geneticist might
+see and let's consider something let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and let's consider something let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and let's consider something let's
+think about red green color blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about red green color blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about red green color blindness
+which is an excellent trait so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an excellent trait so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an excellent trait so let's
+take a male of which there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a male of which there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a male of which there's probably
+one in this room at least maybe more who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this room at least maybe more who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this room at least maybe more who
+have this so since the color blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this so since the color blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this so since the color blindness
+trait is on the uh X chromosome he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait is on the uh X chromosome he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait is on the uh X chromosome he's a
+male the other pair will be why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male the other pair will be why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male the other pair will be why that
+means the if you're a male and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the if you're a male and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the if you're a male and you've
+got it you're going to display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it you're going to display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it you're going to display the
+phenotypes this is uh George let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes this is uh George let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes this is uh George let's say
+who was color blind they leave a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was color blind they leave a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was color blind they leave a lot of
+the romance out of these things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance out of these things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romance out of these things as
+you'll see uh who then uh had progyny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see uh who then uh had progyny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see uh who then uh had progyny
+with uh Mary let's say they got married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Mary let's say they got married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Mary let's say they got married
+after they graduated from MIT he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they graduated from MIT he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they graduated from MIT he was
+very happy they had uh they had a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy they had uh they had a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy they had uh they had a uh
+let's see they had a son who got uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see they had a son who got uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see they had a son who got uh he
+had to get the Y from dad so he had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get the Y from dad so he had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get the Y from dad so he had to
+get a good Al from uh from his mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good Al from uh from his mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good Al from uh from his mother
+but they also had a daughter and uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also had a daughter and uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also had a daughter and uh she
+got had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get the color blind is a Leo on an ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the color blind is a Leo on an ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the color blind is a Leo on an ex
+chromosome cuz the dad only had one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome cuz the dad only had one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome cuz the dad only had one of
+them and then a good one from from her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then a good one from from her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then a good one from from her
+mom so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom so at this
+point uh everybody's normal but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh everybody's normal but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh everybody's normal but you'll
+notice what this daughter has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what this daughter has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what this daughter has this
+trait of being a carrier because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait of being a carrier because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait of being a carrier because she's
+even though she doesn't display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though she doesn't display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though she doesn't display the
+trait herself she's she's got it uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait herself she's she's got it uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait herself she's she's got it uh in
+in her in her genome so let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her in her genome so let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her in her genome so let's say this
+son then married they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh a woman who has doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a woman who has doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a woman who has doesn't have any
+color blindness of the Le so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color blindness of the Le so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color blindness of the Le so if we have
+let's say a daughter a son a daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a daughter a son a daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a daughter a son a daughter
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+son this is a not much happening over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son this is a not much happening over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son this is a not much happening over in
+this part of the pedigree everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the pedigree everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the pedigree everybody
+would be uh normal yeah did I miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh normal yeah did I miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh normal yeah did I miss
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+pardon over y excuse me yep going too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon over y excuse me yep going too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon over y excuse me yep going too
+faster over y there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster over y there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster over y there we go
+I don't need to introduce any genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to introduce any genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to introduce any genetic
+abnormalities on top of of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities on top of of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities on top of of what we've
+already trying to do here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already trying to do here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already trying to do here this is
+complicated enough okay so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough okay so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough okay so but what
+happens let's say then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's say then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's say then that the
+um daughter then married uh a guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um daughter then married uh a guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um daughter then married uh a guy and
+they had four children and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had four children and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had four children and I'm going to
+to help us with the genetics I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us with the genetics I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us with the genetics I'm going
+to this is from the geneticist that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is from the geneticist that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is from the geneticist that the
+sort of perfect family in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of perfect family in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of perfect family in this case
+would be four kids representing all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be four kids representing all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be four kids representing all four
+uh possibilities and so um so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possibilities and so um so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possibilities and so um so first off
+let's think what would happen if with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think what would happen if with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think what would happen if with
+with the the daughters well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the daughters well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the daughters well the
+daughters could either uh have the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters could either uh have the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters could either uh have the color
+blindness Al paired with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one um or they could get uh the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um or they could get uh the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um or they could get uh the wild
+type alil with this one so I I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type alil with this one so I I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type alil with this one so I I better
+put this in so daughter so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in so daughter so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in so daughter so this would be
+CB over plus or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB over plus or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB over plus or it could
+be plus over plus this one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus over plus this one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus over plus this one would
+again be a carrier um now with the Suns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again be a carrier um now with the Suns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again be a carrier um now with the Suns
+they're both going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get the why if they're since they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the why if they're since they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the why if they're since they're
+male but there's a possibility of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male but there's a possibility of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male but there's a possibility of either
+getting the good Al which means he'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the good Al which means he'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the good Al which means he'll be
+unaffected but if you get the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he'll be affected now this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be affected now this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be affected now this would be a
+sort of typical pedigree and you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of typical pedigree and you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of typical pedigree and you realize
+depending on the number of kids you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the number of kids you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the number of kids you
+might have might not see this but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have might not see this but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have might not see this but this
+you're going to get to do some more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get to do some more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get to do some more of
+these and use some other traits but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and use some other traits but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and use some other traits but let
+me just sort of point out if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just sort of point out if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just sort of point out if you're a
+human geneticist what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human geneticist what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human geneticist what you would
+recognize here the traits more frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize here the traits more frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize here the traits more frequent
+in males the frequency of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in males the frequency of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in males the frequency of color
+blindness is about 8% on the ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness is about 8% on the ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness is about 8% on the ex
+chromosome so if you're female you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so if you're female you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so if you're female you got
+to have two of them that so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two of them that so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two of them that so that means
+you got 64% because you got to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got 64% because you got to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got 64% because you got to get two
+together it's much smaller probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's much smaller probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's much smaller probability
+ability the trait Skips a generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability the trait Skips a generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability the trait Skips a generation
+they often say you see it here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often say you see it here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often say you see it here you see
+it here but you don't see it in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but you don't see it in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but you don't see it in between
+and that's because you have this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because you have this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because you have this this uh
+carrier um the affected males uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier um the affected males uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier um the affected males uh don't
+transmit to their sons because what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit to their sons because what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit to their sons because what they
+give to their sons is the wise so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to their sons is the wise so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to their sons is the wise so they
+can't be giving the color blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be giving the color blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be giving the color blindness
+thing and then the heterozygous females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then the heterozygous females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then the heterozygous females
+who are carriers will transmit the trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are carriers will transmit the trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are carriers will transmit the trait
+to their sons but only but half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their sons but only but half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their sons but only but half the time
+and that's a pattern that a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a pattern that a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a pattern that a human
+geneticist would look for and theyd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist would look for and theyd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticist would look for and theyd say
+aha must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha must be
+Sex Link xlink trait and you'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sex Link xlink trait and you'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sex Link xlink trait and you'll see in
+your problem sets and recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem sets and recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem sets and recitation
+sections other patterns okay we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections other patterns okay we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections other patterns okay we'll see
+you on Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fdTzju3GTnk.txt b/fdTzju3GTnk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bff481156586a63339b5ffaae25eeae250c658b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fdTzju3GTnk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we're getting close we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're getting close we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're getting close we
+have we're in the last unit we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're in the last unit we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're in the last unit we're doing
+kinetics and uh we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and uh we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and uh we're going to talk
+about reaction mechanisms today so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reaction mechanisms today so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reaction mechanisms today so we
+had a little bit of an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little bit of an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little bit of an introduction to
+that already uh last uh last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already uh last uh last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already uh last uh last lecture
+setting up uh to do this so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up uh to do this so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up uh to do this so today we're
+going to run through and and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run through and and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run through and and talk about
+how you come up with reaction mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you come up with reaction mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you come up with reaction mechanisms
+how you evaluate a proposed mechanism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you evaluate a proposed mechanism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you evaluate a proposed mechanism in
+terms of the experimental data so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the experimental data so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the experimental data so this
+is again in Chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+13 all right so suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 all right so suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 all right so suppose you have a
+particular reaction you know that 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reaction you know that 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reaction you know that 2 N
+gas plus O2 gas go to 2 N2 gas gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas plus O2 gas go to 2 N2 gas gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas plus O2 gas go to 2 N2 gas gas and
+someone has come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has come up with some
+experimental data for you and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data for you and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data for you and they
+figured out that uh the rate the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that uh the rate the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that uh the rate the rate
+law for this reaction there's a observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for this reaction there's a observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for this reaction there's a observed
+rate constant so K observed and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant so K observed and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant so K observed and uh in
+terms of the N concentration its second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the N concentration its second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the N concentration its second
+order and in terms of o2 its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and in terms of o2 its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and in terms of o2 its first
+order and so now you can come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so now you can come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so now you can come up with a
+reaction mechanism that fits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism that fits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism that fits that
+experimental data and as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and as I mentioned
+last time you never know for sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you never know for sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you never know for sure that
+your reaction mechanism is correct all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction mechanism is correct all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction mechanism is correct all
+you can do is be consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is be consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is be consistent with the
+data you can prove reaction mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can prove reaction mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can prove reaction mechanisms
+wrong you can come up with a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can come up with a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can come up with a mechanism
+and show that that can't possibly be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that that can't possibly be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that that can't possibly be the
+mechanism given the experimental data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism given the experimental data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism given the experimental data so
+you can prove things wrong but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove things wrong but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove things wrong but you can
+never be sure that you have it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be sure that you have it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be sure that you have it right so
+you the best you can do is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the best you can do is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the best you can do is consistent
+but you can prove a lot of things wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can prove a lot of things wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can prove a lot of things wrong
+and if you have a lot of me mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a lot of me mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a lot of me mechanisms
+and you prove a lot of them wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you prove a lot of them wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you prove a lot of them wrong and
+there's only one that seems to hold then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one that seems to hold then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one that seems to hold then
+there's a good chance that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance that's probably
+correct but um you never know 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but um you never know 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but um you never know 100%
+because someone might do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because someone might do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because someone might do another
+experiment and discover something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and discover something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and discover something else
+but in the problem set you'll be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the problem set you'll be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the problem set you'll be saying
+uh yes this mechanism is consistent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes this mechanism is consistent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes this mechanism is consistent or
+you'll be writing a consistent mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be writing a consistent mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be writing a consistent mechanism
+or you'll be saying that mechanism can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you'll be saying that mechanism can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you'll be saying that mechanism can't
+possibly be true all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be true all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be true all right so let's
+let's look at that first uh let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that first uh let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that first uh let's just
+um consider what the overall order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consider what the overall order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consider what the overall order of
+this reaction is so what is the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is so what is the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is so what is the overall
+order if this is the rate law three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if this is the rate law three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if this is the rate law three so
+I'm just running through these we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just running through these we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just running through these we'll
+practice some of these because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice some of these because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice some of these because these are
+good you know couple Point questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know couple Point questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know couple Point questions on
+the final and so you don't want to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final and so you don't want to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final and so you don't want to miss
+these uh these easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these easy
+points all right so if the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points all right so if the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points all right so if the overall
+mechanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is
+three so the overall order is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the overall order is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the overall order is three
+three things coming together at once to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things coming together at once to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things coming together at once to
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+is it likely that it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it likely that it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it likely that it's one
+step no it's not what would it what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step no it's not what would it what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step no it's not what would it what is
+it called if you have three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called if you have three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called if you have three things
+coming together in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecularity ter ter molecular and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecularity ter ter molecular and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecularity ter ter molecular and those
+are rare as we talked about last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rare as we talked about last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rare as we talked about last time so
+as as I said if you're getting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as I said if you're getting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as I said if you're getting together
+uh three people it's usually not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three people it's usually not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three people it's usually not true
+that they all arrive sort of ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all arrive sort of ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all arrive sort of ready to go
+at the same exact moment usually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same exact moment usually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same exact moment usually one
+person is late if not more so getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is late if not more so getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is late if not more so getting
+three things to react together at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things to react together at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things to react together at the
+same time is challenging and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time is challenging and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time is challenging and so those
+are rare So this probably has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rare So this probably has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rare So this probably has more than
+one step so then we have to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step so then we have to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step so then we have to try to
+divide up this reaction into steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up this reaction into steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up this reaction into steps and
+come up with a mechanism a two two-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a mechanism a two two-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a mechanism a two two-step
+mechanism will uh try for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism will uh try for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism will uh try for
+this yeah let me leave that up all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah let me leave that up all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah let me leave that up all right
+so let's draw a potential mechanism on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a potential mechanism on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a potential mechanism on
+the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we'll try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll try to figure out
+for that mechanism what the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that mechanism what the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that mechanism what the rate law
+would be if that was the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if that was the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if that was the correct
+mechanism and uh see if it's consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and uh see if it's consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and uh see if it's consistent
+with the experimental data so again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the experimental data so again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the experimental data so again what
+was uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimental rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law is K observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is K observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is K observed
+so that's the observed rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the observed rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the observed rate
+constant second order in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant second order in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant second order in n
+o and first order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and first order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and first order in
+O2 so we can write the reaction in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so we can write the reaction in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so we can write the reaction in two
+steps and each step is an elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and each step is an elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and each step is an elementary
+reaction so it occurs exactly as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it occurs exactly as written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it occurs exactly as written
+so in the first step we'll have two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the first step we'll have two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the first step we'll have two n
+O's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's coming
+together and the forward rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the forward rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the forward rate constant
+will be K1 and the reverse rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be K1 and the reverse rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be K1 and the reverse rate constant
+will be K minus1 and it'll be forming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be K minus1 and it'll be forming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be K minus1 and it'll be forming an
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n22 in the second step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 in the second step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 in the second step of the
+reaction we'll have oxygen come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we'll have oxygen come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we'll have oxygen come in and
+interact with the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the intermediate
+n2o2 and form with a rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2o2 and form with a rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2o2 and form with a rate constant
+K2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n2s and that will give us our overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2s and that will give us our overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2s and that will give us our overall
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+reaction so now we need to write uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so now we need to write uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so now we need to write uh rate
+laws for each step and since each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws for each step and since each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws for each step and since each step
+is an elementary reaction we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an elementary reaction we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an elementary reaction we can write
+the rate law using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law using the
+stochiometry um of that step as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry um of that step as written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry um of that step as written
+so the rate of the forward reaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rate of the forward reaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rate of the forward reaction the
+rate law for the forward reaction would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the forward reaction would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the forward reaction would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what do I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do I put
+first K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s what about the rate for the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction K
+minus1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 times
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+n22 okay so let's look at each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 okay so let's look at each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 okay so let's look at each of these
+for the for direction what is the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the overall order is two and so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall order is two and so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall order is two and so in terms
+of molecularity what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecularity what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecularity what is
+it B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular B molecular okay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular B molecular okay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular B molecular okay for the
+reverse reaction the order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction the order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction the order is
+what one and what is that called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unimolecular okay okay so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimolecular okay okay so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimolecular okay okay so let's look at
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+two so the rate for step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the rate for step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the rate for step
+two is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is uh is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so it would be
+O2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and
+n22 the concentration of each so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 the concentration of each so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n22 the concentration of each so again
+we can write them exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written so so now we consider the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so so now we consider the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so so now we consider the rate
+of n2o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n2o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n2o2
+formation so the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate of NO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation from these two steps and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from these two steps and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from these two steps and we
+can just use the Second Step where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just use the Second Step where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just use the Second Step where um
+NO2 is being formed and so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 is being formed and so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 is being formed and so we can write
+this is equal to that rate law times two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to that rate law times two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to that rate law times two
+so let me rewrite the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law and the two comes from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and the two comes from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and the two comes from the fact that
+two n2s are being formed so because two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n2s are being formed so because two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n2s are being formed so because two
+n2s are being formed this concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2s are being formed this concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2s are being formed this concentration
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+increasing um at a different rate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing um at a different rate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing um at a different rate then
+the concentrations of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of these are
+decreasing the book is inconsistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the book is inconsistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the book is inconsistent with
+whether it puts a two all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it puts a two all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it puts a two all the time so
+I'm not going to take off if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to take off if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to take off if people
+people forget to put the two uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forget to put the two uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forget to put the two uh in this
+because the book should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the book should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the book should be more
+consistent with that but that's where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that but that's where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that but that's where if
+you do see a two it will mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see a two it will mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see a two it will mean that
+you're forming two of the products in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forming two of the products in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forming two of the products in
+the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the
+reaction all right so now we've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction all right so now we've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction all right so now we've written
+a rate we're not equal to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate we're not equal to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate we're not equal to our
+experimental rate here because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental rate here because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental rate here because there's
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+intermediate so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so this is an
+intermediate and an intermediate cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and an intermediate cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and an intermediate cannot
+appear in the the overall rate law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the the overall rate law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the the overall rate law for
+something so you're going to be spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you're going to be spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you're going to be spending
+a lot of time getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time getting rid of
+intermediates so let's now leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates so let's now leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates so let's now leave this
+here and get try to get rid of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+so trouble with papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trouble with papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trouble with papers
+today so now let's solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so now let's solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so now let's solve for the
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to solve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to solve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to solve for this
+intermediate in terms of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of things that are
+not intermediates so we want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intermediates so we want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intermediates so we want to solve
+for it in terms of reactants or products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in terms of reactants or products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in terms of reactants or products
+or rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rate
+constants so we need to consider then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we need to consider then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we need to consider then
+how n o is being and how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how n o is being and how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how n o is being and how this
+intermediate n22 is being formed and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate n22 is being formed and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate n22 is being formed and how
+this intermediate is being consumed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate is being consumed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate is being consumed or
+decomposed so we want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed so we want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed so we want to figure out
+the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net
+formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate and the net formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the net formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the net formation of
+the intermediate is going to equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate is going to equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate is going to equal the
+rate at which it's formed so it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's formed so it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's formed so it's being
+formed over here in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed over here in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed over here in the forward
+direction of the first step so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step so we'll
+write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+down so we can consider how it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we can consider how it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we can consider how it's being
+formed it's being formed with the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed it's being formed with the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed it's being formed with the rate
+K1 times the concentration of n squar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 times the concentration of n squar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 times the concentration of n squar so
+that's just the rate law for the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the rate law for the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the rate law for the forward
+direction of the first step it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step it's also
+being decomposed in the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being decomposed in the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being decomposed in the first step in
+the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse
+Direction so it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so it's being
+decomposed with the rate of K minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed with the rate of K minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed with the rate of K minus1
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+concentration of the inter immediate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the inter immediate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the inter immediate so
+that's just our rate law for uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just our rate law for uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just our rate law for uh this
+reverse step of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse step of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse step of the first
+reaction and it's also being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumed it's also being consumed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed it's also being consumed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed it's also being consumed in the
+second step with a rate law of K2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step with a rate law of K2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step with a rate law of K2 times
+the concentration of the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the intermediate
+times the concentration of o2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of o2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of o2 so that's
+just the rate law that wrote for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the rate law that wrote for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the rate law that wrote for the
+Second Step so it's being formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step so it's being formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step so it's being formed
+decomposed and consumed so the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed and consumed so the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed and consumed so the net
+formation equals the rate at which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation equals the rate at which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation equals the rate at which it's
+formed minus the rate at which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed minus the rate at which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed minus the rate at which it
+decomposes minus the rate at which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes minus the rate at which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes minus the rate at which it
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+consumed and now we can use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed and now we can use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed and now we can use something
+called the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation so in the steady state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so in the steady state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so in the steady state of
+approximation all it's saying is things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation all it's saying is things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation all it's saying is things
+are in a steady state so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a steady state so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a steady state so that means that
+the net formation of this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net formation of this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net formation of this intermediate
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+zero or if it's in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or if it's in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or if it's in a steady
+state that the rate at which it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that the rate at which it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that the rate at which it's being
+formed is going to be equal to the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed is going to be equal to the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed is going to be equal to the rate
+at which it's being consumed either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which it's being consumed either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which it's being consumed either by
+step the reverse step one or step two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the reverse step one or step two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the reverse step one or step two so
+that this rate is equal to this rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this rate is equal to this rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this rate is equal to this rate
+that means it's steady so it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's steady so it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's steady so it's in the
+steady state the net formation is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state the net formation is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state the net formation is zero
+the rate at which it's being formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which it's being formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which it's being formed
+equals the two rates at which it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the two rates at which it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the two rates at which it's being
+consumed or decomposed the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed or decomposed the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed or decomposed the rate at which
+it's there it's decaying are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there it's decaying are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there it's decaying are equal to
+each other that's the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that's the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that's the steady state
+approximation and it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and it's a very good
+approximation and so you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and so you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and so you can use this
+for all of the U mechanisms that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the U mechanisms that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the U mechanisms that that
+you'll be writing so that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be writing so that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be writing so that allows us to
+set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to
+zero or we can rearrange these terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or we can rearrange these terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or we can rearrange these terms so
+that these two are on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two are on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two are on one
+side and the rate at which it's formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the rate at which it's formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the rate at which it's formed
+is on the other side so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side so let's do that
+and I'm going to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to take these
+two and put them together and also pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and put them together and also pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and put them together and also pull
+out the term for the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the term for the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the term for the concentration of
+the intermediate because I want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate because I want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate because I want to solve
+for that term so I'm going toy try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that term so I'm going toy try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that term so I'm going toy try to
+pull it out uh and uh solve for it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out uh and uh solve for it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out uh and uh solve for it so if
+we rearrange this then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rearrange this then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rearrange this then we
+get that the concentration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate you pull it out from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate you pull it out from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate you pull it out from those
+terms so that leaves K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so that leaves K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so that leaves K
+minus1 plus the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus the other term
+K2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 *
+O2 so now I've just pulled this out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so now I've just pulled this out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so now I've just pulled this out from
+these two and I've moved these to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and I've moved these to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and I've moved these to the
+same side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same side of the
+equation and so that's going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so that's going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so that's going to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+K1 * no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * no
+squared so this is the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this is the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this is the rate at which
+you're decaying your intermediate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're decaying your intermediate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're decaying your intermediate and
+this is the rate at which you're forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rate at which you're forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rate at which you're forming
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+intermediate now I can continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate now I can continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate now I can continue to
+solve for this so the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this so the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this so the concentration of
+the intermediate is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate is going to be equal to
+K 1 n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kus1 uh plus K2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 uh plus K2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 uh plus K2 times the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+o2 so here is what the intermediate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 so here is what the intermediate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 so here is what the intermediate then
+is equal to and now I can take this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to and now I can take this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to and now I can take this term
+and go plug it back in all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go plug it back in all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go plug it back in all right so we
+can take the concentration and plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the concentration and plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the concentration and plug it
+back into here so that whole term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into here so that whole term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into here so that whole term that
+we just came up with and we'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just came up with and we'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just came up with and we'll put it
+back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into that
+equation so then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so then if we
+substitute we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute we get the
+rate of NO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is going to be equal to
+two rate constant K1 rate constant K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rate constant K1 rate constant K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rate constant K1 rate constant K2
+time n sared time the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n sared time the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n sared time the concentration of
+O2 over K minus 1 + K2 time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 over K minus 1 + K2 time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 over K minus 1 + K2 time the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o2 but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 but that's not
+consistent we have NO2 and 22 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent we have NO2 and 22 terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent we have NO2 and 22 terms
+whereas in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in our
+observed uh experimental law there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed uh experimental law there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed uh experimental law there's
+only one term for O2 so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one term for O2 so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one term for O2 so that's not
+consistent so something is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistent so there must be fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so there must be fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so there must be fast and
+slow steps if there are fast and slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow steps if there are fast and slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow steps if there are fast and slow
+steps then we can simplify this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then we can simplify this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then we can simplify this equation
+and make it like the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it like the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it like the experimental
+equation so now we can go over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so now we can go over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so now we can go over here and
+think about what would happen if step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what would happen if step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what would happen if step
+one was fast so it's a fast and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was fast so it's a fast and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was fast so it's a fast and it's a
+reversible step it's already written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible step it's already written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible step it's already written
+that it's a reversible step so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a reversible step so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a reversible step so it is
+reversible and step two might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and step two might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and step two might be
+slow so now we can consider if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so now we can consider if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so now we can consider if we have a
+fast first step and a slow Second Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast first step and a slow Second Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast first step and a slow Second Step
+what that would do to this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that would do to this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that would do to this equation and
+whether we could then rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we could then rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we could then rearrange this
+equation such that it would be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation such that it would be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation such that it would be equal to
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+experimental uh our experimental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh our experimental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh our experimental uh
+law so when we say something is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so when we say something is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so when we say something is slow
+we're going to introduce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce a new
+term and that the slowest step in an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that the slowest step in an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that the slowest step in an in
+a reaction mechanism is called the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction mechanism is called the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction mechanism is called the rate
+determining step and for a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step and for a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step and for a rate
+determining step you can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step you can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step you can assume that
+that step is governing the overall rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step is governing the overall rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step is governing the overall rate
+of the reaction it's slow enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction it's slow enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction it's slow enough that
+the rates of the other reactions don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of the other reactions don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of the other reactions don't
+really matter and that's what rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter and that's what rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter and that's what rate
+determining means and let me just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining means and let me just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining means and let me just give
+you an example of a rate determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of a rate determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of a rate determining
+step so after today's lecture you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so after today's lecture you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so after today's lecture you will
+be able to do all of the problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do all of the problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do all of the problems on
+problem set 10 this is your last problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 10 this is your last problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 10 this is your last problem
+set in 5111 and so it would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in 5111 and so it would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in 5111 and so it would be really
+great when that problem set is finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great when that problem set is finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great when that problem set is finished
+and turned in and so all through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned in and so all through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned in and so all through the
+rest of this lecture you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this lecture you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this lecture you're thinking
+about I can go out right after class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I can go out right after class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I can go out right after class and
+finish that problem set so you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that problem set so you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that problem set so you're very
+excited and by the time it gets close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and by the time it gets close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and by the time it gets close to
+the end you you see the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you you see the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you you see the end of the
+handout coming up your books are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout coming up your books are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout coming up your books are sort of
+packed you're ready to go and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed you're ready to go and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed you're ready to go and then the
+minute it's finished you're out the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's finished you're out the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's finished you're out the door
+and you're going to someplace where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to someplace where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to someplace where you
+can sit down and finish problems at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit down and finish problems at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit down and finish problems at 10
+so you're moving really fast you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're moving really fast you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're moving really fast you might
+even be running you may be even jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be running you may be even jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be running you may be even jumping
+over people in the infinite Corridor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over people in the infinite Corridor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over people in the infinite Corridor to
+get to the library as fast as you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the library as fast as you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the library as fast as you can so
+you get to the library and you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the library and you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the library and you look for
+a table but everyone else from 5111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table but everyone else from 5111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table but everyone else from 5111
+somehow is already there and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow is already there and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow is already there and all the
+tables are filled and you go to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables are filled and you go to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables are filled and you go to the the
+first floor and the second floor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor and the second floor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor and the second floor and the
+third you go to the basement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third you go to the basement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third you go to the basement and the
+stacks every table is finished filled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks every table is finished filled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks every table is finished filled up
+with people doing problem set 10 so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people doing problem set 10 so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people doing problem set 10 so then
+you have to leave the library you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to leave the library you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to leave the library you think
+building two lots of small classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building two lots of small classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building two lots of small classrooms
+they can't all be in use so you run over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't all be in use so you run over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't all be in use so you run over
+to building two but all those classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to building two but all those classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to building two but all those classrooms
+are filled with 511 students doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are filled with 511 students doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are filled with 511 students doing
+problem set 10 and So eventually you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 10 and So eventually you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set 10 and So eventually you get
+to to building four and you find a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to building four and you find a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to building four and you find a free
+classroom the minute the second you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom the minute the second you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom the minute the second you find
+that free classroom you're book you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that free classroom you're book you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that free classroom you're book you're
+your books are out of your bag they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your books are out of your bag they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your books are out of your bag they're
+out your calculator your right correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your calculator your right correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your calculator your right correct
+kind of approved calculator is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of approved calculator is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of approved calculator is right
+there and you are ready to go so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you are ready to go so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you are ready to go so it
+takes you maybe two seconds to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you maybe two seconds to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you maybe two seconds to get out
+of 10250 and it takes you maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10250 and it takes you maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10250 and it takes you maybe two
+seconds to pull out all your books to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to pull out all your books to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to pull out all your books to be
+ready to go but it takes you a half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go but it takes you a half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go but it takes you a half an
+hour to find the table to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour to find the table to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour to find the table to do that
+problem set so overall half an hour plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so overall half an hour plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so overall half an hour plus
+4 seconds is a half an hour so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 seconds is a half an hour so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 seconds is a half an hour so that was
+the rate determining step in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate determining step in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate determining step in doing
+finishing problem set 10 was finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing problem set 10 was finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing problem set 10 was finding
+that table so what you can do for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that table so what you can do for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that table so what you can do for these
+as well if we say there's a slow step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well if we say there's a slow step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well if we say there's a slow step
+you can assume that that's rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that that's rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that that's rate
+determining and you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining and you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining and you don't have to worry
+about how fast those other steps are it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast those other steps are it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast those other steps are it
+just depends on the rate of the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on the rate of the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on the rate of the slow
+step that is governing the overall rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that is governing the overall rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that is governing the overall rate
+at which the reaction or the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the reaction or the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the reaction or the process
+happens so that's rate determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so that's rate determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so that's rate determining
+step so we can use use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we can use use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we can use use that
+now and we can use that and go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we can use that and go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we can use that and go back and
+simplify the expression that we solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the expression that we solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the expression that we solved
+for the intermediate so here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the intermediate so here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the intermediate so here we were
+solving for this expression and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for this expression and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for this expression and we
+weren't considering anything about fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't considering anything about fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't considering anything about fast
+and slow steps at this point and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slow steps at this point and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slow steps at this point and so this
+is the equation that you would get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation that you would get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation that you would get if
+there were no fast and slow steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no fast and slow steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no fast and slow steps and
+then we plugged it into this and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we plugged it into this and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we plugged it into this and found
+that it wasn't consistent so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't consistent so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't consistent so now let's
+take a step back and go back here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and go back here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and go back here and
+think about what what this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what what this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what what this expression
+would be if the first step was fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if the first step was fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if the first step was fast and
+the Second Step was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Second Step was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Second Step was
+slow so here again I've just put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so here again I've just put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so here again I've just put it up
+on the screen what we had on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen what we had on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen what we had on the board
+uh so we have this first step is fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have this first step is fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have this first step is fast
+and reversible and the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible and the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reversible and the second step is
+slow so really what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so really what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so really what we're talking about
+here is we're comparing rates for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're comparing rates for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're comparing rates for the
+decomposition of the intermediate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the intermediate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the intermediate so
+that's the reverse direction of Step One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reverse direction of Step One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reverse direction of Step One
+with the rate for the consumption of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rate for the consumption of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rate for the consumption of the
+intermediate so uh which of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so uh which of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so uh which of these is
+faster well decomposition is faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster well decomposition is faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster well decomposition is faster
+because this is a fast step and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a fast step and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a fast step and the
+consumption in step two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in step two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in step two is
+slow so what does that mean well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so what does that mean well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so what does that mean well if we
+write it down then if the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down then if the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down then if the rate of the
+decomposition this rate the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition this rate the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition this rate the rate of the
+reverse reaction is faster than this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction is faster than this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction is faster than this K
+minus one is a bigger number than K2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is a bigger number than K2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is a bigger number than K2 the
+rate of consumption here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of consumption here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of consumption here is
+slow so we're going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so we're going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so we're going to consider the
+relative size of these numbers and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative size of these numbers and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative size of these numbers and how
+they fit in this term and you can drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in this term and you can drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in this term and you can drop
+things out by assuming that one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out by assuming that one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out by assuming that one thing is
+a lot bigger than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger than the other
+thing so if we do this then we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if we do this then we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if we do this then we're saying
+again this is the same thing on that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the same thing on that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the same thing on that was
+on the last slide that the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last slide that the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last slide that the rate of the
+decomposition is FAS faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is FAS faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is FAS faster than the
+rate of consumption I.E step two is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of consumption I.E step two is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of consumption I.E step two is slow
+Step One is fast what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step One is fast what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step One is fast what you're saying is
+that K minus one is a bigger number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K minus one is a bigger number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K minus one is a bigger number that
+rate constant is a bigger value than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant is a bigger value than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant is a bigger value than K
+the K2 term and in the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K2 term and in the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K2 term and in the bottom of the
+equation here in the bottom of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here in the bottom of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here in the bottom of this
+equation for the intermediate we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the intermediate we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the intermediate we have a
+term k minus one and we have the term K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term k minus one and we have the term K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term k minus one and we have the term K2
+times the concentration of o2 and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of o2 and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of o2 and now if
+you're saying this about the differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying this about the differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying this about the differ
+rates of this reaction if you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of this reaction if you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of this reaction if you're saying
+this is fast and that's slow this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fast and that's slow this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fast and that's slow this is a
+big number that's a small number if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number that's a small number if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number that's a small number if you
+have on the bottom here a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the bottom here a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the bottom here a really big
+number plus a much smaller number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus a much smaller number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus a much smaller number in
+comparison this smaller number isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison this smaller number isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison this smaller number isn't
+adding much to the bigger number and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding much to the bigger number and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding much to the bigger number and we
+can just cancel that term out it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cancel that term out it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cancel that term out it's not
+insignif it's it's just we can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignif it's it's just we can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignif it's it's just we can just say
+it's so much smaller than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so much smaller than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so much smaller than the other
+we're not going to worry about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about it and
+we're going to get rid of it so now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get rid of it so now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get rid of it so now our
+expression would look like this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would look like this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would look like this that the
+concentration of the intermediate is k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate is k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the intermediate is k1
+time n^ 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n^ 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n^ 2 over
+kus1 so we can uh we can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 so we can uh we can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kus1 so we can uh we can rearrange this
+and think about does this does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about does this does this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about does this does this look
+familiar to any of you in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to any of you in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to any of you in terms of what
+we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen
+before so we can rearrange it to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we can rearrange it to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we can rearrange it to look
+like this and what is this what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and what is this what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and what is this what is this
+term what is this all equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what is this all equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term what is this all equal
+to K the equilibrium constant it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K the equilibrium constant it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K the equilibrium constant it's equal
+to K1 so this is just an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K1 so this is just an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K1 so this is just an equilibrium
+expression and if you go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and if you go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and if you go back and look
+over here you see that if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you see that if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you see that if you're going
+to write the equilibrium expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the equilibrium expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the equilibrium expression for
+step one products over reactants that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one products over reactants that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one products over reactants that's
+what you would get and also we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get and also we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get and also we saw last
+time that you can express equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you can express equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you can express equilibrium
+constants in terms of rate constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in terms of rate constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in terms of rate constants and
+the equil ibrium constant for reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equil ibrium constant for reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equil ibrium constant for reaction
+is going to be equal to uh the rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to uh the rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to uh the rate the
+rate constant for the forward reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant for the forward reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant for the forward reaction
+over the rate constant for the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rate constant for the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rate constant for the reverse
+reaction and at at equilibrium uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and at at equilibrium uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and at at equilibrium uh those
+rates are are equal to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are are equal to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are are equal to each other so
+this is just an equilibrium expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an equilibrium expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an equilibrium expression
+so when we assumed that step two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we assumed that step two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we assumed that step two was
+slow and step one was fast we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and step one was fast we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and step one was fast we can now
+solve for the intermediate in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the intermediate in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the intermediate in terms of
+an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium
+expression so so um let's consider why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so so um let's consider why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so so um let's consider why
+why this is true okay so when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is true okay so when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is true okay so when you have a
+fast First Step followed by the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast First Step followed by the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast First Step followed by the slow
+step the first step is pretty much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the first step is pretty much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the first step is pretty much in
+equilibrium the first reversible uh step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the first reversible uh step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the first reversible uh step
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+equilibrium and that you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and that you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and that you can kind of
+think about it in terms of this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of this diagram
+so here you have reactants going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have reactants going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have reactants going to
+intermediates and this is fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and this is fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and this is fast and
+reversible then the second step the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible then the second step the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible then the second step the um
+consumption of the intermediate is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the intermediate is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the intermediate is slow
+going to products so if this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to products so if this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to products so if this is really
+pretty slow and not much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty slow and not much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty slow and not much of the
+intermediate is being siphoned off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate is being siphoned off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate is being siphoned off to
+product more of it in fast equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product more of it in fast equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product more of it in fast equilibrium
+is going back and fourth with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going back and fourth with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going back and fourth with the
+reactant then that creates a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant then that creates a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant then that creates a sort of an
+equilibrium expression it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression it's not it's not
+perfect some of it is being siphoned off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect some of it is being siphoned off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect some of it is being siphoned off
+but more or less you can consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more or less you can consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more or less you can consider this
+in equilibrium so again if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium so again if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium so again if you have a
+fast reversible step followed by a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reversible step followed by a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reversible step followed by a slow
+step you can assume equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can assume equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can assume equilibrium
+conditions and that's going to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and that's going to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and that's going to make your
+life easier in terms of solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easier in terms of solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easier in terms of solving these
+Expressions because you can go right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions because you can go right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions because you can go right to
+writing an equilibrium expression then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing an equilibrium expression then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing an equilibrium expression then
+for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate so now we can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so now we can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so now we can go back and
+substitute um so we have this term now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute um so we have this term now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute um so we have this term now
+for uh for solving for our intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for solving for our intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for solving for our intermediate
+or you could write you can write K great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could write you can write K great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could write you can write K great
+constant K1 over K minus one or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K1 over K minus one or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K1 over K minus one or you can
+write Big K the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Big K the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Big K the equilibrium constant
+K1 and these are equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and these are equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and these are equal to the
+concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the
+intermediate so we can put this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we can put this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we can put this term
+back in here now this was again what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in here now this was again what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in here now this was again what we
+wrote in the very beginning for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the very beginning for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the very beginning for the
+formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NO2 and we can substitute that back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 and we can substitute that back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 and we can substitute that back in
+and we can have it in terms of the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can have it in terms of the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can have it in terms of the rate
+constants or using an equilibrium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants or using an equilibrium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants or using an equilibrium uh
+constant in there those would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in there those would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in there those would be
+equivalent and all of these K's uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and all of these K's uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and all of these K's uh in
+terms of the experiment are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the experiment are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the experiment are going to be
+grouped together as a k observed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped together as a k observed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped together as a k observed so you
+usually aren't going to measure all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually aren't going to measure all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually aren't going to measure all the
+individual rate constants you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual rate constants you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual rate constants you're just
+going to have some overall rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some overall rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some overall rate constant
+that you do measure an observed rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do measure an observed rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do measure an observed rate
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and so if you write then either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you write then either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you write then either of these
+in that form where all your KS just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that form where all your KS just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that form where all your KS just get
+grouped into K observed then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into K observed then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into K observed then you see
+that that is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is consistent with the
+experimental data so that mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data so that mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data so that mechanism
+Works a mechanism works that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works a mechanism works that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works a mechanism works that has two
+steps uh the first step being fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh the first step being fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh the first step being fast and
+reversible and the Second Step being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and the Second Step being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and the Second Step being
+slow so we don't know for sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so we don't know for sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so we don't know for sure that that
+is the mechanism but it is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mechanism but it is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mechanism but it is consistent
+with the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data so let's look at another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so let's look at another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so let's look at another example
+now so we're going to look at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we're going to look at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we're going to look at three
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so here there's a proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so here there's a proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so here there's a proposed
+mechanism that's very similar to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that's very similar to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that's very similar to the one
+that we just looked at so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just looked at so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just looked at so now we're
+going to try to do this problem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do this problem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do this problem in a
+more efficient way than we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way than we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way than we did last time
+we just kind of work through it the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just kind of work through it the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just kind of work through it the way
+you will when you're doing problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will when you're doing problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will when you're doing problem set
+10 really fast uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 really fast uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 really fast uh
+all right so we have a two-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have a two-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have a two-step
+mechanism one that is fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism one that is fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism one that is fast and
+reversible and a step that's slow so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and a step that's slow so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible and a step that's slow so the
+first thing you want to do is write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you want to do is write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you want to do is write the
+rate laws for each of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws for each of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate laws for each of the individual
+steps so for this one what is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so for this one what is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so for this one what is the uh
+rate law for the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law for the forward
+reaction K1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction K1 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction K1 time
+O3 so that's for the forward reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 so that's for the forward reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 so that's for the forward reaction
+for the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reverse
+reaction we have K minus one times O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we have K minus one times O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we have K minus one times O2
+times the concentration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of this
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+O Okay so let's look at the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O Okay so let's look at the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O Okay so let's look at the second one
+and so here we have the rate K2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we have the rate K2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we have the rate K2 times
+the intermediate o *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O3 now the rate is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 now the rate is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 now the rate is going to be
+determined by this slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by this slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by this slow
+step and we can uh write the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and we can uh write the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and we can uh write the equation
+for the formation of o2 from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formation of o2 from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formation of o2 from this uh
+last step and we could do that whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step and we could do that whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step and we could do that whether
+it was a slow step or not we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a slow step or not we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a slow step or not we did that
+before as well so um if we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as well so um if we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as well so um if we write the
+formation of o2 it's being formed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of o2 it's being formed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of o2 it's being formed in the
+last step from o and 03 so we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step from o and 03 so we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step from o and 03 so we're using
+this rate law and again we have a two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate law and again we have a two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate law and again we have a two in
+there because like the last example two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because like the last example two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because like the last example two
+things are being formed so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being formed so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being formed so we have two
+molecules of o2 uh being formed so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of o2 uh being formed so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of o2 uh being formed so the
+rate of formation of o2 2 * K2 time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of formation of o2 2 * K2 time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of formation of o2 2 * K2 time this
+intermediate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate time
+O3 so if there was no intermediate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 so if there was no intermediate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3 so if there was no intermediate in
+the expression we'd be done but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression we'd be done but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression we'd be done but there
+pretty much always is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much always is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much always is going to be an
+intermediate in the expression so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the expression so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the expression so we
+need to solve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve for that
+intermediate so o is an intermediate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so o is an intermediate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so o is an intermediate so
+you need to solve for it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve for it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve for it in terms of
+reactants products and rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants so again here we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so again here we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so again here we have this
+step that we saw before the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we saw before the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we saw before the first step
+is fast and reversible the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fast and reversible the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fast and reversible the second step
+is slow so you can assume approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slow so you can assume approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slow so you can assume approximate
+that the first step is in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first step is in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first step is in equilibrium
+and so you can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can solve for the
+intermediate in terms of an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of an equilibrium
+expression so uh what is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so uh what is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so uh what is the equilibrium
+expression for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step so K would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so K would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so K would be equal
+to let's just put it down here k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's just put it down here k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's just put it down here k equals
+you can write it in terms of K1 over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write it in terms of K1 over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write it in terms of K1 over K
+minus1 products O2 * o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 products O2 * o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 products O2 * o
+over reactants 03 so that's just our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants 03 so that's just our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants 03 so that's just our
+equilibrium expression we have it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression we have it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression we have it in
+terms uh of the rate constants and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh of the rate constants and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh of the rate constants and in
+terms of this uh expression for products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this uh expression for products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this uh expression for products
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+reactants and now we can take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and now we can take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and now we can take this and
+rearrange it to solve for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it to solve for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it to solve for our
+intermediate so uh we have this we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so uh we have this we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so uh we have this we bring
+the O2 down to the other side we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O2 down to the other side we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O2 down to the other side we bring
+the O3 up here which leaves us with K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O3 up here which leaves us with K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O3 up here which leaves us with K1
+time the concentration of ozone over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the concentration of ozone over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the concentration of ozone over K
+minus1 times the concentration of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 times the concentration of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 times the concentration of oxygen
+gas so that was a lot simpler than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so that was a lot simpler than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so that was a lot simpler than what
+we did over here and so you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did over here and so you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did over here and so you can feel
+free if you have a if you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free if you have a if you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free if you have a if you know if you're
+told there's a slow step and a fast step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told there's a slow step and a fast step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told there's a slow step and a fast step
+just jump right to that solve it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just jump right to that solve it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just jump right to that solve it in
+terms of the equilibrium expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the equilibrium expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the equilibrium expression
+it'll save you some some time you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll save you some some time you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll save you some some time you should
+come up with the same answer if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the same answer if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the same answer if you do
+it the way that we did it in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the way that we did it in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the way that we did it in the first
+step and sometimes you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and sometimes you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and sometimes you'll have to
+because you won't know about fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you won't know about fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you won't know about fast and
+slow steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow steps
+so now we can take this term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can take this term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can take this term and
+substitute it back into our overall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it back into our overall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it back into our overall um
+the rate law for the formation of o2 gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law for the formation of o2 gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law for the formation of o2 gas
+and so we had two uh K2 times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we had two uh K2 times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we had two uh K2 times this
+intermediate times O3 we put this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate times O3 we put this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate times O3 we put this term
+in for our intermediate and we get 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for our intermediate and we get 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for our intermediate and we get 2 *
+K2 * K1 uh ozone squar over kus1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 * K1 uh ozone squar over kus1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 * K1 uh ozone squar over kus1 *
+O2 and so this would be the rate law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and so this would be the rate law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and so this would be the rate law for
+this particular mechanism so if that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular mechanism so if that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular mechanism so if that is
+the rate law for that mechanism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law for that mechanism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law for that mechanism you
+could think about what is what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about what is what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about what is what are the
+orders in this and could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in this and could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in this and could you
+experimentally go back and look and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally go back and look and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally go back and look and say
+okay is that consistent uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that consistent uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that consistent uh with the
+mechanism so let's uh let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so let's uh let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so let's uh let's take a look
+at what we would predict from this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we would predict from this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we would predict from this so
+first we could also write this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we could also write this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we could also write this in terms
+of K observed and I group all the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K observed and I group all the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K observed and I group all the K
+constants together for K observed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants together for K observed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants together for K observed and
+then that's times ozone to the 2 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's times ozone to the 2 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's times ozone to the 2 uh and
+O2 so if we look at this what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so if we look at this what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 so if we look at this what would we
+predict if we're going to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict if we're going to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict if we're going to design
+experiments for someone to do what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments for someone to do what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments for someone to do what would
+we predict to sort of prove that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict to sort of prove that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict to sort of prove that that is
+in fact uh a correct mechanism so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh a correct mechanism so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh a correct mechanism so uh
+what is the order based on this rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the order based on this rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the order based on this rate law
+what is the order in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the order in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the order in terms of the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+O3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O3
+two so if uh someone went in the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if uh someone went in the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if uh someone went in the lab and
+doubled the concentration of O3 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the concentration of O3 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the concentration of O3 what
+should they observe happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they observe happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they observe happen to the
+rate so they should observe four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so they should observe four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so they should observe four times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rate what was is the order in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o2 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 what is
+it minus one right so if you double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it minus one right so if you double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it minus one right so if you double the
+concentration of o2 what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of o2 what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of o2 what should happen
+to the rate keeping everything else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rate keeping everything else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rate keeping everything else the
+same it should be half so this is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it should be half so this is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it should be half so this is a kind
+of thing you can be experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you can be experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you can be experimentally
+tested uh whether whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested uh whether whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested uh whether whether it's
+consistent and what is the overall order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and what is the overall order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and what is the overall order
+then of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of this
+reaction it would be one and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it would be one and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it would be one and so if you
+doubled both things what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled both things what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled both things what should you
+observe happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe happen to the
+rate it yeah it should double so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it yeah it should double so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it yeah it should double so you
+could go back and sort of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so let's look at uh one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so let's look at uh one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so let's look at uh one one
+more EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more EX
+example so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so this
+time we're not going to make a proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're not going to make a proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're not going to make a proposal
+ahead of time about fast and slow steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time about fast and slow steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time about fast and slow steps
+but we're going to work out what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to work out what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to work out what the uh
+overall rate law for this is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rate law for this is without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall rate law for this is without
+fast and slow steps and then go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and slow steps and then go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and slow steps and then go back and
+consider which Step or any are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider which Step or any are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider which Step or any are
+slow so now we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so now we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so now we're going to go through
+the long way and do this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long way and do this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long way and do this problem and
+then think about what we can learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what we can learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what we can learn from
+it in terms of we we're given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of we we're given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of we we're given an
+experimental rate law and once we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental rate law and once we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental rate law and once we see
+how this works out we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works out we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works out we can think about
+whether a step is slow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a step is slow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a step is slow or
+not so first we start the same way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so first we start the same way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so first we start the same way and
+we're going to write the rate laws for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write the rate laws for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write the rate laws for
+each of the individual steps and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the individual steps and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the individual steps and again
+they're Elementary reactions steps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Elementary reactions steps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Elementary reactions steps in a
+mechanism are Elementary reactions so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism are Elementary reactions so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism are Elementary reactions so we
+can write the rate law exactly as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the rate law exactly as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the rate law exactly as the
+equation is written so what is uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is written so what is uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is written so what is uh what
+is the rate law for the first uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate law for the first uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate law for the first uh for the
+forward Direction here of Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Direction here of Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Direction here of Step
+One first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One first we
+have K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K1
+time no concentration times br2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no concentration times br2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no concentration times br2
+concentration right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right so that's the
+forward and in the reverse we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and in the reverse we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and in the reverse we
+have Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Ray
+constant K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K minus one
+times n o yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n o yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n o yeah no
+O2 for step two we have rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 for step two we have rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 for step two we have rate
+constant K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K2
+times right times n o there you go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right times n o there you go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right times n o there you go so
+you know how to do these uh so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do these uh so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do these uh so we have
+that now we can write we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we can write we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we can write we're going to be
+looking for the overall formation of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the overall formation of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the overall formation of n
+BR and so we can write this just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BR and so we can write this just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BR and so we can write this just using
+the last step so we can use that uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step so we can use that uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step so we can use that uh rate
+law rate expression for that last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law rate expression for that last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law rate expression for that last step
+so the formation of this uh and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formation of this uh and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formation of this uh and we're
+putting a two in because once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a two in because once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a two in because once again
+there are two of these being formed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two of these being formed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two of these being formed uh
+in that last step so again we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that last step so again we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that last step so again we could just
+use the uh rate expression for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the uh rate expression for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the uh rate expression for the last
+step and there's a two in there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and there's a two in there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and there's a two in there because
+two are being formed so that's the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are being formed so that's the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are being formed so that's the rate
+of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of
+no now we have an intermediate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now we have an intermediate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now we have an intermediate this is
+being formed and it's being consumed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed and it's being consumed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed and it's being consumed so
+we need to solve for the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to solve for the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to solve for the intermediate
+there can't be any intermediates in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be any intermediates in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be any intermediates in our
+overall expression so we need to uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall expression so we need to uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall expression so we need to uh get
+rid of that so intermediate and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that so intermediate and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that so intermediate and we need
+to solve for it now we can't go and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for it now we can't go and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for it now we can't go and just
+use the equilibrium expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the equilibrium expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the equilibrium expression for the
+top because we don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because we don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because we don't know anything about
+fast and slow steps we don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and slow steps we don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and slow steps we don't know that
+that's going to be a good assumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a good assumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a good assumption so
+let's just write it out the long way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write it out the long way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write it out the long way and
+then come back and consider whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and consider whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and consider whether
+that's consistent with the experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with the experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with the experiment or
+we have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do some
+modifications so we're going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications so we're going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications so we're going to solve
+for this in terms of reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this in terms of reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this in terms of reactants and
+products and KS so now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and KS so now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and KS so now we want to
+consider the uh net formation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the uh net formation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the uh net formation or the
+change in the concentration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the concentration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the concentration of this
+intermediate so the intermediate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so the intermediate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so the intermediate is
+being formed in the first step so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed in the first step so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed in the first step so we can
+write down uh the rate expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down uh the rate expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down uh the rate expression for
+how it's formed which is just this K1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's formed which is just this K1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's formed which is just this K1 *
+n * br2 so this is how it's being formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * br2 so this is how it's being formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * br2 so this is how it's being formed
+it's being consumed or it's being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being consumed or it's being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being consumed or it's being uh
+it's it's uh decaying in the Second Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh decaying in the Second Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh decaying in the Second Step
+uh in the backward step so we can put uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the backward step so we can put uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the backward step so we can put uh
+that in so we have a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so we have a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in so we have a minus sign here
+because it's going away by the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going away by the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going away by the uh the
+rate uh expression of K minus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh expression of K minus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh expression of K minus one times
+the concentration of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of in the
+intermediate and it's also being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and it's also being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and it's also being
+consumed in the Second Step so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in the Second Step so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in the Second Step so it's
+being used up in that second step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used up in that second step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used up in that second step so
+we'll put that term in here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put that term in here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put that term in here so that's
+minus K2 * the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K2 * the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K2 * the concentration of the
+intermediate times n so it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate times n so it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate times n so it's being
+formed in one step and it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in one step and it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in one step and it's being
+consumed in two different steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in two different steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in two different steps
+now we can use the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can use the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can use the steady state
+approximation which says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which says that the
+overall net change is zero so we can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall net change is zero so we can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall net change is zero so we can set
+this term equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term equal to
+zero and uh it's a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh it's a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh it's a steady state
+approximation that's the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's the same as saying
+that the rate at which an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate at which an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate at which an intermediate
+is formed is equal to the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed is equal to the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed is equal to the rate at which
+the intermediate goes away so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate goes away so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate goes away so we can
+rearrange these terms bring these on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange these terms bring these on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange these terms bring these on one
+side of the equation and have this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation and have this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equation and have this one
+on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+so rearranging then uh we moved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rearranging then uh we moved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rearranging then uh we moved this
+these onto one side and the formation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these onto one side and the formation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these onto one side and the formation to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+side now we can pull out the term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now we can pull out the term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now we can pull out the term for
+our intermediate so take it out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intermediate so take it out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intermediate so take it out here
+that leaves K minus one take it out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves K minus one take it out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves K minus one take it out here
+that leaves K2 and n o and again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves K2 and n o and again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves K2 and n o and again this is
+the rate at which it's being formed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which it's being formed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which it's being formed and
+now we can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can solve for the
+intermediate so we solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so we solve for the
+intermediate we take this term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate we take this term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate we take this term and
+divide by that term and we get this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by that term and we get this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by that term and we get this this
+expression so that's uh solving for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so that's uh solving for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so that's uh solving for the
+intermediate the next step is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate the next step is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate the next step is to take
+that intermediate and plug it back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermediate and plug it back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermediate and plug it back into
+the initial equation that we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial equation that we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial equation that we had the
+formation of n o BR and that was 2 * K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of n o BR and that was 2 * K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of n o BR and that was 2 * K2
+times the intermediate concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the intermediate concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the intermediate concentration
+time n o so now we take this whole term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n o so now we take this whole term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n o so now we take this whole term
+and put it back into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back into this
+term and uh we get this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and uh we get this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and uh we get this expression
+here all right so this expression now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this expression now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this expression now is
+not consistent with this experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not consistent with this experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not consistent with this experimental
+rate law so there must be fast and slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law so there must be fast and slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law so there must be fast and slow
+steps so now let's consider what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so now let's consider what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so now let's consider what's going
+to happen if the first step is slow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if the first step is slow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if the first step is slow and
+the second step is fast again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is fast again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is fast again you're
+considering what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering what's happening in the
+bottom of this expression you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this expression you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this expression you're asking
+how does K minus1 compare to this K2 n o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does K minus1 compare to this K2 n o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does K minus1 compare to this K2 n o
+term and so if you say that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and so if you say that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and so if you say that the first
+step is slow then K minus one is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is slow then K minus one is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is slow then K minus one is small
+second step is fast that means K2 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step is fast that means K2 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step is fast that means K2 uh and
+O is a bigger term so if this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is a bigger term so if this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is a bigger term so if this second
+step is fast the rate constant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is fast the rate constant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is fast the rate constant for the
+second step is a bigger number than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step is a bigger number than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step is a bigger number than uh
+the rate constant for the first step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant for the first step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant for the first step and
+so what you can do then is you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do then is you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do then is you can say
+okay that's small compared to this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's small compared to this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's small compared to this so we
+drop out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that
+term so if we drop out that term Can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if we drop out that term Can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if we drop out that term Can we
+cancel anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel anything else
+what else can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else can we
+cancel we can cancel K2 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel we can cancel K2 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel we can cancel K2 what
+else so we can cancel out one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so we can cancel out one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so we can cancel out one of the
+NS and that leaves us with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS and that leaves us with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS and that leaves us with this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+here so there's the expression again K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's the expression again K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's the expression again K
+uh 2 * K1 n o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 * K1 n o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 * K1 n o
+br2 and that can be written as K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 and that can be written as K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br2 and that can be written as K
+observed and look at that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and look at that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and look at that it is
+consistent with the experimental uh r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the experimental uh r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the experimental uh r
+so now let's just check the other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's just check the other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's just check the other way to
+make sure one should be right and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure one should be right and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure one should be right and one
+shouldn't be right uh that we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be right uh that we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be right uh that we can get
+the answer if we go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer if we go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer if we go the other way
+around so this is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so this is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so this is consistent with the
+experiment and the overall number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the overall number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the overall number of
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+two all right so now let's look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so now let's look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so now let's look the
+other way around if the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around if the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around if the first step is
+Fast and the Second Step was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast and the Second Step was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast and the Second Step was
+slow that would mean that K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow that would mean that K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow that would mean that K minus one
+would be a lot bigger than the K2 term K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot bigger than the K2 term K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot bigger than the K2 term K
+minus one rate constant for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one rate constant for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one rate constant for the first
+step K2 rate constant for the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step K2 rate constant for the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step K2 rate constant for the Second
+Step fast bigger than this and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step fast bigger than this and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step fast bigger than this and so then
+we can take this term out can we cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this term out can we cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take this term out can we cancel
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+else no you can't cancel anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else no you can't cancel anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else no you can't cancel anything else
+so this is the uh expression we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh expression we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh expression we can put
+that down here we can group the K terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down here we can group the K terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down here we can group the K terms
+to K observed and so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K observed and so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K observed and so this is not
+consistent with the experiment that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the experiment that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the experiment that you
+have had uh before so that way doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had uh before so that way doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had uh before so that way doesn't
+work so you can write out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you can write out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you can write out the whole
+thing and then think about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then think about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then think about whether
+they're fast and slow steps again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fast and slow steps again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fast and slow steps again you'll
+be asking the question which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking the question which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking the question which of these
+terms is bigger than the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is bigger than the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is bigger than the other term
+what's the fast step how does K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the fast step how does K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the fast step how does K minus
+one compared to K2 you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one compared to K2 you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one compared to K2 you can make the
+simplification and only one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and only one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and only one should be
+consistent uh one mechanism should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent uh one mechanism should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent uh one mechanism should be
+consistent there's other one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent there's other one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent there's other one should be
+inconsistent okay now you can do problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent okay now you can do problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent okay now you can do problem
+set 10
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gc3O2sKIsX4.txt b/gc3O2sKIsX4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..322516a10cd6313f89bd2ebe71b5ef5fd41c049d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gc3O2sKIsX4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so welcome to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so welcome to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so welcome to uh
+systems biology there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology there are many different
+uh numers that you might have signed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numers that you might have signed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numers that you might have signed up
+for this class through um my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class through um my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class through um my name is
+Jeff Gore I'm an assistant professor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Gore I'm an assistant professor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Gore I'm an assistant professor in
+the physics department and um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department and um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department and um and I
+think that this is really uh it's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is really uh it's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is really uh it's a fun
+class to teach I hope that uh that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to teach I hope that uh that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to teach I hope that uh that those
+of you that stick around uh for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that stick around uh for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that stick around uh for the rest
+of the semester find that it's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester find that it's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester find that it's a fun
+class to take as well um all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to take as well um all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to take as well um all right so I
+I just want to give a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to give a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to give a little bit of
+introduction of the kind of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of the kind of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of the kind of teaching
+staff and then and then we'll uh go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and then and then we'll uh go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and then and then we'll uh go over
+some administrative details before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some administrative details before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some administrative details before um
+most of most of today what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of most of today what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of most of today what we'll do is
+we'll basically just spend an hour kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll basically just spend an hour kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll basically just spend an hour kind
+of I'll give you a flash summary of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'll give you a flash summary of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'll give you a flash summary of uh
+of the course and then you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course and then you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course and then you'll have a
+sense of the kinds of ideas we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the kinds of ideas we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the kinds of ideas we'll be
+exploring all right okay so what so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring all right okay so what so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring all right okay so what so what
+what is this thing systems biology right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this thing systems biology right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this thing systems biology right
+so it's uh I would say IL defined uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh I would say IL defined uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh I would say IL defined uh but
+in general we have this idea that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we have this idea that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we have this idea that uh in
+many cases the really exciting functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases the really exciting functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases the really exciting functions
+that we see in biology are arising from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in biology are arising from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in biology are arising from
+uh the interactions at a lower level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the interactions at a lower level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the interactions at a lower level of
+relatively simple components okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple components okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple components okay so the
+kinds of behavior that we'd like to we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of behavior that we'd like to we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of behavior that we'd like to we'd
+like to understand are uh kind of nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to understand are uh kind of nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to understand are uh kind of nicely
+encapsulated in this uh in this video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in this uh in this video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in this uh in this video of
+a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutral
+chasing a bacterium and if I can if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing a bacterium and if I can if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing a bacterium and if I can if my
+computer is actually doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is actually doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is actually doing something
+then all right okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all right okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all right okay there's
+it right so this is a classic a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so this is a classic a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so this is a classic a classic
+video that many of you guys might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that many of you guys might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that many of you guys might have
+seen uh over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh over the
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so yeah so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so yeah so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so yeah so this is this
+was taken in the 1950s uh it's as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taken in the 1950s uh it's as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taken in the 1950s uh it's as I said
+a neutr which is um part of your innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutr which is um part of your innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutr which is um part of your innate
+immune system so sort of the first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system so sort of the first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system so sort of the first line
+of defense if you get a back cial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defense if you get a back cial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defense if you get a back cial
+infection for example uh this this white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection for example uh this this white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection for example uh this this white
+blood cell uh is going to kind of Chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cell uh is going to kind of Chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cell uh is going to kind of Chase
+the bacterium and um and eat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterium and um and eat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterium and um and eat it up
+before it can divide and and harm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it can divide and and harm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it can divide and and harm you
+all right so I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm going to I'm going to
+play that over again because it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that over again because it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that over again because it's um
+it's pretty cool um all right so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool um all right so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool um all right so the the
+the features that you want to try to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that you want to try to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that you want to try to pay
+attention to all right so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to all right so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to all right so this is uh
+it's a single cell that somehow is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single cell that somehow is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single cell that somehow is able
+to track this bacterial Invader right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track this bacterial Invader right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track this bacterial Invader right
+it's using chemical cues in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using chemical cues in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using chemical cues in order to
+kind of figure out where it is bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of figure out where it is bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of figure out where it is bacterial
+cell is going it's able to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going it's able to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is going it's able to kind of
+disregard these red blood cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disregard these red blood cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disregard these red blood cells that are
+kind of in its way push them aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in its way push them aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in its way push them aside
+change direction before it eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change direction before it eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change direction before it eventually
+captures this bacterial cell right uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures this bacterial cell right uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures this bacterial cell right uh so
+all of these are kind of striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are kind of striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are kind of striking
+amazing information processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing information processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing information processing
+capabilities where that information has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities where that information has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities where that information has
+to be coupled not only to some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be coupled not only to some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be coupled not only to some sort of
+decision- making within that cell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making within that cell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making within that cell but
+also has to be kind of transduced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to be kind of transduced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to be kind of transduced into
+these mechanical forces and motions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mechanical forces and motions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mechanical forces and motions that
+allow that cell to to capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that cell to to capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that cell to to capture the
+bacterial cell okay so let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell okay so let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell okay so let's uh let's
+try to again again okay so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to again again okay so here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to again again okay so here it is
+you can see all right the bacterial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all right the bacterial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all right the bacterial cell
+is here all right so it's it's ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here all right so it's it's ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here all right so it's it's ignoring
+this other cell kind of keeping focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other cell kind of keeping focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other cell kind of keeping focused
+on this one pushing aside the red blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one pushing aside the red blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one pushing aside the red blood
+cells so it can kind of follow it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so it can kind of follow it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so it can kind of follow it along
+every now and okay you now now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and okay you now now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and okay you now now the the
+cell change direction but uh eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell change direction but uh eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell change direction but uh eventually
+you can see it catches up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it catches up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it catches up to the
+bacterial cell uh and eats it up and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell uh and eats it up and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell uh and eats it up and now
+um you're not going to um you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not going to um you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not going to um you're not
+going to get sick from that infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get sick from that infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get sick from that infection
+okay so so that's that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's that's an example of
+the kinds of kind of remarkable Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of kind of remarkable Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of kind of remarkable Behavior
+that um that can be implemented even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that can be implemented even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that can be implemented even
+just at by a single cell right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at by a single cell right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at by a single cell right so we
+know that you know as you know as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know as you know as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know as you know as humans
+we have we have brains with 10 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have brains with 10 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have brains with 10 to the 12
+neurons or so all right so maybe you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons or so all right so maybe you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons or so all right so maybe you say
+oh well it's not surprising that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well it's not surprising that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well it's not surprising that we can
+do fancy things what's remarkable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do fancy things what's remarkable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do fancy things what's remarkable is
+that even at the level of an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even at the level of an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even at the level of an individual
+cell uh it's possible to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh it's possible to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh it's possible to implement
+rather sophisticated uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather sophisticated uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather sophisticated uh kind of
+information processing U capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing U capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing U capabilities
+right so what this is uh the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this is uh the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this is uh the kind of
+thing that we'd like to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we'd like to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we'd like to be able to say
+something about uh by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh by the end of the
+class uh many you I think probably read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh many you I think probably read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh many you I think probably read
+the course description and this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course description and this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course description and this gives
+you a sense of the kinds of topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of the kinds of topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of the kinds of topics that
+we're going to be covering uh over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be covering uh over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be covering uh over the
+course of semester I'm not going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of semester I'm not going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of semester I'm not going to read
+it you but uh one thing I want to stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you but uh one thing I want to stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you but uh one thing I want to stress
+is um you know I brought up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know I brought up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know I brought up you know
+this general idea of systems biology how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general idea of systems biology how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general idea of systems biology how
+is it that function arises from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that function arises from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that function arises from
+interactions of of smaller simpler parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of of smaller simpler parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of of smaller simpler parts
+right and I I think it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I think it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I think it's it's very
+important uh right at the beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh right at the beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh right at the beginning to
+uh to be clear that there are really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be clear that there are really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be clear that there are really uh
+I'd say two distinct communities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say two distinct communities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say two distinct communities that
+sort of self-identify as uh studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-identify as uh studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self-identify as uh studying
+systems biology and um and there kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology and um and there kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology and um and there kind of
+to to simplify a bit what I would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to simplify a bit what I would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to simplify a bit what I would say is
+that basically there there's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically there there's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically there there's the the
+physics or physics inspired Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or physics inspired Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or physics inspired Community
+where you know and I'm in the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know and I'm in the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know and I'm in the physics
+department so that's that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so that's that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so that's that's kind of
+where I fall and where this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I fall and where this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I fall and where this class is
+going to be right so it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be right so it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be right so it's it's really
+trying to use uh some uh kind of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use uh some uh kind of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use uh some uh kind of simple
+models from say nonlinear Dynamics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models from say nonlinear Dynamics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models from say nonlinear Dynamics or
+stochastic processes uh combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes uh combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes uh combined with
+quantitative experiments often on single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative experiments often on single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative experiments often on single
+cells in order to try to uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in order to try to uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in order to try to uh in order to
+try to illuminate how um this cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to illuminate how um this cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to illuminate how um this cellular
+decision-making process kind of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making process kind of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making process kind of works
+okay and uh and over the next hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and over the next hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and over the next hour
+you'll kind of see get a flavor of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll kind of see get a flavor of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll kind of see get a flavor of what
+I mean by this now there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by this now there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by this now there's another
+branch of systems biology that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of systems biology that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of systems biology that is also
+um well that's also very exciting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's also very exciting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's also very exciting and
+that many you know many of you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many you know many of you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many you know many of you may want
+to learn more about in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn more about in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn more about in the future and
+maybe some of you are even were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you are even were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you are even were thinking
+that this is what the class was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what the class was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what the class was going to
+be and all but let me explain what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and all but let me explain what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and all but let me explain what it is
+so it's this other Branch I'd say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this other Branch I'd say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this other Branch I'd say is
+more influenced by U computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more influenced by U computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more influenced by U computer scientists
+and Engineers where uh what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers where uh what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers where uh what they're
+really trying to do is use U complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to do is use U complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to do is use U complex
+models May machine learning techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models May machine learning techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models May machine learning techniques
+and so forth in order to extract signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth in order to extract signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth in order to extract signal
+from large data sets Okay and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from large data sets Okay and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from large data sets Okay and uh this is
+uh also again systems biology and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also again systems biology and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also again systems biology and you
+know because it is trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because it is trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because it is trying to understand
+how the global properties of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the global properties of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the global properties of the cell
+result from all these interactions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from all these interactions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from all these interactions but
+it's a rather different uh I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rather different uh I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rather different uh I'd say
+aesthetic take on the subject and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic take on the subject and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic take on the subject and um and
+indeed much of the activity that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed much of the activity that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed much of the activity that one
+would be doing here is is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing here is is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing here is is different from
+um sort of the more physics branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of the more physics branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of the more physics branch of
+systems biology okay so uh if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology okay so uh if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology okay so uh if what you
+were looking for was more of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for was more of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for was more of this uh
+large data set kind of high throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large data set kind of high throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large data set kind of high throughput
+branch of systems biology then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of systems biology then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of systems biology then uh you
+you may not be at the right place um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be at the right place um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be at the right place um but
+uh and there's an interesting fact which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's an interesting fact which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's an interesting fact which
+is that uh if you decide that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh if you decide that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh if you decide that you want
+this other branch of systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other branch of systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other branch of systems biology
+then very conveniently uh you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very conveniently uh you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very conveniently uh you actually
+have space in your schedule because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have space in your schedule because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have space in your schedule because um
+man Kellis is uh teaching uh a a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man Kellis is uh teaching uh a a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man Kellis is uh teaching uh a a class
+in computational biology this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computational biology this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computational biology this is really
+this other branch of systems biology um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other branch of systems biology um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other branch of systems biology um
+at the same time right so uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time right so uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time right so uh if you
+think you're at the wrong place you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're at the wrong place you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're at the wrong place you um
+you're welcome to just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to just kind of like
+sneak out now um go to over to 3241 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak out now um go to over to 3241 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak out now um go to over to 3241 and
+I'm sure that he will he will welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that he will he will welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that he will he will welcome
+you and um and you know no hard feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and um and you know no hard feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and um and you know no hard feelings
+okay um similarly uh in the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um similarly uh in the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um similarly uh in the spring
+there's another computational biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another computational biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another computational biology
+class that some of you uh some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that some of you uh some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that some of you uh some of you
+may be thinking about and this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be thinking about and this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be thinking about and this is um
+taught by Chris Burge uh and Company uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Chris Burge uh and Company uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Chris Burge uh and Company uh
+and also I'd say maybe this more of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I'd say maybe this more of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I'd say maybe this more of this
+other branch of systems biology uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other branch of systems biology uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other branch of systems biology uh and
+finally once again in the spring there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally once again in the spring there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally once again in the spring there's
+a class quantitative biology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class quantitative biology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class quantitative biology for
+graduate students that i' um that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students that i' um that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students that i' um that I'd
+say probably assumes uh somewhat less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say probably assumes uh somewhat less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say probably assumes uh somewhat less
+mathematical background all right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical background all right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical background all right so if
+um after kind of looking at the or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after kind of looking at the or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after kind of looking at the or maybe
+even getting started looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even getting started looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even getting started looking at the
+first problem set if you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem set if you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem set if you think that
+maybe this uh this class is expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this uh this class is expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this uh this class is expecting
+too much then you may want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much then you may want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much then you may want to consider
+taking quantitative biology in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking quantitative biology in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking quantitative biology in the
+spring and maybe taking systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and maybe taking systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and maybe taking systems biology
+this class uh next fall right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class uh next fall right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class uh next fall right all right
+so on uh on on that note I I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh on on that note I I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh on on that note I I want to say
+something about the prerequisites so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the prerequisites so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the prerequisites so um
+the major challenge with this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major challenge with this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major challenge with this class
+certainly teaching it from my standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly teaching it from my standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly teaching it from my standpoint
+I think for many of you taking it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think for many of you taking it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think for many of you taking it is
+that um there's a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there's a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there's a wide range of
+different backgrounds all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different backgrounds all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different backgrounds all right so we
+can maybe get a sense of that now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe get a sense of that now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe get a sense of that now um
+just kind of show of hands how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of show of hands how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of show of hands how many of
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+undergraduates all right so we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates all right so we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates all right so we got a
+solid third or so right um how many are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid third or so right um how many are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid third or so right um how many are
+uh maybe um grad you know mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe um grad you know mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe um grad you know mixing
+together undergrad graduate but how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together undergrad graduate but how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together undergrad graduate but how many
+of you are in the physics department at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are in the physics department at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are in the physics department at
+one level or another all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level or another all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level or another all right so we
+have maybe again a third all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe again a third all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe again a third all right
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+Department okay so we have a quarter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department okay so we have a quarter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department okay so we have a quarter a
+fifth all right I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth all right I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth all right I don't know
+Engineers all right so a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers all right so a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers all right so a substantial
+fraction of of Engineers um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of of Engineers um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of of Engineers um and I
+chemists so I we all right we got a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists so I we all right we got a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists so I we all right we got a few
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+mathematicians all right we got one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians all right we got one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians all right we got one all
+right all right so if you did not raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so if you did not raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so if you did not raise
+your hand um what where where are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand um what where where are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand um what where where are you
+where are you based physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you based physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you based physically
+intellectually something any or did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually something any or did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually something any or did we
+get everybody all right um okay so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everybody all right um okay so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everybody all right um okay so right
+so you can see there's a really broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see there's a really broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see there's a really broad
+range of different backgrounds and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different backgrounds and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different backgrounds and um
+and what that means uh in a concrete way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means uh in a concrete way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means uh in a concrete way
+for us is that um I you know I will very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us is that um I you know I will very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us is that um I you know I will very
+much try to avoid using unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much try to avoid using unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much try to avoid using unnecessary
+jargon or um necessary mathematics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargon or um necessary mathematics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargon or um necessary mathematics I
+think that mathematics is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that mathematics is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that mathematics is a wonderful
+thing uh but in some cases it uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh but in some cases it uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh but in some cases it uh I think
+obscures as much as it illuminates uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscures as much as it illuminates uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscures as much as it illuminates uh so
+for me I I very much try to focus on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I I very much try to focus on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I I very much try to focus on uh
+conceptual understanding and on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual understanding and on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual understanding and on top of
+that I try to build you know we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I try to build you know we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I try to build you know we like
+math too right but um but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math too right but um but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math too right but um but I think that
+it's it's it's very important to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's very important to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's very important to be able
+to for example plot Your solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for example plot Your solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for example plot Your solution okay
+so after after you derive some fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after after you derive some fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after after you derive some fancy
+equation describing something you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describing something you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describing something you should
+know whether that thing goes up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that thing goes up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that thing goes up or down
+as a function of something or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of something or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of something or another
+and I I think think it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I think think it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I think think it's very easy to
+kind of lose sight of these basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lose sight of these basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lose sight of these basic
+aspects when we kind of get uh too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects when we kind of get uh too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects when we kind of get uh too uh
+kind of too deep into the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of too deep into the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of too deep into the mathematical
+equations okay all right but that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay all right but that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay all right but that being
+said uh we do I'd say expect something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh we do I'd say expect something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh we do I'd say expect something
+uh not necessarily full you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not necessarily full you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not necessarily full you don't have
+to taken the full class 7012 but it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to taken the full class 7012 but it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to taken the full class 7012 but it's at
+least a solid High School class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a solid High School class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a solid High School class of
+biology if you uh if it's been more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology if you uh if it's been more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology if you uh if it's been more than
+10 years since you took a biology class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years since you took a biology class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years since you took a biology class
+you might want to take one before coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to take one before coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to take one before coming
+here uh you could in principle catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh you could in principle catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh you could in principle catch up
+but you know like all things um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like all things um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like all things um we also
+assume uh some comfort with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh some comfort with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh some comfort with uh with
+differential equations and probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and probability
+all right so we've actually added uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've actually added uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've actually added uh
+those as prerequisites uh particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as prerequisites uh particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as prerequisites uh particularly
+kind of from the standpoint of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from the standpoint of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from the standpoint of an
+undergraduate to give you a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate to give you a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate to give you a kind of a
+sense of uh the the sort of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh the the sort of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh the the sort of material
+that we we expect you to be comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we expect you to be comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we expect you to be comfortable
+with okay so we will not be defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so we will not be defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so we will not be defining
+probability distributions uh so much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions uh so much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions uh so much we
+will assume that you can calculate means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that you can calculate means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that you can calculate means
+and standard deviations of discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and standard deviations of discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and standard deviations of discret
+continuous um distributions and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um distributions and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um distributions and so forth
+okay uh and the other thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and the other thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and the other thing that is
+going to be important is that a major I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important is that a major I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important is that a major I
+think goal of the class is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think goal of the class is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think goal of the class is to uh
+increase your comfort level with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your comfort level with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your comfort level with using
+kind of computational techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of computational techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of computational techniques to
+analyze some of these problems so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze some of these problems so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze some of these problems so every
+week we're going to have a problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we're going to have a problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we're going to have a problem set
+and on every problem set there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on every problem set there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on every problem set there will be
+uh at least one problem where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least one problem where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least one problem where you have
+to use some computational package in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some computational package in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some computational package in
+order to uh calculate something so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to uh calculate something so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to uh calculate something so you
+do a simulation to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a simulation to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a simulation to understand the
+stochastic dynamics of this or that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic dynamics of this or that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic dynamics of this or that or
+maybe you're going to integrate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're going to integrate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're going to integrate some
+differential equations right and um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations right and um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations right and um in
+this case you can use whatever package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can use whatever package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can use whatever package
+you like right so if you are a mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like right so if you are a mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like right so if you are a mat lab
+person that's fine Mathematica is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's fine Mathematica is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's fine Mathematica is fine
+uh the officially supported kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the officially supported kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the officially supported kind of um
+language is going to be python because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is going to be python because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is going to be python because
+that's what sarab you know s you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what sarab you know s you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what sarab you know s you know if
+he's going to be spending hours helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be spending hours helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be spending hours helping
+you with your code you know he wants it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with your code you know he wants it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with your code you know he wants it
+to be something that he's comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that he's comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that he's comfortable
+with so um so that's going to be what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so um so that's going to be what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so um so that's going to be what we
+might call the official language in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call the official language in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call the official language in the
+sense that he will perhaps provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that he will perhaps provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that he will perhaps provide some
+sample code and so forth to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample code and so forth to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample code and so forth to get you
+started but uh but you're welcome to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started but uh but you're welcome to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started but uh but you're welcome to use
+anything that you want okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you want okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you want okay all right
+and that that being said we will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that being said we will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that being said we will have a
+Python tutorial almost certainly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python tutorial almost certainly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python tutorial almost certainly on
+Monday where waiting to get uh to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday where waiting to get uh to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday where waiting to get uh to find
+out what the classroom is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the classroom is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the classroom is going to be
+but we will send out a notice to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will send out a notice to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will send out a notice to the um
+to the class about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class about that okay
+um and and as as well as instructions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and as as well as instructions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and as as well as instructions on
+how to get python on your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get python on your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get python on your computer
+okay are there any questions about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about where
+we are um kind of so far what we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are um kind of so far what we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are um kind of so far what we've said
+expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prerequisites all right um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites all right um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites all right um okay so
+grading you know so um one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading you know so um one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading you know so um one of the things
+that we have to do is we have to grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do is we have to grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do is we have to grade
+I'd say that uh our goal is very much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say that uh our goal is very much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say that uh our goal is very much to
+help you learn material that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you learn material that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you learn material that we're
+excited about right so I I am not in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about right so I I am not in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about right so I I am not in any
+way trying to grade in any in any mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way trying to grade in any in any mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way trying to grade in any in any mean
+way and and what that means is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and what that means is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and what that means is that uh
+we we also just don't want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we also just don't want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we also just don't want you guys to
+feel like you're competing against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're competing against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're competing against each
+other right so what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so what that means is that
+um right so this is these are the grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so this is these are the grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so this is these are the grade
+cut offs okay so they will not the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut offs okay so they will not the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut offs okay so they will not the the
+numbers will not go up from here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will not go up from here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will not go up from here if I
+screw up and I make some really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up and I make some really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up and I make some really hard
+exam or so then I you know I reserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam or so then I you know I reserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam or so then I you know I reserve the
+right to to lower these numbers but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to to lower these numbers but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to to lower these numbers but but
+basically this is this is uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is this is uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is this is uh what's
+worked for the last several years all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for the last several years all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for the last several years all
+right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um
+so you you should feel comfortable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you should feel comfortable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you should feel comfortable uh
+collaborating uh with your friends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating uh with your friends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating uh with your friends to
+study to try to figure out the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to try to figure out the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to try to figure out the material
+um because your grade is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because your grade is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because your grade is just going to
+be determined by where things end up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by where things end up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by where things end up on
+on this chart basically right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this chart basically right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this chart basically right and the
+the the course grade is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course grade is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course grade is going to be
+split as you can kind of see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split as you can kind of see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split as you can kind of see there's a
+fair component on on problem sets uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair component on on problem sets uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair component on on problem sets uh and
+that's because the problem sets are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the problem sets are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the problem sets are um
+they're going to be hard work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be hard work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be hard work right
+we're going to have problem sets every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have problem sets every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have problem sets every
+week um and you can expect to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um and you can expect to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um and you can expect to spend
+significant amount of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of time on
+and the kind of uh thing that you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of uh thing that you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of uh thing that you learn
+in for example doing these computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example doing these computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example doing these computational
+problems is somewhat different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is somewhat different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is somewhat different from what
+you learn and what you can demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn and what you can demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn and what you can demonstrate
+on an exam right so that that's why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam right so that that's why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam right so that that's why uh
+it's not all just kind of an exam grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all just kind of an exam grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all just kind of an exam grade
+um I'm going to say something more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to say something more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to say something more about
+these pre-class reading questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pre-class reading questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pre-class reading questions uh
+they're going to be uh two midterms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be uh two midterms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be uh two midterms and
+an exam uh the dates are on your uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam uh the dates are on your uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam uh the dates are on your uh on
+your syllabus so please mark uh Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your syllabus so please mark uh Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your syllabus so please mark uh Mark
+these uh evenings on your calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh evenings on your calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh evenings on your calendar
+okay um all right okay so the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right okay so the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right okay so the problem
+set you can read about this but um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can read about this but um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can read about this but um right
+basically uh every uh every Friday 7:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh every uh every Friday 7:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh every uh every Friday 7:00
+they are going to be due uh a box uh out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to be due uh a box uh out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to be due uh a box uh out
+the between the third floor of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the between the third floor of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the between the third floor of building
+six and the fourth floor of Building 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and the fourth floor of Building 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and the fourth floor of Building 16
+I suppose these are the physics homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose these are the physics homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose these are the physics homework
+boxes all right so um right so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes all right so um right so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes all right so um right so the idea
+is we we'd like you to have a weekend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we we'd like you to have a weekend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we we'd like you to have a weekend to
+catch up and start reading for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and start reading for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and start reading for the next
+week all right so uh that's why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week all right so uh that's why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week all right so uh that's why they're
+due just before dinner on Friday that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due just before dinner on Friday that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due just before dinner on Friday that
+being said you know we understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being said you know we understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being said you know we understand that
+sometimes there are a lot of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are a lot of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are a lot of problem
+sets or sometimes you're um overwhelmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or sometimes you're um overwhelmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or sometimes you're um overwhelmed
+with something else so that's fine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else so that's fine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else so that's fine you
+can turn it in for 80% credit credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn it in for 80% credit credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn it in for 80% credit credit
+till Monday morning at 10: a.m. when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till Monday morning at 10: a.m. when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till Monday morning at 10: a.m. when
+we're going to post the solutions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to post the solutions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to post the solutions okay
+all right so we won't be accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we won't be accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we won't be accepting
+solution we won't be accepting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we won't be accepting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we won't be accepting problem
+sets after that unless you get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets after that unless you get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets after that unless you get um
+agreement from sarab in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement from sarab in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement from sarab in advance
+okay all right um okay so pre-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um okay so pre-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um okay so pre-class
+reading question so this I said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading question so this I said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading question so this I said this is
+a a a key part of the class it's only 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a key part of the class it's only 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a key part of the class it's only 5%
+of the grade and it's graded really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grade and it's graded really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grade and it's graded really only
+on participation that you've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on participation that you've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on participation that you've done it
+right but this is a an essential element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this is a an essential element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this is a an essential element
+of what we um like to call a flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we um like to call a flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we um like to call a flipped
+classroom okay so today's class is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom okay so today's class is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom okay so today's class is going
+to be rather different from uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rather different from uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rather different from uh from the
+rest of the semester and that uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the semester and that uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the semester and that uh today
+is more like a lecture I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like a lecture I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like a lecture I would say
+whereas the rest uh of the semester uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the rest uh of the semester uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the rest uh of the semester uh
+there will not be any PowerPoint slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will not be any PowerPoint slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will not be any PowerPoint slides
+and um and it'll be very much uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and it'll be very much uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and it'll be very much uh kind of
+i' Hope very interactive uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' Hope very interactive uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' Hope very interactive uh in order to
+facilitate that there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that there are a number of
+different elements one is that uh we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements one is that uh we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements one is that uh we do
+require reading uh before before class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require reading uh before before class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require reading uh before before class
+and the way that we um encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that we um encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that we um encourage you to
+do the reading is that uh we ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the reading is that uh we ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the reading is that uh we ask you to
+answer questions uh the night before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions uh the night before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions uh the night before
+okay so what what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what you're going to do is
+um is you'll by 10 p.m the night before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is you'll by 10 p.m the night before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is you'll by 10 p.m the night before
+just three questions just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three questions just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three questions just a couple
+sentences each question it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences each question it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences each question it's not that
+you're supposed to have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to have to do a lot of
+work it's just that if you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's just that if you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's just that if you did the
+reading you should be able to give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you should be able to give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you should be able to give your
+take on it and you think about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on it and you think about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on it and you think about it a
+little bit uh and then uh Andrew will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh and then uh Andrew will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh and then uh Andrew will uh
+will go over this um the submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over this um the submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over this um the submitted
+answers and we'll uh send out his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and we'll uh send out his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and we'll uh send out his his
+favorite answers among the groups so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite answers among the groups so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite answers among the groups so uh
+your answer will occasionally be uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer will occasionally be uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer will occasionally be uh be
+represented there if you uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented there if you uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented there if you uh say
+something that's reasonable okay um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's reasonable okay um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's reasonable okay um now
+I think this is um it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is um it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is um it's really important
+to have done this reading thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have done this reading thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have done this reading thought about
+the material some before because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material some before because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material some before because the
+idea is that in class we would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that in class we would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that in class we would really
+like to engage in uh what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to engage in uh what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to engage in uh what you might call
+some higher level learning all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher level learning all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher level learning all right so
+it's not just um this idea that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just um this idea that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just um this idea that I mean
+the the traditional lecture right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the traditional lecture right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the traditional lecture right it
+arose when books were very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose when books were very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose when books were very expensive
+right so if you're at a university in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're at a university in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're at a university in
+the 13th century um you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 13th century um you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 13th century um you don't have a
+textbook so what you need is for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so what you need is for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so what you need is for me to
+stand up front and read to you right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up front and read to you right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up front and read to you right um
+and that's fine except that it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine except that it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine except that it's better
+for you to read it and you can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to read it and you can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to read it and you can read it
+outside of class think about it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of class think about it a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of class think about it a bit
+and then that means when you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that means when you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that means when you come to
+class we can actually discuss it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we can actually discuss it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we can actually discuss it right
+and uh in particular I'll give you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in particular I'll give you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in particular I'll give you my
+take on on the material what the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on on the material what the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on on the material what the kind of
+uh the research that I'm excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the research that I'm excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the research that I'm excited about
+in uh in the area that's been published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the area that's been published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the area that's been published
+recently and uh we will also try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and uh we will also try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and uh we will also try to get
+you involved via uh these concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you involved via uh these concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you involved via uh these concept
+questions so uh in uh future sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so uh in uh future sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so uh in uh future sessions
+we'll have uh these flash cards or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have uh these flash cards or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have uh these flash cards or these
+colored cards so we can uh we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored cards so we can uh we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored cards so we can uh we can ask
+kind of these conceptual uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these conceptual uh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these conceptual uh questions
+you know a b c d you know if you drop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a b c d you know if you drop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a b c d you know if you drop an
+apple does it go up down left right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple does it go up down left right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple does it go up down left right okay
+you know and then you guys get to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then you guys get to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then you guys get to vote
+right and then uh after after the vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then uh after after the vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then uh after after the vote
+we will often have you pair up and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will often have you pair up and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will often have you pair up and uh
+and the goal there is that you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal there is that you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal there is that you're trying
+to convince your neighbor that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince your neighbor that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince your neighbor that you're
+right okay and after that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and after that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and after that you might
+expand into fours or so but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand into fours or so but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand into fours or so but the idea
+there is that uh it's very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that uh it's very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that uh it's very important for
+you to kind of try to confront the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of try to confront the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of try to confront the
+material make your best guess and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material make your best guess and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material make your best guess and um and
+then and then discuss it with a neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then discuss it with a neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then discuss it with a neighbor
+and I think that this this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that this this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that this this is actually
+one of the one of the fun aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the fun aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the fun aspects of the
+course um at least I think so okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um at least I think so okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um at least I think so okay um
+and I'll say also that uh th this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say also that uh th this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say also that uh th this basic
+technique is uh the result of there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is uh the result of there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is uh the result of there's a
+whole field of Education research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field of Education research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field of Education research and
+there are very very uh consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very very uh consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very very uh consistent and
+strong signals in this suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong signals in this suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong signals in this suggesting that
+this sort of flipped classroom Active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of flipped classroom Active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of flipped classroom Active
+Learning uh style actually is good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning uh style actually is good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning uh style actually is good for
+uh for learning all right so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for learning all right so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for learning all right so I'm not
+just doing this it is more fun but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing this it is more fun but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing this it is more fun but
+that's not actually why I'm doing it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually why I'm doing it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually why I'm doing it I'm
+doing it because um the people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it because um the people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it because um the people who have
+spent their lives studying this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent their lives studying this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent their lives studying this topic
+have concluded this is the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have concluded this is the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have concluded this is the best way to
+teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right any any questions about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any any questions about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any any questions about these
+pre-class qu the pre-class questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-class qu the pre-class questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-class qu the pre-class questions or
+my notion of active learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay uh you can mark your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay uh you can mark your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay uh you can mark your
+calendars uh in advance we do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendars uh in advance we do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendars uh in advance we do have a
+final it has not been scheduled yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final it has not been scheduled yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final it has not been scheduled yet
+it'll be sometime the week of December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be sometime the week of December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be sometime the week of December
+15th to 19th all right so for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th to 19th all right so for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th to 19th all right so for those of
+you who are um looking on um on line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are um looking on um on line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are um looking on um on line for
+plane tickets back home all right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane tickets back home all right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane tickets back home all right after
+December 19 okay or if you'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 19 okay or if you'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 19 okay or if you'd like you
+can wait a couple weeks and then the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait a couple weeks and then the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait a couple weeks and then the uh
+final will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheduled all right we uh we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled all right we uh we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled all right we uh we have two
+required textbooks for the class uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required textbooks for the class uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required textbooks for the class uh the
+first is an introduction to systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is an introduction to systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is an introduction to systems
+biology by URI alone I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology by URI alone I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology by URI alone I think it's a
+wonderfully clear kind of exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully clear kind of exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully clear kind of exciting
+introduction to the topic um the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the topic um the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the topic um the flip
+side of being wonderfully clear is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of being wonderfully clear is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of being wonderfully clear is that
+it's a little I mean that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little I mean that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little I mean that you could
+complain that it's too simple right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that it's too simple right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that it's too simple right um
+and uh what that means is that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what that means is that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what that means is that we will
+be supplementing the uh the book in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be supplementing the uh the book in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be supplementing the uh the book in a
+variety of ways uh both uh with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways uh both uh with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways uh both uh with uh
+separate notes and also by um extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate notes and also by um extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate notes and also by um extensive
+uh reading of papers from the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reading of papers from the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reading of papers from the primary
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+okay uh the second uh half or third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the second uh half or third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the second uh half or third of
+the class will be uh reading some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will be uh reading some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will be uh reading some
+chapters from evolutionary Dynamics a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters from evolutionary Dynamics a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters from evolutionary Dynamics a b
+a book by Martin Novak again a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book by Martin Novak again a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book by Martin Novak again a very nice
+I think clear exciting uh introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think clear exciting uh introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think clear exciting uh introduction
+to to that field right so uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that field right so uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that field right so uh I think
+that these are both books that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are both books that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are both books that if you're
+at all interested in this area then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all interested in this area then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all interested in this area then you
+know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should
+anyways okay there are there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways okay there are there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways okay there are there are two
+other books I think you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other books I think you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other books I think you might want to
+recommend buying all right so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend buying all right so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend buying all right so first
+there's essential cell biology which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essential cell biology which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essential cell biology which is
+kind of like the uh the easy version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the uh the easy version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the uh the easy version of
+uh the cell also by Alberts all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cell also by Alberts all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cell also by Alberts all right so
+be careful of just buying a book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of just buying a book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of just buying a book by
+Alberts all right so I'd say the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alberts all right so I'd say the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alberts all right so I'd say the cell is
+everything you know everything you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know everything you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know everything you ever
+wanted to know about the cell and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know about the cell and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know about the cell and more
+than you want to know about the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you want to know about the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you want to know about the cell
+whereas essential cell biology is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas essential cell biology is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas essential cell biology is is
+really just a wonderful book all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a wonderful book all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a wonderful book all right
+um we um we read this in my in my uh lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we um we read this in my in my uh lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we um we read this in my in my uh lab
+as kind of a summer book reading project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of a summer book reading project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of a summer book reading project
+where each um each week we uh we read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each um each week we uh we read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each um each week we uh we read a
+chapter and we got together over lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter and we got together over lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter and we got together over lunch
+and we just went around the table and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just went around the table and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just went around the table and we
+went through all the questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through all the questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through all the questions in the
+book really and we just alternated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book really and we just alternated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book really and we just alternated and
+we discussed and it was really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed and it was really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed and it was really it's
+really it's it's wonderful it focuses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's it's wonderful it focuses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's it's wonderful it focuses on
+on the ideas um you have to you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ideas um you have to you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ideas um you have to you know you
+have to memorize a few things right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize a few things right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize a few things right but
+you know every now and then you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every now and then you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every now and then you you need
+to memorize something in order to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorize something in order to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorize something in order to keep
+track of what's going on right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what's going on right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of what's going on right but I
+would say that if you if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that if you if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that if you if you're really
+interested in uh in biology in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh in biology in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh in biology in any
+serious way then I I would recommend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious way then I I would recommend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious way then I I would recommend you
+buy this book okay um and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this book okay um and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this book okay um and then and then
+finally there's a book this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's a book this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's a book this book
+nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos by Steven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos by Steven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos by Steven
+stroget which is uh a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroget which is uh a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroget which is uh a beautiful
+introduction to nonlinear Dynamics if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to nonlinear Dynamics if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to nonlinear Dynamics if
+you uh if you have not seen the book I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if you have not seen the book I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if you have not seen the book I
+encourage you uh that you check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you uh that you check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you uh that you check it out
+and in particular uh the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular uh the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular uh the some of the
+topics on uh stability analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics on uh stability analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics on uh stability analysis and
+oscillations uh bifurcations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations uh bifurcations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations uh bifurcations and so
+forth uh this is a really a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth uh this is a really a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth uh this is a really a great way to
+learn about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about them
+okay all right I want to just give a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I want to just give a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I want to just give a a
+brief plug for there's um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief plug for there's um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief plug for there's um there's
+another class that some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class that some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class that some of you
+especially the first year students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the first year students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the first year students
+interested in biophysics might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in biophysics might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in biophysics might be
+interested in this is uh 8590
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this is uh 8590
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this is uh 8590
+j246 j7 something all right so it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j246 j7 something all right so it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j246 j7 something all right so it's um
+it's a class targeted for first year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a class targeted for first year uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a class targeted for first year uh
+graduate students interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students interested in
+biophysics basically each week we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics basically each week we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics basically each week we uh we
+read a paper we have a different guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a paper we have a different guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a paper we have a different guest
+uh lecture come from across campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture come from across campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture come from across campus
+either physics chemistry biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either physics chemistry biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either physics chemistry biology
+biological engineering civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering civil
+environmental engineering um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental engineering um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental engineering um it's a
+great way to just meet different faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to just meet different faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to just meet different faculty
+who are working at the interface of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working at the interface of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working at the interface of uh
+physics and biology in one uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and biology in one uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and biology in one uh one
+manifest or another the class it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest or another the class it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest or another the class it's going
+to be this Friday from 3: to 5: but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this Friday from 3: to 5: but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this Friday from 3: to 5: but then
+in later weeks is going to be 4 to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later weeks is going to be 4 to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later weeks is going to be 4 to 6
+because we uh because it conflicted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we uh because it conflicted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we uh because it conflicted with
+something all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes okay so um all right so um I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so um all right so um I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so um all right so um I'm gonna
+tell you I'm going to give you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I'm going to give you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I'm going to give you kind of
+the overview of the of the of the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overview of the of the of the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overview of the of the of the rest
+of the semester in terms of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester in terms of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester in terms of of the
+science but I just want to First remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but I just want to First remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but I just want to First remind
+all of you that um that starting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you that um that starting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you that um that starting on
+Tuesday you know is going to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday you know is going to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday you know is going to be kind of
+like the real class okay what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real class okay what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real class okay what that means
+in particular is that we expect expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is that we expect expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is that we expect expect
+you to have done some reading and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have done some reading and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have done some reading and we
+expect you to uh have submitted your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to uh have submitted your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to uh have submitted your uh
+pre-class reading questions by Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-class reading questions by Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-class reading questions by Monday
+night at 10 p.m. okay uh we used to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night at 10 p.m. okay uh we used to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night at 10 p.m. okay uh we used to have
+it at midnight but then Andrew has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at midnight but then Andrew has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at midnight but then Andrew has to
+stay up really late to go over all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay up really late to go over all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay up really late to go over all your
+responses and send out them okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and send out them okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and send out them okay so so
+uh so 10 o'clock and um and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so 10 o'clock and um and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so 10 o'clock and um and then and
+then we'll we'll get going on um simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll get going on um simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll get going on um simple
+uh kind of interactions between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of interactions between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of interactions between um
+between enzyme and substrate some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between enzyme and substrate some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between enzyme and substrate some simple
+gene expression ideas and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression ideas and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression ideas and so forth
+okay all right so I I'd say that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I I'd say that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I I'd say that the the
+course maybe has three parts there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course maybe has three parts there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course maybe has three parts there's
+kind of like the first half is part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the first half is part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the first half is part one
+and then the um part two is the I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the um part two is the I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the um part two is the I don't
+know whatever the three you know half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever the three you know half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever the three you know half to
+three qu Mark and then uh the last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three qu Mark and then uh the last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three qu Mark and then uh the last part
+is is maybe four or five lectures right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is maybe four or five lectures right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is maybe four or five lectures right
+and U and the structure of this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U and the structure of this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U and the structure of this is is
+really um it is kind of going i' say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um it is kind of going i' say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um it is kind of going i' say
+from the microscopic scale and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the microscopic scale and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the microscopic scale and then in
+terms of just the basic ideas of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just the basic ideas of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just the basic ideas of you
+know what happens if molecule a binds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happens if molecule a binds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happens if molecule a binds to
+molecule B what can you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule B what can you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule B what can you know what are
+the features that we should be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that we should be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that we should be aware of
+okay so pretty you know pretty basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pretty you know pretty basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so pretty you know pretty basic
+there all the way up to questions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all the way up to questions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all the way up to questions in
+ecology the last lecture is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology the last lecture is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology the last lecture is going to be
+uh questions about uh the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions about uh the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions about uh the origin of
+diversity in uh in ecosystems okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in uh in ecosystems okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in uh in ecosystems okay and
+and so we'll we'll basically March from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll we'll basically March from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll we'll basically March from
+the molecular scale up to the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular scale up to the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular scale up to the population
+scale throughout the semester it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale throughout the semester it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale throughout the semester it's um
+for those of you who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are interested in
+thinking about these questions of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these questions of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these questions of of how
+to organize uh how to organize a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize uh how to organize a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize uh how to organize a class
+there there's U there's there's quite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's U there's there's quite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's U there's there's quite an
+interesting discussion at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting discussion at the beginning
+of Bill biic biological physics book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bill biic biological physics book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bill biic biological physics book
+where um he very explicitly says that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um he very explicitly says that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um he very explicitly says that he
+he tried to resist the temptation to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried to resist the temptation to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried to resist the temptation to do
+what it is that we do in our class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we do in our class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we do in our class right
+he I.E he he resists the temptation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I.E he he resists the temptation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I.E he he resists the temptation to
+uh to start from the small scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to start from the small scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to start from the small scale and
+then build up to these larger scales um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build up to these larger scales um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build up to these larger scales um
+and and and the reason he says he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the reason he says he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the reason he says he he
+wants to avoid that is because he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to avoid that is because he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to avoid that is because he does
+not want to give students the impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to give students the impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to give students the impression
+that we actually understand how you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually understand how you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually understand how you go
+from the that the lower scales up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the that the lower scales up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the that the lower scales up to the
+higher scales right um and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher scales right um and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher scales right um and I think that
+that's a totally reasonable Viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a totally reasonable Viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a totally reasonable Viewpoint
+okay but that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that being
+said the whole point of this endeavor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the whole point of this endeavor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the whole point of this endeavor is
+to try to say something about it we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to say something about it we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to say something about it we may
+not really understand it all but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really understand it all but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really understand it all but you
+know we have to try and and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have to try and and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have to try and and and it's
+certainly true that that is how function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that that is how function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that that is how function
+arises right that there are lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises right that there are lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises right that there are lower level
+interactions that lead to higher scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that lead to higher scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that lead to higher scale
+functions Dynamics behaviors right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions Dynamics behaviors right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions Dynamics behaviors right we
+may not be able to predict exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be able to predict exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be able to predict exactly
+what's going on there but uh that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there but uh that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there but uh that is the
+way that nature does it so um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that nature does it so um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that nature does it so um you know I
+don't want to second guess nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to second guess nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to second guess nature
+certainly okay um so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly okay um so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly okay um so that's going to be
+that's going to be our approach but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be our approach but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be our approach but um
+but if you you know at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you you know at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you you know at the end of the
+class you you prefer a different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you you prefer a different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you you prefer a different order
+you can always just turn yourself around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always just turn yourself around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always just turn yourself around
+and then it'll all jumble up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll all jumble up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll all jumble up in your
+brain and then it can be whatever order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and then it can be whatever order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and then it can be whatever order
+you like all right um okay so so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like all right um okay so so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like all right um okay so so on
+Tuesday we're really going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday we're really going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday we're really going to start with
+the most basic ideas what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic ideas what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic ideas what happens if you
+have for example one gene that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example one gene that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example one gene that is going
+to turn on another Gene right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on another Gene right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on another Gene right so you
+might have a transcription factor x it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a transcription factor x it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a transcription factor x it's
+going to activate some uh Gene y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to activate some uh Gene y in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to activate some uh Gene y in the
+sense it's G to cause gene y to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's G to cause gene y to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's G to cause gene y to be
+expressed right now it's as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed right now it's as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed right now it's as simple as
+you as you can get but what what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you can get but what what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you can get but what what are the
+general features that you can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general features that you can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general features that you can say about
+this sort of process right well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of process right well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of process right well you can
+say well there's one thing is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there's one thing is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there's one thing is that all
+right X could either be an activator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X could either be an activator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X could either be an activator of
+Y or maybe it's a repressor of Y all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or maybe it's a repressor of Y all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or maybe it's a repressor of Y all
+right so these are the two symbols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are the two symbols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are the two symbols that
+we'll often use an arrow will you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll often use an arrow will you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll often use an arrow will you know
+either be an act well this symbol will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be an act well this symbol will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be an act well this symbol will
+always be a repressor a plain Arrow may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be a repressor a plain Arrow may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be a repressor a plain Arrow may
+be ambiguous so beware all right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ambiguous so beware all right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ambiguous so beware all right now the
+question is well what what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well what what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well what what happens here
+for example you might have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you might have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you might have this uh
+transcription Factor say Ted R that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription Factor say Ted R that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription Factor say Ted R that's
+repressing expression of this Gene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing expression of this Gene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing expression of this Gene that
+is encoding uh gfp all right green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is encoding uh gfp all right green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is encoding uh gfp all right green
+fluorescent protein it's you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein it's you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein it's you're going to
+see this many many times over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this many many times over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this many many times over the course
+of the semester in some ways one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester in some ways one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester in some ways one one of
+things we're going to see in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to see in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to see in the class
+is that new ideas often arise from new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that new ideas often arise from new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that new ideas often arise from new
+techniques or new capabilities right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques or new capabilities right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques or new capabilities right now
+it was really I think uh the wi uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really I think uh the wi uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really I think uh the wi uh the
+spread of of gfp and related proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of of gfp and related proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of of gfp and related proteins
+that allowed us to visualize gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to visualize gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to visualize gene
+expression in individual cells and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in individual cells and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in individual cells and it
+led to this real flowering of uh new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to this real flowering of uh new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to this real flowering of uh new new
+ideas of how for example stochasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of how for example stochasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of how for example stochasticity
+may be relevant cellto cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be relevant cellto cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be relevant cellto cell
+heterogeneity right these are all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity right these are all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity right these are all I
+think very interesting ideas but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very interesting ideas but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very interesting ideas but in
+order for them to be kind of concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for them to be kind of concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for them to be kind of concrete
+you need data right and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need data right and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need data right and this was a
+powerful way for us to get data that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way for us to get data that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way for us to get data that was
+relevant for these uh these sorts of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for these uh these sorts of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for these uh these sorts of big
+questions okay right so the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay right so the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay right so the idea here is
+that if this uh protein is is made it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this uh protein is is made it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this uh protein is is made it's
+expressed then that cell will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed then that cell will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed then that cell will become
+fluorescent in particular it will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent in particular it will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent in particular it will become
+green if you shine the proper light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green if you shine the proper light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green if you shine the proper light on
+it okay and then we can do things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then we can do things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then we can do things we can
+ask questions about for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions about for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions about for example the
+Dynamics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process okay so here we have a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so here we have a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so here we have a case
+where uh now this is a repressor that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh now this is a repressor that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh now this is a repressor that is
+uh that's going you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's going you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's going you know if you have
+this repressor then it stops expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repressor then it stops expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repressor then it stops expression
+of that of that fluorescent protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that fluorescent protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that fluorescent protein
+right now you can ask what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can ask what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can ask what happens if
+you start in a situation where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start in a situation where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start in a situation where where the
+cell is repressing expression of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is repressing expression of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is repressing expression of that
+Gene okay so in this case the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene okay so in this case the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene okay so in this case the protein
+concentration is zero right so the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is zero right so the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is zero right so the cell
+is not fluorescent but then you you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fluorescent but then you you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fluorescent but then you you add
+something so that now you cause that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that now you cause that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that now you cause that
+repressor to fall off and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor to fall off and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor to fall off and stop
+repressing that Gene all right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing that Gene all right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing that Gene all right now the
+question is well how long does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well how long does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well how long does it take
+for the protein concentration to grow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protein concentration to grow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protein concentration to grow to
+some equilibrium right so it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium right so it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium right so it starts out
+at zero eventually it's going to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero eventually it's going to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero eventually it's going to reach
+some steady state right so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steady state right so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steady state right so what is it
+that sets this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sets this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sets this time
+scale right what's the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right what's the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right what's the characteristic
+time that it takes for uh the cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it takes for uh the cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it takes for uh the cell to
+respond to this signal what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to this signal what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to this signal what we're going
+to find is that there's a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find is that there's a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find is that there's a very general
+sense in which that characteristic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which that characteristic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which that characteristic time
+scale is really the cell generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is really the cell generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is really the cell generation
+time okay so cells divide at some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so cells divide at some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so cells divide at some rate
+that depends on the kind of cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the kind of cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the kind of cell the
+environment so forth right does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so forth right does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so forth right does anybody
+have a sense for a bacterial cell in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense for a bacterial cell in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense for a bacterial cell in you
+know nice rich media at good temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nice rich media at good temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nice rich media at good temperature
+like how long it takes for it to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how long it takes for it to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how long it takes for it to divide
+yeah 20 minutes is you know how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 20 minutes is you know how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 20 minutes is you know how you know
+so E coli for example can divide every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so E coli for example can divide every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so E coli for example can divide every
+20 minutes if you put it in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes if you put it in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes if you put it in the right
+environment which is really an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which is really an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment which is really an amazing
+thing if you think about the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you think about the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you think about the number of
+different proteins that have to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins that have to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins that have to be made
+and the complicated mechanics of growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complicated mechanics of growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complicated mechanics of growing
+and separating and so forth right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separating and so forth right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and separating and so forth right but
+every 20 minutes that such a cell can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 20 minutes that such a cell can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 20 minutes that such a cell can
+divide that's saying that a bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that's saying that a bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that's saying that a bacterial
+cell when it when it sees a new signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell when it when it sees a new signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell when it when it sees a new signal
+it's going to take of order that amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take of order that amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take of order that amount
+of time in order for it to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in order for it to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in order for it to do anything
+and that's just because of this natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just because of this natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just because of this natural
+process that of dilution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that of dilution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that of dilution
+right so as the cell grows there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as the cell grows there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as the cell grows there's a
+dilution of the contents and so it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution of the contents and so it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution of the contents and so it makes
+sense that if you start out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you start out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you start out with the
+protein and you stop making it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and you stop making it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and you stop making it then you
+right maybe you'll get an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe you'll get an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe you'll get an exponential
+decay of that concentration with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of that concentration with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of that concentration with this
+time scale of cell generation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of cell generation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of cell generation time
+what's interesting is in some ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is in some ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is in some ways that
+result is more General that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is more General that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is more General that even if
+you're trying to turn something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to turn something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to turn something on
+there's the same limit this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same limit this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same limit this cell
+generation time that is is placing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation time that is is placing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation time that is is placing some
+limit to how fast the cell can respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to how fast the cell can respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to how fast the cell can respond
+to new information if it if it uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new information if it if it uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new information if it if it uses this
+mode of information trans where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of information trans where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of information trans where you
+express a new Gene okay right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a new Gene okay right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a new Gene okay right so if you
+want to go faster then you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go faster then you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go faster then you have to do
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+maybe right so in some cases you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right so in some cases you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right so in some cases you can
+actually have a situation where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a situation where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a situation where a
+protein is actually regulating itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is actually regulating itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is actually regulating itself
+right so for example this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example this is an example
+of what you might call negative Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you might call negative Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you might call negative Auto
+regulation right so in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation right so in this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation right so in this case that
+protein actually comes back and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein actually comes back and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein actually comes back and it
+represses its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses its own
+expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right
+it's found that this is actually rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found that this is actually rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found that this is actually rather
+common in biology right so of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in biology right so of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in biology right so of course if
+you see something that is common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something that is common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something that is common in
+biology then you know it's reasonable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology then you know it's reasonable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology then you know it's reasonable to
+ask or maybe there's an evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask or maybe there's an evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask or maybe there's an evolutionary
+explanation right not always but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation right not always but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation right not always but it's
+worth it gives you a hint that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it gives you a hint that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it gives you a hint that maybe
+it's worth looking right now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth looking right now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth looking right now in this
+case what we're going to find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we're going to find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we're going to find is that
+such negative Auto regulation does some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such negative Auto regulation does some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such negative Auto regulation does some
+very interesting things right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting things right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting things right so for
+example one thing that it's been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one thing that it's been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one thing that it's been shown
+to do is to increase the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to increase the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to increase the rate of
+response of that um of that Gene so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that um of that Gene so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that um of that Gene so in
+some ways you can speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways you can speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways you can speed up
+response to some signal by having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to some signal by having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to some signal by having that
+negative Auto regulation okay in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Auto regulation okay in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Auto regulation okay in a
+similar way this negative Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way this negative Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way this negative Auto
+regulation increases what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation increases what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation increases what you might call
+robustness right the ability of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness right the ability of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness right the ability of um the
+function in this case maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this case maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this case maybe the
+concentration of the protein to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the protein to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the protein to be
+robust to variations in things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to variations in things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust to variations in things like the
+uh you know the temperature or or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the temperature or or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the temperature or or this
+or that you know so environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you know so environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you know so environmental
+perturbations or maybe just stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations or maybe just stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations or maybe just stochastic
+fluctuations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in in this field I'd say one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in in this field I'd say one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in in this field I'd say one of the
+um one of the key advances that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the key advances that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the key advances that led to
+the birth of I'd say both this branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth of I'd say both this branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth of I'd say both this branch of
+systems biology but also the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology but also the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology but also the field of
+what you might call synthetic biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call synthetic biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call synthetic biology
+right really kind of using engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really kind of using engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really kind of using engineering
+principles to try and design new Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to try and design new Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to try and design new Gene
+circuits was um a pair of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits was um a pair of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits was um a pair of important
+papers that we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that we're going to be talking
+about in this class so the first of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this class so the first of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this class so the first of this
+of these was a paper from Jim Collins's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these was a paper from Jim Collins's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these was a paper from Jim Collins's
+group um he um he was at bu although and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um he um he was at bu although and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um he um he was at bu although and
+if you you you may not have heard yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you you may not have heard yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you you may not have heard yet
+he's actually just agreed to move over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually just agreed to move over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually just agreed to move over
+here to MIT so this is very exciting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to MIT so this is very exciting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to MIT so this is very exciting for
+us and hopefully for you all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and hopefully for you all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and hopefully for you all right so
+Jim Collins um in 2000 he showed that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim Collins um in 2000 he showed that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim Collins um in 2000 he showed that he
+could engineer a switch all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could engineer a switch all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could engineer a switch all right so
+something called a toggle switch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a toggle switch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a toggle switch right
+so if you have two genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have two genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have two genes that are
+mutually repressing each other then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually repressing each other then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually repressing each other then this
+is a system that is kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a system that is kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a system that is kind of the most
+basic kind of memory module right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kind of memory module right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kind of memory module right
+because if you have one gene that's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have one gene that's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have one gene that's high
+it can repress the other one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can repress the other one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can repress the other one and that's
+a stable state but if this other Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable state but if this other Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable state but if this other Gene
+goes High then it's going to repress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes High then it's going to repress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes High then it's going to repress
+this one here and that's another stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and that's another stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and that's another stable
+state right and that state since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and that state since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and that state since it's
+stable it can maintain memory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable it can maintain memory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable it can maintain memory of the
+past environment right and he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past environment right and he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past environment right and he was able
+to demonstrate his group that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate his group that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate his group that he could
+construct such a switch using components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct such a switch using components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct such a switch using components
+that just in the past were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just in the past were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just in the past were never
+interacting with each other right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other right so
+this is a taking advantage of this fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a taking advantage of this fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a taking advantage of this fa
+fabulous kind of modularity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous kind of modularity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous kind of modularity of the
+components of biology in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of biology in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of biology in order to do
+something that is in principle useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is in principle useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is in principle useful
+okay and uh by doing this it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh by doing this it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh by doing this it's possible
+that you could go and engineer new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could go and engineer new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could go and engineer new
+things but it's also a test bed for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's also a test bed for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's also a test bed for you
+to kind of take this dictum from findan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of take this dictum from findan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of take this dictum from findan
+that you know if you can't build it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you can't build it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you can't build it then
+you don't understand it right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand it right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand it right and you
+know this is a nice way to uh go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a nice way to uh go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a nice way to uh go into
+the cell and say all right well if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and say all right well if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and say all right well if it's
+really true you know if all these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true you know if all these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true you know if all these models
+that we talk about in systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about in systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about in systems biology
+for example if they're really true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if they're really true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if they're really true then
+we should actually be able to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should actually be able to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should actually be able to go into
+the cell put these components together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell put these components together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell put these components together
+and demonstrate that there is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demonstrate that there is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demonstrate that there is for
+example this switch like Behavior right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this switch like Behavior right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this switch like Behavior right
+and uh and this was um this was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and this was um this was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and this was um this was a very
+important paper that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important paper that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important paper that kind of
+demonstrates that this is um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates that this is um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates that this is um it's
+possible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do
+this right the other paper that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the other paper that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the other paper that I
+thinkt yes yeah yeah yeah so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkt yes yeah yeah yeah so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkt yes yeah yeah yeah so they
+actually yeah they constructed it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah they constructed it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah they constructed it they
+put it on a you know round circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a you know round circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a you know round circle
+circular piece like this plasmid put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular piece like this plasmid put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular piece like this plasmid put it
+into eoli and showed that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into eoli and showed that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into eoli and showed that they could
+they could do this here and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do this here and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do this here and um and
+indeed this this particular issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this this particular issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this this particular issue of
+nature I think was was hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I think was was hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I think was was hugely
+influential for our field because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential for our field because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential for our field because um
+that toggle switch paper and this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toggle switch paper and this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toggle switch paper and this other
+paper that were prator by Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that were prator by Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that were prator by Michael
+elowitz and colleagues um they were kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elowitz and colleagues um they were kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elowitz and colleagues um they were kind
+of backto back in that issue of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backto back in that issue of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backto back in that issue of nature
+right and I'd say in some ways they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'd say in some ways they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'd say in some ways they were
+the beginning of systems of synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of systems of synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of systems of synthetic
+biology of course you can argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of course you can argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of course you can argue about
+this but but certainly um I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but certainly um I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but certainly um I think they
+influenced um many many people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced um many many people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced um many many people in
+getting excited about the field all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting excited about the field all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting excited about the field all
+right so the repress lator this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the repress lator this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the repress lator this is uh
+the idea that uh you can uh generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that uh you can uh generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that uh you can uh generate a
+gene circuit like this that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene circuit like this that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene circuit like this that will
+oscillate okay and in this case instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate okay and in this case instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate okay and in this case instead
+of having just uh two genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having just uh two genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having just uh two genes that are
+repressing each other if instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing each other if instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing each other if instead you
+have three genes that are repressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three genes that are repressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three genes that are repressing
+each other but in a circular fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but in a circular fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but in a circular fashion
+then there's no stable State akin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no stable State akin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no stable State akin to
+what we had with this toggle switch but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had with this toggle switch but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had with this toggle switch but
+instead what happens is that uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what happens is that uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what happens is that uh you get
+successive uh kind of waves or what not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive uh kind of waves or what not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive uh kind of waves or what not
+of of um each of these components going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um each of these components going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um each of these components going
+up and down right so they oscillate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down right so they oscillate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down right so they oscillate um
+as they mutually repress each other I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they mutually repress each other I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they mutually repress each other I
+just want to be clear about what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to be clear about what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to be clear about what this is
+right so here these are a coli cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here these are a coli cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here these are a coli cells
+where um where elts put in this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where elts put in this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where elts put in this uh this
+plasma the circular piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the circular piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the circular piece of DNA
+encoding those three genes that mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding those three genes that mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding those three genes that mutually
+repress each other and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress each other and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress each other and basically
+Associated one of those genes he's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated one of those genes he's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated one of those genes he's again
+attached uh one of these fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached uh one of these fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached uh one of these fluorescent
+proteins right so the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins right so the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins right so the level of
+fluoresence of the cell tells you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence of the cell tells you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence of the cell tells you kind
+of about the state of that g circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about the state of that g circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about the state of that g circuit
+okay let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right so it starts out there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so it starts out there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so it starts out there's a
+single cell you can't really see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell you can't really see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell you can't really see it
+starts dividing but you can see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts dividing but you can see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts dividing but you can see okay
+oscillate gets bright dim bright dim but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate gets bright dim bright dim but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate gets bright dim bright dim but
+you can see that um there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that um there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that um there there are
+number of of number of features you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of number of features you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of number of features you
+might you might notice about this movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might notice about this movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might notice about this movie
+all right so first okay it it it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so first okay it it it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so first okay it it it does
+oscillate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate right
+which was huge in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was huge in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was huge in the sense that it
+wasn't obvious that you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't obvious that you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't obvious that you could actually
+just put these genes together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put these genes together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put these genes together and
+generate something that oscillates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate something that oscillates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate something that oscillates at
+all right on the other hand you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on the other hand you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on the other hand you'd say
+well it's you know you know not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's you know you know not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's you know you know not such a
+good oscillator right in particular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oscillator right in particular for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oscillator right in particular for
+example this started out as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this started out as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this started out as a single
+cell all right now it's dividing under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell all right now it's dividing under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell all right now it's dividing under
+the microscope on Ager you know so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope on Ager you know so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope on Ager you know so it's
+getting some nutrients there right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some nutrients there right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some nutrients there right but
+what you see is that are are these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that are are these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that are are these cells
+all in Phase with each other no right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Phase with each other no right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Phase with each other no right so
+there's kind of patches bright dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of patches bright dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of patches bright dark
+right so the question is well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is well what's
+going on here and it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and it turns out that this
+design of an oscillator is perhaps not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of an oscillator is perhaps not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of an oscillator is perhaps not a
+very good one and indeed one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good one and indeed one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good one and indeed one of the
+things we'll be talking about is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll be talking about is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll be talking about is how you
+can maybe uh use some engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe uh use some engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe uh use some engineering
+principles to design better oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to design better oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to design better oscillators
+right for example Jeff Hasty at San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example Jeff Hasty at San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example Jeff Hasty at San
+Diego has done really beautiful work U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego has done really beautiful work U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego has done really beautiful work U
+showing that you can make robust tunable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that you can make robust tunable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that you can make robust tunable
+oscillators in cells like this okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators in cells like this okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators in cells like this okay now
+this these oscillations they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these oscillations they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these oscillations they they were
+not um may not maybe not as good as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um may not maybe not as good as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um may not maybe not as good as you
+would like right but this actually is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like right but this actually is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like right but this actually is an
+example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how
+a a partial failure right in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a partial failure right in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a partial failure right in the sense
+that oh it's they're not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh it's they're not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh it's they're not great
+oscillations that maybe somehow there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations that maybe somehow there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations that maybe somehow there's
+there's noise that's entering in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise that's entering in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise that's entering in here
+that you would not like right this led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would not like right this led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would not like right this led
+to the realization that oh maybe noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the realization that oh maybe noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the realization that oh maybe noise
+is relevant in decision- making within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant in decision- making within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant in decision- making within
+cells and this led U I'll show you um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and this led U I'll show you um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and this led U I'll show you um in
+a few slides to another major advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few slides to another major advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few slides to another major advance
+that elowitz um that elowitz had right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that elowitz um that elowitz had right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that elowitz um that elowitz had right
+so this is I think a good example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think a good example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think a good example of how
+um you know one um what you might call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one um what you might call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one um what you might call a
+partial fail or you know some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fail or you know some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fail or you know some some
+reservations about the quality of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations about the quality of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations about the quality of this
+oscillator led him to another really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator led him to another really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator led him to another really uh
+big scientific discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big scientific discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big scientific discovery of the
+importance of of noise in decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of of noise in decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of of noise in decision-
+making within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making within
+cells right but before we kind of get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right but before we kind of get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right but before we kind of get to
+this noise we're going to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noise we're going to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noise we're going to say something
+about um the the more Global structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the the more Global structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the the more Global structure
+of of these Gene networks right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these Gene networks right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these Gene networks right and in
+particular we're going to um analyze and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to um analyze and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to um analyze and
+we're going to read this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to read this paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to read this paper by
+barabasi uh which uh which represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barabasi uh which uh which represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barabasi uh which uh which represents
+kind of a simple mechanism for how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a simple mechanism for how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a simple mechanism for how you
+might get what are called these power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get what are called these power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get what are called these power
+law distribut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law distribut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law distribut
+in networks right so if you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in networks right so if you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in networks right so if you have these
+gen that are mutually activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen that are mutually activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen that are mutually activating
+repressing what what can you say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing what what can you say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing what what can you say about
+about the structure of this of this Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of this of this Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of this of this Gene
+Network within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network within the
+cell right now you can analyze such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right now you can analyze such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right now you can analyze such
+Global structure in a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global structure in a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global structure in a couple different
+ways one is just to ask about oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is just to ask about oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is just to ask about oh you
+know how many different genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many different genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many different genes are
+different genes connected to right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genes connected to right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genes connected to right and
+that's kind of maybe the more barossi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of maybe the more barossi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of maybe the more barossi
+approach but then there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but then there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but then there was another
+major kind of discovery that uron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major kind of discovery that uron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major kind of discovery that uron the
+author of our textbook kind of made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author of our textbook kind of made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author of our textbook kind of made
+which is that you can ask in this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you can ask in this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you can ask in this crazy
+Network that you have that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that you have that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that you have that describes the
+decision- making within the cell are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making within the cell are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making within the cell are
+there kind of common patterns or motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there kind of common patterns or motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there kind of common patterns or motifs
+that appear over and over again right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear over and over again right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear over and over again right so
+just like this idea of Auto regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this idea of Auto regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this idea of Auto regulation
+right when a gene represses or activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when a gene represses or activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when a gene represses or activates
+itself okay so that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so that's something that
+appears frequently so you can ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears frequently so you can ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears frequently so you can ask well
+why might that be similarly if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might that be similarly if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might that be similarly if there are
+other patterns that appear in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other patterns that appear in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other patterns that appear in these
+networks then maybe they arose or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks then maybe they arose or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks then maybe they arose or they
+were selected for by Evolution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were selected for by Evolution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were selected for by Evolution because
+they performed some other function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they performed some other function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they performed some other function in
+particular we're going to analyze uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to analyze uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to analyze uh
+this feed forward Loop Motif where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feed forward Loop Motif where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feed forward Loop Motif where you
+have some Gene X that AC that activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Gene X that AC that activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Gene X that AC that activates
+for example another Gene y y activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example another Gene y y activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example another Gene y y activates
+oh this I'm sorry this is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this I'm sorry this is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this I'm sorry this is supposed to be
+Z okay now if x again directly activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay now if x again directly activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay now if x again directly activates
+or represses Z this bottom Gene then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or represses Z this bottom Gene then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or represses Z this bottom Gene then
+what does that what does that do for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that what does that do for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that what does that do for you
+because this is something that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that you see
+more frequently than you expect based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently than you expect based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently than you expect based on
+some notion of of of chance or some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion of of of chance or some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion of of of chance or some some
+null model all right so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null model all right so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null model all right so the question is
+why would these feed forward Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would these feed forward Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would these feed forward Loops
+appear over and over again and turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear over and over again and turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear over and over again and turns out
+that they can provide some nice nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can provide some nice nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can provide some nice nice
+functions in the sense that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the sense that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the sense that for example
+you can Prov some asymmetric response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Prov some asymmetric response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Prov some asymmetric response to
+uh temporary fluctuations of inputs etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temporary fluctuations of inputs etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temporary fluctuations of inputs etc
+etc so we'll try to get some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so we'll try to get some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so we'll try to get some sense of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas all right so as I kind of as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas all right so as I kind of as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas all right so as I kind of as I
+alluded to before in this idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to before in this idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to before in this idea of the
+repress lator that Michael elowitz made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress lator that Michael elowitz made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress lator that Michael elowitz made
+right so he saw that it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he saw that it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he saw that it was it was
+surprisingly noisy and this got him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly noisy and this got him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly noisy and this got him
+thinking about the role of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the role of stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the role of stochastic
+fluctuations within cells and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations within cells and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations within cells and I think
+that this is um a common theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is um a common theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is um a common theme
+throughout much of of systems biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout much of of systems biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout much of of systems biology is
+the role of noise in um in biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of noise in um in biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of noise in um in biology and
+this could be within a cell for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be within a cell for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be within a cell for
+individual decision-making right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual decision-making right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual decision-making right it
+could be in the context of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in the context of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in the context of development
+how is it that you make you robustly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that you make you robustly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that you make you robustly
+make uh a body given given noise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh a body given given noise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh a body given given noise it
+could be at the level of of evolution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at the level of of evolution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at the level of of evolution or
+ecosystems that maybe noise actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems that maybe noise actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems that maybe noise actually
+plays a dominant role in for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a dominant role in for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a dominant role in for example
+determining the abundance or diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the abundance or diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the abundance or diversity
+of ecosystems right so we'll see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecosystems right so we'll see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecosystems right so we'll see these
+themes kind of pop up in on multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes kind of pop up in on multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes kind of pop up in on multiple
+scales throughout the semester right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales throughout the semester right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales throughout the semester right but
+in this case what what eltz did this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what what eltz did this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what what eltz did this is
+just two years after his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two years after his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two years after his his
+repressilator paper he showed that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressilator paper he showed that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressilator paper he showed that if
+you just take the in in a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the in in a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the in in a single cell
+you give it the exact same instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it the exact same instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it the exact same instructions
+right so you say all right make a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you say all right make a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you say all right make a red
+protein red fluorescent protein and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein red fluorescent protein and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein red fluorescent protein and make
+a green fluorescent protein okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green fluorescent protein okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green fluorescent protein okay you
+know with the exact same instructions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with the exact same instructions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with the exact same instructions to
+the cell you say well if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell you say well if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell you say well if you have the
+same instructions then the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same instructions then the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same instructions then the level of the
+red and the green should kind of do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the green should kind of do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the green should kind of do the
+same thing right but what he found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right but what he found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right but what he found was
+that actually there was surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually there was surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually there was surprising
+heterogeneity of the level of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity of the level of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity of the level of those two
+proteins even in sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins even in sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins even in sing
+cells okay so the idea is that even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay so the idea is that even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay so the idea is that even so
+that this this represents a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this represents a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this represents a fundamental
+limit to what a cell can do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to what a cell can do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to what a cell can do right
+because this is saying you know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is saying you know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is saying you know that we
+take we we try to do the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we we try to do the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we we try to do the exact same
+thing two different times if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing two different times if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing two different times if you don't
+get the same output then that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same output then that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same output then that that's a
+real limit to what you can do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real limit to what you can do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real limit to what you can do right
+because you've done everything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've done everything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've done everything you can
+right you said all right you know here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you said all right you know here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you said all right you know here's
+the sequence of that DNA that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of that DNA that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of that DNA that has the
+instructions this promoter sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions this promoter sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions this promoter sequence
+right it's exactly the same yet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's exactly the same yet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's exactly the same yet you
+still get different outputs right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get different outputs right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get different outputs right so the
+question is what's causing that and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's causing that and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's causing that and also
+how is it it that life can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it it that life can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it it that life can actually
+function given this intrinsic noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function given this intrinsic noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function given this intrinsic noise
+that's in the cell right and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the cell right and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the cell right and these are
+uh these are things that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are things that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are things that we're going to
+kind of look at over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look at over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look at over the course of the
+semester and these are actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and these are actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and these are actually some
+some images that he took right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some images that he took right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some images that he took right in this
+in this um in this paper and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um in this paper and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um in this paper and so what you
+can see is that um that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that um that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that um that some of the
+cells are really rather red some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are really rather red some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are really rather red some are
+rather U rather yellowish green you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather U rather yellowish green you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather U rather yellowish green you know
+so so this is telling us about the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is telling us about the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is telling us about the level
+of those proteins in individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells all right so all right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells all right so all right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells all right so all right so now we
+have some notion okay so somehow noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some notion okay so somehow noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some notion okay so somehow noise
+is important in um in in these molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in um in in these molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in um in in these molecular
+scale gene expression patterns right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale gene expression patterns right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale gene expression patterns right now
+U there there's what I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U there there's what I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U there there's what I think is really
+quite a beautiful paper by Sunny she Lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a beautiful paper by Sunny she Lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a beautiful paper by Sunny she Lab
+at Harvard um in in 2006 where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard um in in 2006 where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard um in in 2006 where he
+combined single molecule fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined single molecule fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined single molecule fluoresence
+with um live cell Imaging in ecoli and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um live cell Imaging in ecoli and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um live cell Imaging in ecoli and
+this allowed him to observe kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allowed him to observe kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allowed him to observe kind of uh
+individual uh expression events within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh expression events within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh expression events within
+individual cells right whereever every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cells right whereever every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cells right whereever every
+time one of these proteins was expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one of these proteins was expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one of these proteins was expressed
+he got a little yellow spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got a little yellow spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got a little yellow spot
+corresponding to this um equivalent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this um equivalent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this um equivalent of a
+yellow fluorescent protein right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow fluorescent protein right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow fluorescent protein right and so
+he was able to kind of watch as real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to kind of watch as real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to kind of watch as real
+live cells made individual proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live cells made individual proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live cells made individual proteins and
+from that he was able to say I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that he was able to say I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that he was able to say I think
+some very uh very nice things about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very uh very nice things about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very uh very nice things about uh
+what it is that's causing noise uh such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that's causing noise uh such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that's causing noise uh such
+as what we talked about in uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we talked about in uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we talked about in uh that
+repress lator or in the other elts paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress lator or in the other elts paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress lator or in the other elts paper
+right and a lot of it just has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a lot of it just has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a lot of it just has to do
+with this idea that if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea that if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea that if you're talking
+about low number events or particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about low number events or particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about low number events or particular
+low numbers of molecules right DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low numbers of molecules right DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low numbers of molecules right DNA
+typically present only one or a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically present only one or a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically present only one or a few
+copies per cell right then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies per cell right then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies per cell right then that means
+there's some inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some inherent
+stochasticity because that piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity because that piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity because that piece of DNA
+it's either Bound by one of these motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either Bound by one of these motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either Bound by one of these motors
+this RNA polymerase that can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RNA polymerase that can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RNA polymerase that can make the
+RNA or not right and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA or not right and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA or not right and that is
+intrinsically going to be a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically going to be a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically going to be a stochastic
+process right and that kind of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right and that kind of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right and that kind of dynamic
+can lead to substantial heterogenity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to substantial heterogenity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to substantial heterogenity or
+fluctuations in expression of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in expression of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in expression of individual
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so it's kind of at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's kind of at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's kind of at this stage
+of the course that we start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course that we start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course that we start to think
+maybe a little bit more about uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit more about uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit more about uh some of
+the more the global aspects of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the global aspects of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the global aspects of what it
+is that a cell is trying to do right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a cell is trying to do right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a cell is trying to do right and
+in particular if uh if a cell is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if uh if a cell is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if uh if a cell is trying
+to for example swim to to get to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for example swim to to get to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for example swim to to get to higher
+concentrations of food what uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of food what uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of food what uh what are
+the fundamental limitations that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental limitations that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental limitations that that
+cell faces you know how does it know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell faces you know how does it know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell faces you know how does it know
+what is uphill what's downhill right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uphill what's downhill right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uphill what's downhill right so
+these are uh cases in which we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh cases in which we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh cases in which we have to
+really understand something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand something about the
+role of of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of of diffusion
+um in uh the ability of these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in uh the ability of these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in uh the ability of these small
+cells to um to move in their environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to um to move in their environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to um to move in their environment
+right for example here this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example here this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example here this is an
+illustration of the Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the Reynolds number
+which is telling you something about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is telling you something about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is telling you something about um
+the relative importance of U of viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative importance of U of viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative importance of U of viscous
+Forces versus inertial forces on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forces versus inertial forces on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forces versus inertial forces on these
+different organisms and U some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and U some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and U some of the
+way for example how an organism such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for example how an organism such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for example how an organism such as
+us can swim is just qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us can swim is just qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us can swim is just qualitatively
+different from how a microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from how a microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from how a microscopic
+organism such as eoli can swim right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism such as eoli can swim right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism such as eoli can swim right so
+we'll kind of uh try to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kind of uh try to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kind of uh try to understand how
+that plays out and um in particular how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays out and um in particular how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays out and um in particular how
+it is that eoli can move towards um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that eoli can move towards um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that eoli can move towards um
+higher higher food sources and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher food sources and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher food sources and there's a
+very um a very clever way that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um a very clever way that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um a very clever way that that
+bacteria have that allows them to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria have that allows them to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria have that allows them to have
+really robust functioning of this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really robust functioning of this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really robust functioning of this what
+you call a chemotaxis um process within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a chemotaxis um process within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a chemotaxis um process within
+the cell and um and I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and um and I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and um and I think this is a
+neat example of of kind of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat example of of kind of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat example of of kind of the gene
+networks coupling into a higher a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks coupling into a higher a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks coupling into a higher a higher
+level behavior that allows cells to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level behavior that allows cells to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level behavior that allows cells to to
+survive in really challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environments another manifestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments another manifestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments another manifestation
+actually of fluctuations is this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of fluctuations is this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of fluctuations is this idea of
+pattern formation right and this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern formation right and this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern formation right and this is um
+actually experimental data of um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually experimental data of um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually experimental data of um in
+vitro so if you take proteins outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro so if you take proteins outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro so if you take proteins outside of
+the cell and you put them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and you put them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and you put them on a
+two-dimensional membrane right now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional membrane right now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional membrane right now these
+are actually the proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually the proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually the proteins that are
+responsible um for finding the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible um for finding the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible um for finding the center of
+of the cell so I told you that eoli for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell so I told you that eoli for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell so I told you that eoli for
+example it grows in length then once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it grows in length then once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it grows in length then once it
+gets kind of long enough it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kind of long enough it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kind of long enough it wants to
+divide so it kind of separates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so it kind of separates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so it kind of separates in the
+middle and the question is how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and the question is how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and the question is how does it
+know where's the where the middle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where's the where the middle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where's the where the middle is
+right you know if you can just stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know if you can just stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know if you can just stand
+outside of the cell and look at it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell and look at it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell and look at it then
+you you know you know you say oh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you know you say oh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you know you say oh I know
+where it is you just cut right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is you just cut right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is you just cut right but
+imagine you're a cell you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're a cell you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're a cell you know how do
+you know where this you know once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where this you know once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where this you know once you
+start thinking about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about all these
+challenges that cells face it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that cells face it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that cells face it's really
+remarkable that they can do anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that they can do anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that they can do anything and
+what what it turns out is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it turns out is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it turns out is that they
+imple Implement they use the what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imple Implement they use the what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imple Implement they use the what are
+called these Min proteins that display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called these Min proteins that display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called these Min proteins that display
+uh what seem to be um the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what seem to be um the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what seem to be um the equivalent of
+uh what you might know of is Turing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you might know of is Turing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you might know of is Turing uh
+patterns in order to cause these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in order to cause these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in order to cause these
+oscillations in the cell that allows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in the cell that allows it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in the cell that allows it
+to find where the center of the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find where the center of the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find where the center of the cell is
+right so we'll we'll talk about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll we'll talk about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll we'll talk about about
+this and how uh how these authors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how uh how these authors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how uh how these authors were
+able to visualize these beautiful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to visualize these beautiful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to visualize these beautiful um
+traveling waves of um of proteins where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves of um of proteins where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves of um of proteins where
+they successfully bind to the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they successfully bind to the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they successfully bind to the membrane
+and then are kind of um ejected off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then are kind of um ejected off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then are kind of um ejected off of
+it and this results in uh in beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this results in uh in beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this results in uh in beautiful
+patterns that are traveling as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are traveling as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are traveling as you
+saw all right so all right so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw all right so all right so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw all right so all right so this was
+um I'd say that these topics are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd say that these topics are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd say that these topics are are
+what you might call traditional systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call traditional systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call traditional systems
+biology in the sense that um that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in the sense that um that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in the sense that um that this
+these are all things that um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things that um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things that um that the
+kind of physics branch of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of physics branch of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of physics branch of systems
+biology were have all you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology were have all you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology were have all you know thinking
+about for the first uh for the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for the first uh for the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for the first uh for the first 10
+years and over the last uh over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and over the last uh over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and over the last uh over the last
+five years maybe there's been um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years maybe there's been um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years maybe there's been um a
+greater interest in in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater interest in in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater interest in in trying to
+understand how these sorts of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how these sorts of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how these sorts of ideas and
+principles may be relevant for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles may be relevant for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles may be relevant for for
+larger scale phenomen and larger in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale phenomen and larger in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale phenomen and larger in the
+sense of um instead of thinking maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of um instead of thinking maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of um instead of thinking maybe
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh at about genes as this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at about genes as this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at about genes as this fundamental
+unit and then trying to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then trying to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then trying to understand how
+genes interact to form do this decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes interact to form do this decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes interact to form do this decision-
+making process maybe instead if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making process maybe instead if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making process maybe instead if you
+think about cells as somehow being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cells as somehow being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cells as somehow being that
+fundamental unit how is it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental unit how is it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental unit how is it that the
+cells come together to uh to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells come together to uh to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells come together to uh to lead to
+interesting kind of population level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of population level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of population level
+phenomenon okay and and so we're we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon okay and and so we're we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon okay and and so we're we we
+talk about both what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about both what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about both what you might call
+evolutionary systems biology right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary systems biology right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary systems biology right so
+how is it that Evolution within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that Evolution within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that Evolution within the
+population kind of behaves as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population kind of behaves as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population kind of behaves as well as
+ecological systems biology what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological systems biology what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological systems biology what happens
+if you have more than one species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have more than one species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have more than one species and
+how is it that the the kinds of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that the the kinds of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that the the kinds of ideas
+that we uh we talked about in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh we talked about in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh we talked about in the first
+half of the semester are relevant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the semester are relevant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the semester are relevant in
+these these population level phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these population level phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these population level phenomenon
+okay right so in u the first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so in u the first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so in u the first example
+that we're going to give is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to give is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to give is actually
+another paper from 's group where U he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper from 's group where U he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper from 's group where U he
+showed that there's a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that there's a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that there's a very uh
+fundamental sense in which cells through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental sense in which cells through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental sense in which cells through
+the evolutionary process are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolutionary process are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolutionary process are
+implementing a cost benefit analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a cost benefit analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a cost benefit analysis and
+the question that he asked here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that he asked here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that he asked here is that
+if you take an eoli cell and you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an eoli cell and you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an eoli cell and you put it
+in different concent a of the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different concent a of the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different concent a of the sugar
+lactose right now the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose right now the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose right now the question is how
+much of the enzyme responsible for kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the enzyme responsible for kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the enzyme responsible for kind
+of digesting lactose how much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digesting lactose how much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digesting lactose how much of that
+enzyme should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme should you
+make right well you say well um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right well you say well um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right well you say well um you
+might say oh well you should just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say oh well you should just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say oh well you should just make a
+lot of it right you know but you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it right you know but you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it right you know but you say oh
+well at some point there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at some point there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at some point there's going to be a
+problem right because if you make too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right because if you make too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right because if you make too
+much of it then you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it then you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it then you're going to be
+spending all of your energies making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all of your energies making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all of your energies making
+this enzyme right so there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme right so there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme right so there you know
+whereas on the other hand if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the other hand if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the other hand if you don't
+make enough then you're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make enough then you're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make enough then you're not going to be
+able to get enough of this sugar okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get enough of this sugar okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get enough of this sugar okay so
+there's you know there's like always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know there's like always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know there's like always
+there's this goldilux principle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this goldilux principle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this goldilux principle right
+you don't want too little you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want too little you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want too little you don't want
+too much and what he showed is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and what he showed is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and what he showed is that if
+he evolved these eoli populations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he evolved these eoli populations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he evolved these eoli populations over
+hundreds of generations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of generations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of generations in the
+laboratory but at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory but at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory but at different
+concentrations of this sugar lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of this sugar lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of this sugar lactose
+what he saw is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he saw is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he saw is that
+the concentration or the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration or the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration or the level of
+expression of the enzymes required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the enzymes required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the enzymes required to
+make that or to break down that Sugar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that or to break down that Sugar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that or to break down that Sugar it
+changes over time right so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time right so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time right so if you have a
+lot of the sugar then you want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the sugar then you want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the sugar then you want to make a
+lot of the enzyme if you have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the enzyme if you have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the enzyme if you have small
+amount of that Sugar then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of that Sugar then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of that Sugar then you want to
+make less at the enzy right so that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make less at the enzy right so that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make less at the enzy right so that all
+makes sense but this is a case where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense but this is a case where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense but this is a case where he
+could really demonstrate it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really demonstrate it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really demonstrate it in the
+laboratory using uh these microbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory using uh these microbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory using uh these microbial
+populations so it's U very kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so it's U very kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so it's U very kind of
+beautiful example of how simple ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful example of how simple ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful example of how simple ideas of
+cost benefit really give you insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit really give you insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit really give you insight
+into the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the evolutionary
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+now I told you before that kind of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I told you before that kind of part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I told you before that kind of part
+of the reason that uh that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason that uh that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason that uh that we have to
+consider the role of fluctuations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the role of fluctuations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the role of fluctuations or
+noise in for example cellular decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in for example cellular decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in for example cellular decision-
+making is because of the low numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making is because of the low numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making is because of the low numbers of
+molecules that are often involved right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are often involved right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are often involved right
+so if you have a small number of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a small number of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a small number of protein
+or small numbers of DNA then the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small numbers of DNA then the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small numbers of DNA then the process
+is intrinsically stochastic now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is intrinsically stochastic now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is intrinsically stochastic now the
+question naturally arises well why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question naturally arises well why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question naturally arises well why is it
+that we might need to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might need to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might need to consider
+stochastic Dynamics in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic Dynamics in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic Dynamics in the context of
+evolution right because if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution right because if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution right because if you think
+about for example any coli population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for example any coli population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for example any coli population
+even in a small test tube right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a small test tube right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a small test tube right you
+might have a billion cells there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a billion cells there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a billion cells there right
+so you know a billion is a big number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a billion is a big number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a billion is a big number
+right much larger than one right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right much larger than one right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right much larger than one right so it's
+tempting to conclude from that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to conclude from that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to conclude from that that
+actually all of this stochastic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of this stochastic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of this stochastic kind of
+Dynamics fluctuations maybe it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics fluctuations maybe it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics fluctuations maybe it's just
+not relevant for evolution okay however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not relevant for evolution okay however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not relevant for evolution okay however
+if you think about the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the evolutionary
+process fundamentally any time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process fundamentally any time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process fundamentally any time that you
+have a new Mutant appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new Mutant appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new Mutant appear in the
+population that may be more fit maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that may be more fit maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that may be more fit maybe
+less fit but every new Mutant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fit but every new Mutant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fit but every new Mutant in the
+population starts out as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population starts out as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population starts out as a single
+individual right it's a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right it's a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right it's a trivial
+statement but it has deep implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but it has deep implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but it has deep implications
+because it means that every evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means that every evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means that every evolutionary
+process goes through this regime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process goes through this regime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process goes through this regime where
+you have small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have small number of
+fluctuations right so this has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations right so this has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations right so this has very
+clear implications in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear implications in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear implications in many different
+contexts and we'll kind of uh explore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts and we'll kind of uh explore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts and we'll kind of uh explore it
+over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the
+semester right and there's and despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester right and there's and despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester right and there's and despite
+the fact that there's that evolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's that evolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's that evolution is
+intrinsically you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically you might say
+random what's interesting are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random what's interesting are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random what's interesting are perhaps
+cases where uh that Randomness somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where uh that Randomness somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where uh that Randomness somehow
+washes out for example we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washes out for example we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washes out for example we're going to
+talk about what I think is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what I think is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what I think is a beautiful
+paper by Roy kon's group um at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Roy kon's group um at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Roy kon's group um at Harvard
+Medical School Medical School uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical School Medical School uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical School Medical School uh who
+showed that if you if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that if you if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that if you if you take a
+population you put in some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you put in some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you put in some new
+environment you say Well they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you say Well they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you say Well they're going
+to different mutations right and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different mutations right and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different mutations right and some of
+them are going to be really good some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be really good some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be really good some of
+them are going to be um not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be um not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be um not so good
+right you can imagine that of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine that of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine that of all of
+these possible beneficial mutations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possible beneficial mutations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possible beneficial mutations they
+kind of describe some distribution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of describe some distribution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of describe some distribution right
+whereas if you ask this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you ask this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you ask this is the uh
+frequency or the number of mutations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or the number of mutations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or the number of mutations as
+a function of how good that mutation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of how good that mutation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of how good that mutation is
+and we say well it should be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say well it should be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say well it should be some
+falling function right I mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling function right I mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling function right I mean because
+you know you it's just not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you it's just not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you it's just not going to be
+as many mutations that are really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many mutations that are really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many mutations that are really just
+amazing as there are that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing as there are that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing as there are that are kind of
+good right but it's not obvious whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right but it's not obvious whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right but it's not obvious whether
+the curve should be kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve should be kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve should be kind of this
+exponential or maybe it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or maybe it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or maybe it looks like this
+or could look like many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could look like many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could look like many different
+things right what uh what Roy's group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right what uh what Roy's group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right what uh what Roy's group
+showed here in this paper is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed here in this paper is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed here in this paper is that
+actually in some very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some very reasonable
+situations it doesn't actually matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations it doesn't actually matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations it doesn't actually matter
+what that underlying distribution might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that underlying distribution might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that underlying distribution might
+be because if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because if you look at the
+distribution of mutations that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mutations that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of mutations that actually
+you know fix or spread in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fix or spread in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fix or spread in the population
+those actually all look kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those actually all look kind of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those actually all look kind of the same
+in the sense they're kind of peaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense they're kind of peaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense they're kind of peaked
+around some value right so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some value right so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some value right so there's some
+sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which
+the random process of evolution leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random process of evolution leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random process of evolution leads
+some patterns that are a priority maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patterns that are a priority maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patterns that are a priority maybe
+not so obvious right and on the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious right and on the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious right and on the flip
+side what it means is that if you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what it means is that if you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what it means is that if you go and
+you measure right how good are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure right how good are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure right how good are the
+mutations that actually appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that actually appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that actually appear in the
+population that actually surpris that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that actually surpris that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that actually surpris that
+tells you surprisingly little about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you surprisingly little about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you surprisingly little about what
+that underlying distribution is in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying distribution is in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying distribution is in terms
+of the effects of the beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effects of the beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effects of the beneficial
+mutations right so there's some way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations right so there's some way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations right so there's some way in
+which the details kind of wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the details kind of wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the details kind of wash
+out and I think this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I think this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I think this is this is
+fascinating because I think a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because I think a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because I think a major
+theme or a major challenge in systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme or a major challenge in systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme or a major challenge in systems
+biology is right we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is right we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is right we want to understand
+how these underlying Parts lead to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these underlying Parts lead to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these underlying Parts lead to some
+higher level function but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level function but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level function but we don't
+always know which details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always know which details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always know which details of the
+interactions are important for leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are important for leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are important for leading
+to that higher level organization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that higher level organization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that higher level organization right
+in some cases they're very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases they're very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases they're very important but
+in some cases not so a challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases not so a challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases not so a challenge that
+you know that we're going to face kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we're going to face kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we're going to face kind
+of over and over again is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of over and over again is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of over and over again is trying to
+understand what are the key features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what are the key features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what are the key features
+that are going to influence the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to influence the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to influence the Dynamics
+of this higher level system right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this higher level system right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this higher level system right and
+this is I think an interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think an interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think an interesting example
+of how um some features of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how um some features of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how um some features of that
+underlying distribution are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying distribution are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying distribution are important
+and some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not all right so another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all right so another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all right so another kind of
+interesting analogy between uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting analogy between uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting analogy between uh kind of
+evolution and some ideas from physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and some ideas from physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and some ideas from physics is
+this idea of a fitness landscape okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a fitness landscape okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a fitness landscape okay so
+the just like an energy landscape tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just like an energy landscape tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just like an energy landscape tells
+you something about um uh the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about um uh the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about um uh the Dynamics
+of of a system for example you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a system for example you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a system for example you say oh
+well a ball should kind of roll down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a ball should kind of roll down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a ball should kind of roll down a
+hill okay similarly if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill okay similarly if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill okay similarly if you think about
+evolution in the context of um how fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in the context of um how fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in the context of um how fit
+an organism is as a function of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism is as a function of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism is as a function of some
+different parameters you can get what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters you can get what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters you can get what it
+might be kind of non-trivial structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of non-trivial structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of non-trivial structure
+so this is some illustration of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some illustration of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some illustration of of
+what's perhaps a non-trivial fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's perhaps a non-trivial fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's perhaps a non-trivial fitness
+landscape now the height here is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape now the height here is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape now the height here is some
+notion of Fitness right so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of Fitness right so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of Fitness right so we could
+imagine this could be uh this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this could be uh this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this could be uh this could be
+the ability of a bird to fly right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of a bird to fly right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of a bird to fly right in
+that case maybe these two axes could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case maybe these two axes could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case maybe these two axes could be
+the length and the width of the wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length and the width of the wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length and the width of the wing
+okay now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the
+the shape of this landscape tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this landscape tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this landscape tells you
+something about how evolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how evolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how evolution is
+constrained right because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained right because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained right because if the
+landscape looks like this then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape looks like this then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape looks like this then what
+that's saying is that well you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is that well you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is that well you have to
+actually evolve in this case maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evolve in this case maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evolve in this case maybe a
+wider Wing before you can evolve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider Wing before you can evolve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider Wing before you can evolve a
+longer Wing right so this is if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer Wing right so this is if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer Wing right so this is if there's
+structure to the fitness landscape like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to the fitness landscape like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to the fitness landscape like
+this then it tells you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it tells you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it tells you something about
+the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of
+evolution right now in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution right now in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution right now in this case we're
+thinking about this in the context of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this in the context of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this in the context of um
+of of phenotypes all right things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of phenotypes all right things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of phenotypes all right things you
+can just look at the organism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just look at the organism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just look at the organism and
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+right but instead of thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but instead of thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but instead of thinking about this
+in terms of phenotypes we could instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of phenotypes we could instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of phenotypes we could instead
+think of it in terms of of genotype for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of of genotype for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of of genotype for
+example there is um a beautiful paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there is um a beautiful paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there is um a beautiful paper
+that we're going to read um from Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to read um from Daniel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to read um from Daniel
+weinreich where he uh in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weinreich where he uh in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weinreich where he uh in the context of
+a gene that encodes an enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene that encodes an enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene that encodes an enzyme that
+breaks down um antibiotics such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down um antibiotics such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down um antibiotics such as
+penicillin right what he did is he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin right what he did is he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin right what he did is he made
+all possible combinations of five uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible combinations of five uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible combinations of five uh
+point mutations so single um single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutations so single um single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutations so single um single
+mutations in the gene right so he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the gene right so he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the gene right so he made
+all 32 combinations of of this Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 32 combinations of of this Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 32 combinations of of this Gene and
+then measured the shape of the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measured the shape of the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measured the shape of the resulting
+Fitness landscape from those uh those 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness landscape from those uh those 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness landscape from those uh those 32
+different um versions of the Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um versions of the Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um versions of the Gene and
+from it what he found is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it what he found is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it what he found is that there's a
+very interesting sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting sense in which
+Evolution at the molecular scale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution at the molecular scale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution at the molecular scale is
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+constrained all right so the idea there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained all right so the idea there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained all right so the idea there
+is that there somehow is a rugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there somehow is a rugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there somehow is a rugged
+Fitness landscape that is constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness landscape that is constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness landscape that is constraining
+the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of
+evolution right so in all these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution right so in all these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution right so in all these cases
+that we've been talking about there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about there's
+some notion that you can say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion that you can say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some notion that you can say all right
+this organism has this Fitness so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organism has this Fitness so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organism has this Fitness so long
+as it has a wing shape that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it has a wing shape that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it has a wing shape that looks like
+this right now uh that is perhaps fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now uh that is perhaps fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now uh that is perhaps fine
+in many cases but uh in some cases there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases but uh in some cases there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases but uh in some cases there
+are what you might call game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what you might call game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what you might call game
+interactions between different organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between different organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between different organisms
+in a population what I mean by game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population what I mean by game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population what I mean by game
+interactions is that the fitness of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is that the fitness of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is that the fitness of a
+particular organism may depend upon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular organism may depend upon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular organism may depend upon what
+other organisms are out there right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms are out there right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms are out there right and
+in that case uh you can't just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case uh you can't just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case uh you can't just say that
+one organism is fit or not because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one organism is fit or not because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one organism is fit or not because it
+just depends on on what everyone else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on on what everyone else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on on what everyone else in
+the population is doing or the genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population is doing or the genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population is doing or the genotype
+of the other individuals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other individuals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other individuals in the
+population right so in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right so in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right so in that case you
+really have to apply some ideas from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to apply some ideas from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to apply some ideas from um
+from Game Theory to try to get insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Game Theory to try to get insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Game Theory to try to get insight
+into the evolutionary process and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the evolutionary process and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the evolutionary process and we're
+going to talk about some really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some really nice
+cases where researchers have constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where researchers have constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where researchers have constructed
+for example a rock paper scissors game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a rock paper scissors game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a rock paper scissors game
+using different eoli strains uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different eoli strains uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using different eoli strains uh and uh
+if you stick out till that that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick out till that that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick out till that that long
+I'll tell you about a case in lizards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about a case in lizards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about a case in lizards
+where people have demonstrated a rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have demonstrated a rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have demonstrated a rock
+paper scissors interaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper scissors interaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper scissors interaction in the
+context of different mating strategies U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of different mating strategies U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of different mating strategies U
+of the male lizards all right so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the male lizards all right so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the male lizards all right so um if
+that's not an advertisement to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an advertisement to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an advertisement to stick
+around for a couple months um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a couple months um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a couple months um I don't
+know what is um right so there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is um right so there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is um right so there are other
+cases where people have demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where people have demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where people have demonstrated
+that um that microbes interact via kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that microbes interact via kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that microbes interact via kind
+of Cooperative interactions in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cooperative interactions in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cooperative interactions in which
+it's possible for cheater strategies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for cheater strategies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for cheater strategies to
+arise spread throughout the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise spread throughout the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise spread throughout the population
+and cause you know some harm to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cause you know some harm to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cause you know some harm to the
+population maybe even collapse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population maybe even collapse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population maybe even collapse of the
+population right so this is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right so this is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right so this is a case where
+there's a tension between what's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tension between what's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tension between what's good
+for the individual and what's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the individual and what's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the individual and what's good for
+the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now organisms are able to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now organisms are able to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now organisms are able to do a
+remarkable set of things right so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable set of things right so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable set of things right so we we
+saw cases where for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw cases where for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw cases where for example that
+neutrophil was able to chase the um Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil was able to chase the um Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil was able to chase the um Step
+arus that bacterial cell right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arus that bacterial cell right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arus that bacterial cell right so that's
+that's amazing but that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amazing but that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amazing but that that's
+responding to something that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to something that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to something that is sort of
+um sort of an immediate part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of an immediate part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of an immediate part of the
+environment right so it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right so it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right so it's you know it's
+chasing uh it's chasing a bacterial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing uh it's chasing a bacterial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing uh it's chasing a bacterial cell
+but you know then you might ask well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know then you might ask well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know then you might ask well is
+it possible for cells to learn and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible for cells to learn and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible for cells to learn and of
+course then you have to Define what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course then you have to Define what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course then you have to Define what you
+mean by learning and there there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by learning and there there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by learning and there there's been
+some I think really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I think really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I think really interesting
+demonstrations of how it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of how it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of how it's possible
+for organisms to learn not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organisms to learn not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organisms to learn not at the
+individual level necessarily but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level necessarily but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level necessarily but at the
+population level via Evolution and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population level via Evolution and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population level via Evolution and in
+particular in this uh In This Very I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in this uh In This Very I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in this uh In This Very I
+think well-written paper what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well-written paper what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well-written paper what they were
+able to demonstrate is that um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to demonstrate is that um both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to demonstrate is that um both
+yeast that have evolved in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast that have evolved in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast that have evolved in the context
+of um wine fermentation and eoli that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um wine fermentation and eoli that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um wine fermentation and eoli that
+have evolved uh traveling through um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved uh traveling through um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved uh traveling through um for
+example our digestive tracts there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our digestive tracts there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our digestive tracts there there
+are characteristic sequences of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characteristic sequences of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characteristic sequences of events
+events in which things happen Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in which things happen Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in which things happen Okay so
+the idea is that if uh if a bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that if uh if a bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that if uh if a bacterial
+cell is ingested by a mammal they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is ingested by a mammal they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is ingested by a mammal they will
+typically see one carbon source and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see one carbon source and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see one carbon source and then
+another one right so they might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one right so they might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one right so they might see
+carbon Source a and then carbon Source b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Source a and then carbon Source b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Source a and then carbon Source b
+as they travel through the digestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they travel through the digestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they travel through the digestive
+tract but if that is typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract but if that is typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract but if that is typically what
+happens then what it means is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then what it means is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then what it means is that an
+organism might have an advantage if when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism might have an advantage if when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism might have an advantage if when
+it sees carbon Source a it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees carbon Source a it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees carbon Source a it starts
+preparing to digest carbon Source B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing to digest carbon Source B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing to digest carbon Source B
+right so we can actually learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can actually learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can actually learn something
+about typical Environmental orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about typical Environmental orderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about typical Environmental orderings
+but it's not learning at the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not learning at the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not learning at the individual
+cell level it's learning over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell level it's learning over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell level it's learning over the course
+of uh evolutionary time scales right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh evolutionary time scales right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh evolutionary time scales right
+kind of the typical sequence of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the typical sequence of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the typical sequence of events
+and in this paper they showed that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this paper they showed that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this paper they showed that um
+this seems to be the case for both eoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to be the case for both eoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to be the case for both eoli
+and uh and for yeast in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and for yeast in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and for yeast in the context of
+of fermentation right so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fermentation right so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fermentation right so I think it's a
+really a beautiful example of of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a beautiful example of of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a beautiful example of of you
+know of different Notions of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of different Notions of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of different Notions of what you
+might mean by learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean by learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean by learning
+right right so uh another um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so uh another um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so uh another um kind of
+classic uh debate within the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic uh debate within the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic uh debate within the field of
+evolutionary biology uh is this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary biology uh is this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary biology uh is this question
+about of of you know why sex right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of of you know why sex right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of of you know why sex right and
+in particular uh there's this classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh there's this classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh there's this classic
+Paradox which is saying uh you know sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox which is saying uh you know sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox which is saying uh you know sex
+is costly right in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is costly right in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is costly right in particular if you
+take a bacterial cell you know just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bacterial cell you know just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bacterial cell you know just one
+cell turns into two cells right then two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell turns into two cells right then two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell turns into two cells right then two
+can turn into four and you get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into four and you get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into four and you get very
+rapid exponential growth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid exponential growth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid exponential growth of the
+population right whereas if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right whereas if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right whereas if you have
+both males and females then there's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both males and females then there's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both males and females then there's what
+you might call this two-fold cost of sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might call this two-fold cost of sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might call this two-fold cost of sex
+because males are in some sense not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because males are in some sense not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because males are in some sense not
+contributing to that exponential growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to that exponential growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to that exponential growth
+rate right if you start with a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right if you start with a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right if you start with a male
+female they and they have two kids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female they and they have two kids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female they and they have two kids and
+you have another maybe male female and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another maybe male female and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another maybe male female and
+then right you don't get exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right you don't get exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right you don't get exponential
+growth right so and this a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth right so and this a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth right so and this a factor of two
+in the rate of exponential growth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rate of exponential growth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rate of exponential growth right
+so this is what's in that exponent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's in that exponent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's in that exponent right
+so this is a big big effect right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a big big effect right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a big big effect right so
+it's I think it's a major major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's a major major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's a major major
+challenge of to ask you know why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of to ask you know why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of to ask you know why is it
+that sex is so common among um among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex is so common among um among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex is so common among um among
+what you might call the higher organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call the higher organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call the higher organisms
+right one uh one of the um and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one uh one of the um and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one uh one of the um and there are
+many hypotheses we'll talk about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hypotheses we'll talk about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hypotheses we'll talk about some of
+them one of the leading ones is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one of the leading ones is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one of the leading ones is known as
+the Red Queen hypothesis from uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Red Queen hypothesis from uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Red Queen hypothesis from uh this
+leis Carroll uh story where um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis Carroll uh story where um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis Carroll uh story where um there's
+this line you know the Red Queen has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line you know the Red Queen has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line you know the Red Queen has to
+run faster and faster in order to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run faster and faster in order to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run faster and faster in order to keep
+still where she is uh that is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still where she is uh that is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still where she is uh that is exactly
+what you all are doing right the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you all are doing right the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you all are doing right the reason
+that it's called the Red Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's called the Red Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's called the Red Queen
+hypothesis is because there's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is because there's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is because there's it's it's
+arguing that perhaps the reason that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that perhaps the reason that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that perhaps the reason that we
+and other animals have obligate sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other animals have obligate sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other animals have obligate sexual
+reproduction is because of some arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction is because of some arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction is because of some arms
+race with with parasites that the U that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race with with parasites that the U that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race with with parasites that the U that
+the sexual reproduction allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sexual reproduction allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sexual reproduction allows us to
+evolve more rapidly against the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve more rapidly against the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve more rapidly against the um the
+always adapting parasite population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always adapting parasite population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always adapting parasite population
+right and of course you know we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course you know we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course you know we'll have
+to talk about exactly what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about exactly what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about exactly what this means
+but there's there have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there have been some
+interesting experiments in in worms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiments in in worms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiments in in worms in
+which they had different uh reproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they had different uh reproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they had different uh reproductive
+different sexual strategies um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sexual strategies um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sexual strategies um in the
+presence or absence of of parasites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence or absence of of parasites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence or absence of of parasites and
+showed that that um that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that that um that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that that um that there are some
+interesting cases where where uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases where where uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases where where uh this
+may be at least a big part of or part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be at least a big part of or part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be at least a big part of or part of
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so at this stage we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so at this stage we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so at this stage we've uh
+we've been talking first about decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking first about decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking first about decision-
+making within cells and then how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making within cells and then how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making within cells and then how how
+Evolution May allow cells to anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution May allow cells to anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution May allow cells to anticipate
+different environmental changes may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environmental changes may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environmental changes may be
+able to um play games against other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um play games against other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um play games against other
+strategies right but at the end we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies right but at the end we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies right but at the end we're
+just going to talk some about um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to talk some about um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to talk some about um you
+know inters species interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know inters species interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know inters species interactions and
+what these sorts of ideas may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these sorts of ideas may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these sorts of ideas may be able to
+say about about that process right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about about that process right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about about that process right so
+for example a classic inter species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a classic inter species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a classic inter species
+interaction or Predator prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or Predator prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or Predator prey
+interactions right and uh this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right and uh this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right and uh this is um
+this has been used to explain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been used to explain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been used to explain for
+example why it is that many natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example why it is that many natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example why it is that many natural
+populations oscillate over time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations oscillate over time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations oscillate over time right
+you know there are simple models of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are simple models of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are simple models of a
+predator and prey that that lead to such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and prey that that lead to such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and prey that that lead to such
+oscillations and just over the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and just over the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and just over the last 10
+years there have been some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there have been some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there have been some really
+fascinating experiments where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating experiments where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating experiments where in the
+laboratory they were able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory they were able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory they were able to take
+Predator prey show that they oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator prey show that they oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator prey show that they oscillate
+but then in this case they saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in this case they saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in this case they saw some
+features that they weren't expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that they weren't expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that they weren't expecting
+right the oscillations were maybe much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the oscillations were maybe much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the oscillations were maybe much
+longer than they were anticipating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than they were anticipating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than they were anticipating and
+instead of oscillating 90 degrees out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of oscillating 90 degrees out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of oscillating 90 degrees out of
+phase which is what you expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is what you expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is what you expect from
+standard Predator PR models instead they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Predator PR models instead they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Predator PR models instead they
+were oscillating 180 degrees out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were oscillating 180 degrees out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were oscillating 180 degrees out of
+phase right and I think that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right and I think that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right and I think that this is a
+good example of how uh quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of how uh quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of how uh quantitative
+experiments in the laboratory can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in the laboratory can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in the laboratory can
+actually say something about I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say something about I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say something about I mean the
+classic models of predator p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic models of predator p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic models of predator p
+oscillations they're you know over 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations they're you know over 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations they're you know over 100
+years old right but if you go and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old right but if you go and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old right but if you go and you
+make quantitative measurements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make quantitative measurements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make quantitative measurements in the
+lab and you see oh well actually in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and you see oh well actually in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and you see oh well actually in many
+cases things are different right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases things are different right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases things are different right and
+then you can ask why and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask why and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask why and in this case
+they went they did modeling and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went they did modeling and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went they did modeling and they
+said oh well maybe it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh well maybe it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh well maybe it's because of
+evolution within the prey population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution within the prey population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution within the prey population
+right and once they were able to they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and once they were able to they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and once they were able to they
+hypothesized that from modeling and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized that from modeling and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized that from modeling and then
+they went and they did experiments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and they did experiments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and they did experiments where
+they uh prevented that Evolution or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh prevented that Evolution or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh prevented that Evolution or they
+prevented uh they they reduced the heter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented uh they they reduced the heter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented uh they they reduced the heter
+gen in the pre population and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen in the pre population and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen in the pre population and then they
+were able to show that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to show that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to show that those two
+features disappeared right so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features disappeared right so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features disappeared right so I think
+it's a really a beautiful example of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really a beautiful example of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really a beautiful example of um
+the interplay that we always hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interplay that we always hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interplay that we always hope for
+which is uh that you do theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh that you do theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh that you do theoretically
+motivated experiments and experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated experiments and experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated experiments and experimentally
+motivated Theory computation ideally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated Theory computation ideally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated Theory computation ideally you
+go back and forth and together you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth and together you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth and together you can
+really learn more than you would ever be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn more than you would ever be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn more than you would ever be
+able to do just by doing one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do just by doing one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do just by doing one or the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+okay right we're also going to uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right we're also going to uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right we're also going to uh try to
+say something about the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about the Dynamics of
+populations uh in space right so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations uh in space right so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations uh in space right so just
+like uh these spatial patterns that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh these spatial patterns that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh these spatial patterns that we
+talked about um before in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um before in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um before in the context of
+maybe Gene networks there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Gene networks there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Gene networks there are also
+dynamics of populations in space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of populations in space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of populations in space for
+example when populations expand into new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when populations expand into new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when populations expand into new
+territory what does that mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory what does that mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory what does that mean about the
+evolutionary process once again some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary process once again some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary process once again some uh
+very nice experiments have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice experiments have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice experiments have been done
+over the last decade to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last decade to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last decade to try to
+illuminate uh this process and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate uh this process and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate uh this process and in
+particular one of the things uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one of the things uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one of the things uh that was
+found is that U this process of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that U this process of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that U this process of genetic
+drift right the role of Randomness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift right the role of Randomness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift right the role of Randomness in
+The evolutionary process is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The evolutionary process is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The evolutionary process is somehow
+strongly enhanced in many of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly enhanced in many of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly enhanced in many of these uh
+many of these expanding populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these expanding populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these expanding populations
+right because somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because somehow
+you know the effective population size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the effective population size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the effective population size
+that quantifies maybe the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantifies maybe the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantifies maybe the strength of
+noise is somehow enhanced because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is somehow enhanced because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is somehow enhanced because it's
+not the entire population that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the entire population that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the entire population that matters
+it's just the population at the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the population at the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the population at the front of
+this expanding population that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expanding population that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expanding population that is
+somehow relevant right so we'll kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow relevant right so we'll kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow relevant right so we'll kind of
+explore how this how these ideas play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore how this how these ideas play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore how this how these ideas play
+out right so towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so towards the end of the
+class we'll U try to think about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll U try to think about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll U try to think about some
+really kind of some real ecological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of some real ecological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of some real ecological
+phenomena in particular um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in particular um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in particular um we're going
+to have uh one lecture where we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh one lecture where we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh one lecture where we talk
+about uh tipping points in populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh tipping points in populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh tipping points in populations
+it's a theme that uh my group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a theme that uh my group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a theme that uh my group for
+example has been very excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has been very excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has been very excited about
+recently right so this here um is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently right so this here um is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently right so this here um is data
+from the New Foundland Cod fishery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the New Foundland Cod fishery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the New Foundland Cod fishery and
+it's an example of how many natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example of how many natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example of how many natural
+populations can actually collapse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations can actually collapse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations can actually collapse uh
+suddenly and catastrophically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly and catastrophically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly and catastrophically in
+response to deteriorating environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to deteriorating environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to deteriorating environmental
+conditions okay now what what's plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay now what what's plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay now what what's plotted
+here is this is essentially the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is essentially the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is essentially the number
+of fish that are caught as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fish that are caught as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fish that are caught as a function of
+time and uh you may not be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh you may not be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh you may not be able to read
+this but over on the left this is 1850
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but over on the left this is 1850
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but over on the left this is 1850
+and this is kind of the modern modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of the modern modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of the modern modern
+day all right so this was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day all right so this was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day all right so this was a very
+productive fishery for uh for hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive fishery for uh for hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive fishery for uh for hundreds
+of years and actually even for hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and actually even for hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and actually even for hundreds
+of years before this right however uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years before this right however uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years before this right however uh in
+the 60s and 70s uh improved fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s and 70s uh improved fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s and 70s uh improved fishing
+technology led to a dramatic increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology led to a dramatic increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology led to a dramatic increase in
+the number of fish that were caught here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of fish that were caught here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of fish that were caught here
+and that increase in fishing LED in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that increase in fishing LED in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that increase in fishing LED in the
+early 90s to kind of a catastrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s to kind of a catastrophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s to kind of a catastrophic
+collapse of that uh of that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of that uh of that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of that uh of that population
+right similar things have occurred for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right similar things have occurred for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right similar things have occurred for
+example in the um in the Sardine fishery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the um in the Sardine fishery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the um in the Sardine fishery
+off the coast of Monteray and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the coast of Monteray and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the coast of Monteray and um and
+many other many other populations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other many other populations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other many other populations right
+so the question here is um how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question here is um how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question here is um how can we
+understand these um these sorts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these um these sorts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these um these sorts of uh
+tipping points in populations right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipping points in populations right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipping points in populations right and
+this is a case where um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a case where um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a case where um some of the
+ideas that we studied early in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that we studied early in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that we studied early in this
+semester right so these cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester right so these cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester right so these cases of
+interactions can lead to sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions can lead to sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions can lead to sudden
+transitions right for example this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions right for example this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions right for example this uh
+early example of a toggle switch that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early example of a toggle switch that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early example of a toggle switch that we
+talked about at the beginning right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the beginning right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the beginning right so
+this case where if you have interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case where if you have interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case where if you have interactions
+within the population it can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the population it can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the population it can lead to
+Alternative States right and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternative States right and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternative States right and it's the
+same basic Dynamic here that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same basic Dynamic here that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same basic Dynamic here that if you have
+interactions within the population then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions within the population then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions within the population then
+you can get alternative States maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get alternative States maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get alternative States maybe
+healthy and dead or extinct locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and dead or extinct locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and dead or extinct locally
+right so you can imagine if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can imagine if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can imagine if you have
+these alternative States due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alternative States due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alternative States due to
+interactions within the population then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions within the population then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions within the population then
+if you start out a lot you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start out a lot you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start out a lot you know in this
+healthy State and you start pushing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy State and you start pushing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy State and you start pushing it
+then it's going to maybe the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to maybe the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to maybe the the
+feedback loops there will maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops there will maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops there will maintain the
+state where the where it's alive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where the where it's alive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where the where it's alive you
+know healthy D but then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know healthy D but then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know healthy D but then all of a sudden
+when it's not able to counteract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not able to counteract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not able to counteract this
+deteriorating environment all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorating environment all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorating environment all of a
+sudden it's going to switch maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden it's going to switch maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden it's going to switch maybe
+collapse uh you know in this in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse uh you know in this in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse uh you know in this in this in
+this fishery and so these sorts of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fishery and so these sorts of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fishery and so these sorts of ideas
+uh have been used to both try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have been used to both try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have been used to both try to
+understand why it is that populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is that populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is that populations
+might experience tipping points but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might experience tipping points but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might experience tipping points but also
+maybe to get some guidance about ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to get some guidance about ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to get some guidance about ways
+that we can anticipate that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can anticipate that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can anticipate that these
+tipping points are approaching and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipping points are approaching and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tipping points are approaching and uh
+for example in my group we've been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in my group we've been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in my group we've been uh
+excited about this idea that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this idea that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this idea that um that
+there are predictions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are predictions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are predictions that the
+fluctuations of the population should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations of the population should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations of the population should be
+different when a population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when a population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when a population is
+approaching one of these tipping points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching one of these tipping points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching one of these tipping points
+and at least in the laboratory we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least in the laboratory we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least in the laboratory we are
+actually able to measure a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually able to measure a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually able to measure a change in the
+fluctuations before a collapse and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations before a collapse and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations before a collapse and this
+is saying that uh that in principle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that uh that in principle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that uh that in principle uh
+there are maybe Universal signatures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are maybe Universal signatures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are maybe Universal signatures of
+populations and other complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and other complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and other complex systems
+before one of these tipping points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before one of these tipping points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before one of these tipping points
+all right now in the um in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now in the um in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now in the um in the last
+lecture uh we're going to uh go kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we're going to uh go kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we're going to uh go kind of
+maybe to the largest scale to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to the largest scale to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to the largest scale to think
+about uh really whole ecosystems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh really whole ecosystems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh really whole ecosystems and
+this is uh by its nature uh I'd say less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh by its nature uh I'd say less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh by its nature uh I'd say less
+experimental than uh the rest of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental than uh the rest of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental than uh the rest of of the
+semester and that uh in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and that uh in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and that uh in this case we're
+trying to understand questions like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand questions like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand questions like you
+know what is it that determines U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is it that determines U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is it that determines U the
+abundance of different tree species on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of different tree species on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of different tree species on
+Bar Colorado Island right so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar Colorado Island right so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar Colorado Island right so it's an
+island in Panama where they go and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island in Panama where they go and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island in Panama where they go and they
+they just count every tree within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just count every tree within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just count every tree within some
+region they say all right this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they say all right this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they say all right this is this
+kind of tree this is that kind of tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tree this is that kind of tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tree this is that kind of tree
+they count thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count thousands and thousands of
+trees right the question there is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees right the question there is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees right the question there is well
+you know some species are more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some species are more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some species are more common
+than others right and you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others right and you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others right and you know and and
+we want to know why right it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know why right it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know why right it seems like
+a simple question and the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple question and the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple question and the way that we
+normally think about this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think about this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think about this is that the
+you know that it's more common maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's more common maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's more common maybe
+it's because it's better adapted to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's better adapted to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's better adapted to that
+environment right and I think that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right and I think that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment right and I think that often
+that's the right answer but there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right answer but there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right answer but there's been
+an interesting movement within ecology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting movement within ecology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting movement within ecology
+recently where it's been pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently where it's been pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently where it's been pointed out
+that many of the patterns that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of the patterns that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of the patterns that people
+have observed in terms of the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have observed in terms of the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have observed in terms of the this
+relative species abundance how abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance how abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative species abundance how abundant
+some species are as compared to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some species are as compared to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some species are as compared to others
+that many of those patterns can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of those patterns can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of those patterns can actually
+be explained by a purely neutral model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explained by a purely neutral model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explained by a purely neutral model
+I.E this is a model in which you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E this is a model in which you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E this is a model in which you assume
+that all of the species are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the species are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the species are the same
+right so this tree is just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this tree is just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this tree is just the same as
+that tree in terms of no tree is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree in terms of no tree is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree in terms of no tree is better
+than any other tree but just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other tree but just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other tree but just because of
+the stochastic Dynamics random birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic Dynamics random birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic Dynamics random birth
+death processes you can recover patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death processes you can recover patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death processes you can recover patterns
+that look an awful lot like the patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look an awful lot like the patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look an awful lot like the patterns
+that are observed uh in nature right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are observed uh in nature right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are observed uh in nature right so
+uh you can interpret this as in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can interpret this as in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can interpret this as in multiple
+ways right but of course one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right but of course one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right but of course one way that
+that we should always be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should always be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should always be thinking about
+these things is that if you OBS if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is that if you OBS if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is that if you OBS if you
+you know we want to collect quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want to collect quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want to collect quantitative
+data you should do that right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you should do that right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you should do that right but
+there's always a Temptation that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a Temptation that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a Temptation that if you
+collect quantitative data and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect quantitative data and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect quantitative data and then you
+write down a model that is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model that is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a model that is consistent
+with that data we often take that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that data we often take that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that data we often take that as
+strong evidence that the assumptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that the assumptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that the assumptions of
+our model are correct right even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model are correct right even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model are correct right even though
+we kind of know that that's not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of know that that's not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of know that that's not the way
+we're supposed to do science somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to do science somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to do science somehow
+it's just really easy to fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really easy to fall into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really easy to fall into this
+trap and I think that uh this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and I think that uh this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and I think that uh this particular
+example of this neutral theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this neutral theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this neutral theory of
+ecology is a very concrete example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology is a very concrete example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology is a very concrete example of
+how different models that make wildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different models that make wildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different models that make wildly
+different assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions about the
+underlying Dynamics they can all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying Dynamics they can all look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying Dynamics they can all look
+the same once you look at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same once you look at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same once you look at a particular
+kind of pattern and so it's it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern and so it's it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern and so it's it's a it's
+a nice kind of cautionary tale saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice kind of cautionary tale saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice kind of cautionary tale saying
+you know what is it that you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is it that you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is it that you can learn
+about the Dynamics of a of a system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dynamics of a of a system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dynamics of a of a system or
+of a process based on a particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process based on a particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process based on a particular um
+particular kind of data set right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of data set right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of data set right and
+then um after um after this we will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um after um after this we will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um after um after this we will just
+have that final exam that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that final exam that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that final exam that's going to be
+that week of 15 to 19 I believe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that week of 15 to 19 I believe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that week of 15 to 19 I believe all
+right so um so once again do not book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um so once again do not book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um so once again do not book uh
+your do not book your tickets before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gv5DP2JMIlo.txt b/gv5DP2JMIlo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe8525a837ffe2969b9fb07ef50e3942bf4ab609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gv5DP2JMIlo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21586 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu with this ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu with this ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu with this ceramic
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and we wish I we had got to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wish I we had got to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wish I we had got to know the
+people before because we were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people before because we were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people before because we were really
+friendly when the camera was off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly when the camera was off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly when the camera was off and
+they were kind of shy when the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were kind of shy when the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were kind of shy when the camera
+was on yeah yeah so probably if you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on yeah yeah so probably if you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on yeah yeah so probably if you went
+back now it would be different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now it would be different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now it would be different but
+um yeah I feel like the was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I feel like the was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I feel like the was really
+intimidating because I'd be like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidating because I'd be like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidating because I'd be like their
+faces and try to get it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and try to get it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and try to get it and then you
+could hear their voices just drop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear their voices just drop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hear their voices just drop and
+then cut off whatever they were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cut off whatever they were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cut off whatever they were saying
+yeah so yeah and then I you know like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah and then I you know like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah and then I you know like I
+uncomfortable I came in like Karina was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable I came in like Karina was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable I came in like Karina was
+there for a while before I came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a while before I came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a while before I came in and
+then as soon as I got there I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as soon as I got there I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as soon as I got there I got my
+camera and the first time I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and the first time I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and the first time I was talking
+with people was like behind it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people was like behind it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people was like behind it so I
+don't know I think I think I was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think I think I was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think I think I was I was
+like more reserved in like what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more reserved in like what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more reserved in like what I was
+asking them and kind of like how close I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them and kind of like how close I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them and kind of like how close I
+was getting to them so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting to them so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting to them so I think that's
+part of just like getting comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of just like getting comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of just like getting comfortable
+with it and just uh but then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and just uh but then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and just uh but then I think
+yeah we had if I had got a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we had if I had got a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we had if I had got a chance to
+talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to
+some yeah the way a camera changes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yeah the way a camera changes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yeah the way a camera changes a
+situation is pretty amazing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is pretty amazing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is pretty amazing and and
+that's obviously a huge part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously a huge part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously a huge part of what
+we've been talking about the Boom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about the Boom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about the Boom is
+also a big part of that and as you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a big part of that and as you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a big part of that and as you say
+especially for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for people who
+haven't experienced that before it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't experienced that before it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't experienced that before it can
+be kind of intimidating because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of intimidating because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of intimidating because it's
+sort of like this weapon right um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like this weapon right um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like this weapon right um and
+the ways around that are uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways around that are uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways around that are uh as we
+discussed in class you know we you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in class you know we you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in class you know we you can
+actually attach the directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attach the directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attach the directional
+microphone to the top of the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone to the top of the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone to the top of the camera
+which at least makes it more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least makes it more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least makes it more of a
+compact unit you do sacrifice some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact unit you do sacrifice some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact unit you do sacrifice some
+ability to get really good sound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get really good sound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get really good sound in
+certain situations because you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations because you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations because you can't get
+the microphone as close obviously since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone as close obviously since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone as close obviously since
+it's limited to wherever the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's limited to wherever the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's limited to wherever the camera is
+but it does have the advantage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does have the advantage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does have the advantage that
+there's only one sort of intimidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one sort of intimidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one sort of intimidating
+piece of equipment in the room not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment in the room not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment in the room not two
+and um it's a more it's more contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's a more it's more contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's a more it's more contained
+so that is something that that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is something that that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is something that that you might
+consider for C some kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for C some kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for C some kinds of
+situations uh and it may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations uh and it may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations uh and it may or may not be
+appropriate and then of course the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and then of course the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and then of course the other
+thing is yeah prepping prepping the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is yeah prepping prepping the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is yeah prepping prepping the room
+prepping the scene meeting the people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepping the scene meeting the people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepping the scene meeting the people uh
+again depending on how much time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depending on how much time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depending on how much time you
+have meeting them without a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meeting them without a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meeting them without a camera
+before you take the camera out uh as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you take the camera out uh as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you take the camera out uh as I
+think I said before I'll often come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said before I'll often come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said before I'll often come with
+a camera but I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera but I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera but I won't
+necessarily uh be committed to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh be committed to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh be committed to the idea
+of taking it out the first time I meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking it out the first time I meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking it out the first time I meet
+people because it you just have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it you just have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it you just have to see
+how it goes and if it seems really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it goes and if it seems really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it goes and if it seems really great
+and they're very comfortable and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're very comfortable and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're very comfortable and you you
+make a lot of progress you can say oh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of progress you can say oh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of progress you can say oh do
+you mind if I shoot something but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind if I shoot something but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind if I shoot something but if
+there is that that kind of need to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that that kind of need to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that that kind of need to build
+a rapport before you get to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rapport before you get to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rapport before you get to that point
+you just leave the camera in the bag uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave the camera in the bag uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave the camera in the bag uh
+and let you know and then if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let you know and then if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let you know and then if something
+amazing is starting to happen you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing is starting to happen you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing is starting to happen you can
+you have it um but I realize also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it um but I realize also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it um but I realize also that
+in in an exercise situation you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an exercise situation you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an exercise situation you're not
+necessarily going to spend a week or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to spend a week or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to spend a week or two
+building a report with a Ceramics class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a report with a Ceramics class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a report with a Ceramics class
+before you go out and shoot but but part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go out and shoot but but part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go out and shoot but but part
+of what we're doing here is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're doing here is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're doing here is trying to
+get some experience in these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some experience in these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some experience in these different
+kinds of shooting and just get a an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of shooting and just get a an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of shooting and just get a an idea
+of some of the challenges involved in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the challenges involved in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the challenges involved in in
+the different kinds of things and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different kinds of things and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different kinds of things and one
+other thing we talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we talked about this a
+little bit before but if you did say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before but if you did say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before but if you did say
+have um uh someone with the camera as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um uh someone with the camera as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um uh someone with the camera as
+Chris mentioned with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris mentioned with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris mentioned with the with the
+unidirectional the longer mic on top you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidirectional the longer mic on top you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidirectional the longer mic on top you
+could still it could still be helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still it could still be helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still it could still be helpful to
+have two people because in that instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people because in that instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people because in that instance
+one person could be focusing on shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person could be focusing on shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person could be focusing on shooting
+it and the other person could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the other person could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the other person could be
+focusing on just sort of interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on just sort of interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on just sort of interacting
+with people and then that gives people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and then that gives people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and then that gives people
+in the Ceramics class then arew or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Ceramics class then arew or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Ceramics class then arew or
+whatever the situation is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the situation is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the situation is you know
+somebody to focus on as opposed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to focus on as opposed to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to focus on as opposed to uh
+focusing on Whoever has the equipment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on Whoever has the equipment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on Whoever has the equipment so
+sometimes that helps people become a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that helps people become a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that helps people become a lot
+more comfortable so sort of one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable so sort of one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable so sort of one person
+can be in charge of sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in charge of sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in charge of sort of you know
+socially you know engaging with whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially you know engaging with whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially you know engaging with whoever
+it is that you're working with and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you're working with and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you're working with and the
+other person can focus on the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person can focus on the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person can focus on the the the
+shooting and the sound and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting and the sound and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting and the sound and then another
+thing that you can do which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do which we don't
+really have the equipment to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the equipment to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the equipment to do in this
+class but if if you had for instance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but if if you had for instance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but if if you had for instance a
+digital audio recorder of your own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital audio recorder of your own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital audio recorder of your own the
+other person could carry the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person could carry the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person could carry the digital
+audio recorder and a microphone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio recorder and a microphone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio recorder and a microphone just
+handheld and that's a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld and that's a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld and that's a little less
+intimidating as well and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidating as well and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidating as well and you can
+obviously get closer or get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously get closer or get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously get closer or get a different
+sound angle you can record the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound angle you can record the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound angle you can record the sound
+separately and then sync it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and then sync it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and then sync it up in
+editing so that's yet another technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing so that's yet another technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing so that's yet another technique
+that you could use to get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use to get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use to get a different
+kind of uh audio perspective without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh audio perspective without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh audio perspective without
+using the boom and being as intimidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the boom and being as intimidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the boom and being as intimidating
+the Boom is the Boom is great for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boom is the Boom is great for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boom is the Boom is great for for
+some situations obviously but it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations obviously but it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations obviously but it is it
+does introduce another another element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does introduce another another element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does introduce another another element
+of distraction um so the other thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distraction um so the other thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distraction um so the other thing um
+that I wanted to do is uh talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to do is uh talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to do is uh talk a little
+bit more about Errol Morris just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about Errol Morris just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about Errol Morris just kind of
+wrap that up since we were a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap that up since we were a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap that up since we were a little
+truncated on Wednesday uh and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated on Wednesday uh and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated on Wednesday uh and then we're
+going to go on to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go on to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go on to talk about this
+current assignment uh a bit more we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current assignment uh a bit more we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current assignment uh a bit more we're
+going to get a visit from um uh ad Dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a visit from um uh ad Dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a visit from um uh ad Dean
+Christopher Jones who's going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Jones who's going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Jones who's going to talk a
+little bit about uh MIT students and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about uh MIT students and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about uh MIT students and uh
+we're also going to talk about interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to talk about interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to talk about interview
+techniques and various things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and various things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and various things to think
+about when you're you're setting up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you're you're setting up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you're you're setting up an
+interview so that's today but but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview so that's today but but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview so that's today but but just
+first to spend a few minutes uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to spend a few minutes uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to spend a few minutes uh thinking
+about Errol Morris or wrapping that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Errol Morris or wrapping that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Errol Morris or wrapping that up
+final reactions or thoughts that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final reactions or thoughts that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final reactions or thoughts that people
+didn't get a chance to to say to to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a chance to to say to to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a chance to to say to to his
+work or to the that final film The Fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or to the that final film The Fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or to the that final film The Fog
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+War inter howed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War inter howed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War inter howed a lot
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of really different fromal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really different fromal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really different fromal
+films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very to his own voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump I think one of head Fade Out and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump I think one of head Fade Out and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump I think one of head Fade Out and F
+in but I think this kind of didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah kind of like what to do with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind of like what to do with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind of like what to do with my
+last piece because it was really based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece because it was really based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece because it was really based
+on what the person was saying and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the person was saying and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the person was saying and then I
+would cut and so I was having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cut and so I was having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cut and so I was having
+difficulties because I like I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties because I like I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties because I like I didn't
+want it to sound like this random voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to sound like this random voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to sound like this random voice
+from and so I kept trying to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and so I kept trying to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and so I kept trying to go back to
+the person but then you know after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person but then you know after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person but then you know after
+looking at it I was like oh it's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it I was like oh it's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it I was like oh it's so much
+of her I really wanted to like show more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her I really wanted to like show more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her I really wanted to like show more
+of the food as well so I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the food as well so I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the food as well so I think uh
+watching him it was a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching him it was a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching him it was a really good
+balance and there's actually more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and there's actually more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and there's actually more of
+everything else than on him so but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else than on him so but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else than on him so but I
+didn't feel like I didn't know who he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel like I didn't know who he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel like I didn't know who he
+was when he was talking so um that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when he was talking so um that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when he was talking so um that I
+think that helped at least figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that helped at least figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that helped at least figure out
+how to do some of that I'm not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do some of that I'm not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do some of that I'm not exactly
+sure how he did it though I think how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts I was just going to mention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts I was just going to mention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts I was just going to mention in
+in relation to Sabrina's comment so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to Sabrina's comment so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to Sabrina's comment so the
+the focus on um the jump cuts for ex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus on um the jump cuts for ex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus on um the jump cuts for ex so
+when we're thinking again the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're thinking again the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're thinking again the contrast
+between Digital Cinema style uh dig um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Digital Cinema style uh dig um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Digital Cinema style uh dig um
+direct sorry uh between direct Cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sorry uh between direct Cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sorry uh between direct Cinema
+style and Errol Morris's Style again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and Errol Morris's Style again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and Errol Morris's Style again
+direct the direct Cinema style is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the direct Cinema style is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the direct Cinema style is much
+more um uh focusing Less on the editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh focusing Less on the editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh focusing Less on the editing
+I mean obviously editing is still part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean obviously editing is still part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean obviously editing is still part
+part of it but but less of a focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but but less of a focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but but less of a focus on
+the editing and you don't really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing and you don't really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the editing and you don't really want to
+call attention to it and generally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call attention to it and generally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call attention to it and generally you
+don't call attention also to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call attention also to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call attention also to to the
+person who's doing the filming so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's doing the filming so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's doing the filming so in
+both of those cases again him him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those cases again him him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those cases again him him
+breaking very strongly with direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking very strongly with direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking very strongly with direct
+Cinema style where you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema style where you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema style where you know you know
+doing jump Cuts calling attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing jump Cuts calling attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing jump Cuts calling attention to the
+fact that this is this is being filmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is this is being filmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is this is being filmed
+that this is being staged hearing his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is being staged hearing his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is being staged hearing his
+voice um off camera well you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice um off camera well you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice um off camera well you can you can
+sort of think about it as uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about it as uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about it as uh you you
+know in a lot of ways all documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a lot of ways all documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a lot of ways all documentary
+filmmakers and one way or another are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers and one way or another are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers and one way or another are in
+conversation with this question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with this question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with this question of the
+artifice of film making so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice of film making so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice of film making so they're
+they're taking something that is reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking something that is reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking something that is reality
+and they're trying to represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're trying to represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're trying to represent it
+through this medium that is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this medium that is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this medium that is about
+artifice and manipulation and the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice and manipulation and the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice and manipulation and the direct
+Cinema approach is to sort of minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema approach is to sort of minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema approach is to sort of minimize
+the sense with in which that is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense with in which that is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense with in which that is there's
+a manipulation whether or not it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manipulation whether or not it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manipulation whether or not it's true
+that that there is and Errol Morris is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there is and Errol Morris is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there is and Errol Morris is
+saying I'm just going to put it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm just going to put it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm just going to put it out
+there I'm editing this is this is edited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm editing this is this is edited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm editing this is this is edited
+here uh this is my interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh this is my interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh this is my interpretation of
+what was said and I am I I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was said and I am I I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was said and I am I I am
+manipulating what was said and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating what was said and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating what was said and I'm
+showing you where I cut things out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you where I cut things out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you where I cut things out and
+I'm not going to worry about it um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to worry about it um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to worry about it um the
+other thing that's interesting about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's interesting about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's interesting about his
+work for better or worse is if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for better or worse is if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for better or worse is if you think
+back to some of the very early stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the very early stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the very early stuff we
+saw uh like that that that film on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw uh like that that that film on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw uh like that that that film on the
+Whirlwind computer uh from the 50s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whirlwind computer uh from the 50s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whirlwind computer uh from the 50s with
+the voiceover narration the voice of God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voiceover narration the voice of God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voiceover narration the voice of God
+narration in some ways his technique is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narration in some ways his technique is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narration in some ways his technique is
+very similar to that except that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to that except that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to that except that it's
+not a voice of God yet the voice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a voice of God yet the voice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a voice of God yet the voice is
+really located in in the subject but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really located in in the subject but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really located in in the subject but he
+in so many ways is illustrating what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many ways is illustrating what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many ways is illustrating what's
+being said with with cutaways with pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being said with with cutaways with pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being said with with cutaways with pound
+footage or sort of various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage or sort of various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage or sort of various kinds of
+imagery but it's rather than being sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery but it's rather than being sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery but it's rather than being sort
+of a literal illustration in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a literal illustration in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a literal illustration in many cases
+it's more of a psychological or a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a psychological or a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a psychological or a very
+very subjective illustration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subjective illustration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subjective illustration and the
+music of course the Philip Glass music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of course the Philip Glass music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music of course the Philip Glass music
+in that in that piece really highlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that piece really highlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that piece really highlights
+that and and increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and increases the
+feeling of sort of subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of sort of subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of sort of subjective
+dislocation if that's the right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation if that's the right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation if that's the right the
+right term so would you you say there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right term so would you you say there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right term so would you you say there is
+much more planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more planning
+before even starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before even starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before even starting to
+shooty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plan experiment I think I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan experiment I think I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan experiment I think I think it's
+hard to say uh how you would answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say uh how you would answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say uh how you would answer that
+because it really depends on on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really depends on on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really depends on on exactly
+what you're doing um the planning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing um the planning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing um the planning in the
+case of of you know ANL Morris film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of of you know ANL Morris film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of of you know ANL Morris film is
+picking the right subject picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the right subject picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the right subject picking
+someone who can hand who will hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who can hand who will hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who can hand who will hold up
+under that kind of intense uh scrutiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that kind of intense uh scrutiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that kind of intense uh scrutiny
+as a as a human being as a personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a human being as a personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a human being as a personality
+who's engaging enough to to carry a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's engaging enough to to carry a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's engaging enough to to carry a film
+um and and many of his films obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and many of his films obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and many of his films obviously
+aren't carried by a single individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't carried by a single individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't carried by a single individual
+but all of them are kind of about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them are kind of about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them are kind of about people
+who can talk and some way or another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can talk and some way or another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can talk and some way or another uh
+whether or not they're they can talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're they can talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're they can talk in
+the sense of being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of being very
+articulate um and of course magn is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate um and of course magn is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate um and of course magn is very
+articulate in that film but but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate in that film but but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate in that film but but some of
+his characters are just very compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his characters are just very compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his characters are just very compelling
+in other ways not because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other ways not because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other ways not because they're
+necessarily so able to speak um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so able to speak um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so able to speak um but
+they're compelling characters and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're compelling characters and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're compelling characters and so
+there's a huge amount of pre-production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of pre-production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of pre-production
+in picking the right people to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in picking the right people to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in picking the right people to tell the
+story and picking a story that lends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and picking a story that lends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and picking a story that lends
+itself well to that technique um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well to that technique um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well to that technique um and
+then after that it it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that it it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that it it's it's sort of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+because um is it pre-production work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um is it pre-production work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um is it pre-production work or
+is it post-production work because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it post-production work because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it post-production work because you
+there's so much work and attention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much work and attention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much work and attention that
+has to be done to structuring a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done to structuring a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be done to structuring a story
+when you do it like that um what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it like that um what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it like that um what are the
+linking bits what how how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking bits what how how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking bits what how how do you get
+people and this is what we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and this is what we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and this is what we'll talk about
+later in class how do you get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in class how do you get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in class how do you get people to
+tell their story in a coherent way or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell their story in a coherent way or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell their story in a coherent way or in
+a way that can be made coherent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that can be made coherent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that can be made coherent in
+editing um so for instance if uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing um so for instance if uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing um so for instance if uh I'm
+interviewing Chris and and I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing Chris and and I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing Chris and and I want to get
+her life history and I say when were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her life history and I say when were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her life history and I say when were you
+born and she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born and she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born and she says
+1960 whatever it was 6 65 and 65 um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 whatever it was 6 65 and 65 um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 whatever it was 6 65 and 65 um I
+can't really use that unless I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really use that unless I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really use that unless I you
+include my question so I need her to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include my question so I need her to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include my question so I need her to say
+I was born in 1965 and then hopefully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was born in 1965 and then hopefully to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was born in 1965 and then hopefully to
+make some kind of observation on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some kind of observation on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some kind of observation on why
+that might even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might even be
+interesting um so so that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um so so that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um so so that's kind of what
+we're going to talk about in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in the last
+half of class how do you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of class how do you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of class how do you actually do
+things like that what kinds of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that what kinds of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that what kinds of basic
+techniques can you use to to get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques can you use to to get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques can you use to to get people
+to talk about themselves or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about themselves or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about themselves or about
+whatever you're asking them about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're asking them about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're asking them about um
+just one I mean I think probably maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one I mean I think probably maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one I mean I think probably maybe
+what Katarina is trying to get at I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Katarina is trying to get at I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Katarina is trying to get at I mean
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+is you know for we were talking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for we were talking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for we were talking some
+about how Errol Morris likes to use sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Errol Morris likes to use sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how Errol Morris likes to use sets
+and so and there is discussion in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and there is discussion in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and there is discussion in some
+of the readings for example when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings for example when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings for example when he was
+shooting fast cheep and out of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting fast cheep and out of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting fast cheep and out of control
+that he did these nighttime shoots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did these nighttime shoots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did these nighttime shoots with
+with the topiary and he wanted to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the topiary and he wanted to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the topiary and he wanted to do it
+in in slower speed so there's massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in slower speed so there's massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in slower speed so there's massive
+massive numbers of lights so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive numbers of lights so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive numbers of lights so in that
+sense uh yeah I mean a lot of emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh yeah I mean a lot of emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh yeah I mean a lot of emphasis
+for Errol Morris depending on what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Errol Morris depending on what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Errol Morris depending on what he's
+shooting on on um creating sets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting on on um creating sets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting on on um creating sets on
+creating the context for how he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the context for how he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the context for how he wants
+things to look because again he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to look because again he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to look because again he's not
+afraid of embracing the artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of embracing the artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of embracing the artificial
+exactly qualities of film and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly qualities of film and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly qualities of film and thinking
+also about in Gates of Heaven when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about in Gates of Heaven when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about in Gates of Heaven when he
+created those portraits I mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created those portraits I mean obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created those portraits I mean obviously
+you know when he was shooting interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when he was shooting interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when he was shooting interviews
+with people he was spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people he was spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people he was spending a lot of
+time you know in the setup beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know in the setup beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know in the setup beforehand
+what exactly do I want to have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly do I want to have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly do I want to have in the
+background how do I frame this in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background how do I frame this in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background how do I frame this in a way
+that's actually absolutely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually absolutely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually absolutely right so
+there was a great deal of emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great deal of emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great deal of emphasis
+placed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on
+setting up those interviews before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up those interviews before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up those interviews before he
+even interviewed them um so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even interviewed them um so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even interviewed them um so in that
+sense yeah I mean there is a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah I mean there is a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah I mean there is a lot more
+sort of planning um whereas the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of planning um whereas the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of planning um whereas the direct
+Cinema style being more okay let's grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema style being more okay let's grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema style being more okay let's grab
+the camera and let's hop into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and let's hop into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and let's hop into you know
+ah there's people doing stuff let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there's people doing stuff let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there's people doing stuff let's just
+hop right in and follow them along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop right in and follow them along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop right in and follow them along and
+and and do whatever so Cinema the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do whatever so Cinema the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do whatever so Cinema the the
+planning can involve access right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning can involve access right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning can involve access right you
+think about think about primary um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about think about primary um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about think about primary um I I
+don't know the story but it may it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the story but it may it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the story but it may it may
+or may not have been easy to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not have been easy to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not have been easy to get those
+the kind of access that they needed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of access that they needed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of access that they needed in
+order to follow Humphrey and Kennedy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to follow Humphrey and Kennedy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to follow Humphrey and Kennedy or
+or any kind of film I mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any kind of film I mean obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any kind of film I mean obviously
+there's a lot of negotiation that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of negotiation that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of negotiation that has to
+go on before you can even be in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on before you can even be in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on before you can even be in the room
+with people that that uh are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people that that uh are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people that that uh are you know
+that are sort of free to be themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of free to be themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of free to be themselves
+and that would allow you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would allow you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would allow you to actually
+capture something direct Cinema style so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture something direct Cinema style so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture something direct Cinema style so
+so it can it can vary but yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can it can vary but yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can it can vary but yeah I mean
+certainly in terms of the the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in terms of the the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in terms of the the experience
+of filming one is about spontaneity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filming one is about spontaneity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filming one is about spontaneity and
+being well they both can be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being well they both can be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being well they both can be about
+spontaneity um but one is sort of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity um but one is sort of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity um but one is sort of about
+being freewheeling and not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being freewheeling and not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being freewheeling and not trying to
+direct and uh Embrace this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and uh Embrace this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and uh Embrace this sort of
+artifice you know the plastic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice you know the plastic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifice you know the plastic elements
+of film that we talked about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film that we talked about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film that we talked about at the
+beginning and the other is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the other is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the other is very much
+like well that's what film is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well that's what film is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well that's what film is why
+not um so at 11: we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um so at 11: we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um so at 11: we're going to have a
+visit from um uh Dean Christopher Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit from um uh Dean Christopher Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit from um uh Dean Christopher Jones
+who's going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to talk a little bit about
+MIT students um and just to prep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students um and just to prep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students um and just to prep for
+that I wanted to talk a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to talk a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to talk a bit about the
+second part of the assignment um as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the assignment um as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the assignment um as I
+said um I'm encouraging you to uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um I'm encouraging you to uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um I'm encouraging you to uh for
+the second part of this exercise which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of this exercise which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of this exercise which
+is uh uh an interview-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh an interview-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh an interview-based
+exercise um I'm encouraging you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um I'm encouraging you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um I'm encouraging you your
+your teams to um to interview uh an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teams to um to interview uh an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teams to um to interview uh an MIT
+student and uh this uh may become part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and uh this uh may become part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and uh this uh may become part
+of a project that I'm working on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a project that I'm working on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a project that I'm working on uh
+which is uh essentially a a profile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh essentially a a profile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh essentially a a profile of
+the MIT student body which uh is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT student body which uh is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT student body which uh is going
+to be shown in various at various events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shown in various at various events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shown in various at various events
+as part of the mit150 celebration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the mit150 celebration that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the mit150 celebration that's
+happening right now uh including uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right now uh including uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right now uh including uh
+possibly before this big uh convocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly before this big uh convocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly before this big uh convocation
+that's happening at the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening at the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening at the Boston
+Convention Center in April so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convention Center in April so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convention Center in April so it's kind
+of fun it could be kind of cool and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun it could be kind of cool and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun it could be kind of cool and um
+what I'm interested in is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in is sort of the
+idea of how MIT students look at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how MIT students look at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how MIT students look at MIT
+students both graduate and undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students both graduate and undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students both graduate and undergraduate
+not no no no no distinction although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no no no no distinction although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no no no no distinction although
+obviously there is a difference um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there is a difference um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there is a difference um and
+uh uh I'm just kind of interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'm just kind of interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I'm just kind of interested in the
+question of of you know is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of of you know is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of of you know is there a
+typical MIT student what are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical MIT student what are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical MIT student what are what are
+are there are their uh characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are their uh characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are their uh characteristics
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+uh sort of traditional boundaries of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of traditional boundaries of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of traditional boundaries of of
+ethnicity or or gender or age or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity or or gender or age or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity or or gender or age or
+interest or you know um it's kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or you know um it's kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or you know um it's kind of you
+know it's a truism to say that that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a truism to say that that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a truism to say that that MIT
+students are just an incredibly diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are just an incredibly diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are just an incredibly diverse
+lot when it comes to their their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when it comes to their their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when it comes to their their their
+interests and their goals uh and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and their goals uh and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and their goals uh and their
+AIMS in life and I'm just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIMS in life and I'm just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIMS in life and I'm just kind of
+interested in seeing what MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing what MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing what MIT students
+think about that so I would strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that so I would strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that so I would strongly
+encourage you to if you're if you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to if you're if you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to if you're if you're at
+all interested to to participate in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all interested to to participate in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all interested to to participate in that
+um and uh Dean Jones is going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh Dean Jones is going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh Dean Jones is going to talk a
+little bit about about strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about about strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about about strategies for
+that as well um and I'm also the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well um and I'm also the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well um and I'm also the second
+part of this is I would very much love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is I would very much love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is I would very much love
+to have the opportunity to uh film you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the opportunity to uh film you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the opportunity to uh film you
+filming uh so if you're able to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming uh so if you're able to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming uh so if you're able to do this
+and you actually want to uh want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually want to uh want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually want to uh want to
+profile an MIT student again grad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile an MIT student again grad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile an MIT student again grad or
+undergrad and you know it's very open as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and you know it's very open as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and you know it's very open as
+to who you might choose um I would love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who you might choose um I would love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to who you might choose um I would love
+to be able to come and spend a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to come and spend a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to come and spend a very
+short amount of time not not the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time not not the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time not not the entire
+time because we know how cameras can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we know how cameras can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we know how cameras can
+influence those kinds of things um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence those kinds of things um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence those kinds of things um but I
+would love to come capture just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to come capture just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to come capture just a little
+bit of you actually doing the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of you actually doing the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of you actually doing the exercise
+so we can you know we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can you know we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can you know we can talk about
+this uh offline or separately but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh offline or separately but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh offline or separately but but
+over the next week uh I would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next week uh I would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next week uh I would love to
+try to if possible coordinate schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to if possible coordinate schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to if possible coordinate schedules
+to to do that um so uh also in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do that um so uh also in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do that um so uh also in advance
+of of of the exercise I wanted to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of the exercise I wanted to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of the exercise I wanted to uh
+show you uh a film that was made here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh a film that was made here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh a film that was made here at
+MIT in or show you a few minutes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in or show you a few minutes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in or show you a few minutes of a
+film that was made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that was made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that was made in
+1957 um maybe some of you have seen it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 um maybe some of you have seen it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 um maybe some of you have seen it I
+although probably not uh called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although probably not uh called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although probably not uh called the
+social Beaver has anybody heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Beaver has anybody heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Beaver has anybody heard of this
+film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a very interesting example of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very interesting example of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very interesting example of kind of
+uh how MIT views itself or uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how MIT views itself or uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how MIT views itself or uh or
+not you'll recognize you know some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you'll recognize you know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you'll recognize you know some of
+the uh some of the techniques that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh some of the techniques that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh some of the techniques that we've
+discussed in in class like especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in in class like especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in in class like especially in
+the first part of class um but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of class um but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of class um but I'm just
+going to show like the first seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show like the first seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show like the first seven or
+eight minutes and then we can uh talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight minutes and then we can uh talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight minutes and then we can uh talk a
+little bit about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
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+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
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+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
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+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Charles River in Massachusetts
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+the Charles River in Massachusetts
+separates Boston from the famous
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching for a mile along the north
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+
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+stretching for a mile along the north
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as
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+buildings mit's campus is allinclusive
+ 
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+with an extensive Athletic plant and
+
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+with an extensive Athletic plant and
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+playing fields fully accessible so are
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+
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+the recreational buildings dormitories
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recreational buildings dormitories
+and dining Halls it is a pleasant place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dining Halls it is a pleasant place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dining Halls it is a pleasant place
+in which to work and
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+in which to work and
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+
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+in which to work and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
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+
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+students of all classes to live in any
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+of the undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+houses the dorance laboratory houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses the dorance laboratory houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+food techn ology and biology and is a
+
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+food techn ology and biology and is a
+ 
+
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+leader in biophysical and biochemical
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+leader in biophysical and biochemical
+ 
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+research the swimming pool and squash
+
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+research the swimming pool and squash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the swimming pool and squash
+courts occupy this building The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts occupy this building The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts occupy this building The
+Institute provides this beautiful home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute provides this beautiful home
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+
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+Institute provides this beautiful home
+for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its
+ 
+
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+for its
+presidents Walker Memorial houses a
+
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+presidents Walker Memorial houses a
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+
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+large student dining hall and is the
+
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+large student dining hall and is the
+ 
+
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+large student dining hall and is the
+Student Activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Student Activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Student Activities
+center the Charles Hayden Memorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the Charles Hayden Memorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the Charles Hayden Memorial
+Library is the center of the Institute
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+
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+Library is the center of the Institute
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+System the facilities for study at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System the facilities for study at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System the facilities for study at MIT
+are fine but these able and vigorous
+
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+are fine but these able and vigorous
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+
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+are fine but these able and vigorous
+students need many extracurricular
+
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+students need many extracurricular
+ 
+
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+activities to complete their development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities to complete their development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities to complete their development
+for future communal family and social
+
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+for future communal family and social
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+
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+for future communal family and social
+relationships symbolized by the mascot
+
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+relationships symbolized by the mascot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships symbolized by the mascot
+Beaver engineer of the animal world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaver engineer of the animal world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaver engineer of the animal world the
+active student after classes is indeed
+
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+active student after classes is indeed
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+
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+active student after classes is indeed
+the social Beaver for MIT offers him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social Beaver for MIT offers him
+ 
+
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+the social Beaver for MIT offers him
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fulfillment a large student living group
+
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+fulfillment a large student living group
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides in the dormitories and enjoys a
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+
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+type of Community Living
+
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+type of Community Living
+ 
+
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+
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+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
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+[Music]
+harmoniously apartments are provided in
+
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+harmoniously apartments are provided in
+ 
+
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+harmoniously apartments are provided in
+each dormatory for a faculty resident
+
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+each dormatory for a faculty resident
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+
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+each dormatory for a faculty resident
+and his wife who live among the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his wife who live among the students
+ 
+
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+and his wife who live among the students
+and open their Apartments to them for
+
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+and open their Apartments to them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open their Apartments to them for
+evening bull sessions snacks and general
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+evening bull sessions snacks and general
+ 
+
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+evening bull sessions snacks and general
+sociability numerous lounges are
+
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+sociability numerous lounges are
+ 
+
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+sociability numerous lounges are
+available to the students dormatory
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+
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+living provides unlimited opportunities
+
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+
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+living provides unlimited opportunities
+for working and playing together
+
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+for working and playing together
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+
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+for working and playing together
+throughout the institute's living groups
+
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+throughout the institute's living groups
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+
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+throughout the institute's living groups
+emphasis is placed on the individual yet
+
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+emphasis is placed on the individual yet
+ 
+
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+emphasis is placed on the individual yet
+each student is exposed to many
+
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+each student is exposed to many
+ 
+
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+each student is exposed to many
+different philosophies and ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chess is popular there are rooms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess is popular there are rooms for
+ 
+
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+chess is popular there are rooms for
+pingpong Billiards cards music and
+
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+pingpong Billiards cards music and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+photography dorm parties are unique this
+
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+photography dorm parties are unique this
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+
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+photography dorm parties are unique this
+is Driftwood
+
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+is Driftwood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Driftwood
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drag dormatory Council governs the
+
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+drag dormatory Council governs the
+ 
+
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+drag dormatory Council governs the
+dormatory system each house has its own
+
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+dormatory system each house has its own
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+
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+dormatory system each house has its own
+committee to plan dances student faculty
+
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+committee to plan dances student faculty
+ 
+
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+committee to plan dances student faculty
+Coffee hours and intramural sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT has over 25 local and National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has over 25 local and National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has over 25 local and National
+fraternities each with its own house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternities each with its own house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternities each with its own house in
+this living group informal bull sessions
+
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+this living group informal bull sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this living group informal bull sessions
+are always taking place with the talk
+
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+are always taking place with the talk
+ 
+
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+are always taking place with the talk
+ranging from nuclear effici to
+
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+ranging from nuclear effici to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from nuclear effici to
+girls each house must of necessity offer
+
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+girls each house must of necessity offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls each house must of necessity offer
+the atmosphere and conditions conducive
+
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+the atmosphere and conditions conducive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and conditions conducive
+to study each fraternity member is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study each fraternity member is
+ 
+
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+to study each fraternity member is
+provided with a quiet study area an
+
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+provided with a quiet study area an
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+provided with a quiet study area an
+adequate desk and of course the
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+adequate desk and of course the
+ 
+
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+adequate desk and of course the
+inevitable high-fi set is close by
+
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+inevitable high-fi set is close by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable high-fi set is close by
+Mutual Aid in studies is sought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual Aid in studies is sought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual Aid in studies is sought and
+cheerfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given every fraternity has a Full Slate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given every fraternity has a Full Slate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given every fraternity has a Full Slate
+of officers and holds periodic meetings
+
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+of officers and holds periodic meetings
+ 
+
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+of officers and holds periodic meetings
+of its members each house conducts its
+
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+of its members each house conducts its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its members each house conducts its
+Affairs in business-like
+
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+Affairs in business-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affairs in business-like
+manner before the Freshman quizzes it is
+
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+manner before the Freshman quizzes it is
+ 
+
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+manner before the Freshman quizzes it is
+customary in most houses for upper
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+customary in most houses for upper
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+
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+customary in most houses for upper
+classmen to give formal review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sessions about 100 co-eds attend MIT and
+
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+sessions about 100 co-eds attend MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions about 100 co-eds attend MIT and
+participate in all aspects of student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in all aspects of student
+ 
+
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+participate in all aspects of student
+affairs the girls have their own social
+
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+affairs the girls have their own social
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+
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+affairs the girls have their own social
+rooms in the main School
+
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+rooms in the main School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in the main School
+building inside this door it's strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building inside this door it's strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building inside this door it's strictly
+no men allowed here the co-eds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no men allowed here the co-eds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no men allowed here the co-eds
+congregate between classes and relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congregate between classes and relax
+ 
+
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+congregate between classes and relax
+from the pressure of class work among
+
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+from the pressure of class work among
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+
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+from the pressure of class work among
+other things this is the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things this is the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things this is the girls
+Communication Center in typical feminine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication Center in typical feminine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication Center in typical feminine
+fashion the girls take time out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the girls take time out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the girls take time out to
+gossip about clothes and dates Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip about clothes and dates Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip about clothes and dates Exchange
+News and congratulate or sympathize with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+News and congratulate or sympathize with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+News and congratulate or sympathize with
+one another about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grades MIT coeds are gifted musically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades MIT coeds are gifted musically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades MIT coeds are gifted musically
+too and relax in this enjoyable manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and relax in this enjoyable manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and relax in this enjoyable manner
+after finishing with gossiping and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after finishing with gossiping and other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+after finishing with gossiping and other
+talk when studying in the horizontal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk when studying in the horizontal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk when studying in the horizontal one
+must be prepared to accept this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be prepared to accept this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be prepared to accept this
+Consequence the Marini room is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequence the Marini room is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequence the Marini room is actually
+a beautifully appointed Suite of rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautifully appointed Suite of rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautifully appointed Suite of rooms
+besides the large living room there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the large living room there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the large living room there is a
+locker room fully equipped kitchen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locker room fully equipped kitchen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locker room fully equipped kitchen and
+this special study room he the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special study room he the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special study room he the girls
+study in complete silence and the signs
+
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+study in complete silence and the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in complete silence and the signs
+of intense concentration are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evident well most of the time anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident well most of the time anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident well most of the time anyway
+after all the studious Beaver is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the studious Beaver is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the studious Beaver is also
+the social beaver and what is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social beaver and what is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social beaver and what is more
+natural than planning and daydreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural than planning and daydreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural than planning and daydreaming
+about that new evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gown the women's dormatory at 120 Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gown the women's dormatory at 120 Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gown the women's dormatory at 120 Bay
+State Road is comfortable and homelike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the girls share in the work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the girls share in the work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the girls share in the work and
+play that is typical of girls dorms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere on a weekend the living room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on a weekend the living room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on a weekend the living room
+is likely to look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anyway uh so that's how MIT represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so that's how MIT represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so that's how MIT represented
+itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you
+guys need some space to go relaxed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need some space to go relaxed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys need some space to go relaxed from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure anyway it was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure anyway it was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure anyway it was interesting
+because like they they didn't show a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like they they didn't show a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like they they didn't show a lot
+of the building they showed the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building they showed the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building they showed the outside
+which made it look really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made it look really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made it look really beautiful
+whereas you know mit's ranked like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know mit's ranked like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know mit's ranked like in
+the past like number one sore ey school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past like number one sore ey school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past like number one sore ey school
+um so yeah like the fact that they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah like the fact that they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah like the fact that they want
+it to look really beautiful and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to look really beautiful and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to look really beautiful and really
+ideal and um on a nice spring day when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal and um on a nice spring day when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal and um on a nice spring day when
+all the flowers are blooming yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the flowers are blooming yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the flowers are blooming yeah like
+when has that ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen were
+there a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but like it was weird also when they cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like it was weird also when they cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like it was weird also when they cut
+between places like you kind of knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between places like you kind of knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between places like you kind of knew
+where like some of the like the plats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like some of the like the plats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like some of the like the plats
+were but they weren't all like near each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but they weren't all like near each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were but they weren't all like near each
+other so like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so like they
+M back and forth and they show different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M back and forth and they show different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M back and forth and they show different
+things on like engraved I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on like engraved I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on like engraved I
+guess in the buildings but like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in the buildings but like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in the buildings but like it was
+all like not near each other per se so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like not near each other per se so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like not near each other per se so
+like you kind of you didn't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you kind of you didn't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you kind of you didn't know where
+it was kind weird when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh shot uh it was it came out in 1957 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shot uh it was it came out in 1957 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shot uh it was it came out in 1957 so
+I assume it was shot around that time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume it was shot around that time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume it was shot around that time or
+right before yeah it was d uh produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before yeah it was d uh produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before yeah it was d uh produced
+by an Alum from the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an Alum from the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an Alum from the class of
+1922 so he was already you know in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1922 so he was already you know in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1922 so he was already you know in his
+late 50s when he made this uh I don't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 50s when he made this uh I don't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 50s when he made this uh I don't so
+that's an interesting question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting question you know
+what what would the students of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would the students of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would the students of that
+time have thought about this film I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time have thought about this film I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time have thought about this film I mean
+it was obviously pretty typical in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was obviously pretty typical in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was obviously pretty typical in terms
+of its its technique and its style for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its its technique and its style for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its its technique and its style for
+the time so it's not that it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so it's not that it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so it's not that it would have
+been seen as so sort of outrageous the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen as so sort of outrageous the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen as so sort of outrageous the
+way we might look at it but but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we might look at it but but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we might look at it but but I would
+have been curious to know what what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been curious to know what what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been curious to know what what that
+the current student body would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current student body would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current student body would have
+thought about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it
+um well basically it doesn't really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well basically it doesn't really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well basically it doesn't really say
+anything about social life assum in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about social life assum in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about social life assum in a
+promotional video right about how great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional video right about how great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional video right about how great
+MIT students are but do we see any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students are but do we see any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students are but do we see any any
+evidence of this no it's I mean and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this no it's I mean and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this no it's I mean and it's
+yeah I mean it's obviously this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's obviously this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it's obviously this this
+sort of voice of God narration that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of voice of God narration that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of voice of God narration that we
+talked about at the beginning of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the beginning of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the beginning of class
+and then everything is Illustrated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything is Illustrated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything is Illustrated but
+even the things that that they choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the things that that they choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the things that that they choose to
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+on uh are you know it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh are you know it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh are you know it's all
+infrastructure you know the women's dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure you know the women's dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure you know the women's dorm
+is at 120 Bay State Road here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 120 Bay State Road here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 120 Bay State Road here's the
+here's the uh you know here's this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the uh you know here's this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the uh you know here's this the
+special Lounge here's here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Lounge here's here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Lounge here's here's this
+building here's this building here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building here's this building here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building here's this building here's
+this building um so yeah it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building um so yeah it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building um so yeah it's very
+interesting that that that the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that that that the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that that that the social
+life of the student is kind of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of the student is kind of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of the student is kind of all um
+communicated via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated via
+infrastructure but but then I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but but then I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but but then I think you
+know I mean the same way that MIT does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean the same way that MIT does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean the same way that MIT does
+now I mean so much of this is intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean so much of this is intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean so much of this is intended
+to try to counter other stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to counter other stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to counter other stereotypes
+about sort of science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of science and engineering
+students to be completely asocial I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to be completely asocial I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to be completely asocial I mean
+that's the whole point and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point and so
+deliberately showing shots of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately showing shots of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately showing shots of sort of
+you know I mean most of the shots I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean most of the shots I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean most of the shots I
+mean you know so there the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know so there the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know so there the students
+being social but it's also you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being social but it's also you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being social but it's also you know a
+lot of of you know young men and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of of you know young men and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of of you know young men and young
+women together you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women together you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women together you know I
+mean you know with the intent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know with the intent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know with the intent of
+deliberately trying to to counter other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately trying to to counter other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately trying to to counter other
+stereotypes that would have would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes that would have would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes that would have would have
+um um well just the fact that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um well just the fact that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um well just the fact that that I
+mean as as sort of retro uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as as sort of retro uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as as sort of retro uh and
+obviously you know sexist as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know sexist as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know sexist as that
+portrayal is just the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal is just the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal is just the fact that there's
+so much emphasis on the fact that women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much emphasis on the fact that women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much emphasis on the fact that women
+attend MIT because how many only 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend MIT because how many only 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend MIT because how many only 100
+yeah only 100 but but they were proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah only 100 but but they were proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah only 100 but but they were proud of
+the back to that point that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back to that point that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back to that point that there were
+100 because if you go back five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 because if you go back five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 because if you go back five or six
+years before there were like 17 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before there were like 17 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before there were like 17 and you
+know before that it was really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before that it was really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before that it was really sort of
+MIT was the sort of the men school here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was the sort of the men school here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was the sort of the men school here
+and sort of its partner school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of its partner school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of its partner school
+quotequote was Wellsley that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotequote was Wellsley that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotequote was Wellsley that's why
+there's still this ongoing connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still this ongoing connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still this ongoing connection
+with Wellsley so that was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Wellsley so that was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Wellsley so that was sort of the
+idea was that the MIT students would so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that the MIT students would so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that the MIT students would so
+social events there were between Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social events there were between Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social events there were between Wells
+Le and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT you wonder if they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you wonder if they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you wonder if they were trying to
+they they shows more silly stuff than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they shows more silly stuff than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they shows more silly stuff than
+the guys doing but um you wonder how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys doing but um you wonder how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys doing but um you wonder how
+much of that was trying to like say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that was trying to like say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that was trying to like say oh
+look they're normal ory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look they're normal ory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look they're normal ory
+to I think they're trying to say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think they're trying to say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think they're trying to say they're
+normal yeah but but as you say I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal yeah but but as you say I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal yeah but but as you say I mean
+the language of the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the first thing that
+they say coming into oh here's here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say coming into oh here's here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say coming into oh here's here the
+space where the young women go to relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where the young women go to relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where the young women go to relax
+from the pressure I mean that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pressure I mean that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pressure I mean that's not what
+they say when they introduce the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say when they introduce the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say when they introduce the young
+guys going into their dorms I mean I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys going into their dorms I mean I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys going into their dorms I mean I I
+mean it is it is pretty fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it is it is pretty fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it is it is pretty fall
+asleep here they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that
+yeah never mention any type of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah never mention any type of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah never mention any type of like
+study at all where the guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at all where the guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at all where the guys are
+like yeah yeah well it's I mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah yeah well it's I mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah yeah well it's I mean they're
+walking a fine line here because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking a fine line here because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking a fine line here because I'm
+sure they're very aware that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they're very aware that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they're very aware that a lot of
+the audience is going why would women go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience is going why would women go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience is going why would women go
+to MIT at all what are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT at all what are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT at all what are they doing
+studying engineering and science my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying engineering and science my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying engineering and science my
+goodness that seems so they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness that seems so they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness that seems so they're trying to
+trying to make it like oh but it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it like oh but it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it like oh but it's you
+know there's this friendly homelike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this friendly homelike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this friendly homelike
+environment where they live and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where they live and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where they live and they
+have this special Lounge where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this special Lounge where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this special Lounge where they can
+relax from the pressure but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax from the pressure but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax from the pressure but at the same
+time they're also aware that another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're also aware that another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're also aware that another uh
+segment of Their audience is saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of Their audience is saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of Their audience is saying it's
+it's even at that time you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even at that time you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even at that time you know it's
+outrageous that only hundred women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous that only hundred women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous that only hundred women
+attend MIT and so they're they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend MIT and so they're they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend MIT and so they're they're trying
+to be be very political and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be be very political and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be be very political and
+and uh not succeeding very well but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh not succeeding very well but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh not succeeding very well but yeah
+so when the work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the work I mean
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to I don't know yeah when the new stud I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't know yeah when the new stud I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't know yeah when the new stud I
+don't I don't know don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know don't know I don't
+know but I mean one question I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I mean one question I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I mean one question I mean I'm
+not sure exactly if this was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure exactly if this was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure exactly if this was one of the
+directions you wanted to go but thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you wanted to go but thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you wanted to go but thinking
+about how diversity at MIT would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how diversity at MIT would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how diversity at MIT would have
+been presented at this time and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been presented at this time and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been presented at this time and how it
+would be conceptualized now I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be conceptualized now I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be conceptualized now I mean so
+here obviously the only diversity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obviously the only diversity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obviously the only diversity here
+is okay there are women here and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay there are women here and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay there are women here and it is
+completely presented in a in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely presented in a in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely presented in a in a in a
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+heterosexually um het heterosexually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexually um het heterosexually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexually um het heterosexually
+oriented kind of frame where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented kind of frame where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented kind of frame where that's
+that's the assumption that this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the assumption that this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the assumption that this is okay
+we've got women here you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got women here you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got women here you know and so
+like you guys can hook up kind of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys can hook up kind of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys can hook up kind of is the
+is the Assumption built into there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Assumption built into there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Assumption built into there and
+there's not discussion in terms of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not discussion in terms of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not discussion in terms of other
+kinds of diversity there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of diversity there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of diversity there's not
+discussion in terms of uh class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in terms of uh class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in terms of uh class
+diversity um ethnic and racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity um ethnic and racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity um ethnic and racial
+diversity um sexual diversity I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity um sexual diversity I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity um sexual diversity I mean so
+so there's a very how would diversity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a very how would diversity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a very how would diversity on
+campus been been conceptualized at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus been been conceptualized at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus been been conceptualized at that
+point in terms of how would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in terms of how would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in terms of how would it be
+conceptualized now um in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualized now um in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualized now um in terms of how
+people think about what entails a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about what entails a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about what entails a
+diverse student body and what and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse student body and what and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse student body and what and what
+makes um um what would be considered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes um um what would be considered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes um um what would be considered to
+be the ideal composition of of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the ideal composition of of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the ideal composition of of uh the
+MIT student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+students but I thought I see I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but I thought I see I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but I thought I see I did the
+first thing too I thought they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing too I thought they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing too I thought they were
+talking about social class but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about social class but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about social class but I think
+they made of all classes like freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made of all classes like freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made of all classes like freshman
+sophomore junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore junior
+it wasn't about social classes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was well there is there was that feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well there is there was that feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well there is there was that feeling
+at the time I think Chris is right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time I think Chris is right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time I think Chris is right that
+that's what they were talking about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were talking about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were talking about but
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+MIT uh particularly at that time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh particularly at that time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh particularly at that time but
+continuing has always seen itself as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing has always seen itself as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing has always seen itself as an
+institution in comparison to say the Ivy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution in comparison to say the Ivy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution in comparison to say the Ivy
+Leagues where social class matters does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leagues where social class matters does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leagues where social class matters does
+does not matter and where it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not matter and where it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not matter and where it's all about
+it's a sort of a meritocracy that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of a meritocracy that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of a meritocracy that's the
+that's the self-perception and um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the self-perception and um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the self-perception and um it
+doesn't necessarily inform this film I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily inform this film I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily inform this film I
+think that they're very as Chris said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're very as Chris said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're very as Chris said
+that what's informing this film is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's informing this film is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's informing this film is this
+this need number one to show off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this need number one to show off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this need number one to show off the
+infrastructure which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure which is really
+interesting uh and number two uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh and number two uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh and number two uh to
+counter stereotypes of MIT students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter stereotypes of MIT students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter stereotypes of MIT students as
+people who have no social lives study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have no social lives study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have no social lives study
+all the time uh this whole issue that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time uh this whole issue that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time uh this whole issue that I
+mentioned of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned of the fact that
+they want to brag about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to brag about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to brag about the fact that
+there are women there women at MIT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are women there women at MIT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are women there women at MIT but
+they're also worried about alumni who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also worried about alumni who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also worried about alumni who
+are probably at that time outraged that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably at that time outraged that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably at that time outraged that
+that they've now let in over 100 women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've now let in over 100 women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've now let in over 100 women
+you know um so that is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um so that is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um so that is the sort of
+overriding purpose of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding purpose of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overriding purpose of the film
+um it doesn't it shows social life as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't it shows social life as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't it shows social life as
+inent activities but it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inent activities but it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inent activities but it doesn't really
+show social life as people are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show social life as people are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show social life as people are working
+mhm so as students are in the lab or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm so as students are in the lab or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm so as students are in the lab or you
+know taking lunch break or even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know taking lunch break or even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know taking lunch break or even like
+talking as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking as they
+are and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonder I just wonder what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder I just wonder what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder I just wonder what kind
+ofes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again there there are two things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there there are two things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there there are two things going
+on here both are very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here both are very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here both are very interesting and
+both relate to this exercise that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both relate to this exercise that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both relate to this exercise that that
+we're talking about I mean one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about I mean one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about I mean one is the
+stylistic choices and that is partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic choices and that is partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic choices and that is partly
+just a product of the time so the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a product of the time so the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a product of the time so the way of
+making a documentary at that point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a documentary at that point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a documentary at that point is
+basically thinking of it as a newsreel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically thinking of it as a newsreel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically thinking of it as a newsreel
+write a script that says what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a script that says what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a script that says what you want
+to say and then illustrate the script go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and then illustrate the script go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and then illustrate the script go
+out with a camera and a tripod and frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a camera and a tripod and frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a camera and a tripod and frame
+up a bunch of shots that you have on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bunch of shots that you have on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bunch of shots that you have on a
+list that that and then write it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that that and then write it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that that and then write it to the
+script um so so there isn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script um so so there isn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script um so so there isn't necessarily
+a sense of spontaneity or these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of spontaneity or these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of spontaneity or these kinds of
+issues that we've been talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we've been talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we've been talking about uh
+how you get at other kinds of things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get at other kinds of things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get at other kinds of things uh
+either via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either via
+interviews uh or or via uh Cinema gu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews uh or or via uh Cinema gu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews uh or or via uh Cinema gu
+direct Cinema kinds of approaches um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct Cinema kinds of approaches um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct Cinema kinds of approaches um so
+that's that's that's one thing but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's one thing but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's one thing but then
+yeah the other thing is is um how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the other thing is is um how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the other thing is is um how do you
+represent yourself and how do you get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent yourself and how do you get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent yourself and how do you get at
+um the the reality of what a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the reality of what a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the reality of what a particular
+group of people is you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people is you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people is you know I mean
+um genre and style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um genre and style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um genre and style
+aside uh it's very very easy to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside uh it's very very easy to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside uh it's very very easy to make the
+equivalent of this film now it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of this film now it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of this film now it's just
+that it wouldn't look like that or sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't look like that or sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't look like that or sound
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that uh and one of the things that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and one of the things that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and one of the things that I'm
+interested in doing is is trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing is is trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing is is trying to get
+you guys to participate a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to participate a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to participate a little bit and
+so that this is not quite like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is not quite like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is not quite like that um
+and obviously you know what we make now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously you know what we make now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously you know what we make now
+is more palatable to um 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more palatable to um 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more palatable to um 21st century
+eyes and ears but but there's still this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and ears but but there's still this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and ears but but there's still this
+whole question of of of representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole question of of of representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole question of of of representation
+and you know top down representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know top down representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know top down representation
+quote unquote or people who represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote or people who represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote or people who represent
+themselves I mean it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I mean it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I mean it's like you know
+indigenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous
+media well um we've been having a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media well um we've been having a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media well um we've been having a a
+great conversation about uh diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great conversation about uh diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great conversation about uh diversity
+and the MIT educational experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the MIT educational experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the MIT educational experience
+diversity in its many forms and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in its many forms and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in its many forms and uh it's
+been really interesting so you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really interesting so you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really interesting so you can kind
+of I'm ready to be educated you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm ready to be educated you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm ready to be educated you can give
+your perspective and then yeah just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective and then yeah just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective and then yeah just just
+continue the conversation we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the conversation we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the conversation we've been
+having um but for those of you who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um but for those of you who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um but for those of you who who
+who don't know uh Christopher he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't know uh Christopher he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't know uh Christopher he's the
+uh assistant Dean for graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assistant Dean for graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assistant Dean for graduate students
+um he's uh has a graduate degree from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's uh has a graduate degree from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's uh has a graduate degree from
+MIT himself and has been involved for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT himself and has been involved for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT himself and has been involved for a
+long time in a number of programs such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in a number of programs such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in a number of programs such
+as the MIT summer research program MSRP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the MIT summer research program MSRP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the MIT summer research program MSRP
+the AMG Scholars Program um I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AMG Scholars Program um I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AMG Scholars Program um I know I'm
+missing a ton but uh he spends a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a ton but uh he spends a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a ton but uh he spends a great
+deal of time thinking about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of time thinking about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of time thinking about uh the
+makeup of the graduate student body here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup of the graduate student body here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup of the graduate student body here
+and and actively working to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actively working to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actively working to uh to
+recruit students so um I thought he' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit students so um I thought he' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit students so um I thought he' be
+it would be a great thing for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a great thing for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a great thing for him to
+come in and talk a little bit about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and talk a little bit about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and talk a little bit about some
+of the stuff we've just been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff we've just been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff we've just been talking
+about and just to give you a recap we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and just to give you a recap we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and just to give you a recap we
+talked about the assignment and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the assignment and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the assignment and then we
+watched uh eight minutes of a of a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched uh eight minutes of a of a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched uh eight minutes of a of a film
+that was made in the 50s here on MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made in the 50s here on MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made in the 50s here on MIT
+students which is quite funny imagine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students which is quite funny imagine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students which is quite funny imagine on
+many levels right yes exactly yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many levels right yes exactly yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many levels right yes exactly yeah and
+um and we were just having a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we were just having a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we were just having a really
+interesting conversation about um uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting conversation about um uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting conversation about um uh as
+I said you know uh diversity you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you know uh diversity you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you know uh diversity you know
+not just the sort of traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the sort of traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the sort of traditional
+measures of diversity but also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of diversity but also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of diversity but also uh
+academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic
+diversity so if you want to speak for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity so if you want to speak for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity so if you want to speak for a
+couple minutes and then we continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes and then we continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes and then we continue the
+conversation yeah I'd love to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation yeah I'd love to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation yeah I'd love to I think
+the richness of it is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richness of it is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richness of it is going to be the
+conversation would you prefer to stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation would you prefer to stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation would you prefer to stand
+or would you like a ch um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you like a ch um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you like a ch um I don't know
+what's what's better what do you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's better what do you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's better what do you all
+usually do what do you want I can stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do what do you want I can stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do what do you want I can stand
+I can sit we do either yeah whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sit we do either yeah whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sit we do either yeah whatever you
+prefer um I'll stand up for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer um I'll stand up for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer um I'll stand up for a little bit
+okay since I've been sitting all day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since I've been sitting all day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since I've been sitting all day and
+then cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cool
+cool um I should have been sitting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um I should have been sitting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um I should have been sitting all
+night too you have to excuse me um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night too you have to excuse me um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night too you have to excuse me um so
+I'm I don't know if you mentioned but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I don't know if you mentioned but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I don't know if you mentioned but
+I'm also in a PhD program here uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also in a PhD program here uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also in a PhD program here uh in
+addition to being assistant Dean and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being assistant Dean and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being assistant Dean and I
+have a problem set due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem set due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem set due
+today and I I took a nap at 3:00 to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I I took a nap at 3:00 to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I I took a nap at 3:00 to get
+and then got back up to work on it um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then got back up to work on it um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then got back up to work on it um so
+I apologize if I'm a little bit off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize if I'm a little bit off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize if I'm a little bit off
+today but it's good to see you all thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it's good to see you all thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it's good to see you all thank
+you for inviting me um when I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for inviting me um when I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for inviting me um when I heard
+about the project I was really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the project I was really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the project I was really excited
+um and and for for a number of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and for for a number of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and for for a number of reasons
+one because I think it's always great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I think it's always great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I think it's always great um
+one of the wonderful things about MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the wonderful things about MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the wonderful things about MIT is
+the is its ability to to get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is its ability to to get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is its ability to to get out of the
+way of student Innovation right so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of student Innovation right so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of student Innovation right so to
+really move out of the way and help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move out of the way and help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move out of the way and help to
+facilitate student Innovation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate student Innovation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate student Innovation and I
+think this is sort of an example uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of an example uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of an example uh of
+that I think we really believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we really believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we really believe in the
+strength and the power of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and the power of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and the power of the students
+um so I want to say a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to say a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to say a couple of things
+and then I really want to hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I really want to hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I really want to hear more
+about you all and engage in the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you all and engage in the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you all and engage in the dialogue
+if that's okay and I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's okay and I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's okay and I think the the
+things that I'll say are are centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'll say are are centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'll say are are centered
+around a question that Chris asked me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a question that Chris asked me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a question that Chris asked me um
+a while ago and that was that was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while ago and that was that was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while ago and that was that was what
+is a typical MIT student I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a typical MIT student I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a typical MIT student I don't know if
+you've had that conversation we I raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had that conversation we I raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had that conversation we I raised
+that as a question but we not really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a question but we not really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a question but we not really any
+answers we didn't get there yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers we didn't get there yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers we didn't get there yet we
+didn't get there any anyone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get there any anyone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get there any anyone want to
+throw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out
+anything do you believe there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything do you believe there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything do you believe there is a
+typical MIT student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know I I I mean I I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I I I mean I I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I I I mean I I was trying
+to think of how I would describe it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of how I would describe it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of how I would describe it and
+I can't really put a gender on it or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't really put a gender on it or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't really put a gender on it or a
+race or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race or a
+class or you know us I mean primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or you know us I mean primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or you know us I mean primarily
+they're like a science or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a science or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a science or
+engineer that but not exclusively right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that but not exclusively right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that but not exclusively right
+what but not exclusively right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but not exclusively right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but not exclusively right not
+exclusively and having a diverse set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively and having a diverse set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively and having a diverse set of
+interests a little entric M uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in most like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most like
+Personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personality
+yeah so so I think I think one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I think I think one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I think I think one of your
+challenges is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is going to be
+um in in the midst of such diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the midst of such diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the midst of such diversity
+right we're from all over the world at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're from all over the world at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're from all over the world at
+least At The Graduate level and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least At The Graduate level and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least At The Graduate level and at the
+undergraduate level there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate level there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate level there are
+about 8% International students 8 or 9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 8% International students 8 or 9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 8% International students 8 or 9%
+International students gradu level about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International students gradu level about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International students gradu level about
+40% International students so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% International students so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% International students so there are
+a lot of people from a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people from a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people from a lot of different
+places here um and we have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places here um and we have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places here um and we have all sorts of
+interests and background um people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and background um people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and background um people that
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+jousting people that love baking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jousting people that love baking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jousting people that love baking people
+that love ballroom dancing people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that love ballroom dancing people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that love ballroom dancing people that
+love sitting and watching sitcoms all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sitting and watching sitcoms all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sitting and watching sitcoms all
+day long after they finish their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day long after they finish their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day long after they finish their
+homework of course so we have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of course so we have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of course so we have a huge
+range of interest and I think part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of interest and I think part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of interest and I think part of
+your challenge is going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your challenge is going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your challenge is going to be in the
+midst of all of that um is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of all of that um is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of all of that um is is there a
+Common Thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Common Thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Common Thread
+that sort of ties what seems to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of ties what seems to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of ties what seems to be very
+different individuals together um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals together um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals together um and
+and I think if for me at least thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if for me at least thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if for me at least thinking
+about this this particular project if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this particular project if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this particular project if
+there's a way to for you all to pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to for you all to pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to for you all to pull out
+the Common Thread while while not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Common Thread while while not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Common Thread while while not
+negating or or missing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating or or missing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating or or missing the
+individuality then I I think that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality then I I think that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality then I I think that will
+enhance the work that you do um so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the work that you do um so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the work that you do um so to
+get back to the question um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to the question um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to the question um and and
+Chris and I have talked about it a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris and I have talked about it a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris and I have talked about it a a
+little bit before I think there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before I think there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before I think there are some
+I think MIT students are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think MIT students are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think MIT students are very
+different however there is a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different however there is a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different however there is a least
+common denominator if you would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common denominator if you would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common denominator if you would you know
+and and and because I I got I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and because I I got I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and because I I got I get the
+question all the time part of my job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all the time part of my job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all the time part of my job is
+to go out and recruit students to MIT at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and recruit students to MIT at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and recruit students to MIT at
+The Graduate level and so everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Graduate level and so everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Graduate level and so everyone's
+asking well what's an MIT student like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking well what's an MIT student like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking well what's an MIT student like
+is there a typical MIT student what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a typical MIT student what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a typical MIT student what's
+the experience like at MIT what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience like at MIT what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience like at MIT what are
+people what do people do there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what do people do there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what do people do there what
+makes someone special I do think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes someone special I do think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes someone special I do think there
+is an X Factor I think there's a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an X Factor I think there's a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an X Factor I think there's a secret
+sauce and to me the secret sauce is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce and to me the secret sauce is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce and to me the secret sauce is in
+the least common denominator and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least common denominator and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least common denominator and it's
+sort of made up of a few things one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made up of a few things one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made up of a few things one um
+and it kind of captures what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it kind of captures what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it kind of captures what you were
+saying but one is this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but one is this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but one is this this this
+Unapologetic passion right like most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unapologetic passion right like most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unapologetic passion right like most
+people at MIT are just passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT are just passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT are just passionate about
+something now you may not care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now you may not care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now you may not care about
+what they're passionate about you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're passionate about you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're passionate about you may
+not have never heard of what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have never heard of what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have never heard of what they're
+passionate about you may not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about you may not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about you may not necessarily
+agree with it but I think if you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it but I think if you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it but I think if you walk
+around the campus you'll notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the campus you'll notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the campus you'll notice that
+people are really really passionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really really passionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really really passionate
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+something um never in my life had I been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um never in my life had I been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um never in my life had I been
+to any campus and I'd see somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any campus and I'd see somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any campus and I'd see somebody
+walking around in a purple flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in a purple flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in a purple flight
+suit but you know you get to MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit but you know you get to MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit but you know you get to MIT and
+after a while you see somebody walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while you see somebody walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while you see somebody walking
+around or riding on a unicycle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or riding on a unicycle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or riding on a unicycle in a
+purple flight suit while juggling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple flight suit while juggling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple flight suit while juggling and
+and you just walk by like it's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just walk by like it's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just walk by like it's normal
+that person is passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is passionate about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is passionate about
+unicycles purple fly suits and juggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicycles purple fly suits and juggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicycles purple fly suits and juggling
+and guaranteed that everyone in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guaranteed that everyone in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guaranteed that everyone in this
+room is passionate about something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room is passionate about something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room is passionate about something I
+think the other thing is um is this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other thing is um is this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other thing is um is this idea
+of of of a of an immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a of an immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a of an immense
+Drive uh and and you see it you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive uh and and you see it you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive uh and and you see it you really
+really see it in the students and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see it in the students and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see it in the students and I'm
+sure I know one of you all I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I know one of you all I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I know one of you all I don't know
+the rest of you all but I if you all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you all but I if you all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you all but I if you all are
+like the one that I do know then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that I do know then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that I do know then I know
+you all have an immense Drive meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have an immense Drive meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have an immense Drive meaning
+meaning despite like the challenges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning despite like the challenges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning despite like the challenges that
+come up um whether it's academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up um whether it's academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up um whether it's academic
+cultural social like you really drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural social like you really drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural social like you really drive
+towards those things that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those things that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those things that you're
+passionate about and you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about and you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about and you're willing to
+overcome the barriers mean MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the barriers mean MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the barriers mean MIT students
+are involved in in going to Haiti in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in in going to Haiti in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in in going to Haiti in in
+the the turmoil in the Middle East now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the turmoil in the Middle East now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the turmoil in the Middle East now
+like really real world problems while at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really real world problems while at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really real world problems while at
+the same time being involved in coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time being involved in coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time being involved in coming
+up with new uh programs for our new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with new uh programs for our new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with new uh programs for our new new
+systems to allow computers to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to allow computers to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to allow computers to interact
+with humans like you name it so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans like you name it so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans like you name it so there's
+this drive to kind of create and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drive to kind of create and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drive to kind of create and to
+learn and to do and um I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and to do and um I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and to do and um I think I think
+there is one other factor and I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one other factor and I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one other factor and I'm I'm
+again I'm forgetting it and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm forgetting it and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm forgetting it and I don't
+remember what it is but it'll come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is but it'll come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is but it'll come out
+in the conversation uh so I say that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conversation uh so I say that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conversation uh so I say that to
+say I personally believe that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I personally believe that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I personally believe that there are
+some common elements among MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common elements among MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common elements among MIT students
+and I would love um because I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would love um because I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would love um because I really
+want to see the work that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the work that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the work that comes out of
+this and I would love to see how you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I would love to see how you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I would love to see how you all
+manage to while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to while
+while highlighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while highlighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while highlighting the
+individuality managed to sort of find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality managed to sort of find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality managed to sort of find
+that Common Thread amongst uh students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Common Thread amongst uh students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Common Thread amongst uh students
+at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+I think the other thing I'll say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the other thing I'll say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the other thing I'll say and
+then I would love to sort of hear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would love to sort of hear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would love to sort of hear what
+you all are talking about and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are talking about and get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are talking about and get some
+dialogue is um I kind of wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to to underscore the significance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to underscore the significance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to underscore the significance and
+importance of the work that you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the work that you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the work that you're doing
+um we sort of go we go about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of go we go about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of go we go about our
+life without thinking about our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life without thinking about our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life without thinking about our life
+often we go about our life without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we go about our life without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we go about our life without
+thinking about the relationships that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the relationships that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the relationships that we
+have and and one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and one of the most important
+components of our life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of our life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of our life is
+relationships and the more we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and the more we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and the more we understand
+and can appreciate the differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can appreciate the differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can appreciate the differences of
+individuals because it's easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals because it's easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals because it's easy to find
+somebody that you're common with right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that you're common with right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that you're common with right
+so I I can walk around down the hall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I can walk around down the hall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I can walk around down the hall and
+if I see a black male that has a suit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I see a black male that has a suit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I see a black male that has a suit on
+that's an easy connection hey how's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy connection hey how's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy connection hey how's it
+going you know every that's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know every that's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know every that's an easy
+connection the more difficult connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection the more difficult connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection the more difficult connection
+is with someone that doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with someone that doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with someone that doesn't look like
+me that doesn't act like me and and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that doesn't act like me and and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that doesn't act like me and and if I
+can find a way to make that connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a way to make that connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a way to make that connection
+or doesn't think the same way that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doesn't think the same way that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doesn't think the same way that I do
+then what ultimately happens is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what ultimately happens is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what ultimately happens is it
+enhances who I am and I think if you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances who I am and I think if you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances who I am and I think if you all
+in this project what I would love to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project what I would love to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project what I would love to see
+out of it is is sort of how you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it is is sort of how you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it is is sort of how you went
+about getting outside of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting outside of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting outside of your own
+comfort zone finding that finding a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort zone finding that finding a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort zone finding that finding a way
+to connect with someone that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect with someone that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect with someone that's really
+different from you because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from you because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from you because in the
+process of doing that I think we as MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing that I think we as MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing that I think we as MIT
+could learn how to actually do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could learn how to actually do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could learn how to actually do that um
+and and that's something that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's something that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's something that we need to
+learn not just my but other places too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn not just my but other places too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn not just my but other places too
+uh one of the things that and I'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that and I'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that and I'll end
+with this um as a undergraduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this um as a undergraduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this um as a undergraduate student
+I worked at Nasa and my advisor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked at Nasa and my advisor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked at Nasa and my advisor was
+Franklin chain Diaz he's an astronaut um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin chain Diaz he's an astronaut um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin chain Diaz he's an astronaut um
+and and when I graduated I think I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when I graduated I think I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when I graduated I think I may
+have mentioned this to you before when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned this to you before when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned this to you before when I
+graduated um I was admitted into MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated um I was admitted into MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated um I was admitted into MIT and
+had to go back to nassa to work for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go back to nassa to work for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go back to nassa to work for that
+summer and at the end of the summer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and at the end of the summer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and at the end of the summer I
+gave a presentation and we talked and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a presentation and we talked and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a presentation and we talked and he
+was sort of we were sort of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of we were sort of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of we were sort of talking
+about MIT and one of the things that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT and one of the things that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT and one of the things that he
+said to me that I'll never forget was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to me that I'll never forget was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to me that I'll never forget was
+when you go to MIT don't lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to MIT don't lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to MIT don't lose your
+humanity and I didn't quite understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity and I didn't quite understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity and I didn't quite understand
+what he was talking about but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was talking about but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was talking about but having
+been here for a while I I I see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here for a while I I I see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here for a while I I I see that in
+in the midst of our deep drive and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of our deep drive and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of our deep drive and in
+the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst of
+Our Endless pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our Endless pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our Endless pursuit of
+Excellence it's easy to lose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellence it's easy to lose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellence it's easy to lose our
+Humanity that sort of that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity that sort of that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity that sort of that human
+connection I think we've done a a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection I think we've done a a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection I think we've done a a really
+good job in the last decade of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job in the last decade of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job in the last decade of making
+sure that students and faculty and staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that students and faculty and staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that students and faculty and staff
+have that human connection and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that human connection and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that human connection and I would
+love to see this project add to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to see this project add to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to see this project add to what is
+being done to help us really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done to help us really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done to help us really understand
+how to maintain a human connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to maintain a human connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to maintain a human connection
+because that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's most
+important great and I'll just add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important great and I'll just add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important great and I'll just add one
+other thing um one of the reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing um one of the reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing um one of the reasons that
+that we watched the the film that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we watched the the film that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we watched the the film that we
+watched or the selection from it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched or the selection from it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched or the selection from it is that
+another way that that I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that that I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that that I could have
+approached making this this this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached making this this this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached making this this this film
+would have been to essentially cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been to essentially cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been to essentially cast
+students myself and go interview them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students myself and go interview them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students myself and go interview them um
+and I was somewhat resistant to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was somewhat resistant to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was somewhat resistant to do that
+because I was afraid that it would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was afraid that it would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was afraid that it would end
+up being like a more sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being like a more sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being like a more sort of
+contemporary version of that uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary version of that uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary version of that uh which is
+sort of a top- Down look at the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a top- Down look at the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a top- Down look at the student
+body and what what MIT students are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and what what MIT students are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and what what MIT students are like
+and what they do um and so this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they do um and so this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they do um and so this is kind
+of an experiment and I'm hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experiment and I'm hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experiment and I'm hoping that
+you'll participate by by looking at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll participate by by looking at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll participate by by looking at each
+other looking at at yourselves um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other looking at at yourselves um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other looking at at yourselves um so
+we'll see what happens but anyway do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what happens but anyway do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what happens but anyway do you
+all have any major concerns about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I me after watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then the way look at it now it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the way look at it now it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the way look at it now it that
+the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality
+of so now talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so now talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so now talking
+issu and are those issues supp to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issu and are those issues supp to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issu and are those issues supp to on
+those issues years from now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues years from now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues years from now another
+class is watching the video that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is watching the video that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is watching the video that was
+made for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for this
+oh I mean like the first my first impr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I mean like the first my first impr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I mean like the first my first impr
+was like wow that's great it's only 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like wow that's great it's only 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like wow that's great it's only 50
+years and 60 years and we here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and 60 years and we here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and 60 years and we here that's
+awesome are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome are you
+reallyy would that be reflected in video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallyy would that be reflected in video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallyy would that be reflected in video
+or would that be or is it something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would that be or is it something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would that be or is it something we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+it's you mean this video that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you mean this video that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you mean this video that we're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+now um I I I I hope there's not a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I I I I hope there's not a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I I I I hope there's not a fine
+line um certainly there isn't shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um certainly there isn't shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um certainly there isn't shouldn't
+be a fine line in what you do um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a fine line in what you do um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a fine line in what you do um I mean
+I can't I can't tell you that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't tell you that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't tell you that that you
+know if you find somebody who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you find somebody who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you find somebody who you know
+is the sort of poster child for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of poster child for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of poster child for you
+whatever ihtfp that that I can that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ihtfp that that I can that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ihtfp that that I can that it's
+that it's going to be you know like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be you know like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be you know like no
+problem but but the goal the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but but the goal the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but but the goal the whole point
+of this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is is
+to uh erase that fine line or blur it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh erase that fine line or blur it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh erase that fine line or blur it uh
+because as I said the the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said the the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said the the very simple
+way to do this project would for for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this project would for for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this project would for for me
+with the help of you know like the dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the help of you know like the dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the help of you know like the dean
+of undergraduate education or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of undergraduate education or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of undergraduate education or something
+to to cast students and profile them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cast students and profile them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cast students and profile them and
+I was resistant to doing that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was resistant to doing that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was resistant to doing that because I
+thought that there was a danger that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that there was a danger that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that there was a danger that it
+could end up being like a Slicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could end up being like a Slicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could end up being like a Slicker
+contemporary version of what we watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary version of what we watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary version of what we watched
+so this is as I said this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is as I said this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is as I said this is an
+experiment to try to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to try to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to try to do something
+different can sorry could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different can sorry could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different can sorry could
+Welly this room is so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welly this room is so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welly this room is so basically
+your question is you know are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is you know are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is you know are there
+boundaries this you know this film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries this you know this film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries this you know this film that
+we saw is very much a PR film from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw is very much a PR film from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw is very much a PR film from a
+very top down point of view and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top down point of view and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top down point of view and you know
+very contrived and we laughed at a lot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very contrived and we laughed at a lot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very contrived and we laughed at a lot a
+lot of it it Wasing but what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it it Wasing but what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it it Wasing but what are the
+questions become then so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions become then so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions become then so if you want to
+get up this question sort of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up this question sort of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up this question sort of MIT
+students how do you do it not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students how do you do it not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students how do you do it not in that
+you know not way that's you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not way that's you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not way that's you know that's
+not about PR but it's about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about PR but it's about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about PR but it's about trying to
+capture something that's more had disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture something that's more had disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture something that's more had disc
+real relation that language but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real relation that language but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real relation that language but how do
+we how do you get at something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how do you get at something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how do you get at something that's
+far more open anding and that's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far more open anding and that's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far more open anding and that's not just
+sort of PR look so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of PR look so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of PR look so that's one of the
+questions that I have for all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I have for all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that I have for all of you
+then I mean you I mean I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I mean you I mean I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I mean you I mean I know this
+exercise we talked about it some but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we talked about it some but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we talked about it some but not
+that much but in terms of actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but in terms of actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but in terms of actually going
+about shooting an interview with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shooting an interview with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shooting an interview with
+students do you have any ideas how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do you have any ideas how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do you have any ideas how you
+might go about shooting or conducting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go about shooting or conducting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go about shooting or conducting an
+intervie in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested
+in and I I mean this partly having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I I mean this partly having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I I mean this partly having
+asking you folks to participate is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you folks to participate is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you folks to participate is is
+part of my answer my attempted answer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my answer my attempted answer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my answer my attempted answer at
+that very question because how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very question because how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very question because how do you
+get it those kinds of things well via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it those kinds of things well via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it those kinds of things well via
+MIT students is the first part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students is the first part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students is the first part and the
+second part is somewhat up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part is somewhat up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part is somewhat up to
+you I think rather than asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think rather than asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think rather than asking
+or in addition to asking people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in addition to asking people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in addition to asking people about
+their experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experience
+cre always constru in certain way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre always constru in certain way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre always constru in certain way and
+with camera you to emphasize guess most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with camera you to emphasize guess most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with camera you to emphasize guess most
+postive not especially first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postive not especially first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postive not especially first
+time that you are a short interview so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you are a short interview so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you are a short interview so
+it would be nice to to see people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be nice to to see people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be nice to to see people in
+their own space like walking around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own space like walking around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own space like walking around the
+labs or CA the go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs or CA the go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs or CA the go to the
+car the gyms they they work out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the gyms they they work out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car the gyms they they work out because
+I think this walking space brings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this walking space brings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this walking space brings a
+different kind of experiential dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of experiential dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of experiential dimension
+and the kind of stories you tell they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of stories you tell they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of stories you tell they're
+see stories SE narratives but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see stories SE narratives but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see stories SE narratives but they are
+they reflect more your body experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reflect more your body experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reflect more your body experience
+around the might so they might be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the might so they might be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the might so they might be they
+might tell more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell more
+things like was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like was thinking about
+absolutely I mean if you look at again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I mean if you look at again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I mean if you look at again
+the film that we looked at we you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that we looked at we you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that we looked at we you know I
+talked about how I couldn't I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how I couldn't I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how I couldn't I was really
+taken by the fact that it was so so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by the fact that it was so so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by the fact that it was so so much
+about infrastructure this is Walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infrastructure this is Walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infrastructure this is Walker
+Memorial this is the president's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial this is the president's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial this is the president's house
+but it's all kind of outside in standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all kind of outside in standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all kind of outside in standing
+on the outside looking in and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside looking in and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside looking in and what
+you're talking about is inside out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about is inside out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about is inside out which
+is again exactly what I'd love to I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again exactly what I'd love to I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again exactly what I'd love to I'd
+love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to
+get and I think that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and I think that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and I think that gets
+it which is why I'm excited about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is why I'm excited about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is why I'm excited about it I
+think it gets it at that issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it gets it at that issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it gets it at that issue of
+humanity right you know CU you all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity right you know CU you all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity right you know CU you all are
+are there you're you're connecting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there you're you're connecting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there you're you're connecting with
+with the students and the students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students and the students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students and the students are
+the lifeblood of MIT so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifeblood of MIT so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifeblood of MIT so the question is
+what does the lifeblood of MIT really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the lifeblood of MIT really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the lifeblood of MIT really
+look like um and I think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um and I think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um and I think that that's
+that's a real question so I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real question so I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real question so I I want to
+I'm excited about seeing what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm excited about seeing what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm excited about seeing what the answer
+is and I I will say too um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I I will say too um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I I will say too um so so
+Christopher uh runs the MSRP program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher uh runs the MSRP program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher uh runs the MSRP program
+every summer which is a program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every summer which is a program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every summer which is a program for
+undergrads to come to MIT and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads to come to MIT and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads to come to MIT and do
+graduate research and we do video work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate research and we do video work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate research and we do video work
+with them every summer and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them every summer and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them every summer and one of the
+things that he does which is wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he does which is wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he does which is wonderful
+is he gives cameras to their students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he gives cameras to their students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he gives cameras to their students
+and these are not people who are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are not people who are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are not people who are in a
+film class they're not people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film class they're not people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film class they're not people who are
+trained at all all but they get amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained at all all but they get amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained at all all but they get amazing
+stuff that we could never get yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we could never get yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we could never get yeah um so
+clearly you're going to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you're going to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you're going to have a different
+perspective just by virtue of who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective just by virtue of who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective just by virtue of who you
+are plus you're taking this class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plus you're taking this class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plus you're taking this class so
+hopefully it's only been a couple months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's only been a couple months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's only been a couple months
+but you've learned something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've learned something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've learned something right
+thanks so we've talked about lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so we've talked about lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so we've talked about lots of
+different styles um or genres of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles um or genres of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles um or genres of
+documentary film making and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film making and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film making and different
+techniques um so you can think about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um so you can think about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um so you can think about so
+so C you know what you were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C you know what you were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C you know what you were talking
+about kind of the direct Cinema style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of the direct Cinema style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of the direct Cinema style
+where you take the camer and you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take the camer and you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take the camer and you move
+around you follow people get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you follow people get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you follow people get through
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+or dorms or whatever it is and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dorms or whatever it is and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dorms or whatever it is and then we
+were talking in the last class abouton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking in the last class abouton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking in the last class abouton
+Morris and sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris and sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris and sort of you know the
+interview style where it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview style where it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview style where it's it's not
+really about the interviewer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the interviewer questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the interviewer questions
+it's about just allowing somebody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about just allowing somebody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about just allowing somebody to
+kind of get into their own head space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get into their own head space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get into their own head space
+and talk about what they think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about what they think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about what they think is
+important to them um you know it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to them um you know it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to them um you know it could
+be the focus where the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the focus where the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the focus where the camera is
+focusing on interactions so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on interactions so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on interactions so are there
+certain kinds of student interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of student interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of student interactions
+that you would want to convey so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would want to convey so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would want to convey so you
+know so it would be you know focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it would be you know focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it would be you know focusing on
+a student but also that that student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student but also that that student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student but also that that student
+who's who's very much in interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's very much in interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's very much in interaction
+with others and if you wanted to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with others and if you wanted to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with others and if you wanted to focus
+on that what kinds of interaction would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that what kinds of interaction would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that what kinds of interaction would
+you want to f on trying to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to f on trying to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to f on trying to think of
+other examples of um some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of um some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of um some of the other
+styles that we've talked about we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles that we've talked about we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles that we've talked about we still
+have more to go we're doing sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to go we're doing sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to go we're doing sensory
+ethnography um in the next class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnography um in the next class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnography um in the next class and the
+sensory ethnography perspective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory ethnography perspective on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory ethnography perspective on
+documentary is really trying to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary is really trying to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary is really trying to get at
+um the sensory aspects of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sensory aspects of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sensory aspects of people's
+day-to-day worlds so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day worlds so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day worlds so for example if you
+were working in a lab and for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working in a lab and for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working in a lab and for those of
+you who saw the DB lab shorts from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who saw the DB lab shorts from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who saw the DB lab shorts from the
+last class the very first one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class the very first one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class the very first one by
+Christina is kind of is a bit in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina is kind of is a bit in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina is kind of is a bit in that
+mode where she did this this short film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where she did this this short film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where she did this this short film
+about um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you
+um uh you know herself working in a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know herself working in a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know herself working in a lab
+and the repetitive nature of the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the repetitive nature of the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the repetitive nature of the lab
+work right so she cut it in a way where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right so she cut it in a way where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right so she cut it in a way where
+it was very fun and enjoyable to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very fun and enjoyable to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very fun and enjoyable to watch
+but it was very much about okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very much about okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was very much about okay here's
+the nature of what it's like to to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of what it's like to to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of what it's like to to work
+in a lab so is there a way where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab so is there a way where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab so is there a way where you
+could sort of do a sensory ethnographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of do a sensory ethnographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of do a sensory ethnographic
+perspective on doing an interview with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on doing an interview with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on doing an interview with
+an MIT MIT student where you would kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT MIT student where you would kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT MIT student where you would kind
+of get at sort of a student's sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get at sort of a student's sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get at sort of a student's sensory
+experience of what it's like to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of what it's like to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of what it's like to be at
+MIT or to do whatever work it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or to do whatever work it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or to do whatever work it is that
+they're interested in whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in whatever they're
+passionate about I'm trying to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about I'm trying to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about I'm trying to think of
+well I mean you know there's the Jean R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean you know there's the Jean R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean you know there's the Jean R
+thing I mean an interview based film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mean an interview based film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mean an interview based film
+could be an Errol Morris style film or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an Errol Morris style film or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an Errol Morris style film or
+just a talking head film but think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a talking head film but think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a talking head film but think about
+Jean Ro in chronicle of the summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean Ro in chronicle of the summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean Ro in chronicle of the summer
+basically get people together don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get people together don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get people together don't be
+afraid of of being involved inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of of being involved inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of of being involved inserting
+yourself in the film and get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in the film and get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in the film and get people
+talking throw you know be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking throw you know be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking throw you know be be
+intentionally provocative and and or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally provocative and and or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally provocative and and or or
+not and get people talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and get people talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and get people talking about
+whatever it is that you're interested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that you're interested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that you're interested so
+that in a sense they're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense they're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense they're almost
+interviewing each other and Jean R also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing each other and Jean R also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing each other and Jean R also
+I me think about the technique in Jaguar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I me think about the technique in Jaguar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I me think about the technique in Jaguar
+where he got together with the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he got together with the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he got together with the you know
+um D and other people that he want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um D and other people that he want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um D and other people that he want to
+make that f with and he had them think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that f with and he had them think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that f with and he had them think
+out a skit that would improvise their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a skit that would improvise their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a skit that would improvise their
+lives so it was based on improvisation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives so it was based on improvisation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives so it was based on improvisation
+of people you know improvising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people you know improvising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people you know improvising and
+playing with um you know things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with um you know things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with um you know things that
+they wanted to convey about their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to convey about their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to convey about their own
+lives I mean is there a way use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives I mean is there a way use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives I mean is there a way use that
+technique to get questions um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to get questions um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to get questions um trying to
+think other ones so like je R stries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inphy
+style very talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style very talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style very talk
+now that's that's a question how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's that's a question how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's that's a question how would
+you do a ver MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a ver MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a ver MIT
+student well you have it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student well you have it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student well you have it would have to
+be about MIT not MIT student so Chris I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about MIT not MIT student so Chris I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about MIT not MIT student so Chris I
+don't know you're a bit bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you're a bit bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you're a bit bit of a
+disadvantage because um um sort of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage because um um sort of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage because um um sort of U
+just in terms of what we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of what we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of what we've already
+talked about in the class but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the class but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the class but we have
+been trying to go through all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to go through all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to go through all these
+different kinds of documentary Styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of documentary Styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of documentary Styles
+and techniques for how different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and techniques for how different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and techniques for how different ways
+that students might get at various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students might get at various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students might get at various kinds
+of questions about science and terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions about science and terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions about science and terms of
+filming science and engineering Bradly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming science and engineering Bradly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming science and engineering Bradly
+um so the idea is to give different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea is to give different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea is to give different
+examples of how you can do things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how you can do things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how you can do things and
+then let students take the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let students take the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let students take the tools that
+they are most excited about and and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are most excited about and and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are most excited about and and do
+something really creative with that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really creative with that cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really creative with that cool
+cool and and I would just say and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and and I would just say and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and and I would just say and you
+may have you you already brought this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have you you already brought this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have you you already brought this up
+but you may have something to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you may have something to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you may have something to say about
+this too just thinking about who you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this too just thinking about who you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this too just thinking about who you or
+or you know if it's a group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if it's a group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if it's a group of people
+you know who a who what group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who a who what group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who a who what group you
+actually talk to or profile is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk to or profile is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk to or profile is is is
+crucial um and there are two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial um and there are two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial um and there are two things
+there I mean one is don't just interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean one is don't just interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean one is don't just interview
+your roommate because they're your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roommate because they're your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roommate because they're your
+roommate and it's really easy um but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommate and it's really easy um but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommate and it's really easy um but at
+the same time you also want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you also want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you also want to have
+access you want to have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access you want to have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access you want to have that that
+Comfort level potentially that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comfort level potentially that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comfort level potentially that we've
+talked about I mean you you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about I mean you you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about I mean you you know as
+you've all experienced now you walk into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all experienced now you walk into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all experienced now you walk into
+a room of strangers with a camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room of strangers with a camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room of strangers with a camera and
+it's very different than walking into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very different than walking into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very different than walking into a
+room of strangers without a camera so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room of strangers without a camera so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room of strangers without a camera so so
+there's there are two tensions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are two tensions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are two tensions there
+there's one uh filming what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one uh filming what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one uh filming what you know
+filming people that already know you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming people that already know you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming people that already know you and
+that you have kind of a rapport with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have kind of a rapport with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have kind of a rapport with but
+two don't just do that because it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two don't just do that because it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two don't just do that because it's easy
+um so you know you know you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you know you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know you know you're thinking
+trying to I guess what I'm hoping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to I guess what I'm hoping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to I guess what I'm hoping is
+that you you know you'll think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know you'll think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know you'll think about
+some of the issues that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the issues that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the issues that we've talked
+about uh today and come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh today and come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh today and come up with a
+subject that you have a sense will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that you have a sense will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that you have a sense will uh
+will get at some of those those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get at some of those those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get at some of those those things
+uh in a unfiltered way I mean I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a unfiltered way I mean I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a unfiltered way I mean I'm not
+definitely not interested in in uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not interested in in uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not interested in in uh in in
+the pkin village version of this um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pkin village version of this um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pkin village version of this um but
+but that also challenges you uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that also challenges you uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that also challenges you uh as a
+filmmaker and as a as a person that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker and as a as a person that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker and as a as a person that's
+also yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah
+yeah yeah I mean I would just add I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I mean I would just add I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I mean I would just add I
+would just you know under underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just you know under underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just you know under underscore
+that and say that I would love to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and say that I would love to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and say that I would love to see
+you all um lean more towards the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all um lean more towards the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all um lean more towards the the
+side of of those that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of of those that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of of those that you don't have
+relationship I I know access is an is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I I know access is an is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I I know access is an is is
+always an issue so of any sort of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always an issue so of any sort of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always an issue so of any sort of these
+things but but I think even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but but I think even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but but I think even in the
+process of having to gain access to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of having to gain access to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of having to gain access to some
+individual or group that you haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or group that you haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual or group that you haven't had
+access to before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to before
+is is a lot that you can learn from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a lot that you can learn from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a lot that you can learn from um
+there's there's a deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a deep learning
+experience there's a book that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience there's a book that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience there's a book that was just
+released and you know you all came and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and you know you all came and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and you know you all came and
+now we put it up on the web um when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we put it up on the web um when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we put it up on the web um when she
+came and spoke it's called the warmth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and spoke it's called the warmth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and spoke it's called the warmth of
+other sons and it's about the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sons and it's about the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sons and it's about the Great
+Migration um of blacks from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Migration um of blacks from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Migration um of blacks from the the
+north uh states to the to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north uh states to the to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north uh states to the to the the
+southern states to the northern states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern states to the northern states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern states to the northern states
+and there was an individual Isabelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an individual Isabelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was an individual Isabelle
+Wilkerson who interviewed over 1,200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilkerson who interviewed over 1,200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilkerson who interviewed over 1,200
+people in order to sort of understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in order to sort of understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in order to sort of understand um
+what happened in this process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in this process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in this process it
+happened from the beginning of World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened from the beginning of World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened from the beginning of World War
+I until about 1970 and over 6 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I until about 1970 and over 6 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I until about 1970 and over 6 million
+African-Americans moved from the south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans moved from the south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans moved from the south
+to the north and but in order to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the north and but in order to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the north and but in order to get all
+these interviews she had to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interviews she had to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interviews she had to go through
+so many different Hoops just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different Hoops just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different Hoops just to get
+access to to people because now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to to people because now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to to people because now there
+there are I I don't remember exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are I I don't remember exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are I I don't remember exactly
+what they call them but there're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call them but there're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call them but there're sort of
+groups or committees that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or committees that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or committees that are in
+different places in the north that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in the north that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in the north that are
+based on where people were from in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on where people were from in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on where people were from in the
+South so there's a Hattisburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South so there's a Hattisburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South so there's a Hattisburg
+Mississippi Club in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi Club in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi Club in
+Chicago and in in order for her to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago and in in order for her to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago and in in order for her to get
+access to the Hattisburg Mississippi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the Hattisburg Mississippi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the Hattisburg Mississippi
+Club she had to talk to the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club she had to talk to the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club she had to talk to the people that
+run ran the club they had to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run ran the club they had to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run ran the club they had to have a
+meeting and they had to have a vote on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and they had to have a vote on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and they had to have a vote on
+whether or not they were going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they were going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they were going to give
+her access to come into the club and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her access to come into the club and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her access to come into the club and and
+and sort of interact with them so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of interact with them so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of interact with them so you
+may have to go through some hoops but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to go through some hoops but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to go through some hoops but
+even in the process of going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the process of going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the process of going through the
+Hoops I think you'll learn a lot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoops I think you'll learn a lot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoops I think you'll learn a lot um
+about yourself you'll learn a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yourself you'll learn a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yourself you'll learn a lot about
+other individuals and I think it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other individuals and I think it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other individuals and I think it'll
+it'll definitely enrichr the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um and one thing one last thing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and one thing one last thing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and one thing one last thing I'll
+just say about about Dean Jones um his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say about about Dean Jones um his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say about about Dean Jones um his
+office is not sponsoring this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office is not sponsoring this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office is not sponsoring this project
+he's just here because he's interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just here because he's interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just here because he's interested
+um just so just to make it clear um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just so just to make it clear um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just so just to make it clear um so
+this is not um this is this is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not um this is this is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not um this is this is as you
+know as unfiltered as I can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as unfiltered as I can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as unfiltered as I can make it
+hopefully um but anyway I know you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully um but anyway I know you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully um but anyway I know you got a
+lot going on so but thank you for coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot going on so but thank you for coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot going on so but thank you for coming
+I'm excited good stuff any any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm excited good stuff any any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm excited good stuff any any questions
+for for Christopher and we can we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Christopher and we can we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Christopher and we can we'll
+talk more about the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about the you know the
+nitty-gritty of of this this project uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of of this this project uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of of this this project uh
+later in class cool great well thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in class cool great well thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in class cool great well thanks so
+much all thanks a lot okay thanks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all thanks a lot okay thanks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all thanks a lot okay thanks a lot
+don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget
+cool nice to meet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool nice to meet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool nice to meet you
+all good luck with yeah thank you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good luck with yeah thank you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good luck with yeah thank you talk
+to you soon thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appreciate okay well why don't we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate okay well why don't we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate okay well why don't we take a
+uh just a short break and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a short break and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a short break and then when we
+come back we're going to dive into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we're going to dive into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we're going to dive into some
+more specific kinds of uh interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific kinds of uh interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific kinds of uh interview
+techniques that you can use just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that you can use just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that you can use just in
+terms of thinking about how to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking about how to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking about how to conduct
+an interview how to set things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interview how to set things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interview how to set things up
+technically um and then we can also try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically um and then we can also try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically um and then we can also try
+to go over some of the specifics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over some of the specifics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over some of the specifics of this
+of this project thanks we'll get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this project thanks we'll get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this project thanks we'll get started
+here and um the first thing I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um the first thing I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um the first thing I want to do
+is just run through some sort of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just run through some sort of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just run through some sort of basic
+considerations that you'll want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that you'll want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that you'll want to be
+thinking about when you uh tackle an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about when you uh tackle an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about when you uh tackle an
+interview based project and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based project and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based project and again
+interview based being interpreted fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based being interpreted fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based being interpreted fairly
+broadly as anything from uh a talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly as anything from uh a talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly as anything from uh a talking
+head Bas project as quote unquote uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head Bas project as quote unquote uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head Bas project as quote unquote uh
+like Errol Morris film through something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Errol Morris film through something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Errol Morris film through something
+that's a little more interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little more interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little more interactive
+something like we saw in chronicle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like we saw in chronicle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like we saw in chronicle of
+the summer uh and anything in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer uh and anything in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer uh and anything in between so
+obviously if you're going to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if you're going to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if you're going to do anything
+like that that's that's interview based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's that's interview based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's that's interview based
+audio becomes really really crucial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio becomes really really crucial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio becomes really really crucial and
+if you remember early on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember early on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember early on one of the
+things that I said was that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I said was that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I said was that sometimes
+sound is more important than picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is more important than picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is more important than picture and
+this is a situation in which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation in which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation in which that
+becomes really true uh obviously if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really true uh obviously if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really true uh obviously if you
+can't hear what the interview is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear what the interview is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear what the interview is saying
+or if it's poorly recorded or somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's poorly recorded or somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's poorly recorded or somehow
+something goes wrong you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong you don't really
+have a lot uh to to work with so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot uh to to work with so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot uh to to work with so uh I
+don't know have have all of you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know have have all of you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know have have all of you had a
+chance to play around with the lober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play around with the lober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play around with the lober
+microphone or have you been mainly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone or have you been mainly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone or have you been mainly using
+the Boom at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boom at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boom at this
+point just just the boom has anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just just the boom has anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just just the boom has anybody
+messed with the ler you you okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed with the ler you you okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed with the ler you you okay um so
+this is a situation in which you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation in which you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation in which you may
+want to consider using the lava ler uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider using the lava ler uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider using the lava ler uh
+and remember again that the lava ler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember again that the lava ler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember again that the lava ler
+microphone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is
+omnidirectional which means that uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional which means that uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional which means that uh it's
+really great at picking up sound in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great at picking up sound in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great at picking up sound in any
+direction uh from where it's located so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh from where it's located so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh from where it's located so
+in a relatively quiet room uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a relatively quiet room uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a relatively quiet room uh where you
+can put it fairly close to the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put it fairly close to the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put it fairly close to the person's
+mouth it's a it's a great microphone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth it's a it's a great microphone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth it's a it's a great microphone for
+an interview I'm wearing one right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interview I'm wearing one right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interview I'm wearing one right now
+Chris is wearing one right now uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris is wearing one right now uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris is wearing one right now uh it's
+very close to me uh this one of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to me uh this one of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to me uh this one of course
+is Wireless which is really great but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Wireless which is really great but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Wireless which is really great but um
+but we don't have wireless so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have wireless so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have wireless so so
+thinking about and making sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and making sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and making sure that you
+are comfortable with the with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comfortable with the with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comfortable with the with a with a
+lava microphone might be something to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava microphone might be something to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava microphone might be something to to
+consider now again of course if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider now again of course if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider now again of course if you're
+doing something where the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something where the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something where the person's
+walking around in a space walking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in a space walking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around in a space walking and
+talking uh as Karina was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking uh as Karina was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking uh as Karina was talking about
+that isn't necessarily going to work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't necessarily going to work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't necessarily going to work as
+well primarily because we have wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well primarily because we have wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well primarily because we have wired
+microphones um although you can try it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones um although you can try it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones um although you can try it I
+mean I've done it myself uh it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I've done it myself uh it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I've done it myself uh it just
+means that the person is Tethered to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the person is Tethered to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the person is Tethered to the
+camera which can be awkward and if again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera which can be awkward and if again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera which can be awkward and if again
+you have if you're concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you're concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you're concerned about
+impacting the scene and making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting the scene and making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting the scene and making the
+person feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feel
+uncomfortable that is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable that is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable that is something that
+that is would make anyone feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is would make anyone feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is would make anyone feel
+uncomfortable go ahead I mean maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable go ahead I mean maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable go ahead I mean maybe at
+the end if you guys are interested maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end if you guys are interested maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end if you guys are interested maybe
+we can have if there's time at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have if there's time at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have if there's time at the end
+have have uh Dave or you go over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have uh Dave or you go over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have uh Dave or you go over uh
+using the shotgun mics on top of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the shotgun mics on top of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the shotgun mics on top of these
+cameras so exactly how you set them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras so exactly how you set them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras so exactly how you set them up
+so you're ready to do that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're ready to do that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're ready to do that so if you
+want to have better sound but you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have better sound but you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have better sound but you want
+it just on the camera without wires now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just on the camera without wires now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just on the camera without wires now
+remember the thing about putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the thing about putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the thing about putting the
+direction microphone on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction microphone on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction microphone on top of the
+camera that actually could be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that actually could be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that actually could be a pretty
+good interview technique as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good interview technique as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good interview technique as long as you
+can stay fairly close to the person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay fairly close to the person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay fairly close to the person and
+also as long as you can can stay pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as long as you can can stay pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as long as you can can stay pointed
+at their mouth because if they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their mouth because if they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their mouth because if they turn
+their back on you if you're walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their back on you if you're walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their back on you if you're walking
+through a space their sound is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a space their sound is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a space their sound is going to
+pretty much disappear because this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much disappear because this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much disappear because this is so
+directional that this you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional that this you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional that this you know it's it's
+not going to pick up anything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pick up anything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pick up anything except
+what's bouncing back at the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's bouncing back at the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's bouncing back at the microphone
+from whatever surface is in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever surface is in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever surface is in front of
+them like a wall how close should you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like a wall how close should you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like a wall how close should you be
+um you know maybe four or 5T 3T would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe four or 5T 3T would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe four or 5T 3T would be
+great what is that about four feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what is that about four feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what is that about four feet
+that's about probably about four feet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about probably about four feet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about probably about four feet is
+is as far as you want to be um so teally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as far as you want to be um so teally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as far as you want to be um so teally
+they walking have to be either on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they walking have to be either on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they walking have to be either on the
+side on the side or in front walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the side or in front walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the side or in front walking
+backwards yeah walking backwards yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah walking backwards yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah walking backwards yeah
+that would be great walking backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great walking backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great walking backwards
+would be would be the ideal way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be the ideal way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be the ideal way to do it
+yeah very difficult um if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very difficult um if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very difficult um if you if you're
+planning on following someone behind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on following someone behind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on following someone behind and
+you want to get good sound of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get good sound of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get good sound of them
+talking uh you're pretty much stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking uh you're pretty much stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking uh you're pretty much stuck with
+either a lavier microphone or the boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a lavier microphone or the boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a lavier microphone or the boom
+because of course the boom can go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course the boom can go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course the boom can go over
+the top of the person or to the side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the person or to the side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the person or to the side so
+um so that's that's one thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's one thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's one thing just
+thinking about how you're going to mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you're going to mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you're going to mic
+the the people uh and considering using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people uh and considering using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people uh and considering using
+the lavalier if it is in fact going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lavalier if it is in fact going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lavalier if it is in fact going to
+be kind of a sitdown interview um second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of a sitdown interview um second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of a sitdown interview um second
+thing to think about is do you mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about is do you mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about is do you mic
+yourself do you want your questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself do you want your questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself do you want your questions to
+be part of what you record and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of what you record and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of what you record and obviously
+uh that is completely your choice there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is completely your choice there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is completely your choice there
+are there's a whole school of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a whole school of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a whole school of film
+making where uh the the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making where uh the the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making where uh the the interview
+interviewer sorry is cut out and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer sorry is cut out and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer sorry is cut out and the
+questions are not part of of what's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are not part of of what's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are not part of of what's used
+and in that case you don't need to mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you don't need to mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you don't need to mic
+yourself you can just obviously they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can just obviously they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can just obviously they can
+hear you there's no reason to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you there's no reason to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you there's no reason to record
+what what you're saying what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you're saying what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you're saying what that means
+though is that you need to get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that you need to get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that you need to get people to
+answer in incomplete thoughts so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in incomplete thoughts so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in incomplete thoughts so anyway
+so do your mic yourself uh if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do your mic yourself uh if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do your mic yourself uh if you if you
+want to have your questions be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have your questions be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have your questions be part of
+the record part of what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record part of what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record part of what you're going to
+use you obviously do need to mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you obviously do need to mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you obviously do need to mic
+yourself and you could do that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and you could do that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and you could do that with the
+lavalier and then use the uh the shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavalier and then use the uh the shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavalier and then use the uh the shotgun
+microphone to record the person for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone to record the person for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone to record the person for
+instance or vice versa um you should put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance or vice versa um you should put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance or vice versa um you should put
+yourself on a separate Channel though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself on a separate Channel though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself on a separate Channel though so
+you can put uh the the interview e on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put uh the the interview e on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put uh the the interview e on
+channel one and U on channel two so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and U on channel two so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and U on channel two so that
+way you can control them separately in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can control them separately in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can control them separately in
+the edit uh and you have two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edit uh and you have two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edit uh and you have two inputs
+which we've gone over in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've gone over in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've gone over in class and
+obviously we can review that if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can review that if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can review that if you need
+to um but to get back to the idea then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um but to get back to the idea then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um but to get back to the idea then
+if you don't mic yourself and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't mic yourself and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't mic yourself and you don't
+want to include the questions you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include the questions you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include the questions you really
+need to people you really need people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to people you really need people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to people you really need people to
+say everything that you need said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say everything that you need said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say everything that you need said in
+order to tell whatever story it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell whatever story it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell whatever story it is that
+you're telling so again to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling so again to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling so again to go back to
+this thing that we're about to say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we're about to say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we're about to say with
+Chris if I am get uh interviewing Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris if I am get uh interviewing Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris if I am get uh interviewing Chris
+and I'm basically trying to tell her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm basically trying to tell her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm basically trying to tell her
+life story and I say when were you born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life story and I say when were you born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life story and I say when were you born
+and she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she says
+1965 I can't really use that because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 I can't really use that because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 I can't really use that because all
+she said was 1965 she has to say I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said was 1965 she has to say I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said was 1965 she has to say I was
+born in 19 65 uh ask you would ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 19 65 uh ask you would ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 19 65 uh ask you would ask
+questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that
+imply and the sentence like tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply and the sentence like tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply and the sentence like tell me
+about yeah so your childhood and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah so your childhood and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah so your childhood and I and I
+say I was born exactly and I also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was born exactly and I also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was born exactly and I also uh
+sometimes I just I will just be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I just I will just be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I just I will just be very
+upfront with people and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront with people and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront with people and I will
+say uh try to answer in complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh try to answer in complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh try to answer in complete
+thoughts so like before you start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts so like before you start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts so like before you start the
+interview to alert them yeah to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview to alert them yeah to that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview to alert them yeah to that so
+you people forget and I and I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people forget and I and I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people forget and I and I'll explain
+you know I'm not going to be no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not going to be no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not going to be no one's
+hear my question so can you please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear my question so can you please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear my question so can you please
+answer in complete thoughts and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in complete thoughts and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in complete thoughts and people
+are usually pretty good about that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually pretty good about that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually pretty good about that one
+one technique that people also use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique that people also use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique that people also use which
+can be a little dangerous is they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a little dangerous is they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a little dangerous is they will
+say can you incorporate the question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say can you incorporate the question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say can you incorporate the question in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+answer so uh what happens then is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so uh what happens then is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so uh what happens then is people
+say you ask what are MIT students like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you ask what are MIT students like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you ask what are MIT students like
+and they say when someone asks me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say when someone asks me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say when someone asks me what
+are MIT students like I usually say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are MIT students like I usually say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are MIT students like I usually say and
+so you can see the difficulty on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the difficulty on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the difficulty on the one
+hand it's good because you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's good because you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's good because you get the
+context for the answer on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for the answer on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context for the answer on the other hand
+it's kind of formulaic and it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of formulaic and it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of formulaic and it's a little
+weird so if you know to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird so if you know to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird so if you know to go back to the
+1965 example if Chris said when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 example if Chris said when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 example if Chris said when someone
+asks me when you were when were you born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks me when you were when were you born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks me when you were when were you born
+I usually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually say
+1965 so it can get a little weird yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 so it can get a little weird yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 so it can get a little weird yeah
+but but it is one way to do it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it is one way to do it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it is one way to do it and it's
+and it's kind of reliable because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of reliable because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of reliable because people
+get it and they they're able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and they they're able to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and they they're able to do it
+but I and I but I think Karina was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I and I but I think Karina was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I and I but I think Karina was also
+right on in terms of trying to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on in terms of trying to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on in terms of trying to think of
+how can you ask questions that are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you ask questions that are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you ask questions that are sort
+of General enough where kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of General enough where kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of General enough where kind of
+intuitively that kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that kind of information
+would would be part of the story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be part of the story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be part of the story that
+people tell and that's just a basic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tell and that's just a basic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tell and that's just a basic of
+interviewing asking open-ended questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing asking open-ended questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing asking open-ended questions
+uh not do you like MIT do you like MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not do you like MIT do you like MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not do you like MIT do you like MIT
+yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or
+no so uh thinking about what you're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so uh thinking about what you're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so uh thinking about what you're what
+kind of questions you need to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of questions you need to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of questions you need to get the
+kinds of answers that you actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of answers that you actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of answers that you actually want
+uh and they are they tend to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they are they tend to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they are they tend to be very
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+open-ended um tell me about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended um tell me about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended um tell me about your
+experience at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at
+MIT and then you can ask follow-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and then you can ask follow-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and then you can ask follow-ups
+um and it's a it's the the the follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a it's the the the follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a it's the the the follow-up
+is kind of the real art I think uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the real art I think uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the real art I think uh in
+interviewing because you go in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing because you go in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing because you go in with a
+list of questions that you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of questions that you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of questions that you have in your
+mind that you think are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you think are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you think are really important
+maybe maybe you've shared them with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe you've shared them with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe you've shared them with you
+the person you're interviewing maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you're interviewing maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you're interviewing maybe you
+haven't and there are two schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't and there are two schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't and there are two schools of
+thought on that if you share them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought on that if you share them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought on that if you share them um
+then they may be much better prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they may be much better prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they may be much better prepared
+and that may be a good thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be a good thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be a good thing on the
+other hand they may be much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand they may be much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand they may be much better
+prepared preped and that may be a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared preped and that may be a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared preped and that may be a bad
+thing it just depends on kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it just depends on kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it just depends on kind of what
+you're what you're going for if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what you're going for if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what you're going for if you want
+somebody to talk in detail about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to talk in detail about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to talk in detail about their
+research and to provide statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and to provide statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and to provide statistics and
+all sorts of specific information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of specific information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of specific information you
+really want them to be prepared uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want them to be prepared uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want them to be prepared uh on
+the other hand if you want them to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you want them to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you want them to speak
+candidly about their life you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidly about their life you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidly about their life you may not
+want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be
+prepared because um not that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared because um not that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared because um not that you want to
+put them on the spot but you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the spot but you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the spot but you want to
+have them thinking about it fresh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them thinking about it fresh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them thinking about it fresh for
+the first time as they're answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time as they're answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time as they're answering the
+question if that makes sense and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if that makes sense and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if that makes sense and of
+course it also depends on the person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it also depends on the person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it also depends on the person I
+mean some people are really obsessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some people are really obsessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some people are really obsessive
+about preparation and get very nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about preparation and get very nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about preparation and get very nervous
+and upset when you try to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upset when you try to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upset when you try to do that and
+some people are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are much better
+spontaneously um but to do a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously um but to do a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously um but to do a really good
+interview that isn't necessarily about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview that isn't necessarily about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview that isn't necessarily about
+specific information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific information or
+statistics part of your job as a as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics part of your job as a as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics part of your job as a as an
+interviewer is to create an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer is to create an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer is to create an environment
+where people can be spontaneous and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people can be spontaneous and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people can be spontaneous and they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+comfortable um and one of those one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable um and one of those one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable um and one of those one of
+those things maybe not you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things maybe not you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things maybe not you know one of
+the the elements of of creating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the elements of of creating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the elements of of creating that
+environment maybe not giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment maybe not giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment maybe not giving them
+questions in advance so there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in advance so there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in advance so there isn't
+necessarily a right or a wrong answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a right or a wrong answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a right or a wrong answer to
+that but it will it really varies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it will it really varies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it will it really varies and
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+on system well I just had one just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on system well I just had one just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on system well I just had one just a a
+follow up on when you were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up on when you were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up on when you were talking about
+what kinds of questions to ask and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of questions to ask and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of questions to ask and and
+uh so Chris gave a really good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Chris gave a really good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Chris gave a really good example
+tell me about your experience at MIT you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about your experience at MIT you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about your experience at MIT you
+know and the good thing about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and the good thing about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and the good thing about that is
+that it's open ended but the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's open ended but the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's open ended but the other thing
+that's good about that is it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good about that is it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good about that is it's also
+specific because one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific because one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific because one of the things
+there's a tendency particularly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tendency particularly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tendency particularly for
+those of us us trained as academics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us us trained as academics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us us trained as academics we
+often tend to ask abstract questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often tend to ask abstract questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often tend to ask abstract questions
+where if you if you if you phrase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you if you if you phrase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you if you if you phrase it
+instead instead of telling me about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead instead of telling me about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead instead of telling me about your
+experience at MIT if it's instead well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at MIT if it's instead well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at MIT if it's instead well
+we're trying to capture what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to capture what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to capture what might be
+the ideal typical MIT student and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal typical MIT student and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal typical MIT student and has
+there been you know like in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been you know like in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been you know like in this kind of
+abstracted way and then and then you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted way and then and then you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted way and then and then you ask
+an abstracted kind of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstracted kind of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstracted kind of intellectual
+question and people are kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and people are kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and people are kind of like
+uh like how do you want me to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like how do you want me to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like how do you want me to respond
+like you know it's it's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's it's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's it's not a good
+interviewing technique and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing technique and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing technique and particularly
+people trained in academics have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trained in academics have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trained in academics have to be
+really careful about this but so finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about this but so finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about this but so finding
+a question that's both open-ended but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question that's both open-ended but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question that's both open-ended but
+also very specific and grounded like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very specific and grounded like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very specific and grounded like
+tell me about your experience at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about your experience at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about your experience at MIT
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+ 
+
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+Mi and they start talking about things
+
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+
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+
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+then you can take what they're saying
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+
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+
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+start to key into whatever your your
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+this before at the beginning in the
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+
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+first class but um I years ago I saw an
+
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+first class but um I years ago I saw an
+ 
+
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+first class but um I years ago I saw an
+interview with Errol Morris where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Errol Morris where he
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+
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+interview with Errol Morris where he
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+
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+said somewhat provocatively because he's
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+
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+said somewhat provocatively because he's
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+
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+
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+that the main thing in doing an
+
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+listening too hard because obviously you
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned out in advance so let's say um
+ 
+
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+planned out in advance so let's say um
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+
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+
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+
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+of cooking people like you know in in
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+and so all you're interested in is
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+
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+and so all you're interested in is
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+
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+
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+continually thinking in your head you're
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+
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+continually thinking in your head you're
+calculating yeah but what about lunch
+
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+calculating yeah but what about lunch
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+
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+calculating yeah but what about lunch
+tell me about lunch come on come on I
+
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+tell me about lunch come on come on I
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+
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+tell me about lunch come on come on I
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+you know and they're sort of laying out
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+
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+interviews um there is a real tendency
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+interviews um there is a real tendency
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+comment is throw that stuff out the
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+
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+comment is throw that stuff out the
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+window so that when some kind of amazing
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not really listening to to it
+then it'll just happen and you won't try
+
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+then it'll just happen and you won't try
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll just happen and you won't try
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+to force it or jam it into the the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that you had pre-ordained the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that you had pre-ordained the
+slightly less extreme version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less extreme version of that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less extreme version of that
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+
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+would be sort of an anthro take on this
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+
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+would be sort of an anthro take on this
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+where as opposed as opposed to the okay
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+where as opposed as opposed to the okay
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+here's my questions they haven't
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+here's my questions they haven't
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+
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+answered I've only gotten to one and
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+
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+answered I've only gotten to one and
+they have an answer three four and five
+
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+they have an answer three four and five
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+
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+they have an answer three four and five
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+and you know as Chris is saying you
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+
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+and you know as Chris is saying you
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+really try to direct them but the kind
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+
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+really try to direct them but the kind
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+of um for anthropologists who do
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+
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+of um for anthropologists who do
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+ethnographic fieldwork what we get
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+
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+ethnographic fieldwork what we get
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+interesting is what's interesting to
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+interesting is what's interesting to
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+
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+so you're constantly you know you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're constantly you know you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again it's not about as Chris is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again it's not about as Chris is
+saying it's not about sort of your pre
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+saying it's not about sort of your pre
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+
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+pre-ordained conceptions when you're
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+
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+asking but what's important to this
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+person and how can I sort of help
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+unearth um you know what it is that that
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+ align:start position:0%
+unearth um you know what it is that that
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+they that they find most interesting so
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+they that they find most interesting so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's questions towards a uh towards
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's questions towards a uh towards
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+a different kind of end and it's always
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+about being in in response and
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I think that that is true
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you look at it as don't listen
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you look at it as don't listen
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or listen very intently is uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or listen very intently is uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're really on an agenda uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're really on an agenda uh
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+as an interviewer you have a tendency to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an interviewer you have a tendency to
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+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to chop you know knock
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to chop you know knock
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+ align:start position:0%
+things off the list so the the first
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off the list so the the first
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+ align:start position:0%
+question is tell me about your MIT
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+ align:start position:0%
+question is tell me about your MIT
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+ align:start position:0%
+experience they they talk and you're
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+ align:start position:0%
+experience they they talk and you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next one is about where do you have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next one is about where do you have
+lunch and you're okay okay I got I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and you're okay okay I got I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and you're okay okay I got I got
+to get to the next question you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the next question you have a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the next question you have a
+tendency to jump in as there you as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to jump in as there you as it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to jump in as there you as it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that they're finishing with the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that they're finishing with the
+next question but what I found and I
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+ align:start position:0%
+next question but what I found and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question but what I found and I
+mean I do the I I've done like over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I do the I I've done like over a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I do the I I've done like over a
+hundred interviews this year so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred interviews this year so I do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred interviews this year so I do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot um people tend have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot um people tend have a
+tendency there's kind of a rhythm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency there's kind of a rhythm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency there's kind of a rhythm of
+spee where they finish and then if you
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+spee where they finish and then if you
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+ align:start position:0%
+spee where they finish and then if you
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a moment they'll continue and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when they continue it's the sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when they continue it's the sort
+of deeper kind of more personal more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deeper kind of more personal more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deeper kind of more personal more
+sort of unexpected answer because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unexpected answer because some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unexpected answer because some
+there's something about it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about it you know
+there's a rhythm of of conversation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rhythm of of conversation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rhythm of of conversation I
+say something Chris says something I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something Chris says something I say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something Chris says something I say
+something Chris says something well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Chris says something well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Chris says something well if
+that rhythm is broken and suddenly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rhythm is broken and suddenly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rhythm is broken and suddenly it's
+more on the person who's speaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the person who's speaking that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the person who's speaking that
+can be the moment when something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the moment when something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the moment when something else
+comes out so um there's a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out so um there's a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out so um there's a technical
+reason not to jump as well which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to jump as well which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to jump as well which is that
+you don't want to overlap the audio you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to overlap the audio you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to overlap the audio you
+you don't want their audio and yours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want their audio and yours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want their audio and yours to
+overlap because that can cause a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap because that can cause a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap because that can cause a problem
+in editing particularly if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in editing particularly if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in editing particularly if you're trying
+to cut your questions out um but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut your questions out um but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut your questions out um but also
+waiting a Beat Just to see if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting a Beat Just to see if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting a Beat Just to see if they have
+something else to say is often giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to say is often giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to say is often giving
+them permission to say something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them permission to say something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them permission to say something else
+and that can be some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be some of the most
+interesting uh and unexpected stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh and unexpected stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh and unexpected stuff so
+um so again not not really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again not not really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again not not really trying to
+forcibly direct the interview uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcibly direct the interview uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcibly direct the interview uh
+although of course you are directing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course you are directing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course you are directing it
+um is is is really important um just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is is really important um just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is is really important um just a
+couple of other things I mean so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things I mean so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things I mean so we
+um we were talk I was I think I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were talk I was I think I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were talk I was I think I said
+that that probably job number one as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that probably job number one as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that probably job number one as an
+interviewer is to make people feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer is to make people feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer is to make people feel
+comfortable and to make them feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and to make them feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and to make them feel like
+it's sort of that they have permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of that they have permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of that they have permission
+to to speak and to to um say things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to speak and to to um say things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to speak and to to um say things that
+are natural and kind of possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are natural and kind of possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are natural and kind of possibly
+unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected
+um one one really good way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one one really good way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one one really good way of doing that
+is thinking very carefully about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking very carefully about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking very carefully about how
+you're going to start the interview uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start the interview uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start the interview uh
+especially for people who aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for people who aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for people who aren't
+comfortable with being on camera aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with being on camera aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with being on camera aren't
+used to being on camera uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to being on camera uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to being on camera uh there's a
+real tendency particularly when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real tendency particularly when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real tendency particularly when you're
+working on a bigger production with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a bigger production with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a bigger production with a
+lot of equipment uh that everything gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of equipment uh that everything gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of equipment uh that everything gets
+focused on the equipment so the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the equipment so the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the equipment so the camera
+gets set up if you have lights you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets set up if you have lights you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets set up if you have lights you're
+setting up the lights the audio the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the lights the audio the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the lights the audio the poor
+person who you're going to interview is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who you're going to interview is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who you're going to interview is
+sitting there and they're a guinea pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and they're a guinea pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and they're a guinea pig
+for the lights and you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lights and you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lights and you're you're
+adjusting everything maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting everything maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting everything maybe you're
+slapping makeup on them you're putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapping makeup on them you're putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapping makeup on them you're putting a
+microphone on them you're asking them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on them you're asking them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on them you're asking them to
+do an audio test you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an audio test you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an audio test you know what's the
+level like one two one two can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like one two one two can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like one two one two can you say
+that again speak a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again speak a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again speak a little
+louder um and they get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder um and they get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder um and they get very
+uncomfortable of course because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable of course because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable of course because it's
+this big deal um but if you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big deal um but if you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big deal um but if you can do that
+more unobtrusively and obviously one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unobtrusively and obviously one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unobtrusively and obviously one of
+the nice things is we hardly have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice things is we hardly have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice things is we hardly have any
+equipment in this class compared to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in this class compared to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in this class compared to uh
+you know the load like that um so doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the load like that um so doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the load like that um so doing
+it unobtrusively is very very helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unobtrusively is very very helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unobtrusively is very very helpful to
+setting the the tone for a more natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the the tone for a more natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the the tone for a more natural
+interview and then the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and then the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and then the other thing is
+how you start it if you if if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you start it if you if if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you start it if you if if all of
+that kind of complicated setup and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of complicated setup and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of complicated setup and and
+running around leads up to okay are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around leads up to okay are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around leads up to okay are we
+ready are we ready everyone rolling okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready are we ready everyone rolling okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready are we ready everyone rolling okay
+all right begin be natural go now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right begin be natural go now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right begin be natural go now um
+that is obviously going to put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is obviously going to put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is obviously going to put a lot of
+people on the spot and make them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the spot and make them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the spot and make them very
+uncomfortable on the other hand and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable on the other hand and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable on the other hand and this
+is another reason for working in teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another reason for working in teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another reason for working in teams
+even if you don't have a lot of stuff if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have a lot of stuff if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have a lot of stuff if
+one person is doing all of the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is doing all of the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is doing all of the technical
+setup and framing the shot and setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and framing the shot and setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and framing the shot and setting
+up the camera and working with audio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the camera and working with audio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the camera and working with audio and
+the other person who's going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person who's going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person who's going to be doing
+the interview is chatting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview is chatting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview is chatting with the
+person the whole time and then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the whole time and then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the whole time and then if the
+camera just naturally starts rolling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera just naturally starts rolling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera just naturally starts rolling and
+you continue your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue your
+conversation then then suddenly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation then then suddenly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation then then suddenly it's
+become an interview without any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an interview without any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an interview without any kind of
+like go now now you're on now you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go now now you're on now you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go now now you're on now you're now
+now we started and that can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we started and that can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we started and that can be really
+really helpful as I said especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful as I said especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful as I said especially for
+people that are not really used to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not really used to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not really used to being
+on camera uh because you know you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera uh because you know you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera uh because you know you think
+about it you the we've had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you the we've had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you the we've had the
+experience of being filmed in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being filmed in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being filmed in this class
+off and on over the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and on over the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and on over the last couple of
+months and how different is it when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and how different is it when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and how different is it when um
+when the cameras aren't here or when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cameras aren't here or when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cameras aren't here or when we
+forget that the cameras are here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that the cameras are here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that the cameras are here so so
+the point is that you want to erase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that you want to erase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that you want to erase the
+camera from the room as much as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera from the room as much as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera from the room as much as possible
+and the way to do that is to as Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to do that is to as Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to do that is to as Chris
+has said a couple of times have a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said a couple of times have a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said a couple of times have a human
+subject to F for them to focus their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to F for them to focus their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to F for them to focus their
+attention on on while the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on on while the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on on while the technical
+stuff is happening and that isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is happening and that isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is happening and that isn't that
+isn't so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so so
+maximized just unless you're intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized just unless you're intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized just unless you're intended to
+do something like Jean rushian where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like Jean rushian where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like Jean rushian where the
+idea then in thata in that case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea then in thata in that case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea then in thata in that case then
+it's then I mean because that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's then I mean because that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's then I mean because that could be
+another way to do it then where you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it then where you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it then where you want
+it to be about the interaction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be about the interaction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be about the interaction with the
+camera but it's meant to be a dialogue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but it's meant to be a dialogue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but it's meant to be a dialogue a
+discussion back and forth and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion back and forth and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion back and forth and then you
+got a whole other way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole other way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole other way of thinking about
+the interview but that that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview but that that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview but that that could be
+another way to do it where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it where it's like
+okay it's a conversation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a conversation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a conversation between the
+camera and this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and this person
+yep um so just want to throw out a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um so just want to throw out a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um so just want to throw out a few
+kind of video considerations as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of video considerations as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of video considerations as well
+we've been talking a lot about audio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking a lot about audio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking a lot about audio and
+and interview techniques um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interview techniques um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interview techniques um again
+remember that that doing an interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that doing an interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that doing an interview
+interview based film we're we're that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based film we're we're that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based film we're we're that's
+very broadly conceived I mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broadly conceived I mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broadly conceived I mean something
+that is something that is sort of Errol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that is sort of Errol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that is sort of Errol
+Morris likee or what we think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris likee or what we think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morris likee or what we think of as a
+conventional talking head interview is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional talking head interview is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional talking head interview is
+one option and that generally involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option and that generally involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option and that generally involves
+having a camera on a tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a camera on a tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a camera on a tripod
+and having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having the
+person uh either looking into the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh either looking into the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh either looking into the lens
+or at an interviewer sitting near next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at an interviewer sitting near next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at an interviewer sitting near next
+to the camera just off axis from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the camera just off axis from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the camera just off axis from the
+lens um so and that's a perfectly great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens um so and that's a perfectly great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens um so and that's a perfectly great
+way to do things um but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do things um but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do things um but it's not the
+only way to do things I mean you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to do things I mean you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to do things I mean you talked
+about having people walking through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having people walking through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having people walking through a
+space and and talking uh some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and talking uh some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and talking uh some kind of
+environmental interview uh a handheld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental interview uh a handheld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental interview uh a handheld
+interview where the camera is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview where the camera is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview where the camera is actually
+mobile even if the person's not mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile even if the person's not mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile even if the person's not mobile
+all of those are other options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are other options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are other options and
+they're all perfectly valid choices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all perfectly valid choices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all perfectly valid choices you
+just need to think about what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to think about what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to think about what is the
+option that communicates what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that communicates what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that communicates what you're
+hoping to communicate um you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to communicate um you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to communicate um you know is
+this kind of a controlled setting is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a controlled setting is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a controlled setting is it
+an uncontrolled setting is it do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uncontrolled setting is it do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uncontrolled setting is it do you
+want some fluidity do you want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some fluidity do you want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some fluidity do you want them to
+be interacting with their environment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interacting with their environment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interacting with their environment or
+are you going to get the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to get the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to get the interaction
+with the environment separately are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the environment separately are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the environment separately are you
+going to interview them in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interview them in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interview them in a more
+control space and then film them doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control space and then film them doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control space and then film them doing
+the stuff that they're talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that they're talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that they're talking about and
+I'll talk about that in minute um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that in minute um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that in minute um so
+that's one thing just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing just thinking about
+about the the techniques that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the techniques that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the techniques that you're
+going to use in the interview uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use in the interview uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use in the interview uh to to
+convey uh a feeling that you want want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey uh a feeling that you want want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey uh a feeling that you want want
+to convey um if you are doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convey um if you are doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convey um if you are doing something
+that is a a tripod based kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a a tripod based kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a a tripod based kind of um
+standard uh video interview uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh video interview uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh video interview uh you know
+there's you you want to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you you want to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you you want to think about the
+framing of the people we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing of the people we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing of the people we talked about
+framing if you remember this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing if you remember this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing if you remember this idea that
+that um you know the really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know the really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know the really powerful
+parts of the frame are the are the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the frame are the are the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the frame are the are the uh
+the corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corners
+where the frame is divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thirds did a bad job there but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds did a bad job there but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds did a bad job there but um
+but you know these are very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are very powerful
+parts of the frame because our eyes tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the frame because our eyes tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the frame because our eyes tend
+to be drawn to those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be drawn to those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be drawn to those points
+so the standard way of framing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard way of framing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard way of framing some
+someone which is and when I say standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone which is and when I say standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone which is and when I say standard
+I mean that sounds kind of pejorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that sounds kind of pejorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that sounds kind of pejorative
+like oh well we don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh well we don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh well we don't want to be
+standard but but this actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard but but this actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard but but this actually works
+really well um you know framing somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well um you know framing somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well um you know framing somebody
+looking this way on this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking this way on this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking this way on this side of the
+frame so that their eye is more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so that their eye is more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so that their eye is more or less
+in that that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that point
+or alternatively framing somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alternatively framing somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alternatively framing somebody
+looking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking that
+way so their eye one of their eyes is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so their eye one of their eyes is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so their eye one of their eyes is at
+that point and that's just a really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and that's just a really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and that's just a really sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um good appealing way of framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good appealing way of framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good appealing way of framing
+people then remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then remembering
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+go if you have somebody framed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you know what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what's the relationship
+between the the the person's face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the the person's face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the the person's face and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+background the last thing you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the last thing you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the last thing you want is
+for the person's face to blend into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the person's face to blend into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the person's face to blend into the
+background and there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and there are a number of
+ways that you can avoid that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can avoid that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can avoid that I mean
+there's lighting if you have light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lighting if you have light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lighting if you have light
+obviously um you don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously um you don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously um you don't want the
+background to be much brighter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to be much brighter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to be much brighter than the
+person's face for example um you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's face for example um you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's face for example um you what
+you really want is is for the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want is is for the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want is is for the background
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+fade in some way so that the face kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fade in some way so that the face kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fade in some way so that the face kind
+of jumps out and that's why for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jumps out and that's why for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jumps out and that's why for instance
+we've talked about long lenses being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about long lenses being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about long lenses being
+very uh good appealing ways of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh good appealing ways of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh good appealing ways of of
+shooting people particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting people particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting people particularly in
+interview situations what that does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview situations what that does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview situations what that does is
+if you you it allows you to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you it allows you to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you it allows you to have the
+face being very sharp focus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face being very sharp focus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face being very sharp focus and the
+background to be soft and out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to be soft and out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to be soft and out of focus
+and that again is a way of of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again is a way of of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again is a way of of having the
+face jump out so uh focus of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face jump out so uh focus of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face jump out so uh focus of course is
+critical always critical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical always critical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical always critical but
+particularly critical when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly critical when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly critical when you're when
+you're shooting people what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting people what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting people what you want to
+do is uh zoom in all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is uh zoom in all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is uh zoom in all the way to the
+person's face to their eye because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's face to their eye because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's face to their eye because you
+always want to focus to the eye Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to focus to the eye Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to focus to the eye Focus
+very carefully and then you can zoom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully and then you can zoom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully and then you can zoom out
+to whatever frame you want um also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever frame you want um also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever frame you want um also you
+know thinking about varying the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thinking about varying the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thinking about varying the frame
+this is kind of a medium close shot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a medium close shot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a medium close shot but
+you could just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easily you know film people in a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily you know film people in a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily you know film people in a wider
+shot you know a very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shot or you know you could do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or you know you could do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or you know you could do the the
+Frontline 60 Minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and film people in very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shot or you could do all of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or you could do all of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot or you could do all of them you
+could you could move the camera or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could move the camera or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could move the camera or uh
+zoom in and out what you I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in and out what you I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in and out what you I have a
+technical question so like in in Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical question so like in in Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical question so like in in Gates
+of Heaven when when Errol Morris has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Heaven when when Errol Morris has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Heaven when when Errol Morris has
+those amazing I know you you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amazing I know you you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those amazing I know you you weren't
+rewatching it but you've seen it a zilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewatching it but you've seen it a zilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewatching it but you've seen it a zilon
+times but when he does those amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but when he does those amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but when he does those amazing
+portraits and in the background you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraits and in the background you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraits and in the background you have
+you know the cacti or whatever it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cacti or whatever it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cacti or whatever it is but
+the the faces are totally clear but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the faces are totally clear but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the faces are totally clear but the
+background is also totally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is also totally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is also totally you know
+popped so how exactly did he shoot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped so how exactly did he shoot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped so how exactly did he shoot that
+in order to get that yeah because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get that yeah because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get that yeah because that's
+I mean again um he's not doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean again um he's not doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean again um he's not doing a lot of
+the standard things in that film uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard things in that film uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard things in that film uh so
+yeah the backgrounds aren't out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the backgrounds aren't out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the backgrounds aren't out of focus
+what he's doing is carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing is carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing is carefully
+orchestrating what is in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrating what is in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrating what is in the background
+so that it's completely Vivid but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's completely Vivid but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's completely Vivid but also
+not completely uh fighting the face so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely uh fighting the face so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely uh fighting the face so
+you can do it with our direction as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it with our direction as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it with our direction as well
+um there are something back here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are something back here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are something back here that is
+really Vivid and kind of dynamic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Vivid and kind of dynamic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Vivid and kind of dynamic but
+it's not competing just by the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not competing just by the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not competing just by the nature of
+the framing it's not competing with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framing it's not competing with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framing it's not competing with with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+foreground um so art direction is is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground um so art direction is is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground um so art direction is is one
+is another way to do this um one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way to do this um one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way to do this um one thing
+to Just note about art Direction uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Just note about art Direction uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Just note about art Direction uh this
+is just a a personal thing of mine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a a personal thing of mine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a a personal thing of mine there
+is such a thing as being kind of too on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a thing as being kind of too on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a thing as being kind of too on
+the nose with art Direction and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nose with art Direction and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nose with art Direction and uh what
+I mean is um let's say you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is um let's say you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is um let's say you're doing
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+on uh labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh labs
+safety okay and you interview somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety okay and you interview somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety okay and you interview somebody
+and there's a sign in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a sign in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a sign in the background
+that says you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and it's completely sharp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and it's completely sharp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and it's completely sharp and
+in focus and this person is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus and this person is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus and this person is talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+radiation that's kind of on the nose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that's kind of on the nose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that's kind of on the nose um
+now it might work if this is like a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it might work if this is like a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it might work if this is like a you
+know a radiation symbol and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a radiation symbol and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a radiation symbol and it's
+completely soft and and not distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely soft and and not distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely soft and and not distracting
+but but there's something about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there's something about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there's something about kind of
+text and and sort of establishing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and and sort of establishing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and and sort of establishing your
+your subjects in a very very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects in a very very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects in a very very sort of
+obvious and overt way that that can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and overt way that that can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and overt way that that can get
+uh a little weird for me um and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little weird for me um and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little weird for me um and there
+also you know there sort of like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know there sort of like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know there sort of like things
+in the background that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background that can be
+distracting unintentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting unintentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting unintentionally
+distracting uh that's always something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting uh that's always something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting uh that's always something
+to to consider as well um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to consider as well um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to consider as well um you know the
+classic is uh I don't know if you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic is uh I don't know if you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic is uh I don't know if you saw
+this but I think it was last year or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I think it was last year or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I think it was last year or the
+year before Sarah Palin gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before Sarah Palin gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before Sarah Palin gave an
+interview at Thanksgiving when she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview at Thanksgiving when she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview at Thanksgiving when she was
+still governor of Alaska and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still governor of Alaska and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still governor of Alaska and they were
+slaughtering turkeys behind her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaughtering turkeys behind her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaughtering turkeys behind her and
+there's this like completely sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this like completely sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this like completely sharp
+focused shot of this guy slaughtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused shot of this guy slaughtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused shot of this guy slaughtering
+turkeys and staring at her you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkeys and staring at her you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkeys and staring at her you know and
+she's talking about Thanksgiving and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's talking about Thanksgiving and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's talking about Thanksgiving and the
+beauty of the of the of the um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of the of the of the um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of the of the of the um of the
+holiday and so on and it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday and so on and it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday and so on and it was just
+hilarious and it was hilarious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious and it was hilarious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious and it was hilarious because
+there was this you know utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this you know utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this you know utterly
+distracting and and bizarre event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting and and bizarre event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting and and bizarre event
+happening behind her that the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening behind her that the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening behind her that the camera
+person didn't really think about um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person didn't really think about um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person didn't really think about um or
+you can do that for Comic or did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that for Comic or did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that for Comic or did
+intentionally or well yeah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally or well yeah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally or well yeah good question
+I don't know but um you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know but um you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know but um you know and
+obviously you can do that intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can do that intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can do that intentionally
+you know you can have something going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can have something going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can have something going on
+in the background that that comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background that that comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background that that comments on
+the foreground intentionally either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground intentionally either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground intentionally either
+comically it often it ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comically it often it ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comically it often it ends up being
+comic um or not um so anyway these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic um or not um so anyway these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic um or not um so anyway these are
+all things to think about when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things to think about when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things to think about when you think
+of when you're when you're setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you're when you're setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you're when you're setting up
+kind of a quote unquote talking head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a quote unquote talking head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a quote unquote talking head
+interview the other thing which we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview the other thing which we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview the other thing which we've uh
+talked a little bit about in class are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about in class are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about in class are
+are lighting techniques I mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lighting techniques I mean obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lighting techniques I mean obviously
+we don't have lights but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have lights but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have lights but that doesn't
+mean that you can't use light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you can't use light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you can't use light or
+shouldn't use light to do uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use light to do uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use light to do uh you know
+better uh better jobs with your with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh better jobs with your with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh better jobs with your with
+your interviews um well Max can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interviews um well Max can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interviews um well Max can tell you
+you can find lights that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find lights that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find lights that can be
+used and he did a he did that a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and he did a he did that a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and he did a he did that a couple
+of times uh basically using like desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times uh basically using like desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times uh basically using like desk
+lights clip lights things like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights clip lights things like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights clip lights things like that um
+and that's one option the big thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one option the big thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one option the big thing to
+think about there is not making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about there is not making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about there is not making things
+too harsh not making your shadows really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too harsh not making your shadows really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too harsh not making your shadows really
+harsh or creating weird lighting effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh or creating weird lighting effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh or creating weird lighting effects
+on the people unless you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people unless you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people unless you're doing it
+intentionally um but if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally um but if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally um but if you're doing
+natural light uh thinking about which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural light uh thinking about which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural light uh thinking about which we
+we've talked about it before but just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about it before but just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about it before but just to
+reiterate thinking about where the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate thinking about where the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate thinking about where the light
+sources are and how that affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are and how that affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are and how that affects the
+person you're filming so again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're filming so again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're filming so again in this
+room if I was getting interviewed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room if I was getting interviewed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room if I was getting interviewed in the
+room by Andrew which I am um if I stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room by Andrew which I am um if I stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room by Andrew which I am um if I stood
+in front of the window like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the window like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the window like this
+especially if the blinds were up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if the blinds were up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if the blinds were up I
+suddenly get back lit and suddenly I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly get back lit and suddenly I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly get back lit and suddenly I'm
+not my face is not bright in the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my face is not bright in the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my face is not bright in the frame
+at all compared to the background um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all compared to the background um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all compared to the background um but
+if I come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come over
+here and I stand under or he I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I stand under or he I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I stand under or he I'm
+positioned under this light so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned under this light so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned under this light so that
+suddenly I'm in a pretty good spot my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly I'm in a pretty good spot my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly I'm in a pretty good spot my
+face is brighter than the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is brighter than the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is brighter than the background
+which is the board okay uh so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the board okay uh so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the board okay uh so you can
+position people in various ways to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position people in various ways to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position people in various ways to take
+advantage of that and you know harsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that and you know harsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that and you know harsh
+harsh lighting makes people look one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh lighting makes people look one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh lighting makes people look one way
+softer lighting like you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer lighting like you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer lighting like you know one of the
+nice things about this kind of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice things about this kind of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice things about this kind of material
+is that it breaks up light really nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it breaks up light really nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it breaks up light really nicely
+nicely so this is a very nice soft light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely so this is a very nice soft light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely so this is a very nice soft light
+that makes people look really nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes people look really nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes people look really nice so
+one thing you could do which we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you could do which we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you could do which we can't
+really demonstrate with this camera is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really demonstrate with this camera is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really demonstrate with this camera is I
+could be interviewed this way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interviewed this way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interviewed this way with
+window light on me and the camera could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window light on me and the camera could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window light on me and the camera could
+be facing here so now I have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be facing here so now I have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be facing here so now I have this really
+nice soft light source lighting me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice soft light source lighting me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice soft light source lighting me and
+it would actually be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would actually be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would actually be a really
+potentially very nice way of doing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially very nice way of doing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially very nice way of doing it so
+you don't be you know don't be afraid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't be you know don't be afraid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't be you know don't be afraid to
+position people and to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position people and to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position people and to use the
+environment around you uh to to get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment around you uh to to get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment around you uh to to get what
+you want uh and of course being outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh and of course being outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh and of course being outside
+the same thing I mean you can you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I mean you can you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I mean you can you could
+film somebody outside at Sunset with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film somebody outside at Sunset with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film somebody outside at Sunset with the
+sun blowing in the sky behind them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun blowing in the sky behind them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun blowing in the sky behind them and
+suddenly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly they're
+silhouetted and or you could turn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silhouetted and or you could turn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silhouetted and or you could turn them
+around and then you have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then you have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then you have this sort of
+golden light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden light on
+them and those are choices that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and those are choices that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and those are choices that you can
+make um so anyway um thoughts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um so anyway um thoughts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um so anyway um thoughts or
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point okay um when other thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay um when other thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay um when other thing that I
+wanted to to do um and then maybe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to do um and then maybe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to do um and then maybe in the
+last 15 or 20 minutes we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 or 20 minutes we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 or 20 minutes we can sort of
+just kind of go over if there are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of go over if there are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of go over if there are sort
+of just basic technical questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just basic technical questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just basic technical questions about
+the camera or sound that people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera or sound that people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera or sound that people want to
+sort of reiterate um I wanted to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reiterate um I wanted to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reiterate um I wanted to kind of
+revisit this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit this idea of
+um uh kind of I guess is the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh kind of I guess is the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh kind of I guess is the word
+illustrating uh interviews I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating uh interviews I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating uh interviews I mean you
+know the the sort of the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the sort of the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the sort of the question of
+okay so you've done an interview how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've done an interview how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've done an interview how do
+you actually make it come alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually make it come alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually make it come alive
+and one way to do it of course is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to do it of course is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to do it of course is to uh
+do something as Karina was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something as Karina was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something as Karina was talking about
+just interview somebody in situ right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interview somebody in situ right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interview somebody in situ right
+have them walking around describing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them walking around describing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them walking around describing what
+they do um and and have it be very fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do um and and have it be very fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do um and and have it be very fluid
+and very mobile the other way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very mobile the other way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very mobile the other way to do it
+of course is to interview them uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is to interview them uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is to interview them uh and
+then go out and do what kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go out and do what kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go out and do what kind of what
+arol Morris does uh get material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arol Morris does uh get material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arol Morris does uh get material that
+that reinforces or reiterates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reinforces or reiterates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reinforces or reiterates or
+explicates what they're talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicates what they're talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicates what they're talking about so
+if somebody's talking about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody's talking about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody's talking about the the
+biolab that they work in you do a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biolab that they work in you do a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biolab that they work in you do a half
+hour interview with them about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour interview with them about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour interview with them about the
+biolab and then you go to the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biolab and then you go to the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biolab and then you go to the lab and
+you shoot them working doing the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot them working doing the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot them working doing the things
+that they were talking about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were talking about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were talking about kind of
+illustrating the kind of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating the kind of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating the kind of important
+things that that work discussed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that work discussed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that work discussed in the
+interview and that's a great way to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and that's a great way to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and that's a great way to you
+know that's a great sequence to to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a great sequence to to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a great sequence to to do it
+in you know do an interview first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know do an interview first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know do an interview first and
+then go and think about what you need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go and think about what you need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go and think about what you need in
+order to tell the story that came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell the story that came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell the story that came out in
+the interview the nice thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview the nice thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interview the nice thing about that
+is that it doesn't kind of prejudice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it doesn't kind of prejudice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it doesn't kind of prejudice the
+interview so that you can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview so that you can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview so that you can be very
+exploratory in the interview and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory in the interview and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory in the interview and then
+you can kind of go and get exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of go and get exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of go and get exactly what
+you need to to tell the story um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to to tell the story um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to to tell the story um the
+other way to do it of course is to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to do it of course is to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to do it of course is to to
+film The the sort of kind of veret stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film The the sort of kind of veret stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film The the sort of kind of veret stuff
+the the the sort of mobile stuff first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the sort of mobile stuff first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the sort of mobile stuff first
+and then do interviews that connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do interviews that connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do interviews that connect the
+dots to the the mobile stuff and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots to the the mobile stuff and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots to the the mobile stuff and um I
+wanted to show a short film that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show a short film that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show a short film that I
+worked on a few years ago uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a few years ago uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a few years ago uh which is
+completely uh shifting gears in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh shifting gears in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh shifting gears in terms of
+genre um it's a it's a mockumentary it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre um it's a it's a mockumentary it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre um it's a it's a mockumentary it's
+a very lowbudget mockumentary like so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very lowbudget mockumentary like so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very lowbudget mockumentary like so a
+fake documentary that that I um I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake documentary that that I um I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake documentary that that I um I worked
+on and um uh it Stars Ed Helms uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and um uh it Stars Ed Helms uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and um uh it Stars Ed Helms uh and it
+was done on a a very very low budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done on a a very very low budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done on a a very very low budget
+very very quickly and because it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly and because it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly and because it was all
+completely improvised we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely improvised we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely improvised we did the
+opposite we basically filmed all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite we basically filmed all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite we basically filmed all of the
+uh and I'm not going to tell you too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm not going to tell you too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm not going to tell you too
+much about it but we filmed all the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about it but we filmed all the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about it but we filmed all the The
+Walking around first and then we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walking around first and then we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walking around first and then we did the
+interview second because since he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview second because since he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview second because since he's a
+really amazing improv actor he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing improv actor he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing improv actor he was able
+to kind of connect all the dots um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of connect all the dots um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of connect all the dots um but
+I'm just going to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to show it
+quickly then we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and it's a it's a profile it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's a it's a profile it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's a it's a profile it's it's
+it's not an MIT student but it's it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profile I just wanted to show that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile I just wanted to show that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile I just wanted to show that first
+of all because it was uh done not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all because it was uh done not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all because it was uh done not too
+much with too much more time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with too much more time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with too much more time and
+resources than we have here um we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources than we have here um we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources than we have here um we did it
+we shot it really really quickly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shot it really really quickly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shot it really really quickly in
+Brooklyn one day one Sunday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn one day one Sunday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn one day one Sunday afternoon
+and um it was the opposite of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it was the opposite of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it was the opposite of what we
+were just talking about we went out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just talking about we went out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just talking about we went out with
+Ed and just you know after he was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed and just you know after he was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed and just you know after he was done
+done with his makeup which took about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with his makeup which took about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with his makeup which took about as
+long as the shooting um we just wandered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the shooting um we just wandered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the shooting um we just wandered
+around Brooklyn and we knew that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Brooklyn and we knew that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Brooklyn and we knew that we had
+a couple of scenarios like he was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of scenarios like he was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of scenarios like he was going
+to go play basketball and that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go play basketball and that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go play basketball and that he would
+would be stood up on a date um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be stood up on a date um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be stood up on a date um but we
+didn't really know what else we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know what else we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know what else we were
+going to do uh and then we went back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh and then we went back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh and then we went back and
+did a interview which connected all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a interview which connected all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a interview which connected all the
+dots and because he's you know an you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and because he's you know an you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and because he's you know an you
+know an improv actor and really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an improv actor and really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an improv actor and really good at
+it he was able to tie it all together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he was able to tie it all together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he was able to tie it all together uh
+for us so um anyway uh there's that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us so um anyway uh there's that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us so um anyway uh there's that just
+that whole question of of uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole question of of uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole question of of uh how do you
+tell a story what's the story you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a story what's the story you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a story what's the story you're
+going to tell this was a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell this was a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell this was a situation where
+you know again other than the the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again other than the the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again other than the the basic
+scenarios and the fact that he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and the fact that he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and the fact that he was a
+zombie and that it was going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie and that it was going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie and that it was going to be about
+the day-to-day daily life struggles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day-to-day daily life struggles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day-to-day daily life struggles of a
+zombie done in this you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie done in this you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie done in this you know kind of
+particular way we didn't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so
+um two I guess last couple things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two I guess last couple things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two I guess last couple things um
+just to just to kind of go over again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to kind of go over again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to kind of go over again uh
+next week uh you've all done the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week uh you've all done the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week uh you've all done the direct
+Cinema exercise the idea now is to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema exercise the idea now is to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema exercise the idea now is to do an
+interview based exercise as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based exercise as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview based exercise as we've been
+discussing uh and next week if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh and next week if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh and next week if one
+person in each team could edit one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in each team could edit one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in each team could edit one or
+the other a version I mean obviously um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other a version I mean obviously um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other a version I mean obviously um
+it doesn't have to be you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be you know you know
+the be all end all but as as sort of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the be all end all but as as sort of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the be all end all but as as sort of as
+as kind of completely as you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of completely as you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of completely as you can put
+together something doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together something doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together something doesn't have to be
+more than a few minutes long uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a few minutes long uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a few minutes long uh that
+that is a best guess at kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a best guess at kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a best guess at kind of what you
+were trying to do with with each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to do with with each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to do with with each of the
+exercises um so does that make make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises um so does that make make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises um so does that make make
+sense questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um all right so then just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um all right so then just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um all right so then just the the
+last thing I wanted to leave you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I wanted to leave you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I wanted to leave you know
+enough time to sort of deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to sort of deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to sort of deal with
+specific technical questions that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific technical questions that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific technical questions that may
+have come up either about camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up either about camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up either about camera or
+sound recording one other thing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording one other thing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound recording one other thing I mean
+unless somebody had something else they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless somebody had something else they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless somebody had something else they
+wanted to say but you had asked earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say but you had asked earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say but you had asked earlier
+about sort of um um moving doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of um um moving doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of um um moving doing
+handheld and moving with somebody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld and moving with somebody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld and moving with somebody and
+then the question then about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question then about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question then about you know
+how do you get if you've got the shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get if you've got the shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get if you've got the shotgun
+mic on top how do you keep getting sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic on top how do you keep getting sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic on top how do you keep getting sound
+and Chris was talking about walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chris was talking about walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chris was talking about walking
+backwards so just one follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so just one follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so just one follow-up
+technical thing on that it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical thing on that it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical thing on that it's a really
+good technique to learn how to do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technique to learn how to do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technique to learn how to do you do
+to walk backwards I would practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk backwards I would practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk backwards I would practice
+first and you should be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you should be particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you should be particularly
+careful with your ankle part ofer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also I mean never never do it un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I mean never never do it un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I mean never never do it un
+assisted uh at least if there's any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted uh at least if there's any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted uh at least if there's any kind
+of question about the terrain or bumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question about the terrain or bumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question about the terrain or bumping
+into something no seriously I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something no seriously I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something no seriously I mean you
+can you can fall downstairs you can fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can fall downstairs you can fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can fall downstairs you can fall
+you know break cameras break your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know break cameras break your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know break cameras break your you
+know sorry you know break something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sorry you know break something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sorry you know break something on
+you um you just don't want to do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um you just don't want to do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um you just don't want to do it I
+mean usually what what we do when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean usually what what we do when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean usually what what we do when we're
+walking backwards is again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking backwards is again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking backwards is again you're
+working in teams of two so here if Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in teams of two so here if Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in teams of two so here if Chris
+is walking backwards with the camera you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is walking backwards with the camera you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is walking backwards with the camera you
+know I I'm here and I'm doing this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I'm here and I'm doing this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I'm here and I'm doing this you
+know like okay you know step step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like okay you know step step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like okay you know step step
+step you know so um you know moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you know so um you know moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you know so um you know moving
+things out of the way making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out of the way making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out of the way making sure that
+you know telling her if there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know telling her if there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know telling her if there's a a
+something that she's going to bump it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that she's going to bump it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that she's going to bump it to
+um or tapping her to move this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or tapping her to move this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or tapping her to move this way and
+that's just something you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something you really want to
+do because the you know again you get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the you know again you get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the you know again you get so
+involved in the shooting you get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the shooting you get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the shooting you get so
+involved in the shot you're taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the shot you're taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the shot you're taking that
+even if you know very well that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you know very well that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you know very well that there's
+a table of glasswar behind you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of glasswar behind you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of glasswar behind you you're
+almost guaranteed to run into it we some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost guaranteed to run into it we some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost guaranteed to run into it we some
+really funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really funny
+footage was this little tree yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage was this little tree yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage was this little tree yeah we
+were we were shooting in uh in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we were shooting in uh in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we were shooting in uh in East
+Africa in this little island where I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in this little island where I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in this little island where I had
+done my field work and Chris was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done my field work and Chris was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done my field work and Chris was doing
+we were walking up a path and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were walking up a path and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were walking up a path and there were
+all these coconut trees and so Chris was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these coconut trees and so Chris was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these coconut trees and so Chris was
+shooting handheld walking backwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting handheld walking backwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting handheld walking backwards and
+we have this the sound of like like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this the sound of like like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this the sound of like like when
+he hits the coconut tree goes Splat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hits the coconut tree goes Splat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hits the coconut tree goes Splat so
+we we've actually spent a lot of timeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've actually spent a lot of timeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've actually spent a lot of timeing
+the coconut trees but that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coconut trees but that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coconut trees but that particular
+one so yeah it's so it's a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so yeah it's so it's a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so yeah it's so it's a really great
+technique to have and it really frees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to have and it really frees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to have and it really frees
+you up to be able to do stuff more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to be able to do stuff more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to be able to do stuff more
+handheld which could be really fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld which could be really fun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld which could be really fun I
+mean again again it's all about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again again it's all about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again again it's all about about
+what you want to capture do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to capture do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to capture do you want to
+do kind of the aoris type thing do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of the aoris type thing do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of the aoris type thing do you
+want to do the kind of movement but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the kind of movement but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the kind of movement but if
+you if you do want to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you do want to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you do want to be able to do
+stuff that's sort of more more mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's sort of more more mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's sort of more more mobile
+learning those kinds of techniques and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning those kinds of techniques and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning those kinds of techniques and
+so just practicing them maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just practicing them maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just practicing them maybe with
+having a friend spot you uh is is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a friend spot you uh is is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a friend spot you uh is is a good
+idea and thinking about kind of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and thinking about kind of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and thinking about kind of how the
+shot changes I mean again I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot changes I mean again I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot changes I mean again I mean this
+the the the little thing we just watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the little thing we just watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the little thing we just watched
+actually is is a good example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is is a good example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is is a good example of this
+say stand up again so um basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stand up again so um basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stand up again so um basically I
+walked all over Park Slope with with Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked all over Park Slope with with Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked all over Park Slope with with Ed
+and Nick and the sound guy oh so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nick and the sound guy oh so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nick and the sound guy oh so when
+you're on the street and yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the street and yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the street and yeah so I
+walked backwards a lot and Nick was Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked backwards a lot and Nick was Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked backwards a lot and Nick was Nick
+Poppy the director was you know guiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poppy the director was you know guiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poppy the director was you know guiding
+me but then I would come around uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but then I would come around uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but then I would come around uh to
+the side and walk next to Ed or I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side and walk next to Ed or I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side and walk next to Ed or I would
+walk behind him you know he would inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk behind him you know he would inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk behind him you know he would inter
+he would do his thing where he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would do his thing where he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would do his thing where he would
+interact with people and I would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with people and I would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with people and I would find
+another angle and you know Nick was Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another angle and you know Nick was Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another angle and you know Nick was Nick
+would noce sort of step out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would noce sort of step out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would noce sort of step out of the way
+and kind of just make sure he wasn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of just make sure he wasn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of just make sure he wasn't in
+the shot and then if I started walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shot and then if I started walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shot and then if I started walking
+backwards again he would run in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards again he would run in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards again he would run in and and
+and you know start guiding again so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know start guiding again so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know start guiding again so it's
+just staying very fluid and uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staying very fluid and uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staying very fluid and uh just
+remembering that you know you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that you know you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that you know you can change
+shots you can change from one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots you can change from one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots you can change from one kind of
+shot to another kind of shot um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot to another kind of shot um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot to another kind of shot um you can
+you can film feet you can film cutaways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can film feet you can film cutaways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can film feet you can film cutaways
+you you can sh film point of view so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can sh film point of view so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can sh film point of view so
+another thing that you might do is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you might do is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you might do is if
+you're walking backwards filming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking backwards filming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking backwards filming this
+person walking through the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person walking through the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person walking through the environment
+you can flip around and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can flip around and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can flip around and all of a sudden
+you're shooting the point point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting the point point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting the point point of view
+of that person so you can shoot kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person so you can shoot kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person so you can shoot kind of
+what's happening on the street what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening on the street what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening on the street what's
+ahead then rotate back film here go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead then rotate back film here go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead then rotate back film here go
+behind go over the shoulder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind go over the shoulder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind go over the shoulder of the
+person film film a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person film film a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person film film a
+profile and um the main thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and um the main thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and um the main thing there
+again is to uh think about holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is to uh think about holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is to uh think about holding the
+shots long enough so that there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots long enough so that there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots long enough so that there actually
+is something there to use if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something there to use if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something there to use if you're
+continually moving and changing you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually moving and changing you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually moving and changing you end
+up with nothing it's like it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with nothing it's like it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with nothing it's like it's kind of
+the equivalent of hosing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of hosing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of hosing down the
+room but but you know definitely don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but but you know definitely don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but but you know definitely don't
+lock yourself into one kind of angle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock yourself into one kind of angle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock yourself into one kind of angle uh
+try to be aware of what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be aware of what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be aware of what's interesting
+and what's going on and and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going on and and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going on and and try to
+change angles to do that and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change angles to do that and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change angles to do that and that was
+one of the things also that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things also that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things also that I wanted to
+show that was was fun about that piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that was was fun about that piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that was was fun about that piece
+even though it obviously is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it obviously is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it obviously is a
+mockumentary it was very much un you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockumentary it was very much un you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockumentary it was very much un you
+know unscripted other than the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know unscripted other than the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know unscripted other than the fact that
+we knew we had permission from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew we had permission from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew we had permission from that
+restaurant to film in the restaurant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant to film in the restaurant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant to film in the restaurant at
+a particular time of day we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular time of day we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular time of day we didn't
+really have an agenda so that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have an agenda so that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have an agenda so that in some
+ways is very similar to to the Jean rou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways is very similar to to the Jean rou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways is very similar to to the Jean rou
+technique say in Jaguar where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique say in Jaguar where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique say in Jaguar where you get
+together and you kind of decide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you kind of decide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you kind of decide okay
+here's certain parameters there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's certain parameters there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's certain parameters there's a
+couple things we want to do and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things we want to do and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things we want to do and then the
+base of it the rest of it is improv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of it the rest of it is improv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of it the rest of it is improv
+along the way um in the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way um in the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way um in the last five
+minutes since people might want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes since people might want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes since people might want the
+flexibility to do that should we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to do that should we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to do that should we get out
+of shotgun mic do you want to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shotgun mic do you want to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shotgun mic do you want to show how
+to put them onto the camera yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them onto the camera yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them onto the camera yeah maybe
+is that something that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something that people are
+interested in finding out about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in finding out about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in finding out about because
+that's that is a great sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is a great sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is a great sort of
+intermediary technique and it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary technique and it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary technique and it's um it's
+definitely better than the mic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely better than the mic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely better than the mic that
+comes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the
+camera um so anyway the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um so anyway the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um so anyway the uh
+this mic fits in to the same place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mic fits in to the same place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mic fits in to the same place but
+one thing you'll notice right away when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you'll notice right away when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you'll notice right away when
+you try it is that it's too loose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try it is that it's too loose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try it is that it's too loose so
+what we what we usually do uh we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we usually do uh we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we usually do uh we don't
+have it here but we have that blue paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it here but we have that blue paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it here but we have that blue paper
+tape the painters tape uh that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape the painters tape uh that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape the painters tape uh that you can
+get a roll of and you can wrap it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a roll of and you can wrap it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a roll of and you can wrap it around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mic uh the nice thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic uh the nice thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic uh the nice thing about that
+painters tape is that it comes off very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters tape is that it comes off very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters tape is that it comes off very
+easily I wouldn't use masking tape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily I wouldn't use masking tape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily I wouldn't use masking tape or
+Scotch tape or tape that that is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch tape or tape that that is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch tape or tape that that is hard to
+peel off but that blue painters tape you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel off but that blue painters tape you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel off but that blue painters tape you
+can wrap it around and build up the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wrap it around and build up the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wrap it around and build up the the
+thickness of the microphone so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the microphone so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the microphone so that it
+actually does fit relatively snugly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does fit relatively snugly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does fit relatively snugly in
+here because it's close it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it's close it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it's close it's just a
+little bit bit off and there's painter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bit off and there's painter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bit off and there's painter
+tape in dvab that you can use if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape in dvab that you can use if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape in dvab that you can use if you if
+you want what's that I'm just telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want what's that I'm just telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want what's that I'm just telling
+there's painters tape in dvb right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's painters tape in dvb right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's painters tape in dvb right so so
+if you want to do this just uh take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do this just uh take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do this just uh take a
+roll of painters tape when you check out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll of painters tape when you check out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll of painters tape when you check out
+your equipment there's tons of it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equipment there's tons of it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equipment there's tons of it too
+extension back there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension back there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension back there is
+the you guys need some we got a lot yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you guys need some we got a lot yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you guys need some we got a lot yeah
+um the other issue that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other issue that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other issue that you're going to
+run into however and this is little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into however and this is little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into however and this is little
+trickier is that on a wide angle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier is that on a wide angle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier is that on a wide angle this
+sags into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sags into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sags into the
+frame so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so um
+especially I mean even if it's even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially I mean even if it's even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially I mean even if it's even if
+it's built up and it's like that this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built up and it's like that this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built up and it's like that this if
+on on the widest angle this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the widest angle this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the widest angle this is going to
+be in the frame and um you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the frame and um you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the frame and um you're going to
+need to think of a way to to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of a way to to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of a way to to deal with
+that one thing that I've done which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing that I've done which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing that I've done which uh
+has a slight downside is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slight downside is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slight downside is you
+can uh take another piece of tape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh take another piece of tape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh take another piece of tape and
+angle this up just a little bit angling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this up just a little bit angling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this up just a little bit angling
+it up that much is just is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up that much is just is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up that much is just is enough to
+have it clear the frame uh but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it clear the frame uh but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it clear the frame uh but of course
+now you're pointing up a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're pointing up a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're pointing up a little bit so
+it's you're a little bit off AIS unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you're a little bit off AIS unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you're a little bit off AIS unless
+you're filming Dave which case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filming Dave which case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filming Dave which case it's
+perfect um so that's one that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect um so that's one that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect um so that's one that's one
+thing um other people did other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um other people did other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um other people did other things
+like I somebody I think managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I somebody I think managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I somebody I think managed to
+actually secure it to the top of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually secure it to the top of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually secure it to the top of the the
+uh Mount like that uh you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mount like that uh you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mount like that uh you just need to
+be sure that it's secure because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure that it's secure because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure that it's secure because I don't
+want it obviously to fall off um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it obviously to fall off um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it obviously to fall off um and the
+other thing is it needs to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is it needs to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is it needs to be pretty
+pretty snugly attached because if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty snugly attached because if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty snugly attached because if it
+does this a lot you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this a lot you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this a lot you're going to get
+sound problems you're going to get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound problems you're going to get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound problems you're going to get a lot
+of interference uh with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interference uh with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interference uh with with the
+microphone because remember it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone because remember it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone because remember it's just
+like the boom handling noise like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the boom handling noise like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the boom handling noise like the
+mic shaking around bumping into things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic shaking around bumping into things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic shaking around bumping into things
+hand on the boom or hand on the mic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on the boom or hand on the mic all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on the boom or hand on the mic all
+of that comes out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that comes out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that comes out as
+interference um so so anyway so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference um so so anyway so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference um so so anyway so that is
+a potential way to do it if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential way to do it if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential way to do it if you can do
+it securely with the tape um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it securely with the tape um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it securely with the tape um and that
+again is just enough to get it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just enough to get it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just enough to get it out of
+the frame uh and that way is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame uh and that way is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame uh and that way is still
+pointing forward so so that actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing forward so so that actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing forward so so that actually is
+another another pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another pretty good
+option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I don't know if we've ever tried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know if we've ever tried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know if we've ever tried this
+or if it's even doable but just cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's even doable but just cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's even doable but just cutting
+the itself well I don't want them to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the itself well I don't want them to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the itself well I don't want them to cut
+the phone no I meant use it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone no I meant use it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone no I meant use it like this
+yeah yeah I was just going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I was just going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I was just going to do that
+yeah I don't know if that actually fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know if that actually fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know if that actually fits
+though could you tape over yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though could you tape over yeah another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though could you tape over yeah another
+option maybe which I haven't tried would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option maybe which I haven't tried would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option maybe which I haven't tried would
+be to do something like that bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to do something like that bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to do something like that bring it
+back just far enough and then you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just far enough and then you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just far enough and then you can't
+close that um of the tap toghten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that um of the tap toghten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that um of the tap toghten a
+little right right or the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little right right or the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little right right or the other thing
+you could do is push the foam forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is push the foam forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is push the foam forward
+and bring it back um the only thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring it back um the only thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring it back um the only thing here
+you don't want to cover the pickups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to cover the pickups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to cover the pickups
+remember these slots on the sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these slots on the sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these slots on the sides of the
+mic actually are are audio pickups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic actually are are audio pickups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic actually are are audio pickups so
+you don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to have
+those in the mount like that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the mount like that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the mount like that so you
+could go back right to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go back right to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go back right to that point
+like that but anything further back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but anything further back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but anything further back is
+going to become kind of a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become kind of a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become kind of a problem for
+you um but anyway so there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um but anyway so there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um but anyway so there there is a
+bit of a technical challenge there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a technical challenge there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a technical challenge there are a
+couple of ways of getting around it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways of getting around it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways of getting around it but
+it is it is a way for you to avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is a way for you to avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is a way for you to avoid that
+issue of of the boom being so intrusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of of the boom being so intrusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of of the boom being so intrusive
+it's more limited though than the boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more limited though than the boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more limited though than the boom
+because although you're getting a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although you're getting a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because although you're getting a nice
+you know so from here I could do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so from here I could do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so from here I could do get
+pretty decent audio of Dave um back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty decent audio of Dave um back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty decent audio of Dave um back here
+you know not so much I mean it's it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not so much I mean it's it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not so much I mean it's it'll
+be better than the camera mic but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than the camera mic but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than the camera mic but it's
+not going to be fantastic um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be fantastic um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be fantastic um and of
+course I also can't come over the top I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I also can't come over the top I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I also can't come over the top I
+can't you know I don't have any reach so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know I don't have any reach so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know I don't have any reach so
+you know with the boom I can be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the boom I can be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the boom I can be back
+here filming you two and then the boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here filming you two and then the boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here filming you two and then the boom
+person can be like this but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can be like this but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can be like this but of course
+you too may be very ill at ease with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too may be very ill at ease with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too may be very ill at ease with
+this thing hanging over your head so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing hanging over your head so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing hanging over your head so
+it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trade-off yeah definely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well again remember these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again remember these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again remember these are very
+directional so if if I'm filming Dave on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional so if if I'm filming Dave on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional so if if I'm filming Dave on
+a loading dock and there's a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loading dock and there's a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loading dock and there's a truck
+idling behind him I'm going to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idling behind him I'm going to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idling behind him I'm going to pick up
+the microphone the the truck really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone the the truck really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone the the truck really
+really well if I'm coming in like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well if I'm coming in like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well if I'm coming in like this
+I'm not really so much because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not really so much because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not really so much because the
+pattern is down but I'm still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is down but I'm still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is down but I'm still going to
+hear his his sound so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear his his sound so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear his his sound so that's another
+consideration um but but this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration um but but this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration um but but this is is
+something that we've done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we've done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we've done very
+successfully that's less obtrusive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully that's less obtrusive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully that's less obtrusive and
+it's definitely worth knowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely worth knowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely worth knowing and
+thinking about and it's it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and it's it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and it's it's a good
+technique for certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for certain kinds of
+situations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h0m2tsmSPTI.txt b/h0m2tsmSPTI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..881ea5f00f752890bec15c6b539180865701d1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h0m2tsmSPTI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi guys today we're gonna see how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi guys today we're gonna see how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi guys today we're gonna see how one
+can use linear algebra to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use linear algebra to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use linear algebra to describe
+graphs and networks in particular we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and networks in particular we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and networks in particular we'll
+do the following problem we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following problem we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following problem we're given
+this very simple graph here with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple graph here with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple graph here with five
+nodes and six edges we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and six edges we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and six edges we've already
+labeled them and we've put directions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them and we've put directions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them and we've put directions on
+the edges and we are asked to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and we are asked to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and we are asked to write down
+the incidence matrix a and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incidence matrix a and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incidence matrix a and then to
+compute its kernel and the kernel of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its kernel and the kernel of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its kernel and the kernel of a
+transpose and finally we're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and finally we're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and finally we're asked to
+compute the trace of a transpose a I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the trace of a transpose a I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the trace of a transpose a I'll
+give you a few moments to try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few moments to try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few moments to try the
+problem on your own and then you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on your own and then you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on your own and then you'll see
+my take on it hello again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my take on it hello again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my take on it hello again
+okay so let's first recall what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's first recall what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's first recall what an
+incidence matrix a is so in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix a is so in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix a is so in essence
+matrix is supposed to encode how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is supposed to encode how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is supposed to encode how the
+nodes connect to the edges in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes connect to the edges in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes connect to the edges in particular
+it has as many rows as there are edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has as many rows as there are edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has as many rows as there are edges
+and as many columns as there are nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as many columns as there are nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as many columns as there are nodes
+and we fill in we're gonna feel filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we fill in we're gonna feel filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we fill in we're gonna feel filling
+the rows and we will fill them out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows and we will fill them out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows and we will fill them out as
+follows so we're going to use only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so we're going to use only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so we're going to use only
+negative 1 1 and 0 and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 1 and 0 and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 1 and 0 and we're going to
+put a negative 1 in entry I and 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a negative 1 in entry I and 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a negative 1 in entry I and 1 in
+entry J if the edge will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry J if the edge will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry J if the edge will be the
+corresponding edge connects node I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding edge connects node I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding edge connects node I to
+node J ok let me just do it concretely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node J ok let me just do it concretely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node J ok let me just do it concretely
+so let's look at edge number 1 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at edge number 1 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at edge number 1 so it
+corresponds to the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the first row
+it connects 1 to 2 so we have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects 1 to 2 so we have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects 1 to 2 so we have a negative
+1 and a 1 then edge number 2 it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and a 1 then edge number 2 it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and a 1 then edge number 2 it connects
+node 2 to 3 so negative 1 1 edge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node 2 to 3 so negative 1 1 edge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node 2 to 3 so negative 1 1 edge number
+3 connects node 1 to 3 so negative 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 connects node 1 to 3 so negative 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 connects node 1 to 3 so negative 1 1
+and I believe you get the picture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe you get the picture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe you get the picture right
+so I'm just gonna fill out the rest rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna fill out the rest rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna fill out the rest rest
+the entries right 4 is negative 2 1 5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well 1 here and 6 is okay so with we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 1 here and 6 is okay so with we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 1 here and 6 is okay so with we've
+constructed in the matrix a now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed in the matrix a now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed in the matrix a now we'll
+compute it it's no space and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it it's no space and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it it's no space and we're going
+to do it without performing any row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it without performing any row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it without performing any row
+operations whatsoever so in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations whatsoever so in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations whatsoever so in order to do
+this it it's helpful to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it it's helpful to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it it's helpful to look at the
+graph as an electric circuit and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as an electric circuit and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as an electric circuit and to
+assign to ever to each of the nodes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to ever to each of the nodes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to ever to each of the nodes an
+electric potential if we collect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential if we collect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential if we collect all the
+electric potentials in a vector X then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potentials in a vector X then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potentials in a vector X then a
+times X is a vector who with as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X is a vector who with as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X is a vector who with as many
+entries as there are edges and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries as there are edges and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries as there are edges and gives
+precisely the potential differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the potential differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the potential differences
+across the edges of the graph ok so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the edges of the graph ok so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the edges of the graph ok so then
+if ax is to be 0 this means that across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ax is to be 0 this means that across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ax is to be 0 this means that across
+the graph like across all the edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph like across all the edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph like across all the edges of
+the graph all potential differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph all potential differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph all potential differences are
+0 therefore all the potentials at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 therefore all the potentials at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 therefore all the potentials at at
+each yeah it's all the nodes needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each yeah it's all the nodes needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each yeah it's all the nodes needs to be
+cool need to be equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool need to be equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool need to be equal to a constant
+number so therefore we conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so therefore we conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so therefore we conclude that the
+null space of a is spanned by constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there are five ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are five ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are five ones here
+corresponding to the five notes now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the five notes now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the five notes now what
+about the null space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adopt this this analogy with electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt this this analogy with electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt this this analogy with electric
+circuits but this time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits but this time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits but this time we're going to
+look at currents flowing across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at currents flowing across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at currents flowing across the
+edges of the graph so oh and with we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the graph so oh and with we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the graph so oh and with we're
+going to adopt the following convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adopt the following convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adopt the following convention
+for the currents so a current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the currents so a current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the currents so a current is going
+to be positive if it's if it's if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive if it's if it's if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive if it's if it's if it
+flows in the direction of the edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows in the direction of the edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows in the direction of the edge and
+negative if it flows in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if it flows in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if it flows in the opposite
+direction right so then what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so then what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so then what is a
+transpose Y where Y is a vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y where Y is a vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y where Y is a vector with
+which which each of whose entry is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which each of whose entry is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which each of whose entry is a
+current on the edge well it's precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current on the edge well it's precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current on the edge well it's precisely
+the entries of a transpose Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of a transpose Y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of a transpose Y are
+precisely equal to the total current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely equal to the total current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely equal to the total current
+flowing through each of the nodes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through each of the nodes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through each of the nodes of the
+graph so a transpose Y being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so a transpose Y being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so a transpose Y being equal to
+zero means that there is a balance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means that there is a balance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means that there is a balance in
+the circuit that the currents that flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that the currents that flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that the currents that flow
+through into each node equal the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through into each node equal the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through into each node equal the current
+currents that flow out of it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that flow out of it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that flow out of it right and
+it's fairly easy to find such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly easy to find such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly easy to find such
+configuration as of currents that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration as of currents that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration as of currents that's like
+that satisfied is this about like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied is this about like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied is this about like this
+balance equation we do it by flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equation we do it by flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equation we do it by flowing
+around loops of the graph so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around loops of the graph so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around loops of the graph so you see
+this this graph has three loops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this graph has three loops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this graph has three loops the
+first one is this triangle up there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is this triangle up there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is this triangle up there the
+second one is the square and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is the square and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is the square and I'm just
+by this this curled direction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this this curled direction I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this this curled direction I'm
+signifying which in which way I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifying which in which way I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifying which in which way I'm gonna
+take I'm gonna trace the loop and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I'm gonna trace the loop and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I'm gonna trace the loop and there
+is a third loop is along the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a third loop is along the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a third loop is along the outer
+contour of the graph but in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour of the graph but in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour of the graph but in fact the
+third one can be thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one can be thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one can be thought of as a
+superposition of these two and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of these two and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of these two and I'll
+explain why in a second so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why in a second so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why in a second so let's let's
+figure out we are the configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out we are the configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out we are the configuration of
+currents that balance these loops so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that balance these loops so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that balance these loops so if
+we flow a current one from one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we flow a current one from one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we flow a current one from one to two
+and then flow a current of one along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then flow a current of one along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then flow a current of one along
+edge 2 from 2 to 3 and then we flow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge 2 from 2 to 3 and then we flow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge 2 from 2 to 3 and then we flow a
+current of negative 1 minded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of negative 1 minded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of negative 1 minded the
+direction is opposite to the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is opposite to the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is opposite to the direction
+of the loop then we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop then we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop then we're gonna have a
+balanced configuration of currents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced configuration of currents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced configuration of currents so
+let me write it this down following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this down following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this down following
+configuration so 1 along edge 1 1 along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so 1 along edge 1 1 along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so 1 along edge 1 1 along
+edge 2 and negative 1 along edge 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge 2 and negative 1 along edge 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge 2 and negative 1 along edge 3 and
+the rest 0 a the solution to edge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest 0 a the solution to edge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest 0 a the solution to edge a
+transpose Y let's see what solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y let's see what solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y let's see what solution we
+get by flowing around the loop in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by flowing around the loop in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by flowing around the loop in this
+square well we get a 1 along we flow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square well we get a 1 along we flow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square well we get a 1 along we flow a
+current of 1 along edge for current of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of 1 along edge for current of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of 1 along edge for current of 1
+along h5 current of 1 along h6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along h5 current of 1 along h6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along h5 current of 1 along h6 and
+current of negative 1 along edge - so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of negative 1 along edge - so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of negative 1 along edge - so
+let's be careful so there was 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be careful so there was 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be careful so there was 0 then
+along the edge - was negative 1 3 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge - was negative 1 3 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge - was negative 1 3 is 0
+along for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along for one
+five one six one now we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one six one now we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one six one now we can do the same
+thing with the big loop and produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the big loop and produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the big loop and produce a
+vector corresponding to it and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector corresponding to it and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector corresponding to it and I I
+promptly to do it but what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promptly to do it but what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promptly to do it but what you'll see is
+that the vector that you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector that you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector that you get is
+precisely a sum of these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely a sum of these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely a sum of these two vectors
+it's a superposition if in a way the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition if in a way the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition if in a way the big
+loop is a superposition of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is a superposition of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is a superposition of the small
+loops okay so we figured out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops okay so we figured out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops okay so we figured out what the
+null space of a transpose is and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose is and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose is and now
+let's concentrate our attention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's concentrate our attention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's concentrate our attention on
+finding the trace of a transpose a I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the trace of a transpose a I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the trace of a transpose a I'm
+going to do it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it right here
+so the trace of a matrix is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trace of a matrix is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trace of a matrix is the sum of
+its diagonal entries and let's and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its diagonal entries and let's and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its diagonal entries and let's and we've
+seen this many times already that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this many times already that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this many times already that the
+diagonal entry of the diagonal entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entry of the diagonal entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entry of the diagonal entries
+of a transpose a are precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose a are precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose a are precisely the
+magnitude squared of the columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared of the columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared of the columns of a
+okay so the one one entry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the one one entry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the one one entry is the
+magnitude squared of the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared of the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared of the first column
+the to two entry is the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to two entry is the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to two entry is the magnitude
+squared in the second column and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in the second column and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in the second column and so on
+now what is the magnitude squared of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the magnitude squared of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the magnitude squared of a
+column of an incidence matrix well each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of an incidence matrix well each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of an incidence matrix well each
+column of the incidence matrix is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the incidence matrix is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the incidence matrix is either
+well so each entry in a column of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so each entry in a column of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so each entry in a column of an
+incidence matrix is either 1 negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix is either 1 negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence matrix is either 1 negative 1
+or 0 so when we square these entries we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 0 so when we square these entries we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 0 so when we square these entries we
+get what ones or zeros and we add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what ones or zeros and we add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what ones or zeros and we add them
+when we add them up we get precisely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we add them up we get precisely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we add them up we get precisely a
+number which is the non-trivial entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is the non-trivial entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is the non-trivial entries
+in that column ok so the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that column ok so the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that column ok so the magnitude
+squared of the column is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the column is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the column is the number of
+non-trivial entries in it but if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial entries in it but if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial entries in it but if we go
+back to the matrix a and we count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the matrix a and we count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the matrix a and we count the
+number of nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nonzero
+entries these are precise this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries these are precise this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries these are precise this this is
+precisely the number of edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the number of edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the number of edges that
+connect with the node okay so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with the node okay so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with the node okay so the number
+of edges that connects with each node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges that connects with each node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges that connects with each node is
+called the degree of the node in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the degree of the node in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the degree of the node in this
+way trace of a transpose a will be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way trace of a transpose a will be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way trace of a transpose a will be just
+the sum of the degrees of the graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees of the graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees of the graph in
+the picture so we have one connects one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture so we have one connects one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture so we have one connects one
+there are two edges connecting to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two edges connecting to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two edges connecting to one
+two plus two edges connecting to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two edges connecting to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two edges connecting to two
+plus two I sorry three edges connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two I sorry three edges connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two I sorry three edges connecting
+to two three edges connecting to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two three edges connecting to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two three edges connecting to three
+and I got a two for the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got a two for the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got a two for the number of edges
+connecting to four and two for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to four and two for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to four and two for the
+number of edges connecting to five so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges connecting to five so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges connecting to five so
+altogether we have we get 12 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether we have we get 12 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether we have we get 12 right so
+you see we in this problem we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we in this problem we computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we in this problem we computed
+certain linear algebra objects without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain linear algebra objects without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain linear algebra objects without
+performing the usual algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing the usual algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing the usual algebraic
+operations but just by looking at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but just by looking at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but just by looking at at the
+graph and seeing how the linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and seeing how the linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and seeing how the linear algebra
+is encoded in it I hope it was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is encoded in it I hope it was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is encoded in it I hope it was the most
+illuminating I'll see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h5x7-zejY8c.txt b/h5x7-zejY8c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e0355e7988ab03bccd79ec06632a9742877a270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h5x7-zejY8c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go ahead and start good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and start good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and start good afternoon
+everyone my name is Nemo Nasir I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone my name is Nemo Nasir I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone my name is Nemo Nasir I'm a
+postdoctoral associate at transit lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral associate at transit lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral associate at transit lab
+MIT I've been invited to give a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I've been invited to give a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I've been invited to give a few
+lectures in this course and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in this course and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in this course and basically
+participate in the deliver in delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the deliver in delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the deliver in delivering
+the the course material for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course material for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course material for this course
+I will be talking in this session and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be talking in this session and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be talking in this session and in
+the next session on short range planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next session on short range planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next session on short range planning
+practice and then I'll be back again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and then I'll be back again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and then I'll be back again in
+April and in four sessions in April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April and in four sessions in April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April and in four sessions in April
+lecture number 13 14 15 and 16 dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture number 13 14 15 and 16 dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture number 13 14 15 and 16 dealing
+with vehicle scheduling crew scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vehicle scheduling crew scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vehicle scheduling crew scheduling
+networking with structure and high query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking with structure and high query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking with structure and high query
+the rider ridership high ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rider ridership high ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rider ridership high ridership
+corridors so let's go ahead and start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridors so let's go ahead and start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridors so let's go ahead and start in
+this session we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session we're going to talk about
+Shortridge planning practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shortridge planning practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shortridge planning practice and
+basically I will give a brief set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I will give a brief set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I will give a brief set of
+definition and concepts and introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and concepts and introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and concepts and introduction
+to the planning activities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the planning activities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the planning activities that are
+usually made that transit authorities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually made that transit authorities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually made that transit authorities in
+the US and also worldwide and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and also worldwide and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and also worldwide and then we
+will briefly talk about the measures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will briefly talk about the measures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will briefly talk about the measures and
+standards and guidelines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and guidelines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and guidelines that are
+published and used by transit agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and used by transit agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and used by transit agencies
+to to plan their service based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to plan their service based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to plan their service based on those
+then we will also talk about current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will also talk about current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will also talk about current
+practice and critique of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and critique of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and critique of the existing
+systems probably we will cover item 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems probably we will cover item 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems probably we will cover item 1
+and some material on item 2 this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some material on item 2 this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some material on item 2 this week
+and then the rest will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest will actually be
+delivered to you in our session next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to you in our session next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to you in our session next
+Tuesday so so the the planning decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday so so the the planning decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday so so the the planning decisions
+and planning activities that are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planning activities that are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planning activities that are usually
+done at the transportation planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the transportation planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the transportation planning
+agencies and public transport planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and public transport planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and public transport planning
+agencies usually can be classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies usually can be classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies usually can be classified
+into four different type of decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four different type of decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four different type of decisions
+depending on frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on frequency of
+decision-making and the need for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making and the need for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making and the need for making
+decisions and the scope of decisions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and the scope of decisions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and the scope of decisions the
+scope of of changes that are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of of changes that are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of of changes that are related to
+the decisions that are made with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions that are made with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions that are made with each
+activity these planning activities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity these planning activities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity these planning activities are
+divided into four different classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into four different classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into four different classes
+long-range planning activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range planning activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range planning activities
+medium-range short-range and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-range short-range and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-range short-range and control
+long-range planning activities basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range planning activities basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range planning activities basically
+include major capital investment major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include major capital investment major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include major capital investment major
+improvements to the infrastructure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements to the infrastructure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements to the infrastructure which
+would include like construction of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include like construction of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include like construction of a new
+station a new rail line a new bus way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station a new rail line a new bus way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station a new rail line a new bus way to
+the system or it could also be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system or it could also be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system or it could also be related
+to and as a result of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and as a result of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and as a result of major
+institutional changes and changes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically finance and resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically finance and resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically finance and resources
+financial resources of the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial resources of the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial resources of the organization
+the decisions in range planning are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions in range planning are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions in range planning are
+usually driven by political and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually driven by political and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually driven by political and economic
+considerations and basically the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations and basically the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations and basically the type of
+analysis and the type of planning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the type of planning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the type of planning that
+is done in long-range planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in long-range planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in long-range planning
+activities involve projection into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities involve projection into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities involve projection into the
+future and prediction of demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and prediction of demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and prediction of demand and
+prediction of situation in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of situation in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of situation in the future
+therefore it requires a comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it requires a comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it requires a comprehensive
+analysis usually for an any strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis usually for an any strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis usually for an any strategic
+planning of interactions between land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning of interactions between land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning of interactions between land
+use and changes in land use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and changes in land use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and changes in land use an
+interaction between land use and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between land use and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between land use and demand
+in the future and it basically needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and it basically needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and it basically needs to
+capture a or have like an insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a or have like an insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a or have like an insight into
+the the future of the of the network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the future of the of the network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the future of the of the network and
+and of the region the next range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the region the next range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the region the next range is
+basically or the next class of planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically or the next class of planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically or the next class of planning
+activities is basically the medium range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities is basically the medium range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities is basically the medium range
+activities medium range activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities medium range activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities medium range activities
+include bus network structure design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include bus network structure design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include bus network structure design
+network size design an improvement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network size design an improvement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network size design an improvement for
+the size fare policy and technology it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size fare policy and technology it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size fare policy and technology it
+basically involves incremental or medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically involves incremental or medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically involves incremental or medium
+improvement to the to the system and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement to the to the system and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement to the to the system and to
+the to the transit service one one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the transit service one one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the transit service one one point
+that I need to mention about the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to mention about the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to mention about the long
+range em and and medium range is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range em and and medium range is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range em and and medium range is that
+these two these two are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two these two are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two these two are really important
+in the planning practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the planning practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the planning practice for
+transportation systems but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation systems but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation systems but these
+decisions are usually done at the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are usually done at the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are usually done at the upper
+level at a higher level than the Transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at a higher level than the Transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at a higher level than the Transit
+Authority for example long range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority for example long range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority for example long range
+decisions are usually done in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are usually done in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are usually done in in in
+collaboration between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between
+mpos metropolitan planning organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpos metropolitan planning organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpos metropolitan planning organizations
+state departments of transportation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state departments of transportation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state departments of transportation and
+transit authorities so Transit Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit authorities so Transit Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit authorities so Transit Authority
+is not the final decision-maker in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the final decision-maker in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the final decision-maker in that
+case and it needs close interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and it needs close interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and it needs close interaction and
+and close collaboration with the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close collaboration with the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close collaboration with the higher
+level organizations and governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level organizations and governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level organizations and governmental
+agencies to make the final decisions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies to make the final decisions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies to make the final decisions so
+that's about the long range medium range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about the long range medium range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about the long range medium range
+is also somehow similar it's usually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also somehow similar it's usually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also somehow similar it's usually for
+example the decisions that are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the decisions that are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the decisions that are related
+to the network structure although there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the network structure although there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the network structure although there
+is a lot of interesting research going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of interesting research going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of interesting research going
+on in universities that deals with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in universities that deals with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in universities that deals with an
+optimization of network design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of network design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of network design and
+optimization of the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of the structure of the
+network because what happens in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network because what happens in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network because what happens in practice
+is that usually in the networks that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that usually in the networks that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that usually in the networks that we
+live and in current cities the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and in current cities the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and in current cities the actual
+layout of the structure of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of the structure of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of the structure of the network
+is already given and it's it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already given and it's it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already given and it's it's usually
+rare and or impossible that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare and or impossible that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare and or impossible that we start
+from scratch and start to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and start to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and start to design a
+network from scratch to to begin with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network from scratch to to begin with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network from scratch to to begin with so
+therefore what we we usually observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what we we usually observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what we we usually observe is
+incremental changes to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes to the to the
+network addition or elimination of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network addition or elimination of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network addition or elimination of some
+routes from the service and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes from the service and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes from the service and basically
+decisions that are related to that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that are related to that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that are related to that yes
+in terms of fleet size could that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of fleet size could that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of fleet size could that come
+as a request from the agencies like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a request from the agencies like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a request from the agencies like in
+agency says we the bustline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes definitely yeah so but it eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes definitely yeah so but it eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes definitely yeah so but it eventually
+requires them the the interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires them the the interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires them the the interaction and
+also the the secure securing of funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the secure securing of funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the secure securing of funding
+from from the upper-level governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the upper-level governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the upper-level governmental
+agencies so so yeah so the reason that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies so so yeah so the reason that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies so so yeah so the reason that I
+I'm explaining this is that I like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm explaining this is that I like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm explaining this is that I like for
+you to to understand why we are focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to understand why we are focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to understand why we are focusing
+on short range range decision-making and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on short range range decision-making and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on short range range decision-making and
+short range planning practice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range planning practice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range planning practice in this
+course that's mainly because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's mainly because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's mainly because the the
+bulk part of activities that transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk part of activities that transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk part of activities that transit
+agencies is related to short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies is related to short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies is related to short range
+planning and short range decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and short range decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and short range decision-making
+so what we mean by short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we mean by short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we mean by short range
+decision-making are decisions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making are decisions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making are decisions that are
+usually made more frequently than and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually made more frequently than and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually made more frequently than and
+they basically entail decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically entail decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically entail decisions about
+the structures of the route layout of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of the route layout of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of the route layout of
+the route layout of the stops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route layout of the stops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route layout of the stops and
+basically decisions about the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically decisions about the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically decisions about the frequency
+of serviced timetable and vehicle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serviced timetable and vehicle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serviced timetable and vehicle and
+crew scheduling despite the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew scheduling despite the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew scheduling despite the the first
+two classes of the top two classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of the top two classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of the top two classes of
+decision-making that are usually driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making that are usually driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making that are usually driven
+by political and economic considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by political and economic considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by political and economic considerations
+short range decision-making and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range decision-making and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range decision-making and control
+decision control activities are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision control activities are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision control activities are usually
+basically driven by cost optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically driven by cost optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically driven by cost optimization
+and these are basically tactical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are basically tactical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are basically tactical
+decisions as opposed to strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions as opposed to strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions as opposed to strategic
+decisions that are usually in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that are usually in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that are usually in the wrong
+range and medium range so then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and medium range so then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and medium range so then the the
+real there is real-time and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real there is real-time and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real there is real-time and control
+decision-making which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making which is basically
+usually done currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done currently in
+using like expert decision and expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like expert decision and expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like expert decision and expert
+activities they're not really there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities they're not really there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities they're not really there is
+an ongoing effort in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ongoing effort in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ongoing effort in the in the
+technology to improve the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to improve the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to improve the quality of
+control ongoing research to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control ongoing research to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control ongoing research to use
+real-time data and improve the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time data and improve the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time data and improve the the
+real-time performance by using real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time performance by using real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time performance by using real-time
+control this includes provisions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this includes provisions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this includes provisions of the
+of the routes and that could be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the routes and that could be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the routes and that could be the case
+for in in reaction to incidents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in in reaction to incidents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in in reaction to incidents and
+disruption situation it could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption situation it could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption situation it could also
+relate to holding this end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to holding this end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to holding this end and
+dispatching decisions thank you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatching decisions thank you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatching decisions thank you that
+could actually be used to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be used to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be used to improve the
+effective capacity of the system by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective capacity of the system by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective capacity of the system by by
+trying to regulate have a better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to regulate have a better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to regulate have a better and
+frequency basically in the service so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency basically in the service so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency basically in the service so
+similar to to to the typical planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to to to the typical planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to to to the typical planning
+problem there are major elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there are major elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there are major elements in
+planning for public transportation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for public transportation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for public transportation and
+particularly in shorter and short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in shorter and short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in shorter and short range
+and decision-making it includes data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision-making it includes data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision-making it includes data
+collection similar to what you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection similar to what you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection similar to what you guys have
+done in your homework assignment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in your homework assignment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in your homework assignment number
+two collection of data on demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two collection of data on demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two collection of data on demand
+collection of data on supply and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of data on supply and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of data on supply and the
+interaction of supply and demand is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of supply and demand is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of supply and demand is an
+essential part to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential part to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential part to be able to make
+decisions and make the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and make the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and make the basically
+reliable and actionable intelligence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and actionable intelligence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and actionable intelligence for
+the decision-making process then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision-making process then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision-making process then that
+there should be like analysis on I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be like analysis on I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be like analysis on I did
+identification of potential problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of potential problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of potential problems and
+identification of opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of opportunities to
+improve the situation and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the situation and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the situation and then there is
+this the creative part of design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the creative part of design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the creative part of design of
+options solution and strategies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options solution and strategies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options solution and strategies to
+address the situation and then typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the situation and then typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the situation and then typical
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+any economic analysis there would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any economic analysis there would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any economic analysis there would be an
+element of cost and benefit estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of cost and benefit estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of cost and benefit estimation
+to be able to justify the the project so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to justify the the project so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to justify the the project so
+in terms of operational planning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of operational planning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of operational planning process
+or in another term short-range planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in another term short-range planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in another term short-range planning
+process there are multiple stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there are multiple stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there are multiple stages
+involved in the work and usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the work and usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the work and usually what
+happens is that in in practice it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that in in practice it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that in in practice it is
+proven that the planning procedure can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that the planning procedure can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that the planning procedure can
+be decomposed into sequential decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decomposed into sequential decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decomposed into sequential decision
+making processes and that the although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making processes and that the although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making processes and that the although
+it is possible to to formulate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to to formulate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to to formulate all of
+these decisions into one gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions into one gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions into one gigantic
+optimization problem and solve it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and solve it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and solve it for
+all the decision variables that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the decision variables that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the decision variables that you need
+to basically address however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically address however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically address however the
+practice has shown that there is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice has shown that there is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice has shown that there is a nice
+way of decomposing the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of decomposing the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of decomposing the front of the
+process into sub problems and solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into sub problems and solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into sub problems and solve them
+sequentially in order to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially in order to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially in order to make sure that
+you're gaining your satisfying all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gaining your satisfying all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gaining your satisfying all the
+constraints to the to the accurate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to the to the accurate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints to the to the accurate level
+and you're gaining the you finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gaining the you finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gaining the you finding a
+realistic and optimal solution for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and optimal solution for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and optimal solution for your
+planning practice considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning practice considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning practice considerations
+regarding policy constraints and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding policy constraints and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding policy constraints and some of
+the some of the economic concerns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the economic concerns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the economic concerns are
+usually different difficult to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually different difficult to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually different difficult to to
+formulas into optimization problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas into optimization problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas into optimization problems but
+there are guidelines published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are guidelines published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are guidelines published
+guidelines by by by governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines by by by governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines by by by governmental
+agencies that you can basically follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that you can basically follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that you can basically follow
+and make sure that at least the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that at least the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that at least the top two
+level of the decision-making processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the decision-making processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the decision-making processes
+and tasks here are basically done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tasks here are basically done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tasks here are basically done to
+asset to the satisfactory level so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset to the satisfactory level so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset to the satisfactory level so let
+let's go ahead and start and review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and start and review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and start and review
+these tasks there are lectures in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tasks there are lectures in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tasks there are lectures in this
+course that are dealing with each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that are dealing with each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that are dealing with each one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+tasks and components in in planning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and components in in planning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and components in in planning but
+in this lecture I just briefly go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture I just briefly go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture I just briefly go over
+these different components as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different components as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different components as an
+introductory part of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory part of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory part of the of the of the
+course so we will have for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so we will have for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so we will have for every
+optimization problem or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem or in this case
+planning process you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process you have a set of
+inputs constraints basically that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs constraints basically that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs constraints basically that you
+need to satisfy and then there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to satisfy and then there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to satisfy and then there is an
+objective function that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function that you need to
+optimize so inputs so the first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize so inputs so the first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize so inputs so the first the
+first component of the planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of the planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of the planning and
+practice here is bus route design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice here is bus route design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice here is bus route design this
+includes design of layout of the routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes design of layout of the routes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes design of layout of the routes
+and layout of the of the stops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and layout of the of the stops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and layout of the of the stops and
+basically the input into this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the input into this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the input into this task
+includes constraints that are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes constraints that are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes constraints that are related to
+right-of-way roadway constraints like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way roadway constraints like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way roadway constraints like if
+there is a river in your network there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a river in your network there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a river in your network there's
+this connectivity there bridges tunnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connectivity there bridges tunnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connectivity there bridges tunnels
+so so these are the kind of constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the kind of constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the kind of constraints
+at network level that you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at network level that you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at network level that you would like to
+satisfy and there's also demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and there's also demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and there's also demand
+constraints in the network that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in the network that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in the network that you need
+to consider for this task like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider for this task like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider for this task like you know
+you have a sense of what's the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sense of what's the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sense of what's the demand
+from certain suburb to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from certain suburb to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from certain suburb to the to the
+downtown area and you basically would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown area and you basically would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown area and you basically would
+like to have a root system that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a root system that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a root system that kind of
+can address that demand and satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can address that demand and satisfy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can address that demand and satisfy that
+demand then the solution to that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand then the solution to that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand then the solution to that to the
+design component and that has out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design component and that has out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design component and that has out of
+routes and layout of stops that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and layout of stops that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and layout of stops that are
+basically resulting from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically resulting from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically resulting from the first
+component and then it will be the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then it will be the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then it will be the set of
+routes and and stops will be input into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and and stops will be input into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes and and stops will be input into
+the second task path which is setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second task path which is setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second task path which is setting
+type timetables this task includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type timetables this task includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type timetables this task includes
+finding frequencies for the routes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding frequencies for the routes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding frequencies for the routes and
+from that identifying and defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that identifying and defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that identifying and defining the
+basically generating the timetables base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically generating the timetables base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically generating the timetables base
+frequency's they're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency's they're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency's they're usually
+considerations related to policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations related to policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations related to policy
+headways policy frequencies and capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headways policy frequencies and capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headways policy frequencies and capacity
+frequencies that needs to be need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that needs to be need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that needs to be need to be
+addressed in this task but again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in this task but again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in this task but again this
+task is also somehow dealt with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is also somehow dealt with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is also somehow dealt with using
+the existing guidelines and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing guidelines and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing guidelines and just
+satisfying these guidelines the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying these guidelines the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying these guidelines the the
+input and other constraints that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and other constraints that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and other constraints that are
+considered for this task would be level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered for this task would be level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered for this task would be level
+of service guidelines and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service guidelines and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service guidelines and again the
+demand constraints in the network then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand constraints in the network then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand constraints in the network then
+from the set of time tables you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the set of time tables you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the set of time tables you will
+what what will be resulted here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what will be resulted here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what will be resulted here is the
+departure times that there is scheduled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure times that there is scheduled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure times that there is scheduled
+for this for the service so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for the service so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for the service so the first
+two components of Rho 1 and Rho 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of Rho 1 and Rho 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of Rho 1 and Rho 2
+basically are dealing with satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are dealing with satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are dealing with satisfying
+the demand and satisfying the guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand and satisfying the guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand and satisfying the guidelines
+but once when you once you go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once when you once you go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once when you once you go beyond the
+first two components it becomes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two components it becomes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two components it becomes to the
+level that you know kind of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that you know kind of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that you know kind of what's the
+service you want to deliver and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you want to deliver and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you want to deliver and then
+you're dealing with tactical decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with tactical decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with tactical decision
+how you can optimize the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can optimize the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can optimize the cost of
+delivering this this service and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering this this service and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering this this service and improve
+efficiency so the third row here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so the third row here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so the third row here
+basically deals with the departure times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deals with the departure times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deals with the departure times
+that are given for all the routes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given for all the routes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given for all the routes in the
+network and for all times of day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and for all times of day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and for all times of day and
+then what you need to do is how you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you need to do is how you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you need to do is how you want
+to allocate your resources in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allocate your resources in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allocate your resources in terms of
+allocate the vehicles to to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate the vehicles to to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate the vehicles to to the system
+to make sure that that service is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that that service is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that that service is going
+to be delivered on time then so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be delivered on time then so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be delivered on time then so that
+would be the task of vehicle scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the task of vehicle scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the task of vehicle scheduling
+input into that task or constructs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into that task or constructs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into that task or constructs that
+are involve are running to running times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involve are running to running times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involve are running to running times
+on different segments of the route and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different segments of the route and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different segments of the route and
+and also the departure times that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the departure times that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the departure times that are
+given from upper-level decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given from upper-level decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given from upper-level decision-making
+process and it will eventually result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it will eventually result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it will eventually result
+into a schedule of given buses in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a schedule of given buses in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a schedule of given buses in terms
+of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is
+cific trips they need to serve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cific trips they need to serve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cific trips they need to serve and
+what's the sequence of these trips then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sequence of these trips then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sequence of these trips then
+the output from from that decision with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from from that decision with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from from that decision with
+the vehicle schedules into the the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle schedules into the the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle schedules into the the task
+of scheduling for drivers this task also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scheduling for drivers this task also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scheduling for drivers this task also
+include input from operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include input from operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include input from operator and
+basically work union constraints like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically work union constraints like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically work union constraints like
+maximum shift hours and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum shift hours and for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum shift hours and for example
+mechanic break times and lunch times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic break times and lunch times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic break times and lunch times and
+maximum separation between two shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum separation between two shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum separation between two shifts
+and the rules and regulations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rules and regulations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rules and regulations that are
+related to that and this task is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that and this task is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that and this task is again
+is a task of allocating resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a task of allocating resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a task of allocating resources to
+minimize the the cost of scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the the cost of scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the the cost of scheduling
+drivers to deliver the the service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers to deliver the the service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers to deliver the the service and
+the result would be the schedules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be the schedules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be the schedules for
+the crew so then these decisions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crew so then these decisions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crew so then these decisions can be
+looked at in in another way too like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in in another way too like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in in another way too like we
+can further classify these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further classify these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further classify these decisions
+into service planning decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into service planning decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into service planning decisions and
+operational planning decision service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational planning decision service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational planning decision service
+planning decisions would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning decisions would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning decisions would be the
+decisions that define service as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that define service as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that define service as it is
+perceived and understood by public this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived and understood by public this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived and understood by public this
+is basically the the part of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the the part of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the the part of service
+that is visible to the public and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is visible to the public and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is visible to the public and then
+there are decisions that are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are decisions that are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are decisions that are related to
+operations which basically defines how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which basically defines how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which basically defines how
+operations occur to produce the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations occur to produce the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations occur to produce the service
+this is somehow a black box to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow a black box to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow a black box to to the
+users I mean to the passengers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users I mean to the passengers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users I mean to the passengers and
+basically yeah basically the passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah basically the passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah basically the passengers
+should not really care what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not really care what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not really care what's the
+vehicle schedule and and what's the crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle schedule and and what's the crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle schedule and and what's the crew
+schedule that is assigned to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that is assigned to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that is assigned to the to the
+trip as long as trip is being delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip as long as trip is being delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip as long as trip is being delivered
+as it is scheduled so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is scheduled so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is scheduled so in terms of
+character other characteristics of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character other characteristics of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character other characteristics of these
+decisions we basically for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we basically for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we basically for for for
+network design frequency setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network design frequency setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network design frequency setting
+timetable development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable development
+and crew scheduling there is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crew scheduling there is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crew scheduling there is a the
+decisions in that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in that are involved in
+planning basically starting from top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning basically starting from top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning basically starting from top to
+bottom frequency of decisions basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom frequency of decisions basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom frequency of decisions basically
+are are increased and the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are increased and the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are increased and the scope of
+decision-making into the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making into the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making into the future is
+basically become limited and smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically become limited and smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically become limited and smaller the
+and also the the decision-making in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the the decision-making in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the the decision-making in in
+in the in the network design frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the network design frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the network design frequency
+setting and timetabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and timetabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and timetabling
+is basically made based on guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically made based on guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically made based on guidelines
+and and standards and decision making on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and standards and decision making on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and standards and decision making on
+the lower level equal scheduling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level equal scheduling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level equal scheduling and
+crew scheduling is made usually based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew scheduling is made usually based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew scheduling is made usually based on
+optimization of cost and then given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of cost and then given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of cost and then given the
+given the nature of the decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the nature of the decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the nature of the decision making
+that the tools that are used and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tools that are used and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tools that are used and the
+techniques that are used for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are used for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are used for solving
+these on planning decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on planning decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on planning decision making
+processes are basically very ranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are basically very ranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are basically very ranging
+from judgments and manual analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from judgments and manual analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from judgments and manual analysis that
+is more dominated into computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more dominated into computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more dominated into computer and
+tools that are basically designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are basically designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are basically designed to
+solve optimization problems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve optimization problems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve optimization problems for
+minimizing the cost so similar to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the cost so similar to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the cost so similar to the to
+the classical evaluation structure when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical evaluation structure when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical evaluation structure when
+we're dealing with planning questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with planning questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with planning questions
+and planning projects or plan gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planning projects or plan gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and planning projects or plan gal
+alternatives there's this structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives there's this structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives there's this structure that
+starts with goals objective measures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with goals objective measures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with goals objective measures and
+standards or guidelines so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards or guidelines so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards or guidelines so let's let's
+just make a quick practice and define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a quick practice and define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a quick practice and define a
+goal and then different objectives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and then different objectives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and then different objectives for
+that goal different measures based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal different measures based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal different measures based on
+that and see how a standard can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see how a standard can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see how a standard can be
+defined to to make that to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to to make that to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to to make that to make that
+planning decision acceptable so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning decision acceptable so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning decision acceptable so let's
+let's define a goal does anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define a goal does anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define a goal does anyone have any
+suggestion again what is a what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion again what is a what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion again what is a what is an
+important goal for public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goal for public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goal for public transportation
+system maximize ridership yes so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system maximize ridership yes so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system maximize ridership yes so let's
+say we want to maximize ridership that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we want to maximize ridership that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we want to maximize ridership that's
+your research problem right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your research problem right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your research problem right right so
+then in terms of objectives what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in terms of objectives what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in terms of objectives what would
+be what would be an objective that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would be an objective that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would be an objective that we
+can define for this I would say probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define for this I would say probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define for this I would say probably
+the peak hour peak hour demand could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak hour peak hour demand could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak hour peak hour demand could be
+one objective or peak hour ridership in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one objective or peak hour ridership in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one objective or peak hour ridership in
+certain corridor let's say pick our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain corridor let's say pick our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain corridor let's say pick our
+ridership per weekday per month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we can ridership would be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can ridership would be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can ridership would be the the
+objective here and then the measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective here and then the measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective here and then the measure that
+he would define would be peak our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would define would be peak our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would define would be peak our
+ridership per weekday per month and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the standard that you want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard that you want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard that you want to define
+would be something that would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something that would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something that would also
+something that not only captures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that not only captures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that not only captures the
+demand side but also the supply of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand side but also the supply of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand side but also the supply of the
+system too so you would come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system too so you would come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system too so you would come up with
+probably like I would like yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like I would like yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like I would like yeah exactly
+or let's say like sixty percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say like sixty percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say like sixty percent of
+capacity like your your standard in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity like your your standard in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity like your your standard in this
+case would be your peak and ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would be your peak and ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would be your peak and ridership
+should be greater than sixty percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be greater than sixty percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be greater than sixty percent of
+capacity so this was just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so this was just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so this was just an example
+that we tried to work out one practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tried to work out one practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tried to work out one practice
+for evaluation structure but let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for evaluation structure but let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for evaluation structure but let me give
+you another example that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example that is actually
+used in the in the practice so I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the in the practice so I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the in the practice so I assume
+that we are considering the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are considering the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are considering the goal of
+reliability in the transit system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability in the transit system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability in the transit system the
+goal of reliability would be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of reliability would be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of reliability would be considered
+one of the main goals because because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main goals because because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main goals because because if
+we have a reliable public transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reliable public transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reliable public transport
+system you can secure and you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can secure and you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can secure and you can you
+can guarantee a body of demand in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guarantee a body of demand in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guarantee a body of demand in your
+network that that can rely on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that that can rely on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that that can rely on your
+transit system and basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit system and basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit system and basically they
+basically adapt to the to the lifestyle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically adapt to the to the lifestyle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically adapt to the to the lifestyle
+of using public transport and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using public transport and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using public transport and and that's
+beneficial to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to the system
+from from different perspectives so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from different perspectives so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from different perspectives so the
+objective that we can rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective that we can rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective that we can rely
+can define for reliability in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define for reliability in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define for reliability in this case
+would be possibly one can you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be possibly one can you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be possibly one can you come up
+with some objective that we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some objective that we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some objective that we can define
+with with the goal of improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the goal of improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the goal of improving
+reliability on-time performance yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on-time performance would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on-time performance would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on-time performance would be the
+objective and then we need to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and then we need to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and then we need to define a
+measure for this to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for this to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for this to be able to to
+measure that objective for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that objective for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that objective for each one of
+the the scenarios and for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the scenarios and for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the scenarios and for each one of
+the the alternative plans so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the alternative plans so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the alternative plans so what would
+be a measure for on-time performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah so let's say percentage of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so let's say percentage of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so let's say percentage of of
+on-time arrivals so we say we would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-time arrivals so we say we would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-time arrivals so we say we would say
+percentage of on-time arrivals and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of on-time arrivals and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of on-time arrivals and we
+would define on-time arrivals to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define on-time arrivals to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define on-time arrivals to be
+between zero and five minutes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and five minutes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and five minutes of a
+scheduled and then the standard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled and then the standard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled and then the standard that
+many of the the agencies used to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the the agencies used to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the the agencies used to to
+measure this would be ninety or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this would be ninety or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this would be ninety or
+ninety-five percent basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this way the that the transit agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way the that the transit agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way the that the transit agency
+can go ahead and and evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and and evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and and evaluate the
+performance of the operators of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the operators of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the operators of the
+system who basically are running some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who basically are running some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who basically are running some
+part of the service and come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the service and come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the service and come back to
+them and say okay your your performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and say okay your your performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and say okay your your performance
+in terms of reliability has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reliability has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reliability has been
+acceptable exactly so another measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable exactly so another measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable exactly so another measure
+would be percentage improvements as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be percentage improvements as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be percentage improvements as
+compared to baseline and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to baseline and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to baseline and then the the
+transit agency can define a standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency can define a standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency can define a standard of
+at least 10% improvement to the baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10% improvement to the baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10% improvement to the baseline
+should be required for for reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be required for for reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be required for for reliability
+yep thank you one other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point that actually comes to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that actually comes to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that actually comes to mind
+looking at the the existing guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the existing guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the existing guidelines
+is that on-time arrivals are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that on-time arrivals are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that on-time arrivals are usually
+defined for 0 to 5 that basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for 0 to 5 that basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for 0 to 5 that basically means
+that you consider a bus that is late by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you consider a bus that is late by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you consider a bus that is late by
+two minutes to beyond on time but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes to beyond on time but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes to beyond on time but about
+the bus that is early by one minute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus that is early by one minute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus that is early by one minute is
+not considered to be on time does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considered to be on time does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considered to be on time does anyone
+have any comments about this why why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any comments about this why why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any comments about this why why do
+we consider why we do not consider early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider why we do not consider early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider why we do not consider early
+arrivals on time right yeah yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals on time right yeah yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals on time right yeah yeah yeah so
+it can be proved that based on typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be proved that based on typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be proved that based on typical
+assumptions about passenger arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about passenger arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about passenger arrivals
+early arrivals of of buses and service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early arrivals of of buses and service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early arrivals of of buses and service
+is usually more more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually more more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually more more negative
+as as later I was let us make an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as later I was let us make an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as later I was let us make an example
+here for example let's assume under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example let's assume under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example let's assume under
+under uniform arrivals of passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uniform arrivals of passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uniform arrivals of passengers
+let's assume if this is my scheduled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume if this is my scheduled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume if this is my scheduled
+arrivals over the axis of time and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals over the axis of time and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals over the axis of time and this
+is my number of passengers waiting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my number of passengers waiting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my number of passengers waiting in
+the in the buses stop under the under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the buses stop under the under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the buses stop under the under
+uniform involves accumulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform involves accumulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform involves accumulation of
+passengers that are waiting at the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then what happens is that if if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is that if if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is that if if one
+of these buses are early let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these buses are early let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these buses are early let's say it's
+basically arrives at this time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically arrives at this time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically arrives at this time what
+happens is that the amount of time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the amount of time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the amount of time that
+we are saving due to this arrival is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saving due to this arrival is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saving due to this arrival is
+basically less than the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically less than the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically less than the amount of time
+that will be added to our waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the next trip and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next trip and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next trip and that's because
+number of people who are experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are experiencing
+this is a little higher number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little higher number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little higher number of people
+that are can experience saying the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are can experience saying the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are can experience saying the the
+additional waiting time is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional waiting time is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional waiting time is higher than
+number of people who are experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are experiencing
+that early arrival and it cuts to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early arrival and it cuts to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early arrival and it cuts to their
+waiting time so if you come further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two areas that basically tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two areas that basically tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two areas that basically tells you
+you you're basically having a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're basically having a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're basically having a loss
+and/or having an increase in waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and/or having an increase in waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and/or having an increase in waiting
+time if your service is is early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if your service is is early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if your service is is early and
+then the situation becomes worse in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the situation becomes worse in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the situation becomes worse in the
+case that you suggested when and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you suggested when and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you suggested when and people
+are coordinating with the system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coordinating with the system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coordinating with the system for
+example it is assumed that and it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is assumed that and it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it is assumed that and it's it
+can actually be proven by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be proven by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be proven by looking at the
+data - that people make the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data - that people make the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data - that people make the transition
+to coordinated behavior and coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinated behavior and coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinated behavior and coordination
+with with the schedule as the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the schedule as the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the schedule as the frequency
+of service increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service increase
+for example for for service that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for for service that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for for service that is a
+scheduled to be delivered every half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled to be delivered every half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled to be delivered every half
+hour or every every one hour it is a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or every every one hour it is a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or every every one hour it is a it
+is expected that passengers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected that passengers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected that passengers are
+coordinating with the with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with the with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with the with the system
+and with with the coordinating their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with with the coordinating their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with with the coordinating their
+arrivals with the with the departure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals with the with the departure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals with the with the departure of
+the of the buses but when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the buses but when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the buses but when it comes to
+more frequent service then we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequent service then we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequent service then we will have
+more uniform arrivals so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uniform arrivals so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uniform arrivals so in that case
+what we would observe is that passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would observe is that passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would observe is that passengers
+arrivals would resemble something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals would resemble something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals would resemble something like
+this well it has to go up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well it has to go up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well it has to go up to the
+original case and then the in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original case and then the in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original case and then the in that case
+if your service is early by five or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your service is early by five or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your service is early by five or ten
+minutes you would have the main bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you would have the main bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you would have the main bulk of
+your passengers who need to wait another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passengers who need to wait another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passengers who need to wait another
+headway basically so this work should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway basically so this work should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway basically so this work should be
+actually added to your computation to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually added to your computation to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually added to your computation to is
+there any questions about this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in terms of the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of the advantage of
+guidelines in transit planning one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines in transit planning one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines in transit planning one of
+the main purposes of these guidelines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main purposes of these guidelines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main purposes of these guidelines is
+to communicate to public the rationale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate to public the rationale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate to public the rationale
+and the logic behind your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the logic behind your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the logic behind your
+decision-making and behind your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making and behind your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making and behind your
+allocation of resources to the system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of resources to the system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of resources to the system it
+also gives you a consistent and fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gives you a consistent and fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gives you a consistent and fair
+basis for decision making and it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for decision making and it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for decision making and it it is
+somehow gives you a tool to to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gives you a tool to to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gives you a tool to to justify
+your decisions and also a tool to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decisions and also a tool to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decisions and also a tool to make
+sure that your decisions are fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your decisions are fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your decisions are fair and
+justify them in nature it also gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify them in nature it also gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify them in nature it also gives you
+the opportunity to balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to balance the
+improvement and the investments to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and the investments to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and the investments to to
+the network and gain a uniform level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and gain a uniform level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and gain a uniform level of
+service improvement for efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service improvement for efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service improvement for efficient
+service so the the guidelines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so the the guidelines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so the the guidelines are
+existing in the literature and in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in the literature and in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in the literature and in the in
+the practice basically in the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice basically in the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice basically in the state of
+practice are dealing with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice are dealing with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice are dealing with with the
+service with the design of service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service with the design of service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service with the design of service and
+with the delivery of service so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the delivery of service so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the delivery of service so the
+design of service basically dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of service basically dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of service basically dealing with
+variables that are related to a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are related to a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are related to a space
+saying and then city of stops as well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and then city of stops as well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and then city of stops as well is
+facing and then city of trips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing and then city of trips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing and then city of trips and
+frequency of the service as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the service as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the service as it is
+designed and as it is in the schedule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and as it is in the schedule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and as it is in the schedule so
+there are guidelines related to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are guidelines related to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are guidelines related to that and
+there's also guidelines related to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also guidelines related to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also guidelines related to how
+you deliver or how the transit agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver or how the transit agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver or how the transit agency
+delivers the design service and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers the design service and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers the design service and how the
+performance actually took place so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance actually took place so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance actually took place so the
+main factors of service design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main factors of service design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main factors of service design and
+service quality from the passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service quality from the passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service quality from the passengers
+perspective are basically reported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective are basically reported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective are basically reported by
+transit capacity and quality of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit capacity and quality of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit capacity and quality of service
+manual of the of the Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual of the of the Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual of the of the Transportation
+Research Board and it basically includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Board and it basically includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Board and it basically includes
+frequency of of the service as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of of the service as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of of the service as one of
+the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+aspects that are or factors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that are or factors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that are or factors that are
+defining the quality of service waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the quality of service waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the quality of service waiting
+time reliability and access this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reliability and access this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reliability and access this is
+access over time and also access over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access over time and also access over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access over time and also access over
+his face so why why do we again have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his face so why why do we again have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his face so why why do we again have
+both frequency and waiting time in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both frequency and waiting time in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both frequency and waiting time in here
+so if frequency and waiting time or kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if frequency and waiting time or kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if frequency and waiting time or kind
+of interrelated how come there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interrelated how come there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interrelated how come there are two
+separate items here on on the list here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate items here on on the list here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate items here on on the list here
+does anyone have any suggestions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any suggestions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any suggestions about
+this so so let me them go ahead and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so let me them go ahead and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so let me them go ahead and and
+explain how I understand this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how I understand this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how I understand this frequency
+of the service is important in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the service is important in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the service is important in terms of
+not not only in terms of the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not only in terms of the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not only in terms of the waiting
+time that could be associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that could be associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that could be associated with that
+but also when it comes to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also when it comes to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also when it comes to lower
+frequency system and and longer headways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency system and and longer headways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency system and and longer headways
+it is the waiting time is not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the waiting time is not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the waiting time is not a function
+of frequency anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency anymore
+it basically as as we discussed is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically as as we discussed is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically as as we discussed is in
+the waiting time could actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting time could actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting time could actually be
+independent of frequency however in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of frequency however in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of frequency however in
+those cases there is a burden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases there is a burden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases there is a burden of
+coordination that is imposing to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination that is imposing to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination that is imposing to the to
+the passenger so if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passenger so if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passenger so if you have to
+coordinate your arrival for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate your arrival for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate your arrival for example for
+your in the morning from home to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in the morning from home to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in the morning from home to work
+then there there is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there there is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there there is some sort of
+inconvenience that is imposed to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenience that is imposed to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenience that is imposed to you to
+basically to make make it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to make make it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to make make it to your
+coordinate to the schedule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to the schedule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to the schedule and then
+waiting time is also important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time is also important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time is also important because
+if if if the if the service is frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if the if the service is frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if the if the service is frequent
+but at different ranges of frequency you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at different ranges of frequency you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at different ranges of frequency you
+may experience different waiting time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may experience different waiting time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may experience different waiting time if
+the the process of arrivals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the process of arrivals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the process of arrivals of
+passengers is assumed to be a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers is assumed to be a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers is assumed to be a random
+process then reliability as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then reliability as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then reliability as we discussed
+is one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the important
+features and one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and one of the important
+aspects of the service it usually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the service it usually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the service it usually is a
+measured based on on-time arrivals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured based on on-time arrivals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured based on on-time arrivals of
+the service and then the next aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service and then the next aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service and then the next aspect
+that is important is access to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is important is access to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is important is access to to
+origins and destinations this access can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins and destinations this access can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins and destinations this access can
+be interpreted in two ways we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interpreted in two ways we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interpreted in two ways we can look
+at access in terms of space and in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at access in terms of space and in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at access in terms of space and in terms
+of time access in terms of a space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time access in terms of a space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time access in terms of a space is
+closeness to to the bosses stops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeness to to the bosses stops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeness to to the bosses stops and
+closeness to this to the service from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeness to this to the service from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeness to this to the service from
+from origin and from the destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from origin and from the destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from origin and from the destination
+access in terms of time would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in terms of time would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in terms of time would be the
+span of service when you like to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of service when you like to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of service when you like to travel
+and one basically what is the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one basically what is the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one basically what is the service
+time and available available times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and available available times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and available available times of
+service so yeah as I mentioned most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so yeah as I mentioned most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so yeah as I mentioned most
+agencies have guidelines covering span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies have guidelines covering span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies have guidelines covering span
+of service for example MBTA has has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service for example MBTA has has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service for example MBTA has has this
+guideline that for weekdays you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline that for weekdays you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline that for weekdays you need to
+have service from from all suburbs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have service from from all suburbs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have service from from all suburbs into
+the the CVD area with at least like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the CVD area with at least like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the CVD area with at least like at
+latest arrives at 7:00 a.m. so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest arrives at 7:00 a.m. so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest arrives at 7:00 a.m. so you need
+to basically be able to cover between 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically be able to cover between 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically be able to cover between 7
+a.m. and 6 p.m. for for you as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. and 6 p.m. for for you as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. and 6 p.m. for for you as your
+services pan in MBTA for TransLink it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services pan in MBTA for TransLink it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services pan in MBTA for TransLink it's
+also also somehow the same you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also somehow the same you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also somehow the same you need to
+basically minimum service guidelines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically minimum service guidelines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically minimum service guidelines to
+ensure that 95 percent of trips lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that 95 percent of trips lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that 95 percent of trips lists
+that can be completed in the time span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be completed in the time span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be completed in the time span
+given below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given below
+like from any point to downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from any point to downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from any point to downtown
+Vancouver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vancouver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vancouver
+you need to have service that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have service that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have service that can be
+finished by can actually arrive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished by can actually arrive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished by can actually arrive in
+downtown Vancouver by 7:00 a.m. for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Vancouver by 7:00 a.m. for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Vancouver by 7:00 a.m. for
+people who like to start sure to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like to start sure to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like to start sure to start
+their work at 7:00 a.m. and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work at 7:00 a.m. and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work at 7:00 a.m. and then there's
+also trips in the in the evening and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trips in the in the evening and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trips in the in the evening and it
+basically says earliest departure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says earliest departure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says earliest departure time
+of last Transit trip in the evening for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last Transit trip in the evening for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last Transit trip in the evening for
+from downtown Vancouver to any town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from downtown Vancouver to any town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from downtown Vancouver to any town
+needs to be midnight for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be midnight for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be midnight for people who
+basically would like to enjoy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would like to enjoy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would like to enjoy the
+nightlife in the in the downtown area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightlife in the in the downtown area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightlife in the in the downtown area
+and then use transit to go back home so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of Route design and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Route design and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Route design and in terms of
+layout of routes and stops there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of routes and stops there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of routes and stops there's also
+there are also guidelines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also guidelines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also guidelines that are
+addressing this decision MBTA has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing this decision MBTA has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing this decision MBTA has a
+policy objective to provide transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy objective to provide transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy objective to provide transit
+service within walking distance which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service within walking distance which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service within walking distance which is
+defined quarter-mile of all residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined quarter-mile of all residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined quarter-mile of all residents
+that are living in area with population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are living in area with population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are living in area with population
+density is greater than 5,000 people per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is greater than 5,000 people per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is greater than 5,000 people per
+square mile that's basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square mile that's basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square mile that's basically an
+interesting guideline it considers two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting guideline it considers two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting guideline it considers two
+different variables one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables one is the
+population density and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density and the other one is
+the density of the stops or vicinity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the stops or vicinity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the stops or vicinity or
+walkability of of transit in areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walkability of of transit in areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walkability of of transit in areas that
+are populated the density is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are populated the density is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are populated the density is greater
+than 5,000 per square mile so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5,000 per square mile so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5,000 per square mile so in terms
+of comprehensiveness objective TransLink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comprehensiveness objective TransLink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comprehensiveness objective TransLink
+basically has a very comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has a very comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has a very comprehensive
+guideline related to basically a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline related to basically a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline related to basically a set of
+different performance measures and goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different performance measures and goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different performance measures and goals
+let me read from from these at least 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me read from from these at least 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me read from from these at least 90%
+of our residents and employees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our residents and employees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our residents and employees in
+urbanized development areas should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanized development areas should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanized development areas should have
+a walk less than 450 meters to a bus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a walk less than 450 meters to a bus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a walk less than 450 meters to a bus a
+stop so this is related to to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so this is related to to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so this is related to to access
+over space ninety-eight percent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space ninety-eight percent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space ninety-eight percent right
+yes yeah you want to consider both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah you want to consider both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah you want to consider both ends
+of of the trip right and these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the trip right and these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the trip right and these these
+percentages are a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages are a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages are a little tricky
+sometimes they're counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're counting the number of
+people number of sometimes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people number of sometimes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people number of sometimes they're
+counting OD pairs sometimes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting OD pairs sometimes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting OD pairs sometimes they're
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+so it's it's a little tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a little tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a little tricky to
+interpret these correctly so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret these correctly so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret these correctly so the second
+one basically says ninety-eight percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basically says ninety-eight percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basically says ninety-eight percent
+of all peak period transit trips to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all peak period transit trips to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all peak period transit trips to and
+from downtown Vancouver should require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from downtown Vancouver should require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from downtown Vancouver should require
+no more no more than one transfer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more no more than one transfer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more no more than one transfer that
+basically is 98 8% of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is 98 8% of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is 98 8% of people who are
+travelling from and to downtown to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling from and to downtown to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling from and to downtown to the
+suburbs and so it may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs and so it may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs and so it may be a little
+difficult especially in the absence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult especially in the absence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult especially in the absence of a
+fc data Auto automated fare collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fc data Auto automated fare collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fc data Auto automated fare collection
+system data it can be a little tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system data it can be a little tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system data it can be a little tricky to
+to measure these objectives usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure these objectives usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure these objectives usually what
+what's usually done basically is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's usually done basically is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's usually done basically is people
+go out and and basically and ask from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and and basically and ask from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and and basically and ask from
+from transit riders about their origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transit riders about their origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transit riders about their origins
+and destinations it's called public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destinations it's called public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destinations it's called public
+transit origin destination survey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit origin destination survey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit origin destination survey that
+is usually done on board you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually done on board you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually done on board you have a
+question okay so this the second measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so this the second measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so this the second measure
+here relates to connectivity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here relates to connectivity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here relates to connectivity in the
+network the third one is 95% of all peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network the third one is 95% of all peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network the third one is 95% of all peak
+period transit trips to the nearest town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period transit trips to the nearest town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period transit trips to the nearest town
+center should require no more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center should require no more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center should require no more than one
+transfer again this one is also related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer again this one is also related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer again this one is also related
+to connectivity of the network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connectivity of the network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connectivity of the network and
+fourth one is all trips between one town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one is all trips between one town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one is all trips between one town
+center and adjacent town centers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and adjacent town centers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and adjacent town centers should
+require no transfers again this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require no transfers again this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require no transfers again this one is a
+guideline on connectivity and then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline on connectivity and then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline on connectivity and then again
+the last one is also on connectivity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is also on connectivity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is also on connectivity it
+basically requires that 95% of all peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically requires that 95% of all peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically requires that 95% of all peak
+period transit trips to major regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period transit trips to major regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period transit trips to major regional
+activity centers and and gateways should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity centers and and gateways should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity centers and and gateways should
+require no more than two transfers ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require no more than two transfers ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require no more than two transfers ok so
+any questions or comments about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions or comments about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions or comments about this
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+one connectivity between one pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one connectivity between one pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one connectivity between one pound
+Center and adjacent town centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and adjacent town centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and adjacent town centers
+definition of the town varies from place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the town varies from place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the town varies from place
+to place I know that specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place I know that specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place I know that specifically
+Vancouver has rather large suburbs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vancouver has rather large suburbs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vancouver has rather large suburbs like
+700,000 retro large area mm-hmm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700,000 retro large area mm-hmm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700,000 retro large area mm-hmm you
+could have areas where that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have areas where that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have areas where that condition
+would be a little bit too strict if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a little bit too strict if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a little bit too strict if you
+have let's say Boston area which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say Boston area which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say Boston area which is
+generally slightly smaller suburbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally slightly smaller suburbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally slightly smaller suburbs and
+more suburbs right yeah so so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more suburbs right yeah so so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more suburbs right yeah so so some of
+these may actually be a little tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these may actually be a little tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these may actually be a little tricky to
+measure and to quantify right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and to quantify right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and to quantify right right
+Yeah right right this is a good really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right right this is a good really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right right this is a good really
+good point some of these percentages I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point some of these percentages I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point some of these percentages I
+think are related to two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are related to two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are related to two random
+variables and and those are somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and and those are somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and and those are somehow
+acceptable because that's when you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable because that's when you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable because that's when you try
+to define a confidence interval but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a confidence interval but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a confidence interval but when
+it comes to cases like this it's it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to cases like this it's it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to cases like this it's it is
+not a random variable anymore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a random variable anymore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a random variable anymore it's
+basically like a special variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like a special variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like a special variable that
+is constantly requires like a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly requires like a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly requires like a certain
+amount of connections to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of connections to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of connections to the to the
+downtown area right so that may be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown area right so that may be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown area right so that may be one
+of the loopholes of of this guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loopholes of of this guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loopholes of of this guideline
+that that's a really good point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a really good point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a really good point and
+because one may argue that if 95% of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one may argue that if 95% of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one may argue that if 95% of my
+OD pairs are connected with the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD pairs are connected with the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD pairs are connected with the minimum
+connectivity requirements what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity requirements what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity requirements what about the
+rest of 5% does it mean that all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of 5% does it mean that all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of 5% does it mean that all people
+who live in that 5% area will have to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who live in that 5% area will have to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who live in that 5% area will have to to
+go through the unacceptable connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the unacceptable connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the unacceptable connectivity
+situation so so that's a valid point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so so that's a valid point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so so that's a valid point and
+thank you for bringing that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah well these are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah well these are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah well these are basically
+these are usually for for for projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are usually for for for projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are usually for for for projects
+and plans that are being proposed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plans that are being proposed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plans that are being proposed for
+like a small start projects or for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a small start projects or for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a small start projects or for for
+improvement plans so I think what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement plans so I think what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement plans so I think what they
+try to do is to to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is to to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is to to make sure that the
+ones that are being accepted and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are being accepted and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are being accepted and being
+implemented would satisfy this but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented would satisfy this but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented would satisfy this but I'm
+not really sure if the existing network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really sure if the existing network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really sure if the existing network
+satisfies all these conditions or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah okay so any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then TransLink guideline on route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then TransLink guideline on route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then TransLink guideline on route
+design and it's very interesting too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and it's very interesting too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and it's very interesting too
+they have like really interesting logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like really interesting logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like really interesting logic
+to to validate the design and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to validate the design and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to validate the design and the
+improvements that are proposed for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements that are proposed for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements that are proposed for for
+route design so what it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route design so what it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route design so what it says is that
+deviations from the most direct route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the most direct route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the most direct route
+must have walking time savings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have walking time savings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have walking time savings for
+customers on the added root section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers on the added root section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers on the added root section
+greater than the increase in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the increase in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the increase in total
+travel time for through passengers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time for through passengers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time for through passengers so
+does anyone have any interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any interpretation
+quick interpretation on this guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah right you have the common two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah right you have the common two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah right you have the common two
+right yeah so if you look at look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so if you look at look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so if you look at look at the
+look at the problem or look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem or look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem or look at the
+situation from the perspective of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation from the perspective of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation from the perspective of system
+and from the perspective of total travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the perspective of total travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the perspective of total travel
+time in the system what they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the system what they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the system what they basically
+are requiring is that for example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are requiring is that for example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are requiring is that for example let's
+assume that I have a supper paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I have a supper paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I have a supper paper and
+then this is my downtown area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is my downtown area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is my downtown area and
+there's a route here that has multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a route here that has multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a route here that has multiple
+stops and then there's another suburb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and then there's another suburb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and then there's another suburb
+here which in the original plan is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which in the original plan is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which in the original plan is being
+by this route however it requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this route however it requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this route however it requires a
+walking link to go to different stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking link to go to different stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking link to go to different stops
+what this guideline basically requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this guideline basically requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this guideline basically requires
+is that if if the total travel time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if if the total travel time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if if the total travel time for
+all passengers who are traveling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all passengers who are traveling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all passengers who are traveling from
+here to here and for all leather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and for all leather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and for all leather
+traveling from here to here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling from here to here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling from here to here is going to
+be increased then you cannot justify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be increased then you cannot justify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be increased then you cannot justify an
+additional the literal here to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional the literal here to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional the literal here to serve
+this area meaning that if the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area meaning that if the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area meaning that if the total
+travel time saving that is done under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time saving that is done under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time saving that is done under
+walking to in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking to in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking to in charge
+time of these people is not as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of these people is not as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of these people is not as much as
+total increase in travel time of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total increase in travel time of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total increase in travel time of people
+though traveling from this suburb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though traveling from this suburb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though traveling from this suburb to
+this server then you cannot justify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this server then you cannot justify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this server then you cannot justify the
+the design or the reroute okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design or the reroute okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design or the reroute okay so in
+terms of guidelines related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of guidelines related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of guidelines related to a
+schedule and guidelines related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and guidelines related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and guidelines related to
+frequency and timetable we basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and timetable we basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and timetable we basically in
+practice there two two main components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there two two main components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there two two main components
+component that is related to the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that is related to the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that is related to the policy
+of of design and components that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of design and components that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of design and components that is
+related to the crowding situation policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the crowding situation policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the crowding situation policy
+of design basically dictate a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design basically dictate a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design basically dictate a minimum
+headway or basically a minimum frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway or basically a minimum frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway or basically a minimum frequency
+or a maximum headway for for the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a maximum headway for for the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a maximum headway for for the service
+and that's basically the case when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically the case when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically the case when there
+is no crowding situation however in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no crowding situation however in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no crowding situation however in the
+in in the in the main corridors and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the main corridors and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the main corridors and in
+peak directions we usually would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak directions we usually would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak directions we usually would go
+beyond the service of policy headway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the service of policy headway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the service of policy headway
+because we need to to accommodate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to to accommodate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to to accommodate the
+demand and that's basically how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and that's basically how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and that's basically how the
+maximum passenger crowding guy guides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum passenger crowding guy guides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum passenger crowding guy guides
+come into play so so in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play so so in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play so so in terms of the
+actual guideline on on policy of headway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual guideline on on policy of headway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual guideline on on policy of headway
+for for transit for MBTA we have maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for transit for MBTA we have maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for transit for MBTA we have maximum
+headway on all local bus routes should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway on all local bus routes should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway on all local bus routes should
+be 30 minutes in peak and 60 minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 30 minutes in peak and 60 minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 30 minutes in peak and 60 minutes in
+at other times for express routes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at other times for express routes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at other times for express routes there
+should be at least three trips in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at least three trips in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at least three trips in each
+peak period so let's let's discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak period so let's let's discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak period so let's let's discuss a
+little bit more about this why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about this why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about this why do you
+think that we need to have a policy had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we need to have a policy had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we need to have a policy had
+my maximum policy headway if if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my maximum policy headway if if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my maximum policy headway if if we if we
+are considering the demand and if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are considering the demand and if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are considering the demand and if we are
+trying to satisfy the demand by number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to satisfy the demand by number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to satisfy the demand by number
+of vehicles that we are assigning to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vehicles that we are assigning to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vehicles that we are assigning to to
+the to the route then why should we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the route then why should we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the route then why should we care
+about a minimum yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minimum yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minimum yeah exactly
+yeah again the equity issue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again the equity issue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again the equity issue and the
+accessibility issue basically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility issue basically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility issue basically right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right exactly right okay and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly right okay and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly right okay and then when
+it comes to two considerations related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to two considerations related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to two considerations related
+to the crowding we have guidelines about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the crowding we have guidelines about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the crowding we have guidelines about
+maximum crowding and maximum expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum crowding and maximum expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum crowding and maximum expectation
+of crowding that would dictate a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crowding that would dictate a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crowding that would dictate a minimum
+frequency for for the service for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for for the service for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for for the service for
+example for for Green Line the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for for Green Line the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for for Green Line the maximum
+passengers per car should be no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers per car should be no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers per car should be no more
+than two hundred twenty five percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two hundred twenty five percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two hundred twenty five percent of
+the seats in the peak period in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seats in the peak period in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seats in the peak period in the
+off-peak the maximum passengers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak the maximum passengers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak the maximum passengers should
+be no more than the seated capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no more than the seated capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no more than the seated capacity
+except in the Central Subway which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in the Central Subway which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in the Central Subway which can
+go up to 140 percent yeah so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to 140 percent yeah so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to 140 percent yeah so here is the
+the transit guideline a TransLink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transit guideline a TransLink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transit guideline a TransLink
+guideline on frequency objective it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline on frequency objective it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline on frequency objective it
+basically defines different headways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically defines different headways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically defines different headways for
+different based on time of days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different based on time of days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different based on time of days and
+based on modes of transit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on modes of transit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on modes of transit that the
+transit agencies and operators of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agencies and operators of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agencies and operators of the
+system need to satisfy so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system need to satisfy so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system need to satisfy so in terms of
+guaranteeing that the the load and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing that the the load and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing that the the load and the
+crowding situation is is addressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding situation is is addressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding situation is is addressed in
+the guideline that is related to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline that is related to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guideline that is related to to
+frequency there is some some analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency there is some some analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency there is some some analysis
+that is done to to make sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is done to to make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is done to to make sure that your
+your frequency is high enough that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frequency is high enough that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frequency is high enough that that
+your crowding situation does not exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crowding situation does not exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crowding situation does not exceed
+a certain level why do we care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain level why do we care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain level why do we care about the
+the loads and the crowding situation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loads and the crowding situation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loads and the crowding situation the
+first reason is that we do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reason is that we do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reason is that we do not want to
+frequently denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently denied
+to ward that would yield to increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ward that would yield to increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ward that would yield to increased
+travel time and we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time and we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time and we would like to
+basically avoid higher dwell time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically avoid higher dwell time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically avoid higher dwell time that
+is associated with higher number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with higher number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with higher number of
+boarding zalae things number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding zalae things number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding zalae things number of
+wheelchairs on board that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchairs on board that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchairs on board that would
+eventually again increase the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually again increase the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually again increase the the
+running time for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time for example in the
+acceptable in the an irregular standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable in the an irregular standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable in the an irregular standard
+40-foot bus with the acceptable load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40-foot bus with the acceptable load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40-foot bus with the acceptable load of
+70 passengers are considered however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 passengers are considered however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 passengers are considered however the
+average that we we estimate based on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that we we estimate based on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that we we estimate based on our
+design should not exceed 55 passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design should not exceed 55 passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design should not exceed 55 passengers
+so that's the case of indeterminacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the case of indeterminacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the case of indeterminacy and
+the the confidence intervals that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the confidence intervals that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the confidence intervals that we
+kind of allow in India analysis however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of allow in India analysis however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of allow in India analysis however
+it's a little different with the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different with the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different with the equity
+issue that that you mentioned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that that you mentioned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that that you mentioned in this
+case because you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because you want to make sure that
+to a certain degree of confidence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain degree of confidence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain degree of confidence you
+sure your system is performing at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure your system is performing at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure your system is performing at an
+acceptable crowling level the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable crowling level the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable crowling level the very
+ability to demand could actually relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to demand could actually relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to demand could actually relate
+to to bulk arrivals or group arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to bulk arrivals or group arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to bulk arrivals or group arrivals
+that may happen at once due to exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may happen at once due to exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may happen at once due to exchanges
+from from different service or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from different service or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from different service or it could
+actually relate to the variability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relate to the variability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relate to the variability in
+the headway or variability in the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headway or variability in the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headway or variability in the nature
+of demand based on day of week based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand based on day of week based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand based on day of week based on
+seasonality based on the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality based on the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality based on the weather
+condition and so on and so forth then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so on and so forth then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so on and so forth then
+the other objective that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other objective that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other objective that in the
+guideline of transit is transiting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline of transit is transiting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline of transit is transiting is
+the is the objective of of comfort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the objective of of comfort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the objective of of comfort and
+it basically deals with again with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically deals with again with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically deals with again with with
+a crowding level or the design crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crowding level or the design crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crowding level or the design crowd
+crowding level or crediting air averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding level or crediting air averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding level or crediting air averages
+that we are basically computing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are basically computing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are basically computing as
+objectives to be tested for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives to be tested for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives to be tested for for this
+guideline as you can see again for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline as you can see again for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline as you can see again for four
+different peak periods and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different peak periods and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different peak periods and different
+type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+vehicles and type of service there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and type of service there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and type of service there is
+there's published numbers in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's published numbers in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's published numbers in terms of
+the of the averages or computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the averages or computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the averages or computing
+computed averages for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed averages for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed averages for the for the
+maximum crowding levels so look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum crowding levels so look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum crowding levels so look at this
+numbers does anyone have any thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers does anyone have any thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers does anyone have any thoughts on
+an idea of why some of these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of why some of these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of why some of these numbers are
+larger for example for peak 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for example for peak 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for example for peak 15 minutes
+in AM and PM peak you would allow an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in AM and PM peak you would allow an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in AM and PM peak you would allow an
+average of 60 passengers on board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 60 passengers on board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 60 passengers on board
+however when it comes to computations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when it comes to computations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when it comes to computations of
+peak 30 minutes you would only allow 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right yeah that that that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right yeah that that that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right yeah that that that could be
+one reason that actually yielded to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason that actually yielded to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason that actually yielded to to
+this design any other thoughts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design any other thoughts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design any other thoughts or
+suggestions yeah yeah exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions yeah yeah exactly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions yeah yeah exactly yeah
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that way are ones that you will expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way are ones that you will expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way are ones that you will expect a
+lot of people or is it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people or is it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people or is it the other way
+around where you see a lot of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around where you see a lot of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around where you see a lot of people and
+then you make right yes right well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make right yes right well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make right yes right well yeah
+that's exactly one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly one of the the
+considerations in InDesign of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in InDesign of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in InDesign of a
+frequency and and design of a schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and and design of a schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and and design of a schedule
+so I if I want to reward what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I if I want to reward what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I if I want to reward what what what
+are you mentioned if you're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you mentioned if you're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you mentioned if you're computing
+your average over 15 minutes and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average over 15 minutes and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average over 15 minutes and you're
+observing and then you're computing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and then you're computing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and then you're computing your
+average over 13 minutes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over 13 minutes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over 13 minutes and you
+observing a higher crowding level over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a higher crowding level over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a higher crowding level over
+the the accepted level then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the accepted level then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the accepted level then if the
+situation is becomes more critical if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is becomes more critical if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is becomes more critical if
+you're if you're computing over 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're computing over 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're computing over 30
+minutes it's more critical than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's more critical than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it's more critical than if
+you're computing over 15 minutes so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're computing over 15 minutes so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're computing over 15 minutes so if
+you observe an average of of a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe an average of of a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe an average of of a high
+crowding level for 30 minutes or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding level for 30 minutes or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding level for 30 minutes or for
+longer period that that is a sign of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer period that that is a sign of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer period that that is a sign of a
+of a higher actual average of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher actual average of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher actual average of of
+Crowley's if yeah yeah maybe you explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crowley's if yeah yeah maybe you explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crowley's if yeah yeah maybe you explain
+it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better
+I shouldn't have rewarded you so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't have rewarded you so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't have rewarded you so the
+other objective that TransLink covers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objective that TransLink covers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objective that TransLink covers is
+basically the comfort situation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the comfort situation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the comfort situation this is
+one of the interesting ones and I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting ones and I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting ones and I do not
+really know how it's possible to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how it's possible to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how it's possible to measure
+this for a design it's probably usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a design it's probably usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a design it's probably usually
+being used in evaluation of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in evaluation of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in evaluation of the existing
+service it basically deals with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service it basically deals with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service it basically deals with with
+with a number of minutes that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a number of minutes that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a number of minutes that you expect
+from from from passengers to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from passengers to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from passengers to to be
+standing maximum number of minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing maximum number of minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing maximum number of minutes of
+being standing on board and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being standing on board and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being standing on board and there is a
+there's a level of compliance that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a level of compliance that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a level of compliance that is
+defined for each one for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for each one for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for each one for example you
+would allow no more than 95 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow no more than 95 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow no more than 95 percent
+cases that passengers would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that passengers would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that passengers would have to
+stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+more than 20 minutes in on the trip so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 minutes in on the trip so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 minutes in on the trip so I
+can imagine if you have an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if you have an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if you have an existing
+system and you if you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you if you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you if you want to measure
+this you can go out and and and survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go out and and and survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go out and and and survey
+these numbers and compute averages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and compute averages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and compute averages and
+the compute the distributions however if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compute the distributions however if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compute the distributions however if
+you have a design which is not in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a design which is not in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a design which is not in place
+does anyone have any thoughts how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any thoughts how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any thoughts how you
+can come up with some sort of estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with some sort of estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with some sort of estimation
+for this case yeah simulation could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case yeah simulation could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case yeah simulation could be
+one possible way of doing this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible way of doing this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible way of doing this yeah
+simulation of of demand could be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of of demand could be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of of demand could be one
+possible way of doing exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way of doing exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way of doing exactly that
+that's a good idea so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea so what you're
+suggesting is to to generate the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is to to generate the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is to to generate the load
+profile for the for the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile for the for the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile for the for the line and
+whenever the load is over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the load is over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the load is over the the
+seating capacity you measure the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating capacity you measure the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating capacity you measure the time
+period on that so that's a good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period on that so that's a good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period on that so that's a good good
+idea right so in terms of for Toronto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so in terms of for Toronto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so in terms of for Toronto
+Transit Commission the loading standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit Commission the loading standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit Commission the loading standards
+is something like this for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like this for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like this for different
+types of vehicle you would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of vehicle you would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of vehicle you would allow
+different averages for your design so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different averages for your design so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different averages for your design so
+there is also one one interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also one one interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also one one interesting point
+here why do you think for low-frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why do you think for low-frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why do you think for low-frequency
+service you would allow a lower crowding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you would allow a lower crowding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service you would allow a lower crowding
+level or a lower average ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+that could be one one one good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be one one one good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be one one one good answer
+the other the other reason that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other reason that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other reason that I can
+imagine is that if it's a low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that if it's a low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that if it's a low frequency
+service and if someone is denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and if someone is denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and if someone is denied
+boarding to a low frequency service they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding to a low frequency service they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding to a low frequency service they
+had they have to wait longer so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they have to wait longer so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they have to wait longer so we would
+allow a little bit of a slackness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a little bit of a slackness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow a little bit of a slackness in the
+in the design so we would avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design so we would avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design so we would avoid the
+situation like that okay so let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that okay so let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that okay so let's stop
+here and then we will continue to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we will continue to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we will continue to the
+rest of the of the guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the of the guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the of the guidelines
+particularly with with the reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with with the reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with with the reliability
+of service next week sorry that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service next week sorry that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service next week sorry that's a good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yeah better probably the closest place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah better probably the closest place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah better probably the closest place
+that has a better public transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a better public transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a better public transit
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hQbxesMB_N0.txt b/hQbxesMB_N0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a023fa69086af6d35e55ad762d078da730a70dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hQbxesMB_N0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12400 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay folks for this uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay folks for this uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay folks for this uh next
+session uh the transition I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session uh the transition I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session uh the transition I want to make
+is to go from what's been pretty much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go from what's been pretty much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go from what's been pretty much a
+static description of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static description of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static description of nonlinear
+spectroscopy to sort of starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy to sort of starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy to sort of starting to
+include Dynamics and and the way I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Dynamics and and the way I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Dynamics and and the way I want
+to incorporate this is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate this is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate this is through
+fluctuations um and by fluctuations what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations um and by fluctuations what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations um and by fluctuations what
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+is the Dynamics by which a system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Dynamics by which a system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Dynamics by which a system at
+thermal equilibrium samples all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium samples all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium samples all of the
+configurations all the states available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations all the states available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations all the states available
+to it okay um so just going to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it okay um so just going to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it okay um so just going to this is
+sort of the first step of introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first step of introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first step of introducing
+Dynamics um just what's happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics um just what's happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics um just what's happening at
+thermal equilibrium you know as applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium you know as applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium you know as applied
+to a condensed phase problem and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a condensed phase problem and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a condensed phase problem and so uh
+just to be a bit more specific you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be a bit more specific you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be a bit more specific you know
+you can imagine that a um I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that a um I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that a um I've got a
+particular chemical problem I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chemical problem I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chemical problem I want to
+study and if I'm clever about this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and if I'm clever about this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and if I'm clever about this what
+I'm going to do is choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is choose a
+spectroscopic coordinate that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic coordinate that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic coordinate that um you
+know projects onto the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know projects onto the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know projects onto the question of
+Interest very well and I can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest very well and I can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest very well and I can imagine
+projecting also then a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting also then a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting also then a free
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+um along that spectroscopic coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um along that spectroscopic coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um along that spectroscopic coordinate
+um and get this sort of a um from sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and get this sort of a um from sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and get this sort of a um from sort
+of the log of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the log of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the log of the probability
+distribution and you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you know you might
+imagine that uh equilibrium then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that uh equilibrium then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that uh equilibrium then is
+going to be defined by Minima on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defined by Minima on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defined by Minima on the
+surface and if I'm clever about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and if I'm clever about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and if I'm clever about my
+spectroscopy Q will really tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy Q will really tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy Q will really tell me about
+how um you know where I am on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um you know where I am on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um you know where I am on the
+surface and that this is a meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that this is a meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that this is a meaningful
+measure and you know if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you know if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you know if you look at
+where KT is what we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where KT is what we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where KT is what we are talking about
+when I say fluctuations is how does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say fluctuations is how does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say fluctuations is how does one
+um with time sample the various range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with time sample the various range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with time sample the various range of
+distributions along q that are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions along q that are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions along q that are available
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay so now if you're clever about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so now if you're clever about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so now if you're clever about
+this you're going to choose Q to project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're going to choose Q to project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're going to choose Q to project
+well onto your problem if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well onto your problem if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well onto your problem if it's a
+reaction problem Cube better um report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction problem Cube better um report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction problem Cube better um report
+on your reaction coordinate pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your reaction coordinate pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your reaction coordinate pretty well
+in our group say hydrogen bonding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our group say hydrogen bonding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our group say hydrogen bonding you
+know you want to choose a vibration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to choose a vibration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to choose a vibration that
+reports well on hydrogen bonding um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports well on hydrogen bonding um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports well on hydrogen bonding um that
+that's going to give you the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you the most
+information and so there there certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so there there certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so there there certainly
+is a lot of uh question about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of uh question about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of uh question about how you
+choose this okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this okay uh
+and so now another way of uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now another way of uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now another way of uh showing
+this is just in terms of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just in terms of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just in terms of the probability
+distribution itself you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution itself you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution itself you know you can
+imagine that um there are a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um there are a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um there are a range of
+config configurations available and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+config configurations available and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+config configurations available and I
+want to see how you travel through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see how you travel through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see how you travel through this
+range of configurations at thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of configurations at thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of configurations at thermal
+equilibrium okay so um the idea with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay so um the idea with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay so um the idea with is
+now in some way to transform this Q into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in some way to transform this Q into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in some way to transform this Q into
+a spectroscopic observable which um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectroscopic observable which um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectroscopic observable which um in
+our case is going to be frequency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case is going to be frequency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case is going to be frequency that
+is um can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um can we
+map uh you know the Dynamics on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map uh you know the Dynamics on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map uh you know the Dynamics on to
+evolving frequencies functionally sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving frequencies functionally sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving frequencies functionally sort
+of can we change this variable uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can we change this variable uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can we change this variable uh into
+frequency uh and so that will require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh and so that will require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh and so that will require
+sort of a well understood correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a well understood correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a well understood correlation
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here okay so that um that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that um that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that um that's where we're
+going now as you might imagine this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going now as you might imagine this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going now as you might imagine this is
+just this is sort of what we'd call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is sort of what we'd call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is sort of what we'd call a
+problem in in spectral diffusion it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in spectral diffusion it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in spectral diffusion it has
+a lot to do with uh line shapes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to do with uh line shapes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to do with uh line shapes you can
+imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if
+um it's convenient to sort of talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's convenient to sort of talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's convenient to sort of talk about
+um the Dynamics in terms of um sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Dynamics in terms of um sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Dynamics in terms of um sort of a
+stochastic model where you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic model where you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic model where you know you have
+a range of configurations that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of configurations that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of configurations that you want
+to sample and you've got a correl say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample and you've got a correl say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample and you've got a correl say a
+correlation time of which you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time of which you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time of which you move
+through this distribution okay so now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this distribution okay so now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this distribution okay so now in
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+spectroscopy we know that that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy we know that that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy we know that that leads to
+a bunch of limits right and so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of limits right and so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of limits right and so the idea
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um you know in in the limit where um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in in the limit where um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in in the limit where um the
+range configurations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range configurations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range configurations that you
+have is um oops times the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is um oops times the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is um oops times the correlation
+time is uh much less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is uh much less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is uh much less than one
+now um in spectroscopy then this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um in spectroscopy then this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um in spectroscopy then this would
+be the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the homogeneous
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+um typically motionally narrowed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically motionally narrowed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically motionally narrowed and
+this is the case where really you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where really you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where really you sort
+of lose this mapping of Q onto frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lose this mapping of Q onto frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lose this mapping of Q onto frequency
+you really just have one well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just have one well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just have one well-defined
+transition and that's a limit in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and that's a limit in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and that's a limit in which
+you really have can't learn much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have can't learn much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have can't learn much about
+um this uh dynamical process time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this uh dynamical process time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this uh dynamical process time to
+choose a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a new
+coordinate um then there's the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate um then there's the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate um then there's the the other
+limit in homogeneous um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in homogeneous um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in homogeneous um so
+now you can imagine that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can imagine that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can imagine that the system
+evolves so slowly that you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves so slowly that you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves so slowly that you really don't
+sample it on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it on the time
+scale um of your measurement and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um of your measurement and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um of your measurement and you
+know there what we're talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there what we're talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there what we're talking about is
+really that we're observing a line shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that we're observing a line shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that we're observing a line shape
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh oops correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops correlation
+time uh Delta is correlation time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh Delta is correlation time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh Delta is correlation time is
+very long there we go um now our line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long there we go um now our line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long there we go um now our line
+shape really just represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape really just represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape really just represents the
+distribution doesn't tell you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution doesn't tell you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution doesn't tell you how you
+move around so what we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around so what we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around so what we're trying to do
+is um work in a regime that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um work in a regime that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um work in a regime that's
+intermediate between these two limits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate between these two limits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate between these two limits in
+which uh the sort of what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the sort of what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the sort of what you might call
+Spectral diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectral diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectral diffusion
+regime um and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime um and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime um and that is
+where you know we're really able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know we're really able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know we're really able to uh
+track how one moves from one frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track how one moves from one frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track how one moves from one frequency
+to another within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another within this
+distribution okay so now we' and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so now we' and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so now we' and we'd
+like to then calculate uh observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to then calculate uh observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to then calculate uh observe that
+uh spectroscopically so it it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spectroscopically so it it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spectroscopically so it it might be
+worth pointing out just for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pointing out just for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pointing out just for a moment
+about how this then corresponds back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this then corresponds back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this then corresponds back to
+these uh free energy surfaces I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh free energy surfaces I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh free energy surfaces I mean
+what we are saying is um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying is um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are saying is um in this
+inhomogeneous limit really when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous limit really when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous limit really when you
+start when temperature starts to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start when temperature starts to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start when temperature starts to get
+lower when you start to look at really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower when you start to look at really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower when you start to look at really
+the fine structure on this free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine structure on this free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine structure on this free energy
+surface it really looks very rugged in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it really looks very rugged in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it really looks very rugged in a
+condensed phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed phase
+problem you and when these when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you and when these when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you and when these when these
+barriers lie equivalent or above um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers lie equivalent or above um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers lie equivalent or above um
+KT um and the time scale for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT um and the time scale for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT um and the time scale for this
+exchange is very long uh on compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange is very long uh on compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange is very long uh on compared to
+the spectroscopic observation time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectroscopic observation time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectroscopic observation time scale
+this is sort of the inhomogeneous limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the inhomogeneous limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the inhomogeneous limit
+but um you know as as temperature goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know as as temperature goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know as as temperature goes
+up or um you know as one or as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or um you know as one or as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or um you know as one or as the
+barriers go down depending on the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers go down depending on the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers go down depending on the case
+um then one gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then one gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then one gradually
+um uh removes barriers and allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh removes barriers and allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh removes barriers and allows the
+system to sample faster and faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to sample faster and faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to sample faster and faster and
+and in the limit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that free energy surface looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that free energy surface looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that free energy surface looks very
+narrow and uh one well defined Minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow and uh one well defined Minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow and uh one well defined Minima
+then you really go to this homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really go to this homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really go to this homogeneous
+limit it's interesting to to a gas bace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's interesting to to a gas bace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's interesting to to a gas bace
+person the homogeneous limit looks great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the homogeneous limit looks great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the homogeneous limit looks great
+because this one Shar L shape it does at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one Shar L shape it does at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one Shar L shape it does at
+least tell you something right it yep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least tell you something right it yep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least tell you something right it yep it
+can you know give you very precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know give you very precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know give you very precisely
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh right it's really depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh right it's really depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh right it's really depends on what
+you're uh what you're after the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh what you're after the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh what you're after the you
+really strive for narrow and homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strive for narrow and homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strive for narrow and homogeneous
+line shapes when you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shapes when you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shapes when you're really
+interested in sort of the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of the uh the the
+details of the coordinates that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the coordinates that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the coordinates that you're
+probing spectroscopically you looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing spectroscopically you looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing spectroscopically you looking
+for lots of transitions so I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of transitions so I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots of transitions so I mean I
+don't I um it's a little bit um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I um it's a little bit um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I um it's a little bit um what
+we're talking about is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about is a little bit
+different I mean what the reason you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I mean what the reason you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I mean what the reason you're
+looking for homogeneous lines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for homogeneous lines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for homogeneous lines is
+typically is because you associate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is because you associate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is because you associate that
+with high resolution that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high resolution that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high resolution that you are
+looking for lots of structure um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for lots of structure um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for lots of structure um and the
+it is true that an inhomogeneous line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that an inhomogeneous line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that an inhomogeneous line
+has the effect of uh broadening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the effect of uh broadening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the effect of uh broadening and
+congesting a spectrum but those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congesting a spectrum but those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congesting a spectrum but those two
+aren't quite the same thing you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't quite the same thing you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't quite the same thing you can have
+well-resolved lines that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-resolved lines that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-resolved lines that are in
+homogeneous and they're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and they're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and they're a little bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're increasing the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're increasing the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're increasing the temperature
+here y to to smooth that out it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here y to to smooth that out it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here y to to smooth that out it wouldn't
+actually narrow the potential it no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually narrow the potential it no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually narrow the potential it no it
+doesn't it it uh it the time scales uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it it uh it the time scales uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it it uh it the time scales uh
+right um yeah so may maybe this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um yeah so may maybe this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um yeah so may maybe this is the
+wrong analogy um you know in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong analogy um you know in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong analogy um you know in essence
+you're removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're removing
+barriers um and you know you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers um and you know you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers um and you know you think of
+the time skill for sampling to go up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time skill for sampling to go up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time skill for sampling to go up so
+that yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this
+is you are right it uh you you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you are right it uh you you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you are right it uh you you shouldn't
+necessarily shouldn't necessarily draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily shouldn't necessarily draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily shouldn't necessarily draw
+it the same but you're moving further up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same but you're moving further up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same but you're moving further up
+where the corrugation down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the corrugation down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the corrugation down
+low is is not the same um but you sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low is is not the same um but you sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low is is not the same um but you sample
+it faster and and so yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faster and and so yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faster and and so yeah right
+spectroscopically that is the motional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopically that is the motional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopically that is the motional
+narrowing effect it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowing effect it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowing effect it's a good
+one okay all right so now uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay all right so now uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay all right so now uh for
+handling these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling these kinds of
+um problems this is where it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problems this is where it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problems this is where it's uh
+important to have a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have a slightly different
+uh perspective on how to deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perspective on how to deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perspective on how to deal with a
+nonlinear spectroscopy most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear spectroscopy most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear spectroscopy most of the
+spectroscopy we've done uh so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy we've done uh so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy we've done uh so far is
+what I would call an igen state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation and the basic idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and the basic idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and the basic idea that
+we put forward is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put forward is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put forward is
+um we're going to solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to solve the problem
+you know with a hamiltonian of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a hamiltonian of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a hamiltonian of this form
+where we represent the light field as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we represent the light field as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we represent the light field as
+this time dependent external potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time dependent external potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time dependent external potential
+and we've got a hamiltonian for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got a hamiltonian for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got a hamiltonian for the uh
+matter and we assume that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and we assume that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and we assume that we know the
+igen states of this hamiltonian okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen states of this hamiltonian okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen states of this hamiltonian okay so
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write um we really know the solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um we really know the solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um we really know the solutions to
+that this time inde dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this time inde dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this time inde dependent
+hamiltonian this becomes time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this becomes time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this becomes time dependent
+this becomes a pretty horrible mess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a pretty horrible mess um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a pretty horrible mess um
+but remember this is shorthand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember this is shorthand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember this is shorthand for
+something that's really can be terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really can be terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really can be terribly
+complicated right you know remember H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right you know remember H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right you know remember H
+not you may have um you know electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you may have um you know electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you may have um you know electronic
+and vibrational and rotational and spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vibrational and rotational and spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vibrational and rotational and spin
+and all sorts of contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of contributions
+plus all the couplings between all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all the couplings between all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all the couplings between all those
+degrees of freedom right so um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom right so um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom right so um this is
+shorthand for what could be very messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for what could be very messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for what could be very messy
+and and generally speaking it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and generally speaking it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and generally speaking it you know
+not uh and certainly not in condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and certainly not in condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh and certainly not in condensed
+phase problems practical to work at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase problems practical to work at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase problems practical to work at that
+level the you know alternative approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the you know alternative approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the you know alternative approach
+so yeah right just to uh remind you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah right just to uh remind you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah right just to uh remind you what
+we would do then if we have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do then if we have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do then if we have this uh
+these igen states in hand is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these igen states in hand is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these igen states in hand is um
+spectroscopy say in the form of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy say in the form of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy say in the form of an
+absorption Spectrum we would get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Spectrum we would get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Spectrum we would get that
+from the dipole correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dipole correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dipole correlation
+function and uh we would get that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh we would get that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh we would get that really
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+by doing a thermal average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over this uh pair of dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this uh pair of dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this uh pair of dipole
+operators okay 4A transform that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay 4A transform that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay 4A transform that and
+you've got an absorption Spectrum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an absorption Spectrum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an absorption Spectrum okay
+so then the um alternate approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the um alternate approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the um alternate approach to
+this which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is uh
+really it's almost necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's almost necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's almost necessary for
+condensed phas problems is what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed phas problems is what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed phas problems is what I call
+the system bath and that is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system bath and that is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system bath and that is just to
+recognize that look in general my dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that look in general my dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that look in general my dipole
+operator is really going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is really going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is really going to be a
+function of a subset of coordinates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a subset of coordinates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a subset of coordinates in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+hamiltonian and uh so I've got certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and uh so I've got certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and uh so I've got certain
+degrees of freedom that are bright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom that are bright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom that are bright and
+others that are dark and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are dark and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are dark and I'm going to
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+up the material hamiltonian into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the material hamiltonian into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the material hamiltonian into those
+two parts um and I'm going to call one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts um and I'm going to call one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts um and I'm going to call one
+the system you know and that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you know and that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you know and that is going to
+be expressed then in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed then in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be expressed then in terms of these
+coordinates that we sample with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that we sample with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that we sample with our
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+operator we're going to have a bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we're going to have a bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we're going to have a bath
+that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+uh all the remaining degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the remaining degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the remaining degrees of freedom
+the dark degrees of freedom and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark degrees of freedom and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark degrees of freedom and of
+course in some way they're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in some way they're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in some way they're going to talk
+to each other you know the this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other you know the this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other you know the this is going
+to be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a function of
+both uh both the system and the bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh both the system and the bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh both the system and the bath
+coordinates um and in general the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates um and in general the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates um and in general the one of
+the things we really developed in 574 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we really developed in 574 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we really developed in 574 is
+you know in an in an expansion that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in an in an expansion that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in an in an expansion that is
+if there's a weak interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a weak interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a weak interaction between
+the system and the bath and an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and the bath and an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and the bath and an expansion
+the leading term is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term is this
+bilinear uh one one Quantum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear uh one one Quantum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear uh one one Quantum of the
+system one Quantum of the bath and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one Quantum of the bath and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one Quantum of the bath and and
+that leads to a lot of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to a lot of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to a lot of the um
+spectroscopy ideas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy ideas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy ideas that we
+developed okay uh so now then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed okay uh so now then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed okay uh so now then on the
+basis of this um then the idea is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of this um then the idea is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of this um then the idea is let's
+see I think I made a slide right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think I made a slide right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think I made a slide right okay so
+here's the idea once you've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea once you've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea once you've sort of
+established that you have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that you have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that you have a way of
+breaking this down that you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this down that you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this down that you know at
+least at a mathematic iCal level that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at a mathematic iCal level that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at a mathematic iCal level that is
+identical to the idea that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the idea that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the idea that you are
+really looking at um the time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at um the time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at um the time dependence
+to a uh transition energy within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a uh transition energy within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a uh transition energy within the
+system I state so this system bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I state so this system bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I state so this system bath
+interaction says uh you know I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction says uh you know I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction says uh you know I've got
+say an electronic transition which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an electronic transition which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an electronic transition which I'll
+call my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call my
+system but uh it's time dependent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but uh it's time dependent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but uh it's time dependent that
+arises from the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from the this
+interaction uh of that system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction uh of that system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction uh of that system you know
+with the dark States the bath through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dark States the bath through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dark States the bath through uh
+through this coupling and if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this coupling and if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this coupling and if I have a
+way of watching the time dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of watching the time dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of watching the time dependence of
+this energy gap um that uh should report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy gap um that uh should report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy gap um that uh should report
+on the bath okay all right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bath okay all right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bath okay all right so that
+whether you call this a system bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you call this a system bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you call this a system bath
+hamiltonian or an energy gap hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian or an energy gap hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian or an energy gap hamiltonian
+you basically recast that whole same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically recast that whole same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically recast that whole same
+problem the same way and then what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the same way and then what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the same way and then what we've
+shown is that you know the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is that you know the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is that you know the dipole
+correlation function can take this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function can take this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function can take this form
+where you know there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know there's going to be an
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+frequency um an average energy gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency um an average energy gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency um an average energy gap and
+then the Dynamics of the bath get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Dynamics of the bath get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Dynamics of the bath get
+introduced um in this way so the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced um in this way so the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced um in this way so the time
+dependence of the bath acts to modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the bath acts to modulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the bath acts to modulate
+that frequency and that leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency and that leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency and that leads to a
+particular line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular line
+shape what are youing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape what are youing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape what are youing
+over this guy that's that one thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this guy that's that one thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this guy that's that one thermal
+average over the bath okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so so what that does is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so what that does is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so what that does is that
+recasts the system bath problem in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recasts the system bath problem in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recasts the system bath problem in in
+terms of you know a uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence to um a particular energy gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to um a particular energy gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to um a particular energy gap
+um and we want to express it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we want to express it in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we want to express it in this way
+and so what is a good way of quantifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is a good way of quantifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is a good way of quantifying
+this energy gap it's through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy gap it's through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy gap it's through a
+correlation function and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function and you know you
+can establish for this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish for this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish for this sort of a
+bilinear interaction that there's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear interaction that there's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear interaction that there's a one
+toone correspondence you know between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone correspondence you know between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toone correspondence you know between
+the fluctuations of the energy gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations of the energy gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations of the energy gap and
+really the time dependent system bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the time dependent system bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the time dependent system bath
+interaction those are one and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction those are one and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction those are one and the same
+thing okay so it's this uh frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so it's this uh frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so it's this uh frequency
+frequency or energy gap correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or energy gap correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or energy gap correlation
+function that is sort of the Connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is sort of the Connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is sort of the Connecting
+Point between the spectroscopy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point between the spectroscopy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point between the spectroscopy and the
+Dynamics that you know lead to spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that you know lead to spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that you know lead to spectral
+shifts okay and what we established 574
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts okay and what we established 574
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts okay and what we established 574
+was that you know we can now write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you know we can now write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you know we can now write out
+expressions for the correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the correlation function
+in you know very much the same way we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know very much the same way we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know very much the same way we we
+have had to make a cumulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to make a cumulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to make a cumulant
+approximation um but uh the idea is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um but uh the idea is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um but uh the idea is I
+can develop an expression for the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop an expression for the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop an expression for the line
+shape function G of T in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape function G of T in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape function G of T in terms of the
+energy uh transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh transition
+energy correlation function and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy correlation function and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy correlation function and then on
+the basis of that line shape function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that line shape function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that line shape function I
+can calculate the uh correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the uh correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the uh correlation
+function okay and then that 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and then that 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and then that 4A
+transforming that gives me your standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming that gives me your standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming that gives me your standard
+absorption line shape okay so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption line shape okay so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption line shape okay so again the
+way to remember this line shape is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to remember this line shape is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to remember this line shape is look
+uh here is my resonance frequency at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is my resonance frequency at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is my resonance frequency at my
+energy gap EG and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gap EG and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gap EG and then these
+fluctuations are going to come in and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are going to come in and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are going to come in and in
+some way modify and modulate the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way modify and modulate the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way modify and modulate the you
+know that well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency okay so let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so let's let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so let's let's look at
+that in just a touch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know sort of uh kind of comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know sort of uh kind of comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know sort of uh kind of comparing
+the the different types of observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different types of observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different types of observables
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's see where to start uh I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see where to start uh I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see where to start uh I mean I
+guess uh we could take a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh we could take a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh we could take a couple of
+limits let's sort of work these out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits let's sort of work these out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits let's sort of work these out a
+little bit sort of in parallel just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sort of in parallel just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sort of in parallel just for
+some model correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some model correlation
+functions let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay so you know the the first case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so you know the the first case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so you know the the first case
+is what we'd cor would correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we'd cor would correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we'd cor would correspond to the
+the homogeneous limit for the spine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous limit for the spine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous limit for the spine
+shape and that is the case where um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and that is the case where um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and that is the case where um as
+we said before the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said before the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said before the range of
+configurations um is uh uh small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations um is uh uh small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations um is uh uh small
+compared to the time scale which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the time scale which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the time scale which you
+average over them right so you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over them right so you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over them right so you're moving
+very quickly and that immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and that immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and that immediately
+implies a very rapid decay of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a very rapid decay of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies a very rapid decay of your
+frequency correlation function so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency correlation function so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency correlation function so um you
+can see in in our way of thinking then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see in in our way of thinking then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see in in our way of thinking then
+we would have a correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have a correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have a correlation function
+that drops very rapidly um the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops very rapidly um the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops very rapidly um the frequency
+where you are become very rapidly loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are become very rapidly loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are become very rapidly loses
+memory of where you were a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of where you were a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of where you were a moment
+earlier um and this uh in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um and this uh in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um and this uh in that case you
+know the energy gap correlation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy gap correlation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy gap correlation function
+is often well approximated by just a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often well approximated by just a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often well approximated by just a con
+uh by a Delta function so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by a Delta function so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by a Delta function so if
+you approximate it as a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approximate it as a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approximate it as a Delta function
+in time and just that it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and just that it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and just that it has an
+amplitude and now go calculate what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and now go calculate what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and now go calculate what your
+line shap function looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shap function looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shap function looks like
+then G of T is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then G of T is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then G of T is going to look
+like gamma T okay and if uh gamma if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gamma T okay and if uh gamma if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gamma T okay and if uh gamma if you
+have gamma T then you recover sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gamma T then you recover sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gamma T then you recover sort of a
+homogeneous line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous line
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+um with a oops gam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a oops gam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a oops gam
+sorry where the half maximum is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where the half maximum is gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where the half maximum is gamma
+okay under this coration function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under this coration function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under this coration function that
+must be normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be normal
+right and I I haven't uh I haven't drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I haven't uh I haven't drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I haven't uh I haven't drawn
+it there but in practice no it's not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there but in practice no it's not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there but in practice no it's not I
+mean you if you now have a narrow line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you if you now have a narrow line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you if you now have a narrow line
+you can say that it's always a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that it's always a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that it's always a good
+correlation between the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the instantaneous
+frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and
+it right because the frequency can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right because the frequency can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right because the frequency can't get
+far away from where origin orig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from where origin orig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from where origin orig
+originated um it it really comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated um it it really comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated um it it really comes down to
+you you have two variables and yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have two variables and yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have two variables and yeah it
+really has to do with what this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has to do with what this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has to do with what this ratio is
+either you know you can't just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know you can't just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know you can't just talk
+about one variable without the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one variable without the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one variable without the other one
+and and so you can imagine having a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you can imagine having a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you can imagine having a very
+broad distribution but then the speed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad distribution but then the speed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad distribution but then the speed at
+which you have to sample them has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have to sample them has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have to sample them has to be
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+insane um or um or you have a narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane um or um or you have a narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane um or um or you have a narrow
+distribution so that factor gets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that factor gets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that factor gets that
+that is the amplitude of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the amplitude of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the amplitude of the correlation
+function that right the T C gets encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that right the T C gets encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that right the T C gets encoded
+in the Decay time Delta gets encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Decay time Delta gets encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Decay time Delta gets encoded in
+the ampl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ude okay so then um so then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ude okay so then um so then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ude okay so then um so then there's the
+opposite limit this is the case where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite limit this is the case where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite limit this is the case where I
+mean it the way I've pictured it here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it the way I've pictured it here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it the way I've pictured it here at
+least I mean it's not even erotic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I mean it's not even erotic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I mean it's not even erotic right
+but we at one moment you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we at one moment you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we at one moment you look at
+molecules they have a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they have a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they have a certain frequency
+and they're really static they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're really static they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're really static they don't
+evolve and so the line shape is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and so the line shape is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and so the line shape is just
+thought of as an average over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as an average over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as an average over that
+Ensemble um functionally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble um functionally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble um functionally that
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+homogeneous in homogeneous things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous in homogeneous things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous in homogeneous things are
+just static um we just uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just static um we just uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just static um we just uh have a
+constant so let's see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let's see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let's see um
+Delta tile C it's much greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta tile C it's much greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta tile C it's much greater than one
+so uh sort of model type of correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh sort of model type of correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh sort of model type of correlation
+function would be something static let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would be something static let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would be something static let's
+see what variable do we use again yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what variable do we use again yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what variable do we use again yeah
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you just it's time independent it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it's time independent it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just it's time independent it's just
+a constant we for convenience choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant we for convenience choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant we for convenience choose
+Delta squ right and on the basis of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squ right and on the basis of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squ right and on the basis of that
+you do your double integral and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your double integral and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your double integral and your
+line shape function then looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh a
+parabola okay and that then leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola okay and that then leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola okay and that then leads to a
+gaussian decay in time uh on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian decay in time uh on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian decay in time uh on top of the
+dipole correlation function and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole correlation function and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole correlation function and and then
+to a gaussian line shape right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a gaussian line shape right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a gaussian line shape right so it
+leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to this
+distribution okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay now
+um now what you Pro probably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what you Pro probably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what you Pro probably should
+recognize there is that you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize there is that you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize there is that you know these
+are extreme limits they're ones you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extreme limits they're ones you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extreme limits they're ones you you
+know in practice you never really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in practice you never really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in practice you never really quite
+see these limits I mean you never quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these limits I mean you never quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these limits I mean you never quite
+really have a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a Delta
+function um but in general you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um but in general you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um but in general you'll have
+sort of a Decay to this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Decay to this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Decay to this correlation
+function and if you look at very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if you look at very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if you look at very short
+times well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times well then
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+effectively this correlation time does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this correlation time does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this correlation time does
+this correlation function does look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlation function does look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlation function does look
+constant and if you look at long times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and if you look at long times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and if you look at long times
+it looks like it's decayed to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's decayed to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's decayed to zero
+already and so it's this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and so it's this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and so it's this intermediate
+regime in which you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime in which you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime in which you really
+um uh are working um you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh are working um you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh are working um you know where
+you're really working on the time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really working on the time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really working on the time scale
+of the Dynamics that um intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Dynamics that um intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Dynamics that um intermediate
+that we're trying to aim for and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to aim for and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to aim for and and
+there what we're talking about is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what we're talking about is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what we're talking about is you
+know the there really is a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the there really is a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the there really is a Time
+dependent frequency that's well observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent frequency that's well observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent frequency that's well observed
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+Spectrum okay um and so it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum okay um and so it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum okay um and so it's convenient
+to use the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the stochastic
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+um for that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for that which
+um and that that just says you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that just says you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that just says you know you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+distribution it's what width is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's what width is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's what width is Delta
+and you have a time to C that you sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a time to C that you sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a time to C that you sample
+the system you're energy gap correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you're energy gap correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you're energy gap correlation
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just drops away exponentially it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drops away exponentially it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drops away exponentially it's
+amplitude tells you about the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude tells you about the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude tells you about the range of
+configurations and your um you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and your um you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and your um you've got
+say an exponential decay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an exponential decay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an exponential decay with a
+correlation time you uh use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time you uh use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time you uh use this to
+calculate a line shape function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops okay pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops okay pretty
+straightforward um uh this shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um uh this shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um uh this shape and
+then now you can put this into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you can put this into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you can put this into your
+dipole correlation function and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole correlation function and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole correlation function and and you
+will get a line shape depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a line shape depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a line shape depending on what
+your you know your Delta and to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know your Delta and to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you know your Delta and to C
+parameters are that will smoothly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are that will smoothly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are that will smoothly and
+continuously vary from the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously vary from the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously vary from the homogeneous
+to the inhomogeneous limit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inhomogeneous limit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inhomogeneous limit okay
+depending on what the product delc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+so taking this one step farther um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking this one step farther um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking this one step farther um is
+just to recognize that you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recognize that you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recognize that you know this is
+a simple model but in a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple model but in a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple model but in a very general
+sense you can incorporate an arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can incorporate an arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can incorporate an arbitrarily
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+bath in essence through just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath in essence through just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath in essence through just
+constructing what it the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing what it the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing what it the shape of the
+correlation function for the bath is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function for the bath is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function for the bath is
+right and there's different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's different ways of
+representing that and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that and this is sort of
+the root of many popular models for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of many popular models for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of many popular models for how
+you want to treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to treat the
+spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+um you can imagine specifying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can imagine specifying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can imagine specifying a
+particular form of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form of the correlation
+function another approach is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function another approach is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function another approach is you can
+construct a spectral density so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a spectral density so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a spectral density so this is
+a spectrum that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum that tells
+you the it it's a coupling weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the it it's a coupling weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the it it's a coupling weighted
+density of states it tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states it tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states it tells you how
+different modes at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes at different
+frequencies um interact with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies um interact with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies um interact with the system
+to lead to a particular time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to a particular time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to a particular time dependence
+you know and that um is often defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that um is often defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that um is often defined
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in terms of the imaginary part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the imaginary part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the imaginary part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the energy gap correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the energy gap correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the energy gap correlation
+function the these are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the these are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the these are sort of the
+popular ways of defining it um and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular ways of defining it um and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular ways of defining it um and on
+the the basis of that you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basis of that you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basis of that you know there are
+relationships that tell you how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that tell you how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that tell you how to get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um yeah here we go so if you write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah here we go so if you write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah here we go so if you write out
+spectral density here's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral density here's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral density here's a couple of
+examples of how you would obtain a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how you would obtain a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how you would obtain a line
+shaped function based on that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped function based on that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped function based on that um
+spectral density or or or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral density or or or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral density or or or your
+correlation function so I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function so I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function so I mean it it
+looks a little mess and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little mess and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little mess and there's some
+numerical stuff to deal with but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical stuff to deal with but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical stuff to deal with but there's
+a really straightforward recipe of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really straightforward recipe of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really straightforward recipe of how
+you would describe that and the Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would describe that and the Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would describe that and the Brownian
+oscillator model is sort of one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator model is sort of one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator model is sort of one example
+that you know Works through this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Works through this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Works through this this
+kind of an example it it's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an example it it's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an example it it's the case
+where um the spectral density really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the spectral density really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the spectral density really is
+derived through a bath of harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived through a bath of harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived through a bath of harmonic
+oscillators um and you know you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators um and you know you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators um and you know you really
+just uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh have
+a arbitrary set of of oscillators with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a arbitrary set of of oscillators with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a arbitrary set of of oscillators with
+frequency that you can use to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that you can use to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that you can use to construct
+a spectrum and then that can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum and then that can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum and then that can be used to
+calculate any sort of spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate any sort of spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate any sort of spectral
+modulation and in the um line shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation and in the um line shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation and in the um line shapes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is sort of the system bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is sort of the system bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is sort of the system bath
+approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to
+spectroscopy um and the idea is so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy um and the idea is so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy um and the idea is so we've
+talked about um the linear spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um the linear spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um the linear spectroscopy
+but I want to go through that just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to go through that just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to go through that just to
+show you that you know I can throw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that you know I can throw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that you know I can throw up
+now expressions for how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expressions for how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expressions for how these things
+would look for nonlinear experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look for nonlinear experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look for nonlinear experiments and
+they're more complicated there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more complicated there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more complicated there are more
+equations there's more to go through but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there's more to go through but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there's more to go through but
+the recipe is exactly the same that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipe is exactly the same that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipe is exactly the same that you
+split up the hamiltonian in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up the hamiltonian in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up the hamiltonian in the same way
+you make the same approximations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the same approximations in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the same approximations in this
+first one the only one we've made is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one the only one we've made is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one the only one we've made is the
+Condon approximation and when you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condon approximation and when you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condon approximation and when you work
+through it it looks very much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it it looks very much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it it looks very much the same
+we have primary oscillations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have primary oscillations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have primary oscillations at the
+energy gap and that in some way will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gap and that in some way will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gap and that in some way will be
+modulated by the Dynamics of the bass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by the Dynamics of the bass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by the Dynamics of the bass
+that's in this more complex thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this more complex thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this more complex thermal
+average over time propagation the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over time propagation the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over time propagation the thing
+that is different is now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is different is now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is different is now you have
+multiple time variables right um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple time variables right um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple time variables right um and so
+for instance I've put up the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance I've put up the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance I've put up the um
+rephasing and non-rephasing uh processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephasing and non-rephasing uh processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephasing and non-rephasing uh processes
+here um just to kind of give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um just to kind of give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um just to kind of give you a sense
+that the system phase acquired is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system phase acquired is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system phase acquired is
+different in those two diagrams and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in those two diagrams and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in those two diagrams and and
+that also plays out then in how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also plays out then in how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also plays out then in how the
+phase the how the bath modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the how the bath modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the how the bath modulating the
+system how that evolves also you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how that evolves also you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how that evolves also you can see
+there's a slight difference here also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight difference here also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight difference here also
+just in the signs if you know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the signs if you know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the signs if you know how the
+phase is acquired um in these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is acquired um in these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is acquired um in these different
+experiments okay then you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments okay then you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments okay then you can go through
+the same recipe that you did for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same recipe that you did for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same recipe that you did for these
+other things if you make a cumulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things if you make a cumulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things if you make a cumulant
+approximation remember remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation remember remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation remember remember the
+cumulant approximation is a is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulant approximation is a is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulant approximation is a is one that
+says the free energy surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the free energy surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the free energy surface is
+parabolic the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic the probability distribution
+is Gan and on the basis of that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Gan and on the basis of that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Gan and on the basis of that things
+simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify
+dramatically um so you get things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um so you get things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um so you get things that
+look really similar to before you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really similar to before you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really similar to before you got
+response functions they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response functions they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response functions they look like
+exponentials in these line shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials in these line shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials in these line shaped
+functions sure there's a whole lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions sure there's a whole lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions sure there's a whole lot more
+but it's functionally the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+okay so let's see what do I have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what do I have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what do I have yeah
+let's um kind of let's go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um kind of let's go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um kind of let's go back to this
+for a moment let's just kind of work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment let's just kind of work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment let's just kind of work out
+an example last time we did talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example last time we did talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example last time we did talk a bit
+about the two pulse Photon Echo let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two pulse Photon Echo let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two pulse Photon Echo let's
+just use one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Expressions so before I erase this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so before I erase this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions so before I erase this I'll
+have you remember that uh the homogeneus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you remember that uh the homogeneus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you remember that uh the homogeneus
+limit gft just looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit gft just looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit gft just looks like
+gamma gft for the in home genus limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma gft for the in home genus limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma gft for the in home genus limit
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scum and um we're we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scum and um we're we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scum and um we're we're just going to
+sort of approach this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approach this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approach this really
+simply um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um
+let's let's imagine that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's imagine that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's imagine that we have an
+inhomogeneous system which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous system which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous system which is just a
+convolution of a particular homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of a particular homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of a particular homogeneous
+line shape with an inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shape with an inhomogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shape with an inhomogeneous
+distribution so this is gamma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is gamma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is gamma and the
+width of this is Delta okay a evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this is Delta okay a evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this is Delta okay a evolution
+in the frequency domain is a product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain is a product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain is a product in
+the time domain so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain so we're just going to
+say that the line shape function is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the line shape function is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the line shape function is just
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T just a sum of the homogeneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just a sum of the homogeneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just a sum of the homogeneous and
+inhomogeneous components I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous components I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous components I'm going to
+take that this is just a real quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that this is just a real quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that this is just a real quantity
+in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular
+case um and I'm going to insert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um and I'm going to insert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um and I'm going to insert it into
+R2 over there and I'm going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 over there and I'm going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 over there and I'm going to look at
+the particular case where the the t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular case where the the t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular case where the the t2
+variable is zero okay and that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is zero okay and that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is zero okay and that pretty
+quickly collapses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that more complicated expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that more complicated expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that more complicated expression
+gets a whole lot simpler just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a whole lot simpler just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a whole lot simpler just
+recognizing it's real ignoring one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing it's real ignoring one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing it's real ignoring one
+variable now we plug this in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now we plug this in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now we plug this in there
+simplify and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got see did I get that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got see did I get that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got see did I get that no
+that's no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no that's
+right e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay anyway my point is that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway my point is that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway my point is that you really
+recover what we went through we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what we went through we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what we went through we got
+immediately and we you know the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and we you know the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and we you know the last one
+we got basically by doing the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got basically by doing the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got basically by doing the full
+convolution um in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution um in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution um in the frequency domain
+or in the time domain so that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the time domain so that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the time domain so that's the same
+result so now this uh I'm I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so now this uh I'm I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so now this uh I'm I'm putting
+this up because this is a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up because this is a good place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up because this is a good place to
+start building your intuition about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building your intuition about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building your intuition about how
+these sorts of effects show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of effects show up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of effects show up in the
+spectroscopy so um you know let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so um you know let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so um you know let's now
+take a look at these limits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at these limits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at these limits the
+homogeneous and inhomogeneous limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and inhomogeneous limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and inhomogeneous limits
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and perhaps it's um easiest to just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps it's um easiest to just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps it's um easiest to just show
+it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here
+pictorially so now here's the idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially so now here's the idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially so now here's the idea the
+home omog genous limit is one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home omog genous limit is one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home omog genous limit is one we're
+going to just take the limit where Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just take the limit where Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just take the limit where Delta
+is much less than the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than the you know
+homogeneous lifetime um if we uh take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous lifetime um if we uh take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous lifetime um if we uh take a
+look at uh this over here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh this over here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh this over here I mean
+functionally this um let's see becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally this um let's see becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally this um let's see becomes a
+just constant one it drops away we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constant one it drops away we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constant one it drops away we
+really just have that the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just have that the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just have that the response
+function and hence the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and hence the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and hence the nonlinear
+polarization also just damps away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization also just damps away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization also just damps away um
+with this homogeneous relaxation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this homogeneous relaxation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this homogeneous relaxation okay
+this is sort of the limit where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the limit where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the limit where the
+distribution doesn't matter um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution doesn't matter um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution doesn't matter um and uh
+the signal radiated as it comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal radiated as it comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal radiated as it comes out of
+the sample will damp exponentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample will damp exponentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample will damp exponentially in
+its amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amplitude
+Okay uh and the inhomogeneous limit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay uh and the inhomogeneous limit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay uh and the inhomogeneous limit you
+know now all of a sudden Delta is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now all of a sudden Delta is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now all of a sudden Delta is very
+large and this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and this becomes
+um let's see we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see we've
+got well function if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well function if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well function if you look at this
+term it's peaked this is sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's peaked this is sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's peaked this is sort of the the
+rephasing effect for um molecules def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephasing effect for um molecules def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephasing effect for um molecules def
+phasing and then rephasing during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasing and then rephasing during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasing and then rephasing during the
+second period it's sharply peaked at to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period it's sharply peaked at to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period it's sharply peaked at to
+1 is equal to to 3 the width of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to to 3 the width of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to to 3 the width of that
+distribution goes something like the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution goes something like the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution goes something like the uh
+tells you about the you know profile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about the you know profile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about the you know profile of
+this Echo that gets formed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Echo that gets formed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Echo that gets formed and
+radiated and and so now on writing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated and and so now on writing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated and and so now on writing on
+top of that is still the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that is still the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that is still the fact that that
+P iation is decaying exponentially but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P iation is decaying exponentially but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P iation is decaying exponentially but
+really what you're doing now is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you're doing now is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you're doing now is really
+picking out its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out its
+amplitude at that time where it Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at that time where it Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at that time where it Peaks
+okay so that's what it the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what it the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what it the polarization
+looks like response function now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like response function now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like response function now the
+experiment itself in a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment itself in a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment itself in a sort of a
+traditional two pulse Echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional two pulse Echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional two pulse Echo
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm
+sorry if this is the first pulse and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if this is the first pulse and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if this is the first pulse and the
+second pulse and and you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pulse and and you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pulse and and you put your
+detector here what your signal really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector here what your signal really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector here what your signal really
+looks like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like is
+an um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral over the radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarization that is you know a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that is you know a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that is you know a typical
+um typical detector doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typical detector doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typical detector doesn't really
+actually sense the profile this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sense the profile this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sense the profile this
+polarization it integrates over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization it integrates over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization it integrates over the
+whole thing and so what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and so what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and so what you actually
+observe for a particular delay between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe for a particular delay between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe for a particular delay between
+the first two pulses is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two pulses is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two pulses is sort of the
+green hashed out area over there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green hashed out area over there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green hashed out area over there okay
+and then so what you find um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so what you find um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so what you find um in that
+case is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um in homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit that the signal as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that the signal as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that the signal as a function of
+the time delay between the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time delay between the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time delay between the first and
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+pulses uh drops away at uh four time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses uh drops away at uh four time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses uh drops away at uh four time
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+make sure I get this right four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the that one four times the rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that one four times the rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that one four times the rate and
+that reflects the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects the fact that you know
+this first pulse sets up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first pulse sets up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first pulse sets up a
+polarization and the system starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and the system starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and the system starts
+damping immediately uh but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping immediately uh but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping immediately uh but you don't
+read it out until twice that time delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it out until twice that time delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it out until twice that time delay
+and and so uh when you pick it up out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so uh when you pick it up out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so uh when you pick it up out
+here you've had two time delays to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've had two time delays to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've had two time delays to
+evolve over the signal goes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve over the signal goes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve over the signal goes as the
+square of that polarization and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of that polarization and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of that polarization and that's
+the reason for the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for the four
+okay in the homogeneous limit you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the homogeneous limit you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the homogeneous limit you find
+that that signal just drops away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that signal just drops away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that signal just drops away
+exponentially but this time has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um just twice this homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um just twice this homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um just twice this homogeneous
+linewidth okay in practice these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linewidth okay in practice these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linewidth okay in practice these are
+situations that you really virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that you really virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that you really virtually
+never encounter it's mean you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never encounter it's mean you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never encounter it's mean you really
+have to work very hard to try and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work very hard to try and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work very hard to try and find
+these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of
+circumstances um and so it's worth then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances um and so it's worth then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances um and so it's worth then
+to start looking at what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start looking at what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start looking at what happens in this
+regime where uh you have both where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime where uh you have both where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime where uh you have both where the
+distribution of frequencies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of frequencies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of frequencies and the
+homogeneous broadening are sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous broadening are sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous broadening are sort of on
+the same order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order of
+magnitude and and that is that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and and that is that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and and that is that's sort of
+pictured here that there is a compet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here that there is a compet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here that there is a compet
+ition then between the the damping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition then between the the damping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition then between the the damping of
+the polarization and the refocusing due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization and the refocusing due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization and the refocusing due
+to rephasing and you end up with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rephasing and you end up with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rephasing and you end up with sort of
+a peak that lies um after uh this pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak that lies um after uh this pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak that lies um after uh this pulse
+the final pulse um but this refocusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final pulse um but this refocusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final pulse um but this refocusing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+incomplete and now when you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete and now when you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete and now when you start to
+calculate how does the area underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how does the area underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how does the area underneath
+that profile change is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profile change is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profile change is a function of the
+initial time delay you you know you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial time delay you you know you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial time delay you you know you find
+that it actually Rises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually Rises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually Rises and
+Peaks before it uh Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks before it uh Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks before it uh Falls
+away okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay and
+um and this is so now if you take a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is so now if you take a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is so now if you take a real
+spectral diffusing system it's the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral diffusing system it's the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral diffusing system it's the shape
+of this profile that actually offers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this profile that actually offers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this profile that actually offers a
+whole lot of um extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of um extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of um extra
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+right okay so let's um oh I had it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's um oh I had it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's um oh I had it there
+this gives you a feeling here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you a feeling here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you a feeling here's some
+specific values for the um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific values for the um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific values for the um you know the
+ratio of the the range of distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the the range of distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the the range of distributions
+and the homogeneous line withd gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the homogeneous line withd gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the homogeneous line withd gives you
+a feeling for how those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling for how those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling for how those things
+look okay we're going to concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay we're going to concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay we're going to concentrate on
+on on this regime in between where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this regime in between where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this regime in between where um
+the magnitude of the signal Peaks up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the signal Peaks up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the signal Peaks up uh
+for finite delays that and that's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite delays that and that's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite delays that and that's known
+as a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a peak
+shift okay now to uh discuss what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift okay now to uh discuss what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift okay now to uh discuss what that
+means it's worthwhile to go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's worthwhile to go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's worthwhile to go back to our
+phase diagrams which um often are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams which um often are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams which um often are
+referred to as a lens analogy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a lens analogy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a lens analogy and the
+idea is this you know if you imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this you know if you imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this you know if you imagine you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inhomogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inhomogeneous
+distribution of frequencies about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of frequencies about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of frequencies about some
+mean frequency um if you sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean frequency um if you sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean frequency um if you sort of make
+your frame of reference the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frame of reference the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frame of reference the average
+frequency and now look at the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and now look at the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and now look at the phase
+acquired for one molecule relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired for one molecule relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired for one molecule relative to
+another in this distribution you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in this distribution you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in this distribution you'll see
+that that phase spreads out after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that phase spreads out after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that phase spreads out after you
+excite it with the first pulse and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite it with the first pulse and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite it with the first pulse and what
+the two pulse Echo tries to do is um act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pulse Echo tries to do is um act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pulse Echo tries to do is um act
+on the system in such a way as to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system in such a way as to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system in such a way as to kick
+it back allow the system to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back allow the system to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back allow the system to travel
+backwards in time kick it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time kick it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time kick it with a
+momentum that sends it back where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that sends it back where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that sends it back where it
+came from and refocus um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from and refocus um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from and refocus um the
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+okay in a a three pulse Echo takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in a a three pulse Echo takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in a a three pulse Echo takes the
+uh same idea here except it recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same idea here except it recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same idea here except it recognizes
+that you're sort of throwing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sort of throwing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sort of throwing some
+information away when you do that uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+um I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to use uh three pulses and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use uh three pulses and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use uh three pulses and in some
+manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner
+store this phase information during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this phase information during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this phase information during this
+population period that is uh might allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population period that is uh might allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population period that is uh might allow
+the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to
+evolve uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve uh there is
+a a distribution of ground and excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a distribution of ground and excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a distribution of ground and excited
+states that are created after the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are created after the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are created after the second
+pulse and that encodes where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and that encodes where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and that encodes where these
+phases are and a third pulse will act to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are and a third pulse will act to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are and a third pulse will act to
+now refocus this polarization now all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now refocus this polarization now all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now refocus this polarization now all of
+a sudden what I've done is created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden what I've done is created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden what I've done is created a
+situation where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um sort of a a Time window a waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a a Time window a waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a a Time window a waiting
+time a sort of a period where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a sort of a period where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a sort of a period where we can
+leave a shutter open and allow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a shutter open and allow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a shutter open and allow for the
+Dynamics of the system to take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system to take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system to take over
+okay what does that mean in our spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that mean in our spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that mean in our spectral
+diffusion case we have to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion case we have to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion case we have to recognize that
+when if this frequency is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if this frequency is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if this frequency is actually
+evolving in time well that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in time well that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in time well that means that
+the phase acquired is also randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase acquired is also randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase acquired is also randomly
+sampling and that those are not straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and that those are not straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and that those are not straight
+lines in fact those frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in fact those frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in fact those frequencies are
+being modulated and that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being modulated and that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being modulated and that leads to
+distortions of um you know the memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions of um you know the memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions of um you know the memory of
+what those phases are and it wipes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those phases are and it wipes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those phases are and it wipes out
+the ability to refocus the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to refocus the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to refocus the polarization
+at long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at long
+times what you find you know using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what you find you know using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what you find you know using some
+of these spectral diffusion models in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spectral diffusion models in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spectral diffusion models in in
+those uh expressions for the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh expressions for the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh expressions for the nonlinear
+polarization is that in fact if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is that in fact if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is that in fact if you look
+at the shape of the echo profile that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shape of the echo profile that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the shape of the echo profile that
+comes out as a function of acquired just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out as a function of acquired just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out as a function of acquired just
+the same way as a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as a function of this
+initial time delay uh between pulses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial time delay uh between pulses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial time delay uh between pulses but
+then you repeat this experiment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you repeat this experiment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you repeat this experiment for
+various waiting times as that waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various waiting times as that waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various waiting times as that waiting
+time becomes larger and larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time becomes larger and larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time becomes larger and larger the
+position of that maximum in the profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of that maximum in the profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of that maximum in the profile
+um shifts with time and it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shifts with time and it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shifts with time and it goes from
+something that's peaked to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's peaked to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's peaked to something
+that really looks like the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really looks like the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really looks like the homogeneous
+straight Decay and this just reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight Decay and this just reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight Decay and this just reflects
+the fact that you are as you step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you are as you step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you are as you step the
+waiting time Toto here uh you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time Toto here uh you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time Toto here uh you are
+gradually washing out memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually washing out memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually washing out memory that
+initial polarization and so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial polarization and so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial polarization and so um the
+common way to analyze this then is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to analyze this then is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to analyze this then is to
+just plot the position of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plot the position of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plot the position of that
+maximum in this Echo sweep as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum in this Echo sweep as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum in this Echo sweep as a function
+of the waiting time that you perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waiting time that you perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waiting time that you perform the
+experiment at and you can show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at and you can show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at and you can show that the
+form of this Decay is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this Decay is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this Decay is directly
+proportional to the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the frequency
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function there there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there there are some
+complicated uh proportionality factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh proportionality factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh proportionality factors
+but you know this is a direct mapping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know this is a direct mapping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know this is a direct mapping of
+the experimental observable back onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental observable back onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental observable back onto
+the correlation function that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation function that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation function that tells you
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to then next sort of take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to then next sort of take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to then next sort of take a
+step to how you'd look at this in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to how you'd look at this in 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to how you'd look at this in 2D
+spectroscopy but actually now that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but actually now that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but actually now that I'm
+looking at it maybe this is a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it maybe this is a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it maybe this is a good time
+to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a
+break okay so um let's now just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so um let's now just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so um let's now just take a
+look at how these spectral diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how these spectral diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how these spectral diffusion
+Dynamics play out in two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics play out in two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics play out in two-dimensional
+spectroscopies and and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopies and and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopies and and I think it's
+actually very intuitive here but a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very intuitive here but a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very intuitive here but a good
+starting point is this cartoon um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is this cartoon um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is this cartoon um which
+we looked at last time I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at last time I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at last time I think um
+imagine doing a double resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing a double resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing a double resonance
+experiment a whole burning experiment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a whole burning experiment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a whole burning experiment on
+an inhomogeneous system I have a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhomogeneous system I have a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhomogeneous system I have a broad
+distribution uh of narrow lines and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh of narrow lines and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh of narrow lines and I
+want to in some way figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to in some way figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to in some way figure out what the
+homogeneous line width is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous line width is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous line width is you can
+imagine um taking a narrow band Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um taking a narrow band Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um taking a narrow band Source
+irradiating some subset of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating some subset of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating some subset of those
+molecules and then looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and then looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and then looking at the
+absorption change as a function of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption change as a function of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption change as a function of uh
+frequency okay and that ends up looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay and that ends up looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay and that ends up looking
+at that uh change in absorption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that uh change in absorption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that uh change in absorption that
+amounts to one slice through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to one slice through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to one slice through a
+two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional
+surface um much like we've done here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um much like we've done here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um much like we've done here you
+now repeat that experiment for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now repeat that experiment for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now repeat that experiment for all
+possible exitation frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible exitation frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible exitation frequencies and
+construct the surface and what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the surface and what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the surface and what you would
+expect to find is some sort of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to find is some sort of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to find is some sort of a line
+shape that is sort of a set of Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that is sort of a set of Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that is sort of a set of Contour
+profiles that um reports to you in along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles that um reports to you in along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles that um reports to you in along
+One Direction what this distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction what this distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction what this distribution of
+frequencies is and then along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies is and then along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies is and then along the
+orthogonal direction what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal direction what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal direction what the
+um homogeneous line with this um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homogeneous line with this um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um homogeneous line with this um so we
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+we for the simple case we might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for the simple case we might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for the simple case we might expect
+something ellip elliptical and we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ellip elliptical and we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ellip elliptical and we think
+of this diagonal axis as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this diagonal axis as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this diagonal axis as being the
+inhomogeneous profile the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous profile the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous profile the distribution
+of frequencies available in this anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies available in this anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies available in this anti-
+diagonal axis is reporting to you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal axis is reporting to you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal axis is reporting to you on the
+Dynamics the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the system is
+experienced um okay so that that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced um okay so that that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced um okay so that that's sort
+of the basic idea um now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic idea um now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic idea um now you can
+immediately imagine what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately imagine what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately imagine what's going to
+happen if all of a sudden you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if all of a sudden you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if all of a sudden you allow
+these um molecules to evolve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um molecules to evolve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um molecules to evolve in
+frequency and uh you know by by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh you know by by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh you know by by way of
+just drawing that out it's it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing that out it's it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing that out it's it's worth
+pointing out you know an example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out you know an example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out you know an example you
+know specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know specific
+example um you know imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you know imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you know imagine that you
+have the uh exchange kinetics between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh exchange kinetics between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh exchange kinetics between um
+two species A and B and you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two species A and B and you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two species A and B and you've got some
+spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic
+feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+um 4 A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4 A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 4 A
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+4B um a lot of times you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B um a lot of times you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B um a lot of times you might imagine
+um through a temperature jump through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through a temperature jump through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through a temperature jump through
+mixing experiment or something creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing experiment or something creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing experiment or something creating
+a situation where you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where you only have one
+species and then watching the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and then watching the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and then watching the kinetics
+of how um one of these spectral features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how um one of these spectral features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how um one of these spectral features
+relaxes as another one decays this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxes as another one decays this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxes as another one decays this is
+sort of a traditional way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a traditional way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a traditional way of doing
+kinetics but you can now imagine in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics but you can now imagine in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics but you can now imagine in a
+two-dimensional experiment how an equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional experiment how an equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional experiment how an equ
+this being a non-equilibrium experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a non-equilibrium experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a non-equilibrium experiment
+how an equilibrium exchange process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how an equilibrium exchange process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how an equilibrium exchange process
+might play out that you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to pump molecules at one frequency you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pump molecules at one frequency you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pump molecules at one frequency you
+know and you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you might imagine
+pumping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping a
+molecules um and you know if I probe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules um and you know if I probe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules um and you know if I probe on
+very short time scales I I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short time scales I I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short time scales I I'm going to
+then also probe them and see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also probe them and see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also probe them and see that
+there's a large population of a but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large population of a but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large population of a but it
+may be over time that there's some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be over time that there's some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be over time that there's some uh
+the by pump and then wait some long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by pump and then wait some long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by pump and then wait some long
+period of time and then probe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and then probe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and then probe that
+there's the possibility of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the possibility of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the possibility of those
+molecules have converted to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules have converted to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules have converted to the other
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and so this would look like off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so this would look like off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so this would look like off
+diagonal amplitude growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal amplitude growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal amplitude growing
+in um to the Spectrum and so you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um to the Spectrum and so you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um to the Spectrum and so you know in
+general you might imagine that um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you might imagine that um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you might imagine that um if I
+now sort of control a waiting time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sort of control a waiting time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sort of control a waiting time right
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+I um if I pump with a well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency call that Omega 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency call that Omega 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency call that Omega 1 and then
+weight some period of time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 that uh the amplitude of these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 that uh the amplitude of these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 that uh the amplitude of these off
+diag these uh cross Peaks these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag these uh cross Peaks these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag these uh cross Peaks these off
+diagonal terms are going to just grow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms are going to just grow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal terms are going to just grow in
+as a function of this waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and this might be the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this might be the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this might be the amplitude of
+a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross
+Peak and so how those Peaks grow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak and so how those Peaks grow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak and so how those Peaks grow in
+we're going to report on the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to report on the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to report on the exchange
+kinetics for the system okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics for the system okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics for the system okay so this is
+a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+specific case of two well- defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case of two well- defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case of two well- defined
+States um but it sort of you extend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um but it sort of you extend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um but it sort of you extend it
+now to a Continuum of different slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to a Continuum of different slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to a Continuum of different slightly
+different states that are exchanging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states that are exchanging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states that are exchanging and
+the same sort of effect is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of effect is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of effect is going to
+happen there that you expect that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there that you expect that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there that you expect that if you
+insert a w in time between your pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a w in time between your pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a w in time between your pumping
+and your probing and you make that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your probing and you make that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your probing and you make that a
+control variable that for such a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable that for such a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable that for such a system
+evolving over that waiting time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving over that waiting time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving over that waiting time you
+expect the line shape to initially begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the line shape to initially begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the line shape to initially begin
+diagonally elongated where the system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally elongated where the system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally elongated where the system uh
+where you pump molecules and where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pump molecules and where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pump molecules and where you
+probe them are roughly the same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe them are roughly the same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe them are roughly the same because
+they haven't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't a
+vault uh and with longer waiting times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vault uh and with longer waiting times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vault uh and with longer waiting times
+that one gradually obtains something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one gradually obtains something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one gradually obtains something
+much more symmetric just because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more symmetric just because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more symmetric just because you've
+now had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now had the
+opportunity to sample different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to sample different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to sample different
+configurations so here's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so here's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so here's sort of the
+schematic you imagine doing you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic you imagine doing you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic you imagine doing you have a
+fixed correlation time for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed correlation time for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed correlation time for your
+experiment and the idea is you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the idea is you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the idea is you would
+like to be able to control your waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to control your waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to control your waiting
+time to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be
+short uh equal and longer than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short uh equal and longer than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short uh equal and longer than that
+correlation time and as that happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time and as that happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time and as that happens you
+expect this line shape to gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this line shape to gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this line shape to gradually
+symmetrize okay so this is the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize okay so this is the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize okay so this is the way you
+know one would imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one would imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one would imagine
+characterizing the spectral diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the spectral diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the spectral diffusion
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales okay so um you can just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales okay so um you can just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales okay so um you can just as
+equivalently do this in the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently do this in the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently do this in the time domain
+right uh you can um you know one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you can um you know one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh you can um you know one thing
+we've plot plotted out before that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've plot plotted out before that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've plot plotted out before that we
+um we can just as well use sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can just as well use sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can just as well use sequences of
+pulses to label a particular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses to label a particular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses to label a particular frequency
+and then read out another frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then read out another frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then read out another frequency and
+these Spectra can then be obtained just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Spectra can then be obtained just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Spectra can then be obtained just
+from uh 4A transformation and so the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh 4A transformation and so the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh 4A transformation and so the you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+imagine you know that you've got say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know that you've got say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know that you've got say a
+three-level system you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-level system you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-level system you can imagine
+creating a uh let's see what I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a uh let's see what I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a uh let's see what I call this
+a b and c you can imagine creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c you can imagine creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c you can imagine creating a
+coherence that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence that uh
+evolves at one energy gap call it Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves at one energy gap call it Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves at one energy gap call it Omega
+ba um and then transfering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba um and then transfering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba um and then transfering
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+um transferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this if there's a of a a coupling or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if there's a of a a coupling or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if there's a of a a coupling or an
+interaction in the system that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in the system that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in the system that allows
+this um to be transferred to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um to be transferred to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um to be transferred to another
+state Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Mega
+CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this sort of a process says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this sort of a process says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this sort of a process says that
+you know I've uh excited the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've uh excited the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've uh excited the system
+initially at one frequency and read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially at one frequency and read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially at one frequency and read it
+out at another frequency if the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at another frequency if the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at another frequency if the you know
+frequencies are kind of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are kind of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are kind of time
+invariant you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine oscillating Omega ba during time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 Mega CA during time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 Mega CA during time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 Mega CA during time to
+3 um the 4A trans the double for8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 um the 4A trans the double for8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 um the 4A trans the double for8
+transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+um is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is just going
+to remember this let's write out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember this let's write out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember this let's write out this
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+explicitly U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly U
+a² mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a² mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a² mu
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 b c a to 3 I'm not putting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 b c a to 3 I'm not putting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 b c a to 3 I'm not putting any
+damping in at all if I just for8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in at all if I just for8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping in at all if I just for8
+transform that I just get a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that I just get a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that I just get a pair of
+Delta functions right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions right um
+and of course that's got to be thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's got to be thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's got to be thermally
+averaged so um this really is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a average of a pair of thermal average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a average of a pair of thermal average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a average of a pair of thermal average
+over a pair of Delta functions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a pair of Delta functions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a pair of Delta functions a
+b uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh let's see
+ba uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CA this is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA this is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA this is Omega
+1A 3 and and really this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A 3 and and really this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A 3 and and really this is just a
+conditional probability function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability function right
+it just says what is the thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just says what is the thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just says what is the thermally
+average probability that I excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average probability that I excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average probability that I excite the
+system at ba and probe the system at CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at ba and probe the system at CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at ba and probe the system at CA
+that's exactly you know what um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly you know what um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly you know what um what
+this is so in this limit where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so in this limit where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so in this limit where the
+frequencies are well def taking such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are well def taking such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are well def taking such an
+experiment and and fora transforming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and and fora transforming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and and fora transforming in
+those two time variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two time variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two time variables is
+you know conceptually identical to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know conceptually identical to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know conceptually identical to this
+double resonance kind of experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double resonance kind of experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double resonance kind of experiment that
+we described okay so now how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described okay so now how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described okay so now how does
+spectral diffusion play out one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral diffusion play out one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral diffusion play out one of the
+things you can do is sort of map out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do is sort of map out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do is sort of map out
+what the polarization profiles look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the polarization profiles look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the polarization profiles look like
+again using these um homogeneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using these um homogeneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using these um homogeneous and
+inhomogeneous limits and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous limits and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous limits and this is just
+sort of to get your intuition going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of to get your intuition going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of to get your intuition going on
+this and um in the inhomogeneous limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um in the inhomogeneous limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um in the inhomogeneous limit
+that is where really the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where really the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where really the system is
+evolving very slowly we've seen that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving very slowly we've seen that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving very slowly we've seen that we
+expect a sharp peaking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a sharp peaking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a sharp peaking of the
+polarization where the T1 and T3 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization where the T1 and T3 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization where the T1 and T3 times
+are equal and so that's what this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and so that's what this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and so that's what this shows
+this map of now T1 and T3 you have sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map of now T1 and T3 you have sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map of now T1 and T3 you have sharp
+peaking of that polarization along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking of that polarization along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking of that polarization along the
+time diagonal and it amplitude along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time diagonal and it amplitude along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time diagonal and it amplitude along the
+time diagonal decays with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time diagonal decays with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time diagonal decays with the
+homogeneous time scale right that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous time scale right that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous time scale right that's this
+red line here okay um if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line here okay um if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line here okay um if you take a
+slice sort of right along this T1 axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice sort of right along this T1 axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice sort of right along this T1 axis
+you'll see that that one decays away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that one decays away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that one decays away
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+um just with the oh yeah it's right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just with the oh yeah it's right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just with the oh yeah it's right here
+just with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with the
+distribution okay so this is a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so this is a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so this is a Time
+domain representation but it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation but it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation but it has the
+same sort of ellipticity that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of ellipticity that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of ellipticity that the line
+shape has you can for8 transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape has you can for8 transform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape has you can for8 transform this
+and you'll get the same set of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get the same set of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get the same set of sort of
+elliptical line shapes okay here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical line shapes okay here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical line shapes okay here's the
+homogeneous limit it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous limit it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous limit it's completely
+symmetric in both time variables drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in both time variables drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in both time variables drops
+away um exponentially in both and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um exponentially in both and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um exponentially in both and that
+of course will then recover a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course will then recover a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course will then recover a symmetric
+round line shape when you for8 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round line shape when you for8 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round line shape when you for8 transform
+it and so this as you might imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so this as you might imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so this as you might imagine the
+spectral diffusion regime is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral diffusion regime is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral diffusion regime is going to be
+sort of how does the system evolve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how does the system evolve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how does the system evolve as
+you control the waiting period how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you control the waiting period how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you control the waiting period how does
+it evolve between these two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolve between these two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolve between these two limits
+okay okay so that that's sort of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that that's sort of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that that's sort of the uh
+you know the basic idea of of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the basic idea of of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the basic idea of of using the
+three pulse Echo experiment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pulse Echo experiment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pulse Echo experiment but
+converting it into a uh two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it into a uh two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it into a uh two-dimensional
+experiment the idea is um if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the idea is um if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the idea is um if you have no
+waiting time and you have an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time and you have an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time and you have an in
+homogeneous line shape but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous line shape but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous line shape but you know
+where the system is spectrally diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system is spectrally diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system is spectrally diffusing
+you're going to start with zero waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start with zero waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start with zero waiting
+time as a you know diagonal line shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a you know diagonal line shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a you know diagonal line shape
+as you open up uh that waiting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you open up uh that waiting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you open up uh that waiting time
+gradually that line shape is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually that line shape is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually that line shape is going to
+symmetrize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize and
+your then mapping of the know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your then mapping of the know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your then mapping of the know the
+fluctuations and the Dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and the Dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and the Dynamics of the
+system are going to be somehow encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are going to be somehow encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are going to be somehow encoded
+in this line shape change and so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this line shape change and so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this line shape change and so as you
+might imagine that leads to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine that leads to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine that leads to a million
+different metrics it's like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metrics it's like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metrics it's like how do you
+decide you know to quantify these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you know to quantify these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you know to quantify these kinds
+of shapes and and I'm just going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shapes and and I'm just going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shapes and and I'm just going to give
+you one example there's a thousand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example there's a thousand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example there's a thousand of
+them in the literature um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the literature um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the literature um just
+ellipticity the way we defined it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity the way we defined it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity the way we defined it if you
+just look at um the ellipticity defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at um the ellipticity defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at um the ellipticity defined
+by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sort of
+the as over there we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as over there we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as over there we're going to look at
+Dimensions along the diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions along the diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions along the diagonal and
+anti-diagonal axes and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diagonal axes and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diagonal axes and look at the
+difference of those if you measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of those if you measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of those if you measure that
+ellipticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity
+uh for various experiments each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for various experiments each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for various experiments each
+performed at a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed at a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed at a slightly different
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+time you'll uh find that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ellipticity starts off at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity starts off at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity starts off at uh
+some uh POS some uh value positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh POS some uh value positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh POS some uh value positive value
+uh somewhere between zero and one um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere between zero and one um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere between zero and one um and
+gradually decays away to zero uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually decays away to zero uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually decays away to zero uh as a
+function of time and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that that
+ellipticity decay as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity decay as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipticity decay as a function of
+waiting time exactly well within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time exactly well within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time exactly well within some
+proportionality factors tracks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality factors tracks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality factors tracks the
+correlation function for the system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function for the system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function for the system okay
+I'm sure you can come up with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you can come up with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you can come up with other
+metrics that sort of this you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that sort of this you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that sort of this you know uh
+watch how this shape changes but that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch how this shape changes but that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch how this shape changes but that so
+that's the two-dimensional version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two-dimensional version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two-dimensional version of
+the echo Peak shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment any questions on that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment any questions on that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment any questions on that you're
+really doing an experiment you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing an experiment you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing an experiment you have to
+scan three time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan three time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan three time
+variables oh in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables oh in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables oh in practice
+Yeah in practice how you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah in practice how you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah in practice how you do the
+experiment has a lot more stuff to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment has a lot more stuff to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment has a lot more stuff to be
+worried about that's true um so how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that's true um so how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about that's true um so how how
+you construct those line shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct those line shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct those line shapes
+then yeah there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah there're
+that's that's where doing a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's where doing a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's where doing a simple
+mapping from the you know double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the you know double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the you know double
+resonance experiment to uh the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance experiment to uh the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance experiment to uh the time
+domain isn't quite the same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain isn't quite the same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain isn't quite the same because
+there it's right you have to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's right you have to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's right you have to construct
+an absorption line shape that uh cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absorption line shape that uh cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absorption line shape that uh cannot
+be extracted just from one experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extracted just from one experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extracted just from one experiment
+you have to do both the reasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do both the reasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do both the reasing and
+non-rephasing experiment in some way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rephasing experiment in some way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rephasing experiment in some way um
+and combine those in a way to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine those in a way to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine those in a way to give you a
+real absorptive looking shape if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real absorptive looking shape if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real absorptive looking shape if you
+don't do that you can get phase Twisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that you can get phase Twisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that you can get phase Twisted
+dispersive line shapes and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive line shapes and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive line shapes and those are
+harder to analyze that's right so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to analyze that's right so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to analyze that's right so yeah
+in practice there's a lot of extra stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice there's a lot of extra stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice there's a lot of extra stuff
+to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now uh at to that level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh at to that level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh at to that level you
+there's no reason to go do 2cd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to go do 2cd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to go do 2cd
+spectroscopy I mean if all you're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I mean if all you're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I mean if all you're after
+is trying to extract the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to extract the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to extract the correlation
+function um you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um you know you don't
+necessarily have to go through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to go through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to go through all this
+effort to get these line shapes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to get these line shapes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to get these line shapes the the
+reason one goes to two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason one goes to two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason one goes to two-dimensional
+spectroscopy is you're really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is you're really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is you're really trying to
+understand the correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the correlation between
+different spect features not just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spect features not just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spect features not just how
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+moving um and so we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving um and so we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving um and so we talked about that
+last time in terms of couplings you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in terms of couplings you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in terms of couplings you know
+how if I have coupled systems um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if I have coupled systems um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if I have coupled systems um that
+leads to a set of splittings a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a set of splittings a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a set of splittings a set of
+new igen states to the uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new igen states to the uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new igen states to the uh for the
+problem and that plays out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that plays out in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that plays out in terms of
+where cross Peaks are located um now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cross Peaks are located um now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cross Peaks are located um now you
+can imagine combining these two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine combining these two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine combining these two problems
+the coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupled
+system and also the fact that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and also the fact that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and also the fact that you may
+have a dynamically evolving system or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dynamically evolving system or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dynamically evolving system or or
+just a static and homogeneous system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a static and homogeneous system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a static and homogeneous system and
+then all of a sudden the question comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden the question comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden the question comes
+up about correlated spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up about correlated spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up about correlated spectral
+broadening and it has to do with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening and it has to do with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening and it has to do with sort of
+what I'm you know showing here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm you know showing here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm you know showing here that is
+Imagine I've got two uh energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine I've got two uh energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine I've got two uh energy levels
+that come from uh a coupled system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from uh a coupled system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from uh a coupled system if
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+environment that dictates the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that dictates the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that dictates the frequency
+of one level fluctuates in a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one level fluctuates in a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one level fluctuates in a way that it
+goes down in energy what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down in energy what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down in energy what happens to the
+other one does it go up does it go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does it go up does it go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does it go up does it go down
+also does it do nothing you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also does it do nothing you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also does it do nothing you know the
+question about you know how do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know how do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know how do the
+environmental effects as in as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental effects as in as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental effects as in as well as
+the internal coupling effects dictate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coupling effects dictate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coupling effects dictate
+you know the how the spectral broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the how the spectral broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the how the spectral broadening
+of one transition is related to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one transition is related to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one transition is related to another
+that is something you can pull out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something you can pull out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something you can pull out with
+2D experiments and so the so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D experiments and so the so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D experiments and so the so what we
+want to talk about then is you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about then is you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about then is you know what
+so how do you talk about correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you talk about correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you talk about correlated
+spectral broadening so this this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral broadening so this this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral broadening so this this is just
+sort of discussing this um in a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussing this um in a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussing this um in a in the
+sense of a simple covariance uh so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of a simple covariance uh so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of a simple covariance uh so I've
+got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two
+distributions um I can talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um I can talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um I can talk about how
+they're correlated through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated through this
+correlation coefficient there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient there which is
+just proportional to the covariance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to the covariance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to the covariance of
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+distributions okay and so um we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay and so um we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay and so um we're we're
+talking about you know how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know how does the
+difference in frequency in one correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in frequency in one correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in frequency in one correlate
+with another normalized by those widths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another normalized by those widths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another normalized by those widths
+and you find that that correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that that correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that that correlation
+coefficient takes on values between +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient takes on values between +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient takes on values between +
+one and minus1 uh and in the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus1 uh and in the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus1 uh and in the case that
+uh it it is plus one what you would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it is plus one what you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it is plus one what you would find
+is that any displacement of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any displacement of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any displacement of the system
+from equilibrium in One Direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium in One Direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium in One Direction is
+exactly uh proportionately matched by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh proportionately matched by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh proportionately matched by
+the other transition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other transition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other transition right
+anti-correlated where row is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-correlated where row is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-correlated where row is minus one
+would then be the case where a step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be the case where a step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be the case where a step in
+you know displacement in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know displacement in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know displacement in One Direction
+on one transition leads to an equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one transition leads to an equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one transition leads to an equal and
+opposite in the other case um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in the other case um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in the other case um and a
+value of zero in between would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero in between would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero in between would be that
+there's absolutely no correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's absolutely no correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's absolutely no correlation
+between the two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um why you know it might be it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why you know it might be it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why you know it might be it we're
+talking about this just in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this just in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this just in terms of what
+You Know What You observe and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Know What You observe and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Know What You observe and what the
+effect is but it's worth thinking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is but it's worth thinking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is but it's worth thinking a
+little bit about why would you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about why would you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about why would you expect
+these kinds of behaviors and um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of behaviors and um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of behaviors and um one
+thing it's worth pointing out is um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's worth pointing out is um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's worth pointing out is um say
+you have two strongly coupled objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two strongly coupled objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two strongly coupled objects
+that the coupling between say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coupling between say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coupling between say two
+vibrations or two electronic States is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations or two electronic States is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations or two electronic States is
+strong compared to any sorts of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong compared to any sorts of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong compared to any sorts of um
+perturbations that the environment puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations that the environment puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations that the environment puts
+on either one of those transitions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either one of those transitions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either one of those transitions right
+um if I've got so strong coupling really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I've got so strong coupling really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I've got so strong coupling really
+means that the energy splitting between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the energy splitting between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the energy splitting between
+those States is really dictated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States is really dictated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States is really dictated by the
+coupling right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling right that
+um uh so in you know in that case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so in you know in that case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so in you know in that case if you
+perturb one the coupling is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb one the coupling is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb one the coupling is strong
+enough that you really expect to perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you really expect to perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you really expect to perturb
+the other and see sort of a correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and see sort of a correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and see sort of a correlated
+effect now imagine sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect now imagine sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect now imagine sort of different
+scenario perhaps the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario perhaps the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario perhaps the effect of the
+environment is actually to alter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is actually to alter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is actually to alter the
+coupling right um what happens now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling right um what happens now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling right um what happens now this
+this is not the the strong limit sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the the strong limit sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the the strong limit sort of
+yeah the it can still be a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the it can still be a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the it can still be a strong
+coupling limit but imagine the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling limit but imagine the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling limit but imagine the coupling
+fluctuates now that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates now that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates now that means that the
+splitting is fluctuating right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting is fluctuating right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting is fluctuating right and
+that's the anti-correlated case okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the anti-correlated case okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the anti-correlated case okay and
+so look you know um evaluating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look you know um evaluating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look you know um evaluating these
+correlation coefficients can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients can be used to
+sort of deduce what's going on at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of deduce what's going on at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of deduce what's going on at a
+molecular level too okay anyway enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level too okay anyway enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level too okay anyway enough
+said about that as you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about that as you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about that as you might imagine
+just going through some of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going through some of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going through some of these um
+double resonance exercises you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double resonance exercises you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double resonance exercises you would
+expect in this kind of a system that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in this kind of a system that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in this kind of a system that a
+two-dimensional spectrum of a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional spectrum of a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional spectrum of a perfectly
+correlated system um that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated system um that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated system um that each
+fundamental transition would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental transition would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental transition would be
+diagonally elongated and that the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally elongated and that the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally elongated and that the cross
+Peak between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak between these
+two would be uh elongated in a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be uh elongated in a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be uh elongated in a parallel
+manner right that is um if you excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner right that is um if you excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner right that is um if you excite
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+molecule um on the red side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule um on the red side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule um on the red side of
+distribution a but that has a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a but that has a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a but that has a direct
+correlation with a molecule with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with a molecule with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with a molecule with with a
+transition on the red side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition on the red side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition on the red side of
+distribution B right and same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution B right and same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution B right and same thing for
+the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue
+transition okay anti-correlated of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition okay anti-correlated of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition okay anti-correlated of
+course would be know that these line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course would be know that these line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course would be know that these line
+shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes
+are um elongated along the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um elongated along the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um elongated along the anti-
+diagonal okay exciting some molecule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay exciting some molecule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay exciting some molecule on
+the B on the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side uh corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh corresponds to
+um Mo uh transition B on the red side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mo uh transition B on the red side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mo uh transition B on the red side
+okay and as and as you might imagine no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as and as you might imagine no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as and as you might imagine no
+correlation means that the cross Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation means that the cross Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation means that the cross Peak
+really just takes the shape of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just takes the shape of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just takes the shape of the two
+distributions right fully symmetric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions right fully symmetric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions right fully symmetric that
+a projection yeah in and in under any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection yeah in and in under any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection yeah in and in under any
+circumstance a projection of this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance a projection of this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance a projection of this cross
+Peak line shape onto either transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak line shape onto either transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak line shape onto either transition
+is going to recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to recover the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's only one extra thing to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one extra thing to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one extra thing to add
+to that then there may be Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that then there may be Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that then there may be Dynamics
+associated with that um uh and I'll only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that um uh and I'll only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that um uh and I'll only
+say for a moment that the there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for a moment that the there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for a moment that the there is a
+standard approach to extending that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach to extending that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach to extending that the
+standard stochastic model to a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard stochastic model to a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard stochastic model to a you know
+a correlated system and the idea is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correlated system and the idea is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correlated system and the idea is you
+know you you can imagine you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you can imagine you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you can imagine you have
+gaussian fluctuations with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian fluctuations with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian fluctuations with a particular
+time scale on two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale on two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale on two different
+Transitions and now you want to in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and now you want to in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and now you want to in some
+way allow these to be correlated to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way allow these to be correlated to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way allow these to be correlated to some
+extent and so you can build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and so you can build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and so you can build up the
+crosscorrelation frequency function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation frequency function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation frequency function it
+looks exactly you know as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly you know as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly you know as you might
+expect now it's just um you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect now it's just um you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect now it's just um you know that
+goes as linearly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as linearly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as linearly in the
+distribution uh in each distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh in each distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh in each distribution and
+also this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this correlation
+coefficient and as you might you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and as you might you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and as you might you know as
+you might imagine it's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine it's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine it's uh the
+crosscorrelation time scale the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation time scale the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation time scale the time
+scale which you excite one molecule look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which you excite one molecule look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which you excite one molecule look
+at the other and lose memory of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other and lose memory of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other and lose memory of where
+you initially were that that uh um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initially were that that uh um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initially were that that uh um by
+definition will always be a shorter time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition will always be a shorter time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition will always be a shorter time
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+um than just measuring one one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than just measuring one one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than just measuring one one um
+relaxation time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time so
+individually so you can you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually so you can you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually so you can you know you can
+imagine going to these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine going to these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine going to these sorts of
+experiments then performing the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments then performing the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments then performing the waiting
+time looking at the symmetrization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at the symmetrization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at the symmetrization of
+the line shapes both the diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line shapes both the diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line shapes both the diagonal and
+the off diagonal and that really allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal and that really allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal and that really allows
+you to pull all those variables apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff just up here so if you if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff just up here so if you if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff just up here so if you if you did
+this with a third time variable and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a third time variable and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a third time variable and you
+you were looking at the elicity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were looking at the elicity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were looking at the elicity of the
+two diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two diagonal
+pagal you would find that all three have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pagal you would find that all three have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pagal you would find that all three have
+different elicity Decay on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elicity Decay on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elicity Decay on different
+times Well there there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Well there there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Well there there are certain
+constraints right uh you know so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints right uh you know so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints right uh you know so um and
+a simple way of putting that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple way of putting that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple way of putting that is you know
+imagine this distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this distribution is
+homogeneous and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and this one is
+inhomogeneous there's no way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous there's no way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous there's no way that you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+have uh any correlation between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh any correlation between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh any correlation between these
+distributions um because here every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um because here every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um because here every
+frequency is equivalent right so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is equivalent right so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is equivalent right so by
+definition so what this implies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so what this implies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so what this implies is
+necessarily that the time scale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that the time scale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that the time scale for
+losing memory of one transition has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing memory of one transition has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing memory of one transition has
+always got to be slow than for losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always got to be slow than for losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always got to be slow than for losing
+the cross correlation right so it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross correlation right so it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross correlation right so it it is
+true what you could do is you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what you could do is you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what you could do is you could do
+variable experiments and this starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable experiments and this starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable experiments and this starts to
+symmetrize but the cross Peak is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize but the cross Peak is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize but the cross Peak is always
+going to symmetrize somewhat faster um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to symmetrize somewhat faster um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to symmetrize somewhat faster um
+and the degree to which it does you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degree to which it does you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degree to which it does you know
+will tell you a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you a lot about the
+interactions if for instance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions if for instance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions if for instance this
+example of you know if all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of you know if all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of you know if all of the
+disorder is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder is in the
+coupling um then you really expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling um then you really expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling um then you really expect you
+know to lose correlation on exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to lose correlation on exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to lose correlation on exactly the
+same time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time scale
+because those there the the coupling May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those there the the coupling May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those there the the coupling May
+fluctuate but the correlation of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate but the correlation of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate but the correlation of where
+one transition goes relative to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition goes relative to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transition goes relative to another
+is perfectly anti-correlated right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly anti-correlated right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly anti-correlated right um
+and so you expect the time scale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you expect the time scale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you expect the time scale for
+this relaxing to exactly match that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relaxing to exactly match that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relaxing to exactly match that
+relaxing um and and so those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing um and and so those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing um and and so those kinds of
+arguments can be used to sort of then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments can be used to sort of then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments can be used to sort of then
+tease out what's going on in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out what's going on in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out what's going on in the in the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay folks any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay folks any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay folks any other
+questions I have a a very overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I have a a very overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I have a a very overall
+question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so
+the whether something is inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whether something is inhomogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whether something is inhomogeneous
+or homogeneous or as imate region is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or homogeneous or as imate region is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or homogeneous or as imate region is a
+combination of both the system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of both the system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of both the system and the
+spectroscopy that's used so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy that's used so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy that's used so if you have
+a system that displays Dynamics across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that displays Dynamics across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that displays Dynamics across
+very different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different time
+scales you know one spectroscopy might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you know one spectroscopy might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you know one spectroscopy might
+being one one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one one so
+you know are there examples of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are there examples of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are there examples of systems
+that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know
+like where rotation and something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where rotation and something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where rotation and something else
+are at very different time time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at very different time time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at very different time time scales
+and you can use two very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use two very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use two very different
+spectroscopies s of at the same time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopies s of at the same time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopies s of at the same time or
+in particular if you could do a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you could do a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you could do a double
+resonance experiment we're using a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance experiment we're using a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance experiment we're using a a
+slow and fast spectroscopy right yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and fast spectroscopy right yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and fast spectroscopy right yeah um
+uh a real specific example doesn't pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a real specific example doesn't pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a real specific example doesn't pop
+to mind exactly but just to I mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind exactly but just to I mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind exactly but just to I mean what
+your question gets at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question gets at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question gets at is
+what is the time scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the time scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the time scale of the
+measurement right um and so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement right um and so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement right um and so right so
+there's a couple of isssues there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of isssues there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of isssues there that
+there one is you know given a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one is you know given a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one is you know given a particular
+kind of spectroscopy what are the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectroscopy what are the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectroscopy what are the time
+scales accessible to me and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales accessible to me and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales accessible to me and then the
+separate issue is given the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate issue is given the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate issue is given the particular
+kind of spectroscopy I'm doing what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectroscopy I'm doing what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spectroscopy I'm doing what kind
+of Dynamics is it projecting out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics is it projecting out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics is it projecting out of the
+system right and so you can expect doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right and so you can expect doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right and so you can expect doing
+different spectroscopies on exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectroscopies on exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectroscopies on exactly the
+same system to be looking at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same system to be looking at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same system to be looking at very
+different things um but in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things um but in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things um but in general if
+you think about what is the time window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what is the time window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what is the time window
+that I look at the system in a waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I look at the system in a waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I look at the system in a waiting
+in a waiting time experiment where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a waiting time experiment where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a waiting time experiment where you
+you know open up uh waiting time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know open up uh waiting time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know open up uh waiting time between
+pumping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping and
+probing you have to maintain um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing you have to maintain um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing you have to maintain um sort of
+a non-equilibrium population to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-equilibrium population to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-equilibrium population to be able
+to observe the system so the idea is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe the system so the idea is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe the system so the idea is uh
+given the electronic or the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the electronic or the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the electronic or the vibrational
+relaxation time that really forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time that really forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time that really forms the
+time window over which you can observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window over which you can observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time window over which you can observe
+the system right so electronic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system right so electronic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system right so electronic States
+you know you are limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you are limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you are limited by the
+electronic lifetime so those can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic lifetime so those can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic lifetime so those can you
+know you can look at Dynamics from ftocs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can look at Dynamics from ftocs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can look at Dynamics from ftocs
+to you know way out into the nanc regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know way out into the nanc regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know way out into the nanc regime
+or um some people have done experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um some people have done experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um some people have done experiments
+you know where they've used uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where they've used uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where they've used uh the
+system trapped in a triplet state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system trapped in a triplet state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system trapped in a triplet state to
+extend that way out in time um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that way out in time um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that way out in time um so that
+was actually going to be my one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually going to be my one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually going to be my one of my
+next questions if you were to do triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next questions if you were to do triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next questions if you were to do triple
+States Be Like That Could you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Be Like That Could you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Be Like That Could you actually
+wait the the milliseconds or seconds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait the the milliseconds or seconds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait the the milliseconds or seconds you
+have you have a pump you you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have a pump you you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have a pump you you know you
+weit because the the pump and pro Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weit because the the pump and pro Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weit because the the pump and pro Peaks
+don't have to be correlated at all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be correlated at all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be correlated at all right
+as long as the triplet transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the triplet transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the triplet transition is
+correlated with singlet exitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with singlet exitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with singlet exitation
+absolutely you can do it it's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can do it it's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can do it it's been done
+uh for low temperature glasses which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for low temperature glasses which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for low temperature glasses which
+display Dynamics from Pico second to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display Dynamics from Pico second to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display Dynamics from Pico second to as
+long as you want to look right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you want to look right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you want to look right and
+people have done uh time result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done uh time result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done uh time result
+experiments Echo experiments that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments Echo experiments that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments Echo experiments that really
+map out shorttime fluctuations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out shorttime fluctuations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out shorttime fluctuations and
+structural relaxation on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural relaxation on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural relaxation on you know
+nanosecond microsecond time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanosecond microsecond time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanosecond microsecond time
+scales and then they'll go repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and then they'll go repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and then they'll go repeat
+the experiments like this on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments like this on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments like this on the same
+system but with narrow band you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but with narrow band you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but with narrow band you know uh
+whole burning experiments where they now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole burning experiments where they now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole burning experiments where they now
+burn and read out the linewidth as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn and read out the linewidth as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn and read out the linewidth as a
+function of waiting times that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of waiting times that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of waiting times that may be
+minutes and hours and days and weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and hours and days and weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and hours and days and weeks and
+you can map out you know a spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can map out you know a spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can map out you know a spectrum of
+the relaxation processes over just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation processes over just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation processes over just an
+incredible number of time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but your point also about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but your point also about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but your point also about you know
+use different spectroscopies one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different spectroscopies one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different spectroscopies one will be
+more sensitive to one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive to one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive to one type of
+fluctuation another to you know say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation another to you know say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation another to you know say
+difference between rotational and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between rotational and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between rotational and
+translational fluctuations that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational fluctuations that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational fluctuations that sort of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing he folks thanks for coming out
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/i2_731Gi9bg.txt b/i2_731Gi9bg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fae4aef3b1b173c238cfc899d71b53df6cfa36e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/i2_731Gi9bg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would now like to generalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now like to generalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now like to generalize the
+work-energy theorem to more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work-energy theorem to more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work-energy theorem to more than one
+dimension remember that we defined our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension remember that we defined our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension remember that we defined our
+work as an integral from A to B of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as an integral from A to B of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as an integral from A to B of a
+force dot DS and graphically let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force dot DS and graphically let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force dot DS and graphically let's look
+at that as if we started a and we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that as if we started a and we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that as if we started a and we go to
+a point B and if at some point on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point B and if at some point on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point B and if at some point on this
+path we have a force F and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we have a force F and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we have a force F and the
+displacement is always tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is always tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is always tangent to the
+force for an object M we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force for an object M we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force for an object M we would like to
+now figure out how this integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now figure out how this integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now figure out how this integral is
+related to the change in kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the change in kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the change in kinetic energy
+so first off it's always important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off it's always important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off it's always important when
+analyzing a new result to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing a new result to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing a new result to understand
+where Newton's second law comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Newton's second law comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Newton's second law comes in and
+for our point particle Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our point particle Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our point particle Newton's second
+law is that the force is equal to MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is that the force is equal to MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is that the force is equal to MA
+which we can write as mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can write as mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can write as mass times the
+derivative of the velocity and so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the velocity and so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the velocity and so our
+first step is to rewrite the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is to rewrite the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is to rewrite the work
+integral and now to incorporate Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and now to incorporate Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and now to incorporate Newton's
+second law into this integral so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law into this integral so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law into this integral so this is
+no longer simply a concept of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer simply a concept of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer simply a concept of physics
+but it's combining the second law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's combining the second law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's combining the second law and
+our definition of work now what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of work now what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of work now what I'd like
+to do here is to note that any the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here is to note that any the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here is to note that any the
+Veloster displacement of a particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veloster displacement of a particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veloster displacement of a particle is
+always equal to the velocity times DT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to the velocity times DT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to the velocity times DT so
+if we put that result in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put that result in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put that result in here
+a B of M DV DT dot V DT you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B of M DV DT dot V DT you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B of M DV DT dot V DT you can see that
+we can cancel d TS which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cancel d TS which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cancel d TS which is essentially
+taking the time out of this integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the time out of this integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the time out of this integral and
+writing the work entirely in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the work entirely in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the work entirely in terms of
+the small change in velocity DV scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small change in velocity DV scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small change in velocity DV scalar
+product with the velocity and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with the velocity and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with the velocity and this is
+the quantity we know would now like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity we know would now like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity we know would now like to
+calculate so one way when we ever want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so one way when we ever want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so one way when we ever want
+to calculate these dot products we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate these dot products we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate these dot products we
+choose a coordinate system so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a coordinate system so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a coordinate system so let's
+choose a Cartesian coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a Cartesian coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a Cartesian coordinate system
+plus X plus y with our unit vectors I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X plus y with our unit vectors I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X plus y with our unit vectors I
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+and j-hat and now our task is to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j-hat and now our task is to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j-hat and now our task is to write
+down these various vectors so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these various vectors so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these various vectors so for
+instance DV can be written as DV X I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance DV can be written as DV X I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance DV can be written as DV X I hat
+plus DV Y J hat now if we were to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DV Y J hat now if we were to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DV Y J hat now if we were to go
+into three dimensions we would have DV Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three dimensions we would have DV Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three dimensions we would have DV Z
+K hat but I'm just going to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat but I'm just going to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat but I'm just going to do this in
+two dimensions similarly the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions similarly the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions similarly the velocity is
+VX I hat plus V Y J hat and now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX I hat plus V Y J hat and now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX I hat plus V Y J hat and now when we
+take the dot product as we've learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dot product as we've learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dot product as we've learned in
+Cartesian coordinates it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian coordinates it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian coordinates it's just the
+components DV X DX and I'll just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components DV X DX and I'll just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components DV X DX and I'll just do a
+little parenthesis there plus DV Y dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little parenthesis there plus DV Y dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little parenthesis there plus DV Y dy
+and so now our work integral a b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now our work integral a b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now our work integral a b is
+equal to the mass times DV x DX plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mass times DV x DX plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mass times DV x DX plus the
+mass times DV y dy now what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times DV y dy now what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times DV y dy now what we have here
+is - a sum in the integrand but by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - a sum in the integrand but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - a sum in the integrand but by the
+rules of integration we can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of integration we can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of integration we can rewrite this
+integral as two separate integrals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as two separate integrals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral as two separate integrals from
+A to B of M DV X VX and from A to B of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B of M DV X VX and from A to B of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B of M DV X VX and from A to B of M
+DV y v1 and now we can integrate each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV y v1 and now we can integrate each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV y v1 and now we can integrate each of
+these separately and if you recall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these separately and if you recall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these separately and if you recall in
+one dimension we used our integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension we used our integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension we used our integral
+formula this is just VX squared and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is just VX squared and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is just VX squared and when
+we integrate them what we have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate them what we have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate them what we have to look
+at is the endpoints of our integral it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the endpoints of our integral it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the endpoints of our integral it's
+what we're integrating is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're integrating is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're integrating is the velocity
+and we're going from some initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going from some initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going from some initial value
+to some final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some final value
+so our first integral simply becomes M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first integral simply becomes M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first integral simply becomes M
+VX final squared I'll pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX final squared I'll pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX final squared I'll pull out the
+factor 2 minus VX initial squared where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 2 minus VX initial squared where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 2 minus VX initial squared where
+a DX initial is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DX initial is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DX initial is the
+so X component of velocity at a and VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X component of velocity at a and VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X component of velocity at a and VX
+final is the final component of B and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is the final component of B and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is the final component of B and I
+have a similar term here which is V Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar term here which is V Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar term here which is V Y
+final squared minus V y initial squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final squared minus V y initial squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final squared minus V y initial squared
+and when I combine our terms VX final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I combine our terms VX final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I combine our terms VX final
+squared plus V Y final squared minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus V Y final squared minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus V Y final squared minus 1/2
+m VX initial squared plus B Y and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m VX initial squared plus B Y and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m VX initial squared plus B Y and your
+sole squared we've already shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole squared we've already shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole squared we've already shown that
+our kinetic energy one-half M VB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kinetic energy one-half M VB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kinetic energy one-half M VB is
+one-half MV x squared plus B Y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half MV x squared plus B Y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half MV x squared plus B Y squared
+and so we see that this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see that this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see that this is just the
+final kinetic energy minus the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final kinetic energy minus the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final kinetic energy minus the initial
+kinetic energy and so we can call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and so we can call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and so we can call that
+Delta K and what we have now is the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K and what we have now is the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K and what we have now is the work
+energy theorem and I'll come back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy theorem and I'll come back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy theorem and I'll come back to my
+original statement that the work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original statement that the work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original statement that the work is
+equal to the change in kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the change in kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the change in kinetic energy
+and this is a combination of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a combination of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a combination of our
+definition of work and Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of work and Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of work and Newton's second
+law
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iVlHPDER0FA.txt b/iVlHPDER0FA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fd4981ad257650e2e34c00f0268fb3eb1c24a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iVlHPDER0FA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the key video about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the key video about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the key video about
+solving a system of n linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a system of n linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a system of n linear
+constant-coefficient equations so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant-coefficient equations so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant-coefficient equations so how do
+I write those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write those equations
+why is now a vector a vector with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is now a vector a vector with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is now a vector a vector with n
+components instead of one scalar just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components instead of one scalar just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components instead of one scalar just a
+single number why do you want me to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single number why do you want me to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single number why do you want me to put
+an arrow on why no I won't repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow on why no I won't repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow on why no I won't repeat it
+again but that's to emphasize that Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but that's to emphasize that Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but that's to emphasize that Y is
+a vector its first derivative it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector its first derivative it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector its first derivative it's a
+first order system system meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system system meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system system meaning that
+there can be and will be more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be and will be more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be and will be more than one
+unknown Y 1 y 2 to y F ok so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown Y 1 y 2 to y F ok so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown Y 1 y 2 to y F ok so how do we
+solve such a system then the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve such a system then the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve such a system then the matrix is
+multiplying that Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that Y and
+they equate the Y's are coupled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they equate the Y's are coupled together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they equate the Y's are coupled together
+by that matrix they're coupled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that matrix they're coupled together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that matrix they're coupled together
+and how do we uncouple them that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we uncouple them that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we uncouple them that is the
+magic of eigen values and eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of eigen values and eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of eigen values and eigen vectors
+eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen
+vectors are vectors that go in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are vectors that go in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are vectors that go in their own
+way they so when you have an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they so when you have an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they so when you have an eigen
+vector it's like you have a one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it's like you have a one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it's like you have a one by one
+problem and the the a becomes just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the the a becomes just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the the a becomes just a
+number lambda so for a general vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lambda so for a general vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lambda so for a general vector
+it's it's everything is mixed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's everything is mixed together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's everything is mixed together
+but for an eigen vector everything stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for an eigen vector everything stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for an eigen vector everything stays
+one dimensional it's just the a changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional it's just the a changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional it's just the a changes
+just to a lambda for that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to a lambda for that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to a lambda for that special
+direction okay so and of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so and of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so and of course as
+always we need n of those eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always we need n of those eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always we need n of those eigen vectors
+because we want to take the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to take the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to take the starting
+value just as we did for powers we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value just as we did for powers we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value just as we did for powers we're
+doing it now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it now for
+differential equations I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations I take my
+starting vector which is probably not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting vector which is probably not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting vector which is probably not an
+eigen vector I'd make it a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector I'd make it a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector I'd make it a combination
+of eigenvectors and I'm okay because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvectors and I'm okay because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvectors and I'm okay because I'm
+assuming that I have and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that I have and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that I have and independent
+eigenvectors okay and now I follow each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors okay and now I follow each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors okay and now I follow each
+each starting value c1 x1 what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each starting value c1 x1 what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each starting value c1 x1 what does that
+have what happens if I'm in if I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what happens if I'm in if I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what happens if I'm in if I'm in
+the direction of x1 then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of x1 then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of x1 then all the
+messiness of a disappears it becomes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiness of a disappears it becomes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messiness of a disappears it becomes it
+acts just like lambda 1 on that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts just like lambda 1 on that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts just like lambda 1 on that vector
+x1 here's here's what you get you get c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 here's here's what you get you get c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 here's here's what you get you get c1
+that's just a number u times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a number u times e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a number u times e to the
+lambda 1t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1t
+x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+you see that instead of powers which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that instead of powers which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that instead of powers which we
+had like we had lambda 1 to the K power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like we had lambda 1 to the K power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like we had lambda 1 to the K power
+when we were doing powers of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing powers of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were doing powers of a matrix
+now we're solving differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're solving differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're solving differential equations
+so we get an e to the lambda 1t and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get an e to the lambda 1t and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get an e to the lambda 1t and of
+course the next by superposition I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the next by superposition I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the next by superposition I can
+add on the solution for that one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on the solution for that one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on the solution for that one which
+is e to the lambda 2 T X - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the lambda 2 T X - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the lambda 2 T X - 1
++ CN e to the lambda n T X
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ CN e to the lambda n T X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ CN e to the lambda n T X
+you can see when I could ask when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see when I could ask when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see when I could ask when is
+this stable when do the solutions go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stable when do the solutions go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stable when do the solutions go to
+0 well as T gets large it this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well as T gets large it this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well as T gets large it this number
+will go to 0 provided lambda 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to 0 provided lambda 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to 0 provided lambda 1 is
+negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+provided it's real part is negative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it's real part is negative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it's real part is negative we
+can if we can understand everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if we can understand everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if we can understand everything from
+this piece-by-piece formula okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece-by-piece formula okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece-by-piece formula okay let me
+just do an example I'll take a matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do an example I'll take a matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do an example I'll take a matrix a
+in the in the powers of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the powers of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the powers of a matrix
+in that video I took a markov matrix let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that video I took a markov matrix let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that video I took a markov matrix let
+me take here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take here
+the equivalent for differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent for differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent for differential
+equations so this will be a markov mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so this will be a markov mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so this will be a markov mark
+make it give us a Markov differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it give us a Markov differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it give us a Markov differential
+equation so let me take a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the columns of a Markov matrix add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a Markov matrix add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a Markov matrix add to
+one but in the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but in the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but in the differential equation
+situation they'll add to zero like minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they'll add to zero like minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they'll add to zero like minus
+1 and 1 or like minus 2 and 2 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 1 or like minus 2 and 2 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 1 or like minus 2 and 2 okay so
+there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+eigen value of 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value of 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value of 1 for
+powers is like the eigen values 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers is like the eigen values 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers is like the eigen values 0 for
+differential equations because e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations because e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations because e to the
+0 T is a 1 so anyway let's find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 T is a 1 so anyway let's find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 T is a 1 so anyway let's find the
+eigen values of that the first eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of that the first eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of that the first eigen
+value is 0 that's what I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 0 that's what I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 0 that's what I'm interested in
+that column adds to 0 that column adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column adds to 0 that column adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column adds to 0 that column adds
+to 0 that tells me there's an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 that tells me there's an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 that tells me there's an eigen
+value of 0 and what's its eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 0 and what's its eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 0 and what's its eigen vector
+probably probably to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably to what
+because if I multiply that matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I multiply that matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I multiply that matrix by
+that vector I get 0 so lambda 1 is 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector I get 0 so lambda 1 is 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector I get 0 so lambda 1 is 0 and
+my second eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second eigen value
+well the trace is minus 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the trace is minus 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the trace is minus 3 and
+the lambda 1 plus lambda 2 must give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda 1 plus lambda 2 must give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda 1 plus lambda 2 must give
+minus 3 and it's eigen vector is oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 and it's eigen vector is oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 and it's eigen vector is oh it's
+probably 1 minus 1 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 1 minus 1 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 1 minus 1 again
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+so I've done the preliminary work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've done the preliminary work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've done the preliminary work
+given this matrix we've got the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this matrix we've got the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this matrix we've got the eigen
+values and eigen vectors now I take u 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and eigen vectors now I take u 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and eigen vectors now I take u 0
+what should we say for u 0 u 0 or y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we say for u 0 u 0 or y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we say for u 0 u 0 or y 0
+say y of 0 let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y of 0 as some numbers c1 times x1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of 0 as some numbers c1 times x1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of 0 as some numbers c1 times x1 plus
+c2 times x2 yes no problem no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 times x2 yes no problem no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 times x2 yes no problem no problem
+whatever we have we take this some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we have we take this some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we have we take this some
+combination of that vector and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of that vector and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of that vector and that
+eigenvector will give us y of 0 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector will give us y of 0 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector will give us y of 0 and now
+the Y of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c1 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 e
+to the 0t e to the lambda 1 T times X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0t e to the lambda 1 T times X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0t e to the lambda 1 T times X 1
+right you see we started with c1 x1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see we started with c1 x1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see we started with c1 x1 but
+after a time T its e to the lambda T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a time T its e to the lambda T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a time T its e to the lambda T and
+here C to e to the lambda 2 is minus 3t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here C to e to the lambda 2 is minus 3t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here C to e to the lambda 2 is minus 3t
+x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+evolution of a Markov process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a Markov process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a Markov process a
+continuous Markov process compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Markov process compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Markov process compared to
+the powers of a matrix this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers of a matrix this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers of a matrix this is a
+continuous evolving evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous evolving evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous evolving evolution of
+this vector okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector okay and now
+I'm interested in steady state steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in steady state steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in steady state steady
+state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+what happens as T gets large as T gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as T gets large as T gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as T gets large as T gets
+large that number goes quickly to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that number goes quickly to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that number goes quickly to zero
+in our in our Markov matrix example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our in our Markov matrix example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our in our Markov matrix example we
+had 1/2 to a power and that went quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 1/2 to a power and that went quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 1/2 to a power and that went quickly
+to zero now we have the exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero now we have the exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero now we have the exponential of
+with a minus 3 that goes to 0 e to the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus 3 that goes to 0 e to the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus 3 that goes to 0 e to the 0
+T is the 1 this either the 0 T equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the 1 this either the 0 T equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the 1 this either the 0 T equals 1
+just so that one is the signal of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that one is the signal of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that one is the signal of a
+steady state nothing changing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state nothing changing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state nothing changing nothing
+really depending on time just sits there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depending on time just sits there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depending on time just sits there
+so I have c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have c1
+x1 is the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x1 was this so what am I thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x1 was this so what am I thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x1 was this so what am I thinking
+I'm thinking that no matter how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking that no matter how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking that no matter how you
+start no matter what Y of zero is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start no matter what Y of zero is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start no matter what Y of zero is as
+time goes on the x2 part is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes on the x2 part is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes on the x2 part is going to
+disappear and that you'll only have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and that you'll only have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and that you'll only have the
+x1 part and there in that ratio 2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 part and there in that ratio 2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 part and there in that ratio 2 to 1
+so again if we had movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if we had movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if we had movement of
+between y1 and y2 or or we have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between y1 and y2 or or we have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between y1 and y2 or or we have things
+evolving in time the steady state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in time the steady state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in time the steady state is
+this is the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there is an example of a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an example of a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an example of a differential
+equation happen to have a markov matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation happen to have a markov matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation happen to have a markov matrix
+and with the markov matrix we then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the markov matrix we then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the markov matrix we then we
+know that we'll have an eigenvalue of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we'll have an eigenvalue of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we'll have an eigenvalue of 0
+in the in the continuous case and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the continuous case and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the continuous case and a
+negative eigenvalue that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative eigenvalue that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative eigenvalue that will
+disappear as time goes forward e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear as time goes forward e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear as time goes forward e to the
+minus 3t goes to 0 good I guess I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3t goes to 0 good I guess I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3t goes to 0 good I guess I might
+just add a little bit to this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add a little bit to this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add a little bit to this video
+which is to explain why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to explain why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to explain why is
+zero an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero an eigenvalue
+when whenever oh if the columns added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whenever oh if the columns added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when whenever oh if the columns added to
+0 minus 1 plus 1 is 0 2 minus 2 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus 1 plus 1 is 0 2 minus 2 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus 1 plus 1 is 0 2 minus 2 is 0
+that tells me zeros an eigenvalue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me zeros an eigenvalue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me zeros an eigenvalue for
+markov matrix empowers the columns added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov matrix empowers the columns added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov matrix empowers the columns added
+to 1 and one was an eigenvalue so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and one was an eigenvalue so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and one was an eigenvalue so i
+guess i'm i have now two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i'm i have now two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i'm i have now two
+examples of the following fact that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the following fact that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the following fact that if
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+to some what should i say for the sum s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some what should i say for the sum s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some what should i say for the sum s
+for the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sum
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+lambda equal s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that was the point for markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was the point for markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that was the point for markov
+matrices s was 1 every column added to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices s was 1 every column added to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices s was 1 every column added to 1
+and then lambda equal 1 was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lambda equal 1 was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lambda equal 1 was an
+eigenvalue and for this video every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and for this video every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and for this video every
+column added to 0 and then lambda equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column added to 0 and then lambda equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column added to 0 and then lambda equals
+0 was an eigenvalue okay and also i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 was an eigenvalue okay and also i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 was an eigenvalue okay and also i
+is another point about eigenvalue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another point about eigenvalue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another point about eigenvalue is
+good to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to make
+the eigenvalues of a transpose are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of a transpose are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of a transpose are the
+same as the eigen values of a so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the eigen values of a so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the eigen values of a so I could
+also say if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say if all
+rows of a add to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+lambda equals an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm saying that the eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that the eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that the eigenvalues of a
+matrix and the eigenvalues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the eigenvalues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the eigenvalues of the
+transpose are the same and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose are the same and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose are the same and maybe you
+would like to just see why that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to just see why that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to just see why that's true
+if I want the eigenvalues of a matrix I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want the eigenvalues of a matrix I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want the eigenvalues of a matrix I
+look at the determinant of lambda I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the determinant of lambda I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the determinant of lambda I
+minus a that gives me the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a that gives me the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a that gives me the eigenvalues of
+a if I want the eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if I want the eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if I want the eigenvalues of a
+transpose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I
+would look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equals 0 right this equaling 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 right this equaling 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 right this equaling 0
+that equation would give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation would give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation would give me the
+eigenvalues of a transpose just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a transpose just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a transpose just the way
+this one gives me the eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one gives me the eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one gives me the eigenvalues of a
+but why are they the same because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why are they the same because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why are they the same because the
+determinant of a matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a matrix and the
+determinant of its transpose are equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of its transpose are equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of its transpose are equal a
+matrix in its transpose have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in its transpose have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in its transpose have the same
+determinant let me just check that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant let me just check that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant let me just check that with
+ABCD and the transpose would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD and the transpose would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD and the transpose would be a
+CBD and the determinant in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD and the determinant in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD and the determinant in both cases
+it's ad minus BC ad minus BC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ad minus BC ad minus BC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ad minus BC ad minus BC the
+transposing doesn't affect so this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposing doesn't affect so this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposing doesn't affect so this that
+is the same as that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as that and
+the lambdas are the same and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambdas are the same and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambdas are the same and therefore
+we can look at the columns adding to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the columns adding to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the columns adding to s
+or the rows adding to s now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the rows adding to s now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the rows adding to s now
+okay so this explains why those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this explains why those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this explains why those two
+statements are both true together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are both true together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are both true together
+because I can look at the rows or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can look at the rows or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can look at the rows or the
+columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and
+reach this conclusion that if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this conclusion that if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this conclusion that if all
+all columns add to s now why is that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all columns add to s now why is that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all columns add to s now why is that or
+all rows add to s let me just I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rows add to s let me just I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rows add to s let me just I'll just
+show you the eigenvector that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the eigenvector that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the eigenvector that in this
+case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a
+times the eigenvector would be all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the eigenvector would be all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the eigenvector would be all ones
+suppose the matrix is four by four if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the matrix is four by four if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the matrix is four by four if I
+multiply a by all one's when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a by all one's when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a by all one's when you
+multiply a matrix by a vector of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a matrix by a vector of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a matrix by a vector of ones
+then the dot product of this row with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the dot product of this row with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the dot product of this row with
+that is is the sum is that Plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is the sum is that Plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is the sum is that Plus that
+Plus that Plus that would be s this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus that Plus that would be s this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus that Plus that would be s this
+would be s because this first row here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be s because this first row here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be s because this first row here's
+a the first row of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the first row of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the first row of a
+adds to s so these numbers these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to s so these numbers these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to s so these numbers these numbers
+add to s I get s these numbers add to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to s I get s these numbers add to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to s I get s these numbers add to s
+I get s again these numbers add to s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get s again these numbers add to s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get s again these numbers add to s and
+these finally those numbers add to s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finally those numbers add to s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finally those numbers add to s and
+I have s times 1 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you ok with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you ok with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you ok with this
+when all the rows add to s I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the rows add to s I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the rows add to s I can tell
+you what the eigenvector is 1 1 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the eigenvector is 1 1 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the eigenvector is 1 1 1 1 and
+then the eigenvalue I can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigenvalue I can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigenvalue I can see that
+that's that's the sum s so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the sum s so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the sum s so again
+for special matrices in this case named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for special matrices in this case named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for special matrices in this case named
+after Markov we are able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Markov we are able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Markov we are able to identify
+important fact about their eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about their eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about their eigenvalue
+which is that it's that common rows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it's that common rows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it's that common rows some
+s equal s equal one in the in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equal s equal one in the in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equal s equal one in the in the case
+of powers and s equals 0 in this video's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of powers and s equals 0 in this video's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of powers and s equals 0 in this video's
+case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with
+yeah let me bring down a again so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me bring down a again so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me bring down a again so here
+every column added to zero it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every column added to zero it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every column added to zero it didn't
+happen that the Rose added to zero I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that the Rose added to zero I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that the Rose added to zero I'm
+not requiring that I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not requiring that I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not requiring that I'm just saying
+either way a or a transpose has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way a or a transpose has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way a or a transpose has the same
+eigenvalues and one of them is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and one of them is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and one of them is zero and
+the other is whatever the traits tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is whatever the traits tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is whatever the traits tells
+us that was okay these collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that was okay these collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that was okay these collection of
+useful facts about eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful facts about eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful facts about eigenvalues
+show up when you have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up when you have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up when you have a particular
+matrix and you need to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you need to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you need to know something
+about its eigenvalues okay good thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its eigenvalues okay good thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its eigenvalues okay good thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/io8kTsSnOdE.txt b/io8kTsSnOdE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4145ae9981679cf6930adcdc897d1f7063f889c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/io8kTsSnOdE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi today we uh try to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi today we uh try to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi today we uh try to wrap
+up our present discussion of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our present discussion of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our present discussion of partial
+derivatives by means of a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by means of a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by means of a rather
+practical example which not only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example which not only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example which not only has
+wide application but which ties in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide application but which ties in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide application but which ties in many
+of the individual principles that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual principles that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual principles that we've
+talked about in the last two blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the last two blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the last two blocks of
+material the particular topic that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the particular topic that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the particular topic that I
+have in mind today is the topic known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind today is the topic known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind today is the topic known as
+the theory of Maxima Minima of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of Maxima Minima of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of Maxima Minima of functions
+in several variables you see in part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several variables you see in part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several variables you see in part one
+of our course we studied the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our course we studied the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our course we studied the special
+case where we had a function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we had a function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we had a function from the
+real numbers into the real numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers into the real numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers into the real numbers and
+what we were looking for were values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were looking for were values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were looking for were values of
+the independent variable for Which F was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variable for Which F was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variable for Which F was
+either maximum or minimum and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either maximum or minimum and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either maximum or minimum and so a
+natural extension of this is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural extension of this is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural extension of this is simply the
+following given a a real valued function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following given a a real valued function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following given a a real valued function
+of several real variables in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several real variables in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several real variables in other words
+assume that f is a mapping from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that f is a mapping from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that f is a mapping from n
+dimensional space into the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space into the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space into the real numbers
+f is a function from e n into e then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a function from e n into e then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a function from e n into e then the
+nle a bar in isaban is called a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nle a bar in isaban is called a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nle a bar in isaban is called a local
+maximum and I suppose we might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and I suppose we might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and I suppose we might as well
+kill two Brewers with one stone here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill two Brewers with one stone here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill two Brewers with one stone here and
+put in the minimum defin definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the minimum defin definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the minimum defin definition for
+a local minimum at the same time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local minimum at the same time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local minimum at the same time it's
+called a local maximum of f if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a local maximum of f if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a local maximum of f if and only
+if there exists a neighborhood n of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a neighborhood n of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a neighborhood n of a
+bar such that F of a bar is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar such that F of a bar is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar such that F of a bar is greater than
+or equal to F of xar for every xar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to F of xar for every xar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to F of xar for every xar in
+the neighborhood I suppose by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood I suppose by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood I suppose by the way
+while we're at this for a local minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're at this for a local minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're at this for a local minimum
+the condition would be what for a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition would be what for a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition would be what for a local
+minimum instead of f of a bar being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum instead of f of a bar being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum instead of f of a bar being
+greater than or equal to F of xar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to F of xar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to F of xar it
+would be less than or equal to in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be less than or equal to in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be less than or equal to in other
+words what you're saying is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what you're saying is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what you're saying is that what
+you mean by a local uh a local high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by a local uh a local high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by a local uh a local high
+point or low point is what that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or low point is what that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or low point is what that in a
+neighborhood of the point in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the point in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the point in question
+for example if that output exceeds every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if that output exceeds every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if that output exceeds every
+other possible output in a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possible output in a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possible output in a sufficiently
+small neighborhood then we say that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small neighborhood then we say that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small neighborhood then we say that that
+particular input is the local maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input is the local maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input is the local maximum
+and a similar definition for local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a similar definition for local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a similar definition for local
+minimum in other words again keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum in other words again keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum in other words again keep in
+mind that this is precisely an almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that this is precisely an almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that this is precisely an almost a
+word forw translation of what the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word forw translation of what the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word forw translation of what the terms
+relative maximum and relative minimum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative maximum and relative minimum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative maximum and relative minimum or
+local Max and local Min meant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Max and local Min meant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Max and local Min meant for
+functions of a single real variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a single real variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a single real variable
+consequently except for the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently except for the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently except for the fact that in
+several variables it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables it's much more
+difficult to describe domains because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to describe domains because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to describe domains because of
+all the degrees of freedom that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the degrees of freedom that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the degrees of freedom that you have
+one would expect that these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would expect that these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would expect that these same
+particular tests for membership would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tests for membership would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tests for membership would
+occur for functions of several variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur for functions of several variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur for functions of several variables
+when we're looking for high low points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking for high low points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking for high low points
+or Max Min points as in the case of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Max Min points as in the case of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Max Min points as in the case of one
+independent variable so let's just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so let's just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so let's just very
+quickly summarize this how do we test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly summarize this how do we test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly summarize this how do we test
+for candidates for Max Min points now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for candidates for Max Min points now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for candidates for Max Min points now
+the idea is simply this that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is simply this that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is simply this that if we're
+going to have a relative high or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a relative high or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a relative high or a
+relative low Point think of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative low Point think of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative low Point think of the thing
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+if you take a cross-section with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a cross-section with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a cross-section with respect
+to any one of the independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any one of the independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any one of the independent variables
+in other words if you look at w as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if you look at w as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if you look at w as a
+function of uh if you look at f as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of uh if you look at f as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of uh if you look at f as a
+function just of X1 say and hold X2 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just of X1 say and hold X2 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just of X1 say and hold X2 up
+to xn constant then when w is viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn constant then when w is viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn constant then when w is viewed as
+a function of X1 alone then one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X1 alone then one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X1 alone then one would
+expect that uh you have what that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that uh you have what that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that uh you have what that just
+in the wx1 plane you must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wx1 plane you must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wx1 plane you must have a
+candidate which means that one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate which means that one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate which means that one would
+expect that if you took the partial of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that if you took the partial of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that if you took the partial of e
+respect to X1 that must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X1 that must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X1 that must be zero
+similarly the partial of effort respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the partial of effort respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the partial of effort respect
+to X2 must be zero Etc the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 must be zero Etc the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 must be zero Etc the partial of
+effort respect to X subn must be zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort respect to X subn must be zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort respect to X subn must be zero in
+other words to find a candidate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to find a candidate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words to find a candidate for a
+Max mpoint notice that right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max mpoint notice that right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max mpoint notice that right off the bat
+we're back to a practical application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to a practical application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to a practical application of
+the study of systems of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of systems of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of systems of several
+equations in several unknowns namely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in several unknowns namely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in several unknowns namely we
+must solve the systems of equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must solve the systems of equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must solve the systems of equations the
+partial of f with respect to X1 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of f with respect to X1 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of f with respect to X1 equals 0
+Etc the partial of f respect to xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc the partial of f respect to xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc the partial of f respect to xn
+equals z find simultaneous Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z find simultaneous Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z find simultaneous Solutions
+whenever such simultaneous Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever such simultaneous Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever such simultaneous Solutions
+exist now of course there may be points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist now of course there may be points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist now of course there may be points
+in our domain where the partials don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our domain where the partials don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our domain where the partials don't
+exist just like there was in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist just like there was in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist just like there was in the case of
+calculus of a single variable in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single variable in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single variable in other
+words the second thing we do in testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the second thing we do in testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the second thing we do in testing
+for candidates is we find points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for candidates is we find points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for candidates is we find points in the
+domain where f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain where f is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain where f is not
+differentiable for example F might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable for example F might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable for example F might not
+be continuous F might not be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous F might not be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous F might not be defined
+whatever the reason is we look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the reason is we look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the reason is we look to see
+where f is not differentiable and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is not differentiable and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is not differentiable and all
+points in the domain at which f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the domain at which f is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the domain at which f is not
+differentiable they also become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable they also become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable they also become
+candidates for Max M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates for Max M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates for Max M
+points and thirdly we check the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and thirdly we check the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and thirdly we check the boundary
+of the domain of f in other words if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the domain of f in other words if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the domain of f in other words if the
+domain of f happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of f happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of f happens to be a
+two-dimensional region we check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional region we check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional region we check the
+boundary of the region again the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the region again the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the region again the reason
+being the same as in the calculus of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same as in the calculus of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same as in the calculus of a
+single real variable if a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single real variable if a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single real variable if a function is
+differentiable it must take on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable it must take on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable it must take on its
+maximum and minimum value someplace if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and minimum value someplace if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and minimum value someplace if
+the domain happens to be a closed set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain happens to be a closed set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain happens to be a closed set in
+other words a connected set with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a connected set with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a connected set with a
+boundary and we won't go into that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we won't go into that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we won't go into that in
+any more detail at this particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more detail at this particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more detail at this particular time
+but essentially what do we do we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what do we do we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what do we do we look at
+the function wherever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function wherever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function wherever it's
+differentiable take all of its partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable take all of its partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable take all of its partials
+set them equal to zero solve that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them equal to zero solve that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them equal to zero solve that system
+simultaneously to see what values of X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously to see what values of X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously to see what values of X1
+up to xn give us permissible candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to xn give us permissible candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to xn give us permissible candidates
+for Max Min points we check to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Max Min points we check to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Max Min points we check to see where
+the POS where the derivative does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the POS where the derivative does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the POS where the derivative does not
+exist and that gives us another batch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and that gives us another batch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and that gives us another batch of
+points and then we check the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then we check the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then we check the boundary
+values to see if anything peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to see if anything peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to see if anything peculiar
+happens there same three tests as we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there same three tests as we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there same three tests as we had
+for calculus of a single variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculus of a single variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculus of a single variable and
+why is this so closely Allied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so closely Allied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so closely Allied to
+calculus of a single variable well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single variable well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single variable well if we
+take the case n equals 2 we again get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case n equals 2 we again get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case n equals 2 we again get a
+nice geometric interpretation namely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice geometric interpretation namely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice geometric interpretation namely if
+W is a function of X and Y notice again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a function of X and Y notice again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a function of X and Y notice again
+our notation for what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our notation for what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our notation for what happens when we
+have two independent variables they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two independent variables they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two independent variables they're
+called X and Y and usually we let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called X and Y and usually we let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called X and Y and usually we let the
+dependent variable variable be W in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable variable be W in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable variable be W in that
+case let's take a look and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's take a look and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's take a look and see what
+happens over here suppose for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over here suppose for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over here suppose for the sake
+of argument that we know that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument that we know that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument that we know that we have a
+relative low Point corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative low Point corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative low Point corresponding to the
+input a comma B in other words suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a comma B in other words suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a comma B in other words suppose
+we know that F of a comma B is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that F of a comma B is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that F of a comma B is the
+lowest value of f the lowest height on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest value of f the lowest height on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest value of f the lowest height on
+the surface in a sufficiently small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in a sufficiently small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in a sufficiently small
+neighborhood of the point a comma B all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the point a comma B all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the point a comma B all
+I'm saying is this take any slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is this take any slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is this take any slice
+whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever
+any plane through the point a comma B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any plane through the point a comma B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any plane through the point a comma B
+pick any direction s all right take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any direction s all right take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any direction s all right take that
+plane perpendicular to the XY plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane perpendicular to the XY plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane perpendicular to the XY plane in
+the S Direction and slice the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S Direction and slice the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S Direction and slice the surface
+wal f ofx y with that plane and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wal f ofx y with that plane and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wal f ofx y with that plane and we get a
+slice something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice something like
+this well not something like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well not something like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well not something like this this
+is the slice that we get all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slice that we get all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slice that we get all right now
+let's take a look at where that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at where that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at where that low
+point is since that is to be a low point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is since that is to be a low point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is since that is to be a low point
+in the entire region obviously it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire region obviously it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire region obviously it must
+be a low point in particular with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a low point in particular with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a low point in particular with
+respect to to the particular slice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to to the particular slice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to to the particular slice that
+we took how could it be the lowest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took how could it be the lowest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took how could it be the lowest point
+every place if it's not the lowest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place if it's not the lowest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place if it's not the lowest point
+with respect to any particular slice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to any particular slice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to any particular slice and
+all we're saying then is that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're saying then is that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're saying then is that with
+respect to this slice notice that W is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this slice notice that W is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this slice notice that W is a
+function of s alone in other words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of s alone in other words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of s alone in other words we
+can talk about the directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the directional
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+dfds and again all we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfds and again all we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfds and again all we're saying is that
+that directional derivative dfds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that directional derivative dfds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that directional derivative dfds
+evaluated at the point a comma B must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the point a comma B must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the point a comma B must be
+zero for all directions s and as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all directions s and as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all directions s and as we have
+seen throughout our course if F happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen throughout our course if F happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen throughout our course if F happens
+to be a continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a continuously differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a continuously differentiable
+function of the variables X1 up to xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the variables X1 up to xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the variables X1 up to xn
+then the directional derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the directional derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the directional derivative is
+determined completely by our knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined completely by our knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined completely by our knowledge
+of the partials with respect to X1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partials with respect to X1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partials with respect to X1 up to
+xn and you see as far as the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and you see as far as the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn and you see as far as the theory is
+concerned that's all there is to it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that's all there is to it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that's all there is to it as
+the cliche goes the rest is commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cliche goes the rest is commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cliche goes the rest is commentary
+now what kind of commentary do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of commentary do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of commentary do I mean
+well among other things things once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well among other things things once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well among other things things once we
+have located all the particular Max Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have located all the particular Max Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have located all the particular Max Min
+candidates see notice why I call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates see notice why I call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates see notice why I call these
+things candidates always we saying is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things candidates always we saying is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things candidates always we saying is is
+that wherever the system of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wherever the system of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wherever the system of partial
+derivatives equal setting them equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives equal setting them equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives equal setting them equal to
+zero yields a value that point is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yields a value that point is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yields a value that point is simply
+a candidate for a Max mpoint just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate for a Max mpoint just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate for a Max mpoint just again
+like in the calculus of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the calculus of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the calculus of a single
+variable if fime of a is zero we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable if fime of a is zero we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable if fime of a is zero we cannot
+conclude that a is a local Max or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that a is a local Max or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that a is a local Max or a
+local Min it might be a saddle point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Min it might be a saddle point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Min it might be a saddle point you
+know a station point where the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a station point where the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a station point where the thing
+just levels off it's just that once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just levels off it's just that once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just levels off it's just that once we
+have the candidate how do we test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the candidate how do we test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the candidate how do we test
+whether it really is a Max or a Min well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it really is a Max or a Min well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it really is a Max or a Min well
+what we have to do is looking at F of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do is looking at F of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do is looking at F of a
+comma B we have to see whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B we have to see whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B we have to see whether that's
+the lowest possible value or the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible value or the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible value or the highest
+possible value in a sufficiently small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value in a sufficiently small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value in a sufficiently small
+neighborhood of that point well how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of that point well how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of that point well how do
+you characterize a neighborhood of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you characterize a neighborhood of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you characterize a neighborhood of the
+point you look at some nearby point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you look at some nearby point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you look at some nearby point
+which we can denote as what a + H comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can denote as what a + H comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can denote as what a + H comma
+B+ K and if this H and K K seem strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ K and if this H and K K seem strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B+ K and if this H and K K seem strange
+to you notice that H is often what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you notice that H is often what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you notice that H is often what we
+call Delta X and K is what we often call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Delta X and K is what we often call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Delta X and K is what we often call
+Delta Y in other words we look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y in other words we look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y in other words we look at some
+nearby point a + Delta X comma b + Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby point a + Delta X comma b + Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby point a + Delta X comma b + Delta
+Y and what we're saying is that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and what we're saying is that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and what we're saying is that if this
+is to be a for example a high point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be a for example a high point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be a for example a high point it
+means that when you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that when you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that when you compute this
+difference this difference had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this difference had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this difference had better be
+negative all the time because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative all the time because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative all the time because when you
+look at this particular thing over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this particular thing over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this particular thing over over
+here if this is to be the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this is to be the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if this is to be the greatest
+possible value in a neighborhood When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value in a neighborhood When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value in a neighborhood When
+You Subtract it from something else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Subtract it from something else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Subtract it from something else in
+the neighborhood you should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood you should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood you should get a
+negative value in other words to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value in other words to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value in other words to put it
+in still other terms what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in still other terms what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in still other terms what we're saying
+is is that to let's just read this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that to let's just read this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that to let's just read this again
+once a maxim Min Canada a comma B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a maxim Min Canada a comma B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a maxim Min Canada a comma B is
+found we must investigate the sign of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we must investigate the sign of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we must investigate the sign of f
+of a plus h comma B+ K minus F of a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plus h comma B+ K minus F of a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plus h comma B+ K minus F of a for
+all sufficiently small values of H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sufficiently small values of H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sufficiently small values of H and
+K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay
+not for all sufficiently small values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for all sufficiently small values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for all sufficiently small values of
+H and K which can be messy I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and K which can be messy I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and K which can be messy I don't mean
+that I mean for all sufficiently small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean for all sufficiently small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean for all sufficiently small
+values of H and K in other words in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of H and K in other words in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of H and K in other words in a
+neighborhood of the point a comma B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the point a comma B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the point a comma B and
+what I'm saying is is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is is that this
+particular computation can itself be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular computation can itself be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular computation can itself be
+very messy you see this is again going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very messy you see this is again going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very messy you see this is again going
+back to this idea of how we uh invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea of how we uh invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea of how we uh invert
+equations and the like it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the like it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the like it's difficult to
+compute F of a plus h comma B plus K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute F of a plus h comma B plus K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute F of a plus h comma B plus K in
+general if f is a messy function if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if f is a messy function if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if f is a messy function if f is
+a computationally complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computationally complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computationally complicated thing
+and not only that but we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that but we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that but we may have
+several unknowns more than two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several unknowns more than two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several unknowns more than two unknowns
+and you see this was true in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this was true in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this was true in one
+variable we saw in the case of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we saw in the case of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we saw in the case of one
+variable that technically speaking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that technically speaking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that technically speaking to
+test whether F of a was a high point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test whether F of a was a high point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test whether F of a was a high point or
+a low point we had to look at F of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low point we had to look at F of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low point we had to look at F of a
+plus h minus F of a for all sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h minus F of a for all sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h minus F of a for all sufficiently
+small values of H and that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small values of H and that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small values of H and that could have
+been a messy computation too of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a messy computation too of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a messy computation too of course
+the thing that happened in the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that happened in the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that happened in the single
+variable that was very helpful to us was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that was very helpful to us was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that was very helpful to us was
+that in the case of a single variable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of a single variable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of a single variable we
+were often able to use f Prime of a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were often able to use f Prime of a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were often able to use f Prime of a as a
+hint in other words whenever F Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint in other words whenever F Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint in other words whenever F Prime of
+a wasn't equal to zero we can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wasn't equal to zero we can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wasn't equal to zero we can conclude
+or could conclude whether F of a was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could conclude whether F of a was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could conclude whether F of a was a
+Max or a Min once we knew that fime of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max or a Min once we knew that fime of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max or a Min once we knew that fime of a
+was Zero remember that was that holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero remember that was that holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero remember that was that holding
+water versus spilling water routine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water versus spilling water routine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water versus spilling water routine if
+FP Prime of a was positive that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP Prime of a was positive that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP Prime of a was positive that meant
+that the curve was holding water holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the curve was holding water holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the curve was holding water holding
+water meant that you had a minimum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water meant that you had a minimum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water meant that you had a minimum value
+if fpre of a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if fpre of a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if fpre of a was
+uh negative that meant that the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative that meant that the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative that meant that the curve
+was spilling water and spilling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spilling water and spilling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spilling water and spilling water
+yielded a maximum value and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielded a maximum value and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielded a maximum value and the only
+problem was is when the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was is when the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was is when the second
+derivative was zero in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative was zero in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative was zero in which case the
+test failed that's when what it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test failed that's when what it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test failed that's when what it mean
+that the test failed when F Prime of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test failed when F Prime of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test failed when F Prime of a
+was Zero the only way we could test to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero the only way we could test to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero the only way we could test to
+see whether a was a Max or a Min or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether a was a Max or a Min or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether a was a Max or a Min or
+neither meaning a saddle point was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither meaning a saddle point was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither meaning a saddle point was to
+actually look at F of a plus h minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at F of a plus h minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at F of a plus h minus F
+of a and see what happened in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and see what happened in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and see what happened in that
+particular case now now one would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case now now one would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case now now one would like
+to believe that an analogous result held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that an analogous result held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that an analogous result held
+for the case of several real variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of several real variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of several real variables
+in particular for the case of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for the case of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for the case of two
+independent variables the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables the point is that
+in a manner of speaking it does but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a manner of speaking it does but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a manner of speaking it does but in
+another manner of speaking things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another manner of speaking things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another manner of speaking things are
+much more complicated than what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than what happened
+in the case of one independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of one independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of one independent variable
+in particular what goes wrong is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular what goes wrong is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular what goes wrong is the
+following and that is that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and that is that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and that is that the second
+derivative in the case of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in the case of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in the case of two
+independent variables involves three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables involves three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables involves three
+separate part see what do you mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate part see what do you mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate part see what do you mean by a
+second derivative you mean you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative you mean you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative you mean you must
+differentiate something twice well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate something twice well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate something twice well you
+could have differentiated the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have differentiated the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have differentiated the function
+twice with respect to X at the point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice with respect to X at the point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice with respect to X at the point a
+comma B that's what we mean by f subxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B that's what we mean by f subxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B that's what we mean by f subxx
+weall or you might have differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weall or you might have differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weall or you might have differentiated
+first with respect to X and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first with respect to X and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first with respect to X and then with
+respect to Y in which case it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y in which case it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y in which case it would have
+been F sub XY of a comma B in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been F sub XY of a comma B in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been F sub XY of a comma B in fact I
+should be careful here there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be careful here there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be careful here there should be a
+fourth one here too and that is f sub YX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one here too and that is f sub YX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one here too and that is f sub YX
+namely first differentiate with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely first differentiate with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely first differentiate with respect
+to Y and then with respect to X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y and then with respect to X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y and then with respect to X the
+reason I left that out over here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I left that out over here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I left that out over here was
+simply because if we have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because if we have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because if we have a nice
+function meaning one that's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function meaning one that's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function meaning one that's continuous
+and the derivatives are continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivatives are continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivatives are continuous and
+the mixed derivatives exist and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixed derivatives exist and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixed derivatives exist and not
+continuous we showed that the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we showed that the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we showed that the order in
+which we take the partials made no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we take the partials made no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we take the partials made no
+difference that f subx y was equal to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that f subx y was equal to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that f subx y was equal to F
+sub YX but getting back to this idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub YX but getting back to this idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub YX but getting back to this idea the
+third possibility is that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third possibility is that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third possibility is that you could have
+differentiated twice with respect to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated twice with respect to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated twice with respect to to
+Y and formed f suby y of a comma B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and formed f suby y of a comma B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and formed f suby y of a comma B and
+so the question is would all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is would all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is would all of these
+different second order partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different second order partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different second order partial
+derivatives floating around what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives floating around what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives floating around what do you
+mean by the second partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the second partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the second partial derivative
+and the key expression and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key expression and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key expression and I I think
+this is far from intuitive but the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is far from intuitive but the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is far from intuitive but the key
+expression turns out to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression turns out to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression turns out to be that the
+determining factor is the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining factor is the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining factor is the second part
+the second partial with respect to X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial with respect to X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial with respect to X in
+other words F subxx multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words F subxx multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words F subxx multiplied by the
+second partial with respect to y f suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial with respect to y f suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial with respect to y f suby
+y minus the square of the mixed partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus the square of the mixed partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus the square of the mixed partial
+and that particular Factor the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that particular Factor the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that particular Factor the sign of
+that factor determines whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor determines whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor determines whether you have
+a maximum point a minimum point a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum point a minimum point a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum point a minimum point a saddle
+point or else the test might fail by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or else the test might fail by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or else the test might fail by the
+way this is a rather difficult proof to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is a rather difficult proof to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is a rather difficult proof to
+come by the proof is done in chapter 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come by the proof is done in chapter 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come by the proof is done in chapter 18
+of the Thomas text and is assigned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Thomas text and is assigned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Thomas text and is assigned for
+you uh I try to give you learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I try to give you learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I try to give you learning
+exercises that take you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises that take you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises that take you through the
+proof step by step and I have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof step by step and I have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof step by step and I have also
+included an optional supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included an optional supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included an optional supplementary
+lecture for those of you who may still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for those of you who may still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for those of you who may still
+have difficulty following both the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have difficulty following both the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have difficulty following both the text
+and the supplementary notes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the supplementary notes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the supplementary notes and the
+learning exercises because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning exercises because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning exercises because it's all
+written out and might like to hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out and might like to hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out and might like to hear the
+things spoken what I will do is derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things spoken what I will do is derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things spoken what I will do is derive
+this for you uh in an optional lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you uh in an optional lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you uh in an optional lecture
+for those of you who want it but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who want it but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who want it but for the
+time being to give us our overview let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being to give us our overview let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being to give us our overview let
+me simply State what the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me simply State what the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me simply State what the properties of
+this particular quantity are that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular quantity are that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular quantity are that the
+main result and as I just right here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main result and as I just right here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main result and as I just right here to
+remind you that the details are derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that the details are derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that the details are derived
+later both in the text in the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later both in the text in the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later both in the text in the learning
+exercises and an optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and an optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and an optional
+lecture that suppose we have solved our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that suppose we have solved our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that suppose we have solved our
+simultaneous system and have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous system and have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous system and have found
+values points a comma B where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values points a comma B where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values points a comma B where the
+partial of effort respect to X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of effort respect to X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of effort respect to X and the
+partial of effort respect to y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of effort respect to y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of effort respect to y equals
+zero so we now have a candidate meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we now have a candidate meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we now have a candidate meaning
+a comma B now is eligible to be tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma B now is eligible to be tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma B now is eligible to be tested
+to see whether it yields a maximum or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it yields a maximum or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it yields a maximum or a
+minimum value the test turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value the test turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value the test turns out to be
+this you compute f subxx * F suby Yus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you compute f subxx * F suby Yus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you compute f subxx * F suby Yus f
+subx y squar at the point a comma B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx y squar at the point a comma B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx y squar at the point a comma B and
+if that particular number turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that particular number turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that particular number turns out to
+be greater than zero then a comma B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than zero then a comma B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than zero then a comma B
+yields a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a local
+minimum of f if the if F subxx happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of f if the if F subxx happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of f if the if F subxx happens
+to be positive and a local maximum if F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive and a local maximum if F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive and a local maximum if F
+subxx happens to be negative now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx happens to be negative now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx happens to be negative now the
+easiest way to remember that is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to remember that is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to remember that is to think
+in terms of a partial derivative again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a partial derivative again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a partial derivative again
+imagine that we've sliced the surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we've sliced the surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we've sliced the surface uh
+so that we're looking at a cut in the WX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're looking at a cut in the WX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're looking at a cut in the WX
+plane in the WX plane notice that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the WX plane notice that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the WX plane notice that if the
+POS if the derivative of w if the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS if the derivative of w if the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS if the derivative of w if the second
+derivative of w with respect to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of w with respect to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of w with respect to X is
+positive that means that the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that means that the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that means that the curve is
+holding water and holding water seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding water and holding water seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding water and holding water seems to
+indicate a minimum you see and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate a minimum you see and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate a minimum you see and similarly
+if it's negative it's spilling water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's negative it's spilling water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's negative it's spilling water and
+that would indicate a maximum you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would indicate a maximum you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would indicate a maximum you might
+say what happens if F subxx happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what happens if F subxx happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what happens if F subxx happens to
+be zero and the answer is look at if F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and the answer is look at if F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and the answer is look at if F
+subxx happens to be zero this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx happens to be zero this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx happens to be zero this case
+couldn't have occurred in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have occurred in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have occurred in the first
+place because if F subxx happened to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because if F subxx happened to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because if F subxx happened to be
+zero this term drops out in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this term drops out in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this term drops out in which case
+this could not be a negative this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could not be a negative this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could not be a negative this could
+not be a positive expression with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a positive expression with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be a positive expression with this
+term missing the smallest the square can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term missing the smallest the square can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term missing the smallest the square can
+be is zero and the negative of a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is zero and the negative of a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is zero and the negative of a nonzero
+number can't be a a positive or non a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can't be a a positive or non a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can't be a a positive or non a
+zero number can't be negative in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero number can't be negative in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero number can't be negative in other
+words you could not obey this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you could not obey this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you could not obey this inequality
+if F subxx happened to be zero if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F subxx happened to be zero if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F subxx happened to be zero if you
+want to argue why couldn't you look at f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue why couldn't you look at f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue why couldn't you look at f
+suby y instead of f subxx the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby y instead of f subxx the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby y instead of f subxx the answer is
+f subxx and f suby y must both have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f subxx and f suby y must both have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f subxx and f suby y must both have the
+same sign because if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign because if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign because if you just look at
+this thing notice that this term has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing notice that this term has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing notice that this term has to
+be positive you're subtracting off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive you're subtracting off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive you're subtracting off
+something positive therefore the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positive therefore the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positive therefore the term
+you're subtracting from must be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're subtracting from must be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're subtracting from must be positive
+and the only way the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way the product of two
+numbers can be positive is if each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers can be positive is if each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers can be positive is if each of
+the factors has the same sign but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors has the same sign but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors has the same sign but again
+I don't want to beay with that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to beay with that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to beay with that I just
+want to go through this thing fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through this thing fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through this thing fairly
+rapidly with you it turns out by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly with you it turns out by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly with you it turns out by the way
+if this key factor this key term f subxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this key factor this key term f subxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this key factor this key term f subxx
+f suby y minus the square of the mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f suby y minus the square of the mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f suby y minus the square of the mixed
+partial happens to be negative then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial happens to be negative then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial happens to be negative then you
+can be sure that you have a saddle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sure that you have a saddle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sure that you have a saddle point
+in other words what that means is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what that means is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what that means is for
+any neighborhood of the point a comma B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any neighborhood of the point a comma B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any neighborhood of the point a comma B
+for some values of f for some values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some values of f for some values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some values of f for some values of
+X comma Y in that neighborhood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X comma Y in that neighborhood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X comma Y in that neighborhood the
+function will be greater than F of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be greater than F of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be greater than F of a
+comma B and for others it will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B and for others it will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B and for others it will be less
+than F of a comma B so it's neither a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than F of a comma B so it's neither a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than F of a comma B so it's neither a
+Max nor a Min and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max nor a Min and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max nor a Min and it turns out that the
+situation in which the test fails is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which the test fails is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which the test fails is if
+this particular expression happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular expression happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular expression happens to
+equal zero so again you see that from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero so again you see that from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero so again you see that from a
+purely mechanical point of view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely mechanical point of view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely mechanical point of view this
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+is rather easy to memorize the hot part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather easy to memorize the hot part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather easy to memorize the hot part
+is the proof and that's why as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the proof and that's why as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the proof and that's why as I say
+there's extra drill on that part if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extra drill on that part if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extra drill on that part if you
+happen to be interested in it and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be interested in it and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be interested in it and by the
+way if you're not interested in it skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you're not interested in it skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you're not interested in it skip
+the proof in fact I am for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof in fact I am for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof in fact I am for the sake of
+this course I am not concerned with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course I am not concerned with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course I am not concerned with how
+well you handle Max Min problems I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you handle Max Min problems I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you handle Max Min problems I'm
+interested more in showing you overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested more in showing you overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested more in showing you overall
+what Max Min problems mean and how all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Max Min problems mean and how all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Max Min problems mean and how all
+of the principles of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principles of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principles of partial
+differentiation seem to come up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation seem to come up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation seem to come up in in
+that particular application of Max Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular application of Max Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular application of Max Min
+problems all right so from a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all right so from a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all right so from a theoretical
+point of view that would complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that would complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that would complete the
+study of how one handles Max Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of how one handles Max Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of how one handles Max Min
+problems except that an even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems except that an even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems except that an even more
+difficult and subtle form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and subtle form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and subtle form of
+computational difficulty comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational difficulty comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational difficulty comes
+up in terms of some of the Practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in terms of some of the Practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in terms of some of the Practical
+applications that we have which motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that we have which motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that we have which motivate
+such mechanical and computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such mechanical and computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such mechanical and computational
+devices known as for example little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices known as for example little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices known as for example little
+Grange multipliers and things of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grange multipliers and things of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grange multipliers and things of this
+that again are discussed in the textt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again are discussed in the textt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again are discussed in the textt
+and in the learning exercises and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the learning exercises and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the learning exercises and which
+I will not discuss in the lecture other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not discuss in the lecture other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not discuss in the lecture other
+than to motivate for you why they occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to motivate for you why they occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to motivate for you why they occur
+and let me just finish up today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just finish up today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just finish up today's lesson
+in terms of one more topic and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of one more topic and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of one more topic and this is a
+bad name for this topic because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad name for this topic because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad name for this topic because we've
+already used this word in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used this word in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used this word in a different
+context but this very often happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but this very often happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but this very often happens in
+mathematics that the same word is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that the same word is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that the same word is used
+in more than one context but one often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more than one context but one often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more than one context but one often
+talks about constraints when one deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about constraints when one deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about constraints when one deals
+with functions of several variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functions of several variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functions of several variables
+in other words in many cases when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in many cases when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in many cases when one
+wants to maximize or minimize a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to maximize or minimize a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to maximize or minimize a function
+of several variables it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several variables it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several variables it turns out that
+certain external conditions happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain external conditions happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain external conditions happen to be
+imposed now if that sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed now if that sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed now if that sounds like a
+difficult mouthful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult mouthful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult mouthful to
+comprehend I would like to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend I would like to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend I would like to start off
+with an example that's already occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example that's already occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example that's already occurred
+in a Max Min problem in part one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Max Min problem in part one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Max Min problem in part one of our
+course but in such a subtle way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but in such a subtle way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but in such a subtle way that we
+never noticed that it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never noticed that it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never noticed that it was really
+involving a function of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a function of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a function of several
+variables in fact if it hadn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in fact if it hadn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in fact if it hadn't have been
+that subtle we' have been in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subtle we' have been in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subtle we' have been in trouble
+because in part one of our course we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in part one of our course we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in part one of our course we did
+not talk about functions of more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk about functions of more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk about functions of more than
+one real variable but for example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one real variable but for example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one real variable but for example let's
+look at or revisit a type of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at or revisit a type of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at or revisit a type of problem
+that says let's find the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says let's find the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says let's find the minimum
+distance say from the origin 0 comma 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance say from the origin 0 comma 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance say from the origin 0 comma 0
+the minimum distance from the origin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum distance from the origin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum distance from the origin to
+the curve x yal 1 well to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve x yal 1 well to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve x yal 1 well to find that
+minimum distance notice that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum distance notice that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum distance notice that what we
+have to do is minimize a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is minimize a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is minimize a distance
+function namely the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function namely the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function namely the square of the
+distance I use the square simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance I use the square simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance I use the square simply to
+eliminate the square root sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the square root sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the square root sign here
+the square of the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance from the
+origin to any point x comma Y is x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to any point x comma Y is x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to any point x comma Y is x^2 +
+y^2 Well notice that in this form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 Well notice that in this form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 Well notice that in this form this
+is a function of two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of two independent
+variables the trouble is you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the trouble is you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the trouble is you don't want
+the distance from the origin to any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the origin to any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the origin to any old
+point the point that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point that you're
+investigating has to be on the curve x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating has to be on the curve x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating has to be on the curve x
+yal 1 and that means that X and Y for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 1 and that means that X and Y for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 1 and that means that X and Y for
+your investigation in this problem are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investigation in this problem are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investigation in this problem are
+not independent namely X and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent namely X and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent namely X and y are
+related now by the way sometimes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related now by the way sometimes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related now by the way sometimes this
+equation can be so messy that we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be so messy that we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be so messy that we cannot
+solve for y explicitly in terms of X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for y explicitly in terms of X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for y explicitly in terms of X in
+this particular case as long as X is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case as long as X is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case as long as X is not
+zero we can solve specifically for y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we can solve specifically for y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we can solve specifically for y in
+terms of X in which case we get y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X in which case we get y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X in which case we get y equal
+1 /x and that is in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /x and that is in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /x and that is in this particular case
+then the function that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the function that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the function that we want to
+minimize even though it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize even though it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize even though it looks like a
+function of two independent variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two independent variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two independent variables is
+really a function of one independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a function of one independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a function of one independent
+variable because since Y is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because since Y is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because since Y is equal to 1
+/x in our investigation F ofx comma Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x in our investigation F ofx comma Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x in our investigation F ofx comma Y is
+really F ofx comma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really F ofx comma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really F ofx comma 1
+/x in other words going back to what f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x in other words going back to what f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x in other words going back to what f
+is explicitly in this case f of x comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explicitly in this case f of x comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explicitly in this case f of x comma
+Y is just x^2 + 1 /x quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is just x^2 + 1 /x quantity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is just x^2 + 1 /x quantity squared
+and that in turn is also just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in turn is also just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in turn is also just a function
+of X now you see what makes this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X now you see what makes this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X now you see what makes this thing
+more difficult is first of all we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult is first of all we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult is first of all we may
+not be dealing with a function of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be dealing with a function of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be dealing with a function of just
+two variables to minimize and secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables to minimize and secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables to minimize and secondly
+we may have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have a very
+difficult constraint imposed or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult constraint imposed or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult constraint imposed or what
+makes things even more difficult is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things even more difficult is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things even more difficult is that
+if we have to minimize a function say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have to minimize a function say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have to minimize a function say of
+five variables there may be two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five variables there may be two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five variables there may be two or three
+or even four constraints imposed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even four constraints imposed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even four constraints imposed and the
+question is how do you maximize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you maximize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you maximize or
+minimize a function taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize a function taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize a function taking into
+consideration the fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration the fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration the fact that there are
+constraints imposed and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints imposed and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints imposed and this is what
+brings up all of the type of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up all of the type of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up all of the type of material
+that I gave you as exercises in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I gave you as exercises in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I gave you as exercises in the last
+unit where we talked about the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit where we talked about the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit where we talked about the Jacobian
+matrix handled uh the inverting systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix handled uh the inverting systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix handled uh the inverting systems
+and how we could solve explicitly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we could solve explicitly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we could solve explicitly or
+implicitly for functions implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly for functions implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly for functions implicit
+function theorems things that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function theorems things that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function theorems things that we talked
+about in those exercise all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in those exercise all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in those exercise all of those
+things come up in solving Max Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come up in solving Max Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come up in solving Max Min
+problems in several unknowns see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in several unknowns see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in several unknowns see more
+generally what we're saying is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what we're saying is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what we're saying is we have
+more variables than two and we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variables than two and we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variables than two and we have more
+implicit constraints meaning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit constraints meaning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit constraints meaning more
+constraints than just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints than just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints than just a single
+constraint and also using more variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and also using more variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and also using more variables
+and also more involving modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also more involving modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also more involving modifying
+implicit that you just can't solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit that you just can't solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit that you just can't solve for
+one of the variables explicitly in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the variables explicitly in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the variables explicitly in terms
+of the other even though there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other even though there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other even though there is an
+implicit relationship involved now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit relationship involved now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit relationship involved now I
+hate to work abstractly in general but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to work abstractly in general but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to work abstractly in general but
+in this particular lecture I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular lecture I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular lecture I'm going to
+do that I'm going to talk with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I'm going to talk with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I'm going to talk with you
+abstractly here but all of the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly here but all of the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly here but all of the exercises
+will deal with concrete situations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with concrete situations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with concrete situations so
+that you'll see all of the theory come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see all of the theory come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see all of the theory come
+alive in the problems but because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive in the problems but because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive in the problems but because I want
+to give you the material as compactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the material as compactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the material as compactly
+possible let me just State what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible let me just State what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible let me just State what the
+situation is for example suppose we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is for example suppose we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is for example suppose we want
+to maximize or minimize a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize or minimize a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize or minimize a function of
+what appears to be three independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears to be three independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears to be three independent
+variables say F of XYZ and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables say F of XYZ and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables say F of XYZ and all of a
+sudden somebody tells us hey in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden somebody tells us hey in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden somebody tells us hey in the
+domain that we're interested in x y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that we're interested in x y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that we're interested in x y and
+z are not independent there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z are not independent there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z are not independent there's a certain
+constraint and let's write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and let's write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and let's write that
+symbolically as some function of X Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically as some function of X Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically as some function of X Y and
+Z equals z remember that's simply our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals z remember that's simply our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals z remember that's simply our
+abstract way of saying that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract way of saying that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract way of saying that there is
+some functional Rel relationship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functional Rel relationship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functional Rel relationship that
+relates XY and z and we'll simply call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates XY and z and we'll simply call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates XY and z and we'll simply call
+that g of XY Z equals z maybe I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g of XY Z equals z maybe I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g of XY Z equals z maybe I could
+solve for Z explicitly in terms of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for Z explicitly in terms of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for Z explicitly in terms of X and
+Y from this particular relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y from this particular relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y from this particular relationship
+maybe I can't but at any rate what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can't but at any rate what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can't but at any rate what we do
+know from the learning exercises of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the learning exercises of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the learning exercises of last
+time that g of XYZ equals z will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that g of XYZ equals z will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that g of XYZ equals z will
+implicitly Define Z as some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly Define Z as some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly Define Z as some function of
+X and Y say k of XY except in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y say k of XY except in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y say k of XY except in that case
+where the partial of G with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the partial of G with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the partial of G with respect to Z
+happens to be zero and I put this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be zero and I put this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be zero and I put this thing
+in parenthesis for you simply to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parenthesis for you simply to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parenthesis for you simply to give
+you motivation to review the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you motivation to review the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you motivation to review the exercises
+of last time if this seems a bit vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last time if this seems a bit vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last time if this seems a bit vague
+to you at any rate what what this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you at any rate what what this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you at any rate what what this thing
+means in plain English is that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in plain English is that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in plain English is that subject
+to the constraint that Z is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the constraint that Z is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the constraint that Z is some
+function of X and Y we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y we take this
+constraint we put that back into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we put that back into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we put that back into our
+original function that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function that we're trying to
+minimize in other words notice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize in other words notice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize in other words notice or
+maximize notice that F of XYZ now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize notice that F of XYZ now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize notice that F of XYZ now
+becomes f ofx y k of XY c z is K of XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes f ofx y k of XY c z is K of XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes f ofx y k of XY c z is K of XY
+if we now look at this expression notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we now look at this expression notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we now look at this expression notice
+that only X and Y appear so that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only X and Y appear so that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only X and Y appear so that subject
+to the to the constraint G of XYZ equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the constraint G of XYZ equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the constraint G of XYZ equals
+z the function f is a function of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the function f is a function of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the function f is a function of only
+two independent variables not three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent variables not three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent variables not three and
+to indicate that let's simply say that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that let's simply say that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate that let's simply say that f
+ofx y z f of XY K of XY in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx y z f of XY K of XY in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx y z f of XY K of XY in this case is
+some function h of X and Y and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function h of X and Y and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function h of X and Y and what
+problem is now saying is minimize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is now saying is minimize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is now saying is minimize or
+maximize the function H which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the function H which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the function H which is a
+function of two independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two independent variables
+now notice here it's been quite a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice here it's been quite a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice here it's been quite a while
+since we've dealt with the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've dealt with the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've dealt with the chain rule
+but notice here that the chain Rule now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice here that the chain Rule now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice here that the chain Rule now
+comes up in a very important practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in a very important practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in a very important practical
+application namely this looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application namely this looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application namely this looks like an
+eyesa f ofx y comma K of XY how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyesa f ofx y comma K of XY how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyesa f ofx y comma K of XY how can we
+handle that notice that another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that notice that another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that notice that another way of
+saying this utilizing the chain rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this utilizing the chain rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this utilizing the chain rule is
+to say h ofx X Y is f of XY Z where Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say h ofx X Y is f of XY Z where Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say h ofx X Y is f of XY Z where Z is
+some function K of X and Y see f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function K of X and Y see f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function K of X and Y see f is a
+function of X Y and Z and Z is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X Y and Z and Z is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X Y and Z and Z is a
+function of X and Y in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y in fact if you
+wanted to say it another way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say it another way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say it another way you could
+say what f is some function of XY Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what f is some function of XY Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what f is some function of XY Z
+where xal X yal Y and zal K of X Y you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where xal X yal Y and zal K of X Y you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where xal X yal Y and zal K of X Y you
+see that's your particular chain Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's your particular chain Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's your particular chain Rule
+now look at see this is again one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at see this is again one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at see this is again one of the
+problems of mathematics which I hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of mathematics which I hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of mathematics which I hope is
+Crystal Clear by this time granted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Clear by this time granted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Clear by this time granted that
+we discussed the chain rule in block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed the chain rule in block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed the chain rule in block
+three that's no reason why in Block four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's no reason why in Block four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's no reason why in Block four
+we can beg off and say we had that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can beg off and say we had that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can beg off and say we had that a
+long time ago I don't remember that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago I don't remember that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago I don't remember that no
+hopefully we've made the chain rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we've made the chain rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we've made the chain rule so
+clear that anytime I tell you that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that anytime I tell you that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that anytime I tell you that we
+have to invoke it you can just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invoke it you can just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invoke it you can just write it
+down very very quickly how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down very very quickly how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down very very quickly how does the
+chain rule work now to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule work now to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule work now to differentiate
+this with respect with respect to XA we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect with respect to XA we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect with respect to XA we
+take the partial of this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of this with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of this with respect to
+x times the partial of X with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times the partial of X with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times the partial of X with respect to
+X plus the partial of f with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus the partial of f with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus the partial of f with respect to
+y * the partial of Y with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y * the partial of Y with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y * the partial of Y with respect to X
+plus the partial of f with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the partial of f with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the partial of f with respect to Z
+times the partial of Z with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the partial of Z with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the partial of Z with respect to X
+in other words the general theory hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the general theory hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the general theory hasn't
+changed at all to maximize or minimize H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at all to maximize or minimize H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at all to maximize or minimize H
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+take the partial of H with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of H with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of H with respect to X
+and set that equal to zero we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set that equal to zero we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set that equal to zero we're going
+to take the partial of H with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the partial of H with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the partial of H with respect to
+Y and set that equal to zero and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and set that equal to zero and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and set that equal to zero and solve
+that system simultaneously but the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system simultaneously but the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system simultaneously but the hot
+point computationally is sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point computationally is sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point computationally is sure you can
+say let's set the partials equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's set the partials equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's set the partials equal to zero
+but before you can do that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you can do that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you can do that you had
+better be able to take the partials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be able to take the partials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be able to take the partials and
+that's where the computational skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the computational skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the computational skill
+comes in so how do we take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in so how do we take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in so how do we take the partial
+of H with respect to X here well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H with respect to X here well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H with respect to X here well we just
+said that the partial of H with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the partial of H with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the partial of H with respect
+to X using the chain rule is f subx *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X using the chain rule is f subx *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X using the chain rule is f subx *
+the partial of X with respect to X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of X with respect to X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of X with respect to X Plus
+f suby * the partial of Y respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f suby * the partial of Y respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f suby * the partial of Y respect to X
+Plus f subz * the partial of Z with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus f subz * the partial of Z with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus f subz * the partial of Z with
+respect to X now notice that the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X now notice that the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X now notice that the partial
+x with respect to X is one so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x with respect to X is one so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x with respect to X is one so that gives
+me f subx over here keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me f subx over here keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me f subx over here keep in mind that
+whereas Z is a function of X and Y let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Z is a function of X and Y let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas Z is a function of X and Y let's
+go back here and take a quick look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back here and take a quick look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back here and take a quick look at
+that notice that in our function H we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notice that in our function H we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notice that in our function H we're
+assuming what that X and Y are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming what that X and Y are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming what that X and Y are the
+independent variables but that Z is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables but that Z is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables but that Z is a
+function of X and Y the point therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y the point therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y the point therefore
+is that since X and Y are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since X and Y are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since X and Y are independent
+variables by definition that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by definition that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by definition that means that
+the partial of Y with respect to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Y with respect to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Y with respect to X is
+zero in other words the fact that Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words the fact that Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words the fact that Y and
+X are independent means that the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X are independent means that the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X are independent means that the change
+in y with respect to a change in X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y with respect to a change in X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y with respect to a change in X is
+zero because we can change X without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because we can change X without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because we can change X without
+changing Y and finally given that Z is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Y and finally given that Z is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Y and finally given that Z is K
+of XY we can compute the partial of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY we can compute the partial of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY we can compute the partial of Z
+with respect to X and so what we wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and so what we wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and so what we wind up
+with is that the partial of H with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is that the partial of H with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is that the partial of H with
+respect to X is the partial of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X is the partial of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X is the partial of f with
+respect to X plus the partial of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X plus the partial of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X plus the partial of f
+respect to Z times the plus the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z times the plus the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z times the plus the partial
+of f respect to Z times the partial of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f respect to Z times the partial of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f respect to Z times the partial of Z
+respect to X and we must set that equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and we must set that equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and we must set that equal
+to zero again leaving the details to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero again leaving the details to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero again leaving the details to you
+as a review of the chain rule in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a review of the chain rule in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a review of the chain rule in a
+similar way we show that the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way we show that the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way we show that the partial of
+H with respect to Y is the partial of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H with respect to Y is the partial of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H with respect to Y is the partial of f
+respect to Y plus the partial of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y plus the partial of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y plus the partial of f
+respect to Z times the partial of Z with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z times the partial of Z with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z times the partial of Z with
+respect to X and we set that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and we set that equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and we set that equal to
+zero now the thing to keep in mind is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the thing to keep in mind is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the thing to keep in mind is to
+observe that F of XYZ was a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that F of XYZ was a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that F of XYZ was a given
+function we know what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we know what that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we know what that looks like
+consequently these four Quant these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently these four Quant these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently these four Quant these
+unknown the trouble is that g of xyzal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown the trouble is that g of xyzal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown the trouble is that g of xyzal Z
+defines Z implicitly as a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines Z implicitly as a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines Z implicitly as a function of X
+and Y and consequently if it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and consequently if it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and consequently if it turned out
+that we could not have solved our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could not have solved our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could not have solved our system
+for Z explicitly in terms of X and Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Z explicitly in terms of X and Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Z explicitly in terms of X and Y the
+question mark would be for example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark would be for example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark would be for example I'm
+sorry this is a misprint over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a misprint over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a misprint over here this
+should be of course the partial of we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be of course the partial of we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be of course the partial of we're
+differentiating with respect to Y this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating with respect to Y this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating with respect to Y this
+is the partial of f respect to Y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the partial of f respect to Y plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the partial of f respect to Y plus
+the partial of f with respect to Z times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of f with respect to Z times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of f with respect to Z times
+the partial of Z with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Z with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Z with respect to Y
+the the key point over here is uh simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key point over here is uh simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the key point over here is uh simply
+that we must know what if we can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must know what if we can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must know what if we can't solve
+for Z explicitly in terms of X and Y how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Z explicitly in terms of X and Y how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Z explicitly in terms of X and Y how
+do we know what these two quantities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know what these two quantities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know what these two quantities are
+we only know them implicitly and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only know them implicitly and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only know them implicitly and this
+gives us our review again of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us our review again of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us our review again of setting
+differentials equal to zero and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials equal to zero and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials equal to zero and the like
+namely if G of XYZ is identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if G of XYZ is identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if G of XYZ is identically zero
+we can equate the derivative on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can equate the derivative on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can equate the derivative on both
+both sides to zero and to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to zero and to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to zero and to differentiate
+this thing implicitly it's again using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing implicitly it's again using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing implicitly it's again using
+the chain rule we get what the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule we get what the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule we get what the partial
+of G respect to X plus the partial of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G respect to X plus the partial of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G respect to X plus the partial of G
+with respect to Z times the partial of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Z times the partial of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Z times the partial of Z
+with respect to X is zero notice by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is zero notice by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is zero notice by the
+way that g is given explicitly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that g is given explicitly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that g is given explicitly we're
+told what the function G of XYZ looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what the function G of XYZ looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what the function G of XYZ looks
+like consequently these things here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like consequently these things here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like consequently these things here are
+known all right and we can now solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known all right and we can now solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known all right and we can now solve for
+the partial of Z with respect to X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Z with respect to X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Z with respect to X in
+fact what is the partial of Z with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what is the partial of Z with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what is the partial of Z with
+respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X
+that's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing
+more than what it's minus the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what it's minus the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what it's minus the partial of
+G with respect to x divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to x divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to x divided by the
+partial of G with respect to Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of G with respect to Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of G with respect to Z and
+that's why the partial of G with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the partial of G with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the partial of G with respect
+to Z had better not be zero otherwise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z had better not be zero otherwise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z had better not be zero otherwise we
+wind up in trouble here similarly we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up in trouble here similarly we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up in trouble here similarly we can
+find what the partial of Z respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the partial of Z respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the partial of Z respect to Y
+is that's going to turn out to be What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's going to turn out to be What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's going to turn out to be What
+minus the partial of G with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the partial of G with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the partial of G with respect to Y
+divided by the partial of G with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the partial of G with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the partial of G with respect
+to Z knowing what these two values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z knowing what these two values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z knowing what these two values are
+from these two equations we come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two equations we come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two equations we come back
+into here and now we know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and now we know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and now we know what these
+are and now we simply have all of known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and now we simply have all of known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and now we simply have all of known
+functions on the right hand side and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the right hand side and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the right hand side and we
+solve this system now hopefully this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system now hopefully this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system now hopefully this is
+one of the times I hope things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the times I hope things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the times I hope things don't
+sound too clear to you meaning you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound too clear to you meaning you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound too clear to you meaning you have
+an overview but you begin to suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview but you begin to suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview but you begin to suspect
+that this is a very messy situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a very messy situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a very messy situation
+because you see what I want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see what I want you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see what I want you to see
+is that solving such a system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that solving such a system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that solving such a system like this
+can be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be extremely
+cumbersome and that's why in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome and that's why in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome and that's why in the
+exercises we do two things we have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises we do two things we have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises we do two things we have your
+Sol systems like this to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol systems like this to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol systems like this to get the
+experience of seeing that it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of seeing that it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of seeing that it's a big
+difference between knowing theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between knowing theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between knowing theoretically
+how to solve a system of equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve a system of equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve a system of equations and
+knowing pragmatically how to carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing pragmatically how to carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing pragmatically how to carry it
+out and secondly we hope that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and secondly we hope that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and secondly we hope that some of
+these computations become cumbersome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computations become cumbersome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computations become cumbersome
+enough so that you practically beg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that you practically beg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that you practically beg to
+find some shortcuts because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some shortcuts because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some shortcuts because if you're
+not begging to find a shortcut than such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not begging to find a shortcut than such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not begging to find a shortcut than such
+things as lrange multipliers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as lrange multipliers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as lrange multipliers and the
+like which are techniques for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which are techniques for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which are techniques for solving
+Max Min problems subject to constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Min problems subject to constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Min problems subject to constraints
+that those shortcuts don't appeal to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those shortcuts don't appeal to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those shortcuts don't appeal to you
+and you fail to see their significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fail to see their significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fail to see their significance
+and you say why do I have to learn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say why do I have to learn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say why do I have to learn these
+things don't I have enough problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't I have enough problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't I have enough problems
+without it you see again notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you see again notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you see again notice the
+difference between what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what's happening here
+abstractly and what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly and what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly and what's happening
+computationally abstractly the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally abstractly the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally abstractly the theory of
+Max men is not that difficult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max men is not that difficult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max men is not that difficult but
+computationally to handle it you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally to handle it you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally to handle it you have to
+be extremely Adept at Handling Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely Adept at Handling Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely Adept at Handling Systems
+of n equations and N unknowns not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n equations and N unknowns not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n equations and N unknowns not
+necessarily linear equations being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily linear equations being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily linear equations being able
+to throw in constraints and seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw in constraints and seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw in constraints and seeing
+what's happening here and at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here and at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here and at any rate
+that's what the learning exercises will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the learning exercises will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the learning exercises will
+be all about and the material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all about and the material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all about and the material in the
+text and I think that's enough of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and I think that's enough of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and I think that's enough of a
+mouthful for this time so until next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful for this time so until next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful for this time so until next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j1d4_wrUEVs.txt b/j1d4_wrUEVs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3622cb1a99368d31d4e9a60aced5f309979d2d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j1d4_wrUEVs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this recitation we will see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recitation we will see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recitation we will see how to
+apply clustering techniques to segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply clustering techniques to segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply clustering techniques to segment
+images with the brain application being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images with the brain application being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images with the brain application being
+geared towards medical image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geared towards medical image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geared towards medical image
+segmentation at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation at the end of this
+recitation you will get a head start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation you will get a head start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation you will get a head start on
+how to cluster an MRI brain image by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to cluster an MRI brain image by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to cluster an MRI brain image by
+tissue substances and locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue substances and locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue substances and locate
+pathological anatomies image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological anatomies image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological anatomies image
+segmentation is the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation is the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation is the process of
+partitioning digital images into regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning digital images into regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning digital images into regions
+or segments that share the same visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or segments that share the same visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or segments that share the same visual
+characteristics such as color intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics such as color intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics such as color intensity
+or texture these segments should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or texture these segments should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or texture these segments should also be
+meaningful as and they should correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful as and they should correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful as and they should correspond
+to particular surfaces objects or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular surfaces objects or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular surfaces objects or even
+parts of an object think of having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of an object think of having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of an object think of having an
+image of the water pond a mountain chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the water pond a mountain chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the water pond a mountain chain
+in the backdrop and the sky segmenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the backdrop and the sky segmenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the backdrop and the sky segmenting
+this image should ideally detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image should ideally detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image should ideally detect the
+three different objects and assign their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different objects and assign their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different objects and assign their
+corresponding pixels to three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pixels to three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pixels to three different
+regions in few words the goal of image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in few words the goal of image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in few words the goal of image
+segmentation is to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation is to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation is to modify the
+representation of an image from pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of an image from pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of an image from pixel
+data into something meaningful to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into something meaningful to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into something meaningful to us and
+easier to analyze image segmentation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to analyze image segmentation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to analyze image segmentation has
+a wide applicability a major practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide applicability a major practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide applicability a major practical
+application is in the field of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is in the field of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is in the field of medical
+imaging where image segments often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging where image segments often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging where image segments often
+correspond to different tissues organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to different tissues organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to different tissues organs
+pathologies or tumors image segmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies or tumors image segmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies or tumors image segmentation
+helps locate these geometrically complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps locate these geometrically complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps locate these geometrically complex
+objects and measure their volume another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and measure their volume another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and measure their volume another
+application is detecting instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is detecting instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is detecting instances of
+semantic objects such as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic objects such as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic objects such as humans
+buildings and others the two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and others the two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and others the two major
+domains that have seen much attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that have seen much attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that have seen much attention
+recently include face and pedestrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently include face and pedestrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently include face and pedestrian
+detection the main uses of facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection the main uses of facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection the main uses of facial
+detection for instance include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection for instance include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection for instance include the
+development of the autofocus in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the autofocus in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the autofocus in digital
+cameras and face recognition commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and face recognition commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and face recognition commonly
+used in video surveillance other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in video surveillance other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in video surveillance other
+important applications are fingerprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important applications are fingerprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important applications are fingerprint
+and iris recognition for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iris recognition for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iris recognition for instance
+fingerprint recognition tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint recognition tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint recognition tries to
+identify print patterns including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify print patterns including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify print patterns including
+aggregate characteristics of riches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate characteristics of riches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate characteristics of riches and
+minutiae points in this recitation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutiae points in this recitation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutiae points in this recitation we
+will look in particular at the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look in particular at the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look in particular at the medical
+imaging application various methods have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging application various methods have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging application various methods have
+propose to segment images clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to segment images clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to segment images clustering
+methods are used to group the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are used to group the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are used to group the points
+into clusters according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into clusters according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into clusters according to their
+characteristic features for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic features for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic features for instance
+intensity values these clusters are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values these clusters are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values these clusters are then
+mapped back to the original spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped back to the original spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped back to the original spatial
+domain to produce a segmentation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to produce a segmentation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to produce a segmentation of the
+image another technique is edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image another technique is edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image another technique is edge
+detection which is based on detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection which is based on detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection which is based on detecting
+discontinuities or boundaries for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities or boundaries for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities or boundaries for
+instance in a grayscale image a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in a grayscale image a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in a grayscale image a boundary
+would correspond to an abrupt change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to an abrupt change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to an abrupt change in
+the gray level instead of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray level instead of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray level instead of finding
+boundaries of regions in the image there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of regions in the image there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of regions in the image there
+are other techniques called region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other techniques called region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other techniques called region
+growing methods which start dividing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing methods which start dividing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing methods which start dividing the
+image into small regions then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image into small regions then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image into small regions then they
+sequentially merge these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially merge these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially merge these regions
+together if they are sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if they are sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if they are sufficiently
+similar in this recitation our focus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in this recitation our focus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in this recitation our focus is
+on clustering methods in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clustering methods in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clustering methods in particular we
+will review here article and Kingman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will review here article and Kingman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will review here article and Kingman's
+clustering techniques and how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering techniques and how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering techniques and how to use
+them in our we will restrict ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in our we will restrict ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in our we will restrict ourselves
+to grayscale images our first example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grayscale images our first example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grayscale images our first example is
+a low resolution flower image whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low resolution flower image whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low resolution flower image whose
+pixel intensity information is given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel intensity information is given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel intensity information is given in
+the data set flower the CSV our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set flower the CSV our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set flower the CSV our second
+and major example in those t2-weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and major example in those t2-weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and major example in those t2-weighted
+MRI images of the brain one image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI images of the brain one image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI images of the brain one image
+corresponds to a healthy patient and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a healthy patient and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a healthy patient and the
+other one corresponds to a patient with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one corresponds to a patient with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one corresponds to a patient with
+a tumor called oligodendroglioma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tumor called oligodendroglioma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tumor called oligodendroglioma the
+pixel intensity information of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel intensity information of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel intensity information of these two
+images are given in the datasets healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images are given in the datasets healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images are given in the datasets healthy
+and tumor dot CSV the last video will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tumor dot CSV the last video will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tumor dot CSV the last video will
+compare the use pros and cons of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the use pros and cons of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the use pros and cons of all the
+analytics tools that we have seen so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics tools that we have seen so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics tools that we have seen so far
+I hope that this will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that this will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that this will help you
+synthesize all what you've learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize all what you've learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize all what you've learned to
+give you an edge in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an edge in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an edge in the class
+competition that is coming up soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j9sl8e7wLnc.txt b/j9sl8e7wLnc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af50413160a6bbee72bc27b2f10583d3e1aec7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j9sl8e7wLnc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+using our regression models we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our regression models we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our regression models we would
+like to predict before the season starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to predict before the season starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to predict before the season starts
+how many games that 2002 Oakland A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games that 2002 Oakland A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games that 2002 Oakland A's
+will win to do this we first have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win to do this we first have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win to do this we first have to
+predict how many runs a team will score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how many runs a team will score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how many runs a team will score
+and how many runs they will allow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many runs they will allow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many runs they will allow these
+models use team statistics however when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models use team statistics however when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models use team statistics however when
+we are predicting for the 2002 Oakland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are predicting for the 2002 Oakland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are predicting for the 2002 Oakland
+A's before the season has occurred the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's before the season has occurred the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's before the season has occurred the
+team is probably different than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is probably different than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is probably different than it was
+the year before so we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year before so we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year before so we don't know the
+team statistics but we can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team statistics but we can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team statistics but we can estimate
+these statistics using past player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics using past player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics using past player
+performance this approach assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance this approach assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance this approach assumes that
+past performance correlates with future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past performance correlates with future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past performance correlates with future
+performance and that there will be few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that there will be few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that there will be few
+injuries during the season using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries during the season using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries during the season using this
+approach we can estimate the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we can estimate the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we can estimate the team
+statistics for 2002 by using the 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for 2002 by using the 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for 2002 by using the 2001
+player statistics let's start by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player statistics let's start by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player statistics let's start by making
+a prediction for run scored at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction for run scored at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction for run scored at the
+beginning of the 2002 season the Oakland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 2002 season the Oakland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 2002 season the Oakland
+A's had 24 batters on their roster using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's had 24 batters on their roster using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's had 24 batters on their roster using
+the 2001 regular season statistics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2001 regular season statistics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2001 regular season statistics for
+these players we can estimate that team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these players we can estimate that team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these players we can estimate that team
+on-base percentage will be about 0.33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-base percentage will be about 0.33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-base percentage will be about 0.33
+nine and team slugging percentage will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and team slugging percentage will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and team slugging percentage will
+be about 0.4 3-0 we built the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 0.4 3-0 we built the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 0.4 3-0 we built the following
+linear regression equation in R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression equation in R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression equation in R to
+predict run scored if we plug in 0.33 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict run scored if we plug in 0.33 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict run scored if we plug in 0.33 9
+for on-base percentage and point for 3-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on-base percentage and point for 3-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on-base percentage and point for 3-0
+for slugging percentage we predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for slugging percentage we predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for slugging percentage we predict that
+the 2002 Oakland A's will score about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2002 Oakland A's will score about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2002 Oakland A's will score about
+805 runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 runs
+similarly we can make a prediction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can make a prediction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can make a prediction for
+runs allowed at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs allowed at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs allowed at the beginning of the
+2002 season the Oakland A's had 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 season the Oakland A's had 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 season the Oakland A's had 17
+pitchers on their roster using the 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitchers on their roster using the 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitchers on their roster using the 2001
+regular season statistics for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular season statistics for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular season statistics for these
+players we can estimate that team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players we can estimate that team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players we can estimate that team
+opponent on-base percentage will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent on-base percentage will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent on-base percentage will be
+about 0.307 and team opponent slugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.307 and team opponent slugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.307 and team opponent slugging
+percentage will be about 0.373 our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage will be about 0.373 our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage will be about 0.373 our
+regression equation to predict runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation to predict runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation to predict runs
+allowed was as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed was as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed was as follows
+by plugging in 0.307 for opponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by plugging in 0.307 for opponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by plugging in 0.307 for opponents
+on-base percentage and point three seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-base percentage and point three seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-base percentage and point three seven
+three four opponent slugging percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four opponent slugging percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four opponent slugging percentage
+we predict that the 2002 Oakland A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict that the 2002 Oakland A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict that the 2002 Oakland A's
+will allow six hundred and twenty two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow six hundred and twenty two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow six hundred and twenty two
+runs we can now make a prediction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs we can now make a prediction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs we can now make a prediction for
+how many games they will win our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games they will win our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games they will win our
+regression equation to predict wins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation to predict wins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation to predict wins is
+as follows we predicted eight hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we predicted eight hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we predicted eight hundred
+and five runs scored and six hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five runs scored and six hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five runs scored and six hundred and
+twenty-two runs allowed we can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-two runs allowed we can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-two runs allowed we can plug in
+the difference between run scored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between run scored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between run scored and
+runs allowed to predict that the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs allowed to predict that the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs allowed to predict that the A's
+will win a hundred games in 2002 Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win a hundred games in 2002 Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win a hundred games in 2002 Paul
+DePodesta used a similar approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DePodesta used a similar approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DePodesta used a similar approach to
+make predictions it turns out that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions it turns out that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions it turns out that our
+predictions and Paul's predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and Paul's predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and Paul's predictions
+closely match actual performance our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely match actual performance our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely match actual performance our
+prediction for run scored was eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for run scored was eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for run scored was eight
+hundred and five runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and five runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and five runs
+Paul predicted between eight hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul predicted between eight hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul predicted between eight hundred and
+eight hundred and twenty runs and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hundred and twenty runs and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hundred and twenty runs and it
+turns out that the 2002 Oakland A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the 2002 Oakland A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the 2002 Oakland A's
+actually scored eight hundred runs four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scored eight hundred runs four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scored eight hundred runs four
+runs allowed we predicted six hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs allowed we predicted six hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs allowed we predicted six hundred
+and twenty-two Paul DePodesta predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twenty-two Paul DePodesta predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twenty-two Paul DePodesta predicted
+between 650 and 678
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 650 and 678
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 650 and 678
+actually allowed six hundred and fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed six hundred and fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed six hundred and fifty
+three runs four wins we predicted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three runs four wins we predicted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three runs four wins we predicted that
+they would win a hundred games poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would win a hundred games poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would win a hundred games poll
+predicted that they would win between 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that they would win between 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that they would win between 93
+and 97 games and they actually won a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 97 games and they actually won a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 97 games and they actually won a
+hundred and three games these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and three games these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and three games these
+predictions show us that by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions show us that by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions show us that by using
+publicly available data in simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available data in simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available data in simple
+analytics we can predict very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics we can predict very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics we can predict very close to
+what actually happened before the season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happened before the season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happened before the season
+even started it turns out that the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even started it turns out that the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even started it turns out that the A's
+won a league record in 2002 by winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a league record in 2002 by winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a league record in 2002 by winning
+20 games in a row and they won one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 games in a row and they won one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 games in a row and they won one more
+game than the previous year and made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game than the previous year and made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game than the previous year and made it
+to the playoffs once again
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jY-kLDI8nBU.txt b/jY-kLDI8nBU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cedf2af1002f58c92079e4d261d5546b294b15c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jY-kLDI8nBU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's get right into it. I have there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's get right into it. I have there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's get right into it. I have there's
+a bunch that I want I want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch that I want I want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch that I want I want to try to
+catch up from yesterday. Um, you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up from yesterday. Um, you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up from yesterday. Um, you've just
+turned in paper number one, but I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in paper number one, but I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in paper number one, but I'm a
+big fan of trying to have people do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fan of trying to have people do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fan of trying to have people do work
+um like do the daily work in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like do the daily work in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like do the daily work in the class
+thinking towards what the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking towards what the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking towards what the major
+assignments are. So, now I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments are. So, now I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments are. So, now I have to tell
+you about paper number two. Um, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about paper number two. Um, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about paper number two. Um, for
+paper number two, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper number two, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper number two, you're going to
+identify a specific learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a specific learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a specific learning
+environment. You're going to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. You're going to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. You're going to identify
+uh like the physics department at MIT,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the physics department at MIT,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the physics department at MIT,
+your middle school, your elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your middle school, your elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your middle school, your elementary
+school, your high school for world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, your high school for world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, your high school for world
+languages department, um an afterchool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages department, um an afterchool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages department, um an afterchool
+program you work with a library, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you work with a library, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you work with a library, but
+something like very specific where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like very specific where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like very specific where you
+know not not not not you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not not not not you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not not not not you know like
+schools in general, a place um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in general, a place um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in general, a place um and
+you're going to um reflect upon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to um reflect upon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to um reflect upon a
+particular education technology and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular education technology and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular education technology and you
+either going to recommend or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to recommend or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to recommend or not
+recommend that they adopt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that they adopt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that they adopt this
+particular technology. Um so part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology. Um so part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology. Um so part of the
+argument that you'll read about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that you'll read about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that you'll read about in the
+in hopefully through the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hopefully through the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hopefully through the first half of
+failure to disrupt um is that while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to disrupt um is that while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to disrupt um is that while we
+can get a general sense of the efficacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a general sense of the efficacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a general sense of the efficacy
+of different technologies, we could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different technologies, we could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different technologies, we could we
+could say, you know, this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, you know, this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, you know, this class of
+technologies seems to have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies seems to have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies seems to have better
+research evidence behind it than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research evidence behind it than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research evidence behind it than this
+class of technologies. There's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of technologies. There's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of technologies. There's really
+nothing that anyone has ever invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that anyone has ever invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that anyone has ever invented
+which is like really every school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like really every school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like really every school or
+every department ought to be using X. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every department ought to be using X. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every department ought to be using X. um
+all those decisions have to do with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those decisions have to do with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those decisions have to do with um
+particular times, particular places,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular times, particular places,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular times, particular places,
+particular people. Um so what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular people. Um so what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular people. Um so what you'll
+have to do is um identify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is um identify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is um identify some
+technology, kind of classify it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, kind of classify it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, kind of classify it like
+what genre is it from or what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what genre is it from or what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what genre is it from or what is it
+like? Um what are its potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Um what are its potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Um what are its potential
+benefits? What are its affordances? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits? What are its affordances? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits? What are its affordances? What
+are its limitations? And then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its limitations? And then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its limitations? And then what is
+the characteristic of the place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic of the place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic of the place that
+you're recommending it to? And do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recommending it to? And do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recommending it to? And do the
+sort of benefits and needs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of benefits and needs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of benefits and needs and
+characteristics of a place all line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a place all line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a place all line up
+such that you recommend adoption? Um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you recommend adoption? Um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you recommend adoption? Um or
+do they not line up such that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they not line up such that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they not line up such that you don't
+recommend adoption? Um it's a it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend adoption? Um it's a it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend adoption? Um it's a it should
+be a memo sort of directed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a memo sort of directed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a memo sort of directed to a
+particular stakeholder, a department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stakeholder, a department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stakeholder, a department
+head, an assistant superintendent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head, an assistant superintendent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head, an assistant superintendent for
+curriculum instruction, the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum instruction, the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum instruction, the library
+director, the president of the Boys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director, the president of the Boys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director, the president of the Boys and
+Girls Club, whatever it is. I think uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girls Club, whatever it is. I think uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girls Club, whatever it is. I think uh I
+had one student who was building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one student who was building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one student who was building a
+program for Ukrainian refugees last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for Ukrainian refugees last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for Ukrainian refugees last year
+and he basically wrote a memo to himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he basically wrote a memo to himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he basically wrote a memo to himself
+um which was fine. on pages 74 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was fine. on pages 74 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was fine. on pages 74 through
+76 in failure to disrupt which at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 in failure to disrupt which at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 in failure to disrupt which at least
+in the hard cover I think it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hard cover I think it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hard cover I think it's the same
+in the in the paperback um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the paperback um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the paperback um there's a
+section called what a department head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section called what a department head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section called what a department head
+should do which is not exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do which is not exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do which is not exactly this
+assignment but like a pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but like a pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but like a pretty close
+worked example um it's sort of me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example um it's sort of me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked example um it's sort of me like
+working through um so whatever I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working through um so whatever I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working through um so whatever I I think
+that ex that specific example is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ex that specific example is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ex that specific example is about
+using intelligent tutors so you in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using intelligent tutors so you in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using intelligent tutors so you in math
+class so you should pick something other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so you should pick something other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so you should pick something other
+than that specific example um for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that specific example um for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that specific example um for you to
+use um but uh um you know you you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um but uh um you know you you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um but uh um you know you you should
+think about doing things like, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing things like, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing things like, you know,
+um assessing the claims that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assessing the claims that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assessing the claims that the
+developers of this technology make,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of this technology make,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of this technology make,
+seeing what kind of research evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what kind of research evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what kind of research evidence
+there is around that. Um seeing under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is around that. Um seeing under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is around that. Um seeing under
+what sort of context this seems to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of context this seems to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of context this seems to work
+or not, what kind of enabling conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not, what kind of enabling conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not, what kind of enabling conditions
+are required, whether or not those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required, whether or not those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required, whether or not those
+enabling conditions exist. Um we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions exist. Um we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling conditions exist. Um we'll talk
+about all these kinds of things over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all these kinds of things over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all these kinds of things over the
+next few weeks. Um so that uh um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few weeks. Um so that uh um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few weeks. Um so that uh um so you
+don't have to understand what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to understand what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to understand what you're
+going to do right now, but I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do right now, but I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do right now, but I want you to
+have a sense of this assignment. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense of this assignment. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense of this assignment. Um it
+for some of you, you will pick a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you, you will pick a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you, you will pick a a
+context that you can work with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that you can work with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that you can work with that you
+actually know a ton about. Um that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know a ton about. Um that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know a ton about. Um that or
+like even if you didn't know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if you didn't know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if you didn't know something
+about it, you would be able to like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, you would be able to like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, you would be able to like like
+oh the you know the head of Aereroastro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the you know the head of Aereroastro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the you know the head of Aereroastro
+is a good colleague of mine. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good colleague of mine. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good colleague of mine. I'm going
+to just go ask him what he thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just go ask him what he thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just go ask him what he thinks about
+this or like whether what capacity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or like whether what capacity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or like whether what capacity are
+and things like that. There may be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. There may be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. There may be other
+things that you sort of need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you sort of need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you sort of need to
+fabricate um which you would be allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricate um which you would be allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricate um which you would be allowed
+to fabricate. You just have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fabricate. You just have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fabricate. You just have to like
+somewhere stipulate along the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere stipulate along the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere stipulate along the way that
+you're fabricating them. So I know you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fabricating them. So I know you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fabricating them. So I know you I
+have to be like um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be like um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be like um you know the
+characteristics of the world language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the world language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the world language
+teachers in my high school are this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in my high school are this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in my high school are this and
+you might not actually know who the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not actually know who the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not actually know who the new
+staff are and things like that but um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff are and things like that but um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff are and things like that but um uh
+but but that would be okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that would be okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that would be okay. Um
+uh there's pages written about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's pages written about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's pages written about what
+you're supposed to do in the syllabus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to do in the syllabus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to do in the syllabus,
+but that does that give you like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that does that give you like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that does that give you like a
+general sense of the target that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sense of the target that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sense of the target that you
+should be thinking about over the um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking about over the um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking about over the um I
+don't remember I don't even remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember I don't even remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember I don't even remember the
+exact day it's due, but it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact day it's due, but it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact day it's due, but it's like
+roughly a month from now. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly a month from now. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly a month from now. Each
+assignment takes about a third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment takes about a third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment takes about a third of the
+class. So um that all seem good. Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So um that all seem good. Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So um that all seem good. Great.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+uh, anybody have any questions that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, anybody have any questions that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, anybody have any questions that they
+want to ask about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assignment? Okay. Um, let's wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment? Okay. Um, let's wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment? Okay. Um, let's wrap up
+MOOs. So, last time we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs. So, last time we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs. So, last time we were talking
+about MOOs sort of made these three big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MOOs sort of made these three big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MOOs sort of made these three big
+bets. Um, that they could provide new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets. Um, that they could provide new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets. Um, that they could provide new
+pathways into higher education for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways into higher education for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways into higher education for
+people with limited access. Um, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with limited access. Um, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with limited access. Um, that
+they could reorganize, disrupt, unbundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could reorganize, disrupt, unbundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could reorganize, disrupt, unbundle
+higher education. They could create like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education. They could create like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education. They could create like
+new structures across higher education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new structures across higher education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new structures across higher education.
+And then the one that I was most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the one that I was most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the one that I was most
+involved in is that they create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in is that they create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in is that they create a new
+datadriven science of learning. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datadriven science of learning. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datadriven science of learning. Um I
+maybe part of the second one but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe part of the second one but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe part of the second one but maybe
+sort of um you know maybe was clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um you know maybe was clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um you know maybe was clearly a
+bet for some actors less so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet for some actors less so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet for some actors less so for
+nonprofits more so for for profofits was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits more so for for profofits was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofits more so for for profofits was
+that you could make a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make a whole bunch of
+money doing this. Um that has not panned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money doing this. Um that has not panned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money doing this. Um that has not panned
+out as well as some people had hoped. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as well as some people had hoped. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as well as some people had hoped. Um
+so here's an announcement today um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an announcement today um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an announcement today um that
+Accenture is purchasing Udacity. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accenture is purchasing Udacity. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accenture is purchasing Udacity. Um, so
+Udacity was the company that was founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Udacity was the company that was founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Udacity was the company that was founded
+by Sebastian Thrun. Sebastian Thrun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Sebastian Thrun. Sebastian Thrun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Sebastian Thrun. Sebastian Thrun is
+one of the people who taught this intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who taught this intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who taught this intro
+to AI class that like made the whole MOO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to AI class that like made the whole MOO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to AI class that like made the whole MOO
+phenomenon start. Um, people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon start. Um, people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon start. Um, people are not
+exact. Um, uh, Accenture is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact. Um, uh, Accenture is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact. Um, uh, Accenture is like a
+consulting firm and they're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting firm and they're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting firm and they're going to use
+it to do sort of AI training. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do sort of AI training. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do sort of AI training. So, so
+this is so this is not like transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so this is not like transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so this is not like transforming
+all of education. This is doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of education. This is doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of education. This is doing like
+pretty wellestablished executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wellestablished executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wellestablished executive
+education. Um, and there may be ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um, and there may be ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um, and there may be ways
+that you could do executive education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do executive education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do executive education
+better with the MOO platform than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with the MOO platform than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with the MOO platform than you
+could with other pre-existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could with other pre-existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could with other pre-existing
+technologies or strategies or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies or strategies or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies or strategies or things
+like this, but like this is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, but like this is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, but like this is not going to
+profoundly change the way executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly change the way executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly change the way executive
+education unfolds. This is just like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education unfolds. This is just like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education unfolds. This is just like,
+you know, somebody who sells executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, somebody who sells executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, somebody who sells executive
+education buying a potential provider of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education buying a potential provider of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education buying a potential provider of
+it. Um, in the notes here, it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, in the notes here, it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, in the notes here, it says that
+uh their best guess is well, they is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their best guess is well, they is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their best guess is well, they is
+that they they uh um a deal fell through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they uh um a deal fell through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they uh um a deal fell through
+with an asking price of about $80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an asking price of about $80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an asking price of about $80
+million. And so they nobody knows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million. And so they nobody knows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million. And so they nobody knows for
+sure, but they think that this deal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure, but they think that this deal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure, but they think that this deal was
+probably about that size. Um but uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about that size. Um but uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about that size. Um but uh um
+Udacity took in $300 million um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Udacity took in $300 million um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Udacity took in $300 million um of
+investment. So I I don't go to the Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. So I I don't go to the Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. So I I don't go to the Sloan
+School of Management like some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Management like some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Management like some of you
+do, but I'm pretty sure that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, but I'm pretty sure that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, but I'm pretty sure that if you take
+$300 million and sell a thing for $80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$300 million and sell a thing for $80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$300 million and sell a thing for $80
+million, you didn't do it right. Um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million, you didn't do it right. Um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million, you didn't do it right. Um or
+or at least your investors don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least your investors don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least your investors don't think
+so. Um, but I think that's some, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Um, but I think that's some, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Um, but I think that's some, you
+know, to me it's a great indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, to me it's a great indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, to me it's a great indication of
+where these partic where this like class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these partic where this like class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these partic where this like class
+of technologies have settled out. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technologies have settled out. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technologies have settled out. Um,
+which is like $80 million is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like $80 million is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like $80 million is a lot of
+money. If any of you if any of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. If any of you if any of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. If any of you if any of you were
+offered $80 million for a business,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered $80 million for a business,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered $80 million for a business,
+you'd probably be like, "Yeah, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably be like, "Yeah, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably be like, "Yeah, that's
+pretty I'll take $8 million. That seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty I'll take $8 million. That seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty I'll take $8 million. That seems
+great." Um, uh, but what what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great." Um, uh, but what what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great." Um, uh, but what what it's
+accomplishing is like a very um a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishing is like a very um a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishing is like a very um a very
+wellestablished existing thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellestablished existing thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellestablished existing thing in the
+education system. You might say that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system. You might say that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system. You might say that um
+or a way that I've phrased it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a way that I've phrased it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a way that I've phrased it in the
+book is which I which a colleague of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is which I which a colleague of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is which I which a colleague of
+mine Mim Emo really came up with um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine Mim Emo really came up with um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine Mim Emo really came up with um is
+that uh these technologies did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh these technologies did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh these technologies did not
+disrupt education systems. They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt education systems. They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt education systems. They were
+domesticated by education systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated by education systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated by education systems.
+Education systems said like you fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education systems said like you fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education systems said like you fit
+there like you little company you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like you little company you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like you little company you would
+be pretty good at doing executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty good at doing executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty good at doing executive
+education. Why don't you do that? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Why don't you do that? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Why don't you do that? Um
+that is not at all what Sebastian Thrun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not at all what Sebastian Thrun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not at all what Sebastian Thrun
+was envisioning when he said that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was envisioning when he said that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was envisioning when he said that there
+might be only 50 educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be only 50 educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be only 50 educational
+institutions in higher education in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in higher education in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in higher education in the
+world. Um um but to me this is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um um but to me this is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um um but to me this is like this
+is like very representative of how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very representative of how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very representative of how I
+think education technology often works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think education technology often works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think education technology often works.
+Um we very rarely build things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we very rarely build things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we very rarely build things that are
+totally transformative and we can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally transformative and we can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally transformative and we can often
+build things that are like useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things that are like useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things that are like useful in
+pretty specific contexts. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty specific contexts. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty specific contexts. Um
+uh I had I and lots of other people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had I and lots of other people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had I and lots of other people had
+really hoped that there would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hoped that there would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hoped that there would be very
+new kinds of science that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of science that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of science that would be
+possible. Um, so we had never really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Um, so we had never really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Um, so we had never really in
+higher education had a system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education had a system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education had a system where you
+just had all of a sudden millions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had all of a sudden millions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had all of a sudden millions and
+millions of people doing online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people doing online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people doing online
+learning. Um, and all of that was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Um, and all of that was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Um, and all of that was being
+recorded. Um, so when I got hired to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded. Um, so when I got hired to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded. Um, so when I got hired to
+help sort of build the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help sort of build the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help sort of build the research
+infrastructure for Harvard X and MITx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure for Harvard X and MITx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure for Harvard X and MITx
+and edex, uh, you know, one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edex, uh, you know, one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edex, uh, you know, one of the most
+exciting things was like all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things was like all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things was like all of these
+people are signing up and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are signing up and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are signing up and they're all
+clicking and we're recording everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking and we're recording everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking and we're recording everything.
+Um, what you know, you might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what you know, you might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what you know, you might think of
+like when you went to think think of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you went to think think of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you went to think think of all
+of the things that you did in school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you did in school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you did in school.
+Probably even better as an example, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably even better as an example, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably even better as an example, like
+think about all the things that I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the things that I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the things that I did in
+school. Um, so I filled out zillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. Um, so I filled out zillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. Um, so I filled out zillions of
+worksheets. I typed all kinds of papers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheets. I typed all kinds of papers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worksheets. I typed all kinds of papers.
+Like all that stuff just ended up in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like all that stuff just ended up in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like all that stuff just ended up in my
+mom's attic and was eventually thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom's attic and was eventually thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom's attic and was eventually thrown
+away. Like the whole records of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Like the whole records of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Like the whole records of my
+learning were lost. Um, but young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning were lost. Um, but young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning were lost. Um, but young people
+today have their records of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have their records of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have their records of learning
+stored in all of these online platforms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in all of these online platforms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in all of these online platforms.
+If you saw what millions of learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you saw what millions of learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you saw what millions of learners
+were doing um in really granular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing um in really granular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing um in really granular,
+detailed ways over days or months or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed ways over days or months or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed ways over days or months or
+years, shouldn't you be able to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, shouldn't you be able to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, shouldn't you be able to figure
+out all kinds of exciting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all kinds of exciting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all kinds of exciting things about
+the science of learning about like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science of learning about like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science of learning about like what
+are the most effective teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most effective teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most effective teaching
+techniques? How do people learn best?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques? How do people learn best?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques? How do people learn best?
+All all kinds of things that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All all kinds of things that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All all kinds of things that might be
+helpless. Um and it proved to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpless. Um and it proved to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpless. Um and it proved to be much
+much harder um than people expected. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder um than people expected. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder um than people expected. I
+would say the core reason why it proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the core reason why it proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the core reason why it proved
+to be really hard um is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really hard um is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really hard um is that you can
+have terabytes of data about what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have terabytes of data about what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have terabytes of data about what people
+click and still not really know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and still not really know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and still not really know what's
+going on in their heads. Um what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in their heads. Um what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in their heads. Um what what
+what people click on on a screen or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people click on on a screen or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people click on on a screen or what
+they add as an answer to a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add as an answer to a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add as an answer to a problem
+doesn't necessarily tell you all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily tell you all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily tell you all that
+much about the cognition that they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the cognition that they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the cognition that they went
+through to get there. Um it doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to get there. Um it doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to get there. Um it doesn't tell
+you a whole lot about which parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a whole lot about which parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a whole lot about which parts of the
+instruction that they received to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that they received to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that they received to that
+point helped them do that. There was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point helped them do that. There was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point helped them do that. There was a
+whole for years there was a whole class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole for years there was a whole class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole for years there was a whole class
+of papers that just sort of correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers that just sort of correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers that just sort of correlated
+everything to everything else like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to everything else like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to everything else like how
+many times did you click, how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times did you click, how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times did you click, how many times
+did you log in, um how many units did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you log in, um how many units did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you log in, um how many units did
+you do, how far apart they were, how all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do, how far apart they were, how all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do, how far apart they were, how all
+these kinds of things and basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things and basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things and basically like
+there was a whole a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a whole a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a whole a whole series of
+papers that were all published that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that were all published that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that were all published that were
+all along the lines of people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along the lines of people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along the lines of people who do
+more stuff do better than people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff do better than people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff do better than people who do
+less stuff. Um like if like people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less stuff. Um like if like people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less stuff. Um like if like people who
+clicked more often in the systems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked more often in the systems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked more often in the systems,
+people who like watched all the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like watched all the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like watched all the videos
+did better on the problems, people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did better on the problems, people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did better on the problems, people who
+did all the problems were more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all the problems were more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all the problems were more likely to
+pass the course, people who logged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the course, people who logged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the course, people who logged in
+more time, people who spent more hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time, people who spent more hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time, people who spent more hours
+were more likely to pass the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more likely to pass the course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more likely to pass the course.
+Like none of that is interesting. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like none of that is interesting. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like none of that is interesting. Like
+you didn't need a $60 million research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't need a $60 million research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't need a $60 million research
+enterprise to figure out that doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise to figure out that doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise to figure out that doing more
+stuff helps people learn. Um there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff helps people learn. Um there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff helps people learn. Um there are a
+few things that we did um that uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that we did um that uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things that we did um that uh and
+I'll talk about them more as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about them more as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about them more as the
+semester goes on that tried to go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester goes on that tried to go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester goes on that tried to go beyond
+that. Um there were a bunch of us who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um there were a bunch of us who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um there were a bunch of us who
+are really interested in this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really interested in this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really interested in this idea that
+like um uh a bunch of people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh a bunch of people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh a bunch of people have done
+research that suggests that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that suggests that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that suggests that the
+attitudes that you bring to a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes that you bring to a learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes that you bring to a learning
+experience really matter for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience really matter for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience really matter for your
+success in that learning experience. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in that learning experience. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in that learning experience. Um
+how many of you ever heard of stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you ever heard of stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you ever heard of stereotype
+threat? Um so stereotype threat is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat? Um so stereotype threat is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat? Um so stereotype threat is this
+idea that if we tr if we trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that if we tr if we trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that if we tr if we trigger
+stereotypes that people have um as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes that people have um as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes that people have um as they
+enter a learning environment or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a learning environment or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a learning environment or as
+they're in a learning environment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a learning environment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a learning environment um
+those stereotypes can negatively impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stereotypes can negatively impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stereotypes can negatively impact
+them. Um so if you ask people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um so if you ask people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um so if you ask people to
+describe their gender before a math test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe their gender before a math test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe their gender before a math test
+then people who identify as girls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people who identify as girls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people who identify as girls are
+more likely to do less well. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to do less well. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to do less well. Um you
+could do the same thing in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same thing in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same thing in different
+racial configurations and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial configurations and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial configurations and other kinds of
+things like that. Um, and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um, and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um, and the way that
+you can inoculate people in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inoculate people in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inoculate people in theory
+against some of these kinds of things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some of these kinds of things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some of these kinds of things is
+by emphasizing how they belong. Um, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by emphasizing how they belong. Um, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by emphasizing how they belong. Um, is
+by saying like you belong in here, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying like you belong in here, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying like you belong in here, like
+you have a space, you deserve to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a space, you deserve to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a space, you deserve to be
+here. And so, um, you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so, um, you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so, um, you could you could
+imagine that if people go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that if people go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that if people go into a
+learning environment and they're like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environment and they're like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environment and they're like,
+I'm not sure if this is for me. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if this is for me. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if this is for me. Then
+like you're sort of like you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're sort of like you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're sort of like you're paying
+attention to not feeling like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to not feeling like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to not feeling like this is
+for me and you're not paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me and you're not paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me and you're not paying attention
+to the learning and then a test comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the learning and then a test comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the learning and then a test comes
+along and you don't do as well on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and you don't do as well on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and you don't do as well on that
+test and then that makes you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and then that makes you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and then that makes you feel like
+you belong even less and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you belong even less and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you belong even less and then you're
+feeling kind of more unbelonging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling kind of more unbelonging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling kind of more unbelonging and
+then you don't do as well and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't do as well and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't do as well and you get a
+negative cycle. You can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cycle. You can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cycle. You can imagine the
+opposite where you feel like oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite where you feel like oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite where you feel like oh I
+definitely belong in this learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely belong in this learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely belong in this learning
+environment like this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like this is going to be a
+good growth experience for me and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good growth experience for me and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good growth experience for me and then
+you like are focused on learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like are focused on learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like are focused on learning and
+then you do better and that makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do better and that makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do better and that makes you
+feel like you belong and on and on. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you belong and on and on. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you belong and on and on. Um,
+so the we were really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the we were really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the we were really interested in
+these entry points. Um, and um, almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entry points. Um, and um, almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entry points. Um, and um, almost
+every MOO that basically every class at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every MOO that basically every class at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every MOO that basically every class at
+Harvard MIT offered had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard MIT offered had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard MIT offered had a little
+precourse survey at the Have any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precourse survey at the Have any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precourse survey at the Have any of you
+ever taken a class that has like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever taken a class that has like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever taken a class that has like a
+little survey at the beginning of it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little survey at the beginning of it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little survey at the beginning of it for
+your mukes? If you did it for Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mukes? If you did it for Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mukes? If you did it for Harvard
+MIT, I probably wrote it. Um, and uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, I probably wrote it. Um, and uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, I probably wrote it. Um, and uh,
+especially if you did it a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you did it a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you did it a few years
+ago.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago.
+Um, and uh, so we started randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, so we started randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, so we started randomly
+assigning people these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning people these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning people these little
+interventions. Um, we would like you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions. Um, we would like you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions. Um, we would like you'd
+answer a bunch of questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a bunch of questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a bunch of questions about what
+you know about the topic and then we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the topic and then we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the topic and then we'd
+say things like, um, write a letter to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like, um, write a letter to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like, um, write a letter to a
+future student. Oh, I hear one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future student. Oh, I hear one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future student. Oh, I hear one was a
+values affirmation. Um, pick from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values affirmation. Um, pick from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values affirmation. Um, pick from this
+list which of these values are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list which of these values are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list which of these values are really
+important to you. Um, and they I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you. Um, and they I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you. Um, and they I don't
+know, they could be like loyalty,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they could be like loyalty,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they could be like loyalty,
+personal growth, family, all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal growth, family, all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal growth, family, all kinds of
+things. Um, write a short letter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, write a short letter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, write a short letter to
+yourself about why taking this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself about why taking this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself about why taking this class
+aligns with those values. Um, so asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligns with those values. Um, so asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligns with those values. Um, so asking
+people to just like write for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to just like write for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to just like write for a few
+minutes about why we do other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes about why we do other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes about why we do other things
+about belonging, write a short, write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about belonging, write a short, write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about belonging, write a short, write a
+short letter to a future student in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short letter to a future student in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short letter to a future student in this
+class about why they should feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about why they should feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about why they should feel like
+they belong, things like that. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they belong, things like that. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they belong, things like that. Um, and
+our hope was is it would have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hope was is it would have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hope was is it would have this kind
+of like, you know, trigger this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like, you know, trigger this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like, you know, trigger this positive
+cascade at the beginning of the class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade at the beginning of the class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade at the beginning of the class.
+You feel like you belong more, you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You feel like you belong more, you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You feel like you belong more, you feel
+like you value it more, you do better,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you value it more, you do better,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you value it more, you do better,
+you pay attention more, you do better,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay attention more, you do better,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay attention more, you do better,
+you learn more, all those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn more, all those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn more, all those kinds of
+things. Um we started by trying these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um we started by trying these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um we started by trying these in
+just a couple of classes. Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of classes. Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of classes. Um and the
+even if we were picking a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we were picking a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we were picking a couple of
+classes, we were still doing like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, we were still doing like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, we were still doing like some
+of the largest experiments that had ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the largest experiments that had ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the largest experiments that had ever
+been conducted in higher education. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been conducted in higher education. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been conducted in higher education. Um
+you know, we could pick like a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we could pick like a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we could pick like a couple of
+classes that might have 10,000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that might have 10,000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that might have 10,000 people
+that were actively participating in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were actively participating in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were actively participating in it
+and doing our our things and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing our our things and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing our our things and things like
+that. Kind of a lot of folks. Um so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Kind of a lot of folks. Um so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Kind of a lot of folks. Um so here
+are four things that we tried. Um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four things that we tried. Um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four things that we tried. Um one
+was plan making. um having people write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was plan making. um having people write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was plan making. um having people write
+down exactly how they planned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly how they planned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly how they planned to
+complete the class, like when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the class, like when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the class, like when they were
+going to do it, um who was going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it, um who was going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it, um who was going to help
+them, how what they were going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, how what they were going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, how what they were going to do
+when they get stuck, those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get stuck, those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get stuck, those kinds of
+things. Um this value relevance things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um this value relevance things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um this value relevance things
+that you just described. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just described. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just described. Um and then
+mental contrasting with implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental contrasting with implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental contrasting with implementation
+intentions is basically like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions is basically like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions is basically like what are
+the kinds of things that might make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that might make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that might make you
+stuck um and how would you get unstuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck um and how would you get unstuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck um and how would you get unstuck
+when you encounter these things? um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you encounter these things? um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you encounter these things? um when
+we did them in one or two classes at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did them in one or two classes at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did them in one or two classes at a
+time, they worked pretty well. Um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, they worked pretty well. Um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, they worked pretty well. Um so I
+don't know how familiar you are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how familiar you are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how familiar you are with
+statistics, but the beta parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics, but the beta parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics, but the beta parameters are
+the one you look at. So this plan making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you look at. So this plan making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you look at. So this plan making
+things, people were were four percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, people were were four percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, people were were four percentage
+points more likely to finish the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points more likely to finish the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points more likely to finish the class
+if they got the intervention that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they got the intervention that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they got the intervention that they
+didn't. Um that's huge. That's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't. Um that's huge. That's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't. Um that's huge. That's that's
+you know, if you ask you ask people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if you ask you ask people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if you ask you ask people to
+do something for five minutes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something for five minutes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something for five minutes at the
+beginning of the class and they're 4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class and they're 4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class and they're 4%
+more likely to finish it. Um just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to finish it. Um just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to finish it. Um just like
+the cost benefit of that is off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost benefit of that is off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost benefit of that is off the
+charts. That's fabulous. Um, uh, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts. That's fabulous. Um, uh, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts. That's fabulous. Um, uh, this
+one was getting people to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was getting people to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was getting people to do more
+activities, getting people to persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities, getting people to persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities, getting people to persist
+longer, getting people to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer, getting people to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer, getting people to complete
+better. Um, all these kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um, all these kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um, all these kinds of things.
+And some, you know, some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some, you know, some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some, you know, some of these
+studies were huge, you know, 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies were huge, you know, 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies were huge, you know, 5,000
+people, 3,000 people, 2,000 people. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, 3,000 people, 2,000 people. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, 3,000 people, 2,000 people. Um,
+that's pretty good. Um, we then were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good. Um, we then were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good. Um, we then were
+like, we were we were pretty excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, we were we were pretty excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, we were we were pretty excited
+about ourselves. We're like like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves. We're like like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves. We're like like we've
+come up with some stuff that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some stuff that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some stuff that like
+doesn't cost anything and really helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost anything and really helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost anything and really helps
+learners. Um, let's go ahead and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners. Um, let's go ahead and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners. Um, let's go ahead and take
+these things and use them in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and use them in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and use them in all of the
+classes. Let's let's let Harvard and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. Let's let's let Harvard and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. Let's let's let Harvard and MIT
+let us test things in every class. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us test things in every class. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us test things in every class. Um
+and it is not uncommon in um educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is not uncommon in um educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is not uncommon in um educational
+research that if something works in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that if something works in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that if something works in a
+little space that when you try it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space that when you try it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space that when you try it at
+much bigger scales it doesn't work. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger scales it doesn't work. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger scales it doesn't work. Um
+that is a very frustrating finding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very frustrating finding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very frustrating finding but
+also very common finding and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very common finding and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very common finding and that is
+exactly what happened to us. Um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happened to us. Um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happened to us. Um so we
+took these things that would which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took these things that would which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took these things that would which you
+know again would have been considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again would have been considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again would have been considered
+like huge studies in education you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huge studies in education you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huge studies in education you know
+randomly assigning 4,000 people to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigning 4,000 people to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigning 4,000 people to to a
+treatment or not is is enormous. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or not is is enormous. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or not is is enormous. Um and
+we did it with a quarter of a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it with a quarter of a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it with a quarter of a million
+people. Um which like a lot of learners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Um which like a lot of learners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Um which like a lot of learners.
+Um and basic and basically everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and basic and basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and basic and basically everything
+that we had tried and wrote a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had tried and wrote a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had tried and wrote a bunch of
+papers that said hey these are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that said hey these are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that said hey these are pretty
+good ideas we had to be like actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ideas we had to be like actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ideas we had to be like actually
+they don't really work that well. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really work that well. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really work that well. Um,
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh, I part of the problem was they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I part of the problem was they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I part of the problem was they would
+uh, they would they appeared to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, they would they appeared to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, they would they appeared to work in
+some classes but not others and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes but not others and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes but not others and we
+couldn't make any sense of why. Um, part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make any sense of why. Um, part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make any sense of why. Um, part
+of that is that it's hard for us to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is that it's hard for us to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is that it's hard for us to know
+a whole lot if you're we did it in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot if you're we did it in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot if you're we did it in about
+250 classes and it's hard to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 classes and it's hard to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 classes and it's hard to know the
+difference between those those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those those different
+kinds of things. Um but we like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Um but we like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Um but we like you know
+we we listed characteristics of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we listed characteristics of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we listed characteristics of a lot of
+classes and we put them into big AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and we put them into big AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and we put them into big AI
+models to try to figure out why and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to try to figure out why and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to try to figure out why and all
+these other I mean you can read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other I mean you can read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other I mean you can read the
+paper. Um but uh it was sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. Um but uh it was sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. Um but uh it was sort of an
+enormous effort and at the end of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous effort and at the end of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous effort and at the end of it you
+know a thing that we we we had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a thing that we we we had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a thing that we we we had lots of
+people in there but we weren't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in there but we weren't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in there but we weren't able to
+identify things that worked particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify things that worked particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify things that worked particularly
+well. Um and this was pretty consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Um and this was pretty consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Um and this was pretty consistent
+across this enterprise. Um in fact to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this enterprise. Um in fact to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this enterprise. Um in fact to my
+knowledge there's virtually no one who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge there's virtually no one who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge there's virtually no one who's
+doing research on Harvard or MITx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research on Harvard or MITx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research on Harvard or MITx
+Arvidex or MITx classes anymore. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arvidex or MITx classes anymore. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arvidex or MITx classes anymore. Um and
+uh um and so this was the sort of third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um and so this was the sort of third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um and so this was the sort of third
+of these big bets. um you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these big bets. um you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these big bets. um you know the the
+hypothesis was that vast new you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was that vast new you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was that vast new you know
+there are people like Peter Norvig and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people like Peter Norvig and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people like Peter Norvig and
+uh um who's a woman um Daffhne Coller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um who's a woman um Daffhne Coller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um who's a woman um Daffhne Coller
+who formed Corsera who thought that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who formed Corsera who thought that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who formed Corsera who thought that um
+datadriven education would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datadriven education would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datadriven education would be very
+similar to datadriven uh medicine like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to datadriven uh medicine like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to datadriven uh medicine like
+just like the human genome project sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the human genome project sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the human genome project sort
+of revolutionized a datadriven form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revolutionized a datadriven form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revolutionized a datadriven form of
+medicine that you know Corsera edex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine that you know Corsera edex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine that you know Corsera edex
+could revolutionize a data driven form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could revolutionize a data driven form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could revolutionize a data driven form
+of the science of learning um and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the science of learning um and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the science of learning um and we we
+knew a lot about what people clicked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a lot about what people clicked but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a lot about what people clicked but
+we never really got much more data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never really got much more data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never really got much more data about
+what was going on inside people's heads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on inside people's heads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on inside people's heads.
+Um the other sort of huge issue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the other sort of huge issue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the other sort of huge issue is that
+if you really want to do educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to do educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to do educational
+research that studies like how to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that studies like how to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that studies like how to help
+people learn better, you re you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn better, you re you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn better, you re you need
+variation in the course that's deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the course that's deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the course that's deeper
+than what we were attempting. Like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we were attempting. Like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we were attempting. Like you
+need to be able to do more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to do more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to do more than just
+change a little thing at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a little thing at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a little thing at the beginning
+of the course. You have to be like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course. You have to be like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course. You have to be like,
+well, here's one good way of teaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, here's one good way of teaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, here's one good way of teaching a
+class. Here's another good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Here's another good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Here's another good way of
+teaching the class. Let's, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the class. Let's, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the class. Let's, you know,
+let's try both of them. Well, it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try both of them. Well, it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try both of them. Well, it turns
+out that like it was very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that like it was very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that like it was very difficult to
+go to faculty and be like, will you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to faculty and be like, will you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to faculty and be like, will you make
+two versions of this course um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of this course um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of this course um so that
+we can test some of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can test some of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can test some of these different
+ideas in them? Um because people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in them? Um because people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in them? Um because people had
+barely enough time and resources to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely enough time and resources to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely enough time and resources to make
+one version of the course and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one version of the course and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one version of the course and so forth.
+Um so like the other two big bets mukes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so like the other two big bets mukes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so like the other two big bets mukes
+um they for the most part uh didn't pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they for the most part uh didn't pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they for the most part uh didn't pan
+out. Um, and I think if you if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um, and I think if you if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um, and I think if you if you if
+you go back 10 years from now and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back 10 years from now and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back 10 years from now and read
+the um, you know, the op-eds that David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um, you know, the op-eds that David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um, you know, the op-eds that David
+Brooks and Thomas Freriedman were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooks and Thomas Freriedman were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooks and Thomas Freriedman were
+writing in the New York Times about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in the New York Times about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in the New York Times about the
+totally transformative impact of online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally transformative impact of online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally transformative impact of online
+education, um, people would be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, um, people would be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, um, people would be pretty
+surprised 10 years later to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised 10 years later to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised 10 years later to find out
+that like, you know, it's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like, you know, it's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like, you know, it's good for
+things like executive education um, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like executive education um, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like executive education um, or
+helping people earn a second master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people earn a second master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people earn a second master's
+degree, which are not bad things to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree, which are not bad things to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree, which are not bad things to do,
+but again, there's sort of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again, there's sort of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again, there's sort of smaller
+components of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of it.
+Um, I've thought a lot over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I've thought a lot over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I've thought a lot over the last
+couple years about like, okay, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years about like, okay, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years about like, okay, so if
+we're not going to totally reform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to totally reform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to totally reform the
+educational system with independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system with independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system with independent
+self-paced online learning, um, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced online learning, um, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced online learning, um, what
+else might we do? Um, well, you know, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else might we do? Um, well, you know, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else might we do? Um, well, you know, so
+for instance, I've told you that, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance, I've told you that, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance, I've told you that, um,
+already affluent, already educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already affluent, already educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already affluent, already educated
+people are reasonably likely to persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are reasonably likely to persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are reasonably likely to persist
+in online courses. Um, well, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in online courses. Um, well, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in online courses. Um, well, there are
+all kinds of already affluent, already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of already affluent, already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of already affluent, already
+educated people who work in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated people who work in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated people who work in the public
+interest. There are people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. There are people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. There are people who are
+teachers. There are people who work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers. There are people who work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers. There are people who work in
+public health. There are people who work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health. There are people who work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health. There are people who work
+in nurses. Um lots of them work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nurses. Um lots of them work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nurses. Um lots of them work in
+contexts where they don't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts where they don't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts where they don't have a lot of
+learning um after their college degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um after their college degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um after their college degree
+um or their advanced degree. So what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or their advanced degree. So what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or their advanced degree. So what if
+we created online courses um that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created online courses um that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created online courses um that you
+know a good fraction of people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a good fraction of people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a good fraction of people would be
+able to persist in and finish um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to persist in and finish um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to persist in and finish um that
+would be able to help them. Um there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to help them. Um there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to help them. Um there was
+one course that we built um called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one course that we built um called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one course that we built um called uh
+launching innovation in schools which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching innovation in schools which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching innovation in schools which
+relates to uh um uh uh um the stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to uh um uh uh um the stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to uh um uh uh um the stuff in
+iterate that you read a couple classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate that you read a couple classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate that you read a couple classes
+ago. Um, and in our course we make them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. Um, and in our course we make them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. Um, and in our course we make them,
+we make all of our, not everybody did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make all of our, not everybody did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make all of our, not everybody did
+this, we make all of our courses openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we make all of our courses openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we make all of our courses openly
+licensed. Um, so we we we make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed. Um, so we we we make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed. Um, so we we we make it so
+that it's creative common. Anybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's creative common. Anybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's creative common. Anybody can
+take our things and do anything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our things and do anything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our things and do anything they
+want with them. Um, there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with them. Um, there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with them. Um, there were some
+folks in Ukraine before the war who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in Ukraine before the war who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in Ukraine before the war who had
+translated our courses into Ukrainian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated our courses into Ukrainian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated our courses into Ukrainian
+and put them on a Ukrainian platform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on a Ukrainian platform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on a Ukrainian platform.
+Um, and for a while at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and for a while at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and for a while at the beginning of
+the war, I don't know if this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war, I don't know if this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war, I don't know if this is still
+true, teachers still had to like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, teachers still had to like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, teachers still had to like get
+reertified, do training and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reertified, do training and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reertified, do training and things like
+that. Um, so some some enormous fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, so some some enormous fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, so some some enormous fraction
+of the Ukrainian teaching force had at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Ukrainian teaching force had at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Ukrainian teaching force had at
+least, you know, signed up and plausibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least, you know, signed up and plausibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least, you know, signed up and plausibly
+taken one of these courses and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken one of these courses and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken one of these courses and things
+like that. Um, so there sort of, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, so there sort of, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, so there sort of, you
+know, for us it was kind of a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for us it was kind of a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for us it was kind of a proof of
+concept that people, uh, um, can benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that people, uh, um, can benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that people, uh, um, can benefit
+from some of these kinds of things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of these kinds of things. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of these kinds of things. Um,
+with Mariana's adviser, uh, Jose, we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mariana's adviser, uh, Jose, we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mariana's adviser, uh, Jose, we got
+really interested in, um, what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in, um, what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in, um, what if the
+thing you want is not really big MOO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want is not really big MOO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want is not really big MOO
+providers, but very small local MOO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers, but very small local MOO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers, but very small local MOO
+providers. Um, so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers. Um, so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers. Um, so there's an
+organization called Edrock in Georgia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called Edrock in Georgia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called Edrock in Georgia in
+Jord um, Jordan run by the Queen Rana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jord um, Jordan run by the Queen Rana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jord um, Jordan run by the Queen Rana
+Foundation that makes mukes in Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation that makes mukes in Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation that makes mukes in Arabic
+for people in the Arabic world. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people in the Arabic world. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people in the Arabic world. Um,
+there are like lots of providers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like lots of providers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like lots of providers that
+offer courses in the local language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer courses in the local language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer courses in the local language of
+their environment that are tailored to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their environment that are tailored to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their environment that are tailored to
+the particular environments that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular environments that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular environments that they're
+in. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, and
+um, these tables are unreadable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, these tables are unreadable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, these tables are unreadable but
+except if you go in them and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you go in them and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you go in them and look at
+them. Um, but you know, there's evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um, but you know, there's evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um, but you know, there's evidence
+that you could actually do a better job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could actually do a better job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could actually do a better job
+getting people from more diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people from more diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people from more diverse
+educational backgrounds if you offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational backgrounds if you offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational backgrounds if you offer
+them in local languages, with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in local languages, with local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in local languages, with local
+providers, um, with the with the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers, um, with the with the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers, um, with the with the topic
+area and content areas that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and content areas that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and content areas that would be
+interesting to people in those local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to people in those local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to people in those local
+places. Um, so what we needed was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. Um, so what we needed was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. Um, so what we needed was not
+sort of like, you know, giant global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like, you know, giant global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like, you know, giant global
+elite driven online learning. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite driven online learning. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite driven online learning. Um, but
+maybe maybe another pathway be with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe another pathway be with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe another pathway be with like
+lots of distributed local online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of distributed local online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of distributed local online
+learning that was particularly par, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that was particularly par, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that was particularly par, you
+know, tailored to people's cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, tailored to people's cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, tailored to people's cultural
+interests and labor markets and civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and labor markets and civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and labor markets and civic
+spheres and needs and things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and needs and things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and needs and things like that.
+Um, and there might be, you know, um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there might be, you know, um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there might be, you know, um, I
+mean, I always try to sort of remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I always try to sort of remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I always try to sort of remain
+open to the idea that that any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the idea that that any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the idea that that any of these
+technologies could have new people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies could have new people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies could have new people that
+come along and refresh the ideas around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along and refresh the ideas around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along and refresh the ideas around
+them. Um, but we should we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um, but we should we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um, but we should we should
+probably think of those claims with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably think of those claims with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably think of those claims with like
+a pretty high bar. You know, if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty high bar. You know, if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty high bar. You know, if someone
+comes along and says they have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and says they have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and says they have like a
+new AI powered MOO platform or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new AI powered MOO platform or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new AI powered MOO platform or something
+like that, you you know, now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, you you know, now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, you you know, now you could
+be like, well, let me tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, well, let me tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, well, let me tell you what the
+research suggests about the original MOO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research suggests about the original MOO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research suggests about the original MOO
+platform. Um, what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. Um, what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. Um, what some of the
+limitations were, what it accomplished,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations were, what it accomplished,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations were, what it accomplished,
+why it tackled some big problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it tackled some big problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it tackled some big problems that
+turned out to be really hard. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be really hard. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be really hard. Um and uh
+uh why you know and then and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why you know and then and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why you know and then and then you
+know what what is it that what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what is it that what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what is it that what is it
+that a new effort would be able to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a new effort would be able to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a new effort would be able to build
+on top of that? Um those are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that? Um those are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that? Um those are some of the
+things I want to tell you about MOOs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to tell you about MOOs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to tell you about MOOs.
+What other things struck you about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What other things struck you about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What other things struck you about them
+or what questions did you have or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what questions did you have or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what questions did you have or um
+what what have we discussed in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what have we discussed in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what have we discussed in the last
+few classes that fit or don't fit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classes that fit or don't fit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classes that fit or don't fit with
+your experiences?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, I guess just a general question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, I guess just a general question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, I guess just a general question
+is like what is the real motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like what is the real motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like what is the real motivation for
+like higher educational institutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher educational institutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher educational institutions to
+want mukes to exist considering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want mukes to exist considering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want mukes to exist considering that
+their entire business is based off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their entire business is based off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their entire business is based off of
+them? Not it was it was it's weird,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? Not it was it was it's weird,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? Not it was it was it's weird,
+right? Yeah, like like people got super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Yeah, like like people got super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Yeah, like like people got super
+enthusiastic for a long time about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic for a long time about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic for a long time about
+digitizing faculty labor. Um I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizing faculty labor. Um I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizing faculty labor. Um I I would
+you know so what were some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what were some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what were some of the things
+people would have said at the time? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would have said at the time? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would have said at the time? Um
+in 2013 people would have said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 people would have said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 people would have said something
+along the lines of for particularly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of for particularly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of for particularly for
+the last 40 or 50 years but maybe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 40 or 50 years but maybe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 40 or 50 years but maybe for
+100 plus years um there's a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 plus years um there's a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 plus years um there's a class of
+universities that brags every year about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that brags every year about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that brags every year about
+how many students they don't serve. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many students they don't serve. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many students they don't serve. um
+you know around around around this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know around around around this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know around around around this time
+every year you know um Stanford and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year you know um Stanford and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year you know um Stanford and MIT
+and Harvard will publish statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Harvard will publish statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Harvard will publish statistics
+about how many applicants they rejected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many applicants they rejected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many applicants they rejected.
+Um but one of the things that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but one of the things that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but one of the things that they could
+do with MOOs is start bragging about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with MOOs is start bragging about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with MOOs is start bragging about how
+many people they served. Um for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people they served. Um for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people they served. Um for the for
+the faculty who especially early on who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty who especially early on who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty who especially early on who
+got who got millions of people to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got who got millions of people to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got who got millions of people to sign
+up for their courses, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for their courses, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for their courses, it was
+exhilarating. Um it was incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarating. Um it was incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarating. Um it was incredibly
+exciting to be able to say like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to be able to say like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to be able to say like you know
+I mean a nan argawal used to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a nan argawal used to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a nan argawal used to say you
+know if I said if I taught uh 61 at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I said if I taught uh 61 at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I said if I taught uh 61 at at
+MIT for the next 40 years um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT for the next 40 years um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT for the next 40 years um you know I
+I still couldn't have as many students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still couldn't have as many students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still couldn't have as many students
+who showed up in the first round of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who showed up in the first round of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who showed up in the first round of this
+class that I offered and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I offered and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I offered and things like
+that. So that was exciting. Um I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that was exciting. Um I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that was exciting. Um I do I
+have a hunch that um that when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hunch that um that when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hunch that um that when people
+were afraid that this might profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were afraid that this might profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were afraid that this might profoundly
+change the education landscape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the education landscape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the education landscape that
+elite universities wanted to be in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite universities wanted to be in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite universities wanted to be in front
+of it rather than behind it. Um like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it rather than behind it. Um like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it rather than behind it. Um like as
+soon as there were some commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as there were some commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as there were some commercial
+offerings that were available. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings that were available. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings that were available. There
+were folks who said like man um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were folks who said like man um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were folks who said like man um we
+really ought to have um we ra have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to have um we ra have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to have um we ra have a
+nonprofit alternative. We ought to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit alternative. We ought to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit alternative. We ought to have
+universities are involved in this. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities are involved in this. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities are involved in this. Um I
+mean another really important structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean another really important structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean another really important structural
+factor is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is that
+um university revenue sources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um university revenue sources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um university revenue sources are
+constantly under threat and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly under threat and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly under threat and they're
+constantly going up. Um so health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly going up. Um so health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly going up. Um so health care
+costs are constantly going up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are constantly going up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are constantly going up,
+technology costs are constantly going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology costs are constantly going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology costs are constantly going
+up. Um and if you're a state university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Um and if you're a state university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Um and if you're a state university
+like across the United States, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like across the United States, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like across the United States, we've
+been dramatically reducing the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dramatically reducing the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dramatically reducing the amount
+that like the taxpaying public support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the taxpaying public support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the taxpaying public support
+schools and asking students to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and asking students to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and asking students to pay more
+tuition and so forth or a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition and so forth or a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition and so forth or a higher
+percentage of their tuition. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of their tuition. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of their tuition. Um, and so
+a bunch of folks thought they could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of folks thought they could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of folks thought they could make
+money doing that. You know, not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money doing that. You know, not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money doing that. You know, not like
+make money in the sense of putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money in the sense of putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money in the sense of putting in
+their pocket, but um, make make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pocket, but um, make make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pocket, but um, make make money
+uh, doing that. So those were those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, doing that. So those were those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, doing that. So those were those are
+some of the kinds of reasons um, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of reasons um, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of reasons um, that
+people got really excited about it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got really excited about it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got really excited about it. Um,
+but uh, but yeah, in in retrospect, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh, but yeah, in in retrospect, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh, but yeah, in in retrospect, in
+some ways, you're like like what, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways, you're like like what, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways, you're like like what, you
+know, why why do I mean at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, why why do I mean at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, why why do I mean at the time
+there were definitely plenty of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were definitely plenty of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were definitely plenty of people
+who are like, you want to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like, you want to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like, you want to take this
+thing that we sell to people for $80,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we sell to people for $80,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we sell to people for $80,000
+a year and give them to them for free?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and give them to them for free?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and give them to them for free?
+like what kind of plan is that? Um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what kind of plan is that? Um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what kind of plan is that? Um or
+you know for 35 bucks or other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for 35 bucks or other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for 35 bucks or other kinds of
+things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that.
+Um, one thing that I was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one thing that I was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one thing that I was thinking about
+uh with like respect to like presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with like respect to like presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with like respect to like presenting
+books as like helping underserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books as like helping underserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books as like helping underserved
+communities and stuff is like the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and stuff is like the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and stuff is like the issue
+of like space cuz to me I feel like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like space cuz to me I feel like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like space cuz to me I feel like um
+like having been in like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having been in like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having been in like a pretty
+underserved like high school and stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underserved like high school and stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underserved like high school and stuff I
+was like okay well but even like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like okay well but even like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like okay well but even like in a
+position of higher education space is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of higher education space is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of higher education space is a
+very big issue for a lot of these spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big issue for a lot of these spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big issue for a lot of these spaces
+where it's like you simply can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like you simply can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like you simply can't just
+sit at home and even if you have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at home and even if you have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at home and even if you have access
+to a laptop or something to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a laptop or something to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a laptop or something to do that and
+it was like I I just wanted to know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like I I just wanted to know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like I I just wanted to know if I
+mean this bike kind of also like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this bike kind of also like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this bike kind of also like just
+connect to the larger social aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the larger social aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the larger social aspect of
+it but I was wondering if they had if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I was wondering if they had if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I was wondering if they had if
+this even came up when they were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even came up when they were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even came up when they were talking
+about like the accessibility of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the accessibility of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the accessibility of these
+systems there I mean there I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there I mean there I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there I mean there I used to
+joke to something like anyone even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke to something like anyone even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke to something like anyone even the
+poorest peasant in the most remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest peasant in the most remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest peasant in the most remote
+African village who has highspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African village who has highspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African village who has highspeed
+internet and a basic understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and a basic understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and a basic understanding of
+matrix algebra can take the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix algebra can take the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix algebra can take the introduction
+aeronautics class. Um I was like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautics class. Um I was like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautics class. Um I was like yeah
+there actually are not that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually are not that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually are not that many
+peasants who have who meet both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasants who have who meet both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasants who have who meet both of those
+criteria. Um but um u it it was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. Um but um u it it was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. Um but um u it it was always
+the case there was a very famous case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case there was a very famous case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case there was a very famous case of
+there was the article in the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the article in the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the article in the New York
+Times about him was called the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times about him was called the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times about him was called the boy
+genius of Ulan Bar. Um so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of Ulan Bar. Um so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of Ulan Bar. Um so there was a
+student who was in Mongolia um who got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who was in Mongolia um who got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who was in Mongolia um who got a
+perfect score on the first MITx class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect score on the first MITx class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect score on the first MITx class
+and was admitted to MIT. Um and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was admitted to MIT. Um and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was admitted to MIT. Um and and this
+was sort of taken as proof that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of taken as proof that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of taken as proof that like
+anybody anywhere in the world can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anywhere in the world can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anywhere in the world can get
+access to our courses and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to our courses and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to our courses and we're going to
+be able to find the you know the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find the you know the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find the you know the best
+high school students and bring them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school students and bring them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school students and bring them to
+MIT. Well, there are some more details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Well, there are some more details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Well, there are some more details
+to the story. One is the principal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the story. One is the principal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the story. One is the principal of
+that school in Mongolia is as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that school in Mongolia is as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that school in Mongolia is as I
+understood at the time the only person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood at the time the only person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood at the time the only person
+from Mongolia to have graduated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mongolia to have graduated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mongolia to have graduated from
+MIT. Um so there was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Um so there was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Um so there was kind of a
+connection there. Second, um there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection there. Second, um there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection there. Second, um there was
+like a an advanced physics class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an advanced physics class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an advanced physics class that
+was offered that used the material, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was offered that used the material, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was offered that used the material, but
+there was a posttock who I think was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a posttock who I think was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a posttock who I think was at
+Stanford or Cal some elite school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford or Cal some elite school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford or Cal some elite school in
+California who went and like studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California who went and like studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California who went and like studied
+with these kids um for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kids um for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kids um for a bunch of
+months. Um so one thing you could say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months. Um so one thing you could say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months. Um so one thing you could say is
+like oh we just need to get muks into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we just need to get muks into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we just need to get muks into
+every school and then we'll help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every school and then we'll help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every school and then we'll help people
+find their way to MIT. The other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their way to MIT. The other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their way to MIT. The other thing
+you say is like we just need MIT grads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say is like we just need MIT grads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say is like we just need MIT grads
+being the principal of every school um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the principal of every school um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the principal of every school um
+and then we can get people coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can get people coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can get people coming to
+MIT. But this kid, his name was Batouch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. But this kid, his name was Batouch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. But this kid, his name was Batouch.
+Any he did a bunch of education classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any he did a bunch of education classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any he did a bunch of education classes
+in MIT. He was a remarkable kid. Um, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MIT. He was a remarkable kid. Um, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MIT. He was a remarkable kid. Um, he
+used to watch two videos at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to watch two videos at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to watch two videos at the same
+time when he was doing these classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he was doing these classes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he was doing these classes.
+Um, it doesn't make any sense, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it doesn't make any sense, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it doesn't make any sense, but
+there's a great news article that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great news article that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great news article that shows
+his little setup of him watching two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his little setup of him watching two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his little setup of him watching two
+videos at the same time. I He's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos at the same time. I He's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos at the same time. I He's clearly
+a smart guy. Um, but it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart guy. Um, but it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart guy. Um, but it was really
+important to the narrative of MOOs. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the narrative of MOOs. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the narrative of MOOs. Um,
+that uh look look at look at how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh look look at look at how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh look look at look at how far
+into the periphery that we've reached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the periphery that we've reached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the periphery that we've reached to
+sort of bring people into the core. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring people into the core. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring people into the core. um
+you know and so folks like me who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so folks like me who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so folks like me who are
+writing papers are like I'm not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing papers are like I'm not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing papers are like I'm not like
+that is that is neat that is a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is neat that is a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is neat that is a true
+story is an awesome kid that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is an awesome kid that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is an awesome kid that is not
+representative of the of the broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the of the broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the of the broader
+system that we've built here um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we've built here um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we've built here um and uh
+yeah you know people really want it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know people really want it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know people really want it was
+interesting people really wanted these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting people really wanted these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting people really wanted these
+things to be democratizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be democratizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be democratizing
+education but then when it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but then when it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but then when it was pretty
+obvious they weren't they were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious they weren't they were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious they weren't they were still
+like yeah well okay we'll just use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah well okay we'll just use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah well okay we'll just use them
+anyway um I I I know I helped support uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um I I I know I helped support uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um I I I know I helped support uh
+um I did an evaluation of the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I did an evaluation of the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I did an evaluation of the supply
+chain management program which was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain management program which was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain management program which was one
+of the first programs that said um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first programs that said um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first programs that said um do
+half the program online. So you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the program online. So you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the program online. So you have to
+take and pass sort of proctored tests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and pass sort of proctored tests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and pass sort of proctored tests in
+four or five online classes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five online classes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five online classes and then
+we'll give you half a degree credit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you half a degree credit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you half a degree credit and
+you come to campus and finish the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to campus and finish the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to campus and finish the other
+half of the degree. Um and uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the degree. Um and uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the degree. Um and uh it was
+kind of you know um there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know um there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know um there are a lot of
+good things about it actually. So, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things about it actually. So, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things about it actually. So, one
+is supply chain management is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supply chain management is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supply chain management is a
+relatively new field and so there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new field and so there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new field and so there aren't
+a lot of universities around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of universities around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of universities around the world
+that offer it and MIT is pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer it and MIT is pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer it and MIT is pretty good at
+it. So, this was a good way of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, this was a good way of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, this was a good way of like
+having more people be able to do it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having more people be able to do it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having more people be able to do it. Um,
+it's a relatively small program. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively small program. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively small program. They
+don't have a ton of faculty. So, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a ton of faculty. So, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a ton of faculty. So, you get
+twice as in theory you could have twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as in theory you could have twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as in theory you could have twice
+as many people come through campus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many people come through campus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many people come through campus if
+they do half the stuff online and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do half the stuff online and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do half the stuff online and half
+the stuff here. And there were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff here. And there were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff here. And there were actually
+some really cool findings where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really cool findings where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really cool findings where the
+folks who the f the way they did it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who the f the way they did it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who the f the way they did it is
+they kept an an in-person cohort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept an an in-person cohort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept an an in-person cohort and
+added a a uh an online cohort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a a uh an online cohort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a a uh an online cohort that
+showed up with the inperson cohort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up with the inperson cohort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up with the inperson cohort in
+January. Um, and we did some surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January. Um, and we did some surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January. Um, and we did some surveys
+about how both groups felt in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how both groups felt in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how both groups felt in terms of
+their connection to MIT. And they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their connection to MIT. And they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their connection to MIT. And they both
+felt really strongly connected to MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really strongly connected to MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really strongly connected to MIT.
+Actually, in sort of funny ways, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, in sort of funny ways, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, in sort of funny ways, like
+the on-ampus people were like, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on-ampus people were like, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on-ampus people were like, we've
+been here all year, like this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here all year, like this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here all year, like this is our
+place. And the online people were like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. And the online people were like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. And the online people were like,
+we've been taking these classes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been taking these classes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been taking these classes together
+for three years. Like, this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three years. Like, this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three years. Like, this is our
+place. So, they both felt really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So, they both felt really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So, they both felt really
+connected in interesting kind of ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in interesting kind of ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in interesting kind of ways.
+Um, the grades of the online folks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the grades of the online folks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the grades of the online folks were
+actually slightly better um at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly better um at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly better um at the end
+of the first cohort, although who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first cohort, although who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first cohort, although who knows
+if that would have persisted um into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that would have persisted um into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that would have persisted um into
+time. Um but the uh the only people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um but the uh the only people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um but the uh the only people who
+persisted through the online courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persisted through the online courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persisted through the online courses
+were people who already had jobs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people who already had jobs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people who already had jobs in
+logistics industries were getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics industries were getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics industries were getting their
+second degree were already affluent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree were already affluent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree were already affluent.
+They're disproportionately guys. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're disproportionately guys. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're disproportionately guys. Um
+there's a whole line of research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole line of research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole line of research that
+really focuses on um people's ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focuses on um people's ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focuses on um people's ability to
+conduct self-regulated learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct self-regulated learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct self-regulated learning,
+people's ability to sort of like persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ability to sort of like persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ability to sort of like persist
+through difficulty and and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through difficulty and and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through difficulty and and things like
+that. And so you talk to learners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so you talk to learners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so you talk to learners and
+they would talk about how they, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would talk about how they, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would talk about how they, you
+know, took their lunch breaks and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, took their lunch breaks and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, took their lunch breaks and they
+studied, how they took weekends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied, how they took weekends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied, how they took weekends and
+studied, how they stayed up late at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied, how they stayed up late at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied, how they stayed up late at
+night and they studied and p, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and they studied and p, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and they studied and p, you know,
+and in especially if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in especially if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in especially if you think about it
+through like an individual sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like an individual sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like an individual sort of
+psychological perspective, you're like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological perspective, you're like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological perspective, you're like,
+"Yeah, those are all great qualities."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yeah, those are all great qualities."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yeah, those are all great qualities."
+Um, another thing we realize though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another thing we realize though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another thing we realize though is
+like like if you're studying like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like if you're studying like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like if you're studying like in the
+evenings, you're probably sherking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenings, you're probably sherking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenings, you're probably sherking
+family responsibilities. Um, and in lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family responsibilities. Um, and in lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family responsibilities. Um, and in lots
+of cultures across the world, it is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cultures across the world, it is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cultures across the world, it is way
+easier for guys to sherk family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for guys to sherk family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for guys to sherk family
+responsibilities than it is for women to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities than it is for women to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities than it is for women to
+sherk family responsibilities. So, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sherk family responsibilities. So, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sherk family responsibilities. So, in
+some in some ways, like self-regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some ways, like self-regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some ways, like self-regulated
+learning was the same thing as sherking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning was the same thing as sherking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning was the same thing as sherking
+family responsibility. Like the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family responsibility. Like the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family responsibility. Like the thing
+that you'd study from a psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd study from a psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd study from a psychological
+perspective as self-regulated learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective as self-regulated learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective as self-regulated learning
+would be sherking family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sherking family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sherking family
+responsibilities from a sociological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities from a sociological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities from a sociological
+point of view. Um, and so again, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view. Um, and so again, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view. Um, and so again, just
+giving us more ways to think about as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us more ways to think about as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us more ways to think about as we
+create learning environments, who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create learning environments, who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create learning environments, who will
+benefit from them, what are the enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from them, what are the enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from them, what are the enabling
+conditions to help lots of people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to help lots of people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to help lots of people from
+lots of different kinds of backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different kinds of backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different kinds of backgrounds
+and places in society be able to benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places in society be able to benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places in society be able to benefit
+from them, things like that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them, things like that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them, things like that. Um,
+uh, I think something that stood out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I think something that stood out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I think something that stood out to
+me was their business model of the mix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was their business model of the mix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was their business model of the mix.
+I think I don't like really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I don't like really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I don't like really understand
+it because I think for me as someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I think for me as someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I think for me as someone who
+went to international school in Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to international school in Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to international school in Africa
+and I would say it's what maybe like top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say it's what maybe like top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say it's what maybe like top
+five like in my country or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five like in my country or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five like in my country or something and
+pretty big like in Africa like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big like in Africa like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big like in Africa like I've
+never heard of any like MIT or Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of any like MIT or Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of any like MIT or Harvard
+course like in my life. I'd probably say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like in my life. I'd probably say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like in my life. I'd probably say
+none of my teachers have heard about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of my teachers have heard about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of my teachers have heard about it.
+And I think it made me wonder like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it made me wonder like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it made me wonder like who
+exactly like they're targeting because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like they're targeting because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like they're targeting because I
+don't think it's necessarily like young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's necessarily like young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's necessarily like young
+high schoolers like trying to like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schoolers like trying to like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schoolers like trying to like get
+into college because what I did realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into college because what I did realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into college because what I did realize
+when I MIT and when I Googled like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I MIT and when I Googled like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I MIT and when I Googled like how
+to do linear algebra or like all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do linear algebra or like all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do linear algebra or like all these
+things is then I would see like MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is then I would see like MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is then I would see like MIT
+courses and MIT open courseware and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and MIT open courseware and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and MIT open courseware and all
+these things pop up on YouTube. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things pop up on YouTube. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things pop up on YouTube. But then
+back in high school when I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in high school when I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in high school when I didn't know
+what like linear algebra if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like linear algebra if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like linear algebra if you don't
+know what linear algebra was, how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what linear algebra was, how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what linear algebra was, how are
+you going to search for a linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to search for a linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to search for a linear algebra
+course? Yeah. Yeah. No, that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course? Yeah. Yeah. No, that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course? Yeah. Yeah. No, that's a that's
+a terrific example. I mean, the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrific example. I mean, the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrific example. I mean, the business
+model, I mean, Daffhne Coller and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, I mean, Daffhne Coller and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, I mean, Daffhne Coller and I
+think in one of her first talks refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in one of her first talks refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in one of her first talks refers
+to it as a blue ocean business model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it as a blue ocean business model,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it as a blue ocean business model,
+which is basically, you know, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically, you know, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically, you know, the the
+potential addressable market is like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential addressable market is like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential addressable market is like six
+billion people in the world or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people in the world or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people in the world or
+something. You know, anybody who has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. You know, anybody who has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. You know, anybody who has got
+an internet connection, if you, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internet connection, if you, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internet connection, if you, you
+know, if you can sell $35 certificates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you can sell $35 certificates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you can sell $35 certificates a
+couple of times, you know, to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times, you know, to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times, you know, to six
+billion people over and over again, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people over and over again, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people over and over again, you
+can make a lot of money doing that. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a lot of money doing that. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a lot of money doing that. um
+the um and there were efforts to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um and there were efforts to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um and there were efforts to try to
+you like create institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like create institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like create institutional
+connections. So like CS50, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections. So like CS50, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections. So like CS50, who's
+Harvard's computer science class, has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard's computer science class, has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard's computer science class, has a
+whole program to help high schools adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole program to help high schools adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole program to help high schools adopt
+CS50, like to adopt the online CS50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS50, like to adopt the online CS50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS50, like to adopt the online CS50
+materials in their in-person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in their in-person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in their in-person
+instruction. Um so there's some fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction. Um so there's some fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction. Um so there's some fraction
+that you, you know, hanging out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you, you know, hanging out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you, you know, hanging out in
+Africa would have encountered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa would have encountered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa would have encountered this
+course and just decided to take it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and just decided to take it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and just decided to take it. Um
+there's some sense that your school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sense that your school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sense that your school
+might have like made you know connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have like made you know connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have like made you know connected
+with one of these sort of formalist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of these sort of formalist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of these sort of formalist.
+There was another great story of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was another great story of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was another great story of uh the
+guy who founded Stripe was from St.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who founded Stripe was from St.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who founded Stripe was from St.
+Louis um and uh was like I want to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis um and uh was like I want to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis um and uh was like I want to live
+in St. Louis and he's like I can't hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in St. Louis and he's like I can't hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in St. Louis and he's like I can't hire
+any developers in St. Louis. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any developers in St. Louis. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any developers in St. Louis. There
+aren't enough developer. I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't enough developer. I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't enough developer. I'm pretty sure
+it was St. Louis. I might have the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was St. Louis. I might have the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was St. Louis. I might have the town
+wrong. Um so so when Mukes came out he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. Um so so when Mukes came out he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. Um so so when Mukes came out he
+was like oh let's just offer let's offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh let's just offer let's offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh let's just offer let's offer
+CS50 in St. Louis and we'll start like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS50 in St. Louis and we'll start like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS50 in St. Louis and we'll start like
+building infrastructure for this. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building infrastructure for this. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building infrastructure for this. and
+like they started some pilot program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they started some pilot program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they started some pilot program and
+it like completely filled the library.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like completely filled the library.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like completely filled the library.
+Um you know there just hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know there just hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know there just hundreds of
+people who like with a little additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like with a little additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like with a little additional
+support. So they ended they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support. So they ended they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support. So they ended they ended up
+like creating a community space for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like creating a community space for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like creating a community space for it.
+So you use the online materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you use the online materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you use the online materials that
+that was I think there were models like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I think there were models like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was I think there were models like
+that to try to bridge the gap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to try to bridge the gap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to try to bridge the gap that
+you're describing um that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing um that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing um that it's not
+realistic to just you know like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic to just you know like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic to just you know like have
+kids encountered these classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids encountered these classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids encountered these classes and
+decided to get excited about them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to get excited about them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to get excited about them and
+things like that. still um almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. still um almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. still um almost all of
+those intermediate bridging layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intermediate bridging layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intermediate bridging layers
+require human capital and humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require human capital and humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require human capital and humans are
+super expensive and then you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super expensive and then you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super expensive and then you sort of
+erase the kind of financial advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase the kind of financial advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase the kind of financial advantages
+of uh um that the muks were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh um that the muks were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh um that the muks were sort of
+promoting in the beginning. Lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting in the beginning. Lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting in the beginning. Lots of
+online programs have found this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online programs have found this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online programs have found this like
+it's pretty cheap to offer online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cheap to offer online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cheap to offer online
+classes um but a lot of times people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um but a lot of times people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um but a lot of times people
+just drop out of them. if you want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop out of them. if you want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop out of them. if you want them
+to not drop out of them, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not drop out of them, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not drop out of them, you have to
+hire coaches and adviserss and, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire coaches and adviserss and, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire coaches and adviserss and, you
+know, assistant instructors and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, assistant instructors and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, assistant instructors and things
+like that. And then you've just ra, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And then you've just ra, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And then you've just ra, you
+know, you sort of brought back all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you sort of brought back all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you sort of brought back all the
+costs that you got rid of from teaching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that you got rid of from teaching.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that you got rid of from teaching.
+Um, is there like a statistic on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, is there like a statistic on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, is there like a statistic on how
+often state universities create mukes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often state universities create mukes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often state universities create mukes
+versus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like
+these IVS schools? Because the thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these IVS schools? Because the thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these IVS schools? Because the thought
+occurs to me that maybe the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs to me that maybe the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs to me that maybe the reason why
+it doesn't matter if like Harvard or MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if like Harvard or MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if like Harvard or MIT
+or Stanford puts out a MOO is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Stanford puts out a MOO is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Stanford puts out a MOO is because
+you're not coming to Harvard or MIT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not coming to Harvard or MIT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not coming to Harvard or MIT or
+Stanford just for the information. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford just for the information. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford just for the information. Yeah.
+Because obviously what's associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because obviously what's associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because obviously what's associated with
+that is kind of like this title and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is kind of like this title and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is kind of like this title and this
+class ratification thing that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ratification thing that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ratification thing that isn't
+accessible through a MOO. So it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible through a MOO. So it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible through a MOO. So it doesn't
+matter if like the entire world has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if like the entire world has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if like the entire world has
+access to a course that's meant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a course that's meant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to a course that's meant for
+learning because part of what you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning because part of what you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning because part of what you pay
+for and part of the real target audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and part of the real target audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and part of the real target audience
+of these universities is people who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these universities is people who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these universities is people who want
+the the title associated well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the title associated well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the title associated well there
+there's a economist at Stanford who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a economist at Stanford who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a economist at Stanford who
+wrote kind of a cool paper that says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote kind of a cool paper that says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote kind of a cool paper that says the
+way you have to understand elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you have to understand elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you have to understand elite
+education funding models is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education funding models is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education funding models is that they
+like roughly offer their education for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like roughly offer their education for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like roughly offer their education for
+free in the hopes of having a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in the hopes of having a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in the hopes of having a very small
+percentage of people pay very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of people pay very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of people pay very large
+amounts of money for their education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of money for their education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of money for their education
+later. Um, like basically we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Um, like basically we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Um, like basically we we
+subsidize people's tuition in all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize people's tuition in all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize people's tuition in all kinds
+of ways. So we at least we subs even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways. So we at least we subs even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways. So we at least we subs even if
+your tuition feels really high, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tuition feels really high, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tuition feels really high, your
+tuition is subsidized far beyond what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition is subsidized far beyond what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition is subsidized far beyond what it
+actually costs to educate you. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually costs to educate you. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually costs to educate you. And then
+hopefully 1% of you will give tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully 1% of you will give tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully 1% of you will give tens of
+millions of dollars back to MIT later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars back to MIT later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars back to MIT later.
+And so this person was trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this person was trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this person was trying to sort of
+think about like what you know how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like what you know how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like what you know how like
+given that's actually how elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that's actually how elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that's actually how elite
+universities are funded um why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities are funded um why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities are funded um why do you
+know like what effect will muks have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like what effect will muks have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like what effect will muks have on
+those kinds of relationships? But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of relationships? But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of relationships? But there
+were plenty of public institutions. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were plenty of public institutions. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were plenty of public institutions. Um,
+uh, one re, you know, one reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, one re, you know, one reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, one re, you know, one reason that
+public institutions got really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public institutions got really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public institutions got really excited
+about it is their job is to serve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is their job is to serve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is their job is to serve as
+many people in the state as possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in the state as possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in the state as possible.
+Um, and if you're in a big, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and if you're in a big, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and if you're in a big, you know,
+you're in a geographically large state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a geographically large state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a geographically large state
+like Virginia and you're the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Virginia and you're the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Virginia and you're the University
+of Virginia in the middle of it, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Virginia in the middle of it, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Virginia in the middle of it, like
+it's pretty hard to help people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to help people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to help people in the
+Tidewater, um, and in the southwest area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tidewater, um, and in the southwest area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tidewater, um, and in the southwest area
+and in the DC area and other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the DC area and other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the DC area and other things like
+that. Um, so, you know, Michigan made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, so, you know, Michigan made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, so, you know, Michigan made
+big investments, Texas made big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big investments, Texas made big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big investments, Texas made big
+investments. Um there there were lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments. Um there there were lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments. Um there there were lots of
+flagship public schools um that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagship public schools um that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagship public schools um that uh um
+probably the most distinctive one maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most distinctive one maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most distinctive one maybe
+not in MOUS but just in online learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in MOUS but just in online learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in MOUS but just in online learning
+generally is Arizona State University um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally is Arizona State University um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally is Arizona State University um
+which has really transformed itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has really transformed itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has really transformed itself
+through online learning into a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through online learning into a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through online learning into a global
+institution which they really see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which they really see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which they really see as
+like as missiondriven like how how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as missiondriven like how how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as missiondriven like how how do we
+just have as many people as possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have as many people as possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have as many people as possible in
+Arizona beyond Arizona get access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona beyond Arizona get access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona beyond Arizona get access to the
+learning opportunities we create. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning opportunities we create. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning opportunities we create. Um and
+there there's something very noble that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's something very noble that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's something very noble that
+I that I find about that. Um, I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I find about that. Um, I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that I find about that. Um, I wanted
+to follow up on your first question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow up on your first question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow up on your first question um
+about the business model. How have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the business model. How have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the business model. How have
+for-profit universities sort of reacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profit universities sort of reacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profit universities sort of reacted
+to MOUS um since their entire model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MOUS um since their entire model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MOUS um since their entire model is
+trying to serve as many underserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to serve as many underserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to serve as many underserved
+people as possible and just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as possible and just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as possible and just like
+charging them a lot and the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging them a lot and the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging them a lot and the fact is that
+a lot of them are also online. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them are also online. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them are also online. Yeah.
+Like the University of Phoenix, I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the University of Phoenix, I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the University of Phoenix, I think.
+Yeah. University of Phoenix, Kaplan, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. University of Phoenix, Kaplan, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. University of Phoenix, Kaplan, um,
+uh, uh, Southern New Hampshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, Southern New Hampshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, Southern New Hampshire
+University, Western Governor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University, Western Governor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University, Western Governor's
+University. I mean, I think there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University. I mean, I think there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University. I mean, I think there were
+some like Southern New Hampshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like Southern New Hampshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like Southern New Hampshire
+University would have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University would have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University would have really
+welcomed in in some of their reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcomed in in some of their reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcomed in in some of their reactions
+were like, "Hey team, this is not new."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like, "Hey team, this is not new."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like, "Hey team, this is not new."
+Like this is exactly what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like this is exactly what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like this is exactly what we've been
+doing for decades. So, so a weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for decades. So, so a weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for decades. So, so a weird thing
+was that there was a status flip in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was a status flip in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was a status flip in
+online learning. In 2010, online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning. In 2010, online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning. In 2010, online
+learning was a very low status activity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning was a very low status activity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning was a very low status activity.
+um it would have been primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would have been primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would have been primarily
+conducted community colleges, for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted community colleges, for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted community colleges, for-profit
+colleges, state colleges and overnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges, state colleges and overnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges, state colleges and overnight
+instantly Stanford, MIT and Harvard made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly Stanford, MIT and Harvard made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly Stanford, MIT and Harvard made
+it an elite activity. Um they instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an elite activity. Um they instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an elite activity. Um they instantly
+radic there's actually all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radic there's actually all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radic there's actually all kinds of
+sociological theory about this where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological theory about this where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological theory about this where um
+the the middle class people have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the middle class people have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the middle class people have to sort
+of like avoid the activities of lowerass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like avoid the activities of lowerass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like avoid the activities of lowerass
+people and pursue the activities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and pursue the activities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and pursue the activities of
+upper class people and lower class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper class people and lower class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper class people and lower class
+people pursue the activity of people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pursue the activity of people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pursue the activity of people but
+upper class people can actually pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper class people can actually pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper class people can actually pursue
+the activities of lowerass people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities of lowerass people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities of lowerass people
+because their status is safe. Like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their status is safe. Like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their status is safe. Like every
+once in a while though trends come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while though trends come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while though trends come along
+of people who like dress like trash or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who like dress like trash or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who like dress like trash or
+you know sort of like um you know other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of like um you know other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of like um you know other
+kinds of kinds of you know adopting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kinds of you know adopting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of kinds of you know adopting
+adopting sort of lower class activity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting sort of lower class activity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting sort of lower class activity.
+So there's some sociological theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's some sociological theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's some sociological theory that
+sort of is behind some of that. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is behind some of that. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is behind some of that. Um but
+it was a hu it was it was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a hu it was it was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a hu it was it was one of the
+things that was sort of striking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was sort of striking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was sort of striking about
+that moment. So a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment. So a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment. So a bunch of these
+universities were like give me a break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities were like give me a break.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities were like give me a break.
+We've been doing this forever. I I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been doing this forever. I I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been doing this forever. I I gave
+a talk at Oakland University, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk at Oakland University, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk at Oakland University, which is
+kind of a community college in Michigan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a community college in Michigan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a community college in Michigan,
+and they and they were like, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and they were like, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and they were like, you know,
+they'd be like, why are you using video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be like, why are you using video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be like, why are you using video
+like like text is so much better? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like text is so much better? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like text is so much better? Like
+we've been doing this for years. Like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing this for years. Like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing this for years. Like we
+would like lots of people can't download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like lots of people can't download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like lots of people can't download
+the video. Like bandwidth is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video. Like bandwidth is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video. Like bandwidth is not that
+good. And there's not really a benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And there's not really a benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And there's not really a benefit
+to watching someone say something versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watching someone say something versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watching someone say something versus
+reading what they would say. Like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading what they would say. Like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading what they would say. Like what
+are you all doing? And be like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you all doing? And be like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you all doing? And be like, you
+might have a point there. Um because cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a point there. Um because cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a point there. Um because cuz
+uh because they were doing something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they were doing something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they were doing something.
+But on the other hand, um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But on the other hand, um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But on the other hand, um if you're
+really fired up about online learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fired up about online learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fired up about online learning,
+um and Harvard and MIT and Stanford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Harvard and MIT and Stanford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Harvard and MIT and Stanford and
+John Hopkins in Michigan are like, "No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Hopkins in Michigan are like, "No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Hopkins in Michigan are like, "No,
+online learning is cool now." Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning is cool now." Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning is cool now." Um there's
+ways that you can use that to raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can use that to raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can use that to raise your
+status to legitimize your activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status to legitimize your activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status to legitimize your activities and
+other things like that. So, so existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that. So, so existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that. So, so existing
+players um there, you know, but and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players um there, you know, but and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players um there, you know, but and they
+weren't they weren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't they weren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't they weren't really
+pursuing similar kinds of markets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing similar kinds of markets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing similar kinds of markets for
+the most part. I mean, there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part. I mean, there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part. I mean, there's there
+were a handful of MOO efforts that tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a handful of MOO efforts that tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a handful of MOO efforts that tried
+to um help people earn bachelor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um help people earn bachelor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um help people earn bachelor's
+degrees, and they were mostly totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees, and they were mostly totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees, and they were mostly totally
+unsuccessful. Um, and there weren't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful. Um, and there weren't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful. Um, and there weren't even
+really that many of them were that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that many of them were that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that many of them were that were
+tried, which is that is kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried, which is that is kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried, which is that is kind of like the
+sweet spot of most, uh, for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot of most, uh, for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot of most, uh, for-profit
+colleges. Um, uh, which are, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges. Um, uh, which are, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges. Um, uh, which are, you know,
+which in which in many respects there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in which in many respects there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in which in many respects there's
+a lot of evidence that they're just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of evidence that they're just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of evidence that they're just a
+disaster for lots lots of people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster for lots lots of people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster for lots lots of people don't
+finish. People finish with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish. People finish with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish. People finish with a lot of
+debt. Um, Trese McMillan Cotm wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt. Um, Trese McMillan Cotm wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt. Um, Trese McMillan Cotm wrote a
+book called Lower Ed where she described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called Lower Ed where she described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called Lower Ed where she described
+them as a negative social insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a negative social insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a negative social insurance
+program. Um, where on average people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Um, where on average people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Um, where on average people are
+worse after finding their ways into them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse after finding their ways into them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse after finding their ways into them
+than they were beforehand. Her book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they were beforehand. Her book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they were beforehand. Her book
+Lower Ed is pretty fabulous. Um, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower Ed is pretty fabulous. Um, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower Ed is pretty fabulous. Um, all
+right, let's make sure that we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's make sure that we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's make sure that we get a
+chance to talk a little bit about part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk a little bit about part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk a little bit about part
+two. Um, which is algorithm guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Um, which is algorithm guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Um, which is algorithm guided
+learning at scale. So it sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale. So it sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale. So it sounds like a
+bunch of you this this we're heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you this this we're heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you this this we're heading
+into new territory for me which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into new territory for me which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into new territory for me which is like
+well how raise your hand if in your K12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how raise your hand if in your K12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how raise your hand if in your K12
+experience you did something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you did something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you did something that you
+think was algorithm guided learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was algorithm guided learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was algorithm guided learning at
+scale like you sat in front of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale like you sat in front of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale like you sat in front of thing
+okay this like this is by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this like this is by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this like this is by far the
+highest percentage that I've had in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest percentage that I've had in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest percentage that I've had in this
+class thus far so it's not so we're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class thus far so it's not so we're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class thus far so it's not so we're so
+so I think um it you know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think um it you know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think um it you know I don't know
+five years ago people like a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago people like a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago people like a handful of
+people would have done it or would done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would have done it or would done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would have done it or would done
+a little bit as a curiosity but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as a curiosity but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as a curiosity but like
+clearly if you all know what is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if you all know what is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if you all know what is and
+things like that like this is becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that like this is becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that like this is becoming a
+sort of much more mainstream activity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of much more mainstream activity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of much more mainstream activity um
+in uh in people's classes. What what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in people's classes. What what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in people's classes. What what did
+you what was your sense of them? Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was your sense of them? Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was your sense of them? Um so
+so Dana's sense was that they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dana's sense was that they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dana's sense was that they were like
+kind of pointless and she could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pointless and she could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pointless and she could just
+have her mom do them for her. Um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have her mom do them for her. Um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have her mom do them for her. Um what
+were what were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what were other
+people's sentiments about them? Emily?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's sentiments about them? Emily?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's sentiments about them? Emily?
+Oh, I thought well for me like in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I thought well for me like in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I thought well for me like in high
+school we used this thing called me bean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school we used this thing called me bean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school we used this thing called me bean
+where it was like you take an assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was like you take an assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was like you take an assessment
+and it would kind of like rank you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would kind of like rank you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would kind of like rank you like
+where your reading and your vocap skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your reading and your vocap skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your reading and your vocap skills
+are at and then like you kind of log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at and then like you kind of log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at and then like you kind of log in
+every week to do it and like learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week to do it and like learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week to do it and like learn and
+progress I guess. And I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress I guess. And I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress I guess. And I thought it was
+like it was useful for us because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was useful for us because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was useful for us because like
+even though we had like regular classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we had like regular classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we had like regular classes
+or honors classes for English like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or honors classes for English like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or honors classes for English like
+within that class like everybody's vocab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that class like everybody's vocab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that class like everybody's vocab
+like was different varied a lot and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like was different varied a lot and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like was different varied a lot and it
+was like it was very hard for like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like it was very hard for like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like it was very hard for like the
+teachers to to figure out like what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers to to figure out like what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers to to figure out like what kind
+of vocabs to teach like what materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vocabs to teach like what materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vocabs to teach like what materials
+to provide for us cuz like everybody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide for us cuz like everybody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide for us cuz like everybody had
+different things and like a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and like a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and like a lot of times
+we were just in class like I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just in class like I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just in class like I know this
+word and like you just stop paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and like you just stop paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and like you just stop paying
+attention but then other kids are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but then other kids are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention but then other kids are like
+well I have never heard this word. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have never heard this word. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have never heard this word. I
+hate to like learn it. For us, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to like learn it. For us, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate to like learn it. For us, it was
+like it was cool, but then like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was cool, but then like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was cool, but then like one of
+my friend, she like assessed it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend, she like assessed it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend, she like assessed it and then
+she she was she started off in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she was she started off in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she was she started off in like
+highest like level ranking and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest like level ranking and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest like level ranking and then like
+after she finished they just bumped her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after she finished they just bumped her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after she finished they just bumped her
+back down to level one. So then like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to level one. So then like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to level one. So then like she
+just like went back to like learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like went back to like learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like went back to like learning
+like blue green in like high school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blue green in like high school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blue green in like high school and
+sophomore year. That sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore year. That sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore year. That sounds like a
+flawed system. Yeah. I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed system. Yeah. I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed system. Yeah. I will tell you
+that when I was in the fourth grade, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I was in the fourth grade, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I was in the fourth grade, we
+had a similar version of that. Um, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a similar version of that. Um, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a similar version of that. Um, they
+were called SRRI reading cards. It was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called SRRI reading cards. It was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called SRRI reading cards. It was a
+like a file box. Um, and it was a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a file box. Um, and it was a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a file box. Um, and it was a bunch
+of like short stories or non-fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like short stories or non-fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like short stories or non-fiction
+passages that were arranged in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages that were arranged in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages that were arranged in order of
+difficulty and you would just like go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty and you would just like go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty and you would just like go
+and read one and answer a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read one and answer a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read one and answer a bunch of
+questions about it and if you got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it and if you got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it and if you got them
+all right, you'd go on to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right, you'd go on to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right, you'd go on to the next one
+or a couple later and if you got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a couple later and if you got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a couple later and if you got them
+less well, then you like went back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less well, then you like went back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less well, then you like went back to
+earlier ones or your teacher helped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier ones or your teacher helped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier ones or your teacher helped you
+or something like that. Um, so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. Um, so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. Um, so there
+were so this this I mean it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so this this I mean it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so this this I mean it's something
+that will come up, but this notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will come up, but this notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will come up, but this notion that
+like oh what would it look like to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh what would it look like to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh what would it look like to like
+figure out what kinds of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what kinds of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what kinds of learning
+experiences people need in that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences people need in that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences people need in that moment
+and try to meet that need instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to meet that need instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to meet that need instead of
+teaching everybody the same thing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching everybody the same thing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching everybody the same thing at the
+same time um has been compelling for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time um has been compelling for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time um has been compelling for a
+long time. It sounds like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. It sounds like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. It sounds like it was
+compelling for you at least until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling for you at least until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling for you at least until the
+system sort of freaked out and made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of freaked out and made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of freaked out and made you
+learn kindergarten words again. Yeah, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn kindergarten words again. Yeah, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn kindergarten words again. Yeah, we
+had something with like reading as well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something with like reading as well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something with like reading as well,
+but I think one of the issues was we it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think one of the issues was we it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think one of the issues was we it
+was not nearly as consistent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not nearly as consistent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not nearly as consistent because
+like I mean it was meant to be done like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean it was meant to be done like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean it was meant to be done like
+once a week or twice a week like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week or twice a week like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week or twice a week like a lot
+of the examples we saw in class but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples we saw in class but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples we saw in class but like
+it'd be like oh like whenever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be like oh like whenever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be like oh like whenever the
+teacher like didn't want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher like didn't want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher like didn't want to deal with
+kind of like bring in the car and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like bring in the car and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like bring in the car and like
+okay do this. So, it was so inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do this. So, it was so inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do this. So, it was so inconsistent
+that I was like, "Okay, well, like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was like, "Okay, well, like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was like, "Okay, well, like I
+don't exactly know if I'm improving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exactly know if I'm improving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exactly know if I'm improving or
+I'm staying stagnant because like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm staying stagnant because like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm staying stagnant because like I
+haven't seen this program for two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this program for two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this program for two weeks
+now." Good. You said two things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now." Good. You said two things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now." Good. You said two things there
+that I really want you to hang up hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really want you to hang up hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really want you to hang up hang
+on to. Um, one is you said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to. Um, one is you said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to. Um, one is you said something
+which Larry Cuban would have said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Larry Cuban would have said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Larry Cuban would have said about
+television things or things like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television things or things like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television things or things like that,
+which is that the designers of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the designers of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the designers of this
+program have a vision, but the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program have a vision, but the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program have a vision, but the teachers
+have a different set of needs. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different set of needs. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different set of needs. So, the
+teachers are like, "I need to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers are like, "I need to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers are like, "I need to do some
+grading today or I don't feel well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading today or I don't feel well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading today or I don't feel well.
+We're going to do this thing." which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to do this thing." which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to do this thing." which
+which would have been the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have been the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have been the exact same
+thing as like rolling into television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as like rolling into television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as like rolling into television
+and putting on a a movie for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting on a a movie for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting on a a movie for people to
+watch. Um and also um that these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch. Um and also um that these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch. Um and also um that these systems
+have some kind of pedagogical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of pedagogical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of pedagogical model
+behind them and their effectiveness may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them and their effectiveness may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them and their effectiveness may
+have to do with how well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with how well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with how well that
+pedagogical model is implemented. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical model is implemented. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical model is implemented. Um, so
+if people so if a if a system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people so if a if a system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people so if a if a system is
+designed to be used with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be used with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be used with some
+consistency, you know, twice a week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency, you know, twice a week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency, you know, twice a week in
+six week chunks or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six week chunks or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six week chunks or something like that
+and you don't use it with it with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't use it with it with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't use it with it with with
+that that program design in mind, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that program design in mind, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that program design in mind, it
+might not accomplish what you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not accomplish what you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not accomplish what you wanted to
+do. So it's not just a matter of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So it's not just a matter of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So it's not just a matter of like
+downloading the software onto kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the software onto kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the software onto kids
+computers. Um, it's a matter of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Um, it's a matter of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Um, it's a matter of getting
+whole systems to implement them. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole systems to implement them. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole systems to implement them. We're
+going to look at some research I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some research I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some research I'll show
+you on uh on Monday. I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on uh on Monday. I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on uh on Monday. I don't know if
+I'll make you read it, but I think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make you read it, but I think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make you read it, but I think I'll
+just summarize it for you. Um about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just summarize it for you. Um about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just summarize it for you. Um about some
+of these intelligent tutors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these intelligent tutors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these intelligent tutors that are
+really focused on um letting people work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on um letting people work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on um letting people work
+on problems that are challenging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problems that are challenging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problems that are challenging for
+them, even if it's from material that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, even if it's from material that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, even if it's from material that is
+from earlier in the year, previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier in the year, previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier in the year, previous
+years. Um and that system only works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Um and that system only works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Um and that system only works if
+teachers actually let their students do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers actually let their students do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers actually let their students do
+that. Um if teachers force their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um if teachers force their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um if teachers force their
+students along sort of against the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students along sort of against the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students along sort of against the will
+of the system, then the system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system, then the system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system, then the system doesn't
+do what it's supposed to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what it's supposed to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what it's supposed to do.
+I think like I guess like elaborate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like I guess like elaborate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like I guess like elaborate a
+little bit why on like my experience was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit why on like my experience was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit why on like my experience was
+the way it was was like not only were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was was like not only were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it was was like not only were
+teachers like your experience just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers like your experience just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers like your experience just like
+doing it randomly like they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it randomly like they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it randomly like they weren't
+incorporating it into like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating it into like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating it into like their
+curriculum like they were just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum like they were just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum like they were just like
+slapping it on top of it and like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapping it on top of it and like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapping it on top of it and like when
+students already overwhelmed with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students already overwhelmed with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students already overwhelmed with like
+after school activities and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after school activities and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after school activities and things like
+that it then like and it was like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it then like and it was like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it then like and it was like more
+of a math based thing than an English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a math based thing than an English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a math based thing than an English
+where like you kind of see some of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like you kind of see some of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like you kind of see some of like
+the benefits early on. Um, so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits early on. Um, so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits early on. Um, so it was
+like just kind of thrown in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just kind of thrown in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just kind of thrown in there but
+not incorporated in the curriculum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not incorporated in the curriculum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not incorporated in the curriculum and
+then it's just like essentially became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just like essentially became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just like essentially became
+low priority and like for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low priority and like for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low priority and like for a lot of
+people. So if a so if a system so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So if a so if a system so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So if a so if a system so if a
+system it like depends on some hybridity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it like depends on some hybridity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it like depends on some hybridity
+if it depends on some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it depends on some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it depends on some things that are
+happening in class and some things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in class and some things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in class and some things are
+happening online like if those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening online like if those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening online like if those two
+pieces are not fitting together it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are not fitting together it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are not fitting together it's not
+going to accomplish what the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to accomplish what the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to accomplish what the system
+wants to accomplish. Um, all right. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to accomplish. Um, all right. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to accomplish. Um, all right. I'll
+give you a funny little piece a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a funny little piece a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a funny little piece a little
+personal piece that is behind some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal piece that is behind some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal piece that is behind some of
+the technology. I explained some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology. I explained some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology. I explained some of this
+a little bit. Um, but my father has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. Um, but my father has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. Um, but my father has more
+or less done one cool thing in his life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less done one cool thing in his life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less done one cool thing in his life.
+Um, which was to which was to get a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, which was to which was to get a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, which was to which was to get a fake
+person into Princeton. Um, he he uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person into Princeton. Um, he he uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person into Princeton. Um, he he uh he
+and his frat buddies um invented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his frat buddies um invented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his frat buddies um invented a
+person named uh uh J. David Osnot. Um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person named uh uh J. David Osnot. Um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person named uh uh J. David Osnot. Um or
+Joe Dnot or Joe does not um and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe Dnot or Joe does not um and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe Dnot or Joe does not um and uh they
+like found a friend of theirs to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like found a friend of theirs to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like found a friend of theirs to take
+the SAT for him. They found some friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT for him. They found some friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT for him. They found some friends
+at a frat house in Michigan to make up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frat house in Michigan to make up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frat house in Michigan to make up a
+fake transcript. They got one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake transcript. They got one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake transcript. They got one of them to
+go and do an interview and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and do an interview and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and do an interview and things like
+that. And they got this fake guy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And they got this fake guy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And they got this fake guy into
+Princeton. Um, and they eventually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton. Um, and they eventually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton. Um, and they eventually had
+to admit it. Um, and it's and uh at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit it. Um, and it's and uh at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit it. Um, and it's and uh at some
+point somebody was taking one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point somebody was taking one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point somebody was taking one of them to
+uh um to the admissions office to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um to the admissions office to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um to the admissions office to go
+explain to the admissions officer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to the admissions officer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to the admissions officer that
+they had gotten a fake person into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had gotten a fake person into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had gotten a fake person into
+Princeton. And this guy started asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton. And this guy started asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton. And this guy started asking
+them a whole bunch of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a whole bunch of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a whole bunch of questions about
+how they took the SAT. Um, and it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they took the SAT. Um, and it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they took the SAT. Um, and it turned
+out this guy worked for Educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this guy worked for Educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this guy worked for Educational
+Testing Services, which was also um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Testing Services, which was also um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Testing Services, which was also um in
+Princeton, New Jersey, and was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton, New Jersey, and was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton, New Jersey, and was trying to
+figure out some of the sort of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some of the sort of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some of the sort of test
+security things that were going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security things that were going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security things that were going on
+there. Um, so as I mentioned last time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, so as I mentioned last time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, so as I mentioned last time,
+one of the things about one of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about one of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about one of the ways
+that you can make tests more secure, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make tests more secure, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make tests more secure, um,
+is that you can make it so that tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can make it so that tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can make it so that tests
+are of equal difficulty, but they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of equal difficulty, but they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of equal difficulty, but they use
+different questions. Um, so, uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions. Um, so, uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions. Um, so, uh, you
+know, the the students in Boston are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the the students in Boston are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the the students in Boston are not
+taking the exact same test that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the exact same test that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the exact same test that students
+in Hawaii will take six hours later or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaii will take six hours later or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaii will take six hours later or
+students in other parts of the world or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in other parts of the world or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in other parts of the world or
+things like that. In order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. In order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. In order to be able to
+do that, you have to be able to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, you have to be able to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, you have to be able to um
+create a mathematical representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a mathematical representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a mathematical representation for
+any given item of how difficult that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given item of how difficult that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given item of how difficult that
+item is. Um, what people basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item is. Um, what people basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item is. Um, what people basically
+decided to do to um to solve that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do to um to solve that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do to um to solve that is to
+model the difficulty of items as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the difficulty of items as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the difficulty of items as
+logistic functions. Um so on the x- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic functions. Um so on the x- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic functions. Um so on the x- axis
+you have this thing which is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this thing which is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this thing which is sort of a
+proficiency score like roughly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency score like roughly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency score like roughly kind of
+how hard in any domain this would be. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard in any domain this would be. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard in any domain this would be. Um
+and then the probability of a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the probability of a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the probability of a correct
+answer. So these are sort of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So these are sort of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So these are sort of three
+different possible distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible distributions of
+items. Um so for instance um which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. Um so for instance um which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items. Um so for instance um which of
+these items would be more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items would be more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items would be more difficult
+would be the most difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the most difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the most difficult for
+individuals with proficiency score of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with proficiency score of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with proficiency score of
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So people on the blue have almost 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people on the blue have almost 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people on the blue have almost 100%
+probability of getting this one correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting this one correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting this one correct.
+So it'll be the green one. Um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it'll be the green one. Um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it'll be the green one. Um so this is
+the probability answer get. So for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability answer get. So for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability answer get. So for um
+for this particular item um people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular item um people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular item um people with
+a proficiency of one are about 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proficiency of one are about 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proficiency of one are about 50%
+likely to get it right. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to get it right. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to get it right. These are the
+people who are about um you know 90% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are about um you know 90% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are about um you know 90% to
+get it right almost exactly likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right almost exactly likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right almost exactly likely to
+get it right. Um so that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right. Um so that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right. Um so that seems like a
+useful thing to know about an item,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to know about an item,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to know about an item,
+right? Um now you can figure out like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um now you can figure out like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um now you can figure out like oh
+let's give them the the blue item first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give them the the blue item first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give them the the blue item first
+and then the red item and then the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the red item and then the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the red item and then the green
+item or something like that. Um um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item or something like that. Um um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item or something like that. Um um not
+only that, but if you model it this way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that, but if you model it this way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that, but if you model it this way,
+you can also figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also figure out how
+discriminating an item is. um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating an item is. um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminating an item is. um which is
+how likely is it that people around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how likely is it that people around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how likely is it that people around a
+given proficiency are are likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given proficiency are are likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given proficiency are are likely to get
+it wrong or not get it wrong like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong or not get it wrong like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wrong or not get it wrong like sort
+of how um how how tightly clustered are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how um how how tightly clustered are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how um how how tightly clustered are
+the answers versus be or how spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers versus be or how spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers versus be or how spread out
+are the answers going to be. Um uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the answers going to be. Um uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the answers going to be. Um uh so
+you know wherever you see you know a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wherever you see you know a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wherever you see you know a a
+around one um you would imagine for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one um you would imagine for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one um you would imagine for this
+one um that like a whole bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um that like a whole bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um that like a whole bunch of people
+with scores sort of slightly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with scores sort of slightly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with scores sort of slightly less than
+one um would do would be would be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um would do would be would be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um would do would be would be less
+likely to get right and then more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to get right and then more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to get right and then more likely
+to get it right. Where sort of around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it right. Where sort of around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it right. Where sort of around
+here because the lines are are um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the lines are are um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the lines are are um more
+horizontal there um just about everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal there um just about everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal there um just about everybody
+who gets those items are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets those items are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets those items are going to be
+right. So it's not going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So it's not going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So it's not going to give you
+that much information um about uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much information um about uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much information um about uh about
+how well people do. Another way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well people do. Another way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well people do. Another way that you
+could do this is like draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this is like draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this is like draw a
+distribution of where you think a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of where you think a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of where you think a group
+of learners would be. Um, you know, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learners would be. Um, you know, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learners would be. Um, you know, so
+this is like the various skill levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the various skill levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the various skill levels in
+a class and the sort of distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class and the sort of distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class and the sort of distribution of
+probabilities of people getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of people getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of people getting it
+right. Um, and you can see that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, and you can see that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, and you can see that like the
+item that sort of like traverses through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item that sort of like traverses through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item that sort of like traverses through
+the heart of that group is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of that group is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of that group is going to be
+the one that's best at like efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's best at like efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's best at like efficiently
+measuring the proficiency of that group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the proficiency of that group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the proficiency of that group.
+Um, you don't have to totally understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you don't have to totally understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you don't have to totally understand
+all the math or all the ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math or all the ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math or all the ideas about
+this. probably like the intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. probably like the intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. probably like the intuition that
+you need to develop is in the 1980s a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to develop is in the 1980s a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to develop is in the 1980s a
+bunch of people came up with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people came up with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people came up with like a
+pretty good statistical toolkit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good statistical toolkit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good statistical toolkit for
+figuring out how difficult an item was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how difficult an item was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how difficult an item was.
+Um the first thing that they did with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the first thing that they did with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the first thing that they did with it
+was make different kinds of tests um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was make different kinds of tests um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was make different kinds of tests um for
+sort of test security purposes. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of test security purposes. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of test security purposes. But
+almost the next thing they did with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the next thing they did with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the next thing they did with it
+was start developing systems that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was start developing systems that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was start developing systems that use
+computers to evaluate people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to evaluate people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to evaluate people's
+performance on an item and then figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on an item and then figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on an item and then figure
+out like what is the next good item to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like what is the next good item to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like what is the next good item to
+give them in a sequence and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them in a sequence and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them in a sequence and all the
+things that you're describing Khan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're describing Khan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're describing Khan
+Academy all other things like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy all other things like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy all other things like that. Um
+they may not use this exact statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not use this exact statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not use this exact statistical
+toolkit but they all use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit but they all use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit but they all use something
+that's sort of similar um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of similar um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of similar um to
+that. The reason um you know and one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. The reason um you know and one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. The reason um you know and one one
+piece I mean part of the reason why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I mean part of the reason why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I mean part of the reason why in
+the book that I take a couple of pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book that I take a couple of pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book that I take a couple of pages
+to describe item response theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe item response theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe item response theory to
+people is again to try to give the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is again to try to give the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is again to try to give the sense
+like it's not magic um it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not magic um it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not magic um it's not like
+some impossibly difficult thing um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some impossibly difficult thing um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some impossibly difficult thing um that
+that computers and scientists like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computers and scientists like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computers and scientists like on
+the very cutting edge of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very cutting edge of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very cutting edge of mathematics
+have figured out like this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out like this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out like this is like a
+pretty wellestablished set of tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wellestablished set of tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wellestablished set of tools that
+we've studied for a long time um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've studied for a long time um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've studied for a long time um if
+people come up with new AI powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come up with new AI powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come up with new AI powered
+intelligent tutors we should absolely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent tutors we should absolely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent tutors we should absolely
+absolutely be able to ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely be able to ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely be able to ask the question
+like, well, how are they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, well, how are they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, well, how are they really
+different from the intelligent tutors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the intelligent tutors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the intelligent tutors
+that we've had um for decades in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had um for decades in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had um for decades in various
+formats? How how different are they from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats? How how different are they from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats? How how different are they from
+the box of SRR(I) reading cards um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box of SRR(I) reading cards um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box of SRR(I) reading cards um that
+I had when I was in the fourth grade?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had when I was in the fourth grade?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had when I was in the fourth grade?"
+And there may be some ways that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there may be some ways that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there may be some ways that that
+they're different, in which case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different, in which case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different, in which case we
+would expect much better outcomes. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect much better outcomes. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect much better outcomes. There
+may be some ways that they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be some ways that they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be some ways that they're quite
+similar um in which case we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um in which case we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um in which case we might not
+expect that many differences. Um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that many differences. Um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that many differences. Um but the
+the heart of the reason why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of the reason why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of the reason why people
+wanted these kinds of tools to exist was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted these kinds of tools to exist was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted these kinds of tools to exist was
+personalization. Um that that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. Um that that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. Um that that there was
+that that that a goal that you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that a goal that you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that a goal that you can get a
+lot of people around is the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people around is the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people around is the idea that
+wouldn't it be great if every learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be great if every learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be great if every learner
+could have an experience that's tailored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an experience that's tailored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an experience that's tailored
+um to their to their own personal needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to their to their own personal needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to their to their own personal needs
+and interests and experiences and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interests and experiences and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interests and experiences and things
+like that. Um I noticed I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um I noticed I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um I noticed I don't know
+around 2008 2009 2010 that lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2008 2009 2010 that lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2008 2009 2010 that lots of
+people in education got interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in education got interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in education got interested in
+personalization. A thing that was weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. A thing that was weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. A thing that was weird
+to me is that there were people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is that there were people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is that there were people who are
+interested in personalization who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in personalization who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in personalization who
+disagreed about everything else. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed about everything else. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed about everything else. Um so
+there would be people who are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be people who are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be people who are like
+really into um school choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into um school choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into um school choice and
+traditional instruction and sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional instruction and sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional instruction and sort of like
+conservative curriculum values who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative curriculum values who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative curriculum values who are
+you know um who like typically were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um who like typically were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um who like typically were more
+associated with people on the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with people on the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with people on the political
+right though not always in America um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though not always in America um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though not always in America um
+who got really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got really interested in
+personalization. There were also people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. There were also people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. There were also people
+who were who were educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were who were educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were who were educational
+progressives who were really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressives who were really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressives who were really interested
+in alternate projectbased school kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alternate projectbased school kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alternate projectbased school kinds
+of models. They also were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models. They also were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models. They also were talking about
+personalization. Um, and I thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. Um, and I thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization. Um, and I thought to
+myself, okay, um, if these groups who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself, okay, um, if these groups who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself, okay, um, if these groups who
+don't agree about anything, um, are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree about anything, um, are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree about anything, um, are all
+using the word personalization, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the word personalization, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the word personalization, they
+can't possibly mean the same thing. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly mean the same thing. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly mean the same thing. Um,
+because they have really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have really different
+values and so they probably don't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so they probably don't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so they probably don't agree
+about this either. Um, oh, this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this either. Um, oh, this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this either. Um, oh, this was a
+slide that my colleague, uh, Dan Meyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that my colleague, uh, Dan Meyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that my colleague, uh, Dan Meyer
+put together of this is some technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together of this is some technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together of this is some technology
+from the 1970s. Um, you know, right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 1970s. Um, you know, right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 1970s. Um, you know, right at
+the dawn of personal computers where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dawn of personal computers where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dawn of personal computers where we
+were trying to like give kids math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to like give kids math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to like give kids math
+problems, evaluate them, give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, evaluate them, give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, evaluate them, give them
+harder problems. This is a slide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problems. This is a slide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problems. This is a slide from
+2012. But the thing that you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012. But the thing that you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012. But the thing that you can see is
+like there's 40 years between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's 40 years between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's 40 years between these
+pictures um and they are strikingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures um and they are strikingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures um and they are strikingly
+similar um in their setup and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um in their setup and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um in their setup and their
+outfit. Like this is a this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit. Like this is a this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit. Like this is a this is one of
+the longest you know trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest you know trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest you know trying to
+personalize education with computers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalize education with computers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalize education with computers is
+one of the oldest enterprises in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the oldest enterprises in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the oldest enterprises in
+educational computing. It is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational computing. It is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational computing. It is one of the
+main things that we've been trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main things that we've been trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main things that we've been trying to do
+for 40 or 50 years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40 or 50 years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40 or 50 years.
+Um if there is any single paper that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if there is any single paper that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if there is any single paper that got
+people extremely excited about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people extremely excited about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people extremely excited about this um
+it was called the two sigma problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called the two sigma problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called the two sigma problem the
+search for methods of group instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for methods of group instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for methods of group instruction
+as effective as onetoone tutoring um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as effective as onetoone tutoring um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as effective as onetoone tutoring um
+where this guy Benjamin any of you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this guy Benjamin any of you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this guy Benjamin any of you ever
+heard of Bloom's taxonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Bloom's taxonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Bloom's taxonomy
+um it's this uh little pyramid that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's this uh little pyramid that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's this uh little pyramid that has
+sort of different kinds of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different kinds of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different kinds of uh um
+learning activities instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning activities instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning activities instructional
+activities you could do. Turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you could do. Turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you could do. Turns out that
+Benjamin Bloom did more than one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Bloom did more than one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Bloom did more than one thing
+in his life. He didn't just make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his life. He didn't just make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his life. He didn't just make this
+taxonomy, but he did other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy, but he did other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy, but he did other kind of
+studies. He didn't actually do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. He didn't actually do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. He didn't actually do these
+studies. He was reporting on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. He was reporting on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. He was reporting on some
+doctoral students of his um that um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral students of his um that um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral students of his um that um were
+studying tutoring. And in these tutoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying tutoring. And in these tutoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying tutoring. And in these tutoring
+studies that they did, you just get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that they did, you just get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that they did, you just get like
+astronomically good results. Um they,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomically good results. Um they,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomically good results. Um they,
+you know, they said that they could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they said that they could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they said that they could get
+results two standard deviations better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results two standard deviations better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results two standard deviations better
+um than what uh what you typically find.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than what uh what you typically find.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than what uh what you typically find.
+That's the two sigma problem. um a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the two sigma problem. um a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the two sigma problem. um a two
+standard deviation improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation improvement in
+education is is impossibly good. Um most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is is impossibly good. Um most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is is impossibly good. Um most
+of the things that we do um get a tenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we do um get a tenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we do um get a tenth
+of a standard deviation or a hundredth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard deviation or a hundredth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard deviation or a hundredth
+of a standard deviation improvement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard deviation improvement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard deviation improvement or
+something like that. We usually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. We usually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. We usually get
+really small gains, but tutoring works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small gains, but tutoring works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small gains, but tutoring works
+really well. I mean to some extent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. I mean to some extent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. I mean to some extent you
+could be like I'm pretty sure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like I'm pretty sure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like I'm pretty sure like
+medieval lords knew that tutoring works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval lords knew that tutoring works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval lords knew that tutoring works
+pretty well. Um the reason why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well. Um the reason why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well. Um the reason why we don't
+do it is it's enormously expensive. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is it's enormously expensive. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is it's enormously expensive. But
+what if instead of medieval lords hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if instead of medieval lords hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if instead of medieval lords hiring
+governnesses to tutor their students um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governnesses to tutor their students um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governnesses to tutor their students um
+like what if computers could do that? um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what if computers could do that? um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what if computers could do that? um
+what if what if what if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what if what if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what if what if you know
+computers which are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers which are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers which are relatively
+inexpensive um could do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive um could do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive um could do this kind of
+tutoring. So this has been a dream. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutoring. So this has been a dream. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutoring. So this has been a dream. This
+was you know Daffhne College dream,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know Daffhne College dream,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know Daffhne College dream,
+Scon's dream, lots of other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scon's dream, lots of other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scon's dream, lots of other people's
+dream as they're imagining um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream as they're imagining um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream as they're imagining um sort of
+what's possible here. Um there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's possible here. Um there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's possible here. Um there were
+around 2010 there were probably two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2010 there were probably two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2010 there were probably two
+different groups of people who describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups of people who describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups of people who describe
+person who who made personalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who who made personalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who who made personalized
+learning sort of central to their ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning sort of central to their ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning sort of central to their ideas
+and their philosophies. Um, one group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their philosophies. Um, one group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their philosophies. Um, one group of
+people were really interested in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were really interested in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were really interested in what
+they call blended learning. A formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call blended learning. A formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call blended learning. A formal
+educational program in which a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational program in which a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational program in which a student
+learns at least in part through online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns at least in part through online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns at least in part through online
+delivery with some element of student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery with some element of student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery with some element of student
+control over time, play, place, path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over time, play, place, path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over time, play, place, path or
+pace. Um, some of it may be supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace. Um, some of it may be supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace. Um, some of it may be supervised
+uh and then and then some of it at home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and then some of it at home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and then some of it at home.
+Um, the alternative view was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the alternative view was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the alternative view was called
+connected learning. Socially embedded,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning. Socially embedded,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning. Socially embedded,
+interest driven, oriented towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest driven, oriented towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest driven, oriented towards
+educational, economic, political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational, economic, political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational, economic, political
+opportunity. Connected learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity. Connected learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity. Connected learning is
+realized when a person is able to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when a person is able to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when a person is able to pursue
+a personal interest or passion with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal interest or passion with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personal interest or passion with the
+support of friends and caring adults.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of friends and caring adults.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of friends and caring adults.
+Um, so what what do these what else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what what do these what else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what what do these what else do
+these two ideas sound like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Yeah. Good. So, so you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Good. So, so you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Good. So, so you could have
+said cognitive load theory and situated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said cognitive load theory and situated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said cognitive load theory and situated
+learning. You could have said Dian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. You could have said Dian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. You could have said Dian
+Thordike. You could have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thordike. You could have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thordike. You could have said
+instructionism and constructionism. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism and constructionism. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism and constructionism. Um,
+this is like the reoccurrence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the reoccurrence of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the reoccurrence of these
+two themes over there. like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two themes over there. like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two themes over there. like there's
+always two ideas um and they're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always two ideas um and they're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always two ideas um and they're and
+they're always being reformatted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always being reformatted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always being reformatted and
+they're always getting connect with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always getting connect with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always getting connect with each
+other. So this is like the the Dewey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So this is like the the Dewey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So this is like the the Dewey and
+Thike version of how we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thike version of how we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thike version of how we're going to make
+personalization come to life in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization come to life in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization come to life in the
+world. Um we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um we'll talk more about
+connected learning in a week. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning in a week. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning in a week. Um but
+mostly what we'll talk about today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly what we'll talk about today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly what we'll talk about today is
+what this blended learning um might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this blended learning um might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this blended learning um might look
+like. So one Khan Academy doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So one Khan Academy doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So one Khan Academy doesn't have
+this anymore. Um but they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anymore. Um but they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anymore. Um but they used to
+represent um their mathematics content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent um their mathematics content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent um their mathematics content
+in K through2 as a knowledge map as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K through2 as a knowledge map as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K through2 as a knowledge map as kind
+of a galaxy. Um one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a galaxy. Um one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a galaxy. Um one of the things that
+this blended learning version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blended learning version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blended learning version of
+personalization requires is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization requires is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalization requires is you have to
+know all of the stuff that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of the stuff that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of the stuff that you want
+people to learn in advance. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to learn in advance. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to learn in advance. So if you
+want to create an algorithmically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create an algorithmically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create an algorithmically
+optimized pathway for people through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized pathway for people through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized pathway for people through a
+set of learning materials, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of learning materials, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of learning materials, you have to
+know what that what those learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that what those learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that what those learning
+materials are so that you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are so that you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are so that you can write the
+algorithms that drive them through it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that drive them through it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that drive them through it.
+Um that's very different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's very different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's very different from this
+connected learning view which says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning view which says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected learning view which says we
+should figure out what kids are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should figure out what kids are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should figure out what kids are really
+interested in and help them create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and help them create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and help them create
+personal pathways through whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal pathways through whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal pathways through whatever it is
+they want. Um you know so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want. Um you know so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want. Um you know so you could
+imagine that the goal of Khan Academy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the goal of Khan Academy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the goal of Khan Academy is
+to take some individual kid and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some individual kid and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some individual kid and figure
+out the fastest most efficient way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the fastest most efficient way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the fastest most efficient way for
+them to traverse pathways um through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to traverse pathways um through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to traverse pathways um through
+this kind of thing. People were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing. People were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing. People were were
+very compelled by that model. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelled by that model. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelled by that model. Um
+partially you know it's interesting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially you know it's interesting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially you know it's interesting they
+were sort of contrasting it. Um, a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of contrasting it. Um, a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of contrasting it. Um, a lot
+of time people will will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time people will will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time people will will sort of
+critique what they call the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique what they call the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique what they call the factory
+model of schooling. Um, which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of schooling. Um, which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of schooling. Um, which is that
+like students come in in cohorts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like students come in in cohorts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like students come in in cohorts,
+they're sort of stamped at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of stamped at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of stamped at the same
+time, they're move through the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, they're move through the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, they're move through the same
+materials despite all their individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials despite all their individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials despite all their individual
+differences. It's not really true. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. It's not really true. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. It's not really true. Um,
+but there are a lot of folks who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a lot of folks who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a lot of folks who will
+say that schools were sort of organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that schools were sort of organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that schools were sort of organized
+around factories in order to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around factories in order to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around factories in order to generate
+factory laborers and things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory laborers and things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory laborers and things like that.
+And there are certainly ideas um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are certainly ideas um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are certainly ideas um about
+how we use time and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use time and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we use time and other kinds of
+things like that um that go across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um that go across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um that go across
+institutions and society. This is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and society. This is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and society. This is this
+is a representation from a keynote um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a representation from a keynote um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a representation from a keynote um oh
+sir Ken I'm forgetting he has he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir Ken I'm forgetting he has he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir Ken I'm forgetting he has he's the
+most popular keynote on uh uh on TED um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular keynote on uh uh on TED um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular keynote on uh uh on TED um
+the most po I still think it's true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most po I still think it's true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most po I still think it's true the
+most popular TED talk um that was ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular TED talk um that was ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular TED talk um that was ever
+written somebody will have to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written somebody will have to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written somebody will have to look up
+Ken and figure out who I mean by this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken and figure out who I mean by this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken and figure out who I mean by this um
+but uh I don't know if this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I don't know if this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I don't know if this is actually
+from that or sort of a follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that or sort of a follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that or sort of a follow-up
+representation of slide um so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of slide um so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of slide um so then the
+question is like um does the does per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like um does the does per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like um does the does per
+does this sort of blended learning model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this sort of blended learning model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this sort of blended learning model
+have a kind of like truly individualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of like truly individualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of like truly individualized
+thing or are you just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or are you just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or are you just kind of like
+stamping each child with the same stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamping each child with the same stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamping each child with the same stuff
+in their own rate? Um like they all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own rate? Um like they all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own rate? Um like they all you
+know they all still are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they all still are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they all still are going to get
+kind of stamped with these materials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stamped with these materials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stamped with these materials but
+maybe they'll get stamped through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll get stamped through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll get stamped through the
+factory um at their own individual path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory um at their own individual path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory um at their own individual path.
+Um Ken Robinson Ken Robbins um Robinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Ken Robinson Ken Robbins um Robinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Ken Robinson Ken Robbins um Robinson
+Sir Ken Robinson the uh people make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sir Ken Robinson the uh people make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sir Ken Robinson the uh people make all
+kinds of crazy claims about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crazy claims about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crazy claims about these
+systems and sometimes I like to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and sometimes I like to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and sometimes I like to share
+these crazy claims 10 years later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crazy claims 10 years later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crazy claims 10 years later um
+because they sound sort of silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they sound sort of silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they sound sort of silly
+afterwards. So in 2009 um Klay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards. So in 2009 um Klay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards. So in 2009 um Klay
+Christensen who was one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christensen who was one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christensen who was one of the people
+who who defined blended learning wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who defined blended learning wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who defined blended learning wrote
+this book called disrupting class. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book called disrupting class. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book called disrupting class. Do
+you in the business school do you does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the business school do you does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the business school do you does
+do you study still the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you study still the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you study still the theory of
+disruptive innovation? like is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive innovation? like is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive innovation? like is that a
+thing that was like crazy popular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was like crazy popular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was like crazy popular a
+while ago and I think it has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago and I think it has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago and I think it has sort of
+faded but um they applied this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded but um they applied this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded but um they applied this idea
+called the theory of disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the theory of disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the theory of disruptive
+innovation and they said in 2009 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and they said in 2009 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and they said in 2009 they
+made the prediction um that by 2019 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the prediction um that by 2019 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the prediction um that by 2019 50%
+of all grade 6 through 12 courses would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all grade 6 through 12 courses would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all grade 6 through 12 courses would
+be online that they would cost a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be online that they would cost a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be online that they would cost a third
+as much to deliver um that your school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much to deliver um that your school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much to deliver um that your school
+system would cost like about as third as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would cost like about as third as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would cost like about as third as
+much to operate as it does right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to operate as it does right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to operate as it does right now and
+they would have better learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have better learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have better learning
+outcomes. Um, how many of you were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes. Um, how many of you were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes. Um, how many of you were in a
+school where 50% of all of your classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school where 50% of all of your classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school where 50% of all of your classes
+in secondary school were online or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in secondary school were online or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in secondary school were online or
+predominantly online? Yeah, zero. Pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly online? Yeah, zero. Pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly online? Yeah, zero. Pretty
+much didn't work out that way. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much didn't work out that way. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much didn't work out that way. Um,
+Sebastian Thrun, the the quote that Dana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian Thrun, the the quote that Dana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian Thrun, the the quote that Dana
+saw was up there. Um, Salan had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was up there. Um, Salan had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was up there. Um, Salan had an
+extremely popular TED talk called Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely popular TED talk called Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely popular TED talk called Let's
+Use Video to Reinvent Education where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Use Video to Reinvent Education where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Use Video to Reinvent Education where he
+sort of described this vision um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of described this vision um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of described this vision um where
+kids would sit down in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would sit down in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would sit down in front of
+individual terminals. They would learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terminals. They would learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terminals. They would learn
+at an algorithmically optimized rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an algorithmically optimized rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an algorithmically optimized rate
+through mathematics content. They still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematics content. They still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematics content. They still
+might do things together like a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do things together like a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do things together like a teacher
+might come and collect students who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come and collect students who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come and collect students who are
+stuck in the same thing and remediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the same thing and remediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the same thing and remediate
+them together or take advanced students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together or take advanced students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together or take advanced students
+and do projects with them or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do projects with them or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do projects with them or things like
+that but the heart of their mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the heart of their mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the heart of their mathematical
+learning would be individual. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning would be individual. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning would be individual. Um there's
+one guy who's actually I think probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy who's actually I think probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy who's actually I think probably
+the most wrong of them um who won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most wrong of them um who won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most wrong of them um who won the
+2013 TED prize. He got a million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 TED prize. He got a million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 TED prize. He got a million dollars
+um for this idea that uh you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this idea that uh you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this idea that uh you don't even
+need schools or educational systems. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need schools or educational systems. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need schools or educational systems. If
+you just give kids laptops they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just give kids laptops they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just give kids laptops they can
+teach anything by themselves. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach anything by themselves. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach anything by themselves. Um and uh
+he had this whole program called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had this whole program called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had this whole program called the
+hole-in-the-wall program where they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole-in-the-wall program where they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole-in-the-wall program where they put
+computers in public spaces in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in public spaces in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in public spaces in in
+Southeast Asia. Um anyway, there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southeast Asia. Um anyway, there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southeast Asia. Um anyway, there like
+there are millions of parents who live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are millions of parents who live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are millions of parents who live
+through the pandemic that can confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pandemic that can confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pandemic that can confirm
+that kids with laptops cannot teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids with laptops cannot teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids with laptops cannot teach
+anything to themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to themselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to themselves.
+Um South is interesting to me because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um South is interesting to me because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um South is interesting to me because
+there are millions of people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are millions of people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are millions of people who have
+watched his um 2011 TED talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched his um 2011 TED talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched his um 2011 TED talk about this
+model. there are many many fewer people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. there are many many fewer people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. there are many many fewer people
+who read an interview that he did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read an interview that he did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read an interview that he did in
+2019 with District Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 with District Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 with District Administration
+magazine. Um so District Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine. Um so District Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine. Um so District Administration
+is like a little trade magazine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a little trade magazine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a little trade magazine for
+superintendent. Um in between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent. Um in between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent. Um in between um
+starting Khan Academy in 2019, he built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Khan Academy in 2019, he built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Khan Academy in 2019, he built
+his own school called the the Khan Lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own school called the the Khan Lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own school called the the Khan Lab
+School. Um it's a private school. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School. Um it's a private school. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School. Um it's a private school. It's
+in the Bay Area, California. It costs 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bay Area, California. It costs 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Bay Area, California. It costs 20
+or $30,000 or something like that to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $30,000 or something like that to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $30,000 or something like that to go
+there for a year. But it's basically his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a year. But it's basically his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a year. But it's basically his
+laboratory. Like he can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. Like he can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. Like he can sort of
+implement any model he wanted. He can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement any model he wanted. He can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement any model he wanted. He can
+pick his own faculty. He can pick his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick his own faculty. He can pick his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick his own faculty. He can pick his
+own curriculum. He can recruit whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own curriculum. He can recruit whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own curriculum. He can recruit whatever
+students he wants. Um, and he does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students he wants. Um, and he does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students he wants. Um, and he does this
+for a few years. And he says, "Now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few years. And he says, "Now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few years. And he says, "Now that
+I run a school, I see that some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run a school, I see that some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run a school, I see that some of this
+stuff is not as easy to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is not as easy to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is not as easy to accomplish
+compared to how it sounds theoretically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to how it sounds theoretically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to how it sounds theoretically.
+It's taken me and the Khan Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's taken me and the Khan Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's taken me and the Khan Academy
+longer to realize this, but not everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to realize this, but not everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to realize this, but not everyone
+can easily move to a mastery based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily move to a mastery based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily move to a mastery based
+self-paced learning model overnight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning model overnight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning model overnight.
+That's hard to do. There a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's hard to do. There a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's hard to do. There a bunch of
+efficacy studies for that type of model,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy studies for that type of model,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy studies for that type of model,
+and they're robust, but change is hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're robust, but change is hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're robust, but change is hard.
+More recently, we're seeing that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More recently, we're seeing that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More recently, we're seeing that if
+students put 30 to minutes to an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students put 30 to minutes to an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students put 30 to minutes to an hour
+per week or one class period per week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per week or one class period per week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per week or one class period per week
+towards softwarebased self-paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards softwarebased self-paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards softwarebased self-paced
+learning, schools will see a 20 to 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, schools will see a 20 to 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, schools will see a 20 to 30%
+greater than expected gain on state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than expected gain on state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than expected gain on state
+assessments. That's exciting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments. That's exciting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments. That's exciting because
+that's a dosage that's very doable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dosage that's very doable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dosage that's very doable in
+mainstream classrooms. We tell schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream classrooms. We tell schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream classrooms. We tell schools
+to give students 30 to 60 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give students 30 to 60 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give students 30 to 60 minutes of
+Khan Academy per week with teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khan Academy per week with teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Khan Academy per week with teachers
+doing traditional curriculum four days a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing traditional curriculum four days a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing traditional curriculum four days a
+week and you're going to get dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and you're going to get dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and you're going to get dramatic
+improvement. You'll get the best of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement. You'll get the best of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement. You'll get the best of both
+worlds. Um, so this is like a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds. Um, so this is like a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds. Um, so this is like a pretty big
+step away from let's reinvent video with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step away from let's reinvent video with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step away from let's reinvent video with
+education. It's it's saying like instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. It's it's saying like instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. It's it's saying like instead
+of reinventing education with video,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinventing education with video,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinventing education with video,
+let's do practice problems one day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do practice problems one day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do practice problems one day a
+week. Um and uh you know again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Um and uh you know again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Um and uh you know again you can
+think about like is this disrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like is this disrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like is this disrupting
+education or is education domesticating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or is education domesticating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or is education domesticating
+the system. But there's something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. But there's something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. But there's something which
+struck me about this argument which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me about this argument which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck me about this argument which is
+like I think I've heard this before. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think I've heard this before. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think I've heard this before. Um
+and one of the earliest places you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the earliest places you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the earliest places you can
+find it is in 1994. Um so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it is in 1994. Um so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it is in 1994. Um so there are a
+group of folks at uh Carnegie Melon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of folks at uh Carnegie Melon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of folks at uh Carnegie Melon um
+who took a bunch of computers um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took a bunch of computers um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took a bunch of computers um that
+had online pract digital they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had online pract digital they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had online pract digital they wouldn't
+have been online network they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been online network they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been online network they would have
+been digital practice problems brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been digital practice problems brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been digital practice problems brought
+them into in the Pittsburgh public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into in the Pittsburgh public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into in the Pittsburgh public
+schools um and said to the teachers hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um and said to the teachers hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um and said to the teachers hey
+teach regularly three days a week and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach regularly three days a week and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach regularly three days a week and do
+this two days a week and apparently for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two days a week and apparently for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two days a week and apparently for
+most part the teachers were like eh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part the teachers were like eh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part the teachers were like eh
+we'll do it one day a week um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it one day a week um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it one day a week um and uh
+they got you know um the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got you know um the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got you know um the experimental
+classes outperformed students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes outperformed students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes outperformed students in
+comparison classes by 15% on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison classes by 15% on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison classes by 15% on
+standardized tests and 100% on test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests and 100% on test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests and 100% on test
+targeting these objectives. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting these objectives. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting these objectives. So like
+roughly the same order of magnitude kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same order of magnitude kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same order of magnitude kind
+of gains at Khan Academy slot. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gains at Khan Academy slot. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gains at Khan Academy slot. So
+anyway, one of the ways that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, one of the ways that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, one of the ways that you could
+frame that um is that with like 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that um is that with like 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that um is that with like 10 years
+and $150 million of philanthropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and $150 million of philanthropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and $150 million of philanthropic
+investment, Salon learned what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment, Salon learned what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment, Salon learned what you could
+have learned with a trip to the library.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned with a trip to the library.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned with a trip to the library.
+Um uh which is that like they're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh which is that like they're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh which is that like they're already
+existing models for how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing models for how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing models for how you can
+incorporate intelligent tutors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate intelligent tutors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate intelligent tutors and
+practice problems into what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice problems into what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice problems into what you're doing
+and they work pretty well. I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work pretty well. I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work pretty well. I'm curious
+to know so we discussed that like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know so we discussed that like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know so we discussed that like this
+individualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized
+has many benefits. Um, but I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many benefits. Um, but I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many benefits. Um, but I'm curious
+to know if there's any studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if there's any studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know if there's any studies that
+show particular subjects they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show particular subjects they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show particular subjects they might be
+more effective or not. That's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective or not. That's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective or not. That's great.
+Yeah. Yeah. Um, many um it you it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Um, many um it you it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Um, many um it you it really
+mostly works in math. Um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly works in math. Um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly works in math. Um uh the the
+evidence for the current EV the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the current EV the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the current EV the current
+evidence for for base for reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for for base for reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for for base for reading is
+very weak. Um and we'll talk we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak. Um and we'll talk we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak. Um and we'll talk we'll show
+more examples of that and read some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples of that and read some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples of that and read some more
+papers about that for next class. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers about that for next class. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers about that for next class. Um but
+when when we try to so here's the trick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we try to so here's the trick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we try to so here's the trick.
+When we try to evaluate these tools um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we try to evaluate these tools um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we try to evaluate these tools um
+you don't want to look at any individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to look at any individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to look at any individual
+study. A because any individual study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study. A because any individual study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study. A because any individual study
+can be wrong. Um and be well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be wrong. Um and be well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be wrong. Um and be well maybe
+that's the main reason. Any individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main reason. Any individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main reason. Any individual
+study can be wrong. Um so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study can be wrong. Um so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study can be wrong. Um so what you do is
+you do what's called a meta analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what's called a meta analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what's called a meta analysis.
+You look at groups of studies. You say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You look at groups of studies. You say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You look at groups of studies. You say
+like what are all the studies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are all the studies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are all the studies that have
+been done with intelligent tutors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done with intelligent tutors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done with intelligent tutors in
+math? What are all the studies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math? What are all the studies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math? What are all the studies that have
+been done with intelligent tutors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done with intelligent tutors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done with intelligent tutors in
+reading? And generally speaking, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading? And generally speaking, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading? And generally speaking, the
+only places that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only places that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only places that we
+find consistently more positive things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find consistently more positive things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find consistently more positive things
+which are not hugely positive is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not hugely positive is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not hugely positive is in
+math. Um what complicates that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Um what complicates that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Um what complicates that a little
+bit um is that some of the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um is that some of the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um is that some of the some of the
+strongest studies and evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest studies and evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest studies and evidence for
+mathematics have been more recently. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics have been more recently. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics have been more recently. Um
+now one possibility is that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one possibility is that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one possibility is that that's a
+fluke. Another possibility is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke. Another possibility is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke. Another possibility is that we're
+figuring stuff out. So you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring stuff out. So you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring stuff out. So you sort of have
+to decide to yourself like do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide to yourself like do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide to yourself like do you want
+to average over the whole length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to average over the whole length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to average over the whole length of
+studies or do you want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies or do you want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies or do you want to sort of
+reinforce your ideas based on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce your ideas based on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce your ideas based on more
+recent things? I'll make an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent things? I'll make an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent things? I'll make an argument
+next class that actually like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class that actually like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class that actually like some of
+the recent studies in math seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent studies in math seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent studies in math seem to be
+pretty robust. Um people try this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty robust. Um people try this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty robust. Um people try this stuff
+in early language acquisition. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early language acquisition. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early language acquisition. Um
+Dualingo I think has some evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo I think has some evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo I think has some evidence that
+they can teach you about as much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can teach you about as much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can teach you about as much in
+Dualingo as you learn in a first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo as you learn in a first year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo as you learn in a first year
+college class. Um although you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college class. Um although you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college class. Um although you should
+probably note that like you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably note that like you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably note that like you really don't
+learn that much in a first year college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that much in a first year college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that much in a first year college
+class in the language. Um computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the language. Um computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the language. Um computer
+science uses tons of things like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uses tons of things like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uses tons of things like this.
+Probably many of you who've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably many of you who've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably many of you who've done
+computer programming with cat soup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming with cat soup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming with cat soup and
+things like that. They probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. They probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. They probably have
+sort of hinting and other sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hinting and other sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hinting and other sorts of
+things that are that are baked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are that are baked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are that are baked into
+that. um doesn't doesn't seem to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. um doesn't doesn't seem to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. um doesn't doesn't seem to be very
+involved in later language acquisition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in later language acquisition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in later language acquisition.
+People don't use it that much in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People don't use it that much in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People don't use it that much in science
+or in social studies. Little, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in social studies. Little, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in social studies. Little, you know,
+a little bit in like chemistry, physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in like chemistry, physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in like chemistry, physics.
+Some places have some practice problems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some places have some practice problems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some places have some practice problems,
+things like that, but not about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that, but not about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that, but not about like the
+conceptual um understanding, more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual um understanding, more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual um understanding, more about
+the sort of procedural fluency kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of procedural fluency kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of procedural fluency kinds of
+things. Um, and so they they definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, and so they they definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, and so they they definitely
+seem to, you know, they they what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to, you know, they they what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to, you know, they they what they
+require in addition to these like item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require in addition to these like item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require in addition to these like item
+response theory models which figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response theory models which figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response theory models which figure out
+how difficult an item is, is it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult an item is, is it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult an item is, is it has to
+be able to be autograded and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be autograded and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be autograded and there's
+only certain kinds because it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only certain kinds because it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only certain kinds because it has to be
+able to instantly it has to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to instantly it has to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to instantly it has to be able to
+instantly assign you what the next item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly assign you what the next item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly assign you what the next item
+is. Um, and so the only way we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um, and so the only way we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um, and so the only way we can do
+that is we choose items um where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we choose items um where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we choose items um where we can
+be pretty confident that a machine can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty confident that a machine can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty confident that a machine can
+can ascertain whether or not you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ascertain whether or not you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ascertain whether or not you've done
+it correctly. You can do that in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly. You can do that in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly. You can do that in any
+field with multiple choice, but multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with multiple choice, but multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with multiple choice, but multiple
+choice is kind of it's good for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is kind of it's good for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is kind of it's good for some
+things. It's kind of boring. Oh, I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. It's kind of boring. Oh, I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. It's kind of boring. Oh, I was
+just going to ask like when you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to ask like when you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to ask like when you said
+that it's good with working with math,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's good with working with math,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's good with working with math,
+like I guess you sort of answered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess you sort of answered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess you sort of answered it
+later in your speech just now, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in your speech just now, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in your speech just now, but um
+what do you mean by it's good with math?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by it's good with math?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by it's good with math?
+Because there's a difference, a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because there's a difference, a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because there's a difference, a really
+strong one between procedural fluency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong one between procedural fluency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong one between procedural fluency
+and like conceptual understanding. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like conceptual understanding. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like conceptual understanding. And
+when I was thinking about writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was thinking about writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was thinking about writing this
+thing, I actually loved Yeah. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, I actually loved Yeah. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, I actually loved Yeah. And the
+reason was because like my math teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason was because like my math teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason was because like my math teachers
+were trying really hard, but it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying really hard, but it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying really hard, but it was like
+boring. And Il was like something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring. And Il was like something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring. And Il was like something I
+could use where you like don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use where you like don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use where you like don't have to
+do the same grade. You can like go past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same grade. You can like go past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same grade. You can like go past
+your grade and then you learn a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grade and then you learn a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grade and then you learn a bunch of
+procedural stuff and you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural stuff and you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural stuff and you feel like
+you're so smart or whatever. But that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so smart or whatever. But that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so smart or whatever. But that's
+not true because procedural fluency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true because procedural fluency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true because procedural fluency is
+not it's not mathematics. It's definit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not mathematics. It's definit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not mathematics. It's definit
+Yeah, it's not really math. I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's not really math. I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's not really math. I mean a
+riff that I'll give you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riff that I'll give you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riff that I'll give you a little bit
+later in the semester. So in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester. So in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester. So in the the
+common core state standards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common core state standards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common core state standards for
+mathematics um describe mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics um describe mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics um describe mathematical
+modeling as five steps. There are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling as five steps. There are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling as five steps. There are five
+things mathematicians do. Um they find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things mathematicians do. Um they find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things mathematicians do. Um they find a
+problem in the real world. They arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the real world. They arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the real world. They arrange
+that problem in some kind of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem in some kind of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem in some kind of structure
+like an equation or a table or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an equation or a table or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an equation or a table or
+schematic. They resolve the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic. They resolve the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic. They resolve the computation
+in that structure. They make a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that structure. They make a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that structure. They make a claim
+about how the answer relates to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the answer relates to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the answer relates to the real
+world. So it's like 47 board feet or 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. So it's like 47 board feet or 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. So it's like 47 board feet or 47
+kittens or 47 acres. Um and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kittens or 47 acres. Um and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kittens or 47 acres. Um and then they
+explain their reasoning. Um, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain their reasoning. Um, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain their reasoning. Um, our
+autograders can only assess one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograders can only assess one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograders can only assess one of those
+five things. Um, our autograders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things. Um, our autograders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things. Um, our autograders
+basically can only assess whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can only assess whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can only assess whether or not
+you like address the computational part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like address the computational part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like address the computational part
+of things. They basically don't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. They basically don't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. They basically don't work for
+the other four. Um, if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other four. Um, if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other four. Um, if you use
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+professionally, the like the only value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally, the like the only value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally, the like the only value
+you have as a human being are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have as a human being are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have as a human being are in the
+four things the autograders can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things the autograders can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things the autograders can't
+evaluate. Like if you use mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate. Like if you use mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate. Like if you use mathematics
+professionally, you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally, you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally, you probably have
+machines compute all the answers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines compute all the answers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines compute all the answers of the
+things that you're doing. um the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're doing. um the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're doing. um the value
+that you as a human bring is in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you as a human bring is in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you as a human bring is in like
+figuring out what problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what problems are
+interesting and setting them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and setting them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and setting them up and
+explaining them to other people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining them to other people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining them to other people and
+putting the answer into some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the answer into some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the answer into some kind of
+context. So I think you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. So I think you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. So I think you're absolutely
+right. Now what do we mean? What do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now what do we mean? What do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now what do we mean? What do we
+when we say it improves math? Um almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say it improves math? Um almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say it improves math? Um almost
+always what we mean is that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what we mean is that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what we mean is that in a
+randomized control trial um people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial um people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trial um people in
+the control condition get one um set get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control condition get one um set get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control condition get one um set get
+get some average score usually on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some average score usually on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some average score usually on an
+annual state test and people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual state test and people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual state test and people in the
+experimental condition get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental condition get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental condition get a higher
+average score um again on the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average score um again on the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average score um again on the same state
+test. That's what we usually be mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. That's what we usually be mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. That's what we usually be mean by
+math that works by by having a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that works by by having a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that works by by having a thing
+work in math or any other subject or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in math or any other subject or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in math or any other subject or
+things like that. We might not use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. We might not use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. We might not use a
+state test. We might use some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state test. We might use some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state test. We might use some other
+particular evaluation or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular evaluation or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular evaluation or things like
+that. But that's almost always the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But that's almost always the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But that's almost always the way
+these things are evaluated. And if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are evaluated. And if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are evaluated. And if those
+tests those tests are called math tests,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests those tests are called math tests,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests those tests are called math tests,
+but they don't test you on everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't test you on everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't test you on everything
+that's important in math. Um, and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important in math. Um, and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important in math. Um, and we'll
+get into that more as we go along, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that more as we go along, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that more as we go along, too.
+So, you've identified a sort of crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you've identified a sort of crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you've identified a sort of crucial
+issue. Let me try to give you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Let me try to give you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Let me try to give you a few
+other things to send you on your on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to send you on your on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to send you on your on your
+way with. Um, there is a wonderful book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with. Um, there is a wonderful book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with. Um, there is a wonderful book
+by Morgan Ames called The Charisma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Morgan Ames called The Charisma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Morgan Ames called The Charisma
+Machine. um which studies uh the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine. um which studies uh the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine. um which studies uh the one
+laptop per child program. It show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop per child program. It show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop per child program. It show it
+studies a particular implementation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies a particular implementation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies a particular implementation in
+Paraguay which was kind of a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paraguay which was kind of a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paraguay which was kind of a cool
+country to study um because like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to study um because like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to study um because like you
+could you you basically can like know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you you basically can like know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you you basically can like know
+everything that's happening in Paraguay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's happening in Paraguay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's happening in Paraguay.
+It's kind of a small place. Um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of a small place. Um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of a small place. Um and and
+Morgan was embedded there. Um she argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan was embedded there. Um she argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan was embedded there. Um she argues
+that there are sort of two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are sort of two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are sort of two kinds of
+stances that people can take towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stances that people can take towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stances that people can take towards
+technology. One is the charismatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. One is the charismatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. One is the charismatic
+stance. The idea that like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance. The idea that like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance. The idea that like these
+technologies are going to be new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are going to be new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are going to be new and
+different and transformative and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and transformative and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and transformative and that
+the future will be brand new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will be brand new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will be brand new and
+different because of these things. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because of these things. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because of these things. And
+that's what Salo Khan sounds like in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Salo Khan sounds like in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Salo Khan sounds like in his
+TED talk. Um an an alternative stance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TED talk. Um an an alternative stance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TED talk. Um an an alternative stance is
+the tinkering stance, which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tinkering stance, which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tinkering stance, which is what
+Salan sounds like, you know, sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salan sounds like, you know, sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salan sounds like, you know, sounds like
+um in his district administrative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in his district administrative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in his district administrative uh
+interview. Um that existing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview. Um that existing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview. Um that existing systems
+domesticate new technologies, that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticate new technologies, that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticate new technologies, that a
+pretty good guide for the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good guide for the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good guide for the future of
+schooling and education technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling and education technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling and education technology is
+the past. Um and it's not that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past. Um and it's not that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past. Um and it's not that we can't
+make things better, but that making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better, but that making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better, but that making
+things better is hard and it takes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better is hard and it takes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better is hard and it takes a lot
+of time and involves sort of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and involves sort of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and involves sort of building
+capacity as community. You could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity as community. You could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity as community. You could think
+of um failure to disrupt is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um failure to disrupt is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um failure to disrupt is basically a
+celebration of the tinkering stance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of the tinkering stance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of the tinkering stance um
+which you don't have to agree with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't have to agree with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't have to agree with but
+the but the one of the hearts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the one of the hearts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the one of the hearts of the
+argument is that charismatics don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is that charismatics don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is that charismatics don't
+really help education systems. Um making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help education systems. Um making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help education systems. Um making
+huge promises that we can't deliver on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge promises that we can't deliver on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge promises that we can't deliver on
+is not helpful. It diverts resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not helpful. It diverts resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not helpful. It diverts resources
+away for whether they could be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away for whether they could be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away for whether they could be most
+useful. A much more useful thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. A much more useful thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. A much more useful thing to do
+is to be real realistic with school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be real realistic with school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be real realistic with school
+systems about what's possible. to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems about what's possible. to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems about what's possible. to accept
+the fact that usually the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that usually the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that usually the things we
+improve are are only in some subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve are are only in some subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve are are only in some subjects
+but not others and not even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not others and not even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not others and not even in the
+entirety of those subjects but only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety of those subjects but only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety of those subjects but only in
+part of those subjects and only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of those subjects and only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of those subjects and only for
+certain kinds of students in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of students in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of students in certain
+kinds of contexts. And it's still worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of contexts. And it's still worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of contexts. And it's still worth
+pursuing those things because the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing those things because the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing those things because the way
+you make education systems better is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make education systems better is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make education systems better is you
+just like relentlessly try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like relentlessly try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like relentlessly try to improve
+little bits of them by a little amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of them by a little amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of them by a little amount
+over and over and over again. If you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again. If you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again. If you do
+that long enough they get better. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long enough they get better. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long enough they get better. Um but
+uh if you want you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want you know the the
+underlying argument behind the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying argument behind the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying argument behind the whole
+book um is like stop trying to disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um is like stop trying to disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um is like stop trying to disrupt
+things and instead take you know accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and instead take you know accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and instead take you know accept
+the limits of what can be accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of what can be accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of what can be accomplished
+with education technology but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with education technology but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with education technology but also
+recognize that even if the improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that even if the improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that even if the improvements
+we can make are small small improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make are small small improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make are small small improvements
+compounded over lots of students over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded over lots of students over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded over lots of students over a
+long period of time really matters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I want to say briefly and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I want to say briefly and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I want to say briefly and maybe I
+won't finish this but um personalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't finish this but um personalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't finish this but um personalization
+was a pedagogical idea but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pedagogical idea but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pedagogical idea but it's also
+connected to sort of broader political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to sort of broader political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to sort of broader political
+economies. I think I sort of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies. I think I sort of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies. I think I sort of first
+brought this up when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this up when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this up when we talked about
+instructionism and constructionism too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism and constructionism too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism and constructionism too.
+Um that these these pedagogies can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that these these pedagogies can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that these these pedagogies can be
+aligned with values. The instructionists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with values. The instructionists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with values. The instructionists
+say learning is hard. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say learning is hard. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say learning is hard. The
+constructionists say learning is natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructionists say learning is natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructionists say learning is natural
+and easy. um that therefore schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy. um that therefore schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy. um that therefore schools
+should be disciplined, rigorous,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be disciplined, rigorous,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be disciplined, rigorous,
+controlled, schools should be free,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled, schools should be free,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled, schools should be free,
+democracyinducing. Like there are values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracyinducing. Like there are values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracyinducing. Like there are values
+that get associated with these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get associated with these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get associated with these things
+and there were values that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were values that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were values that got
+associated with personalization. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with personalization. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with personalization. In
+particular, the emphasis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, the emphasis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, the emphasis on the
+individual as like the main unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual as like the main unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual as like the main unit of
+analysis when thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis when thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis when thinking about how to
+improve schools. Um to me, it's not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve schools. Um to me, it's not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve schools. Um to me, it's not at
+all clear that that's right. So, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all clear that that's right. So, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all clear that that's right. So, one
+thing that people thought about a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people thought about a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people thought about a lot
+and this related to muks and intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this related to muks and intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this related to muks and intelligent
+tutors and things like that is folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors and things like that is folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors and things like that is folks
+have said like it's crazy how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said like it's crazy how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said like it's crazy how many
+different things we ask teachers to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we ask teachers to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we ask teachers to do.
+They need to design assessments, design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They need to design assessments, design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They need to design assessments, design
+lessons, grade assessments, give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons, grade assessments, give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons, grade assessments, give
+instruction, coach people, provide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction, coach people, provide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction, coach people, provide what
+the British call pastoral care, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British call pastoral care, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British call pastoral care, which is
+like taking care of people and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking care of people and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking care of people and making
+them feel good and helping them when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them feel good and helping them when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them feel good and helping them when
+they cry and put on band-aids and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cry and put on band-aids and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cry and put on band-aids and things
+like that. Why on earth would we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Why on earth would we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Why on earth would we expect
+an adult to be good at all those things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult to be good at all those things?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult to be good at all those things?
+Um, like what if some people are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like what if some people are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like what if some people are just
+really good instructors? Like what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good instructors? Like what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good instructors? Like what if we
+just have these rockstar teachers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these rockstar teachers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these rockstar teachers like
+Sal Khan and Sebastian Thun who are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal Khan and Sebastian Thun who are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal Khan and Sebastian Thun who are just
+better at doing direct instruction. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at doing direct instruction. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at doing direct instruction. Why
+are we asking every teacher in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we asking every teacher in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we asking every teacher in the
+country to be able to explain math when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to be able to explain math when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to be able to explain math when
+Sao Khan is really good at explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sao Khan is really good at explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sao Khan is really good at explaining
+math? Um and then you know we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math? Um and then you know we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math? Um and then you know we could
+unbundle that part of their work out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbundle that part of their work out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbundle that part of their work out um
+and instead just have them focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead just have them focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead just have them focus on the
+things that can't do which is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can't do which is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can't do which is putting
+band-aids on kids and grading their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band-aids on kids and grading their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band-aids on kids and grading their
+feedback and talking to their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and talking to their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and talking to their parents
+and those kinds of things. So not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those kinds of things. So not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those kinds of things. So not not
+crazy at the start of it. Um people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy at the start of it. Um people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy at the start of it. Um people have
+taken this idea even further which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this idea even further which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this idea even further which is
+something like what if we just unbundled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what if we just unbundled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what if we just unbundled
+schools entirely like why do we pack all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools entirely like why do we pack all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools entirely like why do we pack all
+these different functions in schools? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different functions in schools? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different functions in schools? Um
+why don't we have schools do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we have schools do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we have schools do things that
+they're um partic you know why why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um partic you know why why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um partic you know why why don't
+why don't we let people gain learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we let people gain learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we let people gain learning
+experiences where they want to. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences where they want to. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences where they want to. Um there
+is a great leftist thinker named Ivan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great leftist thinker named Ivan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great leftist thinker named Ivan
+Illich. We're going to read some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illich. We're going to read some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illich. We're going to read some of his
+book, Deschooling Society later, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, Deschooling Society later, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, Deschooling Society later, which
+was written at the dawn of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written at the dawn of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written at the dawn of personal
+computing as an incredible prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing as an incredible prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing as an incredible prediction
+about the future of learning online.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of learning online.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of learning online.
+Totally extraordinary. Um, but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Totally extraordinary. Um, but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Totally extraordinary. Um, but he was
+very taken by the ideas of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very taken by the ideas of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very taken by the ideas of this guy
+named Milton Friedman um who's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Milton Friedman um who's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Milton Friedman um who's a very
+famous economist um who believed really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous economist um who believed really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous economist um who believed really
+strongly in the power of markets. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly in the power of markets. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly in the power of markets. Um
+that governments weren't really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that governments weren't really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that governments weren't really good at
+solving problems, that markets were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems, that markets were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems, that markets were
+really good at solving problems. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at solving problems. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at solving problems. Like
+what if we got rid of schools and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we got rid of schools and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we got rid of schools and just
+had people engage in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had people engage in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had people engage in a kind of
+marketplace of learning activities? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace of learning activities? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace of learning activities? Like
+what if we sort of unbundled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we sort of unbundled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we sort of unbundled the
+different functions of schools? Like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions of schools? Like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions of schools? Like why
+do you have to take math and English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to take math and English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to take math and English um
+and physical education and sex education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical education and sex education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical education and sex education
+from the same institution? Like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same institution? Like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same institution? Like why
+don't you just let people buy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just let people buy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just let people buy those
+learning experiences from wherever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences from wherever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences from wherever they
+want to? Um this is the horseshoe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to? Um this is the horseshoe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to? Um this is the horseshoe is
+here because this is like part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this is like part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this is like part of the
+arguments where sort of people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments where sort of people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments where sort of people on the
+left people on the right suddenly found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left people on the right suddenly found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left people on the right suddenly found
+themselves in this sort of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in this sort of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in this sort of strange
+convergence um around personalization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence um around personalization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence um around personalization.
+Um maybe maybe I'll pass this just to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe maybe I'll pass this just to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe maybe I'll pass this just to um
+so the idea like the pedagogical ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea like the pedagogical ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea like the pedagogical ideas
+of personalization got connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personalization got connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personalization got connected to a
+broader political uh project which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader political uh project which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader political uh project which is
+enormously successful in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously successful in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously successful in the United
+States particularly in conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States particularly in conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States particularly in conservative
+states right now of trying to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states right now of trying to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states right now of trying to um
+refashion school systems with less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refashion school systems with less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refashion school systems with less of a
+focus on schools and much more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on schools and much more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on schools and much more of a
+focus on individual students. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on individual students. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on individual students. Um
+uh a very popular idea um among people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very popular idea um among people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very popular idea um among people
+who advocate for this sort of thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who advocate for this sort of thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who advocate for this sort of thing is
+to say like why do we give monies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say like why do we give monies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say like why do we give monies to
+schools to educate people? What if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to educate people? What if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to educate people? What if we
+took those that money and gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took those that money and gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took those that money and gave it
+directly to students? Um uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to students? Um uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to students? Um uh sometimes
+these systems were called vouchers. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems were called vouchers. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems were called vouchers. Um
+like don't don't send people to public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like don't don't send people to public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like don't don't send people to public
+school, give them a voucher to buy any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, give them a voucher to buy any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, give them a voucher to buy any
+school they want. Um it turned out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school they want. Um it turned out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school they want. Um it turned out the
+word voucher was extremely unpopular. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word voucher was extremely unpopular. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word voucher was extremely unpopular. um
+and like evoked a a voucher that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like evoked a a voucher that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like evoked a a voucher that you
+would get uh like in an airport when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get uh like in an airport when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get uh like in an airport when
+your flight is canceled that doesn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight is canceled that doesn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight is canceled that doesn't pay
+for your hotel and things like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your hotel and things like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your hotel and things like that. Um
+for a while they experimented with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while they experimented with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while they experimented with this
+idea of like student backpacks um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of like student backpacks um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of like student backpacks um like
+the money would go into a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money would go into a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money would go into a student
+backpack but that evoked this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack but that evoked this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack but that evoked this idea of
+like backpacks full of cash which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like backpacks full of cash which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like backpacks full of cash which was
+kind of unsemly. Um so the so the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unsemly. Um so the so the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unsemly. Um so the so the term
+that that students right that folks use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that students right that folks use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that students right that folks use
+right now um is uh to fund students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um is uh to fund students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um is uh to fund students
+instead of systems. Um give money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of systems. Um give money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of systems. Um give money to
+individual students. These are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual students. These are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual students. These are all the
+states in 2023 um that passed or were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in 2023 um that passed or were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in 2023 um that passed or were
+considering legislation that would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering legislation that would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering legislation that would say
+we're going to take your property taxes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take your property taxes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take your property taxes.
+We're not going to give them to schools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not going to give them to schools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not going to give them to schools.
+We're going to give them to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to give them to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to give them to individual
+kids. Um and the individual kids can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids. Um and the individual kids can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids. Um and the individual kids can
+then use those dollars to buy whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those dollars to buy whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those dollars to buy whatever
+public school they want or to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public school they want or to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public school they want or to buy a
+parochial school or to buy pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parochial school or to buy pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parochial school or to buy pay more
+money and buy a private school or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and buy a private school or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and buy a private school or any
+kind of things like that. Um were those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things like that. Um were those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things like that. Um were those
+funds given to all students? Uh or was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds given to all students? Uh or was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds given to all students? Uh or was
+there a criteria? The idea the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a criteria? The idea the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a criteria? The idea the ideal
+model is that everyone would get them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that everyone would get them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that everyone would get them.
+um like if like if you believe in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if like if you believe in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if like if you believe in this
+sort of free market system um the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of free market system um the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of free market system um the only
+way public schools should exist is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way public schools should exist is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way public schools should exist is if
+they compete against the market compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compete against the market compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compete against the market compete
+in the market for other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market for other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market for other kinds of
+schools. You can also imagine you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. You can also imagine you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. You can also imagine you don't
+even need schools like what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need schools like what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need schools like what if you
+bought your math from Khan Academy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought your math from Khan Academy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought your math from Khan Academy and
+your health class from CVS and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your health class from CVS and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your health class from CVS and your
+language class from Rosetta Stone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language class from Rosetta Stone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language class from Rosetta Stone and
+your sexed class from the Big Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sexed class from the Big Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sexed class from the Big Valley
+Creation Science Museum and your English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creation Science Museum and your English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creation Science Museum and your English
+class from the National Writing Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from the National Writing Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from the National Writing Project
+and things like that. Um and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. Um and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. Um and you know
+this is like a broader political vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a broader political vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a broader political vision
+of what schooling could be in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what schooling could be in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what schooling could be in the future
+that online learning um enabled and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that online learning um enabled and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that online learning um enabled and to
+some extent um parts of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent um parts of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent um parts of it are
+enormously successful. I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously successful. I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously successful. I would say the
+pandemic because people basically hated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic because people basically hated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic because people basically hated
+online learning as a whole sort of threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning as a whole sort of threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning as a whole sort of threw
+cold water on a whole bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold water on a whole bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold water on a whole bunch of these
+things. Um but um a thing I want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um but um a thing I want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um but um a thing I want us to
+keep coming back to as we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep coming back to as we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep coming back to as we talk about
+things like personalized learning um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like personalized learning um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like personalized learning um is
+that they are they can they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are they can they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are they can they can be
+construed as pedagogies but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed as pedagogies but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed as pedagogies but these
+pedagogies are almost always connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogies are almost always connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogies are almost always connected
+to like broader political movements um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like broader political movements um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like broader political movements um
+about how we organize schools. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we organize schools. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we organize schools. Um the
+most political question you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most political question you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most political question you could
+possibly ask is how should we raise our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly ask is how should we raise our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly ask is how should we raise our
+children? Um in some ways it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children? Um in some ways it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children? Um in some ways it seems like
+an extremely technical question um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely technical question um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely technical question um but
+it is a deeply moral value laden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a deeply moral value laden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a deeply moral value laden
+question as well. Okay. Um, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as well. Okay. Um, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as well. Okay. Um, we will
+continue this uh little bit and say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this uh little bit and say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this uh little bit and say some
+more things about it and uh look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things about it and uh look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things about it and uh look at some
+more well we'll probably get pretty deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well we'll probably get pretty deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well we'll probably get pretty deep
+into the evidence in the paper that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the evidence in the paper that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the evidence in the paper that you
+read um trying to get at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um trying to get at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um trying to get at some of the
+questions that Mari asked before of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that Mari asked before of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that Mari asked before of like
+like what is the evidence base for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the evidence base for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the evidence base for how
+well these things work some of Alvo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these things work some of Alvo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these things work some of Alvo's
+questions like what does it mean to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what does it mean to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like what does it mean to work
+we'll do a bunch of that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a bunch of that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a bunch of that with
+intelligent tutors um on uh Monday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent tutors um on uh Monday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent tutors um on uh Monday um
+have a wonderful weekend I look forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wonderful weekend I look forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wonderful weekend I look forward
+to getting and reading all your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting and reading all your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getting and reading all your papers
+and if I can help you with anything let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I can help you with anything let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I can help you with anything let
+me know thanks everybody
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lgFBqG9d9U8.txt b/lgFBqG9d9U8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f7b2a03967b3a95750090d3278caa48fcd4bb6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lgFBqG9d9U8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be slightly conducting oil in this tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly conducting oil in this tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly conducting oil in this tank
+allows us to further illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to further illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to further illustrate the
+shear stresses caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear stresses caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear stresses caused by the
+accumulation of surface charge and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of surface charge and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of surface charge and a
+tangential field the left electrode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential field the left electrode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential field the left electrode is
+grounded the right electrode as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded the right electrode as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded the right electrode as well as
+the slanted plate is to be raised to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slanted plate is to be raised to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slanted plate is to be raised to a
+potential of 10 to 20 kilovolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fluid moves to the right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid moves to the right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid moves to the right near the
+interface and is returned near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and is returned near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and is returned near the
+bottom the motion suggests that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the motion suggests that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the motion suggests that there is
+an electrical shearing surface force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrical shearing surface force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrical shearing surface force
+acting at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the potential between the end electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential between the end electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential between the end electrodes
+causes a uniform current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a uniform current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a uniform current density
+throughout the liquid with an attendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the liquid with an attendant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the liquid with an attendant
+electric field intensity both the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field intensity both the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field intensity both the right
+and upper electrodes are raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper electrodes are raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper electrodes are raised to the
+positive potential while the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive potential while the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive potential while the potential
+increases linearly from the left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases linearly from the left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases linearly from the left to
+right along the fluid interface this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the fluid interface this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the fluid interface this
+interface acts as the lower plate of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface acts as the lower plate of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface acts as the lower plate of a
+distributed capacitor with the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed capacitor with the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed capacitor with the upper
+electrode the opposite plate that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode the opposite plate that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode the opposite plate that is the
+slanted plate induces surface charges on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted plate induces surface charges on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted plate induces surface charges on
+the interface these surface charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface these surface charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface these surface charges are
+acted on by the tangential component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted on by the tangential component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted on by the tangential component of
+electric field at the interface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at the interface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at the interface to
+produce a shearing force at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a shearing force at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a shearing force at the
+interface
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mLLUgcvQLgY.txt b/mLLUgcvQLgY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad1d9dbcee1f365ce0babff48a889e3fb29bb9ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mLLUgcvQLgY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we consider the case where an object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider the case where an object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider the case where an object is
+moving on the surface but now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on the surface but now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on the surface but now let's
+consider what happens that if we apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens that if we apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens that if we apply a
+force at here and the object stays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at here and the object stays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at here and the object stays at
+rest well we still have the normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest well we still have the normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest well we still have the normal force
+distributed over this surface but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over this surface but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over this surface but now
+because the object is at rest there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the object is at rest there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the object is at rest there's
+another con the contact force now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another con the contact force now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another con the contact force now is
+what we call static friction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call static friction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call static friction the
+tangential part of that and the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential part of that and the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential part of that and the contact
+force is still the perpendicular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is still the perpendicular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is still the perpendicular part
+the normal force plus the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force plus the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force plus the tangential
+part which we referred to as static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which we referred to as static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which we referred to as static
+friction now what happens with static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction now what happens with static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction now what happens with static
+friction is that if we don't apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is that if we don't apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is that if we don't apply a
+force at all then there's no static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at all then there's no static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at all then there's no static
+friction and in fact you can see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction and in fact you can see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction and in fact you can see in this
+simulation that if we slowly increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that if we slowly increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that if we slowly increase
+the applied force then the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied force then the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied force then the static
+friction force gets bigger and bigger it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force gets bigger and bigger it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force gets bigger and bigger it
+depends on what we're doing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what we're doing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what we're doing to the
+system but at a certain point when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but at a certain point when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but at a certain point when we
+apply a large enough external force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a large enough external force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a large enough external force the
+object suddenly starts to slip that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object suddenly starts to slip that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object suddenly starts to slip that's
+what we call the just slipping condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the just slipping condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the just slipping condition
+and the reason for that is static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is static
+friction has reached its maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction has reached its maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction has reached its maximum
+possible value that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value that has to do with the
+physics of the interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the interaction between the
+surface and the object so also there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the object so also there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the object so also there's a
+very subtle thing is that as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle thing is that as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle thing is that as you see
+when we pull the force and it just slips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we pull the force and it just slips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we pull the force and it just slips
+suddenly the friction has gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the friction has gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the friction has gone from
+static to kinetic friction and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static to kinetic friction and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static to kinetic friction and it's
+gotten a little bit smaller how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a little bit smaller how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a little bit smaller how do we
+express those properties well what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express those properties well what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express those properties well what we
+have is the idea that the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the idea that the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the idea that the static
+friction can vary in magnitude between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction can vary in magnitude between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction can vary in magnitude between
+zero and some type of maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and some type of maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and some type of maximum value
+depending on the other constraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the other constraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the other constraints on
+the system and the maximum value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and the maximum value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and the maximum value of
+static friction we have a force law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction we have a force law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction we have a force law
+which is that it's again proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it's again proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it's again proportional to
+the normal force but the coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force but the coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force but the coefficient is
+called now the coefficient of static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called now the coefficient of static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called now the coefficient of static
+friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction
+and this coefficient of static-friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this coefficient of static-friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this coefficient of static-friction
+is slightly bigger than the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly bigger than the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly bigger than the coefficient
+of kinetic friction which explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic friction which explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic friction which explains why
+that arrow got a little bit smaller when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrow got a little bit smaller when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrow got a little bit smaller when
+it just started to slip now again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just started to slip now again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just started to slip now again like
+kinetic friction static friction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic friction static friction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic friction static friction is
+opposing this external force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing this external force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing this external force and
+depending on the direction that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the direction that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the direction that the
+object moves for instance if we applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moves for instance if we applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moves for instance if we applied
+the external force in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external force in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external force in the opposite
+direction here then the static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here then the static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here then the static friction
+that's distributed over the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's distributed over the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's distributed over the surface is
+opposing that force but there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing that force but there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing that force but there may be
+many systems in which we're actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many systems in which we're actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many systems in which we're actually not
+quite sure which way static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure which way static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure which way static friction
+points and as the course develops and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and as the course develops and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and as the course develops and we
+look at more complicated examples we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more complicated examples we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more complicated examples we'll
+see that the direction of static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the direction of static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the direction of static
+friction can depend on all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction can depend on all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction can depend on all the other
+constraints on the system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mmkOAMOw73U.txt b/mmkOAMOw73U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db94eb5d795b87a53f7f2ba00eb036021b63cadb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mmkOAMOw73U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2118 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: In the last lecture,
+we discussed discrete
+
+time processing of continuous
+time signals.
+
+And, as you know, the basis for
+that arises essentially
+
+out of a sampling theorem.
+
+Now in that context, and also
+in its own right, another
+
+important sampling issue is the
+sampling of discrete time
+
+signals, in other words, the
+sampling of a sequence.
+
+One common context in which this
+arises, for example, is,
+
+if we've converted from a
+continuous time signal to a
+
+sequence, and we then carry out
+some additional filtering,
+
+then there's the possibility
+that we can resample that
+
+sequence, and as we'll see as we
+go through the discussion,
+
+save something in the way
+of storage or whatever.
+
+So discrete time sampling, as
+I indicated, has important
+
+application in a context
+referred to here, namely
+
+resampling after discrete
+time filtering.
+
+And closely related to that,
+as we'll indicate in this
+
+lecture, is the concept of using
+discrete time sampling
+
+for what's referred to as
+sampling rate conversion.
+
+And also closely associated with
+both of those ideas is a
+
+set of ideas that I'll bring
+up in today's lecture,
+
+referred to as decimation and
+interpolation of discrete time
+
+signals or sequences.
+
+Now the basic process for
+discrete time sampling is the
+
+same as it is for continuous
+time sampling.
+
+Namely, we can analyze it and
+set it up on the basis of
+
+multiplying or modulating a
+discrete time signal by an
+
+impulse train, the impulse train
+essentially, or pulse
+
+train, pulling out sequence
+values at the times that we
+
+want to sample.
+
+So the basic block diagram for
+the sampling process is to
+
+modulate or multiply the
+sequence that we want to
+
+sample by an impulse train.
+
+And here, the impulse train has
+impulses spaced by integer
+
+multiples of capital N.
+This then becomes
+
+the sampling period.
+
+And the result of that
+modulation is then the sample
+
+sequence x of p of n.
+
+So if we just look at what a
+sequence and a sampled version
+
+of that sequence might look
+like, what we have here is an
+
+original sequence x of n.
+
+And then we have the sampling
+impulse train, or sampling
+
+sequence, and it's the
+modulation or product of these
+
+two that gives us the sample
+sequence x of p of n.
+
+And so, as you can see,
+multiplying this by this
+
+essentially pulls out of the
+original sequence sample
+
+values at the times that
+this pulse train is on.
+
+And of course here, I've drawn
+this for the case where
+
+capital N, the sampling
+period, is equal to 3.
+
+Now the analysis of discrete
+time sampling is very similar
+
+to the analysis of continuous
+time sampling.
+
+And let's just quickly
+look through the
+
+steps that are involved.
+
+We're modulating or
+
+multiplying in the time domain.
+
+And what that corresponds to in
+the frequency domain is a
+
+convolution.
+
+And so the spectrum of the
+sampled sequence is the
+
+periodic convolution of the
+spectrum of the sampling
+
+sequence and the
+spectrum of the
+
+sequence that we're sampling.
+
+And since the sampling sequence
+is an impulse train,
+
+as we know, the Fourier
+transform of an impulse train
+
+is itself an impulse train.
+
+And so this is the Fourier
+transform of
+
+the sampling sequence.
+
+And now, finally, the Fourier
+transform of the resulting
+
+sample sequence, being the
+convolution of this with the
+
+Fourier transform of the
+sequence that we're sampling,
+
+gives us then a spectrum which
+consists of a sum of
+
+replicated versions of the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+sequence that we're sampling.
+
+In other words, what we're
+doing, very much as we did in
+
+continuous time, is, through the
+sampling process when we
+
+look at it in the frequency
+domain, taking the spectrum of
+
+the sequence there were sampling
+and shifting it and
+
+then adding it in--
+
+shifting it by integer
+multiples of
+
+the sampling frequency.
+
+In particular, looking back
+at this equation, what we
+
+recognize is that this term, k
+times 2 pi over capital N, is
+
+in fact an integer multiple
+of the sampling frequency.
+
+And the same thing
+is true here.
+
+This is k times omega sub s,
+where omega sub s, the
+
+sampling frequency, is 2 pi
+divided by capital N.
+
+All right, so now let's look at
+what this means pictorially
+
+or graphically in the
+frequency domain.
+
+And as you can imagine, since
+the analysis and algebra is
+
+similar to what happens in
+continuous time, we would
+
+expect the pictures to more or
+less be identical to what
+
+we've seen previously
+for continuous time.
+
+And indeed that's the case.
+
+So here we have the spectrum
+of the signal
+
+that's we're sampling.
+
+This is its Fourier transform,
+with an assumed highest
+
+frequency omega sub m, highest
+frequency over a 2pi range, or
+
+over a range of pi, rather.
+
+And now the spectrum of the
+sampling signal is what I show
+
+below, which is an impulse train
+with impulses occurring
+
+at integer multiples of the
+sampling frequency.
+
+And then finally, the
+convolution of these two is
+
+simply this one replicated
+at the
+
+locations of these impulses.
+
+And so that's finally
+what I show below.
+
+And here I made one particular
+choice for
+
+the sampling period.
+
+This in particular corresponds
+to a sampling period which is
+
+capital N equal to 3.
+
+And so the sampling frequency,
+omega sub s, is
+
+2pi divided by 3.
+
+Now when we look at this, what
+we recognize is that we have
+
+basically the same issue here as
+we had in continuous time,
+
+in the sense that when these
+individual replications of the
+
+Fourier transform, when the
+sampling frequency is chosen
+
+high enough so that they don't
+overlap, then we see the
+
+potential for being able to
+get one of them back.
+
+On the other hand, when they
+do overlap then what we'll
+
+have is aliasing, in particular,
+discrete time
+
+aliasing, much as we had
+continuous time aliasing in
+
+the continuous time case.
+
+Well notice in this picture
+that what we have is we've
+
+chosen this picture so that
+omega sub s minus omega sub m
+
+is greater than omega sub m, or
+equivalently, so that omega
+
+sub s is greater than
+2 omega sub m.
+
+And so with omega sub s greater
+than 2 omega sum m,
+
+that corresponds to
+this picture.
+
+Whereas, if that condition is
+violated then, in fact, the
+
+picture that we would have is
+a picture that looks like.
+
+And in this picture, the
+individual replications of the
+
+Fourier transform of the
+original signal overlap.
+
+And we can no longer recover the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+original signal.
+
+And this, just as it was in
+continuous time, is referred
+
+to as aliasing.
+
+Now let's look more closely at
+the situation in which there
+
+is no aliasing.
+
+So in that case, what we have is
+a Fourier transform for the
+
+sampled signal, which is as
+I indicated here, and the
+
+Fourier transform for the
+original signal, as I indicate
+
+at the top.
+
+And the question now is
+how do we recover this
+
+one from this one.
+
+Well, the way that we do that,
+just as we did in a continuous
+
+time case, is by a low
+pass filtering.
+
+In particular, processing in
+the time domain or in the
+
+frequency domain, this with an
+ideal low pass filter has the
+
+effect of extracting that part
+of the spectrum that in fact
+
+we identify with the original
+signal that we began with.
+
+So what we see, again, is
+that the process is
+
+very much the same.
+
+As long as there's no aliasing,
+we can recover the
+
+original signal by ideal
+low pass filtering.
+
+So the overall system is, just
+to reiterate, a system which
+
+consists of modulating the
+original sequence with a pulse
+
+train or impulse train.
+
+And then that is going
+to be processed
+
+with a low pass filter.
+
+The spectrum of the original
+signal x of n
+
+is what I show here.
+
+The spectrum of the sampled
+signal, where I'm drawing the
+
+picture on the assumption that
+the sampling period is 3, is
+
+now what's indicated, where
+these are replicated, where
+
+the original spectrum
+is replicated.
+
+This is now processed through
+a filter which, for exact
+
+reconstruction, is an ideal
+low pass filter.
+
+And so we would multiply this
+spectrum by this one.
+
+And the result, after doing
+that, will generate a
+
+reconstructed spectrum
+which, in fact, is
+
+identical to the original.
+
+So the frequency domain
+picture is the same.
+
+And what we would expect then
+is that the time domain
+
+picture would be the same.
+
+Well, let's in fact look
+at the time domain.
+
+And in the time domain, what we
+have is an analysis more or
+
+less identical to what we
+had in continuous time.
+
+We of course have
+the same system.
+
+And in the time domain,
+we are multiplying
+
+by an impulse train.
+
+Consequently, the sample
+sequence is an impulse train
+
+whose values are samples of x
+of at integer multiples of
+
+capital N. For the
+reconstruction, this is now
+
+processed through an ideal
+low pass filter.
+
+And that implements a
+
+convolution in the time domain.
+
+And so the reconstructed signal
+is the convolution of
+
+the sample sequence and the
+filter impulse response.
+
+And expressed another way,
+namely writing out the
+
+convolution as a sum, we
+have this expression.
+
+And so it says then that the
+reconstruction is carried out
+
+by replacing the impulses
+here, these impulses, by
+
+versions of the filter
+impulse response.
+
+Well, if the filter is an ideal
+low pass filter, then
+
+that corresponds in the time
+domain to sine nx over sine x
+
+kind of function.
+
+And that is the interpolation
+in between the samples to do
+
+the reconstruction.
+
+Also, as is discussed somewhat
+in the text, we can consider
+
+other kinds of interpolation,
+for example discrete time zero
+
+order hold or discrete time
+first order hold, just as we
+
+had in continuous time.
+
+And the issues and analysis for
+the discrete times zero
+
+order hold and first order hold
+are very similar to what
+
+they were in continuous time--
+the zero order hold just
+
+simply holding the value until
+the next sampling instant, and
+
+the first order hold carrying
+out linear interpolation in
+
+between the samples.
+
+Now in this sampling process,
+if we look again at the wave
+
+forms involved, or sequences
+involved, the process
+
+consisted of taking a sequence
+and extracting from it
+
+individual values.
+
+And in between those values,
+we have sequence
+
+values equal to 0.
+
+So what we're doing in this
+case is retaining the same
+
+number of sequence values and
+simply setting some number of
+
+them equal to 0.
+
+Well, let's say, for example,
+that we want
+
+to carry out sampling.
+
+And what we're talking
+about is a sequence.
+
+And let's say this sequence is
+stored in a computer memory.
+
+As you can imagine, the notion
+of sampling it and actually
+
+replacing some of the values
+by zero is somewhat
+
+inefficient.
+
+Namely, it doesn't make sense
+to think of storing in the
+
+memory a lot of zeros, when in
+fact those are zeros that we
+
+can always put back in.
+
+We know exactly what
+the values are.
+
+And if we know what the sampling
+rate was in discrete
+
+time, then we would know
+when and how to put
+
+the zeros back in.
+
+So actually, in discrete time
+sampling, what we've talked
+
+about so far is really
+only one part or
+
+one step in the process.
+
+Basically, the other step is to
+take those zeros and just
+
+throw them away because we could
+put them in any time we
+
+want to and really only retain,
+for example in our
+
+computer memory or list of
+sequence values or whatever,
+
+only retain the non-zero
+values.
+
+So that process and the
+resulting sequence that we end
+
+up with is associated with a
+concept called decimation.
+
+What I mean by decimation
+is very simple.
+
+What we're doing is, instead of
+working with this sequence,
+
+we're going to work with
+this sequence.
+
+Namely, we'll toss out the
+zeros in between here and
+
+collapse the sequence down only
+to the sequence values
+
+that are associated with
+the original x of n.
+
+Now, in talking about a
+decimated sequence, we could
+
+of course do that directly from
+this step down to here,
+
+although again in the analysis
+it will be somewhat more
+
+convenient to carry that out
+by thinking, at least
+
+analytically, in terms
+of a 2-step process--
+
+one being a sampling process,
+then the other being a
+
+decimation.
+
+But basically, this is a
+decimated version of that.
+
+Now for the grammatical purists
+out there, the word
+
+decimation of course means
+taking every tenth one.
+
+The implication is not that
+we're always sampling with a
+
+period of 10.
+
+The idea of decimating is to
+pick out every nth sample and
+
+end up with a collapsed
+sequence.
+
+Let's now look at a little bit
+of the analysis and understand
+
+what the consequence is in
+the frequency domain.
+
+In particular what we want to
+develop is how the Fourier
+
+transform of the decimated
+sequence is related to the
+
+Fourier transform of the
+original sequence or the
+
+sample sequence.
+
+So let's look at this in
+the frequency domain.
+
+So what we have is a decimated
+sequence, which consists of
+
+pulling out every capital
+Nth value of x of n.
+
+And of course that's the same as
+we can either decimate x of
+
+n or we can decimate
+the sample signal.
+
+Now in going through this
+analysis, I'll kind of go
+
+through it quickly because again
+there's the issue of
+
+some slight mental gymnastics.
+
+And if you're anything like I
+am, it's usually best to kind
+
+of try to absorb that by
+yourself quietly, rather than
+
+having somebody throw
+it at you.
+
+Let me say, though, that the
+steps that I'm following here
+
+are slightly different
+than the steps that
+
+I use in the text.
+
+It's a slightly different way of
+going through the analysis.
+
+I guess you could say for one
+thing that if we've gone
+
+through it twice, and it comes
+out the same, well of course
+
+it has to be right.
+
+Well anyway, here we have then
+the relationship between the
+
+decimated sequence, the original
+sequence, and the
+
+sampled sequence.
+
+And we know of course that the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+sample sequence is just
+simply this summation.
+
+And now kind of the idea in the
+analysis is that we can
+
+collapse this summation by
+recognizing that this term is
+
+only non-zero at every
+nth value.
+
+And so if we do that,
+essentially making a
+
+substitution of variables with
+n equal to small m times
+
+capital N, we can turn this
+into a summation on m.
+
+And that's what I've
+done here.
+
+And we've just simply used the
+fact that we can collapse the
+
+sum because of the fact that
+all but every nth value is
+
+equal to zero.
+
+So this then is the Fourier
+transform all
+
+of the sampled signal.
+
+And now if we look at the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+decimated signal, that Fourier
+transform, of course, is this
+
+summation on the decimated
+sequence.
+
+Well, what we want to look at is
+the correspondence between
+
+this equation and the
+one above it.
+
+So we want to compare this
+equation to this one.
+
+And recognizing that this
+decimated sequence is just
+
+simply related to the sample
+sequence this way, these two
+
+become equal under a
+substitution of variables.
+
+In particular, notice that if
+we replace in this equation
+
+omega by omega times capital
+N, then these two equations
+
+become equal.
+
+So the consequence of that,
+then, what it all boils down
+
+to and says, is that the
+relationship between the
+
+Fourier transform of the
+decimated sequence and the
+
+Fourier transform of the sampled
+sequence is simply a
+
+frequency scaling corresponding
+to dividing the
+
+frequency axis by capital N.
+
+So that's essentially
+what happens.
+
+That's really all that's
+involved in
+
+the decimation process.
+
+And now, again, let's look
+at that pictorially
+
+and see what it means.
+
+So what we want to look at, now
+that we've looked in the
+
+time domain in this particular
+view graph, we now want to
+
+look in the frequency domain.
+
+And in the frequency domain,
+we have, again, the Fourier
+
+transform of the original
+sequence and we have the
+
+Fourier transform of the
+sampled sequence.
+
+And now the Fourier transform
+of the decimated sequence is
+
+simply this spectrum with a
+linear frequency scaling.
+
+And in particular, it simply
+corresponds to multiplying
+
+this frequency axis by capital
+N. And notice that this
+
+frequency now, 2 pi over capital
+N, that frequency ends
+
+up getting rescaled to
+a frequency of 2 pi.
+
+So in fact now, in the
+rescaling, it's that this
+
+point in the decimation gets
+rescaled to this point.
+
+And correspondingly, of course,
+this whole spectrum
+
+broadens out.
+
+Now we can also look at
+that in the context of
+
+the original spectrum.
+
+And you can see that the
+relationship between the
+
+original spectrum and the
+spectrum of the decimated
+
+signal corresponds to simply
+linearly scaling this.
+
+But it's important also to
+keep in mind that that
+
+analysis, that particular
+relationship, assumes that
+
+we've avoided aliasing.
+
+The relationship between the
+spectrum of the decimated
+
+signal and the spectrum of the
+sample signal is true whether
+
+or not we have aliasing.
+
+But being able to clearly
+associate it with just simply
+
+scaling of this spectrum of the
+original signal assumes
+
+that the spectrum of the
+original signal, the shape of
+
+it, is preserved when we
+generate the sample signal.
+
+Well, when might discrete time
+sampling, and for that matter,
+
+decimation, be used?
+
+Well, I indicated one context in
+which it might be useful at
+
+the beginning of this lecture.
+
+And let me now focus in
+on that a little more
+
+specifically.
+
+In particular, suppose that we
+have gone through a process in
+
+which the continuous time signal
+has been converted to a
+
+discrete time signal.
+
+And we then carry out
+some additional
+
+discrete time filtering.
+
+So we have a situation where
+we've gone through a
+
+continuous to discrete
+time conversion.
+
+And after that conversion,
+we carry out some
+
+discrete time filtering.
+
+And in particular, in going
+through this part of the
+
+process, we choose the sampling
+rate for going from
+
+the continuous time signal to
+the sequence so that we don't
+
+violate the sampling theorem.
+
+Well let's suppose, then, that
+this is the spectrum of the
+
+continuous time signal.
+
+Below it, we have the spectrum
+of the output of the
+
+continuous to discrete
+time conversion.
+
+And I've chosen the sampling
+frequency to be just high
+
+enough so that I
+avoid aliasing.
+
+Well that then is the lowest
+sampling frequency I can pick.
+
+But now, if we go through some
+additional low pass filtering,
+
+then let's see what happens.
+
+If I now low pass filter the
+sequence x of n, then in
+
+effect, I'm multiplying
+the sequence
+
+spectrum by this filter.
+
+And so the result of that,
+the product of the filter
+
+frequency response and the
+Fourier transform of x of n
+
+would have a shape somewhat
+like I indicate below.
+
+Now notice that in this
+spectrum, although in the
+
+input to the filter this entire
+band was filled up, in
+
+the output of the filter, there
+is a band that in fact
+
+has zero energy in it.
+
+So what I can consider doing is
+taking the output sequence
+
+from the filter and in fact
+resampling it, in other words
+
+sampling it, which would be more
+or less associated with a
+
+different sampling rate
+for the continuous
+
+time signals involved.
+
+So I could now go through a
+process which is commonly
+
+referred to as down sampling
+that is lowering
+
+the sampling rate.
+
+When we do that, of course,
+what's going to happen is that
+
+in fact this spectral
+energy will now fill
+
+out more of the band.
+
+And for example, if this was a
+third, then in fact if I down
+
+sampled by a factor of three,
+then I would fill up the
+
+entire band with this energy.
+
+But since I've done some
+additional low pass filtering,
+
+as I indicate here, there's
+no problem with aliasing.
+
+If I had, let's say, down
+sampled by a factor of three
+
+and I'm now taking that signal
+and converting it back to a
+
+continuous time signal, then
+of course the way I can do
+
+that is by simply running my
+output clock for the discrete
+
+to continuous time converter.
+
+I can run my output clock
+at a third the rate
+
+of the input clock.
+
+And that, in effect,
+takes care of the
+
+bookkeeping for me.
+
+So here we have now the notion
+of sampling a sequence, and
+
+very closely tied in with that,
+the notion of decimating
+
+a sequence, and related to both
+of those, the notion of
+
+down sampling, that is changing
+the sampling rates so
+
+that, if we were trying this
+in with continuous time
+
+signals, we've essentially
+changed our clock rate.
+
+And we might also want to, and
+it's important to, consider
+
+the opposite of that.
+
+So now a question is what's the
+opposite of decimation.
+
+Suppose that we had a sequence
+and we decimate it.
+
+Thinking about it as a 2-step
+process, that would correspond
+
+to first multiplying by an
+impulse train, where there are
+
+bunch of zeros in there, and
+then choosing, throwing away
+
+the zeros and keeping only the
+values that are non-zero,
+
+because the zeros we can
+always recreate.
+
+Well, in fact, the inverse
+process is very specifically a
+
+process of recreating the
+zeros and then doing the
+
+desampling.
+
+So in the opposite operation,
+what we would do is undo the
+
+decimation step.
+
+And that would consist of
+converting the decimated
+
+sequence back to an impulse
+train and then processing that
+
+impulse train by an ideal low
+pass filter to do the
+
+interpolation or reconstruction,
+filling in the
+
+values which, in this impulse
+train, are equal to zero.
+
+So we now have the two steps.
+
+We take the decimated sequence
+and we expand it
+
+out, putting in zeros.
+
+And then we desample that by
+processing it through a low
+
+pass filter.
+
+So just kind of looking at
+sequences again, what we have
+
+is an original sequence,
+the sequence x of n.
+
+And then the sample sequence
+is simply a sequence which
+
+alternates, in this particular
+case, those
+
+sequence values was zero.
+
+Here what we're assuming is that
+the sampling period is 2.
+
+And so every other value
+here is equal to zero.
+
+The decimated sequence then is
+this sequence, collapsed as I
+
+show in the sequence above.
+
+And so it's, in effect, time
+compressing the sample
+
+sequence or the original
+sequence so that we throw out
+
+the sequence values which
+were equal to zero
+
+in the sample sequence.
+
+Now in recovering the original
+sequence from the decimated
+
+sequence, we can think
+of a 2-step process.
+
+Namely, we spread this out
+alternating with zeros, and
+
+again, keeping in mind that
+this is drawn for the case
+
+where capital N is 2.
+
+And then finally, we interpolate
+between the
+
+non-zero values here by going
+through a low pass filter to
+
+reconstruct the original
+sequence.
+
+And that's what we show finally
+on the bottom curve.
+
+So that's what we would see
+in the time domain.
+
+Let's look at what we would see
+in the frequency domain.
+
+In the frequency domain, we
+have to begin with the
+
+sequence on the bottom, or the
+spectrum on the bottom, which
+
+would correspond to the
+original spectrum.
+
+Then, through the sampling
+process, that is periodically
+
+replicated.
+
+Again, this is drawn on the
+assumption that the sampling
+
+frequency is pi or the sampling
+period is equal to 2.
+
+And so this is now replicated.
+
+And then, in going from this
+to the spectrum of the
+
+decimated sequence, we would
+rescale the frequency axis so
+
+that the frequency pi now gets
+rescaled in the spectrum for
+
+the decimated sequence to a
+frequency which is 2 pi.
+
+And so this now is
+the spectrum of
+
+the decimated sequence.
+
+If we now want to reconvert to
+the original sequence we would
+
+first intersperse in the
+time domain with zeros,
+
+corresponding to compressing
+in the frequency domain.
+
+This would then be low
+pass filtered.
+
+And the low pass filtering would
+consist of throwing away
+
+this replication, accounting
+for a factor which is the
+
+factor capital N, and extracting
+the portion of the
+
+spectrum which is associated
+with the spectrum of the
+
+original signal which
+we began with.
+
+So once again, we have
+decimation and interpolation.
+
+And the decimation can be
+thought of as a time
+
+compression that corresponds to
+a frequency expansion then.
+
+And the interpolation process
+is then just the reverse.
+
+Now there are lots of situations
+in which decimation
+
+and interpolation and discrete
+time sampling are useful.
+
+And one context that I just
+want to quickly draw your
+
+attention to is the use of
+decimation and interpolation
+
+in what is commonly referred
+to as sampling rate
+
+conversion.
+
+What the basic issue and
+sampling rate conversion is is
+
+that, in some situations, and
+a very common one is digital
+
+audio, a continuous time
+signal is sampled.
+
+And those sampled values
+are stored or whatever.
+
+And kind of the notion is that,
+perhaps when that is
+
+played back, it's played back
+through a different system.
+
+And the different system has a
+different assumed sampling
+
+frequency or sampling period.
+
+So that's kind of the
+issue and the idea.
+
+We have, let's say, a continuous
+time signal which
+
+we've converted to a sequence
+through a sampling process
+
+using an assumed sampling
+period of T1.
+
+And these sequence values may
+then, for example, be put into
+
+digital storage.
+
+In the case of a digital audio
+system, it may, for example,
+
+go onto a digital record.
+
+And it might be the output of
+this that we want to recreate.
+
+Or we might in fact follow
+that with some additional
+
+processing, whatever that
+additional processing is.
+
+And I'll kind of put a question
+mark in there because
+
+we don't know exactly
+what that might be.
+
+And then, in any case, the
+result of that is going to be
+
+converted back to a continuous
+time signal.
+
+But it might be converted
+through a system that has a
+
+different assumed
+sampling period.
+
+And so a very common issue, and
+it comes up as I indicated
+
+particularly in digital audio,
+a very common issue is to be
+
+able to convert from one assumed
+sampling period, T1,
+
+our sampling frequency,
+to another
+
+assumed sampling period.
+
+Now how do we do that?
+
+Well in fact, we do that by
+using the ideas of decimation
+
+and interpolation.
+
+In particular, if we had, for
+example, a situation where we
+
+wanted to convert from a
+sampling period, T1, to a
+
+sampling period which was twice
+as long as that, then
+
+essentially, we're going to take
+the sequence and process
+
+it in a way that would, in
+effect, correspond to assuming
+
+that we had sampled at half
+the original frequency.
+
+Well how do we do that?
+
+The way we do it is we take the
+sequence we have and we
+
+just throw away every
+other value.
+
+So in that case, we would then,
+for this sampling rate
+
+conversion, down sample
+and decimate.
+
+Or actually, we might not go
+through this step formally.
+
+We might just simply decimate.
+
+Now we might have an alternative
+situation where in
+
+fact the new sampling period, or
+the sampling period of the
+
+output, is half the sampling
+period of the input,
+
+corresponding to an assumed
+sampling frequency, which is
+
+twice as high.
+
+And in that case, then., we
+would go through a process of
+
+interpolation.
+
+And in particular, we would up
+sample and interpolate by a
+
+factor of 2 to one.
+
+So in one case, we're
+simply throwing
+
+away every other value.
+
+In the other case, what we're
+going to do is take our
+
+sequence, put in zeros, put it
+through a low pass filter to
+
+interpolate.
+
+Now life would be simple if
+everything happened in simple
+
+integer amounts like that.
+
+A more common situation is that
+we may have an assumed
+
+output sampling period
+which is 3/2 of the
+
+input sampling period.
+
+And now the question is what are
+we going to do to convert
+
+from this sampling period
+to this sampling period.
+
+Well, in fact, the answer to
+that is to use a combination
+
+of down sampling and up
+sampling, or up sampling and
+
+down sampling, equivalently
+interpolation and decimation.
+
+And for this particular case,
+in fact, what we would do is
+
+to first take the data, up
+sample by a factor of 2, and
+
+then down sample the result
+of that by a factor of 3.
+
+And what that would give us is
+a sampling rate conversion,
+
+overall, of 3/2, or a sampling
+period conversion of 3/2.
+
+And more generally, what you
+could think of is how you
+
+might do this if, in general,
+the relationship between the
+
+input and output sampling
+periods was some rational
+
+number p/q.
+
+And so in fact, in many systems,
+in hardware systems
+
+related to digital audio, very
+often the sampling rate
+
+conversion, most typically the
+sampling rate conversion, is
+
+done through a process of up
+sampling or interpolating and
+
+then down sampling by
+some other amount.
+
+Now what we've seen, what we
+talked about in a set of
+
+lectures, is the concepts
+of sampling a signal.
+
+And what we've seen is that the
+signal can be represented
+
+by samples under certain
+conditions.
+
+And the sampling that we've been
+talking about is sampling
+
+in the time domain.
+
+And we've done that for
+continuous time and we've done
+
+it for discrete time.
+
+Now we know that there is some
+type of duality both
+
+continuous time and discrete
+time, some type of duality,
+
+between the time domain
+and frequency domain.
+
+And so, as you can imagine, we
+can also talk about sampling
+
+in the frequency domain and
+expect that, more or less, the
+
+kinds of properties and analysis
+will be similar to
+
+those related to sampling
+in the time domain.
+
+Well I want to talk just briefly
+about that and leave
+
+the more detailed discussion
+to the text and
+
+video course manual.
+
+But let me indicate, for
+example, one context in which
+
+frequency domain sampling
+is important.
+
+Suppose that you have a signal
+and what you'd like to measure
+
+is its Fourier transform,
+its spectrum.
+
+Well of course, if you want to
+measure it or calculate it,
+
+you can never do that exactly
+at every single frequency.
+
+There are too many frequencies,
+namely, an
+
+infinite number of them.
+
+And so, in fact, all that you
+can really calculate or
+
+measure is the Fourier transform
+at a set of sample
+
+frequencies.
+
+So essentially, if you are going
+to look at a spectrum,
+
+continuous time or discrete
+time, you can only really look
+
+at samples.
+
+And a reasonable question to
+ask, then, is when does a set
+
+of samples in fact tell you
+everything that there is to
+
+know about the Fourier
+transform.
+
+That, and the answer to that, is
+very closely related to the
+
+concept of frequency
+domain sampling.
+
+Well, frequency domain sampling,
+just to kind of
+
+introduce the topic, corresponds
+and can be
+
+analyzed in terms doing
+modulation in the frequency
+
+domain, very much like the
+modulation that we carried out
+
+in the time domain for
+time domain sampling.
+
+And so we would multiply the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+signal whose spectrum is
+to be sampled by an
+
+impulse train in frequency.
+
+And so shown below is what
+might be a representative
+
+spectrum for the input signal.
+
+And the spectrum, then for the
+signal associated with the
+
+frequency domain sampling,
+consists of multiplying the
+
+frequency domain by this
+impulse train.
+
+Or correspondingly, the Fourier
+transform of the
+
+resulting signal is an impulse
+train in frequency with an
+
+envelope which is the
+original spectrum
+
+that we were sampling.
+
+Well, this of course is
+what we would do in
+
+the frequency domain.
+
+It's modulation by
+an impulse train.
+
+What does this mean in
+the time domain?
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+Multiplication in the time
+domain is convolution in the
+
+frequency domain.
+
+Convolution in the frequency
+domain is multiplication--
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Multiplication in the frequency
+domain, then, is
+
+convolution in the
+time domain.
+
+And in fact, the process
+in the time domain is a
+
+convolution process.
+
+Namely, the time domain signal
+is replicated at integer
+
+amounts of a particular time
+associated with the spacing in
+
+frequency under which
+we're doing the
+
+frequency domain sampling.
+
+So in fact, if we look at this
+in the time domain, the
+
+resulting picture corresponds
+to an original signal whose
+
+spectrum or Fourier transform
+we've sampled.
+
+And a consequence of the
+sampling is that the
+
+associated time domain signal
+is just like the original
+
+signal, but periodically
+replicated, in time now, not
+
+frequency, but in time, at
+integer multiples of 2 pi
+
+divided by the spectral sampling
+interval omega 0.
+
+And so this then is the time
+function associated with the
+
+sample frequency function.
+
+Now, that's not surprising
+because what we've done is
+
+generated an impulse
+train and frequency
+
+with a certain envelope.
+
+We know that an impulse train
+in frequency is the Fourier
+
+transform of a periodic
+time function.
+
+And so in fact, we have a
+periodic time function.
+
+We also know that the envelope
+of those impulses--
+
+we know this from way back when
+we talked about Fourier
+
+transforms--
+
+the envelope, in fact,
+is the Fourier
+
+transform of one period.
+
+And so all of this, of course,
+fits together as it should in
+
+a consistent way.
+
+Now given that we have this
+periodic time function whose
+
+Fourier transform is the samples
+in the frequency
+
+domain, how do we get back the
+original time function?
+
+Well, with time domain sampling,
+what we did was to
+
+multiply in the frequency domain
+by a gate, or window,
+
+to extract that part
+of the spectrum.
+
+What we do here is exactly the
+same thing, namely multiply in
+
+the time domain by a time window
+which extracts just one
+
+period of this periodic signal,
+which would then give
+
+us back the original signal
+that we started with.
+
+Now also let's keep in mind,
+going back to this time
+
+function and the relationship
+between them, then again,
+
+there is the potential, if this
+time function is too long
+
+in relation to 2 pi divided by
+omega 0, there's the potential
+
+for these to overlap.
+
+And so what this means is that,
+in fact, what we can end
+
+up with, if the sample spacing
+and the frequency is not small
+
+enough, what we can end up
+with is an overlap in the
+
+replication in the
+time domain.
+
+And what that corresponds to
+and what it's called is, in
+
+fact, time aliasing.
+
+So we can have time aliasing
+with frequency domain sampling
+
+just as we can have
+frequency aliasing
+
+with time domain sampling.
+
+Finally, let me just indicate
+very quickly that, although
+
+we're not going through this in
+any detail, the same basic
+
+idea applies in discrete time.
+
+Namely, if we have a discrete
+time signal and if the
+
+discrete time signal is a finite
+length, if we sample
+
+its Fourier transform, the time
+function associated with
+
+those samples is a periodic
+replication.
+
+And we can now extract, from
+this periodic signal, the
+
+original signal by multiplying
+by an appropriate time window,
+
+the product of that giving
+us the reconstructed time
+
+function as I indicate below.
+
+So we've now seen a little bit
+of the notion of frequency
+
+domain sampling, as well as
+time domain sampling.
+
+And let me stress that, although
+I haven't gone into
+
+this in a lot of detail,
+it's important.
+
+It's used very often.
+
+It's naturally important
+to understand it.
+
+But, in fact, there is so much
+duality between the time
+
+domain and frequency domain,
+that a thorough understanding
+
+of time domain sampling just
+naturally leads to a thorough
+
+understanding of frequency
+domain sampling.
+
+Now we've talked a lot
+about sampling.
+
+And this now concludes our
+discussion of sampling.
+
+I've stressed many times in the
+lectures associated with
+
+this that sampling is a very
+important topic in the context
+
+of our whole discussion, in part
+because it forms such an
+
+important bridge between
+continuous time and discrete
+
+time ideas.
+
+And your picture now should kind
+of be a global one that
+
+sees how continuous time and
+discrete time fit together,
+
+not just analytically,
+but also practically.
+
+Beginning in the next lecture,
+what I will introduce is the
+
+Laplace transform and, beyond
+that, the Z transform.
+
+And what those will correspond
+to are generalizations of the
+
+Fourier transform.
+
+So we now want to turn our
+attention back to some
+
+analytical tools, in particular
+developing some
+
+generalizations of the Fourier
+transform in both continuous
+
+time and discrete time.
+
+And what we'll see is that those
+generalizations provide
+
+us with considerably enhanced
+flexibility in dealing with
+
+and analyzing both signals and
+linear time invariant systems.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/moJ7TQb5Fuk.txt b/moJ7TQb5Fuk.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,4347 @@
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+ocw.mit.edu all right we're we're
+back uh so I think we uh just went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh so I think we uh just went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh so I think we uh just went over
+just sort of a tour of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a tour of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a tour of some of the
+complicated analytics that people can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated analytics that people can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated analytics that people can do
+and now we're going to show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to show some
+examples of not those specific analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of not those specific analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of not those specific analytics
+but using the reuter data set that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using the reuter data set that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using the reuter data set that we
+had before some of the analogs that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before some of the analogs that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before some of the analogs that we
+can do here so again uh and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do here so again uh and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do here so again uh and this is in
+the d4m API we go into the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d4m API we go into the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d4m API we go into the examples
+directory it's apps and now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory it's apps and now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory it's apps and now we're going
+to deal with tracks and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with tracks and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with tracks and this is this is
+uh this is the data set here uh the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the data set here uh the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the data set here uh the data
+actually this entity. matat was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this entity. matat was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this entity. matat was actually
+uh uh created in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this entity analysis actually creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entity analysis actually creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entity analysis actually creates
+this entity. matat the same same file so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entity. matat the same same file so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entity. matat the same same file so
+we just have over here and um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have over here and um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have over here and um so let's
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and
+um just to remind people we do load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to remind people we do load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to remind people we do load
+entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mat see we have this e here that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat see we have this e here that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat see we have this e here that's the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+it represents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents uh
+essentially almost 10,000 documents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially almost 10,000 documents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially almost 10,000 documents and
+3,600 entities in that if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,600 entities in that if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,600 entities in that if we do
+spy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy e
+do transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so there you go that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so there you go that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so there you go that is the
+entire data set again spy plot very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire data set again spy plot very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire data set again spy plot very
+useful tool for for doing that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool for for doing that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool for for doing that so you
+can see we have locations and people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see we have locations and people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see we have locations and people and
+times in this data set uh we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this data set uh we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this data set uh we also have
+organizations in here can zoom in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations in here can zoom in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations in here can zoom in on
+that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see these are the locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see these are the locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see these are the locations
+and then the organizations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the organizations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the organizations and the
+people zoom in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people zoom in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people zoom in a little bit
+more actually look at the actual values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more actually look at the actual values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more actually look at the actual values
+here and you see there's this Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you see there's this Comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you see there's this Comm
+popular location here what is that ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular location here what is that ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular location here what is that ah
+it's the United States yes the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the United States yes the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the United States yes the United
+States does appear a lot in reuter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States does appear a lot in reuter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States does appear a lot in reuter's
+documents as one expect what do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents as one expect what do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents as one expect what do we think
+this one is here any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is here any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is here any
+guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses
+what York yeah oh you see it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what York yeah oh you see it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what York yeah oh you see it's already
+there New York York yes we can read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there New York York yes we can read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there New York York yes we can read all
+right uh organizations anything really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh organizations anything really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh organizations anything really
+popular here maybe this guy is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular here maybe this guy is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular here maybe this guy is he
+popular International Red Cross right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular International Red Cross right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular International Red Cross right
+and people here we don't have any really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people here we don't have any really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people here we don't have any really
+popular people in this list uh Ahmad sha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular people in this list uh Ahmad sha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular people in this list uh Ahmad sha
+massud I have no idea who that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massud I have no idea who that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massud I have no idea who that person
+was back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was back in
+1996 anyway so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 anyway so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 anyway so that's the
+data and you see by the way when every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you see by the way when every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you see by the way when every
+single time you click because we uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time you click because we uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time you click because we uh when
+we when we make those spy plots uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when we make those spy plots uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when we make those spy plots uh I
+have to make do some compression on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make do some compression on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make do some compression on the
+strings just to make it work uh and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings just to make it work uh and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings just to make it work uh and but
+it I we actually always print out out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I we actually always print out out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I we actually always print out out to
+the screen the full exact string so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen the full exact string so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen the full exact string so like
+I want that string you can just then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want that string you can just then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want that string you can just then
+copy it if you want to say copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it if you want to say copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it if you want to say copy and
+paste it or something like that or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste it or something like that or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste it or something like that or the
+full person or something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full person or something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full person or something like that you
+can then copy that and and paste that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then copy that and and paste that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then copy that and and paste that
+you know we could even do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could even do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could even do something like
+that right we do e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right we do e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right we do e
+uh this this guy get and there it show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this guy get and there it show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this guy get and there it show
+that's all the documents that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the documents that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the documents that contain
+this person's name and then this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person's name and then this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person's name and then this shows
+the character position I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character position I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character position I believe that
+they appeared in the document so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appeared in the document so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appeared in the document so again
+have all kinds of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all kinds of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all kinds of fun
+that row that gets us all those rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row that gets us all those rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row that gets us all those rows and
+we can do pass those rows back in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do pass those rows back in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do pass those rows back in and
+let's say we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to do
+starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+uh uh let's see here how about Oran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let's see here how about Oran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let's see here how about Oran
+organization everyone correct my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization everyone correct my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization everyone correct my
+spelling here I'm going to type this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and
+slash right there we go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash right there we go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash right there we go and
+uh yeah I always get that wrong stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I always get that wrong stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I always get that wrong stars
+with starts with say there we go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with starts with say there we go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with starts with say there we go all
+right there you go so this shows you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you go so this shows you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you go so this shows you all
+the organizations that are cited in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organizations that are cited in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organizations that are cited in the
+documents that contained this person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that contained this person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that contained this person's
+name you know and you see how it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you know and you see how it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you know and you see how it kind of
+and this is kind of the spirit of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of the spirit of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of the spirit of it
+right I mean it's like just oh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's like just oh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's like just oh I want
+that I can get that oh it can then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get that oh it can then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get that oh it can then I
+could then say all right well give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then say all right well give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then say all right well give me
+you know and you could just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you could just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you could just keep going
+and going and going you know if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going you know if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going you know if I did
+RCV you know of that right it would now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCV you know of that right it would now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCV you know of that right it would now
+return those as triples so R those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return those as triples so R those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return those as triples so R those are
+all the documents c those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the documents c those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the documents c those are all the
+columns uh V there we go you get it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns uh V there we go you get it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns uh V there we go you get it you
+get the idea so again very very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea so again very very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea so again very very powerful
+type of syntax there all right so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of syntax there all right so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of syntax there all right so I just
+give you sense of the data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sense of the data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you sense of the data set that
+we're looking at so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at so let's look at the
+first example here so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example here so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example here so we're going to do
+track analytic build test this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track analytic build test this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track analytic build test this is going
+to build some tracks out of this data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build some tracks out of this data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build some tracks out of this data so
+I have these documents and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these documents and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these documents and they have
+locations in them and people and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in them and people and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in them and people and times
+so I could say hey if there's a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could say hey if there's a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could say hey if there's a person
+and a location and a time in a document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a location and a time in a document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a location and a time in a document
+you know maybe I could call that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe I could call that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe I could call that sort of
+a track right so let's do that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a track right so let's do that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a track right so let's do that so what
+do we do here so the first thing we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do here so the first thing we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do here so the first thing we did
+is we loaded the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we loaded the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we loaded the data
+uh the string values are those character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the string values are those character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the string values are those character
+positions we don't really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we don't really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we don't really care about
+those so we're going to just get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so we're going to just get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so we're going to just get rid of
+them and just convert it to numeric like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and just convert it to numeric like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and just convert it to numeric like
+we like we've always been doing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like we've always been doing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like we've always been doing here and
+then I'm going to say uh my thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to say uh my thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to say uh my thing that I
+want to track is going to be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to track is going to be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to track is going to be anything
+starting with person so I I set that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with person so I I set that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with person so I I set that and
+my time thing is going to be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time thing is going to be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time thing is going to be anything
+starting with time and my location thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with time and my location thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with time and my location thing
+is going to be anything here starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be anything here starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be anything here starting
+with location so I've done the starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with location so I've done the starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with location so I've done the starts
+with to get these ranges and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to get these ranges and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to get these ranges and now the
+first thing I'm going to do is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'm going to do is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'm going to do is I want to
+limit my data to only rows that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit my data to only rows that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit my data to only rows that contain
+that have at least one of of all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have at least one of of all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have at least one of of all three
+of those so I'm not dealing with I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so I'm not dealing with I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so I'm not dealing with I have
+a person and a location and no time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person and a location and no time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person and a location and no time or
+whatever so I'm just going to clean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so I'm just going to clean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so I'm just going to clean that
+up so basically I get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so basically I get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so basically I get all the
+people and I sum that I I basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I sum that I I basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I sum that I I basically I
+sum uh sum all the uh sum across the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh sum all the uh sum across the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh sum all the uh sum across the the
+column so I basically compress The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so I basically compress The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so I basically compress The
+Columns and then I sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns and then I sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns and then I sum the
+rows all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows all
+right there we go some of those I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we go some of those I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we go some of those I get
+then all three and then I filter them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all three and then I filter them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all three and then I filter them
+back out and that just reduces this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out and that just reduces this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out and that just reduces this to
+the ones that contain just the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that contain just the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that contain just the ones that
+uh that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these um let's see here so now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um let's see here so now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um let's see here so now I want to
+collapse these into I want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse these into I want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse these into I want to create
+essentially just want to get edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just want to get edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just want to get edges and
+times so I can do that with the call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I can do that with the call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I can do that with the call to
+type syntax and the Val to call syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type syntax and the Val to call syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type syntax and the Val to call syntax
+and going pop back and bopping back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going pop back and bopping back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going pop back and bopping back and
+forth between that so I get a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between that so I get a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between that so I get a set of
+edges The Edge list which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges The Edge list which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges The Edge list which is essentially
+the document and and the time and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the document and and the time and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the document and and the time and now
+I'm going to combine these back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to combine these back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to combine these back together
+into a new associative array which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new associative array which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new associative array which is
+essentially still has the same text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially still has the same text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially still has the same text
+label Edge uh you know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label Edge uh you know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label Edge uh you know which is
+essentially the document but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the document but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the document but it has
+Columns of time and the value is space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of time and the value is space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of time and the value is space
+all right and then I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then I'm going to do
+another one which is again same um has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one which is again same um has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one which is again same um has a
+row which is the document or the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which is the document or the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which is the document or the edge
+and has a column of space and a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a column of space and a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a column of space and a value of
+time and now I can construct a track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and now I can construct a track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and now I can construct a track
+from this through this wonderful sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this through this wonderful sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this through this wonderful sparse
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+multiply so essentially I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so essentially I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so essentially I transpose
+etx and then I'm going to just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etx and then I'm going to just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etx and then I'm going to just get the
+people and convert those numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and convert those numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and convert those numeric
+values and then we do this cat value mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then we do this cat value mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then we do this cat value mod
+which will actually convert that so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will actually convert that so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will actually convert that so and
+I can also these are time tracks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also these are time tracks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also these are time tracks and
+these are space tracks and again it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are space tracks and again it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are space tracks and again it's a
+little difficult to explain to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difficult to explain to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difficult to explain to you
+exactly why this works why these Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why this works why these Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why this works why these Matrix
+multiplies give us the answer that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies give us the answer that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies give us the answer that we're
+going for because you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for because you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for because you're going to have
+to like sit and think about the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like sit and think about the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like sit and think about the actual
+matrices this is a great example to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices this is a great example to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices this is a great example to go
+do and then explore these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then explore these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then explore these various
+associative Rays to actually see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative Rays to actually see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative Rays to actually see why
+these Matrix multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Matrix multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Matrix multiplies
+actually give us the answer that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give us the answer that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give us the answer that we want
+so in fact we can take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we can take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we can take a look at
+those so look at figure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so this shows us basically and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this shows us basically and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this shows us basically and I
+plotted the transpose of this but so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted the transpose of this but so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted the transpose of this but so we
+have basically the people all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically the people all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically the people all right and
+then these are times and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are times and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are times and so basically
+for each row here I have a listing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each row here I have a listing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each row here I have a listing of
+times then if I click on one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then if I click on one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then if I click on one of them
+it'll give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give me
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in fact I think that number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact I think that number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact I think that number is the
+number of times that appears so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that appears so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that appears so
+basically we have here the person Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have here the person Daniel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have here the person Daniel
+Smith was in a document with a timestamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith was in a document with a timestamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith was in a document with a timestamp
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+1996 uh November 12 oh that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 uh November 12 oh that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 uh November 12 oh that's almost
+yesterday and then um and then uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and then um and then uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and then um and then uh and
+then the location New York uh appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the location New York uh appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the location New York uh appeared
+uh uh once in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh once in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh once in that
+have any here here's another one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any here here's another one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any here here's another one and so
+so this is a a track of sorts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a track of sorts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a track of sorts we
+basically have a person and a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a person and a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a person and a set of
+times and a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and a set of
+tracks that's one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+track another kind of track here's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track another kind of track here's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track another kind of track here's now
+we have person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have person and
+locations so that was the other Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so that was the other Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so that was the other Matrix
+multiply that we did and so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that we did and so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that we did and so now we have
+person Carol King location Buffalo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Carol King location Buffalo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Carol King location Buffalo and
+on this on this time so those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this on this time so those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this on this time so those are two
+different ways of representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of representing the
+tracks obviously these are triples but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks obviously these are triples but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks obviously these are triples but
+then you can use either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use either of these
+matrices to do additional queries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to do additional queries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to do additional queries and
+other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of
+things all right so that just shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right so that just shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right so that just shows you
+how using Matrix multiplies and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how using Matrix multiplies and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how using Matrix multiplies and other
+types of things you can construct more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things you can construct more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things you can construct more
+sophisticated graphs or data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated graphs or data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated graphs or data structures
+in this case tracks which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case tracks which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case tracks which is a very
+interesting type of thing let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting type of thing let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting type of thing let's move on
+to the next one that's going to be ta2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a slightly more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a slightly more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a slightly more sophisticated
+track builder against I one I read I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track builder against I one I read I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track builder against I one I read I
+read the data in I create my three sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the data in I create my three sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the data in I create my three sort
+of categories here the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of categories here the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of categories here the sort of the
+object and the time and the location or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and the time and the location or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and the time and the location or
+the coordinate and then I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate and then I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate and then I have a a
+function here called Fine tracks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here called Fine tracks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here called Fine tracks which
+actually just goes and creates those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just goes and creates those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just goes and creates those
+tracks that I essentially did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks that I essentially did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks that I essentially did in the
+last last uh section um to be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last uh section um to be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last uh section um to be honest
+with you the reason I did that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you the reason I did that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you the reason I did that is
+because some of those Matrix multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of those Matrix multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of those Matrix multiplies
+used to be really really slow and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be really really slow and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be really really slow and so I
+did a sort of special function that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a sort of special function that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a sort of special function that took
+advantage of certain parts of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of certain parts of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of certain parts of of
+properties of the data to make it find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the data to make it find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the data to make it find
+these tracks much faster eventually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tracks much faster eventually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tracks much faster eventually I
+broke down and just optimized The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down and just optimized The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down and just optimized The Matrix
+multiply and so now that so in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and so now that so in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and so now that so in the in
+the past when I ran that last query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past when I ran that last query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past when I ran that last query
+before it would have taken like a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it would have taken like a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it would have taken like a minute
+to actually run the analytic you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually run the analytic you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually run the analytic you know
+which got which got annoying so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got which got annoying so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got which got annoying so I I
+optimized it but we still have this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized it but we still have this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized it but we still have this code
+this this code is you know another shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this code is you know another shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this code is you know another shows
+all kinds of little trick tricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of little trick tricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of little trick tricks and
+techniques techniques for doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques techniques for doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques techniques for doing things
+that are you know slightly better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are you know slightly better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are you know slightly better and
+using triples instead of associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using triples instead of associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using triples instead of associate
+arrays if you want to do optimization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays if you want to do optimization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays if you want to do optimization so
+we leave it here but uh but uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it here but uh but uh The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it here but uh but uh The
+Matrix multiply performance is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply performance is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply performance is now
+pretty good that uh these these tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good that uh these these tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good that uh these these tricks
+are are less necessary so we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are less necessary so we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are less necessary so we want to do
+here we have this track now and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this track now and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this track now and I want
+to do a track query so I have a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a track query so I have a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a track query so I have a person
+here uh Michael Chang and another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh Michael Chang and another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh Michael Chang and another person
+Javier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Javier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Javier
+Sanchez now Michael Chang was a tennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanchez now Michael Chang was a tennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanchez now Michael Chang was a tennis
+player at this time was Javier Sanchez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player at this time was Javier Sanchez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player at this time was Javier Sanchez
+also a tennis player at this time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a tennis player at this time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a tennis player at this time I
+don't know I think there was a Javier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think there was a Javier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think there was a Javier
+Sanchez that was a tennis player at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanchez that was a tennis player at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanchez that was a tennis player at that
+time so we just want to look we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we just want to look we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we just want to look we're going
+to just do essentially here uh a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just do essentially here uh a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just do essentially here uh a and
+just say give me of this uh of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say give me of this uh of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say give me of this uh of this
+track and say give me uh give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and say give me uh give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and say give me uh give me the
+listings for uh for these two uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listings for uh for these two uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listings for uh for these two uh these
+two uh people P1 P2 and then we use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh people P1 P2 and then we use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh people P1 P2 and then we use our
+display full command to sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display full command to sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display full command to sort of make
+them in a nice neat tabular format and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a nice neat tabular format and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a nice neat tabular format and
+you see here basically here is Javier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here basically here is Javier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here basically here is Javier
+Sanchez's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanchez's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanchez's
+listing okay and here's Michael Changs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing okay and here's Michael Changs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing okay and here's Michael Changs
+and you see there's no overlap here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see there's no overlap here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see there's no overlap here we
+don't ever have them in the same uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever have them in the same uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever have them in the same uh time
+or same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or same uh
+place we can also do things like track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can also do things like track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can also do things like track
+windows so we can say I want to set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows so we can say I want to set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows so we can say I want to set a
+time range here and a location Australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time range here and a location Australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time range here and a location Australia
+so if we have our track thing here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have our track thing here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have our track thing here and I
+say all right uh give me the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right uh give me the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right uh give me the the time
+range T and then uh equal to uh to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range T and then uh equal to uh to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range T and then uh equal to uh to all
+locations Australia this shows me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations Australia this shows me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations Australia this shows me all
+tracks that essentially went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks that essentially went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks that essentially went through
+this location in this time window uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this location in this time window uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this location in this time window uh and
+these are the uh different folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the uh different folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the uh different folks that
+they list they list Sanchez um Melissa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they list they list Sanchez um Melissa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they list they list Sanchez um Melissa
+Russo whoever that was Michael Chang and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russo whoever that was Michael Chang and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russo whoever that was Michael Chang and
+Michelle Martin so those are just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle Martin so those are just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle Martin so those are just an
+example of a more sophisticated analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a more sophisticated analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a more sophisticated analytic
+and here we're using the fact that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're using the fact that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're using the fact that for
+our associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our associative arrays
+okay we actually have defined equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we actually have defined equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we actually have defined equals
+equals so this only works though if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so this only works though if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so this only works though if x is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+constant so it will check the value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it will check the value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it will check the value to
+see if that value if it's a string if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that value if it's a string if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that value if it's a string if
+it's equal to that string or if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to that string or if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to that string or if it's a
+numeric value if it's equal to that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric value if it's equal to that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric value if it's equal to that to
+that numeric value but it only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that numeric value but it only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that numeric value but it only works
+with a constant um one could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant um one could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant um one could argue that
+maybe I should make this work for a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should make this work for a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should make this work for a list
+of of strings but then the matlb syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of strings but then the matlb syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of strings but then the matlb syntax
+doesn't really work there either if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really work there either if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really work there either if I
+have a matrix equals equal to a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix equals equal to a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix equals equal to a list of
+I don't know I don't know if that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't know if that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't know if that really
+works so we try and preserve the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we try and preserve the mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we try and preserve the mat lab
+syntax where we can and again then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax where we can and again then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax where we can and again then we're
+just getting the columns again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting the columns again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting the columns again this
+thing returns an associative array this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing returns an associative array this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing returns an associative array this
+equal equals it Returns the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal equals it Returns the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal equals it Returns the associative
+array of all things that are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of all things that are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of all things that are equal to
+that and then we can look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we can look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we can look at their
+columns all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns all
+right moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moving on
+here next one is ta3 so so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here next one is ta3 so so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here next one is ta3 so so those are
+fairly simple track builders let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple track builders let's begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple track builders let's begin
+to do something that's I think kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that's I think kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that's I think kind
+of you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you could
+imagine you know doing that track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know doing that track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know doing that track
+analytic one could imagine doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic one could imagine doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic one could imagine doing that
+with existing techniques that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with existing techniques that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with existing techniques that are out
+there existing tools and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there existing tools and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there existing tools and stuff like that
+it would be long you would write a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be long you would write a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be long you would write a lot
+of code to do it but you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code to do it but you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code to do it but you could you could
+def you could do it now let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def you could do it now let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def you could do it now let's do some
+things where you like wow this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you like wow this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you like wow this is really
+something that it would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that it would just be
+prohibitively complicated to do it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitively complicated to do it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitively complicated to do it using
+other techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so once again we load our data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once again we load our data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once again we load our data we
+convert it to numeric we get our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to numeric we get our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to numeric we get our our our
+object and our time and our space Keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and our time and our space Keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and our time and our space Keys
+we find our tracks and then we've built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find our tracks and then we've built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find our tracks and then we've built
+something called Fine track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Fine track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Fine track
+graph all right and this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph all right and this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph all right and this is actually not
+that complicated uh but it is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated uh but it is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated uh but it is more than
+like one or two lines but what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one or two lines but what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one or two lines but what it does
+it says okay I have this track this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says okay I have this track this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says okay I have this track this
+track is a sequence of locations okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track is a sequence of locations okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track is a sequence of locations okay in
+a particular time order well now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular time order well now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular time order well now I want
+to build a graph that's location by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a graph that's location by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a graph that's location by
+location so if a if a track started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so if a if a track started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so if a if a track started in
+one location and then went its next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one location and then went its next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one location and then went its next
+destination was another you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination was another you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination was another you know that
+will of course that create a new graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of course that create a new graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of course that create a new graph
+okay so I now have a new graph which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I now have a new graph which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I now have a new graph which is
+essentially 220 by 220 locations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 220 by 220 locations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 220 by 220 locations okay
+and we can actually take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can actually take a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can actually take a look at that
+and that's this graph here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this graph here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this graph here so this
+basically says you know uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says you know uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says you know uh there was a
+track that started in Belgium and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that started in Belgium and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that started in Belgium and then
+its next stop was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Albania or here's another one it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albania or here's another one it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albania or here's another one it started
+in Australia and then in Columbia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Australia and then in Columbia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Australia and then in Columbia and
+obviously we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dense diagonal here because of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense diagonal here because of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense diagonal here because of you know
+by definition uh well actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition uh well actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition uh well actually a lot of
+times they just that's just the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they just that's just the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they just that's just the way it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and so again here's Damascus Florida all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again here's Damascus Florida all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again here's Damascus Florida all
+this type of things so now we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of things so now we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of things so now we've created
+a new graph of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new graph of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new graph of these
+tracks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks all
+right now we can do something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can do something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can do something like a
+track pattern so let's say I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track pattern so let's say I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track pattern so let's say I just want
+to look at the tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the tracks
+associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated
+with people associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people associated with the
+organization international monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization international monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization international monetary
+fund so I'm going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund so I'm going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund so I'm going to do I'm going to
+starts with person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with person
+okay and I'm going to limit my data so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to limit my data so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to limit my data so I
+have my uh uh I'm going to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my uh uh I'm going to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my uh uh I'm going to basically
+limit it to data that begins with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it to data that begins with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it to data that begins with the
+organization now I'm building a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization now I'm building a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization now I'm building a new
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+g0 okay F Track graph of just that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g0 okay F Track graph of just that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g0 okay F Track graph of just that data
+set so I've basically taken my a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so I've basically taken my a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so I've basically taken my a which
+is this graph I said oh just go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graph I said oh just go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graph I said oh just go back and
+find me the people associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find me the people associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find me the people associated with the
+international monetary fund and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international monetary fund and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international monetary fund and now I
+can do things like all right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like all right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like all right because
+this uh this track graph the value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this track graph the value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this track graph the value is
+the number of times that occurred so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of times that occurred so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of times that occurred so for
+instance if I say show me now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I say show me now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I say show me now all
+edges that occurred more than twice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that occurred more than twice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that occurred more than twice all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and where the tracks that were due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the tracks that were due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the tracks that were due to
+people Associated the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Associated the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Associated the international
+money fund were greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money fund were greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money fund were greater than
+20% of all the tracks that occurred so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of all the tracks that occurred so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of all the tracks that occurred so
+basically I'm looking for something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm looking for something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm looking for something to
+happen more than twice in that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more than twice in that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more than twice in that you know
+o IMF folks did more than twice and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o IMF folks did more than twice and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o IMF folks did more than twice and of
+all the data the IMF people did it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data the IMF people did it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data the IMF people did it you
+know a lot of the times there weren't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of the times there weren't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of the times there weren't a
+lot of people wasn't just a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people wasn't just a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people wasn't just a really
+really popular track and so we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really popular track and so we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really popular track and so we see here
+now we get Karachi and Afghanistan so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get Karachi and Afghanistan so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get Karachi and Afghanistan so we
+had essentially at least two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had essentially at least two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had essentially at least two of those
+and all of them were people associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them were people associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them were people associated
+with the IM IMF Afghanistan Britain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the IM IMF Afghanistan Britain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the IM IMF Afghanistan Britain uh
+here's Britain and England well OB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Britain and England well OB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Britain and England well OB
+that's a little bit kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit kind of you know
+Britain and England are the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and England are the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain and England are the same thing
+right at a certain here's Islamabad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at a certain here's Islamabad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at a certain here's Islamabad
+Islamabad mosow Moscow so these just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islamabad mosow Moscow so these just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islamabad mosow Moscow so these just
+shows you the kinds of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the kinds of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the kinds of things that you
+can that you can do with with typ again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that you can do with with typ again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that you can do with with typ again
+this is a very sophisticated type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very sophisticated type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very sophisticated type of
+analytic if you were to try and do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic if you were to try and do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic if you were to try and do these
+things using existing types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things using existing types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things using existing types of
+things if you knew this was the analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you knew this was the analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you knew this was the analytic
+to do and someone handed this to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and someone handed this to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and someone handed this to you and
+said go implement it using another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said go implement it using another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said go implement it using another
+technique you definitely could do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you definitely could do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you definitely could do it but
+discovering the analytic using existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering the analytic using existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering the analytic using existing
+techniques would be very very timec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques would be very very timec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques would be very very timec
+consuming uh and this is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming uh and this is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming uh and this is this kind of
+tool is very very easy for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool is very very easy for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool is very very easy for you to
+explore and get the analytic just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and get the analytic just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and get the analytic just right
+and I would say that in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say that in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say that in a certain sense
+what d4m is doing here is doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what d4m is doing here is doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what d4m is doing here is doing the same
+role that we've always used mat laab for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that we've always used mat laab for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that we've always used mat laab for
+in single signal processing people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in single signal processing people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in single signal processing people use
+it to play with their algorithms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to play with their algorithms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to play with their algorithms to
+figure out their algorithms get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out their algorithms get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out their algorithms get their
+algorithms right like they know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms right like they know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms right like they know this
+will give us the right answer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us the right answer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us the right answer and then
+when they deploy it and actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they deploy it and actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they deploy it and actually make it
+part of a real system some sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a real system some sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a real system some sometimes
+they'll just take the mat lab code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just take the mat lab code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just take the mat lab code and
+make it a part of the real system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a part of the real system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a part of the real system but
+more often and not the target system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often and not the target system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often and not the target system or
+the target application will require you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target application will require you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target application will require you
+to Port it to some other language maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Port it to some other language maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Port it to some other language maybe
+C++ maybe Java um for for deployment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C++ maybe Java um for for deployment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C++ maybe Java um for for deployment uh
+uh uh reasons we still see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh reasons we still see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh reasons we still see that
+happening today that you know algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening today that you know algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening today that you know algorithm
+development is one thing deployment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is one thing deployment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is one thing deployment is
+another thing uh even if people use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing uh even if people use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing uh even if people use the
+same language for doing algorith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same language for doing algorith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same language for doing algorith
+deployment usually the deployment people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment usually the deployment people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment usually the deployment people
+end up having to completely rewrite what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having to completely rewrite what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having to completely rewrite what
+the algorithm analyst wrote anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm analyst wrote anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm analyst wrote anyway
+because the algorithm analyst had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the algorithm analyst had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the algorithm analyst had a
+certain things that they were concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that they were concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that they were concerned
+about and the deployment person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the deployment person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the deployment person will
+have completely different issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have completely different issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have completely different issues that
+they have to worry about but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to worry about but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to worry about but I think
+defr allows you to still do that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defr allows you to still do that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defr allows you to still do that same
+kind of model on these new types of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of model on these new types of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of model on these new types of data
+a very very and a very useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very and a very useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very and a very useful and
+productive way and sort of get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive way and sort of get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive way and sort of get the
+productivity that we want out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity that we want out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity that we want out of that
+all right and I think let's see here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I think let's see here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I think let's see here so
+uh finally one last thing a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally one last thing a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally one last thing a more
+complicated analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I call sort of a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I call sort of a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I call sort of a multiple
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+tracker essentially what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker essentially what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker essentially what we're doing
+here is we're loading the data we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're loading the data we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're loading the data we're
+going to just focus on one person here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just focus on one person here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just focus on one person here
+all right and then the locations are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the locations are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the locations are you
+know specified by time I mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know specified by time I mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know specified by time I mean that the
+time is specified by the time column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is specified by the time column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is specified by the time column and
+location specified location and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location specified location and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location specified location and then I'm
+going to have this function called find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this function called find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this function called find
+multiple hypothesis track trackers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis track trackers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis track trackers for
+Michael Chang with respect to the D just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang with respect to the D just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang with respect to the D just
+said e and what this does is this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said e and what this does is this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said e and what this does is this says
+all right in the previous thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the previous thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the previous thing I was
+basically just making kind of one pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just making kind of one pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just making kind of one pick
+you know if if if I had a document and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if I had a document and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if I had a document and
+Michael Chang was in it and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang was in it and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang was in it and there was
+multiple um locations and times I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple um locations and times I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple um locations and times I would
+just sort of pick one of those locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of pick one of those locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of pick one of those locations
+and times here I'm now going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times here I'm now going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times here I'm now going to show you
+for Michael Chang for each document all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Michael Chang for each document all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Michael Chang for each document all
+the locations and times so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations and times so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations and times so here's
+basically you know uh Africa and uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know uh Africa and uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know uh Africa and uh time
+and let's see here maybe we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see here maybe we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see here maybe we can make
+this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little
+smaller probably help a bit little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller probably help a bit little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller probably help a bit little
+smaller there we go you can barely see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller there we go you can barely see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller there we go you can barely see
+that but you see here so this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you see here so this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you see here so this basically
+shows all the times all the locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows all the times all the locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows all the times all the locations
+and this shows you um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows you um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows you um you know
+essentially the full in theory the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the full in theory the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the full in theory the true
+track could be going through any any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track could be going through any any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track could be going through any any one
+of these there's there's multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these there's there's multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these there's there's multiple
+there's into a single track really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's into a single track really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's into a single track really for
+Michael sh there's multiple potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael sh there's multiple potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael sh there's multiple potential
+tracks and then this complex value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and then this complex value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and then this complex value I
+happen store here just because I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen store here just because I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen store here just because I'm using
+comple is the first one is the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comple is the first one is the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comple is the first one is the character
+distance the location is to the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the location is to the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the location is to the so the
+Michael Chang appears in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang appears in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang appears in a particular
+word position in the document and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word position in the document and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word position in the document and it
+tells me that Austria appears uh 278
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that Austria appears uh 278
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that Austria appears uh 278
+characters before him and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters before him and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters before him and that the
+timestamp appears 11 characters before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp appears 11 characters before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp appears 11 characters before
+his name and so over here you see uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name and so over here you see uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name and so over here you see uh the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+stamp appears this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp appears this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp appears this is a different
+document and it appears uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and it appears uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and it appears uh you know uh
+but with the c same time it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the c same time it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the c same time it should
+appears in a different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in a different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in a different different
+locations so you can then use this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so you can then use this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so you can then use this data
+to actually go back and say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go back and say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go back and say you know
+what I only want I want to pick the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I only want I want to pick the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I only want I want to pick the the
+words that are closest to Michael Chang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are closest to Michael Chang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are closest to Michael Chang
+and I want that to actually be the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want that to actually be the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want that to actually be the real
+track for the for chain so that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track for the for chain so that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track for the for chain so that just
+shows you kind of the more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you kind of the more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you kind of the more complicated
+things that we can do with that so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can do with that so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can do with that so with
+that that leads us to the end of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that leads us to the end of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that leads us to the end of the uh
+of the examples and um if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples and um if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples and um if there's any
+questions be happy to take them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions be happy to take them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions be happy to take them now
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+any all right good I'm just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any all right good I'm just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any all right good I'm just showing you
+some of the kinds of things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of things that people
+can do and so here we go
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mp7Nz8CUPBM.txt b/mp7Nz8CUPBM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04c11b8483c06cca6a80bbab3ea6cf59ef6a3bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp7Nz8CUPBM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but today we'll start with the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we'll start with the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we'll start with the customer
+information one which I really will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one which I really will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one which I really will
+admit that probably some of you folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that probably some of you folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that probably some of you folks
+know more about this than I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about this than I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about this than I do
+at this point but what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but what I'm going to do
+is cover the trends that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cover the trends that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cover the trends that have been
+happening in the last couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the last couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the last couple of years
+and then I'd like to kind of get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'd like to kind of get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'd like to kind of get into a
+discussion towards the end about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion towards the end about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion towards the end about where
+we should go because we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go because we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go because we're we're
+starting to do some research on this app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to do some research on this app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to do some research on this app
+our who's usually in the class who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our who's usually in the class who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our who's usually in the class who's
+doing it's doing some stuff here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's doing some stuff here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's doing some stuff here and you
+know we can talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can talk a little bit more about
+this that this is the outline but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this is the outline but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that this is the outline but
+essentially just saying where we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just saying where we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just saying where we've been
+and where we're going and some ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we're going and some ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we're going and some ideas
+essentially both my personal ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially both my personal ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially both my personal ones and
+others this is actually a lecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others this is actually a lecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others this is actually a lecture that
+started but the first version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started but the first version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started but the first version of this
+was done by Nigel Wilson so I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by Nigel Wilson so I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done by Nigel Wilson so I got to
+give him a lot of credit for this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him a lot of credit for this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him a lot of credit for this and
+then we've kind of evolved it as it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've kind of evolved it as it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've kind of evolved it as it as
+it went over the over the last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over the over the last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over the over the last several
+years so this is kind of a spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components of customer information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of customer information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of customer information or
+are characteristics of customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characteristics of customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characteristics of customer
+information really and how its evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information really and how its evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information really and how its evolved
+from what transit agencies are providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what transit agencies are providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what transit agencies are providing
+to the to their customers on the left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to their customers on the left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to their customers on the left is
+what was the old stuff on the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the old stuff on the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the old stuff on the right is
+where where it's going and it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's going and it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's going and it's not all
+all there yet but you know generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there yet but you know generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there yet but you know generally
+things have been moving and fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have been moving and fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have been moving and fairly
+quickly in the last couple of years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in the last couple of years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in the last couple of years from
+an operator view to a customer view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator view to a customer view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator view to a customer view
+operators used to just tell people what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators used to just tell people what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators used to just tell people what
+their schedule was and barely but barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their schedule was and barely but barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their schedule was and barely but barely
+where the trains were I mean there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the trains were I mean there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the trains were I mean there were
+some maps out there but wayfinding was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maps out there but wayfinding was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maps out there but wayfinding was
+very very bad and so essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very bad and so essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very bad and so essentially you
+have to pick up this piece of pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick up this piece of pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick up this piece of pieces of
+paper which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which was
+static and now it's moving toward more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and now it's moving toward more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static and now it's moving toward more
+dynamic real-time perspective everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic real-time perspective everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic real-time perspective everything
+was always pre-trip or pre-planning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always pre-trip or pre-planning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always pre-trip or pre-planning your
+trip and now there's some indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and now there's some indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and now there's some indication
+that that things are getting more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that things are getting more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that things are getting more on
+route you have these real-time apps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route you have these real-time apps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route you have these real-time apps that
+we'll talk a little bit about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about the last
+two are the ones that probably haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are the ones that probably haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are the ones that probably haven't
+moved quite as fast as some would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved quite as fast as some would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved quite as fast as some would have
+hoped they said I think most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped they said I think most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped they said I think most of the
+customer information that's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer information that's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer information that's out there
+still treats everyone as a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still treats everyone as a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still treats everyone as a generic
+customer not it doesn't really see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer not it doesn't really see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer not it doesn't really see your
+particular needs although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular needs although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular needs although there are
+things like service alerts that you sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like service alerts that you sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like service alerts that you sign
+up for very specific routes and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for very specific routes and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for very specific routes and things
+like that but there's not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but there's not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but there's not too much
+specific to you and then generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to you and then generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to you and then generally
+you've got to look still for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to look still for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to look still for the
+information and pull it up yourself it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and pull it up yourself it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and pull it up yourself it's
+not coming to you without you taking any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coming to you without you taking any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not coming to you without you taking any
+action and in most of these apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and in most of these apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and in most of these apps
+although some of the apps are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although some of the apps are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although some of the apps are are
+starting to move that way so yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move that way so yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move that way so yeah the
+active part is on the on the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active part is on the on the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active part is on the on the from the
+perspective of the customer the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the customer the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the customer the customer
+has to actively seek out the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to actively seek out the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to actively seek out the information
+as opposed to it coming to them without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to it coming to them without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to it coming to them without
+doing anything ok and anybody you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything ok and anybody you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything ok and anybody you can
+interrupt as well I I like I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt as well I I like I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt as well I I like I like the
+give and take it's the technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and take it's the technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and take it's the technologies that
+allow these things to include things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow these things to include things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow these things to include things
+that you've pretty much talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've pretty much talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've pretty much talked about
+here I'll probably already automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll probably already automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll probably already automatic
+vehicle location systems automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle location systems automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle location systems automatic
+scheduling systems so that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling systems so that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling systems so that the whole
+data of the mission of the transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data of the mission of the transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data of the mission of the transit
+agency is is is now in digital form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency is is is now in digital form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency is is is now in digital form and
+more generally is available to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally is available to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally is available to the
+public through what used to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public through what used to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public through what used to be called
+the Google Transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google Transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google Transit
+datafeed and now it's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datafeed and now it's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datafeed and now it's the general
+transit data feed because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit data feed because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit data feed because basically
+everybody adopted what do Google started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody adopted what do Google started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody adopted what do Google started
+and it provides Universal formats that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it provides Universal formats that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it provides Universal formats that
+all the transit agencies have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the transit agencies have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the transit agencies have basically
+converted their data to GPS and Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted their data to GPS and Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted their data to GPS and Wi-Fi
+cell phone's GPS is used on the vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone's GPS is used on the vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone's GPS is used on the vehicles
+generally sometimes in the cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally sometimes in the cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally sometimes in the cell phones
+but essentially provides your location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially provides your location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially provides your location
+and this is where the customer specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the customer specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the customer specific
+stuff has gotten better because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has gotten better because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has gotten better because that
+technology has allowed it if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has allowed it if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has allowed it if you didn't
+if you didn't have a phone that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't have a phone that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't have a phone that that
+told everybody where you were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told everybody where you were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told everybody where you were you
+wouldn't be able to get as information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to get as information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to get as information
+as good as you do now AFC provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as you do now AFC provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as you do now AFC provides a
+database on your trip making and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database on your trip making and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database on your trip making and that's
+important for two reasons one it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for two reasons one it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for two reasons one it allows
+the agency to kind of know where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency to kind of know where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency to kind of know where people
+are traveling much better than they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traveling much better than they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traveling much better than they used
+to and it also allows them if if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and it also allows them if if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and it also allows them if if they
+are if they so desire to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if they so desire to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if they so desire to start to
+develop stuff for you based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop stuff for you based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop stuff for you based on your
+history and this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and this is a little bit
+controversial we still have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial we still have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial we still have a lot of
+discussions with transit agencies about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions with transit agencies about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions with transit agencies about
+the privacy of the data and and tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy of the data and and tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy of the data and and tracking
+you through their their tenure taps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through their their tenure taps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through their their tenure taps but
+you know frankly all the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know frankly all the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know frankly all the commercial
+people are doing this and you I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing this and you I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing this and you I think
+the customers come to expect it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers come to expect it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers come to expect it and and
+the agencies have kind of have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agencies have kind of have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agencies have kind of have to get
+over this hump of you know do a privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this hump of you know do a privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this hump of you know do a privacy
+policy that says that says we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that says that says we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that says that says we're going
+to use this data in these ways and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this data in these ways and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this data in these ways and we're
+going to give people information based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give people information based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give people information based
+on previous travel I don't think too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on previous travel I don't think too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on previous travel I don't think too
+many people have done that yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have done that yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have done that yet but
+they're thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're thinking about it and
+unfortunately sometimes the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately sometimes the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately sometimes the government
+lawyers are more obstinate about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers are more obstinate about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers are more obstinate about doing
+things like this than the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this than the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this than the private sector
+lawyers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers who
+generally my my bias observation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally my my bias observation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally my my bias observation is the
+private lawyers do what the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private lawyers do what the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private lawyers do what the company
+management wants and it finds a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management wants and it finds a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management wants and it finds a way to
+do what the company management wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what the company management wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what the company management wants to
+do the government lawyers finds a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the government lawyers finds a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the government lawyers finds a way
+that the manage to tell management they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the manage to tell management they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the manage to tell management they
+can't do what they want to do in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do what they want to do in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do what they want to do in many
+cases and it's it's unfortunate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and it's it's unfortunate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and it's it's unfortunate from
+that perspective and then obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective and then obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective and then obviously
+wireless communications and and the apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless communications and and the apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless communications and and the apps
+that have been developed so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been developed so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been developed so before
+Google Transit and this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Transit and this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Transit and this is probably
+ancient in your eyes but there used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient in your eyes but there used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient in your eyes but there used to
+be a bunch of not a bunch about three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bunch of not a bunch about three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bunch of not a bunch about three or
+four I have software companies worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I have software companies worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I have software companies worldwide
+who who did these things and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who did these things and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who did these things and they were
+doing it with really old technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it with really old technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it with really old technology and
+they were kind of mainframe systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were kind of mainframe systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were kind of mainframe systems and
+they literally a million dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they literally a million dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they literally a million dollars for
+each Transit Authority and it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Transit Authority and it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Transit Authority and it was it was
+kind of funny to see Google kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny to see Google kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny to see Google kind of do
+this for free essentially because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for free essentially because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for free essentially because these
+companies almost I mean a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies almost I mean a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies almost I mean a lot of them
+just died because because they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just died because because they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just died because because they had
+because of the competition so when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the competition so when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the competition so when when
+they first did this we were all amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first did this we were all amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first did this we were all amazed
+because a lot of the big transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the big transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the big transit
+authorities had had invested lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities had had invested lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities had had invested lots and
+lots of money journey planners and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money journey planners and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money journey planners and they
+involved a tremendous amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved a tremendous amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved a tremendous amount of data
+preparation and and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation and and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation and and a lot of
+customization for each each city and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customization for each each city and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customization for each each city and you
+know it's just it this was this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just it this was this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just it this was this was a
+breakthrough that nobody ever saw nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough that nobody ever saw nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough that nobody ever saw nobody
+quite understood why Google was doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite understood why Google was doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite understood why Google was doing it
+at the time but it was it was welcomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time but it was it was welcomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time but it was it was welcomed
+and there's some funny stories about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some funny stories about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some funny stories about how
+it was then adapted because a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was then adapted because a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was then adapted because a lot of the
+big transit stories already had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big transit stories already had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big transit stories already had these
+trip planners that they invested these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip planners that they invested these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip planners that they invested these
+millions of dollars on and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars on and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars on and they they
+were loath to give them up you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were loath to give them up you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were loath to give them up you know and
+they were loath to then change the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were loath to then change the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were loath to then change the input
+to the goo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goo
+little trick input because the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick input because the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick input because the all the
+formats of these other things were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats of these other things were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats of these other things were all
+proprietary and they basically had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and they basically had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and they basically had to do
+a lot of work to get it in the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to get it in the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to get it in the Google
+transit but they got embarrassed into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit but they got embarrassed into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit but they got embarrassed into it
+by students students even on the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by students students even on the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by students students even on the high
+school level who really took their towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school level who really took their towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school level who really took their towns
+schedules and had put them into Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules and had put them into Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules and had put them into Google
+Transit and and they that were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit and and they that were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit and and they that were done
+this was done in City after city really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done in City after city really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done in City after city really
+in in some cases in big cities to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in some cases in big cities to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in some cases in big cities to show
+to show them up and and in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show them up and and in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show them up and and in other cases
+in little cities because they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little cities because they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little cities because they just
+didn't have the staff to do it so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the staff to do it so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the staff to do it so it was
+it was a great great development seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a great great development seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a great great development seeing
+the apps that next next vehicle arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apps that next next vehicle arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apps that next next vehicle arrival
+times but on your phone there's many new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but on your phone there's many new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but on your phone there's many new
+apps some of them are good some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps some of them are good some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps some of them are good some of them
+aren't so good the data give the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't so good the data give the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't so good the data give the Google
+data out and have have other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out and have have other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out and have have other people
+write the apps was the that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the apps was the that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the apps was the that was the
+chosen path because they realized they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen path because they realized they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen path because they realized they
+couldn't do it as quickly as the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it as quickly as the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it as quickly as the private
+people could do it and he they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could do it and he they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could do it and he they
+essentially let this go my criticism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially let this go my criticism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially let this go my criticism of
+this approach would I think in Boston we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach would I think in Boston we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach would I think in Boston we
+had between 35 and 45 transit apps none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had between 35 and 45 transit apps none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had between 35 and 45 transit apps none
+of which were well supported for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which were well supported for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which were well supported for about
+two or three years nobody quite news the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three years nobody quite news the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three years nobody quite news the
+the people who really cared kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who really cared kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who really cared kind of
+there was a little bit of word-of-mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little bit of word-of-mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little bit of word-of-mouth
+that went around they were there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went around they were there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went around they were there was the
+rating systems online and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating systems online and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating systems online and things like
+that but when you ask around there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but when you ask around there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but when you ask around there was
+at least a half doesn't that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a half doesn't that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a half doesn't that were being
+used and nobody quite knew whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and nobody quite knew whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and nobody quite knew whether they
+were good or not you know and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were good or not you know and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were good or not you know and basically
+everybody had a different standard with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody had a different standard with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody had a different standard with
+respect to whether they would use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to whether they would use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to whether they would use them
+and so recently they've changed they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so recently they've changed they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so recently they've changed they've
+started to endorse apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to endorse apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to endorse apps
+the MBTA dear endorse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MBTA dear endorse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MBTA dear endorse
+transit as their app in a lot of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit as their app in a lot of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit as their app in a lot of cities
+citymapper has been come the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citymapper has been come the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citymapper has been come the standard
+for most people and so you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people and so you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people and so you know there's
+two or three that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three that are that are
+reasonably good both in the design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good both in the design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good both in the design and
+in the information but about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the information but about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the information but about you know
+the good and the bad of these in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good and the bad of these in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good and the bad of these in a
+second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here
+so I've put three yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's been very little and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's been very little and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's been very little and there is
+some research going on it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research going on it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research going on it's a real
+question it's a question the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's a question the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's a question the research
+question is have these changed people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is have these changed people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is have these changed people's
+habits is is it changed their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits is is it changed their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits is is it changed their behavior
+and you know there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's not a lot of
+evidence I don't know Gabrielle do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence I don't know Gabrielle do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence I don't know Gabrielle do you
+have any examples that did you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any examples that did you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any examples that did you'd like to
+throw out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out yeah
+Candice break wood who was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candice break wood who was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candice break wood who was a graduate
+student here and then went on to get her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student here and then went on to get her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student here and then went on to get her
+PhD at Georgia Tech has done some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD at Georgia Tech has done some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD at Georgia Tech has done some good
+research on this but it's limited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on this but it's limited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on this but it's limited in
+terms of the samples and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the samples and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the samples and you know and
+it's not conclusive with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not conclusive with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not conclusive with respect to
+across the spectrum of the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the spectrum of the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the spectrum of the use of the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah and I think my feeling about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and I think my feeling about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and I think my feeling about
+this whole area is it's got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area is it's got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area is it's got more
+questions left than answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions left than answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions left than answers
+there's there's not a definitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's not a definitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's not a definitive way
+essentially so so I think we should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so so I think we should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so so I think we should we
+should talk about it as we go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should talk about it as we go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should talk about it as we go here
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+so the basic aspects of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic aspects of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic aspects of these things
+you've probably know they're the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably know they're the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably know they're the best
+ones really depend on not you knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones really depend on not you knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones really depend on not you knowing
+your location so again you have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your location so again you have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your location so again you have to give
+the app permission to know your location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the app permission to know your location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the app permission to know your location
+through your smartphone if you don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your smartphone if you don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your smartphone if you don't do
+that they don't work well at all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't work well at all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't work well at all because
+basically then you have to kind of tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then you have to kind of tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then you have to kind of tell
+them where you are and and most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where you are and and most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where you are and and most of them
+don't even have a good way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have a good way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have a good way to do that
+there's there's some the next bus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some the next bus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some the next bus one
+which was the earliest one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the earliest one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the earliest one that was
+decent did doesn't have a menu drop-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent did doesn't have a menu drop-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent did doesn't have a menu drop-down
+menu if you don't want to tell them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu if you don't want to tell them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu if you don't want to tell them the
+location and you could just pick as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and you could just pick as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and you could just pick as you
+go down but but it's but the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down but but it's but the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down but but it's but the other ones
+don't don't really offer that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't really offer that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't really offer that you
+basically have to tell them the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to tell them the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to tell them the location
+and it works well I mean it knows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works well I mean it knows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works well I mean it knows where
+you are right away it looks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right away it looks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right away it looks and
+everything around you and it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around you and it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around you and it gives you
+the schedules the next couple buses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedules the next couple buses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedules the next couple buses that
+are that are right around you and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are right around you and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are right around you and so you
+can you can download any of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can download any of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can download any of these things
+and see how it works I mean I go between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how it works I mean I go between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how it works I mean I go between
+next bus and and transit I haven't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bus and and transit I haven't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bus and and transit I haven't used
+citymapper that much although in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citymapper that much although in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citymapper that much although in Europe
+almost everyone uses citymapper much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone uses citymapper much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone uses citymapper much
+more than any of these other ones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any of these other ones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any of these other ones the
+the newest thing has been providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newest thing has been providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newest thing has been providing
+these other modes so essentially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other modes so essentially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other modes so essentially on
+transit now you can order an uber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit now you can order an uber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit now you can order an uber and
+you could look at any anyone who gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at any anyone who gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at any anyone who gives
+wants to give them data essentially of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give them data essentially of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give them data essentially of
+options and so I don't think bridges on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and so I don't think bridges on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and so I don't think bridges on
+there but there but I've seen the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there but I've seen the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there but I've seen the car
+sharing things on there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing things on there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing things on there too
+it becomes other mobility services as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes other mobility services as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes other mobility services as
+well as public transit well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as public transit well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as public transit well the first
+one that tried is the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that tried is the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that tried is the thing that's
+extinct now it's called ride Scout ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct now it's called ride Scout ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct now it's called ride Scout ride
+Scott was the first one who tried to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott was the first one who tried to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott was the first one who tried to put
+all these things together and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things together and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things together and they
+actually got resistance at first from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got resistance at first from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got resistance at first from
+uber and lyft because at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and lyft because at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and lyft because at the beginning
+goober and lyft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goober and lyft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goober and lyft
+felt like they had all the demand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like they had all the demand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like they had all the demand that
+they could handle and they wanted people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could handle and they wanted people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could handle and they wanted people
+to go to their app they didn't want they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to their app they didn't want they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to their app they didn't want they
+we didn't want to pay them now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't want to pay them now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't want to pay them now I don't
+know I don't know whether I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know whether I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know whether I mean this
+transit app clearly has it you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit app clearly has it you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit app clearly has it you know you
+can and and a lot of the other ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and and a lot of the other ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and and a lot of the other ones are
+citymapper also does yeah so so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citymapper also does yeah so so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citymapper also does yeah so so I think
+they are paying them but but that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are paying them but but that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are paying them but but that's kind
+of the maturity of the of the TNCs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maturity of the of the TNCs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maturity of the of the TNCs as
+well because they're trying to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they're trying to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they're trying to get as
+much market share as they can and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much market share as they can and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much market share as they can and so and
+also because uber has so much money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because uber has so much money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because uber has so much money they
+they just throw it at everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just throw it at everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just throw it at everything in
+order to to guess much as they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to guess much as they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to guess much as they want
+don't wait I'll make other editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait I'll make other editorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait I'll make other editorial
+comments about uber as we go along but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about uber as we go along but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about uber as we go along but
+all right so this is the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is the possibilities
+and the last is can we attract more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last is can we attract more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last is can we attract more
+customers using these and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers using these and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers using these and that's the
+open question there's there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open question there's there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open question there's there's some
+indication that we can I think from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that we can I think from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that we can I think from a
+research side we want to do more testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research side we want to do more testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research side we want to do more testing
+of pilot projects to see if we can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pilot projects to see if we can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pilot projects to see if we can I
+kind of believe the second point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of believe the second point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of believe the second point is
+really important we know we need not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important we know we need not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important we know we need not
+only information but integrated payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only information but integrated payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only information but integrated payment
+mechanisms on the phone that so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms on the phone that so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms on the phone that so that you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+have a separate a separate barrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate a separate barrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate a separate barrier to
+taking transit which is you got to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking transit which is you got to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking transit which is you got to get a
+fare card or you got to put money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare card or you got to put money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare card or you got to put money in the
+fare box or you got a you got a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare box or you got a you got a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare box or you got a you got a there's
+some there's some transaction costs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some transaction costs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some transaction costs with
+the way fares are in transit if it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way fares are in transit if it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way fares are in transit if it's all
+on the phone and it's all together it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone and it's all together it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone and it's all together it
+really makes it a lot easier I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes it a lot easier I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes it a lot easier I think and
+so so kind of feel that if you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so kind of feel that if you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so kind of feel that if you put the
+two together it you get more there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two together it you get more there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two together it you get more there
+aren't too many people that have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too many people that have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too many people that have done
+that Chicago has the ventra system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Chicago has the ventra system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Chicago has the ventra system that
+does a large part to a large degree do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a large part to a large degree do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a large part to a large degree do
+this they're only doing it for transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they're only doing it for transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they're only doing it for transit
+systems in Chicago they're doing it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in Chicago they're doing it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in Chicago they're doing it for
+the CTA and but you can buy a metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CTA and but you can buy a metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CTA and but you can buy a metro
+ticket now so it's actually multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket now so it's actually multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket now so it's actually multi
+operator in the Chicago area a commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in the Chicago area a commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in the Chicago area a commuter
+rail and you can also use it for pace so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and you can also use it for pace so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and you can also use it for pace so
+it's an account based system on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an account based system on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an account based system on a on a
+app and then you can get information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app and then you can get information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app and then you can get information in
+terms of the services as well so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the services as well so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the services as well so it's
+it's getting there there aren't too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting there there aren't too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting there there aren't too many
+systems Dallas information app that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Dallas information app that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Dallas information app that
+includes payment as well limited there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes payment as well limited there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes payment as well limited there's
+there's a few of them out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of them out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of them out there in
+London London's got the payment and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London London's got the payment and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London London's got the payment and now
+they're doing the app for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing the app for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing the app for the
+information so so they they kind of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so so they they kind of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so so they they kind of they
+were ahead in terms of of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ahead in terms of of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ahead in terms of of different
+payment mechanisms so so it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment mechanisms so so it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment mechanisms so so it it's it's
+getting there the question really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there the question really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there the question really is
+what do you need to get people's eyes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to get people's eyes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to get people's eyes on
+it and right now I believe it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and right now I believe it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and right now I believe it's mostly
+word-of-mouth they're you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word-of-mouth they're you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word-of-mouth they're you know this
+transit agency spend very little on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency spend very little on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency spend very little on
+marketing they don't they used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing they don't they used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing they don't they used to do
+advertising and things like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and things like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and things like that all
+that's gone by the board with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone by the board with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone by the board with with the
+operating constraints the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating constraints the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating constraints the operating
+resource constraints they've had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraints they've had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraints they've had so
+there's you know it's it's like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know it's it's like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know it's it's like a lot of
+things there's all these new things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's all these new things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's all these new things out
+there but how do you get people to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but how do you get people to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but how do you get people to even
+look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it
+and that's that's a big question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a big question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a big question that
+the big companies know how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big companies know how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big companies know how to do the
+transit agency clearly haven't figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency clearly haven't figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency clearly haven't figured
+that out yet this is goes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out yet this is goes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out yet this is goes a little
+further so this is this is an idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so this is this is an idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so this is this is an idea that
+when London was talking about integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when London was talking about integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when London was talking about integrated
+payment on a phone and using your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment on a phone and using your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment on a phone and using your credit
+card account to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card account to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card account to do it
+George coaches said yeah don't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George coaches said yeah don't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George coaches said yeah don't stop
+there do you know all the information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you know all the information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you know all the information as
+well and we you could essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we you could essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we you could essentially just
+have the whole transaction with public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole transaction with public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole transaction with public
+transit and potentially other mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit and potentially other mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit and potentially other mobility
+services right in your pocket the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services right in your pocket the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services right in your pocket the public
+sector has been wary of is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector has been wary of is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector has been wary of is this whole
+idea of mobility of tracking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of mobility of tracking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of mobility of tracking your
+movements and keeping it and that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and keeping it and that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and keeping it and that it's
+been a difficult thing to get over even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a difficult thing to get over even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a difficult thing to get over even
+in the research we've tried to do little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the research we've tried to do little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the research we've tried to do little
+pilot projects and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bureaucracy you have to go through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy you have to go through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy you have to go through in
+order to essentially ask people if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to essentially ask people if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to essentially ask people if we
+can track their movements which by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can track their movements which by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can track their movements which by the
+way when you do ask them and you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way when you do ask them and you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way when you do ask them and you tell
+them what you're doing it for especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you're doing it for especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you're doing it for especially
+for transit the over fifty percent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transit the over fifty percent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transit the over fifty percent as
+our is our experience actually actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is our experience actually actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is our experience actually actually
+agree so it's it's a large as a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so it's it's a large as a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so it's it's a large as a large
+sample of the users agree to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of the users agree to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of the users agree to this
+because essentially they see the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially they see the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially they see the value
+and it's some of the information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's some of the information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's some of the information that's
+coming back so the challenges that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back so the challenges that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back so the challenges that are
+left there's still some agencies when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there's still some agencies when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there's still some agencies when
+you go from city to city that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from city to city that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from city to city that don't have
+a lot of good real-time information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good real-time information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good real-time information so
+the apps don't work very well and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apps don't work very well and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apps don't work very well and for
+the life of me it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of me it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of me it's just a matter of
+inertia I believe in these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia I believe in these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia I believe in these places
+although in some cases they just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in some cases they just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in some cases they just don't
+have the technology staff that they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the technology staff that they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the technology staff that they I
+mean they're they're below water all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're they're below water all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're they're below water all
+the time in terms of the projects they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in terms of the projects they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in terms of the projects they
+have for technology and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for technology and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for technology and this is not
+their their highest priority so but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their highest priority so but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their highest priority so but we
+still have a lot of cities that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a lot of cities that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a lot of cities that aren't
+releasing the real-time data so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the real-time data so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing the real-time data so some of
+these apps just don't work the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apps just don't work the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apps just don't work the standard
+format for the scheduled data is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format for the scheduled data is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format for the scheduled data is pretty
+much established the the general trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much established the the general trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much established the the general trends
+of data feed but the the GT of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data feed but the the GT of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data feed but the the GT of time is
+not that well established and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that well established and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that well established and most
+cities that provide real-time data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that provide real-time data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that provide real-time data to
+the public do it this way but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public do it this way but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public do it this way but they
+sometimes do it in a different way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do it in a different way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do it in a different way so
+actually MBTA has two formats and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MBTA has two formats and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MBTA has two formats and it
+turns out that the right now the GTFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the right now the GTFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the right now the GTFS
+format and I can correct me on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and I can correct me on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and I can correct me on this one
+Gabrielle but the GFS format requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle but the GFS format requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle but the GFS format requires
+the developers to download all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers to download all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers to download all of the
+data for all of the routes when they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for all of the routes when they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for all of the routes when they ask
+for it so so if you want to it's set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so so if you want to it's set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so so if you want to it's set up
+for somebody who wants to pull every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody who wants to pull every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody who wants to pull every
+every route whereas in some cases if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every route whereas in some cases if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every route whereas in some cases if you
+want to if you want to do this faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you want to do this faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you want to do this faster
+and you want to do it smarter you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do it smarter you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do it smarter you you
+just don't you don't want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't you don't want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't you don't want to keep
+pulling the whole system because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the whole system because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the whole system because you
+can't can't do it fast enough and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't can't do it fast enough and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't can't do it fast enough and I
+think this is something we we found when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is something we we found when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is something we we found when
+we were actually using it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually using it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually using it for a
+different purpose for an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purpose for an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purpose for an internal
+purpose but we we wanted to use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose but we we wanted to use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose but we we wanted to use their
+separate API to their database where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate API to their database where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate API to their database where
+this data resides is that is that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on man the biggest issue with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on man the biggest issue with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on man the biggest issue with all
+of these apps really is they don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these apps really is they don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these apps really is they don't work
+well in predicting when the bus is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in predicting when the bus is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in predicting when the bus is going
+to arrive unless there's no traffic out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrive unless there's no traffic out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrive unless there's no traffic out
+there so when when they're generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so when when they're generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so when when they're generally
+good conditions in terms of traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good conditions in terms of traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good conditions in terms of traffic
+they're generally good at predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generally good at predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generally good at predicting the
+arrival when there's disruptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival when there's disruptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival when there's disruptions and
+when there's any significant level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's any significant level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's any significant level of
+congestion they always underestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion they always underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion they always underestimate the
+time that you're going to wait and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you're going to wait and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you're going to wait and you
+can see this and people get very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this and people get very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this and people get very very
+frustrated when it says it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated when it says it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated when it says it's gonna
+arrive in four minutes and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive in four minutes and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive in four minutes and it takes
+eight or nine minutes yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well Trent the transit app does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well Trent the transit app does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well Trent the transit app does
+that you can you can push it and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you can push it and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you can push it and see the
+map and see where the bus is and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and see where the bus is and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and see where the bus is and so that
+helps because you know when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps because you know when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps because you know when you get to
+know your route and you get to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your route and you get to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your route and you get to know how
+long it generally takes when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it generally takes when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it generally takes when you know
+what I I take the route one bus towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I take the route one bus towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I take the route one bus towards
+Harvard so I look out over the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard so I look out over the bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard so I look out over the bridge
+and that the bridge is backed up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the bridge is backed up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the bridge is backed up and it
+says three minutes I know it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says three minutes I know it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says three minutes I know it's really
+about eight eight to ten minutes so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eight eight to ten minutes so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eight eight to ten minutes so so
+that you're right it does help when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're right it does help when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're right it does help when it
+does that but frankly for everyone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that but frankly for everyone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that but frankly for everyone that
+that's another button you have to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another button you have to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another button you have to kind
+of scroll through the map to see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scroll through the map to see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scroll through the map to see if it's
+there the vehicles don't always show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the vehicles don't always show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the vehicles don't always show up
+because that vehicle hadn't been pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that vehicle hadn't been pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that vehicle hadn't been pulled
+in the last whatever minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last whatever minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last whatever minutes or
+something and and it's it's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and it's it's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and it's it's there's a
+lag time you know there's a lag time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag time you know there's a lag time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag time you know there's a lag time
+with with the update of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the update of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the update of this thing
+there's a student in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a student in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a student in electrical
+engineering who wants to do is master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering who wants to do is master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering who wants to do is master's
+thesis on throwing out that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis on throwing out that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis on throwing out that most of
+these predictions in Boston are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictions in Boston are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictions in Boston are based on
+the next bus black box algorithm and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bus black box algorithm and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bus black box algorithm and we
+don't know exactly what's in there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what's in there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what's in there it's
+mostly based on historical information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly based on historical information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly based on historical information
+about travel times on the route so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about travel times on the route so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about travel times on the route so the
+way the algorithm generally works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the algorithm generally works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the algorithm generally works is
+historical travel times on the route by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical travel times on the route by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical travel times on the route by
+time of day and then it puts in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of day and then it puts in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of day and then it puts in a little
+bit of the last one or two buses but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the last one or two buses but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the last one or two buses but we
+don't think it puts in enough of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it puts in enough of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it puts in enough of that so
+there there is a student in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a student in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is a student in electrical
+engineering who wants to Pratap's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering who wants to Pratap's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering who wants to Pratap's do a
+master's program because he he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's program because he he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's program because he he's very
+frustrated at the MIT shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated at the MIT shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated at the MIT shuttle
+predictions which are always not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions which are always not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions which are always not very
+very accurate and he wants to throw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate and he wants to throw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate and he wants to throw out
+the next bus predictions and put put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bus predictions and put put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bus predictions and put put in
+the homegrown prediction and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homegrown prediction and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homegrown prediction and and so
+we'll see how that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's exactly what he is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly what he is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly what he is going to
+do he's going to use the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he's going to use the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he's going to use the Google
+real-time traffic and so and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time traffic and so and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time traffic and so and so it's
+using their yeah yeah I I think Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their yeah yeah I I think Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their yeah yeah I I think Google
+on Google Transit there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Google Transit there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Google Transit there's a little
+indicator whether it's real time or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator whether it's real time or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator whether it's real time or not
+real time and if that's lit or if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and if that's lit or if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and if that's lit or if that's
+bolded you can you know it's real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolded you can you know it's real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolded you can you know it's real time
+and it's based on on something but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's based on on something but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's based on on something but again
+those companies it's just like next bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies it's just like next bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies it's just like next bus
+they have their own algorithm and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their own algorithm and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their own algorithm and the
+question really is I mean I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question really is I mean I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question really is I mean I don't know
+who the people in the traffic fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the people in the traffic fields are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the people in the traffic fields are
+you know whether they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether they're looking at
+these predictions but if you look I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictions but if you look I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictions but if you look I know
+if you look at the Bluetooth signs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Bluetooth signs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Bluetooth signs on
+the traffic side there's a huge lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic side there's a huge lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic side there's a huge lag
+effect so when traffic is building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so when traffic is building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so when traffic is building up
+you never get enough you know the brook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get enough you know the brook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get enough you know the brook
+the Bluetooth prediction is too low when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bluetooth prediction is too low when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bluetooth prediction is too low when
+traffic is coming down the booth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is coming down the booth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is coming down the booth
+projection is too high you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is too high you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is too high you know and I
+look at this all the time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this all the time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this all the time on the
+highways because I I kind of go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways because I I kind of go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways because I I kind of go back and
+forth in Cape Cod and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in Cape Cod and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in Cape Cod and it's kind of
+amazing to see it is better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to see it is better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to see it is better than the
+transit predictions I could tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit predictions I could tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit predictions I could tell you
+that the other issue with the transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other issue with the transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other issue with the transit
+predictions is they got problem they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions is they got problem they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions is they got problem they got
+issues that the traffic doesn't have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that the traffic doesn't have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that the traffic doesn't have you
+know they got dwell time at the stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they got dwell time at the stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they got dwell time at the stops
+and all it takes is one wheel chair at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it takes is one wheel chair at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it takes is one wheel chair at
+Central Square to be loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Square to be loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Square to be loaded
+that thing is off by two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is off by two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is off by two or three
+minutes just like that you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just like that you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just like that you know because
+it takes two or three minutes to load a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes two or three minutes to load a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes two or three minutes to load a
+wheelchair and secure the wheelchair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair and secure the wheelchair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair and secure the wheelchair so
+so there's and then there's sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's and then there's sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's and then there's sometimes a
+crowd coming out of the subway and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd coming out of the subway and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd coming out of the subway and you
+know depending on the driver they wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on the driver they wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on the driver they wave
+on the people who they think have passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people who they think have passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people who they think have passes
+other drivers and there they tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other drivers and there they tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other drivers and there they tell them
+to get on the back door the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get on the back door the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get on the back door the other
+drivers say no you got a and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers say no you got a and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers say no you got a and then and
+then other drivers insist you get behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other drivers insist you get behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other drivers insist you get behind
+the yellow line and they'll sit there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow line and they'll sit there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow line and they'll sit there at
+the stop for a while so there's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop for a while so there's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop for a while so there's all this
+driver behavior not to speak of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver behavior not to speak of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver behavior not to speak of the the
+difference in pulling in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in pulling in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in pulling in and out of
+stops among drivers which you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops among drivers which you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops among drivers which you you don't
+have in the general traffic flow so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the general traffic flow so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the general traffic flow so so
+you got the general traffic you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the general traffic you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the general traffic you got the
+dwell times for things like any cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell times for things like any cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell times for things like any cat
+vehicles so it's a huge problem it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles so it's a huge problem it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles so it's a huge problem it's not
+it's not a simple algorithm to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a simple algorithm to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a simple algorithm to solve
+it's it's one of those things that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one of those things that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one of those things that we we
+should be looking to do better it major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking to do better it major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking to do better it major
+disruptions it really becomes an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions it really becomes an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptions it really becomes an issue
+of how much do you tell the public let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much do you tell the public let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much do you tell the public let's
+do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else
+this bus is not coming in any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus is not coming in any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus is not coming in any reasonable
+amount of time you can walk there a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time you can walk there a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time you can walk there a lot
+faster and and that all the transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and and that all the transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and and that all the transit
+agencies have been reluctant to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies have been reluctant to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies have been reluctant to figure
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+although London is a lot closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although London is a lot closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although London is a lot closer to
+thinking about how do we tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how do we tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how do we tell people
+about disruptions and how much do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruptions and how much do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruptions and how much do we
+divert them from their normal path but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divert them from their normal path but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divert them from their normal path but
+there's not not a lot of real good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not not a lot of real good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not not a lot of real good
+research out there about how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research out there about how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research out there about how to do that
+there is an issue with the transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an issue with the transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an issue with the transit
+agencies that again is because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that again is because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies that again is because it's a
+government agency and this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government agency and this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government agency and this is probably
+more in the US than anywhere else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the US than anywhere else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the US than anywhere else but
+because of the American with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the American with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the American with
+Disabilities Act certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disabilities Act certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disabilities Act certain types of
+information can't be given out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can't be given out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can't be given out to the
+public by the transit agency unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public by the transit agency unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public by the transit agency unless it's
+fully accessible and so if you one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully accessible and so if you one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully accessible and so if you one of
+the things reasons we don't have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things reasons we don't have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things reasons we don't have more
+bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus
+stop signs is because small bus stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop signs is because small bus stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop signs is because small bus stop
+signs on small monitors are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs on small monitors are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs on small monitors are not
+accessible under the terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible under the terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible under the terms of the
+Americans with Disabilities Act so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans with Disabilities Act so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans with Disabilities Act so they
+have to spend a lot more money doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend a lot more money doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend a lot more money doing
+accessible signs and you know I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible signs and you know I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible signs and you know I would
+argue that this is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this is something that's
+that's a you can buy every disabled user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you can buy every disabled user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you can buy every disabled user
+a accessible smartphone app built for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a accessible smartphone app built for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a accessible smartphone app built for
+that cheaper than making every piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cheaper than making every piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cheaper than making every piece of
+information accessible and there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information accessible and there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information accessible and there but
+there's been no kind of movement on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been no kind of movement on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been no kind of movement on this
+that's just kind of an accepted fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just kind of an accepted fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just kind of an accepted fact
+what they've done to get around this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done to get around this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done to get around this a
+little bit is they they say to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit is they they say to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit is they they say to the
+cities and towns or somebody else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and towns or somebody else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and towns or somebody else the
+federal transit agency has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal transit agency has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal transit agency has their
+interpretation of an accessible sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of an accessible sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of an accessible sign and
+other people have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have different
+interpretations so they that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations so they that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations so they that there is
+there is some movement allowing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some movement allowing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some movement allowing you know
+like these transit screens this private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these transit screens this private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these transit screens this private
+transit screens you see that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit screens you see that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit screens you see that they have
+to be paid for with non-federal money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paid for with non-federal money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paid for with non-federal money
+essentially and they're they're paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and they're they're paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and they're they're paid for
+usually by private people or or by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by private people or or by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by private people or or by the
+city under some non federal grant yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has to have an honorable thing and or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have an honorable thing and or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have an honorable thing and or a
+Braille thing or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braille thing or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braille thing or something like that
+yeah yeah and finally this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and finally this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and finally this idea of
+private ride-sharing and so we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private ride-sharing and so we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private ride-sharing and so we have all
+these systems that and private operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems that and private operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems that and private operators
+that are being incorporated here but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being incorporated here but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being incorporated here but why
+not why not you can find me if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not why not you can find me if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not why not you can find me if I want to
+give you a ride from MIT to West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a ride from MIT to West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a ride from MIT to West
+Cambridge why can't you get why can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge why can't you get why can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge why can't you get why can't I
+get into that out and then you could pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that out and then you could pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that out and then you could pay
+me a few bucks for that ride and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a few bucks for that ride and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a few bucks for that ride and there's
+a few people who are developing mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people who are developing mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people who are developing mostly
+web applications right now but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web applications right now but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web applications right now but are
+starting to develop the phone apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to develop the phone apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to develop the phone apps
+do private ride-sharing in this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do private ride-sharing in this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do private ride-sharing in this as well
+the ubers of the world don't like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ubers of the world don't like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ubers of the world don't like these
+things at all but and there and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at all but and there and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at all but and there and I don't
+really have any good examples of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any good examples of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any good examples of people
+doing it on a wide scale basis but MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on a wide scale basis but MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on a wide scale basis but MIT
+is very interested in doing this within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interested in doing this within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interested in doing this within
+their within their mobile app so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their within their mobile app so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their within their mobile app so yeah so
+I would argue that this might not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would argue that this might not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would argue that this might not be the
+best thing for transit if we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best thing for transit if we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best thing for transit if we got
+everybody sharin rides all the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sharin rides all the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sharin rides all the time but
+for the metropolitan area in the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the metropolitan area in the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the metropolitan area in the urban
+area it's probably a great thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's probably a great thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's probably a great thing and
+it's better than having goober and lyft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better than having goober and lyft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better than having goober and lyft
+drivers who when they're not full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers who when they're not full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers who when they're not full
+running around empty yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around empty yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around empty yeah because
+they're basically a purposeful trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically a purposeful trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically a purposeful trip
+that's being made as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being made as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being made as opposed to just
+being a business so these are potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a business so these are potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a business so these are potential
+research questions I think we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research questions I think we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research questions I think we talked
+I've talked about the arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about the arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about the arrival
+predictions the second one is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions the second one is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions the second one is is
+important this is we do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is we do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is we do a lot of
+research in the transit lab about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in the transit lab about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in the transit lab about this
+you know using the real-time information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using the real-time information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using the real-time information
+both from their vehicles and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from their vehicles and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from their vehicles and from
+customers much less thus far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers much less thus far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers much less thus far from
+customers in a real-time framework but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in a real-time framework but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in a real-time framework but
+if we have that kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have that kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have that kind of information
+coming in all the time how do they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in all the time how do they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in all the time how do they make
+adjustments to the operating plan so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments to the operating plan so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments to the operating plan so for
+example the simplest one of these is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the simplest one of these is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the simplest one of these is on
+ball game days you know they they store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball game days you know they they store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball game days you know they they store
+trains at kenmore outside of Kenmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains at kenmore outside of Kenmore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains at kenmore outside of Kenmore
+Square and outside of the Boston Garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and outside of the Boston Garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and outside of the Boston Garden
+and then they only release them when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they only release them when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they only release them when the
+crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd
+shows up on the platform and they gots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up on the platform and they gots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up on the platform and they gots
+but you know it's it's a little very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's it's a little very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's it's a little very
+low-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-tech
+thing this guy's a guy down there and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this guy's a guy down there and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this guy's a guy down there and he
+says send one in yeah but but though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says send one in yeah but but though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says send one in yeah but but though if
+you think about that on a smaller scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that on a smaller scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that on a smaller scale
+if a school gets out you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a school gets out you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a school gets out you know you
+dispatched and it's on the Riverside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched and it's on the Riverside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched and it's on the Riverside
+line on the D branch instead of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line on the D branch instead of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line on the D branch instead of on the
+even headway on at 3:48 you you dispatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even headway on at 3:48 you you dispatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even headway on at 3:48 you you dispatch
+it a little bit early because you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit early because you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit early because you knew
+the school just got out and and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school just got out and and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school just got out and and you will
+pick up that school load right away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that school load right away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that school load right away and
+and then the next the next bus can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next the next bus can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next the next bus can pick
+up all the all the rest of the passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the all the rest of the passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the all the rest of the passenger
+or maybe they'll put two in a row or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe they'll put two in a row or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe they'll put two in a row or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+you know this is this is good research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is this is good research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is this is good research
+it's it's still in its infancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's still in its infancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's still in its infancy
+I would I would suggest at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the travel behavior question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel behavior question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travel behavior question is is
+paramount and as I said I don't know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount and as I said I don't know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramount and as I said I don't know of
+really good research on this and the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good research on this and the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good research on this and the bad
+part about it is I think any research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about it is I think any research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about it is I think any research
+that relies on surveys revealed behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relies on surveys revealed behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relies on surveys revealed behavior
+or stated behavior is just no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stated behavior is just no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stated behavior is just no good
+anymore I mean it may have been good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I mean it may have been good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I mean it may have been good in
+the past or they may have been lying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past or they may have been lying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past or they may have been lying to
+us about how good it was but but right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how good it was but but right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how good it was but but right
+now we need something that looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need something that looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need something that looks at the
+real data and so this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data and so this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data and so this is where the
+tracking data is key and it's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking data is key and it's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking data is key and it's starting
+to be done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you just have yeah I it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just have yeah I it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just have yeah I it it is
+clearly doable and it is done we hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly doable and it is done we hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly doable and it is done we hash
+the the names and the serial numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the names and the serial numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the names and the serial numbers and
+all that stuff but yeah I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff but yeah I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff but yeah I just had a
+conversation about this with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about this with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about this with with the
+public agency person this morning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public agency person this morning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public agency person this morning they
+get very concerned about small numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very concerned about small numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very concerned about small numbers
+so and on transit there's a lot of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and on transit there's a lot of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and on transit there's a lot of small
+numbers if you're actually looking at OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if you're actually looking at OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if you're actually looking at OD
+OD movements from A to B in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD movements from A to B in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD movements from A to B in the morning
+or the early morning there may be only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the early morning there may be only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the early morning there may be only a
+couple people doing that and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people doing that and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people doing that and so then
+they get nervous about about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get nervous about about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get nervous about about doing that
+and I would argue that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would argue that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would argue that those are the
+very things we want to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very things we want to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very things we want to learn about
+because you know you kind of look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you kind of look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you kind of look at the
+bus and you know it's full at eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and you know it's full at eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and you know it's full at eight
+o'clock in the morning but where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock in the morning but where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock in the morning but where should
+that bus be maybe at six o'clock in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bus be maybe at six o'clock in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bus be maybe at six o'clock in the
+morning it maybe should be some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning it maybe should be some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning it maybe should be some of you
+are very different and and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different and and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different and and we have to
+use this automated data to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this automated data to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this automated data to do that and
+we'd like to track who who's using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to track who who's using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to track who who's using it
+and how they're using it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're using it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're using it because they
+might be using it very very differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be using it very very differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be using it very very differently
+I mean I don't know if you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know if you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know if you know this
+advocacy group transit matters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy group transit matters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy group transit matters in the
+Boston area but they have this they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area but they have this they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area but they have this they have
+this proposal for all-night service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proposal for all-night service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proposal for all-night service and
+it's it's different than the late night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's different than the late night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's different than the late night
+service proposal in that it's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service proposal in that it's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service proposal in that it's looking at
+service for workers early in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for workers early in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for workers early in the morning
+and at the airport and things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the airport and things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the airport and things like this
+guy knows it yeah yeah yeah he did yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy knows it yeah yeah yeah he did yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy knows it yeah yeah yeah he did yeah
+okay so but anyway the it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but anyway the it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but anyway the it's just that
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+but you but what you don't have is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you but what you don't have is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you but what you don't have is good
+data about who's using it where and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about who's using it where and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about who's using it where and if
+we I mean there's not enough out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I mean there's not enough out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I mean there's not enough out there
+to really to really measure it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really to really measure it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really to really measure it you know
+that particular case because there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular case because there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular case because there would
+be induced demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah and and it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah and and it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah and and it's you know
+there's a there's a whole spectrum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a whole spectrum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a whole spectrum here
+of what what is acceptable and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what is acceptable and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what is acceptable and what is
+not I guess I just argue and I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I guess I just argue and I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I guess I just argue and I've said
+I've been well I had a tear be talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been well I had a tear be talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been well I had a tear be talked
+about five years ago about how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years ago about how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years ago about how you know
+the the phone knows when I'm near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phone knows when I'm near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phone knows when I'm near a
+pizza spot and it sends me an ad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza spot and it sends me an ad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza spot and it sends me an ad you
+know and and I said you know and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and I said you know and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and I said you know and if you
+actually look at the terms of use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the terms of use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the terms of use of
+Google on those phones it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google on those phones it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google on those phones it's it's like
+they can do anything with that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do anything with that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do anything with that they can
+look at your phone call they can look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your phone call they can look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your phone call they can look if
+you if you actually read those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you actually read those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you actually read those things
+they use every piece of data that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use every piece of data that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use every piece of data that they
+have accessible to almost any way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have accessible to almost any way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have accessible to almost any way you
+any way they want and if you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way they want and if you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way they want and if you say you
+decline then your location stuff doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline then your location stuff doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline then your location stuff doesn't
+work ever so so it's just it's a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work ever so so it's just it's a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work ever so so it's just it's a mess
+and and if these folks can get you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if these folks can get you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if these folks can get you to do
+it I say well the private sector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I say well the private sector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I say well the private sector is
+doing it there isn't many like bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it there isn't many like bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it there isn't many like bad
+things in the public sector I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the public sector I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the public sector I mean
+people think oh they'll arrest you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think oh they'll arrest you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think oh they'll arrest you or
+something and maybe they in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and maybe they in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and maybe they in this case
+maybe maybe these days they will but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe these days they will but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe these days they will but but
+but in the old days when I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the old days when I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the old days when I was talking
+about this I said you know come on let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I said you know come on let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I said you know come on let
+the government do its job in this sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government do its job in this sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government do its job in this sense
+of planning services yeah so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of planning services yeah so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of planning services yeah so one thing
+that comes out of this and this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of this and this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of this and this is this
+is kind of customer information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of customer information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of customer information and
+marketing combined if we have all a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing combined if we have all a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing combined if we have all a lot
+of this automated fare data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this automated fare data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this automated fare data
+on a voluntary basis we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a voluntary basis we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a voluntary basis we can create
+customer panels so you can ask people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer panels so you can ask people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer panels so you can ask people
+we'd like to help plan things better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to help plan things better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to help plan things better
+let's let's put these panels together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's put these panels together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's put these panels together
+we're gonna use your data for two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use your data for two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use your data for two months
+and we want to ask you some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to ask you some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to ask you some questions
+about your attitudes and things and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your attitudes and things and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your attitudes and things and this
+is done a lot in the private sector when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done a lot in the private sector when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done a lot in the private sector when
+we've done it a lot of anywhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it a lot of anywhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it a lot of anywhere between
+35 and 50 percent have said yes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and 50 percent have said yes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and 50 percent have said yes you can
+essentially do this on an ongoing basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do this on an ongoing basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do this on an ongoing basis
+and you can create a very large panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can create a very large panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can create a very large panel
+and you can randomly select them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can randomly select them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can randomly select them for
+other little surveys and and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little surveys and and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little surveys and and then you
+could see if they react with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see if they react with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see if they react with respect to
+to their particular travel behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their particular travel behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their particular travel behavior and
+so I kind of think this is the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kind of think this is the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kind of think this is the way we
+decide we learn the travel behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide we learn the travel behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide we learn the travel behavior
+impacts but you kind of get a big panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts but you kind of get a big panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts but you kind of get a big panel
+and so far the transit agencies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far the transit agencies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far the transit agencies have
+been a little worried about this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little worried about this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little worried about this again
+from the privacy perspective I say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the privacy perspective I say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the privacy perspective I say if
+people agree what there's no privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people agree what there's no privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people agree what there's no privacy
+issue yeah so and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue yeah so and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue yeah so and then you can
+continually enrich this you could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually enrich this you could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually enrich this you could keep
+recruiting people for this so that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiting people for this so that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiting people for this so that there
+is a lot of churn in the transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of churn in the transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of churn in the transit
+ridership of people people don't stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership of people people don't stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership of people people don't stay
+forever riding the bus because they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever riding the bus because they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever riding the bus because they move
+or they get a new job or they buy a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they get a new job or they buy a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they get a new job or they buy a car
+you know so though the thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so though the thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so though the thing you could
+then move to is pilot programs and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move to is pilot programs and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move to is pilot programs and you
+could select people on this panels to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could select people on this panels to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could select people on this panels to do
+to be offered new things and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offered new things and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offered new things and so this
+thing that we're trying to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're trying to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're trying to get started
+with the CTA is to do mobility as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CTA is to do mobility as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CTA is to do mobility as a
+service so that they have this venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so that they have this venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service so that they have this venture
+app it works really really well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app it works really really well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app it works really really well for
+transit well why not put bike sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit well why not put bike sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit well why not put bike sharing
+car sharing potentially thien sees on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car sharing potentially thien sees on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car sharing potentially thien sees on
+this app and do it in a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app and do it in a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app and do it in a way that the
+transit agency dictates who gets paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency dictates who gets paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agency dictates who gets paid
+and how much they get paid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much they get paid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much they get paid and
+this is a big cell because they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big cell because they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big cell because they see the
+overs and lifts and the car-sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overs and lifts and the car-sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overs and lifts and the car-sharing
+people as kind of the the evil empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as kind of the the evil empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as kind of the the evil empire
+but what we say is do it on a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we say is do it on a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we say is do it on a pilot
+basis because you can get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because you can get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because you can get these
+individual panels you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual panels you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual panels you could do it
+general public bases if they volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public bases if they volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general public bases if they volunteer
+or you could do it through employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could do it through employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could do it through employers
+which then is another way transit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then is another way transit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then is another way transit I
+think has underutilized their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has underutilized their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has underutilized their their
+market strength in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market strength in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market strength in the sense
+employers have in large cities have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers have in large cities have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers have in large cities have a
+motivation to promote transit because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to promote transit because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to promote transit because if
+they don't promote transit they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't promote transit they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't promote transit they have to
+make sure that their employees can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that their employees can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that their employees can have
+fine parking near their their offices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine parking near their their offices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine parking near their their offices
+they either have to provide the parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they either have to provide the parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they either have to provide the parking
+and they have to provide a parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to provide a parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have to provide a parking
+subsidy you know as many of you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy you know as many of you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy you know as many of you know we
+doing a lot here in MIT with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot here in MIT with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot here in MIT with with this
+and trying to change the behavior by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to change the behavior by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to change the behavior by by
+essentially giving a free transit pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving a free transit pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving a free transit pass
+to every employer and charging daily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every employer and charging daily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every employer and charging daily for
+parking as opposed to what it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking as opposed to what it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking as opposed to what it used to be
+a either or you put picked transit ER or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a either or you put picked transit ER or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a either or you put picked transit ER or
+you or you pick parking you can do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you pick parking you can do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you pick parking you can do these
+things to kind of learn but what it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to kind of learn but what it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to kind of learn but what it kind
+of all depends on is this mobile data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all depends on is this mobile data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all depends on is this mobile data
+and and other automated data sources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and other automated data sources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and other automated data sources to
+tie it all together I think the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie it all together I think the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie it all together I think the one of
+the issues that this will also help is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues that this will also help is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues that this will also help is
+you can get feedback from people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get feedback from people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get feedback from people about
+what they want to know when they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to know when they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to know when they want to
+know it so so you can't do that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so so you can't do that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so so you can't do that in a
+fully automated fashion so these panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully automated fashion so these panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully automated fashion so these panels
+are the only way that you can can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only way that you can can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only way that you can can get to
+a large representative group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large representative group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large representative group of people
+and kind of quiz them about when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of quiz them about when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of quiz them about when they
+had bad service and what they did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had bad service and what they did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had bad service and what they did and
+what they and what kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they and what kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they and what kind of information
+that you need to get to them so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get to them so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get to them so so the
+next four slides are from Montreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next four slides are from Montreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next four slides are from Montreal
+and Isabelle Trottier presented him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Isabelle Trottier presented him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Isabelle Trottier presented him a
+couple years ago when she came down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago when she came down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago when she came down here
+to what we call the transit leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we call the transit leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we call the transit leaders
+Roundtable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roundtable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roundtable
+and they are a little bit ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are a little bit ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are a little bit ahead of the
+curve in terms of of providing mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in terms of of providing mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in terms of of providing mobility
+as a service and I'll just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a service and I'll just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a service and I'll just give you some
+examples this is mostly oriented towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this is mostly oriented towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this is mostly oriented towards
+biking in Montreal and bike sharing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking in Montreal and bike sharing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biking in Montreal and bike sharing but
+I picked it because I have a axe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked it because I have a axe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked it because I have a axe to
+grind about the biking and so I will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind about the biking and so I will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind about the biking and so I will I
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+I'm not quite as bad as Fred but I but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite as bad as Fred but I but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite as bad as Fred but I but I
+have a good example here so they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good example here so they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good example here so they the
+bicycles are growing in popularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycles are growing in popularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycles are growing in popularity
+they've I don't know they what Passport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've I don't know they what Passport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've I don't know they what Passport
+mobility yes I don't remember which what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility yes I don't remember which what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility yes I don't remember which what
+it is but but it's essentially a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but but it's essentially a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but but it's essentially a way to
+buy things I think I think it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy things I think I think it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy things I think I think it's kind of
+a it's an account that you can use yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an account that you can use yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an account that you can use yeah
+yeah so so the reason I picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the reason I picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the reason I picked the
+bicycle here is is this is a place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle here is is this is a place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle here is is this is a place that
+been very successful at combining bikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very successful at combining bikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very successful at combining bikes
+and buses in the same Lane which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buses in the same Lane which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buses in the same Lane which we're
+having a huge fight here in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a huge fight here in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a huge fight here in the Boston
+area about whether it's safe or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area about whether it's safe or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area about whether it's safe or not and
+they have done suddenly been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have done suddenly been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have done suddenly been doing
+studies of this and looking at where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of this and looking at where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of this and looking at where it
+works and where it doesn't work and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and where it doesn't work and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and where it doesn't work and they
+brought the bicycle people in to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the bicycle people in to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the bicycle people in to kind of
+see the data and do it transparently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the data and do it transparently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the data and do it transparently and
+I argue we have to do this in Boston or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I argue we have to do this in Boston or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I argue we have to do this in Boston or
+elsewhere the MBTA is dead there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere the MBTA is dead there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere the MBTA is dead there's a
+bunch of examples the conclusion John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of examples the conclusion John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of examples the conclusion John
+from the first pilot project was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first pilot project was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first pilot project was it's
+both possible and even desirable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both possible and even desirable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both possible and even desirable it's
+safe and and it's functional the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and and it's functional the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and and it's functional the
+cyclists liked it the bus performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclists liked it the bus performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclists liked it the bus performance
+they used to have the lane by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to have the lane by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to have the lane by themselves
+and now they don't it's it's not gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they don't it's it's not gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they don't it's it's not gone
+down and they're deploying it now on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and they're deploying it now on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and they're deploying it now on a
+case by case basis depending a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by case basis depending a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by case basis depending a little
+bit on the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the you know the
+the layout of the streets and the lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layout of the streets and the lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layout of the streets and the lanes
+and so my little commercial is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my little commercial is we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so my little commercial is we need
+to do this for mobility and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for mobility and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for mobility and in the
+Boston area so my final slide in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area so my final slide in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area so my final slide in this
+whole area is lead to a redefinition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area is lead to a redefinition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area is lead to a redefinition of
+public transit and I think that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transit and I think that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transit and I think that we're
+almost there at this point this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there at this point this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost there at this point this all
+these mobility services are being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mobility services are being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mobility services are being the
+same people are using all these mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people are using all these mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people are using all these mobility
+services there are now the private car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services there are now the private car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services there are now the private car
+users and there are the people using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and there are the people using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and there are the people using
+mobility services and they're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility services and they're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility services and they're using a
+combination of I did a talk two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I did a talk two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I did a talk two years
+ago when they did the first study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when they did the first study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when they did the first study of
+users in the new area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users in the new area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users in the new area of
+uber and taxis and public transit and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and taxis and public transit and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and taxis and public transit and at
+the time the uber Fair in Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the uber Fair in Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the uber Fair in Manhattan
+averaged about 20 bucks which was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged about 20 bucks which was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged about 20 bucks which was still
+pretty high and the analysis said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and the analysis said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high and the analysis said that
+if it got down to around 10 on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it got down to around 10 on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it got down to around 10 on average
+and people used a third of their trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people used a third of their trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people used a third of their trips
+all their trip making on uber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their trip making on uber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their trip making on uber and
+two-thirds on transit you would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds on transit you would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds on transit you would actually
+spend less on that combination than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend less on that combination than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend less on that combination than
+buying a car even in the borough's outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a car even in the borough's outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a car even in the borough's outer
+boroughs of New York so what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boroughs of New York so what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boroughs of New York so what's happened
+in the meantime is that uber fares have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime is that uber fares have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime is that uber fares have
+come down and they're probably at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down and they're probably at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down and they're probably at that
+level as an average now so that means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as an average now so that means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as an average now so that means if
+you're economically savvy you're crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're economically savvy you're crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're economically savvy you're crazy
+to be operating a car because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be operating a car because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be operating a car because you know
+generally for the longer trips you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for the longer trips you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for the longer trips you can
+take the subway and for the shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the subway and for the shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the subway and for the shorter
+trips you take uber and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips you take uber and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips you take uber and the question is
+you know has has it changed behavior you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has has it changed behavior you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has has it changed behavior you
+know the New York City people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the New York City people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the New York City people say
+there's more cars in Manhattan so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more cars in Manhattan so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more cars in Manhattan so that
+indicates there are more people use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates there are more people use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates there are more people use an
+uber because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber because
+they're not using more private cars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not using more private cars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not using more private cars in
+man because other they have no place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man because other they have no place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man because other they have no place to
+park so so it's but it's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park so so it's but it's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park so so it's but it's this is the
+thing that transit is extremely worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that transit is extremely worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that transit is extremely worried
+about but it's doing very little and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's doing very little and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's doing very little and you
+know the question is control this in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the question is control this in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the question is control this in any
+way and I would argue the only way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I would argue the only way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I would argue the only way they
+can do it is by having a joint deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is by having a joint deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is by having a joint deal
+where they give information and payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they give information and payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they give information and payment
+together on an app and they give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on an app and they give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on an app and they give you a
+certain number of they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of they give you
+unlimited rides on transit and they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited rides on transit and they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited rides on transit and they give
+you a certain number of rides on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a certain number of rides on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a certain number of rides on these
+other modes and basically it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes and basically it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes and basically it's it's a
+good economic deal for everyone and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good economic deal for everyone and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good economic deal for everyone and you
+and you and you market it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you market it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you market it like that
+because you know frankly transit has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know frankly transit has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know frankly transit has
+been cutting back the off the really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cutting back the off the really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cutting back the off the really bad
+off-peak services because they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak services because they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak services because they can't
+afford to subsidize it ten dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to subsidize it ten dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to subsidize it ten dollars a
+ride and if they only subsidized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride and if they only subsidized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride and if they only subsidized for
+example you might give them a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might give them a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might give them a certain
+number of uber trips that are just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uber trips that are just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uber trips that are just to
+and from rail stations because they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from rail stations because they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from rail stations because they can
+do this geofencing thing or you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this geofencing thing or you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this geofencing thing or you might
+give it a subsidy of for uber trips up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a subsidy of for uber trips up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a subsidy of for uber trips up
+to a certain amount per trip for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain amount per trip for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain amount per trip for a
+certain number of trips there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of trips there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of trips there's a whole
+bunch of bundling that you can do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bundling that you can do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bundling that you can do here
+and and what I'm saying is that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'm saying is that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'm saying is that we got
+to do this in in a series of controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in in a series of controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this in in a series of controlled
+experiments and learn what people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and learn what people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and learn what people want
+and what people use and learn frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people use and learn frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people use and learn frankly
+whether it's whether we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's whether we're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's whether we're going to end
+up being just high-frequency corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being just high-frequency corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being just high-frequency corridor
+routes left and and they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes left and and they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes left and and they're there
+there's a real debate about this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real debate about this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real debate about this and and
+there's a real debate about whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real debate about whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real debate about whether you
+know this is where we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where we're going to end up
+or or or whether you know uber and lyft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or whether you know uber and lyft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or whether you know uber and lyft
+are gonna go out of business because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna go out of business because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna go out of business because
+they right now have unsustainable fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they right now have unsustainable fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they right now have unsustainable fare
+that's what the transit people hope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the transit people hope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the transit people hope and
+bet on but but I'm not sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on but but I'm not sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on but but I'm not sure that's
+that's going to happen or not yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and and London's doing it largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and London's doing it largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and London's doing it largely
+on you know the economic theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know the economic theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know the economic theory of
+agglomeration that that they have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agglomeration that that they have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agglomeration that that they have such a
+density of of employment opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of of employment opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of of employment opportunities
+and other and other activities that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other and other activities that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other and other activities that that
+are all together they show the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all together they show the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all together they show the economic
+benefit to the thing I mean frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to the thing I mean frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to the thing I mean frankly
+every every developed country every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every developed country every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every developed country every
+almost developing country in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost developing country in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost developing country in the world
+is doing more investment in transit than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing more investment in transit than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing more investment in transit than
+than the United States and you know Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the United States and you know Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the United States and you know Fred
+would argue that that we should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that that we should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that that we should we
+should just forget about all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just forget about all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just forget about all this stuff
+and just build more more rail lines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just build more more rail lines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just build more more rail lines you
+know in certain places I think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in certain places I think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in certain places I think that in
+many cities were beyond a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cities were beyond a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cities were beyond a little bit of
+that because that the sprawl is so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that the sprawl is so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that the sprawl is so great
+I mean it's right in the big big old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's right in the big big old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's right in the big big old
+cities the dense the densities if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the dense the densities if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the dense the densities if we
+want to increase the density in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to increase the density in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to increase the density in Boston
+or in New York or Philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in New York or Philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in New York or Philadelphia
+yes you have to have rail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you have to have rail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you have to have rail because
+because essentially you can't reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you can't reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you can't reduce the
+density anymore because there's no place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density anymore because there's no place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density anymore because there's no place
+to put the cars but in some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the cars but in some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the cars but in some of these
+other cities that are spread out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities that are spread out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities that are spread out more
+it's just not as clear of what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not as clear of what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not as clear of what what you
+should do in terms of investment well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do in terms of investment well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do in terms of investment well
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nationally bus ridership for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally bus ridership for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally bus ridership for the last
+decade transit ridership has gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade transit ridership has gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade transit ridership has gone up
+that's steadily and everybody was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's steadily and everybody was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's steadily and everybody was really
+happy the last two to three years bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the last two to three years bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the last two to three years bus
+ridership non-railroad ship bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership non-railroad ship bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership non-railroad ship bus
+ridership has gone down and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership has gone down and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership has gone down and all the
+large cities and everybody's debating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cities and everybody's debating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cities and everybody's debating
+about what that's what's cause of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that's what's cause of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that's what's cause of that
+is it just the gas prices is is it uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just the gas prices is is it uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just the gas prices is is it uber
+and left is it you know what is it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left is it you know what is it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left is it you know what is it and
+they're worried but in nationally yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worried but in nationally yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worried but in nationally yeah
+yeah d DC there's a there's a big debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah d DC there's a there's a big debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah d DC there's a there's a big debate
+about why why do DC has gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why why do DC has gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why why do DC has gone down
+because they've had all this disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've had all this disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've had all this disruption
+because of the safety and and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the safety and and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the safety and and because of
+the reconstruction of things so DC's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reconstruction of things so DC's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reconstruction of things so DC's
+kind of a special case but New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a special case but New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a special case but New York
+flattened out that's right and New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened out that's right and New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened out that's right and New York
+was going up and you know nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going up and you know nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going up and you know nobody can
+argue it's the economy because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it's the economy because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue it's the economy because the
+economy has has been growing you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+daesil okay he knows this better than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daesil okay he knows this better than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daesil okay he knows this better than I
+did yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it does depend on the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it does depend on the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it does depend on the width of the
+lane I agree to agree that we could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane I agree to agree that we could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane I agree to agree that we could do a
+lot with cue jump lanes not not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot with cue jump lanes not not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot with cue jump lanes not not fully
+dedicated lanes I mean we we can't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated lanes I mean we we can't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated lanes I mean we we can't give
+up a full lane all the way up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a full lane all the way up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a full lane all the way up and down
+Mass Ave but in front of MIT we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass Ave but in front of MIT we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass Ave but in front of MIT we can and
+from from the river to to Albany Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the river to to Albany Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the river to to Albany Street
+we can because there's no commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can because there's no commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can because there's no commercial
+activity you know I mean why we have 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity you know I mean why we have 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity you know I mean why we have 17
+parking spaces out here in front of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking spaces out here in front of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking spaces out here in front of in
+front of 77 mass apps 17 spaces you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of 77 mass apps 17 spaces you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of 77 mass apps 17 spaces you can
+put them on a mr saye alley really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on a mr saye alley really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on a mr saye alley really
+easily and have all this space that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and have all this space that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and have all this space that we
+could devote for bikes and buses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could devote for bikes and buses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could devote for bikes and buses so
+these what what I would argue is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what what I would argue is we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what what I would argue is we need
+cue jump lanes a lot of people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue jump lanes a lot of people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue jump lanes a lot of people talk
+about you probably did Peter Firth talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you probably did Peter Firth talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you probably did Peter Firth talk
+about TSP yeah okay T's coming Peters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about TSP yeah okay T's coming Peters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about TSP yeah okay T's coming Peters
+gonna come and talk about it's a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come and talk about it's a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come and talk about it's a signal
+priority and listen carefully because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and listen carefully because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and listen carefully because
+transit signal priority provides very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit signal priority provides very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit signal priority provides very
+very small improvements especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small improvements especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small improvements especially if
+the bus is stuck behind a car and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus is stuck behind a car and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus is stuck behind a car and and so
+the question is unique transit signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is unique transit signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is unique transit signal
+priority works well when at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority works well when at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority works well when at the
+congested intersections we have a cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested intersections we have a cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested intersections we have a cue
+jump Lane that the bus can get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump Lane that the bus can get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump Lane that the bus can get around
+the long line of cars that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long line of cars that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long line of cars that might be
+there in the rush hour and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the rush hour and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the rush hour and so we need
+both and and what I would argue is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and and what I would argue is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and and what I would argue is the
+in those small segments the buses can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those small segments the buses can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those small segments the buses can
+share it with bikes enforcement yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it with bikes enforcement yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it with bikes enforcement yeah
+yeah yeah I mean that's the only yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can push yeah yeah I think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can push yeah yeah I think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can push yeah yeah I think a lot of
+people do that yeah I think in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do that yeah I think in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do that yeah I think in London
+they do London does the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do London does the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do London does the same thing
+London has a lot of these and they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London has a lot of these and they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London has a lot of these and they and
+there are also bike lanes and I mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also bike lanes and I mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also bike lanes and I mean but
+it'll add that it looks scary to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll add that it looks scary to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll add that it looks scary to me
+because they go so fast but around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they go so fast but around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they go so fast but around here
+as as Ari says you know if we get seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as Ari says you know if we get seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as Ari says you know if we get seven
+or eight miles an hour out of a bus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight miles an hour out of a bus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight miles an hour out of a bus you
+know we're happy you know cuz they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're happy you know cuz they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're happy you know cuz they're
+only averaging like four or five yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only averaging like four or five yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only averaging like four or five yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to be a voice of reason for transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be a voice of reason for transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be a voice of reason for transit
+as well the only way sorry no cuz 40% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well the only way sorry no cuz 40% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well the only way sorry no cuz 40% of
+the people I'm massive and the rush hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people I'm massive and the rush hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people I'm massive and the rush hour
+on buses you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's even more yeah it's almost fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more yeah it's almost fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more yeah it's almost fifty
+percent yeah and a lot of the arterioles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent yeah and a lot of the arterioles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent yeah and a lot of the arterioles
+around here that's that's the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here that's that's the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here that's that's the percentage
+is between 35 and 50 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between 35 and 50 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between 35 and 50 percent of the
+people are on buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we're off topic here yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're off topic here yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're off topic here yeah it's
+it's I I think the bus line actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I I think the bus line actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I I think the bus line actually
+gets although these days I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets although these days I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets although these days I'm not sure
+but but I I would say that the bus lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I I would say that the bus lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I I would say that the bus lanes
+get more adverse reaction from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more adverse reaction from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more adverse reaction from the
+drivers than the bike lanes do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers than the bike lanes do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers than the bike lanes do because
+they don't seem to take away driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to take away driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to take away driving
+lanes whereas a bus lane seems to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes whereas a bus lane seems to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes whereas a bus lane seems to either
+take a driving or a parking lane away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a driving or a parking lane away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a driving or a parking lane away
+and so so it gets as more opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so it gets as more opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so it gets as more opposition
+from some of the drivers but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of the drivers but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of the drivers but you know
+there's a quote I forget the quote now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quote I forget the quote now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quote I forget the quote now
+but but basically urban ologists people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but basically urban ologists people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but basically urban ologists people
+have starting to realize that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have starting to realize that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have starting to realize that we're
+spending tons and tons of money doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending tons and tons of money doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending tons and tons of money doing
+bike facilities in these urban areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike facilities in these urban areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike facilities in these urban areas and
+we're spending nothing on transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're spending nothing on transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're spending nothing on transit
+facilities and that's a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and that's a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and that's a long-term
+disaster because you know essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster because you know essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster because you know essentially
+there will be there's a limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be there's a limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be there's a limit on the
+amount of bike use I think in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of bike use I think in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of bike use I think in any of
+these places because there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places because there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places because there's lots of
+people I mean I used to bike I live four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean I used to bike I live four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean I used to bike I live four
+miles away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away
+I used to bike I'm getting old so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to bike I'm getting old so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to bike I'm getting old so I'm
+I'm losing a little bit of my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm losing a little bit of my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm losing a little bit of my my
+perception that stuff like I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception that stuff like I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception that stuff like I had a
+couple close calls I stopped I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple close calls I stopped I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple close calls I stopped I basically
+just stopped I said I'll bike when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stopped I said I'll bike when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stopped I said I'll bike when I go
+to Cape Cod I'm not gonna bike in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cape Cod I'm not gonna bike in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cape Cod I'm not gonna bike in these
+streets mainly I was afraid of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets mainly I was afraid of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets mainly I was afraid of the other
+bikers then I was as opposed to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bikers then I was as opposed to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bikers then I was as opposed to being
+afraid of the of the of the cars but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of the of the of the cars but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of the of the of the cars but and
+there's a lots of people that just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lots of people that just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lots of people that just can't
+and so and a lot of those people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and a lot of those people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and a lot of those people want to
+take buses but they they also don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take buses but they they also don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take buses but they they also don't want
+to be held up in congestion streets all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held up in congestion streets all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held up in congestion streets all
+the time so can we switch I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so can we switch I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so can we switch I don't know
+your computer can we switch to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer can we switch to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer can we switch to the other
+one we'll just get start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we'll just get start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we'll just get start
+performance measurement and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement and then and
+then we'll go into the next one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go into the next one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go into the next one yeah
+great the reading I think is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the reading I think is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the reading I think is important
+it's not it's not a it's it's it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a it's it's it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a it's it's it's kind
+of a dry topic it's it's how transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dry topic it's it's how transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dry topic it's it's how transit
+authorities evaluate themselves and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities evaluate themselves and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities evaluate themselves and how
+they evaluate themselves with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evaluate themselves with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they evaluate themselves with respect to
+other transit authorities but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transit authorities but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transit authorities but it's
+important because if they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if they don't do
+performance measurement nobody you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement nobody you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement nobody you know
+nobody improves and there's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody improves and there's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody improves and there's example
+after example the two two best examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after example the two two best examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after example the two two best examples
+from my perspective are the CTA about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my perspective are the CTA about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my perspective are the CTA about
+five years ago instituted this rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago instituted this rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago instituted this rigorous
+performance measurements regime that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurements regime that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurements regime that the
+general manager sat at a weekly meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general manager sat at a weekly meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general manager sat at a weekly meeting
+weekly meeting with every on a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly meeting with every on a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly meeting with every on a rotating
+basis with every department and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis with every department and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis with every department and develop
+performance measures and tracked them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures and tracked them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures and tracked them
+for each department and the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each department and the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each department and the performance
+of all almost universally went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all almost universally went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all almost universally went up
+there's a set of slides that I can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of slides that I can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of slides that I can't go
+over but we'll put on the on stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but we'll put on the on stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but we'll put on the on stellar
+about this it's an amazing story I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this it's an amazing story I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this it's an amazing story I think
+this the GM was only there for two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the GM was only there for two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the GM was only there for two years
+he was a one of these management by data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a one of these management by data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a one of these management by data
+types and then he got moved to the run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and then he got moved to the run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and then he got moved to the run
+the School Department for God's sake I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the School Department for God's sake I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the School Department for God's sake I
+don't know why but but anyway and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why but but anyway and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why but but anyway and the
+other example really is the MBTA under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example really is the MBTA under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example really is the MBTA under
+the fiscal management and control board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiscal management and control board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiscal management and control board
+where they've they've insisted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've they've insisted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've they've insisted that
+there be regular updates and data-driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be regular updates and data-driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be regular updates and data-driven
+analyses and if you look at the progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses and if you look at the progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses and if you look at the progress
+on things like overtime and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like overtime and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like overtime and and
+essentially things that are inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially things that are inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially things that are inefficient
+generally they've improved and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they've improved and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they've improved and there's a
+lot more to improve here at the MBTA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to improve here at the MBTA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to improve here at the MBTA and
+there's a lot of issues that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of issues that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of issues that can't be
+solved just by by better management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved just by by better management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved just by by better management and
+performance measurement but but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement but but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement but but there's
+a lot they can and so I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot they can and so I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot they can and so I think this is a
+really important important so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important important so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important important so what we
+have here is a a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is a a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is a a little bit of
+justification and by doing this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification and by doing this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification and by doing this there's
+an older report that's really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older report that's really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older report that's really good
+TCRP 88 that essentially is a cookbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCRP 88 that essentially is a cookbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCRP 88 that essentially is a cookbook
+on how to develop a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to develop a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to develop a performance
+management system for your transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system for your transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system for your transit
+agency and it's it's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency and it's it's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency and it's it's a really good
+report with respect to the measures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report with respect to the measures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report with respect to the measures you
+use and they they divide it into small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and they they divide it into small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and they they divide it into small
+medium and large urban areas and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and large urban areas and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and large urban areas and they
+give different measures for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give different measures for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give different measures for four
+different ones a lot of people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones a lot of people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones a lot of people want to
+compare themselves to other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare themselves to other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare themselves to other people
+there's this national database and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this national database and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this national database and this
+is the the website and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the website and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the website and you can see
+performance measures from everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures from everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures from everyone in
+the country on a pretty much equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country on a pretty much equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country on a pretty much equitable
+you know reasonable basis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reasonable basis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reasonable basis and then
+there's the concept of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the concept of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the concept of performance
+audits which we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audits which we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audits which we'll talk a little bit
+about so I mean why do it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I mean why do it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I mean why do it basically
+whatever gets measured gets noticed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever gets measured gets noticed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever gets measured gets noticed by
+management and you know everybody's into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and you know everybody's into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and you know everybody's into
+these new management dashboards with key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new management dashboards with key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new management dashboards with key
+performance indicators everybody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance indicators everybody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance indicators everybody you
+know it can be done and not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can be done and not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can be done and not have an
+impact but I feel like whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact but I feel like whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact but I feel like whatever that
+indicator is people manage to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator is people manage to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator is people manage to it
+sometimes the indicator is the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the indicator is the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the indicator is the wrong
+indicator and it's not so good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and it's not so good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and it's not so good because
+you know it's the easy one to measure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the easy one to measure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's the easy one to measure as
+opposed to what they should be focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to what they should be focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to what they should be focused
+on many of them are the measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many of them are the measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many of them are the measures that
+the board and the top management look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and the top management look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and the top management look at
+are oriented to the supply of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oriented to the supply of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oriented to the supply of the
+transit you know what the vehicles did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit you know what the vehicles did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit you know what the vehicles did
+as opposed to what the passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to what the passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to what the passenger
+experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced
+the best example of that is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best example of that is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best example of that is when you
+look at on-time performance you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at on-time performance you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at on-time performance you know
+they measure it within two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure it within two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure it within two or three
+minutes and that doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and that doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and that doesn't mean anything
+if the if the bus is supposed to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the bus is supposed to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the bus is supposed to come
+every seven or eight minutes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every seven or eight minutes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every seven or eight minutes because
+basically if there's this thing of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if there's this thing of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if there's this thing of if
+there's this phenomenon of long gaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this phenomenon of long gaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this phenomenon of long gaps and
+then followed by bunches there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then followed by bunches there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then followed by bunches there's very
+few passengers on the bunched buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few passengers on the bunched buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few passengers on the bunched buses
+especially the second third one and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the second third one and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the second third one and and
+most of the people are on the crowded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people are on the crowded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people are on the crowded
+bus who had the weight which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus who had the weight which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus who had the weight which is the
+first one which and they had to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one which and they had to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one which and they had to wait
+much longer for that so the wait time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer for that so the wait time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer for that so the wait time
+for passengers is is not is not linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for passengers is is not is not linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for passengers is is not is not linearly
+related to this on-time performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this on-time performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this on-time performance
+measure that they have so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that they have so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that they have so you actually
+should be trying to measure effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be trying to measure effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be trying to measure effective
+wait time for the for all passengers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait time for the for all passengers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait time for the for all passengers and
+that should be your measure for for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be your measure for for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be your measure for for most
+of the transit services they also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transit services they also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transit services they also use
+some of the performance measures on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the performance measures on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the performance measures on a
+system basis for funding allocation I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system basis for funding allocation I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system basis for funding allocation I'll
+mention a few things there I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few things there I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few things there I talked
+about this TCRP report you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this TCRP report you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this TCRP report you know it's
+nice and it's got its guy I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and it's got its guy I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and it's got its guy I think you
+used to have a website associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have a website associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have a website associated with
+it so you could actually go in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you could actually go in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you could actually go in there and
+it and put your own program together I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and put your own program together I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and put your own program together I'm
+not sure if it still does because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if it still does because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if it still does because it's
+it's fairly old but it's nice in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly old but it's nice in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly old but it's nice in that it
+does it isn't one prescribed thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it isn't one prescribed thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it isn't one prescribed thing it
+kind of gives you a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gives you a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gives you a lot of different
+options and you can tailor it to to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and you can tailor it to to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and you can tailor it to to your
+urban area this is the process that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban area this is the process that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban area this is the process that they
+they recommend in the report again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recommend in the report again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recommend in the report again this
+is an internal performance measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an internal performance measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an internal performance measurement
+system performance management system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system performance management system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system performance management system and
+it's kind of a top-down to find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a top-down to find your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a top-down to find your
+goals and objectives get management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and objectives get management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and objectives get management
+support and I guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and I guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and I guess this
+is extremely important I used to as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely important I used to as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely important I used to as my
+olden days as a consultant I used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olden days as a consultant I used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olden days as a consultant I used to do
+transit performance audits for transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit performance audits for transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit performance audits for transit
+agencies and the experience is varied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and the experience is varied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and the experience is varied
+further than anybody could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than anybody could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than anybody could imagine
+I mean I'd been in some transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'd been in some transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'd been in some transit
+authorities the first meeting is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities the first meeting is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities the first meeting is with a
+general manager and he says go get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general manager and he says go get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general manager and he says go get him
+you know and he says and come back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and he says and come back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and he says and come back with
+all the information because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information because I want to
+know it now and you would do it and he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it now and you would do it and he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it now and you would do it and he'd
+would come back with the indicators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come back with the indicators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come back with the indicators and
+he'd he'd say okay what do I do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd he'd say okay what do I do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd he'd say okay what do I do about
+this what do I do about this he'd bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do I do about this he'd bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do I do about this he'd bring
+the departments in and says I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departments in and says I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departments in and says I'm not
+blaming anybody I'm gonna we just got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blaming anybody I'm gonna we just got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blaming anybody I'm gonna we just got to
+develop action plans to get these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop action plans to get these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop action plans to get these things
+better and I've been in other properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and I've been in other properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and I've been in other properties
+where the general manager said literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the general manager said literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the general manager said literally
+on the first meeting you're here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first meeting you're here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first meeting you're here because
+the state makes me do this so I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state makes me do this so I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state makes me do this so I want you
+to get in and out of here as quick as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in and out of here as quick as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in and out of here as quick as
+you can and and basically I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and and basically I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and and basically I know how to
+manage my place you don't have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage my place you don't have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage my place you don't have to tell
+me anything and and that now that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything and and that now that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything and and that now that all of
+these were relatively small properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were relatively small properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were relatively small properties
+there I we did some larger properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I we did some larger properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I we did some larger properties
+but but it basically there were there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it basically there were there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it basically there were there's
+a there's a tremendous variation among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a tremendous variation among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a tremendous variation among
+management styles on this and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management styles on this and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management styles on this and so in
+order to do if you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do if you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do if you're going to do this
+you want top management to be supportive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want top management to be supportive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want top management to be supportive
+right from the start and to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the start and to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the start and to kind of
+participate in in developing it rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in in developing it rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in in developing it rest of
+it is kind of intuitive the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is kind of intuitive the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is kind of intuitive the most
+important thing is how do the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is how do the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is how do the results
+when you update all these measures get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you update all these measures get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you update all these measures get
+integrated into how you actually carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into how you actually carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into how you actually carry
+out the business and that is a hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the business and that is a hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the business and that is a hard part
+sometimes and it's a part that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and it's a part that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and it's a part that you need
+to kind of think about and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of think about and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of think about and you have to
+think about what can I do about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what can I do about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what can I do about this
+indicator and and I think part of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and and I think part of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and and I think part of when
+you're deciding on what the indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're deciding on what the indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're deciding on what the indicators
+are that's a big part is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that's a big part is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that's a big part is thinking about
+that step a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step a
+step seven and eight and and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step seven and eight and and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step seven and eight and and essentially
+if something is working and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is working and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is working and you're
+making progress so you keep it in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress so you keep it in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress so you keep it in if you
+don't an eight you you throw it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't an eight you you throw it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't an eight you you throw it out and
+try something else this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try something else this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try something else this is the way
+they've they've they've got lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've they've they've got lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've they've they've got lists and
+lists of measures so they got bunches at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of measures so they got bunches at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of measures so they got bunches at
+tables and again they have them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and again they have them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and again they have them for
+large properties that it makes sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large properties that it makes sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large properties that it makes sense for
+large properties medium small actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large properties medium small actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large properties medium small actually
+under fifty thousand people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under fifty thousand people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under fifty thousand people in the
+metropolitan area so they basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area so they basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan area so they basically say
+this is kind of what we think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of what we think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of what we think your
+capabilities are based on staffing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are based on staffing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are based on staffing and
+in these kind of properties through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these kind of properties through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these kind of properties through
+these the ntg data the people how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the ntg data the people how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the ntg data the people how many
+people have actually gone in and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have actually gone in and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have actually gone in and look at
+these tables anybody - okay it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tables anybody - okay it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tables anybody - okay it's you
+should all do this it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all do this it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all do this it's pretty
+interesting they've got they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they've got they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they've got they've got a
+whole range of transit properties across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of transit properties across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of transit properties across
+the country and you can sort them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country and you can sort them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country and you can sort them in
+various ways you could download reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways you could download reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways you could download reports
+you can download it in CSV files you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download it in CSV files you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download it in CSV files you
+could see how your city stacks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see how your city stacks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see how your city stacks up
+against other cities consultants use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other cities consultants use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other cities consultants use
+these all the time and the good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all the time and the good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all the time and the good thing
+about it is at the beginning when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is at the beginning when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is at the beginning when they
+first developed this definitions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first developed this definitions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first developed this definitions were
+variable across cities and each year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable across cities and each year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable across cities and each year
+that the government is done what big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government is done what big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government is done what big
+bureaucracies do well they started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracies do well they started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracies do well they started to
+standardize this and and they call you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize this and and they call you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize this and and they call you
+up if they don't like your number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if they don't like your number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if they don't like your number and
+they also call you up if your numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also call you up if your numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also call you up if your numbers
+change from year to year too much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from year to year too much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from year to year too much and
+they ask you why and so there's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask you why and so there's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask you why and so there's a kind
+of an auditing process of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an auditing process of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an auditing process of the of the
+data that's in here now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's in here now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's in here now the only
+downside of it is got big quick when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of it is got big quick when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of it is got big quick when
+they first developed it in the 80s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first developed it in the 80s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first developed it in the 80s and
+then there was a backlash from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was a backlash from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was a backlash from the
+transit agencies in the city saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agencies in the city saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit agencies in the city saying
+you're asking us for too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking us for too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking us for too much
+information this cost too much and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information this cost too much and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information this cost too much and so I
+don't think they've added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they've added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they've added
+the proper updating of it with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper updating of it with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper updating of it with respect
+to two developments that have been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two developments that have been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two developments that have been in
+transit over over the last you know 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit over over the last you know 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit over over the last you know 10
+or 15 years or so and there still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 years or so and there still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 15 years or so and there still is
+some inconsistency there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inconsistency there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inconsistency there's there's
+there's still a little bit of latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a little bit of latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a little bit of latitude
+on how you allocate your costs I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you allocate your costs I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you allocate your costs I mean
+that's the hardest thing and have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hardest thing and have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hardest thing and have you
+guys had cost allocation models yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys had cost allocation models yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys had cost allocation models yeah so
+so you you saw the uncertainty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you saw the uncertainty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you saw the uncertainty of
+exactly what you put all these costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you put all these costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you put all these costs
+with category you put them in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with category you put them in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with category you put them in and so
+that's that part while they define a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that part while they define a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that part while they define a lot
+of it they don't define it down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it they don't define it down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it they don't define it down to the
+bottom and and so I think that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and and so I think that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and and so I think that there is
+especially in the cost so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the cost so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the cost so the
+cost-effectiveness numbers that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-effectiveness numbers that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-effectiveness numbers that come out
+of here aren't necessarily directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here aren't necessarily directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here aren't necessarily directly
+comparable depending on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable depending on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable depending on the on the
+property and how seriously they take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and how seriously they take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and how seriously they take it
+the other issue with this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other issue with this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other issue with this is this is
+another thing where the management style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing where the management style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing where the management style
+some management actually asks their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some management actually asks their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some management actually asks their
+people to look at other properties here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at other properties here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at other properties here
+and say and report back and they care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say and report back and they care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say and report back and they care
+about it and other management says just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and other management says just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and other management says just
+get that report done get it out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that report done get it out of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that report done get it out of here
+you know so so it's this similar thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so it's this similar thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so it's this similar thing
+leadership is important so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership is important so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership is important so this this is
+a this issue of performance audits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this issue of performance audits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this issue of performance audits so
+outside of doing it like with key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of doing it like with key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of doing it like with key
+performance indicators going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance indicators going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance indicators going to the
+board there's also these efforts to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board there's also these efforts to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board there's also these efforts to do
+it comprehensively maybe a deeper dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comprehensively maybe a deeper dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comprehensively maybe a deeper dive
+then then you would do on a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you would do on a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you would do on a regular
+basis and they usually bring in outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and they usually bring in outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and they usually bring in outside
+people consultants or maybe a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consultants or maybe a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consultants or maybe a state
+group that that comes in and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that that comes in and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that that comes in and they go
+around this especially like say for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this especially like say for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this especially like say for the
+RTA's here in Massachusetts that are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTA's here in Massachusetts that are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTA's here in Massachusetts that are all
+much smaller than the MBTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than the MBTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than the MBTA
+they have a kind of standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a kind of standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a kind of standardized
+performance audit group that goes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance audit group that goes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance audit group that goes around
+and they and they give them information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and they give them information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and they give them information
+I I think the the big issue especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the the big issue especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the the big issue especially
+in the smaller properties is they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the smaller properties is they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the smaller properties is they don't
+have the resources to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the resources to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the resources to find out what
+other people are doing very easily as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are doing very easily as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are doing very easily as
+compared to the larger cities who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the larger cities who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the larger cities who could
+just call up people and say I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call up people and say I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call up people and say I'm gonna
+come down I want to hear about this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down I want to hear about this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down I want to hear about this or
+they set up a special panel and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set up a special panel and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set up a special panel and they
+bring in some experts on a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in some experts on a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in some experts on a particular
+issue what this process allows is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue what this process allows is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue what this process allows is
+identifying critical issues that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying critical issues that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying critical issues that are
+performance issues and then allowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues and then allowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues and then allowing the
+consultant to focus just on those two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant to focus just on those two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant to focus just on those two or
+three issues or the outside group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three issues or the outside group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three issues or the outside group and
+and say give us information about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say give us information about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say give us information about how we
+can improve just in these areas and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve just in these areas and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve just in these areas and then
+it brings information from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings information from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings information from other
+properties because these people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties because these people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties because these people have
+been doing it in other places and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing it in other places and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing it in other places and the
+big debate when this first all started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big debate when this first all started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big debate when this first all started
+and among the the the people who did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and among the the the people who did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and among the the the people who did it
+was should you focus on internally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was should you focus on internally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was should you focus on internally in
+the trends in your internal operation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends in your internal operation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends in your internal operation or
+should you focus on how you compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you focus on how you compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you focus on how you compared to
+other people and there's no answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and there's no answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and there's no answer here
+I always said it doesn't hurt to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always said it doesn't hurt to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always said it doesn't hurt to look at
+outside but clearly if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but clearly if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but clearly if you're looking
+internally first you can see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally first you can see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally first you can see whether
+you're getting better or worse and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting better or worse and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting better or worse and and
+and you know the data is consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the data is consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the data is consistent and
+you know the issues that you that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the issues that you that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the issues that you that you're
+having trouble with because intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having trouble with because intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having trouble with because intuitively
+you know what as well as from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what as well as from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what as well as from the data
+so I would say generally the peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say generally the peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say generally the peer
+comparisons were often used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons were often used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons were often used by the
+outside groups to say where should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside groups to say where should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside groups to say where should we
+focus going in and let's dig deeper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus going in and let's dig deeper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus going in and let's dig deeper in
+these areas because these these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas because these these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas because these these numbers
+look a little bit out of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little bit out of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little bit out of context
+I'm almost done here so I'm gonna press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm almost done here so I'm gonna press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm almost done here so I'm gonna press
+on for the two so the bulk of the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the two so the bulk of the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the two so the bulk of the effort
+was internally one thing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was internally one thing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was internally one thing that this
+allows is because you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows is because you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows is because you haven't
+facilitated an outside group it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated an outside group it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated an outside group it allows
+you to tell them like a counselor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to tell them like a counselor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to tell them like a counselor this
+is why I really can't get my job done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why I really can't get my job done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why I really can't get my job done
+and we really developed a kind of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really developed a kind of mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really developed a kind of mode
+with these folks if you could tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these folks if you could tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these folks if you could tell us
+we're not going to attribute it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to attribute it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to attribute it to you
+we're not going to necessarily go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to necessarily go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to necessarily go to
+your direct boss about your complaint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your direct boss about your complaint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your direct boss about your complaint to
+the direct boss but we might mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct boss but we might mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct boss but we might mention
+this to somebody higher up about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to somebody higher up about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to somebody higher up about in a
+more general way and we had ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general way and we had ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general way and we had ways of
+assuring them and and so employees like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuring them and and so employees like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuring them and and so employees like
+this in especially if they were hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in especially if they were hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in especially if they were hitting
+roadblocks in doing a better job and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblocks in doing a better job and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblocks in doing a better job and in
+small properties sometimes personalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small properties sometimes personalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small properties sometimes personalities
+got in the way and so we would provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the way and so we would provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the way and so we would provide
+that feedback to the top management as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedback to the top management as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedback to the top management as
+long as they wanted it and just I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they wanted it and just I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they wanted it and just I'm
+aware of a very significant state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of a very significant state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of a very significant state
+program in California they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in California they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in California they have to do
+this every three years it started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every three years it started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every three years it started at
+2:00 now it's down to three and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:00 now it's down to three and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:00 now it's down to three and they
+have a set format and they send the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set format and they send the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set format and they send the same
+kind of people around to each one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people around to each one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people around to each one and
+they there's some compliance with state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's some compliance with state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's some compliance with state
+requirements and funding and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and funding and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and funding and things like
+that but it really was comprehensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it really was comprehensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it really was comprehensive and
+they looked in these five focus areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked in these five focus areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked in these five focus areas
+and they essentially when you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they essentially when you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they essentially when you got the
+feedback from most of the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from most of the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from most of the smaller
+properties at least they felt like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties at least they felt like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties at least they felt like this
+was a great program because it gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great program because it gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great program because it gave them
+the ability to kind of focus harder on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to kind of focus harder on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to kind of focus harder on
+things on a periodic basis and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on a periodic basis and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on a periodic basis and then when
+he came back he kind of measured those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came back he kind of measured those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came back he kind of measured those
+areas and said okay what else is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and said okay what else is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and said okay what else is was
+going on at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's what I'm gonna stop yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's what I'm gonna stop yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's what I'm gonna stop yep
+anybody have any last questions we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any last questions we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any last questions we can
+pick this up a little bit in the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this up a little bit in the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this up a little bit in the service
+contracting stuff because it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting stuff because it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting stuff because it comes up
+there too the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too the difference between
+performance in your internal operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in your internal operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in your internal operations
+and performance by your contractors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performance by your contractors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performance by your contractors is
+nothing in fact it's harder to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in fact it's harder to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in fact it's harder to it's
+harder to manage the service contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to manage the service contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to manage the service contract
+and we can talk about that at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about that at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about that at the next
+one okay anybody great thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nGo9rYqd3Hg.txt b/nGo9rYqd3Hg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc13f69cb3a30d11a9a77efb0337e236a9c3ae9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nGo9rYqd3Hg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, good morning everyone. Uh, Rebecca,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, good morning everyone. Uh, Rebecca,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, good morning everyone. Uh, Rebecca,
+Lauren, Ben, and I are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lauren, Ben, and I are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lauren, Ben, and I are going to be
+giving an update on the progress we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an update on the progress we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an update on the progress we've
+made in designing the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in designing the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in designing the hydrogen
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant. So, first we're going to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. So, first we're going to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. So, first we're going to give an
+overview of the UT3 process, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the UT3 process, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the UT3 process, which is
+the hydrogen production process we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen production process we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen production process we chose
+for our plant. Then we'll go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our plant. Then we'll go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our plant. Then we'll go through the
+block diagram of our plant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram of our plant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram of our plant and the
+iterations we underwent to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations we underwent to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations we underwent to try to
+optimize for our desired hydrogen output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for our desired hydrogen output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for our desired hydrogen output
+for the biouels group. Um then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the biouels group. Um then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the biouels group. Um then we will
+go through our individual contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through our individual contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through our individual contributions
+over the last uh month or so uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last uh month or so uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last uh month or so uh that we
+researched and were primary concerns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched and were primary concerns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched and were primary concerns in
+the development of our UT3 plant. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of our UT3 plant. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of our UT3 plant. So the
+hydrogen oxygen separator membranes, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen separator membranes, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen separator membranes, the
+calcium reagent structures and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium reagent structures and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium reagent structures and the
+hydrogen storage system. And last we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen storage system. And last we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen storage system. And last we'll
+go into the next steps that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the next steps that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the next steps that we're going
+to take over the next uh month or so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take over the next uh month or so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take over the next uh month or so to
+complete our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design. Okay. So the UT3 process is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Okay. So the UT3 process is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Okay. So the UT3 process is a is
+a process with four reactions and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process with four reactions and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process with four reactions and each
+reaction uh occurs in a separate reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh occurs in a separate reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh occurs in a separate reactor
+unit. Um there are two so-called larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. Um there are two so-called larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit. Um there are two so-called larger
+reactor units that consist of calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor units that consist of calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor units that consist of calcium
+reactions and the iron reactions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the iron reactions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and the iron reactions. And
+just for convenience, we normally denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for convenience, we normally denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for convenience, we normally denote
+these in their own boxes just to show um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in their own boxes just to show um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in their own boxes just to show um
+the characteristics of the reactions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of the reactions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of the reactions as
+a whole. And the reason why I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole. And the reason why I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole. And the reason why I say that
+is because so in the first reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because so in the first reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because so in the first reaction
+where calcium broomemide reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where calcium broomemide reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where calcium broomemide reacts with
+steam and makes calcium oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and makes calcium oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and makes calcium oxide and
+hydromic acid. Uh seemingly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydromic acid. Uh seemingly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydromic acid. Uh seemingly are
+basically backwards from this reaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically backwards from this reaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically backwards from this reaction.
+Calcium oxide reacts with bromine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calcium oxide reacts with bromine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calcium oxide reacts with bromine and
+makes calcium bromide and oxygen. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes calcium bromide and oxygen. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes calcium bromide and oxygen. And so
+as you can see the reactants of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the reactants of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the reactants of one
+reaction become the products of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction become the products of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction become the products of the
+other and vice versa. And this enables a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and vice versa. And this enables a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and vice versa. And this enables a
+cyclic um continuous hydrogen production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic um continuous hydrogen production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic um continuous hydrogen production
+process by switching the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by switching the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by switching the flow
+periodically in our UT3 plant. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically in our UT3 plant. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically in our UT3 plant. Uh the
+iron reactions are analogous in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron reactions are analogous in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron reactions are analogous in that the
+some of the reactants become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the reactants become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the reactants become the
+products and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa. So I'm going to hand it out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. So I'm going to hand it out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. So I'm going to hand it out to
+Rebecca for the first block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebecca for the first block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebecca for the first block
+diagram. So this is the block diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So this is the block diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So this is the block diagram of
+the UT3 plant. And so the four reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT3 plant. And so the four reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT3 plant. And so the four reactions
+which Derrick mentioned take place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Derrick mentioned take place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Derrick mentioned take place in
+these four I guess they're yellow on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four I guess they're yellow on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four I guess they're yellow on the
+screen these yellow blocks which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen these yellow blocks which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen these yellow blocks which are the
+four different chemical reactors. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different chemical reactors. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different chemical reactors. And so
+basically steam comes in and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically steam comes in and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically steam comes in and it goes
+through the first uh calcium reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the first uh calcium reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the first uh calcium reactor and
+the first iron reactor and that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first iron reactor and that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first iron reactor and that produces
+hydrogen which this red block is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen which this red block is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen which this red block is the
+hydrogen separator. And so hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen separator. And so hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen separator. And so hydrogen
+comes out here and either goes to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out here and either goes to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out here and either goes to our
+storage area or will go off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage area or will go off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage area or will go off to the
+bofuels plant. Um and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels plant. Um and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels plant. Um and then there's a
+compressor here which is what is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor here which is what is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor here which is what is used to
+switch the flow. Um and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the flow. Um and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the flow. Um and I'll show you
+the backwards flow next. And then so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backwards flow next. And then so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backwards flow next. And then so the
+products from here continue flowing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products from here continue flowing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products from here continue flowing here
+flow through the second iron reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow through the second iron reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow through the second iron reactor and
+the second calcium reactor. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second calcium reactor. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second calcium reactor. Um and then
+we'll have oxygen at the end of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have oxygen at the end of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have oxygen at the end of that.
+And that's that blue block over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's that blue block over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's that blue block over on the
+left is our oxygen separator. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is our oxygen separator. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is our oxygen separator. Um, and so
+each of these reactions takes place at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these reactions takes place at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these reactions takes place at a
+specific temperature. And so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific temperature. And so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific temperature. And so that's what
+these um orange heat exchangers are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um orange heat exchangers are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um orange heat exchangers are to
+make sure that the react the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the react the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the react the reactants
+coming from one reactor are going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from one reactor are going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from one reactor are going to the
+next one at the right temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one at the right temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one at the right temperature.
+Um and so as Eric mentioned since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so as Eric mentioned since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so as Eric mentioned since the
+products of one such the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of one such the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of one such the products of
+like the first calcium actor are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first calcium actor are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first calcium actor are the
+reactants of the second one. What this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants of the second one. What this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants of the second one. What this
+does is we use this first compressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is we use this first compressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is we use this first compressor
+here to change the pressure and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to change the pressure and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to change the pressure and that
+will change the flow so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the flow so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the flow so that when
+everything has gone to completion, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has gone to completion, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has gone to completion, we
+switch it. So instead of flowing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it. So instead of flowing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it. So instead of flowing around
+this direction, it then flows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction, it then flows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction, it then flows this
+direction. Um and so therefore we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Um and so therefore we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Um and so therefore we can
+reuse the products that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse the products that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse the products that we have in
+there. Um so Ben will talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um so Ben will talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um so Ben will talk about the
+specific mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flows. Right. So um as recommended we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. Right. So um as recommended we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows. Right. So um as recommended we
+get um steam from the process heat um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um steam from the process heat um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um steam from the process heat um
+group and that provides both our fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that provides both our fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that provides both our fuel
+for the hydrogen extraction and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen extraction and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen extraction and also the
+majority of our heat that we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of our heat that we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of our heat that we use for
+these processes. Um at each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes. Um at each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes. Um at each of the
+reactor units um we make products um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor units um we make products um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor units um we make products um
+gaseous products which are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous products which are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous products which are then
+propagated um through the system by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated um through the system by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated um through the system by the
+steam um aided by crumps and compressors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam um aided by crumps and compressors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam um aided by crumps and compressors
+um throughout the process. U then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throughout the process. U then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throughout the process. U then at
+various stages we extract some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various stages we extract some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various stages we extract some of the
+valuable products like hydrogen or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable products like hydrogen or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable products like hydrogen or just
+keep propagating things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep propagating things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep propagating things uh
+along. Now this is what realistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. Now this is what realistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. Now this is what realistically
+happens. The assumptions we made are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. The assumptions we made are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. The assumptions we made are in
+an idealized case. Everything would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idealized case. Everything would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idealized case. Everything would go
+to completion. Um so we'd use up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion. Um so we'd use up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion. Um so we'd use up the
+steam and then um just propagate HBR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and then um just propagate HBR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam and then um just propagate HBR
+along. This is what we use for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. This is what we use for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. This is what we use for our
+calculations. Um of course in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. Um of course in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. Um of course in the actual
+case we'll have steam going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll have steam going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll have steam going through the
+whole thing. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. All right. And um here we go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. And um here we go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. All right. And um here we go with
+some of the qualities that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the qualities that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the qualities that we've
+actually calculated for our mass flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculated for our mass flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculated for our mass flow in
+our first iteration. Um again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first iteration. Um again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first iteration. Um again the
+assumptions we went off of were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we went off of were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we went off of were that
+each of the reactors goes to completion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the reactors goes to completion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the reactors goes to completion.
+Um we also know that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we also know that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we also know that they have to
+operate at a specific temperature. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at a specific temperature. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at a specific temperature. So
+that also grounded some of our nodes. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also grounded some of our nodes. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also grounded some of our nodes. Um
+and the other is the other assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is the other assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is the other assumption we
+made or requirement was that we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made or requirement was that we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made or requirement was that we needed
+0.1 kilograms per second to send to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 kilograms per second to send to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 kilograms per second to send to
+biouels at point4 MPa and 25° uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biouels at point4 MPa and 25° uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biouels at point4 MPa and 25° uh
+Celsius. So from that we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius. So from that we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius. So from that we've been able to
+uh quantitatively identify the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quantitatively identify the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quantitatively identify the different
+mass flow rates um if you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow rates um if you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow rates um if you're paying
+attention. So we have the hydrogen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. So we have the hydrogen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. So we have the hydrogen uh
+the hydro bromine uh the steam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydro bromine uh the steam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydro bromine uh the steam.
+Basically, we just in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, we just in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, we just in each of these
+pipes, you would sum up whatever is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes, you would sum up whatever is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes, you would sum up whatever is in
+these colored blocks to get the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colored blocks to get the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colored blocks to get the full
+mass flow rate. Uh the other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow rate. Uh the other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow rate. Uh the other important
+thing to note is that our entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that our entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that our entire system
+runs at uh two megapascals except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at uh two megapascals except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at uh two megapascals except for
+right here where this compressor creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where this compressor creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where this compressor creates
+the um pressure differential which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um pressure differential which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um pressure differential which
+creates the forward progression of flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the forward progression of flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the forward progression of flow.
+So we go from 2 megapascals to 2.04
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we go from 2 megapascals to 2.04
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we go from 2 megapascals to 2.04
+megapascals and that's what creates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapascals and that's what creates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapascals and that's what creates the
+procession. Um, another thing to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procession. Um, another thing to note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procession. Um, another thing to note is
+that at the separators, um, the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the separators, um, the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the separators, um, the products
+that come out, the hydrogen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out, the hydrogen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out, the hydrogen and the
+oxygen come out at a much lower pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen come out at a much lower pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen come out at a much lower pressure
+and temperature. Uh, so we'll have to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature. Uh, so we'll have to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature. Uh, so we'll have to,
+um, eventually we will quantify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, eventually we will quantify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, eventually we will quantify this
+compressor to figure out what work needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor to figure out what work needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor to figure out what work needs
+to go into it to make sure that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into it to make sure that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into it to make sure that we get
+the 4 MPa and the 25° C. Um, oh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 MPa and the 25° C. Um, oh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 MPa and the 25° C. Um, oh, and
+we've also, uh, quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also, uh, quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also, uh, quantitatively
+identified what these heat uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified what these heat uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified what these heat uh,
+exchangers need. So, the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers need. So, the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers need. So, the important thing
+to note is that in heat exchanger 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that in heat exchanger 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that in heat exchanger 1 and
+three, uh, we are putting work into or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, uh, we are putting work into or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, uh, we are putting work into or
+we're putting energy into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting energy into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting energy into the system
+because we have to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to increase the
+temperature of the products throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the products throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the products throwing
+through those heat exchangers. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those heat exchangers. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those heat exchangers. However,
+at heat exchanger 2, um, because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at heat exchanger 2, um, because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at heat exchanger 2, um, because we're
+going from 4 452° C to 220° C, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 4 452° C to 220° C, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 4 452° C to 220° C, we
+actually take heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out. Okay, moving on to some smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, moving on to some smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, moving on to some smaller
+topics that our group has to address to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that our group has to address to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that our group has to address to
+make our hydrogen plant work. Um, one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our hydrogen plant work. Um, one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our hydrogen plant work. Um, one is
+the hydrogen separator membrane. Uh, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen separator membrane. Uh, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen separator membrane. Uh, if
+you research membranes, you can realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you research membranes, you can realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you research membranes, you can realize
+that there are a ton of different types.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a ton of different types.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a ton of different types.
+uh you have um like organic uh ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have um like organic uh ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have um like organic uh ceramic
+metallic membranes. Uh because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic membranes. Uh because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic membranes. Uh because we are
+operating at 2 megapascals and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at 2 megapascals and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at 2 megapascals and a
+temperature of approximately like 500°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of approximately like 500°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of approximately like 500°
+C. Uh we've identified ceramic membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Uh we've identified ceramic membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Uh we've identified ceramic membranes
+as the most optimal um as far as getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the most optimal um as far as getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the most optimal um as far as getting
+a good perance value through. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good perance value through. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good perance value through. Uh we
+looked at two different ceramics. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at two different ceramics. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at two different ceramics. We
+looked at uh CVD, this uh TEOS membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at uh CVD, this uh TEOS membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at uh CVD, this uh TEOS membrane
+and the zirconium silica membrane. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zirconium silica membrane. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zirconium silica membrane. Um
+the CVD is well established. It's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CVD is well established. It's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CVD is well established. It's in
+use. Um there's a stated value of 4.0 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Um there's a stated value of 4.0 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Um there's a stated value of 4.0 uh
+for the perian uh*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the perian uh*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the perian uh*
+108. Uh however, the zirconian silica is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+108. Uh however, the zirconian silica is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+108. Uh however, the zirconian silica is
+more um experimental. It's not used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um experimental. It's not used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um experimental. It's not used as
+frequently. They're still developing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently. They're still developing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently. They're still developing it.
+However, um, one of the figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, um, one of the figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, um, one of the figures
+suggested that we could get a perance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that we could get a perance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that we could get a perance of
+10.0 * 108 for perian. Uh, when you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.0 * 108 for perian. Uh, when you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.0 * 108 for perian. Uh, when you run
+through the calculations, that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the calculations, that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the calculations, that means we
+need an area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an area of
+1,240 m squared for the CVD membrane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,240 m squared for the CVD membrane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,240 m squared for the CVD membrane,
+and we'd only need 496 m squared. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd only need 496 m squared. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd only need 496 m squared. So,
+obviously, we've uh decided to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously, we've uh decided to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously, we've uh decided to go with
+the zirconium silica. Um, the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zirconium silica. Um, the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zirconium silica. Um, the stability
+issues are the same for both. So, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are the same for both. So, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are the same for both. So, we'll
+have a phase transition. um issue. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phase transition. um issue. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phase transition. um issue. Uh
+however, we're not expecting to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however, we're not expecting to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however, we're not expecting to have a
+hu a phase transition. And then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu a phase transition. And then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu a phase transition. And then there
+are a couple of poisoning issues, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of poisoning issues, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of poisoning issues, but
+again, these shouldn't be a problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, these shouldn't be a problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, these shouldn't be a problem if
+we make sure to purify the steam. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make sure to purify the steam. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make sure to purify the steam. Um and
+the last thing that should be noted is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that should be noted is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that should be noted is
+we need 496 m squared of membrane area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need 496 m squared of membrane area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need 496 m squared of membrane area
+for it to diffuse across. This is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to diffuse across. This is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to diffuse across. This is going
+to be a pretty significant engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a pretty significant engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a pretty significant engineering
+concern just because we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern just because we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern just because we're dealing with
+a 0.1 kg per second. So that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0.1 kg per second. So that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0.1 kg per second. So that's a very
+small volume of hydrogen but should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volume of hydrogen but should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volume of hydrogen but should be
+fun moving forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So similarly with um hydrogen separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So similarly with um hydrogen separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So similarly with um hydrogen separation
+we also need to separate out oxygen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need to separate out oxygen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need to separate out oxygen um
+because the whole point is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point is we're
+breaking H2O into hydrogen oxygen. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking H2O into hydrogen oxygen. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking H2O into hydrogen oxygen. Um so
+how these membranes work is you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these membranes work is you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these membranes work is you've got a
+mixed gas that comes in um and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed gas that comes in um and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed gas that comes in um and then it
+diffuses across um a sort of porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses across um a sort of porous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses across um a sort of porous
+membrane um this is um aided by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane um this is um aided by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane um this is um aided by um
+electrodes um which ionize the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes um which ionize the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes um which ionize the oxygen
+and then it just diffuses across um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it just diffuses across um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it just diffuses across um from
+differences in partial pressure and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in partial pressure and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in partial pressure and uh
+temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature.
+Um so what we are using for the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what we are using for the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what we are using for the oxygen
+separator is uh doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator is uh doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator is uh doped
+CEO2. Um this has pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO2. Um this has pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO2. Um this has pretty good
+conductance um at our temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance um at our temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance um at our temperature
+ranges. Um and it's basically just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges. Um and it's basically just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges. Um and it's basically just a
+combination of an oxygen ion conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of an oxygen ion conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of an oxygen ion conducting
+material u that's the CO2 and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material u that's the CO2 and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material u that's the CO2 and then it's
+doped with an electronic conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped with an electronic conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped with an electronic conducting
+material um which helps out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um which helps out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um which helps out the
+ionization of the gas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization of the gas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization of the gas and the
+conductance across the membrane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so the calcium reactor system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the calcium reactor system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the calcium reactor system in
+the UT3 process actually poses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT3 process actually poses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UT3 process actually poses a
+significant materials concern primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant materials concern primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant materials concern primarily
+because there's a 76% volutric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a 76% volutric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a 76% volutric
+difference in the structures between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the structures between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the structures between
+calcium oxide and calcium broomemide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide and calcium broomemide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide and calcium broomemide.
+Um, so during the typical UT3 process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so during the typical UT3 process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so during the typical UT3 process
+with the switching of flow, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the switching of flow, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the switching of flow, you're going
+to have a expansion and contraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a expansion and contraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a expansion and contraction of
+these solid reactants and products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solid reactants and products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solid reactants and products
+depending on the stage of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the stage of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the stage of the process
+which can cause fines to form and could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can cause fines to form and could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can cause fines to form and could
+eventually lead to products centering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually lead to products centering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually lead to products centering
+after uh substantial cycling. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh substantial cycling. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh substantial cycling. And so I
+researched a couple designs to mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched a couple designs to mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched a couple designs to mitigate
+these problems and because we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and because we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and because we don't want
+our products to turn into powder. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our products to turn into powder. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our products to turn into powder. And so
+we looked at a couple designs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a couple designs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a couple designs that
+basically form a stable calcium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically form a stable calcium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically form a stable calcium oxide
+pellet that can be cycled multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet that can be cycled multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet that can be cycled multiple times
+and last in the same order as the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last in the same order as the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last in the same order as the iron
+pellets which are much more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets which are much more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets which are much more stable
+structurally. And so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally. And so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally. And so I'm going to
+actually show you the design and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you the design and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you the design and then
+talk about it since it's more obvious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it since it's more obvious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it since it's more obvious.
+So the global calcium pellet has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the global calcium pellet has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the global calcium pellet has a
+couple of substructures nested in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of substructures nested in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of substructures nested in each
+other. And so the first substructure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And so the first substructure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And so the first substructure you
+have the calcium titanium oxide which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the calcium titanium oxide which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the calcium titanium oxide which is
+just used as a structural binder for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used as a structural binder for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used as a structural binder for the
+pellet which does not undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet which does not undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet which does not undergo
+substantial expansion or contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial expansion or contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial expansion or contraction
+because the it doesn't actually react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it doesn't actually react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the it doesn't actually react
+with any of the gaseous products. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any of the gaseous products. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any of the gaseous products. It's
+just there for structural integrity. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there for structural integrity. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there for structural integrity. And
+then the calcium oxide pellets as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the calcium oxide pellets as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the calcium oxide pellets as you
+can see have uh they're not solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see have uh they're not solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see have uh they're not solid
+pellets like the calcium titanium oxide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets like the calcium titanium oxide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets like the calcium titanium oxide.
+And so there's actually voids presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's actually voids presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's actually voids presented
+in the calcium pellet which you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the calcium pellet which you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the calcium pellet which you can see
+in this even smallerru substructure. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this even smallerru substructure. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this even smallerru substructure. Um
+and basically the calcium oxide as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the calcium oxide as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the calcium oxide as it's
+brominated into calcium broomemide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brominated into calcium broomemide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brominated into calcium broomemide
+expands due to the volutric difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands due to the volutric difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands due to the volutric difference
+and the extra void between all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra void between all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra void between all the
+pellets initially allows these pellets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets initially allows these pellets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellets initially allows these pellets
+to expand without exerting substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand without exerting substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand without exerting substantial
+stresses on each adjacent particle. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses on each adjacent particle. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses on each adjacent particle. the
+pore plugging. So the the separation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pore plugging. So the the separation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pore plugging. So the the separation is
+designed such that when all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed such that when all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed such that when all of the
+calcium oxide is eventually transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide is eventually transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide is eventually transformed
+into calcium broomemide is just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into calcium broomemide is just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into calcium broomemide is just at the
+point before they're exerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point before they're exerting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point before they're exerting
+substantial structural stresses on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial structural stresses on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial structural stresses on each
+other as to prevent um fines from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as to prevent um fines from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as to prevent um fines from
+forming and other um bad things for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and other um bad things for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and other um bad things for the
+metals. And so as a whole if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals. And so as a whole if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals. And so as a whole if you can
+just cascade this back the c the calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cascade this back the c the calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cascade this back the c the calcium
+pellet globally will not expand too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet globally will not expand too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet globally will not expand too much
+due d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
+d d to brination and even if it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d to brination and even if it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d to brination and even if it it's
+going to expand and contract some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand and contract some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand and contract some
+because just inherent in this design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just inherent in this design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just inherent in this design.
+However, with the calcium titanium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, with the calcium titanium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, with the calcium titanium oxide
+coupled with a substantial space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with a substantial space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with a substantial space for
+calcium oxide expansion, we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide expansion, we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide expansion, we can have a
+calcium pellet that is structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium pellet that is structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium pellet that is structurally
+stable and exists on the same order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and exists on the same order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and exists on the same order as
+the iron pellets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now Rebecca is going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now Rebecca is going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now Rebecca is going to talk
+about hydrogen storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So as mentioned um we're going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as mentioned um we're going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as mentioned um we're going to store
+hydrogen so that if there's a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so that if there's a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so that if there's a case where
+we would need to shut down the biouels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to shut down the biouels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to shut down the biouels
+could continue going. And due to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could continue going. And due to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could continue going. And due to a
+combination of storage size and safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of storage size and safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of storage size and safety
+concerns, we've decided that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns, we've decided that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns, we've decided that we're going
+to store 1 days worth of hydrogen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store 1 days worth of hydrogen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store 1 days worth of hydrogen which
+is about 9,000 kg. Um and so I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 9,000 kg. Um and so I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 9,000 kg. Um and so I looked at
+the different forms of hydrogen storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different forms of hydrogen storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different forms of hydrogen storage
+because it can be stored in solid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be stored in solid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be stored in solid,
+liquid or gas. So as a solid it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or gas. So as a solid it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or gas. So as a solid it's that
+you have hydrogen in the interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have hydrogen in the interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have hydrogen in the interstitial
+spaces between metals or um coalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces between metals or um coalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces between metals or um coalently
+bonded. However, there isn't that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded. However, there isn't that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded. However, there isn't that hasn't
+been fully developed yet. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fully developed yet. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fully developed yet. And so we
+don't really know the thermodynamics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know the thermodynamics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know the thermodynamics or
+kinetics for solid forms. In addition,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics for solid forms. In addition,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics for solid forms. In addition,
+they have a very um small percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very um small percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very um small percentage of
+hydrogen by weight or mass. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen by weight or mass. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen by weight or mass. So that's
+obviously not a great form to store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not a great form to store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not a great form to store it
+in for us. And so we going to gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for us. And so we going to gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for us. And so we going to gas and
+liquid. Um the thing about gas is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. Um the thing about gas is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. Um the thing about gas is that
+it's at the very high pressure um 35 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the very high pressure um 35 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the very high pressure um 35 to
+70 MPa. And so in order to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 MPa. And so in order to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 MPa. And so in order to deal with the
+stresses on that, you need a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses on that, you need a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses on that, you need a very strong
+outer wall and it also has to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer wall and it also has to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer wall and it also has to be very
+thick. And so that's best for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick. And so that's best for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick. And so that's best for small
+amounts of hydrogen such as that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of hydrogen such as that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of hydrogen such as that's the
+one that's used in vehicles. um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's used in vehicles. um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's used in vehicles. um if you
+want to use hydrogen for that but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use hydrogen for that but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use hydrogen for that but for
+large amounts it's actually better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts it's actually better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts it's actually better to
+have liquid hydrogen um which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid hydrogen um which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid hydrogen um which is sort of
+at a low pressure it is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a low pressure it is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a low pressure it is at
+-253° C and that needs to be kept like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-253° C and that needs to be kept like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-253° C and that needs to be kept like
+that because if heat enters the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because if heat enters the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because if heat enters the system
+the hydrogen will evaporate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen will evaporate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen will evaporate and so
+that's a concern but it actually turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a concern but it actually turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a concern but it actually turns
+out that because what you need is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that because what you need is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that because what you need is a good
+surface to volume ratio it gets better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to volume ratio it gets better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to volume ratio it gets better
+as you get larger amounts of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get larger amounts of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get larger amounts of liquid
+hydrogen and so That means for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so That means for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so That means for the
+amount of hydrogen we want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of hydrogen we want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of hydrogen we want to store
+because 9,000 kg is a lot, that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 9,000 kg is a lot, that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 9,000 kg is a lot, that means
+liquid hydrogen is the best. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid hydrogen is the best. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid hydrogen is the best. And so
+that's going to be 130 m cubed of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be 130 m cubed of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be 130 m cubed of liquid
+hydrogen um that we'll have stored. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um that we'll have stored. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um that we'll have stored. And
+so this means if something goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means if something goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means if something goes wrong
+within the hydrogen plant, the bofuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the hydrogen plant, the bofuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the hydrogen plant, the bofuels
+team can run off the stored hydrogen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team can run off the stored hydrogen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team can run off the stored hydrogen for
+one day. Obviously, if we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day. Obviously, if we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day. Obviously, if we need to be
+shut down for longer than that, bios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down for longer than that, bios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down for longer than that, bios
+also need to shut down. Um, and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to shut down. Um, and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to shut down. Um, and if
+anything else shuts down, we will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else shuts down, we will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else shuts down, we will also
+shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut
+down. So, our first analysis we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So, our first analysis we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So, our first analysis we did that
+we showed you just now was done by hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you just now was done by hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you just now was done by hand.
+Um, and going forward, we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and going forward, we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and going forward, we're going to be
+using ease and hopefully Aspen in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ease and hopefully Aspen in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ease and hopefully Aspen in order
+to be more rigorous. We will also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more rigorous. We will also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more rigorous. We will also look
+at the individual components which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual components which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual components which we
+haven't discussed yet. Um, such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't discussed yet. Um, such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't discussed yet. Um, such as the
+heat exchangers and compressors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers and compressors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers and compressors.
+Um, we'll look at the physical size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we'll look at the physical size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we'll look at the physical size of
+the chemical reactors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactors and the
+consumption rate of the solid reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption rate of the solid reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption rate of the solid reactants
+as well as the amount of solid reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the amount of solid reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the amount of solid reactants
+determines the timing of the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the timing of the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the timing of the flow
+switch. So when it switches from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch. So when it switches from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch. So when it switches from being
+the forward flow when that is completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward flow when that is completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward flow when that is completed
+to when we do the backwards flow um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when we do the backwards flow um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when we do the backwards flow um as
+well as recovery of bromine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as recovery of bromine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as recovery of bromine and
+hydroromeic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid. So are there any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid. So are there any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid. So are there any questions?
+Yeah. Um, you have two different flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, you have two different flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, you have two different flow
+rates for water that are going that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates for water that are going that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates for water that are going that's
+going through the same heat exchanger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the same heat exchanger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the same heat exchanger.
+Um, you had 97 kg coming into your Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you had 97 kg coming into your Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you had 97 kg coming into your Yeah,
+if you want to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go back to the
+you have the 97 kg per second going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 97 kg per second going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 97 kg per second going into
+that um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um,
+and you have 6. You have 6.13 coming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have 6. You have 6.13 coming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have 6. You have 6.13 coming.
+I'm assuming that's where our heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that's where our heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that's where our heat
+exchanger is going to go for processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger is going to go for processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger is going to go for processing
+on the far left. Okay. Yeah. for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the far left. Okay. Yeah. for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the far left. Okay. Yeah. for here
+you have two very different math rates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two very different math rates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two very different math rates.
+How are you going to correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How are you going to correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How are you going to correct that
+because it's supposed to be a circuit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's supposed to be a circuit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's supposed to be a circuit,
+right? So the idea is yeah um it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the idea is yeah um it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the idea is yeah um it's hard
+that we were um so in like creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were um so in like creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were um so in like creating
+these block diagrams we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these block diagrams we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these block diagrams we were trying to
+explain how what happens with the 6.13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how what happens with the 6.13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how what happens with the 6.13
+is that it's going to have to go out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's going to have to go out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's going to have to go out um
+cuz it it will have to be reheated. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it it will have to be reheated. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it it will have to be reheated. It
+has to be at 760° C when it goes in. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be at 760° C when it goes in. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be at 760° C when it goes in. um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+9.7 or 0.97 like imagine that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.7 or 0.97 like imagine that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.7 or 0.97 like imagine that it's
+further out there. So that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out there. So that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out there. So that's actually
+entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering
+from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or
+rather so the way it works is that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather so the way it works is that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather so the way it works is that we do
+have the 6.13 kg per second that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 6.13 kg per second that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 6.13 kg per second that needs
+to be reheated and then that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reheated and then that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reheated and then that's going to
+join in with the 97 coming from process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join in with the 97 coming from process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join in with the 97 coming from process
+heat specifically. So this is 6.13 kg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat specifically. So this is 6.13 kg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat specifically. So this is 6.13 kg
+that we can recover from our system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can recover from our system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can recover from our system that
+then joins the 0.97 coming from process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then joins the 0.97 coming from process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then joins the 0.97 coming from process
+heat alone. Um again they that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat alone. Um again they that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat alone. Um again they that needs to
+be reheated so that I can do joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reheated so that I can do joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reheated so that I can do joint
+processing and then you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and then you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and then you need to have
+some sort of feed water coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of feed water coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of feed water coming into the
+Yeah. So that is your feed water coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that is your feed water coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that is your feed water coming
+out but once we have the cycle going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but once we have the cycle going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but once we have the cycle going and
+there's steam being recovered we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's steam being recovered we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's steam being recovered we don't
+need as much feed water coming out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as much feed water coming out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as much feed water coming out and
+so those would join before he do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would join before he do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would join before he do have a
+feed water system somewhere in there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed water system somewhere in there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed water system somewhere in there to
+get to I think the plan was just to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to I think the plan was just to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to I think the plan was just to have
+water coming in from outside. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water coming in from outside. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water coming in from outside. Um, so
+yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Okay.
+So, continuing on that, are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, continuing on that, are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, continuing on that, are you going to
+be giving us feed water to heat or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving us feed water to heat or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving us feed water to heat or are
+we going to get the steam at 589 to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to get the steam at 589 to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to get the steam at 589 to heat
+to 760?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 760?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 760?
+Okay. Or some mixture of the two. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Or some mixture of the two. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Or some mixture of the two. I'm
+confused. It's looking like some mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused. It's looking like some mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused. It's looking like some mixture
+of the two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two.
+When can those numbers? What? When can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When can those numbers? What? When can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When can those numbers? What? When can
+we have those numbers? Um, I mean, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have those numbers? Um, I mean, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have those numbers? Um, I mean, we
+have these. Oh, we do. I mean look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these. Oh, we do. I mean look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these. Oh, we do. I mean look at it
+but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so I mean the thing is yes the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean the thing is yes the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean the thing is yes the heat
+water is going to create that.97 kg per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is going to create that.97 kg per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is going to create that.97 kg per
+second and then this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and then this is going to
+be after it's all flowed through it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be after it's all flowed through it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be after it's all flowed through it like
+that's our 6.13 that joins in I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our 6.13 that joins in I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our 6.13 that joins in I don't
+um we're still like optimized we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're still like optimized we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're still like optimized we still
+need to put it in e so these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put it in e so these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put it in e so these are not
+final numbers but they're pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final numbers but they're pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final numbers but they're pretty close
+to what we're actually going to need. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're actually going to need. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're actually going to need. I
+think the confusion is um like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the confusion is um like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the confusion is um like which
+stream we're responsible for heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we're responsible for heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we're responsible for heating and
+what temperature will be coming in at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature will be coming in at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature will be coming in at.
+So if there's feed water coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if there's feed water coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if there's feed water coming in from
+the environment and it's coming in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and it's coming in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and it's coming in at
+you know room temperature um versus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know room temperature um versus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know room temperature um versus this
+steam getting diverted in from the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam getting diverted in from the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam getting diverted in from the rest
+of the the circuit coming in at 589. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the circuit coming in at 589. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the circuit coming in at 589. Um
+guess we're just wondering like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we're just wondering like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we're just wondering like what the
+different Yeah, we can definitely make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Yeah, we can definitely make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Yeah, we can definitely make
+that clear for you. I'm sorry it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clear for you. I'm sorry it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clear for you. I'm sorry it hasn't
+been like that so far. So yeah, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like that so far. So yeah, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like that so far. So yeah, you will
+be what we would like from you guys is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we would like from you guys is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we would like from you guys is
+for you to be responsible for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be responsible for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be responsible for this um
+0.97 kilograms per second coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.97 kilograms per second coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.97 kilograms per second coming in from
+feed water, heating it up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed water, heating it up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed water, heating it up from
+the is whatever um heating up to 760 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is whatever um heating up to 760 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is whatever um heating up to 760 and
+then in addition you will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition you will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition you will also be
+responsible for heating up our um 6.13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for heating up our um 6.13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for heating up our um 6.13
+kg per second from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg per second from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg per second from
+589° to Well, here's a question. Yes. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+589° to Well, here's a question. Yes. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+589° to Well, here's a question. Yes. If
+you're if you're taking in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're taking in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're taking in a small
+amount of feed water and you're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of feed water and you're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of feed water and you're giving
+it to processed heat to heat up, would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to processed heat to heat up, would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to processed heat to heat up, would
+this be a good place to put in uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be a good place to put in uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be a good place to put in uh an
+intercooler, something where some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercooler, something where some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercooler, something where some of the
+heat on the iron reaction could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat on the iron reaction could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat on the iron reaction could be used
+to boil the water, make it a steam, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boil the water, make it a steam, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boil the water, make it a steam, and
+then give the process heat a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give the process heat a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give the process heat a single
+phase to heat up. Where the 6.13, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to heat up. Where the 6.13, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to heat up. Where the 6.13, okay,
+steam at 589 could be mixed with 97 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam at 589 could be mixed with 97 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam at 589 could be mixed with 97 at
+whatever the saturation temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the saturation temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the saturation temperature is
+at 2 megapascals. And that way they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 2 megapascals. And that way they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 2 megapascals. And that way they'll
+only have to worry about one phase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to worry about one phase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to worry about one phase.
+So, okay. So, you're saying take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, you're saying take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, you're saying take the
+0.97 that we need from wherever. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.97 that we need from wherever. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.97 that we need from wherever. Then we
+heat it up ourselves and then we send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up ourselves and then we send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up ourselves and then we send it
+to them as steam at some temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them as steam at some temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them as steam at some temperature
+that's already steam. Yeah. Heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already steam. Yeah. Heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already steam. Yeah. Heat it up
+using some of the heat from that iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the heat from that iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the heat from that iron
+reaction, which it seems like it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction, which it seems like it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction, which it seems like it doesn't
+have to be that hot in order to work,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be that hot in order to work,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be that hot in order to work,
+unless I'm mistaken.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I'm mistaken.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I'm mistaken.
+um these all of our reactors like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these all of our reactors like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these all of our reactors like there
+have been papers upon papers upon papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been papers upon papers upon papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been papers upon papers upon papers
+that have optimized the values at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have optimized the values at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have optimized the values at which
+these reactions run. Okay. So they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions run. Okay. So they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions run. Okay. So they're
+kind of like the reactors. So the 760,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the reactors. So the 760,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the reactors. So the 760,
+the 560, the 754 and the 220 are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 560, the 754 and the 220 are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 560, the 754 and the 220 are all
+fixed. Then how about see the top heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed. Then how about see the top heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed. Then how about see the top heat
+exchanger where you're dumping out 2.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger where you're dumping out 2.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger where you're dumping out 2.9
+megawatt. Could you use some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt. Could you use some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt. Could you use some of that
+energy to boil the feed water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to boil the feed water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to boil the feed water and
+recover? Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Any anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover? Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Any anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover? Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Any anywhere
+where you're dumping heat, if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're dumping heat, if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're dumping heat, if you can
+use that heat to make your life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that heat to make your life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that heat to make your life and
+process heat's life easier, that'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat's life easier, that'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat's life easier, that'd be a
+good use of energy. Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good use of energy. Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good use of energy. Sure.
+Can I just ask one more thing? Sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just ask one more thing? Sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just ask one more thing? Sorry to
+bel. So, you want 7.1 kg/s totally going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bel. So, you want 7.1 kg/s totally going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bel. So, you want 7.1 kg/s totally going
+into your calcium? Yes. Okay. Just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your calcium? Yes. Okay. Just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your calcium? Yes. Okay. Just just
+to be sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure.
+And that I mean the number may change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that I mean the number may change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that I mean the number may change
+slightly because we did assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly because we did assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly because we did assume that the
+reactions run to completion. So we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions run to completion. So we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions run to completion. So we might
+need a little more but that's order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little more but that's order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little more but that's order of
+magnitude in pretty good ballpark. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in pretty good ballpark. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude in pretty good ballpark. And
+just a quick question what's the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick question what's the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick question what's the sign
+convention for heat going in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention for heat going in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention for heat going in and out of
+the heat exchangers cuz it looks yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat exchangers cuz it looks yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat exchangers cuz it looks yeah I
+little words um cuz if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little words um cuz if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little words um cuz if you take the
+bottom two as the example where positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom two as the example where positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom two as the example where positive
+is in and negative is out then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in and negative is out then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in and negative is out then I think
+that should have a negative. No, no, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have a negative. No, no, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should have a negative. No, no, the
+top one should be negative. Top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one should be negative. Top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one should be negative. Top one
+should be negative. Okay. Okay. Just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be negative. Okay. Okay. Just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be negative. Okay. Okay. Just I
+apologize. That was just a convention.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize. That was just a convention.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize. That was just a convention.
+No problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No problem.
+So, does anyone else have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, does anyone else have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, does anyone else have any other
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, Tyrell, anything? Yeah, I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, Tyrell, anything? Yeah, I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, Tyrell, anything? Yeah, I have a
+few.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few.
+Um just looking at this diagram, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um just looking at this diagram, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um just looking at this diagram, it
+looks like there's a lot of room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's a lot of room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's a lot of room for
+optimization with the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization with the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization with the you know the
+taking the hot water and reheating it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the hot water and reheating it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the hot water and reheating it as
+an input to somewhere else because right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input to somewhere else because right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input to somewhere else because right
+now once once through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once once through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once once through
+cycle you know it I think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you know it I think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you know it I think you could
+manage it a lot better. Um but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage it a lot better. Um but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage it a lot better. Um but we can
+talk about that more. Um the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that more. Um the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that more. Um the other one
+question I had is you said you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I had is you said you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I had is you said you're
+running it through one way. So I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it through one way. So I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it through one way. So I guess
+what I'm gathering from that is you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gathering from that is you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gathering from that is you run
+it until all the products from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it until all the products from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it until all the products from your
+first calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first calcium
+reactor then become your reactants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor then become your reactants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor then become your reactants for
+your second and switch around. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second and switch around. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second and switch around. So how
+does uh have you looked at all at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh have you looked at all at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh have you looked at all at the
+efficiency of your reaction as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of your reaction as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of your reaction as you get
+those the imbalance of products versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the imbalance of products versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the imbalance of products versus
+reactants because I imagine it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants because I imagine it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants because I imagine it's going
+to asmtote you know and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to asmtote you know and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to asmtote you know and then you're
+going to have to find some optimal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to find some optimal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to find some optimal time
+to switch it over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch it over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch it over that
+was no I was going to say yeah it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no I was going to say yeah it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no I was going to say yeah it's on
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+list but yeah I mean all the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but yeah I mean all the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but yeah I mean all the papers
+we've read have done it with aspen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've read have done it with aspen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've read have done it with aspen
+doesn't look like something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like something that can
+easily done. Okay. And so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily done. Okay. And so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily done. Okay. And so we're going to
+try to do it, but right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do it, but right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do it, but right now we're
+making, as bad as it sounds, the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making, as bad as it sounds, the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making, as bad as it sounds, the best
+guess we because they seem to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we because they seem to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we because they seem to be quite
+nonlinear according to the papers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear according to the papers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear according to the papers. So
+we're going on the best information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going on the best information we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going on the best information we
+have right now. Yeah. And I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right now. Yeah. And I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right now. Yeah. And I think that's
+something that, you know, just be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that, you know, just be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that, you know, just be able
+to talk about, you know, the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about, you know, the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about, you know, the final
+presentation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation.
+Um I was also wondering where does you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I was also wondering where does you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I was also wondering where does you
+have a going from 2 megapascal to 2.04
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a going from 2 megapascal to 2.04
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a going from 2 megapascal to 2.04
+04 like where did you come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+04 like where did you come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+04 like where did you come up with the
+0.04? Is that just an arbitrary delta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04? Is that just an arbitrary delta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04? Is that just an arbitrary delta or
+it's from another one of those papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from another one of those papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from another one of those papers
+that they determined that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they determined that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they determined that was the
+optimal pressure differential for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal pressure differential for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal pressure differential for that
+compressor. We're basically choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor. We're basically choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor. We're basically choosing
+papers that have quite similar designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that have quite similar designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that have quite similar designs
+to ours to try that. We don't need like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ours to try that. We don't need like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ours to try that. We don't need like
+an aggressive like speed mass flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggressive like speed mass flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggressive like speed mass flow rate
+flowing through. So I think the 0.04 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through. So I think the 0.04 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through. So I think the 0.04 is
+like just small enough where you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just small enough where you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just small enough where you're not
+requiring too much energy in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring too much energy in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring too much energy in that
+compressor to change the mass flow rate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor to change the mass flow rate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor to change the mass flow rate,
+but you do get that forward precession.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do get that forward precession.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do get that forward precession.
+Um, sorry, I got a a list here. Uh, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, sorry, I got a a list here. Uh, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, sorry, I got a a list here. Uh, how
+big is your calcium oxide pellet that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is your calcium oxide pellet that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is your calcium oxide pellet that or
+the thing that you're talking about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you're talking about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you're talking about with
+all the structures and subructors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the structures and subructors?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the structures and subructors?
+They're quite small. I mean, they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're quite small. I mean, they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're quite small. I mean, they vary
+depending on the actual structure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the actual structure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the actual structure we
+decide on. So there's three competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on. So there's three competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on. So there's three competing
+structure. I was going to end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. I was going to end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. I was going to end this
+because I felt like we did enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I felt like we did enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I felt like we did enough
+material science but so what um go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science but so what um go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science but so what um go back
+to the calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the calcium
+pellet and so basically the calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet and so basically the calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet and so basically the calcium
+pellet in general are normally spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet in general are normally spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pellet in general are normally spheres
+but depend and these spheres are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but depend and these spheres are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but depend and these spheres are very
+small comparatively like on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small comparatively like on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small comparatively like on the order of
+centimeters. Okay. But the choice of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters. Okay. But the choice of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters. Okay. But the choice of or
+and they're I mean they're porous too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're I mean they're porous too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're I mean they're porous too
+because you have these original like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have these original like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have these original like
+voids and stuff so stuff can fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids and stuff so stuff can fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids and stuff so stuff can fall
+through but you don't want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you don't want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you don't want to make it
+too big so that you can't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big so that you can't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big so that you can't you know
+nothing can permeate mass wire. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can permeate mass wire. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can permeate mass wire. But the
+the choice of how to load up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of how to load up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of how to load up these
+calcium pellets. Um you can either load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium pellets. Um you can either load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium pellets. Um you can either load
+them up kind of think of as like a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up kind of think of as like a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up kind of think of as like a high
+temperature gas reactor like spheres on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gas reactor like spheres on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gas reactor like spheres on
+spears. Yeah. Or you can make it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spears. Yeah. Or you can make it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spears. Yeah. Or you can make it into a
+honeycomb structure and kind of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb structure and kind of have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb structure and kind of have a
+predetermined lattice which you load up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined lattice which you load up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined lattice which you load up
+or you can actually even make them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can actually even make them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can actually even make them so
+small that you can mix them and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that you can mix them and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that you can mix them and make
+kind of like a nanoparticle fluid if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a nanoparticle fluid if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a nanoparticle fluid if you
+will. So we're going to also try to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. So we're going to also try to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. So we're going to also try to look
+into which design will be best for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into which design will be best for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into which design will be best for our
+mass flow rates of interest. Yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow rates of interest. Yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass flow rates of interest. Yeah. I
+imagine if you're flowing through a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you're flowing through a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you're flowing through a like
+a pebble bed, your um pressure drops can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pebble bed, your um pressure drops can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pebble bed, your um pressure drops can
+be pretty high. So, you know, definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty high. So, you know, definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty high. So, you know, definitely
+take that into account.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account.
+Um and one I have several more, but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and one I have several more, but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and one I have several more, but I'll
+just limit it to one more. Um one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just limit it to one more. Um one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just limit it to one more. Um one big
+question I have is if you have this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have is if you have this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have is if you have this huge
+um hydrogen tank, what do you do if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hydrogen tank, what do you do if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hydrogen tank, what do you do if it
+starts leaking?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That is something which I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is something which I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is something which I have not
+figured quite addressed yet. Okay. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured quite addressed yet. Okay. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured quite addressed yet. Okay. I
+mean that's that's the biggest handicap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's that's the biggest handicap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's that's the biggest handicap
+I see in that you know um the minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see in that you know um the minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see in that you know um the minimizing
+the surface area versus car uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface area versus car uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface area versus car uh
+compartmentalizing it for ease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalizing it for ease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalizing it for ease of
+maintenance and safety concerns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and safety concerns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and safety concerns and
+stuff like that. So you know I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. So you know I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. So you know I I would
+at least have something that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least have something that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least have something that you could
+discuss for the final presentation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss for the final presentation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss for the final presentation on
+that. whether or not it's final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. whether or not it's final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. whether or not it's final
+solution, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, you know.
+So, Oh, yeah. I was going to ask um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Oh, yeah. I was going to ask um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Oh, yeah. I was going to ask um I
+think I forgot to not What are you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I forgot to not What are you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I forgot to not What are you guys
+using oxygen for? I'm not using it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using oxygen for? I'm not using it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using oxygen for? I'm not using it for
+So, could you But we have to separate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, could you But we have to separate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, could you But we have to separate it
+out. Yeah. Could you combine it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Yeah. Could you combine it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Yeah. Could you combine it with the
+hydrogen to give yourself hot water? Hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to give yourself hot water? Hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to give yourself hot water? Hot
+water.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water.
+You burn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You burn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You burn it
+with hydrogen oxygen and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydrogen oxygen and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydrogen oxygen and then you get
+your feed water which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. I mean we're optimizing this plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I mean we're optimizing this plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I mean we're optimizing this plant
+for a specific hydrogen rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a specific hydrogen rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a specific hydrogen rate for the
+boules. So we'd have to make it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boules. So we'd have to make it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boules. So we'd have to make it even
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+and all of our figures would change. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of our figures would change. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of our figures would change. So
+you'd have to redo all of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I'm going to cut the questions off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to cut the questions off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to cut the questions off
+there except I have one very quick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there except I have one very quick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there except I have one very quick one
+for you guys in terms of the materials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys in terms of the materials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys in terms of the materials.
+Since you're dealing with so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since you're dealing with so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since you're dealing with so much
+hydrogen at various temperatures, have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen at various temperatures, have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen at various temperatures, have
+you looked into hydrating and materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked into hydrating and materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked into hydrating and materials
+failure or into hydrogen cracking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure or into hydrogen cracking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure or into hydrogen cracking in
+terms of things that would be under high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of things that would be under high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of things that would be under high
+stress and would have a lot of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and would have a lot of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and would have a lot of hydrogen
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+it? You don't have to yet, but I' i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? You don't have to yet, but I' i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? You don't have to yet, but I' i'd
+expect something a little bit of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect something a little bit of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect something a little bit of like
+various sort of corrosion things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sort of corrosion things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sort of corrosion things and
+things along that line. Um, so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things along that line. Um, so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things along that line. Um, so we're
+looking sort of like maybe some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking sort of like maybe some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking sort of like maybe some sort of
+ceramic material or like special output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic material or like special output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic material or like special output
+is better than that. So, okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than that. So, okay. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than that. So, okay. Yeah.
+Well, you may want to look into at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you may want to look into at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you may want to look into at at
+what temperature and under what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature and under what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature and under what
+conditions does hydriding of of things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions does hydriding of of things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions does hydriding of of things,
+especially like metals become a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like metals become a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like metals become a serious
+problem because hydrogen diffusion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because hydrogen diffusion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because hydrogen diffusion at
+these temperatures like the wind just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temperatures like the wind just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temperatures like the wind just
+goes right through. Um, but wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right through. Um, but wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right through. Um, but wouldn't
+expect anyone to know all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect anyone to know all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect anyone to know all that stuff
+until the very end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the very end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the very end of the
+presentation. Good job. So nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. Good job. So nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. Good job. So nice
+job. I especially like um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job. I especially like um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job. I especially like um some of the
+stuff you did like color coding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you did like color coding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you did like color coding your
+block diagrams and your products. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagrams and your products. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagrams and your products. That
+made it really really easy to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it really really easy to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it really really easy to follow
+what was going on. And so everyone take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on. And so everyone take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on. And so everyone take
+a hint for that. Um that made it extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint for that. Um that made it extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint for that. Um that made it extra
+clear. So thanks a lot.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nrDkb2MAwSA.txt b/nrDkb2MAwSA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd1d04118c71481fceab33d645e5ae8d66997b37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nrDkb2MAwSA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a part of their subject part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a part of their subject part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a part of their subject part of
+deep learning as we get there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning as we get there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning as we get there and it's
+probably a good topic for the day before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good topic for the day before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good topic for the day before
+spring break because lots of you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break because lots of you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break because lots of you will
+have seen of course you will have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen of course you will have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen of course you will have seen
+the sample mean the average of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean the average of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean the average of the of
+the data so we we have and you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so we we have and you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so we we have and you'll know
+about the expected mean let me complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the expected mean let me complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the expected mean let me complete
+that what's the expected mean so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the expected mean so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the expected mean so this is
+the expectation of the value X where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the value X where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the value X where we
+get x 1 with probability P 1 belong to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x 1 with probability P 1 belong to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x 1 with probability P 1 belong to X
+n with probability P n so we just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n with probability P n so we just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n with probability P n so we just want
+to say what's our average out output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what's our average out output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what's our average out output
+average outcome and we weight it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average outcome and we weight it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average outcome and we weight it by
+their probabilities so it's P 1 X 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their probabilities so it's P 1 X 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their probabilities so it's P 1 X 1 plus
+along plus P n X n so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along plus P n X n so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along plus P n X n so that's the
+expected value of x do you comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x do you comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x do you comfortable
+with that symbol e because that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that symbol e because that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that symbol e because that's like
+everywhere it gives a handy shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it gives a handy shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it gives a handy shorthand
+for example the variance is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the variance is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the variance is the expected
+value of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the variance is an expected value based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is an expected value based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is an expected value based
+on these probabilities of the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these probabilities of the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these probabilities of the square of
+the distance so everybody remembers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance so everybody remembers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance so everybody remembers it's
+involves square and it's the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves square and it's the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves square and it's the distance
+from the mean from so I'm let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean from so I'm let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean from so I'm let me call
+this state M maybe just to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state M maybe just to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state M maybe just to have a
+smaller letter but I could put so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller letter but I could put so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller letter but I could put so it's
+the distance from the mean minus M it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the mean minus M it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the mean minus M it's
+the expected value the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value the average value of
+X minus M Squared and in general of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus M Squared and in general of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus M Squared and in general of
+course the expected this covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the expected this covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the expected this covariance
+matrix I could express with that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I could express with that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I could express with that any
+notation but let me just stretch it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but let me just stretch it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but let me just stretch it as
+far as what would be the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as what would be the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as what would be the expected value
+of any function of X well we've got n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any function of X well we've got n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any function of X well we've got n
+possible outputs x1 to xn we look at f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outputs x1 to xn we look at f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outputs x1 to xn we look at f
+of x1 up to f of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x1 up to f of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x1 up to f of xn
+we wait those by the probabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wait those by the probabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wait those by the probabilities that
+they happen so this would be let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen so this would be let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen so this would be let me make
+just a little corner for this e letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little corner for this e letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little corner for this e letter
+so this would be the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the probability that
+that is f of x1 times the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is f of x1 times the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is f of x1 times the value of the
+value F at x1 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value F at x1 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value F at x1 so this is the
+contribution from the x1 possibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the x1 possibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the x1 possibility and
+now we include them all so it'll be F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we include them all so it'll be F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we include them all so it'll be F
+output f of X ends with probability PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output f of X ends with probability PN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output f of X ends with probability PN
+and if that f of X is X minus M squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that f of X is X minus M squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that f of X is X minus M squared
+then we get what we expect and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get what we expect and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get what we expect and let me
+remember that so I just want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that so I just want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that so I just want to keep
+going with variance so it's the sum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with variance so it's the sum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with variance so it's the sum it's
+the first probability times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first probability times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first probability times the first
+output minus the mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last probability times that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last probability times that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last probability times that last
+output xn minus M Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output xn minus M Squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output xn minus M Squared
+and everybody should know a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody should know a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody should know a second
+expression the second way to do that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the second way to do that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the second way to do that cut
+the sum it's just if I just write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum it's just if I just write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum it's just if I just write out
+those squares and combine them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squares and combine them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squares and combine them a little
+differently I get a second expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I get a second expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I get a second expression
+which is really useful often a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really useful often a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really useful often a little
+faster to compute so can I just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to compute so can I just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to compute so can I just do that
+so that's that's X 1 squared minus 2 X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's X 1 squared minus 2 X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's X 1 squared minus 2 X 1
+M 1 plus M 1 squared right and then save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 1 plus M 1 squared right and then save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 1 plus M 1 squared right and then save
+me here pn x xn squared minus 2 xn n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me here pn x xn squared minus 2 xn n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me here pn x xn squared minus 2 xn n
+plus M Squared good with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry plus n oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry plus n oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry plus n oh sorry
+oh no I mean am i oh it's just a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I mean am i oh it's just a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I mean am i oh it's just a name
+correct thank you thank you just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct thank you thank you just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct thank you thank you just too
+damn good ok can we take that sum so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn good ok can we take that sum so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn good ok can we take that sum so I
+get P 1 X 1 squared if I take these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get P 1 X 1 squared if I take these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get P 1 X 1 squared if I take these the
+first guys so I've accounted for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guys so I've accounted for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guys so I've accounted for this
+and this now I'll take minus 2 P 1 X 1 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this now I'll take minus 2 P 1 X 1 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this now I'll take minus 2 P 1 X 1 M
+so P 1 X 1 M plus P n X ends M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just writing it all out and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just writing it all out and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just writing it all out and I'm
+gonna recombine it so now I have P 1 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna recombine it so now I have P 1 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna recombine it so now I have P 1 M
+squared plus P 2 m squared plus P n m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus P 2 m squared plus P n m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus P 2 m squared plus P n m
+squared so what do I have from the P 1 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what do I have from the P 1 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what do I have from the P 1 M
+Squared all the way up to P n M Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared all the way up to P n M Squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared all the way up to P n M Squared
+are you with me so M Squared is a Frick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you with me so M Squared is a Frick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you with me so M Squared is a Frick
+is in every term so I'm gonna have an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in every term so I'm gonna have an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in every term so I'm gonna have an M
+Squared and what's it multiplied by P 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared and what's it multiplied by P 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared and what's it multiplied by P 1
+here P 2 here P n here I add those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P 2 here P n here I add those up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P 2 here P n here I add those up
+and I get 1 so that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 1 so that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 1 so that's it
+ok and now I'll just simplify this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and now I'll just simplify this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and now I'll just simplify this thing
+so this is really the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really the expected value of
+what what am i seeing in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what am i seeing in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what am i seeing in this in this
+term the about the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the about the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the about the expected value of x
+squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different from the expected value of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the expected value of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the expected value of X
+minus M Squared of course this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M Squared of course this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M Squared of course this is just
+the first term from here but now what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term from here but now what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term from here but now what do
+I get for this second term well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get for this second term well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get for this second term well the
+point is that M comes out so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that M comes out so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that M comes out so this is
+minus and M and a 2 and what it what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and M and a 2 and what it what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and M and a 2 and what it what do
+I have left so I've used up the M I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have left so I've used up the M I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have left so I've used up the M I've
+used up the 2 P 1 X 1 plus P and X n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up the 2 P 1 X 1 plus P and X n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up the 2 P 1 X 1 plus P and X n
+what's that everybody should just pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that everybody should just pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that everybody should just pay
+attention to this trivial I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to this trivial I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to this trivial I mean we're
+just doing high school algebra here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing high school algebra here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing high school algebra here but
+but P 1 X 1 up to P and X n is M so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but P 1 X 1 up to P and X n is M so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but P 1 X 1 up to P and X n is M so I
+have another M M Squared there and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another M M Squared there and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another M M Squared there and I've
+a plus M Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus M Squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus M Squared
+from the end so you see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end so you see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end so you see that it is
+another expression the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another expression the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another expression the expected value of
+x squared minus M Squared just algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus M Squared just algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus M Squared just algebra
+that that is the same as this so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the same as this so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the same as this so that if
+you happen to have a handy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have a handy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have a handy way to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+the expected value of x squared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x squared you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of x squared you
+would just subtract M squared and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just subtract M squared and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just subtract M squared and you'd
+have the same as this yeah it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same as this yeah it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same as this yeah it's just
+algebra okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay
+can i let's let's go a little deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i let's let's go a little deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i let's let's go a little deeper
+with something here if I can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something here if I can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something here if I can find it
+there are two great inequalities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two great inequalities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two great inequalities in
+statistics and the first one is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and the first one is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and the first one is due to
+Markov and I don't know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov and I don't know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov and I don't know if you know
+Markov inequality it it comes out easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov inequality it it comes out easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov inequality it it comes out easily
+in fact too easily I like I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact too easily I like I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact too easily I like I'm kind of
+happy with the discussion in this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the discussion in this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the discussion in this is now
+I'm jumped to section five over the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm jumped to section five over the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm jumped to section five over the book
+so I'll need to post section 5 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll need to post section 5 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll need to post section 5 which is
+probability and statistics and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and statistics and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and statistics and you'll
+see this Markov inequality so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Markov inequality so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Markov inequality so it just
+involves this stuff so that's why I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves this stuff so that's why I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves this stuff so that's why I'll
+go do it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do it now
+Markov inequality he was a great Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov inequality he was a great Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov inequality he was a great Russian
+mathematician or probably about 1900 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician or probably about 1900 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician or probably about 1900 and
+we will see Markov chains and Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see Markov chains and Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see Markov chains and Markov
+processes that's beautiful linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that's beautiful linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that's beautiful linear
+algebra but this little inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but this little inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but this little inequality is
+not matrices it's just playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matrices it's just playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matrices it's just playing with
+these but and it applies to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but and it applies to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but and it applies to two
+non-negative events so I'm gonna win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative events so I'm gonna win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative events so I'm gonna win
+shall I say applies when all the X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I say applies when all the X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I say applies when all the X all
+the outputs are greater equal zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs are greater equal zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs are greater equal zero so
+it's going to be a it's gonna I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a it's gonna I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a it's gonna I'm gonna
+use that fact so it doesn't apply to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that fact so it doesn't apply to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that fact so it doesn't apply to to
+something like Gaussian because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Gaussian because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Gaussian because they're
+Gaussian the outputs go all the way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian the outputs go all the way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian the outputs go all the way from
+minus infinity to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to and
+finiti it does apply to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finiti it does apply to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finiti it does apply to a lot of
+important ones and simple one so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones and simple one so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones and simple one so I'm
+just saying let's suppose I would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying let's suppose I would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying let's suppose I would give
+the proof for this finite probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof for this finite probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof for this finite probability
+and there'd be a similar proof similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'd be a similar proof similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'd be a similar proof similar
+discussion everywhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion everywhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion everywhere here
+for continuous probability so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous probability so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous probability so what does
+Markov say let me be sure I get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov say let me be sure I get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov say let me be sure I get it right
+because I'm not a pro at this it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not a pro at this it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not a pro at this it it's
+natural to want to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to want to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to want to estimate the
+probability that X is greater equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is greater equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is greater equals
+some number a get some idea what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number a get some idea what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number a get some idea what's the
+probability of X being greater equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X being greater equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X being greater equal a
+so what do we know there's a certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know there's a certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know there's a certainly a
+number between 0 & 1 that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 & 1 that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 & 1 that number is
+going to get smaller as a increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get smaller as a increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get smaller as a increases
+because we're going to be asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be asking for
+more if if if I take a to be say twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if if if I take a to be say twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if if if I take a to be say twice
+the mean well yeah suppose I take a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean well yeah suppose I take a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean well yeah suppose I take a to
+be twice the mean what what so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be twice the mean what what so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be twice the mean what what so can I
+estimate what that probability could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what that probability could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what that probability could be
+and that's what Markov has done he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what Markov has done he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what Markov has done he says
+the probability of that is at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that is at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that is at least at
+most sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sorry
+see I used to have an eraser at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I used to have an eraser at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I used to have an eraser at least
+sorry at most yes got it is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry at most yes got it is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry at most yes got it is less or
+equal to the mean x-bar is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mean x-bar is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mean x-bar is another way
+to write the mean divided by a and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the mean divided by a and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the mean divided by a and this
+is this is the mean over a or it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the mean over a or it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the mean over a or it's the
+expected value of x over a we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x over a we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x over a we could see
+any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those
+notations okay and as we expect as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations okay and as we expect as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations okay and as we expect as a
+increases the probability this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability this this
+number goes down the probability goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number goes down the probability goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number goes down the probability goes
+down of exceeding a so that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down of exceeding a so that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down of exceeding a so that's a pretty
+simple estimate to get this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple estimate to get this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple estimate to get this probability
+just in terms of the number a which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of the number a which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of the number a which has
+to come in because it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in because it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in because it's part of the
+question and the me X okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the me X okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the me X okay so let me
+take an example as a equals three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an example as a equals three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an example as a equals three okay
+so I'm going to try I'm gonna just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try I'm gonna just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try I'm gonna just for
+example suppose a was three I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose a was three I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose a was three I want to
+show that the probability of X X being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the probability of X X being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the probability of X X being
+greater than or equal to three yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to three yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to three yeah okay
+so let's we we don't know we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's we we don't know we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's we we don't know we don't have
+many facts to work with so if we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many facts to work with so if we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many facts to work with so if we write
+those down we should see the reason okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those down we should see the reason okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those down we should see the reason okay
+so I know that the mean is a of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that the mean is a of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that the mean is a of X so
+let's see I'm am I gonna take yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm am I gonna take yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm am I gonna take yeah I'm
+gonna for example let's take the mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna for example let's take the mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna for example let's take the mean to
+be one okay so I'm gonna imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one okay so I'm gonna imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one okay so I'm gonna imagine that
+the mean is one and that I'm asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is one and that I'm asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is one and that I'm asking for
+what's the chance that X will be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the chance that X will be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the chance that X will be bigger
+than three and I'll get an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three and I'll get an estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three and I'll get an estimate of
+one-third so I'm trying to show to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third so I'm trying to show to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third so I'm trying to show to show
+the probability of X greater equal three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of X greater equal three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of X greater equal three
+is less or equal to the mean I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to the mean I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to the mean I'm saying
+is one a is three so there's less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one a is three so there's less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one a is three so there's less or
+equal 1/3 now why is that true that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1/3 now why is that true that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1/3 now why is that true that's
+what I have to show okay I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to show okay I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to show okay I think is that
+if I write down what I know I'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I write down what I know I'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I write down what I know I'll see it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so let me let me just raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me let me just raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me let me just raise
+that a little so that I have a room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little so that I have a room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little so that I have a room to
+write so what do I know I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so what do I know I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so what do I know I know the
+definition of the meat so I know that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the meat so I know that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the meat so I know that X
+1 times P 1 plus X 2 P 2 plus X 3 P 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times P 1 plus X 2 P 2 plus X 3 P 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times P 1 plus X 2 P 2 plus X 3 P 3
+allow me to get carried away here X 5 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to get carried away here X 5 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to get carried away here X 5 p
+5 say is is what so what I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 say is is what so what I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 say is is what so what I've written
+down there is the mean and I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there is the mean and I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there is the mean and I'm assuming
+that to be 1 so this is the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be 1 so this is the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be 1 so this is the fact that I
+know is 1 and what is it that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is 1 and what is it that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is 1 and what is it that I want to
+prove I want to know the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove I want to know the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove I want to know the probability of
+being greater equals 3 so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being greater equals 3 so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being greater equals 3 so what's the
+probability that the result will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the result will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the result will be
+greater equal 3 it's P 3 so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal 3 it's P 3 so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal 3 it's P 3 so this this is
+saying that P 3 plus P for those this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that P 3 plus P for those this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that P 3 plus P for those this is
+these are the probabilities these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the probabilities these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the probabilities these are
+the different ways that I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different ways that I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different ways that I might be
+greater equals 3 and I'm claiming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 3 and I'm claiming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 3 and I'm claiming that
+that's less or equal 1/3 what I liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less or equal 1/3 what I liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less or equal 1/3 what I liked
+about this elementary approach is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this elementary approach is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this elementary approach is that
+I've stated these facts these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've stated these facts these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've stated these facts these
+probability assumptions and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability assumptions and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability assumptions and and and
+conclusions directly in terms of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions directly in terms of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions directly in terms of numbers
+so I just want to show that if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to show that if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to show that if this is
+true then that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then that's true
+oh let's see I guess I'm thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's see I guess I'm thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's see I guess I'm thinking that
+the I'm sorry I even took a more special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm sorry I even took a more special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm sorry I even took a more special
+case I'm taking the case where x1 is 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm taking the case where x1 is 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm taking the case where x1 is 1 X
+2 is 2 X 3 is 3 X 4 is 4 and X 5 is 5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 2 X 3 is 3 X 4 is 4 and X 5 is 5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 2 X 3 is 3 X 4 is 4 and X 5 is 5 so
+that satisfies satisfies my condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies satisfies my condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies satisfies my condition
+that the the outputs 1 2 3 4 or 5 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the outputs 1 2 3 4 or 5 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the outputs 1 2 3 4 or 5 are
+all Markov Markov only applies when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Markov Markov only applies when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Markov Markov only applies when
+they're all greater equals 0 so I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all greater equals 0 so I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all greater equals 0 so I had to
+take a so I'm just imagining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a so I'm just imagining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a so I'm just imagining this
+special case where the possible outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where the possible outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where the possible outputs
+are 1 2 3 4 5 their probabilities are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1 2 3 4 5 their probabilities are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 1 2 3 4 5 their probabilities are P
+1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 the mean is 1 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 the mean is 1 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 the mean is 1 and what
+I want to show is that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show is that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show is that the probability
+of being greater than 3 is less or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being greater than 3 is less or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being greater than 3 is less or equal
+1/3 and can you put together these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and can you put together these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and can you put together these two
+can you conclude given this we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you conclude given this we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you conclude given this we want to
+conclude that let me just step back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that let me just step back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that let me just step back a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+so we're what do we know here we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're what do we know here we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're what do we know here we know
+this the first line and we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first line and we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first line and we want to prove
+the second line we know one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second line we know one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second line we know one more thing
+all the probabilities well we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the probabilities well we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the probabilities well we know the
+probabilities add to 1 and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities add to 1 and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities add to 1 and we know
+they're all greater equals 0 so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all greater equals 0 so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all greater equals 0 so let me
+put those facts in here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those facts in here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those facts in here too
+we know that P 1 plus P 2 plus P 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that P 1 plus P 2 plus P 3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that P 1 plus P 2 plus P 3 plus
+B 4 plus B 5 is 1 that we know and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 4 plus B 5 is 1 that we know and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 4 plus B 5 is 1 that we know and we
+also know that all the peas are greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that all the peas are greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that all the peas are greater
+than or equal to 0 okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we go I think my my idea is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go I think my my idea is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go I think my my idea is this
+is this is looking at three times P 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is looking at three times P 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is looking at three times P 3
+plus B 4 + P 5 so I'm going to take 3 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 4 + P 5 so I'm going to take 3 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 4 + P 5 so I'm going to take 3 P
+3 plus 3 P 4 away from this so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus 3 P 4 away from this so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus 3 P 4 away from this so this will
+say P 1 plus 2 P 2 plus 3 of piece reef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say P 1 plus 2 P 2 plus 3 of piece reef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say P 1 plus 2 P 2 plus 3 of piece reef
+plus P 4 plus P 5 I'm just picking out 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P 4 plus P 5 I'm just picking out 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P 4 plus P 5 I'm just picking out 3
+of those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those guys
+plus I have one more P 4 to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I have one more P 4 to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I have one more P 4 to account for
+and two more P 5 gives one okay good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two more P 5 gives one okay good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two more P 5 gives one okay good now
+this is what I'm trying to prove so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I'm trying to prove so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I'm trying to prove so that
+is here I'm trying to prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here I'm trying to prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here I'm trying to prove that this
+thing is what am I trying to prove about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what am I trying to prove about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what am I trying to prove about
+that number and you're sorry I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number and you're sorry I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number and you're sorry I'm talking
+a lot but now I've really come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but now I've really come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but now I've really come to the
+point what what is Markov telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what what is Markov telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what what is Markov telling me
+about that number that's that is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that number that's that is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that number that's that is less or
+equal to thanks okay I'm trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to thanks okay I'm trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to thanks okay I'm trying to prove
+that this is less or equal one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is less or equal one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is less or equal one that's
+what Markov tells me but suppose it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Markov tells me but suppose it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Markov tells me but suppose it was
+greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one
+do you see the problem you see why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the problem you see why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the problem you see why it
+can't be greater than one because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the other terms are greater equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other terms are greater equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other terms are greater equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+probabilities are greater or equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are greater or equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are greater or equal zero
+these are all greater equal zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all greater equal zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all greater equal zero and the
+total thing adds to one so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total thing adds to one so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total thing adds to one so that this
+piece has to be lesser equal the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece has to be lesser equal the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece has to be lesser equal the one
+that's right that's it yeah so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's it yeah so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's it yeah so a lot of
+talking there simple idea and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking there simple idea and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking there simple idea and you'll see
+the exactly this example written down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly this example written down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly this example written down in
+notes okay and then you'll see a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay and then you'll see a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay and then you'll see a more
+conventional proof of Markov inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional proof of Markov inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional proof of Markov inequality
+by taking any simple inequality steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking any simple inequality steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking any simple inequality steps
+but there's somehow more mysterious for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's somehow more mysterious for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's somehow more mysterious for
+me this was explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this was explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this was explicit
+okay so that's Markov chebychev is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's Markov chebychev is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's Markov chebychev is the
+other great russian probable list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other great russian probable list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other great russian probable list of the
+time and he gets his his inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and he gets his his inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and he gets his his inequality so
+there are the two there's markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the two there's markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the two there's markov
+inequality let me write it down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality let me write it down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality let me write it down again
+what it was here was markov inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the barkoff assumption chebychev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barkoff assumption chebychev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barkoff assumption chebychev
+doesn't make that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make that assumption
+so now no no assumption that the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now no no assumption that the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now no no assumption that the outputs
+are equals it doesn't come in okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equals it doesn't come in okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equals it doesn't come in okay now
+what is chebychev trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is chebychev trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is chebychev trying to estimate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's move to chebychev and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to chebychev and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to chebychev and that's the
+last guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he Timmy Chavez into it interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he Timmy Chavez into it interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he Timmy Chavez into it interested in
+the probability probability that X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability probability that X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability probability that X minus
+the mean M can I use that for me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean M can I use that for me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean M can I use that for me is
+probably greater or equal to a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably greater or equal to a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably greater or equal to a the
+probability of being sort of a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being sort of a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being sort of a distance
+a away from the meet so again as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a away from the meet so again as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a away from the meet so again as they
+increases I'm asking more I'm asking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases I'm asking more I'm asking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases I'm asking more I'm asking it
+to be further away from the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be further away from the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be further away from the mean and the
+probability will drop and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will drop and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will drop and then the
+question is can we estimate this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can we estimate this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can we estimate this so this
+is a different estimate but it's similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different estimate but it's similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different estimate but it's similar
+similar question and what's chubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar question and what's chubby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar question and what's chubby
+Jeff's answer for this so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff's answer for this so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff's answer for this so this is the
+probability of this I have to put up big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this I have to put up big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this I have to put up big
+that's all one grit one mouthful the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all one grit one mouthful the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all one grit one mouthful the
+probability of being that this X minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being that this X minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being that this X minus M
+is greater equal to a okay and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater equal to a okay and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater equal to a okay and again
+we're gonna have is less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma squared now comes in over a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's Chevy cheff and I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Chevy cheff and I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Chevy cheff and I just take
+time today to do these two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time today to do these two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time today to do these two because
+they're they involve analysis there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they involve analysis there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they involve analysis there
+there are basic tools as sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are basic tools as sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are basic tools as sort of the
+first thing you think of if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you think of if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you think of if you're
+trying to estimate a probability does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate a probability does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate a probability does it
+fit Markov and it only Markov only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit Markov and it only Markov only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit Markov and it only Markov only
+applies so I'll put only applies when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies so I'll put only applies when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies so I'll put only applies when
+the X's are all greater or equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's are all greater or equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's are all greater or equal zero
+here does it fit chebychev and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does it fit chebychev and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does it fit chebychev and now we're
+taking absolute values so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking absolute values so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking absolute values so we're not
+concerned about the size of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the size of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the size of X
+and we're taking the distance from em so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're taking the distance from em so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're taking the distance from em so
+we're obviously in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're obviously in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're obviously in the world of
+variances we're distances from em okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances we're distances from em okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances we're distances from em okay
+and and the proof of chebychev is comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the proof of chebychev is comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the proof of chebychev is comes
+directly from Markov so so why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from Markov so so why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from Markov so so why we're
+going to apply Markov so good thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply Markov so good thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply Markov so good thing that
+Markov came first - now let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov came first - now let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov came first - now let me just say
+this right - a - a - a new let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right - a - a - a new let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right - a - a - a new let me call
+it Y this will be a new output and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Y this will be a new output and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Y this will be a new output and it
+will be X minus M Squared so that's if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be X minus M Squared so that's if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be X minus M Squared so that's if I
+of course with the same probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course with the same probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course with the same probability so
+why I is x i- m the mean squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I is x i- m the mean squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I is x i- m the mean squared and the
+same probabilities same probabilities P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probabilities same probabilities P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probabilities same probabilities P
+okay so I guess if I'm going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess if I'm going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess if I'm going to apply
+I'm just going to take that it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take that it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take that it takes a
+wise here instead of the X's here so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise here instead of the X's here so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise here instead of the X's here so and
+then apply Markov so what is X bar so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply Markov so what is X bar so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply Markov so what is X bar so if
+I want to apply Markov I have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to apply Markov I have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to apply Markov I have to figure
+out the mean of X over here I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the mean of X over here I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the mean of X over here I have to
+figure out the mean of Y what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the mean of Y what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the mean of Y what is the
+mean of Y the mean value the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of Y the mean value the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of Y the mean value the sum of
+probabilities x wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're supposed to recognize it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to recognize it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to recognize it this is
+the sum of probabilities and my y's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of probabilities and my y's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of probabilities and my y's are
+the x i minus the mean squared so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i minus the mean squared so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i minus the mean squared so this
+is the mean for this this this y thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean for this this this y thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean for this this this y thing
+that I've brought in has that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've brought in has that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've brought in has that formula
+and we recognize what that quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recognize what that quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we recognize what that quantity is
+that is that Sigma squared Sigma squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that Sigma squared Sigma squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that Sigma squared Sigma squared
+for the original X's so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original X's so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original X's so that's just
+that's great so the mean is Sigma is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so the mean is Sigma is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so the mean is Sigma is the
+old Sigma square those are exclamation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Sigma square those are exclamation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Sigma square those are exclamation
+marks okay so then I do you see that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks okay so then I do you see that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks okay so then I do you see that now
+Markov is looking like or chebychev is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov is looking like or chebychev is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov is looking like or chebychev is
+looking like Markov because here over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like Markov because here over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like Markov because here over
+here will be the X now I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be the X now I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be the X now I want the
+expected value of y over let's see yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y over let's see yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y over let's see yep
+so the expected Y is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected Y is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected Y is going to be that
+and now what do I have to divide by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do I have to divide by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do I have to divide by I
+want to know probabilities of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know probabilities of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know probabilities of something
+being bigger of this thing being bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bigger of this thing being bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bigger of this thing being bigger
+than a but now I'm looking at the Y's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a but now I'm looking at the Y's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a but now I'm looking at the Y's so
+the probability of if X minus M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of if X minus M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of if X minus M is
+greater than or equal to a then X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a then X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a then X minus
+X I minus M Squared is greater equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I minus M Squared is greater equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I minus M Squared is greater equal a
+squared so so I my my a over here for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so so I my my a over here for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so so I my my a over here for X
+is now turning in this problem where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now turning in this problem where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now turning in this problem where I'm
+looking a probability greater equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a probability greater equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a probability greater equal a
+but squaring it this the is the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but squaring it this the is the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but squaring it this the is the a
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+so that's Markov applied to Y here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Markov applied to Y here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Markov applied to Y here's
+Markov applied to X and X had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov applied to X and X had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov applied to X and X had to be
+greater equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals zero
+so over here chebychev took a Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here chebychev took a Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here chebychev took a Y which
+was greater equals zero then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was greater equals zero then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was greater equals zero then just
+applied Markov and recognized that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied Markov and recognized that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied Markov and recognized that what
+that the mean was of his variable X my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean was of his variable X my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean was of his variable X my
+my X minus M Squared was exactly Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X minus M Squared was exactly Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X minus M Squared was exactly Sigma
+squared and it fell out so again here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and it fell out so again here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and it fell out so again here is
+a very simple proof for Markov and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple proof for Markov and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple proof for Markov and then
+everybody agrees that chebychev follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees that chebychev follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees that chebychev follows
+right away from Markov ok so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away from Markov ok so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away from Markov ok so those are
+two basic inequalities now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic inequalities now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic inequalities now the other
+topic that I wanted to to deal with was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that I wanted to to deal with was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that I wanted to to deal with was
+covariance covariance matrix you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance covariance matrix you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance covariance matrix you have to
+get like comfortable or what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like comfortable or what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like comfortable or what is that
+what's the covariance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the covariance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the covariance okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so covariance covariance matrix and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so covariance covariance matrix and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so covariance covariance matrix and it
+will be M by M when I have M M sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be M by M when I have M M sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be M by M when I have M M sort of
+experiments M at once let me take a me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments M at once let me take a me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments M at once let me take a me
+put the two you you'll see everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the two you you'll see everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the two you you'll see everything
+for m equal to two so it's a we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m equal to two so it's a we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m equal to two so it's a we're
+expecting to get a two by two matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to get a two by two matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to get a two by two matrix and
+what are we starting with we start we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we starting with we start we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we starting with we start we're
+doing two experiments at once so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two experiments at once so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two experiments at once so we have
+two outputs two outputs an X and the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs two outputs an X and the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs two outputs an X and the y
+so the X's are the outputs from the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the X's are the outputs from the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the X's are the outputs from the X
+experiment the Y's are the output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the Y's are the output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the Y's are the output from
+the from a second experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from a second experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from a second experiment we're
+flipping two coins so let's take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping two coins so let's take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping two coins so let's take that
+example two coins coin one gets zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two coins coin one gets zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two coins coin one gets zero or
+one with people probability 1/2 coin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 or 1 with probability 1/2 so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or 1 with probability 1/2 so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or 1 with probability 1/2 so they're
+fair coins but what I haven't said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coins but what I haven't said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coins but what I haven't said is
+are there is there a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there is there a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there is there a connection between
+the output this is the X this is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output this is the X this is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output this is the X this is the Y
+is if I glue the coins together then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I glue the coins together then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I glue the coins together then the
+two outputs are the same I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs are the same I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs are the same I think this
+for me this is a model question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me this is a model question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me this is a model question that
+brings out the main point of covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings out the main point of covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings out the main point of covariance
+if I flip two coins separately quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I flip two coins separately quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I flip two coins separately quite
+independently then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently then there's no
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I can't I don't know more about why from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I don't know more about why from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I don't know more about why from
+knowing X if I know the answer to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing X if I know the answer to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing X if I know the answer to one
+flip it doesn't tell me anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it doesn't tell me anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it doesn't tell me anything about
+the second if they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncorrelated but if the two coins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated but if the two coins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated but if the two coins are
+glued together then heads so come up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together then heads so come up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together then heads so come up for
+both coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both coins
+it'll be I'll only have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be I'll only have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be I'll only have two
+possibilities that'll be heads heads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that'll be heads heads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that'll be heads heads or
+tails tails let me let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails let me let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails let me let me write down
+that there was two different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was two different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was two different scenarios
+so unglued I never expected to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unglued I never expected to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unglued I never expected to write
+that word in a math class and what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word in a math class and what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word in a math class and what am I
+going to write down I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down I'm going to write
+down a matrix with heads tails for coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a matrix with heads tails for coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a matrix with heads tails for coin
+1 and heads and tails for coin 2 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and heads and tails for coin 2 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and heads and tails for coin 2 so the
+possibilities are coin one gets heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are coin one gets heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are coin one gets heads
+and point two gets heads what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point two gets heads what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point two gets heads what's the
+probability of that this is the unglued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that this is the unglued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that this is the unglued
+case so I'm gonna create a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I'm gonna create a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I'm gonna create a little
+probability matrix of joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability matrix of joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability matrix of joint
+probabilities that's really the key word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that's really the key word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that's really the key word
+that you yeah that I'm discussing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you yeah that I'm discussing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you yeah that I'm discussing here
+joint probabilities so let's complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probabilities so let's complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probabilities so let's complete
+that matrix so I have unglued coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix so I have unglued coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix so I have unglued coins
+independent coins I flip them both what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coins I flip them both what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coins I flip them both what
+what is the chances of getting heads on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the chances of getting heads on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the chances of getting heads on
+both 1/4 what are the chances of what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both 1/4 what are the chances of what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both 1/4 what are the chances of what do
+I put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in here
+this means heads on the first coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means heads on the first coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means heads on the first coin and
+tails on the second Queen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails on the second Queen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails on the second Queen and the
+probability of that is 1/4 and 1/4 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that is 1/4 and 1/4 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that is 1/4 and 1/4 here
+and 1/4 here so I've there four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/4 here so I've there four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1/4 here so I've there four
+possibilities which I put into a 2x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities which I put into a 2x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities which I put into a 2x2
+matrix instead of a long vector my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix instead of a long vector my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix instead of a long vector my two
+four possibilities are heads heads has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possibilities are heads heads has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possibilities are heads heads has
+heads tails tails heads and tails tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads tails tails heads and tails tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads tails tails heads and tails tails
+and they have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have equal
+probability 1/4 but now if they're glued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads and tails on the first coin heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and tails on the first coin heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and tails on the first coin heads
+and tails on the second on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tails on the second on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tails on the second on the first
+coin heads and tails on the second coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin heads and tails on the second coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin heads and tails on the second coin
+okay now what do I put in there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what do I put in there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what do I put in there so the
+two coins are glued together what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coins are glued together what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coins are glued together what is the
+chance that they both come up heads what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they both come up heads what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they both come up heads what
+half right one half if one comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right one half if one comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right one half if one comes up
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+the other one is glued to it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is glued to it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is glued to it it will
+also what what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what what's the probability of
+heads tails heads on one tails on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads tails heads on one tails on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads tails heads on one tails on the
+other is of course zero thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is of course zero thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is of course zero thanks
+and here's 0 and here 1/2 so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's 0 and here 1/2 so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's 0 and here 1/2 so what I've
+created are those 2 possible plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created are those 2 possible plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created are those 2 possible plus 2
+different setups two different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different setups two different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different setups two different scenarios
+unglued and glued and in this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unglued and glued and in this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unglued and glued and in this one we
+have but each each experimental setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but each each experimental setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but each each experimental setup
+has its matrix of joint probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its matrix of joint probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its matrix of joint probabilities
+that's that's the thing that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the thing that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the thing that there are
+four numbers here four numbers we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four numbers here four numbers we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four numbers here four numbers we have
+all possibilities we have any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possibilities we have any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possibilities we have any any
+possible X and at the same time any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible X and at the same time any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible X and at the same time any
+possible Y so suppose we had suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Y so suppose we had suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Y so suppose we had suppose we
+were running three experiments and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running three experiments and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were running three experiments and we
+had well so what would be the what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had well so what would be the what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had well so what would be the what would
+be the situation if I was running three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the situation if I was running three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the situation if I was running three
+experiments with an independent three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with an independent three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with an independent three
+independent fair coins so I'd have I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent fair coins so I'd have I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent fair coins so I'd have I'd
+be in this unglued picture but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this unglued picture but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this unglued picture but I would
+have three different experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three different experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three different experiments that
+I'm running then what what's what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running then what what's what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running then what what's what would
+be what would I be looking at them just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would I be looking at them just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would I be looking at them just
+the whole idea is to see what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea is to see what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea is to see what is this
+like joint probability so suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like joint probability so suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like joint probability so suppose I have
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+coin unglue then I want to know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin unglue then I want to know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin unglue then I want to know like
+some probability of getting heads on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability of getting heads on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability of getting heads on the
+first heads on the second heads on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heads on the second heads on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heads on the second heads on the
+third will be what just to give me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third will be what just to give me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third will be what just to give me that
+number what will be the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what will be the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what will be the probability of
+that all three of them independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all three of them independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all three of them independently
+come up heads one eight okay but now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up heads one eight okay but now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up heads one eight okay but now my
+question is so what do I have then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is so what do I have then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is so what do I have then I
+have probability of heads of say tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probability of heads of say tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probability of heads of say tails
+heads heads I've got three indices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads heads I've got three indices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads heads I've got three indices here
+eventually down to probability of tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually down to probability of tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually down to probability of tails
+tails tails everybody sees at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails everybody sees at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails everybody sees at the end of
+the numbers are going to be 1/8 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers are going to be 1/8 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers are going to be 1/8 but
+what's the what's where those fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's where those fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's where those fit in
+they don't fit in a matrix because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't fit in a matrix because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't fit in a matrix because I've
+got three indices here so I guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three indices here so I guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three indices here so I guess what
+we're seeing I sort of realized today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing I sort of realized today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing I sort of realized today
+we're seeing for the first time a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing for the first time a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing for the first time a tensor
+a tensor is a three-way structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tensor is a three-way structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tensor is a three-way structure
+three-way matrix you could say so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way matrix you could say so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way matrix you could say so we
+have I guess I think of the of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I guess I think of the of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I guess I think of the of this
+instead of a square like that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a square like that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a square like that an
+ordinary matrix I have to think of cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary matrix I have to think of cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary matrix I have to think of cube
+right I have a cube with with with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a cube with with with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a cube with with with two
+rows two columns and to what Evers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers somebody might say layers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers somebody might say layers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers somebody might say layers for
+that do you see that the the matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you see that the the matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you see that the the matrix has
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a three-way thing a tenser and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-way thing a tenser and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-way thing a tenser and the
+entries in that tenser so it's two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in that tenser so it's two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in that tenser so it's two by
+two by two that instead of M by n for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two that instead of M by n for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two that instead of M by n for a
+matrix I have to give you the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I have to give you the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I have to give you the number of
+rows and number of columns and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and number of columns and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and number of columns and the
+number of layers going into the board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of layers going into the board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of layers going into the board so
+rows going one way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows going one way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows going one way you know
+columns rows and then layers are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns rows and then layers are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns rows and then layers are going
+deep so I will that it will have a ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep so I will that it will have a ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep so I will that it will have a ten
+trees and of course in this simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and of course in this simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and of course in this simple case
+each will be one eight in this in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each will be one eight in this in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each will be one eight in this in that
+in that unglue totally independent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that unglue totally independent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that unglue totally independent way
+but but then you can imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but then you can imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but then you can imagine some
+dependence say well if I so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence say well if I so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence say well if I so what would
+happen if I glued coins one and three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would still have a tensor still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still have a tensor still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still have a tensor still have a
+two by two by two tensor of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two by two tensor of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two by two tensor of all the
+possibilities now but some of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities now but some of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities now but some of those are
+going to have probability zero the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have probability zero the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have probability zero the joint
+probability if I've glued coin one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if I've glued coin one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if I've glued coin one to
+coin three then the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin three then the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin three then the probability of
+jointly seeing heads on one whatever on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly seeing heads on one whatever on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly seeing heads on one whatever on
+two tails on three will be zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tails on three will be zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tails on three will be zero right
+because that can't happen if I've glued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that can't happen if I've glued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that can't happen if I've glued
+coins one and three so I'll have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins one and three so I'll have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins one and three so I'll have eight
+entries in here in the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in here in the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in here in the this is the
+unglued case and then I could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unglued case and then I could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unglued case and then I could have the
+case where two coins are glue and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where two coins are glue and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where two coins are glue and as I
+say I think the the I would have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think the the I would have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think the the I would have four
+I'd have one quarter four times probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then if I had any spare glue I glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if I had any spare glue I glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if I had any spare glue I glue
+all three coins I flip that stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three coins I flip that stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three coins I flip that stuck
+together thing and I never get heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together thing and I never get heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together thing and I never get heads
+tails heads right only possibilities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails heads right only possibilities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails heads right only possibilities I
+get our heads heads heads and tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our heads heads heads and tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our heads heads heads and tails
+tails tails because they're glued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails because they're glued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails because they're glued
+together so what would be the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what would be the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what would be the situation
+for three coins ooh what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three coins ooh what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three coins ooh what will be the
+entries in the joint in the matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the joint in the matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the joint in the matrix of
+joint probabilities what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probabilities what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probabilities what will be the
+joint probabilities so they joint the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probabilities so they joint the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint probabilities so they joint the
+probability of heads heads heads I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads heads heads I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads heads heads I've
+seen heads from all three will be 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen heads from all three will be 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen heads from all three will be 1/2
+1/2 because I'm flipping this heavy mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 because I'm flipping this heavy mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 because I'm flipping this heavy mix
+of three coins together I get 1/2 twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay actually I this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I this is a good
+introduction to tensors in a way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to tensors in a way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to tensors in a way because
+the the first step in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first step in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first step in understanding
+tensors is to think of 3-way matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors is to think of 3-way matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors is to think of 3-way matrices
+think of 3-way things what you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of 3-way things what you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of 3-way things what you know we
+just haven't done that and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just haven't done that and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just haven't done that and now we have
+to do it and of course for where or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and of course for where or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and of course for where or
+anyway tensors are now understood okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway tensors are now understood okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway tensors are now understood okay
+so this these are tensors with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these are tensors with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these are tensors with very
+special simple things okay so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special simple things okay so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special simple things okay so now I have
+to say what is the covariance matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what is the covariance matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what is the covariance matrix but
+what's the covariance matrix so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the covariance matrix so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the covariance matrix so now I'm
+ready for that and I'll put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that and I'll put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for that and I'll put it here
+that's the final topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the covariance matrix so I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the covariance matrix so I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the covariance matrix so I'm saying
+matrix because I'm just gonna have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because I'm just gonna have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because I'm just gonna have yeah
+the covariance matrix yeah it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance matrix yeah it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance matrix yeah it's going to
+be two by two or four two coins so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two by two or four two coins so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two by two or four two coins so it is
+a matrix for three coins it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix for three coins it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix for three coins it will be
+three by three but it is a matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three but it is a matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three but it is a matrix okay
+so what how is it defined and what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what how is it defined and what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what how is it defined and what am I
+going to call it I think I'll call it V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it I think I'll call it V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it I think I'll call it V
+for four because it really the key ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four because it really the key ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four because it really the key ideas
+variance covariance is is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance covariance is is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance covariance is is telling us
+that we're also interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+committee the joint outcome an x and a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee the joint outcome an x and a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee the joint outcome an x and a y
+okay so what so it's a variance so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what so it's a variance so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what so it's a variance so I'm
+going to add up over all possible I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add up over all possible I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add up over all possible I and
+J over all sorry all possible outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J over all sorry all possible outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J over all sorry all possible outcomes
+yeah all possible X I and YJ so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all possible X I and YJ so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all possible X I and YJ so I'm
+running the six these two experiments at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the six these two experiments at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the six these two experiments at
+the same time from experiment one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time from experiment one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time from experiment one the
+outputs and X from experiment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and X from experiment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and X from experiment to the
+outputs of Y then what is P I J what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of Y then what is P I J what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of Y then what is P I J what
+does that symbol mean that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that symbol mean that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that symbol mean that's that's the
+guy in our 2x2 matrix like that one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in our 2x2 matrix like that one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in our 2x2 matrix like that one or
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+depending on the gluing or not gluing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the gluing or not gluing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the gluing or not gluing so
+P IJ this is let me say what it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P IJ this is let me say what it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P IJ this is let me say what it is this
+is this probability that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this probability that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this probability that X
+is X I and the second output that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X I and the second output that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X I and the second output that this
+is YJ and let me give me a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is YJ and let me give me a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is YJ and let me give me a second
+example to keep in mind suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to keep in mind suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to keep in mind suppose I'm
+looking at age and height so suppose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at age and height so suppose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at age and height so suppose X
+is the age of the of the sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the age of the of the sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the age of the of the sample the
+person and Y is the height then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and Y is the height then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and Y is the height then I want
+to I want to know so what fraction have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I want to know so what fraction have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I want to know so what fraction have
+a certain age and a certain height it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain age and a certain height it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain age and a certain height it's
+every I I'm looking at every pair age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I I'm looking at every pair age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I I'm looking at every pair age
+and height age 11 height four feet age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height age 11 height four feet age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height age 11 height four feet age
+12 height five feet age 11 height four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 height five feet age 11 height four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 height five feet age 11 height four
+five feet each combination so pIJ is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five feet each combination so pIJ is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five feet each combination so pIJ is the
+probability that these will both happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that these will both happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that these will both happen
+both so what could you just I I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so what could you just I I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so what could you just I I'm gonna
+add more to it here but but that joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more to it here but but that joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more to it here but but that joint
+probability is really important so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is really important so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is really important so I'm
+gonna ask you more about that suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask you more about that suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask you more about that suppose
+that I take these P I J's and that I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take these P I J's and that I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take these P I J's and that I add
+up P 1 J plus P 2 J plus P 3 J in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up P 1 J plus P 2 J plus P 3 J in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up P 1 J plus P 2 J plus P 3 J in other
+words I sum the pIJ x' over I so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I sum the pIJ x' over I so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I sum the pIJ x' over I so I'm
+looking at a row row I of my matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a row row I of my matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a row row I of my matrix so
+what just saw let me ask the question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just saw let me ask the question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just saw let me ask the question if
+I maybe I have to put it somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I maybe I have to put it somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I maybe I have to put it somewhere else
+what is what what means what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what what means what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what what means what's the
+meaning of the sum of P IJ over the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that quantity look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that quantity look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that quantity look like so
+that's a probability pIJ is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probability pIJ is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probability pIJ is the
+probability of getting a certain I on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a certain I on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a certain I on a
+certain J but now I'm including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain J but now I'm including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain J but now I'm including
+all the eyes so what am i seeing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the eyes so what am i seeing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the eyes so what am i seeing there
+what PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PJ
+thanks PJ this is he J that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks PJ this is he J that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks PJ this is he J that's the
+probability of seeing J in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of seeing J in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of seeing J in the second
+guy because I had to see something if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because I had to see something if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because I had to see something if I
+see J in the second one I I'm allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see J in the second one I I'm allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see J in the second one I I'm allowed to
+see anything here in the first one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything here in the first one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything here in the first one but
+I'm adding those all up so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm adding those all up so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm adding those all up so that's the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+those would be called the marginals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be called the marginals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be called the marginals in
+my matrices I would be adding up along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my matrices I would be adding up along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my matrices I would be adding up along a
+row or adding up down a column those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or adding up down a column those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or adding up down a column those are
+called the marginal of the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the marginal of the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the marginal of the joint
+probabilities so the marginals would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so the marginals would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so the marginals would be
+the individual probabilities P I and PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual probabilities P I and PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual probabilities P I and PJ
+in the case of two experiments going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of two experiments going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of two experiments going on
+at the same time yeah just like new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time yeah just like new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time yeah just like new
+ideas everything today has been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas everything today has been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas everything today has been sort of
+straightforward but it's different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but it's different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but it's different okay
+now I'm going to complete the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to complete the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to complete the definition
+of this covariance matrix so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this covariance matrix so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this covariance matrix so it's going
+to be it I want to have a square so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it I want to have a square so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it I want to have a square so it's
+going to be and and it should be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and and it should be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and and it should be this is
+pretty X and the mean of x mean one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty X and the mean of x mean one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty X and the mean of x mean one I
+could call it a mean of x and y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a mean of x and y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a mean of x and y the
+distance from the mean of Y times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean of Y times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the mean of Y times so
+it's going to be column times a row same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be column times a row same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be column times a row same
+X minus the mean of X Y minus the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus the mean of X Y minus the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus the mean of X Y minus the mean
+of Y X I Y J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can can you look at this formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can can you look at this formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can can you look at this formula so
+this is with two two experiments two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with two two experiments two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with two two experiments two
+experiments two coins to experiment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments two coins to experiment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments two coins to experiment I
+get a 2 by 2 matrix everybody sees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2 by 2 matrix everybody sees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2 by 2 matrix everybody sees that
+a column times a row 2 by 2 matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just see what would be the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what would be the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what would be the one one
+entry in that matrix what what will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in that matrix what what will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in that matrix what what will in
+this is the covariance matrix so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the covariance matrix so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the covariance matrix so what is
+the one one entry in that matrix so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one entry in that matrix so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one entry in that matrix so the
+one one entry is coming from that times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one entry is coming from that times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one entry is coming from that times
+that which is that thing squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is that thing squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is that thing squared times
+all the P IJ's add them up what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the P IJ's add them up what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the P IJ's add them up what do you
+think I get for that I get the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get for that I get the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get for that I get the variance
+of the X experiment the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X experiment the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X experiment the standard
+variance of the X experiment so V I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the X experiment so V I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the X experiment so V I have
+to tell you what V is now there V this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what V is now there V this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what V is now there V this
+is V 2 by 2 matrix up here I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V 2 by 2 matrix up here I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V 2 by 2 matrix up here I get the
+variance of the X experiment what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the X experiment what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the X experiment what do I
+get down here the variance of the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down here the variance of the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down here the variance of the Y
+experiment by itself because it's wise x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by itself because it's wise x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by itself because it's wise x
+wise that give me the to to entry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise that give me the to to entry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise that give me the to to entry so
+this is just Sigma Y squared Sigma Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just Sigma Y squared Sigma Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just Sigma Y squared Sigma Y
+square ok but the novelty is the 1/2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square ok but the novelty is the 1/2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square ok but the novelty is the 1/2 and
+it'll be symmetric so it's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be symmetric so it's a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be symmetric so it's a symmetric
+matrix so this is V transpose I just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this is V transpose I just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this is V transpose I just we
+have to see here so I've p IJ times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see here so I've p IJ times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see here so I've p IJ times the
+distance of this guy times this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of this guy times this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of this guy times this guy
+that's what's going to show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to show up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to show up in the
+1/2 position it'll be in row 1 that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 position it'll be in row 1 that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 position it'll be in row 1 that'll
+be in column 2 it's the X it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in column 2 it's the X it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in column 2 it's the X it's the
+distances so so what will it be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so so what will it be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so so what will it be in the
+case of unglued coins independent coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of unglued coins independent coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of unglued coins independent coins
+0 I mean I was just feeling like 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I mean I was just feeling like 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I mean I was just feeling like 0 I
+haven't done the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the computation
+but I know that when I have independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know that when I have independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know that when I have independent
+experiments then this covariance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments then this covariance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments then this covariance which
+everybody would write as Sigma X Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would write as Sigma X Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would write as Sigma X Y and
+it's the same here it's symmetric Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same here it's symmetric Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same here it's symmetric Sigma
+YX if you like so that those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YX if you like so that those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YX if you like so that those those
+subscripts are telling me that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts are telling me that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts are telling me that the sum
+of the peas joint probabilities times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peas joint probabilities times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peas joint probabilities times
+the distance of X from its mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of X from its mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of X from its mean the
+distance of Y from its mean added up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of Y from its mean added up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of Y from its mean added up
+over all the possibilities so the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possibilities so the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possibilities so the case
+of unglued coins in case of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unglued coins in case of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unglued coins in case of independent
+ones in that case those are 0 may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in that case those are 0 may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in that case those are 0 may be
+worth just writing that out you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth just writing that out you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth just writing that out you would
+get 0 so you have a diagonal matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 so you have a diagonal matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 so you have a diagonal matrix the
+diagonal matrix is just the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix is just the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix is just the very
+separate variances because that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate variances because that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate variances because that's all
+the two independent experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two independent experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two independent experiments are
+independent so all you can really expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so all you can really expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so all you can really expect
+to information is Sigma x squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to information is Sigma x squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to information is Sigma x squared and
+Sigma Y squared but if the two coins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Y squared but if the two coins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Y squared but if the two coins are
+glued together then what if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together then what if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together then what if the two
+coins are glued together well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are glued together well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are glued together well let me
+just say cuz time is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say cuz time is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say cuz time is up
+this matrix will be singular if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix will be singular if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix will be singular if the two
+coins were glued together this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins were glued together this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins were glued together this would be
+the determinant would be 0 here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant would be 0 here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant would be 0 here the
+Sigma XY in the glued case would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma XY in the glued case would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma XY in the glued case would be
+squared would would be the same as Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared would would be the same as Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared would would be the same as Sigma
+x squared Sigma Y square actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared Sigma Y square actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared Sigma Y square actually we're
+probably getting all these 1 quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably getting all these 1 quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably getting all these 1 quarters
+and and that would make sense so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that would make sense so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that would make sense so the the
+case of a so we just end with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a so we just end with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a so we just end with this
+statement this matrix is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement this matrix is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement this matrix is positive
+semi-definite always positive semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite always positive semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite always positive semi
+definite always because it's column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite always because it's column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite always because it's column
+times row we know that's positive semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times row we know that's positive semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times row we know that's positive semi
+definite and it's multiplied by numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and it's multiplied by numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and it's multiplied by numbers
+greater equals 0 so it's a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 0 so it's a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 0 so it's a combination
+of Rank 1 positive semi definite so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rank 1 positive semi definite so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rank 1 positive semi definite so it's
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+semi-definite or positive definite it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite or positive definite it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite or positive definite it's
+certainly positive definite in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly positive definite in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly positive definite in the
+independent case when it's diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent case when it's diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent case when it's diagonal and
+totally dependent case when the coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent case when the coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent case when the coins
+are completely stuck together that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely stuck together that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely stuck together that will
+be the semi definite case when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the semi definite case when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the semi definite case when these
+entries would all be the same actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries would all be the same actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries would all be the same actually
+so so that's a first look at covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's a first look at covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's a first look at covariance
+matrices a first it brought in tensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a first it brought in tensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a first it brought in tensors
+it brought in joint probabilities it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brought in joint probabilities it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brought in joint probabilities it
+brought in column times row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in column times row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in column times row
+it kept symmetry band we recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept symmetry band we recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept symmetry band we recognized
+positive definite or positive semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or positive semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or positive semi
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+so in between coins that were partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in between coins that were partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in between coins that were partly
+glued partly independent but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued partly independent but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued partly independent but not
+completely independent experiments then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent experiments then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent experiments then
+this number would be smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number would be smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number would be smaller the
+determinant would be this wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant would be this wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant would be this wouldn't be
+zero but it would be smaller than these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but it would be smaller than these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but it would be smaller than these
+numbers yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers yeah okay
+we're run four minutes over you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're run four minutes over you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're run four minutes over you're very
+kind to say so have a wonderful break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to say so have a wonderful break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to say so have a wonderful break
+and I'll see you a week from Monday good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll see you a week from Monday good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll see you a week from Monday good
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nuXDb9B3y0M.txt b/nuXDb9B3y0M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55072736045c30b5b7992c0adce70ad67a47ff50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nuXDb9B3y0M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now discuss a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now discuss a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now discuss a little bit the
+simplest estimation problem that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest estimation problem that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest estimation problem that there
+is the problem of estimating the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem of estimating the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem of estimating the mean of
+a certain probability distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain probability distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain probability distribution and
+we will take this occasion to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will take this occasion to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will take this occasion to introduce
+some additional terminology and discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional terminology and discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional terminology and discuss
+some desirable properties of estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desirable properties of estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desirable properties of estimators
+so the context is as follows we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the context is as follows we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the context is as follows we have n
+random variables that are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that are independent
+and they're identically distributed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're identically distributed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're identically distributed they
+are drawn from some distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are drawn from some distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are drawn from some distribution that
+has a certain mean theta and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain mean theta and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain mean theta and some
+variance we assume that we do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance we assume that we do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance we assume that we do not know
+the value of the mean and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the mean and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the mean and we want to
+estimate it the most natural way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it the most natural way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it the most natural way of
+estimating the mean is to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the mean is to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the mean is to form the
+sample mean that is we take the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean that is we take the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean that is we take the n
+observations and take their average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and take their average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and take their average
+notice that this quantity the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this quantity the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this quantity the sample
+mean or in this case it is the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or in this case it is the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or in this case it is the estimator
+that we're using is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using is a random variable
+because its value is determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because its value is determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because its value is determined by the
+values of the random variables X 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the random variables X 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the random variables X 1 up to
+X n let us discuss some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X n let us discuss some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X n let us discuss some properties of
+this estimator the first property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimator the first property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimator the first property is
+that the expected value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value of this
+estimator is equal to the true mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is equal to the true mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is equal to the true mean this
+is because the expected value of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the expected value of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the expected value of each
+one of the X's is Theta and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the X's is Theta and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the X's is Theta and therefore
+the expected value of this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of this ratio is
+theta as well now this is a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta as well now this is a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta as well now this is a relation
+that's true for all possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for all possible values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for all possible values of
+theta let us appreciate the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta let us appreciate the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta let us appreciate the content of
+this statement let us think what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement let us think what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement let us think what this
+expectation actually is more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation actually is more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation actually is more generally
+suppose that you were dealing with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you were dealing with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you were dealing with some
+estimator which is some function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator which is some function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator which is some function of the
+data then the expected value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then the expected value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then the expected value of this
+estimator is using the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is using the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is using the expected value
+rule and the zooming that we are dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and the zooming that we are dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and the zooming that we are dealing
+with discrete random variable X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with discrete random variable X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with discrete random variable X the
+expected value of theta hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta hat is
+determined as follows and so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined as follows and so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined as follows and so we see that
+the expected value of our estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of our estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of our estimator
+depends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends or
+is affected by what the true value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affected by what the true value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affected by what the true value of
+theta is so this is a quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is so this is a quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is so this is a quantity that
+generally depends on theta and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally depends on theta and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally depends on theta and what we
+want in order to have a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in order to have a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in order to have a so-called
+unbiased estimator is that no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator is that no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator is that no matter
+what theta is this expectation evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta is this expectation evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta is this expectation evaluates
+to the true unknown value equal to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the true unknown value equal to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the true unknown value equal to theta
+in general having this property having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general having this property having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general having this property having
+an unbiased estimator is a desirable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbiased estimator is a desirable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbiased estimator is a desirable one
+we do not want our estimates to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not want our estimates to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not want our estimates to be
+systematically high or systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically high or systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically high or systematically
+low no matter what the true value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low no matter what the true value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low no matter what the true value of
+theta is a second property of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is a second property of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is a second property of the sample
+mean estimator is the following by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean estimator is the following by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean estimator is the following by the
+weak law of large numbers we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak law of large numbers we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak law of large numbers we know that
+the sample mean converges to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean converges to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean converges to the true
+mean in the sense of convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the sense of convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the sense of convergence in
+probability once more this is a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability once more this is a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability once more this is a property
+that's true no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true no matter what the
+underlying unknown value little theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying unknown value little theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying unknown value little theta is
+when this is true this convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is true this convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is true this convergence is
+true for all values of little theta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all values of little theta then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all values of little theta then
+we say that our estimator is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that our estimator is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that our estimator is consistent
+or that we have consistency having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that we have consistency having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that we have consistency having a
+consistent estimator is definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimator is definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent estimator is definitely a
+very desirable property we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very desirable property we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very desirable property we would like
+when we obtain more and more data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we obtain more and more data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we obtain more and more data that
+our estimator will give us the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimator will give us the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimator will give us the correct
+value finally we would like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value finally we would like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value finally we would like to say
+something about the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the size of the
+estimation error this is measured one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error this is measured one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error this is measured one
+way of measuring it but which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of measuring it but which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of measuring it but which is the
+most common it's measured in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common it's measured in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common it's measured in terms of
+the mean squared error so theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean squared error so theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean squared error so theta is the
+unknown value this is our estimator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown value this is our estimator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown value this is our estimator this
+is the error we square the error and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the error we square the error and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the error we square the error and we
+take the average what we've got here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average what we've got here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average what we've got here for
+the specific example of the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific example of the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific example of the sample mean
+estimator is the following since it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is the following since it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is the following since it is
+unbiased we have a random variable minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased we have a random variable minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased we have a random variable minus
+the mean of that random variable so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of that random variable so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of that random variable so this
+is just the variance of the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for the sample mean we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the sample mean we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the sample mean we know that
+it's variance is Sigma squared over N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's variance is Sigma squared over N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's variance is Sigma squared over N so
+this gives us some very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us some very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us some very specific
+knowledge about how the mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how the mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about how the mean squared
+error behaves as we change n in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error behaves as we change n in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error behaves as we change n in this
+particular example the mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example the mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example the mean squared
+error did not depend on theta it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error did not depend on theta it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error did not depend on theta it's the
+same no matter what the truth eita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same no matter what the truth eita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same no matter what the truth eita
+is but in other situations and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but in other situations and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but in other situations and with
+other estimators you might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other estimators you might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other estimators you might actually
+obtain here a function of theta
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oD7X3KvJAVk.txt b/oD7X3KvJAVk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aae057c8db269e365676535f5edb4c8f7203724b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oD7X3KvJAVk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last section we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last section we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last section we talked about the
+two types of entrepreneurship innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of entrepreneurship innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of entrepreneurship innovation
+driven entrepreneurship and small medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven entrepreneurship and small medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven entrepreneurship and small medium
+enterprises or SMEs reproduction in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprises or SMEs reproduction in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprises or SMEs reproduction in this
+section we're going to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we're going to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we're going to talk about what
+is innovation because that's fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is innovation because that's fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is innovation because that's fundamental
+to what's going what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's going what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's going what we're going to do
+going forward so what is fad what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward so what is fad what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward so what is fad what is
+innovation at MIT we like equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at MIT we like equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at MIT we like equations so
+we like to define innovation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to define innovation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to define innovation and this
+comes from one of my first classes MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from one of my first classes MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from one of my first classes MIT
+from ed Roberts the chairman of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ed Roberts the chairman of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ed Roberts the chairman of the
+martin trust center for MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin trust center for MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin trust center for MIT
+entrepreneurship and he defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship and he defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship and he defined
+entrepreneurship in a way that i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship in a way that i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship in a way that i thought
+was excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was excellent
+he said innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just stop here innovation equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just stop here innovation equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just stop here innovation equals
+invention often people mistake these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention often people mistake these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention often people mistake these two
+things for the same thing innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the same thing innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the same thing innovation
+equals invention they are not innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals invention they are not innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals invention they are not innovation
+is something that generates value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that generates value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that generates value for
+the world it makes something faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it makes something faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it makes something faster
+better cheaper it gives someone some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cheaper it gives someone some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cheaper it gives someone some
+great satisfaction an invention is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great satisfaction an invention is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great satisfaction an invention is an
+idea a technology a patent in and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a technology a patent in and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a technology a patent in and of
+itself it does not generate value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it does not generate value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it does not generate value so
+these two are not the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are not the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are not the same thing and
+sometimes you see them interchange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see them interchange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see them interchange and
+that's not correct so innovation equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not correct so innovation equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not correct so innovation equals
+invention times commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and when we look at this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and when we look at this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and when we look at this equation of
+innovation something of value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation something of value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation something of value it
+requires a new idea and then it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a new idea and then it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a new idea and then it requires
+someone or some organization that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone or some organization that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone or some organization that is
+going to commercialize that idea and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to commercialize that idea and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to commercialize that idea and to
+make it a value to the world so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a value to the world so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a value to the world so it's
+important understand that an idea by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important understand that an idea by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important understand that an idea by
+itself is not valuable ideas are cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not valuable ideas are cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not valuable ideas are cheap
+it's the commercialization when combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the commercialization when combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the commercialization when combined
+with it that makes them extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it that makes them extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it that makes them extraordinarily
+valuable so while sometimes when I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so while sometimes when I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so while sometimes when I used
+to say invention plus commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say invention plus commercialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say invention plus commercialization
+in fact it's times it's a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's times it's a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's times it's a product
+because if I don't have one then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I don't have one then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I don't have one then it's
+zero then I have no innovation if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I have no innovation if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I have no innovation if I have
+no new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no new idea
+I can't commercialize anything therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't commercialize anything therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't commercialize anything therefore
+it's zero if I have an invention and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero if I have an invention and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero if I have an invention and no
+commercialization I have no innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization I have no innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization I have no innovation
+as well so it's actually a product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so it's actually a product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so it's actually a product and
+we found this very very helpful to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found this very very helpful to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found this very very helpful to help
+explain to people what is innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to people what is innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to people what is innovation
+when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about
+innovation-driven entrepreneurship so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation-driven entrepreneurship so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation-driven entrepreneurship so
+next i want to talk about what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next i want to talk about what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next i want to talk about what what
+drives what drives this when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives what drives this when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives what drives this when we look at
+the idea people think that this drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea people think that this drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea people think that this drives
+innovation it's in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation it's in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation it's in fact the
+commercialization aspect of it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization aspect of it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization aspect of it that's
+very very difficult if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult if you look at the
+most innovative company in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most innovative company in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most innovative company in the world
+today which I would argue is Apple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which I would argue is Apple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which I would argue is Apple the
+underlying inventions that created Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying inventions that created Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying inventions that created Apple
+great innovations starting with the Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great innovations starting with the Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great innovations starting with the Mac
+did not come from themselves it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come from themselves it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come from themselves it actually
+came from Xerox PARC it was Windows icon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Xerox PARC it was Windows icon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Xerox PARC it was Windows icon
+mouse pointer that invention they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse pointer that invention they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse pointer that invention they
+commercialized to create innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized to create innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized to create innovation
+which created terrific value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which created terrific value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which created terrific value in the
+marketplace and for their customers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and for their customers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and for their customers and
+for themselves or investors as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for themselves or investors as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for themselves or investors as well
+likewise after that you look again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise after that you look again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise after that you look again that
+the invention for the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invention for the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invention for the underlying
+enabling in idea technology from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling in idea technology from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling in idea technology from the
+iPod was mp3 which did not come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPod was mp3 which did not come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPod was mp3 which did not come from
+Apple again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple again
+came from front offer but what Apple was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from front offer but what Apple was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from front offer but what Apple was
+terrific at was commercialization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific at was commercialization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific at was commercialization to
+create innovation again to create great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create innovation again to create great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create innovation again to create great
+value for their customers and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for their customers and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for their customers and their
+shareholders so this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders so this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders so this definition of
+innovation we found very very helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation we found very very helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation we found very very helpful to
+make clear that innovation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear that innovation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear that innovation is a
+combination of a new idea a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a new idea a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a new idea a new
+technology but then it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but then it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but then it has to be
+commercialized and mapped to some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized and mapped to some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized and mapped to some some
+customer in the real world where it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in the real world where it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in the real world where it will
+generate value
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oEskbXrhkkk.txt b/oEskbXrhkkk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cabace52dbbe4d16f2876f21a777b63cfc2df0e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oEskbXrhkkk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome to this recitation on the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to this recitation on the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to this recitation on the trace
+determinant diagram. So here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram. So here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram. So here you're
+asked to label the regions and lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to label the regions and lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to label the regions and lines of
+the trace determinant diagram for a 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace determinant diagram for a 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace determinant diagram for a 2x
+two general system written in the form x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general system written in the form x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two general system written in the form x
+prime equals ax and to indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals ax and to indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals ax and to indicate the
+stability on your diagram. Um so here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability on your diagram. Um so here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability on your diagram. Um so here as
+a reminder this system is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder this system is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder this system is simply a
+system of uh two differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of uh two differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of uh two differential equations
+in vector form xy the derivative of xy=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector form xy the derivative of xy=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector form xy the derivative of xy=
+a bcd a 2x2 matrix multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bcd a 2x2 matrix multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bcd a 2x2 matrix multiplying the
+vector xy or in other in other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector xy or in other in other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector xy or in other in other in
+another form uh it would be x dot= f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form uh it would be x dot= f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form uh it would be x dot= f of
+xy and y dot= j of xy where the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy and y dot= j of xy where the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy and y dot= j of xy where the t
+wouldn't appear in f and j here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't appear in f and j here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't appear in f and j here
+functions which means that this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which means that this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which means that this system
+would be autonomous and we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be autonomous and we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be autonomous and we're dealing
+with linear systems. So, why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear systems. So, why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear systems. So, why don't you
+pause the video, take a few minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video, take a few minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video, take a few minutes to
+remind yourself what the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind yourself what the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind yourself what the trace
+determinant diagram is and how to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram is and how to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram is and how to label
+it, and I'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back. Welcome back. Okay, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Welcome back. Okay, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Welcome back. Okay, so let's
+remind ourselves where this trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves where this trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves where this trace
+determinant diagram comes from. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram comes from. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram comes from. So
+initially what we saw before was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially what we saw before was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially what we saw before was to
+solve this system we need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system we need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system we need to find the
+aen values of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A. The AEN values are solutions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. The AEN values are solutions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. The AEN values are solutions of this
+equation which can be written in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which can be written in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which can be written in the
+form lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form lambda
+square minus trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus trace of
+lambda plus determinant of A equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus determinant of A equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus determinant of A equals to
+zero. Let's call this D and this T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Let's call this D and this T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Let's call this D and this T.
+Okay. And the trace of a is just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the trace of a is just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the trace of a is just the sum
+of the diagonals of the matrix. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagonals of the matrix. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagonals of the matrix. And the
+determinant is just in this case for 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is just in this case for 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is just in this case for 2x
+two a d minus c b. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a d minus c b. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a d minus c b. Okay. So the
+solutions for let's call them or plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for let's call them or plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for let's call them or plus
+and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe for this uh second order polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for this uh second order polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for this uh second order polomial
+will simply be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply be
+t plus of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus of minus
+the root of our the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of our the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of our the determinant of
+second order polomial which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order polomial which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order polomial which
+is t ^2 minus 4d. Okay. So the sign of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t ^2 minus 4d. Okay. So the sign of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t ^2 minus 4d. Okay. So the sign of t
+^ square minus 4d is going to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ square minus 4d is going to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ square minus 4d is going to determine
+whether we're dealing with real values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're dealing with real values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're dealing with real values
+or imaginary or complex values or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imaginary or complex values or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imaginary or complex values or uh
+simply repeated values if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply repeated values if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply repeated values if we have this
+determinant under the root being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant under the root being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant under the root being equal
+to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero.
+Okay. So just as a reminder here if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So just as a reminder here if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So just as a reminder here if uh
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have t ^² over 4 equals to d we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t ^² over 4 equals to d we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t ^² over 4 equals to d we are in
+the case well this is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case well this is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case well this is equal to zero
+lambda plus or minus are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus or minus are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus or minus are the same and
+they're just equal to the trace over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just equal to the trace over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just equal to the trace over
+two. So the sign of the trace is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So the sign of the trace is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So the sign of the trace is going
+to determine whether we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether we have two
+repeated negative aen values or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated negative aen values or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated negative aen values or two
+repeated positive aen values. Now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated positive aen values. Now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated positive aen values. Now if we
+have that the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the matrix A is larger than T ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix A is larger than T ^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix A is larger than T ^
+square over 4 then we are above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over 4 then we are above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over 4 then we are above the
+curve determined by this equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve determined by this equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve determined by this equation which
+is a parabola that I'll draw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parabola that I'll draw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parabola that I'll draw in a
+minute and in this case we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and in this case we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and in this case we have the
+number under the root being negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number under the root being negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number under the root being negative so
+we're dealing with complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with complex
+values and basically they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and basically they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and basically they're just
+complex conjugate of each other okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of each other okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate of each other okay and
+you can notice here that the trace would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can notice here that the trace would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can notice here that the trace would
+be also the sum of the two agon values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also the sum of the two agon values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also the sum of the two agon values
+and basically we would just have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically we would just have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically we would just have two
+times the real part of lambda plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the real part of lambda plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the real part of lambda plus or
+minus. Okay, just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Okay, just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Okay, just as a
+note and in the third case where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and in the third case where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and in the third case where we have
+that the determinant is below t ^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant is below t ^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant is below t ^2 over
+4, we are in the case where this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4, we are in the case where this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4, we are in the case where this number
+under the root is positive. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the root is positive. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the root is positive. So we're
+dealing with two relean values. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with two relean values. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with two relean values. Um so
+here I should mention real lambda plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should mention real lambda plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should mention real lambda plus
+lda minus real and we can have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lda minus real and we can have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lda minus real and we can have multiple
+cases. We can have lambda um plus larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. We can have lambda um plus larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. We can have lambda um plus larger
+than lambda minus both positive. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lambda minus both positive. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lambda minus both positive. We can
+have lambda plus less than lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda plus less than lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda plus less than lambda
+minus both negative or we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus both negative or we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus both negative or we can have
+lambda plus positive and lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus positive and lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus positive and lambda
+minus negative and each case will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus negative and each case will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus negative and each case will give
+us a different uh a different behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a different uh a different behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a different uh a different behavior
+of the system. So let's summarize first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system. So let's summarize first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system. So let's summarize first
+summarize this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this in this
+following determinant trace diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following determinant trace diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following determinant trace diagram and
+then we'll start labeling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram. Oops. I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Oops. I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Oops. I should
+probably keep a little more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Still have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Still have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Still have more
+space. So this is basically d= t ^² over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So this is basically d= t ^² over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So this is basically d= t ^² over
+4 in our trace.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 in our trace.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 in our trace.
+determinant diagram. I'm going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram. I'm going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant diagram. I'm going to also
+erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this
+part and just keep it in dots. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and just keep it in dots. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and just keep it in dots. Okay.
+Okay. So, in the first case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, in the first case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, in the first case that we
+looked at, we are in the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at, we are in the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at, we are in the case where we
+are right on this parabola. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right on this parabola. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right on this parabola. Okay. So,
+that's the case where we have lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case where we have lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case where we have lambda
+plus equal lambda minus. And you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equal lambda minus. And you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equal lambda minus. And you can see
+that if the trace is positive, so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the trace is positive, so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the trace is positive, so if we
+we are on the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on the right hand side of the
+diagram, then we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, then we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, then we're going to have two
+positive AEN values that are both real.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive AEN values that are both real.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive AEN values that are both real.
+Okay. And they are repeated. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And they are repeated. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And they are repeated. So we can
+have multiple cases. We can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple cases. We can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple cases. We can have the
+case where we have a defective matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we have a defective matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we have a defective matrix
+where basically here we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically here we only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically here we only have one
+aen vector associated with this repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen vector associated with this repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen vector associated with this repeated
+aen value and we have a defective case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen value and we have a defective case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen value and we have a defective case
+where we need to come up with a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need to come up with a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need to come up with a second
+agon vector using the generalized agon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agon vector using the generalized agon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agon vector using the generalized agon
+vector formula and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector formula and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector formula and I'm not going to
+write this here but I'm going to just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this here but I'm going to just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this here but I'm going to just do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+diagram. So for example we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So for example we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So for example we would have
+one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction
+V1 where we would have in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 where we would have in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 where we would have in this case
+lambda 1 and lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and lambda minus
+positive. So in the phase space in yx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So in the phase space in yx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So in the phase space in yx
+the little diagram would show us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little diagram would show us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little diagram would show us that
+the solution are escaping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution are escaping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution are escaping from the
+critical point or the equilibrium point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point or the equilibrium point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point or the equilibrium point.
+And the second solution that we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the second solution that we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the second solution that we built
+would have a dependence in v1 and tv1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a dependence in v1 and tv1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a dependence in v1 and tv1
+plus a second agon vector v2 also also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a second agon vector v2 also also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a second agon vector v2 also also
+directed by the positive aen value. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed by the positive aen value. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed by the positive aen value. And
+so we would have a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would have a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would have a solution for
+example that would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would look like
+this with the solution escaping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the solution escaping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the solution escaping from the
+critical point because again we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point because again we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point because again we are in
+the case where the two values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where the two values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where the two values are
+positive. And so here we could have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. And so here we could have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. And so here we could have it
+in this form or we can also have it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form or we can also have it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form or we can also have it have
+the diagram uh in in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram uh in in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram uh in in the other direction
+and I'll do it in the other direction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do it in the other direction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do it in the other direction on
+the other wing of the of the of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other wing of the of the of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other wing of the of the of the uh
+diagram. So this is the defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+defective node. The other possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective node. The other possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective node. The other possibility
+that we could have on this uh parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have on this uh parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have on this uh parabola
+and I'm going to just do it here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to just do it here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to just do it here will be
+the case where we actually have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where we actually have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where we actually have all the
+a all the direction could be a vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all the direction could be a vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all the direction could be a vectors
+for this uh associated with this aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh associated with this aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh associated with this aen
+value and this would be for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and this would be for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and this would be for example for
+a diagonal matrix in which case all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonal matrix in which case all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonal matrix in which case all the
+directions would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+escaping all the trajectories would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping all the trajectories would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping all the trajectories would be
+escaping from the critical point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping from the critical point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaping from the critical point and
+this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a
+star. Obviously here we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. Obviously here we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. Obviously here we are in the
+instable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case for the defective node and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for the defective node and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for the defective node and we are
+also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable case for the star because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable case for the star because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable case for the star because all
+the solutions are escaping are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions are escaping are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions are escaping are basically
+going away. So if I start at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away. So if I start at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away. So if I start at equilibrium
+the solution and I perturb it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and I perturb it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and I perturb it a little
+bit the solutions would want to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the solutions would want to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the solutions would want to escape
+from that equilibrium point. Okay. So on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that equilibrium point. Okay. So on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that equilibrium point. Okay. So on
+the other side here it would be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side here it would be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side here it would be exactly
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+structure except that I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure except that I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure except that I would have
+stability because the trace is negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability because the trace is negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability because the trace is negative.
+So I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asmtoically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtoically
+stable star. Why asically? because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable star. Why asically? because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable star. Why asically? because
+basically it's when t goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's when t goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's when t goes to infinity
+that the trajectories reach the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trajectories reach the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trajectories reach the critical
+point. Okay. And this is again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay. And this is again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay. And this is again in the
+face base yx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face base yx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face base yx
+diagram for the defective node we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the defective node we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the defective node we would
+have this time for example direction v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this time for example direction v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this time for example direction v1
+attracting the solutions the array v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting the solutions the array v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting the solutions the array v1
+and the the new trajectory that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the new trajectory that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the new trajectory that we will
+be uh constructing based on v_sub1 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh constructing based on v_sub1 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh constructing based on v_sub1 would
+again we be be dv v1 plus v2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we be be dv v1 plus v2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we be be dv v1 plus v2 a
+generalized egg vector. both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized egg vector. both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized egg vector. both of them
+would uh give us solutions that convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh give us solutions that convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh give us solutions that convert
+toward the equilibrium because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the equilibrium because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the equilibrium because the two
+values here are negative. And so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here are negative. And so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here are negative. And so we have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for large time the solution follows v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large time the solution follows v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large time the solution follows v1
+and for uh large time minus infinity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for uh large time minus infinity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for uh large time minus infinity it
+follows v1 and for plus infinity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows v1 and for plus infinity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows v1 and for plus infinity it's
+going toward the equilibrium point also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward the equilibrium point also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward the equilibrium point also
+follows v1. So the solutions would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows v1. So the solutions would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows v1. So the solutions would have
+to look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like this.
+for example, and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asically
+stable defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable defective
+node. Okay, so we're done with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node. Okay, so we're done with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node. Okay, so we're done with this uh
+with the points on the parabola. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the points on the parabola. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the points on the parabola. So now
+let's look at the other points and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the other points and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the other points and I'll
+go maybe a bit less in the details. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go maybe a bit less in the details. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go maybe a bit less in the details. Um
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+the the case where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the case where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the case where we have the
+determinant larger than t ^ square over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant larger than t ^ square over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant larger than t ^ square over
+4 so we are just above this parabola now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so we are just above this parabola now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so we are just above this parabola now
+we have the case uh where we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the case uh where we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the case uh where we have two
+complex values there are two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex values there are two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex values there are two complex
+conjugates so let's assume that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates so let's assume that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates so let's assume that we can
+then just expand our our solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just expand our our solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just expand our our solution and
+write it in terms of the exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in terms of the exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in terms of the exponential in
+terms of the real part of the aen value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the real part of the aen value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the real part of the aen value.
+So it would be determined again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it would be determined again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it would be determined again the
+trace will give us the sign of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace will give us the sign of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace will give us the sign of the real
+part of the aen value multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the aen value multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the aen value multiplying a
+cosine and a sign. So we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and a sign. So we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and a sign. So we have something
+that is rotating uh in the in phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is rotating uh in the in phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is rotating uh in the in phase
+space because we have basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because we have basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because we have basically a
+periodicity but the distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity but the distance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity but the distance to the
+critical point is changing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point is changing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point is changing and it's
+either growing if we have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either growing if we have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either growing if we have a positive
+real part for our aen values. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part for our aen values. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part for our aen values. So if we
+are on this side or decaying uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on this side or decaying uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on this side or decaying uh if we
+are on the left side of the diagram. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the left side of the diagram. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the left side of the diagram. So
+that gives us typically spirals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us typically spirals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us typically spirals.
+So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for
+example that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would be a
+spiral going toward zero uh toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral going toward zero uh toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral going toward zero uh toward the
+equilibrium point in phase space. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point in phase space. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point in phase space. And
+here we would be in the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we would be in the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we would be in the case where we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instability due to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability due to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability due to the fact that the
+real part of the aen value determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the aen value determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the aen value determining
+the stability is positive and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability is positive and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability is positive and so the
+solution of the trajectories escape from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the trajectories escape from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the trajectories escape from
+the critical point. And similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point. And similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point. And similarly here
+we could have the exam the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have the exam the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have the exam the same
+structure but I'm just going to draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but I'm just going to draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but I'm just going to draw it
+in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another
+direction where here we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where here we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where here we would have
+stability. Oops, they should not cross.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability. Oops, they should not cross.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability. Oops, they should not cross.
+This is not the right way to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. And it would be going toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And it would be going toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And it would be going toward the
+critical point. So here just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point. So here just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point. So here just a quick
+note you can have this trajectory being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you can have this trajectory being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you can have this trajectory being
+drawn this way. So here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this way. So here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this way. So here we have
+basically a ca a clockwise motion but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a ca a clockwise motion but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a ca a clockwise motion but we
+could also have it be drawn in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also have it be drawn in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also have it be drawn in the other
+way for both cases giving us another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for both cases giving us another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for both cases giving us another
+another uh direction of rotation face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh direction of rotation face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh direction of rotation face
+and the direction that you choose will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction that you choose will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction that you choose will
+be determined by uh the lowest left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by uh the lowest left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by uh the lowest left
+entry of your matrix A and I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of your matrix A and I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of your matrix A and I will just
+explain quickly how how we do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain quickly how how we do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain quickly how how we do that okay
+so we have basically here in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have basically here in stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have basically here in stable
+spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral
+mode and here it's again asmtoically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh
+spiral. So what happens now if we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral. So what happens now if we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral. So what happens now if we are in
+this case we're still above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're still above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're still above the
+parabola. So we have still complex um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola. So we have still complex um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola. So we have still complex um
+complex uh eggen values. However we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh eggen values. However we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh eggen values. However we have
+now the fact that the trace is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that the trace is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that the trace is equal to
+zero which means that the egg values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means that the egg values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means that the egg values
+don't have any real part. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any real part. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any real part. So basically
+we have pure oscillation and in fa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have pure oscillation and in fa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have pure oscillation and in fa in
+the phase space that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase space that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase space that corresponds to
+closed trajectories that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed trajectories that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed trajectories that could be
+circles or ellipses basically. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or ellipses basically. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or ellipses basically. And so
+for example we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we would
+have something of this form that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something of this form that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something of this form that would
+be called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center. And here again you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. And here again you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. And here again you can have
+either counterclockwise or a clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either counterclockwise or a clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either counterclockwise or a clockwise
+rotation in phase space depending on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in phase space depending on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in phase space depending on uh
+the the signs of the entries of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the signs of the entries of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the signs of the entries of your
+matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+uh one thing I want to note is that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing I want to note is that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing I want to note is that here
+the stability for the center is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability for the center is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability for the center is simply
+we say that it's simply stable and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that it's simply stable and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that it's simply stable and not
+astoically stable because the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoically stable because the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoically stable because the solution
+never actually reaches the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually reaches the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually reaches the the uh
+critical point but stays in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point but stays in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point but stays in the region
+around the critical point. So we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the critical point. So we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the critical point. So we're left
+with a few other cases that are now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few other cases that are now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few other cases that are now all
+below the parabola and for that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the parabola and for that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the parabola and for that we just
+have real aen values. Okay. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real aen values. Okay. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real aen values. Okay. So let's
+look at the case where the aen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case where the aen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case where the aen values
+have two different signs. So for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different signs. So for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different signs. So for that we
+have to have the determinant being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the determinant being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the determinant being
+negative. So it's this whole lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So it's this whole lower part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So it's this whole lower part
+of the diagram because the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagram because the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagram because the determinant
+is the product of the two aen values. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the two aen values. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the two aen values. So
+if they have different signs we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have different signs we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have different signs we're in
+this region. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region. So in this
+case we could have for example uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could have for example uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could have for example uh one
+aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value with associated vector v1 being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with associated vector v1 being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with associated vector v1 being
+negative. So the trajectories on along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So the trajectories on along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So the trajectories on along
+this ray would be going toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ray would be going toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ray would be going toward the
+equilibrium point and then um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point and then um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point and then um and then
+another the other a value would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the other a value would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the other a value would be
+positive. So for example, lambda 2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So for example, lambda 2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So for example, lambda 2 here
+would correspond to this other agon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to this other agon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to this other agon
+vector uh v2. And so here we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector uh v2. And so here we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector uh v2. And so here we would have
+solutions that would be close to v1 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that would be close to v1 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that would be close to v1 when
+we're coming for example from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming for example from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming for example from minus
+infinity approaching the critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity approaching the critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity approaching the critical point
+and then going back toward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going back toward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going back toward uh
+approaching v2 when we go at t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching v2 when we go at t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching v2 when we go at t plus
+infinity for example. And so it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity for example. And so it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity for example. And so it gives
+us pseudo hyperbolas form here of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form and this is said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable because all the solutions uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because all the solutions uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because all the solutions uh do
+not go to the critical point but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to the critical point but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to the critical point but we have
+some stable manifolds. For example, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stable manifolds. For example, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stable manifolds. For example, the
+V1 if we start on this ray we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 if we start on this ray we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 if we start on this ray we would be
+going toward the critical point and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward the critical point and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward the critical point and if
+we start the critical point itself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start the critical point itself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start the critical point itself it
+would stay in the critical point but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay in the critical point but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stay in the critical point but it
+is unstable. So now what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unstable. So now what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unstable. So now what happened in
+these two different regions to finish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different regions to finish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different regions to finish.
+So in these two different regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in these two different regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in these two different regions and
+I'm going to have a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a little bit more
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+here. Oh yeah thank you. And this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oh yeah thank you. And this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oh yeah thank you. And this would
+be a saddle and it's just because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape. So going to just add a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. So going to just add a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. So going to just add a little bit
+of space here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space here.
+so that we can complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can complete the
+diagram. So we are be basically looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So we are be basically looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So we are be basically looking
+at the regions uh here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the regions uh here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the regions uh here in the in the
+wedge where we're below the parabola and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge where we're below the parabola and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge where we're below the parabola and
+I'm looking for another color but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for another color but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for another color but maybe
+I'll just use white.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just use white.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just use white.
+Okay, so now we are in the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we are in the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we are in the case where we
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+have two aen values both real so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two aen values both real so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two aen values both real so no
+oscillation but let's say both positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation but let's say both positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation but let's say both positive
+because we're basically on this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're basically on this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're basically on this on the
+region where the trace is positive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the trace is positive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the trace is positive okay
+so let's say that we have one ray v1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we have one ray v1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that we have one ray v1 one
+ray v2 the trajectories are going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray v2 the trajectories are going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray v2 the trajectories are going away
+from the critical point because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the critical point because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the critical point because the two
+aen values are positive okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen values are positive okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen values are positive okay and now
+what what do the other trajectories do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do the other trajectories do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do the other trajectories do
+where they follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they follow
+uh so for example there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example there would be
+following V2 and I'm going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following V2 and I'm going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following V2 and I'm going to explain
+how so here we're in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so here we're in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so here we're in the case where
+obviously we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're
+unstable because again the solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because again the solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because again the solution the
+trajectories are going away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories are going away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories are going away from the
+critical point and here how do you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point and here how do you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point and here how do you pick
+uh which uh ray do you follow when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which uh ray do you follow when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which uh ray do you follow when you
+get close to the critical point where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get close to the critical point where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get close to the critical point where in
+this case we would be in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we would be in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we would be in the situation
+where we have lambda 2 um lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have lambda 2 um lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have lambda 2 um lambda 2
+smaller than lambda 1 larger than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than lambda 1 larger than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than lambda 1 larger than zero.
+So basically the lambda 2 that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically the lambda 2 that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically the lambda 2 that is the
+closer to zero and that's also the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to zero and that's also the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to zero and that's also the case
+for the positive and the negative uh aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the positive and the negative uh aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the positive and the negative uh aen
+values is the one that determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is the one that determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is the one that determines the
+solution closer to critical point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution closer to critical point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution closer to critical point and
+the larger in absolute value agon value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger in absolute value agon value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger in absolute value agon value
+uh and its array then determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and its array then determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and its array then determines the
+behavior um u determines the behavior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um u determines the behavior.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um u determines the behavior.
+Oh, sorry. There's a mistake here. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. There's a mistake here. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. There's a mistake here. It
+should be lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be lambda
+one. I said I said it, but I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. I said I said it, but I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. I said I said it, but I think I
+wrote it reversely. Yeah, the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it reversely. Yeah, the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it reversely. Yeah, the smaller
+the aen value closer to zero is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aen value closer to zero is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aen value closer to zero is the one
+that determines the behavior at zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the behavior at zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the behavior at zero. So
+here when we're going to infinity, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we're going to infinity, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we're going to infinity, the
+larger aen value lambda 2 will determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger aen value lambda 2 will determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger aen value lambda 2 will determine
+the behavior and the trajectories were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior and the trajectories were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior and the trajectories were
+become more and more parallel to v2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more parallel to v2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more parallel to v2. So
+what happened on this side? then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened on this side? then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened on this side? then it
+would be exactly the same diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly the same diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exactly the same diagram and
+I'm just going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to do
+it similarly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it similarly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it similarly with the
+same let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same let's say
+B2 here except that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have our uh direction going trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our uh direction going trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our uh direction going trajectories
+going toward the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and the trajectories here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the trajectories here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the trajectories here again
+would be closer to v1. So which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be closer to v1. So which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be closer to v1. So which means
+that we would have a case where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would have a case where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would have a case where we have
+lambda 1 less than zero and larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 less than zero and larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 less than zero and larger than
+lambda 2. So that finishes roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2. So that finishes roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2. So that finishes roughly the
+diagram. I didn't detail a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. I didn't detail a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. I didn't detail a few
+borderline regions for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline regions for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline regions for example the
+region where the determinant equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the determinant equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the determinant equals to
+zero and uh we will discuss that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh we will discuss that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh we will discuss that in in
+another recitation and the case also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another recitation and the case also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another recitation and the case also at
+which uh the determinant and the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the determinant and the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the determinant and the trace
+are equal to zero. So we'll detail that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to zero. So we'll detail that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to zero. So we'll detail that
+also but try to uh think about it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but try to uh think about it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but try to uh think about it to
+complete the diagram. Okay. So the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the diagram. Okay. So the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the diagram. Okay. So the key
+points here were to remember what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here were to remember what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here were to remember what is the
+determinant trace diagram how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant trace diagram how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant trace diagram how to
+interpret uh the how to basically deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret uh the how to basically deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret uh the how to basically deduce
+the nature of the aen values based on t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the aen values based on t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the aen values based on t
+and d their sign and where to place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d their sign and where to place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d their sign and where to place uh
+the different structures on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different structures on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different structures on this
+determinant trace diagram. And that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant trace diagram. And that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant trace diagram. And that ends
+this recitation.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ojcOUtUwIe4.txt b/ojcOUtUwIe4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c45ca981eeec0c3b87eef5ae3a7b7e05b68a3571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojcOUtUwIe4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're coming back to blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're coming back to blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're coming back to blockchain
+and money act 3 of this course now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money act 3 of this course now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money act 3 of this course now that
+we've done a little of the basics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a little of the basics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a little of the basics a
+little bit of the economics and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the economics and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the economics and now it's
+some use cases through the lens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some use cases through the lens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some use cases through the lens of
+finance and and to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and and to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and and to say something about
+one why I thought it'd be worth what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why I thought it'd be worth what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why I thought it'd be worth what a
+structure of the course this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the course this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the course this way and
+what what I'm hoping we all get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I'm hoping we all get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I'm hoping we all get out of
+these next 10 or 11 lectures is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next 10 or 11 lectures is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next 10 or 11 lectures is that I
+thought that it was important after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it was important after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it was important after
+laying some foundation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying some foundation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying some foundation of what
+blockchain technology might or might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology might or might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology might or might not
+be in crypto currencies and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in crypto currencies and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in crypto currencies and of course
+talking about the economics is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the economics is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the economics is to use
+one field that's the most dominant field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one field that's the most dominant field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one field that's the most dominant field
+right now about potential blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now about potential blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now about potential blockchain
+technology use which is finance it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology use which is finance it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology use which is finance it's not
+the only area but finance is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only area but finance is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only area but finance is completely
+reliant on Ledger's it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliant on Ledger's it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliant on Ledger's it's completely
+reliant on moving property rights around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliant on moving property rights around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliant on moving property rights around
+multiple parties and of course it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties and of course it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties and of course it's the
+first use case was about Bitcoin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first use case was about Bitcoin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first use case was about Bitcoin which
+was you know a peer-to-peer money so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know a peer-to-peer money so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know a peer-to-peer money so I
+thought even if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought even if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought even if you're thinking about
+this in terms of healthcare thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of healthcare thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of healthcare thinking
+about it in terms of the Internet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of the Internet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of the Internet of
+Things etc many many other use cases why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things etc many many other use cases why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things etc many many other use cases why
+not take finance now it also happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take finance now it also happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take finance now it also happens to
+be my comparative background and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my comparative background and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my comparative background and I've
+spent the last three or four decades of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the last three or four decades of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the last three or four decades of
+my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life
+around finance and so I can be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around finance and so I can be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around finance and so I can be most
+helpful and dig deep you know probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and dig deep you know probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and dig deep you know probably
+as deep as you want to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as deep as you want to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as deep as you want to get in the
+mortgage market the payment markets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage market the payment markets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage market the payment markets the
+exchange markets I've probably been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange markets I've probably been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange markets I've probably been
+there at some point in my career or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at some point in my career or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at some point in my career or
+still have contacts and networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have contacts and networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have contacts and networks and
+have studied it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied it but
+no doubt with the 80 of you in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt with the 80 of you in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt with the 80 of you in this room
+or 90 or so you're gonna press me and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 90 or so you're gonna press me and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 90 or so you're gonna press me and I
+like that I will say last weekend was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I will say last weekend was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I will say last weekend was
+really a joy right reading 50 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a joy right reading 50 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a joy right reading 50 plus
+papers that there was only about 25 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that there was only about 25 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that there was only about 25 of
+you that decided to hand in papers early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that decided to hand in papers early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that decided to hand in papers early
+in class is two through nine but class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class is two through nine but class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class is two through nine but class
+10 was you know 50 plus of you so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 was you know 50 plus of you so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 was you know 50 plus of you so I
+really do have a sense of the class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do have a sense of the class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do have a sense of the class in
+terms of what do you think about finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what do you think about finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what do you think about finance
+and block J and of course you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and block J and of course you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and block J and of course you'll
+probably do the same I think I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the same I think I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the same I think I might
+design it differently the next time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it differently the next time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it differently the next time but
+if you all hand in if 50 or 60 of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all hand in if 50 or 60 of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you all hand in if 50 or 60 of you
+hand in the papers for class 23 it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in the papers for class 23 it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in the papers for class 23 it will
+be and you have that right I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and you have that right I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and you have that right I'm not
+taking that away from any of you but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that away from any of you but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that away from any of you but it
+means I might be delayed getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I might be delayed getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I might be delayed getting back
+all the projects I want to say two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the projects I want to say two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the projects I want to say two or
+three other things overall in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other things overall in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other things overall in terms of
+where we are we're halfway through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are we're halfway through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are we're halfway through the
+semester and Sabrina and talita and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and Sabrina and talita and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and Sabrina and talita and I
+did a good job of just saying how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a good job of just saying how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a good job of just saying how we
+doing on class participation and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on class participation and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on class participation and I've
+kid it a lot and I've joked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid it a lot and I've joked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid it a lot and I've joked a lot about
+you know who's talked and so forth we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who's talked and so forth we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who's talked and so forth we're
+down to about fifteen of you that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about fifteen of you that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about fifteen of you that have
+never talked in this whole 12 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked in this whole 12 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked in this whole 12 you know
+so I want to work with you I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to work with you I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to work with you I'm not
+trying to torture anybody and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to torture anybody and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to torture anybody and I really
+want you to all about to worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to all about to worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to all about to worry too much
+about your grades I want you to worry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your grades I want you to worry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your grades I want you to worry a
+little bit but not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but not too much
+about your grades but if you've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your grades but if you've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your grades but if you've not
+spoken yet and and you haven't gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken yet and and you haven't gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken yet and and you haven't gone
+online to people have gone online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to people have gone online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to people have gone online
+both of whom I've responded to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of whom I've responded to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of whom I've responded to you know
+come see me try to figure out how to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come see me try to figure out how to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come see me try to figure out how to be
+part of this community in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this community in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this community in this
+discussion whether it's in class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion whether it's in class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion whether it's in class or
+online in some way I just because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online in some way I just because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online in some way I just because again
+I want this to be a positive learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to be a positive learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to be a positive learning
+experience for everybody in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for everybody in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for everybody in terms of the
+papers are just some overall things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are just some overall things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are just some overall things by
+and large they were good some were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large they were good some were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large they were good some were
+extraordinarily good I mean say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily good I mean say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily good I mean say they
+which you'd expect with such a talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'd expect with such a talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'd expect with such a talented
+group of people but some really made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people but some really made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people but some really made me
+think and challenge me and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and challenge me and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and challenge me and so forth
+it is a bell-shaped curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a bell-shaped curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a bell-shaped curve
+some on the other hand not many kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some on the other hand not many kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some on the other hand not many kind of
+missed the mark so I just want to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the mark so I just want to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the mark so I just want to say a
+couple things one is it's not about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things one is it's not about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things one is it's not about just
+answering the three study questions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the three study questions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the three study questions the
+study questions are really to spur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions are really to spur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions are really to spur the
+dialogue here there's three questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue here there's three questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue here there's three questions
+not many of you but two or three people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many of you but two or three people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many of you but two or three people
+just sort of just try to answer those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of just try to answer those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of just try to answer those
+think about it as a uniform three-page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a uniform three-page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a uniform three-page
+paper five is the limit the one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper five is the limit the one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper five is the limit the one or two
+of you that did six or seven pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that did six or seven pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that did six or seven pages
+that's fine but it's just you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but it's just you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but it's just you don't need
+to and it's just it's more work and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and it's just it's more work and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and it's just it's more work and a
+sense for us to is I really did try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for us to is I really did try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for us to is I really did try to
+give feedback in comments and overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give feedback in comments and overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give feedback in comments and overall
+what we're trying to get to is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to get to is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to get to is what are
+the economics here what is there about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics here what is there about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics here what is there about
+append-only logs and consensus protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only logs and consensus protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only logs and consensus protocols
+amongst multiple parties writing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst multiple parties writing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst multiple parties writing to a
+shared ledger so multiple parties you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared ledger so multiple parties you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared ledger so multiple parties you
+know updating some state of economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know updating some state of economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know updating some state of economic and
+economic state really of property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic state really of property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic state really of property rights
+or something and what verification cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and what verification cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and what verification cost
+what networking cost can be lowered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what networking cost can be lowered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what networking cost can be lowered and
+it's unfair because all of you are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfair because all of you are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfair because all of you are gonna
+try to figure out a final project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out a final project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out a final project
+together and and I went back over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and and I went back over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and and I went back over the
+weekend looking at the final projects I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend looking at the final projects I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend looking at the final projects I
+think there's some really neat ideas at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some really neat ideas at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some really neat ideas at
+your book looking at but at the core is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book looking at but at the core is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book looking at but at the core is
+what verification costs what networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what verification costs what networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what verification costs what networking
+cost can you lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost can you lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost can you lower
+why do append-only logs consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do append-only logs consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do append-only logs consensus
+amongst multiple parties sharing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst multiple parties sharing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst multiple parties sharing a
+ledger and possibly a native token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and possibly a native token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and possibly a native token
+because you don't have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to do something
+around permissionless native tokens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around permissionless native tokens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around permissionless native tokens but
+I think some of you will get there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some of you will get there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some of you will get there and
+we'll have some exciting thoughts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some exciting thoughts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some exciting thoughts so
+that those where those right thoughts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those where those right thoughts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those where those right thoughts if
+I say in the comments to your paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say in the comments to your paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say in the comments to your paper and
+I only did this two or three times come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only did this two or three times come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only did this two or three times come
+see me don't be scared it might just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me don't be scared it might just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me don't be scared it might just be
+I want to pursue I said this on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to pursue I said this on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to pursue I said this on some
+really excellent papers and I said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excellent papers and I said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excellent papers and I said this
+I mean one or two that is just I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one or two that is just I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one or two that is just I thought
+it'd be worthwhile to talk about but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be worthwhile to talk about but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be worthwhile to talk about but I'm
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+just get through this all with you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get through this all with you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get through this all with you and
+have you learned so there's there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you learned so there's there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you learned so there's there's some
+overall thoughts on where we are halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall thoughts on where we are halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall thoughts on where we are halfway
+through post sip week today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through post sip week today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through post sip week today we're going
+to talk about payments and and Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about payments and and Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about payments and and Thursday
+we have a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a guest
+aleem if you want to get might up I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aleem if you want to get might up I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aleem if you want to get might up I've
+got a mic up here somewhere if you cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a mic up here somewhere if you cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a mic up here somewhere if you cuz
+I'm gonna call on you or you can speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call on you or you can speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call on you or you can speak
+from there but that's not so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there but that's not so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there but that's not so what are we
+going to do we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we're going to talk about
+just what are we trying to cover for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what are we trying to cover for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what are we trying to cover for the
+rest of this semester sort of call it h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this semester sort of call it h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this semester sort of call it h2
+and blockchain money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain money
+the readings payment systems Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings payment systems Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings payment systems Ledger's
+and credit cards just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit cards just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit cards just a little bit of
+history all together and that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history all together and that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history all together and that's when
+you're gonna meet a lien not computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna meet a lien not computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna meet a lien not computer
+science a lien but payment alene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science a lien but payment alene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science a lien but payment alene and
+we're gonna talk about mobile payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about mobile payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about mobile payments
+which is a very significant change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very significant change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very significant change all
+the way around the globe in payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around the globe in payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around the globe in payments
+then global and US payments statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then global and US payments statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then global and US payments statistics
+Bitcoin and blockchain we're gonna come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and blockchain we're gonna come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and blockchain we're gonna come
+back to and then conclusion and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and then conclusion and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and then conclusion and remember
+whether it's this week next week or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's this week next week or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's this week next week or the
+following week this is all just to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following week this is all just to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following week this is all just to sort
+of say well wait what are these use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say well wait what are these use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say well wait what are these use
+cases tell us about blockchain what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases tell us about blockchain what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases tell us about blockchain what are
+these use cases tell us about crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these use cases tell us about crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these use cases tell us about crypto
+currencies my goal isn't that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies my goal isn't that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies my goal isn't that everybody
+here is an expert in payment but if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an expert in payment but if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an expert in payment but if your
+final project is around the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final project is around the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final project is around the payment
+space or if you'll ultimately want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or if you'll ultimately want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or if you'll ultimately want to go
+along and become an entrepreneur and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and become an entrepreneur and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and become an entrepreneur and do
+something successful in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something successful in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something successful in this space
+hopefully these two lectures today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully these two lectures today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully these two lectures today and
+Thursday will help and I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday will help and I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday will help and I can't remember
+exactly what next week is next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what next week is next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what next week is next week
+central bank and commercial banking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank and commercial banking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank and commercial banking so
+next week we're gonna turn to central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're gonna turn to central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're gonna turn to central
+bank digital currency and what is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital currency and what is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital currency and what is what's
+going on in Sweden and why the e Crona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in Sweden and why the e Crona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in Sweden and why the e Crona
+projects interesting but House Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects interesting but House Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects interesting but House Canada
+looking at it through their jasper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it through their jasper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it through their jasper
+project what's China kind of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what's China kind of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project what's China kind of thinking
+about and why they're a little worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and why they're a little worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and why they're a little worried
+about this space and yes what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this space and yes what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this space and yes what's the
+private sector doing around stable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector doing around stable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector doing around stable value
+tokens so you have sort of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens so you have sort of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens so you have sort of a similar
+thing coming both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing coming both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing coming both from
+banks and from from the private sector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and from from the private sector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and from from the private sector I
+just came from a meeting where one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came from a meeting where one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came from a meeting where one of
+Larry's colleagues he's from the Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry's colleagues he's from the Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry's colleagues he's from the Harvard
+Business School a professor at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business School a professor at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business School a professor at Harvard
+Business School came over to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business School came over to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business School came over to because
+he's got a stable value token project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a stable value token project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a stable value token project
+and and so that's kind of next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's kind of next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's kind of next week
+we're then gonna go and talk about icos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're then gonna go and talk about icos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're then gonna go and talk about icos
+you couldn't do a course in blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do a course in blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do a course in blockchain
+and money if we didn't talk about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money if we didn't talk about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money if we didn't talk about an
+initial point offerings of course 25 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point offerings of course 25 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point offerings of course 25 or
+30 billion dollars has been raced it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 billion dollars has been raced it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 billion dollars has been raced it's
+it's an enormous crowd funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an enormous crowd funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an enormous crowd funding
+opportunity for any of you that want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for any of you that want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for any of you that want to
+be venture and entrepreneurial after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be venture and entrepreneurial after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be venture and entrepreneurial after
+this course but it's an important also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course but it's an important also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course but it's an important also
+tests are their attributes of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are their attributes of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are their attributes of certain
+economies where native token is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies where native token is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies where native token is
+appropriate that it's it's it will spur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate that it's it's it will spur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate that it's it's it will spur
+as an incentive function I'm not willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an incentive function I'm not willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an incentive function I'm not willing
+to give up I know some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give up I know some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give up I know some of you are
+minimalist I'm still thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist I'm still thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist I'm still thinking of the
+skins in the in the gamers Larry when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skins in the in the gamers Larry when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skins in the in the gamers Larry when
+you weren't here we we identified our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't here we we identified our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't here we we identified our
+most avid gamers in the class and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most avid gamers in the class and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most avid gamers in the class and so we
+always refer to skin shields and swords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always refer to skin shields and swords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always refer to skin shields and swords
+as a form of native token and the gaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a form of native token and the gaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a form of native token and the gaming
+sites but where there might be economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites but where there might be economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites but where there might be economics
+token economics so we'll sort of turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics so we'll sort of turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics so we'll sort of turn to
+that on the 15th of November we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the 15th of November we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the 15th of November we've got a
+couple of guests in Jeff sprecher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of guests in Jeff sprecher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of guests in Jeff sprecher and
+Kelly Lafleur who run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly Lafleur who run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly Lafleur who run the
+Intercontinental exchange and the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercontinental exchange and the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercontinental exchange and the New
+York Stock Exchange in others but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Stock Exchange in others but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Stock Exchange in others but have
+real live payments and crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real live payments and crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real live payments and crypto exchange
+we're gonna turn oh I I'm sorry I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna turn oh I I'm sorry I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna turn oh I I'm sorry I got it
+out of order primary markets I cos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order primary markets I cos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order primary markets I cos is
+before and after Thanksgiving I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after Thanksgiving I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after Thanksgiving I guess
+and then do a little of the back office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a little of the back office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a little of the back office
+side the back of a side is clearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the back of a side is clearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the back of a side is clearing and
+settlement I mean the wise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement I mean the wise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement I mean the wise the
+Australian Stock Exchange using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange using a
+permission system might you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission system might you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission system might you use
+something else why is the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else why is the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else why is the international
+swap and dealer association using smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap and dealer association using smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap and dealer association using smart
+contracts now to try to rationalize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts now to try to rationalize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts now to try to rationalize a
+lot of their payment flows so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of their payment flows so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of their payment flows so we'll get
+to real live use cases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real live use cases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real live use cases that are
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+around smart contracts and permissioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around smart contracts and permissioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around smart contracts and permissioned
+clearing systems a little bit of trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing systems a little bit of trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing systems a little bit of trade
+finance digital ID I know at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance digital ID I know at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance digital ID I know at least one
+group is doing some one of the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is doing some one of the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is doing some one of the groups
+here is doing something on digital ID so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is doing something on digital ID so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is doing something on digital ID so
+you'll be out a head of us so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be out a head of us so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be out a head of us so that's
+kind of a review of h2 for us so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a review of h2 for us so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a review of h2 for us so we had
+a bunch of reading some of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of reading some of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of reading some of them were
+quite short I don't know because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite short I don't know because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite short I don't know because you
+were in sip week whether you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in sip week whether you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in sip week whether you you were
+able to go through them but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go through them but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go through them but you know
+maybe I just asked is anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just asked is anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just asked is anybody want to
+tell me about some of the major trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about some of the major trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about some of the major trends
+and payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and payments
+I don't know how sleepy everybody has or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how sleepy everybody has or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how sleepy everybody has or
+whether priya I saw your hand or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether priya I saw your hand or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether priya I saw your hand or your
+you're scratching your nose tread I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scratching your nose tread I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scratching your nose tread I mean
+I've got a bunch of discussion on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a bunch of discussion on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a bunch of discussion on this
+but let's define digital wallets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's define digital wallets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's define digital wallets or
+mobile wallets what other big trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so person-to-person payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so person-to-person payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so person-to-person payments
+Stephanie so tokenization where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie so tokenization where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie so tokenization where you can
+actually transform your identity into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform your identity into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform your identity into a
+token in essence right Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+socialization of payments so it's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization of payments so it's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization of payments so it's big
+any other it's just jack biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other it's just jack biometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other it's just jack biometrics
+absolutely so it's sort of a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so it's sort of a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so it's sort of a another
+tread so a lots going on I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tread so a lots going on I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tread so a lots going on I'm sorry
+one of the things that caught my eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that caught my eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that caught my eye on
+the statistics was that in larger some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics was that in larger some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics was that in larger some
+checks the number of checks is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks the number of checks is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks the number of checks is going
+down but the value is up slightly so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but the value is up slightly so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but the value is up slightly so it
+seems to me that the remote payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that the remote payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that the remote payment
+reduce the payment is not capturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the payment is not capturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the payment is not capturing the
+values of payments and I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of payments and I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of payments and I think I think
+part of that is because for small values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that is because for small values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that is because for small values
+by more a few few of us use checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by more a few few of us use checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by more a few few of us use checks
+anymore in fact I'll ask how many in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in fact I'll ask how many in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in fact I'll ask how many in
+this room has written a physical any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room has written a physical any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room has written a physical any
+written cheque in the last month okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written cheque in the last month okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written cheque in the last month okay
+but how many has written a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how many has written a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how many has written a physical
+chess check for less than $100 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess check for less than $100 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess check for less than $100 all right
+some I can't even remember the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I can't even remember the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I can't even remember the last time
+I wrote a physical check for less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote a physical check for less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote a physical check for less than
+$100 right Priya I wasn't trying to Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 right Priya I wasn't trying to Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 right Priya I wasn't trying to Oh
+Priya I'm sorry but I think we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya I'm sorry but I think we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya I'm sorry but I think we tend to
+write them for larger rent checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them for larger rent checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them for larger rent checks
+sometimes even though I now pay my rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even though I now pay my rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even though I now pay my rent
+online so one more change you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so one more change you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so one more change you said
+ripple and who training and are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple and who training and are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple and who training and are those
+really live or you're saying those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really live or you're saying those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really live or you're saying those are
+things that are going to happen so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to happen so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to happen so then
+what sort of lessons can people draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of lessons can people draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of lessons can people draw
+we're gonna talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk a little bit more about
+em pace and a leap and so forth but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em pace and a leap and so forth but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em pace and a leap and so forth but what
+what lessons Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+home because it's sort of like as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home because it's sort of like as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home because it's sort of like as I
+mentioned the trend in China it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the trend in China it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the trend in China it took
+trend from separate countries and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend from separate countries and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend from separate countries and to
+have identified their own statistics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have identified their own statistics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have identified their own statistics you
+saw in a lot of countries that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in a lot of countries that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in a lot of countries that people
+don't feel that their payment data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel that their payment data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel that their payment data or
+their payment identity is secured on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their payment identity is secured on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their payment identity is secured on a
+lot of mobile individual devices in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world pay articles read your own country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world pay articles read your own country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world pay articles read your own country
+and said I didn't know that like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said I didn't know that like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said I didn't know that like there
+was something it was just a one page per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something it was just a one page per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something it was just a one page per
+country so of course it didn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so of course it didn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so of course it didn't say that
+much but alpha I don't remember was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but alpha I don't remember was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but alpha I don't remember was
+their page on Ethiopia Kenya tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their page on Ethiopia Kenya tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their page on Ethiopia Kenya tremendous
+job success of getting mobile payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job success of getting mobile payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job success of getting mobile payments
+and wallet but it's interesting to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wallet but it's interesting to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wallet but it's interesting to note
+that they were able to acquire customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were able to acquire customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were able to acquire customers
+by party with visible networks of agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by party with visible networks of agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by party with visible networks of agency
+advanced something that going forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced something that going forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced something that going forward to
+a lot of these companies we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these companies we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these companies we have to be
+the case it can't be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it can't be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it can't be completely
+centralized or key be automated and pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized or key be automated and pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized or key be automated and pace
+which is in Kenya and you had a reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in Kenya and you had a reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in Kenya and you had a reading
+on it but it came out of mobile phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but it came out of mobile phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but it came out of mobile phones
+and that the value stored on mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the value stored on mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the value stored on mobile
+phones for mobile minutes people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones for mobile minutes people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones for mobile minutes people were
+trading in essence so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in essence so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in essence so the the the
+network of users were these shops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of users were these shops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of users were these shops in
+Kenya where you could go and get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya where you could go and get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya where you could go and get your
+minutes basically like you know easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes basically like you know easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes basically like you know easy and
+convenient and like more transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and like more transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and like more transaction
+costs it can Pesa for example we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs it can Pesa for example we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs it can Pesa for example we're very
+instrumental ended in crossing cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental ended in crossing cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental ended in crossing cases and
+like keep letting people know that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep letting people know that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep letting people know that kind
+of basically putting the corruption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically putting the corruption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically putting the corruption in
+Afghanistan does anybody remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan does anybody remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan does anybody remember that
+from there reading the police officers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there reading the police officers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there reading the police officers
+all the sudden realized that they got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sudden realized that they got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sudden realized that they got a
+30 percent pay increase when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent pay increase when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent pay increase when the
+government was paying them directly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was paying them directly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was paying them directly but
+it was actually they didn't get a pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually they didn't get a pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually they didn't get a pay
+increase it was like cutting out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it was like cutting out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it was like cutting out the
+middleman her middle woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleman her middle woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleman her middle woman
+corruption I'm gonna say gender-neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption I'm gonna say gender-neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption I'm gonna say gender-neutral
+but whoever was the was probably men but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whoever was the was probably men but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whoever was the was probably men but
+in that case in Afghanistan and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case in Afghanistan and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case in Afghanistan and then
+what challenges are there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what challenges are there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what challenges are there in the
+cross-border payment well I've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border payment well I've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border payment well I've probably
+got 50% of the class that has personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 50% of the class that has personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 50% of the class that has personal
+challenges with cross-border payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with cross-border payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with cross-border payments
+but what would be the biggest challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what would be the biggest challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what would be the biggest challenges
+that you took from the readings or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you took from the readings or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you took from the readings or your
+personal life and cross-border payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal life and cross-border payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal life and cross-border payments
+anyway tons of them and anything else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway tons of them and anything else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway tons of them and anything else in
+the cross-border cost you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-border cost you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-border cost you've probably
+had that yeah so let's go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that yeah so let's go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that yeah so let's go through a
+little bit so I'm introducing a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so I'm introducing a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so I'm introducing a guest
+there you go you want to stand up so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go you want to stand up so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go you want to stand up so a
+lien he had a part of the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien he had a part of the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien he had a part of the digital
+currency initiative here at MIT and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency initiative here at MIT and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency initiative here at MIT and the
+Media Lab all the efforts around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Media Lab all the efforts around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Media Lab all the efforts around
+Lightning Network and layer 2 solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lightning Network and layer 2 solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lightning Network and layer 2 solutions
+but before MIT was a vice president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before MIT was a vice president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before MIT was a vice president of
+first data and first data as a payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data and first data as a payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data and first data as a payment
+system provider and he had about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system provider and he had about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system provider and he had about 200
+people reporting to him and a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reporting to him and a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reporting to him and a big
+business 200 million dollars a P&L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business 200 million dollars a P&L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business 200 million dollars a P&L
+that's revenues right yeah I mean if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's revenues right yeah I mean if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's revenues right yeah I mean if it
+was profits even better for you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was profits even better for you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was profits even better for you and then
+he spent three years in a startup world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he spent three years in a startup world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he spent three years in a startup world
+so he's somebody if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's somebody if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's somebody if you're interested in
+blockchain and digital currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and digital currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and digital currency
+initiative you should get to know anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative you should get to know anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative you should get to know anyway
+but if you're even interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're even interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're even interested in
+startups outside of payment world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups outside of payment world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups outside of payment world
+aleene's great and he's gonna be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aleene's great and he's gonna be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aleene's great and he's gonna be here
+today in thursday and not only when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in thursday and not only when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in thursday and not only when i
+make mistakes but a couple of times i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mistakes but a couple of times i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mistakes but a couple of times i'm
+gonna get you up here to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get you up here to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get you up here to say something
+about how payments really works but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how payments really works but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how payments really works but he's
+like way embedded in the MIT blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like way embedded in the MIT blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like way embedded in the MIT blockchain
+community so payment systems again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so payment systems again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so payment systems again what
+is a payment system it is moving money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a payment system it is moving money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a payment system it is moving money
+of course but on some level it is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but on some level it is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but on some level it is a way
+to a man and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a man and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a man and we're
+court entries on Ledger's because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court entries on Ledger's because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court entries on Ledger's because a
+ledger is how we keep money now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger is how we keep money now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger is how we keep money now
+certainly in the digital world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the digital world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the digital world it's
+always recorded on some ledger somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recorded on some ledger somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recorded on some ledger somewhere
+so there's an authorization phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an authorization phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an authorization phase
+there's a clearing phase and then final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clearing phase and then final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clearing phase and then final
+settlement does anybody want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement does anybody want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement does anybody want to take a
+crack other than a lien as to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack other than a lien as to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack other than a lien as to what it
+means to authorise a payment just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to authorise a payment just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to authorise a payment just to
+authorize a payment it might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize a payment it might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize a payment it might not have
+been in the readings but it's it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the readings but it's it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the readings but it's it's sort
+of just used yours your language skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just used yours your language skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just used yours your language skills
+to tell me what it might mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what it might mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what it might mean to
+authorize a payment Tom your left gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize a payment Tom your left gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize a payment Tom your left gets
+you called on it's like a freshman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you called on it's like a freshman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you called on it's like a freshman in
+English class at Universal vanian I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English class at Universal vanian I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English class at Universal vanian I had
+to describe a telephone without using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe a telephone without using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe a telephone without using
+the word telephone the word authorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word telephone the word authorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word telephone the word authorized
+it to find the word authorized back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to find the word authorized back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to find the word authorized back here
+I'm sorry I don't remember your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I don't remember your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I don't remember your name
+what's that dad I just think it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that dad I just think it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that dad I just think it's your
+you're approving the actual transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're approving the actual transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're approving the actual transfer of
+the money you're saying it's okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't vive good to see the source the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't vive good to see the source the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't vive good to see the source the
+sender's identity of the source of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender's identity of the source of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender's identity of the source of money
+what countries it's coming from it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what countries it's coming from it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what countries it's coming from it's
+above a certain threshold or certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a certain threshold or certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a certain threshold or certain
+amount financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so most payment most systems do what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most payment most systems do what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most payment most systems do what a
+viva dad said they have didn't say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viva dad said they have didn't say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viva dad said they have didn't say we
+know who the person is they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who the person is they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who the person is they have the
+balances in some account so they are who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances in some account so they are who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances in some account so they are who
+they say they are or at least digitally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they are or at least digitally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they are or at least digitally
+they are and they have a certain set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and they have a certain set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and they have a certain set of
+balances and monies within an account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances and monies within an account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances and monies within an account
+and they have the legal ability to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the legal ability to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the legal ability to move
+that money all without using the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money all without using the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money all without using the word
+authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority
+in essence clearing anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence clearing anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence clearing anybody know what
+clearing is or am I gonna have to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing is or am I gonna have to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing is or am I gonna have to call
+on a lien James money it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lien James money it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lien James money it's getting
+somewhere and it's going somewhere yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and it's going somewhere yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and it's going somewhere yeah
+it also has to do with netting sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has to do with netting sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has to do with netting sometimes
+clearing couldn't be if if the hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing couldn't be if if the hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing couldn't be if if the hundred
+people in this room we're all sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this room we're all sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this room we're all sending
+ten thousand movements all in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand movements all in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand movements all in the same
+day at the end of the day you might net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day at the end of the day you might net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day at the end of the day you might net
+all of those movements down so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those movements down so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those movements down so there's
+fewer actual movements so historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer actual movements so historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer actual movements so historic
+clearing which goes back centuries was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing which goes back centuries was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing which goes back centuries was
+also a way to lower the friction just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a way to lower the friction just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a way to lower the friction just
+taking the hundred people in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the hundred people in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the hundred people in this room
+of all those movements so authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those movements so authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those movements so authorization
+of either in foreign exchange any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either in foreign exchange any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either in foreign exchange any any
+any circumstance and this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any circumstance and this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any circumstance and this is in the
+securities world as well you'll hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities world as well you'll hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities world as well you'll hear the
+words clearing and settling god knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words clearing and settling god knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words clearing and settling god knows
+even when I was chairing the Commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when I was chairing the Commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when I was chairing the Commodity
+Futures Trading Commission all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Trading Commission all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Trading Commission all of us
+sometimes got a little bit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes got a little bit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes got a little bit you know
+confused about the two words but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about the two words but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about the two words but
+clearing is pre-settlement clearing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing is pre-settlement clearing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing is pre-settlement clearing is
+netting of transactions arranging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netting of transactions arranging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netting of transactions arranging the
+paper when we were still in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper when we were still in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper when we were still in a paper
+world all in together taking all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world all in together taking all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world all in together taking all the
+physical checks and getting them all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical checks and getting them all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical checks and getting them all in
+the same place in the right place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place in the right place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place in the right place and
+then what settlement discharged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what settlement discharged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what settlement discharged the
+receipt it's basically the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt it's basically the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt it's basically the the final
+amendment of a record it's changing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment of a record it's changing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment of a record it's changing a
+balance from ten to eleven or ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance from ten to eleven or ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance from ten to eleven or ten to
+nine that's settlement and if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine that's settlement and if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine that's settlement and if that's
+true in securities a lien to me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in securities a lien to me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in securities a lien to me this is
+mesmerizing because there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerizing because there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerizing because there has to be a
+history behind this authorized hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history behind this authorized hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history behind this authorized hearing
+and settlement sort of three-part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and settlement sort of three-part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and settlement sort of three-part
+movement of money because like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of money because like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of money because like if you
+think of a computer system or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a computer system or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a computer system or if you
+think of a blockchain if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a blockchain if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a blockchain if you want
+there's no need to do any of this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to do any of this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to do any of this right
+you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do
+damn transaction it's atomic a moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn transaction it's atomic a moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn transaction it's atomic a moves
+money to be and you're done so like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to be and you're done so like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to be and you're done so like what
+how did this even happen like hobby we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this even happen like hobby we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did this even happen like hobby we
+like to have a computer system that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a computer system that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a computer system that does
+this is just your name you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just your name you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just your name you don't need
+any of this in a computer system so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this in a computer system so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this in a computer system so why
+why do you still do this in a computer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you still do this in a computer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you still do this in a computer I
+say this evolved from so it's question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this evolved from so it's question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this evolved from so it's question I
+was hoping would come out of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping would come out of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping would come out of the group
+so I'm gonna go to the other lead but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna go to the other lead but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna go to the other lead but
+there's centuries of history as to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's centuries of history as to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's centuries of history as to why
+we have these but this elite so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these but this elite so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these but this elite so first of
+all I'm happy that this came up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm happy that this came up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm happy that this came up because
+it's excellent right so when I saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excellent right so when I saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excellent right so when I saw the
+slides so I saw there is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so I saw there is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so I saw there is a really
+interesting historical cause as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting historical cause as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting historical cause as you
+write down write this whole came came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down write this whole came came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down write this whole came came
+from about four decades worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about four decades worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about four decades worth of
+evolution here right so he started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution here right so he started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution here right so he started with
+you know you started with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you started with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you started with a very
+convoluted way as it would appear now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted way as it would appear now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted way as it would appear now to
+actually send out paper-based receipt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually send out paper-based receipt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually send out paper-based receipt
+and you know like have a plastic base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know like have a plastic base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know like have a plastic base
+the card if you will they'll have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card if you will they'll have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card if you will they'll have to be
+recorded and then you know you first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded and then you know you first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded and then you know you first of
+all need to say okay does the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all need to say okay does the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all need to say okay does the person
+have the money there right is the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the money there right is the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the money there right is the money
+there I'm all Ross writes right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm all Ross writes right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm all Ross writes right I'm
+gonna get a bass or write back say yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a bass or write back say yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a bass or write back say yep
+the money's there okay I just also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money's there okay I just also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money's there okay I just also write
+but it's a very simple like pink write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very simple like pink write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very simple like pink write
+back and forth right so he needs to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth right so he needs to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth right so he needs to be a
+very small transaction from there on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small transaction from there on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small transaction from there on you
+can Astana say okay now let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Astana say okay now let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Astana say okay now let's let's
+batch transactions into the clearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch transactions into the clearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch transactions into the clearing and
+then from there only actually send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there only actually send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there only actually send out
+the money right the the interesting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money right the the interesting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money right the the interesting part
+about all of this is that it evolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of this is that it evolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of this is that it evolved in
+time right so this technology if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so this technology if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so this technology if you
+were to do it now kind of with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do it now kind of with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do it now kind of with all of
+the tools that are at our disposal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools that are at our disposal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools that are at our disposal now
+you do it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it differently
+entirely however payment is Gary will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely however payment is Gary will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely however payment is Gary will
+point out to in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to in the next couple of
+slides basically evolved organically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides basically evolved organically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides basically evolved organically
+through decades that is literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through decades that is literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through decades that is literally a
+check that Thomas Jefferson wrote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that Thomas Jefferson wrote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that Thomas Jefferson wrote to
+himself in 1809 but that is a payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in 1809 but that is a payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in 1809 but that is a payment
+instruction from one Thomas Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction from one Thomas Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction from one Thomas Jefferson
+account to another Thomas Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account to another Thomas Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account to another Thomas Jefferson
+account but it's a payment instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but it's a payment instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but it's a payment instruction
+it didn't actually move the money it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't actually move the money it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't actually move the money it's
+just a payment instruction this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a payment instruction this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a payment instruction this is a
+Western Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western Union
+grab the Telegraph came along in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the Telegraph came along in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the Telegraph came along in the
+1840s if I remember but Western Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1840s if I remember but Western Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1840s if I remember but Western Union
+took several decades to come along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took several decades to come along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took several decades to come along and
+say we can send instructions to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we can send instructions to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we can send instructions to move
+value using the Telegraph and the telex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value using the Telegraph and the telex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value using the Telegraph and the telex
+machine which was post-world War two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which was post-world War two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which was post-world War two and
+yes I'm old enough to say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm old enough to say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm old enough to say that there
+were still telex machines at goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still telex machines at goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still telex machines at goldman
+sachs when i started in 1979 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs when i started in 1979 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs when i started in 1979 that you
+would type in to type in an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would type in to type in an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would type in to type in an instruction
+so allene you're asking where did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so allene you're asking where did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so allene you're asking where did it
+come from it came from technology move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from it came from technology move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from it came from technology move
+from first authorizing does that party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from first authorizing does that party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from first authorizing does that party
+have the legal rights to move something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the legal rights to move something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the legal rights to move something
+move value do they have enough of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move value do they have enough of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move value do they have enough of the
+value is it or enough in their account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is it or enough in their account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is it or enough in their account
+and so forth that's the authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth that's the authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth that's the authorization
+phase now you'd say well can't that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase now you'd say well can't that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase now you'd say well can't that all
+be done simultaneously and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done simultaneously and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done simultaneously and the answer is
+yes maybe but most of the payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe but most of the payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe but most of the payments
+system is still based on authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is still based on authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is still based on authorization
+clearing and then settlement financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and then settlement financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and then settlement financial
+Ledger's are also the reason Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's are also the reason Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's are also the reason Ledger's
+record economic activity we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record economic activity we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record economic activity we've talked
+about this earlier in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this earlier in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this earlier in this in the
+semester they record transactions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester they record transactions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester they record transactions or
+accounts bitcoin is a transaction ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts bitcoin is a transaction ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts bitcoin is a transaction ledger
+aetherium and others are account ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium and others are account ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium and others are account ledgers
+but but they're both Ledger's they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they're both Ledger's they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they're both Ledger's they're
+both forms of recording something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both forms of recording something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both forms of recording something that
+has a right the data is usually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a right the data is usually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a right the data is usually used
+around some right or a token but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some right or a token but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some right or a token but the
+first Ledger's were thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Ledger's were thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Ledger's were thousands of years
+ago and I think on those Ledger's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and I think on those Ledger's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and I think on those Ledger's I
+don't know how they split authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how they split authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how they split authorization
+clearing and settling but they were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settling but they were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settling but they were a
+form of a ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like presidents I like American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like presidents I like American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like presidents I like American
+history so I pulled George Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so I pulled George Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so I pulled George Washington
+used to use use a personal ledger single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use use a personal ledger single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use use a personal ledger single
+entry ledger but the IBM 360 came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry ledger but the IBM 360 came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry ledger but the IBM 360 came along
+in the early 1960s and it revolutionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1960s and it revolutionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1960s and it revolutionized
+the world of finance and Ledger's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of finance and Ledger's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of finance and Ledger's it
+still took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still took a
+about 14 years I think was in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 14 years I think was in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 14 years I think was in the early
+1970s after big paperwork crashing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s after big paperwork crashing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s after big paperwork crashing on
+Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street
+meaning literal physical pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning literal physical pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning literal physical pieces of paper
+were moving around the late 1960s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving around the late 1960s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were moving around the late 1960s and
+they had to shut the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to shut the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to shut the New York Stock
+Exchange down I think for a day or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange down I think for a day or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange down I think for a day or two
+because they had guns weeks or months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had guns weeks or months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had guns weeks or months
+behind and clearing the paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and clearing the paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and clearing the paper they
+passed authorization was on clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed authorization was on clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed authorization was on clearing
+securities transits and was created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities transits and was created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities transits and was created by
+an act of Congress that there'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act of Congress that there'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act of Congress that there'd be
+central clearing and settling and DTCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central clearing and settling and DTCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central clearing and settling and DTCC
+was in essence created to solve and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in essence created to solve and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in essence created to solve and get
+out of that huge mess and a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that huge mess and a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that huge mess and a problem but
+it was on the backs of technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on the backs of technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on the backs of technology that
+it could even be done that there'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even be done that there'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even be done that there'd be a
+central ledger is it helping to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central ledger is it helping to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central ledger is it helping to answer
+your question yet how is our cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question yet how is our cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question yet how is our cash
+transfers captured in all this hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers captured in all this hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers captured in all this hello
+cash cash cash right because now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash cash cash right because now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash cash cash right because now that we
+have digital everything everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have digital everything everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have digital everything everything is
+really easy to track like we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to track like we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to track like we talk about
+like transactions or private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transactions or private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transactions or private
+transactions right do you give me ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions right do you give me ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions right do you give me ten
+dollars nobody else in the world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars nobody else in the world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars nobody else in the world right
+now this is being recorded it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is being recorded it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is being recorded it's being
+seen and so you'll give it back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and so you'll give it back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and so you'll give it back to me
+but this no you could take it you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this no you could take it you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this no you could take it you think
+now yeah yeah remember what lawsuit was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah yeah remember what lawsuit was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah yeah remember what lawsuit was
+that it and Scottish lawsuit Crawford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it and Scottish lawsuit Crawford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it and Scottish lawsuit Crawford
+but that that bill what's it say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that bill what's it say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that bill what's it say on the
+top so it's a Federal Reserve Note it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so it's a Federal Reserve Note it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so it's a Federal Reserve Note it is
+a Federal Reserve Note which literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Federal Reserve Note which literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Federal Reserve Note which literally
+means it is a liability of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it is a liability of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it is a liability of the central
+bank the US government now that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank the US government now that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank the US government now that's a
+social construct we talked about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social construct we talked about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social construct we talked about it's
+not that there is a room full of gold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that there is a room full of gold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that there is a room full of gold or
+a room full of wheat behind it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room full of wheat behind it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room full of wheat behind it there's
+some gold in Fort Knox but that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gold in Fort Knox but that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gold in Fort Knox but that is a
+form of a ledger transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a ledger transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a ledger transaction
+if you read a little bit more closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read a little bit more closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read a little bit more closely
+can you see on the upper right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see on the upper right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see on the upper right there's
+something in there is there a serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there is there a serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there is there a serial
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+there is a unique serial number on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a unique serial number on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a unique serial number on every
+Federal Reserve note that unique serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve note that unique serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve note that unique serial
+number is in essence tying it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is in essence tying it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is in essence tying it to a
+ledger a liability of the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger a liability of the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger a liability of the Federal
+Reserve but it's a tokenized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve but it's a tokenized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve but it's a tokenized
+ledger receipt I've handed it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger receipt I've handed it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger receipt I've handed it to you
+it's anonymous well it's not anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anonymous well it's not anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anonymous well it's not anonymous
+because it was captured on film but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was captured on film but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was captured on film but it
+was anonymous because it's a tokenized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was anonymous because it's a tokenized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was anonymous because it's a tokenized
+paper it's actually linen it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it's actually linen it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it's actually linen it's not
+really paper it's anybody know who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really paper it's anybody know who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really paper it's anybody know who is
+the sole source manufacturer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sole source manufacturer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sole source manufacturer of the
+linen that goes into Federal Reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linen that goes into Federal Reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linen that goes into Federal Reserve
+notes Crain CRA and is the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes Crain CRA and is the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes Crain CRA and is the name of the
+company it has the contract but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it has the contract but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it has the contract but to
+answer your question it's a tokenized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question it's a tokenized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question it's a tokenized
+form of a specific serialized ledger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a specific serialized ledger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a specific serialized ledger or
+on the Federal Reserve so that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're moving there's a big trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're moving there's a big trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're moving there's a big trend
+that's happening over these last 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening over these last 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening over these last 50
+years we had and if you go back 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we had and if you go back 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we had and if you go back 200
+years it was all anonymous but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it was all anonymous but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it was all anonymous but once you
+get into the 20th century it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the 20th century it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the 20th century it starts to
+be more and more digitized even early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more and more digitized even early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more and more digitized even early
+20th century commerce big commerce was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century commerce big commerce was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century commerce big commerce was
+starting to be in the banking system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be in the banking system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be in the banking system but
+in the last 50 years and certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 50 years and certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 50 years and certainly the
+last 20 years we're almost fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 years we're almost fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 years we're almost fully
+digitized in developed countries not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized in developed countries not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized in developed countries not
+middle economic countries but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle economic countries but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle economic countries but that's
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+but this still ties back to a ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this still ties back to a ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this still ties back to a ledger
+I'll get that back later credit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get that back later credit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get that back later credit cards
+the first big write-up of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first big write-up of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first big write-up of credit
+was a book from the 1880s that said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a book from the 1880s that said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a book from the 1880s that said what
+would the world be like in the year 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the world be like in the year 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the world be like in the year 2000
+and 15 or 20 times in the book it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 or 20 times in the book it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 or 20 times in the book it used
+the word credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word credit card
+they've fictionalized the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've fictionalized the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've fictionalized the future of
+credit cards I haven't read the book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards I haven't read the book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards I haven't read the book but
+I just love that it was written in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just love that it was written in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just love that it was written in the
+1880s but the actual story of the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s but the actual story of the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s but the actual story of the use of
+credit tokens if not credit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit tokens if not credit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit tokens if not credit cards
+started actually in the late 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started actually in the late 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started actually in the late 19th
+century and the idea is that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and the idea is that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and the idea is that you could
+have a token that was for as particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a token that was for as particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a token that was for as particular
+merchants and by the 1920s you had them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants and by the 1920s you had them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants and by the 1920s you had them
+for getting your gasoline when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting your gasoline when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting your gasoline when
+automobiles started to be popular and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles started to be popular and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles started to be popular and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+but they were not generalized credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were not generalized credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were not generalized credit
+tokens they were a credit token really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens they were a credit token really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens they were a credit token really
+by one merchants so think of them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one merchants so think of them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one merchants so think of them as a
+merchants specific token in the 1940s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants specific token in the 1940s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants specific token in the 1940s in
+Brooklyn New York somebody in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn New York somebody in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn New York somebody in essence
+the innovation was to have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation was to have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation was to have a more
+generalized token that could give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized token that could give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized token that could give you
+credit at more than one merchant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit at more than one merchant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit at more than one merchant and
+once that happened of course credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that happened of course credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that happened of course credit
+cards took off first in the u.s. diners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards took off first in the u.s. diners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards took off first in the u.s. diners
+card American Express was in the mid-50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card American Express was in the mid-50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card American Express was in the mid-50s
+and then Bank of America figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bank of America figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Bank of America figured out
+maybe we will even extend credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we will even extend credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we will even extend credit
+multiple banks and they created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple banks and they created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple banks and they created a
+network Bank of America was a California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network Bank of America was a California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network Bank of America was a California
+Bank it's not the bank you think of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank it's not the bank you think of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank it's not the bank you think of now
+in those days it was California based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days it was California based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days it was California based
+but maybe we could have a network across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we could have a network across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we could have a network across
+the whole US and that network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole US and that network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole US and that network is
+actually the network that became visa it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the network that became visa it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the network that became visa it
+was a shared ownership service amongst a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a shared ownership service amongst a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a shared ownership service amongst a
+bunch of banks across but the cards had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of banks across but the cards had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of banks across but the cards had
+to be processed does anybody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be processed does anybody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be processed does anybody does
+anybody even ever see the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody even ever see the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody even ever see the processing
+that's in the left in the middle any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the left in the middle any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the left in the middle any
+longer in the US and Europe no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the US and Europe no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the US and Europe no you
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so they still exist so technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they still exist so technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they still exist so technology
+has moved us in advance so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved us in advance so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved us in advance so here we're
+gonna do modern payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do modern payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do modern payment systems
+I think Leah's gonna help me out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Leah's gonna help me out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Leah's gonna help me out here
+you've got a customer you'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a customer you'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a customer you'll see this
+play out but this is what the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out but this is what the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out but this is what the this is
+complex system the customer has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system the customer has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system the customer has an
+issuing bank I'm gonna say it's me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank I'm gonna say it's me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing bank I'm gonna say it's me and
+I'm Gary Gensler and it's Bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Gary Gensler and it's Bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Gary Gensler and it's Bank of
+America and I might use a credit card to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and I might use a credit card to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and I might use a credit card to
+instruct my bank I might use a check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruct my bank I might use a check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruct my bank I might use a check I
+might use a debit card I actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use a debit card I actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use a debit card I actually have
+all three credit card debit card and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three credit card debit card and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three credit card debit card and and
+checks I could instruct them in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks I could instruct them in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks I could instruct them in any of
+those three ways but there's other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three ways but there's other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three ways but there's other ways
+I construct them I can instruct him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I construct them I can instruct him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I construct them I can instruct him and
+ask Bank of America to send a wire I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Bank of America to send a wire I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Bank of America to send a wire I can
+in the US ask him to set an automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US ask him to set an automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US ask him to set an automated
+Clearing House payment ACH wires are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearing House payment ACH wires are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearing House payment ACH wires are
+more real time ACH take up to two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more real time ACH take up to two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more real time ACH take up to two days
+is it now but traditionally wires were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it now but traditionally wires were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it now but traditionally wires were
+something that you did which were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you did which were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you did which were more
+immediate and and and what's called ACH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate and and and what's called ACH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate and and and what's called ACH
+more slowly so there's actually five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly so there's actually five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly so there's actually five
+ways I could have my Bank of America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I could have my Bank of America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I could have my Bank of America
+send something of value it has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send something of value it has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send something of value it has to go
+through some network it's too small to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some network it's too small to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some network it's too small to
+see but the first little blue arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the first little blue arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the first little blue arrow
+there is Visa MasterCard it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Visa MasterCard it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Visa MasterCard it might be
+going across a credit card Network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across a credit card Network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across a credit card Network the
+second arrow there is where this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second arrow there is where this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second arrow there is where this guy
+used to work first day to stripe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work first day to stripe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work first day to stripe there's
+dozens and dozens of payment processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens and dozens of payment processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens and dozens of payment processors
+or payment system processors PSPs so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or payment system processors PSPs so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or payment system processors PSPs so you
+have a credit card but you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a credit card but you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a credit card but you might also
+have somebody called a PS Pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody called a PS Pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody called a PS Pig
+has anybody started a business in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody started a business in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody started a business in this
+room a merchant I'm sure somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room a merchant I'm sure somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room a merchant I'm sure somebody has
+anybody all right did you have to hire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody all right did you have to hire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody all right did you have to hire a
+payment system processor who'd you hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system processor who'd you hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system processor who'd you hire
+first first data when I was chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first data when I was chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first data when I was chief
+financial officer of the Hillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial officer of the Hillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial officer of the Hillary
+campaign we had to hire a payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign we had to hire a payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign we had to hire a payment system
+processor was stripe so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor was stripe so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor was stripe so all the
+donations that were coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations that were coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations that were coming in
+somebody could use a MasterCard could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody could use a MasterCard could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody could use a MasterCard could
+use a Visa could use an American Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a Visa could use an American Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a Visa could use an American Express
+we didn't have any legal contract we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have any legal contract we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have any legal contract we
+were merchants I mean you might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were merchants I mean you might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were merchants I mean you might think of
+as a political campaign but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a political campaign but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a political campaign but we were
+merchants you were merchants you hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants you were merchants you hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants you were merchants you hired
+first data so when you start your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data so when you start your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data so when you start your
+businesses whether it's a grocery store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses whether it's a grocery store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses whether it's a grocery store
+a bar a political campaign or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar a political campaign or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar a political campaign or something
+else you're a merchant you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you're a merchant you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you're a merchant you don't want to
+deal with a bunch of credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a bunch of credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a bunch of credit card
+companies you want one payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you want one payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you want one payment system
+processor and you chose first data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and you chose first data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and you chose first data we
+chose stripe in that circumstance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose stripe in that circumstance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose stripe in that circumstance so
+those are the networks then there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the networks then there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the networks then there on the
+other side there's the Merchants Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side there's the Merchants Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side there's the Merchants Bank
+for the Hillary campaign it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Hillary campaign it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Hillary campaign it was
+amalgamated Bank who was your bank here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgamated Bank who was your bank here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgamated Bank who was your bank here
+Korea Korea backed one let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea Korea backed one let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea Korea backed one let's call it
+Korea Bank one so but the customer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea Bank one so but the customer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea Bank one so but the customer is
+all of a sudden it's at five layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it's at five layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it's at five layers
+before it gets to your bank and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it gets to your bank and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it gets to your bank and then of
+course you have access and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have access and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have access and so forth and
+you're the customer so all these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the customer so all these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the customer so all these steps
+are in this chain this is modern payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this chain this is modern payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this chain this is modern payment
+systems pretty detailed digital wallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems pretty detailed digital wallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems pretty detailed digital wallets
+we talked about we're gonna say a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about we're gonna say a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about we're gonna say a little
+bit more about digital wallets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about digital wallets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about digital wallets and the
+big question is whether cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question is whether cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question is whether cryptocurrency
+is going to have something but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have something but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have something but before
+you get to digital wallets this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to digital wallets this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to digital wallets this is the
+payment stream and part of the answer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment stream and part of the answer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment stream and part of the answer or
+lean to is why you need authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean to is why you need authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean to is why you need authorization
+clearing and settlement is there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settlement is there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settlement is there's a lot
+of steps in this in the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps in this in the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps in this in the traditional
+movement of money and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of money and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of money and this is just
+domestic you can add digital wallets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic you can add digital wallets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic you can add digital wallets and
+you could add Bitcoin and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could add Bitcoin and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could add Bitcoin and the question
+is does cryptocurrency skip all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does cryptocurrency skip all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does cryptocurrency skip all this
+stuff in the middle and can digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the middle and can digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the middle and can digital
+wallets jumpstart it over some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallets jumpstart it over some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallets jumpstart it over some of these
+and and the answer is digital wallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the answer is digital wallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the answer is digital wallets
+need to do all these things if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do all these things if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do all these things if they're
+going to jump they have to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump they have to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump they have to store the
+value they have to do some authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value they have to do some authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value they have to do some authorization
+the equivalent of clearing if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of clearing if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of clearing if there's
+any clearing and then move it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any clearing and then move it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any clearing and then move it which is
+settlement so these are the fees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement so these are the fees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement so these are the fees you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+yeah please no take take more you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please no take take more you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please no take take more you don't
+have to appreciate the type that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to appreciate the type that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to appreciate the type that this
+list is generated by banks for banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is generated by banks for banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is generated by banks for banks
+right and I think that is you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think that is you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think that is you know it
+shows right this entire value chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows right this entire value chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows right this entire value chain
+which we're going to go through right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to go through right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to go through right
+afterwards basically relies on consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards basically relies on consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards basically relies on consumer
+using this process to pay Teresa via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this process to pay Teresa via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this process to pay Teresa via
+merchants right merchants like the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants right merchants like the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants right merchants like the fact
+that they give value they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that tension manifests itself in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tension manifests itself in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tension manifests itself in a
+number of ways but it's important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways but it's important right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways but it's important right
+so did that just the dynamics are sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did that just the dynamics are sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did that just the dynamics are sized
+to where this is this black box out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here is that this access method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is that this access method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is that this access method
+this probably the most underrated aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably the most underrated aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably the most underrated aspect
+of this entire value chain if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this entire value chain if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this entire value chain if you think
+of anything well to a merchant or to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything well to a merchant or to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything well to a merchant or to a
+website or whatever what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website or whatever what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website or whatever what you know
+whoever manages that access point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever manages that access point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever manages that access point it's
+probably the most important thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important thing you
+may have the best solution out there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have the best solution out there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have the best solution out there if
+you're not in that access method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in that access method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in that access method you
+know where is it where does value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where is it where does value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where is it where does value
+accumulate in this value chain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate in this value chain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate in this value chain what
+you're going to see is more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see is more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see is more often than
+not that's metals are kind of typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's metals are kind of typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's metals are kind of typically
+sticking point to actually any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking point to actually any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking point to actually any
+meaningful change because those are hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful change because those are hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful change because those are hard
+changes right for a large merchants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right for a large merchants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right for a large merchants
+changing it and handed a tax point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it and handed a tax point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it and handed a tax point it's
+hard so that's something to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so that's something to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so that's something to keep in mind
+right the other thing I would say is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other thing I would say is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other thing I would say is one
+of the things we you know we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we you know we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we you know we talked
+about how exactly to get big change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how exactly to get big change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how exactly to get big change its
+scale right and you have to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right and you have to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right and you have to have two
+things you have to have technology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to have technology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to have technology which
+is this okay it's not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this okay it's not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this okay it's not great
+right this is kind of old it will used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is kind of old it will used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is kind of old it will used
+to be really great about two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really great about two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really great about two or three
+decades ago but it's not amazing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago but it's not amazing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago but it's not amazing but
+this is an unbelievable business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an unbelievable business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an unbelievable business model
+and if you look at the way the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the way the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the way the business
+model operates consumer a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model operates consumer a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model operates consumer a lot of
+consumers a lot of right so consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers a lot of right so consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers a lot of right so consumer
+again you know I can pay wherever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know I can pay wherever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know I can pay wherever it's
+great right thanks love it you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right thanks love it you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right thanks love it you know they
+make a lot of money out of it they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money out of it they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money out of it they they
+get what's called interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of it merchants like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of it merchants like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of it merchants like many
+aspects of it but then processing cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it but then processing cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it but then processing cash
+is also expensive right so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also expensive right so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also expensive right so if you're
+trying to understand okay where do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand okay where do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand okay where do I
+want to change things here another folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change things here another folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change things here another folks
+in the actual payment space will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the actual payment space will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the actual payment space will tell
+you well payments is coming you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well payments is coming you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well payments is coming you know it
+kind of works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of works right
+it doesn't work if your apron on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work if your apron on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work if your apron on the
+fringes but if you're like in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes but if you're like in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes but if you're like in the middle
+kind of works pretty good and the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of works pretty good and the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of works pretty good and the beauty
+of the existing model here right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existing model here right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existing model here right now is
+actually the business model the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the business model the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the business model the way it's
+got it's got a lot of friction world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it's got a lot of friction world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it's got a lot of friction world
+bank statistics say payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank statistics say payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank statistics say payment systems
+around the globe take a half a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe take a half a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe take a half a percent
+to one percent of economies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one percent of economies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one percent of economies now
+economies would be much smaller if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies would be much smaller if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies would be much smaller if we
+didn't have payment systems because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have payment systems because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have payment systems because we
+would have never probably come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have never probably come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have never probably come out of
+the dark ages without some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark ages without some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark ages without some form of
+payment systems and in the last 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems and in the last 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems and in the last 50 years
+I think it's been part of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's been part of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's been part of of how
+economic growth is continued in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth is continued in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth is continued in the
+internet phase you know how we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet phase you know how we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet phase you know how we are
+transact on the internet but if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transact on the internet but if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transact on the internet but if you take
+nothing other than it's complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than it's complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than it's complicated and
+there's a lot of points of friction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of points of friction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of points of friction then
+I've done my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done my job
+you don't need to know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know all the
+individual pieces unless you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pieces unless you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pieces unless you actually
+personally want to you know like compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally want to you know like compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally want to you know like compete
+with PayPal or venmo or Zell or Ally pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PayPal or venmo or Zell or Ally pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PayPal or venmo or Zell or Ally pay
+which is what you might do one day yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you might do one day yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you might do one day yeah
+just a rumor has it you know as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rumor has it you know as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rumor has it you know as you'll
+see disrupt papers and it is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see disrupt papers and it is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see disrupt papers and it is one of the
+hardest largely I think because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest largely I think because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest largely I think because of the
+collective action issues there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action issues there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action issues there's
+millions of merchants that rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of merchants that rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of merchants that rely on
+dozens of payment system providers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of payment system providers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of payment system providers that
+yes only rely on three to six credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes only rely on three to six credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes only rely on three to six credit
+card or debit card companies in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card or debit card companies in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card or debit card companies in any
+country there's usually two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country there's usually two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country there's usually two to three
+dominant it's not always Visa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant it's not always Visa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant it's not always Visa and
+MasterCard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MasterCard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MasterCard
+of course not not in China for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not not in China for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not not in China for instance
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the merchants n has such a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merchants n has such a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merchants n has such a huge
+collective action and that's why a lien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action and that's why a lien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action and that's why a lien
+focused on the access points if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the access points if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the access points if you're
+gonna disrupt this you've got to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna disrupt this you've got to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna disrupt this you've got to figure
+out some way to get adoption broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some way to get adoption broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some way to get adoption broad
+adoption on the merchant class the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption on the merchant class the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption on the merchant class the money
+this was from the the Bloomberg article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was from the the Bloomberg article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was from the the Bloomberg article
+the Bloomberg article that was reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bloomberg article that was reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bloomberg article that was reviewing
+China two dollars and seventy five cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China two dollars and seventy five cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China two dollars and seventy five cents
+in the u.s. one average comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. one average comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. one average comes out of
+every hundred dollar purchase and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hundred dollar purchase and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hundred dollar purchase and by the
+way if you make a thousand dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you make a thousand dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you make a thousand dollar
+purchase its twenty seven dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase its twenty seven dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase its twenty seven dollars and
+and I used to think when I was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used to think when I was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used to think when I was on the
+CFO of the Hillary campaign if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFO of the Hillary campaign if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFO of the Hillary campaign if somebody
+was generous enough to give us twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generous enough to give us twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generous enough to give us twenty
+seven hundred dollars which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred dollars which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred dollars which was the
+legal limit to a political kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal limit to a political kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal limit to a political kick
+candidate during that cycle we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate during that cycle we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate during that cycle we were
+paying 70 US dollars to to this to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying 70 US dollars to to this to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying 70 US dollars to to this to that
+to help elect a president or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help elect a president or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help elect a president or in a
+billion dollar campaign two point seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar campaign two point seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar campaign two point seven
+percent is twenty seven million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent is twenty seven million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent is twenty seven million dollars
+now I'm not saying we spent twenty seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not saying we spent twenty seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not saying we spent twenty seven
+million dollars on this because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars on this because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars on this because we were
+able to encourage some donors to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to encourage some donors to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to encourage some donors to give us
+checks but I will tell you even being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks but I will tell you even being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks but I will tell you even being
+recorded in the modern economy it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in the modern economy it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in the modern economy it's hard
+to convince somebody to give you a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince somebody to give you a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince somebody to give you a check
+even somebody who is generously giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even somebody who is generously giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even somebody who is generously giving
+their support to a political candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their support to a political candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their support to a political candidate
+to win the presidency and you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win the presidency and you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win the presidency and you say well
+we actually get seventy dollars more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually get seventy dollars more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually get seventy dollars more if
+you give us a check yeah but I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us a check yeah but I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us a check yeah but I got my
+credit card here so yes say gave twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card here so yes say gave twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card here so yes say gave twenty
+seventy seventy and so you can put up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy seventy and so you can put up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy seventy and so you can put up a
+campaign actually ended up with twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign actually ended up with twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign actually ended up with twenty
+seven hundred dollars in the pocket this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred dollars in the pocket this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven hundred dollars in the pocket this
+is a leave a question for the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a leave a question for the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a leave a question for the Federal
+Election Commission lawyers but we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Election Commission lawyers but we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Election Commission lawyers but we asked
+that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+we did ask that question and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did ask that question and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did ask that question and it's not
+allowed it's not allowed because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed it's not allowed because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed it's not allowed because it's
+it's going beyond the legal limit under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going beyond the legal limit under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going beyond the legal limit under
+our federal laws for campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our federal laws for campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our federal laws for campaign
+contributions that would be deemed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that would be deemed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that would be deemed to be
+a two thousand seven hundred and seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two thousand seven hundred and seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two thousand seven hundred and seventy
+dollar contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar contribution
+even if somehow the donor is paying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if somehow the donor is paying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if somehow the donor is paying the
+$70 directly we weren't able to solve by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$70 directly we weren't able to solve by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$70 directly we weren't able to solve by
+the way we were not able to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we were not able to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we were not able to solve that
+because the payment system provider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the payment system provider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the payment system provider in
+our case stripe or first data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case stripe or first data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case stripe or first data is
+actually a vendor for the merchants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a vendor for the merchants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a vendor for the merchants and
+the political campaign essence is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political campaign essence is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political campaign essence is the
+merchant you with me Shawn breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant you with me Shawn breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant you with me Shawn breaking the
+law right there but okay all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law right there but okay all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law right there but okay all right so so
+Shawn is just observing that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shawn is just observing that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shawn is just observing that will
+actually the donor is getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the donor is getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the donor is getting some
+points back so this is just average as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points back so this is just average as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points back so this is just average as
+an average is some time mass thanks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average is some time mass thanks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average is some time mass thanks but
+two dollars and 20 cents of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars and 20 cents of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars and 20 cents of the two
+dollars and seventy five actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and seventy five actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and seventy five actually goes
+back to the quote issuing back so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the quote issuing back so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the quote issuing back so if
+you're doing something on Bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing something on Bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing something on Bank of
+America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+Bank of America might then give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of America might then give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of America might then give you
+points and share generously and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and share generously and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and share generously and a lot of
+the bank programs will share maybe up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank programs will share maybe up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank programs will share maybe up to
+half of that you might get one dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that you might get one dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that you might get one dollar
+for every hundred dollars or one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every hundred dollars or one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every hundred dollars or one point
+for every hundred but they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every hundred but they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every hundred but they're getting
+two dollars and 20 cents but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars and 20 cents but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars and 20 cents but you're
+right there were some donors that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there were some donors that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there were some donors that said
+well I'm using my American Express card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm using my American Express card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm using my American Express card
+I'm getting my points back and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting my points back and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting my points back and if they
+gave a thousand dollars not a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a thousand dollars not a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a thousand dollars not a million
+you know that they would maybe get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they would maybe get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they would maybe get the
+equivalent of ten dollars of points back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of ten dollars of points back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of ten dollars of points back
+that is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is correct
+so merchants aren't enthusiastic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so merchants aren't enthusiastic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so merchants aren't enthusiastic about
+this split this is the u.s. model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this split this is the u.s. model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this split this is the u.s. model it
+does not cost this much in India it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not cost this much in India it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not cost this much in India it does
+not cost this much in China so in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cost this much in China so in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cost this much in China so in many
+other countries that jump started around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries that jump started around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries that jump started around
+the credit card payment systems it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card payment systems it costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card payment systems it costs
+a lot less but in the u.s. our payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot less but in the u.s. our payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot less but in the u.s. our payment
+system is significantly built when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is significantly built when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is significantly built when
+credit card rails rails like tracks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails rails like tracks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails rails like tracks it's
+called so cross-border I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so cross-border I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so cross-border I'm not going to
+go through these two charts these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these two charts these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these two charts these were
+shamone career in the u.s. is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone career in the u.s. is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone career in the u.s. is somewhat
+unique in the sense of there's bundling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique in the sense of there's bundling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique in the sense of there's bundling
+of the payment as a service and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the payment as a service and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the payment as a service and the
+credit right and those are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit right and those are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit right and those are being
+unbundled now but it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbundled now but it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbundled now but it doesn't have to be
+the case and it's not the case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and it's not the case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and it's not the case right
+point is is that we in this country have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is is that we in this country have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is is that we in this country have
+bundled the credit provision with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundled the credit provision with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundled the credit provision with the
+payment provision and and and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment provision and and and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment provision and and and there are
+many of us that when the merchant says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us that when the merchant says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us that when the merchant says
+give me your payment data we give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me your payment data we give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me your payment data we give them a
+credit card even though we're we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card even though we're we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card even though we're we might
+in fact regularly pay off our our credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact regularly pay off our our credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact regularly pay off our our credit
+card on a monthly I mean many Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card on a monthly I mean many Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card on a monthly I mean many Americans
+don't but many Americans do so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but many Americans do so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but many Americans do so it's this
+bundling of payment and credit services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundling of payment and credit services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundling of payment and credit services
+and you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're absolutely right
+because when the internet came along in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the internet came along in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the internet came along in
+our country we had established credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country we had established credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country we had established credit
+card payment rails and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card payment rails and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card payment rails and most of the
+internet payments whether it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet payments whether it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet payments whether it was for
+your mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mortgage
+well usually not mortgage but whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually not mortgage but whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually not mortgage but whether it
+was for your utilities or your small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for your utilities or your small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for your utilities or your small
+dollar payments we're built on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar payments we're built on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar payments we're built on top of
+the credit card rails your mortgage most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card rails your mortgage most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card rails your mortgage most
+mortgage lenders would say no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage lenders would say no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage lenders would say no I don't
+want to pay the 2.7% we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay the 2.7% we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay the 2.7% we didn't have
+enough market power even as a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough market power even as a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough market power even as a political
+campaign to get people to give it to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign to get people to give it to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign to get people to give it to us
+in checks or to zel payment to us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in checks or to zel payment to us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in checks or to zel payment to us but
+this 2.7 is economic rents this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2.7 is economic rents this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2.7 is economic rents this is a
+form of economic rents fraud does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of economic rents fraud does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of economic rents fraud does
+anybody know the figures for frauds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know the figures for frauds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know the figures for frauds in
+this country I went I went looked at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country I went I went looked at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country I went I went looked at it
+in the last two days so it was not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two days so it was not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two days so it was not in
+the readings total fraud is about 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings total fraud is about 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings total fraud is about 10 to
+20 basis points so of this 270 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 basis points so of this 270 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 basis points so of this 270 basis
+points or 2 point 7 percent less than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or 2 point 7 percent less than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or 2 point 7 percent less than 10
+percent of it's really going to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of it's really going to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of it's really going to pay for
+fraud now fraud is a really big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud now fraud is a really big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud now fraud is a really big thing
+don't get me wrong but it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get me wrong but it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get me wrong but it's a small
+portion of this it's not it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of this it's not it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of this it's not it's not the
+dominant feature here what is the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant feature here what is the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant feature here what is the credit
+that's covered by that 220 think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's covered by that 220 think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's covered by that 220 think that
+point I was just made was it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I was just made was it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I was just made was it was really
+is right you do want to just accept you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you do want to just accept you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you do want to just accept you
+think about payments digital payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about payments digital payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about payments digital payments
+and credit they're different they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit they're different they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit they're different they're
+just different product so typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different product so typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different product so typically
+extend me credit someone it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend me credit someone it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend me credit someone it's a very
+personal relation right you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal relation right you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal relation right you know you
+cannot really intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really intimately
+they're so subject look at our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so subject look at our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so subject look at our whole
+debit payments right when you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit payments right when you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit payments right when you're using
+money you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you already have
+well that credit risk is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that credit risk is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that credit risk is much much
+smaller than the money that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the money that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the money that you're not
+gonna pay me back to thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay me back to thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay me back to thank you so much
+so that I would say the the big thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I would say the the big thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I would say the the big thing I
+would encourage everyone is separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would encourage everyone is separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would encourage everyone is separate the
+two and more to the point okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and more to the point okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and more to the point okay what is
+the credit risk I don't know the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit risk I don't know the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit risk I don't know the number
+and I'll research it but I would caution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll research it but I would caution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll research it but I would caution
+to say the credit the the compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the credit the the compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the credit the the compensation
+for credit doesn't only come out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit doesn't only come out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for credit doesn't only come out of this
+it also comes out of the anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also comes out of the anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also comes out of the anywhere from
+eighteen to twenty seven percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen to twenty seven percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen to twenty seven percent
+interest rates they're charging so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates they're charging so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates they're charging so when
+you when you think about it like so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you think about it like so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you think about it like so it's
+a it's a dual model it's it's this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a dual model it's it's this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a dual model it's it's this which
+is not solely for the payment but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not solely for the payment but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not solely for the payment but I'm
+saying this is largely for the using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is largely for the using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is largely for the using the
+credit card rails as a payment rail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails as a payment rail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails as a payment rail and
+then you've charged an interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've charged an interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've charged an interest rate
+spread which is over a thousand basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread which is over a thousand basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread which is over a thousand basis
+points usually the spread versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points usually the spread versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points usually the spread versus
+underlying bank borrowing this tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying bank borrowing this tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying bank borrowing this tends to
+be anywhere from a thousand eighteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere from a thousand eighteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere from a thousand eighteen
+hundred basis points and some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred basis points and some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred basis points and some of these
+but I'm not I'm not saying it's separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not I'm not saying it's separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not I'm not saying it's separate
+it's two it's two business models let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two it's two business models let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two it's two business models let me
+let me turn on unless this is for credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me turn on unless this is for credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me turn on unless this is for credit
+cards debit cards tended to be about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards debit cards tended to be about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards debit cards tended to be about the
+same but after the dodd-frank act the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but after the dodd-frank act the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but after the dodd-frank act the
+the regulatory reform bill here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory reform bill here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory reform bill here in the
+US and the dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and the dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and the dirt
+amendment Senator Dick Durbin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment Senator Dick Durbin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment Senator Dick Durbin of
+Illinois had an amendment where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois had an amendment where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois had an amendment where we're
+debit cards have to be priced closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit cards have to be priced closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit cards have to be priced closer to
+cost plus I can't remember if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost plus I can't remember if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost plus I can't remember if it's a
+reasonable return on capital and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable return on capital and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable return on capital and there
+was a Federal Reserve rule making on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Federal Reserve rule making on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Federal Reserve rule making on
+that debit card numbers came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debit card numbers came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debit card numbers came down
+significantly from this I just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly from this I just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly from this I just don't
+know the exact figures but it's over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact figures but it's over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact figures but it's over a
+hundred basis points still in debit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred basis points still in debit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred basis points still in debit
+cards but it's not 270 good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards but it's not 270 good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards but it's not 270 good question
+so I'm not gonna go through the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not gonna go through the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not gonna go through the details
+but cross-border payments have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cross-border payments have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but cross-border payments have more
+complexity I'm not gonna go through but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity I'm not gonna go through but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity I'm not gonna go through but
+the payment this is the what I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment this is the what I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment this is the what I'll call
+the front dad you have a payer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front dad you have a payer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front dad you have a payer on the
+left and a payee on the right think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and a payee on the right think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and a payee on the right think of
+somebody in the u.s. sending money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the u.s. sending money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the u.s. sending money to
+somebody in the Philippines maybe I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the Philippines maybe I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the Philippines maybe I need
+a on my side a payment system processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on my side a payment system processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on my side a payment system processor
+that's the bubble on the top I need them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bubble on the top I need them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bubble on the top I need them
+to have some payment system processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some payment system processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some payment system processor
+they're both ads well in the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both ads well in the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both ads well in the front end
+so just think more complexity more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think more complexity more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think more complexity more
+friction in the system and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction in the system and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction in the system and really the
+reason is is because you're jumping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is is because you're jumping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is is because you're jumping from
+one money to another money or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one money to another money or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one money to another money or another
+way you can think of it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think of it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think of it is you're
+usually jumping from one ledger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually jumping from one ledger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually jumping from one ledger system
+to another ledger system if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another ledger system if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another ledger system if you're
+thinking like the computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like the computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like the computers and
+recording and the backend I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and the backend I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and the backend I should have
+called this backend but I labeled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this backend but I labeled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this backend but I labeled it
+both of them front-end sorry has a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them front-end sorry has a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them front-end sorry has a bunch
+of things inside of it and the one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things inside of it and the one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things inside of it and the one I'm
+just gonna mention is correspondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna mention is correspondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna mention is correspondent
+banking it is a feature that came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking it is a feature that came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking it is a feature that came out of
+centuries of banking arguably you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of banking arguably you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of banking arguably you might
+not need it as much now but the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need it as much now but the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need it as much now but the concept
+was I'm a small regional bank in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I'm a small regional bank in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I'm a small regional bank in the
+u.s. I'm sending something to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. I'm sending something to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. I'm sending something to somebody
+in the Philippines the Philippines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Philippines the Philippines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Philippines the Philippines
+doesn't recognize this small regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't recognize this small regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't recognize this small regional
+bank let's say in Kansas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank let's say in Kansas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank let's say in Kansas
+I need a correspondent bank that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a correspondent bank that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a correspondent bank that they
+can trust so it was a cost of trust that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust so it was a cost of trust that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust so it was a cost of trust that
+it could go from one country's bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could go from one country's bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could go from one country's bank
+through a bank called a correspondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bank called a correspondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bank called a correspondent
+bank which would had trust to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank which would had trust to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank which would had trust to the other
+countries back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries back
+or maybe you even had correspondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you even had correspondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you even had correspondent
+banks in both countries but usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in both countries but usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in both countries but usually you
+had one international bank in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one international bank in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one international bank in between
+Hugo if there was there became enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo if there was there became enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo if there was there became enough
+trust in the Bitcoin network could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in the Bitcoin network could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in the Bitcoin network could that
+as the corresponding bank where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the corresponding bank where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the corresponding bank where like
+you're in the US or whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the US or whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the US or whatever they
+transfer US dollars so Hugo's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer US dollars so Hugo's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer US dollars so Hugo's asking
+whether Bitcoin or any cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Bitcoin or any cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Bitcoin or any cryptocurrency
+could play that role of a course but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play that role of a course but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play that role of a course but a
+bank or effectively play the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank or effectively play the bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank or effectively play the bridge
+currency between Fiat to crypto US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency between Fiat to crypto US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency between Fiat to crypto US
+dollar to Bitcoin you said and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar to Bitcoin you said and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar to Bitcoin you said and what was
+the other country just Philippines which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other country just Philippines which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other country just Philippines which
+is a peso what you what's that hey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a peso what you what's that hey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a peso what you what's that hey so
+yeah so US dollar fiat - crypto Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so US dollar fiat - crypto Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so US dollar fiat - crypto Bitcoin
+- Philippine peso that is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Philippine peso that is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Philippine peso that is called a
+bridge crypto or bridge currency that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge crypto or bridge currency that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge crypto or bridge currency that's
+in fact what ripple is trying to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what ripple is trying to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what ripple is trying to do with
+X or Pig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or Pig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or Pig
+so ripple is a company that started as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ripple is a company that started as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ripple is a company that started as a
+mesh messaging a payment messaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh messaging a payment messaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh messaging a payment messaging
+service to compete with Swift and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service to compete with Swift and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service to compete with Swift and that
+that messaging service which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that messaging service which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that messaging service which we'll talk
+about more Thursday has been adopted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more Thursday has been adopted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more Thursday has been adopted by
+many banks more recently in 2018 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many banks more recently in 2018 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many banks more recently in 2018 they
+rolled out a prototype of using a crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled out a prototype of using a crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled out a prototype of using a crypto
+token XRP as a bridge currency I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token XRP as a bridge currency I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token XRP as a bridge currency I would
+say yes that is possible I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes that is possible I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes that is possible I think there's
+an issue also about volatility so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue also about volatility so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue also about volatility so if
+you're you're moving Fiat dollar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're moving Fiat dollar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're moving Fiat dollar to
+crypto Bitcoin XRP to Fiat if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto Bitcoin XRP to Fiat if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto Bitcoin XRP to Fiat if you have a
+lot of volatility that that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of volatility that that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of volatility that that means it's
+it's a less it could be costly but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a less it could be costly but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a less it could be costly but if
+it's stable value so you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable value so you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable value so you can you can
+lower the cost two ways lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the cost two ways lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the cost two ways lowering the
+volatility of the crypto or lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the crypto or lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the crypto or lower the
+time and XRP believes they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and XRP believes they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and XRP believes they have a
+solution that can be down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that can be down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that can be down to
+seconds and thus even if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and thus even if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and thus even if that's
+volatility that in seconds it won't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility that in seconds it won't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility that in seconds it won't move
+as much and the friction will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much and the friction will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much and the friction will be that
+you have to sell dollars to buy X or P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sell dollars to buy X or P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sell dollars to buy X or P
+and then sell X or P to buy peso or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sell X or P to buy peso or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sell X or P to buy peso or or
+you can interpose any bridge currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpose any bridge currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpose any bridge currency
+one of the most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most significant
+opportunities for stable value tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for stable value tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for stable value tokens
+that we'll talk about in a few classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about in a few classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about in a few classes
+is maybe as what we can call it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe as what we can call it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe as what we can call it as a
+bridge currency for cross-border Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge currency for cross-border Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge currency for cross-border Western
+Union and other remittance companies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union and other remittance companies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union and other remittance companies can
+sometimes charge as much as nine or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes charge as much as nine or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes charge as much as nine or ten
+percent especially for small dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent especially for small dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent especially for small dollar
+remittances and I don't know if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances and I don't know if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances and I don't know if any of
+you do cross-border remittances but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do cross-border remittances but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do cross-border remittances but if
+it's small dollar it can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small dollar it can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small dollar it can be very
+significant fees if it's large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fees if it's large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fees if it's large
+multi-million dollar transactions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-million dollar transactions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-million dollar transactions you're
+getting into corporate Treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into corporate Treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into corporate Treasury
+functions so on the blockchain payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so on the blockchain payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so on the blockchain payment
+solution side you have to always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution side you have to always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution side you have to always think
+about is this targeted for the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is this targeted for the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is this targeted for the retail
+small dollar transactional side where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small dollar transactional side where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small dollar transactional side where
+you're trying to get inside of an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get inside of an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get inside of an eight
+to ten percent fee structure but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten percent fee structure but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten percent fee structure but again
+if it's only on 50 to 200 dollar US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only on 50 to 200 dollar US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only on 50 to 200 dollar US
+dollar sort of transactions you you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sort of transactions you you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sort of transactions you you'd
+have to figure out how to get your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how to get your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how to get your your
+cost structure down there or is it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost structure down there or is it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost structure down there or is it for
+the multi-million dollar Treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi-million dollar Treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi-million dollar Treasury
+function for the fortune 500 or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the fortune 500 or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the fortune 500 or the the
+world thousand or whatever Treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world thousand or whatever Treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world thousand or whatever Treasury
+function where they're really talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where they're really talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where they're really talking
+about frictions which are in basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frictions which are in basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frictions which are in basis
+points but still the bridge currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but still the bridge currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but still the bridge currency
+crypto bridge currencies might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto bridge currencies might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto bridge currencies might still
+help in the Treasury function side I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in the Treasury function side I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in the Treasury function side I'll
+call the corporate Treasury function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the corporate Treasury function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the corporate Treasury function
+side all the way to the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all the way to the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all the way to the retail
+remittance side the fee structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittance side the fee structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittance side the fee structures the
+percentage fees are different and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage fees are different and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage fees are different and you
+just have to be able to say well can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be able to say well can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be able to say well can I
+get inside of those inefficiencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside of those inefficiencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inside of those inefficiencies and
+on the retail side it takes two to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the retail side it takes two to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the retail side it takes two to five
+days to do a remittance so can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to do a remittance so can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to do a remittance so can you get
+inside the timing allene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but trying to distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to distinguish between
+getting remittances from one account one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting remittances from one account one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting remittances from one account one
+account so helpful colleges versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so helpful colleges versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so helpful colleges versus
+person-to-person and I know they sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person-to-person and I know they sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person-to-person and I know they sound
+the same but they're not right person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but they're not right person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but they're not right person
+means hey you know what my my mother out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means hey you know what my my mother out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means hey you know what my my mother out
+there doesn't have a bank account she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there doesn't have a bank account she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there doesn't have a bank account she's
+a person if she were to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person if she were to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person if she were to have an
+accountant don't be a Philly right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountant don't be a Philly right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountant don't be a Philly right but
+if she doesn't have a background that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she doesn't have a background that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she doesn't have a background that's
+not that's not that easy right most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's not that easy right most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's not that easy right most of
+the most of the value that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the value that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the value that all of these
+Western unions or whatever they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western unions or whatever they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western unions or whatever they've been
+valued by the time and they have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued by the time and they have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued by the time and they have a lot
+of locations but people can walk in get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of locations but people can walk in get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of locations but people can walk in get
+their money get up right a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money get up right a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money get up right a lot of the
+polls that are coming the solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls that are coming the solution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls that are coming the solution right
+now that are trying to address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that are trying to address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that are trying to address this
+account for Hong Kong as in likely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for Hong Kong as in likely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for Hong Kong as in likely you
+don't want to feel a bump out here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to feel a bump out here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to feel a bump out here an
+accountant in South Korea I thought not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountant in South Korea I thought not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountant in South Korea I thought not
+that complicated right and cryptic girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated right and cryptic girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated right and cryptic girls
+can probably actually compete very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably actually compete very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably actually compete very well
+however if you tried to say hey you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you tried to say hey you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you tried to say hey you know
+what I haven't backed out here but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I haven't backed out here but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I haven't backed out here but my
+mother who doesn't have a back health in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother who doesn't have a back health in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother who doesn't have a back health in
+South Korea okay how do I get the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Korea okay how do I get the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Korea okay how do I get the money
+to her fine what am I going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her fine what am I going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her fine what am I going to do this
+right so the real problem that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the real problem that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the real problem that you have
+to think about if you are a remittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about if you are a remittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about if you are a remittance
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+where are the exit ramps on both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the exit ramps on both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the exit ramps on both ends
+right how exactly are you going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how exactly are you going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how exactly are you going to get
+that do they actually use those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do they actually use those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do they actually use those and
+there's no economy-wide use of crypto if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no economy-wide use of crypto if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no economy-wide use of crypto if
+you're trying to move value around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to move value around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to move value around the
+globe on the other end it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe on the other end it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe on the other end it's probably
+Fiat - crypto crypto - Fiat so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiat - crypto crypto - Fiat so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fiat - crypto crypto - Fiat so it's
+probably - money exchanges if it's to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably - money exchanges if it's to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably - money exchanges if it's to be
+stored value if it's stored value a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored value if it's stored value a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored value if it's stored value a lot
+of people are still willing to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are still willing to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are still willing to store
+value in crypto but until it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in crypto but until it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in crypto but until it grows
+larger it's not a medium of exchange in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it's not a medium of exchange in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it's not a medium of exchange in
+any economy wide solution so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any economy wide solution so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any economy wide solution so this is a
+slide you've seen before we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide you've seen before we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide you've seen before we're not going
+to spend much time but in payments some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend much time but in payments some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend much time but in payments some
+of these matter and some don't and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these matter and some don't and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these matter and some don't and I
+think I did my little thing some will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did my little thing some will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did my little thing some will
+grow okay yeah there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay yeah there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay yeah there you go
+all the illicit activity remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the illicit activity remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the illicit activity remember in
+public policy there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy there's something called
+the Bank Secrecy Act if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bank Secrecy Act if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bank Secrecy Act if you're thinking
+about anything in the payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything in the payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything in the payment space
+you're probably moving something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably moving something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably moving something of
+value and in almost every country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and in almost every country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and in almost every country you
+have to comply with some form of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to comply with some form of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to comply with some form of any
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+wandering know your customer bag secrecy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering know your customer bag secrecy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering know your customer bag secrecy
+type of thing the US department treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing the US department treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing the US department treasury
+said so in 2013 you probably also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so in 2013 you probably also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so in 2013 you probably also have
+to deal with some consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with some consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with some consumer protection
+that's why that box on the bottom sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that box on the bottom sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that box on the bottom sort
+of grill like you're just not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grill like you're just not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grill like you're just not going to
+lose their money or steal their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their money or steal their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their money or steal their money
+and maybe something about privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe something about privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe something about privacy
+whether it's GDP or type of privacy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's GDP or type of privacy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's GDP or type of privacy in
+Europe or elsewhere you're not worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe or elsewhere you're not worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe or elsewhere you're not worried
+about investor protection but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about investor protection but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about investor protection but in this
+country you have to worry about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you have to worry about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you have to worry about how to
+register as a money service provider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register as a money service provider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register as a money service provider in
+other countries similarly register so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries similarly register so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries similarly register so I
+just raised that and as we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raised that and as we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raised that and as we go through
+use cases in h2 I'm gonna constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cases in h2 I'm gonna constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cases in h2 I'm gonna constantly
+kind of use this start and say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use this start and say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use this start and say well what
+public policy issues you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy issues you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy issues you don't have to
+worry about this the sec probably but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about this the sec probably but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about this the sec probably but
+maybe some stable value token might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some stable value token might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some stable value token might be
+an exchange-traded fund so it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange-traded fund so it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange-traded fund so it's possible
+you might be blurring up against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be blurring up against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be blurring up against that
+regulatory state so technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory state so technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory state so technology is
+affecting us and this is a slide I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting us and this is a slide I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting us and this is a slide I think
+I've used before with everybody but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used before with everybody but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used before with everybody but I
+thought well wait a minute what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well wait a minute what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well wait a minute what what are
+these eight and there's more technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight and there's more technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight and there's more technology
+affecting finance but what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting finance but what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting finance but what are these
+main eight are really hitting payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main eight are really hitting payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main eight are really hitting payments
+when I add payments well I'd say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add payments well I'd say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add payments well I'd say there's
+kind of four or five of them blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of four or five of them blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of four or five of them blockchain
+is affecting payments but biometrics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affecting payments but biometrics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affecting payments but biometrics we
+talked about that earlier biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that earlier biometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that earlier biometrics
+definitely mobile telephony open API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely mobile telephony open API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely mobile telephony open API
+which is the UK initiative where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the UK initiative where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the UK initiative where they're
+saying that UK banks must allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that UK banks must allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that UK banks must allow
+merchants an ability to get inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants an ability to get inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants an ability to get inside of
+those bank accounts basically - it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bank accounts basically - it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bank accounts basically - it's
+called open API because they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called open API because they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called open API because they have an
+interface directly into the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface directly into the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface directly into the bank
+accounts and even robotic scraping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and even robotic scraping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and even robotic scraping of
+data RPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data RPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data RPA
+I think are all related to payments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are all related to payments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are all related to payments in
+some way or maybe everything maybe cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or maybe everything maybe cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or maybe everything maybe cloud
+in AI and machine learning but I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in AI and machine learning but I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in AI and machine learning but I kind of
+think I think that these five are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think that these five are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think that these five are the
+ones so blockchain is amongst the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so blockchain is amongst the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so blockchain is amongst the things
+changing payment it's not the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing payment it's not the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing payment it's not the only thing
+changing payments and then remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing payments and then remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing payments and then remember a
+bunch of attempts in the No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of attempts in the No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of attempts in the No
+a bunch of ways to do digital cash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of ways to do digital cash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of ways to do digital cash in
+the 90s we talked about this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s we talked about this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 90s we talked about this in the
+first or second lecture of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second lecture of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second lecture of the course
+fundamentally why did they all fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally why did they all fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally why did they all fail
+anybody remember why they failed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember why they failed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember why they failed they
+didn't spend it solve the double pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spend it solve the double pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spend it solve the double pet
+spend problem so Bitcoin and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend problem so Bitcoin and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend problem so Bitcoin and blockchain
+technology Nakamoto consensus is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Nakamoto consensus is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Nakamoto consensus is a
+solution to the double spend nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the double spend nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the double spend nothing's
+100% solution it has some challenges too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% solution it has some challenges too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% solution it has some challenges too
+but it's a solution to the double spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a solution to the double spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a solution to the double spend
+issue so then before Bitcoin we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so then before Bitcoin we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so then before Bitcoin we had a
+bunch of mobile phone and mobile payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of mobile phone and mobile payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of mobile phone and mobile payment
+and now afterwards and I just I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now afterwards and I just I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now afterwards and I just I want to
+spend our last minutes kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our last minutes kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our last minutes kind of just
+chatting about what what what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatting about what what what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatting about what what what are the
+lessons learning so first Ali pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learning so first Ali pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learning so first Ali pay and
+WeChat who wants to tell me a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WeChat who wants to tell me a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WeChat who wants to tell me a little bit
+there's probably somebody who has a Lipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably somebody who has a Lipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably somebody who has a Lipe
+and WeChat on their phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and WeChat on their phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and WeChat on their phones
+talita you want to tell us about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talita you want to tell us about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talita you want to tell us about it
+no Chris just a chat service so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Chris just a chat service so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Chris just a chat service so they
+built out of a huge user base which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out of a huge user base which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out of a huge user base which is
+the key similarity between WeChat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key similarity between WeChat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key similarity between WeChat and
+Ollie Bank and so essentially once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ollie Bank and so essentially once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ollie Bank and so essentially once they
+have that jumper base they want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that jumper base they want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that jumper base they want to start
+monetizing and that's where the we chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetizing and that's where the we chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetizing and that's where the we chat
+and Ali pay started they started right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ali pay started they started right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ali pay started they started right
+out of communications basically chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of communications basically chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of communications basically chat
+text right and ali petty was off of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text right and ali petty was off of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text right and ali petty was off of like
+what is appropriate Shawn to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is appropriate Shawn to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is appropriate Shawn to call it
+like China's mixture of eBay and Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like China's mixture of eBay and Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like China's mixture of eBay and Amazon
+p2p and those payment channels I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2p and those payment channels I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2p and those payment channels I don't
+think it's a surprise China was not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a surprise China was not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a surprise China was not as
+developed in terms of a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in terms of a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in terms of a credit card
+rails as the US and had four fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails as the US and had four fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails as the US and had four fewer
+banked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banked so
+these two companies solved a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two companies solved a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two companies solved a problem
+that kind of existed because there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of existed because there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of existed because there was
+not as it developed banking system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as it developed banking system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as it developed banking system and
+credit card systems over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card systems over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card systems over all those
+systems cost less than in the u.s. than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems cost less than in the u.s. than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems cost less than in the u.s. than
+270 basis points and you you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+270 basis points and you you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+270 basis points and you you had an
+article in the readings that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in the readings that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in the readings that maybe the
+u.s. payment system is gonna get shook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. payment system is gonna get shook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. payment system is gonna get shook
+up I don't know the answer but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I don't know the answer but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I don't know the answer but you know
+maybe they'll get shaken up by these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll get shaken up by these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll get shaken up by these two
+how about the emphasis story anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the emphasis story anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the emphasis story anybody
+have em pasted on their phones no who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have em pasted on their phones no who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have em pasted on their phones no who
+wants to give a crack at em paisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give a crack at em paisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give a crack at em paisa
+it's basically telephone mobile minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically telephone mobile minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically telephone mobile minutes
+in all three of these the central bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all three of these the central bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all three of these the central bank's
+saw a traditional banking function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a traditional banking function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a traditional banking function
+payments and a second traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and a second traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and a second traditional
+banking function the store of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking function the store of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking function the store of value
+being done by non banks what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done by non banks what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done by non banks what do you
+think the central banks and the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the central banks and the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the central banks and the official
+sector did he's actually the man oversaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector did he's actually the man oversaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector did he's actually the man oversaw
+the cost so that event so let's break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so that event so let's break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so that event so let's break it
+down so what is the official sector said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so what is the official sector said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so what is the official sector said
+whoa we've got to bring this inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa we've got to bring this inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa we've got to bring this inside the
+public policy framework regulate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy framework regulate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy framework regulate it and
+then to they said in in the Kenya case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to they said in in the Kenya case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to they said in in the Kenya case
+it's got to be set up as a trust and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be set up as a trust and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be set up as a trust and the
+value the stored value has to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the stored value has to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the stored value has to be in the
+banking system literally so all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system literally so all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system literally so all the all
+those little Eric I just wanted to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little Eric I just wanted to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little Eric I just wanted to add
+one example to your lease that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example to your lease that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example to your lease that actually
+described this well they look big which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this well they look big which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this well they look big which
+is true model and the initiative room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true model and the initiative room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true model and the initiative room
+model and it was it was tackled or begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it was it was tackled or begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it was it was tackled or begun
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+former production minister infirm who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former production minister infirm who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former production minister infirm who
+actually thought about that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought about that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought about that that
+potential issue and she started reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential issue and she started reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential issue and she started reaching
+out to the to all local banks and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the to all local banks and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the to all local banks and all
+local temples drop them all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local temples drop them all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local temples drop them all together and
+created a whole model that's called VJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a whole model that's called VJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a whole model that's called VJ
+Tina movie which is mobile wallet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina movie which is mobile wallet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina movie which is mobile wallet in
+Spanish and it's been growing since 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish and it's been growing since 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish and it's been growing since 2016
+as a means to means of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a means to means of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a means to means of financial
+inclusion for underserved populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion for underserved populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion for underserved populations
+and people that are that don't have bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people that are that don't have bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people that are that don't have bank
+accounts because banks see that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts because banks see that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts because banks see that as an
+opportunity to get more customers Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get more customers Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get more customers Eric
+can I ask you a couple questions do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I ask you a couple questions do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I ask you a couple questions do you
+know was it a mean store just payment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was it a mean store just payment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was it a mean store just payment or
+did they actually store value in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they actually store value in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they actually store value in this
+system it's both it's yeah it's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's both it's yeah it's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's both it's yeah it's you can
+use your mobile to pay to run up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your mobile to pay to run up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your mobile to pay to run up to
+another person to a merchant for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person to a merchant for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person to a merchant for example
+small store with another mobile or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small store with another mobile or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small store with another mobile or you
+can have to be cashing out has it been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have to be cashing out has it been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have to be cashing out has it been
+brought inside is it now being regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought inside is it now being regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought inside is it now being regulated
+as a financial firm it's now speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a financial firm it's now speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a financial firm it's now speed
+officer as what we call Sociedad an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer as what we call Sociedad an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer as what we call Sociedad an
+anima which is some sort of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anima which is some sort of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anima which is some sort of private
+company but it's basically also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but it's basically also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but it's basically also a
+consortium of all the banks so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium of all the banks so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium of all the banks so if you if
+if you can send me an email with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can send me an email with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can send me an email with its
+name I love that and maybe I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name I love that and maybe I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name I love that and maybe I'll put
+something on canvas about it but in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on canvas about it but in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on canvas about it but in all
+these circumstances they were payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circumstances they were payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circumstances they were payments
+but they also had they started storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also had they started storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also had they started storing
+value the other one I want to mention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the other one I want to mention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the other one I want to mention is
+Starbucks Starbucks how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks Starbucks how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks Starbucks how many people have
+Starbucks on their phone and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks on their phone and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks on their phone and they have
+right so wait a minute I saw a hand back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so wait a minute I saw a hand back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so wait a minute I saw a hand back
+there Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Larry
+Jesus I'm gonna call on you then here No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus I'm gonna call on you then here No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus I'm gonna call on you then here No
+all right does it store value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so $20 whenever it goes below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so $20 whenever it goes below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so $20 whenever it goes below the
+minimum it kicks another 20 yen so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum it kicks another 20 yen so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum it kicks another 20 yen so you
+never so they basically take it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never so they basically take it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never so they basically take it out of
+your bank account right you gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bank account right you gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bank account right you gave them
+authorization back to that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization back to that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization back to that word
+authorization to just take money out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to just take money out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to just take money out of
+your bank account so this is a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bank account so this is a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bank account so this is a form of
+what used to be when Larry and I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used to be when Larry and I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what used to be when Larry and I were
+kids you could have physical prepaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids you could have physical prepaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids you could have physical prepaid
+cards gift cards I got them on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards gift cards I got them on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards gift cards I got them on my
+birthday you know it's a gift card but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday you know it's a gift card but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday you know it's a gift card but
+now it's sort of prepaid cards on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's sort of prepaid cards on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's sort of prepaid cards on your
+mobile phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone
+I think if Starbucks had billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if Starbucks had billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if Starbucks had billions of
+dollars and everybody's $20 that the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and everybody's $20 that the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and everybody's $20 that the US
+Federal Reserve might top knock on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve might top knock on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve might top knock on their
+door and say you've got to register as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and say you've got to register as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and say you've got to register as a
+bank or you've got in China basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank or you've got in China basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank or you've got in China basically
+that's what happened to Alibaba the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened to Alibaba the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened to Alibaba the
+largest money market fund in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest money market fund in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest money market fund in the whole
+world is an ant financial a leap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is an ant financial a leap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is an ant financial a leap a
+largest is about 300 billion US dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest is about 300 billion US dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest is about 300 billion US dollars
+but I think the same would happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the same would happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the same would happen with
+Starbucks because they're storing value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks because they're storing value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks because they're storing value
+and in in Kenya they said you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in Kenya they said you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in Kenya they said you've got to
+put it in a trust and by the way we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a trust and by the way we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a trust and by the way we we
+want you to make deposits with a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to make deposits with a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to make deposits with a hundred
+percent of this in the banking system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of this in the banking system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of this in the banking system
+and that that official sector said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that official sector said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that official sector said we
+don't want to disintermediate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to disintermediate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to disintermediate the
+commercial banks now they didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks now they didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks now they didn't write
+that in a statement they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a statement they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a statement they probably
+couched it all in consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couched it all in consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couched it all in consumer protection
+but the essence the outcome was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essence the outcome was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essence the outcome was they
+were keeping their commercial banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were keeping their commercial banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were keeping their commercial banking
+system alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system alive
+by doing it Starbucks I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing it Starbucks I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing it Starbucks I don't know what
+they're doing Larry with your $20 but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing Larry with your $20 but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing Larry with your $20 but I
+don't what you don't either no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't what you don't either no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't what you don't either no but I
+don't think it's a surprise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's a surprise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's a surprise that
+Starbucks is partnered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks is partnered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks is partnered with
+IntercontinentalExchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange
+and you should ask you know Jeff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should ask you know Jeff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should ask you know Jeff and
+Kelly when they're with us well why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly when they're with us well why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly when they're with us well why is
+that connection I'm Shirley were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connection I'm Shirley were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connection I'm Shirley were a
+couple hands I saw GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hands I saw GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hands I saw GE
+and I saw a lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw a lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw a lead
+to point out that you probably have set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that you probably have set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that you probably have set
+the auto subscribe until our II advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto subscribe until our II advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto subscribe until our II advice
+how did he set his auto subscriber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did he set his auto subscriber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did he set his auto subscriber
+that's right every night like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right every night like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right every night like they're
+doing you a service I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you a service I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you a service I'm not saying
+they're not doing your service and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing your service and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing your service and they
+did have a way to then move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a way to then move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a way to then move into the
+formal economy you know so the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal economy you know so the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal economy you know so the money
+just stayed there and literally was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stayed there and literally was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stayed there and literally was
+money stored in a box with three locks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money stored in a box with three locks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money stored in a box with three locks
+and they were very at that time differed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very at that time differed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very at that time differed
+the British overseas development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British overseas development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British overseas development
+agencies were sponsoring a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies were sponsoring a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies were sponsoring a few of these
+NGOs to do this work and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NGOs to do this work and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NGOs to do this work and the
+consortium's biggest problem was now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium's biggest problem was now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium's biggest problem was now how
+do we the next step up is do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we the next step up is do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we the next step up is do you
+transition them into the formal economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition them into the formal economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition them into the formal economy
+and gain access to credit it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gain access to credit it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gain access to credit it was like
+the opposite approach of the micro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite approach of the micro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite approach of the micro and
+that's the point when in Kenya this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point when in Kenya this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point when in Kenya this
+breakthrough happens is when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough happens is when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough happens is when these
+savings groups finally had some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings groups finally had some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings groups finally had some money
+and the first thing that happened in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing that happened in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing that happened in our
+villages like no Bank was going to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages like no Bank was going to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages like no Bank was going to open
+a branch there was a movement or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch there was a movement or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch there was a movement or on
+Moodle Bank branches but even that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moodle Bank branches but even that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moodle Bank branches but even that was
+very expensive for the amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive for the amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive for the amount of money
+that each of these groups was saving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of these groups was saving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of these groups was saving and
+so that then these first operators came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then these first operators came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then these first operators came
+up it was almost like an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it was almost like an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it was almost like an act of
+frustration you know like okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration you know like okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration you know like okay we have
+this cash in this box that cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cash in this box that cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cash in this box that cannot be
+stored so now we're just gonna move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored so now we're just gonna move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored so now we're just gonna move
+let me do the caption so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the caption so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the caption so some of the
+themes is that where there's a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes is that where there's a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes is that where there's a market
+gap there's a gap in Kenya with on back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap there's a gap in Kenya with on back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap there's a gap in Kenya with on back
+and by the way hand sub-saharan Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way hand sub-saharan Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way hand sub-saharan Africa
+is still unbanked but half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still unbanked but half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still unbanked but half of that
+unbanked have mobile phones so but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked have mobile phones so but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked have mobile phones so but there
+is a gap in China and so Ali pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gap in China and so Ali pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gap in China and so Ali pay and
+WeChat and Sauveur it's started to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WeChat and Sauveur it's started to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WeChat and Sauveur it's started to fill
+it what gaps are there today that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what gaps are there today that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what gaps are there today that you
+walk and fill and then secondly does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and fill and then secondly does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and fill and then secondly does a
+blockchain technology solution help fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology solution help fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology solution help fill
+that gap there might be big gaps created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap there might be big gaps created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap there might be big gaps created
+by two hundred and seventy five basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two hundred and seventy five basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two hundred and seventy five basis
+points in the u.s. that two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the u.s. that two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the u.s. that two and
+three-quarters percent and using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarters percent and using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-quarters percent and using the
+credit card rails for payments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails for payments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails for payments there
+might be gaps of the unbanked there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be gaps of the unbanked there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be gaps of the unbanked there
+might be at big gaps in customer user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at big gaps in customer user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at big gaps in customer user
+interface because a lot of the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface because a lot of the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface because a lot of the customer
+user interface in current banking isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface in current banking isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface in current banking isn't
+that great as we move to mobile phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great as we move to mobile phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great as we move to mobile phones
+QR codes there was a nice comment see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR codes there was a nice comment see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR codes there was a nice comment see if
+you do comment I remember what you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do comment I remember what you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do comment I remember what you say
+well in line but there was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in line but there was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in line but there was a nice
+comment about QR codes where QR codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about QR codes where QR codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about QR codes where QR codes
+used in payment most dominantly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in payment most dominantly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in payment most dominantly two
+countries white China and India the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries white China and India the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries white China and India the US
+and I would even contend Europe are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would even contend Europe are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would even contend Europe are no
+longer at the forefront of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at the forefront of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at the forefront of payments
+because we're sort of had existing big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sort of had existing big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sort of had existing big
+legacy systems but that might mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy systems but that might mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy systems but that might mean that
+there's big legacy systems built on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's big legacy systems built on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's big legacy systems built on the
+credit card rails but dominantly might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails but dominantly might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card rails but dominantly might
+be vulnerable a quick thing just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vulnerable a quick thing just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vulnerable a quick thing just on the
+methods this was out of a report you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods this was out of a report you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods this was out of a report you had
+but I just thought in 2016 29% still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just thought in 2016 29% still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just thought in 2016 29% still
+credit card estimate five years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card estimate five years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card estimate five years from now
+worldwide down to 15% II while it's 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide down to 15% II while it's 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide down to 15% II while it's 18
+percent to 46 percent those trends if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent to 46 percent those trends if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent to 46 percent those trends if
+they're right and of course they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right and of course they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right and of course they won't
+be exactly right but those trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly right but those trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly right but those trends
+creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates
+opportunity when you have huge changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity when you have huge changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity when you have huge changes
+and people are changing the way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are changing the way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are changing the way they're
+doing things that's usually where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that's usually where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that's usually where
+business opportunities are you you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business opportunities are you you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business opportunities are you you had
+this is too detailed but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too detailed but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too detailed but I think it's
+sort of fascinating that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fascinating that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fascinating that the the the
+Federal Reserve puts this out once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve puts this out once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve puts this out once a
+year it's always old stale data but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's always old stale data but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's always old stale data but the
+big things I took away is that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big things I took away is that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big things I took away is that we've got
+a huge change that's happening here even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge change that's happening here even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge change that's happening here even
+in the US and and card payments still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and and card payments still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and and card payments still
+growing of course but not like they once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing of course but not like they once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing of course but not like they once
+were mobile payments are big changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mobile payments are big changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mobile payments are big changing
+half of all card payments are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of all card payments are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of all card payments are done
+online by the way not in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online by the way not in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online by the way not in person
+now so those statistics if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so those statistics if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so those statistics if you're gonna
+build a real business and not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a real business and not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a real business and not just a
+business for a final project for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business for a final project for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business for a final project for you
+know genzler's course you're gonna want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genzler's course you're gonna want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genzler's course you're gonna want
+to dive into these statistics you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into these statistics you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into these statistics you want
+to want to see where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to see where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to see where are the
+opportunities what are the trends in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities what are the trends in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities what are the trends in the
+statistics and then bitcoin came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and then bitcoin came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and then bitcoin came along
+and we're not going to chat more but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to chat more but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to chat more but I'm
+gonna just say just as the two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just say just as the two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just say just as the two minutes
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+don't forget the economics and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget the economics and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget the economics and I say
+this again coming back to having read 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again coming back to having read 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again coming back to having read 50
+papers over the weekend when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers over the weekend when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers over the weekend when you're
+writing for the rest of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for the rest of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for the rest of the semester
+whatever whatever whatever section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever whatever section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever whatever section
+whether you write on payments whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you write on payments whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you write on payments whether
+you write on central bank whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write on central bank whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write on central bank whatever you
+write on remember about thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on remember about thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on remember about thinking about
+what are the benefits of blockchain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the benefits of blockchain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the benefits of blockchain what
+are the real specifics and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the real specifics and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the real specifics and particularly
+how does it lower verification or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it lower verification or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it lower verification or
+networking cost like christian catalina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking cost like christian catalina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking cost like christian catalina
+wrote about but just we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about but just we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about but just we talked about
+come into my office a spur office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into my office a spur office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into my office a spur office hours
+say wait a minute how does this does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait a minute how does this does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait a minute how does this does it
+really need to happen this way and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to happen this way and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to happen this way and most
+importantly what are the net benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly what are the net benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly what are the net benefits
+and i keep coming to my friend Brodus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i keep coming to my friend Brodus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i keep coming to my friend Brodus
+know don't do a traditional database you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't do a traditional database you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't do a traditional database you
+got to get to a private blockchain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get to a private blockchain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get to a private blockchain this
+is not a traditional database course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a traditional database course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a traditional database course
+we're we're about permission blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're about permission blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're about permission blockchain
+or permissionless blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or permissionless blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or permissionless blockchain and
+remember block chains are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember block chains are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember block chains are about
+append-only logs with some consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only logs with some consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only logs with some consensus
+with multiple party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple party
+having the right to change the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the right to change the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the right to change the state of
+the ledger so it's sort of like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ledger so it's sort of like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ledger so it's sort of like when
+does that valuable I believe there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that valuable I believe there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that valuable I believe there is
+value to that but not in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to that but not in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to that but not in every
+circumstance and certainly if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and certainly if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and certainly if there's a
+native token why do you need a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native token why do you need a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native token why do you need a native
+token is it there to jumpstart a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token is it there to jumpstart a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token is it there to jumpstart a network
+is it to help with token economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it to help with token economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it to help with token economics
+remembering that there's great Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that there's great Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that there's great Network
+effects to having one currency per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects to having one currency per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects to having one currency per
+jurisdiction but let not forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction but let not forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction but let not forget that
+certain multi jurisdiction could cease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain multi jurisdiction could cease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain multi jurisdiction could cease
+have failed the history of multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed the history of multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed the history of multi
+jurisdiction sees as they almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction sees as they almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction sees as they almost always
+fail we still have not seen the end or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail we still have not seen the end or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail we still have not seen the end or
+what's gonna happen with the URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen with the URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen with the URL
+I mean decades from now I'm saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean decades from now I'm saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean decades from now I'm saying and
+don't forget the skins and the swords as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget the skins and the swords as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget the skins and the swords as
+well so we're back together again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we're back together again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we're back together again on
+Thursday we're gonna do payments on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we're gonna do payments on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we're gonna do payments on that
+day we're gonna dive more into payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we're gonna dive more into payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we're gonna dive more into payment
+actual blockchain technology stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual blockchain technology stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual blockchain technology stuff in
+payments thank you a lien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments thank you a lien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments thank you a lien
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oyRIkmEU-J0.txt b/oyRIkmEU-J0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08f90e90600d8a6bb35e0e7913f995ae49fbb347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oyRIkmEU-J0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so over the last few last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the last few last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the last few last couple of
+years Shaun Robinson and I have made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Shaun Robinson and I have made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Shaun Robinson and I have made a
+few changes to the 814 curriculum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few changes to the 814 curriculum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few changes to the 814 curriculum to
+really differentiate it more from 813
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really differentiate it more from 813
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really differentiate it more from 813
+but I'm going to change that happened a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to change that happened a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to change that happened a
+number of years ago five years ago was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago five years ago was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago five years ago was a
+soft introduction of this exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft introduction of this exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft introduction of this exploratory
+project but then in the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but then in the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but then in the last few years
+what we decided to do was add yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we decided to do was add yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we decided to do was add yet
+another communication component namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another communication component namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another communication component namely
+the the poster session as the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the poster session as the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the poster session as the students
+move on to graduate school and posters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to graduate school and posters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to graduate school and posters
+one of the communication forms they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the communication forms they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the communication forms they will
+have to use at conferences etc and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use at conferences etc and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use at conferences etc and I
+think like for the papers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like for the papers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like for the papers and the
+presentations in 813 the post I'm livin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations in 813 the post I'm livin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations in 813 the post I'm livin
+when you have to start for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to start for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to start for the first
+time with a blank slate I think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a blank slate I think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a blank slate I think it is
+very different to find the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different to find the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different to find the appropriate
+form so we thought it would be very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we thought it would be very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we thought it would be very good
+to practice that in 814
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice that in 814
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice that in 814
+and the reason we made this change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we made this change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we made this change is
+that 814 competes for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 814 competes for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 814 competes for the for the
+students time with many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students time with many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students time with many other things
+they can do including taking Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do including taking Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do including taking Europe
+switch and they feel correctly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and they feel correctly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and they feel correctly are
+important for the future career and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the future career and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the future career and we
+felt that we need to revamp 8:14 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that we need to revamp 8:14 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that we need to revamp 8:14 a
+little bit to really make it worse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to really make it worse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to really make it worse to
+students time to give them something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students time to give them something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students time to give them something on
+which to they can build for the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to they can build for the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to they can build for the graduate
+school applications and their work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school applications and their work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school applications and their work as
+graduate students and I think many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students and I think many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students and I think many of
+the essentially all of the students that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially all of the students that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially all of the students that
+take a 8:14 in the end move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a 8:14 in the end move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a 8:14 in the end move on to
+graduate school in in physics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school in in physics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school in in physics and the
+new components I think really help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new components I think really help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new components I think really help them
+in both rounding out the application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both rounding out the application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both rounding out the application and
+in developing some tools that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing some tools that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing some tools that they will
+use later on as graduate students
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pISCwkvKMZ0.txt b/pISCwkvKMZ0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f245f59a6d78f48def43bf5404f462e39a7d247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pISCwkvKMZ0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3723 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+CORY: I guess I'll
+start now since I think
+
+this might be the crowd since
+most people are probably
+
+sleeping after the sprint
+submission deadline.
+
+Were most people up at 6:00 AM?
+
+Most?
+
+Most if not all.
+
+Alright, so, my name is Cory.
+
+I'm from the winning
+team last year
+
+and what I really
+want to do today
+
+is kind of give a
+complete information dump.
+
+So this lecture will almost
+seem like a stream of conscious,
+
+but these are the things
+that throughout all
+
+of our years at battle code
+are the things we really
+
+wish we'd got in lecture
+but never actually got.
+
+So my goal is hopefully to give
+the most relevant-- hopefully
+
+like the most applicable
+lecture to the nitty
+
+gritty details of
+the day to day.
+
+Things that you're
+doing battle code
+
+in order to make your
+bot better and try
+
+to improve your performance
+against the other teams.
+
+So whatever competitive edge you
+can glean from this hopefully
+
+propel yourself to
+the top of the ladder.
+
+So just to give a little bit
+of background about myself,
+
+I've been in three
+teams since 2010.
+
+The first two years
+where we're kind of meh.
+
+But in 2012 we were finally
+able to win the entire thing
+
+with my teammates,
+Yanping, Haitao and Justin.
+
+And in each year was quite
+different because of the people
+
+you work with.
+
+So what I want to do is give a
+lot about our 2012 experiences,
+
+and kind of explain the
+various choices we did.
+
+The tricks and techniques
+we did in order
+
+to give ourselves an
+edge over the other team.
+
+And I also want to give
+special thanks to these four
+
+teams in particular, Gunface,
+My Archon Died Bellmanfording
+
+the Stream, Drunkasaurus
+and Toothless.
+
+Just know that battle code
+is not done in a vacuum,
+
+and you learned from
+all the other teams.
+
+And so these teams were
+particularly helpful
+
+that our team learned from,
+that our team collaborated with.
+
+That we were able
+to share code bases
+
+and learn from each
+other, et cetera.
+
+So just to preface everything,
+we're the one's, fun gamers,
+
+is the one responsible
+for the spec this year.
+
+So if any of you guys
+have problems with it,
+
+you can't really blame Max or
+Stephen, you have to blame us.
+
+So any cries for like nerfing,
+OP, whatever, it comes to us.
+
+We made a lot of huge
+changes this year
+
+just because we wanted to
+mix up the game a little bit.
+
+And also we wanted to make it
+a little bit easier for people
+
+to start off code bases
+and get running players.
+
+I don't know how
+many of you guys
+
+played in 2010 or even
+2011, but the amount
+
+of code required to get even
+a simple bot up and running
+
+was enormous.
+
+So in 2010, because
+you couldn't actually
+
+attack a unit until you had
+equipped a gun on a robot,
+
+it took almost one to two
+days worth of code base
+
+before you could even get a
+robot moving and attacking
+
+simultaneously.
+
+So what we did a
+lot was simplify
+
+a huge number of things to
+make it a lot more higher
+
+level strategic control.
+
+So no walls, attacking
+is completely automatic,
+
+we removed directionality.
+
+I don't know how many of
+you guys played last year,
+
+but this one's pretty big.
+
+There's no robot directionality.
+
+We added in shared vision,
+global broadcasting,
+
+and a known map.
+
+So do most people
+enjoy these changes?
+
+Or at least people who have
+played it in previous years?
+
+Yeah?
+
+We're really excited,
+at least, about,
+
+in particular, having
+the map completely known
+
+and the global broadcasting,
+because it allows
+
+an unprecedented level of
+robot communication this year.
+
+So you can now,
+instead of having
+
+a bunch of almost
+completely autonomous robots
+
+with very limited
+broadcasting, you
+
+can have coordinate attacks.
+
+You know the map.
+
+You can design your
+strategy based on the map.
+
+Rather than wandering around
+for 100 to 1000 rounds,
+
+not knowing where to go, getting
+stuck behind voids, et cetera.
+
+The no walls is also
+very interesting.
+
+What we found in previous
+years is contestants
+
+will sometimes, if the math
+is really stupid or really
+
+retarded, what'll end
+up happening is you just
+
+watch for 3,000 rounds
+both people stuck
+
+in their base because of this
+really interesting concave
+
+of walls that prevents
+the people from getting
+
+out and actually
+engaging each other.
+
+So with no walls
+you can actually
+
+basically control
+the battlefield.
+
+You can defuse mines, you
+can add your own walls,
+
+you can prevent your
+enemies from attacking.
+
+You can create kind of--
+you can bend the battlefield
+
+to your will, which we thought
+was really exciting, especially
+
+because you're no longer
+completely screwed over
+
+if the map wasn't
+what you expected.
+
+So to begin, I want to
+emphasize that battle code is
+
+a trade off of time.
+
+So this is what battle code
+ultimately comes down to.
+
+You have three to four
+weeks to basically implement
+
+an entire bot.
+
+And in these three
+to four weeks,
+
+you have to decide
+what is most important.
+
+If you spend your time on the
+wrong thing you will not win.
+
+You have to spend your
+time where it matters.
+
+And, in particular, I want
+to say that results to effort
+
+vary very highly
+between what you
+
+choose to spend your time on.
+
+So one of the most important
+things to spend your time on
+
+is attack micro.
+
+If you can win every engagement
+you will win the game.
+
+It doesn't matter if they're
+higher level strategy,
+
+if you always win the
+engagement you will beat
+
+their army straight
+up, no matter what.
+
+OK?
+
+Next is swarm code.
+
+If you're swarm
+moves together you'll
+
+usually win the engagement.
+
+If you have better swarm
+code your attack micro
+
+can be a little bit off.
+
+But you'll still end up
+engaging with larger numbers
+
+and winning the fight.
+
+And winning fights wins games.
+
+The navigation code that
+allows you to actually get
+
+to the enemy swarm
+and defeat them.
+
+And then there is some
+high level strategy
+
+that you can't make
+completely wrong choices.
+
+But, once again, if you
+have good attack micro,
+
+you can make questionable
+high level strategies
+
+but still win every engagement.
+
+So the way I'm going to
+structure this lecture
+
+is I'll have various tags.
+
+There are certain things
+that apply to novices.
+
+There are certain things that
+apply to advanced players.
+
+And then there
+are certain things
+
+that apply to expert players.
+
+This also comes down
+to a trade off of time.
+
+If you have four
+people, maybe you
+
+want to consider doing some
+of the more advanced tricks
+
+and tactics.
+
+But if you only have say,
+if you're working solo
+
+or you only have
+two people, you want
+
+to spend your time
+where it matters.
+
+So don't spend time implementing
+things that give you
+
+very tiny marginal advantages
+when you could, say, be
+
+focusing on your attack micro.
+
+And win all the battles
+rather than saving maybe
+
+like one or two bite
+codes per iteration.
+
+So first off, to do well
+in battle code you really
+
+have to know the spec.
+
+And I know we've been really
+bad at keeping the specs up
+
+to date, there've been typos.
+
+But hopefully by now
+everything has mostly
+
+been standardized and
+corrected, and all the typos.
+
+And then you guys didn't really
+like our the diffusion/defusion
+
+joke.
+
+So we changed the word
+defusion to diffusion
+
+so that you guys didn't
+think it was a typo
+
+and that we were stupid.
+
+So quick quiz, what's
+the base spawn rate?
+
+Someone call it out.
+
+Ten.
+
+Alright, nice.
+
+What's the cost for
+three suppliers?
+
+Cumulative?
+
+What was that?
+
+I think I heard it over there.
+
+60.
+
+Right.
+
+Because it starts off with
+10 for the first supplier,
+
+then the cost is the additive.
+
+So 20 and then 30 and
+to 60, 60 the total cost
+
+for three suppliers.
+
+What is the spawn rate
+with three suppliers?
+
+It's 8.
+
+So total cost of three suppliers
+is-- the spawn rate of three
+
+suppliers is 8 per round
+because it is kind of a curve.
+
+The first supplier
+will get you down to 9.
+
+The second supplier will
+get you down to eight.
+
+And the third supplier is
+actually the first supplier
+
+that doesn't bring
+you down another point
+
+because it's rounded
+to the nearest integer.
+
+Even.
+
+So in terms of unit
+spawn, at out what round
+
+does the first
+supplier break even?
+
+So these are all
+like critical numbers
+
+that if you know
+you can kind of gain
+
+the spec to your advantage.
+
+Close.
+
+The first supplier breaks
+even at what round?
+
+If I get one supplier,
+I have one turn
+
+spawn reduction, which
+means I break even,
+
+in terms of units,
+at what round?
+
+I sacrifice one unit
+to get the supplier,
+
+so I'll break even
+when I get back
+
+that extra unit,
+which is at 90 rounds.
+
+So the first supplier
+breaks even at 90 rounds.
+
+So these are key numbers.
+
+They maybe tweaked
+in the future,
+
+but if you always have a
+sense of all these numbers,
+
+you can kind of make
+good high level decisions
+
+about what you
+should be building
+
+and what you
+shouldn't be building
+
+at the beginning of the game.
+
+So the beginning of
+the game is very key.
+
+What we did was you have
+an excess of energy.
+
+So you have a choice, like
+in Max's lecture yesterday,
+
+whether to build
+generators or suppliers.
+
+And if you know roughly at what
+time these things break even,
+
+or at what time you gain
+that the marginal advantage,
+
+you can decide when to
+attack or when not to attack.
+
+So know the specs,
+that's very key.
+
+Second, I want to say
+testing is probably
+
+the most important thing,
+second from spending
+
+your time in the correct place.
+
+Because you don't
+actually know if you're
+
+spending your time
+in the correct place
+
+unless you're actually
+testing the code.
+
+So as a high level, you want to
+write multiple distinct bots.
+
+So I know a lot of teams maybe
+just have a single bot lineage.
+
+But our team we wrote like 10
+to 12 different bots, each one
+
+with different strategies.
+
+And sometimes we wrote bots
+completely from scratch
+
+when we thought we had
+a really cool strategy.
+
+So last year there
+were flying units.
+
+So we thought, well it
+would be kind of cool maybe
+
+if we could have
+units that only--
+
+or if we had a base that
+only spawned flying units.
+
+And we did a little bit of
+theory crafting our head
+
+and it turned out the DPS
+was marginally higher.
+
+But the problem is once
+we tried to implement it,
+
+we found out the actual
+problems with the flyer strategy
+
+was that we couldn't sustain
+the units because of the way
+
+that energy transfer
+was done last year.
+
+And we weren't actually able
+to coordinate the attack well
+
+enough to gain that
+theoretical DPS.
+
+So testing is
+extremely important.
+
+Wins, of course,
+beat theory crafting.
+
+So even knowing the specs and
+knowing the break off times,
+
+you have to be able to
+implement them in practice,
+
+otherwise the theory
+doesn't pay off.
+
+The scrimmage server is
+your ally in testing.
+
+And then you always want to
+prioritize writing behaviors
+
+over spending a lot of
+time doing framework code.
+
+Because the behaviors
+are what you're
+
+actually testing,
+not the framework.
+
+One thing that novices make
+the mistake of is they're
+
+always afraid of ranked games.
+
+So has everyone in here played
+at least one ranked game?
+
+Yes?
+
+So what I want to
+say is it's really
+
+a problem more with novices
+than with the people who
+
+have been doing battle
+code for a long time.
+
+And the reason this is,
+is because sometimes you
+
+submit a bot and you're afraid
+that it's maybe not so good.
+
+Or there's some
+problems with it.
+
+Or that your code
+is going to do badly
+
+and you're going to lose points.
+
+But what it gains you
+is by scrimmaging often
+
+you will always know what
+the top teams are up to.
+
+And the thing is,
+if you do unranked,
+
+top teams actually have no
+incentive to accept your match,
+
+and you'll never know what
+they're actually doing.
+
+So the trade off is a top
+team, if they beat you
+
+in a ranked game,
+they'll actually
+
+gain [? ELOW ?] points.
+
+But you actually gain
+something from that.
+
+You gain the understanding of
+how the top team is micro-ing.
+
+The kind of high level
+strategy the top team is doing.
+
+And also any tips or
+tricks or small things
+
+that you can glean
+from those games
+
+to perform better in
+your next bot iteration.
+
+Actually if you send an unranked
+game to one of the top teams,
+
+it's actually a lose-lose
+situation for them.
+
+Because A they have
+the probability
+
+of losing a lot
+of points to you.
+
+And B they're also giving away
+their high level strategy.
+
+So for the top five teams,
+at least in years past,
+
+if you sent them
+an unranked match,
+
+they'd cancel it and send
+you back a ranked match.
+
+Because there's almost
+no advantage for them
+
+to accept these
+unranked matches.
+
+So don't be afraid of
+sending ranked games,
+
+especially against top
+teams, because that's
+
+where you're going to
+learn the most about how
+
+you can improve your bot.
+
+Another thing that sometimes
+beginners get wrong
+
+is that your code base is
+actually more than your bot.
+
+There is a huge
+infrastructure that we
+
+built, at least around
+our bot last year,
+
+that was not just the simple--
+that was not just robot player
+
+and everything
+surrounding robot player.
+
+So one of the easiest
+things you can do
+
+is you can make custom maps.
+
+Every year when we start
+battle code, we always
+
+make this map on the
+right, we call it plains,
+
+because there's
+absolutely nothing on it.
+
+The plains for this year,
+we have a few encampments
+
+in the middle just to test like
+basic encampment capture code.
+
+But what plains
+really allows you
+
+to do is it allows you to
+perfect your attack micro
+
+and make it so that you're not
+worrying about like advance
+
+path finding, you're just making
+sure you can win engagements.
+
+Because, as I said, attack
+micro is so important.
+
+Winning engagements wins games.
+
+So spend time, actually,
+making custom maps.
+
+I know we don't really have
+a map editor out this year.
+
+So if you make a
+map editor, too,
+
+make a bunch of custom maps.
+
+Test your path finding,
+test your attack micro.
+
+There's so many
+small things you can
+
+do to test your bot very fast.
+
+A few small things that you
+guys may have also not known
+
+is with custom maps
+you can actually
+
+declare units to be
+pre-spawned on the map.
+
+So in the top right you're
+allowed to declare symbols.
+
+You can actually set
+up unit formations
+
+to quickly test
+different scenarios.
+
+And just by hitting play
+and repeatedly running it,
+
+you can tweak
+whatever heuristics
+
+you're running in order to make
+sure that your code is actually
+
+running correctly.
+
+And then making
+custom maps is also
+
+extremely good for
+testing path finding.
+
+So you can spawn a map with
+a unit already in the center,
+
+and then just hard code
+in an endpoint to Nav2.
+
+And then see if
+your navigation is
+
+running any better
+than it was before.
+
+This is kind of a
+little expert thing
+
+but we spent a lot
+last year trying
+
+to gain the scrimmage
+server a little bit.
+
+So Justin wrote kind
+of a scraper that
+
+scrapes the rankings
+every five minutes
+
+and determines who's
+winning to who.
+
+If you guys are
+just starting out
+
+don't worry about this too much.
+
+But what this allowed
+us to do, actually,
+
+was it allowed us to know
+which teams were actually
+
+rising quickly, which teams had
+maybe changed their strategy.
+
+And it allowed us to kind of
+target our ranked matches.
+
+Because we would
+see oh this team
+
+won three games in
+rapid succession,
+
+we want to see
+what they're doing.
+
+Or oh this team maybe
+dropped four games
+
+and we probably
+don't really need
+
+to send them a ranked match
+because they're probably
+
+not doing anything
+different than what
+
+they used to be doing.
+
+But, once again,
+this is a custom tool
+
+that was written outside
+of the framework of just
+
+our eclipse project with
+our battle code bot that
+
+allowed us to gain a small
+competitive edge over everyone
+
+else.
+
+The current ladder stats
+ranking system is actually--
+
+I think Justin posted
+about in the forums,
+
+he's actually running
+it publicly for you
+
+guys this year.
+
+So if you want to take a
+peek and just use his code--
+
+Our old one actually recorded
+[? ELOW ?] gains and losses.
+
+So we could see whether
+a team gained 1 point
+
+or whether they gained 10.
+
+So if a team gained 30
+points in a single match,
+
+that's like a warning
+bell, alright?
+
+Because it means they're doing
+something drastically different
+
+and you want to know
+what they're up to.
+
+This tool was another tool
+we borrowed from Gunface
+
+from 2011.
+
+It's basically a
+mass scrim tester.
+
+So the scrimmage server
+actually is not the only place
+
+that you can mass scrim.
+
+You can also build
+your own custom mass
+
+scrimming framework, which
+is what Gunface did in 2011
+
+and what we co-opted
+from them in 2012.
+
+So what this actually
+allows us to do
+
+is it allows us to test
+in house our own bots
+
+against each other.
+
+So you know how I said we wrote
+like 10 to 12 distinct bots?
+
+Well what we would do
+is we could actually
+
+characterize which
+one was strictly
+
+superior to all the other
+bots by pitting them
+
+against each other in
+thousands of matches.
+
+So if you'll see
+here, what this did
+
+was we had a total win counter.
+
+So we could submit jobs
+to our queue server.
+
+The queue would run like 50-60
+matches on every single known
+
+map in the scrimmage ranking.
+
+And then, of course, it
+takes some time to compute.
+
+We actually borrowed a
+bunch of xVM machines
+
+to continuously run
+this in the background.
+
+But you'll see here every single
+one of our tagged releases,
+
+we're actually pitting
+it against each other.
+
+Last year we would
+consider a bot good
+
+if we could beat our older
+iterations 90% of the time.
+
+And until we could get
+kind of that 90% mark
+
+we would consider them
+about to be equal.
+
+Because some small change, in
+maybe like the random number
+
+generator, whatever,
+would affect
+
+the outcome of the match.
+
+But, again, the most
+drastic improvements--
+
+when you see 31-0,
+those are from usually
+
+from micro improvements
+where one bot will just--
+
+the two armies will collide and
+one bot will just obliterate
+
+the other one, even
+with equal numbers.
+
+But these sort of things,
+running the mass scrim,
+
+you can really,
+really get a sense of.
+
+This is an expert
+level kind of thing.
+
+If you don't have--
+if you have one person
+
+you're not going
+to blow your time
+
+writing a scrimmage
+based system.
+
+But if you have maybe
+three or four people
+
+you could take a
+day or so to maybe
+
+try to repurpose the old
+2012 mass scrim tester, which
+
+is on GitHub, by the way, to get
+it working with the 2013 game.
+
+One thing that hasn't really
+been covered ever, I think,
+
+is kind of the byte
+code system in detail,
+
+I think in battle code.
+
+And this is a very key
+part of battle code
+
+and yet it's always
+kind of glossed over.
+
+You'll hear the lecturer say
+you should use less byte codes.
+
+Or the less byte codes you use
+the more units you can have.
+
+But what does that
+actually mean and how
+
+does that actually translate
+into implementation?
+
+So I'll skip ahead and just
+give a brief overview of the JVM
+
+for people who are
+unfamiliar with it.
+
+So the Java Virtual Machine
+is a stack based system.
+
+So what it basically means is
+if you're familiar with x86
+
+or whatever, there
+are no registers
+
+is just a giant stack.
+
+And you can imagine it as
+values get pushed on the stack
+
+and popped off of the stack, and
+that's how computation is done.
+
+Byte codes are-- when
+you write your Java
+
+it gets compiled into
+something called byte codes.
+
+And byte codes are very
+similar to assembly,
+
+except they work on this
+stacked based system.
+
+And the way this
+stack is, is you
+
+have this operand stack which
+is your current stack of values.
+
+So if you imagine like
+a prefix operations
+
+I can push-- or
+postfix operations,
+
+I can push to values on
+the stack, I can call add
+
+and it would pop off
+the result, right?
+
+So if you imagine the JVM is
+kind of working like that,
+
+it's very similar.
+
+But there's also an array
+of local variables up top
+
+and these are
+indexed by a number.
+
+So, actually, stack operands
+can operate directly
+
+onto the array of variables
+that are globally accessible.
+
+And then there's also
+a global constants pool
+
+that byte codes can operate on.
+
+So this is just
+an example online.
+
+And if you want to read more
+there's a URL down here.
+
+But what happens is
+you compile your Java,
+
+it gets turned into byte codes,
+and each byte code is actually
+
+stepped through by our
+instrumentation engine.
+
+And that's what you're
+getting counted on.
+
+So when someone says
+you're using 10 byte codes,
+
+it actually means that
+the high level Java
+
+call you made is
+being turned into 10
+
+individual atomic
+steps on the JVM.
+
+And you're getting penalized for
+each one of these atomic steps.
+
+This leads to a lot
+of interesting things.
+
+So there's a very classic
+kind of loop structure
+
+in battle code.
+
+I hear this is so
+classic, actually,
+
+that Dropbox's code base is
+littered with this structure.
+
+So it looks like kind
+of a normal for loop,
+
+but if you look closely, you'll
+notice that we don't even
+
+have a third parameter.
+
+What this says is that for
+i is equal to the length
+
+of the ray, decrement until
+you're greater than zero.
+
+And it's reversed from maybe
+the way normal computer
+
+science would teach it to you.
+
+But there's a particular
+reason we do it this way.
+
+And that's because we're
+actually byte code hacking.
+
+So what happens is Java is
+similar-- kind of like there's
+
+legacy in computers
+testing again zero
+
+is actually an operation
+that comes up very often.
+
+In most branch conditions
+you're testing against zero.
+
+Like Booleans are testing
+against zero, et cetera.
+
+So there's actually
+a special byte code
+
+for testing against zero.
+
+And then, also, when
+you're doing the comparison
+
+you don't want to
+be recomputing,
+
+say, msgs.length
+every single time.
+
+So this actually
+has a net effect
+
+of saving byte codes
+because you can actually
+
+write the byte codes
+out but you can
+
+predict what the
+compiler will spit out.
+
+And because battle
+code is not run as just
+
+in time compilation,
+actually, the byte code
+
+steps through exactly
+as its outputted.
+
+This ends up with a net
+savings of a few byte codes.
+
+So if you'll see down here,
+this is like the classic way
+
+you would write a
+loop that you might
+
+learn in intro to
+computer science.
+
+For i is equal to
+zero, i is less
+
+than your terminating
+condition, increment i.
+
+What happens here
+is because you want
+
+to compare i every
+round to msgs.length.
+
+Computing msgs.length
+is actually
+
+a separate compare operation
+with loading the actual object,
+
+loading the actual array object.
+
+Whereas in our initial
+version what we've done here
+
+is we've set the index variable
+actually to the final value.
+
+And we're comparing
+against zero,
+
+which is a single
+byte code operation.
+
+So what happens is that
+this is a net savings
+
+of two byte codes.
+
+Two byte codes actually
+might not seem like a lot,
+
+but if you're, say,
+looping through 100 objects
+
+that that's 200 byte codes
+saved in the entire loop.
+
+And that's two whole
+sense functions.
+
+So you could send-- that's two
+whole global sense functions,
+
+with the radius
+and the location.
+
+That's actually pretty big.
+
+So saving 200 byte
+codes can mean
+
+that you might have additional
+data on the battlefield.
+
+Or you can loop through one
+additional object when you're
+
+trying to compute a
+heuristic for map locations
+
+or for army positions.
+
+And this actually gives you a
+small marginal competitive edge
+
+over the other team.
+
+Especially this year
+when byte codes also
+
+translates to energy.
+
+So saving byte codes gives
+you back more energy.
+
+More energy translates
+to more units.
+
+If all your units are saving
+500 byte codes per turn
+
+that adds up over time,
+especially with the decay rate.
+
+So with byte codes
+you'll also end up
+
+wanting to implement
+your own data structures.
+
+So I don't know if you guys
+have tried using the native Java
+
+data structures like hashset,
+array q set, et cetera.
+
+But we actually penalize
+you for the internal calls
+
+that Java makes in
+those data sets.
+
+So if Java-- Java
+likes to be very safe.
+
+So a lot of the
+thread safe code we'll
+
+check to make sure
+another thread is not
+
+trying to mutate the
+data, or that there's
+
+on a lock on the
+data, et cetera.
+
+So the thread safe
+code actually ends up
+
+hurting you a lot,
+because there's
+
+a lot of excess byte
+codes that gets called.
+
+So, for instance, a single
+hashset.iterator.getnext
+
+getting a value from
+a hashset, worst case
+
+is 2k byte codes for a
+single call, which is absurd.
+
+Because you can implement a
+hashset yourself with an array
+
+and maybe like 200-300 byte
+codes if you custom write it.
+
+So what ends up happening
+is a lot of people
+
+will make what's
+called fast data sets.
+
+So we wrote a fast
+hashset, a fast arraylist.
+
+And these are all
+custom based on arrays
+
+that we could index
+directly into and pay
+
+a very minimal byte
+code cost in order
+
+to get very complex
+data structures back.
+
+Same thing goes for algorithms.
+
+You may think that--
+a lot of beginners
+
+will start off trying
+to implement something
+
+like [? astar ?] or a flood
+fill algorithm just to do
+
+navigation.
+
+Yes?
+
+Right, this is an example from--
+
+I'll explain what
+exactly this one is.
+
+But just an overview,
+most n squared
+
+algorithms are completely
+untenable in the byte code
+
+system.
+
+So if you see an n
+squared algorithm
+
+it's not going to work unless
+you do something to it.
+
+So there are multiple ways.
+
+You can distribute it
+among multiple robots,
+
+which is actually very hard.
+
+You can break up the
+computation into multiple steps
+
+and run a piece each
+turn, which is hard
+
+depending on the algorithm.
+
+And then you can also just run a
+completely different algorithm.
+
+So the one I actually
+have up here,
+
+this is a cute little example
+from our old code base.
+
+It's not the actual
+implementation
+
+but it's the algorithm itself.
+
+This is called a
+multiply with carry.
+
+It's actually a pseudo
+random number generator.
+
+There's a period-- there's
+like a period of 2 to the 60th.
+
+But for all intents
+and purposes it
+
+is a random number generator.
+
+We actually implemented
+this because we
+
+noticed that math.random on
+seeding pays 144 byte codes.
+
+And then each subsequent
+getnextinteger call is 80.
+
+And we actually wrote our own
+custom random number generator
+
+to save 40 byte codes
+per call to get nextint.
+
+And so this is the algorithm
+actually pulled from Wikipedia,
+
+we changed a little bit.
+
+But, in essence, it's a
+bunch of bit operators
+
+that gives you a
+pseudo random number
+
+generator to save on byte codes.
+
+And if you have
+an algorithm that
+
+relies on a lot
+of random numbers
+
+the 40 per getnextinteger
+actually adds up.
+
+There's actually a tool,
+a really nice tool,
+
+that we used a lot last year
+call doctor garbage visualizer.
+
+I don't know why it's called
+doctor garbage, because it's
+
+one of the best tools ever.
+
+But what it does is it
+actually decompiles your class
+
+into the actual byte codes.
+
+And then it shows the control
+flow graph on the right.
+
+So the control flow graph will
+actually allow you to reason
+
+about where your short
+circuits are happening,
+
+because if you short
+circuit a code block,
+
+you're not actually paying
+the byte code for what
+
+you don't execute, right?
+
+So you'll want to
+terminate loops
+
+end-- you'll want to
+terminate loops early.
+
+You'll want to try
+to avoid code that
+
+doesn't have to be
+computed multiple times
+
+in order to reduce your
+total byte code count.
+
+So by having the control
+flow graph on the right,
+
+it's actually very
+easy to reason
+
+about how to save byte
+codes, especially when
+
+you'll see the control flow
+graph, plus the instruction,
+
+plus kind of a small comment
+about what the variable is
+
+or what the method call is
+or what the constant is.
+
+So that's enough for-- So,
+ultimately, with byte codes,
+
+the last thing I'll say is
+if you're not sure, test it.
+
+We give you a function
+called getbytecodesnum
+
+and this allows you
+to see what byte
+
+code number you're
+currently executing.
+
+So if I want to profile
+a particular function
+
+call or a particular
+algorithm, just
+
+surround it with two system.out
+print line getbytecodenum.
+
+And this will tell you the
+total number of byte codes
+
+that your algorithm
+took to execute.
+
+And you can use this to
+kind of profile it down.
+
+You can try different
+things but ultimately
+
+whatever gets that
+number smallest
+
+is what helps you bot when
+you're optimizing algorithms.
+
+We actually, at the bottom,
+this is a little loop
+
+that-- or this is
+a little function
+
+call that I've added
+at least every year.
+
+At the end of
+every robot's round
+
+it actually checks
+the round number
+
+and the current byte
+code number to see
+
+if it went over byte codes.
+
+And it will actually emit a
+warning to the system console
+
+that it went over byte codes.
+
+So actually it's really
+annoying but it's really helpful
+
+that if every time a
+robot goes over byte codes
+
+it yells at you.
+
+Because then you can play
+match if you're not actually
+
+profiling something-- or
+if you're not actually
+
+explicitly saying
+that, you can sometimes
+
+ignore it because the
+byte code number is just
+
+in the top right of the client
+and you'll kind of miss it
+
+sometimes.
+
+You'll see like, oh, maybe
+it's like 10k or whatever.
+
+But if your robot is yelling at
+you every time it goes over 10k
+
+and your entire
+army just screens
+
+in the middle of battle,
+there's something
+
+that has to be changed in order
+to make it so that you're not
+
+missing an attack--
+or you're not
+
+missing a movement every turn
+that you could be moving.
+
+So this year, actually,
+it's even more critical
+
+because there are no cool downs.
+
+Every robot, every
+turn, can move.
+
+So if you go over
+byte codes once,
+
+that's a lost
+movement, which could
+
+translate to a lost attack.
+
+So it's very critical
+in battle situations
+
+that you do not
+go over byte code
+
+so you can get your movement.
+
+And I'll show you why in a bit
+especially in micro situations.
+
+So micro is really
+important, attack micro,
+
+I've been emphasizing
+this over and over.
+
+You should know the execution
+order of the robots.
+
+But you should know
+what happens when.
+
+So when do attacks happen.
+
+So when do attacks happen?
+
+At the end of the round, right.
+
+You should understand the
+discrete nature of the map
+
+and you should know that micro's
+better than everything else.
+
+So I don't know if
+Max has covered this,
+
+but in two robots which robot
+actually wins the one v one
+
+engagement?
+
+It is-- yes, it's the one
+who closes the gap first,
+
+is the one who wins
+the engagement.
+
+So if I have two robots,
+two squares apart, right now
+
+it's a stalemate.
+
+But if red makes the mistake to
+move in, what happens is blue
+
+closes the distance and
+gets the attack off first.
+
+And, all things being equal,
+red will attack second.
+
+But blue has already done
+the initial damage, which
+
+means on blue's turn
+where he kills red,
+
+red will not deal back
+the corresponding damage
+
+to kill blue.
+
+Blue will win.
+
+So blue will have one more
+robot in the next upcoming
+
+engagement and
+therefore higher DPS
+
+and will win the next battle.
+
+This situation is
+also particularly bad
+
+because red can't
+actually retreat.
+
+If red moves back, blue can
+still close the gap next turn.
+
+So understanding how the
+micro works in this game
+
+is actually very key
+to winning engagements.
+
+So in a one v one
+situation the gap closer
+
+always has the advantage.
+
+Just a straight up.
+
+So you will want to write code
+that takes this into account,
+
+so that you can actually
+win engagements.
+
+In a two v two situation, it's
+a little bit more complex.
+
+So what happens in two v two?
+
+So red can move forward.
+
+Blue can close the gap,
+but red can close the gap
+
+with the second unit.
+
+And now he's dealing
+twice DPS that blue
+
+has and will eventually win.
+
+Blue can actually--
+if blue is clever,
+
+blue can actually micro to
+focus fire on a single unit,
+
+because damage is split evenly
+across all enemy robots.
+
+So blue can actually
+try to micro little bit
+
+to kill the bottom red unit,
+if red makes a mistake.
+
+But red will actually-- can
+move down and continuously
+
+attack blue until the
+blue robot is dead.
+
+And the two v one will win.
+
+And if red micros correctly
+he won't lose a single unit.
+
+So in a large flight--
+in larger fights,
+
+the larger army
+has the advantage
+
+given correct positioning.
+
+Because you could assume in
+this sort of scenario blue
+
+can actually reduce this
+to a one v one flight
+
+if red does not make the correct
+choices in the subsequent five
+
+or six moves.
+
+So blue ball will move up
+and attack red and reduce it
+
+to a one v one scenario
+unless the red robot can
+
+retreat backwards while
+still attacking blue
+
+towards the bottom red unit and
+continue fighting so that they
+
+can turn the one v one into
+a two v one engagement.
+
+But these small, discrete steps
+are what you should actually
+
+be thinking about when
+you're writing microcode.
+
+It's very critical that you
+don't get indefinitely kited.
+
+It's very critical you do
+not write code that ends up
+
+in this scenario
+where you're attacking
+
+and you try to retreat,
+but you can't actually
+
+retreat in this game,
+because the opponent will
+
+close the distance.
+
+So there's only two scenarios
+in which you can retreat.
+
+You can retreat if
+there's an army behind you
+
+willing to back you up.
+
+Or you can treat if you're
+retreating over a mine.
+
+That gives you more DPS.
+
+So there's some
+team dynamics things
+
+that I just want to cover.
+
+This is mostly geared towards
+the novices in the room.
+
+But make sure you guys are
+using source control management.
+
+I think this goes
+without saying,
+
+every MIT class now
+emphasizes the importance
+
+of source control management.
+
+And I'll even say you should
+just use hosted source control
+
+management.
+
+So if you're using Git,
+if you're using Mercurial,
+
+you should just throw it up on
+one of these free hosted SCMs
+
+just because you
+don't want to deal
+
+with the server going down.
+
+So my first year we made
+the terrible mistake
+
+of hosting our own SVN
+server on an xVM machine
+
+from [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And then randomly there was some
+down time that was uncontrolled
+
+and we didn't have access to
+our code base for like two days.
+
+So it was terrible.
+
+So just-- GitHub, these guys
+are paid to keep your source up,
+
+OK?
+
+So [INAUDIBLE] is not paid to
+maintain that your battle code
+
+source does not go down.
+
+So trust these large
+source control guys.
+
+And especially trust
+distributed source control,
+
+if you guys are familiar.
+
+I think Max gave a lecture on
+Git, so use it effectively.
+
+And also figure out your SCM--
+your source control strategy.
+
+So this is actually a big one.
+
+Every team does they're kind of
+release cycle or, I would say,
+
+release cycle but you're like
+releasing bots, a little bit
+
+differently.
+
+So I'll explain
+the way we did it.
+
+We had a single
+package called Ducks,
+
+just because we
+really like ducks.
+
+Don't ask.
+
+We forked off a bot
+every time we release it.
+
+So in our mainline
+Ducks package,
+
+when we get to a state, we're
+saying this bot's reasonable.
+
+We want to submit
+it to the server.
+
+We'll actually copy
+the Ducks package,
+
+rename it to our kind of
+bot naming scheme, which
+
+is based on SC2AI levels,
+if you guys play Starcraft.
+
+And so we started off
+with a medium player.
+
+So we'll copy the Duck's package
+into the medium player package.
+
+And what this allows
+you to do is always
+
+have a copy of the medium
+player in your repository.
+
+So you can always
+pit your mainline bot
+
+against any of the
+other heads you've
+
+cut off from the repository.
+
+So some teams like
+to do it differently.
+
+I know Gunface in 2011 liked
+to use source control tagging.
+
+So what this allowed
+them to do was
+
+they could update to any
+version in the source control.
+
+And they could recompile it.
+
+But the issue with
+that is if you
+
+update you have to update
+your entire mainline package
+
+backwards.
+
+You have to
+recompile it, and you
+
+have to keep the class files
+around so that you can pit them
+
+against your
+current bot once you
+
+re-update to the current head.
+
+This gets a little bit annoying.
+
+And for us it was just
+simpler to persist
+
+like 30-40 copies of
+the same file just
+
+in different packages.
+
+Because it saves on time.
+
+It's not elegant, but
+elegance doesn't really
+
+matter that much
+when you're trying
+
+to finish a bot in the short
+amount of time that you have.
+
+We actually went
+one step further.
+
+This is technically part
+of the custom tools,
+
+but we actually had One
+touch deploy system.
+
+So we had a single
+script that was
+
+responsible for building the
+release, tagging the release,
+
+testing the release on our
+automated mass testing system.
+
+And then cutting the
+branch from mainline
+
+and pushing it back
+to the repository.
+
+This is very key,
+actually, if you're
+
+doing what some of you
+guys may have been doing
+
+last night in trying to
+submit like 20 seconds
+
+before the deadline.
+
+Because if something goes wrong
+you're completely screwed.
+
+So if you have a tool
+that you know works
+
+and you know roughly the
+amount of time it takes
+
+for it to work,
+it's standardized
+
+and you're less
+prone to human error.
+
+So we ran the script.
+
+Everything's done.
+
+We have a jar.
+
+We upload the jar.
+
+We're done.
+
+And this is reliable
+that we're not manually
+
+trying to create the zip file.
+
+I know some people
+have been having
+
+issues with bots
+randomly exploding.
+
+Or sometimes a submission
+works or sometimes a submission
+
+doesn't work.
+
+If the whole thing
+is automated it's
+
+going to work barring
+some catastrophic failure.
+
+This is also a random
+cute little tip.
+
+Sorry for this
+stream of conscious,
+
+but I'm just trying to mind
+up as much useful information
+
+on to you.
+
+This one I'm actually
+really surprised,
+
+I couldn't figure this
+out for like three years.
+
+How to deal with
+shared debugging.
+
+So for those of you
+guys working in teams,
+
+you'll have print lines,
+you'll have indicator strings
+
+that one day you'll
+be testing something
+
+and you'll merge in
+someone else's pull.
+
+And then you'll be like who
+overwrote my indicator strings?
+
+Because now I don't
+know what I'm debugging.
+
+Have any of you
+guys had this issue?
+
+So you'll have--
+you're debugging nav
+
+and you're printing
+out the current Nav
+
+state-- your current state
+machine's navigation position,
+
+and all the sudden the guy
+working on attack micro
+
+has overwrote your indicator
+strings with current number
+
+of robots attacking
+you, or whatever.
+
+And this gets really
+frustrating really fast.
+
+Because then you end up
+with merge conflicts,
+
+when people try change each
+others indicator strings.
+
+The guy working on nav will con
+out the attack guy's indicator
+
+strings.
+
+And then you'll end up
+with a merge conflict
+
+and then you guys will
+screw up the merge conflict.
+
+And stuff will just go to hell.
+
+So what we did was
+the bots can actually
+
+read from the Java bc.config.
+
+And actually what we built was
+this custom system, this custom
+
+debug system, that
+allowed us to specify
+
+who was running the bot based
+on the current eclipse launch
+
+profile, and only print
+out indicator strings
+
+from the person watching it.
+
+So you'll see on the left
+we made four custom launch
+
+profiles.
+
+One for me, one for Justin,
+one for Haitao, one for YP.
+
+And when you ran your
+custom launch profile,
+
+it would only display debug
+information from your bot.
+
+So you'd only see
+your own print lines.
+
+You'd only see your
+own indicator strings.
+
+And then we never
+had a merge conflict.
+
+Well, we did have
+merge conflicts
+
+but not related to
+indicator string setting.
+
+So this is just a
+small little trick
+
+that just saves a lot of time.
+
+Because stuff will add up
+across your total bot's
+
+development time.
+
+You don't want to spend
+time arguing about people--
+
+I know some teams
+will say, OK, you
+
+can only use
+indicator string one.
+
+I'll only use
+indicator string two.
+
+But someone will need
+two lines of information.
+
+Then you guys will fight over
+it and it's really stupid.
+
+Other general, useful advice.
+
+All the past teams have actually
+put a lot of information on.
+
+So there's a lot of stuff that
+I don't need to reiterate.
+
+So how many of you guys
+actually read the blog post
+
+that I put on hacker news?
+
+Yeah, nice.
+
+From 2012 to 2009, actually,
+all the old strategy reports,
+
+all the winning teams,
+are actually online.
+
+So I have the bug
+post from our team,
+
+but there's also
+a strategy report
+
+that corresponds to that, to our
+bot, that's in our repository.
+
+The 2011 post-mortem is
+actually an excellent
+
+write up by Steve Arcangeli,
+who wrote the massive scrim
+
+tester about
+various other tricks
+
+you can do to save byte codes.
+
+2010 is by Spencer Skates
+on finding the shortest
+
+path to victory.
+
+It's kind of their whole like
+Bellman Ford pun team thing
+
+that they had going on.
+
+They detail a lot of
+high level mechanics
+
+that help you when
+you're in combat.
+
+They also-- Spencer Skates
+and Steve Bartell also won
+
+in '09 and they were called
+G2G Ice Skating Lessons,
+
+which was-- it was like an
+inside joke that none of us
+
+got.
+
+But they wrote about their
+2009 experiences as well.
+
+They actually set the trend of
+the winning team usually ending
+
+up writing the best
+strategy reports, which
+
+is a trend you guys
+should continue.
+
+Some other random tips.
+
+Messaging.
+
+I'm really excited about
+the new changes this year,
+
+because messaging is global.
+
+So what this allows you
+to do is you no longer
+
+have to have robots
+really close together.
+
+So if you guys are familiar
+with the 2011 game, what
+
+you would have to do is, because
+you could only broadcast eight
+
+squares away, you had to set up
+a relay network of robots that
+
+would propagate
+information outwards.
+
+And it was a whole amount
+of overhead just associated
+
+with writing the
+relay network that
+
+could get a message from
+robot a to your entire army.
+
+That was at least a
+day's worth of work.
+
+Setting up the re-broadcasting.
+
+Setting up the hashing.
+
+Setting up all that code.
+
+This year, because everything
+is a global message board,
+
+it makes it easier to broadcast
+very important information very
+
+fast to all your robots.
+
+But what this also
+does is battle code
+
+has a huge history of
+message based attacks.
+
+So it also makes
+the message based
+
+attacks more interesting because
+now the enemy very easily can
+
+see everything you're
+writing to the board.
+
+So some of the more
+famous message attacks
+
+have been one year-- you guys
+are familiar that the robot VM
+
+limit is eight megs, right?
+
+So if you exceed
+eight megs, your robot
+
+actually automatically uploads.
+
+So one year, a team went around
+just broadcasting eight megs
+
+arrays.
+
+So the enemy team would
+either get it, try to process,
+
+and completely freeze.
+
+They'd get it,
+try to process it,
+
+and explode immediately,
+because they
+
+loaded into memory or
+something stupid like that.
+
+Or they would just stop
+moving because they constantly
+
+exceed their byte code limit.
+
+Then, I think in like '07,
+teams were trying to exploit
+
+the fixed cost of
+array.hashcode.
+
+So array.hashcode used
+to be a single byte code.
+
+We used to-- there is a package
+in your distributable battle
+
+code installer
+called method costs,
+
+and that explains the cost of
+every single method that we
+
+don't explicitly
+list a cost for--
+
+Or if a method is
+not listed in there
+
+it's free unless it's in one
+of the restricted packages.
+
+But what happened was
+array.hashcodes was free.
+
+So teams thought they
+were being really clever
+
+by using the o of
+one hashcode cost
+
+to basically do an
+o of n algorithm
+
+to get entire hashcode and
+secure their messages that way.
+
+But then one team
+just took the fact
+
+that every team was
+using array.hashcode
+
+and he could mutate the
+array without changing
+
+the value of the final hash.
+
+And then he would send
+that back to the robot
+
+and all their robots would
+just completely mess up.
+
+Because they thought
+the hash was correct,
+
+but the data was
+completely garbled,
+
+which which was a really
+interesting messaging attack.
+
+So you need to make sure
+when your messaging to check
+
+the integrity of the data and
+make sure that the data-- check
+
+the validity of
+the data and also
+
+make sure that the
+data actually gets
+
+to where it's supposed to go.
+
+So, this year the most
+obvious attack, of course,
+
+is to wipe the entire board.
+
+And you can do this every round
+if you have some obscene number
+
+of generators, like 30 or so.
+
+But the thing is, you can
+pool energy this year.
+
+So actually a team
+that, say, just wants
+
+to wipe the message board
+during critical situations,
+
+like during an engagement, can
+actually pool enough energy
+
+so that they can wipe the
+entire message board in one go.
+
+So you can't actually
+assume that what
+
+you wrote into the message
+board one round will actually
+
+be their the next round,
+or even between rounds.
+
+Because a robot-- The enemy
+robot who executed between you
+
+could have wiped it.
+
+So make sure that whatever
+messaging scheme you use,
+
+there's a way to check
+the validity either
+
+by hashing and storing maybe
+the top four bytes as your hash.
+
+Or by duplicating the
+information in multiple places
+
+and checking that all
+the information matches
+
+with each other.
+
+But as long as you can reliably
+get important information over.
+
+Like if you had a retreat
+signal, or an all out attack
+
+signal, just make
+sure it's secured
+
+and it's safely propagated
+to all your robots.
+
+Here's a random piece of advice.
+
+Keep your frameworks
+lean, especially
+
+with the byte code limit.
+
+You don't want to create
+this beautiful hierarchy
+
+of abstract interfaces
+that just has
+
+a ton of intermediate
+layers before you actually
+
+get to the nitty gritty code.
+
+Because for every additional
+layer of abstraction,
+
+you're increasing
+the byte code cost.
+
+So actually one of the cool
+things that the byte code
+
+limitation actually enforces is
+it enforces really lean code,
+
+which is not something
+you typically see in Java.
+
+So if you'll actually look
+at our class structure,
+
+this is from our 2012 bot, we
+have a very, very flat class
+
+hierarchy.
+
+One, because we just didn't want
+to deal with extra subpackages.
+
+And two, because
+there's really not
+
+too much to be gained from
+really elegant architecture
+
+other than just wasting time.
+
+Because the behavior code
+is ultimately what matters.
+
+So we wrote extremely
+lean frameworks.
+
+So this is actually
+our main run loop.
+
+You'll see here all we do is
+we reset our internal timers.
+
+We update a few key
+round variables,
+
+like the current time,
+and my current energy,
+
+and the current position
+of all the bases.
+
+And then we run
+our message system.
+
+We actually run the main run
+call, which would basically
+
+be a giant state
+machine, probably like
+
+500, 600 to 1,000
+lines long of just
+
+completely messy code that
+determines what the robot wants
+
+to do and does it.
+
+And then we actually
+abstracted movement out.
+
+This was probably the
+biggest piece of abstraction
+
+that we did, was we
+moved a movement out
+
+to a separate position where
+we knew that each robot was
+
+reliably moving
+every single round,
+
+because it's very key that
+you always move because that
+
+is an impact on your
+total damage per second.
+
+And then we did
+some generic things.
+
+And we also have this cute
+little thing down here
+
+at the bottom which is if we had
+some spare byte codes we would
+
+use the extra byte
+codes for computation.
+
+So navigation last year
+was-- because there
+
+were walls, the
+algorithms you had
+
+to use last year were
+actually quite different.
+
+Most teams would write
+something called bugnav,
+
+which-- you guys from
+the navigation lecture,
+
+I suppose you discussed a little
+bit, where you see an obstacle,
+
+you hit the obstacle, you try
+to trace around the obstacle,
+
+and then once you're free of
+the obstacle you keep moving.
+
+But the more advanced
+teams would actually
+
+write a more complex
+version of bugnav which
+
+is called tangentbug, which
+is-- you basically can project
+
+a virtual bug and if you
+see you've rounded a corner,
+
+instead of going forward,
+hitting the wall,
+
+and going around it, you
+can just cut the corner.
+
+And we actually used
+our extra byte codes
+
+to pre-compute steps
+of tangentbug in order
+
+to make our navigation maybe
+five or six squares better.
+
+But that better means you get
+to the enemy two rounds faster
+
+because you cut a corner.
+
+And then two rounds faster means
+you have extra DPS on the enemy
+
+and so you win that
+initial engagement.
+
+This year because there
+are no permanent walls,
+
+bugnav and tangentbug
+may not actually
+
+be some of the best algorithms.
+
+Haitao and I have kind
+of a little bet running
+
+on what the best nav will be.
+
+We're thinking
+it's probably going
+
+to be some sort of very
+discretized floodfill algorithm
+
+or Astar algorithm that doesn't
+try to compute every square
+
+but actually breaks everything
+up into discrete segments.
+
+So you want to be able
+to rush to the enemy base
+
+if they're just a
+straight up nuke bot.
+
+We guarantee you a
+round-- we guarantee you
+
+a minimum of 200 rounds if
+you follow the optimal path.
+
+But you have to know
+what that optimal path is
+
+or you won't get there in time.
+
+Maximum of 200 rounds.
+
+So our bets are actually
+on the most advanced teams
+
+writing kind of
+an Astar algorithm
+
+or a floodfill algorithm
+that takes the map,
+
+divides it into discrete
+chunks so it doesn't consider
+
+every individual square,
+and then it kind of picks
+
+sort of roughly the
+best path to take.
+
+So you can avoid areas
+with more or less mines
+
+than the other areas.
+
+And then this will still get you
+to the nuke bot in enough time
+
+without having to
+blow the entire cost
+
+of the complete Astar algorithm.
+
+So Astar, in maybe like an
+eight by eight or ten by ten
+
+is tenable, but it's
+not tenable in twenty
+
+by twenty or a hundred
+by a hundred situations.
+
+This is kind of a big one.
+
+Don't be afraid to
+write messy code.
+
+I think it speaks for
+itself, but in case
+
+you guys are like spending
+a lot of time trying
+
+to make beautiful
+code, the thing
+
+is what you ship is
+ultimately-- what
+
+you ship that changes your
+bot's performance is ultimately
+
+what matters.
+
+And a lot of beginners
+have this issue
+
+where they're afraid
+to just hack something
+
+together, or hack a
+one off bot to test.
+
+But it's so key that you
+kind of overcome this fear
+
+to write messy code,
+write stuff that works,
+
+just get something hacked
+out that's working.
+
+And then use that
+to gain yourself
+
+an advantage in
+what matters, which
+
+is the actual scrimmage, the
+tournament matches, et cetera.
+
+So we actually have
+code that's terrible.
+
+Our navigation code
+actually is completely--
+
+is not understandable by the
+person who wrote it anymore
+
+because it's so messy.
+
+Like you can imagine,
+bugnav, for anyone
+
+who's tried to implement
+bugnav it sounds really simple,
+
+but there are actually like
+100s or so of edge cases
+
+that you have to account for.
+
+So if you end up bugging around
+another robot or you end up
+
+in some sort of
+infinite loop bug,
+
+there's a lot of extra edge
+conditions that you have
+
+to account for that none of
+the previous lecturers have
+
+actually talked about
+from '09 or 2010 or 2011.
+
+They'll just say oh
+yeah, it's bugnav,
+
+just go around the thing.
+
+But what happens if you
+have two units bugging
+
+around the same wall and
+then they hit each other,
+
+then one unit has to go around.
+
+But if one unit goes around
+and the unit on top moves,
+
+all of the sudden
+you have a unit
+
+who's no longer next
+to a wall but though he
+
+was bugging around a wall.
+
+But he doesn't see any
+walls next to him anymore.
+
+And then you're
+states get messed up.
+
+And everything
+just goes to hell.
+
+So don't be afraid to
+just write edge case
+
+code that deals with
+that, gets your bot up
+
+and running so you can test the
+frameworks, and the strategies,
+
+and everything that matters.
+
+There's also-- last minute
+hacks actually win games.
+
+So I don't know if you guys
+are familiar with our 2011--
+
+or 2012 championship.
+
+But what we did was
+on the very last day
+
+we were scrimmaging
+on the server
+
+and we found out that the second
+place scrim team, team 16,
+
+had modified his attack
+code, that it was actually
+
+slightly better than ours.
+
+And because having
+better attack code
+
+means you win the engagement, it
+means he beat our bot actually
+
+three times out of four.
+
+So we got, actually,
+really scared about this.
+
+And don't forget
+we scrimmed this
+
+the day of the
+final submissions.
+
+So an hour before the
+deadline, me, Haitao, and YP
+
+are just thinking about well
+what should we actually do?
+
+So our ultimate hack was
+we actually figure out
+
+what the team is by the
+characteristic of their message
+
+broadcasting.
+
+So you're not actually
+given the team number.
+
+But if you look at what kind
+of messages they're sending,
+
+you can kind of guess, right?
+
+And throughout the
+whole battle code 2012
+
+we had been kind of on
+the side just curious,
+
+looking at the structure
+of other teams messages.
+
+And so an hour before
+the deadline submission
+
+we wrote something
+that determined
+
+whether the team we were
+playing against was team 16.
+
+And we would change
+our strategy.
+
+And this was an hour before.
+
+And it was completely
+untested code.
+
+But we had been thinking
+about it, kind of
+
+in the back of our mind, and
+we just threw this together.
+
+We uploaded it.
+
+And if you were at the finals
+it was a pretty tense match
+
+where we actually had
+a bug in that code that
+
+triggered once and would
+not trigger a second time.
+
+But the one time it did trigger
+was the very last match,
+
+and so we ultimately won
+the final tournament.
+
+But this is like a piece of
+code, incredibly critical.
+
+It's like three or
+four lines, but it
+
+was the difference between
+first or second place.
+
+So once again, spending time
+where it matters is really key.
+
+You can probably do these
+sort of hacks this year.
+
+Determining what the team is
+based on the message structure
+
+is a little bit harder.
+
+Because last year people would
+send discrete message objects.
+
+And so you could
+count the total number
+
+of integers, the total
+number of map locations.
+
+Whether there's a
+secret key and then
+
+you could correlate
+the secret keys.
+
+This year you'll have to
+see how they channel hop
+
+or what they store on
+the various channels,
+
+or the channel distribution
+of the different messages.
+
+But it's still possible.
+
+So last minute
+hacks do win games.
+
+This is also another small one.
+
+You guys should all-- if
+you're not already using IRC,
+
+you should use IRC, because
+all the devs are on IRC,
+
+especially us who are remote.
+
+I was the only person working
+on engine who was actually
+
+willing to fly out six
+hours to give this talk.
+
+So everyone else is on IRC.
+
+If you have any questions
+you should go on IRC
+
+and you should actually
+ask your question.
+
+So, for those of you who don't
+know, there's a web client.
+
+Just use the
+freenode web client,
+
+connect to channel
+battle code, ask
+
+whatever questions you have.
+
+We'll answer them pretty fast.
+
+If you guys are feeling
+a little more advanced,
+
+you should use IRC better.
+
+If you actually
+parsesys in the channel
+
+there's a lot of banter that
+goes on regarding game balance.
+
+Or teams will discuss
+strategies or whatever.
+
+So if you actually
+get a good IRC client
+
+and stay in the channel,
+you'll actually learn a lot.
+
+Because sometimes some of
+the old battle code champions
+
+will just come in, just talk
+a little bit about strategy.
+
+Or people will just
+discuss what they've
+
+been doing on the
+bots, et cetera.
+
+And so just use a
+good IRC chat client.
+
+If you were to
+use pigeon, pigeon
+
+has a built-in IRC client.
+
+There's no reason to
+not connect to it.
+
+Talk to the devs, ask questions.
+
+There's just been a lot
+of very simple questions,
+
+but we're more than
+happy to answer.
+
+So questions about
+round number, or if you
+
+have an issue with
+your bot, it's
+
+much faster than the
+forums, because we'll
+
+answer the IRC
+probably in minutes
+
+rather than hours on the forum.
+
+And, most of all, you
+guys should just have fun.
+
+Battle code, at least for us,
+was a very fun experience.
+
+We worked hard on it.
+
+But we also-- we
+goofed off a lot.
+
+We probably spent more than
+40 hours playing Civ 5.
+
+And before the
+sprint tournament,
+
+or before the Qualls tournament,
+this is usually a bad idea.
+
+But it's about-- this is
+IP, it's about having fun.
+
+So work hard, but also have fun.
+
+And also I have a few requests.
+
+So there may potentially be
+the 2013 winner in this group.
+
+So, if it is one of you
+guys, just a few requests.
+
+You guys should write
+a good strategy report,
+
+because battle code is
+not done in a vacuum.
+
+We learned from the
+teams before us.
+
+The teams before us learned
+from the teams before them.
+
+This information really needs
+to be more out and open,
+
+which is why I'm giving
+you kind of a brain
+
+dump of a lot of the
+very small tricks
+
+and tips that we did in order
+to gain a competitive edge.
+
+So write a good strategy report,
+help your fellow competitors.
+
+This is a friendly competition,
+it's not cutthroat.
+
+You guys can make fun of all
+the other lesser competitions,
+
+but within battle code
+keep it a good family.
+
+And then join the
+devs if you guys win,
+
+because we need good desks.
+
+So thanks.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+CORY: So any general
+questions or whatever?
+
+Once again, yeah, it's our
+fault if you guys really
+
+hate nuke you should say it now.
+
+Yes?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: It changes
+from year to year.
+
+So how did you choose your team?
+
+CORY: The 2012 team was
+all Star League people.
+
+So there's also another
+Star League team.
+
+I have some high hopes
+for the Star League guys.
+
+First year I did it with
+people from my high school.
+
+Second year I did it, I did
+it with Star League people.
+
+The third year was also all
+Star League people as well.
+
+You guys should go to Star
+League if you like Starcraft.
+
+That's a pitch.
+
+Every Friday at 7:00
+o'clock for 253.
+
+Go play Starcraft
+
+It'll make your meta
+game analysis better.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Balance?
+
+General comments?
+
+So I'll be here
+afterwards if you guys
+
+want to ask any questions.
+
+If you want to look
+through our old bot.
+
+At some point I will
+write out a code
+
+walk through of our 2012 bot.
+
+But until then
+just ask, or we'll
+
+be in the IRC
+channel or whatever.
+
+So hopefully this was
+useful to you guys.
+
+So thanks.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pSIAK5hzJeI.txt b/pSIAK5hzJeI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de5aad93964cf509ce1c76cf4330b94c62730fe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pSIAK5hzJeI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome everybody I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everybody I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everybody I hope
+you're really excited about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really excited about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really excited about this
+semester coming up and getting involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester coming up and getting involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester coming up and getting involved
+with teaching so I am professor Kathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teaching so I am professor Kathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with teaching so I am professor Kathy
+Drennen a professor here at MIT in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drennen a professor here at MIT in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drennen a professor here at MIT in the
+chemistry and biology department and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and biology department and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and biology department and I
+want to start today so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start today so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start today so this this
+workshop is about stereotype stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop is about stereotype stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop is about stereotype stereotype
+threat wise criticism unconscious bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat wise criticism unconscious bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat wise criticism unconscious bias
+and I want to start because you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to start because you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to start because you're gonna
+be teachers with telling about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be teachers with telling about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be teachers with telling about my
+motivation for doing this training like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for doing this training like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for doing this training like
+why I think she's a chemist why is she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think she's a chemist why is she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think she's a chemist why is she
+standing up here telling us about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up here telling us about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up here telling us about this
+so as teachers it's good to tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as teachers it's good to tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as teachers it's good to tell your
+students about your motivation so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students about your motivation so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students about your motivation so what
+is my motivation well this is my phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my motivation well this is my phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my motivation well this is my phone
+Novation was this is story from a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novation was this is story from a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novation was this is story from a number
+of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago
+and I was asked to attend a workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was asked to attend a workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was asked to attend a workshop
+happening at Harvard on increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at Harvard on increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at Harvard on increasing
+diversity in the sciences and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in the sciences and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in the sciences and so when
+you went to register for this workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went to register for this workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went to register for this workshop
+they gave you a homework assignment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave you a homework assignment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave you a homework assignment I
+thought that was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was interesting
+so my homework assignment was to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my homework assignment was to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my homework assignment was to go to
+the chemistry department and interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry department and interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry department and interview
+all the undergraduates that were members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the undergraduates that were members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the undergraduates that were members
+of underrepresented minority groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underrepresented minority groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underrepresented minority groups and
+I discovered at the time this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discovered at the time this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discovered at the time this was a
+number of years ago there were two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago there were two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago there were two and
+both of these students had transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these students had transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these students had transferred
+very recently to other departments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently to other departments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently to other departments so
+that that was not sort of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was not sort of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was not sort of the best
+indication but the students were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication but the students were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication but the students were very
+interested in talking to me and I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in talking to me and I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in talking to me and I said I
+want to hear about your experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear about your experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear about your experience and
+want to think about what the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about what the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about what the department
+could do better again this isn't this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better again this isn't this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better again this isn't this is
+a an issue from the past things things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an issue from the past things things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an issue from the past things things
+are a lot better right now so I met with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot better right now so I met with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot better right now so I met with
+these students and one in particular was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these students and one in particular was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these students and one in particular was
+just really engaged with me they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really engaged with me they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really engaged with me they're like
+yes I want to help you figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I want to help you figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I want to help you figure out what's
+going on and talking about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and talking about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and talking about their
+experience and thought a lot about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and thought a lot about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and thought a lot about what
+could have been different and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been different and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been different and finally
+kind of came up with this thing I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of came up with this thing I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of came up with this thing I said I
+just I never had a TA that believed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I never had a TA that believed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I never had a TA that believed in
+me and I just thought I was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I just thought I was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I just thought I was not
+expecting that response because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that response because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that response because I've
+been working with TAS at that point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with TAS at that point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with TAS at that point for
+quite some time and the tea's were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time and the tea's were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time and the tea's were
+critically wonderful they were engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically wonderful they were engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically wonderful they were engaged
+I did and I just thought somehow the t's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did and I just thought somehow the t's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did and I just thought somehow the t's
+that there had been this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there had been this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there had been this sort of
+disconnect and I said well you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect and I said well you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect and I said well you know what
+what did the TA say to you what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the TA say to you what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the TA say to you what what
+happened he thought about it and tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened he thought about it and tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened he thought about it and tried
+to come up with an example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an example and then
+realized it wasn't what they said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it wasn't what they said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it wasn't what they said it was
+what they didn't say and that just stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they didn't say and that just stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they didn't say and that just stuck
+with me and I thought his TAS probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and I thought his TAS probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and I thought his TAS probably
+had no idea that he was feeling this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no idea that he was feeling this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no idea that he was feeling this way
+here was this kid sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was this kid sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was this kid sitting in the
+classroom thinking no one believes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom thinking no one believes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom thinking no one believes that
+I can do chemistry and no one else was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do chemistry and no one else was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do chemistry and no one else was
+thinking that but but him probably so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that but but him probably so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that but but him probably so I
+said we need to talk about this we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we need to talk about this we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we need to talk about this we need
+to talk about how we can all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how we can all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how we can all have
+classrooms where everyone can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms where everyone can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms where everyone can reach
+their full potential so that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full potential so that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full potential so that's what this
+training is about today we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is about today we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training is about today we're gonna
+start this discussion how do we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this discussion how do we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this discussion how do we create
+classrooms where everyone can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms where everyone can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms where everyone can reach
+their full potential or no one's worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full potential or no one's worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full potential or no one's worried
+sitting in there really worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in there really worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in there really worried about
+what someone might be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what someone might be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what someone might be thinking about
+them so again as a teacher what I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so again as a teacher what I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so again as a teacher what I like
+to do starting out just give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do starting out just give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do starting out just give you the
+take-home message I like to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message I like to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message I like to give you a
+take-home message tell you what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message tell you what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message tell you what I'm
+gonna tell you tell you the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you tell you the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you tell you the thing I'm
+gonna tell you and then tell you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you and then tell you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you and then tell you what I
+taught you so there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you so there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you so there's a little bit of
+teacher training mixed in with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher training mixed in with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher training mixed in with this
+workshop as well alright so take-home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop as well alright so take-home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop as well alright so take-home
+message so the take-home message is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so the take-home message is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so the take-home message is that
+understanding stereotype threat and wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding stereotype threat and wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding stereotype threat and wise
+criticism is essential for being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism is essential for being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism is essential for being a good
+mentor supervising teacher and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor supervising teacher and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor supervising teacher and help
+something a good human being I think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a good human being I think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a good human being I think as
+well so that's the message and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that's the message and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that's the message and you might
+think okay I'm buying in but I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay I'm buying in but I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay I'm buying in but I have no
+idea what you're talking about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what you're talking about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what you're talking about with
+stereotype threats so let's go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threats so let's go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threats so let's go there
+first all right so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first all right so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first all right so let's look at some
+definitions first let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions first let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions first let's look at
+stereotype so stereotype is a prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype so stereotype is a prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype so stereotype is a prevalent
+belief about a specific type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief about a specific type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief about a specific type of
+individuals or way of doing things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or way of doing things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or way of doing things which
+may or may not reflect reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not reflect reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not reflect reality
+so most people can think of stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most people can think of stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most people can think of stereotypes
+stereotypes can be positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes can be positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes can be positive or negative
+most people think of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think of negative
+stereotypes but actually they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes but actually they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes but actually they can be
+positive so an example of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so an example of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so an example of a positive
+stereotype is that MIT students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype is that MIT students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype is that MIT students are
+smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart
+I've been here almost 20 years MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been here almost 20 years MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been here almost 20 years MIT
+students are smart that's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are smart that's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are smart that's a positive
+stereotype stereotypes can be based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype stereotypes can be based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype stereotypes can be based in
+truth that is pretty true that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that is pretty true that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that is pretty true that MIT
+students are smart what about a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are smart what about a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are smart what about a negative
+stereotype what is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype what is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype what is an example of a
+negative stereotype yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stereotype yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stereotype yes
+so most people say that jocks are dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most people say that jocks are dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most people say that jocks are dumb
+or not so bright example and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so bright example and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so bright example and in my
+experience that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's not true
+there are a lot of very athletic people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of very athletic people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of very athletic people
+something that some people don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that some people don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that some people don't know
+about MIT is that most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT is that most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT is that most people
+participate in sports here so yeah so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in sports here so yeah so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in sports here so yeah so a
+negative one again they can be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one again they can be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one again they can be positive
+they can be negative they can be largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be negative they can be largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be negative they can be largely
+true or not so true I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not so true I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not so true I also want to
+introduce the idea of unconscious bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the idea of unconscious bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the idea of unconscious bias
+because people are talking a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are talking a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are talking a lot about
+this and actually when I started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and actually when I started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and actually when I started this
+training no one had no one was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training no one had no one was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training no one had no one was talking
+about this term and now it's the term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term and now it's the term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term and now it's the term so
+let's let's talk about that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's talk about that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's talk about that so it's
+defined as social stereotypes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as social stereotypes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as social stereotypes about
+certain groups that individuals form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups that individuals form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups that individuals form
+outside of their conscious awareness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of their conscious awareness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of their conscious awareness so
+in other words they don't know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they don't know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they don't know that they
+hold these stereotypes unconscious bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold these stereotypes unconscious bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold these stereotypes unconscious bias
+and I think people like this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think people like this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think people like this term
+because it sort of like takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of like takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of like takes the
+pressure off like I didn't know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure off like I didn't know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure off like I didn't know I have
+it therefore I'm not responsible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it therefore I'm not responsible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it therefore I'm not responsible it's
+all good but today we're really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good but today we're really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good but today we're really getting
+in there and I feel like I've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and I feel like I've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and I feel like I've been doing
+this training for a while so I become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this training for a while so I become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this training for a while so I become
+acutely aware of just how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acutely aware of just how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acutely aware of just how many
+stereotypes I have so this is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes I have so this is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes I have so this is not about
+oh if it were true freeing ourselves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if it were true freeing ourselves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if it were true freeing ourselves of
+these things No it's about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things No it's about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things No it's about making
+ourselves aware that we have them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves aware that we have them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves aware that we have them and
+acting in such a way that we can counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in such a way that we can counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in such a way that we can counter
+the negative harm of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative harm of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative harm of it
+all right so stereotype threat is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so stereotype threat is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so stereotype threat is the
+perceived risk of confirming a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived risk of confirming a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived risk of confirming a negative
+stereotype so say as a female driver you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype so say as a female driver you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype so say as a female driver you
+do something stupid and have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something stupid and have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something stupid and have a whole
+bunch of men honking at you right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of men honking at you right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of men honking at you right you're
+like ah I didn't want to let the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah I didn't want to let the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ah I didn't want to let the world
+be like do you feel pressure of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like do you feel pressure of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like do you feel pressure of doing
+everything perfectly because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything perfectly because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything perfectly because you don't
+want to play into the negative idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play into the negative idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play into the negative idea
+there all right so Stu - what stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so Stu - what stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so Stu - what stereotype
+threat is and I think stereotype threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat is and I think stereotype threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat is and I think stereotype threat
+is still a good term for it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a good term for it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a good term for it because
+conscious bias threat and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious bias threat and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious bias threat and it doesn't
+really work okay so we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work okay so we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work okay so we're back to
+stereotypes all right so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes all right so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes all right so what are we
+going to talk about today so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today so we're going
+to talk more about these terms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about these terms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about these terms we're
+going to talk about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the fact that
+stereotype threat can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat can lead to
+underperformance so I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformance so I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformance so I'm going to show
+you data to support this idea we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you data to support this idea we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you data to support this idea we're
+gonna talk about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about the fact that
+stereotype threat can lead to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat can lead to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat can lead to the idea
+that you're being judged unfairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're being judged unfairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're being judged unfairly
+sometimes you might be just unfairly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might be just unfairly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might be just unfairly and
+sometimes you're not being judged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're not being judged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're not being judged
+unfairly but stereotype threat can lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairly but stereotype threat can lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairly but stereotype threat can lead
+to that feeling whether or not it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that feeling whether or not it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that feeling whether or not it's true
+everyone can have stereotype everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can have stereotype everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can have stereotype everyone
+can be a victim of stereotypes threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a victim of stereotypes threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a victim of stereotypes threat
+and everyone has stereotypes so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone has stereotypes so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone has stereotypes so it
+affects all of us we all hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects all of us we all hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects all of us we all hold
+stereotypes we all can be victims of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes we all can be victims of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes we all can be victims of
+stereotype threat this training is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat this training is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat this training is
+really for everyone in the room and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for everyone in the room and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for everyone in the room and I
+have to say this is not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say this is not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say this is not just about
+gender it's not just about race it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender it's not just about race it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender it's not just about race it's
+about anything that might make us feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything that might make us feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything that might make us feel
+different anyone anything that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different anyone anything that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different anyone anything that might
+make us feel sort of under a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us feel sort of under a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us feel sort of under a microscope
+if we're different in any way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're different in any way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're different in any way from the
+others around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others around us
+this can affect everybody so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can affect everybody so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can affect everybody so it's it's
+it's for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for everyone
+this is the kind of the bad news what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of the bad news what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of the bad news what
+about the good news there's always good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the good news there's always good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the good news there's always good
+news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news
+there's wise criticism so this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's wise criticism so this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's wise criticism so this has been
+shown to alleviate the negative negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to alleviate the negative negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to alleviate the negative negative
+aspects of stereotype threat so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of stereotype threat so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of stereotype threat so what is
+it so wise criticism is criticism where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so wise criticism is criticism where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so wise criticism is criticism where
+you explicitly let somebody know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explicitly let somebody know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explicitly let somebody know that
+they are capable or you believe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are capable or you believe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are capable or you believe they're
+capable of a higher level of achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of a higher level of achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of a higher level of achievement
+and there's data to suggest this goes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's data to suggest this goes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's data to suggest this goes a
+long way again if you can create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way again if you can create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way again if you can create this
+environment of trust if the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of trust if the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of trust if the individuals
+in your classroom feel that you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your classroom feel that you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your classroom feel that you believe
+in them you you can you can criticize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them you you can you can criticize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them you you can you can criticize
+them I mean it's just important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I mean it's just important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I mean it's just important to
+mentoring the lab criticism is how we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring the lab criticism is how we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring the lab criticism is how we we
+learn when we don't do well we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn when we don't do well we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn when we don't do well we learn
+from that it's all healthy and good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that it's all healthy and good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that it's all healthy and good but
+we have to make sure that any criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sure that any criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make sure that any criticism
+is delivered in such a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delivered in such a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delivered in such a way that the
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+izes that we believe in them again back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+izes that we believe in them again back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+izes that we believe in them again back
+to the student ever had CA you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the student ever had CA you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the student ever had CA you need to
+everyone to know that we believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to know that we believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to know that we believe that
+the person is able to do the work and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is able to do the work and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is able to do the work and so
+that is one way to mitigate the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one way to mitigate the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one way to mitigate the negative
+effects all right so I don't know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects all right so I don't know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects all right so I don't know if I
+told you this ahead of time but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you this ahead of time but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you this ahead of time but this is
+an interactive training so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interactive training so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interactive training so we want
+everyone to participate and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to participate and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to participate and think about
+how this has affected me or someone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this has affected me or someone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this has affected me or someone I
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so what we're gonna do in a minute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do in a minute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do in a minute is
+you're gonna pair share find a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna pair share find a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna pair share find a group of
+two or three and turn to your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three and turn to your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three and turn to your neighbor
+and think about recall a time when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about recall a time when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about recall a time when you
+might have felt judged by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have felt judged by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have felt judged by some
+superficial characteristic so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial characteristic so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial characteristic so it could
+be age it could be anything so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be age it could be anything so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be age it could be anything so think
+about that or and maybe and or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or and maybe and or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or and maybe and or you can
+do both you're worried about confirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both you're worried about confirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both you're worried about confirming
+a negative stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative stereotype
+so that's assignment think about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's assignment think about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's assignment think about it a
+little bit you'll talk to your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you'll talk to your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you'll talk to your neighbor
+I'll give you about five minutes or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you about five minutes or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you about five minutes or so
+and then we'll come back in a group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back in a group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back in a group and
+hopefully some of you will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully some of you will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully some of you will feel
+comfortable sharing your experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable sharing your experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable sharing your experiences
+with a larger group and we can talk we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a larger group and we can talk we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a larger group and we can talk we
+can talk about it alright so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about it alright so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about it alright so let's take
+a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes
+find someone share a story yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someone share a story yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someone share a story yeah so I
+guess one of mine that I started being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one of mine that I started being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one of mine that I started being
+really aware of when I started grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aware of when I started grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aware of when I started grad
+school was that I was really worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school was that I was really worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school was that I was really worried
+about being taken seriously as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being taken seriously as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being taken seriously as a
+scientist if I had meaningful hobbies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist if I had meaningful hobbies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist if I had meaningful hobbies
+outside of work I came to MIT I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of work I came to MIT I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of work I came to MIT I was like
+really scared by the fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scared by the fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scared by the fact that there are
+a few people that look like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people that look like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people that look like me
+and so that put like a lot of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that put like a lot of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that put like a lot of pressure
+on me and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me and I
+that I had to like carry a whole race on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had to like carry a whole race on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had to like carry a whole race on
+my back and also I can remember one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back and also I can remember one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back and also I can remember one
+meeting that I had with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting that I had with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting that I had with one of the
+professors and she was telling me that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and she was telling me that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and she was telling me that I
+know that you come from a small college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you come from a small college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you come from a small college
+and there were your classmates are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were your classmates are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were your classmates are gonna
+be from Berkeley and Harvard and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from Berkeley and Harvard and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from Berkeley and Harvard and so it
+might be quiet for you at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quiet for you at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be quiet for you at the beginning
+and I feel that really really impacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel that really really impacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel that really really impacted
+how I perform in some of my classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I perform in some of my classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I perform in some of my classes and
+I wish that had I had never had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish that had I had never had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish that had I had never had that
+conversation so yeah yeah being from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so yeah yeah being from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so yeah yeah being from a
+smaller school was harder it was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller school was harder it was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller school was harder it was also
+from a smaller school and it was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a smaller school and it was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a smaller school and it was always
+in classes he was always thinking yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then being told that I might yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then being told that I might yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then being told that I might yeah
+yeah so yeah so you question yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so you question yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so you question yourself
+and sometimes you feel like you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you feel like you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you feel like you don't
+really belong I had a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong I had a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong I had a very similar
+experience to yours I was directly told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to yours I was directly told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to yours I was directly told
+that students from Puerto Rico don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students from Puerto Rico don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students from Puerto Rico don't
+really do that well in first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that well in first year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that well in first year
+classes and so when I was never doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and so when I was never doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and so when I was never doing
+terribly in class um I felt like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly in class um I felt like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly in class um I felt like I
+didn't have to necessarily do well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to necessarily do well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to necessarily do well and
+also I I would actually not try as hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I I would actually not try as hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I I would actually not try as hard
+as I should have to like you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I should have to like you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I should have to like you know yeah
+and you know I think the other problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I think the other problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I think the other problem
+I've heard many people that have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard many people that have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard many people that have had the
+same experience so it's sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experience so it's sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experience so it's sort of like you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+I wish that like some of the professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish that like some of the professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish that like some of the professors
+like we understand that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we understand that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we understand that they're not
+helping you anything these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you anything these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you anything these things and
+maybe oh training like this because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh training like this because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh training like this because what
+were they trying to they're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they trying to they're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they trying to they're coming from
+a place of trying to help you I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place of trying to help you I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place of trying to help you I think in
+generally yeah I think their intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally yeah I think their intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally yeah I think their intention
+was to help but I think it's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to help but I think it's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to help but I think it's just some
+time that I was worried about confirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I was worried about confirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I was worried about confirming
+a negative stereotype was when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative stereotype was when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative stereotype was when I first
+started graduate school I was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started graduate school I was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started graduate school I was coming
+from a primarily undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a primarily undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a primarily undergraduate
+institution I had never been at a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution I had never been at a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution I had never been at a big
+research university and so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research university and so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research university and so I didn't
+really know what to expect or what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what to expect or what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what to expect or what I was
+getting myself into and I guess when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting myself into and I guess when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting myself into and I guess when
+people first explained to me like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people first explained to me like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people first explained to me like what
+the expectations were in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations were in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations were in terms of like
+how much I should work and like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I should work and like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I should work and like what
+vacation policies were the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation policies were the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation policies were the first time
+they told me I literally laughed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told me I literally laughed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told me I literally laughed out
+loud I didn't think they could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud I didn't think they could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud I didn't think they could possibly
+be serious and then I realized whoa I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be serious and then I realized whoa I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be serious and then I realized whoa I
+might be in like kind of in over my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in like kind of in over my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in like kind of in over my head
+and once I realized that I was like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I realized that I was like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I realized that I was like oh
+man people are gonna think that I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man people are gonna think that I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man people are gonna think that I'm like
+not serious about my job and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not serious about my job and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not serious about my job and I don't
+know what I'm doing so I had to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm doing so I had to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm doing so I had to like
+kind of pretend all of a sudden that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pretend all of a sudden that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pretend all of a sudden that I
+was like all focused on science because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like all focused on science because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like all focused on science because
+I didn't want people to think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want people to think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want people to think that I
+wasn't taking it seriously because of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't taking it seriously because of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't taking it seriously because of my
+background ya know I feel the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background ya know I feel the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background ya know I feel the same way
+and coming to MIT and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming to MIT and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming to MIT and then like
+especially come in like for me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially come in like for me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially come in like for me for
+confirming and I gets a stereotype also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming and I gets a stereotype also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming and I gets a stereotype also
+just like being judged for my physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like being judged for my physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like being judged for my physical
+attributes as a woman of color I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes as a woman of color I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes as a woman of color I feel
+like there's a lot of stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a lot of stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a lot of stereotypes
+negative around kind of my ethnicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative around kind of my ethnicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative around kind of my ethnicity
+amarice and one of the things that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amarice and one of the things that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amarice and one of the things that I've
+heard a lot of times it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a lot of times it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a lot of times it's kind of the
+idea but you speak well for you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but you speak well for you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but you speak well for you're
+articulate for a black woman and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate for a black woman and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate for a black woman and this is
+not only my story I've had a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only my story I've had a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only my story I've had a number of
+my colleagues see the same thing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues see the same thing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues see the same thing to me
+so it's a something that is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a something that is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a something that is constantly
+being battled but against a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being battled but against a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being battled but against a negative
+stereotype and also this idea of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and also this idea of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and also this idea of that to
+come in like a combination of my like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in like a combination of my like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in like a combination of my like I
+like to call it the intersectionality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call it the intersectionality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call it the intersectionality of
+all my like personalities and all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my like personalities and all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my like personalities and all my
+identities so I'm a woman of color I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so I'm a woman of color I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so I'm a woman of color I'm
+from the Caribbean and I went to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Caribbean and I went to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Caribbean and I went to small
+and only just a small liberal arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only just a small liberal arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only just a small liberal arts
+school oh it's a small HBCU which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school oh it's a small HBCU which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school oh it's a small HBCU which is a
+historically black college in university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically black college in university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically black college in university
+I feel like all those combinations also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like all those combinations also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like all those combinations also
+makes getting into a classroom and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes getting into a classroom and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes getting into a classroom and being
+one of the only persons of color makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the only persons of color makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the only persons of color makes
+me feel extra pressure for confirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel extra pressure for confirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel extra pressure for confirming
+these negative stereotypes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negative stereotypes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negative stereotypes that are
+thoughts against you know people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts against you know people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts against you know people of
+color so in the classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so in the classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so in the classrooms
+I try not to ask questions cuz I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try not to ask questions cuz I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try not to ask questions cuz I don't
+alt myself as not being smart or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alt myself as not being smart or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alt myself as not being smart or you
+know not know as much as my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not know as much as my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not know as much as my other
+colleagues who might have went to bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues who might have went to bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues who might have went to bigger
+schools and have had targeted classes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and have had targeted classes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and have had targeted classes on
+this particular subject for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular subject for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular subject for example so
+it's been like it's definitely like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been like it's definitely like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been like it's definitely like the
+idea of being like the face of the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of being like the face of the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of being like the face of the race
+also because you don't spoil it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because you don't spoil it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because you don't spoil it for
+other people who come along so it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who come along so it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who come along so it's been
+a little bit like you feel like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like you feel like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like you feel like you have
+to not ask questions you not taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not ask questions you not taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not ask questions you not taught
+yourself if they think you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if they think you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if they think you know anything
+you see might prove that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see might prove that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see might prove that negative
+stereotype and it's very it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and it's very it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and it's very it's a lot of
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+I can't necessarily relate to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't necessarily relate to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't necessarily relate to your
+experience but kind of the flip side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but kind of the flip side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but kind of the flip side of
+the coin on that is I do have one sliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin on that is I do have one sliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin on that is I do have one sliver
+of an experience where I kind of feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experience where I kind of feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experience where I kind of feel
+like I can relate what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can relate what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can relate what you're talking
+about and that's when we're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's when we're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's when we're having
+conversations about diversity I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about diversity I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about diversity I feel
+like I don't want to say something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't want to say something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't want to say something that
+might sound ignorant or naive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sound ignorant or naive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sound ignorant or naive or
+uninformed because I feel like if I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed because I feel like if I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed because I feel like if I end
+up saying something stupid and offending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up saying something stupid and offending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up saying something stupid and offending
+someone I like set the conversation back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I like set the conversation back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I like set the conversation back
+a step and then I end up confirming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step and then I end up confirming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step and then I end up confirming the
+stereotype that like all white men don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype that like all white men don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype that like all white men don't
+care about improving diversity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about improving diversity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about improving diversity in
+science that's very and I feel like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that's very and I feel like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that's very and I feel like it's
+very crippling too because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crippling too because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crippling too because you might
+have really good experiences that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really good experiences that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really good experiences that you
+want to share and good contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share and good contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share and good contributions
+that you could make in that sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make in that sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make in that sense and
+you can't do it because of that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it because of that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it because of that negative
+stereotype you really confirm in that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype you really confirm in that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype you really confirm in that so
+it's definitely very crippling yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely very crippling yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely very crippling yeah I
+think it is detrimental to the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is detrimental to the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is detrimental to the the whole
+cause because it takes everybody right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause because it takes everybody right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause because it takes everybody right
+that's we're all participated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're all participated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're all participated okay
+so I think like I say thinking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think like I say thinking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think like I say thinking a lot of
+time that I felt judged about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I felt judged about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I felt judged about like a
+negative stereotype so I'm pretty short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stereotype so I'm pretty short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stereotype so I'm pretty short
+I don't know if you noticed when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you noticed when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you noticed when I
+walked in but I think that and I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked in but I think that and I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked in but I think that and I look
+pretty young I've always my sisters two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty young I've always my sisters two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty young I've always my sisters two
+years remember but I'm always considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years remember but I'm always considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years remember but I'm always considered
+the younger sister and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the younger sister and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the younger sister and I think that
+that's led to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's led to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's led to me
+to always be really afraid of confirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always be really afraid of confirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always be really afraid of confirming
+that like women are like weak or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like women are like weak or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like women are like weak or not
+able to do things on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do things on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do things on their own
+so like I'm very much there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I'm very much there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I'm very much there in
+conscience of like not asking for help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscience of like not asking for help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscience of like not asking for help
+with certain situations like if I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain situations like if I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain situations like if I can't
+reach things or things like that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach things or things like that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach things or things like that I know
+where all the steps tools are or I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the steps tools are or I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the steps tools are or I've
+been known to like climb on shelves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been known to like climb on shelves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been known to like climb on shelves and
+grocery stores in order instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery stores in order instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery stores in order instead of
+asking for help and it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for help and it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for help and it's kind of like
+one of those situations where I like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those situations where I like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those situations where I like and
+very much afraid and I like often lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much afraid and I like often lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much afraid and I like often lead
+with the fact that I have a black belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that I have a black belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that I have a black belt
+in Taekwondo to kind of help paint this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Taekwondo to kind of help paint this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Taekwondo to kind of help paint this
+picture that like I actually can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that like I actually can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that like I actually can do
+things for myself so yeah it's yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for myself so yeah it's yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for myself so yeah it's yeah it's
+like something that I'm like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that I'm like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that I'm like kind of
+shocks people because they're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks people because they're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks people because they're like oh
+you're so little like it's I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so little like it's I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so little like it's I don't know
+I feel like I'm always like so worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like I'm always like so worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like I'm always like so worried
+about the fact that just because I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that just because I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that just because I'm so
+little and I've always been I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and I've always been I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and I've always been I feel like
+I was like the tallest person in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like the tallest person in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like the tallest person in my
+class that like I need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that like I need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that like I need to be able to
+show that I can like take care of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that I can like take care of myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that I can like take care of myself
+and like be independent because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like be independent because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like be independent because of this
+like stereotype that like women can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stereotype that like women can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stereotype that like women can't
+and like need a man until I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like need a man until I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like need a man until I can make
+sure that things are okay and for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that things are okay and for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that things are okay and for them
+so yeah that's where I'm at with that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah that's where I'm at with that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah that's where I'm at with that oh
+that's good I can't get taller yeah when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good I can't get taller yeah when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good I can't get taller yeah when
+so when I was six years old I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was six years old I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was six years old I actually
+used to race cars mm-hmm and I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to race cars mm-hmm and I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to race cars mm-hmm and I remember
+there was a day when I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a day when I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a day when I should have
+gotten second place in a race but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten second place in a race but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten second place in a race but
+because the three boys in front of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the three boys in front of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the three boys in front of me
+crashed right before then and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed right before then and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed right before then and then the
+race they gave me fifth because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race they gave me fifth because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race they gave me fifth because they
+were in second third and fourth when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in second third and fourth when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in second third and fourth when
+before the flag went down mm-hmm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the flag went down mm-hmm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the flag went down mm-hmm but
+then I crossed the line first so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I crossed the line first so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I crossed the line first so I
+should have gotten second anyway yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten second anyway yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten second anyway yeah
+this whole situation is over one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole situation is over one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole situation is over one of the
+boys came up to me and was like oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys came up to me and was like oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys came up to me and was like oh well
+you're a girl of course you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a girl of course you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a girl of course you can't get
+second place and I was like excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second place and I was like excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second place and I was like excuse me
+yes that was over 20 years ago and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that was over 20 years ago and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that was over 20 years ago and I was
+when you were six like how old was the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were six like how old was the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were six like how old was the I
+think he was like seven so yeah and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was like seven so yeah and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was like seven so yeah and it's
+still there so um yeah all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there so um yeah all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there so um yeah all right let's
+let's come back as a group there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back as a group there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back as a group there was a
+lot of good discussion I can't wait to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good discussion I can't wait to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good discussion I can't wait to
+hear what you're gonna say so but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what you're gonna say so but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what you're gonna say so but I
+thought I would start out by sharing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would start out by sharing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would start out by sharing a
+story to attend to get us going so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to attend to get us going so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to attend to get us going so in
+the first category a time that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first category a time that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first category a time that you were
+judged so I I think back to a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged so I I think back to a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged so I I think back to a time when
+I was graduating from Vassar College you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was graduating from Vassar College you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was graduating from Vassar College you
+know these are the old days where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the old days where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the old days where if you
+announced who got an award they'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced who got an award they'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced who got an award they'd like
+post a piece of paper in the Student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a piece of paper in the Student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a piece of paper in the Student
+Union right there was no email thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union right there was no email thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union right there was no email thing to
+send out to people and so everyone sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out to people and so everyone sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out to people and so everyone sort
+of gathered around the list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gathered around the list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gathered around the list of the
+people who had been named Phi Beta Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had been named Phi Beta Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had been named Phi Beta Kappa
+and I was really excited that I had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was really excited that I had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was really excited that I had been
+named Phi Beta Kappa and so I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Phi Beta Kappa and so I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Phi Beta Kappa and so I'm sort of
+you know leaving after having looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know leaving after having looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know leaving after having looked at
+the list and I saw someone who I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list and I saw someone who I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list and I saw someone who I hadn't
+really talked to since freshman year he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked to since freshman year he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked to since freshman year he
+was in my dorm and it was one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in my dorm and it was one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in my dorm and it was one of those
+things like freshman year you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like freshman year you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like freshman year you know where
+like the entire floor of your dorm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the entire floor of your dorm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the entire floor of your dorm like
+goes everywhere together like you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes everywhere together like you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes everywhere together like you go to
+the dining hall together you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dining hall together you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dining hall together you go to
+parties together because like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties together because like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties together because like you know
+there's this herd effect anyway so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this herd effect anyway so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this herd effect anyway so this
+guy Philip had been in my herd but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Philip had been in my herd but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Philip had been in my herd but I
+never actually talked to him so he walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually talked to him so he walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually talked to him so he walks
+up to me and he looks at me and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to me and he looks at me and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to me and he looks at me and he said
+you were on that list and I said yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were on that list and I said yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were on that list and I said yes and
+he just looks at me and then he said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just looks at me and then he said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just looks at me and then he said it
+never occurred to me that you were smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never occurred to me that you were smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never occurred to me that you were smart
+I mean he you could just see the wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he you could just see the wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he you could just see the wheels
+turning like her name is on the list her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning like her name is on the list her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning like her name is on the list her
+name is on that list like she's smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is on that list like she's smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is on that list like she's smart
+and I just like what did I do that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just like what did I do that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just like what did I do that this
+was such like he's like oh whatever if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such like he's like oh whatever if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such like he's like oh whatever if
+they saw it they might not have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw it they might not have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw it they might not have ever
+thought about it one way or another but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it one way or another but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it one way or another but
+clearly he had formed an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly he had formed an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly he had formed an extremely
+strong opinion that there was no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong opinion that there was no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong opinion that there was no way
+that I could be smart and this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could be smart and this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could be smart and this was just
+just messing with his worldview the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just messing with his worldview the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just messing with his worldview the fact
+my name was on the list so like what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name was on the list so like what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name was on the list so like what was
+it about me that was just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about me that was just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about me that was just so
+inconceivable to this person that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable to this person that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconceivable to this person that I
+could be smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be smart
+okay so in the second category um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the second category um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the second category um
+pre-tenure at MIT there in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-tenure at MIT there in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-tenure at MIT there in the chemistry
+department at the point where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at the point where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at the point where I was
+coming up for tenure there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up for tenure there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up for tenure there was one
+female professor who had gotten tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female professor who had gotten tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female professor who had gotten tenure
+and then they had hired two more in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they had hired two more in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they had hired two more in with
+tenure so I was number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure so I was number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure so I was number two
+case study would she get tenure and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study would she get tenure and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study would she get tenure and I
+felt like they were all watching is she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like they were all watching is she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like they were all watching is she
+going to meetings how many papers has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to meetings how many papers has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to meetings how many papers has
+she published is she gonna make it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she published is she gonna make it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she published is she gonna make it what
+do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think
+laying the bets what are the odds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying the bets what are the odds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying the bets what are the odds I
+don't know there probably were odds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there probably were odds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there probably were odds I
+don't know what they are I never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they are I never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what they are I never want to
+know but I just felt like man my not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I just felt like man my not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I just felt like man my not
+getting tenure it's not really about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting tenure it's not really about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting tenure it's not really about me
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+it's it's ten women you get tenure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's ten women you get tenure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's ten women you get tenure and
+it was all riding on my shoulders I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all riding on my shoulders I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all riding on my shoulders I was
+going to provide the answer and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide the answer and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide the answer and people
+would make decisions about their lives I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make decisions about their lives I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make decisions about their lives I
+was afraid based on whether it worked oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was afraid based on whether it worked oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was afraid based on whether it worked oh
+it didn't work for her I'm not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't work for her I'm not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't work for her I'm not sure I
+want to go forward that is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go forward that is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go forward that is a lot of
+pressure when you feel like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure when you feel like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure when you feel like you're
+carrying other people beside yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying other people beside yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying other people beside yourself
+around so that's an example for me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that's an example for me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that's an example for me all
+right so you don't have to have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't have to have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't have to have as
+profound examples but everyone has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound examples but everyone has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound examples but everyone has some
+phillip in their life right and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phillip in their life right and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phillip in their life right and has
+somebody like that so let's let's hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like that so let's let's hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody like that so let's let's hear
+who wants to share about this so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to share about this so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to share about this so in
+addition to being a scientist I'm also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being a scientist I'm also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being a scientist I'm also a
+musician and when I got to grad school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician and when I got to grad school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician and when I got to grad school I
+felt really insecure about having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really insecure about having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really insecure about having this
+hobby and thought that people I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobby and thought that people I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobby and thought that people I might
+not be seen as serious of a scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be seen as serious of a scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be seen as serious of a scientist
+because I like to play music as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I like to play music as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I like to play music as well and
+so I kind of downplayed my hobby and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kind of downplayed my hobby and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kind of downplayed my hobby and
+didn't join ensembles as much but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't join ensembles as much but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't join ensembles as much but even
+then when I started in grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I started in grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I started in grad school
+participating in and ensembles I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in and ensembles I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in and ensembles I was
+really worried I'd confirmed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worried I'd confirmed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worried I'd confirmed the
+stereotype that just because I was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype that just because I was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype that just because I was also
+a musician I was less serious of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musician I was less serious of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musician I was less serious of a
+scientist yeah thanks for bringing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist yeah thanks for bringing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist yeah thanks for bringing that
+up I think that's a really great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think that's a really great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think that's a really great example
+so it's just we have these sort of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just we have these sort of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just we have these sort of ideas
+and and and it's like you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and it's like you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and it's like you know we have
+these there's sort of the square holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there's sort of the square holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there's sort of the square holes
+and the round holes and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the round holes and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the round holes and we're trying to
+you know bat everybody into it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bat everybody into it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bat everybody into it and that
+there's there's many different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's many different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's many different things
+that people can do if they're scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can do if they're scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can do if they're scientists
+there's many different hobbies and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many different hobbies and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many different hobbies and other
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+so they can have and we shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can have and we shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can have and we shouldn't have
+such a narrow definition so someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a narrow definition so someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a narrow definition so someone else
+I heard lots of discussion going on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard lots of discussion going on yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard lots of discussion going on yeah
+so in terms of being judged by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of being judged by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of being judged by someone
+first superficial characteristic as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first superficial characteristic as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first superficial characteristic as an
+African African I should say woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African African I should say woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African African I should say woman in
+the scientific settin I feel like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific settin I feel like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific settin I feel like one
+thing I get a lot is that you speak very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I get a lot is that you speak very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I get a lot is that you speak very
+well and usually I'm like for why but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and usually I'm like for why but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and usually I'm like for why but I
+think it's definitely you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's definitely you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's definitely you know I'm
+clearly a minority so it's definitely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a minority so it's definitely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a minority so it's definitely in
+basically there's some negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's some negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's some negative
+stereotypes about whole women of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes about whole women of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes about whole women of color
+should present themself and I don't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should present themself and I don't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should present themself and I don't fit
+into that stereotype so every time I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that stereotype so every time I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that stereotype so every time I do
+give a talk or I do express my opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk or I do express my opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk or I do express my opinions
+people say I'm very well-spoken and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say I'm very well-spoken and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say I'm very well-spoken and this
+is not only my own case I've heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only my own case I've heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only my own case I've heard a
+number of my friends see the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of my friends see the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of my friends see the same things
+even sometimes from their advisors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sometimes from their advisors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sometimes from their advisors and
+people who have gone through a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have gone through a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have gone through a lot of
+students so that's one thing that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so that's one thing that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so that's one thing that one
+case where I feel like I've been judged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I feel like I've been judged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I feel like I've been judged
+superficially but by its poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially but by its poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially but by its poor
+superficial characteristic another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial characteristic another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial characteristic another thing
+I've confirmed in a negative stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've confirmed in a negative stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've confirmed in a negative stereotype
+also comes back to my ethnicity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also comes back to my ethnicity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also comes back to my ethnicity is that
+um you know it's always kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's always kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's always kind of what you
+see you mentioned was feeling like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you mentioned was feeling like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you mentioned was feeling like you
+carry the weight of persons on your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the weight of persons on your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the weight of persons on your back
+and thinking about like being again an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about like being again an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about like being again an
+african-american woman most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american woman most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american woman most of the time
+the only one in a room not to be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one in a room not to be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one in a room not to be great
+but most of times would mean the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of times would mean the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of times would mean the only
+one in a room and especially coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a room and especially coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a room and especially coming from
+a small college I also felt like coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small college I also felt like coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small college I also felt like coming
+into my first chemistry classes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my first chemistry classes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my first chemistry classes there
+was this pressure that I put on myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this pressure that I put on myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this pressure that I put on myself
+to not confirm these negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not confirm these negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not confirm these negative
+stereotypes about people of color in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes about people of color in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes about people of color in
+terms of that they're not smart or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that they're not smart or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that they're not smart or they
+don't get a math or science and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a math or science and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a math or science and I didn't
+belong there and it's not because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong there and it's not because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong there and it's not because people
+around me said anything it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me said anything it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me said anything it was
+definitely internal that I felt like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely internal that I felt like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely internal that I felt like I
+had to not answer question or not ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to not answer question or not ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to not answer question or not ask a
+question because I didn't want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because I didn't want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because I didn't want to look
+as if I didn't know something or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if I didn't know something or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if I didn't know something or you
+know my classmates knew it and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my classmates knew it and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my classmates knew it and I didn't
+know it so it's that weight of one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so it's that weight of one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so it's that weight of one not
+confirming the negative stereotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming the negative stereotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming the negative stereotype and
+also not spoiling it for everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not spoiling it for everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not spoiling it for everybody else
+who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes
+after me from who is a URM from an HPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after me from who is a URM from an HPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after me from who is a URM from an HPC
+yeah those are both really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are both really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are both really great
+examples thank you for for sharing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples thank you for for sharing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples thank you for for sharing those
+I think that kind of that really gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that kind of that really gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that kind of that really gets to
+the heart of what we're trying to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of what we're trying to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of what we're trying to talk
+about and those sort of feeling judged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and those sort of feeling judged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and those sort of feeling judged
+and you get these sort of calm these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get these sort of calm these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get these sort of calm these
+sort of these compliments like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these compliments like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these compliments like you know
+and I've gotten this for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've gotten this for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've gotten this for some of the
+toxins like you know that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins like you know that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins like you know that was actually
+pretty good what was your expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good what was your expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good what was your expectation
+ahead of time er you spoke well like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time er you spoke well like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time er you spoke well like
+thank you like who else did you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you like who else did you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you like who else did you say
+though you know like yeah and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know like yeah and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know like yeah and and that
+that that extra that extra pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that extra that extra pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that extra that extra pressure to
+you know who else who else is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who else who else is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who else who else is coming
+along with us so thank you for sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with us so thank you for sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with us so thank you for sharing
+those that's really great maybe one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's really great maybe one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's really great maybe one more
+just someone else have something I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just someone else have something I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just someone else have something I want
+to share yeah why participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share yeah why participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share yeah why participate in
+conversations about improving diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about improving diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about improving diversity
+in science a lot of times I'll worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science a lot of times I'll worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science a lot of times I'll worry
+that if I ask an uninformed question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I ask an uninformed question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I ask an uninformed question or
+make a naive suggestion that all set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a naive suggestion that all set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a naive suggestion that all set the
+conversation back or offend somebody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation back or offend somebody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation back or offend somebody and
+ultimately confirm the stereotype that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately confirm the stereotype that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately confirm the stereotype that
+white male scientists aren't serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white male scientists aren't serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white male scientists aren't serious
+about improving diversity in science so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about improving diversity in science so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about improving diversity in science so
+then I'll tell myself just sit back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll tell myself just sit back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll tell myself just sit back and
+listen to other people and then as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to other people and then as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to other people and then as soon
+as I start doing that I'll start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I start doing that I'll start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I start doing that I'll start to
+worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+how are people perceiving this do I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are people perceiving this do I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are people perceiving this do I look
+sullen and like I don't care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sullen and like I don't care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sullen and like I don't care about this
+and then again I worry that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again I worry that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again I worry that I'm
+confirming a different stereotype about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming a different stereotype about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming a different stereotype about
+white men in science so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white men in science so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white men in science so I think
+ultimately it's important for me to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it's important for me to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it's important for me to you
+know remember that my voice is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know remember that my voice is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know remember that my voice is over
+over-represented in science and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-represented in science and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-represented in science and I should
+make a concerted effort to actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a concerted effort to actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a concerted effort to actively
+listen to other people's perspectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to other people's perspectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to other people's perspectives
+but also recognize that by spending so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also recognize that by spending so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also recognize that by spending so
+much mental energy worrying about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mental energy worrying about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mental energy worrying about how
+other people might be perceiving me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people might be perceiving me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people might be perceiving me I'm
+ultimately undermining my own ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately undermining my own ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately undermining my own ability to
+make a positive contribution towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a positive contribution towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a positive contribution towards
+improving diversity in science yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving diversity in science yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving diversity in science yeah
+thank you for sharing that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for sharing that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for sharing that I think
+that's a really good point and that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good point and that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good point and that I've
+had people when I've done this training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had people when I've done this training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had people when I've done this training
+before you know a man say that he felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know a man say that he felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know a man say that he felt
+very much under sort of stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much under sort of stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much under sort of stereotype
+threat when he was taking a woman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat when he was taking a woman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat when he was taking a woman's
+study of course and he was like the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of course and he was like the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of course and he was like the only
+guy in the class and that sometimes he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in the class and that sometimes he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in the class and that sometimes he
+felt like if he spoke up and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like if he spoke up and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like if he spoke up and what he
+said that he was going to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he was going to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he was going to really be
+judged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged by
+and it was just a very uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was just a very uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was just a very uncomfortable
+situation and I and I really feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and I and I really feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and I and I really feel like
+what we want to do here is start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do here is start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do here is start the
+discussion everyone's voices and is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion everyone's voices and is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion everyone's voices and is so
+important and sometimes it drives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and sometimes it drives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and sometimes it drives me
+crazy when I'm hearing about women and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy when I'm hearing about women and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy when I'm hearing about women and
+science and it's like okay you woman go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and it's like okay you woman go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and it's like okay you woman go
+fix this it's like I can't do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this it's like I can't do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this it's like I can't do this I
+think we we all need to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we we all need to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we we all need to be talking about
+this and doing this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and doing this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and doing this together
+these problems are not problems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems are not problems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems are not problems for
+women to solve or for people of color to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women to solve or for people of color to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women to solve or for people of color to
+solve we want to improve science we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve we want to improve science we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve we want to improve science we all
+need to be part of this discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be part of this discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be part of this discussion and
+everyone's voice is so important so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's voice is so important so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's voice is so important so we
+want to have a situation where everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a situation where everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a situation where everyone
+feels like they can speak and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like they can speak and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like they can speak and everyone
+is going to listen to what other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to listen to what other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to listen to what other people
+have to say so that very OnPoint thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say so that very OnPoint thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say so that very OnPoint thank
+you very much all right so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much all right so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much all right so I think we
+should get back and we want to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get back and we want to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get back and we want to go back
+as I have some data to show you and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I have some data to show you and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I have some data to show you and this
+is MIT and you're scientists so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MIT and you're scientists so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MIT and you're scientists so let's
+look at some data all right so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some data all right so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some data all right so there is
+a book by Claude Steele called whistling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book by Claude Steele called whistling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book by Claude Steele called whistling
+Vivaldi and other clues as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivaldi and other clues as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivaldi and other clues as to how
+stereotypes affect us Claude Steele is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes affect us Claude Steele is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes affect us Claude Steele is
+often viewed as the father of stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often viewed as the father of stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often viewed as the father of stereotype
+threat kind of really coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat kind of really coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat kind of really coming up with
+this concept and and making people aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept and and making people aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept and and making people aware
+of it and his book has a lot of data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and his book has a lot of data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and his book has a lot of data in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of different studies he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of different studies he
+summarizes studies that many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes studies that many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes studies that many different
+people have done so some of the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done so some of the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done so some of the studies
+are more you know social science some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more you know social science some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more you know social science some of
+them are more in the neuroscience area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are more in the neuroscience area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are more in the neuroscience area
+so some studies that he describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some studies that he describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some studies that he describes
+actually look at brain waves and blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at brain waves and blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at brain waves and blood
+flow in the brain and so they will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the brain and so they will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the brain and so they will put
+people under stereotype threat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people under stereotype threat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people under stereotype threat and
+there's a variety of ways you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of ways you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of ways you can do it
+you know poking at those Sterry knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know poking at those Sterry knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know poking at those Sterry knows
+negative stereotypes that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stereotypes that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stereotypes that we talked
+about and then actually kind of watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then actually kind of watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then actually kind of watch
+blood flow or brain activity and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow or brain activity and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood flow or brain activity and you can
+see movement from the part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see movement from the part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see movement from the part of the brain
+where it's about logic and reasoning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's about logic and reasoning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's about logic and reasoning to
+when people are under stereotype threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are under stereotype threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are under stereotype threat
+the part of the brain that's about fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the brain that's about fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the brain that's about fear
+about flight or fight or flight and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flight or fight or flight and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flight or fight or flight and so
+when you're in a classroom the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in a classroom the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in a classroom the goal is
+all the students their brain is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the students their brain is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the students their brain is with
+logic right they're processing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic right they're processing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic right they're processing the
+information and they're learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and they're learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and they're learning you
+don't want people in your classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want people in your classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want people in your classroom
+where the brain is kind of very ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the brain is kind of very ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the brain is kind of very ant
+ and worrying about whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and worrying about whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and worrying about whether you
+belong and whether you can do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong and whether you can do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong and whether you can do it so
+there's an actual biological reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual biological reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual biological reason why
+stereotype threat can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat can lead to
+underperformance your brains not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformance your brains not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformance your brains not doing
+what your brain should be doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your brain should be doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your brain should be doing it
+should be in the logic area not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the logic area not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the logic area not in the
+fear area so this is one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear area so this is one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear area so this is one thing that's
+talked about in his book so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in his book so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in his book so anyway so
+some of the studies that he did so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the studies that he did so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the studies that he did so it
+was groups of female undergrads and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was groups of female undergrads and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was groups of female undergrads and you
+know Stanford quite a good school people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Stanford quite a good school people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Stanford quite a good school people
+who get in they're very smart people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who get in they're very smart people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who get in they're very smart people and
+so he looked at the SAT scores of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he looked at the SAT scores of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he looked at the SAT scores of a
+group of women and then he divided them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of women and then he divided them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of women and then he divided them
+into two groups and they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two groups and they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two groups and they should have
+equal math abilities based on their SAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal math abilities based on their SAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal math abilities based on their SAT
+scores so for one one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores so for one one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores so for one one group
+he either reminded them other gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he either reminded them other gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he either reminded them other gender
+before the exam and in some case didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the exam and in some case didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the exam and in some case didn't
+say anything at all but in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything at all but in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything at all but in the second
+group he told them that the exam had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group he told them that the exam had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group he told them that the exam had no
+gender bias and so he would start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender bias and so he would start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender bias and so he would start out
+saying well you may have heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well you may have heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well you may have heard that
+women often under perform on SATs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women often under perform on SATs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women often under perform on SATs in the
+math but we've been working here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but we've been working here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but we've been working here and
+we've created a math exam that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created a math exam that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created a math exam that has no
+gender bias so everyone can do up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender bias so everyone can do up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender bias so everyone can do up to
+their full / their full ability there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full / their full ability there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their full / their full ability there's
+nothing holding you back and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing holding you back and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing holding you back and what was
+really interesting that this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting that this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting that this group
+performed very well compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed very well compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed very well compared to the
+other group that was either reminded of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group that was either reminded of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group that was either reminded of
+their gender or sometimes nothing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gender or sometimes nothing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gender or sometimes nothing was
+said about gender at all so when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about gender at all so when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about gender at all so when these
+women thought that they could do as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women thought that they could do as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women thought that they could do as well
+as they could do the hate overperformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they could do the hate overperformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they could do the hate overperformed
+or outperformed the other group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outperformed the other group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outperformed the other group so
+there's a number of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of these kinds of
+studies done in different ways showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies done in different ways showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies done in different ways showing
+again that if you feel like you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that if you feel like you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that if you feel like you can do
+reach your full performance you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach your full performance you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach your full performance you get
+there but if you're sort of reminded of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you're sort of reminded of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you're sort of reminded of
+these issues and and that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues and and that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues and and that you might be
+confirming a negative stereotype or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming a negative stereotype or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming a negative stereotype or
+you're worried about confirming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about confirming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about confirming a
+ type it can lead to poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ type it can lead to poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ type it can lead to poor
+performance alright so stereotype threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance alright so stereotype threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance alright so stereotype threat
+can lead to under performance which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to under performance which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to under performance which is a
+problem in a classroom for sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a classroom for sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a classroom for sure the
+other point that I brought up before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point that I brought up before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point that I brought up before and
+I want to come back to is that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to come back to is that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to come back to is that it can
+also lead to a feeling of being judged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lead to a feeling of being judged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lead to a feeling of being judged
+unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+and this is one of my favorite studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of my favorite studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of my favorite studies
+and it's back from the 1980s so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's back from the 1980s so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's back from the 1980s so in this
+study they said all right we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study they said all right we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study they said all right we want to
+address the differences how people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the differences how people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the differences how people are
+treated if they have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated if they have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated if they have some kind of
+thicker physical disfigurement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker physical disfigurement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker physical disfigurement in
+particular a scar on your face so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a scar on your face so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a scar on your face so he
+said what we're gonna do is we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what we're gonna do is we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what we're gonna do is we're gonna
+bring in a makeup artist from Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a makeup artist from Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a makeup artist from Hollywood
+they're going to put a scar on your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to put a scar on your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to put a scar on your face
+and then we're gonna send you into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna send you into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna send you into this
+room and we're going to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and we're going to watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and we're going to watch the
+interactions and we want you to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and we want you to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and we want you to tell us
+are you being treated differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you being treated differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you being treated differently
+because you have this scar on your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have this scar on your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have this scar on your face
+so the volunteers you know sat in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the volunteers you know sat in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the volunteers you know sat in front
+of the mirror they had the makeup artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror they had the makeup artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror they had the makeup artist
+come and the scar was put on their face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and the scar was put on their face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and the scar was put on their face
+and then right before they were supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right before they were supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right before they were supposed
+to go in the makeup artist came back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in the makeup artist came back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in the makeup artist came back and
+said we're just gonna touch it up make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're just gonna touch it up make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're just gonna touch it up make
+sure you're ready to go they removed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're ready to go they removed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're ready to go they removed it
+entirely but the person had no idea they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but the person had no idea they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but the person had no idea they
+thought that the scar was still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the scar was still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the scar was still on the
+face went into the room things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face went into the room things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face went into the room things you know
+there was a discussion came out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a discussion came out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a discussion came out the
+volunteers said oh I was treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers said oh I was treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers said oh I was treated
+entirely differently with this scar on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely differently with this scar on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely differently with this scar on
+my face and other people had watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face and other people had watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face and other people had watched
+there was nothing going on but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing going on but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing going on but they were
+just sensing they were looking for signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sensing they were looking for signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sensing they were looking for signs
+that they were being treated unfairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were being treated unfairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were being treated unfairly
+and when he looked for things sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he looked for things sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he looked for things sometimes
+you can find them and return them when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find them and return them when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find them and return them when
+they don't really exist so right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really exist so right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really exist so right now you
+know some people are sort of sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people are sort of sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people are sort of sitting
+might have their arms crossed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have their arms crossed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have their arms crossed a little
+bit and you know if I were an insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and you know if I were an insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and you know if I were an insecure
+person I could say that person sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I could say that person sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I could say that person sitting
+there is thinking there is nothing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is thinking there is nothing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is thinking there is nothing this
+woman has to tell me that I want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has to tell me that I want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has to tell me that I want to hear
+and they just are sitting like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just are sitting like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just are sitting like that but
+then I also know it's a little cold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also know it's a little cold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also know it's a little cold this
+room so someone might just be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so someone might just be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room so someone might just be a little
+bit cold and that's why they're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cold and that's why they're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cold and that's why they're sitting
+like this right you can interpret all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right you can interpret all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right you can interpret all
+sorts of things if you're looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things if you're looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things if you're looking for a
+sign that somebody is questioning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that somebody is questioning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that somebody is questioning you
+you might be able to find it even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to find it even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to find it even when
+it's not there and sometimes it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there and sometimes it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there and sometimes it's really
+there sometimes people are judging oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sometimes people are judging oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sometimes people are judging oh
+yeah we can have stories later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can have stories later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can have stories later but
+sometimes they're not so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're not so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're not so I just want to
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+one example so this is yeah this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example so this is yeah this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example so this is yeah this is the
+other kind of counter a guide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of counter a guide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of counter a guide to
+reducing stereotype thread and we're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing stereotype thread and we're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing stereotype thread and we're and
+maximizing student performance also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing student performance also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing student performance also a
+guy to Kathy's most embarrassing moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to Kathy's most embarrassing moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy to Kathy's most embarrassing moments
+but there is one time I was meeting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is one time I was meeting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is one time I was meeting with
+a professor I was pre-tenure again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor I was pre-tenure again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor I was pre-tenure again I
+want to get tenure very nervous about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get tenure very nervous about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get tenure very nervous about
+this whole thing and so this person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing and so this person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing and so this person in
+my field likely a lot of writers coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my field likely a lot of writers coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my field likely a lot of writers coming
+to my office and I was really excited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my office and I was really excited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my office and I was really excited so
+it's like I had I had results that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I had I had results that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I had I had results that he
+was gonna like I knew he liked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna like I knew he liked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna like I knew he liked this
+Restless I had him like I printed him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restless I had him like I printed him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restless I had him like I printed him
+out like my slides you know I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like my slides you know I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like my slides you know I had
+everything kind of already I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything kind of already I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything kind of already I thought
+through my spiel I was psyched Irie came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my spiel I was psyched Irie came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my spiel I was psyched Irie came
+and so he came in and said I'm so glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he came in and said I'm so glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he came in and said I'm so glad
+you're here and visiting this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here and visiting this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here and visiting this is great
+and these new results I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these new results I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these new results I want to show you
+and I pull this out he goes you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pull this out he goes you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pull this out he goes you know I
+was sort of wondering you know how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of wondering you know how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of wondering you know how's
+your experience been here it's like good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience been here it's like good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience been here it's like good
+good very good now we had this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good very good now we had this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good very good now we had this result
+and he's like um but I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's like um but I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's like um but I had some
+questions you know do you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know do you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know do you feel like
+you've been treated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been treated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been treated okay
+thirty minutes went by he did not look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty minutes went by he did not look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty minutes went by he did not look
+at a single result that I had and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a single result that I had and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a single result that I had and I just
+thought this guy has just decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this guy has just decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this guy has just decided that
+there's no result that I could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no result that I could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no result that I could possibly
+have that would be interesting enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that would be interesting enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that would be interesting enough to
+pay attention to and so he's just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to and so he's just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to and so he's just gonna
+spend this half-hour chatting about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend this half-hour chatting about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend this half-hour chatting about this
+and that and things about me being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and things about me being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and things about me being a
+junior faculty member whatever and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior faculty member whatever and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior faculty member whatever and just
+clearly disrespectful of me so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly disrespectful of me so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly disrespectful of me so that was
+my take find out later he has a son that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my take find out later he has a son that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my take find out later he has a son that
+starting as an assistant professor he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting as an assistant professor he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting as an assistant professor he
+wants to give his son advice but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give his son advice but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give his son advice but he
+hasn't been an assistant professor for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been an assistant professor for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been an assistant professor for a
+long time things have changed so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time things have changed so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time things have changed so he said
+when I go to talk to Kathy Trenton I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to talk to Kathy Trenton I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to talk to Kathy Trenton I'm
+gonna ask her a lot of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask her a lot of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask her a lot of questions about
+being an assistant professor because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an assistant professor because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an assistant professor because she
+has been so hugely successful that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been so hugely successful that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been so hugely successful that I
+want to take how she's done things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take how she's done things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take how she's done things and
+tell my son about it so I could not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell my son about it so I could not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell my son about it so I could not have
+been more wrong I thought he was judging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more wrong I thought he was judging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more wrong I thought he was judging
+me unfairly turns out that was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me unfairly turns out that was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me unfairly turns out that was not the
+case at all and so because other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at all and so because other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at all and so because other people
+have I've had people explain one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I've had people explain one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I've had people explain one one
+male professor explained to another male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male professor explained to another male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male professor explained to another male
+professor my data without involving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor my data without involving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor my data without involving me
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+because what could I possibly know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what could I possibly know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what could I possibly know about
+it so I've had these experiences but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've had these experiences but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've had these experiences but
+then I'm looking for these experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm looking for these experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm looking for these experiences
+other places and sometimes they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places and sometimes they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places and sometimes they're not
+there at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at all
+sometimes a person is being respectful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a person is being respectful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a person is being respectful
+so when you feel like you're under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you feel like you're under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you feel like you're under
+stereotype threat you can sometimes take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat you can sometimes take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threat you can sometimes take
+a situation entirely entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation entirely entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation entirely entirely
+incorrectly now he could have also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly now he could have also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly now he could have also said
+hey Kathy you've been so accessible let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey Kathy you've been so accessible let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey Kathy you've been so accessible let
+me ask you questions that could have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask you questions that could have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask you questions that could have but
+whatever whatever so so I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever so so I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever so so I think this is
+something also to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something also to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something also to think about that
+people are looking to each other like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking to each other like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking to each other like do
+you do you trust you believe in me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you trust you believe in me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you trust you believe in me do
+you trust what I'm going to say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust what I'm going to say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust what I'm going to say we're
+trying to get a sense of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense of this and
+sometimes we may get it wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we may get it wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we may get it wrong and
+sometimes it may not be there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it may not be there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it may not be there but
+everyone in the classroom is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the classroom is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the classroom is not the
+same even if you treat everyone the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same even if you treat everyone the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same even if you treat everyone the same
+they're not always the same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not always the same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not always the same because
+people are coming in with baggage and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are coming in with baggage and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are coming in with baggage and I
+got baggage let me tell you I got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got baggage let me tell you I got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got baggage let me tell you I got some
+baggage I'll put my baggage up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggage I'll put my baggage up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggage I'll put my baggage up against
+your baggage but everyone is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your baggage but everyone is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your baggage but everyone is coming in
+with something all right so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something all right so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something all right so I think you
+already know the answer to this one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the answer to this one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the answer to this one who
+can be a victim of stereotype threat yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a victim of stereotype threat yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a victim of stereotype threat yes
+everyone in fact studies show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in fact studies show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in fact studies show that it's
+the strongest students that are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest students that are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest students that are the most
+effective so if you care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective so if you care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective so if you care about what
+people think of you if you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think of you if you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think of you if you care about
+doing well if you're ambitious if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well if you're ambitious if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well if you're ambitious if you
+want to do important things in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do important things in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do important things in your life
+you care about these kinds of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about these kinds of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about these kinds of things and
+if you're at a place that has a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at a place that has a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at a place that has a good
+reputation like MIT that can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation like MIT that can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation like MIT that can lead to
+imposter syndrome so most of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposter syndrome so most of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposter syndrome so most of you have
+probably heard of imposter syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of imposter syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of imposter syndrome
+before but this sort of idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but this sort of idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but this sort of idea that
+somehow you know you were only accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you know you were only accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you know you were only accepted
+to MIT your name is like someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT your name is like someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT your name is like someone else
+and they weren't going to accept you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they weren't going to accept you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they weren't going to accept you but
+then they made this mistake and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they made this mistake and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they made this mistake and then
+somehow you got inside the person who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you got inside the person who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you got inside the person who is
+below you on the line when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below you on the line when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below you on the line when they were
+supposed to get in and that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get in and that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get in and that everyone
+else here is brilliant except for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else here is brilliant except for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else here is brilliant except for you
+and some day that people are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some day that people are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some day that people are gonna
+figure out that you know you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that you know you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that you know you're trying
+to look like a nerd or a horse you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like a nerd or a horse you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like a nerd or a horse you know
+you've got your your horse stockings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your your horse stockings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your your horse stockings on
+and your horse cape or your zebra cape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your horse cape or your zebra cape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your horse cape or your zebra cape
+and your zebra stockings but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your zebra stockings but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your zebra stockings but you're not
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+zebra and that you're wearing your nerdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra and that you're wearing your nerdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra and that you're wearing your nerdy
+your nerdiest clothes but you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nerdiest clothes but you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nerdiest clothes but you're really
+not an MIT nerd so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an MIT nerd so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an MIT nerd so this is something
+that so many people at top universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so many people at top universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so many people at top universities
+are affected by and and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by and and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by and and this is this is
+really important when people are again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important when people are again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important when people are again
+under stereotype threat you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stereotype threat you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stereotype threat you know they're
+feeling like man I'm the only one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like man I'm the only one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like man I'm the only one who
+doesn't really belong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really belong here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really belong here
+so impostor syndrome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so impostor syndrome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so impostor syndrome okay
+another teaching tip because you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another teaching tip because you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another teaching tip because you're all
+be teaching before you teach on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be teaching before you teach on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be teaching before you teach on
+something you know look up what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know look up what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know look up what it says
+on Wikipedia just you know double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wikipedia just you know double check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wikipedia just you know double check
+what it says so what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says so what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says so what do you think
+wikipedia says of the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikipedia says of the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikipedia says of the people who are
+most affected by impostor syndrome what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most affected by impostor syndrome what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most affected by impostor syndrome what
+particular group any guesses MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graduate student someone has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student someone has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student someone has been
+googling Wikipedia that is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling Wikipedia that is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling Wikipedia that is in fact
+correct so so a lot of people say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so so a lot of people say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so so a lot of people say oh
+it's women and but the Dean actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's women and but the Dean actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's women and but the Dean actually
+shows that men and women suffer equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that men and women suffer equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that men and women suffer equally
+which is not really my experience I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not really my experience I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not really my experience I
+think that if this is true it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if this is true it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if this is true it's just
+that women talk about it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women talk about it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women talk about it all the time
+and men don't but apparently the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and men don't but apparently the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and men don't but apparently the data
+shows that it's equal among men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that it's equal among men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that it's equal among men and
+women um and it is commonly associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women um and it is commonly associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women um and it is commonly associated
+with academics and widely found among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with academics and widely found among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with academics and widely found among
+graduate students so again it's people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students so again it's people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students so again it's people
+who want to do important things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to do important things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to do important things with
+their life people who graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life people who graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life people who graduate school
+anyone who's in graduate school like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who's in graduate school like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who's in graduate school like
+that's a pretty big deal that you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty big deal that you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty big deal that you're in
+graduate school so you really you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school so you really you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school so you really you care
+about what people think you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what people think you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what people think you care about
+whether you belong you're thinking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you belong you're thinking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you belong you're thinking how
+did I end up in graduate school how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I end up in graduate school how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I end up in graduate school how did
+I end up at MIT and and do I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I end up at MIT and and do I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I end up at MIT and and do I really
+belong here so these are natural things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here so these are natural things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here so these are natural things
+for people to think and I I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to think and I I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to think and I I will tell
+you that a number of faculty have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a number of faculty have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that a number of faculty have
+reported that yes they suffer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported that yes they suffer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported that yes they suffer from
+impostor syndrome I think anyone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impostor syndrome I think anyone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impostor syndrome I think anyone who is
+honest will say that they do so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest will say that they do so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest will say that they do so this is
+this is a big problem all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big problem all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big problem all right so let's
+do another exercise so you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another exercise so you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another exercise so you might have
+wondered about the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered about the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered about the title of
+Claude Steele's book that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claude Steele's book that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claude Steele's book that I mentioned
+whistling Vivaldi like where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistling Vivaldi like where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistling Vivaldi like where does that
+title come from so he explains the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title come from so he explains the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title come from so he explains the title
+which is a good thing because it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a good thing because it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a good thing because it is an
+unusual title so he said that it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual title so he said that it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual title so he said that it comes
+from a story that he heard of this young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a story that he heard of this young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a story that he heard of this young
+african-american man who was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american man who was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american man who was in the
+southside of Chicago and this man was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southside of Chicago and this man was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southside of Chicago and this man was a
+musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician
+and he was walking one night and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was walking one night and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was walking one night and there
+was an elderly couple walking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an elderly couple walking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an elderly couple walking on the
+street right near him and they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street right near him and they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street right near him and they sort of
+saw him walking near them and he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw him walking near them and he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw him walking near them and he saw
+them walking faster and they were an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them walking faster and they were an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them walking faster and they were an
+elderly couple so they're really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly couple so they're really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly couple so they're really trying
+to you know walk fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know walk fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know walk fast
+he felt kind of bad because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he felt kind of bad because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he felt kind of bad because they were
+kind of old and so he wanted to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of old and so he wanted to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of old and so he wanted to kind of
+yell out at them like you do not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell out at them like you do not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell out at them like you do not need to
+worry about me I'm not gonna do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about me I'm not gonna do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about me I'm not gonna do anything
+bad to you but you know yelling yelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to you but you know yelling yelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to you but you know yelling yelling
+that probably be even more terrifying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably be even more terrifying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably be even more terrifying so
+so we thought about it and he said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we thought about it and he said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we thought about it and he said I'm
+gonna start whistling for faulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start whistling for faulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start whistling for faulty
+actually whistling the music of Ivaldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whistling the music of Ivaldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whistling the music of Ivaldi
+and so he started whistling the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he started whistling the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he started whistling the music
+and the couple slowed their pace because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the couple slowed their pace because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the couple slowed their pace because
+they thought this is someone who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought this is someone who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought this is someone who's a
+classically trained or loves classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically trained or loves classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically trained or loves classical
+music not so much associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music not so much associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music not so much associated with
+someone who's going to steal my handbag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's going to steal my handbag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's going to steal my handbag
+and so they relaxed so in this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they relaxed so in this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they relaxed so in this book
+still asserts that we all whistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still asserts that we all whistle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still asserts that we all whistle
+Vivaldi from time to time we all try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivaldi from time to time we all try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivaldi from time to time we all try to
+sit in and make other people more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit in and make other people more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit in and make other people more
+comfortable with us so this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with us so this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with us so this is a little
+bit of a harder thing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a harder thing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a harder thing to think about
+have you ever whistled Vivaldi have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever whistled Vivaldi have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever whistled Vivaldi have you
+ever tried to fit in and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever tried to fit in and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever tried to fit in and let me just
+give you an example that I heard to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example that I heard to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example that I heard to help
+you think about this so one student said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this so one student said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this so one student said
+that he was actually from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was actually from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was actually from a very
+religious family and he was used to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious family and he was used to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious family and he was used to sort
+of praying before eating a meal but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of praying before eating a meal but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of praying before eating a meal but in
+the lunchroom of a Science Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lunchroom of a Science Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lunchroom of a Science Building
+somehow that felt weird to pray before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that felt weird to pray before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that felt weird to pray before
+eating and a lot of people sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and a lot of people sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and a lot of people sort of have
+this idea that if you're very religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that if you're very religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that if you're very religious
+that somehow that's counter to being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow that's counter to being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow that's counter to being a
+scientist because you have faith versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist because you have faith versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist because you have faith versus
+scientific facts and you know he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific facts and you know he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific facts and you know he wasn't
+sure what people how people would judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what people how people would judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what people how people would judge
+him if they knew about his religion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him if they knew about his religion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him if they knew about his religion so
+even though he really did want to pray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he really did want to pray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he really did want to pray
+he stopped doing it because he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stopped doing it because he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stopped doing it because he just
+thought he wouldn't fit in it would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he wouldn't fit in it would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he wouldn't fit in it would make
+other people feel uncomfortable he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people feel uncomfortable he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people feel uncomfortable he
+wasn't sure how others would feel and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure how others would feel and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sure how others would feel and if
+they would accept him the way same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would accept him the way same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would accept him the way same way
+as a scientist if he prayed before a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scientist if he prayed before a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a scientist if he prayed before a
+meal so that's an example of whistling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal so that's an example of whistling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal so that's an example of whistling
+Vivaldi so think about it for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivaldi so think about it for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivaldi so think about it for a minute
+talk find your your partner talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk find your your partner talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk find your your partner talk to them
+about whether this has ever happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this has ever happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this has ever happened to
+you and then we'll come back together as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we'll come back together as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then we'll come back together as
+a group in a few minutes yeah so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group in a few minutes yeah so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group in a few minutes yeah so for me
+when I think about what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think about what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think about what's the point
+where I feel like I'm really changing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I feel like I'm really changing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I feel like I'm really changing or
+trying to conform to an appearance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to conform to an appearance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to conform to an appearance is
+pretty much any time after 9/11 I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any time after 9/11 I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any time after 9/11 I go
+through the airports and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the airports and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the airports and always
+conscious what people might be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious what people might be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious what people might be thinking
+about based on my skin color and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about based on my skin color and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about based on my skin color and so you
+know when I go through its I every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I go through its I every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I go through its I every day
+before I write before I travel you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I write before I travel you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I write before I travel you know
+I shaved my beard off I you know try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shaved my beard off I you know try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shaved my beard off I you know try to
+be dressed up a little nicer and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dressed up a little nicer and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dressed up a little nicer and I've
+been feeling myself being a little extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been feeling myself being a little extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been feeling myself being a little extra
+friendly to TSA gate agents because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to TSA gate agents because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to TSA gate agents because I
+feel like there's this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there's this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there's this negative
+stereotype hanging over me and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype hanging over me and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype hanging over me and I feel
+like you know even though it's on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know even though it's on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know even though it's on my
+mind and it feels sometimes like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and it feels sometimes like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and it feels sometimes like it
+might be on everybody else I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on everybody else I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on everybody else I feel like
+my babies look at a little differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my babies look at a little differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my babies look at a little differently
+and things like that so I you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so I you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so I you know make
+sure they can hear my American accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they can hear my American accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they can hear my American accent
+make sure they don't see any facial hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they don't see any facial hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they don't see any facial hair
+things like that try to be extra nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that try to be extra nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that try to be extra nice
+extra polite so it's just feeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra polite so it's just feeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra polite so it's just feeling a
+little more nervous I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more nervous I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more nervous I think is really
+the cause of that as well that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause of that as well that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cause of that as well that's really
+an example mine would be like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example mine would be like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example mine would be like in
+professional settings especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional settings especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional settings especially at
+conferences or preach any presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences or preach any presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences or preach any presentation
+of some sort I try to cover my tattoos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort I try to cover my tattoos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort I try to cover my tattoos
+the best way I can and I also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way I can and I also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way I can and I also have a
+nose ring and so sometimes I would wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose ring and so sometimes I would wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose ring and so sometimes I would wear
+like a clear nose ring so people only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a clear nose ring so people only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a clear nose ring so people only if
+they're really up close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really up close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really up close
+we can can see that I have one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can can see that I have one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can can see that I have one and
+that's just to mitigate any like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just to mitigate any like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just to mitigate any like
+stereotype threats that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threats that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype threats that people have
+because it's I mean you walk into a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I mean you walk into a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I mean you walk into a room
+and you have like tattoos visible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have like tattoos visible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have like tattoos visible or
+like your piercing is especially on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your piercing is especially on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your piercing is especially on your
+face and and I can lead people to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and and I can lead people to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and and I can lead people to think
+differently about you and like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about you and like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about you and like what
+you're capable of doing and so I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're capable of doing and so I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're capable of doing and so I just I
+want to less than that and and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to less than that and and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to less than that and and have
+people like look past that yeah yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like look past that yeah yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like look past that yeah yeah I
+think that's a really good example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a really good example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a really good example it's
+I mean it's it's it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's it's all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's it's all the same
+things we feel like our appearances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we feel like our appearances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we feel like our appearances are
+telling something and we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling something and we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling something and we're really
+worried that the message is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that the message is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that the message is going to be
+negative there okay so when have we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there okay so when have we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there okay so when have we I
+think I especially do it whenever I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I especially do it whenever I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I especially do it whenever I'm
+with friends and family so since my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends and family so since my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends and family so since my
+Spanish is in my native flame if English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish is in my native flame if English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish is in my native flame if English
+is my native language I but I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my native language I but I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my native language I but I feel like
+I can speak it pretty well so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can speak it pretty well so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can speak it pretty well so then
+whenever I go back home it's always not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I go back home it's always not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I go back home it's always not
+like my friends and family don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my friends and family don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my friends and family don't always
+speak English oh I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak English oh I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak English oh I actually
+intentionally mispronounce certain words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally mispronounce certain words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally mispronounce certain words
+just to you know keep that connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to you know keep that connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to you know keep that connection
+with me since I you know I I I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me since I you know I I I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me since I you know I I I've been
+gone for like a few months and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone for like a few months and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone for like a few months and you know
+seeing that every seeing me every so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that every seeing me every so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that every seeing me every so
+often I just want them to feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I just want them to feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I just want them to feel like you
+know I'm still the same me I was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm still the same me I was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm still the same me I was with
+and and then when I'm here I always try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then when I'm here I always try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then when I'm here I always try
+to pronounce everything you know super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pronounce everything you know super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pronounce everything you know super
+well so that if that's not an issue when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that if that's not an issue when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so that if that's not an issue when
+someone's talking to me yeah I guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's talking to me yeah I guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's talking to me yeah I guess for
+me one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one of the
+when the big things about grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the big things about grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the big things about grad school
+was that I sometimes felt pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I sometimes felt pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I sometimes felt pretty
+isolated is one of the very few women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated is one of the very few women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated is one of the very few women in
+our department and so over time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our department and so over time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our department and so over time I
+realized I started dressing more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I started dressing more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I started dressing more and
+more like go and kind of fit in and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like go and kind of fit in and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like go and kind of fit in and to
+be taken more seriously and just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken more seriously and just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken more seriously and just so that
+I didn't have to feel as different it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't have to feel as different it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't have to feel as different it's
+like with that I feel like I've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with that I feel like I've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with that I feel like I've always
+wanted to be Who I am and that retention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be Who I am and that retention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be Who I am and that retention
+to be somebody I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somebody I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somebody I guess
+along those lines of one conversation my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those lines of one conversation my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those lines of one conversation my
+professor she was like explaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor she was like explaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor she was like explaining that
+in research when people are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in research when people are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in research when people are giving
+presentations they use your new words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations they use your new words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations they use your new words
+like colors like gray and white black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like colors like gray and white black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like colors like gray and white black
+and that you shouldn't be too colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you shouldn't be too colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you shouldn't be too colored
+for conference and I was like and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conference and I was like and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conference and I was like and I was
+like when I'm meeting new scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when I'm meeting new scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when I'm meeting new scientists
+especially younger ones or people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially younger ones or people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially younger ones or people who
+might I might have to mentor or train if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I might have to mentor or train if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I might have to mentor or train if
+they ever start to open up about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ever start to open up about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ever start to open up about an
+experience where they felt discriminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where they felt discriminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where they felt discriminated
+against or harassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against or harassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against or harassed
+I can't necessarily relate to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't necessarily relate to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't necessarily relate to that
+experience but I do want to convey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but I do want to convey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but I do want to convey that
+they can trust me and that I'll listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can trust me and that I'll listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can trust me and that I'll listen
+to them and I'll help them in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and I'll help them in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and I'll help them in whatever
+way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can
+and because I can't really share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I can't really share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I can't really share a
+personal experience a lot of times I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience a lot of times I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience a lot of times I'll
+basically turn to relevant literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically turn to relevant literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically turn to relevant literature
+like the book whistling of Ivaldi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the book whistling of Ivaldi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the book whistling of Ivaldi and
+I'll try to communicate like I'm on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to communicate like I'm on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to communicate like I'm on your
+side and I'm safe by talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I'm safe by talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I'm safe by talking about a
+subject that communicates to them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that communicates to them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that communicates to them like
+I'm putting effort into this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting effort into this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting effort into this and I
+oh that's a really good one that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a really good one that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a really good one that makes a
+lot of sense for me it's more just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense for me it's more just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense for me it's more just like
+kind of going back again to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going back again to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going back again to my
+identities I have an accent because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities I have an accent because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities I have an accent because I'm
+from the Caribbean so even and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Caribbean so even and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Caribbean so even and I think
+like this is common for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is common for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is common for a lot of
+international students in the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students in the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students in the scientific
+setting I definitely try to put on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I definitely try to put on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I definitely try to put on a
+more quote unquote American accent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quote unquote American accent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quote unquote American accent to
+ensure that you know I'm my audience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that you know I'm my audience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that you know I'm my audience is
+not being distracted by my accent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being distracted by my accent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being distracted by my accent but
+really focusing on the science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focusing on the science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focusing on the science and
+really trying to be more scientific you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to be more scientific you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to be more scientific you
+quote-unquote and the other thing it's -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote and the other thing it's -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote and the other thing it's -
+in terms of physical appearance I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of physical appearance I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of physical appearance I have
+like a lot of hair it's usually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of hair it's usually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of hair it's usually like
+it's very contained right now buddy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very contained right now buddy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very contained right now buddy just
+like really big so definitely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really big so definitely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really big so definitely in
+scientific in sentence I definitely try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific in sentence I definitely try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific in sentence I definitely try
+to pull it back to look more what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it back to look more what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it back to look more what it's
+really it's really kind of weird but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's really kind of weird but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's really kind of weird but
+yeah so you definitely see me either my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you definitely see me either my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you definitely see me either my
+hair slicked back in a scientific sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair slicked back in a scientific sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair slicked back in a scientific sense
+and this is when you probably will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is when you probably will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is when you probably will see
+me in lab or something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in lab or something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in lab or something like that so
+that's definitely the way i whistle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely the way i whistle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely the way i whistle the
+ball because again I don't want people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball because again I don't want people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball because again I don't want people
+to be distracted by my hair or thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be distracted by my hair or thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be distracted by my hair or thinking
+I don't look professional and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't look professional and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't look professional and I would
+pay to detract from what I'm saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to detract from what I'm saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to detract from what I'm saying and
+you know the science that I'm doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the science that I'm doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the science that I'm doing so
+that's definitely another occasion when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely another occasion when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely another occasion when
+I kind of whistle for faulty yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of whistle for faulty yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of whistle for faulty yeah okay
+so I guess for the whistling Vivaldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess for the whistling Vivaldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess for the whistling Vivaldi
+I did have an example that reminded me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did have an example that reminded me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did have an example that reminded me
+of this when I was an undergrad so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this when I was an undergrad so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this when I was an undergrad so I
+joined a lab like my freshman year and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined a lab like my freshman year and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined a lab like my freshman year and I
+like I've always been more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've always been more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've always been more like
+traditionally feminine like my like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally feminine like my like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally feminine like my like I
+don't know style dressing and I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know style dressing and I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know style dressing and I kind of
+noticed I was you know I was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed I was you know I was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed I was you know I was one of the
+only women on the floor and I knew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only women on the floor and I knew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only women on the floor and I knew I
+kind of stood out and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stood out and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stood out and I like
+specifically remember that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically remember that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically remember that there was
+like a professor who asked me yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a professor who asked me yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a professor who asked me yeah like
+what I was doing around and like the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was doing around and like the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was doing around and like the lab
+floor and told me I didn't look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and told me I didn't look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and told me I didn't look like the
+research type and I'm really stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research type and I'm really stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research type and I'm really stuck with
+me and after that I like really changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and after that I like really changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and after that I like really changed
+my I had my lab style and then my like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I had my lab style and then my like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I had my lab style and then my like
+everyday Lindsey style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday Lindsey style and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday Lindsey style and
+like whenever I was in the lab I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whenever I was in the lab I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whenever I was in the lab I would
+always wear like very baggy clothes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wear like very baggy clothes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wear like very baggy clothes like
+tennis shoes like my hair tied back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis shoes like my hair tied back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis shoes like my hair tied back and
+I felt like my glasses made me look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like my glasses made me look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like my glasses made me look for
+studious so it also my glasses and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studious so it also my glasses and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studious so it also my glasses and like
+I don't know it's just something I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it's just something I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it's just something I was
+very conscious of yeah I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conscious of yeah I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conscious of yeah I would like
+specifically dress in one way too when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically dress in one way too when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically dress in one way too when I
+was being a scientist and I was dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being a scientist and I was dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being a scientist and I was dressed
+another way when I was in my outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way when I was in my outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way when I was in my outside
+life so it's like not easy because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so it's like not easy because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so it's like not easy because I can
+some setting you're judged for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some setting you're judged for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some setting you're judged for like
+being dressed up and others are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dressed up and others are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dressed up and others are just
+being dressed down yeah yeah so in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dressed down yeah yeah so in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dressed down yeah yeah so in my
+case I think it's more about like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think it's more about like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think it's more about like my
+race and that I personally have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and that I personally have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and that I personally have like a
+stereotype that Asian women that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype that Asian women that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype that Asian women that are
+like recently immigrated or like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like recently immigrated or like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like recently immigrated or like more
+reserved quiet like I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved quiet like I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved quiet like I don't like
+obedient and although like no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obedient and although like no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obedient and although like no one
+actually like ever negatively judge me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like ever negatively judge me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like ever negatively judge me
+for that I'm constantly like afraid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that I'm constantly like afraid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that I'm constantly like afraid to
+confirm that negative stereotype so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm that negative stereotype so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm that negative stereotype so like
+even if I'm not really that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I'm not really that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I'm not really that kind of
+person I try to be like very vocal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I try to be like very vocal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I try to be like very vocal and
+talkative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talkative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talkative
+especially when I'm surrounded by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when I'm surrounded by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when I'm surrounded by people
+that I met for the first time so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I met for the first time so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I met for the first time so like
+I'm giving like an impression that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving like an impression that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving like an impression that I
+want to engage in the conversation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to engage in the conversation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to engage in the conversation and
+yeah it was like not an easy thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was like not an easy thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was like not an easy thing but
+I've been kind of doing it yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been kind of doing it yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been kind of doing it yeah all
+right so I'm just gonna start out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just gonna start out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just gonna start out I'm
+gonna give you one example this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give you one example this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give you one example this time
+it's not mine but I think that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not mine but I think that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not mine but I think that it was
+one of the the ones that kind of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the ones that kind of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the ones that kind of that
+someone suggested that really resonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone suggested that really resonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone suggested that really resonated
+with me so I want to share it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me so I want to share it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me so I want to share it so this
+sense of feeling the need to suffer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of feeling the need to suffer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of feeling the need to suffer for
+your science and that other people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your science and that other people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your science and that other people see
+someone there talking about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone there talking about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone there talking about how much
+they suffered for their science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suffered for their science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suffered for their science and
+their like instead of just saying wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their like instead of just saying wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their like instead of just saying wait a
+minute I sleep eight hours a night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I sleep eight hours a night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I sleep eight hours a night
+they're like yeah I gotta get in on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like yeah I gotta get in on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like yeah I gotta get in on this
+suffering for my science thing so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering for my science thing so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering for my science thing so an
+example some was talking about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some was talking about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some was talking about how they
+knew that this person was going on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that this person was going on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that this person was going on this
+ski trip over the weekend but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ski trip over the weekend but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ski trip over the weekend but before
+they left lab to go on the ski trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left lab to go on the ski trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left lab to go on the ski trip
+instead of saying hey you know see y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying hey you know see y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying hey you know see y'all
+Monday I'm going skiing they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'm going skiing they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'm going skiing they're like
+going out like carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out like carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out like carrying the
+journals and papers and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals and papers and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals and papers and they're just
+like oh I got a lot of reading to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh I got a lot of reading to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh I got a lot of reading to do
+this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weekend
+you know it's doesn't one have a cart I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's doesn't one have a cart I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's doesn't one have a cart I
+could barely hear it I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could barely hear it I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could barely hear it I'm gonna be
+reading all weekend but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading all weekend but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading all weekend but it's sort of
+like you know if you're really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if you're really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if you're really a
+scientist if your true sign if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist if your true sign if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist if your true sign if you're
+real scientist you suffer you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real scientist you suffer you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real scientist you suffer you have no
+hobbies you work day and night in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobbies you work day and night in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobbies you work day and night in the
+cold room in the dark I mean you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold room in the dark I mean you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold room in the dark I mean you just
+you're just 36 our experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just 36 our experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just 36 our experiments
+there's no time to shower there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no time to shower there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no time to shower there's no
+time to sleep and instead of just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to sleep and instead of just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to sleep and instead of just saying
+you know and send me a sort of message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and send me a sort of message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and send me a sort of message
+to of maybe new people in lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of maybe new people in lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of maybe new people in lab and
+undergrads and and I think has this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads and and I think has this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads and and I think has this come
+up especially with women that like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up especially with women that like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up especially with women that like if
+you do not give of yourself completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not give of yourself completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not give of yourself completely
+you're not a quote real scientist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a quote real scientist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a quote real scientist and
+you know a lot of a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of a lot of people are
+thinking about science especially women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about science especially women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about science especially women
+think I really I'd like to have a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I really I'd like to have a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I really I'd like to have a family
+and I know I might be doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I might be doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I might be doing a little
+more of the caregiving so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the caregiving so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the caregiving so I don't know
+if I can do science I might have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can do science I might have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can do science I might have to do
+something else because there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because there's this
+notion that you have to suffer so deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you have to suffer so deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you have to suffer so deeply
+for your science and people buy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your science and people buy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your science and people buy into
+this they don't want to be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they don't want to be the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they don't want to be the one
+saying it's like I don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's like I don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's like I don't know what's
+wrong with you but I shower every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with you but I shower every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with you but I shower every day
+right they don't they're just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't they're just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't they're just like
+coming up with something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with something else that
+they're saying it's like well yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying it's like well yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying it's like well yeah but
+my experiment was even worse and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiment was even worse and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experiment was even worse and you
+know I had to walk uphill both ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had to walk uphill both ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had to walk uphill both ways to
+do it right everyone gets into this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right everyone gets into this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right everyone gets into this in
+the whole Lab culture and they're try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Lab culture and they're try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Lab culture and they're try to
+outdo themselves with a degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdo themselves with a degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdo themselves with a degree of
+suffering so that's one example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering so that's one example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering so that's one example that
+came up and I do think that these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up and I do think that these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up and I do think that these kind
+of things that sort of sounds funny but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that sort of sounds funny but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that sort of sounds funny but
+it's important because it sends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important because it sends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important because it sends a
+message of what it takes to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of what it takes to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of what it takes to be a
+scientist that is not really true and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist that is not really true and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist that is not really true and if
+we have well-adjusted human beings doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have well-adjusted human beings doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have well-adjusted human beings doing
+science I'm okay for that I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I'm okay for that I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I'm okay for that I I think
+that's a good thing to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing to have
+well-adjusted human beings doing science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-adjusted human beings doing science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-adjusted human beings doing science
+so so we have to think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have to think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have to think a little bit
+about the sort of you know fitting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of you know fitting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of you know fitting into
+a culture and what that is and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a culture and what that is and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a culture and what that is and what we
+kind of do to fit in alright so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do to fit in alright so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do to fit in alright so that's
+just one example that was shared with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example that was shared with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example that was shared with me
+before which I thought was was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which I thought was was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which I thought was was a good
+one but seems like you guys were having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but seems like you guys were having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but seems like you guys were having
+some lively discussion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lively discussion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lively discussion so
+who who would like to start off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who would like to start off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who would like to start off by
+sharing what you were talking about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing what you were talking about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing what you were talking about yeah
+yeah so I depending on who I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I depending on who I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I depending on who I'm talking
+with I actually tune my accent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I actually tune my accent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I actually tune my accent for
+example when I'm are on back home I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I'm are on back home I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I'm are on back home I
+intentionally mispronounce certain words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally mispronounce certain words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally mispronounce certain words
+so that I can you know talk with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can you know talk with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can you know talk with my
+friends and family and then whenever I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and family and then whenever I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and family and then whenever I'm
+here in an academic setting I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in an academic setting I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in an academic setting I try to
+pronounce everything correctly yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce everything correctly yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce everything correctly yeah yeah
+so the sort of like I'm still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sort of like I'm still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sort of like I'm still sort of
+one of you I've kind of gone off to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you I've kind of gone off to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you I've kind of gone off to this
+this place of MIT but you know I'm back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place of MIT but you know I'm back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this place of MIT but you know I'm back
+having these conversations and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these conversations and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these conversations and and and
+then you present a different side when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you present a different side when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you present a different side when
+you're here I've heard that a lot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here I've heard that a lot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here I've heard that a lot that
+you know some sometimes it's being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some sometimes it's being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some sometimes it's being a
+kind of a top place you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a top place you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a top place you know people
+feeling kind of uncomfortable sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling kind of uncomfortable sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling kind of uncomfortable sort of
+going home that you know like the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going home that you know like the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going home that you know like the family
+members just feel like they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members just feel like they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members just feel like they don't want
+to sound stupid so they just like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sound stupid so they just like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sound stupid so they just like don't
+know what it's to say to you anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's to say to you anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's to say to you anymore
+it's like let's don't be that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like let's don't be that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like let's don't be that's great
+okay any any anybody else yeah I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any anybody else yeah I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any anybody else yeah I have
+like a stereotype that Asian woman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stereotype that Asian woman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stereotype that Asian woman's
+especially there was very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially there was very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially there was very like
+quote-unquote fresh up the boat are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote fresh up the boat are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote fresh up the boat are like
+more reserved and like quiet and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reserved and like quiet and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reserved and like quiet and while
+I'm like a person who kind of confirms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like a person who kind of confirms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like a person who kind of confirms
+that stereotype like when I'm with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stereotype like when I'm with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stereotype like when I'm with like
+people that I'm meeting for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that I'm meeting for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that I'm meeting for the first
+time I try to be like a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I try to be like a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I try to be like a little more
+vocal and talkative like give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal and talkative like give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal and talkative like give an
+impression that like I want to engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression that like I want to engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression that like I want to engage in
+this conversation and sometimes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation and sometimes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation and sometimes like
+that makes me feel bad because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me feel bad because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes me feel bad because I'm not
+true to myself so like yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to myself so like yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to myself so like yeah yeah
+yeah people may not believe this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah people may not believe this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah people may not believe this about
+me but I used to be really shy it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I used to be really shy it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I used to be really shy it's so
+yeah so it's like all those years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's like all those years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's like all those years of
+kind of like imposter syndrome like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like imposter syndrome like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like imposter syndrome like
+alright I'm gonna wear my not shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'm gonna wear my not shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'm gonna wear my not shy
+clothes and talk like a nut shy person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes and talk like a nut shy person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes and talk like a nut shy person
+but yeah I had to really struggle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I had to really struggle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I had to really struggle with
+that and I think it's it's very hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think it's it's very hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think it's it's very hard and
+and when you are worried about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you are worried about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you are worried about that
+stereotype it's like pushing yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype it's like pushing yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype it's like pushing yourself
+out it you know being a little more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it you know being a little more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it you know being a little more so
+that's that's a really really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really really nice
+example anyone else yeah yet so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example anyone else yeah yet so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example anyone else yeah yet so I have
+several tattoos that I also have a nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several tattoos that I also have a nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several tattoos that I also have a nose
+piercing and when I'm in professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piercing and when I'm in professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piercing and when I'm in professional
+settings especially at conferences I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings especially at conferences I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings especially at conferences I
+tried to cover up my tattoos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to cover up my tattoos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to cover up my tattoos and
+sometimes I even put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I even put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I even put in
+a different nose ring that's clear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different nose ring that's clear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different nose ring that's clear so
+you really can't see it unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't see it unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't see it unless you're
+closed up and I try to do that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed up and I try to do that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed up and I try to do that in order
+to not confirm a negative stereotype of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not confirm a negative stereotype of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not confirm a negative stereotype of
+people who decide to put art on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who decide to put art on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who decide to put art on their
+body or like have extra piercings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body or like have extra piercings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body or like have extra piercings and
+and to appear more professional and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to appear more professional and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to appear more professional and that
+I understand and know what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand and know what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand and know what I'm talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that's yeah that's also a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah that's also a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah that's also a really
+everyone's really great examples you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's really great examples you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's really great examples you
+know that that has kind of come up at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that has kind of come up at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that has kind of come up at a
+few different times like really thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different times like really thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different times like really thinking
+about how you're dressed and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're dressed and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you're dressed and other
+things and one time I had videotapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and one time I had videotapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and one time I had videotapes
+that were to use in freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were to use in freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were to use in freshman chemistry
+of scientists talking about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientists talking about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientists talking about how they
+were using chemistry and I got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using chemistry and I got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using chemistry and I got all this
+feedback because one of the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback because one of the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback because one of the people in
+the video like had piercings and tattoos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video like had piercings and tattoos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video like had piercings and tattoos
+and they're like well but that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like well but that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like well but that's like
+not a scientist right but then it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a scientist right but then it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a scientist right but then it talks
+articulately and it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulately and it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulately and it was like
+mind-blowing but we do have these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing but we do have these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing but we do have these ideas
+of like what scientists should look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what scientists should look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what scientists should look like
+and you know I partly blame Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I partly blame Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I partly blame Hollywood
+but you know polyester pants and the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know polyester pants and the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know polyester pants and the lab
+coat and pocket protectors and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and pocket protectors and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and pocket protectors and turn
+silent like scientists like look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent like scientists like look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent like scientists like look like
+everyone else but then we worry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else but then we worry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else but then we worry and
+sometimes try to fit in and whistle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes try to fit in and whistle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes try to fit in and whistle a
+little Vivaldi to say you know to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Vivaldi to say you know to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Vivaldi to say you know to kind
+of hide maybe some parts of that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hide maybe some parts of that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hide maybe some parts of that and so
+yeah really really good examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really really good examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really really good examples
+everyone okay let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay let's move on
+who has stereotypes yep sorry sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has stereotypes yep sorry sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has stereotypes yep sorry sorry for
+the bad news but let me show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad news but let me show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad news but let me show you some
+data in case you're not convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in case you're not convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in case you're not convinced
+alright so there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so there's a whole bunch of
+studies and I'm just gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and I'm just gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and I'm just gonna tell you
+about a few of them that that get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few of them that that get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few of them that that get at
+this fact that we all do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that we all do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that we all do have
+stereotypes because we all live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes because we all live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes because we all live in a
+culture we're all part of it we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture we're all part of it we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture we're all part of it we are in
+fact not in the cold room for 36 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact not in the cold room for 36 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact not in the cold room for 36 hours
+we come out to socialize with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come out to socialize with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come out to socialize with other
+people at some point and so we develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at some point and so we develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at some point and so we develop
+stereotypes alright so there are these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes alright so there are these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes alright so there are these a
+bunch of different studies where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different studies where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different studies where they
+show groups multiple different CVS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show groups multiple different CVS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show groups multiple different CVS and
+they have one CV that's a clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one CV that's a clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one CV that's a clearly a
+man's name another CV that's clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's name another CV that's clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's name another CV that's clearly a
+woman's name and then they ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's name and then they ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's name and then they ask this
+group picked the best candidate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group picked the best candidate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group picked the best candidate for
+something and the data show that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the data show that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the data show that people
+if the Seavey's are designed to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Seavey's are designed to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Seavey's are designed to be very
+very similar similar kinds of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar similar kinds of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar similar kinds of school
+similar numbers of publication similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar numbers of publication similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar numbers of publication similar
+awards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards
+people will pick the the man CV the CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will pick the the man CV the CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will pick the the man CV the CV
+with the man's name on it is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the man's name on it is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the man's name on it is being
+better and importantly women do this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and importantly women do this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and importantly women do this too
+so this idea of let's put a woman on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this idea of let's put a woman on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this idea of let's put a woman on
+every committee so that you know we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every committee so that you know we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every committee so that you know we make
+sure that this committee is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this committee is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this committee is doing the
+best picking the best candidate whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best picking the best candidate whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best picking the best candidate whatever
+within to the exact same thing as men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within to the exact same thing as men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within to the exact same thing as men
+they also pick the male candidate when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also pick the male candidate when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also pick the male candidate when
+the Seavey's are very similar so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seavey's are very similar so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seavey's are very similar so a lot
+of these studies were done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies were done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies were done in the
+English profession but Jo Handelsman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English profession but Jo Handelsman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English profession but Jo Handelsman and
+a bunch of others in this publication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of others in this publication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of others in this publication in
+PNAS in 2012 redid this kind of CV study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PNAS in 2012 redid this kind of CV study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PNAS in 2012 redid this kind of CV study
+but it was only for scientists so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was only for scientists so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was only for scientists so people
+would say scientists are logical right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say scientists are logical right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say scientists are logical right
+we can't have stereotypes or not in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't have stereotypes or not in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't have stereotypes or not in fact
+we're about facts we're about data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about facts we're about data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about facts we're about data we
+are so logical we can't possibly really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so logical we can't possibly really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so logical we can't possibly really
+have stereotypes and so clear convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stereotypes and so clear convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stereotypes and so clear convincing
+evidence that that is in fact not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that that is in fact not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that that is in fact not true
+scientists are just like all other human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are just like all other human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are just like all other human
+beings as it turns out there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings as it turns out there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings as it turns out there are people
+anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow
+so this study love this study jealous of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this study love this study jealous of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this study love this study jealous of
+this study why did I not do this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study why did I not do this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study why did I not do this study
+anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow
+so what they did is they took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did is they took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did is they took this
+resume CV said it was for a lab manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume CV said it was for a lab manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume CV said it was for a lab manager
+position they had the name John on it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position they had the name John on it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position they had the name John on it or
+the name Jennifer and they send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name Jennifer and they send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name Jennifer and they send it to
+different people and then saw what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people and then saw what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people and then saw what
+people thought collectively about John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought collectively about John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought collectively about John
+and what people thought collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people thought collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people thought collectively
+about Jennifer exactly the same CV so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jennifer exactly the same CV so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jennifer exactly the same CV so
+they should have thought the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have thought the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should have thought the same things
+about both of them because it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both of them because it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both of them because it was the
+same but then they compared for the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but then they compared for the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but then they compared for the male
+name versus female who's applying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name versus female who's applying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name versus female who's applying for
+this lab manager position they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lab manager position they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lab manager position they thought
+that the man was more competent that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the man was more competent that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the man was more competent that the
+man was more hireable and was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man was more hireable and was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man was more hireable and was going to
+be easier to mentor and also should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier to mentor and also should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier to mentor and also should get
+paid a lot more now again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a lot more now again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a lot more now again let me
+emphasize these are identical documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize these are identical documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize these are identical documents
+except one has the name John on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one has the name John on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one has the name John on it and
+one had the name Jennifer on it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had the name Jennifer on it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had the name Jennifer on it and they
+looked at how men viewed this and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at how men viewed this and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at how men viewed this and how
+women did it was male faculty women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women did it was male faculty women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women did it was male faculty women
+faculty again for a lab manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty again for a lab manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty again for a lab manager
+when in thought the same thing women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in thought the same thing women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in thought the same thing women
+thought that the CV with the name John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the CV with the name John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the CV with the name John
+on it was a lot more impressive than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it was a lot more impressive than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it was a lot more impressive than the
+CV with the name Jennifer so scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV with the name Jennifer so scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CV with the name Jennifer so scientists
+you know the ivory tower has just locked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the ivory tower has just locked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the ivory tower has just locked
+in people who the same prejudices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people who the same prejudices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people who the same prejudices that
+you find other place the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find other place the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find other place the same
+stereotypes all right okay so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes all right okay so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes all right okay so we need
+some good news I think it's time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good news I think it's time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good news I think it's time for
+good news I've convinced you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news I've convinced you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news I've convinced you that you
+can all be victims of stereotype threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all be victims of stereotype threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all be victims of stereotype threat
+that you all have stereotypes probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have stereotypes probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have stereotypes probably
+you're all worried about impostor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all worried about impostor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all worried about impostor
+syndrome if you didn't have it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome if you didn't have it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome if you didn't have it before
+I'm sure you do now but you know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you do now but you know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you do now but you know that I
+have it maybe that means like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it maybe that means like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it maybe that means like yeah
+anyway good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway good news
+wise criticism so this can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise criticism so this can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise criticism so this can be used to
+mitigate the effects of stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the effects of stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the effects of stereotype
+threat and again it's criticism that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and again it's criticism that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and again it's criticism that's
+delivered in such a way that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in such a way that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in such a way that students
+feel like they're capable of a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they're capable of a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they're capable of a high
+level of achievement that students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of achievement that students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of achievement that students are
+less defensive and feel less threatened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less defensive and feel less threatened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less defensive and feel less threatened
+and so here again it's often about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here again it's often about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here again it's often about it's
+not about whether there's criticism or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about whether there's criticism or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about whether there's criticism or
+not it's really about how that criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's really about how that criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's really about how that criticism
+is delivered so I'll just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delivered so I'll just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delivered so I'll just give you a
+brief example what I think about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief example what I think about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief example what I think about here
+when I started as a system professor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started as a system professor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started as a system professor you
+know it's the first time I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the first time I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the first time I'm like
+writing a paper from my lab that like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a paper from my lab that like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a paper from my lab that like my
+advisers not deciding it's okay or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisers not deciding it's okay or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisers not deciding it's okay or not
+like this is for me so I gave it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is for me so I gave it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is for me so I gave it to one
+of my senior colleagues to critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my senior colleagues to critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my senior colleagues to critique
+before I sent it out it came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I sent it out it came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I sent it out it came back
+covered in red pen what was I thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in red pen what was I thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in red pen what was I thinking
+I can't be a professor this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be a professor this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be a professor this is the most
+ridiculous thing how did I ever think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous thing how did I ever think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous thing how did I ever think
+that I could possibly do this but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could possibly do this but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could possibly do this but then I
+got a little perspective on it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little perspective on it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little perspective on it I
+realized that this professor had taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that this professor had taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that this professor had taken
+time to not only read the paper through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to not only read the paper through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to not only read the paper through
+and make comments but there were notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make comments but there were notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make comments but there were notes
+about reading the background literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reading the background literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reading the background literature
+on the paper it wasn't their fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the paper it wasn't their fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the paper it wasn't their fields
+they had read all the references and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had read all the references and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had read all the references and
+thought about how I could have improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about how I could have improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about how I could have improved
+the paper who has time to do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper who has time to do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper who has time to do that the
+only person was time to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only person was time to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only person was time to do that
+is someone who is completely and totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is someone who is completely and totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is someone who is completely and totally
+dedicated to my success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to my success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to my success
+so it was criticism it was criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was criticism it was criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was criticism it was criticism
+there was criticism but it was criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was criticism but it was criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was criticism but it was criticism
+that was delivered because they believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was delivered because they believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was delivered because they believed
+I could do this and wanted to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do this and wanted to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do this and wanted to help me
+and spend their time put their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend their time put their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend their time put their money
+where their mouth was spend time helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their mouth was spend time helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their mouth was spend time helping
+me be successful so next time you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me be successful so next time you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me be successful so next time you get
+back a draft covered with read don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a draft covered with read don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a draft covered with read don't
+think of it as harsh like I can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as harsh like I can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as harsh like I can't do it
+like blood of a massacre the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blood of a massacre the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like blood of a massacre the paper
+spewing out you think about it as love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+criticism takes time it's love read love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism takes time it's love read love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism takes time it's love read love
+pouring out all over the paper criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring out all over the paper criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring out all over the paper criticism
+is important but the way it's delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important but the way it's delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important but the way it's delivered
+if you feel it's delivered in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you feel it's delivered in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you feel it's delivered in a way that
+the person really believes in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person really believes in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person really believes in you
+then it can really motivate you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can really motivate you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can really motivate you to do
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+so criticism is good but how you deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so criticism is good but how you deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so criticism is good but how you deliver
+it makes a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a huge difference
+all right so Mary o Reilly who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Mary o Reilly who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Mary o Reilly who is a
+graduate student here at MIT did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student here at MIT did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student here at MIT did all
+these really cool little cartoons little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really cool little cartoons little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really cool little cartoons little
+call-out to Mary now just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call-out to Mary now just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call-out to Mary now just think about
+you know you're a student now but think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a student now but think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a student now but think
+about what you can do you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can do you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can do you know you don't
+have to sacrifice completely for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sacrifice completely for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sacrifice completely for your
+science you can do art on the side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you can do art on the side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you can do art on the side so
+Mary had hobby and it's put to good use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary had hobby and it's put to good use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary had hobby and it's put to good use
+so which response would you rather hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which response would you rather hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which response would you rather hear
+if you did poorly on a test and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did poorly on a test and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did poorly on a test and I don't
+know if you can see this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see this this is a
+c-minus which is not a good score for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-minus which is not a good score for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-minus which is not a good score for
+someone who is a high achiever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is a high achiever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is a high achiever
+undeserved praise can be super harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeserved praise can be super harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeserved praise can be super harmful
+this is a good score for you you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good score for you you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good score for you you should
+be pleased what it what is this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pleased what it what is this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pleased what it what is this person
+telling this person by giving them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling this person by giving them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling this person by giving them that
+praise that's the best I can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praise that's the best I can do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praise that's the best I can do you
+should be happy with the c-minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be happy with the c-minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be happy with the c-minus
+no no one should be happy with a c-minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no one should be happy with a c-minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no one should be happy with a c-minus
+of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if
+past no record and you're just shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past no record and you're just shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past no record and you're just shooting
+for that past but no no no no one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that past but no no no no one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that past but no no no no one should
+be happy with that all right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy with that all right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy with that all right so you have
+to be careful by that you know the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful by that you know the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful by that you know the worst
+thing you can do is sort of send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do is sort of send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do is sort of send the
+message to someone that they messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to someone that they messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to someone that they messed up
+but that's all that it can be expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's all that it can be expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's all that it can be expected
+of you is to mess out bad criticism we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you is to mess out bad criticism we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you is to mess out bad criticism we
+may have all received that yeah you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have all received that yeah you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have all received that yeah you'll
+have to try harder if you want to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to try harder if you want to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to try harder if you want to pass
+no feedback can also be harmful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no feedback can also be harmful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no feedback can also be harmful because
+you might have this idea that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have this idea that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have this idea that you don't
+belong here and if no one's countering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here and if no one's countering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here and if no one's countering
+that and telling you you do belong then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and telling you you do belong then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and telling you you do belong then
+you're you're just taking that message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just taking that message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just taking that message
+away and wise criticism can be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and wise criticism can be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and wise criticism can be the most
+again the most powerful thing saying hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the most powerful thing saying hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the most powerful thing saying hey
+you know I know you were doing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know you were doing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know you were doing really
+well in recitation I'm not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in recitation I'm not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in recitation I'm not sure what
+happened on the exam but let's sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the exam but let's sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the exam but let's sit
+together and try to figure out you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and try to figure out you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and try to figure out you did
+this part really well you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part really well you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part really well you just need to
+figure out how to demonstrate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to demonstrate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to demonstrate your
+knowledge on this other part of the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on this other part of the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on this other part of the exam
+so just a brief story on this so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a brief story on this so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a brief story on this so and
+some of my friends who are professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my friends who are professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my friends who are professors
+parents call them up so I do know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents call them up so I do know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents call them up so I do know how
+much tuition I'm paying why did my kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tuition I'm paying why did my kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tuition I'm paying why did my kid
+not get an A I've never gotten that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get an A I've never gotten that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get an A I've never gotten that
+phone call here partly because everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone call here partly because everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone call here partly because everybody
+knows that MIT is a tough place and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that MIT is a tough place and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that MIT is a tough place and so
+they don't send their kid with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't send their kid with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't send their kid with the idea
+that the money in tuition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the money in tuition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the money in tuition is
+guaranteeing any kind of grade but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing any kind of grade but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing any kind of grade but I did
+get a phone call from a parent once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a phone call from a parent once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a phone call from a parent once and
+and they called me and they said I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they called me and they said I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they called me and they said I just
+had to share you with you the story it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to share you with you the story it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to share you with you the story it's
+about my daughter who's in your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my daughter who's in your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my daughter who's in your class
+said first exam comes at MIT and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said first exam comes at MIT and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said first exam comes at MIT and she
+doesn't do that well and she calls me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do that well and she calls me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do that well and she calls me
+and she's crying and she's crying a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's crying and she's crying a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's crying and she's crying a lot
+and she said I really studied I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said I really studied I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said I really studied I really
+studied I thought I knew this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied I thought I knew this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied I thought I knew this material
+but this was my grade and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was my grade and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was my grade and I don't know
+what happened I really thought I knew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened I really thought I knew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened I really thought I knew it
+and he's and just like can you come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's and just like can you come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's and just like can you come and
+get me he's like the first exam it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me he's like the first exam it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me he's like the first exam it's
+like still September right and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like still September right and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like still September right and so he
+doesn't know what to do and he says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what to do and he says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what to do and he says well
+you know I'm not gonna come get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not gonna come get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not gonna come get you
+immediately you just see how you feel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you just see how you feel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you just see how you feel in
+a little bit so then he gets a call back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so then he gets a call back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so then he gets a call back
+a few hours later and said dad dad dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hours later and said dad dad dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hours later and said dad dad dad
+my ta you know me they said I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ta you know me they said I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ta you know me they said I know you
+know the material better than your grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the material better than your grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the material better than your grade
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+test I told you dad I told you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I told you dad I told you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I told you dad I told you and I
+knew the material better in the TA knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the material better in the TA knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the material better in the TA knew
+I knew that I knew I knew the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew that I knew I knew the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew that I knew I knew the material
+better he said we can come in and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better he said we can come in and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better he said we can come in and talk
+about test taking strategies and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about test taking strategies and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about test taking strategies and so the
+dad said so I don't need to come and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad said so I don't need to come and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad said so I don't need to come and get
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+she's like no I'm good right so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's like no I'm good right so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's like no I'm good right so just a
+little bit I know a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I know a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit I know a little bit of a
+message that that TA sent saying I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that that TA sent saying I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that that TA sent saying I know
+that you know this better let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this better let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this better let's get
+together and figure out what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and figure out what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and figure out what we can do
+was everything to this one person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was everything to this one person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was everything to this one person so
+wise criticism very helpful it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise criticism very helpful it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise criticism very helpful it still
+said yeah that wasn't a good performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah that wasn't a good performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah that wasn't a good performance
+but I know you can do better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know you can do better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know you can do better okay
+so no feedback I just want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no feedback I just want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no feedback I just want to emphasize
+that no feedback is not a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no feedback is not a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no feedback is not a solution
+sometimes having these conversations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes having these conversations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes having these conversations of
+criticism so you know the easiest route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism so you know the easiest route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism so you know the easiest route
+is say nothing but that is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say nothing but that is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say nothing but that is not a good
+route and let me just try to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and let me just try to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and let me just try to convince
+you of that and in doing so we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of that and in doing so we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of that and in doing so we have some
+more cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cool
+merry cartoons so in this scenario and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merry cartoons so in this scenario and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merry cartoons so in this scenario and
+then we're just going to leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're just going to leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're just going to leave the
+classroom for a minute in this scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom for a minute in this scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom for a minute in this scenario
+we have a professor coming in yelling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a professor coming in yelling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a professor coming in yelling at
+this male student and saying nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this male student and saying nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this male student and saying nothing to
+this female student who is sitting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this female student who is sitting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this female student who is sitting right
+next to him so the professor comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to him so the professor comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to him so the professor comes in
+said you should have had this done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you should have had this done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you should have had this done
+yesterday I'm giving a talk next week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I'm giving a talk next week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I'm giving a talk next week in
+Texas and I need to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and I need to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and I need to have these
+PowerPoint slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides
+you know why haven't you finished this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why haven't you finished this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why haven't you finished this
+experiment I have to get going zaroon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I have to get going zaroon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I have to get going zaroon
+and then he leaves a lot and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he leaves a lot and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he leaves a lot and so in the
+little blurb here from the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blurb here from the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blurb here from the female
+students thoughts he can't hear he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students thoughts he can't hear he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students thoughts he can't hear he said
+I wish he cared enough as much about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish he cared enough as much about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish he cared enough as much about my
+project it's just not fair and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's just not fair and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's just not fair and then the
+man is thinking he never yells at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is thinking he never yells at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man is thinking he never yells at the
+girls like that and her project isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls like that and her project isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls like that and her project isn't
+going any better than mine it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going any better than mine it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going any better than mine it's just not
+fair so the woman is upset about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair so the woman is upset about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair so the woman is upset about not
+getting yelled at which sort of seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting yelled at which sort of seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting yelled at which sort of seems
+counterintuitive at first until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive at first until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive at first until you
+realize that the one graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the one graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the one graduate students
+getting yelled at because he wants his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting yelled at because he wants his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting yelled at because he wants his
+data for a talk so he's never asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for a talk so he's never asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for a talk so he's never asking the
+female student for her data for a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female student for her data for a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female student for her data for a talk
+he's never really talking to her at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's never really talking to her at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's never really talking to her at all
+about her research it's not going well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her research it's not going well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her research it's not going well
+and he doesn't even care she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't even care she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't even care she is
+apparently so insignificant to him that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently so insignificant to him that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently so insignificant to him that
+she's too insignificant her research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's too insignificant her research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's too insignificant her research is
+so unimportant he doesn't even have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unimportant he doesn't even have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unimportant he doesn't even have time
+to yell at her he's not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yell at her he's not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yell at her he's not interested
+yelling at her because he's not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling at her because he's not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling at her because he's not gonna
+use her research for anything he has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use her research for anything he has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use her research for anything he has no
+expectations that she would ever deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that she would ever deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that she would ever deliver
+something that would be talk worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be talk worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be talk worthy
+that's at least what's in her mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at least what's in her mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at least what's in her mind
+meanwhile the male professor is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the male professor is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the male professor is very
+proud of himself for never yelling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of himself for never yelling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of himself for never yelling at
+the girls and the male students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls and the male students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls and the male students are
+really angry that the girls don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really angry that the girls don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really angry that the girls don't get
+yelled at not realizing that he's paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelled at not realizing that he's paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelled at not realizing that he's paying
+some attention he actually cares if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attention he actually cares if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attention he actually cares if
+they're getting results so this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting results so this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting results so this is sort
+of a lose-lose situation for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lose-lose situation for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lose-lose situation for everybody
+so along these lines I was called on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so along these lines I was called on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so along these lines I was called on to
+at one point interview all of the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point interview all of the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point interview all of the female
+graduate students in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students in the chemistry
+department and all the male students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and all the male students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and all the male students in
+the chemistry department to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry department to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry department to figure out
+how they figured out whether they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they figured out whether they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they figured out whether they would
+apply for academic positions and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for academic positions and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for academic positions and I was
+given this task because the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this task because the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this task because the department
+was very low on a list of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very low on a list of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very low on a list of the number of
+female graduate students who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female graduate students who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female graduate students who are
+applying for faculty positions so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying for faculty positions so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying for faculty positions so they
+want to figure out why the women weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out why the women weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out why the women weren't
+applying and who better to figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying and who better to figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying and who better to figure that
+out than me a woman all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out than me a woman all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out than me a woman all right so I
+actually was kind of curious to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was kind of curious to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was kind of curious to see what
+people would say so again this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say so again this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say so again this is not
+statistically significant I've collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant I've collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant I've collected
+some data over the years that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data over the years that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data over the years that is
+statistically significant this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant this was just
+conversations that I had I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that I had I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that I had I just wanted
+to share this with you so I asked both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share this with you so I asked both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share this with you so I asked both
+men and women how do you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women how do you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women how do you know if you're
+good enough to be a professor and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to be a professor and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to be a professor and both
+said I don't know it was the same it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I don't know it was the same it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I don't know it was the same it was
+the same answer they both said I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer they both said I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer they both said I don't
+know and it's like well what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and it's like well what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and it's like well what do you do
+with that and the women said will I wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and the women said will I wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and the women said will I wait
+for the professor to tell me that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the professor to tell me that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the professor to tell me that I'm
+good enough and if they don't tell me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and if they don't tell me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and if they don't tell me I
+assume I'm not the men said well I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I'm not the men said well I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I'm not the men said well I go
+ahead and apply and if I'm not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and apply and if I'm not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and apply and if I'm not good
+enough the professor is likely to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the professor is likely to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the professor is likely to tell
+me that at some point so meanwhile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that at some point so meanwhile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that at some point so meanwhile the
+professor is saying nothing to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor is saying nothing to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor is saying nothing to either
+group about whether they're good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group about whether they're good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group about whether they're good enough
+the women are taking that as a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women are taking that as a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women are taking that as a message
+they're not the men are saying I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the men are saying I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the men are saying I'm just
+going to go ahead and try until someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead and try until someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead and try until someone
+stops me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops me
+so no feedback you might be sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no feedback you might be sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no feedback you might be sending
+messages you don't intend I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages you don't intend I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages you don't intend I don't think
+this professor was intending or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this professor was intending or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this professor was intending or these
+professors were intending to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors were intending to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors were intending to send
+message the female students that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message the female students that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message the female students that they
+weren't good enough they just were busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't good enough they just were busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't good enough they just were busy
+doing stuff and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stuff and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stuff and didn't
+say anything to anyone so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything to anyone so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything to anyone so it's a
+reminder to give feedback to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to give feedback to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to give feedback to people
+because if there's no feedback you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's no feedback you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's no feedback you don't
+know what the individual is taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the individual is taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the individual is taking away
+from that in the absence of it own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that in the absence of it own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that in the absence of it own
+insecurities will often come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurities will often come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurities will often come into play
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so other things that one can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other things that one can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other things that one can do is
+change the narrative because remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the narrative because remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the narrative because remember I
+was just saying people have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying people have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying people have their own
+security insecurities going and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security insecurities going and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security insecurities going and so
+sometimes you want to let them know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to let them know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to let them know that
+perhaps other people have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps other people have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps other people have had
+insecurities as well and that it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurities as well and that it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurities as well and that it's okay
+and that failing sometimes is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that failing sometimes is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that failing sometimes is not only
+okay it's part of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's part of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's part of the process
+so for high achievers it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for high achievers it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for high achievers it's important to
+reassure them that everyone has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure them that everyone has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure them that everyone has had
+difficulty at some point in their career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty at some point in their career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty at some point in their career
+so this serves as a counter-narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this serves as a counter-narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this serves as a counter-narrative
+TSA's story they're telling themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TSA's story they're telling themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TSA's story they're telling themselves
+that somehow you have to be perfect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow you have to be perfect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow you have to be perfect all
+the time to really be successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to really be successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to really be successful in
+science you don't have to be but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you don't have to be but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you don't have to be but we need
+to share those stories the CV it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share those stories the CV it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share those stories the CV it's like
+a list of successes solicit papers is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of successes solicit papers is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of successes solicit papers is a
+list of awards it doesn't say on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of awards it doesn't say on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of awards it doesn't say on there
+it's sort of like this is this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like this is this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like this is this is what
+I've done with my career know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done with my career know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done with my career know what
+you've done with your career every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done with your career every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done with your career every
+between every success are a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every success are a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every success are a ton of
+failures but we don't list the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures but we don't list the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures but we don't list the things
+that don't work we just list the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't work we just list the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't work we just list the things
+that do work our publications are full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do work our publications are full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do work our publications are full
+of the experiments that work not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiments that work not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiments that work not the
+experiments that didn't work so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that didn't work so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that didn't work so it's
+really easy for people to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy for people to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy for people to look at
+someone who's successful and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's successful and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's successful and think
+they've never had to struggle it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never had to struggle it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never had to struggle it's been
+super easy for them they've never failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy for them they've never failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy for them they've never failed
+and that is just not the case so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is just not the case so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is just not the case so if we
+share those stories with the students it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share those stories with the students it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share those stories with the students it
+can help them realize that maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help them realize that maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help them realize that maybe this
+bad grade isn't the end of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad grade isn't the end of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad grade isn't the end of the world
+it's all okay it's part of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all okay it's part of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all okay it's part of the process
+all right so here's an this is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's an this is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's an this is the last
+exercise so recall a moment where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise so recall a moment where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise so recall a moment where a
+mentor shared a story with you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor shared a story with you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor shared a story with you about a
+time when he or she struggled with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he or she struggled with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when he or she struggled with a
+concept or felt inadequate but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or felt inadequate but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or felt inadequate but then
+reached a high level of achievement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a high level of achievement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a high level of achievement or
+you could recall your own story so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could recall your own story so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could recall your own story so
+something is someone shared with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is someone shared with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is someone shared with you
+that made a difference or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made a difference or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made a difference or perhaps
+something that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could
+tell your students this semester if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your students this semester if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your students this semester if
+they're all of a sudden going how did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all of a sudden going how did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all of a sudden going how did I
+get into this place I'm not sure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this place I'm not sure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this place I'm not sure that I
+belong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here
+what could you share with them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you share with them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you share with them that
+would help them move forward all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help them move forward all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help them move forward all right
+find your partners think about a time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your partners think about a time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your partners think about a time I
+think for a time when at least a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a time when at least a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a time when at least a story
+that kind of was a counter-narrative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of was a counter-narrative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of was a counter-narrative for
+me was thinking about my own struggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was thinking about my own struggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was thinking about my own struggles
+and my PhD where you know it's there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my PhD where you know it's there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my PhD where you know it's there was
+a long string of failure where I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long string of failure where I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long string of failure where I felt
+like nothing was working that I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing was working that I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing was working that I wasn't
+really getting anywhere and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting anywhere and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting anywhere and it was
+really hard to see the finish line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to see the finish line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to see the finish line and
+it got me really down it felt very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got me really down it felt very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got me really down it felt very
+difficult I wasn't as happy I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult I wasn't as happy I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult I wasn't as happy I could have
+been and I think what really helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and I think what really helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and I think what really helped me
+break out of that was hearing from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break out of that was hearing from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break out of that was hearing from my
+own advisor that you know she had had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own advisor that you know she had had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own advisor that you know she had had a
+pretty long and arduous PhD as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty long and arduous PhD as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty long and arduous PhD as
+well.those a lot of struggle and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well.those a lot of struggle and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well.those a lot of struggle and that
+those failures came in the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those failures came in the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those failures came in the exact same
+way where they're coming they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where they're coming they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where they're coming they're kind of
+stacking on top of each other and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking on top of each other and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking on top of each other and it
+just feels like there is no end really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feels like there is no end really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feels like there is no end really
+in sight and maybe that you're not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sight and maybe that you're not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sight and maybe that you're not even
+not not good enough for this but seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not good enough for this but seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not good enough for this but seeing
+how far she made it and how much she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far she made it and how much she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far she made it and how much she
+succeeded after that really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded after that really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded after that really really
+reassured me and it makes me feel better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassured me and it makes me feel better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassured me and it makes me feel better
+about the whole thing where it makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole thing where it makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the whole thing where it makes you
+realize everything's going to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize everything's going to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize everything's going to be okay
+this is not a typical he doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a typical he doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a typical he doesn't say
+something about me personally and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about me personally and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about me personally and you
+know really what's reassuring is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really what's reassuring is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really what's reassuring is that it
+feels like everything is really gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like everything is really gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like everything is really gonna
+work out at the end of it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out at the end of it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out at the end of it and that
+changed my entire attitude really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my entire attitude really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my entire attitude really about
+my PhD and I feel tremendously better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PhD and I feel tremendously better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PhD and I feel tremendously better
+about everything since then it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everything since then it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everything since then it's very
+inspiring yeah for me it I felt it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring yeah for me it I felt it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring yeah for me it I felt it a lot
+during undergrad and and I still feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during undergrad and and I still feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during undergrad and and I still feel it
+somewhat in grad school but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat in grad school but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat in grad school but one
+experience was even having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience was even having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience was even having an
+opportunity to participate in a summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to participate in a summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to participate in a summer
+program at MIT so I went to a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program at MIT so I went to a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program at MIT so I went to a community
+college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and
+I couldn't my parents couldn't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't my parents couldn't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't my parents couldn't afford
+like to send me to a top-tier University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to send me to a top-tier University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to send me to a top-tier University
+we didn't have money saved up for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have money saved up for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have money saved up for me to
+go to and some of the advice was to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to and some of the advice was to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to and some of the advice was to go
+to a community college first establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a community college first establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a community college first establish a
+GPA get some scholarships and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPA get some scholarships and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPA get some scholarships and then
+transferred to a four-year Institute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to a four-year Institute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to a four-year Institute and
+while I was at that Community College I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was at that Community College I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was at that Community College I
+didn't feel like I would have any major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel like I would have any major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel like I would have any major
+opportunities to go and do research or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to go and do research or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to go and do research or
+especially at it I didn't achieve like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at it I didn't achieve like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at it I didn't achieve like
+MIT and I came across the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and I came across the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and I came across the application
+for the MIT summer research program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT summer research program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT summer research program
+through another program that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another program that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another program that I was
+involved in at my Community College and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in at my Community College and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in at my Community College and
+I was like okay I'll just apply to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like okay I'll just apply to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like okay I'll just apply to it
+like they'll probably not accept me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll probably not accept me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll probably not accept me or
+even consider my application but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider my application but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even consider my application but I'll
+still do it and I did it I applied and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do it and I did it I applied and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do it and I did it I applied and I
+ended up getting into the program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up getting into the program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up getting into the program and
+that one opportunity like really opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one opportunity like really opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one opportunity like really opened
+a lot of doors for me and and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of doors for me and and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of doors for me and and now I'm
+able to be a graduate student here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be a graduate student here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be a graduate student here so
+yeah that was a moment where I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was a moment where I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was a moment where I really
+felt insecure and and like the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt insecure and and like the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt insecure and and like the whole
+imposter syndrome really affected me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposter syndrome really affected me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposter syndrome really affected me but
+it I'm happy that I took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm happy that I took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm happy that I took that
+opportunity yeah that's a really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity yeah that's a really awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity yeah that's a really awesome
+story okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story okay
+thanks yeah so when I started college I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah so when I started college I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah so when I started college I
+got a really really bad grade on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a really really bad grade on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a really really bad grade on one of
+my tests I think it was actually like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tests I think it was actually like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tests I think it was actually like my
+second semester of college I called my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second semester of college I called my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second semester of college I called my
+dad and it was the first bad test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad and it was the first bad test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad and it was the first bad test it
+ever had in my entire life I'm so upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had in my entire life I'm so upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had in my entire life I'm so upset
+I call my dad I said dad dad I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call my dad I said dad dad I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call my dad I said dad dad I'm so
+sorry like I'm failing mm-hmm and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry like I'm failing mm-hmm and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry like I'm failing mm-hmm and I had
+a full-ride scholarship so I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full-ride scholarship so I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full-ride scholarship so I thought I
+was gonna get my scholarship because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna get my scholarship because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna get my scholarship because the
+one bad test and my dad said no no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bad test and my dad said no no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bad test and my dad said no no it's
+okay it's totally fine when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's totally fine when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's totally fine when I was in
+college the same exact college I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college the same exact college I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college the same exact college I like
+failed miserably my first test in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed miserably my first test in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed miserably my first test in this
+math class and I just worked really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math class and I just worked really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math class and I just worked really hard
+and studying and tried to talk to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studying and tried to talk to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studying and tried to talk to people
+and like made sure that I knew exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like made sure that I knew exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like made sure that I knew exactly
+what I was doing and by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was doing and by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was doing and by the end of the
+semester my teacher was like don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester my teacher was like don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester my teacher was like don't even
+come in for the final because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in for the final because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in for the final because you're
+gonna break the curve so you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna break the curve so you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna break the curve so you can do it
+one bad test is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bad test is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bad test is not the
+yeah that's cool I wish it really helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's cool I wish it really helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's cool I wish it really helped
+yeah I can imagine that would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can imagine that would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can imagine that would really
+help yeah so like I guess seeing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah so like I guess seeing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah so like I guess seeing like
+growing up I didn't have like female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up I didn't have like female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up I didn't have like female
+scientists I don't know there's the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists I don't know there's the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists I don't know there's the me
+doesn't really portray female scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really portray female scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really portray female scientists
+/ I didn't know anyone that had a PhD or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ I didn't know anyone that had a PhD or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ I didn't know anyone that had a PhD or
+anything like that so like when I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so like when I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so like when I got to
+college like I knew I was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college like I knew I was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college like I knew I was always
+interested in science but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in science but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in science but I didn't
+actually know what that meant and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what that meant and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what that meant and so I
+was really lucky enough to how like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really lucky enough to how like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really lucky enough to how like a
+wonderful mentor an undergrad and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful mentor an undergrad and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful mentor an undergrad and she
+was the department head of chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the department head of chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the department head of chemistry so
+that was like really awesome but we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like really awesome but we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like really awesome but we got
+really close and she would tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close and she would tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close and she would tell me about
+like her journey as a scientist and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her journey as a scientist and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her journey as a scientist and like
+how she started out and you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how she started out and you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how she started out and you know like
+becoming a lecturer and like raising a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a lecturer and like raising a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a lecturer and like raising a
+family and like being a woman in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and like being a woman in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and like being a woman in science
+and what that meant for like people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that meant for like people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that meant for like people's
+perception and how she felt like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and how she felt like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and how she felt like she
+never really got the respect that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really got the respect that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really got the respect that she
+deserved and she would always make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserved and she would always make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserved and she would always make sure
+that we referred to her as doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we referred to her as doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we referred to her as doctor
+because it was the fact that she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the fact that she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the fact that she had
+worked so hard for it and like had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so hard for it and like had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so hard for it and like had not
+been taken seriously so like she shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken seriously so like she shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken seriously so like she shared
+a lot of like how she didn't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like how she didn't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like how she didn't feel like
+she got the respect or like deserved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got the respect or like deserved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got the respect or like deserved to
+almost be in this position of like power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost be in this position of like power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost be in this position of like power
+but she was like an extremely successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she was like an extremely successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she was like an extremely successful
+scientist and like did wonderful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and like did wonderful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and like did wonderful things
+and was the department head of our like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was the department head of our like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was the department head of our like
+at our school and just really showed me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our school and just really showed me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our school and just really showed me
+that like even if you don't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like even if you don't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like even if you don't feel like
+you can do it or like you're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it or like you're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it or like you're not getting
+the respect like you can still be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect like you can still be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect like you can still be really
+like successful and she was so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like successful and she was so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like successful and she was so like
+having those conversations and like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having those conversations and like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having those conversations and like just
+hearing her story like made me feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing her story like made me feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing her story like made me feel like
+okay I can do this like and like allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can do this like and like allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can do this like and like allowed
+me to address like my insecurities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to address like my insecurities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to address like my insecurities and
+like her support / if she like felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her support / if she like felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her support / if she like felt like
+I could go to grad school was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go to grad school was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go to grad school was like a
+green reason like where I felt like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green reason like where I felt like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green reason like where I felt like I
+can actually do it because like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do it because like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do it because like she
+talked about like it wasn't hurting her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about like it wasn't hurting her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about like it wasn't hurting her
+plans but like she's still like went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans but like she's still like went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans but like she's still like went
+through it and like look I'm a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and like look I'm a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and like look I'm a professor
+now even though I don't necessarily feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even though I don't necessarily feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even though I don't necessarily feel
+like I should have been or like could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I should have been or like could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I should have been or like could
+have at times and so that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at times and so that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at times and so that was like
+really awesome to hear and like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awesome to hear and like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awesome to hear and like really
+made me feel like grad school was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me feel like grad school was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me feel like grad school was an
+option before before I even got here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option before before I even got here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option before before I even got here and
+like before I didn't even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before I didn't even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before I didn't even think about
+grad school so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school so
+I'm so glad that she was able to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so glad that she was able to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so glad that she was able to bring
+you here she's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here she's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here she's wonderful
+I think a good example in my case is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a good example in my case is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a good example in my case is my
+mom so I obviously her experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom so I obviously her experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom so I obviously her experience is
+like 30 years ago and like it's in Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30 years ago and like it's in Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30 years ago and like it's in Korea
+so might be like not the reflective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so might be like not the reflective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so might be like not the reflective of
+how things are done in the States right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are done in the States right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are done in the States right
+now but basically it was a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but basically it was a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but basically it was a lot harder
+for her as a woman to get a job than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her as a woman to get a job than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her as a woman to get a job than
+like her male counterparts because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her male counterparts because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her male counterparts because like
+people were worried that she might quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were worried that she might quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were worried that she might quit
+when she get married once she gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she get married once she gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she get married once she gets
+pregnant when she has a baby and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant when she has a baby and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant when she has a baby and like
+even after she like got a baby and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after she like got a baby and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after she like got a baby and she
+has continued working in the her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has continued working in the her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has continued working in the her
+workplace she was continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace she was continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace she was continually
+continuously judged by other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously judged by other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously judged by other people
+because I when she worked hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I when she worked hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I when she worked hard
+people were like blaming her for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were like blaming her for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were like blaming her for like
+not putting in like that much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting in like that much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting in like that much of a
+dedication to her like home but if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedication to her like home but if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedication to her like home but if she
+was not not working hard enough like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not not working hard enough like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not not working hard enough like
+yeah like people were like why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like people were like why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like people were like why are you
+like not working hard enough and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not working hard enough and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not working hard enough and like
+you should not pay too much of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not pay too much of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not pay too much of attention
+it's like your kids and your family so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like your kids and your family so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like your kids and your family so
+lightweight yeah yeah so like she had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight yeah yeah so like she had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight yeah yeah so like she had to
+like put in a lot more time and effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put in a lot more time and effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put in a lot more time and effort
+into both her like household and in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both her like household and in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both her like household and in her
+workplace to like fight with a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace to like fight with a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace to like fight with a negative
+stereotype and like not to get blamed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and like not to get blamed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and like not to get blamed so
+yeah her story like really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah her story like really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah her story like really kind of
+touched me and like just keeping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched me and like just keeping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched me and like just keeping me
+aware that those kind of stereotypes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that those kind of stereotypes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that those kind of stereotypes are
+going out there yeah yeah I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out there yeah yeah I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out there yeah yeah I think that
+was like mentor that's really stuck out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like mentor that's really stuck out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like mentor that's really stuck out
+and hers had a big impact on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hers had a big impact on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hers had a big impact on me
+especially in grad school has been my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in grad school has been my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in grad school has been my
+advisor and that when I especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor and that when I especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor and that when I especially when
+I like came to MIT I had this definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like came to MIT I had this definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like came to MIT I had this definitely
+had a stereotype of what an MIT grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a stereotype of what an MIT grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a stereotype of what an MIT grad
+student should be and it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student should be and it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student should be and it was kind of
+like they should only be focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they should only be focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they should only be focused on
+their academics and I had a lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their academics and I had a lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their academics and I had a lot of like
+personal things I was struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal things I was struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal things I was struggling with
+that I thought I had to kind of leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought I had to kind of leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought I had to kind of leave
+behind me when I would come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me when I would come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me when I would come into the
+work place and it almost became this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work place and it almost became this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work place and it almost became this
+really like overbearing burden of like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like overbearing burden of like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like overbearing burden of like I
+had to keep this personal side of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to keep this personal side of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to keep this personal side of me
+like a secret and I could only have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a secret and I could only have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a secret and I could only have this
+academic side of me in public so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic side of me in public so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic side of me in public so having
+a mentor who is very open about her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mentor who is very open about her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mentor who is very open about her own
+struggles and who's willing to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles and who's willing to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles and who's willing to share
+more about her personal life made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about her personal life made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about her personal life made me
+feel more comfortable like bringing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable like bringing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable like bringing my
+self to the table when I am in lab so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self to the table when I am in lab so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self to the table when I am in lab so
+that's definitely had a big impact on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely had a big impact on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely had a big impact on me
+yeah I kind of feel that the media is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I kind of feel that the media is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I kind of feel that the media is
+like gradually changing from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gradually changing from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gradually changing from like
+showing the typical nerdy scientist into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the typical nerdy scientist into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the typical nerdy scientist into
+like showing the hey scientists also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like showing the hey scientists also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like showing the hey scientists also
+have personal life yeah I think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have personal life yeah I think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have personal life yeah I think yeah
+yeah yeah yeah so I'll just briefly tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so I'll just briefly tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so I'll just briefly tell
+you one story for me which you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one story for me which you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one story for me which you can if
+you don't feel comfortable sharing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel comfortable sharing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel comfortable sharing with
+your students you can share my stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students you can share my stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students you can share my stories
+that's fine I have a long list so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine I have a long list so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine I have a long list so one
+thing that you can tell people which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can tell people which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can tell people which
+sometimes helps is that Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes helps is that Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes helps is that Professor
+Drennan is dyslexic so I was diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drennan is dyslexic so I was diagnosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drennan is dyslexic so I was diagnosed
+in first grade I was a very smart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first grade I was a very smart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first grade I was a very smart and
+articulate kid for I liked talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate kid for I liked talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate kid for I liked talking to
+adults and so they assumed I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults and so they assumed I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults and so they assumed I was sort of
+smart but then I couldn't learn to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart but then I couldn't learn to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart but then I couldn't learn to read
+so I was in like the upper group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was in like the upper group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was in like the upper group and
+then the somewhat lower group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the somewhat lower group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the somewhat lower group and the
+lower group and the lowest group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower group and the lowest group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower group and the lowest group and the
+remedial group and it took me to sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remedial group and it took me to sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remedial group and it took me to sixth
+grade until I learned how to read second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade until I learned how to read second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade until I learned how to read second
+time through sixth grade I had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through sixth grade I had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through sixth grade I had to do
+that twice and so I was told I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that twice and so I was told I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that twice and so I was told I would
+never be able to graduate from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to graduate from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to graduate from high
+school and so when I graduated from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and so when I graduated from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and so when I graduated from high
+school then I went to college and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school then I went to college and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school then I went to college and then I
+was like haha look at me and then I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like haha look at me and then I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like haha look at me and then I went
+to school and then I kept going it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to school and then I kept going it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to school and then I kept going it's
+like oh faculty position and my D let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh faculty position and my D let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh faculty position and my D let's
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+and I just I sort of needed to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just I sort of needed to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just I sort of needed to prove
+that I could do these things but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could do these things but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could do these things but it was
+hard and there were many times where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and there were many times where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and there were many times where I
+and there are many really embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many really embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many really embarrassing
+dyslexic mistakes that I have made over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyslexic mistakes that I have made over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyslexic mistakes that I have made over
+the years too and and when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years too and and when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years too and and when I first
+started here I was very nervous about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here I was very nervous about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here I was very nervous about
+anybody knowing that I was dyslexic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knowing that I was dyslexic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knowing that I was dyslexic and
+I have gotten beyond that so I've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have gotten beyond that so I've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have gotten beyond that so I've now
+been videotaped by a whole bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been videotaped by a whole bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been videotaped by a whole bunch of the
+dyslexic Association and done all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyslexic Association and done all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyslexic Association and done all sorts
+of different things where I share my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different things where I share my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different things where I share my
+stories so if you don't want to share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories so if you don't want to share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories so if you don't want to share a
+story about something from you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about something from you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about something from you you can
+share my stories even if they're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share my stories even if they're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share my stories even if they're my
+students I am cool with everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I am cool with everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I am cool with everybody
+knowing that I am dyslexic and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that I am dyslexic and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that I am dyslexic and and if
+you're my TA and I write words that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're my TA and I write words that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're my TA and I write words that are
+not words on the board or switch numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not words on the board or switch numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not words on the board or switch numbers
+around just say professor Drennan other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around just say professor Drennan other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around just say professor Drennan other
+way or something like that that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or something like that that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or something like that that's cool
+so feel free to share these stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so feel free to share these stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so feel free to share these stories
+I think it's so important that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's so important that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's so important that students
+know there's more than one path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's more than one path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's more than one path to
+success and that not everyone's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and that not everyone's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and that not everyone's the same
+and people may struggle with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people may struggle with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people may struggle with different
+things they may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they may have different
+insecurities but it's all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurities but it's all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecurities but it's all okay
+and those struggles often make us who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those struggles often make us who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those struggles often make us who we
+are and that science doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that science doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that science doesn't work
+perfectly the first time we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly the first time we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly the first time we have to get
+in there and just keep working at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and just keep working at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and just keep working at it and
+the struggles we face in our own life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggles we face in our own life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggles we face in our own life is
+often just a really good motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just a really good motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just a really good motivating
+factor for doing some really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for doing some really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for doing some really great
+research all right so again you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research all right so again you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research all right so again you're very
+welcome to share my stories I have extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to share my stories I have extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to share my stories I have extra
+ones if you want to hear about times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones if you want to hear about times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones if you want to hear about times
+that I felt insecure but I heard a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I felt insecure but I heard a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I felt insecure but I heard a lot
+of discussion so maybe people feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion so maybe people feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion so maybe people feel like
+they are willing to share a story with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are willing to share a story with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are willing to share a story with
+us right now yeah I'm kind of going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right now yeah I'm kind of going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right now yeah I'm kind of going off
+we were discussing about how in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were discussing about how in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were discussing about how in science
+so much of what we hear or what's told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of what we hear or what's told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of what we hear or what's told
+to us is all successes and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us is all successes and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us is all successes and and also
+knowing that a lot of those failures at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that a lot of those failures at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that a lot of those failures at
+least for me personally they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for me personally they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for me personally they kind of
+come in waves there's not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in waves there's not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in waves there's not just one
+failure at a time it's a lot and it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure at a time it's a lot and it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure at a time it's a lot and it even
+when it really wore on me at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it really wore on me at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it really wore on me at the time
+but what I think really helped me was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I think really helped me was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I think really helped me was my
+own mentor telling me that she struggled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own mentor telling me that she struggled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own mentor telling me that she struggled
+through her PhD took a long time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through her PhD took a long time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through her PhD took a long time it was
+a slog it just reminded me that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slog it just reminded me that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slog it just reminded me that it's not
+always a straight line to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a straight line to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a straight line to get to the
+finish and more importantly it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish and more importantly it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish and more importantly it's that
+you know things will get better it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things will get better it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things will get better it'll
+all work out everything's gonna be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all work out everything's gonna be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all work out everything's gonna be okay
+and I think that that really helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that really helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that really helped me
+going on you know continuing on through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you know continuing on through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you know continuing on through
+my PhD yeah yeah that's that's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PhD yeah yeah that's that's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PhD yeah yeah that's that's wonderful
+yeah and I often think of you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I often think of you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I often think of you know sort
+of like the waves and and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the waves and and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the waves and and it's like
+things are going really really well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going really really well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going really really well and
+then it sort of slows down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it sort of slows down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it sort of slows down and then
+things are not working and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not working and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not working and if the
+amplitude was sort of up and down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude was sort of up and down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude was sort of up and down and
+like this it's like I'll be okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's like I'll be okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's like I'll be okay but
+often it's up and then down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's up and then down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's up and then down and then
+down and then down and you're like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then down and you're like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then down and you're like in
+other people their amplitudes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people their amplitudes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people their amplitudes are
+different in the lab and it's like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the lab and it's like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the lab and it's like that
+person is stuff working this person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is stuff working this person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is stuff working this person is
+stuff working what is wrong and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff working what is wrong and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff working what is wrong and it's
+like yeah but the thing is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah but the thing is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah but the thing is that like
+over time it's like when it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it's like when it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it's like when it sound like
+this then when it goes up it stays up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then when it goes up it stays up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then when it goes up it stays up
+longer also so it's but it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer also so it's but it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer also so it's but it's like
+getting you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you there
+again so yeah that's why these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so yeah that's why these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so yeah that's why these the
+stories can be pretty pretty powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories can be pretty pretty powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories can be pretty pretty powerful
+anybody else have one they wanna share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else have one they wanna share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else have one they wanna share
+yeah when I was really difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when I was really difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when I was really difficult
+difficult for me during grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for me during grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for me during grad school
+especially the beginning was that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the beginning was that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the beginning was that I was
+dealing with some you know personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with some you know personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with some you know personal
+struggles from before grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles from before grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles from before grad school
+enduring and I kind of felt like I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring and I kind of felt like I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring and I kind of felt like I had
+this burden of keeping it a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burden of keeping it a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burden of keeping it a secret
+because I didn't want to come off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't want to come off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't want to come off as
+overly emotional or that because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly emotional or that because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly emotional or that because I was
+dealing with these you know personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with these you know personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with these you know personal
+struggles that I wasn't taking my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles that I wasn't taking my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles that I wasn't taking my
+science so seriously so having a mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so seriously so having a mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so seriously so having a mentor
+that opened up about how she had also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opened up about how she had also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opened up about how she had also
+had personal struggles and how she still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had personal struggles and how she still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had personal struggles and how she still
+was able to be successful was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to be successful was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to be successful was really
+meaningful to me to feel like I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to me to feel like I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to me to feel like I could be
+both a person an aside yeah yeah yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a person an aside yeah yeah yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a person an aside yeah yeah yeah it
+is one package right yeah we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one package right yeah we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one package right yeah we're all
+we're all a package of these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all a package of these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all a package of these things so
+yeah that's that's wonderful and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's wonderful and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's wonderful and I think
+that you know sometimes it just it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know sometimes it just it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know sometimes it just it looks
+to people as if everything is going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people as if everything is going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people as if everything is going so
+well and they just don't see the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and they just don't see the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and they just don't see the inside
+struggles and you don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles and you don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles and you don't really know
+necessarily what else is going on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what else is going on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what else is going on and so
+when you when you're comfortable sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you're comfortable sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you're comfortable sharing
+these things it can see so powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it can see so powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it can see so powerful and
+I feel like sometimes when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like sometimes when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like sometimes when people are
+getting through it it's like now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through it it's like now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through it it's like now you
+have to be a professor because you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a professor because you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a professor because you got
+to share these stories with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share these stories with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share these stories with other people
+and that figuring out how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that figuring out how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that figuring out how to deal with
+the struggle I mean that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggle I mean that's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggle I mean that's what it's
+about it's not about doing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's not about doing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's not about doing everything
+perfectly the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly the first time
+it's how to deal with failure get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how to deal with failure get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how to deal with failure get
+yourself up get through those times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up get through those times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up get through those times and
+that's what gives you the strength to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what gives you the strength to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what gives you the strength to
+really go after doing the hard stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go after doing the hard stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go after doing the hard stuff
+alright are there any other any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright are there any other any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright are there any other any other
+ones okay all right let's move on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay all right let's move on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay all right let's move on the
+bad news we all have stereotypes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news we all have stereotypes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news we all have stereotypes I think
+all you're sitting there thinking man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're sitting there thinking man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're sitting there thinking man
+let me just count all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just count all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just count all the different
+stereotypes I have we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes I have we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes I have we all have
+stereotypes we all have unconscious bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes we all have unconscious bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes we all have unconscious bias
+now maybe some of you be like oh wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe some of you be like oh wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe some of you be like oh wait a
+minute why did I react that way oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute why did I react that way oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute why did I react that way oh man
+there's another stereotype I have we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another stereotype I have we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another stereotype I have we all
+can be victims of stereotype threats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be victims of stereotype threats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be victims of stereotype threats or
+impostor syndrome stereotype threat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impostor syndrome stereotype threat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impostor syndrome stereotype threat can
+be pretty harmful it can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty harmful it can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty harmful it can lead to
+underperformance and a feeling of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformance and a feeling of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperformance and a feeling of being
+judged unfairly but there's good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged unfairly but there's good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged unfairly but there's good news
+you create an environment of trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create an environment of trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create an environment of trust in
+your classroom or in your lab give wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classroom or in your lab give wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classroom or in your lab give wise
+criticism and that can really mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and that can really mediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and that can really mediate
+the effects the negative effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects the negative effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects the negative effects of
+stereotype if you're part of a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype if you're part of a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype if you're part of a team
+doing something if someone believes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something if someone believes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something if someone believes that
+someone else believes in them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else believes in them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else believes in them they're
+not sure they can do it but my tebow be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure they can do it but my tebow be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure they can do it but my tebow be
+using me therefore I can do it cuz my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using me therefore I can do it cuz my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using me therefore I can do it cuz my
+days pretty smart these are all ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days pretty smart these are all ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days pretty smart these are all ways and
+we have to help everyone reach their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to help everyone reach their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to help everyone reach their
+full potential the students you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full potential the students you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full potential the students you'll be
+working with the semester are crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the semester are crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the semester are crazy
+smart and cool people and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and cool people and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and cool people and some of them
+may be insecure and you can really help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be insecure and you can really help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be insecure and you can really help
+them get to their full potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get to their full potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get to their full potential and
+it's an amazing opportunity to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an amazing opportunity to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an amazing opportunity to teach
+smart people so I hope you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people so I hope you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people so I hope you have a
+wonderful time and I hope that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful time and I hope that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful time and I hope that that
+those horses that are dressed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those horses that are dressed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those horses that are dressed like
+zebras in your classroom are feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebras in your classroom are feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebras in your classroom are feeling
+very zbrush by the rest by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very zbrush by the rest by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very zbrush by the rest by the end of
+the semester so thank you very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so thank you very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so thank you very much for
+your attention I love the stories you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention I love the stories you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention I love the stories you
+shared today and have a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared today and have a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared today and have a wonderful
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p_w8KYYXOOU.txt b/p_w8KYYXOOU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2b820c905ef40c828173512c1f745400fa93536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p_w8KYYXOOU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The non-uniqueness of voltage in an MQS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The non-uniqueness of voltage in an MQS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The non-uniqueness of voltage in an MQS
+system can seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can seem
+paradoxical. Yet, it is essential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical. Yet, it is essential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical. Yet, it is essential to the
+behavior of a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformer. This experiment emphasizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer. This experiment emphasizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer. This experiment emphasizes
+this by showing how the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by showing how the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by showing how the voltages
+measured by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by these
+leads and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads and the
+oscilloscope are path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope are path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope are path
+dependent. Here's the ground lead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent. Here's the ground lead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent. Here's the ground lead of the
+oscilloscope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope.
+Here's the top trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the top trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the top trace
+lead and connected to the same point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and connected to the same point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and connected to the same point is
+this bottom trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom trace
+lead. A magnetic flux is created in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead. A magnetic flux is created in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead. A magnetic flux is created in a
+tooidal magnetizable core by driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooidal magnetizable core by driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooidal magnetizable core by driving
+this winding with a syosoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current. Here's the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lead. And we'll use a dual trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead. And we'll use a dual trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead. And we'll use a dual trace
+oscilloscope to display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope to display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope to display the
+voltages. Here's the lead connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages. Here's the lead connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages. Here's the lead connected to
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+trace. And then this lead is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. And then this lead is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. And then this lead is connected
+to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trace. The voltages observed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. The voltages observed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. The voltages observed with the
+leads connected to the same node not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads connected to the same node not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads connected to the same node not
+only differ in magnitude but are 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only differ in magnitude but are 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only differ in magnitude but are 180°
+out of phase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase.
+The ratio of the voltage magnitudes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ratio of the voltage magnitudes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ratio of the voltage magnitudes is
+three. This is the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. This is the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. This is the ratio of the
+resistances. The probes are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances. The probes are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances. The probes are connected to
+the same node. And yet the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same node. And yet the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same node. And yet the voltages
+differ by a factor of three and are 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a factor of three and are 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a factor of three and are 180°
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase. We check to see that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. We check to see that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. We check to see that we don't
+have the traces on different scales by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the traces on different scales by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the traces on different scales by
+reversing the trace connections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reversal of the leads results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reversal of the leads results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reversal of the leads results in a
+reversal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traces. Faraday's integral law accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces. Faraday's integral law accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces. Faraday's integral law accounts
+for this seeming failure of Kirkov's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this seeming failure of Kirkov's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this seeming failure of Kirkov's
+voltage law for how it is that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law for how it is that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law for how it is that different
+voltages are measured by probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are measured by probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are measured by probes
+connected between the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes. If the probe leads follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes. If the probe leads follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes. If the probe leads follow the
+same paths, the signals should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same paths, the signals should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same paths, the signals should be the
+same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we remove one of the leads and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we remove one of the leads and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we remove one of the leads and then
+connect the other one to its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the other one to its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the other one to its own
+ground after having looped the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground after having looped the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground after having looped the lead
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+core, what we see is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just as the series resistors form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just as the series resistors form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just as the series resistors form the
+secondary of a transformer, so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary of a transformer, so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary of a transformer, so now the
+lead itself is a one-turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead itself is a one-turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead itself is a one-turn
+secondary. The measured voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary. The measured voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary. The measured voltage is
+simply the time rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the time rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the time rate of change of the
+flux through the core.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qAVtgc3I6ig.txt b/qAVtgc3I6ig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41fd9c51bc36ba9010ee203c342511dac92d3757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qAVtgc3I6ig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today I want us to go more in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I want us to go more in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I want us to go more in depth
+into the photon interactions with matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the photon interactions with matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the photon interactions with matter
+and we're going to bring the theory back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to bring the theory back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to bring the theory back
+to something that we can actually start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that we can actually start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that we can actually start
+to use in doing shielding calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in doing shielding calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in doing shielding calculations
+if you want to find out how much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to find out how much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to find out how much of this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+do I need to shield this much gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need to shield this much gammas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need to shield this much gammas
+we're gonna answer that question today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna answer that question today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna answer that question today
+first I want to start off again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I want to start off again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I want to start off again with
+compton scattering because I messed up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton scattering because I messed up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton scattering because I messed up a
+couple of the energy things from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the energy things from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the energy things from last
+time I got excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I got excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I got excited
+due to an energetic coincidence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to an energetic coincidence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to an energetic coincidence between
+the photo peak and the continent of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo peak and the continent of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo peak and the continent of our
+banana spectrum and one of the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana spectrum and one of the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana spectrum and one of the examples
+in the book so I'm going to correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book so I'm going to correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book so I'm going to correct that
+now and we'll go through in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll go through in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll go through in more
+mathematical detail why that wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical detail why that wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical detail why that wasn't the
+case and what the actual quirk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and what the actual quirk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and what the actual quirk of
+physics is because there is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is because there is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is because there is a constant
+energy thing here that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thing here that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thing here that I want to
+highlight to you guys so skipping ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight to you guys so skipping ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight to you guys so skipping ahead
+on the photoelectric effect which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the photoelectric effect which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the photoelectric effect which I
+think was similar to review compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was similar to review compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was similar to review compton
+scattering it's the same thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it's the same thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it's the same thing that we
+saw between two particles except now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw between two particles except now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw between two particles except now one
+of them's a photon and like I said on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them's a photon and like I said on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them's a photon and like I said on
+the next homework after quiz 1 you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next homework after quiz 1 you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next homework after quiz 1 you guys
+will be doing the balance between energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing the balance between energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing the balance between energy
+and momentum because the photons don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum because the photons don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum because the photons don't
+really have mass in order to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have mass in order to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have mass in order to figure out
+what's the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship between the
+incoming energy of the photon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming energy of the photon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming energy of the photon the
+outgoing energy of the photon and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing energy of the photon and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing energy of the photon and the
+recoil energy of the electron and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil energy of the electron and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil energy of the electron and so
+this is these are the relationships we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are the relationships we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are the relationships we
+were showing last time it's it's is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing last time it's it's is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing last time it's it's is an
+interesting quirk of physics that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quirk of physics that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quirk of physics that the
+wavelength shift itself does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength shift itself does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength shift itself does not depend
+on the energy of the photon coming in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy of the photon coming in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy of the photon coming in as
+you can see it just depends on the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it just depends on the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it just depends on the angle
+that it scatters at and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it scatters at and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it scatters at and a bunch of
+constants where that M right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants where that M right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants where that M right there is
+stands for mass of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for mass of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for mass of the electron
+now that wavelength shift while that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that wavelength shift while that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that wavelength shift while that
+wavelength shift does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength shift does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength shift does not depend on the
+energy of the incoming photon the recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the incoming photon the recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the incoming photon the recoil
+energy does you can see it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy does you can see it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy does you can see it depends on
+both the energy and the angle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the energy and the angle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the energy and the angle and the
+incoming energy of the photon equals H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming energy of the photon equals H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming energy of the photon equals H
+nu and to give that quick primer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu and to give that quick primer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu and to give that quick primer on
+photon things I want to show you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon things I want to show you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon things I want to show you guys
+here why that's the case so even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why that's the case so even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why that's the case so even if you
+have a constant wavelength shift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant wavelength shift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant wavelength shift that
+might give you a non constant energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a non constant energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a non constant energy
+shift so even though in this Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so even though in this Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so even though in this Compton
+scattering formula the wavelength shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering formula the wavelength shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering formula the wavelength shift
+only matters with the angle the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only matters with the angle the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only matters with the angle the energy
+shift actually depends on the angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift actually depends on the angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift actually depends on the angle and
+the incoming energy of the photon so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming energy of the photon so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming energy of the photon so now
+let's look at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a couple
+of limiting cases so as we have a of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limiting cases so as we have a of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limiting cases so as we have a of the
+photon equals H nu goes to zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon equals H nu goes to zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon equals H nu goes to zero what
+does t approach the recoil energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does t approach the recoil energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does t approach the recoil energy of the
+electron well let's just do out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron well let's just do out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron well let's just do out the
+formula right this recoil energy equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right this recoil energy equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right this recoil energy equals
+H nu which is the energy of the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H nu which is the energy of the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H nu which is the energy of the incoming
+gamma times 1 minus cosine theta over MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times 1 minus cosine theta over MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times 1 minus cosine theta over MC
+squared over H nu plus 1 minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H nu plus 1 minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H nu plus 1 minus cosine
+theta as H nu approaches 0 what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta as H nu approaches 0 what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta as H nu approaches 0 what happens
+here ya H nu goes to 0 this fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ya H nu goes to 0 this fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ya H nu goes to 0 this fraction
+goes to infinity and this goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity and this goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity and this goes to 0
+hopefully that's an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's an intuitive
+explanation if the incoming photon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation if the incoming photon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation if the incoming photon has
+zero energy it can transfer zero energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero energy it can transfer zero energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero energy it can transfer zero energy
+to the electron now the more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron now the more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron now the more interesting
+case what happens now as a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what happens now as a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what happens now as a gamma
+approaches infinity as the photon gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity as the photon gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity as the photon gets
+higher and higher in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you approach this almost H do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you approach this almost H do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you approach this almost H do I
+actually want to do a quick calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do a quick calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to do a quick calculation
+without doing all the limit math let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing all the limit math let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing all the limit math let's
+say we had energy of the gamma was 1 GeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had energy of the gamma was 1 GeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had energy of the gamma was 1 GeV
+and extremely high energy so all we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extremely high energy so all we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extremely high energy so all we plug
+in and let's say we wanted to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and let's say we wanted to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and let's say we wanted to find out
+what's the maximum energy of this recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum energy of this recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum energy of this recoil
+electron and this is something I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this is something I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this is something I want to
+ask you guys I can't remember yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you guys I can't remember yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you guys I can't remember yesterday
+did we say that T is a maximum at theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we say that T is a maximum at theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we say that T is a maximum at theta
+equals PI or PI over 2 what did we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals PI or PI over 2 what did we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals PI or PI over 2 what did we say
+yesterday interesting it's PI actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday interesting it's PI actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday interesting it's PI actually
+the case where you have the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you have the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you have the largest
+energy transfer and sorry for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer and sorry for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer and sorry for not
+catching that is just like in a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching that is just like in a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching that is just like in a nuclear
+collision if the photon were to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision if the photon were to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision if the photon were to back
+scatter it transfers the maximum energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter it transfers the maximum energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter it transfers the maximum energy
+to the electron so the analogy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron so the analogy here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron so the analogy here is
+like perfect between two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfect between two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfect between two particles
+hitting and between a photon and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting and between a photon and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting and between a photon and a
+particle hitting the maximum energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle hitting the maximum energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle hitting the maximum energy is
+when theta equals PI and let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta equals PI and let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta equals PI and let's actually
+plug that in to find out why if we say T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in to find out why if we say T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in to find out why if we say T
+max equals H nu depends on the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max equals H nu depends on the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max equals H nu depends on the electron
+coming in 1 minus cosine theta over MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in 1 minus cosine theta over MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in 1 minus cosine theta over MC
+squared over H nu plus 1 minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H nu plus 1 minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H nu plus 1 minus cosine
+theta at theta equals PI cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta at theta equals PI cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta at theta equals PI cosine theta
+goes to minus 1 and so then that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus 1 and so then that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus 1 and so then that also
+goes to minus 1 and so this becomes 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus 1 and so this becomes 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to minus 1 and so this becomes 2 H
+nu over MC squared over H nu plus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu over MC squared over H nu plus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu over MC squared over H nu plus 2 and
+so that without worrying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that without worrying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that without worrying about the
+numerator especially in the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator especially in the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator especially in the limit of
+very high-energy photons you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high-energy photons you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high-energy photons you can see
+that that actually maximizes the recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually maximizes the recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually maximizes the recoil
+energy of the electron the reason we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron the reason we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron the reason we're
+harping so much on this recoil energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harping so much on this recoil energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harping so much on this recoil energy of
+the electron is because that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is because that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is because that's what we
+measure so when we look at our banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so when we look at our banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so when we look at our banana
+spectrum you're not measuring the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you're not measuring the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you're not measuring the energy
+of the photon you're measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon you're measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon you're measuring the
+recoil energy of the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil energy of the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil energy of the electron and the
+ionization cascade that happens as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization cascade that happens as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization cascade that happens as all
+those electrons smash into each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons smash into each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons smash into each other
+creating electron hole pairs which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating electron hole pairs which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating electron hole pairs which are
+counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted
+is current if you guys remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is current if you guys remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is current if you guys remember from
+last class in fact I'll just bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class in fact I'll just bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class in fact I'll just bring up
+the blackboard image because we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackboard image because we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blackboard image because we can do
+that so I took a picture of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I took a picture of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I took a picture of the board
+yesterday photon interactions part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there it is we'll just use the screen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is we'll just use the screen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is we'll just use the screen as
+a bigger blackboard for now so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger blackboard for now so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger blackboard for now so if you
+guys remember let's say a gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember let's say a gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember let's say a gamma ray
+comes in and causes a Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and causes a Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and causes a Compton scattering
+nth or a photoelectric emission or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth or a photoelectric emission or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth or a photoelectric emission or
+whatever it doesn't matter which process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it doesn't matter which process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it doesn't matter which process
+and it liberates an electron either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it liberates an electron either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it liberates an electron either by
+scattering off of it or just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of it or just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of it or just getting
+absorbed and ejecting it or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and ejecting it or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and ejecting it or it doesn't
+really matter how but it creates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter how but it creates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter how but it creates this
+electron hole pair that electron right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole pair that electron right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole pair that electron right
+here has this recoil energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has this recoil energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has this recoil energy which
+depends on theta the angle that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on theta the angle that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on theta the angle that it
+scatters and the incoming energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters and the incoming energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters and the incoming energy and
+that electron is going to keep moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is going to keep moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is going to keep moving in
+this material knocking into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material knocking into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material knocking into other
+electrons very very efficiently so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons very very efficiently so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons very very efficiently so that
+most of the energy of that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the energy of that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the energy of that electron
+recoil actually gets counted as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil actually gets counted as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil actually gets counted as other
+electrons being freed we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being freed we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being freed we're going to go
+over on well next Friday electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on well next Friday electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on well next Friday electron
+nuclear interactions including what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear interactions including what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear interactions including what's
+the probability and energy transfer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability and energy transfer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability and energy transfer when
+electrons slam into each other or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons slam into each other or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons slam into each other or when
+ions slam into electrons or each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions slam into electrons or each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions slam into electrons or each other
+see so let me go back to the slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so let me go back to the slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so let me go back to the slides and
+so this maximum as you approach as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this maximum as you approach as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this maximum as you approach as this
+approaches infinity this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity this actually
+approaches a value of H nu minus 0.25 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a value of H nu minus 0.25 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a value of H nu minus 0.25 5
+MeV just to do the quick calculation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV just to do the quick calculation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV just to do the quick calculation to
+give a numerical example if I plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a numerical example if I plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a numerical example if I plug in
+theta equals PI and H nu equals 1 Giga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals PI and H nu equals 1 Giga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals PI and H nu equals 1 Giga
+electron volt or a thousand MeV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt or a thousand MeV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt or a thousand MeV and
+could anyone remind me what is mm mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anyone remind me what is mm mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anyone remind me what is mm mass
+of the electron C squared what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron C squared what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron C squared what's the
+rest mass of the electron sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of the electron sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of the electron sorry
+right while I'm usually against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right while I'm usually against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right while I'm usually against
+memorizing anything because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing anything because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing anything because that's what
+like books in the internet are for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like books in the internet are for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like books in the internet are for this
+is one of those quantities that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of those quantities that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of those quantities that I want
+on the tip of your tongue as nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tip of your tongue as nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tip of your tongue as nuclear
+engineers you should remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers you should remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers you should remember what the
+rest mass of the electron is because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of the electron is because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of the electron is because a
+lot of our cow quantities are calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our cow quantities are calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our cow quantities are calculated
+based upon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon it
+for example this ratio Emmys it was at h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this ratio Emmys it was at h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this ratio Emmys it was at h
+nu / m ec squared gives you the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu / m ec squared gives you the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu / m ec squared gives you the energy
+the photon in terms of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon in terms of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon in terms of the number of
+electron rest masses which is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron rest masses which is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron rest masses which is a useful
+quantity in itself so what am i plug all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in itself so what am i plug all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in itself so what am i plug all
+this stuff in so we have 0.5 1 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff in so we have 0.5 1 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff in so we have 0.5 1 1 over a
+thousand plus 2 flipped over the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand plus 2 flipped over the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand plus 2 flipped over the x-axis
+times 2 times H nu and we get so that T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 times H nu and we get so that T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 times H nu and we get so that T
+becomes nine ninety-nine point seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes nine ninety-nine point seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes nine ninety-nine point seven
+four five MeV interestingly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five MeV interestingly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five MeV interestingly enough
+thousand MeV are in going photon - that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals that right there so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that right there so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that right there so that's the
+interesting quirk of physics is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quirk of physics is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quirk of physics is as you
+as the photon increases in energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the photon increases in energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the photon increases in energy the
+maximum amount of energy that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of energy that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of energy that it can
+leave with or the sorry the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave with or the sorry the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave with or the sorry the minimum
+amount of energy the photon can leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy the photon can leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy the photon can leave
+with or the maximum amount it can impart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or the maximum amount it can impart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or the maximum amount it can impart
+to an electron approaches 0.255 MeV or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electron approaches 0.255 MeV or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electron approaches 0.255 MeV or
+the photon energy - that what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon energy - that what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon energy - that what do you
+guys notice about that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right it's exactly half the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right it's exactly half the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right it's exactly half the rest
+mass of the electron so as your photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron so as your photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron so as your photons
+hit the GeV range and above they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the GeV range and above they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the GeV range and above they can all
+leave with half the rest mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave with half the rest mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave with half the rest mass of the
+electron of energy which means you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron of energy which means you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron of energy which means you have
+more and more energy able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more energy able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more energy able to be
+transferred in a given Compton scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in a given Compton scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in a given Compton scatter
+as the photon gets higher and higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the photon gets higher and higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the photon gets higher and higher in
+energy so for the limit of low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so for the limit of low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so for the limit of low energy
+the photons basically bounce off without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons basically bounce off without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons basically bounce off without
+transferring much energy at all and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring much energy at all and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring much energy at all and the
+higher energy the photon gets the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy the photon gets the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy the photon gets the higher
+percentage of that maximum transfer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of that maximum transfer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of that maximum transfer can
+be so that's what I wanted to clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so that's what I wanted to clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so that's what I wanted to clarify
+from last time it was an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time it was an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time it was an interesting
+coincidence that our photo peak and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that our photo peak and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that our photo peak and our
+Compton edge were pretty close to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton edge were pretty close to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton edge were pretty close to that
+number apart but one MeV isn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number apart but one MeV isn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number apart but one MeV isn't quite
+infinity what it is pretty close that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what it is pretty close that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what it is pretty close that
+difference right there what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right there what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right there what does that
+come out to before I say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out to before I say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out to before I say something
+stupid I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid I'll just
+calculate it two for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it two for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it two for one
+it's like 0.218 MeV so we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 0.218 MeV so we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 0.218 MeV so we're already
+most of the way there so once you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the way there so once you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the way there so once you reach
+like 10 or 100 MeV you're pretty much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 or 100 MeV you're pretty much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 or 100 MeV you're pretty much at
+that limit and so what that tells you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit and so what that tells you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit and so what that tells you is
+that the dif the distance between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dif the distance between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dif the distance between a
+photo peak and it's corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo peak and it's corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo peak and it's corresponding
+Compton edge for high-energy photons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton edge for high-energy photons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton edge for high-energy photons is
+going to be half the rest mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be half the rest mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be half the rest mass of the
+electron once you get to lower and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron once you get to lower and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron once you get to lower and lower
+energies that distance will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that distance will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that distance will start to
+shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink
+I'm sorry other way around that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry other way around that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry other way around that distance
+will start to grow and I have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to grow and I have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to grow and I have a few
+examples I want to show you but first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I want to show you but first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I want to show you but first in
+order to understand these now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand these now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand these now I want to
+get into the part I told you we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the part I told you we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the part I told you we get to
+yesterday which is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday which is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday which is what's the
+probability that a confidence got R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a confidence got R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a confidence got R
+happens at a certain angle and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at a certain angle and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at a certain angle and this
+polar plot explains it pretty well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar plot explains it pretty well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar plot explains it pretty well in
+the limit of really low photons like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of really low photons like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of really low photons like
+0.01 MeV or 10 ke V photons you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 MeV or 10 ke V photons you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 MeV or 10 ke V photons you can see
+that this forward scattering to an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this forward scattering to an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this forward scattering to an angle
+of zero or back scattering to an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero or back scattering to an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero or back scattering to an angle
+of 180 there's a 180 that's blocked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 180 there's a 180 that's blocked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 180 there's a 180 that's blocked by
+an axis right there they're almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axis right there they're almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axis right there they're almost the
+same so forward and back scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so forward and back scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so forward and back scattering
+there's not really that much of a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really that much of a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really that much of a big
+difference in probability so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in probability so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in probability so we were
+going to start graphing theta of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start graphing theta of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start graphing theta of this
+Compton's scatter as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton's scatter as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton's scatter as a function of the
+going to introduce this new quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce this new quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce this new quantity
+this angular ly dependent cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angular ly dependent cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angular ly dependent cross section
+before we were giving you cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we were giving you cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we were giving you cross-sections
+in the form of just Sigma's like Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of just Sigma's like Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of just Sigma's like Sigma
+Compton now we're actually telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton now we're actually telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton now we're actually telling you
+what's the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of that
+interaction happening in this certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction happening in this certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction happening in this certain
+angle so it's called the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so it's called the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so it's called the differential
+cross section and you can have all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section and you can have all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section and you can have all sorts
+of differential cross sections like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential cross sections like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential cross sections like
+energy differential cross sections angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy differential cross sections angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy differential cross sections angle
+differential cross sections whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential cross sections whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential cross sections whatever
+have you so if we try and graph what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so if we try and graph what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so if we try and graph what is
+the shape of this look like this polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this look like this polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this look like this polar
+plot on a more understandable graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot on a more understandable graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot on a more understandable graph we
+can see that the probability is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the probability is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the probability is pretty
+high let's just call that a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high let's just call that a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high let's just call that a relative
+probability of one and as we trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one and as we trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one and as we trace
+around this circle that value gets lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this circle that value gets lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this circle that value gets lower
+and lower until we hit 90 degrees or PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower until we hit 90 degrees or PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower until we hit 90 degrees or PI
+over two at which point it starts to pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two at which point it starts to pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two at which point it starts to pop
+back up almost to its original value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up almost to its original value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up almost to its original value so
+this was for a 10k evey Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for a 10k evey Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for a 10k evey Photon
+now let's take a different extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a different extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a different extreme
+example we have a three MeV photon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have a three MeV photon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have a three MeV photon right
+here and that's that long dashed curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's that long dashed curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's that long dashed curve
+so that one here in the center so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one here in the center so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one here in the center so we can
+see that the relative probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the relative probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the relative probability of
+zero degrees is the same and if we trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degrees is the same and if we trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degrees is the same and if we trace
+around to 180 we're almost at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to 180 we're almost at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to 180 we're almost at the origin
+which tells us that for three MeV it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that for three MeV it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that for three MeV it
+starts off the same and quickly drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off the same and quickly drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off the same and quickly drops
+really far down what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far down what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far down what that means is that
+what's called forward scattering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called forward scattering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called forward scattering is
+preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so up on this board we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up on this board we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up on this board we were talking
+about what's the maximum energy that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the maximum energy that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the maximum energy that a
+photon can transfer which is always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon can transfer which is always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon can transfer which is always in
+the back scattering case the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back scattering case the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back scattering case the other part
+to note is that that back scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that that back scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that that back scattering
+probability gets lower and lower as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability gets lower and lower as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability gets lower and lower as the
+photon gets higher and higher in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon gets higher and higher in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon gets higher and higher in energy
+yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+yeah the cross-section value will yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the cross-section value will yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the cross-section value will yeah
+goes down as you increase in energy so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down as you increase in energy so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down as you increase in energy so a
+total forward scatter if you had a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total forward scatter if you had a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total forward scatter if you had a true
+forward scatter where theta equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward scatter where theta equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward scatter where theta equals zero
+I'll call that a miss it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that a miss it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that a miss it means that
+because we saw in this formula up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw in this formula up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw in this formula up here
+when when theta equals zero there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when theta equals zero there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when theta equals zero there is no
+energy transfer nothing and so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer nothing and so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer nothing and so that that
+would be to me like a Miss if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to me like a Miss if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to me like a Miss if that
+angles ever so slightly above zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles ever so slightly above zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles ever so slightly above zero then
+there is some scattering but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some scattering but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some scattering but there's
+very little energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little energy transfer
+but that smaller energy transfer becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that smaller energy transfer becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that smaller energy transfer becomes
+more likely when the photon goes higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely when the photon goes higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely when the photon goes higher
+in energy these are these sorts of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy these are these sorts of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy these are these sorts of like
+cause-and-effect relationships I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause-and-effect relationships I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause-and-effect relationships I want
+you guys to be able to reason out if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to be able to reason out if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to be able to reason out if I
+were to give you a polar plot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to give you a polar plot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to give you a polar plot of this
+differential cross-section with angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential cross-section with angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential cross-section with angle
+and energy I want you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy I want you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy I want you to be able to
+reproduce this and tell me what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce this and tell me what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce this and tell me what's really
+going on if we fill in one of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on if we fill in one of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on if we fill in one of the ones
+in between let's go with 0.2 MeV this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between let's go with 0.2 MeV this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between let's go with 0.2 MeV this
+sort of single dashed line you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single dashed line you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single dashed line you can see
+that the probability of backscattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of backscattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of backscattering
+is somewhere between the three MeV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere between the three MeV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere between the three MeV and
+the ten ke V yeah Luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right backscattering refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right backscattering refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right backscattering refers to
+the photon going back which means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon going back which means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon going back which means this
+situation were the difference in angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation were the difference in angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation were the difference in angle
+between the incoming and outgoing photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the incoming and outgoing photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the incoming and outgoing photon
+is PI 180 degrees which means it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PI 180 degrees which means it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PI 180 degrees which means it just
+turns around and moves the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns around and moves the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns around and moves the other way
+right so that dashed line right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that dashed line right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that dashed line right there
+would follow something like this at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would follow something like this at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would follow something like this at what
+did we say 0.2 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the form the full form of this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form the full form of this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form the full form of this cross
+section right here is referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section right here is referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section right here is referred to as the
+Cline Nisshin a cross section and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cline Nisshin a cross section and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cline Nisshin a cross section and it has
+been derived by quantum electrodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been derived by quantum electrodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been derived by quantum electrodynamics
+which I will not derive for you now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not derive for you now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not derive for you now but
+there are plenty of derivations online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of derivations online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of derivations online
+if that's your kind of thing and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's your kind of thing and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's your kind of thing and I had
+to make a trade off in this class of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a trade off in this class of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a trade off in this class of how
+deep do we go into each concept versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep do we go into each concept versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep do we go into each concept versus
+how many concepts do we teach and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many concepts do we teach and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many concepts do we teach and I'm
+going for the latter because if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for the latter because if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for the latter because if there's
+any course that's supposed to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any course that's supposed to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any course that's supposed to give you
+an overview of nuclear's 2201 there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of nuclear's 2201 there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of nuclear's 2201 there will
+be plenty of time for quantum in 2202
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plenty of time for quantum in 2202
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plenty of time for quantum in 2202
+and beyond so do you want at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond so do you want at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond so do you want at any rate
+this is the general form of it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general form of it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general form of it and what
+this actually tells you is that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually tells you is that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually tells you is that as the
+energy of the photon increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon increases the
+effect of that angle well you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that angle well you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that angle well you're gonna
+die you guys will have to work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die you guys will have to work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die you guys will have to work that out
+on a homework problem I just remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a homework problem I just remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a homework problem I just remembered
+I want to stop stealing your thunder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stop stealing your thunder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stop stealing your thunder and
+giving away half the homework yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the quantity D Sigma D Omega says let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity D Sigma D Omega says let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity D Sigma D Omega says let's
+say you have a photon coming in at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a photon coming in at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a photon coming in at our
+x-axis you've got an electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis you've got an electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis you've got an electron here
+what's the probability that it scatters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that it scatters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that it scatters
+off into some small a area D Omega so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into some small a area D Omega so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into some small a area D Omega so in
+some small D Phi or sorry D theta D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small D Phi or sorry D theta D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small D Phi or sorry D theta D Phi
+or some small sine theta D theta D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some small sine theta D theta D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some small sine theta D theta D Phi
+into an element of solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an element of solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an element of solid angle
+I should probably draw that smaller to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should probably draw that smaller to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should probably draw that smaller to
+be a little more differential looking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more differential looking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more differential looking so
+if gammas are gonna scatter off in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gammas are gonna scatter off in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gammas are gonna scatter off in all
+directions but this D Sigma D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but this D Sigma D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but this D Sigma D Omega
+tells you what's the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what's the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what's the probability that it
+goes through that little patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that Omega has some component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that Omega has some component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that Omega has some component of
+theta in it and some component of Phi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in it and some component of Phi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in it and some component of Phi in
+it since it's a solid angle it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since it's a solid angle it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it since it's a solid angle it depends
+on both the angle of rotation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both the angle of rotation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both the angle of rotation and the
+angle of inclination which we call theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of inclination which we call theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of inclination which we call theta
+and Phi now to get from this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi now to get from this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi now to get from this to the
+regular cross-section you're used to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular cross-section you're used to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular cross-section you're used to you
+can integrate over all angles Omega of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate over all angles Omega of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate over all angles Omega of
+the differential cross-section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential cross-section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential cross-section and
+you'll get the regular total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the regular total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the regular total
+cross-section which is just what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section which is just what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section which is just what is the
+probability of Compton scattering . if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Compton scattering . if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Compton scattering . if
+you wanted to know then what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know then what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know then what's the
+probability of Compton scattering into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Compton scattering into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Compton scattering into
+this angle it sounds kind of boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle it sounds kind of boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle it sounds kind of boring
+right why do we care about the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why do we care about the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why do we care about the angle
+anyone bored yet you can raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone bored yet you can raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone bored yet you can raise your
+hands be honest interesting okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands be honest interesting okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands be honest interesting okay well
+I'm gonna tell you why it's not boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna tell you why it's not boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna tell you why it's not boring
+cuz I don't think you're honest you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I don't think you're honest you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I don't think you're honest you can
+actually if you know the angle at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you know the angle at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you know the angle at which
+a Compton photon scatters into actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Compton photon scatters into actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Compton photon scatters into actually
+I want to leave that stuff up there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to leave that stuff up there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to leave that stuff up there is a
+pretty much one-to-one relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much one-to-one relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much one-to-one relation between
+the energy and the angle of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and the angle of scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and the angle of scattering
+which means that let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that let's say you have a
+cargo container and inside and your arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo container and inside and your arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo container and inside and your arms
+are you don't have a cargo container you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you don't have a cargo container you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you don't have a cargo container you
+have a cargo ship full of tons and tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cargo ship full of tons and tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cargo ship full of tons and tons
+of these stacked up cargo containers has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these stacked up cargo containers has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these stacked up cargo containers has
+anyone actually ever seen one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone actually ever seen one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone actually ever seen one of these
+before I'm gonna okay in case not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm gonna okay in case not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm gonna okay in case not I'm
+gonna do something dangerous and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do something dangerous and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do something dangerous and go to
+the Internet and hopefully the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet and hopefully the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet and hopefully the search
+for cargo container doesn't come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cargo container doesn't come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cargo container doesn't come up with
+something disgusting oh look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something disgusting oh look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something disgusting oh look at that
+how about cargo container yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about cargo container yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about cargo container yeah okay
+you got one of these right and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got one of these right and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got one of these right and your
+detector goes off and it just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector goes off and it just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector goes off and it just says
+there's something radioactive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something radioactive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something radioactive that
+shouldn't be here how do you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be here how do you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be here how do you find out
+which container it's in without taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which container it's in without taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which container it's in without taking
+the ship apart interesting problem huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship apart interesting problem huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship apart interesting problem huh
+do you just kind of look yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one way you could shield you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way you could shield you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way you could shield you
+could mask off the ship and move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mask off the ship and move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mask off the ship and move your
+detector around and then do it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector around and then do it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector around and then do it for the
+other two dimensions so that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two dimensions so that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two dimensions so that will get
+you there but slowly how do you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there but slowly how do you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there but slowly how do you do it
+quickly well you do it with the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly well you do it with the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly well you do it with the client
+ition a cross-section if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition a cross-section if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition a cross-section if you know the
+relationship between the energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the energy and the
+angle of a Compton scatter you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of a Compton scatter you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of a Compton scatter you take two
+detectors detector one detector two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors detector one detector two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors detector one detector two and
+you form what's called a Compton camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is awesome because with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is awesome because with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is awesome because with two
+detectors you can pinpoint the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors you can pinpoint the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors you can pinpoint the location
+of a radiation source by knowing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a radiation source by knowing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a radiation source by knowing let's
+say you had a gamma ray that entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you had a gamma ray that entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you had a gamma ray that entered
+detector one so you have your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector one so you have your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector one so you have your initial
+eegammagee a let's draw a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eegammagee a let's draw a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eegammagee a let's draw a couple of
+spectra I'm going to use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra I'm going to use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra I'm going to use different
+colors so I can make them bigger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so I can make them bigger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so I can make them bigger this
+will be intensity and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be intensity and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be intensity and this will be
+energy so we have our blue detector one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we have our blue detector one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we have our blue detector one
+and we have some spectrum for detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some spectrum for detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some spectrum for detector
+one where we get the photo peak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we get the photo peak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we get the photo peak of the
+gamma at Iijima and this time you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma at Iijima and this time you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma at Iijima and this time you don't
+see every possible angle you only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every possible angle you only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every possible angle you only see
+whatever angle you get that Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever angle you get that Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever angle you get that Compton
+scatter at or you might see a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter at or you might see a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter at or you might see a whole
+bunch of different angles nevermind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different angles nevermind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different angles nevermind so
+you're going to see the Compton edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see the Compton edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see the Compton edge and
+this whole continuum of things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole continuum of things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole continuum of things and so
+you know that whatever energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that whatever energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that whatever energy this
+corresponds to means that theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to means that theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to means that theta equals
+PI that energy corresponds to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI that energy corresponds to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI that energy corresponds to theta
+equals zero and you know that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and you know that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and you know that there's a
+source somewhere in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source somewhere in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source somewhere in here
+now let's say that photon scatters out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say that photon scatters out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say that photon scatters out
+of detector one and into detector two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detector one and into detector two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detector one and into detector two in
+this case you've no longer just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you've no longer just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you've no longer just know
+that you have a source of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a source of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a source of some sort
+you'll end up with a certain photo peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a certain photo peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a certain photo peak
+corresponding to this EE gamma prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this EE gamma prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this EE gamma prime the
+only energy that can Compton scatter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only energy that can Compton scatter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only energy that can Compton scatter in
+the direction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction from
+Tector ones a detector to because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tector ones a detector to because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tector ones a detector to because you
+have now determined the angles between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now determined the angles between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now determined the angles between
+the line between the detectors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line between the detectors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line between the detectors and the
+detector of the source so then you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector of the source so then you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector of the source so then you get a
+photo peak and the corresponding compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo peak and the corresponding compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo peak and the corresponding compton
+edge for your agam a prime your A game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge for your agam a prime your A game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge for your agam a prime your A game
+of crime that tells you the angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crime that tells you the angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crime that tells you the angle that
+it came off of for your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came off of for your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came off of for your first
+interaction so that is your source angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so that is your source angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so that is your source angle
+so what that means is that by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that by using
+these two angles you've now pinpointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two angles you've now pinpointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two angles you've now pinpointed
+your source to lie somewhere on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source to lie somewhere on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source to lie somewhere on these
+two cones projected back on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cones projected back on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cones projected back on one of the
+two points were those cones at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points were those cones at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points were those cones at that
+angle intersect this is something I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle intersect this is something I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle intersect this is something I want
+you to try and think about and work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try and think about and work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try and think about and work out
+on your own but it's really cool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own but it's really cool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own but it's really cool to
+explain this because like with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this because like with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this because like with one
+detector you know that there's a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector you know that there's a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector you know that there's a source
+somewhere and you know generally where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and you know generally where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and you know generally where
+to point with two detectors and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point with two detectors and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point with two detectors and energy
+resolution the energy of the photo peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the energy of the photo peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the energy of the photo peak
+of the second event tells you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second event tells you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second event tells you what the
+angle of the first event was and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the first event was and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the first event was and this
+way if you know what source you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you know what source you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you know what source you're
+looking for from the first photo peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for from the first photo peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for from the first photo peak
+and you know what angle you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what angle you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what angle you're looking
+for from the Compton scattered photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from the Compton scattered photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from the Compton scattered photons
+photo peak because they have those then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo peak because they have those then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo peak because they have those then
+you know not only what the source is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not only what the source is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not only what the source is but
+where it is and you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is and you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is and you know which
+containers would take apart to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers would take apart to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers would take apart to start
+looking so this is why we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking so this is why we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking so this is why we care about
+angle because there's actual like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because there's actual like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because there's actual like real
+ways of using this to your advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of using this to your advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of using this to your advantage to
+solve some pretty insane problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some pretty insane problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some pretty insane problems like
+which container would that be in who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which container would that be in who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which container would that be in who's
+starting to get the general idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get the general idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get the general idea behind
+a Compton camera or who would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Compton camera or who would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Compton camera or who would like
+another explanation anyone I asked two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another explanation anyone I asked two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another explanation anyone I asked two
+questions so who would like another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so who would like another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so who would like another
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+yeah okay the idea here is with just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay the idea here is with just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay the idea here is with just one
+detector all you know is whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector all you know is whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector all you know is whether or not
+there's a source the only information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source the only information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source the only information
+you're getting is its photo peak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting is its photo peak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting is its photo peak and
+Compton edge and Bowl and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton edge and Bowl and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton edge and Bowl and so you know
+the identity of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of the source
+maybe it's cobalt 60 or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's cobalt 60 or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's cobalt 60 or something but
+you don't know where it is by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know where it is by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know where it is by making a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+you can then determine where on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then determine where on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then determine where on the
+Compton spectrum of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton spectrum of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton spectrum of the first
+measurement does the photon lie so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement does the photon lie so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement does the photon lie so by
+saying okay the photo peak corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay the photo peak corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay the photo peak corresponds
+to this energy which corresponds to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this energy which corresponds to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this energy which corresponds to some
+certain angle that this had to scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle that this had to scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle that this had to scatter
+off of so then you know what this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of so then you know what this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of so then you know what this angle
+is you've determined yes okay angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've determined yes okay angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've determined yes okay angle
+you've then determined this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've then determined this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've then determined this angle
+because you know the incoming path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the incoming path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the incoming path of
+the photon and you now know the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and you now know the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and you now know the outgoing
+path which means you know the angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path which means you know the angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path which means you know the angle so
+if you know the line between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the line between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the line between these two
+detectors and your photo peak lines up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors and your photo peak lines up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors and your photo peak lines up
+with your first Compton spectrums angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first Compton spectrums angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first Compton spectrums angle
+you then look at that angle back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then look at that angle back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then look at that angle back you
+also have to sweep around in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to sweep around in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to sweep around in the other
+direction which means you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which means you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which means you end up with a
+cone of possible locations yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there can be only a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be only a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be only a couple of things
+that could happen right you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen right you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen right you could have
+another direct photon to shoot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another direct photon to shoot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another direct photon to shoot into
+detector - in which case you'll just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector - in which case you'll just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector - in which case you'll just get
+a little bit of photo peak but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of photo peak but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of photo peak but we know
+to expect that so we can ignore it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect that so we can ignore it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect that so we can ignore it we're
+specifically looking for the photo peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically looking for the photo peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically looking for the photo peak
+coming from detector one they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from detector one they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from detector one they would
+which gives the perfect pretext to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives the perfect pretext to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives the perfect pretext to bring
+up the cross sections for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the cross sections for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the cross sections for these
+processes so I'm gonna skip ahead a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so I'm gonna skip ahead a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so I'm gonna skip ahead a
+little bit and start getting into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and start getting into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and start getting into what
+are the actual cross sections look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the actual cross sections look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the actual cross sections look like
+for compton scattering photoelectric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compton scattering photoelectric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compton scattering photoelectric and
+pair production all of them have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production all of them have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production all of them have to do
+with the electron density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electron density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electron density of the
+material the more electrons in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the more electrons in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the more electrons in the way
+the more you get these events happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you get these events happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you get these events happening
+so yes you will get compton scatters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes you will get compton scatters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes you will get compton scatters in
+the air because air contains electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air because air contains electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air because air contains electrons
+and they do Compton scatter but air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do Compton scatter but air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do Compton scatter but air is
+not very dense so you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very dense so you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very dense so you will get
+comparatively less so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively less so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively less so let's say that
+adds a little bit of noise on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a little bit of noise on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a little bit of noise on the bottom
+which is like any detector spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like any detector spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like any detector spectrum
+we've ever seen there's always noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've ever seen there's always noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've ever seen there's always noise
+from all sorts of other processes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all sorts of other processes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all sorts of other processes we're
+not looking for so now let's start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking for so now let's start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking for so now let's start to
+look at what the general energy and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what the general energy and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what the general energy and Z
+ranges of each of these effects are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of each of these effects are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of each of these effects are and
+we're going to recreate one of the plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to recreate one of the plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to recreate one of the plots
+that I showed you at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you at the beginning of
+yesterday's class so let's make a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's class so let's make a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's class so let's make a graph
+of energy of the photon and Z of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy of the photon and Z of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy of the photon and Z of the
+material and we want to try to map out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and we want to try to map out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and we want to try to map out
+where the following three processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the following three processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the following three processes are
+dominant so tau our photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C which we'll call our Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which we'll call our Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which we'll call our Compton
+scattering and Kappa which we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and Kappa which we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and Kappa which we'll call
+pair production and these cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production and these cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production and these cross-sections
+do give us relative probabilities as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do give us relative probabilities as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do give us relative probabilities as a
+function of the energy of the photon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy of the photon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy of the photon and
+the medium they're going through along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium they're going through along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium they're going through along
+with the actual density that something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual density that something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual density that something's
+going to happen so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so let's look at the
+form of these the cross section for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of these the cross section for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of these the cross section for the
+photoelectric effect scales with Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect scales with Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect scales with Z to
+the fifth do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth do you think that
+photoelectric effect will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect will be more
+likely for lo Z or high Z materials high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely for lo Z or high Z materials high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely for lo Z or high Z materials high
+Z materials right so we know we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z materials right so we know we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z materials right so we know we're going
+to be in the top half area and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the top half area and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the top half area and it's
+scales with one over energy to the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales with one over energy to the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales with one over energy to the seven
+halves so do you think this will be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so do you think this will be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so do you think this will be most
+likely with low or high energy so lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely with low or high energy so lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely with low or high energy so lower
+energy so we're gonna fill in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we're gonna fill in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we're gonna fill in our
+photoelectric somewhat heat oh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric somewhat heat oh I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric somewhat heat oh I'm sorry
+so we know it's going to be in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's going to be in this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's going to be in this part
+of the Z we know it's going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z we know it's going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z we know it's going to be in
+this part of the energy curve so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the energy curve so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the energy curve so let's
+fill in that area as photoelectric let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in that area as photoelectric let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in that area as photoelectric let's
+look at the other extreme pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the other extreme pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the other extreme pair
+production it scales with Z squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it scales with Z squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it scales with Z squared so
+is that going to be in the low or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to be in the low or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to be in the low or the
+high Z area anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think still high just the bigger the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think still high just the bigger the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think still high just the bigger the Z
+the bigger the cross-section right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the cross-section right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the cross-section right so we
+know that pear production is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that pear production is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that pear production is going to be
+in the high Z area now how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the high Z area now how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the high Z area now how about the
+energy it scales with the log of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it scales with the log of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it scales with the log of energy
+but the energy is on the top so we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the energy is on the top so we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the energy is on the top so we're a
+low or a high energy give you more pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low or a high energy give you more pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low or a high energy give you more pair
+production high so pair production it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production high so pair production it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production high so pair production it's
+gonna be here leaving everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be here leaving everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be here leaving everything else
+for Compton scattering and if we jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Compton scattering and if we jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Compton scattering and if we jump
+back to the start of last class we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the start of last class we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the start of last class we've
+reproduced from the cross-sections the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced from the cross-sections the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced from the cross-sections the
+same sort of plot that we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of plot that we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of plot that we saw before
+just from looking at the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from looking at the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from looking at the relative
+probabilities of each effect so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each effect so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each effect so I think
+is pretty cool we can now do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty cool we can now do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty cool we can now do that with
+some basic physics knowledge the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic physics knowledge the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic physics knowledge the last
+thing I want to fill in for Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to fill in for Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to fill in for Compton
+scattering is that the Klein ition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is that the Klein ition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is that the Klein ition a
+cross-section which is your differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section which is your differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section which is your differential
+cross-section as a function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section as a function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section as a function of Omega
+combined with the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the probability that you
+scatter into a certain angle and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter into a certain angle and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter into a certain angle and a
+certain energy because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energy because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energy because there's a
+one-to-one relationship ends up giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one relationship ends up giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one relationship ends up giving
+you your D Sigma C over de which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your D Sigma C over de which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your D Sigma C over de which is your
+energy distribution of Compton recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy distribution of Compton recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy distribution of Compton recoil
+electrons and that's directly what leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that's directly what leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that's directly what leads
+to this shape right here where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this shape right here where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this shape right here where if you
+have let's say 0.51 MeV relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say 0.51 MeV relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say 0.51 MeV relatively low
+energy there's let's see what do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's let's see what do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's let's see what do I want
+to say here yeah so as you go up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say here yeah so as you go up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say here yeah so as you go up in
+higher and higher energy you get fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher energy you get fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher energy you get fewer
+and fewer Compton electrons because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer Compton electrons because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer Compton electrons because like
+Jared was saying the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jared was saying the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jared was saying the probability of a
+comput interaction does go down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comput interaction does go down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comput interaction does go down with
+increasing energy as we kind of reasoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing energy as we kind of reasoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing energy as we kind of reasoned
+out but in addition you get more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but in addition you get more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but in addition you get more of
+let's say you get relatively more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you get relatively more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you get relatively more of
+these back scattered ones which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back scattered ones which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back scattered ones which is kind
+of interesting I don't think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting I don't think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting I don't think about that
+one but this is the typical shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but this is the typical shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but this is the typical shape that
+you tend to see for Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to see for Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to see for Compton scattering
+for lower for high-energy photons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lower for high-energy photons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lower for high-energy photons you
+get a Compton peak and then a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Compton peak and then a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Compton peak and then a very long
+shallow tail and as you go lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow tail and as you go lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow tail and as you go lower and
+lower energy it starts to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy it starts to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy it starts to sort of
+back up yeah Luke oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the photoelectric effect is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photoelectric effect is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photoelectric effect is an
+absorption followed by an ejection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption followed by an ejection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption followed by an ejection in
+compton scattering the other photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton scattering the other photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton scattering the other photon is
+still intact it just loses energy gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still intact it just loses energy gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still intact it just loses energy gains
+wavelength but the energy of compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but the energy of compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but the energy of compton
+scattering it's let's say four MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it's let's say four MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it's let's say four MeV
+photons it's on the order of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons it's on the order of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons it's on the order of hundreds of
+ke V plenty to eject most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V plenty to eject most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V plenty to eject most of the
+electrons from an atom so you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from an atom so you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from an atom so you always
+have to think about are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about are you going to
+eject something are you above the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject something are you above the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject something are you above the work
+function the work function for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the work function for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the work function for most
+atoms so we had a nice plot of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so we had a nice plot of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so we had a nice plot of that is
+in the e V range so chances are yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the e V range so chances are yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the e V range so chances are yeah
+Compton scattering mostly is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering mostly is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering mostly is going to be
+ejecting electrons - that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejecting electrons - that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejecting electrons - that's the whole
+reason we can count them if there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we can count them if there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we can count them if there wasn't
+an electron ejection there would be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron ejection there would be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron ejection there would be no
+electron ionization cascade to count so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron ionization cascade to count so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron ionization cascade to count so
+there's some sort of empirical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of empirical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of empirical or
+experimental proof that it does happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental proof that it does happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental proof that it does happen
+and speaking of experimental proof you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking of experimental proof you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking of experimental proof you
+can actually see that shape in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see that shape in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see that shape in this case
+this is a spectrum taken from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a spectrum taken from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a spectrum taken from two
+different gamma sources together a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gamma sources together a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gamma sources together a what
+is it one point two eight MeV and 0.51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it one point two eight MeV and 0.51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it one point two eight MeV and 0.51
+MeV you can see that the one point two 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV you can see that the one point two 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV you can see that the one point two 8
+MeV first of all has a way lower number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV first of all has a way lower number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV first of all has a way lower number
+of counts showing that the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of counts showing that the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of counts showing that the cross-section
+does indeed decrease with higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does indeed decrease with higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does indeed decrease with higher energy
+and it doesn't have well you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have well you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have well you can't
+really even see but it does not curving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really even see but it does not curving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really even see but it does not curving
+back up whereas this lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up whereas this lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up whereas this lower energy
+Compton photon is scattering more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton photon is scattering more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton photon is scattering more often
+because it's much higher and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's much higher and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's much higher and it's got
+that bump back up at the really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bump back up at the really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bump back up at the really low
+energies so it's kind of neat when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so it's kind of neat when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so it's kind of neat when the
+math that we're looking at if I jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that we're looking at if I jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that we're looking at if I jump
+ahead to the cross sections you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to the cross sections you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to the cross sections you can see
+that you'd expect the Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd expect the Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd expect the Compton scattering
+to decrease with energy and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease with energy and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease with energy and you look at
+an experimental plot of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experimental plot of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experimental plot of two different
+energies and there you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and there you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and there you have it
+higher energy less total Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy less total Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy less total Compton
+scattering but different shape so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering but different shape so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering but different shape so any
+questions before I move on to how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before I move on to how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before I move on to how you
+can use them to design shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool so what we're getting here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so what we're getting here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so what we're getting here these
+cross-sections are probably better known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections are probably better known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections are probably better known
+to some of you as mass attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of you as mass attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of you as mass attenuation
+coefficients which are simpler ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are simpler ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are simpler ways of
+describing how many photons in a narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how many photons in a narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how many photons in a narrow
+beam would be undergo some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam would be undergo some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam would be undergo some sort of
+process and be removed from the beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and be removed from the beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and be removed from the beam and
+they get removed exponentially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get removed exponentially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get removed exponentially for the
+same sort of reason for pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of reason for pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of reason for pretty much
+everything in this class ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this class ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this class ends up being
+an exponential doesn't it where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential doesn't it where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential doesn't it where if you
+have some if you have some intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some if you have some intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some if you have some intensity of
+photons or some change in intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or some change in intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or some change in intensity
+that's proportional to a change in X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to a change in X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to a change in X in
+the initial let's see and some what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial let's see and some what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial let's see and some what is
+it constant of proportionality like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it constant of proportionality like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it constant of proportionality like the
+cross-section or we'll call it now mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section or we'll call it now mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section or we'll call it now mu
+this mass attenuation coefficient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass attenuation coefficient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass attenuation coefficient the
+answer to that ends up being pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that ends up being pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that ends up being pretty much
+the same and it's this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and it's this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and it's this simple
+exponential thing and the nice thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential thing and the nice thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential thing and the nice thing is
+you don't need to be able that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to be able that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to be able that you don't
+have to calculate all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate all these different
+cross sections because they're tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections because they're tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections because they're tabulated
+for you by NIST and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you by NIST and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you by NIST and that's one of the
+links on the website on the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links on the website on the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links on the website on the learning
+modules website that I want to show to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules website that I want to show to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules website that I want to show to
+you guys now you can actually look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys now you can actually look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys now you can actually look up
+these total summed cross sections for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these total summed cross sections for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these total summed cross sections for
+gamma ray interactions as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma ray interactions as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma ray interactions as a function of
+energy versus their mass attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus their mass attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus their mass attenuation
+coefficient in centimeter squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in centimeter squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in centimeter squared per
+gram the reason it's in that unit is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram the reason it's in that unit is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram the reason it's in that unit is it
+just tells you what the material does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you what the material does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you what the material does it
+doesn't tell you how much you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you how much you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you how much you have in
+the way and that's why I've rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and that's why I've rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and that's why I've rewritten
+this exponential attenuation formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential attenuation formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential attenuation formula
+with a row on the bottom and a row on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a row on the bottom and a row on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a row on the bottom and a row on
+the top that row being the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top that row being the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top that row being the density of
+the material because usually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material because usually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material because usually you can
+just say it's like I naught e to the MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it's like I naught e to the MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it's like I naught e to the MU
+X but these are the things that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but these are the things that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but these are the things that you'll
+look up in tables and these rows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in tables and these rows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in tables and these rows right
+here is whatever density you have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is whatever density you have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is whatever density you have of
+your material so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material so if you want to
+calculate how much better cold water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much better cold water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much better cold water is
+shielding than hot water because of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding than hot water because of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding than hot water because of his
+change in density you can then look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in density you can then look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in density you can then look up
+the value for water which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value for water which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value for water which I'm going to
+show you how to do right now back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do right now back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do right now back up to
+see the actual site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the actual site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the actual site
+so if you guys looked right here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys looked right here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys looked right here these
+what is it missed tables of x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it missed tables of x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it missed tables of x-ray
+absorption coefficients I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficients I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficients I'll show you
+how to read through this table now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read through this table now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read through this table now
+because you'll need it from everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll need it from everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll need it from everything
+from problem set five to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from problem set five to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from problem set five to the rest of
+your life this is like one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life this is like one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life this is like one of those
+places you're gonna go constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you're gonna go constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you're gonna go constantly
+looking for nuclear data so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for nuclear data so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for nuclear data so you can
+either look at elemental media or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either look at elemental media or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either look at elemental media or
+compounds and mixtures water being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and mixtures water being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and mixtures water being one
+of them so let's go down to water comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so let's go down to water comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so let's go down to water comma
+liquid if you notice what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid if you notice what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid if you notice what's actually
+given here is this mu over Rho so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here is this mu over Rho so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here is this mu over Rho so the
+mass D what is a density specific mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass D what is a density specific mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass D what is a density specific mass
+attenuation coefficient in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation coefficient in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation coefficient in other words
+it's a cross section really it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cross section really it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cross section really it's a
+microscopic cross section I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic cross section I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic cross section I don't know
+why in a lot of these courses they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a lot of these courses they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a lot of these courses they're
+introduced separately because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced separately because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced separately because they're
+the same thing their interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing their interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing their interaction
+probabilities and then that other row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and then that other row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and then that other row
+from the slides just tells you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the slides just tells you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the slides just tells you how much
+is in the way that Rho times X just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the way that Rho times X just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the way that Rho times X just
+tells you how much water's in the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how much water's in the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how much water's in the way in
+terms of how dense it is and how thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how dense it is and how thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how dense it is and how thick
+your water shield is so using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your water shield is so using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your water shield is so using these
+tables if you know let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables if you know let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables if you know let's say you're
+sending in one MeV photon so we look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in one MeV photon so we look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in one MeV photon so we look up
+10 to the 0 MeV you then have this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 0 MeV you then have this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 0 MeV you then have this value
+this nice round value of 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice round value of 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice round value of 10 to the minus
+1 centimeter squared per gram you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 centimeter squared per gram you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 centimeter squared per gram you then
+multiply the die the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the die the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the die the density of the
+water that you have multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that you have multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that you have multiplied by the
+thickness of your water shielding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of your water shielding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of your water shielding and
+you get the change in intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the change in intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the change in intensity of the
+photons and let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and let's do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and let's do an example
+calculation just to make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation just to make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation just to make it a little
+more real so let's say we have a beam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more real so let's say we have a beam of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more real so let's say we have a beam of
+photons of intensity I not and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of intensity I not and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of intensity I not and we're
+sending it through a tank of water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it through a tank of water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it through a tank of water and
+the question is do you want to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do you want to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do you want to keep this
+water at 0 Celsius or at a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at 0 Celsius or at a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at 0 Celsius or at a hundred
+Celsius what's the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius what's the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius what's the difference in
+shielding between freezing and boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding between freezing and boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding between freezing and boiling
+liquid water well we can look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid water well we can look that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid water well we can look that up
+and let's say we have to specify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we have to specify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we have to specify an
+energy of the photons we'll call it 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photons we'll call it 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photons we'll call it 1
+MeV photons so we can look up and say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV photons so we can look up and say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV photons so we can look up and say at
+10 to the 0 MeV we go over we get just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 0 MeV we go over we get just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 0 MeV we go over we get just
+about 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.1
+mu over Rho so mu over Rho equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over Rho so mu over Rho equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over Rho so mu over Rho equals zero
+point one centimeters squared per gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one centimeters squared per gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one centimeters squared per gram
+and now we can set up two equations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can set up two equations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can set up two equations one
+for zero Celsius and one for 100 Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zero Celsius and one for 100 Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zero Celsius and one for 100 Celsius
+so we'll say I at zero C equals I naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say I at zero C equals I naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say I at zero C equals I naught
+e to the minus 0.1 times Rho at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus 0.1 times Rho at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus 0.1 times Rho at zero
+Celsius times X let's say we have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius times X let's say we have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius times X let's say we have I
+don't know 10 centimeters of water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 10 centimeters of water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 10 centimeters of water so
+we'll just put a 10 in there that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just put a 10 in there that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just put a 10 in there that works
+out pretty well so and then are I at 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pretty well so and then are I at 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pretty well so and then are I at 100
+C is the same I naught times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the same I naught times e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the same I naught times e to the
+minus 0.1 times Rho of water at 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.1 times Rho of water at 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.1 times Rho of water at 100
+times 10 centimeters and keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 centimeters and keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 centimeters and keep in mind
+here I made sure that since my new over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I made sure that since my new over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I made sure that since my new over
+row units are in centimeters squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row units are in centimeters squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row units are in centimeters squared per
+gram I'm putting in X as 10 centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram I'm putting in X as 10 centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram I'm putting in X as 10 centimeters
+because whatever's up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whatever's up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whatever's up here in the
+exponential has to be unitless that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential has to be unitless that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential has to be unitless that's a
+good check to see why are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good check to see why are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good check to see why are my
+calculations off by a factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations off by a factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations off by a factor of a
+billion let's check the unit's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion let's check the unit's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion let's check the unit's in the
+exponential yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will change the value of 0.1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will change the value of 0.1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will change the value of 0.1 will
+change depending on the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change depending on the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change depending on the energy of the
+incoming photons I know density changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming photons I know density changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming photons I know density changes
+and that's what we account for here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we account for here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we account for here with
+this row so next up we have to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row so next up we have to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row so next up we have to look up
+the densities of water at zero and 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the densities of water at zero and 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the densities of water at zero and 100
+Celsius so I don't actually know them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius so I don't actually know them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius so I don't actually know them so
+density of water at zero C I'll surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of water at zero C I'll surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of water at zero C I'll surprise
+surprise it's we'll call it one gram per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise it's we'll call it one gram per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise it's we'll call it one gram per
+centimeter cubed now what is it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed now what is it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed now what is it at a
+hundred C too close to tell actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred C too close to tell actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred C too close to tell actually
+that's interesting at zero it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting at zero it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting at zero it's a little
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+no I think that's it sites wrong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at some steam tables because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some steam tables because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some steam tables because
+this is a real place to look for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real place to look for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real place to look for them so
+water is a hundred Celsius atmosphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is a hundred Celsius atmosphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is a hundred Celsius atmosphere is
+okay we'll just see that I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll just see that I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll just see that I think they're
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+oh the chalks not letting me use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the chalks not letting me use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the chalks not letting me use the
+touchpad that's kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh there we go yep I think I got it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there we go yep I think I got it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there we go yep I think I got it so
+what's the density of saturated liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the density of saturated liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the density of saturated liquid
+zero point nine five eight zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point nine five eight zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point nine five eight zero point
+nine five eight grams per centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine five eight grams per centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine five eight grams per centimeter
+cubed well actually use the last corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed well actually use the last corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed well actually use the last corner
+today awesome so you could actually then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today awesome so you could actually then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today awesome so you could actually then
+go ahead and calculate because I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and calculate because I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and calculate because I love
+how this worked out right zero point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this worked out right zero point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this worked out right zero point one
+and ten cancel of zero point one and ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten cancel of zero point one and ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten cancel of zero point one and ten
+cancel so we'll just do e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so we'll just do e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so we'll just do e to the minus
+one and we get that this I is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we get that this I is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we get that this I is about
+thirty-six point seven nine percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty-six point seven nine percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty-six point seven nine percent of
+the gammas will be transmitted through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gammas will be transmitted through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gammas will be transmitted through
+ten centimeters of water and here e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten centimeters of water and here e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten centimeters of water and here e to
+the power of negative point nine five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of negative point nine five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of negative point nine five
+eight we get thirty eight point three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight we get thirty eight point three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight we get thirty eight point three
+seven percent transmission so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent transmission so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent transmission so actually
+about two percent more of the gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two percent more of the gammas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two percent more of the gammas
+will be transmitted if the water is hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be transmitted if the water is hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be transmitted if the water is hot
+it's a neat little calculation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a neat little calculation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a neat little calculation that you
+can do now we've looked at a really fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do now we've looked at a really fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do now we've looked at a really fine
+or very very small magnitude example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very very small magnitude example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very very small magnitude example
+folks came to me yesterday saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks came to me yesterday saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks came to me yesterday saying we
+want to design a new type of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to design a new type of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to design a new type of medical
+x-ray apron because we're worried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray apron because we're worried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray apron because we're worried that
+people carrying around all this lead are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people carrying around all this lead are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people carrying around all this lead are
+their backs are hurting and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backs are hurting and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backs are hurting and it's like
+making surgeons lives difficult if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making surgeons lives difficult if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making surgeons lives difficult if
+they're doing radioactive procedures can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing radioactive procedures can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing radioactive procedures can
+we do any better can they do any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do any better can they do any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do any better can they do any better
+what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think
+can you beat physics when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you beat physics when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you beat physics when it comes to
+mass attenuation it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass attenuation it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass attenuation it's going to be
+awfully difficult and the best weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully difficult and the best weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully difficult and the best weapon
+you have is these mass attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is these mass attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is these mass attenuation
+coefficients to look at their relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to look at their relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to look at their relative
+values now these again are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now these again are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now these again are in
+centimeters squared per gram so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared per gram so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared per gram so this
+actually ranks aluminum to uranium in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ranks aluminum to uranium in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ranks aluminum to uranium in a
+sort of like per atom basis it's nut has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like per atom basis it's nut has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like per atom basis it's nut has
+nothing to do with their higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with their higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with their higher
+densities which only help things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities which only help things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities which only help things this
+just tells you how effective each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you how effective each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you how effective each of
+these elements is relatively at blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements is relatively at blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements is relatively at blocking
+gammas of different energies then to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas of different energies then to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas of different energies then to get
+the total amount of attenuation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount of attenuation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount of attenuation you
+multiply by the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the density
+aluminum is pretty sparse LED and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is pretty sparse LED and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is pretty sparse LED and
+uranium are pretty dense there's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium are pretty dense there's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium are pretty dense there's not too
+many ways around this problem in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways around this problem in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways around this problem in fact I
+wouldn't say that there's a way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say that there's a way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say that there's a way around
+this problem the best thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem the best thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem the best thing you can do
+is look at the really only interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at the really only interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at the really only interesting
+features on these curves does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features on these curves does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features on these curves does anybody
+know why there is those jagged edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why there is those jagged edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why there is those jagged edges
+there well let's take a look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well let's take a look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well let's take a look at some
+trends for uranium the jagged edge is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends for uranium the jagged edge is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends for uranium the jagged edge is at
+about 110 kV for lead it's like 80 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 110 kV for lead it's like 80 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 110 kV for lead it's like 80 K
+evie for tin it's probably more like 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evie for tin it's probably more like 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evie for tin it's probably more like 50
+K evey it's decreasing with Z anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K evey it's decreasing with Z anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K evey it's decreasing with Z anyone
+remember what sort of magnitude we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what sort of magnitude we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what sort of magnitude we've
+looked at things like this before and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at things like this before and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at things like this before and if
+we're talking about photon and electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about photon and electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about photon and electron
+interactions what could be responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what could be responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what could be responsible
+for those sudden jagged edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we have talked before about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have talked before about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have talked before about all
+sorts of different decay methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different decay methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different decay methods
+including those that can eject electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those that can eject electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those that can eject electrons
+from different energy shells you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different energy shells you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different energy shells you're
+looking at the same electron energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same electron energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same electron energy
+shells if you have a let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells if you have a let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells if you have a let's say
+photoelectric capable photon entering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric capable photon entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric capable photon entering a
+calcium nucleus and let's go look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium nucleus and let's go look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium nucleus and let's go look at
+calcium as an example so I'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium as an example so I'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium as an example so I'll go to the
+tables of coefficients I'm gonna back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of coefficients I'm gonna back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of coefficients I'm gonna back up
+to elemental media and I'm gonna go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elemental media and I'm gonna go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elemental media and I'm gonna go to
+calcium for a simple example calcium has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium for a simple example calcium has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium for a simple example calcium has
+got this jagged edge right here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this jagged edge right here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this jagged edge right here and if
+we draw a line down it is precisely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a line down it is precisely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a line down it is precisely for
+ke V for ke V i bet is going to be the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V for ke V i bet is going to be the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V for ke V i bet is going to be the K
+edge energy the energy of the most inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge energy the energy of the most inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge energy the energy of the most inner
+bound calcium electron to find out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound calcium electron to find out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound calcium electron to find out we
+can go to the other NIST page that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the other NIST page that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the other NIST page that I
+linked you guys to the next X NIST x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked you guys to the next X NIST x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked you guys to the next X NIST x-ray
+transition energy table and let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition energy table and let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition energy table and let's look
+at calcium well this really doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at calcium well this really doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at calcium well this really doesn't work
+with chalk on your fingers and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chalk on your fingers and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chalk on your fingers and let's
+look at the K edge to check lo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the K edge to check lo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the K edge to check lo and
+behold four point zero five ke V so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold four point zero five ke V so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold four point zero five ke V so what
+you're seeing here is the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is the photoelectric
+peak K edge absorption what this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak K edge absorption what this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak K edge absorption what this says is
+that energy is below 4 ke V you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is below 4 ke V you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is below 4 ke V you can't
+eject the innermost electron you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject the innermost electron you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject the innermost electron you just
+don't have enough energy as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough energy as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough energy as soon as you
+hit 4 ke V those inertial electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit 4 ke V those inertial electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit 4 ke V those inertial electrons
+become accessible to you so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accessible to you so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accessible to you so the
+cross-section suddenly jumps up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section suddenly jumps up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section suddenly jumps up because
+you have more electrons that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more electrons that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more electrons that you can
+eject photoelectric Li beyond the 100 ke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject photoelectric Li beyond the 100 ke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject photoelectric Li beyond the 100 ke
+V or so there's no more jagged edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V or so there's no more jagged edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V or so there's no more jagged edges
+because any photon above 100 kV can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any photon above 100 kV can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any photon above 100 kV can
+access pretty much energy of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access pretty much energy of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access pretty much energy of any
+electron in any element except maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in any element except maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in any element except maybe the
+super heavy ones and we don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super heavy ones and we don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super heavy ones and we don't have this
+data for them yet so then you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for them yet so then you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for them yet so then you might ask
+well there's going to be an L edge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's going to be an L edge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's going to be an L edge for
+calcium where would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium where would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium where would that be
+probably off this chart but you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably off this chart but you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably off this chart but you can look
+up where it would be so we'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up where it would be so we'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up where it would be so we'll go to the
+NIST yeah so you had the right idea Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIST yeah so you had the right idea Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIST yeah so you had the right idea Dan
+it's to the left right yeah exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to the left right yeah exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to the left right yeah exactly so
+now let's look up the L edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look up the L edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look up the L edge
+so if I were to ask you really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I were to ask you really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I were to ask you really doesn't
+work with chalk oh yeah okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with chalk oh yeah okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with chalk oh yeah okay that's
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+so the l1 edge is down at 438 evey which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the l1 edge is down at 438 evey which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the l1 edge is down at 438 evey which
+is indeed off the scale for this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed off the scale for this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed off the scale for this graph
+this bottoms out at 1 ke V but if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottoms out at 1 ke V but if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottoms out at 1 ke V but if I were
+to ask you to draw the full mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to draw the full mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to draw the full mass
+attenuation coefficient for uranium I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation coefficient for uranium I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation coefficient for uranium I'd
+expect to see a K edge an L edge and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see a K edge an L edge and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see a K edge an L edge and M
+edge at an N edge corresponding to shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge at an N edge corresponding to shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge at an N edge corresponding to shell
+levels 1 2 3 & 4 and where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels 1 2 3 & 4 and where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels 1 2 3 & 4 and where do you get
+that data you get it from here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data you get it from here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data you get it from here from
+these NIST databases or you calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these NIST databases or you calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these NIST databases or you calculate it
+one at a time using that Rydberg formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where that end final goes to infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that end final goes to infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that end final goes to infinity so
+you can either calculate them if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either calculate them if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either calculate them if you
+don't know or if miss doesn't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know or if miss doesn't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know or if miss doesn't have them
+in the table and I don't think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table and I don't think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table and I don't think they have
+the N edge wow they go all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N edge wow they go all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N edge wow they go all the way up to
+fermium let's do your rhenium what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermium let's do your rhenium what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermium let's do your rhenium what do
+they go to yep they don't have the M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to yep they don't have the M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to yep they don't have the M or
+the N edge but you do know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N edge but you do know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N edge but you do know how to
+calculate them is with that formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them is with that formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them is with that formula and
+so if we were to construct any old mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to construct any old mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to construct any old mass
+coefficient good we have the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient good we have the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient good we have the little
+space left it's gonna look generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space left it's gonna look generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space left it's gonna look generally
+like this there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there's going to be a
+photoelectric region let's say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric region let's say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric region let's say that's
+going to correspond to our photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to our photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to our photoelectric
+cross-section which goes way up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section which goes way up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section which goes way up with
+lower energies there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energies there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energies there's going to be a
+pair production part which goes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production part which goes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production part which goes up with
+higher energies and there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energies and there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energies and there's going to be
+this kind of decreasing Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of decreasing Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of decreasing Compton
+cross-section and if you couldn't dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and if you couldn't dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and if you couldn't dance
+these curves you end up with a shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves you end up with a shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves you end up with a shape
+like that which is just like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that which is just like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that which is just like all the
+other mass attenuation coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mass attenuation coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mass attenuation coefficients that
+you see so this is why they take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so this is why they take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so this is why they take the
+shape that they do if you add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that they do if you add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that they do if you add up the
+cross sections for photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections for photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections for photoelectric effect
+Compton scattering and pair production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering and pair production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering and pair production
+and you just kind of bounce on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just kind of bounce on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just kind of bounce on top of
+those you end up with the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you end up with the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you end up with the mass
+attenuation coefficient the part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation coefficient the part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation coefficient the part that's
+not shown here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shown here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shown here is that this
+photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect
+we'll have some jagged edges whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some jagged edges whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some jagged edges whenever
+you hit an electron energy transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit an electron energy transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit an electron energy transition
+level so it's 505 of I want to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's 505 of I want to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's 505 of I want to see if
+you guys have any questions on photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have any questions on photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have any questions on photon
+interactions with matter you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with matter you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with matter you know it's a
+lot to throw at you at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to throw at you at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to throw at you at once
+but I'm gonna be giving you guys lots to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna be giving you guys lots to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna be giving you guys lots to
+calculate to try it out and to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to try it out and to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to try it out and to learn
+what's going on from a more hands-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on from a more hands-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on from a more hands-on
+point of view yeah they're a way to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view yeah they're a way to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view yeah they're a way to slow
+down gammas yeah so the question is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down gammas yeah so the question is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down gammas yeah so the question is can
+you slow down gammas without putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slow down gammas without putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slow down gammas without putting
+stuff in the way well then what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the way well then what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the way well then what are you
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+you got a vacuum right there so hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a vacuum right there so hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a vacuum right there so hmm
+that's probably a deeper question that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably a deeper question that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably a deeper question that I
+think so what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so what else
+so gammas for example do have indices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gammas for example do have indices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gammas for example do have indices of
+refraction and materials yeah no gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and materials yeah no gammas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and materials yeah no gammas
+are just photons they're just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just photons they're just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just photons they're just really
+high energy and they do have indices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy and they do have indices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy and they do have indices of
+refraction that are usually around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction that are usually around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction that are usually around one
+part per million or like 1.000000 one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part per million or like 1.000000 one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part per million or like 1.000000 one or
+so so you can refract or bend gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can refract or bend gammas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can refract or bend gammas
+just not very well so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not very well so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not very well so the question is
+could you do something to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you do something to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you do something to stop the
+gammas that were maybe ten feet away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas that were maybe ten feet away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas that were maybe ten feet away
+the answer is physics not much you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is physics not much you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is physics not much you can
+do but if they are like planetary levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but if they are like planetary levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but if they are like planetary levels
+away it's possible that you could bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it's possible that you could bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it's possible that you could bend
+them away from an object just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from an object just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from an object just like you
+can bend visible light away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bend visible light away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bend visible light away from
+something closer up because it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something closer up because it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something closer up because it's got a
+much higher index of refraction pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher index of refraction pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher index of refraction pretty
+crazy stuff did you ever think a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff did you ever think a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff did you ever think a gamma
+rays having indices of refraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays having indices of refraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays having indices of refraction and
+behaving like regular light it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving like regular light it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving like regular light it's just
+regular light it's just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular light it's just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular light it's just really
+high-energy light so any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy light so any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy light so any other questions
+on the photon interactions would matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qR9y8dx_pW4.txt b/qR9y8dx_pW4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac156cc1bd45d285269c1b8fcf0cb9765d325372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qR9y8dx_pW4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1617 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, yesterday in
+the recitation we talked a
+
+little bit about how to debug
+programs on Cell.
+
+Today I'm going to talk a little
+more about debugging
+
+parallel programs in general and
+give you some common tips
+
+that might be helpful in
+helping you track down
+
+problems that you run into.
+
+As you might have gotten a feel
+for yesterday, debugging
+
+parallel programs is harder
+than normal sequential
+
+programs. So in normal
+sequential programs, you have
+
+your traditional set
+of bugs which
+
+parallel programs inherit.
+
+So that doesn't get much harder,
+but then you add on
+
+new things I can go wrong
+because of parallelization.
+
+So things like synchronization,
+things like
+
+deadlocks, things
+like data races.
+
+So you have to get
+those right.
+
+Now you have to debug your
+program and figure
+
+out how to do that.
+
+One of the things you'll see
+here is a lot of tools might
+
+not be as good as you'd like
+them to in terms of providing
+
+you the functionality
+for debugging.
+
+Add to that that bugs in
+parallel programs often just
+
+go away if you change one
+statement in your code -- you
+
+reorder things and all of a
+sudden the bug is gone.
+
+It's kind of like those pointer
+problems in C, where
+
+you might add a word, add a
+new variable somewhere and
+
+problem's gone, or you
+add a print-off and
+
+the problem is gone.
+
+So here it gets harder because
+those things can get rid of
+
+deadlocks, so it makes it
+really hard to have an
+
+experiment that you can repeat
+and come down to where the
+
+problem is.
+
+So what might you want
+in a debugger.
+
+So this is a list that I've come
+up with, and if you have
+
+some ideas we'll want
+to throw them out.
+
+I'm thinking in terms of
+debugging parallel program,
+
+what I want is a visual
+debugging system that really
+
+let's me see all the processors
+that I have in my
+
+network in my multi-processor
+system.
+
+That includes actual computing
+and the actual network that
+
+they're interconnecting all the
+processors that are going
+
+to be communicating
+with each other.
+
+So I'd like to be able
+to see what code is
+
+running on each processor.
+
+I'd like to see which edges
+are being used to send
+
+messages around.
+
+I might want to know which
+processors are blocked -- that
+
+might help me identify
+deadlock problems.
+
+For these kinds of scenarios it
+might be tricky to define
+
+step, because there's no global
+clock, you can't force
+
+everybody to proceed
+through one step.
+
+What's one step on one processor
+might be different
+
+on another, especially
+if they're not all
+
+running the same code.
+
+So how do you actually do that
+without a global clock.
+
+So that can get a little
+bit tricky.
+
+It likely won't help with data
+races, because I'm looking at
+
+global communication problems,
+I'm looking at trying to
+
+identify what's deadlocked
+and what's not.
+
+So if there are data races, this
+kind of tool may or may
+
+not help with that.
+
+In general, this is
+the tool that I
+
+would build for debugging.
+
+I looked around on the web to
+see what's out there for
+
+debugging parallel
+programs, and I
+
+found this called TotalView.
+
+This is actually something you
+have to buy, it's not free.
+
+I don't know if they have
+evaluation licenses or
+
+licences for academic
+purposes.
+
+It kind of gets close to
+some of the things
+
+I was talking about.
+
+You have processors that shows
+your communication between
+
+those processors, how much data
+is being sent through.
+
+This particular version uses
+NPI, which we talked about in
+
+previous lectures.
+
+So it's sort of helpful in
+being able to see the
+
+computation, looking at
+the communication, and
+
+tracking down bugs.
+
+But it doesn't get much
+better from there.
+
+You know, how many people have
+used printouts for debugging?
+
+It's the most popular way of
+debugging, and even I still
+
+use it for debugging
+some of the Cell
+
+programs we've been writing.
+
+I know the TAs actually
+use this is well.
+
+Yesterday you got a hands-on
+experience with GDB, and GDB
+
+is a nice debugger, but it lacks
+a lot of things that you
+
+might want, especially for
+debugging parallel programs.
+
+You saw, for example, that you
+have multiple threads, you
+
+need to be able switch between
+the threads, getting the
+
+context right, being able to
+name the variables is tricky.
+
+So there's a lot of things
+that could be improved.
+
+There are some research
+debuggers, like something
+
+we've built as part
+of the streaming
+
+projects, StreamIt debugger.
+
+I'll show you some screenshots
+of this so you can
+
+see what we can do.
+
+So in the StreamIt debugger,
+remember we have -- so this is
+
+actually built in Eclipse and
+you can download this off the
+
+web as well.
+
+You can look at your
+stream graph.
+
+Unfortunately, I couldn't get a
+split join in there, much to
+
+Bill's dismay.
+
+So you can't see, for example,
+the split join in all the
+
+communication.
+
+Each one of these is a filter,
+and if you recall the filter
+
+is the computational element
+in your stream graph and
+
+interconnected by channels.
+
+So channels communicate data.
+
+So what you see here -- well,
+you might not be able to quite
+
+see it -- actually see the
+data that's being passed
+
+through from one filter
+to the other.
+
+You can actually go in there
+and change the value if you
+
+wanted to or highlight
+particular value and see how
+
+it flows down through
+the graph.
+
+If you had a split join, then
+you might be able to -- in
+
+fact, you can do this.
+
+You can look at each path of the
+split join independently
+
+and you can look at
+it in sequence.
+
+Because the split join has nice
+semantics, it's actually
+
+you can replicate the behavior
+because of the static nature
+
+is everything is
+deterministic.
+
+So this is very helpful.
+
+We we did a user study two
+years ago almost with
+
+something like 30 MIT students
+who use the C bugger and gave
+
+us feedback on it.
+
+So we gave them like 10
+problems, 10 code snippets,
+
+each of them had a bug in it,
+we asked them to find it.
+
+So a lot of them found to
+debugger to be helpful in
+
+being able to track the flow of
+data and being able to see
+
+what goes wrong.
+
+So if you had, for example, a
+division that resulted in NaN
+
+and not a number, floating
+point division you can
+
+immediately see on a screen, so
+you know exactly where to
+
+go look for it.
+
+Doing that would print-offs
+might not be as easy.
+
+So sometimes visual debugging
+can be very nice.
+
+Unfortunately, visual debugging
+for the Cell isn't
+
+that great.
+
+So this is the Cell plug-in
+in Eclipse.
+
+I've mentioned just to some of
+you if you want to run it you
+
+can run it from a Playstation 3,
+but if more than one of you
+
+is running it then it
+becomes unusable
+
+because of memory issues.
+
+You can install this on other
+Linux machines and remotely
+
+debug on the Playstation
+3 hardware.
+
+So the two remote machines can
+talk through GDB ports.
+
+I can talk to you about how to
+set that up if you want to,
+
+but it doesn't really
+add anything
+
+over E-Max, for example.
+
+It just might look fancier than
+an E-Max window or a GDB
+
+on the command line prompt.
+
+So this is the code
+from yesterday.
+
+These are the exercises
+we asked you to do.
+
+You can look at the
+different threads.
+
+If you have debug Java programs
+in Eclipse this
+
+should look very familiar.
+
+You can look at the different
+variables.
+
+You still have the
+naming problem.
+
+So yesterday, remember you had
+to qualify which control box
+
+you were looking at?
+
+Still the same kind of issue --
+have to do some trickery to
+
+find it here.
+
+It doesn't have the nice visual
+aspect of showing you
+
+which code is running on which
+SPE, and you might not be able
+
+to find mailbox synchronization
+problems.
+
+Maybe those things will come in
+the future, and the fact,
+
+they likely will.
+
+But a lot of that is sort
+of still lacking.
+
+So what do you do in the
+meantime, In the next two
+
+weeks as you're writing
+your programs?
+
+So I've looked around for some
+tips or some talks and
+
+lectures and what people have
+done in terms of improving the
+
+process for debugging
+parallel codes.
+
+Probably the best thing I've
+found is this talk that was
+
+given at University of Maryland
+on defect patterns.
+
+So the rest of these
+slides are largely
+
+drawn from that talk.
+
+I'm going to identify just a few
+of them to give you some
+
+examples so you can understand
+what to look for and what are
+
+some common symptoms, what are
+some common prevention
+
+techniques.
+
+So defect patterns, just like
+the programming patterns we
+
+talked about, are meant to help
+you conjure up to write
+
+contextual information.
+
+You had what are things you
+should look for if you're
+
+communicating with
+somebody else.
+
+What kind of terminology do you
+use so that you don't have
+
+to explain things down
+to every last detail.
+
+At the end of this course, one
+thing I'd like to do is maybe
+
+get some feedback from each of
+you as to what are some of the
+
+problems that you ran into in
+writing your programs, and how
+
+you actually went about
+debugging them, and maybe we
+
+can come up with Cell defect
+patterns, and maybe Cell
+
+defect recipes for resolving
+those defect patterns.
+
+So, probably the worst one of
+all, and the easiest one to
+
+fix is that you have new
+language features or new
+
+language extensions that are
+not well understood.
+
+This is especially true when you
+take a class of students
+
+and they don't really know the
+language, they don't know all
+
+the tools, and you ask them to
+do a project in four weeks and
+
+you expect things to work.
+
+So there's a lot for everybody
+to pick up and understand.
+
+So you might have inconsistent
+types that you use in terms of
+
+calling a function.
+
+There might be alignment
+issues, which some of
+
+you have run into.
+
+You might use the
+wrong functions.
+
+You know the functionality you
+want but you just don't know
+
+how to name it and so you might
+use the wrong function.
+
+Some of these are easy to fix
+because you might get a
+
+compile time error.
+
+If you have mismatch in function
+parameters then you
+
+can fix that very easily.
+
+Some defects -- you know, very
+natural parallel programs
+
+might not come up until run
+time, so you might end up with
+
+crashes or just erroneous
+behavior.
+
+I really think this is probably
+the easiest one to
+
+fix, and the prevention
+technique that I would
+
+recommend is if there's
+something you're unfamiliar
+
+about or you're not sure about
+how to use something, ask.
+
+But also, you don't need to know
+all the functions that
+
+are available in something
+like the Cell language
+
+extensions for C.
+
+Yes, there are a lot of
+functions -- you know, the
+
+manuals, hundreds of pages,
+and you can't possibly go
+
+through it all and nobody
+becomes an expert in
+
+everything.
+
+But understand just a few basic
+concepts and features.
+
+So, David identified a bunch
+that he found useful for
+
+writing the programs, and some
+of the ones that are up on the
+
+web page under the recipes for
+this course list a few more.
+
+And so this might help you in
+just understanding how these
+
+functions work, understanding
+basic mechanisms that they
+
+give you, and that's good
+enough because it'll
+
+help you get by.
+
+Certainly for doing the project
+under short time
+
+constraints, you don't need to
+know all the advanced features
+
+that Cell might have. Or you can
+probably just pick them up
+
+on the fly as you need them.
+
+So what are some more
+interesting
+
+problems that come up.
+
+I think one that is probably
+not too unfamiliar is this
+
+space decomposition problems.
+So, if you remember, space
+
+decomposition is really
+data distribution.
+
+You have a serial program that
+you want to parallelize.
+
+And what that means if you have
+to actually send data
+
+around to different processors
+so that each one knows how to
+
+compute locally.
+
+Here you might get things like
+segmentation faults, alignment
+
+problems, you might have index
+out of range errors.
+
+What this comes of is forgetting
+to change things or
+
+overlooking some simple things
+that don't carryover from the
+
+sequential case that
+are parallel case.
+
+So what you might want to do is
+validate your distributions
+
+and your memory partitions
+correctly.
+
+So what's an example?
+
+So suppose you had an array
+or a list of cells,
+
+each cell has a number.
+
+What you want to do is at each
+step of the computation for
+
+any given cell, you want add
+the value to the left of it
+
+and the value to the
+right of it.
+
+So here we have cell zero
+has the value 2.
+
+We'll assume that the n
+disconnectors are first, so
+
+this is like a circular list,
+a circular buffer.
+
+So adding the left and right
+neighbor would get me, in this
+
+case, 3 plus 1, 4.
+
+And so on and so forth.
+
+You want to repeat this
+computation for n steps.
+
+So this might be very common in
+computations where you're
+
+doing unit [? book ?]
+communication.
+
+So what's a straightforward
+sequential implementation?
+
+Well, you can use
+two buffers --
+
+one for the current time step,
+and you do all the
+
+calculations in that.
+
+Then you use another buffer
+for next time step.
+
+Then you swap the two.
+
+So the code might look
+something like this.
+
+Sequential c code, my two
+buffers, here's my loop.
+
+I write into one buffer
+and then I switch
+
+the two buffers around.
+
+Any questions so far?
+
+So now, what are some things
+that can go wrong when you try
+
+to parallelize this?
+
+So how would you actually
+parallelize this code?
+
+Well, we saw in some of your
+labs, for example, that you
+
+can take a big array, split it
+up in smaller chunks and
+
+assign each chunk to one
+particular processor.
+
+So we can use that
+technique here.
+
+So each processor, we have n of
+them, rather size of them,
+
+and it's going to get some
+number of elements.
+
+So each time step, we have to
+compute locally all the
+
+communications, but then there's
+some special cases
+
+that we need to treat at
+the boundaries, right.
+
+So if I have this chunk and I
+need to do my new neighbor
+
+communication, I don't have
+this particular cells.
+
+I have to go out there
+and request it.
+
+Similarly, somebody has
+to send me this
+
+particular data item.
+
+So there's some data exchange
+that has to happen.
+
+So in the decomposition, you
+write your parallel code.
+
+Here, each buffer is
+a different size.
+
+What you do is you have some
+local, which says this is how
+
+much of the data I'm getting,
+and has a total number of
+
+elements, besides the number
+of processors.
+
+Local essentially tells me
+the size of my chunk.
+
+I'm iterating through from zero
+and local and I'm doing
+
+essentially the same
+computation.
+
+So what's a bug in here?
+
+Anybody see it?
+
+Sort of giving you some hints
+of things highlighted in red
+
+or there's something wrong
+with the things
+
+highlighted in red.
+
+There's another hint.
+
+So this is essentially the
+computations going on at every
+
+processor, this is my buffer,
+and at every step I have to do
+
+the calculations, taking care
+of the boundary edges.
+
+Anybody want to take a stab?
+
+Mark?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it that the
+nextbuffer zero needs to look
+
+at data from 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Next buffer
+zero, right.
+
+So what might be
+a fix to that?
+
+So the next buffer is zero.
+
+So if this is zero then buffer
+of x minus 1 plus
+
+this points to what?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you need to
+start at 1 and iterate.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, exactly.
+
+It's a local plus 1, if you
+were going to do these.
+
+So that's one bug.
+
+The other thing is the
+assumption that your data
+
+elements might be divisible by
+the number of processors that
+
+you have. So you pick the
+decomposition that might not
+
+be symmetric across
+all processors.
+
+So it's more subtle, I think,
+to keep in mind.
+
+So that's one particular kind of
+problem that might come up
+
+on your decomposing data and
+replicating among different
+
+processors.
+
+So you have to be careful about
+what are your boundary
+
+cases going to be and how are
+you going to deal with those.
+
+The more difficult one
+is synchronization.
+
+So synchronization is when
+you're sending data from one
+
+processor to the other and you
+might end up with deadlock,
+
+because one is trying to send,
+the other's trying to send,
+
+and neither can make progress
+until the other's received.
+
+So your program hangs, you get
+non-deterministic behavior or
+
+output, every time you run
+your program you get a
+
+different result -- that
+can drive you crazy.
+
+So some of the defects
+can be very subtle.
+
+This is probably where you'll
+spend most of your time trying
+
+to figure it out.
+
+So one of the ways to prevent
+this is to actually look at
+
+how you're orchestrating your
+communication and doing it
+
+very carefully.
+
+So look at, for example,
+what's going on here.
+
+So this is the same problem, and
+what I'm doing is now this
+
+is the parallel version and
+I'm sending the boundary
+
+cases, the boundary cells to
+the different processors.
+
+This is an SPMD program.
+
+So an SPMD program has every
+processor running essentially
+
+the same code.
+
+So this code is replicated
+over n processors and
+
+everybody's trying to
+do this same thing.
+
+So what's the problem
+with this code?
+
+We're doing send of
+next buffer zero.
+
+Here, rank essentially
+just says each
+
+processor has a rank.
+
+So this is a way of identifying
+things.
+
+So I'm trying to send it to my
+previous guy, I'm trying to
+
+send it to the next guy, and
+here I'm sending the value at
+
+the far extreme of the buffer to
+the next processor and then
+
+to the previous processor.
+
+Anybody see what's wrong here?
+
+AUDIENCE: So are these
+blocking things?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, imagine they're
+blocking things.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why will
+that deadlock?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So this will deadlock, right.
+
+So this will deadlock because
+this processor is trying to
+
+send here, this processor is
+trying to send here, but
+
+neither is receiving yet, so
+neither makes progress.
+
+So how would you fix
+it at this point?
+
+You might not want to use a
+blocking send all the time.
+
+So if your architecture allows
+you to have different flavors
+
+of communication, so synchronous
+versus an
+
+asynchronous, a blocking versus
+non-blocking, you'll
+
+want to avoid using constructs
+that can lead you to deadlock
+
+if you don't need to.
+
+The other mechanism -- this was
+pointed out briefly in the
+
+talk on parallel programming
+-- you want to order your
+
+sends and receives properly.
+
+So alternate them.
+
+So you have a send in
+one processor, a
+
+receive in the other.
+
+You can use that to prevent
+deadlock and get the
+
+communication patterns right.
+
+There could be more interesting
+cases that come up
+
+if you're communicating over a
+network where you might end up
+
+with cyclic patterns leading
+to loops, and that also can
+
+create some problems for you.
+
+The last two I'll talk about
+aren't really bugs in that
+
+they might not cause your
+program to break or compute
+
+incorrectly.
+
+Things might work properly,
+but you might not get the
+
+actual performance that
+you're expecting.
+
+So these are performance bucks
+or performance defects.
+
+So side effects of
+parallelization is often case
+
+that you're focusing on your
+parallel code and you might
+
+ignore things that are going
+on in your sequential code,
+
+and that might lead you to,
+essentially you've spent all
+
+this time trying to parallelize
+your code, but
+
+your end result is not getting
+the performance that you
+
+expect because things
+look sequential.
+
+So what's wrong here?
+
+So as an example, imagine that
+we're doing instead of reading
+
+data from a --
+
+so, in the previous case I
+didn't show you how we were
+
+reading data into the different
+buffers, but suppose
+
+we were getting it from some
+files, so input buffer.
+
+So now we have an SPMD program
+again, everybody's trying to
+
+read from this buffer.
+
+What could go wrong here?
+
+Anybody have an idea?
+
+So every processor is opening
+the file and then it's going
+
+to figure out how much to skip
+and it'll start reading from
+
+that location.
+
+So everybody's reading from a
+file, so that's OK, nobody's
+
+modifying it.
+
+But what can go wrong here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So essentially, sequentialize
+your execution because reading
+
+from the file system becomes
+the bottleneck.
+
+So you'll want to schedule input
+and output carefully.
+
+You might find that not
+everybody needs to do the
+
+input and output.
+
+Only one processor has to do
+the input and then it can
+
+distribute it to all the
+different processors.
+
+So, in the Master/Slave model,
+which a lot of you are using
+
+for the Cell programming, the
+Master can just read the data
+
+from the input files
+and distribute it
+
+to everybody else.
+
+So this avoids some
+of the problems
+
+with input and output.
+
+You can have similar kinds of
+problems if you're reading
+
+from other devices.
+
+It doesn't have to be
+the file system.
+
+So here's another one,
+a little more subtle.
+
+So you're generating data--.
+
+Hey, Allen, what's up?
+
+AUDIENCE: I somehow missed the
+distinction between when
+
+you're waiting for the master
+to read all the dat aand
+
+distribute it, and waiting for
+the other [? processes ?] to
+
+get through so I can read my
+private data, isn't it going
+
+to be about the same
+time on this?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So here, just essentially, the
+Master reads the file as part
+
+of the initialization.
+
+Then you distribute it.
+
+So distribution can happen
+at run time.
+
+So, the initialization you
+don't care about because
+
+hopefully that's a small
+part of the code.
+
+So this code is guarded by rank
+equals Master, so only it
+
+does this code.
+
+Then here you might have the
+command that says wait until
+
+I've received it and then
+execute, or on the cells, then
+
+these might be the SPE create
+threads that happen after
+
+you've read the data.
+
+So hopefully, initialization
+time is not something you have
+
+concern about too much.
+
+So if you're generating data on
+the fly or dynamically, so
+
+here we might use the Srand
+function to sort of start with
+
+a random seeing and then
+fill in the buffer
+
+with some random data.
+
+So what could go wrong here?
+
+So in Srand, when you're using
+a random function -- sorry,
+
+this is the same function.
+
+When you're using a random,
+a pseudo random number
+
+generator, you have to give it
+a seed, then if everybody
+
+starts off with the same seed,
+then you might end up with the
+
+same random number sequence.
+
+If that's something you're
+using to parallelize your
+
+computation, you might, in
+effect, end up with the same
+
+kind of sequence on each
+processor and you lose all
+
+kinds of parallelization.
+
+So there's some hidden
+serialization issues in some
+
+of the functions that you
+might use that you
+
+should be aware of.
+
+The last one I'll talk about is
+
+performance scalability defect.
+
+So here you parallelize your
+code, things look good, but
+
+you're still not getting --
+
+you've taken care of all your
+IO issue, you're still not
+
+getting the performance
+you want.
+
+So, why is that?
+
+You might have -- remember your
+Amdahl's law, and what
+
+you want is an efficiency
+that's linear.
+
+Every time you add one processor
+you want a straight
+
+line curve between the number
+of processors and speed up.
+
+This should be a linear
+relationship.
+
+So you might see sublinear speed
+ups, and you want to
+
+figure out why that is.
+
+Some of the common causes here,
+and this will be the end
+
+up focus of the next talk
+is, unbalanced amount of
+
+computation.
+
+Remember, dynamic
+load balancing
+
+versus static load balancing.
+
+Your work estimation might be
+wrong and so you might end up
+
+with some processors idling,
+other processors
+
+doing too much work.
+
+So the way to prevent this is
+to actually look at the work
+
+that's being done and figure
+out whether it's actually
+
+roughly the same amount
+of work everywhere.
+
+Here you might need profiling
+tools to help, and so I'm
+
+going to talk about
+this in a lot more
+
+detail in the next lecture.
+
+So in summary, there are lots
+of different bugs that you
+
+might come up with.
+
+There's a few that I've
+identified here, some common
+
+things you should
+look out for.
+
+So the erroneous use of language
+features understand
+
+only a few basic concepts of the
+entire language extension
+
+set that you have. Space
+decomposition, side effects
+
+from parallelization.
+
+Don't ignore sequential code.
+
+Last one is trying to understand
+your performance
+
+scalability.
+
+But there are other kinds
+of bugs, like
+
+data races, for example.
+
+So what can you do with those?
+
+So remember, data races you
+have different concurrent
+
+threads and they're
+trying to update
+
+the same memory location.
+
+So depending on who gets to
+write first and when you
+
+actually do your read, you might
+get a different result.
+
+So with data race detection,
+these things are actually
+
+getting better.
+
+There are tools out there that
+will essentially generate
+
+traces as your program
+is running.
+
+So for each thread you
+instrumented and you look at
+
+every load stored at executes.
+
+Then what you do is you look at
+the load in stores between
+
+the difference threads and see
+if there's any intersections,
+
+any orderings that might give
+you erroneous behavior.
+
+So this is getting better, it's
+getting more automated.
+
+Intel Threadchecker
+is one example.
+
+There are others.
+
+I really think the trend in
+debugging will be towards
+
+trace-based systems. You'll
+have things like
+
+checkpointing.
+
+So as your program is running
+you can take a snapshot of
+
+where it is in the execution,
+and then you can use that
+
+snapshot later on to inspect
+it and see what went wrong.
+
+I think you might even have
+features like replay.
+
+In fact, some people are working
+on this in research
+
+and in industry.
+
+So you might be able to say
+uh-oh, something went wrong.
+
+Here's my list of checkpoints,
+can you replay the execution
+
+from this particular stage
+in the computation.
+
+So it helps you focus down
+in the entire lifetime of
+
+execution on a particular
+chunk where
+
+things have gone wrong.
+
+This is sort of a
+personal dream.
+
+I think one day we'll have the
+equivalent of a TiVo for your
+
+programs, and you can use
+it for debugging.
+
+So my program is running,
+something goes wrong, I can
+
+rewind it, I can inspect things,
+do my traditional
+
+debugging, change things maybe
+even, and then start replaying
+
+things and letting the
+program execute.
+
+In fact, we're working on things
+like this here at MIT
+
+and with collaborators
+elsewhere.
+
+So, this was a short lecture.
+
+We'll take a break.
+
+You can do the quizzes.
+
+Note on the quizzes,
+there are two
+
+different kinds of questions.
+
+They're very similar, just one
+word is different, and so
+
+you'll want to just keep that in
+mind when you're discussing
+
+it with others.
+
+Then about 5, 10 minutes and
+then we'll continue with the
+
+rest of the talk, lecture 2.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qSLkk5o1Mc8.txt b/qSLkk5o1Mc8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53194d8fca5959edba8cb4e0f36904f70b3ed63c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qSLkk5o1Mc8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+This video is optional, but we wanted to answer
+the question "Are there uncomputable functions?"
+
+Yes, there are well-defined discrete functions
+that cannot be computed by any TM, i.e., no
+
+algorithm can compute f(x) for arbitrary finite
+x in a finite number of steps.
+
+It's not that we don't know the algorithm,
+we can actually prove that no algorithm exists.
+
+So the finite memory limitations of FSMs wasn't
+the only barrier as to whether we can solve
+
+a problem.
+
+The most famous uncomputable function is the
+so-called Halting function.
+
+When TMs undertake a computation there two
+possible outcomes.
+
+Either the TM writes an answer onto the tape
+and halts, or the TM loops forever.
+
+The Halting function tells which outcome we'll
+get:
+
+given two integer arguments k and j, the Halting
+function determines if the kth TM halts when
+
+given a tape containing j as the input.
+
+Let's quick sketch an argument as to why the
+Halting function is not computable.
+
+Well, suppose it was computable, then it would
+be equivalent to some TM, say T_H.
+
+So we can use T_H to build another TM, T_N
+(the "N" stands for nasty!) that processes
+
+its single argument and either LOOPs or HALTs.
+
+T_N[X] is designed to loop if TM X given input
+X halts.
+
+And vice versa: T_N[X] halts if TM X given
+input X loops.
+
+The idea is that T_N[X] does the opposite
+of whatever T_X[X] does.
+
+T_N is easy to implement assuming that we
+have T_H to answer the "halts or loops" question.
+
+Now consider what happens if we give N as
+the argument to T_N.
+
+From the definition of T_N, T_N[N] will LOOP
+if the halting function tells us that T_N[N]
+
+halts.
+
+And T_N[N] will HALT if the halting function
+tells us that T_N[N] loops.
+
+Obviously T_N[N] can't both LOOP and HALT
+at the same time!
+
+So if the Halting function is computable and
+T_H exists, we arrive at this impossible behavior
+
+for T_N[N].
+
+This tells us that T_H cannot exist and hence
+that the Halting function is not computable.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rg0TYEdU0TA.txt b/rg0TYEdU0TA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53dd1ceef447081f64abec03597335e270cda63d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rg0TYEdU0TA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this first recitation we will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first recitation we will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first recitation we will try to
+understand various nutritional facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand various nutritional facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand various nutritional facts
+about food while getting more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about food while getting more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about food while getting more practice
+using our good nutrition is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our good nutrition is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our good nutrition is an important
+part of leading a healthy lifestyle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of leading a healthy lifestyle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of leading a healthy lifestyle
+malnutrition can result in obesity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnutrition can result in obesity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnutrition can result in obesity which
+has been rising at an alarming rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been rising at an alarming rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been rising at an alarming rate in
+the US for instance while all states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US for instance while all states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US for instance while all states in
+1990 had less than 14% obesity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 had less than 14% obesity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 had less than 14% obesity
+figures started increasing and by 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures started increasing and by 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures started increasing and by 2000
+half of the country has more than 20% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the country has more than 20% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the country has more than 20% of
+its population obese the trend continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its population obese the trend continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its population obese the trend continues
+and in 2010 all states have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 2010 all states have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 2010 all states have at least
+more than 20 percent of their population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 percent of their population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 percent of their population
+obese many states across the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obese many states across the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obese many states across the country
+reached an alarming situation more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an alarming situation more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an alarming situation more than
+35 percent of American adults are obese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 percent of American adults are obese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 percent of American adults are obese
+the trends worldwide are no different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends worldwide are no different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends worldwide are no different
+obesity has nearly doubled across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obesity has nearly doubled across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obesity has nearly doubled across the
+globe obesity is one of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe obesity is one of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe obesity is one of today's
+blatantly visible public health problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatantly visible public health problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatantly visible public health problems
+and increases people's risk to heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increases people's risk to heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increases people's risk to heart
+disease stroke and diabetes in fact 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stroke and diabetes in fact 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease stroke and diabetes in fact 65
+percent of the world's population lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the world's population lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the world's population lives
+in countries where obesity kills more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in countries where obesity kills more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in countries where obesity kills more
+people than underweight so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people than underweight so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people than underweight so good
+nutrition is essential for an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition is essential for an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition is essential for an overall
+healthy lifestyle and promoting it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy lifestyle and promoting it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy lifestyle and promoting it now
+is more important than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important than ever
+we have access to hundreds of nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have access to hundreds of nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have access to hundreds of nutrition
+and weight loss applications and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weight loss applications and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weight loss applications and around
+15 percent of adults with cellphones use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 percent of adults with cellphones use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 percent of adults with cellphones use
+health applications on their devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health applications on their devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health applications on their devices
+these apps are mostly powered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apps are mostly powered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apps are mostly powered by the
+United States Department of Agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States Department of Agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States Department of Agriculture
+or USDA food database the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or USDA food database the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or USDA food database the United States
+Department of Agriculture distributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Agriculture distributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Agriculture distributes
+nutritional information of over 7,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional information of over 7,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional information of over 7,000
+food items including amount of calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food items including amount of calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food items including amount of calories
+carbs protein fat and sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs protein fat and sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs protein fat and sodium
+among other nutrients it is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other nutrients it is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other nutrients it is exactly this
+data that we will be analyzing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we will be analyzing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we will be analyzing in this
+recitation in the next video we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in the next video we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in the next video we will
+read in the USDA data set on our and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in the USDA data set on our and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in the USDA data set on our and get
+more familiar with its content
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sfYD3LX-Rgw.txt b/sfYD3LX-Rgw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40cb841f94dcf19ba5036bfc45e06237aa49ea71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sfYD3LX-Rgw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay. The second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay. The second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay. The second part of
+tonight is going to deal with legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is going to deal with legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is going to deal with legal
+issues. And the first thing I have to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. And the first thing I have to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. And the first thing I have to um
+caution you on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you on is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Whoops. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whoops. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whoops. What
+happened? Take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened? Take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened? Take that
+back. I didn't start at the beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. I didn't start at the beginning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. I didn't start at the beginning.
+There we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we
+go. This is background for education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. This is background for education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. This is background for education
+only and it's not legal advice. Have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and it's not legal advice. Have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and it's not legal advice. Have to
+say that. One of the things is that law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that. One of the things is that law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that. One of the things is that law
+stuff is very fact specific. So anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is very fact specific. So anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is very fact specific. So anything
+that I tell you here now could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I tell you here now could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I tell you here now could change
+based on the facts and the law could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the facts and the law could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the facts and the law could
+change too. What I'm going to do is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change too. What I'm going to do is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change too. What I'm going to do is go
+through an awful lot of uh slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an awful lot of uh slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an awful lot of uh slides
+covering a whole bunch of areas uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering a whole bunch of areas uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering a whole bunch of areas uh of
+law related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law related to
+startups. And I I put on the website uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups. And I I put on the website uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups. And I I put on the website uh
+the deck. You can get that now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck. You can get that now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck. You can get that now if you
+want. What I'd like you to do is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. What I'd like you to do is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. What I'd like you to do is to try
+to think of I'm going to try to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of I'm going to try to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of I'm going to try to point
+out the big issues and at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the big issues and at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the big issues and at the end of the
+day it's more like an issue spotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's more like an issue spotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it's more like an issue spotting
+thing. You know, will you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You know, will you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You know, will you recognize
+things as you uh as you encounter them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as you uh as you encounter them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as you uh as you encounter them
+so that you're better you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you're better you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you're better you have a
+framework to have a discussion with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to have a discussion with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to have a discussion with your
+legal advisor, with your team, etc. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal advisor, with your team, etc. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal advisor, with your team, etc. So,
+we're going to go at a pretty good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go at a pretty good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go at a pretty good uh
+clip. I'll try to take questions, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip. I'll try to take questions, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip. I'll try to take questions, but I
+reserve the right to sort of uh push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve the right to sort of uh push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve the right to sort of uh push
+push uh through. So, it's about legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push uh through. So, it's about legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push uh through. So, it's about legal
+issues. Let's see if I get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Let's see if I get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Let's see if I get this thing
+working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. First of all, we have any lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. First of all, we have any lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. First of all, we have any lawyers
+in the audience? Audience? Uh oh. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience? Audience? Uh oh. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience? Audience? Uh oh. One
+lawyer. Okay. All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer. Okay. All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer. Okay. All right. So,
+um Yos came up with this good idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Yos came up with this good idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Yos came up with this good idea that
+I did last year is to take the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did last year is to take the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did last year is to take the life
+cycle of a a business and to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of a a business and to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of a a business and to look at it
+through various sets of layers here. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through various sets of layers here. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through various sets of layers here. uh
+starting with intellectual property,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with intellectual property,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with intellectual property,
+legal entity, people and financing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal entity, people and financing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal entity, people and financing and
+across from pre idea uh idea stage all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from pre idea uh idea stage all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from pre idea uh idea stage all
+the way through uh financing. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through uh financing. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through uh financing. So we're
+going to walk through that. Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk through that. Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk through that. Um and the
+first stage is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage is going to be the
+intellectual property uh stage and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property uh stage and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property uh stage and it's
+the idea part and the question is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea part and the question is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea part and the question is who
+owns the IP for the venture and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the IP for the venture and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the IP for the venture and then um
+the pre- outside financing is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre- outside financing is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre- outside financing is how do you
+protect that? So that's the theme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect that? So that's the theme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect that? So that's the theme for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+part. Now how does it relate to um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. Now how does it relate to um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. Now how does it relate to um a
+business plan? And this is Fiona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan? And this is Fiona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan? And this is Fiona
+Murray's four uh key ideas for startup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray's four uh key ideas for startup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray's four uh key ideas for startup.
+Uh the first is controlling uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the first is controlling uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the first is controlling uh the
+knowledge underlying an invention if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge underlying an invention if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge underlying an invention if
+that's important to your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to your business
+success. That's one of the keys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success. That's one of the keys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success. That's one of the keys to
+startup. The second is secrecy. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup. The second is secrecy. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup. The second is secrecy. Maybe
+nobody else knows exactly how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else knows exactly how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else knows exactly how you do
+your what you do. The third is speed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what you do. The third is speed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what you do. The third is speed.
+Even with that other stuff, you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even with that other stuff, you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even with that other stuff, you need to
+move quickly and that can be your real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move quickly and that can be your real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move quickly and that can be your real
+key advantage and idea. And the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key advantage and idea. And the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key advantage and idea. And the fourth
+thing in thinking about intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in thinking about intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in thinking about intellectual
+property, is there a way you can lock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, is there a way you can lock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property, is there a way you can lock in
+uh customers the way you go about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customers the way you go about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customers the way you go about uh
+dealing with your intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property and and then how can that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and and then how can that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and and then how can that help
+you in your in your business plan? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your in your business plan? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your in your business plan? Well,
+first of all, IP is a valuable asset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all, IP is a valuable asset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all, IP is a valuable asset and
+you can use it to raise capital. One of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it to raise capital. One of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it to raise capital. One of
+the issues with a lot of IP is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues with a lot of IP is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues with a lot of IP is that
+investors don't really understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors don't really understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors don't really understand what
+it is, but they think it's important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, but they think it's important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, but they think it's important.
+And so if you don't have some, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you don't have some, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you don't have some, they're
+going to be questioning why aren't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be questioning why aren't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be questioning why aren't you
+doing something there? So it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something there? So it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something there? So it's really a
+combination of is this important to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of is this important to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of is this important to you
+and have you thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you thought about
+it. Now there is correlation between IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Now there is correlation between IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Now there is correlation between IP
+uh and success. Um I did a study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and success. Um I did a study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and success. Um I did a study that
+was published in the intellectual asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in the intellectual asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in the intellectual asset
+management um publication in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management um publication in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management um publication in which we
+took we run these analyses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took we run these analyses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took we run these analyses on
+venturebacked companies. We've run about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venturebacked companies. We've run about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venturebacked companies. We've run about
+9,000 companies through this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9,000 companies through this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9,000 companies through this set of
+metrics and it turned we took five top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and it turned we took five top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and it turned we took five top
+funds you know Kleiner Perkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds you know Kleiner Perkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds you know Kleiner Perkins
+um new enterprise uh domain and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new enterprise uh domain and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new enterprise uh domain and we said
+um and we looked at patents and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we looked at patents and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we looked at patents and we said
+um if we were to try to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we were to try to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we were to try to figure out which
+companies had IP and how good was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies had IP and how good was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies had IP and how good was their
+IP and what was their success rates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP and what was their success rates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP and what was their success rates we
+looked at the portfolios and said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the portfolios and said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the portfolios and said well
+We know some companies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know some companies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know some companies have been
+acquired or they've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired or they've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired or they've gone
+public. Those are winners. And some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public. Those are winners. And some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public. Those are winners. And some
+companies are out of business. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are out of business. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are out of business. You know,
+they failed. And then a bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they failed. And then a bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they failed. And then a bunch of the
+other companies, we don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies, we don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies, we don't know where
+they are from the thing. And what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from the thing. And what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from the thing. And what we did
+is we looked at our rankings based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we looked at our rankings based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we looked at our rankings based on
+analyzing IP. And it turned out that 86%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing IP. And it turned out that 86%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing IP. And it turned out that 86%
+of the winners scored high in their in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the winners scored high in their in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the winners scored high in their in
+their patent strategy. uh which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their patent strategy. uh which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their patent strategy. uh which is sort
+of interesting when you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting when you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting when you think that
+Kleiner Perkins success rate is one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kleiner Perkins success rate is one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kleiner Perkins success rate is one out
+of three that is one out of every three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three that is one out of every three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three that is one out of every three
+uh investments that they make uh turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh investments that they make uh turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh investments that they make uh turns
+out to be a success and they've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a success and they've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a success and they've got you
+know they're the best track record out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're the best track record out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're the best track record out
+there. So IP can really correlate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So IP can really correlate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So IP can really correlate with
+success. Um the other thing people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success. Um the other thing people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success. Um the other thing people look
+at is you know you can establish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is you know you can establish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is you know you can establish that
+you're a good manager of your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a good manager of your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a good manager of your technology
+u and that can help you on your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and that can help you on your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and that can help you on your business
+plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan.
+Now I'm going to run through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to run through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to run through different
+types of IP protection starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of IP protection starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of IP protection starting with
+none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none
+um and then trademark, copyright, trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then trademark, copyright, trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then trademark, copyright, trade
+secret, patent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret, patent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret, patent and
+combination. Now trademark and copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. Now trademark and copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. Now trademark and copyright
+when we I'll get you into more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we I'll get you into more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we I'll get you into more detail
+but but basically these are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but basically these are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but basically these are things that
+can enhance your value but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enhance your value but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enhance your value but they don't
+necessarily block others from doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily block others from doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily block others from doing what
+you're doing. Um whereas uh trade secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. Um whereas uh trade secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. Um whereas uh trade secret
+can prevent others. is if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent others. is if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent others. is if they don't
+know how you do it, they can't do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you do it, they can't do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you do it, they can't do it.
+And then patent is sort of a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then patent is sort of a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then patent is sort of a combination
+of both. Uh because in order to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both. Uh because in order to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both. Uh because in order to get a
+patent, as you'll see, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent, as you'll see, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent, as you'll see, you have to
+actually disclose what you're doing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually disclose what you're doing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually disclose what you're doing. So
+you're telling people the secret sauce,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling people the secret sauce,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling people the secret sauce,
+but you get some rights uh in return.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get some rights uh in return.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get some rights uh in return.
+And then in some cases, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in some cases, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in some cases, you get
+combinations of protections uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of protections uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of protections uh like
+software can be protected by copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can be protected by copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can be protected by copyright
+and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by
+patent. So um trademarks, what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent. So um trademarks, what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent. So um trademarks, what are these
+things? Well, basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? Well, basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? Well, basically a
+trademark is it can be a name, a symbol,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark is it can be a name, a symbol,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark is it can be a name, a symbol,
+a sound. Harley-Davidson actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound. Harley-Davidson actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound. Harley-Davidson actually
+trademark the sound of the boom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark the sound of the boom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark the sound of the boom uh
+color. Pink for insulation is Owen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Pink for insulation is Owen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Pink for insulation is Owen's
+Corning. And what it is, it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corning. And what it is, it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corning. And what it is, it's it's
+something that tells to a consumer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells to a consumer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells to a consumer that
+you're the source of that good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the source of that good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the source of that good or
+service. So if I say MercedesBenz, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service. So if I say MercedesBenz, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service. So if I say MercedesBenz, you
+have an image of what it is. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an image of what it is. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an image of what it is. So it
+connects the u user or the customer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the u user or the customer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the u user or the customer with
+a particular source and it can be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular source and it can be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular source and it can be all
+sorts of things. It can be a housemark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things. It can be a housemark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things. It can be a housemark
+which would be IBM or virtual inc which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be IBM or virtual inc which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be IBM or virtual inc which
+is sort of the company names. Uh it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the company names. Uh it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the company names. Uh it can
+be a product mark like ThinkPad is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a product mark like ThinkPad is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a product mark like ThinkPad is used
+to be a IBM now Lenovo uh product and Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a IBM now Lenovo uh product and Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a IBM now Lenovo uh product and Mo
+was the virtual inc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the virtual inc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the virtual inc
+one. Uh the rights you get in trademarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Uh the rights you get in trademarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Uh the rights you get in trademarks
+arise through use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise through use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise through use.
+Um, and if you register it, you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and if you register it, you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and if you register it, you get a
+whole bunch of benefits and it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of benefits and it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of benefits and it's not a
+very expensive process to do it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive process to do it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive process to do it. You
+should use a fanciful name. So, who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use a fanciful name. So, who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use a fanciful name. So, who
+would have thought Apple for a computer?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought Apple for a computer?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought Apple for a computer?
+That's, you know, that's that's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's, you know, that's that's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's, you know, that's that's a strong
+mark. Don't pick something that's merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark. Don't pick something that's merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark. Don't pick something that's merely
+descriptive like storage technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive like storage technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive like storage technology or
+analog devices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog devices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog devices.
+And for the um as a as a mark um and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for the um as a as a mark um and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for the um as a as a mark um and for
+the business plan if you're putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business plan if you're putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business plan if you're putting it
+together you you can actually check on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you you can actually check on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you you can actually check on
+the availability of a mark by going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the availability of a mark by going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the availability of a mark by going to
+the US uh PTO and you can search for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US uh PTO and you can search for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US uh PTO and you can search for a
+mark uh name. Any questions on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark uh name. Any questions on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark uh name. Any questions on that so
+far? Okay. So the next one is copyright.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? Okay. So the next one is copyright.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? Okay. So the next one is copyright.
+So copyright is basically the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So copyright is basically the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So copyright is basically the right to
+prevent others from making copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent others from making copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent others from making copies of
+what you do and it rises just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and it rises just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and it rises just from
+creating a work. So if I write a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a work. So if I write a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a work. So if I write a letter
+to my mother, I have a copyright in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mother, I have a copyright in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mother, I have a copyright in
+that. Um, federal registration is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, federal registration is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, federal registration is a is a
+plus in terms of the ability to enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in terms of the ability to enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in terms of the ability to enforce
+that. U, it protects the expression, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. U, it protects the expression, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. U, it protects the expression, not
+the function. So I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function. So I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function. So I can actually
+copyright my exact code in software, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright my exact code in software, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright my exact code in software, but
+I can't through copyright prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't through copyright prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't through copyright prevent
+somebody else from looking at the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else from looking at the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else from looking at the code
+and writing equivalent kind of things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing equivalent kind of things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing equivalent kind of things as
+long as they're not exactly copying it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they're not exactly copying it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they're not exactly copying it.
+Um now for a business plan the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now for a business plan the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now for a business plan the key thing
+with copyright that people trip over is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with copyright that people trip over is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with copyright that people trip over is
+who owns it. The owner of a copyright is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who owns it. The owner of a copyright is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who owns it. The owner of a copyright is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+author of the of the the work be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author of the of the the work be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author of the of the the work be it
+software uh a document or whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software uh a document or whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software uh a document or whatever it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+author. Um now unless u that author is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author. Um now unless u that author is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author. Um now unless u that author is
+an employee and is generating that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employee and is generating that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employee and is generating that in
+the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of
+employment. So if you go and hire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment. So if you go and hire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment. So if you go and hire a
+independent contractor to write code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractor to write code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractor to write code for
+you, you don't own it even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, you don't own it even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, you don't own it even though you
+paid for it. And so you got to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for it. And so you got to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for it. And so you got to make sure
+you have an assignment of ownership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an assignment of ownership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an assignment of ownership of
+that work to you or when the investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work to you or when the investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work to you or when the investors
+come in and they do their due diligence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they do their due diligence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they do their due diligence,
+they're going to say, "Yeah, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say, "Yeah, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say, "Yeah, you don't
+actually own it." I had a case back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own it." I had a case back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own it." I had a case back in
+my law days where someone paid over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my law days where someone paid over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my law days where someone paid over a
+half million dollars for code and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half million dollars for code and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half million dollars for code and uh
+couldn't actually get ownership of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually get ownership of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually get ownership of it
+because he hadn't uh protected it. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he hadn't uh protected it. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he hadn't uh protected it. And I
+also mention here, look at open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention here, look at open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention here, look at open source
+is an issue where you're using open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue where you're using open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue where you're using open
+source. make sure you're complying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. make sure you're complying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. make sure you're complying with
+the license for open source. Um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the license for open source. Um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the license for open source. Um because
+investors when they come in, so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors when they come in, so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors when they come in, so you do
+all this work, you do your pitch, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work, you do your pitch, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work, you do your pitch, you
+know, they they send in the troops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they they send in the troops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they they send in the troops to
+look you over and then they find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you over and then they find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you over and then they find these
+landmines that you've planted there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmines that you've planted there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmines that you've planted there that
+you could have avoided. So, uh keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have avoided. So, uh keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have avoided. So, uh keep that
+in mind. Now, trade secret is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind. Now, trade secret is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind. Now, trade secret is what it
+says. It's a secret. It's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says. It's a secret. It's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says. It's a secret. It's something that
+gives you hopefully an unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you hopefully an unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you hopefully an unfair
+competitive advantage that nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantage that nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantage that nobody else
+knows how to do. And the most famous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to do. And the most famous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to do. And the most famous one
+is the formula for Coca-Cola, which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the formula for Coca-Cola, which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the formula for Coca-Cola, which I
+don't know whether chemically you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether chemically you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether chemically you could
+figure it out. Apparently, nobody has,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out. Apparently, nobody has,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out. Apparently, nobody has,
+but that's an example of it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's an example of it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's an example of it's been a
+secret um for a long time. Uh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret um for a long time. Uh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret um for a long time. Uh I should
+back up. A copyright is effectively a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up. A copyright is effectively a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up. A copyright is effectively a
+long time. It's like 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. It's like 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. It's like 75
+years. Trademark is indefinite as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Trademark is indefinite as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Trademark is indefinite as long
+as you keep renewing it. Trade secret is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep renewing it. Trade secret is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep renewing it. Trade secret is
+indefinite until it's finally out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite until it's finally out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite until it's finally out there
+in the world. So, you protect uh trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. So, you protect uh trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. So, you protect uh trade
+secrets through uh non-disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets through uh non-disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets through uh non-disclosure
+agreements if you're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements if you're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements if you're going to actually
+have to describe it or you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to describe it or you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to describe it or you just don't
+tell people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people about
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Um I think I'll just leave it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think I'll just leave it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think I'll just leave it at that
+point. Um the sort of big gorilla in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um the sort of big gorilla in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um the sort of big gorilla in the
+IP space is is patents because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP space is is patents because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP space is is patents because they have
+much stronger rights uh that you get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger rights uh that you get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger rights uh that you get.
+They're more expensive to get, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're more expensive to get, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're more expensive to get, but
+they're stronger rights. So a patent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stronger rights. So a patent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stronger rights. So a patent is
+really a limited time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a limited time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a limited time
+monopoly and we don't really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly and we don't really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly and we don't really like
+monopolies in the US. We have antitrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies in the US. We have antitrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies in the US. We have antitrust
+laws but in this case societal benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws but in this case societal benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws but in this case societal benefit
+goes right back to the constitution says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right back to the constitution says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right back to the constitution says
+look we're going to get ahead as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we're going to get ahead as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we're going to get ahead as a
+society if an inventor will tell us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society if an inventor will tell us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society if an inventor will tell us how
+we did it and in exchange we'll give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it and in exchange we'll give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it and in exchange we'll give the
+inventor a limited time monopoly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor a limited time monopoly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor a limited time monopoly to
+prevent others from doing something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent others from doing something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent others from doing something.
+uh it has to be applied for in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to be applied for in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to be applied for in the US
+that's with the patent office. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with the patent office. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with the patent office. These
+patents are country by country. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents are country by country. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents are country by country. In fact,
+most of these IP rights are country by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these IP rights are country by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these IP rights are country by
+country. Now, what do you get? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. Now, what do you get? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. Now, what do you get? Well,
+it's it's very much like real estate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very much like real estate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very much like real estate.
+The fundamental right, and we'll go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fundamental right, and we'll go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fundamental right, and we'll go into
+in a little more detail in a moment, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little more detail in a moment, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little more detail in a moment, is
+the right to prevent people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to prevent people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to prevent people from
+trespassing on your invention. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing on your invention. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing on your invention. So if you
+own a piece of real estate, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a piece of real estate, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a piece of real estate, your
+fundamental right is if if if I own it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right is if if if I own it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right is if if if I own it
+and you walk on property, I can kick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you walk on property, I can kick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you walk on property, I can kick you
+off, call the police, get off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, call the police, get off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, call the police, get off my
+property. And that's essentially what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. And that's essentially what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. And that's essentially what a
+patent does. The way it does that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent does. The way it does that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent does. The way it does that is you
+can prevent others from making, using,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent others from making, using,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent others from making, using,
+selling, importing, distributing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling, importing, distributing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling, importing, distributing your
+invention. So you can't take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention. So you can't take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention. So you can't take something
+that's patented in the US, take it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's patented in the US, take it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's patented in the US, take it to a
+third, a second, you know, another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third, a second, you know, another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third, a second, you know, another
+country, make it, and bring it back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country, make it, and bring it back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country, make it, and bring it back into
+the US. uh that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US. uh that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US. uh that would be an
+infringement. Now, the ownership of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement. Now, the ownership of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement. Now, the ownership of a
+patent is not necessarily the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is not necessarily the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is not necessarily the right to
+use it. That's a hard one to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. That's a hard one to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. That's a hard one to think
+about. What does that mean? Well, think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. What does that mean? Well, think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. What does that mean? Well, think
+about real estate. If my fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real estate. If my fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real estate. If my fundamental
+right is I can keep you from walking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is I can keep you from walking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is I can keep you from walking on
+my land, does that mean I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my land, does that mean I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my land, does that mean I can actually
+use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my
+land? Well, maybe not. Suppose I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land? Well, maybe not. Suppose I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land? Well, maybe not. Suppose I have to
+walk across your land to get to my land.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk across your land to get to my land.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk across your land to get to my land.
+I might not actually be able to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might not actually be able to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might not actually be able to use my
+land, but I can certainly keep you off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land, but I can certainly keep you off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land, but I can certainly keep you off
+of it. And so that's the analogy. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. And so that's the analogy. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. And so that's the analogy. Some
+people think that it's a right to use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that it's a right to use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that it's a right to use.
+It's really a right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really a right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really a right to
+exclude. And the claims in the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude. And the claims in the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude. And the claims in the patent
+are like the fence around the property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the fence around the property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the fence around the property.
+So those define what the legal legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those define what the legal legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those define what the legal legal
+property is that you could keep people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that you could keep people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that you could keep people
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+of. And the duration is 20 years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. And the duration is 20 years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. And the duration is 20 years from
+the date of filing uh under the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date of filing uh under the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date of filing uh under the new
+rules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules.
+Um, now what how what do you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now what how what do you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now what how what do you have to do
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+um uh to get a patent? It has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to get a patent? It has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to get a patent? It has to be
+something new, novel. And to to get it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new, novel. And to to get it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new, novel. And to to get it,
+you have to show the examiner. You take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to show the examiner. You take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to show the examiner. You take
+you file make a filing with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you file make a filing with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you file make a filing with the the
+patent office and you have to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office and you have to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office and you have to tell the
+examiner uh how yours is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner uh how yours is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner uh how yours is different from
+what else is out there. That's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is out there. That's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is out there. That's called
+prior art. So you have to site prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior art. So you have to site prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior art. So you have to site prior
+art. So it has to be useful. Also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art. So it has to be useful. Also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art. So it has to be useful. Also,
+that's not really an issue for most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really an issue for most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really an issue for most uh
+patents. There's some pretty unuseful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents. There's some pretty unuseful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents. There's some pretty unuseful
+things that have been patented out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have been patented out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have been patented out
+there. Um, it has to be patentable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, it has to be patentable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, it has to be patentable
+subject matter, which is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter, which is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter, which is this whole
+thing we're seeing now with business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're seeing now with business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're seeing now with business
+methods patents, uh, that I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods patents, uh, that I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods patents, uh, that I won't go
+into any detail on. Um, and it can't pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any detail on. Um, and it can't pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into any detail on. Um, and it can't pro
+it can't previously been sold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't previously been sold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't previously been sold or
+publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly
+described. Um, in the US, you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described. Um, in the US, you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described. Um, in the US, you have a
+one-year window from the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year window from the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year window from the time you
+publicly describe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly describe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly describe your
+invention or you put it on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention or you put it on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention or you put it on um
+um on the market for sale. You have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the market for sale. You have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the market for sale. You have one
+year in which you get an application on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in which you get an application on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in which you get an application on
+file. And if you don't, you you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file. And if you don't, you you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file. And if you don't, you you won't be
+able to get a patent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a patent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a patent at
+all. Now, the uh public description has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. Now, the uh public description has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. Now, the uh public description has
+to be an enabling description. So, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an enabling description. So, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an enabling description. So, it
+has to be something that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something that actually
+explains it. So if I stood here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains it. So if I stood here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains it. So if I stood here and
+said, I've got this invention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, I've got this invention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, I've got this invention for
+anti-gravity boots, I haven't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-gravity boots, I haven't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-gravity boots, I haven't told you
+anything about how it's done. Um, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about how it's done. Um, so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about how it's done. Um, so it
+has to be enabling. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be enabling. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be enabling. Now
+the other requirement is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other requirement is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other requirement is that what
+you're trying to patent has to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to patent has to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to patent has to be not
+obvious to one of ordinary skill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to one of ordinary skill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to one of ordinary skill in the
+art.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art.
+Now there the word is ordinary skill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there the word is ordinary skill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there the word is ordinary skill in
+the art. I had a MIT professor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art. I had a MIT professor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art. I had a MIT professor who
+decided well this was sort of anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided well this was sort of anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided well this was sort of anybody
+could have figured this out and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have figured this out and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have figured this out and because
+he was used to dealing at MIT professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was used to dealing at MIT professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was used to dealing at MIT professor
+levels and so I said I'm not sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so I said I'm not sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so I said I'm not sure you
+better go check with the patent lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go check with the patent lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go check with the patent lawyer
+and sure enough it was not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough it was not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough it was not something
+anyone with an ordinary skill would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone with an ordinary skill would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone with an ordinary skill would have
+been able to figure out examples of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to figure out examples of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to figure out examples of of
+overcoming that part is um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming that part is um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming that part is um that the
+prior art teaches against it other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior art teaches against it other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior art teaches against it other
+people say it can't be done and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say it can't be done and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say it can't be done and you've
+shown it or it's commercial success Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown it or it's commercial success Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown it or it's commercial success Bob
+Langanger does a great story about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Langanger does a great story about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Langanger does a great story about some
+of his early patents where he came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his early patents where he came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his early patents where he came in
+and showed the examiner, look, if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed the examiner, look, if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed the examiner, look, if it was
+so obvious, how come nobody else did it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obvious, how come nobody else did it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obvious, how come nobody else did it,
+you know, nobody else and here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, nobody else and here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, nobody else and here's some
+papers that said it can't be done? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that said it can't be done? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that said it can't be done? And
+that's how we overcame his original set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we overcame his original set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we overcame his original set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+issues. So, yeah. Was there a I hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. So, yeah. Was there a I hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. So, yeah. Was there a I hear a
+question? No. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? No. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? No. Okay.
+Yeah, in the back. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh let me go back. I g I said it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me go back. I g I said it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me go back. I g I said it was one
+year in the US. I should also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in the US. I should also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in the US. I should also have
+mentioned in the rest of the world if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the rest of the world if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the rest of the world if
+you disclose or offer for sale before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disclose or offer for sale before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disclose or offer for sale before
+you file you won't be able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you file you won't be able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you file you won't be able to get a
+patent in any other country. Most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent in any other country. Most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent in any other country. Most
+either publicly disclose or hold out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either publicly disclose or hold out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either publicly disclose or hold out for
+sale. Yeah. And there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale. Yeah. And there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale. Yeah. And there are a lot of
+nuances on the hold out for sale. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances on the hold out for sale. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances on the hold out for sale. The
+purpose of going through this is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of going through this is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of going through this is I want
+you to know sort of what the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know sort of what the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know sort of what the general
+issues are and uh so you'll think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are and uh so you'll think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are and uh so you'll think about
+it, oh maybe we ought to get that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, oh maybe we ought to get that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, oh maybe we ought to get that if we
+want to have a patent, maybe we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a patent, maybe we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a patent, maybe we ought to
+go talk to someone before we take it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go talk to someone before we take it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go talk to someone before we take it to
+a demo day and blow our chances. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So the the question is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the the question is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the the question is um is
+a public disclosure if you talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public disclosure if you talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public disclosure if you talk to your
+lab mates or you do it in the confine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab mates or you do it in the confine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab mates or you do it in the confine of
+an academic setting, you know, sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic setting, you know, sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic setting, you know, sort of a
+closed kind of setting. And in general,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed kind of setting. And in general,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed kind of setting. And in general,
+yes, but you want to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, but you want to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, but you want to be very careful
+about that. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. It's
+um um it's one of those facts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um it's one of those facts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um it's one of those facts and
+circumstance type things. Um there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance type things. Um there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance type things. Um there is an
+exception to the holding out for sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to the holding out for sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to the holding out for sale
+for uh experimental use of something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh experimental use of something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh experimental use of something.
+But again, the point here is you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But again, the point here is you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But again, the point here is you don't
+want to rely on these after the fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rely on these after the fact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rely on these after the fact.
+You want to if you're planning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to if you're planning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to if you're planning some
+activities where you think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities where you think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities where you think it's really
+important about a patent, you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about a patent, you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about a patent, you want to go
+make sure you know what the exact rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you know what the exact rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you know what the exact rule
+is at that time because it could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at that time because it could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at that time because it could change
+next week with a court case. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week with a court case. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week with a court case. These are
+just red flag type things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that has So the question is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has So the question is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has So the question is if you're
+demoing something and you don't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoing something and you don't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoing something and you don't explain
+how it works, is that a disclosure? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works, is that a disclosure? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works, is that a disclosure? It's
+actually been held that way in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been held that way in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been held that way in some
+cases where where you actually couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where where you actually couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where where you actually couldn't
+see the actual device. Yeah. So again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the actual device. Yeah. So again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the actual device. Yeah. So again,
+my point is um think about it ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is um think about it ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is um think about it ahead of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and with the given facts, make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the given facts, make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the given facts, make sure you
+get some good advice before you go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some good advice before you go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some good advice before you go off
+and do it and then wish you had thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it and then wish you had thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it and then wish you had thought
+about it ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it ahead of
+time. Okay, so let me uh let me keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay, so let me uh let me keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay, so let me uh let me keep
+moving. Um oops, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see. Um same issue from a business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Um same issue from a business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Um same issue from a business plan
+viewpoint. Do you actually own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint. Do you actually own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint. Do you actually own the
+technology? So, uh, a patent issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology? So, uh, a patent issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology? So, uh, a patent issues in
+the name of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of an
+inventor and, u company only gets it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor and, u company only gets it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor and, u company only gets it if
+the inventor assigns it. So, if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor assigns it. So, if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor assigns it. So, if you're a
+technical person, you go work for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical person, you go work for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical person, you go work for a
+company, you probably end up signing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, you probably end up signing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, you probably end up signing an
+invention disclosure agreement and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention disclosure agreement and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention disclosure agreement and an
+assignment. So, if you invent something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. So, if you invent something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. So, if you invent something
+in the course of your work, you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of your work, you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of your work, you agree
+the employer owns it. And if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employer owns it. And if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employer owns it. And if you're a
+startup and you hire people, you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup and you hire people, you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup and you hire people, you want to
+have something along those lines. Also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something along those lines. Also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something along those lines. Also,
+uh, you could in the university. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you could in the university. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you could in the university. I'll
+tell you a little bit about MIT and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about MIT and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about MIT and how
+it works there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works there.
+And uh did you did you let it go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh did you did you let it go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh did you did you let it go into
+the public domain? In other words, did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public domain? In other words, did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public domain? In other words, did
+you screw up these one-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules? Okay. Now, obtaining a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules? Okay. Now, obtaining a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules? Okay. Now, obtaining a patent
+involves sort of four steps. Determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves sort of four steps. Determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves sort of four steps. Determining
+what to patent, determining when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to patent, determining when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to patent, determining when to
+file, you got to prepare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, you got to prepare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, you got to prepare the
+applications, and then you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, and then you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, and then you got to
+prosecute it, which means you negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecute it, which means you negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecute it, which means you negotiate
+with the patent office about getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patent office about getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patent office about getting a
+patent. And that can take several years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent. And that can take several years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent. And that can take several years.
+Um, determining what to patent really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, determining what to patent really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, determining what to patent really is
+is more about not what can I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more about not what can I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more about not what can I get a
+patent on, it's what's useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on, it's what's useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on, it's what's useful because
+patents are pretty expensive. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents are pretty expensive. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents are pretty expensive. Um, and
+you probably don't have enough money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't have enough money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't have enough money to
+patent everything you actually invent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent everything you actually invent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent everything you actually invent.
+U, and when you say, "What do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U, and when you say, "What do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U, and when you say, "What do I want to
+get a patent on?" You say, "Well, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a patent on?" You say, "Well, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a patent on?" You say, "Well, what
+value does it add?" Remember, we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value does it add?" Remember, we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value does it add?" Remember, we talked
+about we want to create value. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we want to create value. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we want to create value. That's
+part of the mission here. Uh, is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the mission here. Uh, is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the mission here. Uh, is if I
+patent is, is it valuable? Does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is, is it valuable? Does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is, is it valuable? Does it
+create commercial value? does it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create commercial value? does it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create commercial value? does it um
+prevent uh competitors from using it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent uh competitors from using it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent uh competitors from using it?
+And in determining whether it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in determining whether it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in determining whether it has
+commercial value or not or whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial value or not or whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial value or not or whether you
+can easily get a patent on it, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily get a patent on it, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily get a patent on it, you want
+to compare against the prior art. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare against the prior art. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare against the prior art. So
+this is where I get to do a little pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I get to do a little pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I get to do a little pitch
+for the company that I founded uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the company that I founded uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the company that I founded uh called
+IP vision. We were doing early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP vision. We were doing early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP vision. We were doing early stage
+technology commercialization out of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology commercialization out of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology commercialization out of MIT
+and the problem we had doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem we had doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem we had doing the same
+kind of things we're talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things we're talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things we're talking about in
+class you know market uh you know time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you know market uh you know time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you know market uh you know time
+to market what's the strategy is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to market what's the strategy is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to market what's the strategy is we
+always had a problem figuring out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had a problem figuring out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had a problem figuring out what's
+the intellectual property and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intellectual property and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intellectual property and the only
+way we could really do it was try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we could really do it was try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we could really do it was try to
+read a ton of patents or send it out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a ton of patents or send it out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a ton of patents or send it out to
+a law firm and we get back a real thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law firm and we get back a real thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law firm and we get back a real thick
+report that was perfectly accurate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that was perfectly accurate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that was perfectly accurate but
+not very helpful. Um, so we invented our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very helpful. Um, so we invented our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very helpful. Um, so we invented our
+own way to map out the IP space and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way to map out the IP space and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way to map out the IP space and uh
+this is an example of our landing page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of our landing page.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of our landing page.
+The place is the free version is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The place is the free version is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The place is the free version is at
+seethe forest.com with hyphens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seethe forest.com with hyphens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seethe forest.com with hyphens in
+between there. There's a free version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there. There's a free version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there. There's a free version
+and for people in the MIT community, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for people in the MIT community, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for people in the MIT community, we
+give free upgrades to premium while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give free upgrades to premium while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give free upgrades to premium while
+you're working on your plans and stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on your plans and stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on your plans and stuff.
+So check it out and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So check it out and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So check it out and I'll show you
+example of what it looks like. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what it looks like. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what it looks like. This is
+uh virtual inks, one of its key first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh virtual inks, one of its key first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh virtual inks, one of its key first
+patents. Uh and this is a patent map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents. Uh and this is a patent map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents. Uh and this is a patent map.
+The horizontal axis is time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The horizontal axis is time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The horizontal axis is time.
+The patent is here. Each of these boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The patent is here. Each of these boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The patent is here. Each of these boxes
+is aligned in time with the left edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aligned in time with the left edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aligned in time with the left edge
+being uh the issue date and the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh the issue date and the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh the issue date and the tail
+being the filing date. And this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the filing date. And this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the filing date. And this is a
+single patent landscape map when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single patent landscape map when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single patent landscape map when they
+started off. And these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off. And these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off. And these are the
+citations. So this patent cited all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations. So this patent cited all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations. So this patent cited all
+these other patents as prior art in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other patents as prior art in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other patents as prior art in the
+course of the um examination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the um examination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the um examination.
+So, by looking at these maps, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, by looking at these maps, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, by looking at these maps, you can
+see who's in the space and uh see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who's in the space and uh see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who's in the space and uh see what's
+going on. You can rightclick on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. You can rightclick on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. You can rightclick on on the
+system on any of the boxes and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on any of the boxes and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on any of the boxes and get the
+underlying information. The statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying information. The statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying information. The statistics
+boxes on the map shows you, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes on the map shows you, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes on the map shows you, you know,
+who's on on the map. So, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on on the map. So, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on on the map. So, you can see
+quickly who's in the space. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly who's in the space. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly who's in the space. And this is
+what this patent looked like uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this patent looked like uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this patent looked like uh several
+years later. So when it issued, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later. So when it issued, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later. So when it issued, of
+course, nobody else was citing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, nobody else was citing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, nobody else was citing it
+because it was these are not publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was these are not publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was these are not publicly
+disclosed back in this day until it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosed back in this day until it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosed back in this day until it was
+issued. Over time, other things started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued. Over time, other things started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued. Over time, other things started
+to site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to site
+uh Yanold's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Yanold's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Yanold's
+patent. So it's an example of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent. So it's an example of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent. So it's an example of something
+where you can quickly uh look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can quickly uh look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can quickly uh look at it and
+check it out. And if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out. And if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out. And if you have any
+questions, uh let me know on that. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions, uh let me know on that. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions, uh let me know on that. This
+is what the Virtual Inc. US portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the Virtual Inc. US portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the Virtual Inc. US portfolio
+looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like
+um when it had 12 patents and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when it had 12 patents and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when it had 12 patents and you can
+see these these are some of the patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these these are some of the patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these these are some of the patents
+and you can start to see other companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can start to see other companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can start to see other companies
+citing. So these are potential partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing. So these are potential partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing. So these are potential partners
+uh customers. It can also help you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customers. It can also help you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customers. It can also help you try
+to figure out as you look at a space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out as you look at a space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out as you look at a space you
+know where do you want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where do you want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where do you want to take the
+commercialization uh plan. So um check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization uh plan. So um check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization uh plan. So um check
+it out and let me know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and let me know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and let me know if you have any
+uh any questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any questions.
+Okay. So the question is uh when to file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is uh when to file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is uh when to file
+um uh before you lose rights. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh before you lose rights. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh before you lose rights. So that
+that whole thing about uh you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole thing about uh you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole thing about uh you know if
+you do a public disclosure uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a public disclosure uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a public disclosure uh and you
+want to get a patent in France or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a patent in France or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a patent in France or
+Germany or something and you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany or something and you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany or something and you haven't
+filed already somewhere uh you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed already somewhere uh you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed already somewhere uh you're going
+to lose that. Um and then you um want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose that. Um and then you um want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose that. Um and then you um want to
+take into account we have a new domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account we have a new domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account we have a new domain
+now called the America Invents Act.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called the America Invents Act.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called the America Invents Act.
+Before it used to be in the US that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before it used to be in the US that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before it used to be in the US that the
+first to invent won in a dispute between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to invent won in a dispute between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to invent won in a dispute between
+inventors. Under the new rules that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors. Under the new rules that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors. Under the new rules that came
+into effect this year, it's the first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into effect this year, it's the first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into effect this year, it's the first to
+file, which is actually a tougher one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, which is actually a tougher one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, which is actually a tougher one
+for startups because you'd like to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for startups because you'd like to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for startups because you'd like to not
+encounter all of that cost for filing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter all of that cost for filing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter all of that cost for filing
+until you actually get an idea that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you actually get an idea that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you actually get an idea that it's
+a good idea, but you could lose the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea, but you could lose the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea, but you could lose the race
+to the the patent office. Uh so it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the patent office. Uh so it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the patent office. Uh so it makes
+it a little harder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little harder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little harder uh
+on startups these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on startups these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on startups these
+days. A a way to deal with the high cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. A a way to deal with the high cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. A a way to deal with the high cost
+of filings are things called provisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filings are things called provisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filings are things called provisional
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+applications. Provisionals are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Provisionals are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Provisionals are very
+simple things. They don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things. They don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things. They don't even have to
+have claims. They just describe what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have claims. They just describe what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have claims. They just describe what the
+invention is. And I've even seen people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention is. And I've even seen people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention is. And I've even seen people
+uh going to give a paper at a talk, slap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to give a paper at a talk, slap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to give a paper at a talk, slap
+a cover page on it and file it. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cover page on it and file it. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cover page on it and file it. And what
+it does is it establishes a filing date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it establishes a filing date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it establishes a filing date
+which means for rest of the world you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means for rest of the world you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means for rest of the world you've
+filed and you now have one year from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed and you now have one year from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed and you now have one year from the
+date you made the provisional in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date you made the provisional in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date you made the provisional in order
+to decide whether you really want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether you really want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether you really want a
+patent on the thing as you've tested out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on the thing as you've tested out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on the thing as you've tested out
+the market. These are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. These are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. These are pretty
+inexpensive. Um it's 130 bucks. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive. Um it's 130 bucks. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive. Um it's 130 bucks. I
+checked the other day for small entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked the other day for small entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked the other day for small entities
+and for micro entities which all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for micro entities which all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for micro entities which all of you
+would be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's
+$65. Nothing happens at the PTO once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$65. Nothing happens at the PTO once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$65. Nothing happens at the PTO once
+it's filed. It's just a place so holder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filed. It's just a place so holder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filed. It's just a place so holder.
+And the only risk is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only risk is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only risk is that if you
+disclose something in the provisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose something in the provisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose something in the provisional
+and when you go to file the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you go to file the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you go to file the um the
+utility patent that you know a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility patent that you know a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility patent that you know a year
+later you include things that weren't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you include things that weren't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you include things that weren't in
+the provisional, you may have lost that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provisional, you may have lost that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provisional, you may have lost that.
+So you have to sort of think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have to sort of think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have to sort of think that
+through. When we were developing the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. When we were developing the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. When we were developing the IP
+vision site we were going through u as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision site we were going through u as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision site we were going through u as a
+SAS platform we were doing revs every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAS platform we were doing revs every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAS platform we were doing revs every
+four to six weeks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to six weeks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to six weeks.
+And for every release, we'd sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for every release, we'd sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for every release, we'd sit down and
+say, "What did what is it? What is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "What did what is it? What is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "What did what is it? What is it
+that we did that might be of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did that might be of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did that might be of interest
+that we might want to patent?" Um, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to patent?" Um, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to patent?" Um, what
+did we think about doing, but we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we think about doing, but we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we think about doing, but we didn't
+actually do because we, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do because we, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do because we, you know, it
+wasn't in the development plan. We'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't in the development plan. We'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't in the development plan. We'd
+systematically do that and then we filed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically do that and then we filed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically do that and then we filed
+provisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisional
+patents, you know, 100 bucks a pop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents, you know, 100 bucks a pop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents, you know, 100 bucks a pop and
+it kept uh holding our place until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept uh holding our place until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kept uh holding our place until we
+were ready to figure out what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ready to figure out what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ready to figure out what we really
+wanted to patent uh and spend the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to patent uh and spend the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to patent uh and spend the the
+extra money on. Was there a question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, sorry. Provisionals are not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. Provisionals are not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. Provisionals are not um
+published.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published.
+Well, they they may go Yeah. disclose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, they they may go Yeah. disclose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, they they may go Yeah. disclose
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+No, no. Provisional accounts as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no. Provisional accounts as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no. Provisional accounts as a as a
+filing for international. Yeah. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing for international. Yeah. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing for international. Yeah. That's
+the that's the the good part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the the good part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the the good part of the
+invention. Now lawyers will say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention. Now lawyers will say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention. Now lawyers will say you're
+better a patent lawyer will say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a patent lawyer will say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a patent lawyer will say you're
+better off doing a whole application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off doing a whole application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off doing a whole application and
+get the claims and think it through.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the claims and think it through.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the claims and think it through.
+It's just well it's yeah there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just well it's yeah there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just well it's yeah there are a lot
+of things that would be good to do. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that would be good to do. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that would be good to do. It's
+just time and resources. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just time and resources. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just time and resources. So this is a
+reasonable approach um to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approach um to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approach um to think about
+and you know as I say it's all fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as I say it's all fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as I say it's all fact
+dependent. You know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent. You know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent. You know if you have
+something that's really key and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really key and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really key and you
+really understand exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand exactly what the
+invention is it might be worth going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention is it might be worth going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention is it might be worth going
+directly to a full filing but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a full filing but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a full filing but it's just
+a strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, so what's in a P? How many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what's in a P? How many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what's in a P? How many people
+have actually looked at a patent, read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually looked at a patent, read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually looked at a patent, read
+one? Anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? Anyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? Anyone have a
+patent? Couple. Okay, good. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent? Couple. Okay, good. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent? Couple. Okay, good. So, it's
+it's sort of like a term paper in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like a term paper in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like a term paper in a
+sense. You got to there's part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. You got to there's part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. You got to there's part of it
+says field of the in, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says field of the in, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says field of the in, you know, it's
+describing what the invention is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing what the invention is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing what the invention is. And
+again, it's a societal trade-off. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, it's a societal trade-off. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, it's a societal trade-off. You
+tell me your invention, I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me your invention, I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me your invention, I'll give you
+this limited time monopoly. So, part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limited time monopoly. So, part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limited time monopoly. So, part of
+the usual setup is there's a field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual setup is there's a field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual setup is there's a field of
+invention. There's a background. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention. There's a background. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention. There's a background. You
+usually describe what's broken that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually describe what's broken that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually describe what's broken that you
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+uh to show why yours is novel and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to show why yours is novel and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to show why yours is novel and nobody
+else has done it, nonobvious. Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has done it, nonobvious. Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has done it, nonobvious. Then you
+summarize the invention. Then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the invention. Then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the invention. Then you go
+into a a detailed description. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a detailed description. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a detailed description. And there
+there's this technical thing saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this technical thing saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this technical thing saying you
+have to really explain what the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really explain what the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really explain what the best
+mode of practicing your invention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of practicing your invention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of practicing your invention is
+because again we're trying to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we're trying to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we're trying to the idea
+is if that knowledge gets into society,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if that knowledge gets into society,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if that knowledge gets into society,
+everybody can build off of it and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can build off of it and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can build off of it and we all
+get better. uh and we give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better. uh and we give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better. uh and we give you the
+rights to exclude for the the 20-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to exclude for the the 20-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to exclude for the the 20-year
+period. So, you got to really actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So, you got to really actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So, you got to really actually
+describe how it works. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how it works. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how it works. And then the
+claims are the key part. Now, from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims are the key part. Now, from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims are the key part. Now, from a
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+viewpoint, I think everyone in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint, I think everyone in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint, I think everyone in the room
+is able capable of writing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able capable of writing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able capable of writing everything
+about the patent uh and save a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patent uh and save a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patent uh and save a bunch of
+money at least as a first draft. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at least as a first draft. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at least as a first draft. You
+want the patent lawyers are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the patent lawyers are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the patent lawyers are the the
+people that know how to craft the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that know how to craft the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that know how to craft the
+claims. The claims are the tricky part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims. The claims are the tricky part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims. The claims are the tricky part.
+If you ever have to enforce this stuff,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you ever have to enforce this stuff,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you ever have to enforce this stuff,
+it's the claims that really matter. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the claims that really matter. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the claims that really matter. So
+that's where you want to spend the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you want to spend the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you want to spend the legal
+money is on the claims. And if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is on the claims. And if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is on the claims. And if you just
+go in and drop your lab notebook on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and drop your lab notebook on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and drop your lab notebook on the
+patent lawyer's desk, you know, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent lawyer's desk, you know, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent lawyer's desk, you know, you're
+paying by the hour for stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying by the hour for stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying by the hour for stuff that you
+probably are better off doing yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are better off doing yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are better off doing yourself
+in doing the first draft of what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing the first draft of what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing the first draft of what it is
+you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+do. Uh cost of us an application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Uh cost of us an application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Uh cost of us an application is
+about anywhere from 5 to 15,000 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anywhere from 5 to 15,000 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anywhere from 5 to 15,000 on
+average. I've actually ended up spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. I've actually ended up spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. I've actually ended up spending
+30,000 because I didn't control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 because I didn't control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 because I didn't control the
+process. One of my co-founders kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. One of my co-founders kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. One of my co-founders kept
+calling the patent lawyer and throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the patent lawyer and throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the patent lawyer and throwing
+new things in without telling me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things in without telling me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things in without telling me and
+then I get the bill. I thought I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get the bill. I thought I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get the bill. I thought I had the
+control on it. Um the filing fee is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on it. Um the filing fee is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control on it. Um the filing fee is not
+that much. Um I should mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much. Um I should mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much. Um I should mention that
+applications in the US uh are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in the US uh are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in the US uh are now
+published 18 months after they're filed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published 18 months after they're filed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published 18 months after they're filed.
+That is the official utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the official utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the official utility
+application, not the provisional. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, not the provisional. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, not the provisional. So
+when you actually file your full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually file your full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually file your full
+application, 18 months, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, 18 months, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, 18 months, they're
+published. And the only exception is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. And the only exception is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. And the only exception is if
+you say I don't want to get a patent any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I don't want to get a patent any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I don't want to get a patent any
+place else in the world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place else in the world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place else in the world,
+um then they won't publish it in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then they won't publish it in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then they won't publish it in the US
+until it actually issues. If and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it actually issues. If and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it actually issues. If and when it
+issues, uh foreign applications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, uh foreign applications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, uh foreign applications are
+really expensive. Um there was a G uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive. Um there was a G uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive. Um there was a G uh a
+government accounting office study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government accounting office study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government accounting office study in
+the early 2000 area that looked at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2000 area that looked at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2000 area that looked at 10
+countries and an invention by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and an invention by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and an invention by a
+relatively small entity and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small entity and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small entity and they
+estimated it would cost somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated it would cost somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated it would cost somewhere
+between 300,000 and 500,000 to file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 300,000 and 500,000 to file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 300,000 and 500,000 to file and
+maintain a patent in in the 10 major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a patent in in the 10 major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a patent in in the 10 major
+countries. So you want to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries. So you want to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries. So you want to be a little
+bit thoughtful about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit thoughtful about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit thoughtful about this
+stuff. Now I'm going to switch over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Now I'm going to switch over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Now I'm going to switch over to
+university licensing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university licensing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university licensing.
+Uh and a little bit of history. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and a little bit of history. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and a little bit of history. Um it
+used to be the federal government uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the federal government uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the federal government uh
+sponsors a lot of research all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors a lot of research all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors a lot of research all over the
+country and it used to be the ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and it used to be the ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and it used to be the ownership
+of that was the federal government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was the federal government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was the federal government and
+somebody in Washington trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in Washington trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in Washington trying to figure
+out what was happening. The by Dole act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what was happening. The by Dole act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what was happening. The by Dole act
+uh came around in 1980 and it said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh came around in 1980 and it said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh came around in 1980 and it said look
+we're going to put licensing down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put licensing down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put licensing down at the
+university level where the research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university level where the research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university level where the research is
+done because they'll have a better idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because they'll have a better idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because they'll have a better idea
+of what's going on and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on and we're going to
+give them some rights and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them some rights and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them some rights and some
+obligations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations.
+Um so by dole that the key point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so by dole that the key point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so by dole that the key point here
+you can look at it on the slide later is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at it on the slide later is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at it on the slide later is
+really um putting it at the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um putting it at the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um putting it at the university
+level there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there is
+um some emphasis in the rules about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some emphasis in the rules about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some emphasis in the rules about
+licensing to small companies used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing to small companies used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing to small companies used to be
+the big companies now the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big companies now the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big companies now the small
+companies and there's a provision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and there's a provision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and there's a provision for
+royalties u to inventors out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties u to inventors out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties u to inventors out of the
+process now at MIT it's the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now at MIT it's the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now at MIT it's the technology
+licensing office known as the TLO that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing office known as the TLO that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing office known as the TLO that
+is the place that admin administers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the place that admin administers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the place that admin administers
+this. Now, the primary goal as stated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Now, the primary goal as stated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Now, the primary goal as stated by
+the TLLO is tech transfer. They want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TLLO is tech transfer. They want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TLLO is tech transfer. They want to
+get inventions out into the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inventions out into the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inventions out into the marketplace
+and a secondary goal is to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a secondary goal is to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a secondary goal is to generate
+revenue. Um, and there's the website for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue. Um, and there's the website for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue. Um, and there's the website for
+checking it out. Now, the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking it out. Now, the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking it out. Now, the secondary
+goal, a lot of a lot of universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal, a lot of a lot of universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal, a lot of a lot of universities
+seem to put the emphasis more on revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to put the emphasis more on revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to put the emphasis more on revenue
+side and less on the tech transfer. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and less on the tech transfer. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and less on the tech transfer. So,
+MIT is a little unique in this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is a little unique in this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is a little unique in this.
+Um, there's a question of who owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there's a question of who owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there's a question of who owns
+stuff. There's a MIT IP ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. There's a MIT IP ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. There's a MIT IP ownership
+policy. You can check it out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy. You can check it out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy. You can check it out at the
+TLLO. And essentially it says look MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLLO. And essentially it says look MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLLO. And essentially it says look MIT
+is going to own the work that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to own the work that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to own the work that's done
+here by staff uh and researchers um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by staff uh and researchers um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by staff uh and researchers um if
+it's under funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's under funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's under funded
+research. It will also own it if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. It will also own it if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. It will also own it if there's
+a significant use of MIT resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant use of MIT resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant use of MIT resources
+facilities. So if you're using, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities. So if you're using, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities. So if you're using, you
+know, the nuclear reactor, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the nuclear reactor, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the nuclear reactor, it doesn't
+mean if you're using Athena or stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you're using Athena or stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you're using Athena or stuff
+like that, but if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, but if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, but if you're using
+significant use, then MIT may claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant use, then MIT may claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant use, then MIT may claim
+ownership. If you have questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership. If you have questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership. If you have questions about
+ownership, the TLO is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership, the TLO is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership, the TLO is pretty
+approachable. Um, so you can go over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachable. Um, so you can go over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachable. Um, so you can go over and
+um and chat with them about it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and chat with them about it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and chat with them about it and they
+can often will wave or clarify rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can often will wave or clarify rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can often will wave or clarify rights to
+enable you to start your C uh company.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to start your C uh company.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to start your C uh company.
+What you don't want to do is is go go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you don't want to do is is go go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you don't want to do is is go go go
+down the path, get investors interested,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the path, get investors interested,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the path, get investors interested,
+and then have them again find out that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have them again find out that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have them again find out that,
+you know, maybe you don't actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe you don't actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe you don't actually have
+rights to this stuff. That's, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to this stuff. That's, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to this stuff. That's, you know,
+that's not a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good place to
+be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be.
+Um, now this is for um this place has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now this is for um this place has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now this is for um this place has
+got a lot of smart people doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of smart people doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of smart people doing a lot of
+interesting things and not all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things and not all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things and not all of it
+falls under the sponsored research or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls under the sponsored research or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls under the sponsored research or
+significant use of facilities. So MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant use of facilities. So MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant use of facilities. So MIT
+actually has a policy that says we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a policy that says we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a policy that says we will
+voluntarily look at and maybe take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily look at and maybe take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily look at and maybe take on
+board inventions that people have and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board inventions that people have and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board inventions that people have and um
+even if it wasn't underfunded research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it wasn't underfunded research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it wasn't underfunded research
+and what they'll do is they'll prosecute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they'll do is they'll prosecute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they'll do is they'll prosecute
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh patents around it and they'll engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patents around it and they'll engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patents around it and they'll engage
+in licensing. So that's opened up the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in licensing. So that's opened up the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in licensing. So that's opened up the um
+number of things that the TLO uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that the TLO uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that the TLO uh does
+and they're pretty open about it. Now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're pretty open about it. Now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're pretty open about it. Now as
+a startup you know what can you do? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup you know what can you do? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup you know what can you do? You
+know, licensing can be expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, licensing can be expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, licensing can be expensive and
+you're trying to put a plan together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to put a plan together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to put a plan together.
+You're trying to figure out your market.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're trying to figure out your market.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're trying to figure out your market.
+You want to secure the rights and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to secure the rights and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to secure the rights and you
+need funding. So, typically what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need funding. So, typically what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need funding. So, typically what happens
+is you'll get an option on the u the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll get an option on the u the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll get an option on the u the
+technology. We'll call it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. We'll call it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. We'll call it just
+technology broadly. It's usually six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology broadly. It's usually six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology broadly. It's usually six
+months to a year. It's it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to a year. It's it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to a year. It's it's not that
+expensive. Uh you'll have to assume some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive. Uh you'll have to assume some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive. Uh you'll have to assume some
+of the patent prosecution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patent prosecution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patent prosecution
+costs. And what it allows you to do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. And what it allows you to do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. And what it allows you to do then
+is to know that when you take the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to know that when you take the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to know that when you take the idea
+out to the investor community, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the investor community, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the investor community, you
+actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can
+fulfill. You've got everything lined up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill. You've got everything lined up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill. You've got everything lined up.
+I got I got rights to the patents. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I got rights to the patents. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I got rights to the patents. I've
+got my idea. I've got my team. I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my idea. I've got my team. I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my idea. I've got my team. I just
+need your money. And away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your money. And away you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your money. And away you
+go. Uh typical license terms. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. Uh typical license terms. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. Uh typical license terms. Um this is
+a couple years old. Um care of Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years old. Um care of Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years old. Um care of Steve
+Brown who used to be at the TLO. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown who used to be at the TLO. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown who used to be at the TLO. Uh
+components of the license that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the license that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the license that you'll
+find include issue fees. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find include issue fees. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find include issue fees. In other words,
+what does it cost to actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it cost to actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it cost to actually get the
+license directly? There's maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license directly? There's maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license directly? There's maintenance
+fees to continue to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees to continue to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees to continue to maintain the
+license. Um there's diligence. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Um there's diligence. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Um there's diligence. They
+don't want you to just sit on it. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to just sit on it. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to just sit on it. Um and
+what I've done in the columns here is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done in the columns here is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done in the columns here is if
+you don't um want to give up equity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't um want to give up equity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't um want to give up equity,
+what the typical terms are and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the typical terms are and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the typical terms are and what the
+terms are with equity. Uh royalty is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are with equity. Uh royalty is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are with equity. Uh royalty is a
+percentage of sale. You see three to 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of sale. You see three to 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of sale. You see three to 5%
+with no equity. Uh two to four maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no equity. Uh two to four maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no equity. Uh two to four maybe
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh patent costs are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patent costs are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patent costs are the same
+etc. Now from equity side one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Now from equity side one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Now from equity side one of the big
+um innovations that MIT did is it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um innovations that MIT did is it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um innovations that MIT did is it used
+to be only big companies would come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be only big companies would come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be only big companies would come in
+and and license but you know we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and license but you know we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and license but you know we look
+here and all the entrepreneurial stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all the entrepreneurial stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all the entrepreneurial stuff
+going on. They said well we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. They said well we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. They said well we ought to
+figure out a way to encourage small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to encourage small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to encourage small
+companies and so how do we do that? Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and so how do we do that? Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and so how do we do that? Well
+the equity was one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity was one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity was one way to do
+it and we'll take equity in lie of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we'll take equity in lie of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we'll take equity in lie of of
+the cash fees. Uh typically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash fees. Uh typically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash fees. Uh typically it's
+singledigit uh percentage of equity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singledigit uh percentage of equity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singledigit uh percentage of equity you
+give up. Um and that percentage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up. Um and that percentage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up. Um and that percentage is
+maintained undiluted usually through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained undiluted usually through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained undiluted usually through the
+first major round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first major round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first major round of
+financing. And we'll talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. And we'll talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. And we'll talk about what
+dilution means when we get into terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution means when we get into terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution means when we get into terms
+here in a little bit. Uh these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a little bit. Uh these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a little bit. Uh these were
+typical royalties a few years ago for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical royalties a few years ago for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical royalties a few years ago for
+university patents. You see they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university patents. You see they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university patents. You see they're all
+over the place. U again it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place. U again it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place. U again it's in the
+materials. You can uh check those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. You can uh check those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. You can uh check those
+out. Now how do they split things up?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Now how do they split things up?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Now how do they split things up?
+Just so you have an appreciation uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just so you have an appreciation uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just so you have an appreciation uh if
+there is any return from a license be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any return from a license be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any return from a license be it
+royalties or a company goes public and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties or a company goes public and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties or a company goes public and
+MIT sells the stock 15% comes off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT sells the stock 15% comes off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT sells the stock 15% comes off the
+top to pay for TLLO operating expenses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to pay for TLLO operating expenses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to pay for TLLO operating expenses.
+Then they deduct the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then they deduct the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then they deduct the patent
+costs and then after that a third of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and then after that a third of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and then after that a third of it
+goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the
+inventors and then basically with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors and then basically with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors and then basically with some
+other adjustments the other um twothirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other adjustments the other um twothirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other adjustments the other um twothirds
+is split between uh the department and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is split between uh the department and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is split between uh the department and
+MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in
+general. So that's u university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. So that's u university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. So that's u university
+licensing. Um any um any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing. Um any um any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing. Um any um any questions on
+that? Okay. They really do approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Okay. They really do approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Okay. They really do approach the
+TLO. They're pretty uh responsive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLO. They're pretty uh responsive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLO. They're pretty uh responsive or
+they can be. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. There's a whole bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There's a whole bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There's a whole bunch of things
+there. So the basic strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if if you're funded, you you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if you're funded, you you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if you're funded, you you get your
+license and you set up shop outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and you set up shop outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and you set up shop outside and
+the people that are in MIT, you know, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are in MIT, you know, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are in MIT, you know, go
+across the street and do their work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street and do their work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street and do their work in
+the lab or whatever across the street,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab or whatever across the street,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab or whatever across the street,
+not on MIT uh campus. Um and that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on MIT uh campus. Um and that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on MIT uh campus. Um and that sort
+of works the same way if you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of works the same way if you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of works the same way if you're starting
+a company that you try to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that you try to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that you try to separate the
+two. Now, it gets a little complex if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Now, it gets a little complex if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Now, it gets a little complex if
+you're under sponsored research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're under sponsored research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're under sponsored research and
+you're being funded in a lab. It can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being funded in a lab. It can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being funded in a lab. It can get
+a little complex. We had a situation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little complex. We had a situation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little complex. We had a situation a
+few years ago when I back when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago when I back when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago when I back when I was
+practicing where my client was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing where my client was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing where my client was a
+professor in the AI artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the AI artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the AI artificial
+intelligence group. And one of his one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence group. And one of his one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence group. And one of his one
+of his PhD students was split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his PhD students was split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his PhD students was split between
+the media lab and the AI group. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media lab and the AI group. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media lab and the AI group. And
+because of the way the media lab stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way the media lab stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way the media lab stuff
+worked, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked, the
+professor's inventions were somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's inventions were somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's inventions were somehow
+being claimed by the media lab. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being claimed by the media lab. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being claimed by the media lab. So
+there's some real technical stuff there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some real technical stuff there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some real technical stuff there,
+but there are plenty of people that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are plenty of people that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are plenty of people that can
+help you out on on that. And I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out on on that. And I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out on on that. And I just want
+to put a red flag up again to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a red flag up again to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a red flag up again to think
+about it and terms of whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and terms of whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and terms of whether you can
+actually own it. The TLO can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own it. The TLO can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own it. The TLO can be
+approachable on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachable on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachable on on
+that. Okay. Um now I want to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Um now I want to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Um now I want to switch to
+the next topic which is legal forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic which is legal forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic which is legal forms of
+doing uh business. You know, how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh business. You know, how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh business. You know, how do you
+got to organize? And again, these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to organize? And again, these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to organize? And again, these are
+sort of the red flag kind of things. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the red flag kind of things. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the red flag kind of things. I'm
+going to cut through. I do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut through. I do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut through. I do a whole
+couple of sessions at Sloan on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of sessions at Sloan on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of sessions at Sloan on this
+stuff, but here I'm going to try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, but here I'm going to try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, but here I'm going to try to give
+you the high level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the high level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the high level uh
+conclusions. So, in most cases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions. So, in most cases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions. So, in most cases for
+companies that are technology- based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are technology- based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are technology- based
+companies that are going to need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are going to need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are going to need any
+kind of of financing, it's the choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of financing, it's the choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of financing, it's the choice is
+a Delaware corporation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delaware corporation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delaware corporation.
+Um, Delaware has corporate uh law that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Delaware has corporate uh law that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Delaware has corporate uh law that's
+very flexible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flexible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flexible uh
+predictable um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable um and
+um it's it has its separate court that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it has its separate court that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it has its separate court that
+hears specific cases around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears specific cases around um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears specific cases around um
+stockholder rights and so the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockholder rights and so the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockholder rights and so the default
+tends to be towards uh Delaware and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be towards uh Delaware and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be towards uh Delaware and the
+question is um you know when should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um you know when should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um you know when should you
+incorporate or should you incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate or should you incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate or should you incorporate
+basically the corporation gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the corporation gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the corporation gives you
+limit liability as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit liability as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit liability as
+um uh owners of the business. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh owners of the business. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh owners of the business. You're
+never you can't say, "Look, I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you can't say, "Look, I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you can't say, "Look, I've I've
+got this uh idea. I'm going to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this uh idea. I'm going to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this uh idea. I'm going to set up a
+company. I'll transfer my invention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. I'll transfer my invention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. I'll transfer my invention to
+the company and I won't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company and I won't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company and I won't have any
+personal liability." You're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal liability." You're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal liability." You're always
+liable for your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for your own
+acts. The question here from a from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts. The question here from a from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts. The question here from a from a
+launching a company viewpoint is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching a company viewpoint is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching a company viewpoint is are
+your investors going to be liable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investors going to be liable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investors going to be liable for
+your acts? So that's where uh corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your acts? So that's where uh corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your acts? So that's where uh corporate
+form protects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form protects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form protects the
+shareholders. Now the question is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders. Now the question is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders. Now the question is when
+to incorporate. Um you should do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate. Um you should do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate. Um you should do it
+sooner than later to avoid uh personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner than later to avoid uh personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner than later to avoid uh personal
+liability. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability. Um
+uh based on your ownership and to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on your ownership and to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on your ownership and to avoid
+uh partnership liability. And there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partnership liability. And there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partnership liability. And there's a
+thing I'm going to go into called u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to go into called u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to go into called u
+section 83. And that's that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 83. And that's that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 83. And that's that's a real
+catch for you if you don't uh work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch for you if you don't uh work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch for you if you don't uh work on it
+uh and incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and incorporate
+early. Um now the next question is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early. Um now the next question is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early. Um now the next question is all
+right I got a corporate form how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I got a corporate form how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I got a corporate form how is it
+taxed? And again the default u that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed? And again the default u that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed? And again the default u that I
+always recommend is to file what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend is to file what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend is to file what's
+called an S corporation election. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an S corporation election. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an S corporation election. So a
+regular corporation is taxed on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular corporation is taxed on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular corporation is taxed on its
+profit and when that profit is handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and when that profit is handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and when that profit is handed
+out to the shareholders it's taxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the shareholders it's taxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the shareholders it's taxed
+again. So there are two layers of tax. a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So there are two layers of tax. a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So there are two layers of tax. a
+subchapter S if you qualify there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subchapter S if you qualify there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subchapter S if you qualify there's only
+one layer of tax. The corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer of tax. The corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer of tax. The corporation
+doesn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pay
+tax and um but the attributes get passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and um but the attributes get passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and um but the attributes get passed
+through to the uh shareholders. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the uh shareholders. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the uh shareholders. Um you
+have to have fewer than a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have fewer than a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have fewer than a 100
+shareholders, one class of stock. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders, one class of stock. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders, one class of stock. Um and
+you can't have um non-resident aliens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have um non-resident aliens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have um non-resident aliens as
+shareholders, which is an issue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders, which is an issue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders, which is an issue if
+you're a foreign um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a foreign um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a foreign um
+student. And uh it has to be primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student. And uh it has to be primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student. And uh it has to be primarily
+um human beings except for certain types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um human beings except for certain types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um human beings except for certain types
+of trusts. So as soon as a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trusts. So as soon as a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trusts. So as soon as a venture
+capital firm if you if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital firm if you if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital firm if you if you take the
+money um invest it'll destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um invest it'll destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um invest it'll destroy the
+subchapter S status and it'll be taxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subchapter S status and it'll be taxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subchapter S status and it'll be taxed
+as a as a C. But it can really make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a C. But it can really make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a C. But it can really make a a
+difference. We had the first company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. We had the first company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. We had the first company
+that was taken out of the media lab was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was taken out of the media lab was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was taken out of the media lab was
+a company called D.VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called D.VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called D.VA
+uh digital video applications. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital video applications. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital video applications. And the
+founders said, "If we don't ever get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders said, "If we don't ever get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders said, "If we don't ever get
+venture money, we'll never succeed." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture money, we'll never succeed." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture money, we'll never succeed." And
+I said, "Well, just let's do it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "Well, just let's do it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "Well, just let's do it with the
+S corporation." Well, they never did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S corporation." Well, they never did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S corporation." Well, they never did
+raise venture money. They sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise venture money. They sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise venture money. They sold the
+company uh two years later for I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh two years later for I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh two years later for I think
+it was somewhere around $10 million, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was somewhere around $10 million, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was somewhere around $10 million, and
+they saved a million and a half or more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saved a million and a half or more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saved a million and a half or more.
+Um having uh done that. Let me move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um having uh done that. Let me move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um having uh done that. Let me move
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+here. Uh here's an example of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh here's an example of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh here's an example of the S
+corporation taxation. I'll just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation taxation. I'll just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation taxation. I'll just leave it
+in there. You can see the two layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. You can see the two layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. You can see the two layers of
+tax and the net effect is well, why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and the net effect is well, why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and the net effect is well, why
+would you do this if most startups lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do this if most startups lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do this if most startups lose
+money? You know, they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money? You know, they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money? You know, they're not going to be
+taxed. And the issue is it's when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed. And the issue is it's when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed. And the issue is it's when it
+gets acquired that you can um succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets acquired that you can um succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets acquired that you can um succeed
+and you can save 20 plus percent under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can save 20 plus percent under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can save 20 plus percent under
+current rates. Um you can work the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current rates. Um you can work the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current rates. Um you can work the math
+from the slides that are online. Now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the slides that are online. Now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the slides that are online. Now I
+want to switch to something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to switch to something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to switch to something that is
+actually uh an issue for you personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh an issue for you personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh an issue for you personally
+and it can be a big thing. It's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be a big thing. It's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be a big thing. It's a very
+odd part of the Internal Revenue Code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd part of the Internal Revenue Code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd part of the Internal Revenue Code
+called section 83 and it says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called section 83 and it says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called section 83 and it says if you
+receive property in connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive property in connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive property in connection with
+providing services and here property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing services and here property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing services and here property
+stock is property for this purpose then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is property for this purpose then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is property for this purpose then
+you have ordinary income that's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ordinary income that's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ordinary income that's like you
+get when you you know get a paycheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when you you know get a paycheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when you you know get a paycheck
+which can be taxed up to 35 plus% under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be taxed up to 35 plus% under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be taxed up to 35 plus% under
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+rates and the amount is the fair market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the amount is the fair market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the amount is the fair market
+value of the property that you get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the property that you get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the property that you get minus
+what you paid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and that's what the income is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that's what the income is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that's what the income is that
+you pay tax on. So, here's an example. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay tax on. So, here's an example. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay tax on. So, here's an example. I
+like your idea. And I say, I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your idea. And I say, I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your idea. And I say, I'll tell you
+what, I'll give you a million dollars.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what, I'll give you a million dollars.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what, I'll give you a million dollars.
+We'll start the company and how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll start the company and how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll start the company and how about
+50/50? And you say, okay, for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50? And you say, okay, for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50? And you say, okay, for this
+purpose, you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose, you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose, you say
+50/50. What happens is, let me ask you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50. What happens is, let me ask you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50. What happens is, let me ask you,
+how much is your 50% of the company? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is your 50% of the company? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is your 50% of the company? I
+provide the capital, a million dollars.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the capital, a million dollars.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the capital, a million dollars.
+We each have 50% of the company.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We each have 50% of the company.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We each have 50% of the company.
+and you get the other 50%. How much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the other 50%. How much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the other 50%. How much is
+your side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your side
+worth? Anybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth? Anybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth? Anybody?
+Um, uh, I put the first million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, uh, I put the first million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, uh, I put the first million dollars
+in for half the company.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for half the company.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for half the company.
+Yeah, could be a million or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+750,000. Well, it could say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+750,000. Well, it could say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+750,000. Well, it could say it's a
+million because why would I pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million because why would I pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million because why would I pay a
+million for one half if the other half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million for one half if the other half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million for one half if the other half
+wasn't worth a million? On the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't worth a million? On the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't worth a million? On the other
+hand, once the million dollars goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, once the million dollars goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, once the million dollars goes in
+and there's no real real asset in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no real real asset in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no real real asset in there
+other than the million dollars, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the million dollars, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the million dollars, you've
+sort of owned half the million dollars.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of owned half the million dollars.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of owned half the million dollars.
+So, let's just do the math. So, the fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's just do the math. So, the fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's just do the math. So, the fair
+market value, if it was f 500,000, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value, if it was f 500,000, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value, if it was f 500,000, you
+pay zero, your ordinary income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay zero, your ordinary income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay zero, your ordinary income is
+$500,000 taxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000 taxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000 taxed
+at 35% or something. Not good. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 35% or something. Not good. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 35% or something. Not good. And if
+it's a million, 40% would be 200,000 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a million, 40% would be 200,000 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a million, 40% would be 200,000 you
+owe. And if it's a million, you owe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe. And if it's a million, you owe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe. And if it's a million, you owe
+400,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+congratulations tax bill. So not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations tax bill. So not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations tax bill. So not not a
+good result, right? So the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good result, right? So the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good result, right? So the question is
+how do you avoid that? Well, the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you avoid that? Well, the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you avoid that? Well, the trick
+is to um separate the time when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to um separate the time when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to um separate the time when you get
+your stock from the time the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stock from the time the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stock from the time the investment
+comes in. So if you come in to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in. So if you come in to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in. So if you come in to a
+lawyer's office on Friday with a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer's office on Friday with a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer's office on Friday with a term
+sheet and say, "Let's incorporate. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and say, "Let's incorporate. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and say, "Let's incorporate. We're
+going to close next week." The question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close next week." The question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close next week." The question
+is what happened between Friday and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happened between Friday and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happened between Friday and when
+you closed? Well, maybe a patent issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you closed? Well, maybe a patent issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you closed? Well, maybe a patent issued
+or you got FDA approval or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you got FDA approval or something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you got FDA approval or something.
+So, you stretch those further in time u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you stretch those further in time u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you stretch those further in time u
+then you've got u and you get your stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got u and you get your stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got u and you get your stock
+early then you don't fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early then you don't fall into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early then you don't fall into this
+trap. It's when you get your stock at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap. It's when you get your stock at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap. It's when you get your stock at
+the same time the investment comes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time the investment comes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time the investment comes in.
+So the the mission here is is to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the mission here is is to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the mission here is is to invest
+uh to incorporate earlier and issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to incorporate earlier and issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to incorporate earlier and issue
+stock as soon as you um as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock as soon as you um as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock as soon as you um as soon as you
+can and make uh what's called an 83b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and make uh what's called an 83b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and make uh what's called an 83b
+election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election
+um which we won't go into fully here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we won't go into fully here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we won't go into fully here but
+you have to do that within 30 days. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that within 30 days. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that within 30 days. So
+the question is why doesn't stock get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is why doesn't stock get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is why doesn't stock get
+issued in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued in
+time even with startups I I see so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even with startups I I see so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even with startups I I see so many
+situations where um you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where um you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where um you know the the
+team is working they're doing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is working they're doing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is working they're doing all the
+things the guys up here talked about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the guys up here talked about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the guys up here talked about and
+the investment comes in they haven't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment comes in they haven't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment comes in they haven't you
+know they may have even incorporated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they may have even incorporated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they may have even incorporated but
+they haven't actually um given the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't actually um given the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't actually um given the stock
+out and um I think it could be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um I think it could be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um I think it could be anything
+from too busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from too busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from too busy
+to nobody's quite sure who should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nobody's quite sure who should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nobody's quite sure who should get
+what. You heard John talk about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what. You heard John talk about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what. You heard John talk about you know
+everyone pulling their weight except one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone pulling their weight except one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone pulling their weight except one
+person. Um what I do see in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. Um what I do see in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. Um what I do see in the case of
+technical startups is the the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical startups is the the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical startups is the the issue
+between the technologist who maybe has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the technologist who maybe has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the technologist who maybe has
+the idea. So think of the dynamics. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea. So think of the dynamics. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea. So think of the dynamics. um
+we're starting a company. We got to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting a company. We got to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting a company. We got to sort
+of prove out the technology with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prove out the technology with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prove out the technology with a
+prototype or something and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype or something and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype or something and the
+technologist is working in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist is working in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist is working in the lab
+working really hard on it you know long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working really hard on it you know long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working really hard on it you know long
+hours and the business side people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and the business side people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and the business side people are
+waiting maybe even keep their day job uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting maybe even keep their day job uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting maybe even keep their day job uh
+you know doing the planning and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doing the planning and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doing the planning and there's
+sort of this dichotomy. So if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this dichotomy. So if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this dichotomy. So if you think
+about it this way, if you say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this way, if you say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this way, if you say I have
+time across the horizontal axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time across the horizontal axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time across the horizontal axis and
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+importance and I said where would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and I said where would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and I said where would you
+put the technology person on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the technology person on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the technology person on this
+chart at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart at the
+beginning? How relatively important is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning? How relatively important is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning? How relatively important is a
+technology in a startup at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in a startup at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in a startup at the
+beginning? Well, it's going to be high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning? Well, it's going to be high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning? Well, it's going to be high
+because if it doesn't work, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it doesn't work, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it doesn't work, you don't
+have anything. And where would you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything. And where would you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything. And where would you put
+the business guy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, over time, technology is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, over time, technology is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, over time, technology is less
+important, right? Relatively speaking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important, right? Relatively speaking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important, right? Relatively speaking,
+and the business starts at the bottom,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the business starts at the bottom,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the business starts at the bottom,
+relatively speaking, and improves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively speaking, and improves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively speaking, and improves over
+time. And at some point, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And at some point, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And at some point, they're
+balanced off. Whether they cross or not,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced off. Whether they cross or not,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced off. Whether they cross or not,
+it isn't really important. The important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't really important. The important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't really important. The important
+thing is to realize you can have team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to realize you can have team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to realize you can have team
+dynamics where the technology people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics where the technology people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics where the technology people who
+think it's their invention, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's their invention, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's their invention, they're
+doing all the work. And then how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the work. And then how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the work. And then how do you
+end up splitting stock in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up splitting stock in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up splitting stock in a situation
+like that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that?
+Well, it's my my technology. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's my my technology. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's my my technology. I don't
+want to give it. You guys aren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give it. You guys aren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give it. You guys aren't really
+doing it. And you get a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it. And you get a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it. And you get a lot of uh
+tension around that. But just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension around that. But just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension around that. But just simply
+realizing the dynamics of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing the dynamics of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing the dynamics of relative
+importance and you heard from the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and you heard from the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and you heard from the people
+here about needing a whole team to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about needing a whole team to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about needing a whole team to pull
+it off uh can at least put people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off uh can at least put people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off uh can at least put people in the
+same way of thinking about it. Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way of thinking about it. Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way of thinking about it. Does that
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay.
+Um now, uh you heard from the u the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now, uh you heard from the u the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now, uh you heard from the u the team
+here tonight that people was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here tonight that people was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here tonight that people was the most
+important and most companies fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and most companies fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and most companies fail
+because of people issues. So you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of people issues. So you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of people issues. So you got to
+sort out those relationships up front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out those relationships up front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out those relationships up front.
+Um now in a in a small company, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now in a in a small company, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now in a in a small company, the
+stockholders owe each other a fiduciary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockholders owe each other a fiduciary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockholders owe each other a fiduciary
+duty, meaning you got to sort of treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty, meaning you got to sort of treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty, meaning you got to sort of treat
+everyone with a degree of fairness. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone with a degree of fairness. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone with a degree of fairness. So
+you'll have a set of questions about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a set of questions about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a set of questions about who
+sits on the board. If you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on the board. If you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on the board. If you if you
+populate a board, uh other than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate a board, uh other than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate a board, uh other than for
+legal, who holds what titles, uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal, who holds what titles, uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal, who holds what titles, uh what
+functional things, uh you want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional things, uh you want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional things, uh you want to talk
+about restrictions on stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about restrictions on stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about restrictions on stock
+transfers, uh rights of first refusal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers, uh rights of first refusal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers, uh rights of first refusal,
+tag along rights. All of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag along rights. All of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag along rights. All of these terms
+here you can read about in the founders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can read about in the founders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can read about in the founders
+memo, which is in the resources part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo, which is in the resources part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo, which is in the resources part of
+the U website. This is a memo that years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U website. This is a memo that years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U website. This is a memo that years
+ago I had one week as a relatively young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I had one week as a relatively young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I had one week as a relatively young
+lawyer and I had three teams come in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer and I had three teams come in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer and I had three teams come in,
+great startup teams from MIT and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great startup teams from MIT and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great startup teams from MIT and with
+each team I spent four to five hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each team I spent four to five hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each team I spent four to five hours
+with them trying to walk them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them trying to walk them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them trying to walk them through
+the kind of things they needed to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of things they needed to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of things they needed to think
+about. So at the end of the week I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So at the end of the week I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So at the end of the week I'm
+thinking this is ridiculous. I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this is ridiculous. I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this is ridiculous. I went
+through the same set of exercises with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same set of exercises with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same set of exercises with
+these people. They don't want to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people. They don't want to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people. They don't want to pay me
+to do this. I don't want to spend all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. I don't want to spend all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. I don't want to spend all
+the time educating them. So I went home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time educating them. So I went home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time educating them. So I went home
+and I wrote the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wrote the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wrote the beginning of the
+founders memo which sort of sets out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders memo which sort of sets out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders memo which sort of sets out all
+of the kind of things to think about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind of things to think about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind of things to think about.
+And what I would do after that is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I would do after that is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I would do after that is I
+would say if you're going to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say if you're going to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say if you're going to come in and
+meet with me I want you all to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with me I want you all to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with me I want you all to read the
+founders memo and start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders memo and start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders memo and start talking
+uh about how what philosophy you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about how what philosophy you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about how what philosophy you have
+and understand some of the issues so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand some of the issues so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand some of the issues so we
+don't spend a lot of time uh educating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't spend a lot of time uh educating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't spend a lot of time uh educating
+you while the meter's running and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you while the meter's running and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you while the meter's running and that
+worked very effectively. So the founders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very effectively. So the founders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very effectively. So the founders
+memo, it's not a fancy memo, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo, it's not a fancy memo, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo, it's not a fancy memo, but it's
+been very helpful to people over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very helpful to people over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very helpful to people over the
+years they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years they tell
+me. Okay. And it's in the um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Okay. And it's in the um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Okay. And it's in the um so the
+question is how to founders equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how to founders equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how to founders equity
+split. The WER book is a good one uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split. The WER book is a good one uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split. The WER book is a good one uh to
+to look at on different ways companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at on different ways companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at on different ways companies
+or founders think about splitting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or founders think about splitting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or founders think about splitting.
+There's just a there's no one formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's just a there's no one formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's just a there's no one formula.
+There's a culture and negotiated. Keenan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a culture and negotiated. Keenan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a culture and negotiated. Keenan
+Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems
+uh was a very successful company sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was a very successful company sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was a very successful company sold
+for a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a billion
+dollars. It was owned by one person,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars. It was owned by one person,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars. It was owned by one person,
+Keenan Saheen. He paid all of his people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keenan Saheen. He paid all of his people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keenan Saheen. He paid all of his people
+uh a good salaries and that culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good salaries and that culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good salaries and that culture
+worked. It was a very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. It was a very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. It was a very successful
+company. He ended up giving a hund00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. He ended up giving a hund00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. He ended up giving a hund00
+million to MIT, which was nice. But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to MIT, which was nice. But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to MIT, which was nice. But it
+doesn't mean that you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that you always have to
+spread equity around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread equity around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread equity around.
+Um, and part of this is from Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and part of this is from Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and part of this is from Charlie's
+slides. You're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides. You're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides. You're going to look at the
+value of past contributions and future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of past contributions and future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of past contributions and future
+contributions. Uh, sacrifice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions. Uh, sacrifice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions. Uh, sacrifice,
+commitment, ownership of IP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment, ownership of IP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment, ownership of IP,
+um, people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, people's
+internal or external market value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal or external market value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal or external market value and
+internal equity. there was a good team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal equity. there was a good team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal equity. there was a good team
+that was set up um that went through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was set up um that went through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was set up um that went through a
+really disciplined exercise where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really disciplined exercise where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really disciplined exercise where there
+was an MIT professor and a posttock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an MIT professor and a posttock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an MIT professor and a posttock and
+they were trying to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to figure out how to
+split it up. So they each I said to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up. So they each I said to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up. So they each I said to each
+of them well you write down what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them well you write down what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them well you write down what you
+think you're giving up uh to join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're giving up uh to join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're giving up uh to join the
+company and we just have a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and we just have a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and we just have a discussion
+about it. So the professor said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So the professor said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So the professor said well
+I've got a worldwide reputation. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a worldwide reputation. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a worldwide reputation. I'm
+allowed to consult one day a week. if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to consult one day a week. if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to consult one day a week. if I
+join the company, I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the company, I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the company, I'm not going to be
+doing that. My consulting rate is X. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that. My consulting rate is X. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that. My consulting rate is X. And
+he had a bunch of things. The postoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a bunch of things. The postoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a bunch of things. The postoc
+said, well, I'll be g giving up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, well, I'll be g giving up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, well, I'll be g giving up my
+academic career. It'll be very hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic career. It'll be very hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic career. It'll be very hard for
+me to go back. Um, if I got a job in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to go back. Um, if I got a job in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to go back. Um, if I got a job in
+industry, I'd be making this much. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, I'd be making this much. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, I'd be making this much. I'm
+going to be spending full-time on this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spending full-time on this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spending full-time on this.
+And it created a framework where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it created a framework where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it created a framework where they
+could have a discussion around how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a discussion around how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a discussion around how they
+were approaching it. It worked. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approaching it. It worked. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approaching it. It worked. It was
+fairly successful. And that works often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly successful. And that works often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly successful. And that works often
+with MIT people were sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MIT people were sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MIT people were sort of data
+driven. Um the other thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven. Um the other thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven. Um the other thing about
+equity when you get beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity when you get beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity when you get beyond
+um um I'll mention in a moment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I'll mention in a moment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I'll mention in a moment we're
+going to switch over now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch over now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch over now to
+um employees and outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um employees and outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um employees and outside
+contractors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors.
+Um this is the slide from Charlie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is the slide from Charlie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is the slide from Charlie the
+other night included in here about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other night included in here about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other night included in here about how
+to think about uh equity with employees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh equity with employees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh equity with employees.
+One of the issues with employees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the issues with employees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the issues with employees is
+whether you does does um does stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you does does um does stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you does does um does stock
+motivate? Does it really motivate? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate? Does it really motivate? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate? Does it really motivate? If
+you've never actually been in a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never actually been in a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never actually been in a company
+and had a had a had an event occur where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a had a had an event occur where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a had a had an event occur where
+that piece of paper, you know, was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper, you know, was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper, you know, was
+enough money to buy a nice car or a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money to buy a nice car or a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money to buy a nice car or a down
+payment on a house or something. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment on a house or something. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment on a house or something. It's
+just a piece of paper. The first job I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a piece of paper. The first job I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a piece of paper. The first job I
+had out of MIT was with a spin-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had out of MIT was with a spin-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had out of MIT was with a spin-off
+company from of Pew Roberts, Ed Roberts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company from of Pew Roberts, Ed Roberts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company from of Pew Roberts, Ed Roberts
+at Sloan School. We were in a um triple-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Sloan School. We were in a um triple-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Sloan School. We were in a um triple-
+decker house up on Lee Street. The new I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decker house up on Lee Street. The new I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decker house up on Lee Street. The new I
+was the third employee. We had the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the third employee. We had the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the third employee. We had the third
+floor because the rest his other company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor because the rest his other company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor because the rest his other company
+was on the on the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the on the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the on the nice
+floors. And so the first day I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors. And so the first day I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors. And so the first day I get
+there, you know, comes sort of midm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, you know, comes sort of midm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, you know, comes sort of midm
+morning's time, you know, I got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning's time, you know, I got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning's time, you know, I got to go
+down use the bathroom after all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down use the bathroom after all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down use the bathroom after all the
+coffee. So, the bathroom was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee. So, the bathroom was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee. So, the bathroom was one of
+those half baths under the under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those half baths under the under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those half baths under the under the
+stairway, you know, on these triple-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairway, you know, on these triple-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairway, you know, on these triple-
+decker houses. So, I go down there, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decker houses. So, I go down there, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decker houses. So, I go down there, I
+open the door, and I look in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door, and I look in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the door, and I look in and the
+entire wall of this little half bath is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire wall of this little half bath is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire wall of this little half bath is
+papered with what looks like real stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papered with what looks like real stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papered with what looks like real stock
+certificates. I mean, I first of all, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. I mean, I first of all, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. I mean, I first of all, I
+thought it's wallpaper. That's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's wallpaper. That's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's wallpaper. That's sort of a
+weird wallpaper. Then I look, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird wallpaper. Then I look, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird wallpaper. Then I look, they're
+real stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real stock
+certificates. So, clearly they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. So, clearly they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. So, clearly they weren't
+worth a whole lot if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a whole lot if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a whole lot if they were
+wallpapering a bathroom. So, to me, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallpapering a bathroom. So, to me, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallpapering a bathroom. So, to me, it
+said two things. One is if if um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said two things. One is if if um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said two things. One is if if um if you
+want to work for wallpaper, if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work for wallpaper, if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work for wallpaper, if you don't
+want to work for wallpaper, get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work for wallpaper, get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work for wallpaper, get back to
+work. And secondly, you know, what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. And secondly, you know, what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. And secondly, you know, what is
+you know what is this stuff called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is this stuff called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is this stuff called
+stock? So a lot of employees, you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock? So a lot of employees, you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock? So a lot of employees, you really
+you shouldn't assume right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't assume right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't assume right
+away that equity motivates people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that equity motivates people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that equity motivates people.
+They're great. They people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're great. They people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're great. They people don't
+understand it. many cases. There was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. many cases. There was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. many cases. There was a
+story about Prime Computer and Bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about Prime Computer and Bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about Prime Computer and Bose
+where they were recruiting an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were recruiting an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were recruiting an engineer
+and uh they basically had the same cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they basically had the same cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they basically had the same cash
+salary but one company was was offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary but one company was was offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary but one company was was offering
+twice as much stock as the other number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as much stock as the other number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as much stock as the other number
+of shares. And what was not clear was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shares. And what was not clear was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shares. And what was not clear was
+that they had the same market value. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had the same market value. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had the same market value. One
+stock was worth twice as much per share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock was worth twice as much per share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock was worth twice as much per share
+as the other. So the perception if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other. So the perception if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other. So the perception if
+you're not used to dealing with stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not used to dealing with stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not used to dealing with stock
+that people automatically understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people automatically understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people automatically understand how
+it works. You shouldn't assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works. You shouldn't assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works. You shouldn't assume
+uh there is a market for labor if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a market for labor if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a market for labor if you're
+in certain industries. Um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain industries. Um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain industries. Um you know
+you're going to need to give equity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to give equity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to give equity to
+to bring in the good people, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring in the good people, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring in the good people, but you
+really have to think about that. Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to think about that. Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to think about that. Don't
+just you know go pattern thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know go pattern thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know go pattern thinking about
+oh everyone gets stock because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh everyone gets stock because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh everyone gets stock because that's
+the way everyone does things. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way everyone does things. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way everyone does things. You have
+to think about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so the question is um if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the question is um if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the question is um if you're if
+you're funding a if you're starting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're funding a if you're starting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're funding a if you're starting a
+company and you're going out and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and you're going out and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and you're going out and let's
+say you're successful in raising some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're successful in raising some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're successful in raising some
+outside money, what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside money, what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside money, what fraction of the
+equity goes into the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity goes into the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity goes into the equity
+compensation pool. Well, Charlie had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation pool. Well, Charlie had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation pool. Well, Charlie had
+that nice um template for financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice um template for financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice um template for financial
+projections. in it. He had a headcount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections. in it. He had a headcount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections. in it. He had a headcount
+and as you recall he matched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you recall he matched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you recall he matched the
+headcount to uh equity based on the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headcount to uh equity based on the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headcount to uh equity based on the type
+of position and the initial stock pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position and the initial stock pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position and the initial stock pool
+for companies is usually two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies is usually two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies is usually two to three
+years worth of the headcount plan. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years worth of the headcount plan. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years worth of the headcount plan. Now
+that what does that translate if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what does that translate if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what does that translate if you're
+venturebacked? In my experience, a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venturebacked? In my experience, a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venturebacked? In my experience, a first
+round venture financing, you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round venture financing, you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round venture financing, you're probably
+going to have somewhere between 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have somewhere between 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have somewhere between 12 and
+18% of the total equity uh reserved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% of the total equity uh reserved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% of the total equity uh reserved for
+employees. It it'll be at the lower end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees. It it'll be at the lower end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees. It it'll be at the lower end
+of that if you've got more of your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you've got more of your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you've got more of your team
+fleshed out. It'll be at the higher end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleshed out. It'll be at the higher end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleshed out. It'll be at the higher end
+or even higher if it's just you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even higher if it's just you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even higher if it's just you and you
+got to hire in some people. But that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to hire in some people. But that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to hire in some people. But that's a
+reasonable rule of thumb. And for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule of thumb. And for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule of thumb. And for most
+equity plans, you're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity plans, you're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity plans, you're going to think
+about employees, um, directors, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about employees, um, directors, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about employees, um, directors, and
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+consultants. Um, and if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultants. Um, and if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultants. Um, and if you try to
+calibrate this, you know, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate this, you know, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate this, you know, there are
+surveys and places you can go to see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys and places you can go to see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys and places you can go to see,
+you know, what the market is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what the market is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what the market is for
+different uh, type of equity grants. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh, type of equity grants. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh, type of equity grants. Uh,
+again, from Charlie's slide, just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, from Charlie's slide, just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, from Charlie's slide, just as a
+reminder, in one place, these were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder, in one place, these were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder, in one place, these were some
+ownership percentages he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership percentages he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership percentages he talked about
+after two rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two rounds of
+financing. Um, and you will always end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. Um, and you will always end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. Um, and you will always end
+up granting more later to keep people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up granting more later to keep people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up granting more later to keep people
+insighted. Uh, this was his, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insighted. Uh, this was his, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insighted. Uh, this was his, uh,
+spreadsheet with dilution showing. Uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet with dilution showing. Uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet with dilution showing. Uh, I
+just put it here for reference. Yald is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it here for reference. Yald is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it here for reference. Yald is
+going to do a great job on the last side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a great job on the last side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a great job on the last side
+of the class where he's going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class where he's going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class where he's going to walk
+you through what actually happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through what actually happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through what actually happened to
+employees and founders and investors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and founders and investors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and founders and investors.
+So, um, I think we'll let him get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, I think we'll let him get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, I think we'll let him get into
+that in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more
+detail. Now we'll run through um common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. Now we'll run through um common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. Now we'll run through um common
+forms of um equity compensation. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of um equity compensation. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of um equity compensation. There's
+restricted stock and there are two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted stock and there are two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted stock and there are two types
+of options. One is an incentive stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options. One is an incentive stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options. One is an incentive stock
+option which has certain tax benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which has certain tax benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which has certain tax benefits
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+non-qualified. Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-qualified. Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-qualified. Again
+um restricted stock is stock that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um restricted stock is stock that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um restricted stock is stock that's
+granted to somebody or sold to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted to somebody or sold to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted to somebody or sold to somebody
+um and it starts the capital gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it starts the capital gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it starts the capital gains
+holding period for for tax and SEC. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding period for for tax and SEC. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding period for for tax and SEC. It's
+usually subject to vesting. We talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually subject to vesting. We talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually subject to vesting. We talked
+Charlie talked about vesting. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie talked about vesting. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie talked about vesting. Um, and
+you may want to file an 83b election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to file an 83b election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to file an 83b election
+because of the vesting. U, you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the vesting. U, you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the vesting. U, you can read
+more about that in the founders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in the founders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that in the founders
+memo. Incentive stock options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo. Incentive stock options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo. Incentive stock options are
+options that comply with tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that comply with tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that comply with tax
+requirements. They're granted only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements. They're granted only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements. They're granted only to
+employees and they have to be granted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and they have to be granted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and they have to be granted at
+an exercise price that's fair market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise price that's fair market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise price that's fair market
+value. What does that mean? That means u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. What does that mean? That means u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. What does that mean? That means u
+you can buy a 100 shares of stock at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy a 100 shares of stock at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy a 100 shares of stock at
+today's price and the the theory is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's price and the the theory is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's price and the the theory is that
+hopefully over time the stock goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully over time the stock goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully over time the stock goes up
+and you know maybe it's $10 exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe it's $10 exercise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe it's $10 exercise and
+when the person exercises it it's a $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person exercises it it's a $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person exercises it it's a $100
+so they pay 10 and they get stock worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they pay 10 and they get stock worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they pay 10 and they get stock worth
+a hundred.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred.
+Um and those exercise vesting occur over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and those exercise vesting occur over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and those exercise vesting occur over
+time typically you know um and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time typically you know um and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time typically you know um and there's
+no tax on you not tax when you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tax on you not tax when you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tax on you not tax when you get the
+stock there may be an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock there may be an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock there may be an alternative
+minimum tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum tax
+issue again a placeholder for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue again a placeholder for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue again a placeholder for you to
+think about uh and there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh and there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh and there will be
+taxation on the sale of the stock and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation on the sale of the stock and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation on the sale of the stock and if
+you end up following the holding periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up following the holding periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up following the holding periods
+you'll have capital gains which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have capital gains which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have capital gains which is a
+good thing and that's one year from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and that's one year from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and that's one year from the
+exercise and two years from the date of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and two years from the date of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and two years from the date of
+grant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant.
+And non-qualifieds are basically options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And non-qualifieds are basically options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And non-qualifieds are basically options
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that uh have no tax on vesting or grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh have no tax on vesting or grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh have no tax on vesting or grant
+but ordinary income on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ordinary income on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ordinary income on uh
+exercise. So that means when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. So that means when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. So that means when you
+exercise the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise the difference between the
+exercise price and the fair market value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise price and the fair market value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise price and the fair market value
+you have to pay that's like you somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay that's like you somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay that's like you somebody
+gave you that much cash. Now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you that much cash. Now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you that much cash. Now these
+instruments of founder stock, restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments of founder stock, restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments of founder stock, restricted
+stock, options and non-qualified all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock, options and non-qualified all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock, options and non-qualified all
+work together in sort of a a way. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together in sort of a a way. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together in sort of a a way. What
+you really would like to do if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really would like to do if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really would like to do if you're a
+founder or early on, you actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder or early on, you actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder or early on, you actually want
+to get your stock uh early and then ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your stock uh early and then ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your stock uh early and then ride
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh appreciation just like you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appreciation just like you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appreciation just like you you know
+buy any stock in the market. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy any stock in the market. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy any stock in the market. What
+happens though if you're given stock uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens though if you're given stock uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens though if you're given stock uh
+you have income when you get the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have income when you get the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have income when you get the stock
+uh based on the market value. So over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on the market value. So over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on the market value. So over
+time as the company raises more rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as the company raises more rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as the company raises more rounds
+of funding it becomes more expensive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funding it becomes more expensive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funding it becomes more expensive for
+someone to actually acquire the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to actually acquire the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to actually acquire the stock
+directly and since there's no market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and since there's no market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and since there's no market for
+the stock u you're in a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock u you're in a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock u you're in a situation where
+you're taxed on the stock but no exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taxed on the stock but no exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taxed on the stock but no exit
+you have no way to to pay it. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no way to to pay it. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no way to to pay it. So that's
+when people switch over and use options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people switch over and use options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people switch over and use options
+because options are not you're not taxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because options are not you're not taxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because options are not you're not taxed
+when you get an option you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an option you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an option you sort of
+control when the tax occurs. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control when the tax occurs. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control when the tax occurs. So that's
+just a general theme to to think about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a general theme to to think about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a general theme to to think about.
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+vesting uh there basically two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesting uh there basically two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesting uh there basically two types of
+vesting time based vesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesting time based vesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesting time based vesting and
+performance vesting. You know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance vesting. You know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance vesting. You know what
+you're really trying to do is you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really trying to do is you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really trying to do is you you
+you go into it thinking well we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into it thinking well we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into it thinking well we have a
+set of things we need to get done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things we need to get done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things we need to get done and
+you want to provide incentives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to provide incentives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to provide incentives for
+people to do it and so in an ideal world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do it and so in an ideal world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do it and so in an ideal world
+you'd know exactly what needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd know exactly what needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd know exactly what needed to be
+done and you'd say when you deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and you'd say when you deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and you'd say when you deliver the
+first prototype you vest on you know 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype you vest on you know 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype you vest on you know 50%
+of your option and when we do our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your option and when we do our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your option and when we do our first
+customer ship another 25%. The problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer ship another 25%. The problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer ship another 25%. The problem
+is it's never that clean. You're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's never that clean. You're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's never that clean. You're never
+quite sure. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure. Um,
+and so the default tends to be time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the default tends to be time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the default tends to be time.
+We're in this, we're going to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're in this, we're going to be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're in this, we're going to be in this
+for a period of time. If you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period of time. If you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period of time. If you're here
+pulling on the ore uh with the team,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on the ore uh with the team,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on the ore uh with the team,
+then you'll vest. Uh, typical vesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll vest. Uh, typical vesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll vest. Uh, typical vesting is
+a one-year cliff. That means um you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-year cliff. That means um you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-year cliff. That means um you if
+you're here less than a year, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here less than a year, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here less than a year, you don't
+u get anything. After one year, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u get anything. After one year, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u get anything. After one year, it's
+usually 25% and then it's either monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually 25% and then it's either monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually 25% and then it's either monthly
+or quarterly over the next three years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quarterly over the next three years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quarterly over the next three years.
+So, at the end of four years, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at the end of four years, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at the end of four years, you're
+fully vested and have rights in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully vested and have rights in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully vested and have rights in the
+stock. Um, I put something in here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock. Um, I put something in here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock. Um, I put something in here about
+accelerated vesting on change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated vesting on change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated vesting on change and
+control. Um, you'll hear about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Um, you'll hear about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Um, you'll hear about that.
+There are a whole bunch of issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are a whole bunch of issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are a whole bunch of issues about
+whether that makes any sense, but keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that makes any sense, but keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that makes any sense, but keep
+that in mind. Um, you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind. Um, you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind. Um, you have to think
+about what happens if someone leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if someone leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if someone leaves.
+You know, you gave them this equity and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, you gave them this equity and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, you gave them this equity and,
+you know, do you get to buy it back?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, do you get to buy it back?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, do you get to buy it back?
+Do they forfeit it? What if they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they forfeit it? What if they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they forfeit it? What if they leave
+under bad circumstances where they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under bad circumstances where they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under bad circumstances where they gave
+away trade secrets? And what if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away trade secrets? And what if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away trade secrets? And what if they
+violate non-competition agreements? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate non-competition agreements? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate non-competition agreements? So,
+you probably want to think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to think about those
+in the design of your plan. And again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design of your plan. And again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design of your plan. And again,
+think of this as a checklist when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a checklist when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a checklist when you're
+dealing with your lawyer on this. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with your lawyer on this. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with your lawyer on this. You
+know, have they talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, have they talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, have they talked about these
+things? Um, now suppose you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? Um, now suppose you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? Um, now suppose you actually
+have the stock and you leave. Um, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the stock and you leave. Um, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the stock and you leave. Um, what's
+the deal? Do we do you get to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal? Do we do you get to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal? Do we do you get to keep it
+when you leave? Uh do you have to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you leave? Uh do you have to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you leave? Uh do you have to sell
+it back at then fair value? Um never. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back at then fair value? Um never. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back at then fair value? Um never. I
+mean it just there these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it just there these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it just there these are
+philosophical issues uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical issues uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical issues uh that the
+founders memo talks about and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders memo talks about and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders memo talks about and at the
+beginning is a good time to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is a good time to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is a good time to talk about
+it because you don't know who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you don't know who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you don't know who's going to
+be leaving. So it's sort of a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be leaving. So it's sort of a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be leaving. So it's sort of a neutral
+thing about what your philosophy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about what your philosophy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about what your philosophy is
+going to be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um over time on a people issue at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um over time on a people issue at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um over time on a people issue at the
+beginning the whole issue of boards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the whole issue of boards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the whole issue of boards I
+put independent directors here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put independent directors here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put independent directors here somewhere
+around the t time of first funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the t time of first funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the t time of first funding
+funding funding people are going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding funding people are going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding funding people are going to want
+to come in and under the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in and under the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come in and under the venture
+capitalists actually do have to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists actually do have to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists actually do have to get some
+board seats under the rules that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board seats under the rules that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board seats under the rules that they
+operate under. Uh there's often an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate under. Uh there's often an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate under. Uh there's often an
+independent director that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent director that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent director that they don't
+negotiate. So, you want to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate. So, you want to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate. So, you want to be thinking
+ahead, you know, who's an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, you know, who's an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, you know, who's an independent
+director that could be on my board um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director that could be on my board um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director that could be on my board um
+and acceptable to venture. Uh because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceptable to venture. Uh because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceptable to venture. Uh because if
+you don't have a candidate in mind, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a candidate in mind, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a candidate in mind, they
+certainly will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly will talk about
+it. Um okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um okay,
+financing. I'm going to run you quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. I'm going to run you quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. I'm going to run you quickly
+through securities laws.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um essentially, this is an area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um essentially, this is an area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um essentially, this is an area you
+don't want to try to do brain surgery uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to try to do brain surgery uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to try to do brain surgery uh
+yourself with. uh you can get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself with. uh you can get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself with. uh you can get into
+really big troubles. Um any offer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big troubles. Um any offer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big troubles. Um any offer or
+uh even an offer of securities has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even an offer of securities has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even an offer of securities has to be
+registered with the securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered with the securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered with the securities and
+exchange commission and that's the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange commission and that's the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange commission and that's the that
+could be a big expensive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a big expensive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a big expensive uh
+proposition. So you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. So you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. So you want to think about
+exemptions. There are exemptions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions. There are exemptions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions. There are exemptions there
+for private placements and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for private placements and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for private placements and there's
+certain rules you have to do in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules you have to do in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules you have to do in in
+following it through.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it through.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it through.
+What you don't want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this one down. The question is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one down. The question is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one down. The question is if you
+don't comply, what is the big deal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't comply, what is the big deal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't comply, what is the big deal?
+Well, first of all, it's criminal. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first of all, it's criminal. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first of all, it's criminal. It
+can be criminal and it can be personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be criminal and it can be personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be criminal and it can be personal
+liability on the founder. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability on the founder. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability on the founder. In other
+words, they can get their money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, they can get their money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, they can get their money back
+from you. And it can be a mess. in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you. And it can be a mess. in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you. And it can be a mess. in the
+materials uh under resources, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh under resources, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh under resources, there's a
+column I did for Boston Business Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I did for Boston Business Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I did for Boston Business Journal
+that talked about a company that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talked about a company that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talked about a company that really
+got into bad trouble because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into bad trouble because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into bad trouble because they
+screwed up on this. So, my red letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up on this. So, my red letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up on this. So, my red letter
+thing here is don't in a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is don't in a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is don't in a business
+plan put language in that offers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan put language in that offers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan put language in that offers to
+sell. We're offering 10% of the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. We're offering 10% of the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. We're offering 10% of the company
+for $2 million. That's how do you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $2 million. That's how do you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $2 million. That's how do you say
+that's not an offer? So, what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an offer? So, what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an offer? So, what the
+business plan or any of the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan or any of the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan or any of the documents
+really is this is an opportunity. we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is this is an opportunity. we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is this is an opportunity. we're
+addressing this market. The market's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing this market. The market's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing this market. The market's
+this big and you might say and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big and you might say and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big and you might say and the
+resources we need is this this amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources we need is this this amount.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources we need is this this amount.
+If people are interesting interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If people are interesting interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If people are interesting interested in
+that, they're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, they're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, they're going to have a
+conversation with you and you can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with you and you can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with you and you can handle
+it in a careful way. Um, but I see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a careful way. Um, but I see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a careful way. Um, but I see over
+and over again people putting in plans.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again people putting in plans.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again people putting in plans.
+First of all, it's presumptuous, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, it's presumptuous, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, it's presumptuous, right?
+I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean,
+why, you know, have a discussion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why, you know, have a discussion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why, you know, have a discussion with
+the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investor
+um and you can get down to numbers, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can get down to numbers, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can get down to numbers, but
+certainly don't put it in the plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't put it in the plan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't put it in the plan.
+Um, we do have now crowdfunding coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we do have now crowdfunding coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we do have now crowdfunding coming
+along. We're waiting for some SEC rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. We're waiting for some SEC rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. We're waiting for some SEC rules
+to get a little bit more refined. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a little bit more refined. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a little bit more refined. That's
+going to open up a whole another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open up a whole another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open up a whole another set of
+issues, but it may be a way good way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, but it may be a way good way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, but it may be a way good way.
+Just like crowdfunding for products has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like crowdfunding for products has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just like crowdfunding for products has
+been around, this is crowdfunding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around, this is crowdfunding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around, this is crowdfunding for
+selling stock or interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling stock or interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling stock or interest in the
+company. Don't know enough yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Don't know enough yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Don't know enough yet to
+explain how that's going to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how that's going to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how that's going to work for
+you, but keep an eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, but keep an eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, but keep an eye on
+that. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separately. Uh I put in a section in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. Uh I put in a section in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. Uh I put in a section in the
+deck looking at capital structure uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck looking at capital structure uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck looking at capital structure uh uh
+instruments the slow people this is old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments the slow people this is old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments the slow people this is old
+hat for the people that aren't um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat for the people that aren't um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat for the people that aren't um this
+is something you should look at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you should look at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you should look at just
+talks about different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about different kind of
+instruments at the bottom is common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments at the bottom is common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments at the bottom is common
+stock common stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock common stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock common stock is
+what's the value after everyone else has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value after everyone else has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value after everyone else has
+gotten paid so if you're Bill Gates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten paid so if you're Bill Gates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten paid so if you're Bill Gates and
+you own common stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you own common stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you own common stock and
+Microsoft you know you're like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft you know you're like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft you know you're like the
+richest guy in the world if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest guy in the world if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest guy in the world if you're a
+startup this may be worth nothing. Above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup this may be worth nothing. Above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup this may be worth nothing. Above
+it are different instruments that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are different instruments that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are different instruments that you
+can play with. Um, and for the non Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with. Um, and for the non Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with. Um, and for the non Sloan
+people, take a look at the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, take a look at the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, take a look at the next few
+slides that describe this. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that describe this. I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that describe this. I'm just
+going to zip through them given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zip through them given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zip through them given the
+time. This this visual just shows what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. This this visual just shows what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. This this visual just shows what a
+capital structure will look like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital structure will look like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital structure will look like over
+time. At a startup, it's primarily all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. At a startup, it's primarily all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. At a startup, it's primarily all
+common. And by the time you're Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common. And by the time you're Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common. And by the time you're Microsoft
+or an LBO, you see more complex capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an LBO, you see more complex capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an LBO, you see more complex capital
+structures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures.
+Um, that's your instant MBA course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's your instant MBA course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's your instant MBA course for
+people not in the MBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not in the MBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not in the MBA
+program. Uh, we talked about convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Uh, we talked about convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Uh, we talked about convertible
+note financing the other night. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note financing the other night. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note financing the other night. Um,
+traditionally this bridge from one round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally this bridge from one round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally this bridge from one round
+to another as you were trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another as you were trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another as you were trying to keep
+the company going. It u has the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company going. It u has the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company going. It u has the benefit
+of being quick, relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being quick, relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being quick, relatively
+inexpensive and u it can avoid valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive and u it can avoid valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive and u it can avoid valuation
+issues. So a classic problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. So a classic problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. So a classic problem is the
+first round investors value the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round investors value the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round investors value the company
+too high. The next round comes in says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high. The next round comes in says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high. The next round comes in says
+we're never going to pay that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're never going to pay that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're never going to pay that much
+because things haven't happened or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things haven't happened or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things haven't happened or
+whatever and the first round has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and the first round has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and the first round has to have
+a this discussion how they get crammed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this discussion how they get crammed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this discussion how they get crammed
+down in their percentage of the company.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in their percentage of the company.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in their percentage of the company.
+Convertible note allows you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convertible note allows you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convertible note allows you to sort of
+not set that actual valuation until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not set that actual valuation until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not set that actual valuation until
+later. There's a good discussion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. There's a good discussion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. There's a good discussion of this
+at the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the startup
+company.com which talks about the pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company.com which talks about the pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company.com which talks about the pros
+and cons. So again, another resource to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cons. So again, another resource to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cons. So again, another resource to
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at. This is an example of a term sheet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. This is an example of a term sheet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. This is an example of a term sheet.
+Um, if you go to firms like I know Kulie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you go to firms like I know Kulie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you go to firms like I know Kulie
+LLP has a nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLP has a nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLP has a nice uh
+open-source models of what the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source models of what the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source models of what the documents
+look like. There's some also some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like. There's some also some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like. There's some also some good
+resources at Wilson Sanscini and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources at Wilson Sanscini and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources at Wilson Sanscini and at
+Goodwin Proctor. Uh much more accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodwin Proctor. Uh much more accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodwin Proctor. Uh much more accessible
+these days than they were back when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days than they were back when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days than they were back when I
+was uh starting out. Now, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh starting out. Now, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh starting out. Now, we're going to
+uh run quickly through angel and venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run quickly through angel and venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run quickly through angel and venture
+uh funding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh funding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh funding.
+Um a typical way to do this is you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a typical way to do this is you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a typical way to do this is you take
+a term sheet and you take it apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term sheet and you take it apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term sheet and you take it apart and
+you talk about each of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about each of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about each of the little
+components of the term sheet. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the term sheet. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the term sheet. And that
+that's a useful way to do it. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a useful way to do it. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a useful way to do it. I think
+the way for an entrepreneur to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way for an entrepreneur to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way for an entrepreneur to think
+about why all these terms is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why all these terms is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why all these terms is to
+understand what the major deal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the major deal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the major deal elements
+are. And from an investor viewpoint,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And from an investor viewpoint,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And from an investor viewpoint,
+it's these four elements. One is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these four elements. One is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these four elements. One is a
+preferred return for reasons we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred return for reasons we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred return for reasons we'll talk
+about. Protection of value valuation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Protection of value valuation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Protection of value valuation and
+position versus future money that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position versus future money that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position versus future money that comes
+in the requirement to manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the requirement to manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the requirement to manage the
+investment in the exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the exit
+strategy. So for example, if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. So for example, if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. So for example, if you think
+of preferred return, an investor looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferred return, an investor looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferred return, an investor looks
+at you and he sees a plan or a promise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you and he sees a plan or a promise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you and he sees a plan or a promise.
+The investor writes a check. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The investor writes a check. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The investor writes a check. The
+investor's basically done everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor's basically done everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor's basically done everything
+that he would say he said he would do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would say he said he would do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would say he said he would do.
+You know, he'll be there to advise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, he'll be there to advise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, he'll be there to advise and
+all that, but basically you want his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that, but basically you want his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that, but basically you want his
+money. The entrepreneur hasn't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. The entrepreneur hasn't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. The entrepreneur hasn't done
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+yet from the V from the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet from the V from the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet from the V from the investor
+perspective. They put together a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. They put together a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. They put together a plan
+that's yet to be executed on. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yet to be executed on. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yet to be executed on. And so the
+result is the investor typically wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the investor typically wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is the investor typically wants
+to get paid before the entrepreneur gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get paid before the entrepreneur gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get paid before the entrepreneur gets
+paid because he gets his money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid because he gets his money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid because he gets his money back
+first. And the instrument is usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And the instrument is usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And the instrument is usually the
+convertible preferred stock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible preferred stock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible preferred stock.
+uh it usually has dividends. Um and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it usually has dividends. Um and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it usually has dividends. Um and an
+important part is the liquidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part is the liquidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part is the liquidation
+preference. So liquidation preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference. So liquidation preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference. So liquidation preference
+says look there are two types. One is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look there are two types. One is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look there are two types. One is a
+straight uh preference. It says if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight uh preference. It says if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight uh preference. It says if the
+company we have a liquidation which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company we have a liquidation which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company we have a liquidation which I'll
+talk about what that means in a moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what that means in a moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what that means in a moment.
+uh the investor can either choose to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the investor can either choose to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the investor can either choose to get
+um the money he put in back plus his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the money he put in back plus his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the money he put in back plus his
+dividends or he can convert because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends or he can convert because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends or he can convert because it's
+usually convertible into whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually convertible into whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually convertible into whatever the
+convertible amount of the company would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible amount of the company would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible amount of the company would
+be. So it's simply a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So it's simply a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So it's simply a math
+exercise. The that's a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. The that's a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. The that's a straight
+liquidation preference. A participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidation preference. A participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidation preference. A participating
+or double dip is one that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or double dip is one that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or double dip is one that's not
+particularly good from a in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good from a in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good from a in many cases
+for an entrepreneur. says the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entrepreneur. says the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entrepreneur. says the investor
+gets his money back first and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his money back first and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his money back first and then he
+pretends he converts and pretends he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretends he converts and pretends he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretends he converts and pretends he was
+like you and gets a percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you and gets a percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you and gets a percentage of the
+company. Um I put a chart in comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Um I put a chart in comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Um I put a chart in comparing
+how that math works. Uh I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that math works. Uh I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that math works. Uh I think it's
+pretty self-explanatory if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-explanatory if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-explanatory if you look at
+it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+materials. Um and I put a case in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Um and I put a case in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Um and I put a case in here
+which says there you know there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says there you know there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says there you know there are two
+cases presented. One is a founder sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases presented. One is a founder sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases presented. One is a founder sell
+40% of the company for $5 million of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% of the company for $5 million of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% of the company for $5 million of
+convertible preferred with a $5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible preferred with a $5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible preferred with a $5 million
+liquidation preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidation preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidation preference
+uh but no participating rights and case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but no participating rights and case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but no participating rights and case
+B they sell 33% of the company uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B they sell 33% of the company uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B they sell 33% of the company uh with
+participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating
+preferred and this example shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred and this example shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred and this example shows you the
+tradeoff essentially in this case if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff essentially in this case if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff essentially in this case if the
+exit is 35 million or less then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit is 35 million or less then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit is 35 million or less then the
+first case is better for the on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case is better for the on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case is better for the on for the
+founders which means actually giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders which means actually giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders which means actually giving up
+a bigger percentage of the company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger percentage of the company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger percentage of the company and
+having a straight preferred. So take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a straight preferred. So take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a straight preferred. So take a
+look at that after class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that after class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that after class.
+Um the liquidation events are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the liquidation events are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the liquidation events are usually
+could be really liquidation meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really liquidation meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really liquidation meaning the
+company's shut down but it's often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's shut down but it's often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company's shut down but it's often uh
+it's defined to be a merger. So if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined to be a merger. So if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined to be a merger. So if the
+company uh is acquired the liquidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh is acquired the liquidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh is acquired the liquidation
+kicks in. Now that's the preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in. Now that's the preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in. Now that's the preferred
+return part as you look through the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return part as you look through the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return part as you look through the um
+the term sheet. Uh the second major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term sheet. Uh the second major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term sheet. Uh the second major
+element is protection of value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is protection of value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is protection of value and
+position versus future money. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position versus future money. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position versus future money. And that's
+where anti-dilution protection comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where anti-dilution protection comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where anti-dilution protection comes
+in. And I give you an example of a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And I give you an example of a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And I give you an example of a term
+sheet with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet with that.
+Um anti-dilution and and conversion go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anti-dilution and and conversion go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anti-dilution and and conversion go
+hand in hand. So typically a convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in hand. So typically a convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in hand. So typically a convertible
+prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer
+uh trades one for one. one share of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trades one for one. one share of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trades one for one. one share of of
+preferred converts to one share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred converts to one share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred converts to one share of
+common at the beginning. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common at the beginning. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common at the beginning. And
+anti-dilution says if an event occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in which you issue stock for less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in which you issue stock for less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in which you issue stock for less
+money price less than price I paid then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money price less than price I paid then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money price less than price I paid then
+I when I convert I want to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when I convert I want to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when I convert I want to get more
+shares because you know your value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares because you know your value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares because you know your value of
+the company's gone down. I I came in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company's gone down. I I came in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company's gone down. I I came in at
+this level and you did something. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level and you did something. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level and you did something. You
+didn't grow the company. You made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't grow the company. You made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't grow the company. You made the
+value go down and therefore I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value go down and therefore I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value go down and therefore I need to
+get compensated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get compensated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get compensated.
+Um and there are two main types of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there are two main types of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there are two main types of these
+is the full ratchet which is really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the full ratchet which is really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the full ratchet which is really bad
+for an entrepreneur that says if I issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entrepreneur that says if I issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entrepreneur that says if I issue
+even one share of stock for less money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even one share of stock for less money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even one share of stock for less money
+than what you the investor put in then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you the investor put in then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you the investor put in then
+the price of that one share of stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of that one share of stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of that one share of stock
+becomes a conversion price. So if my if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a conversion price. So if my if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a conversion price. So if my if
+I converted at $10 a share and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I converted at $10 a share and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I converted at $10 a share and you
+issued um one share at $1, now all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued um one share at $1, now all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued um one share at $1, now all my
+all my money converts at $1 a share. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my money converts at $1 a share. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my money converts at $1 a share. So
+I get 10 times more. The more typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 10 times more. The more typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 10 times more. The more typical
+one is the weighted average and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the weighted average and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the weighted average and there's
+the formula for that. It looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for that. It looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for that. It looks at the
+price and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the
+amount. Uh on the resources page, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount. Uh on the resources page, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount. Uh on the resources page, there
+are a bunch of venture capital terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of venture capital terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of venture capital terms
+that will help explain a lot of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help explain a lot of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help explain a lot of what we
+went through here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through here.
+And that brings us uh to tomorrow which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that brings us uh to tomorrow which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that brings us uh to tomorrow which
+is we're going to go into negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to go into negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to go into negotiation
+skills and Yos you're doing organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and Yos you're doing organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills and Yos you're doing organization
+and people issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow. So I've raced you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow. So I've raced you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow. So I've raced you through a
+whole bunch of legal stuff that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of legal stuff that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of legal stuff that we could
+have spent hours on each portion of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spent hours on each portion of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spent hours on each portion of it.
+Again, I want to step back, say take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, I want to step back, say take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, I want to step back, say take the
+the deck that's there, read through it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck that's there, read through it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck that's there, read through it,
+and use it as sort of a guidepost u as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it as sort of a guidepost u as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it as sort of a guidepost u as
+you go forward on on some of this stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go forward on on some of this stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go forward on on some of this stuff.
+There are plenty of uh resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are plenty of uh resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are plenty of uh resources that
+I've mentioned that you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned that you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned that you can sort of
+self-educate. I'm happy to chat with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-educate. I'm happy to chat with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-educate. I'm happy to chat with you
+offline about those things. I know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline about those things. I know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline about those things. I know no
+other way to get it out in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to get it out in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to get it out in front of you
+short of having you take a whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of having you take a whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of having you take a whole uh
+legal course. So, hopefully you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal course. So, hopefully you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal course. So, hopefully you'll find
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t4P_zSJbods.txt b/t4P_zSJbods.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9143e80fa9c847b8dbc26e6ecae083369201073d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t4P_zSJbods.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as a more technical aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a more technical aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a more technical aside
+let's analyze more carefully the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze more carefully the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze more carefully the problem
+of release of viral viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of release of viral viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of release of viral viral
+load from a drop by process of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load from a drop by process of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load from a drop by process of diffusion
+so here again i sketch a droplet which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again i sketch a droplet which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again i sketch a droplet which
+would typically be an aerosol droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically be an aerosol droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically be an aerosol droplet
+in the size range of let's say microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size range of let's say microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size range of let's say microns
+and the virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the virion
+of interest has a size that is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest has a size that is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest has a size that is much
+smaller than that on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that on the order
+of uh let's say 100 nanometers and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh let's say 100 nanometers and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh let's say 100 nanometers and this
+white path is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white path is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white path is showing
+uh how such a variant would go from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how such a variant would go from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how such a variant would go from its
+initial position r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position r
+uh let's say as a radial position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say as a radial position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say as a radial position to
+the boundary now the general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary now the general problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary now the general problem
+of when finding the expected first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when finding the expected first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when finding the expected first
+passage time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage time
+from a point inside a domain to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a point inside a domain to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a point inside a domain to a
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+uh is a classical problem in the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a classical problem in the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a classical problem in the theory
+of stochastic processes and random walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stochastic processes and random walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stochastic processes and random walks
+and it has the following representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the following representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the following representation
+so the mean or expected first passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mean or expected first passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mean or expected first passage
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a point to an absorbing surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a point to an absorbing surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a point to an absorbing surface
+solves the following problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the following problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the following problem is the
+laplacian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian
+of that time with a minus sign is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that time with a minus sign is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that time with a minus sign is one
+over d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over d
+where d is the diffusivity and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where d is the diffusivity and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where d is the diffusivity and so this
+is the dv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dv
+that i described before that if you sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i described before that if you sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i described before that if you sub
+do the virion and the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the virion and the boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the virion and the boundary condition
+for this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this equation
+is that uh it's an absorbing boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh it's an absorbing boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh it's an absorbing boundary
+basically so when the variant gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so when the variant gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so when the variant gets the
+surface it's gone and that's when sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's gone and that's when sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's gone and that's when sort
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+the the stochastic process finishes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stochastic process finishes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stochastic process finishes so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+tie equals zero on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie equals zero on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie equals zero on uh
+radius capital r which is the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius capital r which is the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius capital r which is the radius of
+the droplet so that's on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet so that's on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet so that's on the boundary
+so in the case of a spherical drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can write this equation in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can write this equation in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can write this equation in uh
+cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical
+in spherical coordinates so that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spherical coordinates so that's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spherical coordinates so that's minus
+1 over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over r
+squared our derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared our derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared our derivative
+of r squared d tau d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r squared d tau d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r squared d tau d
+r and that's equal to one over capital d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and that's equal to one over capital d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and that's equal to one over capital d
+and then again our boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again our boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again our boundary condition
+is that tau of capital r is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that tau of capital r is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that tau of capital r is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+another boundary condition we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another boundary condition we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another boundary condition we might
+mention is that d tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is that d tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is that d tau
+uh dr at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dr at r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dr at r
+equals zero is zero that's a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero is zero that's a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero is zero that's a symmetry
+boundary condition so when you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so when you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so when you're right
+in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+basically there should be no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there should be no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there should be no there's
+there's no sort of favored direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sort of favored direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sort of favored direction
+uh for for the for the for the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for the for the for the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for the for the for the diffusion
+process and so therefore the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so therefore the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so therefore the derivative
+of this time with respect to r must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this time with respect to r must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this time with respect to r must be
+zero at the center that's a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the center that's a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the center that's a symmetry
+boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition
+okay so we can now go ahead and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can now go ahead and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can now go ahead and solve
+this problem uh let me put the r square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem uh let me put the r square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem uh let me put the r square
+on their side and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their side and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their side and use
+primes to denote derivatives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes to denote derivatives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes to denote derivatives so
+let's write this as r squared tau prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this as r squared tau prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this as r squared tau prime
+prime equals uh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals uh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals uh minus
+r squared over d and if i now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over d and if i now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over d and if i now
+integrate both sides i get r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides i get r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides i get r squared
+tau prime equals and then here we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau prime equals and then here we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau prime equals and then here we get a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+r cubed over 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cubed over 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cubed over 3d
+plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that constant integration according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that constant integration according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that constant integration according
+to the symmetry boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the symmetry boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the symmetry boundary condition
+has to be zero because tau prime is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be zero because tau prime is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be zero because tau prime is zero
+at r equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at r equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at r equals zero
+so we can simplify this and write tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can simplify this and write tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can simplify this and write tau
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+is minus r over 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus r over 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus r over 3d
+and so then i can integrate again and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then i can integrate again and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then i can integrate again and i
+found that tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that tau
+of r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r is
+well i integrate this i get r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i integrate this i get r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i integrate this i get r squared
+over 2 is the integral of r so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 is the integral of r so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 is the integral of r so that
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+that gives me an r squared over six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me an r squared over six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me an r squared over six so
+there'll be a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a six
+d and minus r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and minus r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and minus r squared
+and there'll be a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be a constant of
+integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and
+in order to satisfy this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to satisfy this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to satisfy this boundary
+condition of vanishing at capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of vanishing at capital r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of vanishing at capital r
+you can see that i can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that i can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that i can write the
+constant this way and write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this way and write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this way and write it as
+capital r squared over 6 d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r squared over 6 d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r squared over 6 d
+is the cost of integration so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cost of integration so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cost of integration so basically
+the profile of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile of the
+mean first passage time is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean first passage time is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean first passage time is essentially a
+parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola
+so as a function of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a function of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a function of distance
+r from the center of the droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r from the center of the droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r from the center of the droplet
+you have this kind of a shape to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of a shape to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of a shape to the
+mean transmission time and the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean transmission time and the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean transmission time and the maximum
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+maximum value is tau 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value is tau 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value is tau 0
+is the maximum value and that is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum value and that is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum value and that is r
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+over 6 d so that's if you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 d so that's if you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 d so that's if you happen to be
+unlucky and right in the middle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky and right in the middle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky and right in the middle that's
+sort of the longest you would expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the longest you would expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the longest you would expect to
+take from a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from a particular
+part now on the other hand as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now on the other hand as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now on the other hand as i've
+sketched here in a typical droplet if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched here in a typical droplet if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched here in a typical droplet if
+the virions are randomly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virions are randomly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virions are randomly distributed
+some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+like this guy over here happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this guy over here happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this guy over here happen to be
+very close to the surface so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the surface so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the surface so you're not
+going to have to wait this long for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to wait this long for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to wait this long for them
+to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to escape
+so now we can ask the question what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can ask the question what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can ask the question what is
+the average escape time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average escape time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average escape time
+over all the initial positions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the initial positions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the initial positions of the
+virus or virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus or virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus or virion
+assuming that the variants are uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the variants are uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the variants are uniformly
+distributed at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed at random
+in the initial condition so if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial condition so if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial condition so if we do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+then we're solving for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're solving for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're solving for the uh
+so i'll plug this up right over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the average um escape time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average um escape time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average um escape time
+or first passage time for the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or first passage time for the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or first passage time for the virus
+will be tau bar well what i'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be tau bar well what i'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be tau bar well what i'll do is
+i'll integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll integrate
+over all the positions and then divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the positions and then divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the positions and then divide
+by the volume because the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the volume because the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the volume because the uniform
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+so i'll write the integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll write the integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll write the integral over the
+volume as four pi the solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume as four pi the solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume as four pi the solid angle
+times integral from zero to capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times integral from zero to capital r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times integral from zero to capital r
+of tau of r r squared d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tau of r r squared d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tau of r r squared d
+r and i'll divide by the total volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and i'll divide by the total volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and i'll divide by the total volume
+four thirds pi capital r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds pi capital r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds pi capital r r
+cubed okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed okay so uh
+if we do this integral here so we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this integral here so we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this integral here so we plug
+in plug in this first of all we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plug in this first of all we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plug in this first of all we can see
+uh that we get um obviously for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we get um obviously for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we get um obviously for the
+constant term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term
+r squared over 60 we just have a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over 60 we just have a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over 60 we just have a ratio
+of volume over volume which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume over volume which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume over volume which is one
+so we get r squared over six d is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get r squared over six d is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get r squared over six d is the
+first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term
+just integrating that constant but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrating that constant but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrating that constant but then
+it's one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one minus
+and then instead of r squared you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then instead of r squared you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then instead of r squared you would
+have r squared times this r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r squared times this r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r squared times this r
+squared says r to the fourth so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared says r to the fourth so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared says r to the fourth so you
+integrate that you get r to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that you get r to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that you get r to the fifth
+over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five
+and so then you get one fifth over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you get one fifth over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you get one fifth over this
+one third here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third here
+and that gives you three fifths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that gives when i subtract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives when i subtract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives when i subtract one
+minus three fifths i get two fifths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three fifths i get two fifths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three fifths i get two fifths and
+two over six is one-third and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over six is one-third and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over six is one-third and so this
+ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being
+r squared over 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over 15
+d as we had previously quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d as we had previously quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d as we had previously quoted
+so it's worth going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's worth going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's worth going through the
+calculation just to see this number 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation just to see this number 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation just to see this number 15
+is an order of magnitude it's larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an order of magnitude it's larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an order of magnitude it's larger
+than 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10.
+so while we normally estimate diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we normally estimate diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we normally estimate diffusion
+times to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to be
+of order length squared divided by d so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order length squared divided by d so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order length squared divided by d so
+r squared over d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared over d
+this calculation shows that the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation shows that the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation shows that the actual
+average time is much smaller than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time is much smaller than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time is much smaller than that
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+a factor of 15 because and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 15 because and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 15 because and that's
+precisely because the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because the virus
+varions sometimes find themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varions sometimes find themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varions sometimes find themselves
+initially near the surface so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially near the surface so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially near the surface so they get
+out more easily so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more easily so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more easily so you don't have to
+wait for diffusion across the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for diffusion across the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for diffusion across the entire
+drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+that sets the overall scale but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sets the overall scale but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sets the overall scale but the
+average drop diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average drop diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average drop diffusion
+time is actually less than that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tCxonq5r-O8.txt b/tCxonq5r-O8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eaf3ef18a683533198632a93539c8b147f7fad92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tCxonq5r-O8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3329 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+MEHRAN KARDAR: You
+decide at first look
+
+at the our simple system,
+which was the ideal gas.
+
+And imagine that we
+have this gas contained
+
+in a box of volume V that
+contains N particles.
+
+And it's completely isolated
+from the rest of the universe.
+
+So you can know the amount
+of energy that it has.
+
+So the macroscopic
+description of the system
+
+consists of these three
+numbers, E, V, and N.
+
+And this was the characteristics
+of a microcanonical ensemble
+
+in which there was no
+exchange of heat or work.
+
+And therefore,
+energy was conserved.
+
+And our task was somehow to
+characterize the probability
+
+to find the system
+in some microstate.
+
+Now if you have N
+particles in the system,
+
+there is at the microscopic
+level, some microstate that
+
+consists of a description of
+all of the positions of momenta.
+
+And there is
+Hamiltonian that governs
+
+how that microstate evolves
+as a function of time.
+
+And for the case of ideal gas,
+the particles don't interact.
+
+So the Hamiltonian can be
+written as the sum of n terms
+
+that describe essentially
+the energy of the end
+
+particle composed of
+its kinetic energy.
+
+And the term that is really
+just confining the particle
+
+is in this box.
+
+And so the volume of
+the box is contained.
+
+Let's say that in
+this potential,
+
+that it's zero inside the
+box and infinity outside.
+
+And we said, OK, so given that
+I know what the energy, volume,
+
+number of particles
+are, what's the chance
+
+that I will find the system
+in some particular microstate?
+
+And the answer was
+that, obviously, you
+
+will have to put zero if the
+particles are outside box.
+
+Or if the energy, which is
+really just the kinetic energy,
+
+does not much the energy that
+we know is in the system,
+
+we sum over i of P
+i squared over 2m
+
+is not equal to the
+energy of the system.
+
+Otherwise, we say that if
+the microstate corresponds
+
+to exactly the right
+amount of energy, then
+
+I have no reason to exclude it.
+
+And just like saying
+that the dice can
+
+have six possible
+faces, you would
+
+assign all of those possible
+phases equal probability.
+
+I will give all of
+the microstates that
+
+don't conflict
+with the conditions
+
+that I have set out
+the same probability.
+
+I will call that
+probability 1 over
+
+some overall constant omega.
+
+And so this is one otherwise.
+
+So then the next
+statement is well
+
+what is this number omega
+that you have put it?
+
+And how do we determine it?
+
+Well, we know that this
+P is a probability so
+
+that if I were to integrate
+over the entirety of the face
+
+space of this probability,
+the answer should be 1.
+
+So that means this
+omega, which is
+
+a function of these parameters
+that I set out from the outside
+
+to describe the
+microstate, should
+
+be obtained by integrating over
+all q and p of this collection
+
+of 1s and 0s that
+I have out here.
+
+So I think this box of
+1s and 0s, put it here,
+
+and I integrate.
+
+So what do I get?
+
+Well, the integration
+over the q's is easy.
+
+The places that I get 1 are
+when the q's are inside the box.
+
+So each one of them will
+give me a factor of V.
+
+And there are N of them.
+
+So I would get V to the N.
+
+The integrations over
+momenta essentially
+
+have to do with seeing whether
+or not the condition sum
+
+over i Pi squared over 2m
+equals to E is satisfied or not.
+
+So this I can write
+also as sum over i
+
+P i squared equals to 2mE,
+which I can write as R squared.
+
+And essentially, in
+this momentum space,
+
+I have to make sure that the
+sum of the components of all
+
+of the momenta squared
+add up to this R. squared,
+
+which as we discussed
+last time, is
+
+the surface of hypershpere
+in 3N dimensions of radius
+
+R, which is square root of 2mE.
+
+So I have to integrate
+over all of these momenta.
+
+And most of the
+time I will get 0,
+
+except when I heat the
+surface of this sphere.
+
+There's kind of a little
+bit of singularity
+
+here because you have a
+probability that there's 0,
+
+except at the very sharp
+interval, and then 0 again.
+
+So it's kind of like a delta
+function, which is maybe
+
+a little bit hard to deal with.
+
+So sometimes we
+will generalize this
+
+by adding a little
+bit be delta E here.
+
+So let's say that the energy
+does not have to be exactly E,
+
+but E minus plus
+a little bit, so
+
+that when we look at
+this surface in three
+
+n dimensional space--
+let's say this was two
+
+dimensional space--
+rather than having
+
+to deal with an
+exact boundary, we
+
+have kind of smoothed that
+out into an interval that
+
+has some kind of a thickness
+R, that presumably is related
+
+to this delta E
+that I put up there.
+
+Turns out it doesn't
+really make any difference.
+
+The reason it doesn't
+make any difference I
+
+will tell you shortly.
+
+But now when I'm integrating
+over all of these
+
+P's-- so there's P. There's
+another P. This could be P1.
+
+This could be P2.
+
+And there are
+different components.
+
+I then get 0, except
+when I hit this interval
+
+around the surface
+of this hypersphere.
+
+So what do I get as a result
+of the integration over this 3N
+
+dimensional space?
+
+I will get the volume
+of this element, which
+
+is composed of the
+surface area, which
+
+has some kind of a solid
+angle in 3N dimensions.
+
+The radius raised to
+the power of dimension
+
+minus 1, because it's a surface.
+
+And then if I want to
+really include a delta R
+
+to make it into a volume, this
+would be the appropriate volume
+
+of this interval
+in momentum space.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just to
+clarify, you're
+
+asserting that
+there's no potential
+
+inside the [INAUDIBLE] that
+comes from the hard walls.
+
+MEHRAN KARDAR: Correct.
+
+We can elaborate
+on that later on.
+
+But for the description of the
+ideal gas without potential,
+
+like in the box, I have
+said that potential
+
+to be just 0 infinity.
+
+OK?
+
+OK, so fine.
+
+So this is the description.
+
+There was one
+thing that I needed
+
+to tell you, which is the d,
+dimension, of solid angle,
+
+which is 2pi to the
+d over 2 divided
+
+by d over 2 minus 1
+factorial So again,
+
+in two dimensions, such as the
+picture that I drew over here,
+
+the circumference of a
+circle would be 2 pi r.
+
+So this s sub 2--
+right there'd be 2 pi--
+
+and you can show that
+it is 2 pi divided
+
+by 0 factorial, which is 1.
+
+In three dimensions it should
+give you 4 pi r squared.
+
+Kind of looks
+strange because you
+
+get 2 pi to the 3/2 divided
+by 1/2 half factorial.
+
+But the 1/2 factorial
+is in fact root 2
+
+over pi-- root pi over 2.
+
+And so this will work out fine.
+
+Again, the definition of
+this factorial in general
+
+is through the gamma
+function and an integral
+
+that we saw already.
+
+And factorial is the integral
+0 to infinity, dx, x to the n
+
+into the minus x.
+
+Now, the thing is that
+this is a quantity that
+
+for large values of dimension
+grows exponentially v E d.
+
+So what I claim is that if I
+take the log of this surface
+
+area and take the limit that
+d is much larger than 1,
+
+the quantity that I
+will get-- well, let's
+
+take the log of this.
+
+I will get log of 2.
+
+I will get d over 2 log
+pi and minus the log
+
+of this large factorial.
+
+And the log of the factorial
+I will use Sterling's formula.
+
+I will ignore in
+that large limit
+
+the difference between d
+over 2 and d over 2 minus 1.
+
+Or actually I guess
+at the beginning
+
+I may even write it d over 2
+minus 1 log of d over 2 minus 1
+
+plus d over 2 minus 1.
+
+Now if I'm in this
+limit of large d again,
+
+I can ignore the 1s.
+
+And I can ignore the log 2
+with respect to this d over 2.
+
+And so the answer in this
+limit is in fact proportional
+
+to d over 2.
+
+And I have the log.
+
+I have pi.
+
+I have this d over 2 that
+will carry in the denominator.
+
+And then this d over 2 times 1
+I can write as d over 2 log e.
+
+And so this is
+the answer we get.
+
+So you can see that the
+answer is exponentially large
+
+if I were to again write s of d.
+
+S of d grows like
+an exponential in d.
+
+OK, so what do I
+conclude from that?
+
+I conclude that s over Kd--
+and we said that the entropy,
+
+we can regard as the entropy of
+this probability distribution.
+
+So that's going to give
+me the log of this omega.
+
+And log off this omega,
+we'll get a factor
+
+from this v to the n.
+
+So I will get N
+log V. I will get
+
+a factor from log of S of 3N.
+
+I figured out what that
+log was in the limit
+
+of large dimensions.
+
+So I essentially have 3N over 2
+because my d is now roughly 3N.
+
+It's in fact exactly 3N, sorry.
+
+I have the log of 2 pi e.
+
+For d I have 3N.
+
+And then I actually
+have also from here
+
+a 3N log R, which I can write
+as 3N over 2 log of R squared.
+
+And my R squared is 2mE.
+
+The figure I have here.
+
+And then you say, OK,
+we added this delta R.
+
+But now you can
+see that I can also
+
+ignore this delta R, because
+everything else that I have
+
+in this expression is
+something that grows radially
+
+with N. What's the worse
+that I can do for delta R?
+
+I could make delta R even as big
+as the entirety of this volume.
+
+And then the
+typical volume would
+
+be of the order of the energy--
+sorry, the typical value of R
+
+would be like the
+square root of energy.
+
+So here I would
+have to put this log
+
+of the square root
+of the energy.
+
+And log of a square roots
+of an extensive quantity
+
+is much less than the
+extensive quantity.
+
+I can ignore it.
+
+And actually this reminds me,
+that some 35 years ago when
+
+I was taking this course,
+from Professor Felix Villiers,
+
+he said that he
+had gone to lunch.
+
+And he had gotten to this
+very beautiful, large orange.
+
+And he was excited.
+
+And he opened up the
+orange, and it was all skin.
+
+And there was just a
+little bit in the middle.
+
+He was saying it is like this.
+
+It's all in the surface.
+
+So if Professor Villiers had
+an orange in 3N dimension,
+
+he would have exponentially
+hard time extracting an orange.
+
+So this is our formula for
+the entropy of this gas.
+
+Essentially the
+extensive parts, n log v
+
+and something that
+depends on n log E.
+
+And that's really all
+we need to figure out
+
+all of the thermodynamic
+properties,
+
+because we said that
+we can construct--
+
+that's in thermodynamics--
+dE is TdS minus PdV plus YdN
+
+in the case of a gas.
+
+And so we can
+rearrange that to dS
+
+be dE over T plus P over
+T dV minus Y over T dN.
+
+And the first thing
+that we see is
+
+by taking the derivative of S
+with respect to the quantities
+
+that we have
+established, E, V, and N,
+
+we should be able to read
+off appropriate quantities.
+
+And in particular,
+let's say 1 over T
+
+would be dS by dE
+of constant v and n.
+
+S will be proportional to kB.
+
+And then they dependents
+of this object on E
+
+only appears on
+this log E. Except
+
+that there's a factor
+of 3N over 2 out front.
+
+And the derivative of log E
+with respect to E is 1 over E.
+
+So I can certainly
+immediately rearrange
+
+this and to get that
+the energy is 3/2 N k
+
+T in this system of ideal point
+particles in three dimensions.
+
+And then the
+pressure, P over T, is
+
+the S by dV at constant e and n.
+
+And it's again, kB.
+
+The only dependence on V
+is through this N log V.
+
+So I will get a factor of N over
+V, which I can rearrange to PV
+
+is N kB T by the ideal gas law.
+
+And in principle,
+the next step would
+
+be to calculate the
+chemical potential.
+
+But we will leave that
+for the time being
+
+for reasons that
+will become apparent.
+
+Now, one thing to note is that
+what you have postulated here,
+
+right at the beginning, is
+much, much, more information
+
+than what we extracted here
+about thermodynamic properties.
+
+It's a statement about a
+joint probability distribution
+
+in this six N
+dimensional face space.
+
+So it has huge amount
+of information.
+
+Just to show you part
+of it, let's take
+
+a note at the following.
+
+What it is a probability
+as a function of all
+
+coordinates and momenta
+across your system.
+
+But let me ask a
+specific question.
+
+I can ask what's the probability
+that some particular particle--
+
+say particle number
+one-- has a momentum P1.
+
+It's the only
+question that I care
+
+to ask about this huge
+amount of degrees of freedom
+
+that are encoded in P of mu.
+
+And so what do I do if I
+don't really care about all
+
+of the other degrees of freedom
+is I will integrate them.
+
+So I don't really care where
+particle number one is located.
+
+I didn't ask where
+it is in the box.
+
+I don't really care where part
+because numbers two through N
+
+are located or which
+momenta they have.
+
+So I integrate over
+all of those things
+
+of the full joint
+probability, which
+
+depends on the entirety
+of the face space.
+
+Fine, you say, OK.
+
+This joint probability actually
+has a very simple form.
+
+It is 1 over this
+omega E, V, and N,
+
+multiplying either 1 or 0.
+
+So I have to integrate
+over all of these q1's, all
+
+of these qi P i.
+
+Of 1 over omega or 0
+over omega, this delta
+
+like function that
+we put in a box
+
+up there-- so this is
+this delta function that
+
+says that the particular
+should be inside the box.
+
+And the sum of
+the momenta should
+
+be on the surface
+of this hypershpere.
+
+Now, let's do
+these integrations.
+
+Let's do it here.
+
+I may need space.
+
+The integration over
+Q1 is very simple.
+
+It will give me a factor of V.
+
+I have this omega E, V,
+N, in the denominator.
+
+And I claim that the numerator
+is simply the following.
+
+Omega E minus P1 squared
+over 2m V N minus 1.
+
+Why?
+
+Because what I need to do over
+here in terms of integrations
+
+is pretty much what I would
+have to integrate over here
+
+that gave rise to that surface
+and all of those factors
+
+with one exception.
+
+First of all, I integrated
+over one particle already,
+
+so the coordinate momenta here
+that I'm integrating pertains
+
+to the remaining N minus 1.
+
+Hence, the omega
+pertains to N minus 1.
+
+It's still in the
+same box of volume V.
+
+So V, the other
+argument, is the same.
+
+But the energy is changed.
+
+Why?
+
+Because I told you
+how much momentum
+
+I want the first
+particle to carry.
+
+So given the knowledge
+that I'm looking
+
+at the probability of the first
+particle having momentum P1,
+
+then I know that the
+remainder of the energy
+
+should be shared among the
+momenta of all the remaining
+
+N minus 1 particles.
+
+So I have already calculated
+these omegas up here.
+
+All I need to do is to
+substitute them over here.
+
+And I will get this probability.
+
+So first of all, let's check
+that the volume part cancels.
+
+I have one factor a volume here.
+
+Each of my omegas is in fact
+proportional to V to the N.
+
+So the denominator
+has V to the N.
+
+The numerator has a
+V to the N minus 1.
+
+And all of the V's
+would cancel out.
+
+So the interesting thing really
+comes from these solid angle
+
+and radius parts.
+
+The solid angle is a ratio of--
+let's write the denominator.
+
+It's easier.
+
+It is 2 pi to the 3N over
+2 divided by 3N over 2
+
+minus one factorial.
+
+The numerator would be 2
+pi to the 3 N and minus 1
+
+over 2 divided by 3 N minus
+1 over 2 minus 1 factorial.
+
+And then I have these
+ratio of the radii.
+
+In the denominator I have 2mE to
+the power of 3 N minus 1 over 2
+
+minus 1.
+
+So minus 3N-- it is
+3N minus 1 over 2.
+
+Same thing that we have
+been calculating so far.
+
+And in the numerator it is 2m
+E minus P1 squared over 2m.
+
+So I will factor out the E.
+I have 1 minus P1 squared
+
+over 2m E. The whole
+thing raised to something
+
+that is 3 N minus
+1 minus 1 over 2.
+
+Now, the most
+important part of this
+
+is the fact that the dependence
+on P1 appears as follows.
+
+I have this factor of 1
+minus P1 squared over 2m E.
+
+That's the one place
+that P1, the momentum
+
+of the particle that
+I'm interested appears.
+
+And it raised to
+the huge problem,
+
+which is of the
+order of 3N over 2.
+
+It is likely less.
+
+But it really doesn't
+make any difference
+
+whether I write 3N over 2, 3N
+over minus 1 over 2, et cetera.
+
+Really, ultimately,
+what I will have
+
+is 1 minus the very small
+number, because presumably
+
+the energy of one
+part they can is
+
+less than the energy of the
+entirety of the particle.
+
+So this is something that is
+order of 1 out of N raised
+
+to something that is
+order of N. So that's
+
+where an exponentiation
+will come into play.
+
+And then there's a whole
+bunch of other factors
+
+that if I don't make any
+mistake I can try to write down.
+
+There is the 2s
+certainly cancel when
+
+I look at the factors of pi.
+
+The denominator with
+respect to the numerator
+
+has an additional
+factor of pi to the 3/2.
+
+In fact, I will
+have a whole bunch
+
+of things that are raised
+to the powers of 3/2.
+
+I also have this
+2mE that compared
+
+to the 2mE that
+comes out front has
+
+an additional factor of 3/2.
+
+So let's put all
+of them together.
+
+2 pi mE raised to
+the power of 3/2.
+
+And then I have the ratio
+of these factorials.
+
+And again, the factorial that
+I have in the denominator
+
+has one and a half times
+more or 3/2 times more
+
+than what is in the numerator.
+
+Roughly it is something
+like the ratio
+
+of 3 N over 2
+factorial divided by 3
+
+N minus 1 over 2 factorial.
+
+And I claim that, say,
+N factorial compared
+
+to N minus 1 factorial is
+larger by a factor of N.
+
+If I go between N factorial
+N minus 2 factorial is
+
+a factor that is
+roughly N squared.
+
+Now this does not shift either
+by 1 or by 2, but by 1 and 1/2.
+
+And if you go through
+Sterling formula, et cetera,
+
+you can convince yourself that
+this is roughly 3 N over 2
+
+to the power of 1 and 1/2-- 3/2.
+
+And so once you do all of your
+arrangements, what do you get?
+
+1 minus a small quantity
+raised to a huge power,
+
+that's the definition
+of the exponential.
+
+So I get exponential of
+minus P1 squared over 2m.
+
+And the factor that
+multiplies it is E.
+
+And then I have 3N over 2.
+
+And again, if I have
+not made any mistake
+
+and I'm careful with all of
+the other factors that remain,
+
+I have here 2 pi m
+E. And this E also
+
+gets multiplied by the
+inverse of 3N over 2.
+
+So I will have this
+replaced by 2E over 3N.
+
+So statement number
+one, this assignment
+
+of probabilities according
+to just throwing the dice
+
+and saying that everything
+that has the same right energy
+
+is equally likely is
+equivalent to looking
+
+at one of the
+particles and stating
+
+that the momentum of that part
+again is Gaussian distributed.
+
+Secondly, you can check that
+this combination, 2E divided
+
+by 3N is the same thing as kT.
+
+So essentially
+this you could also
+
+if you want to
+replace 1 over kT.
+
+And you would get the
+more familiar kind
+
+of Maxwell type of
+distribution for the momentum
+
+of a single particle
+in an ideal gas.
+
+And again, since
+everything that we did
+
+was consistent with the
+laws of probability,
+
+if we did not mix up the
+orders of N, et cetera,
+
+the answer should be
+properly normalized.
+
+And indeed, you can check that
+this is the three dimensional
+
+normalization that you
+would require for this gas.
+
+So the statement of saying
+that everything is allowed
+
+is equally likely is a
+huge statement in space
+
+of possible configurations.
+
+On the one hand, it gives
+you macroscopic information.
+
+On the other hand, it
+retains a huge amount
+
+of microscopic information.
+
+The parts of it
+that are relevant,
+
+you can try to
+extract this here.
+
+OK?
+
+So those were the successes.
+
+Question is why didn't
+I calculate for you
+
+this u over T?
+
+It is because this
+expression as we wrote down
+
+has a glaring problem
+with it, which in order
+
+to make it explicit, we will
+look at mixing entropies.
+
+So the idea is
+this is as follows.
+
+Let's imagine that we
+start with two gases.
+
+Initially, I have N1 particles
+of one type in volume 1.
+
+And I have N2 particles of
+another type in volume 2.
+
+And for simplicity I will
+assume that both of them
+
+are of the same temperature.
+
+So this is my initial state.
+
+And then I remove the partition.
+
+And I come up with
+this situation
+
+where the particles are mixed.
+
+So the particles of type
+1 could be either way.
+
+Particles of type 2
+could be in either place.
+
+And let's say I have a box
+of some toxic gas here.
+
+And I remove the lid.
+
+And it will get
+mixed in the room.
+
+It's certainly an
+irreversible situation
+
+where is an increase of
+entropy i associated with that.
+
+And we can calculate
+that increase of entropy,
+
+because we know what the
+expression for entropy is.
+
+So what we have to do is to
+compare the entropy initially.
+
+So this is the initial entropy.
+
+And I calculate
+everything in units of kB
+
+so I don't have to write
+kB all over the place.
+
+For particle number
+one, what do I have?
+
+I have N1 log V1.
+
+And then I have a contribution,
+which is 3 N 1 over 2.
+
+But I notice that whatever
+appears here is really
+
+only a function of
+E over N. E over N
+
+is really only a
+function of temperature.
+
+So this is something that I can
+call a sigma of T over here.
+
+And the contribution of box 2
+is N2 log V plus 3N 2 over 2.
+
+This-- huh-- let's
+say that they are--
+
+we ignore the
+difference in masses.
+
+You could potentially have
+here sigma 1, sigma 2.
+
+It really doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+The final state,
+what do we have?
+
+Essentially, the one
+thing that changed
+
+is that the N1 particles now
+are occupying the box of volume
+
+V. So if call V to the
+V1 plus V2, what we have
+
+is that we have N1 log
+of V plus N2 log of V.
+
+My claim is that all
+of these other factors
+
+really stay the same.
+
+Because essentially what is
+happening in these expressions
+
+are various ratios of E over N.
+And by stating that initially I
+
+had the things at
+the same temperature,
+
+what I had effectively
+stated was that E1 over N1
+
+is the same thing as E2 over N2.
+
+I guess in the ideal
+gas case this E over N
+
+is the same thing as 3/2 kT.
+
+But if I have a
+ratio such as this,
+
+that is also the same as E1
+plus E2 divided by N1 plus N2.
+
+This is a simple manipulation
+of fractions that I can make.
+
+And E1 plus E2 over N1 plus N2,
+by the same kinds of arguments,
+
+would give me the
+final temperature.
+
+So what I have to compute is
+that the final temperature
+
+is the same thing as
+the initial temperature.
+
+Essentially, in this
+mixing of the ideal gases,
+
+temperature does not change.
+
+So basically, these
+factors of sigma
+
+are the same before and after.
+
+And so when we calculate
+the increase in entropy, Sf
+
+minus Si, really
+the contribution
+
+that you care about comes
+from these volume factors.
+
+And really the statement is
+that in one particle currently
+
+are occupying a
+volume of size V,
+
+whereas previously
+they were in V1.
+
+And similarly for
+the N2 particles.
+
+And if you have more of these
+particles, more of these boxes,
+
+you could see how the
+general expression
+
+for the mixing entropy goes.
+
+And so that's fine.
+
+V is certainly
+greater than V1 or V2.
+
+Each of these logs gives
+you a positive contribution.
+
+There's an increase in
+entropy as we expect.
+
+Now, there is the following
+difficulty however.
+
+What if the gases are
+identical-- are the same?
+
+We definitely have to do this
+if I take a box of methane here
+
+and I open it, we all know
+that something has happened.
+
+There is an irreversible
+process that has occured.
+
+But if the box--
+I have essentially
+
+taken the air in this
+room, put it in this box,
+
+whether I open the lid
+or not open the lid,
+
+it doesn't make any difference.
+
+There is no
+additional work that I
+
+have to do in order to
+close or open the lid.
+
+Is no there no increase of
+entropy one way or the other.
+
+Whereas if I look
+at this expression,
+
+this expression only
+depends on the final volume
+
+and the initial
+volumes, and says
+
+that there should an
+increase in entropy
+
+when we know that
+there shouldn't be.
+
+And of course, the
+resolution for that
+
+is something like this.
+
+That if I look at my two boxes--
+and I said maybe one of them
+
+is a box that contains methane.
+
+Let's call it A.
+And the other is
+
+the room that contains the air.
+
+Now this situation
+where all of the methane
+
+is in the box and the oxygen
+freely floating in the room
+
+is certainly different
+from a configuration
+
+where I exchange these two
+and the methane is here
+
+and the oxygen
+went into the box.
+
+They're different
+configurations.
+
+You can definitely
+tell them apart.
+
+Whereas if I do the same
+thing, but the box and outside
+
+contain the same entity, and
+the same entity is, let's say,
+
+oxygen, then how can you tell
+apart these two configurations?
+
+And so the meaning of-- yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you
+thinking quantum
+
+mechanically or classically.
+
+Classically we can
+tell them apart, right?
+
+MEHRAN KARDAR:
+This is currently I
+
+am making a
+macroscopic statement.
+
+Now when I get to the
+distinction of microstates
+
+we have to-- so I was
+very careful in saying
+
+whether or not you
+could tell apart
+
+whether it is methane or oxygen.
+
+So this was a very
+macroscopic statement as to
+
+whether or not you
+can distinguish
+
+this circumstance versus
+that circumstance.
+
+So as far as our senses of
+this macroscopic process
+
+is concerned, these two cases
+have to be treated differently.
+
+Now, what we have calculated
+here for these factors
+
+are some volume of phase space.
+
+And where in the
+evening you might
+
+say that following
+this procedure
+
+you counted these as
+two distinct cases.
+
+In this case, these
+were two distinct cases.
+
+But here, you can't
+really tell them apart.
+
+So if you can't
+tell them apart, you
+
+shouldn't call them
+two distinct cases.
+
+You have over counted phase
+space by a factor of two here.
+
+And here, I just looked
+at two particles.
+
+If I have N
+particles, I have over
+
+counted the phase space
+of identical particles
+
+by all possible permutations of
+n objects, it is n factorial.
+
+So there is an over
+counting of phase space
+
+or configurations of
+N identical particles
+
+by a factor of N factorial.
+
+I.e., when we said that particle
+number one can be anywhere
+
+in the box, particle
+number two can be anywhere
+
+in the box, all the way
+to particle number n,
+
+well, in fact, I can't
+tell which each is which.
+
+If I can't tell which
+particle is which,
+
+I have to divide by the number
+of permutations and factors.
+
+Now, as somebody was
+asking the question,
+
+as you were asking the
+question, classically,
+
+if I write a
+computer program that
+
+looks at the trajectories
+of N particles
+
+in the gas in this room,
+classically, your computer
+
+would always know the particle
+that started over here
+
+after many collisions
+or whatever
+
+is the particle that
+ended up somewhere else.
+
+So if you ask the
+computer, the computer
+
+can certainly distinguish
+these classical trajectories.
+
+And then it is kind of
+strange to say that, well, I
+
+have to divide by N factorial
+because all of these
+
+are identical.
+
+Again, classically
+these particles
+
+are following
+specific trajectories.
+
+And you know where in
+phase space they are.
+
+Whereas quantum mechanically,
+you can't tell that apart.
+
+So quantum mechanically, as
+we will describe later, rather
+
+than classical statistical
+mechanics-- when
+
+we do quantum statistical
+mechanics-- if you have
+
+identical particles,
+you have to write down
+
+of a wave function that
+is either symmetric or
+
+anti-symmetric under the
+exchange of particles.
+
+And when we do eventually
+the calculations
+
+for these factors of
+1 over N factorial
+
+will emerge very naturally.
+
+So I think different people
+have different perspectives.
+
+My own perspective is
+that this factor really
+
+is due to the quantum
+origin of identity.
+
+And classically, you have to
+sort of fudge it and put it
+
+over there.
+
+But some people say that really
+it's a matter of measurements.
+
+And if you can't really tell
+A and B sufficiently apart,
+
+then you don't know.
+
+I always go back
+to the computer.
+
+And say, well, the
+computer can tell.
+
+But it's kind of
+immaterial at this stage.
+
+It's obvious that for all
+practical purposes for things
+
+that are identical you have
+to divide by this factor.
+
+So what happens if you
+divide by that factor?
+
+So I have changed all
+of my calculations now.
+
+So when I do the log of--
+previously I had V to the N.
+
+And it gave me N log
+V. Now, I have log of V
+
+to the N divided by N factorial.
+
+So I will get my Sterling's
+approximation additional factor
+
+of minus N log N plus N, which
+I can sort of absorb here
+
+in this fashion.
+
+Now you say, well, having
+done that, you have to first
+
+of all show me that you
+fixed the case of this change
+
+in entropy for
+identical particles,
+
+but also you should show me
+that the previous case where
+
+we know there has to be an
+increase in entropy just
+
+because of the gas being
+different that that is not
+
+changed because of this
+modification that you make.
+
+So let's check that.
+
+So for distinct gases, what
+would be the generalization
+
+of this form Sf minus
+Si divided by kV?
+
+Well, what happens here?
+
+In the case of the final object,
+I have to divide N1 log of V.
+
+But that V really becomes
+V divided by N1, because
+
+in the volume of size
+V, I have N1 oxygen
+
+that I can't tell apart.
+
+So I divide by the N1
+factorial for the oxygens.
+
+And then I have N2 methanes
+that I can't tell apart
+
+in that volume, so I divide by
+essentially N2 factorial that
+
+goes over there.
+
+The initial change is over
+here I would have N1 log of V1
+
+over N1.
+
+And here I would have
+had N2 log of V2 over N2.
+
+So every one of these
+expressions that was previously
+
+log V, and I had four
+of them, gets changed.
+
+But they get change precisely in
+a manner that this N1 log of N1
+
+here cancels this N1
+log of and N1 here.
+
+This N2 log of N2 here cancels
+this N2 log of N2 here.
+
+So the delta S that I get
+is precisely the same thing
+
+as I had before.
+
+I will get N1 log of V over
+V1 plus N2 log of V over V2.
+
+So this division,
+because the oxygens were
+
+identical to
+themselves and methanes
+
+were identical to
+themselves, does not
+
+change the mixing entropy
+of oxygen and nitrogen.
+
+But let's say that both
+gases are the same.
+
+They're both oxygen.
+
+Then what happens?
+
+Now, in the final
+state, I have a box.
+
+It has a N1 plus N2 particles
+that are all oxygen.
+
+I can't tell them apart.
+
+So the contribution
+from the phase space
+
+would be N1 plus N2 log of the
+volume divided by N1 plus N2
+
+factorial.
+
+That ultimately will give me
+a factor of N1 plus N2 here.
+
+The initial entropy
+is exactly the one
+
+that I calculated before.
+
+For the line above,
+I have N1 log of V1
+
+over N1 minus N2
+log of V2 over N2.
+
+Now certainly, I still expect
+to see some mixing entropy
+
+if I have a box of oxygen
+that is at very low pressure
+
+and is very dilute,
+and I open it
+
+into this room, which is
+at much higher pressure
+
+and is much more dense.
+
+So really, the
+case where I don't
+
+expect to see any
+change in entropy
+
+is when the two boxes
+have the same density.
+
+And hence, when I mix
+them, I would also
+
+have exactly the same density.
+
+And you can see that, therefore,
+all of these factors that
+
+are in the log are of the
+inverse of the same density.
+
+And there's N1 plus N2
+of them that's positive.
+
+And N1 plus N2 of
+them that is negative.
+
+So the answer in
+this case, as long
+
+as I try to mix identical
+particles of the same density,
+
+if I include this
+correction to the phase
+
+space of identical
+particles, the answer
+
+will be [? 0. ?] Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Question,
+[INAUDIBLE] in terms
+
+of the revolution
+of the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+there is no
+transition [INAUDIBLE]
+
+so that your temporary, and say
+like, oxygen and nitrogen can
+
+catch a molecule, put it
+in a [? aspertometer. ?]
+
+and have different isotopes.
+
+You can take like closed
+isotopes of oxygen
+
+and still tell them apart.
+
+But this is like
+their continuous way
+
+of choosing a pair
+of gases which
+
+would be arbitrarily
+closed in atomic mass.
+
+MEHRAN KARDAR: So,
+as I said, there
+
+are alternative explanations
+that I've heard.
+
+And that's precisely
+one of them.
+
+And my counter is that
+what we are putting here
+
+is the volume of phase space.
+
+And to me that has a
+very specific meaning.
+
+That is there's a set of
+coordinates and momenta
+
+that are moving according
+to Hamiltonian trajectories.
+
+And in principle, there
+is a computer nature
+
+that is following
+these trajectories,
+
+or I can actually put
+them on the computer.
+
+And then no matter
+how long I run
+
+and they're identical
+oxygen molecules,
+
+I start with number one
+here, numbers two here.
+
+The computer will say that this
+is the trajectory of number one
+
+and this is the
+trajectory of numbers two.
+
+So unless I change my
+definition of phase space
+
+and how I am calculating
+things, I run into this paradox.
+
+So what you're saying
+is forget about that.
+
+It's just can tell isotopes
+apart or something like that.
+
+And I'm saying that that's fine.
+
+That's perspective,
+but it has nothing
+
+to do with phase space counting.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine, now, why didn't
+I calculate this?
+
+It was also for the
+same reason, because we
+
+expect to have quantities
+that are extensive
+
+and quantities
+that are intensive.
+
+And therefore, if I
+were to, for example,
+
+calculate this object,
+that it should be something
+
+that is intensive.
+
+Now the problem is that if I
+take a derivative with respect
+
+N, I have log V.
+And log V is clearly
+
+something that does not
+grow proportionately to size
+
+but grows proportionately
+to size logarithmically.
+
+So if I make volume
+twice as big,
+
+I will get an additional factor
+of log 2 here contribution
+
+to the chemical potential.
+
+And that does not make sense.
+
+But when I do this identity,
+then this V becomes V over N.
+
+And then everything
+becomes nicely intensive.
+
+So if I allowed now to
+replace this V over N,
+
+then I can calculate V over T
+as dS by dN at constant E and V.
+
+And so then
+essentially I will get
+
+to drop the factor of log N that
+comes in front, so I will get
+
+kT log of V over
+N. And then I would
+
+have 3/2 log of something, which
+I can put together as 4 pi N
+
+E over 3N raised
+to the 3/2 power.
+
+And you can see that
+there were these E's
+
+from Sterling's
+approximation up there that
+
+got dropped here, because
+you can also take derivative
+
+with respect to the
+N's that are inside.
+
+And you can check that the
+function of derivatives
+
+with respects to the
+N's that are inside
+
+is precisely to get
+rid of those factors.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, there is still
+one other thing
+
+that is not wrong, but
+kind of like jarring
+
+about the expressions
+that they've
+
+had so far in that right
+from the beginning,
+
+I said that you can certainly
+calculate entropies out
+
+of probabilities as minus
+log of P average if you like.
+
+But it makes sense
+only if you're
+
+dealing with discrete
+variables, because when you're
+
+dealing with continual
+variables and you
+
+have a probability density.
+
+And the probability
+density depends
+
+on the units of measurement.
+
+And if you were to change
+measurement from meters
+
+to centimeters or
+something else,
+
+then there will be changes
+in the probability densities,
+
+which would then modify the
+various factors over here.
+
+And that's really also
+is reflected ultimately
+
+in the fact that these
+combinations of terms
+
+that I have written
+here have dimensions.
+
+And it is kind
+of, again, jarring
+
+to have expressions inside the
+logarithm or in the exponential
+
+that our not dimensionless.
+
+So it would be good
+if we had some way
+
+of making all of
+these dimensionless.
+
+And you say, well,
+really the origin of it
+
+is all the way back
+here, when I was
+
+calculating volumes
+in phase space.
+
+And volumes in phase
+space have dimensions.
+
+And that dimensions of
+pq raised to the 3N power
+
+really survives all
+the way down here.
+
+So I can say, OK, I
+choose some quantity
+
+as a reference that has the
+right dimensions of the product
+
+of p and q, which is an action.
+
+And I divide all
+of my measurements
+
+by that reference unit, so
+that, for example, here I
+
+have 3N factors of this.
+
+Or let's say each
+one of them is 3.
+
+I divide by some quantity
+that has units of action .
+
+And then I will be set.
+
+So basically, the units of this
+h is the product of p and q.
+
+Now, at this point
+we have no way
+
+of choosing some h as
+opposed to another h.
+
+And so by adding that factor,
+we can make things look nicer.
+
+But then things are undefined
+after this factor of h.
+
+When we do quantum
+mechanics, another thing
+
+that quantum mechanics
+does is to provide us
+
+with precisely [? age ?] of
+Planck's constant as a measure
+
+of these kinds of integrations.
+
+So when we eventually
+you go to calculate, say,
+
+the ideal gas or any
+other mechanic system
+
+that involves p and q
+in quantum mechanics,
+
+then the phase space
+becomes discretized.
+
+You would have-- The
+appropriate description
+
+would have energies that are
+discretized corresponding
+
+to various other discretization
+that are eventually
+
+the equivalent to dividing
+by this Planck's constant.
+
+Ultimately, I will
+have additionally
+
+a factor of h squared
+appearing here.
+
+And it will make everything
+nicely that much [? less. ?]
+
+None of these other quantities
+that I mentioned calculated
+
+would be affected by this.
+
+So essentially,
+what I'm saying is
+
+that you are going to
+use a measure for phase
+
+space of identical particles.
+
+Previously we had a product,
+d cubed Pi, d cubed Qi.
+
+This is what we were
+integrating and requiring
+
+that this integration
+will give us [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now, we will change this to
+divide by this N factorial,
+
+if the particles are identical.
+
+And we divide by h
+to the 3N because
+
+of the number of pairs of
+pq that appear in this.
+
+The justification to come when
+we ultimately do quantum study.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So I said that this
+prescription when
+
+we look at a system
+at complete isolation,
+
+and therefore, specify
+fully its energy
+
+is the microcanonical
+ensemble, as opposed
+
+to the canonical
+ensemble, whereas the set
+
+of microscopic parameters
+that you identified
+
+with your system, you replace
+the energy with temperature.
+
+So in general,
+let's say there will
+
+be some bunch of
+displacements, x, that give you
+
+the work content to the system.
+
+Just like we fixed over there
+the volume and the number
+
+of particles, let's say that
+all of the work parameters,
+
+such as x
+microscopically, we will
+
+fix in this canonical ensemble.
+
+So however, the
+ensemble is one in which
+
+the energy is not specified.
+
+And so how do I
+imagine that I can
+
+maintain a system
+at temperature T?
+
+Well, if this room is at
+some particular temperature,
+
+I assume that smaller objects
+that I put in this room
+
+will come to the
+same temperature.
+
+So the general prescription
+for beginning something other
+
+than temperature T is
+to put it in contact
+
+with something that
+is much bigger.
+
+So let's call this
+to be a reservoir.
+
+And we put our system, which
+we assume to be smaller,
+
+in contact with it.
+
+And we allow it to exchange
+heat with the reservoir.
+
+Now I did this way of
+managing the system
+
+to come to a
+temperature T, which
+
+is the characteristic
+of a big reservoir.
+
+Imagine that you have a lake.
+
+And you put your gas or
+something else inside the lake.
+
+And it will equilibrate to
+the temperature of the lake.
+
+I will assume that
+the two of them,
+
+the system and the
+reservoir, just
+
+for the purpose of my being
+able to do some computation,
+
+are isolated from the
+rest of the universe,
+
+so that the system plus
+reservoir is microcanonical.
+
+And the sum total of their
+energies is sum E total.
+
+So now this system still
+is something like a gas.
+
+It's a has a huge number of
+potential degrees of freedom.
+
+And these potential number
+of degrees of freedom
+
+can be captured through the
+microstate of the system,
+
+u sub s.
+
+And similarly, the water
+particle in the lake
+
+have their own state.
+
+An there's some
+microstate that describes
+
+the positions and the momenta
+of all of the particles
+
+that are in the lake.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you're writing
+the set of particles used
+
+to describe it, why
+don't you write N?
+
+Since it said the number
+of particles in the system
+
+is not fixed.
+
+MEHRAN KARDAR: Yes, so I
+did want to [INAUDIBLE]
+
+but in principle I could add N.
+I wanted to be kind of general.
+
+If you like X,
+[? it ?] is allowed
+
+to include chemical
+work type of an X.
+
+So what do I know?
+
+I know that there is also if
+I want to describe microstates
+
+and their revolution,
+I need to specify
+
+that there's a
+Hamiltonian that governs
+
+the evolution of
+these microstates.
+
+And presumably
+there's a Hamiltonian
+
+that describes the evolution
+of the reservoir microstate.
+
+And so presumably the
+allowed microstates
+
+are ones in which
+E total is made up
+
+of the energy of the system plus
+the energy of the reservoir.
+
+So because the whole thing
+is the microcanonical,
+
+I can assign a probability,
+a joint probability,
+
+to finding some particular
+mu s, mu r combination,
+
+just like we were
+doing over there.
+
+You would say that
+essentially this
+
+is a combination
+of these 1s and 0s.
+
+So it is 0 if H of--
+again, for simplicity I
+
+drop the s on the
+system-- H of mu s plus H
+
+reservoir of mu reservoir
+is not equal to E total.
+
+And it is 1 over some omega
+of reservoir in the system
+
+otherwise.
+
+So this is just again,
+throwing the dice,
+
+saying that it has so many
+possible configurations, given
+
+that I know what
+the total energy is.
+
+All the ones that are consistent
+with that are allowed.
+
+Which is to say, I don't
+really care about the lake.
+
+All I care is about to
+the states of my gas,
+
+and say, OK, no problem, if
+I have the joint probability
+
+distribution just
+like I did over here,
+
+I get rid of all of
+the degrees of freedom
+
+that I'm not interested in.
+
+So if I'm interested only
+in the states of the system,
+
+I sum over or integrate
+over-- so this would be a sum.
+
+This would be an
+integration, whatever--
+
+of the joint probability
+distribution.
+
+Now actually follow the
+steps that I had over here
+
+when we were looking at the
+momentum of a gas particle.
+
+I say that what
+I have over here,
+
+this probability see
+is this 1 over omega R,
+
+S. This is a function
+that is either 1 or 0.
+
+And then I have so sum
+over all configurations
+
+of the reservoir.
+
+But given that I said what
+the microstate of the system
+
+is, then I know that the
+reservoir has to take energy
+
+in total minus the amount
+the microstates has taken.
+
+And I'm summing over all
+of the microstates that
+
+are consistent with
+the requirement
+
+that the energy in
+the reservoir is
+
+E total minus H of microstate.
+
+So what that is that
+the omega that I
+
+have for the reservoir--
+and I don't know what it is,
+
+but whatever it is,
+evaluated at the total energy
+
+minus the energy that is
+taken outside the microstate.
+
+So again, exactly the reason
+why this became E minus Pi
+
+squared over 2.
+
+This becomes E total
+minus H of mu S. Except
+
+that I don't know either
+what this is or what this is.
+
+Actually, I don't really
+even care about this
+
+because all of the H dependents
+on microstate dependents
+
+is in the numerator.
+
+So I write that as
+proportional to exponential.
+
+And the log of omega
+is the entropy.
+
+So I have the entropy of the
+[INAUDIBLE] in units of kB,
+
+evaluated at the argument that
+this E total minus H of mu S.
+
+So my statement is
+that when I look
+
+at the entropy of the
+reservoir as a function of E
+
+total minus the energy
+that is taken out
+
+by the system, my
+construction I assume
+
+that I'm putting a small
+volume of gas in contact
+
+with a huge lake.
+
+So this total energy is
+overwhelmingly larger
+
+than the amount of energy
+that the system can occupy.
+
+So I can make a Taylor
+expansion of this quantity
+
+and say that this is S R of E
+total minus the derivative of S
+
+with respect to its energy.
+
+So the derivative
+of the S reservoir
+
+with respect to the energy
+of the reservoir times
+
+H of the microstate and
+presumably higher order terms
+
+that are negligible.
+
+Now the next thing that is
+important about the reservoir
+
+is you have this huge lake.
+
+Let's say it's exactly at some
+temperature of 30 degrees.
+
+And you take some small
+amount of energy from it
+
+to put in the system.
+
+The temperature of the
+lake should not change.
+
+So that's the definition
+of the reservoir.
+
+It's a system that is so big
+that for the range of energies
+
+that we are considering,
+this S by dE
+
+is 1 over the temperature that
+characterizes the reservoir.
+
+So just like here,
+but eventually
+
+the answer that we
+got was something
+
+like the energy of the
+particle divided by kT.
+
+Once I exponentiate, I
+find that the probability
+
+to find the system in some
+microstate is proportional to E
+
+to the minus of the energy of
+that microstate divided by kT.
+
+And of course, there's
+a bunch of other things
+
+that I have to eventually
+put into a normalization that
+
+will cause.
+
+So in the canonical
+prescription you sort of replace
+
+this throwing of
+the dice and saying
+
+that everything is equivalent
+to saying that well,
+
+each microstates can have
+some particular energy.
+
+And the probabilities
+are partitioned according
+
+to the Boltzmann weights
+of these energies.
+
+And clearly this quantity,
+Z, the normalization
+
+is obtained by integrating
+over the entire space
+
+of microstates, or
+summing over them
+
+if they are discrete of this
+factor of E to the minus beta
+
+H of mu S. And we'll use
+this notation beta 1 over kT
+
+sometimes for simplicity.
+
+Now, the thing is that
+thermodynamically, we
+
+said that you can choose
+any set of parameters,
+
+as long as they are
+independent, to describe
+
+the macroscopic equilibrium
+state of the system.
+
+So what we did in the
+microcanonical ensemble is
+
+we specified a number of
+things, such as energy.
+
+And we derived the other
+things, such as temperature.
+
+So here, in the
+canonical ensemble,
+
+we have stated what the
+temperature of the system is.
+
+Well, then what happened?
+
+On one hand, maybe we have
+to worry because energy
+
+is constantly being
+exchanged with the reservoir.
+
+And so the energy of the system
+does not have a specific value.
+
+There's a probability for it.
+
+So probability of
+system having energy
+
+epsilon-- it doesn't
+have a fixed energy.
+
+There is a probability
+that it should have energy.
+
+And this probability,
+let's say we indicate
+
+with P epsilon given that
+we know what temperature is.
+
+Well, on one hand we
+have this factor of E
+
+to the minus epsilon over kT.
+
+That comes from the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But there isn't a single
+state that has that energy.
+
+There's a whole
+bunch of other states
+
+of the system that
+have that energy.
+
+So as I scan the
+microstates, there
+
+will be a huge number of them,
+omega of epsilon in number,
+
+that have this right energy.
+
+And so that's the
+probability of the energy.
+
+And I can write this
+as E to the minus 1
+
+over kT that I've called beta.
+
+I have epsilon.
+
+And then the log of
+omega that I take
+
+in the numerator
+is S divided by Kb.
+
+I can take that Kb here and
+write this as T S of epsilon.
+
+And so this kind of
+should remind you
+
+of something like a free energy.
+
+But it tells you is
+that this probability
+
+to have some particular energy
+is some kind of [? a form. ?]
+
+Now note that again for
+something like a gas
+
+or whatever, we expect typical
+values of both the energy
+
+and entropy to be
+quantities that
+
+are proportional to
+the size of the system.
+
+As the size of the system
+becomes exponentially large,
+
+we would expect that
+this probability would
+
+be one of those things
+that has portions that
+
+let's say are exponentially
+larger than any other portion.
+
+There will be a factor of
+E to the minus N something
+
+that will really peak up,
+let's say, the extremum
+
+and make the extremum
+overwhelmingly more likely
+
+than other places.
+
+Let's try to quantify
+that a little bit better.
+
+Once we have a
+probability, we can also
+
+start calculating averages.
+
+So let's define what the
+average energy of the system is.
+
+The average energy
+of the system is
+
+obtained by summing
+over all microstates.
+
+The energy of that
+microstate, the probability
+
+of that microstate, which
+is E to the minus beta H
+
+microstate divided by the
+partition function, which
+
+is the sum-- OK,
+the normalization,
+
+which we will call the
+partition function, which
+
+is the sum over all
+of these microstates.
+
+Now this is something
+that we've already seen.
+
+If I look at this expression
+in the denominator
+
+that we call Z and has a
+name, which is the partition
+
+function, then it's
+certainly a function of beta.
+
+If I take a derivative of Z with
+respect to beta, what happens
+
+I'll bring down a
+factor of H over here.
+
+So the numerator up to
+a sine is the derivative
+
+of Z with respect to beta.
+
+And the denominator is 1 over
+Z. And so this is none other
+
+than minus the log Z
+with respect to beta.
+
+So OK, fine, so the mean
+value of this probability
+
+is given by some
+expression such as this.
+
+Well, you can see that if I
+were to repeat this process
+
+and rather than
+taking one derivative,
+
+I will take n derivatives
+and then divide by 1 over Z.
+
+Each time I do that, I will
+bring down a factor of H.
+
+So this is going to give me
+the average of H to the N.
+
+The end moment of this
+probability distribution
+
+of energy is obtainable
+by this procedure.
+
+So now you recognize, oh, I've
+seen things like such as this.
+
+So clearly this
+partition function
+
+is something that
+generates the moments
+
+by taking subsequent
+derivatives.
+
+I can generate different
+moments of this distribution.
+
+But then there
+was something else
+
+that maybe this
+should remind you,
+
+which is that if there's
+a quantity that generates
+
+moments, then its log
+generates cumulants.
+
+So you would say,
+OK, the nth cumulant
+
+should be obtainable up to this
+factor of minus 1 to the n,
+
+as the nth derivative with
+respect to the beta of logs.
+
+And it's very easy
+to check that indeed
+
+if I were to take
+two derivatives,
+
+I will get the
+expectation value of H
+
+squared minus the average
+of H squared, et cetera.
+
+But the point is that
+clearly this to log Z
+
+is, again, something
+that is extensive.
+
+Another way of getting
+the normalization-- I
+
+guess I forgot to put
+this 1 over Z here.
+
+So now it is a perfectly
+normalized object.
+
+So another way to get
+z would be to look
+
+at the normalization
+of the probability.
+
+I could integrate over epsilon
+this factor of E to the minus
+
+beta epsilon minus
+T S of epsilon.
+
+And that would give
+me Z. Now, again
+
+the quantities that appear
+in the exponent, energy--
+
+entropy, their
+difference, free energy--
+
+are quantities
+that are extensive.
+
+So this Z is going
+to be dominated again
+
+by where this peak is.
+
+And therefore, log of Z
+will be proportional to log
+
+of what we have over here.
+
+And it be an extensive quantity.
+
+So ultimately, my statement
+is that this log of Z
+
+is something that is order of N.
+
+So we are, again,
+kind of reminiscent
+
+of the central limit theorem.
+
+In a situation where we have
+a probability distribution,
+
+at large N, in which
+all of the cumulants
+
+are proportional to N. The
+mean is proportional to N.
+
+The variance is proportional
+to N. All of the cumulants
+
+are proportional
+to N, which means
+
+that essentially the extent of
+the fluctuations that you have
+
+over here are going to go the
+order of the square root of N.
+
+So the bridge, the thing
+that again allows us,
+
+while we have in principle in
+the expression that we have
+
+said, a variable
+energy for the system.
+
+In fact, in the limit of
+things becoming extensive,
+
+I know where that energy
+is, up to fluctuations
+
+or up to uncertainty
+that is only
+
+of the order of
+square root of N.
+
+And so the relative uncertainty
+will vanish as the N goes
+
+to infinity, limit
+is approached.
+
+So although again
+we have something
+
+that is in principle
+probabilistic,
+
+again, in the
+thermodynamic sense
+
+we can identify uniquely an
+energy for our system as,
+
+let's say, the mean value
+or the most likely value.
+
+They're all the same thing
+of the order of 1 over N.
+
+And again, to be more
+precise, the variance
+
+is clearly the second derivative
+of log Z. 1 derivative of a log
+
+Z is going to give
+me the energy.
+
+So this is going to
+be d by d beta up
+
+to a minus sign of the
+energy or the expectation
+
+value of the Hamiltonian,
+which we identified
+
+as the energy of the system.
+
+The derivative with
+respect to beta,
+
+I can write as kB T squared.
+
+The derivative of energy
+with respect to T,
+
+everything here we are doing
+that conditions of no work.
+
+So the variance is
+in fact kB T squared,
+
+the heat capacity of the system.
+
+So the extent that these
+fluctuations squared
+
+is kB T squared times the
+heat capacity the system.
+
+OK, so next time
+what we will do is
+
+we will calculate the
+results for the ideal gas.
+
+First thing, the
+canonical ensemble
+
+to show that we get exactly
+the same macroscopic
+
+and microscopic descriptions.
+
+And then we look
+at other ensembles.
+
+And that will
+conclude the segment
+
+that we have on
+statistical mechanics
+
+of non-interacting systems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/teW8gmpKQcI.txt b/teW8gmpKQcI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84f34e1a71bf86766889d9e861f73e059b7a9d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teW8gmpKQcI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um today I wanted to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today I wanted to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today I wanted to continue our
+discussion of resonant power converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of resonant power converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of resonant power converters
+where which are power converters either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which are power converters either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which are power converters either
+inverters or rectifiers or DCd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters or rectifiers or DCd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters or rectifiers or DCd
+converters where um the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters where um the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters where um the power is
+modulated through high frequency sinusal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated through high frequency sinusal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated through high frequency sinusal
+waveforms and this is again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kpvs chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kpvs chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kpvs chapter
+10 and last time we looked at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and last time we looked at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and last time we looked at sort of
+the characteristics of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of an example
+resonant Network in particular a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Network in particular a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Network in particular a series
+resonant Network where we said okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Network where we said okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Network where we said okay if
+we if we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we had some
+Network that we were going to drive with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that we were going to drive with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that we were going to drive with
+a sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid
+vs cosine of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs cosine of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs cosine of Omega
+T um and maybe this would be a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and maybe this would be a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and maybe this would be a series
+resonant Network so I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Network so I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Network so I'd have
+I VC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I VC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I VC and
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we are going to deliver energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are going to deliver energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are going to deliver energy
+from this Source into the resistor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this Source into the resistor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this Source into the resistor and
+we said we could look at the admittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we could look at the admittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we could look at the admittance
+looking into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+network right and we said that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network right and we said that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network right and we said that looks
+something like this if I plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this if I plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this if I plotted the
+magnitude of the admittance on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale versus frequency on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale versus frequency on a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale versus frequency on a log
+scale we said okay at low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we said okay at low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we said okay at low frequencies
+the impedance is dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impedance is dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impedance is dominated by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh uh the the admittance is dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the admittance is dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the the admittance is dominated by
+the capacitor right so we get Omega C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor right so we get Omega C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor right so we get Omega C
+and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high
+frequencies it's dominated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies it's dominated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies it's dominated by the
+inductor so I get one over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so I get one over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so I get one over Omega
+L and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and at some
+frequency the inductance and capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the inductance and capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the inductance and capacitive
+impedances cancel each other and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances cancel each other and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances cancel each other and that's
+at Omega KN is equal to 1 over theun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega KN is equal to 1 over theun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega KN is equal to 1 over theun of
+LC and that ASM toote happens at 1/ Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC and that ASM toote happens at 1/ Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC and that ASM toote happens at 1/ Z
+KN which is equal to theare root of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN which is equal to theare root of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN which is equal to theare root of C
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+L okay and right where these impedances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay and right where these impedances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay and right where these impedances
+cancel the admittance goes to being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the admittance goes to being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the admittance goes to being one
+over R so maybe it looks like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R so maybe it looks like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R so maybe it looks like something
+like this I have one over R where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I have one over R where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I have one over R where it
+Peaks up to so maybe my admittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks up to so maybe my admittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks up to so maybe my admittance
+characteristic looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic looks something like this
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+rises I'll have some region about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises I'll have some region about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises I'll have some region about which
+it Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it
+falls and we said okay we have a if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls and we said okay we have a if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls and we said okay we have a if we
+have a High Q Network a high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a High Q Network a high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a High Q Network a high quality
+Factor Network which we said the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor Network which we said the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor Network which we said the quality
+Factor Q of the network evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor Q of the network evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor Q of the network evaluated at
+Omega equals Omega KN which we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals Omega KN which we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals Omega KN which we might
+call Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Q
+KN is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is equal to
+z/ r or the sare < TK of L C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z/ r or the sare < TK of L C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z/ r or the sare < TK of L C over
+R okay and we said that was exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay and we said that was exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay and we said that was exactly the
+amount by which this admitt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount by which this admitt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount by which this admitt
+characteristic Peaks up above the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Peaks up above the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Peaks up above the the
+the intersection point of the low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection point of the low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection point of the low and
+high frequency asmp tootes so it Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency asmp tootes so it Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency asmp tootes so it Peaks
+up by an amount Q is equal to the of l c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by an amount Q is equal to the of l c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by an amount Q is equal to the of l c
+r and then the other thing we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and then the other thing we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and then the other thing we said was
+you know how Broadband is that peaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how Broadband is that peaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how Broadband is that peaking
+okay and if we and if we took the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we and if we took the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we and if we took the half
+power point the point the bandwidth over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point the point the bandwidth over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point the point the bandwidth over
+which we deliver half the power to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we deliver half the power to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we deliver half the power to the
+resistor as we would um act exactly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor as we would um act exactly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor as we would um act exactly at
+resonance where the inductance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance where the inductance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance where the inductance and
+capacit of impedances cancel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacit of impedances cancel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacit of impedances cancel each other
+then we said okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said okay that
+bandwidth if I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth if I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth if I took the
+bandwidth divided by Omega Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth divided by Omega Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth divided by Omega Center
+frequency so sort of the percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so sort of the percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so sort of the percent
+bandwidth is exactly equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth is exactly equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth is exactly equal to 1 over
+Q which is um R over thek of L C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q which is um R over thek of L C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q which is um R over thek of L C okay
+now this was all done for the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was all done for the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was all done for the series
+Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network
+but we have these nice relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have these nice relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have these nice relationships
+which tell us how frequency selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tell us how frequency selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tell us how frequency selective
+this network is okay so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network is okay so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network is okay so that's just a
+quick review of what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of what we talked about
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+time how are we going to use this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how are we going to use this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how are we going to use this in a
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+converter um this is you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um this is you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um this is you know this
+especially if it's a high Q Network this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a high Q Network this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a high Q Network this
+High sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High sensitivity to
+frequency means that by modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency means that by modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency means that by modulating the
+frequency of some drive waveform I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of some drive waveform I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of some drive waveform I can
+very easily modulate the power going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily modulate the power going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily modulate the power going
+into the resistor right so so using sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the resistor right so so using sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the resistor right so so using sort
+of frequency modulation isn't always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency modulation isn't always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency modulation isn't always the
+way you operate a resident converter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you operate a resident converter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you operate a resident converter but
+is a very common way to operate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very common way to operate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very common way to operate a
+resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident
+converter okay so um if we were to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so um if we were to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so um if we were to think
+about making an inverter then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making an inverter then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making an inverter then by
+controlling frequency either above or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling frequency either above or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling frequency either above or
+below resonance we can turn down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below resonance we can turn down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below resonance we can turn down the
+power and when we're right at resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and when we're right at resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and when we're right at resonance
+right vs appears across the resistor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vs appears across the resistor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vs appears across the resistor so
+that's sort of the maximum voltage I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the maximum voltage I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the maximum voltage I can
+generate in the resistor because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in the resistor because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in the resistor because that's
+where the inductor and capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the inductor and capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the inductor and capacitive
+impedances are cancelling and at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances are cancelling and at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances are cancelling and at any
+other frequency I'm going to have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frequency I'm going to have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frequency I'm going to have either
+a net effective inductance inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net effective inductance inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net effective inductance inductive
+reactants or capacitive reactants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants or capacitive reactants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants or capacitive reactants in
+series so I get a voltage divider my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so I get a voltage divider my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so I get a voltage divider my
+admittance goes down and I deliver less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittance goes down and I deliver less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittance goes down and I deliver less
+power okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's think
+about a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a basic
+design um here's here's what we might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um here's here's what we might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um here's here's what we might do
+how am I going to get this drive well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to get this drive well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to get this drive well it
+doesn't have to be a sinusoidal drive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a sinusoidal drive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a sinusoidal drive in
+part because this network is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because this network is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because this network is very very
+frequency selective okay so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency selective okay so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency selective okay so I could
+drive with some other voltage waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive with some other voltage waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive with some other voltage waveform
+and sort of extract out the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of extract out the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of extract out the fundamental
+component going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component going to the
+resistor okay so maybe what I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay so maybe what I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay so maybe what I would do
+and this is this could either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this could either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this could either be
+called a halfbridge inverter resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a halfbridge inverter resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a halfbridge inverter resonant
+inverter series resonant inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter series resonant inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter series resonant inverter
+uh somebody in the RF field might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody in the RF field might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody in the RF field might call
+it a Class D power amplifier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a Class D power amplifier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a Class D power amplifier that's
+another term that gets used but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term that gets used but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term that gets used but it could
+look like this maybe I'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this maybe I'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this maybe I'll have some
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay pair of switches okay and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pair of switches okay and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pair of switches okay and let's
+assume they're mosfets for a second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they're mosfets for a second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they're mosfets for a second so
+internally they have these body diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally they have these body diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally they have these body diodes
+that I'll just draw for fun here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just draw for fun here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll just draw for fun here
+and we can say okay I have L and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can say okay I have L and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can say okay I have L and I have
+some current I sub L I have V subc which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some current I sub L I have V subc which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some current I sub L I have V subc which
+is going to block any DC component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to block any DC component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to block any DC component and
+then I have my output voltage V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have my output voltage V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have my output voltage V
+subr which I'm to which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr which I'm to which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr which I'm to which I'm going to
+deliver energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver energy
+okay and I might call this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I might call this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I might call this voltage
+here um V subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so what is what is V subx going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what is what is V subx going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what is what is V subx going
+to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like
+um if I if I just you know operate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I if I just you know operate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I if I just you know operate these
+two switches at 50% Duty ratio maybe V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two switches at 50% Duty ratio maybe V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two switches at 50% Duty ratio maybe V
+subx looks something like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx looks something like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx looks something like this it
+modulates between VDC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates between VDC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates between VDC and
+zero it's some switching frequency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's some switching frequency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's some switching frequency that
+maybe I value vary so this may be uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I value vary so this may be uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I value vary so this may be uh 2
+pi over f f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over f f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over f f
+switch and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and this is in
+time and this is uh pi over FS so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is uh pi over FS so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is uh pi over FS so I'm
+going to run this for example at 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this for example at 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this for example at 50%
+Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio
+okay so if I did that and I look thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I did that and I look thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I did that and I look thought
+about this is this is my way form VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is this is my way form VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is this is my way form VX
+okay what's important about VX in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's important about VX in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's important about VX in here
+well I'm going to run this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to run this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to run this I'm going to
+apply this to this very frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this to this very frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this to this very frequency
+selective Network okay and let me assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective Network okay and let me assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective Network okay and let me assume
+that I'm going to be somewhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to be somewhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to be somewhere near
+resonance such that the current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance such that the current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance such that the current is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be the voltage times the admittance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the voltage times the admittance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the voltage times the admittance here
+right so if I thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I thought about this
+um maybe I would I would say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I would I would say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I would I would say well what
+does VX look like in frequency in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does VX look like in frequency in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does VX look like in frequency in the
+frequency domain I could think of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain I could think of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain I could think of uh
+VX of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX of J
+Omega okay which which would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well I would have a DC term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well I would have a DC term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well I would have a DC term right
+which is basically related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically related to the
+average value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the
+waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform
+okay and then I would have at 2 pi FS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I would have at 2 pi FS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I would have at 2 pi FS I
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have some frequency content and at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some frequency content and at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some frequency content and at minus
+2i over FS I'd have the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i over FS I'd have the same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i over FS I'd have the same frequency
+content okay and then there's no second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content okay and then there's no second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content okay and then there's no second
+harmonic because this is halfway of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic because this is halfway of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic because this is halfway of
+symmetric okay um or at least the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay um or at least the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay um or at least the AC
+component is halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is halfway
+symmetric and so then the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and so then the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and so then the next thing
+would be the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the third
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+okay out here okay and if I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay out here okay and if I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay out here okay and if I think about
+this um and if if you wanted to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and if if you wanted to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and if if you wanted to use the
+exponential series the height of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential series the height of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential series the height of this is
+uh 2 pi * via VDC over pi and here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 pi * via VDC over pi and here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 pi * via VDC over pi and here would
+be 2 pi VDC over 3 PI right so the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 pi VDC over 3 PI right so the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 pi VDC over 3 PI right so the third
+harmonics 1/3 of the fundamental and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics 1/3 of the fundamental and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics 1/3 of the fundamental and it
+falls off as one over n with n odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off as one over n with n odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off as one over n with n odd
+harmonics okay but what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay but what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay but what's important
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+waveform is if I if I believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform is if I if I believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform is if I if I believe that this
+network is going to be doing a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is going to be doing a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is going to be doing a good job
+of filtering this Square wave okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtering this Square wave okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtering this Square wave okay in
+terms of what's important for driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's important for driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's important for driving
+current in this network as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in this network as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in this network as long as you
+know this looks like a high impedance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks like a high impedance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks like a high impedance or
+a low admittance you know I'm looking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low admittance you know I'm looking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low admittance you know I'm looking in
+here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+YN as long as the admittance low with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN as long as the admittance low with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN as long as the admittance low with
+zero at DC because of the capacitor so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at DC because of the capacitor so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at DC because of the capacitor so I
+don't really care about the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about the DC
+component and as long as this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and as long as this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and as long as this looks like
+a high impedance or a low admittance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high impedance or a low admittance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high impedance or a low admittance uh
+at the third harmonic the only element I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the third harmonic the only element I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the third harmonic the only element I
+really care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about is the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+okay so I could then just say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could then just say let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could then just say let me
+just think about the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about the fundamental
+component driving the network okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component driving the network okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component driving the network okay and
+so maybe I would kind of mentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I would kind of mentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I would kind of mentally
+approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate
+this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+um I call this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I call this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I call this sort of
+vx1 the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 the fundamental
+component right which would be vx1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right which would be vx1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right which would be vx1 of
+T would be equal to 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to 2 over
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+BDC co uh in this case I've drawn it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BDC co uh in this case I've drawn it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BDC co uh in this case I've drawn it as
+a sign so I guess it would be S Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign so I guess it would be S Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign so I guess it would be S Omega
+T okay if I only thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay if I only thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay if I only thought about the
+fundamental component or I could model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component or I could model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component or I could model
+it exactly as VX over here and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly as VX over here and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly as VX over here and think
+about the square wave component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the square wave component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the square wave component
+okay and then I run this into into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I run this into into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I run this into into my
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and if I look at this then what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I look at this then what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I look at this then what am
+I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to
+get I'm going to get a current let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I'm going to get a current let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I'm going to get a current let me
+call this iil which is also the resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this iil which is also the resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this iil which is also the resistor
+current right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right
+iil of J Omega s is simply go is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil of J Omega s is simply go is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil of J Omega s is simply go is simply
+going to be uh equal to VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh equal to VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh equal to VX
+of J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J Omega
+s times Y in of J Omega s actually I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times Y in of J Omega s actually I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times Y in of J Omega s actually I in
+fact if I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I'm going to do
+it let me just be careful if I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me just be careful if I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me just be careful if I'm just
+going to do this in the laass domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this in the laass domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this in the laass domain and
+not worry about specific frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worry about specific frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worry about specific frequency
+content maybe I would just say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content maybe I would just say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content maybe I would just say this is
+going to be I of s is VX of s time Yin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I of s is VX of s time Yin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I of s is VX of s time Yin
+of s and then I can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and then I can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and then I can evaluate
+that in the frequency domain on S equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the frequency domain on S equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the frequency domain on S equal
+Omega okay but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay but here's the
+point if everything gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if everything gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if everything gets
+filtered except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered except for the
+fundamental right then I would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right then I would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right then I would expect
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iil of um I of T will be a only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil of um I of T will be a only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil of um I of T will be a only a
+sinusoid at the fundamental switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid at the fundamental switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid at the fundamental switching
+frequency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right
+so that's what we call the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we call the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we call the fundamental
+harmonic approximation right what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic approximation right what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic approximation right what I'm
+assuming is this resonant tank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is this resonant tank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is this resonant tank is
+sufficiently frequency selective that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently frequency selective that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently frequency selective that I
+can ignore all the non-fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore all the non-fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore all the non-fundamental
+components I can ignore DC perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I can ignore DC perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I can ignore DC perfectly
+because there's no DC component but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no DC component but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no DC component but you
+know the whatever third harmonic shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the whatever third harmonic shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the whatever third harmonic shows
+up I just assume that the admittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I just assume that the admittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I just assume that the admittance
+down to the third harmonic is really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the third harmonic is really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the third harmonic is really low
+right if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if my
+you know for example if my fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example if my fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example if my fundamental
+were here maybe my second harmonic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here maybe my second harmonic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here maybe my second harmonic is
+here my third harmonic is way down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my third harmonic is way down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my third harmonic is way down here
+he started off at a third of the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started off at a third of the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started off at a third of the height
+and then it's got this much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's got this much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's got this much bigger
+attenuation maybe I just ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation maybe I just ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation maybe I just ignore the
+higher harmonic content of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher harmonic content of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher harmonic content of the current
+and just pretend he's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just pretend he's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just pretend he's perfect
+sinusoid any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid any questions about
+that we can make this approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make this approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can make this approximation
+because we're close to that res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're close to that res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're close to that res
+frequency that's right and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's right and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's right and there are
+times when that approximation breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when that approximation breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when that approximation breaks
+down and we'll talk about that but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we'll talk about that but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we'll talk about that but to
+first order for basic analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order for basic analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order for basic analysis of
+Resident converters we often make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resident converters we often make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resident converters we often make the
+assumption that at least as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that at least as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that at least as far as the
+current I'm going to get is concerned I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'm going to get is concerned I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'm going to get is concerned I
+can just focus on the fundamental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just focus on the fundamental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just focus on the fundamental and
+just think of that current as as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of that current as as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of that current as as being a
+sine wave with a magnitude that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave with a magnitude that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave with a magnitude that's
+determined by the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the magnitude of the
+voltage I'm driving with times whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'm driving with times whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'm driving with times whatever
+you know the the amplitude is here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the amplitude is here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the amplitude is here in
+terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+emittance any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emittance any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emittance any questions about
+that and then of course the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then of course the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then of course the power is
+then I squ R so we we get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I squ R so we we get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I squ R so we we get a lot of
+attenuation we get a very steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation we get a very steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation we get a very steep
+characteristic is I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is I very
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+okay all right so we get an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we get an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we get an approximate
+sinusoid um so I could say I could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid um so I could say I could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid um so I could say I could I
+could write then here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write then here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write then here that
+um the component at the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the component at the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the component at the fundamental
+right I have I of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have I of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have I of T
+here but I could relate that back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I could relate that back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I could relate that back to
+back and forth with i l of J Omega s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth with i l of J Omega s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth with i l of J Omega s
+which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vx1 the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 the amplitude of the
+fundamental um times y n of J Omega s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental um times y n of J Omega s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental um times y n of J Omega s
+and it's the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the fact that
+this is the admittance is so frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the admittance is so frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the admittance is so frequency
+selective that let's me modulate power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective that let's me modulate power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective that let's me modulate power
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right let's think about how we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's think about how we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's think about how we could do
+that we could modulate power actually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could modulate power actually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could modulate power actually by
+going in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in either
+direction off of resonance right I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction off of resonance right I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction off of resonance right I would
+get Max you know according to this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Max you know according to this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Max you know according to this if I
+put my switching frequency right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my switching frequency right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my switching frequency right here
+I'd get maximum power for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get maximum power for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get maximum power for a given
+voltage right if I go in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right if I go in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right if I go in either
+direction the admittance goes down and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the admittance goes down and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the admittance goes down and I
+get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less
+power all right and the maximum voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power all right and the maximum voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power all right and the maximum voltage
+I can apply with this particular network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can apply with this particular network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can apply with this particular network
+is the voltage across the resistor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the voltage across the resistor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the voltage across the resistor is
+equal to the input voltage or the fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the input voltage or the fun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the input voltage or the fun I
+should say the fundamental of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the fundamental of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the fundamental of the input
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+okay all right well what would I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well what would I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well what would I choose
+to do very often what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do very often what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do very often what we're going to do
+is we're going to run this above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to run this above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to run this above
+resonance okay at least for modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance okay at least for modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance okay at least for modern
+devices and when I talk about Resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and when I talk about Resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and when I talk about Resident
+converters they don't have to be soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters they don't have to be soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters they don't have to be soft
+switched um but frequently you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched um but frequently you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched um but frequently you choose
+this kind of approach because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of approach because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of approach because you can
+make it soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it soft
+switched and if we operate above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched and if we operate above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched and if we operate above
+resonance okay is the input admittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance okay is the input admittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance okay is the input admittance
+look inductive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacitive or the input impedance does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive or the input impedance does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive or the input impedance does
+it look inductive or capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks inductive right as I go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks inductive right as I go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks inductive right as I go to higher
+and higher frequency the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher frequency the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher frequency the magnitude of
+the impedance of the inductor keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impedance of the inductor keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impedance of the inductor keeps
+getting bigger and the capacitor keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger and the capacitor keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger and the capacitor keeps
+getting smaller so it starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller so it starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller so it starts to look
+inductive once I get above resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive once I get above resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive once I get above resonance
+right what that means is that relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what that means is that relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what that means is that relative
+to the phase of the voltage the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase of the voltage the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase of the voltage the phase of
+the current is going to be phase shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current is going to be phase shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current is going to be phase shifted
+with a lagging current right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lagging current right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lagging current right so let's
+just think about what this would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what this would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what this would look
+like okay here's my here's my half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay here's my here's my half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay here's my here's my half
+Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and again I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again I'm going
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to let me just draw in the body diode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me just draw in the body diode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me just draw in the body diode of
+these fets just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fets just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fets just for
+clarity okay and I'm going to draw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity okay and I'm going to draw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity okay and I'm going to draw and
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+L C and R and when I'm talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L C and R and when I'm talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L C and R and when I'm talking about is
+of L I can think of the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L I can think of the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L I can think of the same thing as
+being as being the same as I of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here is the voltage that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is the voltage that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is the voltage that I'm
+synthesizing I'll call this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing I'll call this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing I'll call this V
+subx right so V subx looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so let me let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me let me do
+this Visa X looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where I'm controlling this switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm controlling this switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm controlling this switching
+period right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it should be supposed to be 50% Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it should be supposed to be 50% Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it should be supposed to be 50% Duty
+ratio right so here's 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio right so here's 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio right so here's 2 pi over
+FS this is T right so if I'm above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS this is T right so if I'm above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS this is T right so if I'm above
+resonance right so if 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance right so if 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance right so if 2
+pi FS is greater than Omega KN right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi FS is greater than Omega KN right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi FS is greater than Omega KN right
+what I expect is this net admittance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I expect is this net admittance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I expect is this net admittance to
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductive which means that I sub L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive which means that I sub L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive which means that I sub L
+should lag the fundamental of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lag the fundamental of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should lag the fundamental of this
+voltage right well what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right well what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right well what does the
+fundamental of this voltage look like V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of this voltage look like V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of this voltage look like V
+this is VDC right so this is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VDC right so this is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VDC right so this is V
+subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+right and of T what his fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of T what his fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of T what his fundamental
+looks like is something like this um V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like is something like this um V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like is something like this um V
+subx1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx1
+is in Phase with v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Phase with v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Phase with v
+subx and it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the fundamental of V subx has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the fundamental of V subx has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the fundamental of V subx has an
+amplitude if this is if the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude if this is if the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude if this is if the amplitude of
+if the peak value of VX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VDC right this value is going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right this value is going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right this value is going to be 2
+over Pi time VDC right it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi time VDC right it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi time VDC right it's just a
+square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave
+that that's what you get for a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you get for a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you get for a square
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+okay and what I've said is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I've said is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I've said is that the
+inductor current should lag the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current should lag the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current should lag the
+fundamental of the voltage right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of the voltage right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of the voltage right so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vx1 right the fundamental should lag so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 right the fundamental should lag so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx1 right the fundamental should lag so
+what I should see then is a current that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should see then is a current that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should see then is a current that
+does something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is I of
+t for under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for under this
+condition any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition any questions about
+that now why am I interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now why am I interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now why am I interested in this
+case because let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because let's think about the
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+transitions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions on this
+inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+okay let's think about What's happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about What's happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about What's happen
+here if I call this S1 and this S2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I call this S1 and this S2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I call this S1 and this S2 right
+in this time period S1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this time period S1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this time period S1 is
+on and in this time period S2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on make sense everybody let's focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on make sense everybody let's focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on make sense everybody let's focus in
+right on this switching transition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this switching transition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this switching transition right
+here right when I'm going to go from S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right when I'm going to go from S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right when I'm going to go from S1
+S2 and let me zoom in on that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and let me zoom in on that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and let me zoom in on that okay so
+here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I have S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on at some point I'm going to turn S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at some point I'm going to turn S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at some point I'm going to turn S1
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I'm going to initiate I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm going to initiate I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm going to initiate I'm
+going to turn S1 off and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn S1 off and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn S1 off and then I'm going
+to turn S2 on but I need some dead time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn S2 on but I need some dead time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn S2 on but I need some dead time
+between them right because otherwise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them right because otherwise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them right because otherwise I
+could accidentally short out my DC bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could accidentally short out my DC bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could accidentally short out my DC bus
+and in that time period what is the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that time period what is the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that time period what is the sign
+of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I it's greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's greater than zero
+right so if I were to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I were to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I were to think about this
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+transition and let me just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and let me just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and let me just think about
+this particular time this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time this particular
+time what I'm going to do at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what I'm going to do at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what I'm going to do at that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+time here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here's
+VDC right if I were to think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right if I were to think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right if I were to think about um
+this what I'm doing is at that time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I'm doing is at that time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what I'm doing is at that time I'm
+opening this switch and then this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening this switch and then this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening this switch and then this switch
+is already open but there's a diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already open but there's a diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already open but there's a diode
+here okay and then there's an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then there's an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then there's an output
+current that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's
+I that's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's greater than
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+now the thing I haven't drawn in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing I haven't drawn in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing I haven't drawn in this
+picture is the fact that these devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is the fact that these devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is the fact that these devices
+actually have some capacitance and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have some capacitance and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have some capacitance and I
+could go add addal capacitance right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go add addal capacitance right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go add addal capacitance right so
+that's either the device capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either the device capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either the device capacitance
+itself or maybe I'm adding external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or maybe I'm adding external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or maybe I'm adding external
+capacitance okay now if I put capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance okay now if I put capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance okay now if I put capacitors
+across the device what kind of switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the device what kind of switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the device what kind of switching
+do you think I'm going to get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think I'm going to get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think I'm going to get zero
+voltage switching or zero current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage switching or zero current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage switching or zero current
+switching zero voltage switching right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching zero voltage switching right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching zero voltage switching right
+so because when I turn this switch off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because when I turn this switch off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because when I turn this switch off
+when I pop the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I pop the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I pop the switch
+off when I go to turn the switch off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off when I go to turn the switch off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off when I go to turn the switch off
+there's capacitor here and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's capacitor here and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's capacitor here and there's a
+capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+here which are going to keep the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which are going to keep the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which are going to keep the voltage
+across the turning off switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the turning off switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the turning off switch
+low while he's turning off right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low while he's turning off right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low while he's turning off right so I
+can turn off the top switch at very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn off the top switch at very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn off the top switch at very low
+loss okay what's going to happen during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay what's going to happen during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay what's going to happen during
+this time period so so imagine I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period so so imagine I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period so so imagine I turn
+this switch off and this switch is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch off and this switch is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch off and this switch is off
+so now I have neither switch is on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have neither switch is on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have neither switch is on right
+well I have a positive current here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have a positive current here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have a positive current here the
+total voltage VCC across these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total voltage VCC across these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total voltage VCC across these two
+capacitors is going to be constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors is going to be constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors is going to be constant so
+and if these two capacitors are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if these two capacitors are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if these two capacitors are equal
+that means actually the current has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means actually the current has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means actually the current has to
+split between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split between this
+capacitor and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and this
+capacitor okay and so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor okay and so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor okay and so that means the
+voltage on the top capacitor is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the top capacitor is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the top capacitor is going to
+charge up and the voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge up and the voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge up and the voltage across the
+bottom capacitor is going to charge down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom capacitor is going to charge down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom capacitor is going to charge down
+okay so then if I were to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then if I were to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then if I were to look at this
+voltage I'm going to zoom in right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'm going to zoom in right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'm going to zoom in right at
+this time period when I both S1 and S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period when I both S1 and S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period when I both S1 and S2
+off what I'm going to see is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what I'm going to see is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what I'm going to see is a
+transition that's going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that's going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that's going to do something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and then when this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and then when this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and then when this voltage
+hits zero and this is voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits zero and this is voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits zero and this is voltage
+VX when this voltage hits zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX when this voltage hits zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX when this voltage hits zero the
+diode's got to turn on right so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode's got to turn on right so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode's got to turn on right so if this
+was S1 on even if I don't turn even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was S1 on even if I don't turn even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was S1 on even if I don't turn even if I
+don't turn this bottom switch on yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn this bottom switch on yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn this bottom switch on yet
+when this hits zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this hits zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this hits zero
+I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get
+S2 D2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 D2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 D2 is
+on right the diode will turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right the diode will turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right the diode will turn on
+naturally and then I can turn on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally and then I can turn on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally and then I can turn on this
+switch with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch with zero
+voltage okay so if I were to zoom in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so if I were to zoom in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so if I were to zoom in on
+this switching transition if I put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switching transition if I put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switching transition if I put some
+capacitance here and I put some dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance here and I put some dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance here and I put some dead
+time between S1 and S2 I can turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between S1 and S2 I can turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between S1 and S2 I can turn off
+this switch at zero voltage and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch at zero voltage and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch at zero voltage and I can
+turn on this switch at zero voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on this switch at zero voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on this switch at zero voltage
+because the diode will catch it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diode will catch it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diode will catch it does
+that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense everybody
+now here's the cool thing about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the cool thing about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the cool thing about a
+resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident
+converter what's the other transition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter what's the other transition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter what's the other transition or
+his series reson converter what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his series reson converter what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his series reson converter what's the
+other transition I want to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transition I want to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transition I want to go from
+bottom to top right when I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to top right when I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to top right when I want to go
+from bottom to top the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bottom to top the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bottom to top the inductor current
+is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now
+negative that means the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that means the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that means the inductor
+current's coming this way when I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current's coming this way when I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current's coming this way when I turn
+off the bottom switch this capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the bottom switch this capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the bottom switch this capacitor
+will charge this capacitor with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will charge this capacitor with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will charge this capacitor with this
+charge until the top diode turns on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge until the top diode turns on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge until the top diode turns on and
+I'll reverse the process and I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll reverse the process and I'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll reverse the process and I'll also
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+the bottom device with zero voltage turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom device with zero voltage turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom device with zero voltage turn
+off and the top device with zero voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the top device with zero voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the top device with zero voltage
+turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn
+on does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on does that make sense
+everybody so it's sort of a long way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so it's sort of a long way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so it's sort of a long way of
+saying because I have this sinusal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying because I have this sinusal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying because I have this sinusal
+current approximately sinusal current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current approximately sinusal current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current approximately sinusal current
+the current and I've made it inductive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current and I've made it inductive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current and I've made it inductive I
+phase delayed it with respect to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delayed it with respect to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delayed it with respect to where
+the voltage is I get naturally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is I get naturally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage is I get naturally the
+opportunity to do zero voltage switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do zero voltage switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do zero voltage switching
+so in most modern series resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in most modern series resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in most modern series resident
+converters because we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters because we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters because we're interested in
+zero voltage switching we will operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero voltage switching we will operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero voltage switching we will operate
+them up in this range above resonance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up in this range above resonance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up in this range above resonance by
+some degree and modulate power over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree and modulate power over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree and modulate power over this
+range by going sort of down the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range by going sort of down the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range by going sort of down the curve
+this way now it turns out if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now it turns out if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now it turns out if I wanted to
+go the other way I could actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way I could actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way I could actually do
+zero current switching if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero current switching if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero current switching if I wanted to
+operate below resonance I could do zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate below resonance I could do zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate below resonance I could do zero
+current switching but we're often not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current switching but we're often not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current switching but we're often not
+interested in getting zero voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in getting zero voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in getting zero voltage
+switching because I can sort of get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching because I can sort of get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching because I can sort of get rid
+of losses associated with the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of losses associated with the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of losses associated with the device
+capacitor switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor switching
+okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so we can get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so we can get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so we can get zero
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+switching okay and by doing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching okay and by doing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching okay and by doing that we can
+go at pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at pretty high
+frequencies and then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and then we can use
+frequency modulation frequency control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency modulation frequency control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency modulation frequency control
+to control the power into our load now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the power into our load now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the power into our load now
+what is our load well I haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our load well I haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our load well I haven't said
+what this load is this load could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this load is this load could be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this load is this load could be any
+number of things it could be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things it could be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things it could be for example
+uh the equivalent resistance of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equivalent resistance of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equivalent resistance of an
+induction heating load for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction heating load for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction heating load for example
+okay and thereby by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and thereby by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and thereby by sort of
+modulating frequency I modulate power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating frequency I modulate power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating frequency I modulate power
+and and that's how an induction heater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's how an induction heater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's how an induction heater
+can work okay and I can run at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work okay and I can run at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work okay and I can run at high
+frequencies because of that now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies because of that now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies because of that now what's
+nice about this series resonant inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this series resonant inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this series resonant inverter
+circuit okay well the first thing I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay well the first thing I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay well the first thing I said
+that is we get zero voltage switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we get zero voltage switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we get zero voltage switching
+for our devices which is really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our devices which is really helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our devices which is really helpful
+for efficiency okay um notice also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficiency okay um notice also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficiency okay um notice also that
+if I modulate power how do I let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I modulate power how do I let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I modulate power how do I let's
+assume let's assume R is fixed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume let's assume R is fixed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume let's assume R is fixed for the
+moment it's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's a fixed
+resistance let's assume I modulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance let's assume I modulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance let's assume I modulate the
+power by modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power by modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power by modulating the
+frequency I get lower Power by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I get lower Power by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I get lower Power by making
+this resistor current lower but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor current lower but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor current lower but that
+also means that the device currents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means that the device currents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means that the device currents and
+the inductor current and the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current and the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current and the capacitor
+current also got lower so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current also got lower so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current also got lower so this kind of
+characteristic has the nice habit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic has the nice habit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic has the nice habit that
+um has the nice habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has the nice habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has the nice habit
+that um as I'm reducing power all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um as I'm reducing power all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um as I'm reducing power all my
+currents in my devices and components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in my devices and components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in my devices and components
+all go down with as I reduce power so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go down with as I reduce power so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go down with as I reduce power so I
+can kind of keep efficiency high as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of keep efficiency high as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of keep efficiency high as my
+power is getting lower and lower okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is getting lower and lower okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is getting lower and lower okay
+and that's kind of a nice characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of a nice characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of a nice characteristic
+of a series resident converter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a series resident converter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a series resident converter okay
+another nice thing is you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice thing is you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice thing is you know these
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+voltages are both limited to the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are both limited to the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are both limited to the DC
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um however a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however a slight
+warning right if I were to look at say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning right if I were to look at say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning right if I were to look at say
+the capacitor voltage right if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor voltage right if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor voltage right if I were to
+ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about
+VC VC can actually be much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC VC can actually be much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC VC can actually be much bigger than
+the peak value of VX because these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak value of VX because these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak value of VX because these two
+components are in resonance and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are in resonance and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are in resonance and in fact
+if you remember we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we said that the
+capacitor voltage in a series resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage in a series resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage in a series resonant
+Network can be Q times Q of Omega KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network can be Q times Q of Omega KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network can be Q times Q of Omega KN
+times the fundamental input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the fundamental input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the fundamental input voltage
+right so if I have a Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have a Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have a Q of
+10 then whatever the fundamental of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 then whatever the fundamental of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 then whatever the fundamental of this
+voltage is the if I ran at resonance VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the if I ran at resonance VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the if I ran at resonance VC
+would be 10x that or if Q is 100 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 10x that or if Q is 100 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 10x that or if Q is 100 it
+would be 100x that right so you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 100x that right so you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 100x that right so you got to
+be careful the device voltages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful the device voltages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful the device voltages are
+nicely limited but you got to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely limited but you got to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely limited but you got to be very
+careful about these two components can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about these two components can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about these two components can
+have pretty big voltages on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pretty big voltages on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pretty big voltages on them
+depending upon the quality factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the quality factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the quality factor of the
+network okay now we would like quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network okay now we would like quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network okay now we would like quality
+factor to be high so that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to be high so that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to be high so that we get
+sinusoidal currents right if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal currents right if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal currents right if you imagine
+that the quality factor of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quality factor of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quality factor of this was
+really low that is resistance was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low that is resistance was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low that is resistance was really
+big for example then instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big for example then instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big for example then instead of looking
+like this pretty curve it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this pretty curve it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this pretty curve it would look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this right and then maybe I don't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and then maybe I don't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and then maybe I don't do a
+good job of attenuating my harmonics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of attenuating my harmonics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of attenuating my harmonics and
+my current waveforms get distorted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current waveforms get distorted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current waveforms get distorted and
+then perhaps I don't get the right phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then perhaps I don't get the right phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then perhaps I don't get the right phase
+shifts for zero voltage switching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts for zero voltage switching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts for zero voltage switching and
+all that so you want Q to be high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that so you want Q to be high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that so you want Q to be high enough
+that you get good attenuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get good attenuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get good attenuation of
+harmonics and low enough that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and low enough that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and low enough that you don't
+have big stresses on these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big stresses on these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big stresses on these components
+and big parasitic losses in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big parasitic losses in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big parasitic losses in those
+components questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what is a challenge with this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is a challenge with this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is a challenge with this well
+um this works beautifully and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this works beautifully and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this works beautifully and I and I
+should say one other thing um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say one other thing um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say one other thing um there's a
+limit that relates how far above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that relates how far above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that relates how far above
+resonance I have to be to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance I have to be to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance I have to be to the size of
+these capacitors and the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capacitors and the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capacitors and the amplitude of
+the current basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current basically this
+integral is B basically under underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is B basically under underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is B basically under underneath
+the orange curve of the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange curve of the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange curve of the inductor current
+between here and where it crosses zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and where it crosses zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and where it crosses zero
+is exactly the charge that I can deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the charge that I can deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the charge that I can deliver
+onto these capacitors for soft switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto these capacitors for soft switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto these capacitors for soft switching
+right so I need a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I need a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I need a certain amount of
+phase shift Andor a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift Andor a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift Andor a certain amount of
+current amplitude in order to get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current amplitude in order to get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current amplitude in order to get zero
+voltage soft switching if I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage soft switching if I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage soft switching if I'm going to
+use this load Network to do my soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this load Network to do my soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this load Network to do my soft
+switching okay there are other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching okay there are other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching okay there are other ways to
+do it um as well but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um as well but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um as well but that's that's
+something you got to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you got to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you got to pay attention to
+but here's a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a challenge
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+now I don't control this resistor very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't control this resistor very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't control this resistor very
+well okay if this was an induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay if this was an induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay if this was an induction
+heater thing the equivalent resistance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater thing the equivalent resistance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater thing the equivalent resistance I
+might see might depend upon the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see might depend upon the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see might depend upon the thing
+I've put on my network to heat right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put on my network to heat right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put on my network to heat right how
+much energy I'm going to dump into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy I'm going to dump into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy I'm going to dump into it
+right if this resistor gets too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this resistor gets too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this resistor gets too
+small the quality factor of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the quality factor of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the quality factor of the network
+gets really high and then I better stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really high and then I better stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really high and then I better stay
+away from resonance otherwise I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from resonance otherwise I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from resonance otherwise I'll get
+huge voltages on my components on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge voltages on my components on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge voltages on my components on my
+inductor and capacitor okay on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and capacitor okay on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and capacitor okay on the other
+hand if I make R too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if I make R too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if I make R too
+big um suddenly the network of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big um suddenly the network of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big um suddenly the network of quality
+Factor gets too low and I get this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor gets too low and I get this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor gets too low and I get this sort
+of a frequency attenuation I don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a frequency attenuation I don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a frequency attenuation I don't get
+good attenuation I got to go to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good attenuation I got to go to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good attenuation I got to go to really
+high frequencies to attenuate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies to attenuate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies to attenuate things
+right so a challenge of these resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a challenge of these resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a challenge of these resident
+networks is sort of keeping the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is sort of keeping the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is sort of keeping the load
+resistance in an acceptable range for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance in an acceptable range for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance in an acceptable range for
+what you're trying to do and that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to do and that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to do and that's sort
+of a a trick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I should say that I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should say that I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should say that I've shown
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um a series resonant Network you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a series resonant Network you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a series resonant Network you can use
+other topologies and they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other topologies and they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other topologies and they give you
+different characteristics in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characteristics in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characteristics in terms of
+the behavior you'll get at the resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior you'll get at the resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior you'll get at the resident
+Network so let me just show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so let me just show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so let me just show you a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example um I could do the full Duel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um I could do the full Duel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um I could do the full Duel of
+this thing but let let me show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing but let let me show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing but let let me show you a
+different kind this is a series resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind this is a series resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind this is a series resonant
+converter here's a parallel resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter here's a parallel resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter here's a parallel resonant
+inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+okay I'll have VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll have VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll have VDC
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and for Simplicity let me put in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for Simplicity let me put in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for Simplicity let me put in C
+Infinity this is just a blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is just a blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is just a blocking
+capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+okay so I'm going to get a voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to get a voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to get a voltage on
+the other side of this that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of this that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of this that I'm going to
+call VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime okay VX Prime is again just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay VX Prime is again just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay VX Prime is again just going
+to be a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a square
+wave okay and it's going to go from it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay and it's going to go from it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay and it's going to go from it's
+going to go between VDC over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go between VDC over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go between VDC over two and
+minus VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VDC over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay so I'm just I'm putting a blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just I'm putting a blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just I'm putting a blocking
+capacitor in there just to except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor in there just to except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor in there just to except
+extract out the AC component which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract out the AC component which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract out the AC component which I'm
+using to drive the Network okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to drive the Network okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to drive the Network okay and then
+here's my parallel resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Network okay this would be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network okay this would be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network okay this would be called a
+parallel resonant inverter I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel resonant inverter I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel resonant inverter I could have
+instead of having a blocking capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a blocking capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a blocking capacitor
+here I could have done this in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could have done this in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could have done this in different
+ways including using a full Bridge Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways including using a full Bridge Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways including using a full Bridge Etc
+but I just want to illustrate this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to illustrate this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to illustrate this now
+why is this a parallel net resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a parallel net resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a parallel net resident
+network if I thought of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if I thought of VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if I thought of VX
+Prime is a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if I make VX Prime zero L C and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I make VX Prime zero L C and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I make VX Prime zero L C and R
+here are imp parallel right so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are imp parallel right so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are imp parallel right so this this
+is a parallel resonant Network driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parallel resonant Network driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parallel resonant Network driven by
+a voltage source inserted in series with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage source inserted in series with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage source inserted in series with
+the resident inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resident inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resident inductor
+here all right so that's how somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so that's how somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so that's how somebody
+would think about this and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about this and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about this and in terms of
+resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident
+converter and um how might I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and um how might I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and um how might I think about
+the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of
+this um well maybe I could plot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um well maybe I could plot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um well maybe I could plot you know
+VC and VR are the same thing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC and VR are the same thing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC and VR are the same thing right so
+maybe I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could
+plot um the magnitude of V subr over VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot um the magnitude of V subr over VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot um the magnitude of V subr over VX
+Prime versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime versus
+frequency okay for this network right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay for this network right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay for this network right so
+I'm looking at the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the transfer function
+between here and here for this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here for this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here for this network
+okay at DC clearly VR equals VC or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at DC clearly VR equals VC or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at DC clearly VR equals VC or at
+low frequency because the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency because the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency because the inductor
+becomes a short at really high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a short at really high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a short at really high frequency
+this is rolls off at 40 DB per decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rolls off at 40 DB per decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rolls off at 40 DB per decade
+right so what you're going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what you're going to get is
+something that sort of does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that sort of does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that sort of does something
+like this it's going to go for one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's going to go for one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's going to go for one it's
+going to peek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to peek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to peek
+up and then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it's going to
+fall and this peak if the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall and this peak if the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall and this peak if the network
+quality Factor here and quality Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Factor here and quality Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Factor here and quality Factor
+here is now R over theun of L C it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now R over theun of L C it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now R over theun of L C it's the
+other way around uh is this peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around uh is this peak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around uh is this peak is
+going to be near Omega KN which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be near Omega KN which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be near Omega KN which is one
+over theare of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theare of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theare of
+LC again okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC again okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC again okay so
+again we get this high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get this high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get this high frequency
+selectivity of the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity of the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity of the voltage
+gain from you know my drive my drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from you know my drive my drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from you know my drive my drive
+which has a fixed amplitude set by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a fixed amplitude set by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a fixed amplitude set by the
+DC voltage to the voltage I put across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC voltage to the voltage I put across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC voltage to the voltage I put across
+my resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my resistor
+and again if I'm operating up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if I'm operating up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if I'm operating up here in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regime I'm going to have an inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime I'm going to have an inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime I'm going to have an inductive
+input impedance coming in so again I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input impedance coming in so again I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input impedance coming in so again I can
+soft switch these devices zero voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft switch these devices zero voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft switch these devices zero voltage
+switch these devices okay and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch these devices okay and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch these devices okay and now I can
+Again by controlling frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by controlling frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by controlling frequency of the
+drive control the amplitude across my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive control the amplitude across my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive control the amplitude across my
+resistor and hence control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and hence control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and hence control
+Power any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how does this network differ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does this network differ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does this network differ from
+the series resonant Network we'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series resonant Network we'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series resonant Network we'll notice
+one thing in this series net resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in this series net resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in this series net resident
+Network okay the largest voltage I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network okay the largest voltage I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network okay the largest voltage I could
+ever put on VR is the fundamental that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever put on VR is the fundamental that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever put on VR is the fundamental that I
+drive with right because it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive with right because it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive with right because it's just a
+voltage divider between the resistor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage divider between the resistor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage divider between the resistor and
+the the reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reactive
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+here I actually have because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I actually have because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I actually have because of the
+resonance between L and c I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance between L and c I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance between L and c I can actually
+get voltage gain I can get a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get voltage gain I can get a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get voltage gain I can get a voltage
+that's much bigger than my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much bigger than my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much bigger than my input
+voltage okay so if I want voltage gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so if I want voltage gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so if I want voltage gain
+out of the thing maybe this parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the thing maybe this parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the thing maybe this parallel
+Network looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network looks
+good that paral and how much this Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that paral and how much this Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that paral and how much this Peaks
+up is a function of resistance so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is a function of resistance so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is a function of resistance so this
+is for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for R
+big or maybe yeah R maybe I'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or maybe yeah R maybe I'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or maybe yeah R maybe I'll call that
+R big or R big maybe this is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R big or R big maybe this is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R big or R big maybe this is R
+medium if I had a big resistor it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium if I had a big resistor it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium if I had a big resistor it might
+look like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and if I had a a small resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if I had a a small resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if I had a a small resistor
+maybe it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay but here's the point I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here's the point I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here's the point I can get
+voltage gain at least if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage gain at least if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage gain at least if I have the
+right resistance value and sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right resistance value and sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right resistance value and sometimes we
+use this so this kind of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this so this kind of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this so this kind of network
+actually is often what's used if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is often what's used if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is often what's used if you're
+going to have a fluorescent bulb so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a fluorescent bulb so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a fluorescent bulb so if
+you think about it like one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it like one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it like one of these
+fluorescent bulbs here what is it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulbs here what is it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulbs here what is it it's a
+gas of it's a tube with low pressure gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas of it's a tube with low pressure gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas of it's a tube with low pressure gas
+in it right if the lamp is off that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it right if the lamp is off that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it right if the lamp is off that has
+a really high impedance right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really high impedance right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really high impedance right because
+just two electrodes with some gas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two electrodes with some gas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two electrodes with some gas in
+between it and you got to get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it and you got to get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it and you got to get a really
+really big voltage on it to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big voltage on it to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big voltage on it to break down
+the gas and socalled strike the lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas and socalled strike the lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas and socalled strike the lamp
+right well how can I do it if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well how can I do it if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well how can I do it if I take
+this thing and I put this thing as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and I put this thing as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and I put this thing as an
+open circuit and I drive this half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open circuit and I drive this half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open circuit and I drive this half
+Bridge right near the resonant frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge right near the resonant frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge right near the resonant frequency
+of lnc I'm going to build up a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lnc I'm going to build up a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lnc I'm going to build up a really
+big capacitor voltage here that Capac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big capacitor voltage here that Capac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big capacitor voltage here that Capac
+voltage could be tens of times as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage could be tens of times as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage could be tens of times as big as
+my DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my DC
+voltage eventually the fluorescent lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage eventually the fluorescent lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage eventually the fluorescent lamp
+breaks over and then you've ionized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks over and then you've ionized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks over and then you've ionized the
+gas and then it looks like a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and then it looks like a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and then it looks like a resistor
+but not a huge resistor a small resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a huge resistor a small resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a huge resistor a small resistor
+and I go from the green curve maybe down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go from the green curve maybe down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go from the green curve maybe down
+to the I'm sorry I go from the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I'm sorry I go from the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I'm sorry I go from the green
+curve maybe down to the white or orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve maybe down to the white or orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve maybe down to the white or orange
+curve and then I can modulate the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and then I can modulate the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and then I can modulate the amount
+of power and the light by moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and the light by moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and the light by moving
+frequency okay so this kind of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so this kind of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so this kind of network
+would be at the core of many fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at the core of many fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at the core of many fluorescent
+lamp ballast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp ballast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp ballast
+drivers okay and we're taking advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers okay and we're taking advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers okay and we're taking advantage
+of the resonant voltage gain I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resonant voltage gain I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resonant voltage gain I can get
+from this high Q tank and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this high Q tank and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this high Q tank and it's
+particularly High Q when the lamp isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly High Q when the lamp isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly High Q when the lamp isn't
+struck okay so sometimes I want the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck okay so sometimes I want the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck okay so sometimes I want the big
+voltage even though I got to rate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage even though I got to rate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage even though I got to rate this
+capacitor and inductor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and inductor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and inductor for
+it any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so I can get frequency dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can get frequency dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can get frequency dependent
+voltage gain and power control in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage gain and power control in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage gain and power control in either
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+networks this network kind of has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks this network kind of has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks this network kind of has the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+characteristics of this network in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of this network in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of this network in the
+sense that if I make R too big rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if I make R too big rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if I make R too big rather
+than too small I get very peaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than too small I get very peaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than too small I get very peaky
+resonances and if I make R2 small this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances and if I make R2 small this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances and if I make R2 small this
+thing starts to you know give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts to you know give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts to you know give me
+poor frequency selectivity and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor frequency selectivity and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor frequency selectivity and hence
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+attenuation okay people choose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation okay people choose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation okay people choose one of
+the other depending upon what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other depending upon what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other depending upon what they're
+trying to do or I could choose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do or I could choose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do or I could choose something
+in between so for example one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between so for example one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between so for example one thing
+people might do is say okay let me have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might do is say okay let me have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might do is say okay let me have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+network and maybe I'll make it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and maybe I'll make it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and maybe I'll make it look like
+this I'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll have two
+C's and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and an
+R right so maybe I'll call this C1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right so maybe I'll call this C1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right so maybe I'll call this C1 and
+C2 and this is r so if R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and this is r so if R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and this is r so if R is
+small then it shorts out C2 and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then it shorts out C2 and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then it shorts out C2 and I can
+ignore that it looks like a parallel res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that it looks like a parallel res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that it looks like a parallel res
+network if R is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if R is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if R is really
+big um and I run to a high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big um and I run to a high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big um and I run to a high enough
+frequency this Branch looks sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this Branch looks sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this Branch looks sort of
+inductive when I'm above this resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive when I'm above this resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive when I'm above this resonance
+and then I have the equivalent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have the equivalent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have the equivalent of a
+parallel res Network this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel res Network this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel res Network this would be
+called an LCC or a series parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an LCC or a series parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an LCC or a series parallel
+resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant
+Network and that kind of Network's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and that kind of Network's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and that kind of Network's used
+too to to balance what happens at large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to to balance what happens at large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to to balance what happens at large
+and small resistances for example it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small resistances for example it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small resistances for example it has
+some sort of hybrid combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of hybrid combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of hybrid combination of
+series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and
+parallel you can also have LLC where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel you can also have LLC where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel you can also have LLC where
+there's two inductors in one capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two inductors in one capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two inductors in one capacitor
+that's another actually extremely common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another actually extremely common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another actually extremely common
+resin Network so the easiest thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resin Network so the easiest thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resin Network so the easiest thing to
+get your brain around is the series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your brain around is the series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your brain around is the series and
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+kind there are other kinds that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind there are other kinds that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind there are other kinds that people
+use because they give particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use because they give particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use because they give particular
+characteristics for different ranges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics for different ranges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics for different ranges of
+load resistance or for different ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load resistance or for different ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load resistance or for different ranges
+of oper in power for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oper in power for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oper in power for
+example any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now a lot of
+converters I mentioned things like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters I mentioned things like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters I mentioned things like where
+do they use these things induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they use these things induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they use these things induction
+heating is common driving fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating is common driving fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating is common driving fluorescent
+lamps where you want sinos soidal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps where you want sinos soidal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps where you want sinos soidal uh
+Power delivery into the lamp that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power delivery into the lamp that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power delivery into the lamp that's
+usually pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty low
+frequency uh Wireless power transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh Wireless power transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh Wireless power transfer
+right if I'm going to go across a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm going to go across a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm going to go across a link
+where I want sinusoidal fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want sinusoidal fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want sinusoidal fields
+um another example however is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another example however is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another example however is just
+straight dcdd conversion right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight dcdd conversion right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight dcdd conversion right and I
+didn't say what this resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say what this resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say what this resistor
+was but imagine I use a network like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but imagine I use a network like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but imagine I use a network like
+this one I take DC I chop it up generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I take DC I chop it up generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I take DC I chop it up generate
+a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square
+wave if I have a high Q tank then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current becomes sinusoidal or close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current becomes sinusoidal or close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current becomes sinusoidal or close to
+it and that's where I make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's where I make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's where I make my
+fundamental harmonic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental harmonic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental harmonic approximation
+and by the way for power transfer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way for power transfer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way for power transfer if
+this current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current is
+sinusoidal right we said we can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal right we said we can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal right we said we can only
+transfer average power through voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer average power through voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer average power through voltages
+and currents at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and currents at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and currents at the same
+frequency so even though VX has a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so even though VX has a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so even though VX has a bunch
+of harmonic content as long as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic content as long as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic content as long as this
+network filters to make the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network filters to make the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network filters to make the current
+sinusoidal then the only component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal then the only component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal then the only component of
+this thing that matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that matters is
+um the fundamental component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fundamental component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fundamental component
+of the dyve voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dyve voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dyve voltage
+because no other harmonic component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no other harmonic component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no other harmonic component
+delivers average power through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers average power through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers average power through the
+network right so the fact that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network right so the fact that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network right so the fact that I'm
+mediating power through a sinusoidal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediating power through a sinusoidal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediating power through a sinusoidal in
+this case current is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case current is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case current is very
+valuable all right so how would I build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable all right so how would I build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable all right so how would I build
+a dcddc converter well maybe I'll use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dcddc converter well maybe I'll use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dcddc converter well maybe I'll use a
+an inverter create a square wave use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverter create a square wave use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverter create a square wave use a
+high Q Network to extract a sinusoid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Q Network to extract a sinusoid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Q Network to extract a sinusoid and
+then I can use that to control voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can use that to control voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can use that to control voltage
+gain right because I can control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain right because I can control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain right because I can control the
+amplitude of the current by varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the current by varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the current by varying
+frequency and then I just run into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then I just run into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then I just run into a
+rectifier okay so maybe I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay so maybe I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier okay so maybe I take this
+thing and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I say
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um I say let's build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter and this is going to be soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and this is going to be soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and this is going to be soft
+switched which is one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched which is one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched which is one of the reasons why
+I'm doing it you know I have l c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing it you know I have l c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing it you know I have l c and
+then what I'll do is maybe I'll just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do is maybe I'll just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do is maybe I'll just put
+a Transformer here and then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Transformer here and then on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Transformer here and then on the other
+side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I'll put a
+rectifier this case a fullbridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier this case a fullbridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier this case a fullbridge
+rectifier and make that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier and make that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier and make that V
+out okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and this
+is Transformer and this is Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Transformer and this is Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Transformer and this is Transformer
+so if this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+Isabel maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabel maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabel maybe this is
+then iil Prime which is exactly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then iil Prime which is exactly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then iil Prime which is exactly just
+Isel scaled by the turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isel scaled by the turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isel scaled by the turns
+ratio or the inverse of the turns ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio or the inverse of the turns ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio or the inverse of the turns ratio
+okay what does this network if I were if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does this network if I were if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does this network if I were if
+I were to say what does this impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were to say what does this impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were to say what does this impedance
+look like looking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like looking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like looking in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay well if iil is a sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if iil is a sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if iil is a sinusoid
+right basically I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically I'm going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically I'm going to take a
+sinusoidal current and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal current and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal current and then I'm going to
+rectify it so then IX here would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectify it so then IX here would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectify it so then IX here would look
+like what it would look like exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what it would look like exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what it would look like exactly
+like a rectified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sinusoid of amplitude let me call this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid of amplitude let me call this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid of amplitude let me call this I
+subel right so if I subel has amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subel right so if I subel has amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subel right so if I subel has amplitude
+IBL then this just looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBL then this just looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBL then this just looks like a
+rectified version right the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectified version right the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectified version right the DC
+current I'll call this IX the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'll call this IX the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'll call this IX the average
+value of IX and I'm running out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of IX and I'm running out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of IX and I'm running out of time
+so I don't have chance to work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have chance to work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have chance to work this out
+the average value of IX is simply going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of IX is simply going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of IX is simply going
+to be equal to 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 2 over
+pi times I I'm sorry yeah times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times I I'm sorry yeah times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times I I'm sorry yeah times I
+right so in some sense um what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some sense um what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some sense um what am I
+going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see
+here I'm going to deliver some average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to deliver some average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to deliver some average
+current into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into my
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what is what is the voltage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is what is the voltage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is what is the voltage that
+appear what is the if this is il Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear what is the if this is il Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear what is the if this is il Prime
+okay let me plot ilil Prime for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you IL Prime maybe looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what
+does this voltage look like let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this voltage look like let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this voltage look like let me call
+this um V sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um V sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um V sub
+y well when I prime is positive I have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well when I prime is positive I have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well when I prime is positive I have V
+out when I prime is negative I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I prime is negative I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I prime is negative I have
+minus V out so the voltage he sees looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V out so the voltage he sees looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V out so the voltage he sees looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the current into the rectifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the current into the rectifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the current into the rectifier
+generates a square wave voltage but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a square wave voltage but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a square wave voltage but I'm
+only transferring power in this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only transferring power in this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only transferring power in this network
+the fact that there's a square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's a square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's a square wave
+voltage here and here sort of doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here and here sort of doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here and here sort of doesn't
+matter it's the fundamental component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's the fundamental component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's the fundamental component of
+that voltage that matters for power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that voltage that matters for power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that voltage that matters for power
+transfer the fundamental of this orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the fundamental of this orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the fundamental of this orange
+Square wave is you know basically looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square wave is you know basically looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square wave is you know basically looks
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this right it's exactly in phase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right it's exactly in phase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right it's exactly in phase with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+current so essentially this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so essentially this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so essentially this whole
+rectifier Network reflected through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier Network reflected through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier Network reflected through this
+Transformer looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer looks like an
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+resistance and I'm back exactly to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and I'm back exactly to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and I'm back exactly to this
+original model I had and the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model I had and the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model I had and the only thing
+I've done there is I've said ah I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done there is I've said ah I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done there is I've said ah I don't
+care about the harmonics of this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the harmonics of this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the harmonics of this because
+as long as the currents close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the currents close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the currents close to
+sinusoidal almost all the power is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal almost all the power is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal almost all the power is in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fundamental okay okay so I've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental okay okay so I've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental okay okay so I've kind of
+run out of time there but I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time there but I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time there but I'll come back
+next class and we can talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class and we can talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class and we can talk a little bit
+more about how we might model DCd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how we might model DCd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how we might model DCd
+converters in this way but let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters in this way but let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters in this way but let me ask
+are there any questions before we wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions before we wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions before we wrap
+up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the
+day all right I will see you tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tf7t7YIQcMc.txt b/tf7t7YIQcMc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e41183847c448934c2f8994c86007bfb7375ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tf7t7YIQcMc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Team
+nine. Uh, the pilot is Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. Uh, the pilot is Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. Uh, the pilot is Chris
+Matchenburgger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We have a unique architecture on Team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a unique architecture on Team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a unique architecture on Team
+9's airplane. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the eggs are in their own sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the eggs are in their own sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the eggs are in their own sort of
+cradle that just sort of sits on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cradle that just sort of sits on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cradle that just sort of sits on top of
+the plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane.
+Uh Chris Mattenburgger has very steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Chris Mattenburgger has very steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Chris Mattenburgger has very steady
+hands on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on the
+aircraft and we'll see if they can beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and we'll see if they can beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and we'll see if they can beat
+their personal endurance time of 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their personal endurance time of 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their personal endurance time of 6
+minutes and 3 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beautiful flying plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Steady control flight. Let's carry on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steady control flight. Let's carry on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steady control flight. Let's carry on.
+We'll check in a little later. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll check in a little later. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll check in a little later. Uh but
+again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have
+uh team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh team
+nine. You can look at the playing field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. You can look at the playing field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. You can look at the playing field.
+You see that uh they have uh crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that uh they have uh crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that uh they have uh crew
+members at each edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members at each edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members at each edge of
+the course I guess to uh be available if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I guess to uh be available if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I guess to uh be available if
+anything should happen to the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything should happen to the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything should happen to the airplane
+or alert the pilot of uh anything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alert the pilot of uh anything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alert the pilot of uh anything uh
+that might be going wrong. A crack team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be going wrong. A crack team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be going wrong. A crack team
+well rehearsed. This team has over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well rehearsed. This team has over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well rehearsed. This team has over 1
+hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of
+uh accumulated time, practice time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accumulated time, practice time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accumulated time, practice time with
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+eggs and um substantial amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs and um substantial amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs and um substantial amount of time
+in engineering the aircraft and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering the aircraft and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering the aircraft and clearly
+they've practiced. They know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've practiced. They know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've practiced. They know their
+routines. The pilot is well practiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines. The pilot is well practiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines. The pilot is well practiced
+and we'll uh see if they can uh best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll uh see if they can uh best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll uh see if they can uh best
+their time of 6 minutes and 3 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time of 6 minutes and 3 seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time of 6 minutes and 3 seconds.
+I'm going to check in now for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. We're at 1 minute and 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. We're at 1 minute and 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. We're at 1 minute and 43
+seconds. Still got quite a bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. Still got quite a bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. Still got quite a bit of time
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+go. Still got quite a bit of time to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're now at 2 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're at 3 minutes at the halfway point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at 3 minutes at the halfway point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at 3 minutes at the halfway point
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and we can get a little bit more than 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can get a little bit more than 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can get a little bit more than 3
+minutes and 3 seconds. Save it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and 3 seconds. Save it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and 3 seconds. Save it a little
+bit and beat the current top time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're at 4 minutes for uh team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at 4 minutes for uh team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at 4 minutes for uh team
+nine. A little bit over two more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. A little bit over two more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. A little bit over two more minutes
+to go. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. And
+um although they're in no danger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although they're in no danger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although they're in no danger of
+losing their top position, I'm sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their top position, I'm sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their top position, I'm sure they
+want to extend the lead by the uh narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to extend the lead by the uh narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to extend the lead by the uh narrow
+margin of 6 seconds and 18 points at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of 6 seconds and 18 points at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of 6 seconds and 18 points at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So
+we a lot of people holding their breath.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A lot of people yawning. A lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of people yawning. A lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of people yawning. A lot of people
+yawning. That's right. A lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yawning. That's right. A lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yawning. That's right. A lot of people
+yawning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yawning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yawning.
+5 minutes. We're at 5 minutes. The good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 minutes. We're at 5 minutes. The good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 minutes. We're at 5 minutes. The good
+a little bit more than 1 minute and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more than 1 minute and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more than 1 minute and 3
+seconds. The most exciting ones are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. The most exciting ones are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. The most exciting ones are the
+crashes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes.
+It's like anytime you're flying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like anytime you're flying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like anytime you're flying for
+real, right? A normal flight's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real, right? A normal flight's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real, right? A normal flight's pretty
+boring, but you get there safe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Say again. It's like golf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say again. It's like golf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say again. It's like golf.
+Yes. Steady hands. Good shots in golf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Steady hands. Good shots in golf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Steady hands. Good shots in golf.
+Damn rest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we can break 530 5 minutes and 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we can break 530 5 minutes and 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we can break 530 5 minutes and 30
+seconds 33 more seconds will 34 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 33 more seconds will 34 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 33 more seconds will 34 more
+seconds will be the best time. Everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds will be the best time. Everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds will be the best time. Everybody
+here watches the marathon too. But I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watches the marathon too. But I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watches the marathon too. But I'm
+sure this team wants to push it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this team wants to push it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this team wants to push it to the
+max and see if they could get 45 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max and see if they could get 45 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max and see if they could get 45 or so
+more seconds out of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seconds out of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seconds out of this.
+We're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+551 and we've got to see how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+551 and we've got to see how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+551 and we've got to see how much more
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+We're at 6 minutes. We're at 6 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at 6 minutes. We're at 6 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're at 6 minutes. We're at 6 minutes.
+6 minutes. 6 minutes. Oh boy. Oh my god.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minutes. 6 minutes. Oh boy. Oh my god.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minutes. 6 minutes. Oh boy. Oh my god.
+6 minutes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minutes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minutes in.
+6 minutes and 2 seconds. Incredible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minutes and 2 seconds. Incredible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 minutes and 2 seconds. Incredible.
+Only one second worse than the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only one second worse than the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only one second worse than the last
+five.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tzXIDPNb93Y.txt b/tzXIDPNb93Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..081ef775b5a12de503139e9dbef08de0320ac02e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tzXIDPNb93Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2949 @@
+PROFESSOR: We have a lot of
+fun material to cover today,
+
+so let's get started.
+
+We start with a few basic
+questions about-- well,
+
+first is a topology question.
+
+What is a handle?
+
+In general, a handle is really
+a transformation on a surface.
+
+I thought I will demonstrate in
+the context of glass blowing.
+
+So this is what it looks
+like if you're making a cup.
+
+You take some hot glass.
+
+You attach it to your surface.
+
+You cut it off your hot pipe.
+
+And then you bring it around
+and attach it to another point,
+
+and so that's a handle.
+
+You've probably used
+handles before in real life.
+
+In general, or in the
+mathematical setting,
+
+it's the same thing
+but on a 2D surface.
+
+So imagine you have
+some 2D surface.
+
+You take two disk-like
+regions on the surface
+
+and then you attach on a
+handle-- something like that.
+
+So it's an operation
+you can do to a surface.
+
+And you can keep adding handles.
+
+I don't think there's
+a clear way to say,
+
+oh, this is clearly a handle,
+except to have added it
+
+as a handle.
+
+In general, the nice theorem
+for two dimensional surfaces--
+
+so here's a coffee cup being
+converted into a torus,
+
+because it has
+genus 1, meaning it
+
+has essentially
+one handle in it.
+
+In general, you take
+any orientable surface
+
+without boundary-- this is
+locally two dimensional-- then
+
+it will be a sphere plus some
+non-negative number of handles.
+
+And that's a
+classification theorem
+
+for orientable surfaces.
+
+It's only slightly
+more complicated
+
+for non-orientable surfaces.
+
+And then 3D surfaces
+are even harder
+
+and was only recently solved.
+
+But this is two
+dimensional surfaces,
+
+which is easy and clean.
+
+There is a way to compute
+genus and in some sense
+
+learn how many
+handles are there.
+
+But there isn't a unique
+thing of, oh, this part
+
+is clearly a handle.
+
+But when you draw it
+this way, it kind of
+
+becomes clear this is a handle.
+
+This is a handle.
+
+But there isn't a
+formal sense in which--
+
+I don't know-- this thing is not
+a handle or some weird thing.
+
+I think that's
+all about handles.
+
+Hopefully that answers things.
+
+Of course, things
+get more complicated
+
+when you have a boundary,
+which we usually call holes.
+
+But the next question is
+about holes in the unfoldings.
+
+So I claim that convex
+polyhedron, when
+
+you unfold them, never have
+holes in the unfolded form.
+
+And this is to contrast this
+example, which is not convex.
+
+But you can unfold it by
+cutting these two edges.
+
+And you've got a little hole.
+
+So I showed this in lecture.
+
+And natural question
+is, why isn't this
+
+possible for convex polyhedron?
+
+So I thought I would prove that.
+
+And the proof uses a cool
+theorem, which we'll probably
+
+be seeing again, called
+the Gauss-Bonnet theorem.
+
+And it says that if you
+have some surface, which
+
+is homeomorphic to a
+sphere-- so I don't
+
+want any handles
+for this theorem.
+
+And of course, convex
+polyhedra our sphere-like.
+
+They don't have handles.
+
+And I take a-- let me
+take a better color--
+
+I take a closed curve
+non-self-intersecting closed
+
+curve on that
+surface-- that defines
+
+an interior and an exterior.
+
+Then what the
+Gauss-Bonnet theorem
+
+says is that if you look
+at the curvature that's
+
+enclosed by the curve-- the
+total curvature by this closed
+
+curve on the surface-- and
+you add on the total turn
+
+angle along the curve-- so here,
+the curve is turning right.
+
+Here, it's turning
+left, right, left.
+
+Left is positive.
+
+Right is negative.
+
+Then these always add
+up to 360 degrees.
+
+We're not going to
+prove this theorem,
+
+but we're going to use it.
+
+So this is a nice invariant
+for sphere-like things.
+
+When you have handles,
+this number changes.
+
+I think it's 0 for a torus.
+
+Well, I won't try to guess
+it, because it's a little bit
+
+subtle to get right.
+
+One fun consequence of this--
+let's just get warmed up--
+
+suppose you take a
+sphere like object
+
+and you take a
+closed curve-- this
+
+is going to be pretty
+abstract-- in this direction,
+
+then it says, OK, the
+total amount of curvature
+
+in here plus the total
+turn angle equals 360.
+
+Now suppose that I
+turn the curve around.
+
+So I just reverse the
+direction-- like this.
+
+And so now, the interior
+is this stuff out here.
+
+And then we get that the total
+curvature outside the curve,
+
+plus the total turn angle of
+the blue thing, equals 360.
+
+If I add those two
+equations together,
+
+the total turn angle cancels.
+
+Because wherever red turns,
+left blue turns right.
+
+And so this term disappears.
+
+And so what we get is
+that the total curvature
+
+inside the curve, plus the total
+curvature outside the curve,
+
+equals 720.
+
+So this is a nice
+topological invariant
+
+of sphere-like polyhedra.
+
+You add up the total
+curvature everywhere--
+
+it didn't really matter what the
+curve was-- you always get 720.
+
+And so this is kind of neat.
+
+For convex polyhedra,
+this means you
+
+have to somehow divvy
+up this curvature.
+
+Because all curvatures
+are positive.
+
+So 720 is, somehow,
+spread around.
+
+But you have to have
+exactly that much.
+
+For non-convex things, you could
+have some negative curvature
+
+that balances out a lot
+of positive curvature.
+
+So you can have a lot of both.
+
+But you have almost the
+same amount of each.
+
+Just you have
+exactly 720 excess.
+
+that's just a fun fact.
+
+We'll be using that in
+the future, I think.
+
+OK, that was Gauss-Bonnet.
+
+Now let's use it
+to prove that this
+
+can't happen for
+convex polyhedron.
+
+So the idea is, suppose you have
+an unfolding with a hole in it.
+
+So this is the surface out here.
+
+Then I'm going to take
+a closed curve that
+
+walks around the hole but
+stays inside the unfolding.
+
+And then, of course, I'm
+visualizing that really
+
+on the polyhedron.
+
+So I want the
+interior of the curve
+
+to enclose the hole-- or
+what becomes the hole.
+
+Now, what we learned
+from Gauss-Bonnet
+
+is that the curvature
+enclosed by this thing,
+
+plus the total turn angle
+of the curve, equals 360.
+
+The total turn angle
+of the curve is 360.
+
+It's a planar walk here.
+
+So turn angle-- total
+turn here is 360 degrees.
+
+Now, if we have a
+convex polyhedron,
+
+then this curvature
+has to be non-negative.
+
+Well, I mean, sorry.
+
+In any case here, this
+curvature better equal 0.
+
+For convex polyhedra, this is
+a sum of vertex curvatures.
+
+For convex polyhedra,
+every vertex
+
+has strictly positive
+curvature actually.
+
+I mean the zero curvature
+vertices aren't vertices.
+
+They're just points
+on the surface.
+
+So for convex
+polyhedron, if you're
+
+going to have zero
+total curvature,
+
+that means you actually
+have no curvature.
+
+So you have no vertices
+enclosed in here,
+
+which is a contradiction.
+
+That means there wasn't
+a hole to open up.
+
+Technically, you could
+do something weird
+
+like-- I don't know,
+let's take a cube.
+
+You could say, OK, I'm going
+to make a couple cuts here
+
+that do nothing.
+
+This is kind of a
+weird situation.
+
+We're going to add those cuts.
+
+And then, of course, you could
+draw this curve around it
+
+and say, oh yeah, look.
+
+I've got lots of zero
+curvature vertices inside here.
+
+In general, whenever you
+have zero curvature vertices,
+
+you could always just suture
+them back up-- uncut them--
+
+and there'd be no
+difference in the unfolding.
+
+So you have to assume
+that you've already
+
+removed pointless cuts.
+
+Then there'll be no
+vertices in there.
+
+And so then, in fact, there was
+no hole for convex polyhedra.
+
+For non-convex polyhedra, you
+can have a negative curvature
+
+vertex that balances out some
+positive curvature vertices.
+
+And so the total curvature
+here equals zero.
+
+But you have three vertices.
+
+And that just can't
+happen for convex.
+
+Next quick question
+is, when we're
+
+talking about the cut
+locus and the ridge tree,
+
+we drew some pictures.
+
+The claim is that it
+was a spanning tree
+
+of the polyhedron.
+
+And in particular, the
+leaves of the tree--
+
+the degree 1
+vertices-- are exactly
+
+the vertices of the polyhedron.
+
+And I hadn't actually
+realized this,
+
+but in fact, it's not
+really literally true.
+
+It's kind of spiritually true.
+
+The vertices, in fact, have
+unique shortest paths to x.
+
+So remember, we have some
+point, x, on the surface.
+
+And we're looking at
+points, like this one,
+
+they have non-unique
+shortest paths to x.
+
+This is, if you grow
+the fire around x,
+
+where does the fire meet itself.
+
+And it will meet
+itself along this edge,
+
+because you could
+go around this way
+
+or go around this way and
+it's equal length path.
+
+But at the vertex,
+there's actually
+
+a unique way to go there.
+
+That's the black line.
+
+So technically, this point
+is not on the ridge tree.
+
+But all of these points are.
+
+So this is kind of
+like a limiting point
+
+of the ridge tree points.
+
+So we think of it as
+being on the ridge tree.
+
+I mean, you could think
+of as cut are not cut.
+
+It doesn't really matter.
+
+But you cut right next to it,
+so effectively the same thing.
+
+But it is a neat
+point-- a subtle point--
+
+that these guys have
+unique shortest paths.
+
+Whereas, these do not.
+
+Still we cut all the
+way up to corner.
+
+All right, that is that.
+
+So now we have a bunch of
+newer and more exciting
+
+things-- or updates that
+you haven't heard of.
+
+One question that we mentioned
+was generalizing the star
+
+and source unfoldings.
+
+And there's a new
+paper about this.
+
+This is with my PhD
+advisor, Anna Lubiw,
+
+and this is just a
+warm up to get started.
+
+So here, we have a box,
+if we take a point x.
+
+And let's see, here we have
+the source unfolding from x.
+
+And here, we have the star
+unfolding, just for comparison.
+
+It's also kind of fun to
+see them side by side.
+
+They're color coded.
+
+So where you cut is the
+ridge tree, in this case.
+
+And you end up gluing
+along the ridge tree
+
+in the star unfolding.
+
+Now, we're going to
+generalize things
+
+a little bit in that we're
+going to generalize the source
+
+unfolding, specifically.
+
+So source unfolding,
+you have a point x.
+
+And you just sort of
+shoot shortest paths all
+
+from x, and that's
+what you keep.
+
+And you end up cutting
+along the ridge tree, which
+
+is the void in our
+diagram at this point.
+
+So I'm going to generalize
+that a little bit
+
+and think of this as
+a tiny little circle.
+
+And in general,
+what I'm going to do
+
+is the source unfolding
+outside the circle.
+
+And so when the circle is really
+tiny, it is just the source
+
+unfolding.
+
+But in general, I'm going
+to do the star unfolding
+
+inside the circle.
+
+OK.
+
+So in this case,
+nothing changes.
+
+But next example is
+going to be more general.
+
+Instead of being a
+single point here,
+
+I'm going to take
+a geodesic arc--
+
+a straight line on the surface.
+
+So here's an example of that.
+
+We have a square-based pyramid.
+
+We drew a straight
+line on the surface.
+
+If you unfolded it,
+it would be straight.
+
+We're thinking of
+having a little--
+
+I think it's called a racetrack
+curve in mathematics--
+
+around that straight line.
+
+And I'm going to do star
+unfolding on the inside.
+
+In this case, there's no
+vertices on the inside,
+
+so nothing happens.
+
+And then we do source
+unfolding on the outside.
+
+This is actually
+previously known
+
+to unfold by
+O'Rourke and others.
+
+But we have a simpler
+proof, essentially.
+
+And we're going to
+generalize it more.
+
+But what we do is the source
+unfolding on the outside.
+
+So you take shortest
+paths-- from every point,
+
+you take its shortest
+path to this geodesic.
+
+That's, some of these blue lines
+show various shortest paths.
+
+That's what you keep.
+
+The ridge tree is if you
+light fire simultaneously
+
+along this entire segment,
+where does it burn out?
+
+And that's the purple stuff.
+
+And this is the
+complementary diagram,
+
+where you do the reverse, which
+would be the star unfolding
+
+on the outside, source
+unfolding on the inside.
+
+So you glue along
+the purple stuff
+
+instead of cutting
+along the purple stuff.
+
+And this, we conjecture, doesn't
+overlap but we don't know.
+
+All right, so fine.
+
+That looks easy.
+
+And you can prove that
+this doesn't overlap.
+
+Before you proved
+it, because you just
+
+had shortest paths emanating
+in all directions around x.
+
+Now, you have shortest
+paths emanating
+
+in 180 degrees of directions
+around this endpoint.
+
+Then they are all just straight.
+
+And then they rotate
+around 180 degrees here.
+
+And then they're
+all just straight.
+
+And so there can't be
+anything overlapping,
+
+because you're just
+taking a continuum
+
+of these segments
+of varying lengths.
+
+They don't overlap.
+
+Here, they're all parallel.
+
+Here, they sweep nicely.
+
+In general, if they
+always turn clockwise
+
+as you walk along the
+curve, you're fine.
+
+OK, here's a more general one.
+
+In general, what we can
+prove is that if you
+
+have a convex curve
+on the surface--
+
+so it always turns to the
+left, I think technically.
+
+The angle on the left
+hand side is always
+
+less than or equal
+to 180 degrees.
+
+You have to be a
+little careful what
+
+it means to turn to the left.
+
+When you hit a vertex, you've
+got less than 360 total.
+
+So what does to the left mean?
+
+It just means you've got less
+than 180 degrees of material
+
+on your left side.
+
+So this is an example
+of a convex curve.
+
+It's got some circular arcs.
+
+We're no longer
+tracking along some--
+
+we're no longer just
+doubling along some curve.
+
+Here, we enclose a
+vertex, which makes
+
+it a little more exciting,
+because now what we're
+
+going to do star unfolding
+on the inside, which remember
+
+was cutting along shortest
+paths from every vertex
+
+to your thing.
+
+In this case, your thing
+is no longer a point, x.
+
+It is now this convex curve.
+
+So let's say this is
+the shortest path here.
+
+It might be than one choice, but
+we're going to-- actually, no.
+
+This is the shortest path.
+
+This is a root 2 diagonal.
+
+This is length 1.
+
+So we're going to
+come along here
+
+and that's this dashed line.
+
+So it got opened
+up here, because we
+
+had too little material here.
+
+We open it up.
+
+But otherwise, it acts the same.
+
+In particular, outside
+this red curve,
+
+it's just source unfolding.
+
+You've got all these
+shortest paths.
+
+And again, what we argue--
+and I'm not going to prove
+
+it here-- is that all
+of these shortest paths
+
+keep turning clockwise and
+do so exactly 360 degrees.
+
+There's some jumps when
+you hit these gaps.
+
+And you have to kind
+of jump over them.
+
+But still, you
+have no collision.
+
+And drawn over here
+is the reverse,
+
+where we would star unfold the
+outside of a convex curve--
+
+because it's a convex curve,
+the inside and outside
+
+are different-- and source
+unfold on the inside.
+
+And this, we conjecture,
+doesn't overlap.
+
+But we don't know
+how to prove it.
+
+This thing is a generalization
+of the source unfolding.
+
+Because when this curve is super
+tiny, it is a source unfolding.
+
+This thing would
+be a generalization
+
+of the star unfolding, but
+we don't know whether works.
+
+I think one more example here.
+
+This is a way to
+generate convex curves.
+
+You start from some point, x.
+
+And you design it-- you
+choose a direction so
+
+that if you go straight--
+so this curve goes straight
+
+everywhere except x.
+
+If you set it up right,
+you come back to x.
+
+So this, in particular,
+is a convex curve,
+
+because it's straight
+everywhere except x.
+
+And at x, it's convex.
+
+And so, in this case, we
+enclose a few vertices.
+
+On the inside, we've
+got V3, V7, V6.
+
+So each of those ends up getting
+cut here in these green lines.
+
+And so, like this one
+is a very tiny cut.
+
+We just cut there at V3.
+
+The other ones
+are little bigger.
+
+But they open up.
+
+And yeah, I guess,
+this is the-- well,
+
+it's a few different
+versions of the picture here.
+
+But again, you look
+at the shortest paths.
+
+Here, they're all parallel.
+
+Here, they sweep.
+
+Here, they're all parallel.
+
+Here, we jump, but
+it's just the same
+
+as sweeping-- it
+doesn't hurt you.
+
+Then they're all parallel.
+
+Then we jump.
+
+Then they're all parallel,
+in this particular example.
+
+But they will always
+proceed clockwise
+
+around the curve, which
+here is drawn red.
+
+Gets split up a
+little bit, but you
+
+can show because
+of that sweeping,
+
+they won't hit each other.
+
+And you have
+non-overlapping unfolding.
+
+So we call this sun
+unfolding, because of the rays
+
+that sweep around.
+
+And because we have
+a convex curve,
+
+it's kind of like the sun.
+
+So that's a new unfolding.
+
+The obvious open
+question is the reverse,
+
+when you glue around
+the purple sides
+
+instead of the--
+It's essentially,
+
+instead of having
+a convex curve,
+
+you have a reflex curve,
+exactly the opposite.
+
+What happens, we don't know.
+
+It's a lot harder to prove.
+
+Because in particular,
+it's a lot harder
+
+to prove that the star
+unfolding doesn't overlap.
+
+And you've got to include
+at least that proof
+
+in any generalization of it.
+
+Next topic of unfolding
+kind of related
+
+we call zipper unfolding.
+
+So these are some examples of
+real felt models with a zipper.
+
+The goal is, I want an unfolding
+that has a single zipper.
+
+And you just pull the zipper,
+and it makes your polyhedron.
+
+So this is an example
+of an octahedron.
+
+This one is actually
+not even a polyhedron.
+
+It has two pyramidal
+pockets in it.
+
+And it's actually closed
+off in the middle.
+
+I think we have a
+little video here
+
+of what it looks like
+to open that octahedron.
+
+So what does it take
+to have a single zipper
+
+line, that connects
+everything together?
+
+Well, if you think
+about it, that
+
+means that the cuts that you
+make must follow a single path.
+
+So in general, the cuts form
+a tree on a convex polyhedron.
+
+We want that tree
+to be just a path.
+
+So it's like a Hamiltonian path.
+
+It's got to visit all the
+vertices in some order.
+
+And you'd like it to
+unfold without overlap.
+
+So is this always possible?
+
+This is a father, son,
+mother, son, son paper.
+
+So this is my advisor
+again and her two sons.
+
+Although we like to say this
+a paper with her three sons,
+
+because I'm her academic
+son-- or four, if you count
+
+Marty too.
+
+She was his advisor as well.
+
+So here are some examples
+of good unfolding.
+
+So we have the platonic solids.
+
+These are just
+typical unfoldings.
+
+These are all zipper unfoldings.
+
+So we're cutting along edges,
+along a Hamiltonian path
+
+that doesn't overlap.
+
+They all have this kind
+of nice snake like shape.
+
+And so all platonic
+solids can be
+
+made by zipper edge unfoldings.
+
+Next, we did Archimedean solids.
+
+This is a lot more work.
+
+But again, you get these
+nice S-like curves.
+
+And they're all
+zipper unfolding,
+
+because they're all
+possible and they'll
+
+have these Hamiltonian paths,
+cuts, and avoid overlap.
+
+But you may notice,
+there's one missing up
+
+there-- the great
+Rhombi-Cosi-Dodecahedron,
+
+my favorite Archimedean solid.
+
+And it has a rather
+different looking unfolding.
+
+As far as we can tell,
+there's no S-shaped one--
+
+whatever that means.
+
+But you have to have a tree.
+
+These examples all
+had path-like--
+
+The dual graph was
+roughly a path.
+
+I guess it branches
+a little bit here.
+
+Here, it's very
+tree like, I guess.
+
+So all Archimedean
+solids can be done.
+
+One open question,
+next category up,
+
+is Johnson solids, which
+are all polyhedron made
+
+with regular polygon faces--
+convex polyhedron made
+
+by regular polygonal faces.
+
+Those we don't know,
+whether they always
+
+have zipper unfoldings.
+
+But we do know there are
+some convex polyhedra--
+
+like this rhombic dodecahedron--
+that do not have zipper
+
+unfoldings if you
+only cut along edges.
+
+Because this graph has
+no Hamiltonian path.
+
+So never mind avoiding overlap.
+
+There's some polyhedra that
+just aren't Hamiltonian.
+
+There's no path it visits
+every vertex exactly
+
+once and only follows edges.
+
+So there's nothing
+you could even
+
+hope to cut along
+and avoid overlap.
+
+So that's bad news
+for edge unfoldings.
+
+The big open question here
+is for general unfoldings
+
+if you're allowed to cut
+anywhere on a convex surface
+
+and do things like
+the sun unfolding.
+
+I mean, edge
+unfoldings, we don't
+
+know how to do them anyway.
+
+So if you allow
+general unfoldings,
+
+we've got star unfolding,
+source unfolding, sun unfolding,
+
+all sorts of things.
+
+But none of them are
+zipper unfoldings.
+
+They all cut along trees.
+
+Like star unfolding
+cuts along a star.
+
+The source unfolding cuts
+along the ridge tree,
+
+which is going to be
+very tree like thing.
+
+Can you always convert a
+tree cut into a path cut?
+
+We've tried.
+
+It seems quite challenging.
+
+So that's the open problem.
+
+Does every convex polyhedron
+have a general zipper
+
+unfolding, because edge
+unfolding is always too much
+
+to hope for.
+
+So those are some fun
+problems to think about.
+
+It's kind of like
+zipper unfolding.
+
+So the next topic-- oh, right.
+
+One more thing to show, this is
+a very fun talk that we gave.
+
+All five of us gave this
+talk at Canadian Conference
+
+on Computational Geometry.
+
+And one of the props in the
+talk was this cardboard box.
+
+And in the middle of the
+talk, it starts jiggling.
+
+And actually, initially,
+only four of the co-authors
+
+were giving the talk,
+because the fifth one
+
+was hiding inside the box.
+
+And then in the
+middle of the talk,
+
+he just jumps out
+and then starts
+
+speaking, as if
+nothing happened.
+
+It was a lot of fun.
+
+At this point, our son,
+Jonah, is in the box.
+
+He was fairly small.
+
+He's grown up a lot
+since, but at the time
+
+he fit nicely into
+this cardboard
+
+box, which was maybe this big.
+
+I think we give him a
+book and a flashlight
+
+and stuff to do while he
+was sitting there, waiting
+
+for his slides, waiting
+for the queue to come out.
+
+There we go.
+
+So those are unfolding of
+the cube or a box in general.
+
+Next topic is going
+back to edge unfolding.
+
+I like this comment.
+
+I thought they were
+pretty obvious,
+
+but now you've
+convinced me otherwise.
+
+And some of the evidence for
+edge unfolding being difficult
+
+was this polyhedron, which we
+proved has no edge unfolding.
+
+I didn't say it in lecture, but
+we call it edge on unfoldable,
+
+because they cannot be unfolded.
+
+This is actually the first
+example we came up with.
+
+I mention it only because
+it has fewer faces.
+
+We usually show this one
+because it's triangulated
+
+and that's kind of cooler.
+
+This one has convex faces still,
+so still topologically convex.
+
+I mean, if I pushed
+these points in,
+
+the polyhedron would be
+convex but has fewer faces.
+
+It has I guess six faces per
+hat, times 4 hats, so 24 faces.
+
+This was done in '99.
+
+It turns out at
+exactly the same time,
+
+there was this paper
+by Tarasov called,
+
+"Polyhedron with No
+Natural Unfolding."
+
+The paper has no figures,
+so I had to draw one
+
+to show you what it looks like.
+
+It's just a cube.
+
+And then at each corner of the
+cube, you cut off the corner
+
+and then pull the point out.
+
+And they proved, by a pretty
+similar argument-- I mean,
+
+essentially you treat
+each of these as a hat.
+
+It's kind of a very simple hat.
+
+They happen to overlap;
+they share edges.
+
+But again, because of these
+negative curvature vertices,
+
+you have to cut through the hat.
+
+And that cut has to
+keep going around.
+
+Eventually, it forms a cycle.
+
+So that's what Tarasov
+proved in the same year, '99.
+
+And then Grunbaum-- he's a
+famous geometer in Seattle--
+
+came up with some more examples.
+
+So he initially wanted to
+make a star shaped example.
+
+Star shaped means that
+there's a single point, namely
+
+the center, where you can
+shine a light in all directions
+
+and the light reaches the entire
+interior of the polyhedron.
+
+He didn't know about
+our witch hat example.
+
+So he took the Tarasov example,
+made it a dodecahedron,
+
+and then it is star shaped.
+
+I think ours are
+already star shaped.
+
+So that's kind of fun.
+
+It looks like some scary
+underwater creature.
+
+And then he learned
+about our paper,
+
+and he said, all
+right, I want to get
+
+as few faces as possible.
+
+And so we had 26, was it, 24?
+
+This one has only 13 faces.
+
+And it has tetrahedral--
+well, that's not actually
+
+tetrahedrally asymmetric,
+because this bottom spike is
+
+different from the others.
+
+But it's kind of like
+Tarasov's example down
+
+to its very minimal
+amounts, also star shaped.
+
+And his conjecture is that,
+if you have 12 faces or fewer,
+
+there is no
+un-unfoldable polyhedron.
+
+So he says polyhedra with 12
+faces are un-un-unfoldable.
+
+He wanted to one up us.
+
+Open problem is to define
+un-un-un-unfoldable.
+
+But we're up to three.
+
+So that's some
+un-unfoldable polyhedra
+
+and some conjectured
+un-un-unfoldable polyhedra.
+
+This is fun to say.
+
+The next result, which is
+very recent is that-- this
+
+is with Zach Abel
+and myself-- that it
+
+is NP-complete to decide,
+given a polyhedron,
+
+is it unfoldable or
+un-unfoldable-- by cutting
+
+along edges.
+
+These are all
+cutting along edges.
+
+And we reduce from
+this problem, which
+
+comes from parallel
+computers actually--
+
+or geometry in general, you
+want to pack a bunch of squares
+
+into a square.
+
+So you have squares
+of different sizes.
+
+And you want to pack those
+squares into a given square.
+
+Is it possible?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+Sometimes it is,
+sometimes it isn't.
+
+This proof, by many
+people-- Long, et al.--
+
+is from three partition,
+which is a problem we've seen.
+
+I won't go through it.
+
+But essentially, it's kind
+of like the disk packing
+
+proof, which I showed in
+lecture some time ago related
+
+to tree maker.
+
+But you set up this tiny
+space and you end up
+
+having to partition a bunch of
+your squares into groups, each
+
+with the same sum
+groups of size 3.
+
+So starting from this
+problem of square packing,
+
+how do we convert it into
+an unfolding problem?
+
+This is a rough idea
+of the construction.
+
+So the big picture--
+this is initially
+
+a polyhedron with boundary.
+
+Later on, we'll
+remove the boundary.
+
+So just imagine a square, and
+in the square, there's a tower.
+
+Things are not
+drawn to scale here.
+
+The tower is super tall.
+
+This little pipe thing is very
+narrow and also very long.
+
+I think even way longer than
+anything in this picture.
+
+OK, so now along the
+side of the tower--
+
+so this is an unfolding.
+
+Like if you cut along these
+edges, you get a plus sign.
+
+This is the tower.
+
+Now, this grid
+stuff is something
+
+that I haven't shown you yet.
+
+But basically, think
+of it as water.
+
+It's very malleable.
+
+It can be cut open in
+many different ways.
+
+And essentially, you don't have
+to worry about it being there.
+
+It's like the glue that
+holds everything together.
+
+But then, there's these
+square faces, b1 up to bn.
+
+These are the things
+you need to pack.
+
+So our goal is to set
+things up that so, when
+
+you take this tower out,
+you have a square hole.
+
+That is your target
+square shape.
+
+And then on the
+side of the tower,
+
+you've got all these squares.
+
+Basically those squares
+have to fit into that hole.
+
+So it is square packing.
+
+That is our goal.
+
+Now, the challenge for that
+is to make all of this stuff
+
+get out of the way and
+also for these squares--
+
+normally when you unfold,
+you're very constrained
+
+in how you lay out the faces.
+
+You can cut here or
+cut here, but there's
+
+a discrete set of choices.
+
+Our goal is to design this stuff
+so that these squares can just
+
+basically move willy-nilly
+without hitting each other.
+
+It's not easy to do,
+but that's the thing.
+
+This is one big face on the
+outside-- this kind of L shape.
+
+We didn't want to go all the
+way around for a couple reasons.
+
+One is we need a place
+for things to get out.
+
+But also, we wanted this
+to be topologically convex.
+
+So we didn't want to
+face that is a donut.
+
+OK, so what's the next
+part of the construction?
+
+Well, if we can
+arrange for these guys
+
+to move willy-nilly-- that's
+these very thin lines--
+
+we can just imagine that
+if the squares are somehow
+
+packed, instead of having
+things overlapping like this,
+
+you can route all of those
+paths to avoid crossings.
+
+So as long as there's tiny gaps
+between all the squares, which
+
+doesn't turn out to change the
+square packing problem very
+
+much, you can do this.
+
+And then there's another issue,
+which is there's a lot of stuff
+
+here.
+
+You've got to put it
+somewhere, so you end up--
+
+it's very, very tiny--
+so in some cases,
+
+you have to do this
+kind of wiggling just
+
+to eat up length in
+certain settings.
+
+It gets complicated.
+
+So how do we do
+this wiggly stuff?
+
+Well, at the first
+level, there's
+
+a very fine grid with
+very small squares here.
+
+And we set it up so that
+we can follow everything
+
+along a single path.
+
+We can visit all of this great
+stuff along a single path.
+
+Occasionally, we will
+encounter squares,
+
+but the path length
+between any two squares
+
+is so big that these squares
+have room to kind of stretch
+
+out as far away from each
+other as they need to go.
+
+Now, these squares
+are not squares.
+
+They are actually
+this construction,
+
+which we call atoms.
+
+It looks like a weird set of
+pyramids, or outside of towers.
+
+But in fact, there's many
+different ways to unfold this.
+
+There's lots of different
+ways to cut it open.
+
+And some of them go straight.
+
+Some of them turn left.
+
+Some of them turn right.
+
+These are three of the
+unfoldings, I forget.
+
+There's a few dozen
+unfoldings that we
+
+need that all have
+the right parameters.
+
+This one's clearly turning left.
+
+This one's going straight
+in a certain sense.
+
+This is coming from a left
+turn and then going straight.
+
+So there's lots of
+combinations here,
+
+slightly different
+parities, and so on.
+
+But the end effect is that if
+you have a big grid of these
+
+and you're following
+them in a path,
+
+the path does some
+turns on the surface.
+
+But you can force
+it to do whatever
+
+turns you want in the unfolding.
+
+So you have complete freedom
+to move the squares around.
+
+As I showed you, you
+can avoid crossings,
+
+and it all works out.
+
+Maybe one detail,
+which I didn't mention,
+
+is there's going to be
+a ton of extra stuff.
+
+Where does it go?
+
+It's going to fill the pipe up.
+
+It's going to push
+these guys up somewhat.
+
+And this thing is
+so tall that there's
+
+room to put all the
+excess stuff in here.
+
+And it's also so tall
+that you can't just
+
+reach all the way out and put
+all the squares on the outside.
+
+OK, so if you make that super,
+super tall, none of the squares
+
+fit in here, because
+it's too narrow.
+
+And none of the
+squares can get up
+
+to the top, because
+it's too long.
+
+So that's how it works.
+
+Now, that was a
+polyhedron with boundary.
+
+Without boundary,
+the construction
+
+is almost the same.
+
+You just add some extra
+stuff on the outside
+
+to make it a regular polyhedron
+homeomorphic to a sphere.
+
+But in the end, you have
+basically the same construction
+
+of this nice square.
+
+The pipe and some other
+stuff, you prove basically
+
+doesn't matter.
+
+So that is NP-completeness
+of edge unfolding
+
+of topologically
+convex polyhedra,
+
+even orthogonal
+polyhedra, which is
+
+kind of nifty-- from last year.
+
+If you actually want
+to unfold things--
+
+if you want to build
+things out of paper,
+
+the current best heuristic
+unfolder is called Pepakura.
+
+It's a free download online,
+probably Windows only.
+
+You can take some
+weird 3D model.
+
+And it uses multiple pieces, in
+general, but you can add tabs
+
+and it's quite practical.
+
+And cut it out, either
+manually or with your computer
+
+controlled sign
+cutter or something
+
+and then fold up your pieces.
+
+When a one piece
+unfolding is possible,
+
+it will typically find it.
+
+But it's not guaranteed.
+
+I don't know exactly
+what algorithm it uses.
+
+But some combination
+of brute force
+
+and just cutting into
+multiple pieces when it fails.
+
+Next up, we have band unfolding.
+
+So I talked very briefly
+about band unfolding.
+
+I thought I'd show you
+some pictures about it.
+
+And so remember, we're talking
+about volcano unfoldings, which
+
+is when you cut
+along all the edges
+
+from a point or it's sort
+of in the vertical thing.
+
+Band unfolding was when
+you had some side faces,
+
+you kept those intact and
+cut everything else away.
+
+So what do I have to show here?
+
+This is an example of a band
+unfolding gone wrong-- I guess.
+
+It's a little hard to see.
+
+This is, in general,
+a prismatoid.
+
+We had a top polygon, A,
+here, and then below it,
+
+this is polygon, B. We
+took the convex hull, which
+
+adds all these other edges.
+
+And this is an example of a
+bad unfolding of a primatoid.
+
+Here's an example of
+a bad-- this is really
+
+a band unfolding
+that has gone wrong.
+
+So imagine here the top
+polygon is this triangle.
+
+Bottom polygon is this triangle.
+
+That nicely nest.
+
+It's a very easy
+example, seemingly.
+
+But for whatever reason,
+we also added this cut.
+
+And you can actually force
+that if I make this not quite--
+
+actually, maybe it's
+not quite a triangle.
+
+It's a quadrilateral.
+
+Yeah, and this is
+slightly a quadrilateral.
+
+So when you take a convex
+hull, you get that edge.
+
+If you cut along that edge
+and then cut along here
+
+and cut along here and
+do the band unfolding
+
+thing-- we're not even drawing
+the bottom polygon here-- just
+
+the band itself overlaps,
+which is annoying.
+
+Nonetheless-- so this
+is an old example--
+
+but nonetheless, we proved
+that there's at least one place
+
+to cut the band--
+like here would
+
+work-- that will avoid overlap.
+
+And this is some
+parts the proof.
+
+In general, here we're
+looking at the inner polygon.
+
+And we cut it somewhere.
+
+And then we argue about where
+that vertex goes if we open up
+
+all the angles,
+which is what happens
+
+when you squash it flat.
+
+And in particular,
+we argue this vertex
+
+must stay in the gray
+region, like in the picture
+
+on the right, so it
+can't go up here.
+
+And so in general, if you look
+at how these things unfold,
+
+if you're lucky, things will
+be convex when you open it.
+
+This is always going to be good.
+
+There's this weakly
+convex picture,
+
+where when you
+close the ends, it's
+
+not quite convex but
+only at one point.
+
+This is troublesome--
+sometimes this works,
+
+sometimes it doesn't.
+
+If you look at this
+example, I believe
+
+it is in the weakly
+convex category.
+
+I haven't told you the
+other one is a spiral.
+
+Here, if you draw a 90 degree
+angle from this last bar,
+
+then this guy is on wrong
+side of that 90 degree thing.
+
+This thing can't happen.
+
+So that's comforting.
+
+And it's related
+to this property.
+
+But these things
+can cause problems
+
+like in the previous picture.
+
+And so you have to argue
+that there is a place
+
+to cut where you don't get
+this or if when you get it,
+
+it's still OK.
+
+And that's a messy argument--
+a lot of case analysis
+
+I won't go through here.
+
+I think I have one picture
+of a nicely working example.
+
+This is, I guess, a
+general primatoid.
+
+But here, we have a
+nice cutting that works.
+
+The original question that
+someone here posed was,
+
+what about prismoids?
+
+So we know the band
+unfolds nicely.
+
+What we don't know is, can
+you attach the top polygon
+
+and the bottom polygons to
+the band and get an unfolding.
+
+We don't know, for example,
+whether all prismatoids have
+
+edge unfoldings,
+because we don't
+
+know how to place the
+top and bottom things.
+
+Probably possible
+but really hard
+
+to figure out where
+they would go.
+
+A simpler problem is prismoids--
+which this might actually
+
+be a prismoid.
+
+If you know that
+all of these edges
+
+are parallel initially-- so it's
+a very nice situation-- then
+
+that's a more special
+case from prismatoids--
+
+then maybe you could attach
+the interface and outerface.
+
+We don't know.
+
+We know volcano unfoldings
+work for prismoids.
+
+We don't know about
+band unfoldings.
+
+That could be an interesting
+open problem to work on.
+
+Maybe it's easy with prismoids.
+
+They seem pretty clean,
+but I don't know for sure.
+
+Oh, another fun thing, which
+relates to our next topic,
+
+is that if you just
+unfold the band part,
+
+you can do it by continuous
+blooming-- meaning there's
+
+a continuous motion
+from the folded thing
+
+to the unfolded
+thing, or vice versa.
+
+And the easy way to see
+that-- you kind of get
+
+a sense from this picture--
+in general, when you squash it
+
+all the way flat, it opens.
+
+Like this initial grey diagram
+is a projection of the original
+
+thing.
+
+If you-- instead of
+opening it all the way--
+
+if you kind of squish
+it from the top
+
+and just keep lowering
+that top face, at the end,
+
+it's fully in the plane.
+
+But in the middle,
+you have a motion.
+
+And by the same
+argument, at all times,
+
+you are non-self intersecting.
+
+So that actually gives
+you a continuous blooming
+
+of the band of a prismatoid,
+which is kind of cool.
+
+So the next topic is blooming.
+
+This is the last topic also.
+
+A bunch of people asked
+about continuous booming
+
+and so the obvious one
+to learn more about.
+
+So I have some algorithms
+and examples for you.
+
+This is the paper--
+a bunch of authors,
+
+"Continuous Blooming
+of Convex Polyhedra."
+
+This problem was
+posed by Connolly,
+
+I believe, a bunch
+of years prior.
+
+It's still not known whether
+every unfolding continuously
+
+blooms.
+
+It could be that
+every unfolding--
+
+every non-overlapping unfolding
+of a convex polyhedron--
+
+continuously blooms.
+
+I would guess the answer is,
+it doesn't but it's plausible.
+
+That was the original question.
+
+What we found are
+two different ways
+
+to continuously bloom
+any convex polyhedron,
+
+but we choose the unfolding.
+
+So we have a couple
+different strategies
+
+for choosing unfoldings
+that do continuously bloom.
+
+Whether every unfolding
+continuously blooms,
+
+I don't know.
+
+There are definitely unfoldings
+of non-convex polyhedra that
+
+do not continuously bloom,
+based on knitting needles type
+
+examples, based on
+bad linkage stuff.
+
+But for convex
+polyhedra, I'm not sure.
+
+So what do we have first?
+
+First strategy actually starts
+from any unfolding you have.
+
+So we start here from the
+cross unfolding of the cube.
+
+And then it refines it.
+
+So a similar strategy
+to hinged dissection,
+
+although I think this was
+done before hinged dissection.
+
+Let's take some
+hinged structure,
+
+add extra cuts and extra hinges.
+
+In this case, I mean the hinges
+are going to be the same.
+
+It's just adding extra cuts.
+
+So we're going to cut along
+the red thing and also
+
+this red dashed line.
+
+The red thing is a
+spanning tree of the--
+
+or it's really the dual graph.
+
+So we have, the
+dual graph is you
+
+have a vertex for every face.
+
+You connect them together
+if they share an edge.
+
+In this case, when
+they share an edge,
+
+we're going to cut along there.
+
+So we cut along
+all this red stuff.
+
+And the cool thing is, if you
+walk around the red structure,
+
+you get a cycle-- a
+Hamiltonian cycle that
+
+visits all the
+faces exactly once.
+
+We want to path, not a cycle,
+so we add one more cut.
+
+So then this blue
+dash thing is a path.
+
+And the claim is,
+any path shaped
+
+unfolding-- where the faces are
+connected together in a path--
+
+can be continuously bloomed.
+
+How do you do it?
+
+Roll.
+
+So it's a little
+easier for me to think
+
+about unrolling
+rather than rolling,
+
+but they're the same thing.
+
+So imagine, you
+start with the cube.
+
+And then you just roll it--
+you unroll one face at a time.
+
+So initially, there was a
+90 degree fold angle here.
+
+Just unroll it, so that now
+they're in the same plane.
+
+And there was initially
+a 90 degree angle here.
+
+Unroll that.
+
+After three steps,
+I think-- this guy's
+
+been flattened, two, three--
+we have this picture.
+
+In general, I would
+normally draw it rotated,
+
+so that the unfolded part
+lives in the floor of xy-plane.
+
+And the polyhedron lives in z
+greater than or equal to zero,
+
+so lives above that plane.
+
+What you know at all times
+is that the unfolded part
+
+is a subset of the unfolding.
+
+It's a subset of this picture.
+
+So it doesn't overlap itself.
+
+If you start with a
+non-overlapping unfolding,
+
+you do this cutting.
+
+And then you just take
+some subset of the faces--
+
+a prefix of the
+path-- then that will
+
+be a non-overlapping thing.
+
+On the other hand, the
+polyhedron that remains,
+
+we haven't touched.
+
+I mean, it's rotating.
+
+You have to make sure it
+stays above the plane here.
+
+But it is just a subset
+of the faces of the cube.
+
+The cube is also not
+self intersecting.
+
+So any subset is not
+self intersecting.
+
+So this thing doesn't
+self intersect.
+
+This thing doesn't
+self intersect.
+
+Potentially, this cube will
+be resting on like f1 here.
+
+It's possible for this thing
+to unroll and just touch
+
+the plane-- xy-plane.
+
+But it won't penetrate it, just
+because this thing's convex
+
+and this is a plane.
+
+So you can always keep this
+thing above-- keep a convex
+
+shape above-- or what
+was a convex shape--
+
+a partial version of a
+convex shape-- above a plane.
+
+But they can be
+potentially touching,
+
+even along two
+dimensional surfaces.
+
+So if you allow touching, this
+is the path unroll algorithm.
+
+It works fine.
+
+If you don't want
+to allow touching,
+
+you need a slightly better
+strategy, which I'll tell you.
+
+It's pretty simple.
+
+I won't argue that
+it works, but it's
+
+called the 2-step unfolding.
+
+This is named after
+the 2-step dance.
+
+So we alternate between
+two kinds of steps.
+
+One is unfold of edge, ei, to
+be almost coplanar-- sorry,
+
+this should be a
+face-- face, fi,
+
+to be almost coplanar with
+the previous one, fi minus 1.
+
+So that does correspond
+to unfolding an edge,
+
+but I'm going to think
+about numbering the faces.
+
+Almost means we
+unfold it to epsilon
+
+within the angle of 180 degrees.
+
+Then we finish unfolding the
+previous step-- fi minus 1.
+
+And then we repeat.
+
+This is a little funny.
+
+So we're worried that if
+we unfold all the way flat,
+
+we'll actually live in the plane
+and then we'll touch things.
+
+We don't want to do that.
+
+So we're going to unfold
+it almost all the way.
+
+But when we're done,
+we do want to be flat.
+
+So I don't want to just unfold
+everything almost all the way.
+
+That might work, but
+it's a little tricky--
+
+the almost might interact.
+
+So what I'm going to do is just
+keep one guy almost unfolded.
+
+That will be the previous one.
+
+When I've almost
+unfolded the next guy,
+
+I will finish unfolding
+the previous guy.
+
+Then we will almost
+unfold the next, next guy
+
+and then finish unfolding
+the next guy, and so on.
+
+And this turns out to work.
+
+Essentially, you've got
+your fully planar part,
+
+which is everything
+before i minus 2.
+
+That would be completely flat.
+
+Then the next angle
+will be almost flat.
+
+And then the rest will
+be in its original state.
+
+And you can argue the
+appropriate definitions
+
+of almost.
+
+There will be no--
+in this case, there
+
+will be no two
+dimensional overlap.
+
+You still can get an edge
+resting on another thing--
+
+still not quite perfect.
+
+To make it completely
+perfect, we need a waltz.
+
+So the waltz is a
+three step dance.
+
+So the waltz, we have-- a
+little tricky-- we unfold fi
+
+to almost coplanar-- almost
+180 degrees, with fi minus 1.
+
+Then we unfold fi
+plus 1 slightly.
+
+And then we finish
+unfolding fi minus 1.
+
+So there's essentially
+a potential interaction
+
+between fi plus
+1 and fi minus 1.
+
+We do a little bit of
+unfolding to prevent that
+
+from being an issue here.
+
+And so you end up with this
+three step waltz thing.
+
+Stefan Langerman is a dancer,
+so he liked this terminology.
+
+I won't argue here
+that that works,
+
+but now actually, you
+avoid all touching.
+
+Last picture I wanted
+to show you is I
+
+said there were
+two ways to unfold.
+
+One was you take any unfolding,
+you make it Hamiltonian.
+
+And then you unroll it, using
+one of these three algorithms--
+
+just regular unroll,
+two step, or waltz.
+
+But another strategy we know
+works is the source unfolding.
+
+Here, no extra cuts required.
+
+Source unfolding is like the
+cleanest, coolest unfolding.
+
+It turns out it just unfolds.
+
+No problem.
+
+How do we unfold it?
+
+We follow a post order
+traversal of the tree of faces,
+
+meaning we completely
+do one subtree.
+
+And now, here, we're in the
+middle of doing this subtree.
+
+So here, we just have a cube
+with x being this point.
+
+And so the reds are the cuts.
+
+Pretty simple example.
+
+You just have a
+star of four prongs.
+
+But here, we've completely
+unfolded this subtree.
+
+We've done one step
+of this subtree.
+
+The next thing we would
+do is flip it open.
+
+Then we do the next one,
+then we do the next one.
+
+Essentially what we argue
+here, in one minute,
+
+is as you unfold you
+can think of-- well,
+
+there's a couple
+things going on.
+
+One is just look
+at a shortest path.
+
+Right?
+
+This source unfolding is made
+by a star of shortest paths.
+
+So just think of each shortest
+path individually for now.
+
+Individually, if you look
+at a single shortest path,
+
+it hits some sequence of faces.
+
+Those faces form a
+path-like unfolding.
+
+So you just use path unroll.
+
+And that will work.
+
+The only issue is potential
+interactions between the paths.
+
+And that's where you have to get
+into the post order traversal.
+
+In general, you want this
+shortest path to stay shortest.
+
+What we're going to do
+is imagine the polyhedron
+
+in some sense as growing here.
+
+So as we unfold-- like, as
+we start unfolding this--
+
+we can think of the
+interior of the polyhedron
+
+as just getting bigger.
+
+And in that convex
+polyhedron, it
+
+turns out still these
+paths remain shortest.
+
+And by that, all the
+variants to work out.
+
+And you could argue
+that the paths basically
+
+don't interact with
+each other, because
+
+of post order traversal.
+
+That was very hand wavy.
+
+The actual proof is a
+bit technical and more
+
+than I can do in zero minutes.
+
+That's a sketch of
+continuous blooming
+
+of source unfolding,
+which is pretty cool.
+
+Star unfolding is open.
+
+Whether all unfoldings of
+convex polyhedra work is open.
+
+For non-convex
+polyhedra, there are
+
+bunch of non-convex polyhedra,
+which we'll be talking about
+
+in future lectures, that
+we know have unfoldings.
+
+Do they have
+continuous blooming?
+
+We have no idea.
+
+This is the state of
+the art for bloomings.
+
+Still a lot of interesting
+open questions.
+
+Any other questions from you?
+
+All right, that's it.
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,14907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today is our second lecture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today is our second lecture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today is our second lecture on the
+economics of green buildings so last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of green buildings so last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of green buildings so last uh
+last session we talked about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last session we talked about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last session we talked about the first
+lecture remember recap very very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture remember recap very very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture remember recap very very quick
+recap so last session we talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap so last session we talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap so last session we talk about this
+um green buildings so we we we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um green buildings so we we we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um green buildings so we we we had this
+um structured way that we talk how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um structured way that we talk how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um structured way that we talk how the
+market may work and how the market may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market may work and how the market may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market may work and how the market may
+not work right remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market and we have that cash flow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and we have that cash flow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and we have that cash flow we
+have that uh chin of the uh developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that uh chin of the uh developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that uh chin of the uh developer
+and investor and also tenants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investor and also tenants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investor and also tenants so
+sometimes it works and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it works and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it works and then you have the
+incentive from the tenant side from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive from the tenant side from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive from the tenant side from the
+UN user side right you have higher Ving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN user side right you have higher Ving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN user side right you have higher Ving
+to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay
+uh for rent and then the owners they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for rent and then the owners they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for rent and then the owners they can
+get higher revenue from the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher revenue from the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher revenue from the green
+buildings than if they have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings than if they have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings than if they have higher
+revenue for the green buildings they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for the green buildings they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for the green buildings they're
+willing to pay higher price to purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay higher price to purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay higher price to purchase
+the Green Building and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building and that will
+incentivize um the developers to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize um the developers to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize um the developers to build
+green building so that's Market work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building so that's Market work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building so that's Market work and
+then we talk about how the market may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talk about how the market may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talk about how the market may
+not work so the market failure we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work so the market failure we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work so the market failure we talk
+about several reasons of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about several reasons of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about several reasons of the market
+failure for example information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for example information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for example information as
+symmetry then we we we we talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry then we we we we talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry then we we we we talk a little
+bit about how to solve this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how to solve this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how to solve this uh
+information symmetry which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information symmetry which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information symmetry which is the
+certificant like the lead to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant like the lead to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant like the lead to solve this
+information problem and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problem and also because
+externality and because other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality and because other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality and because other issues
+then the market may not work so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the market may not work so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the market may not work so that's
+last session so today we continue our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last session so today we continue our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last session so today we continue our uh
+Journey on the green buildings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey on the green buildings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey on the green buildings and the
+economics and we have another way I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and we have another way I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and we have another way I have
+another way to organize today's session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to organize today's session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to organize today's session
+which will be technology versus people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be technology versus people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be technology versus people
+technology versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people when we look at some Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we look at some Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when we look at some Green
+Building Technology we have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Technology we have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Technology we have so many
+Technologies right here is a MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies right here is a MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies right here is a MIT
+massachusett Institute of Technology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusett Institute of Technology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusett Institute of Technology so
+we are not in short of all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not in short of all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not in short of all kind of
+Technologies and we will talk mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and we will talk mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and we will talk mainly
+about two technologies one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two technologies one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two technologies one is this
+passive house and the other is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house and the other is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house and the other is the heat
+pump so this is a very popular two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump so this is a very popular two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump so this is a very popular two
+technologies nowadays maybe you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies nowadays maybe you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies nowadays maybe you already
+heard some like of this from the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some like of this from the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some like of this from the media
+and from other people so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from other people so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from other people so that's
+technology but I will argue we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but I will argue we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but I will argue we cannot
+just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at
+technology and uh say oh this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and uh say oh this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and uh say oh this is so
+fancy so Advance technology but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy so Advance technology but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy so Advance technology but the
+technology may not work at all and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology may not work at all and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology may not work at all and we
+also need to consider people so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to consider people so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to consider people so that's
+the people side people are those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people side people are those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people side people are those who are
+making decisions we need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions we need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions we need to understand
+the people's incentives and behaviors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's incentives and behaviors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's incentives and behaviors so
+so that we can make sure the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can make sure the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can make sure the technology
+can be used in right way that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in right way that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in right way that can
+generate the right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the right uh
+incentive so that's today's session so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive so that's today's session so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive so that's today's session so
+after today's session if you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after today's session if you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after today's session if you understand
+this this uh logic of technology versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh logic of technology versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh logic of technology versus
+people that you already got the point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you already got the point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you already got the point so
+start from this um building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from this um building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from this um building
+decarbonization so this is always show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization so this is always show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization so this is always show
+up I I I I already showed this in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I I I I already showed this in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I I I I already showed this in our
+intro session since session zero is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro session since session zero is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro session since session zero is this
+uh real estate sector we are responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real estate sector we are responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real estate sector we are responsible
+for 30% to 40% of the carbon and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30% to 40% of the carbon and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30% to 40% of the carbon and energy
+use that's why we are always the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's why we are always the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's why we are always the target
+the target when the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target when the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target when the country
+leaders the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders the city
+leaders is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders is that
+okay the country leaders the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the country leaders the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the country leaders the city
+leaders the Mayors they want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders the Mayors they want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders the Mayors they want to make
+sure their City can become not zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure their City can become not zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure their City can become not zero in
+which year so they say okay look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which year so they say okay look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which year so they say okay look at this
+piie we must we must Target at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piie we must we must Target at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piie we must we must Target at this
+um where is the poter forgot oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay when we look at this piie they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay when we look at this piie they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay when we look at this piie they
+say okay if I want my city to become n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I want my city to become n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I want my city to become n
+zero in 2040 we must targeted this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in 2040 we must targeted this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in 2040 we must targeted this the
+building sector so that's why all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building sector so that's why all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building sector so that's why all the
+real estate this uh stakeholders they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate this uh stakeholders they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate this uh stakeholders they
+under big pressure to decolonize a CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under big pressure to decolonize a CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under big pressure to decolonize a CL
+this is just not not about us story it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just not not about us story it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just not not about us story it's
+about the global story so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the global story so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the global story so there's some
+some headlines in in the media say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some headlines in in the media say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some headlines in in the media say
+European green deal renovate this a re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European green deal renovate this a re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European green deal renovate this a re
+uh renovation wave now they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh renovation wave now they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh renovation wave now they they they
+say okay we will invest a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we will invest a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we will invest a lot to
+renovate those speed buildings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate those speed buildings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate those speed buildings and
+decarbonize those buildings and Mumbai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize those buildings and Mumbai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize those buildings and Mumbai
+Asia Mexico City and the us we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia Mexico City and the us we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia Mexico City and the us we have this
+inflation reduction act and just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation reduction act and just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation reduction act and just uh
+inject a lot of capital into this sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a lot of capital into this sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject a lot of capital into this sector
+to decarbonize this sector so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decarbonize this sector so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decarbonize this sector so that's
+basically all what's going on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all what's going on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all what's going on for
+decarbonization and think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization and think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization and think about this
+decarbonize the building sector we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize the building sector we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize the building sector we first
+need to understand what is carbon about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand what is carbon about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand what is carbon about
+for the building sector we show this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the building sector we show this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the building sector we show this the
+building is carbon fprint right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is carbon fprint right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is carbon fprint right so when
+know that in general two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in general two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in general two major
+categories one is embodied carbon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories one is embodied carbon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories one is embodied carbon that's
+in the concrete in the cement and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concrete in the cement and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concrete in the cement and in the
+production supply chain that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production supply chain that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production supply chain that you you
+just uh gather all the materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh gather all the materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh gather all the materials and
+then you build right that's inod carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you build right that's inod carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you build right that's inod carbon
+all those are inod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are inod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are inod
+carbon and the other category is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and the other category is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and the other category is
+operational carbon operational car means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon operational car means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon operational car means
+building is already there and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is already there and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is already there and then you
+operate the buildings um uh very durable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the buildings um uh very durable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the buildings um uh very durable
+uh asset 50 years 100 years and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asset 50 years 100 years and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asset 50 years 100 years and for each
+year you operate then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you operate then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you operate then you have the
+operational carbon so that's the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon so that's the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon so that's the idea so
+now when they are talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when they are talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when they are talking about this
+decarbonization many of this policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization many of this policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization many of this policies
+they first look at this um look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first look at this um look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first look at this um look at this
+operational carbon they have not got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon they have not got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon they have not got a
+chance to look at the embod carbon now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to look at the embod carbon now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to look at the embod carbon now
+they some of them they try to look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they some of them they try to look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they some of them they try to look into
+this but first first they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but first first they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but first first they said
+decarbonize the buildings they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize the buildings they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize the buildings they are
+talking about of oral carbon so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about of oral carbon so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about of oral carbon so that's
+basically the energy you are using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the energy you are using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the energy you are using the
+gas the oil and and electricity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building so think about now we we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so think about now we we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so think about now we we also
+make our life easier now we we let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our life easier now we we let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our life easier now we we let's put
+this in body carbonide and we only think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in body carbonide and we only think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in body carbonide and we only think
+about the operational carbon and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the operational carbon and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the operational carbon and for
+operational carbon there are SE several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon there are SE several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon there are SE several
+strategies that can help to decarbonize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that can help to decarbonize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that can help to decarbonize
+the buildings do you have any any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings do you have any any idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings do you have any any idea
+of this um uh strategies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um uh strategies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um uh strategies of the
+decarbonization look at operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization look at operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization look at operational
+carbon any sounds pleasey the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon any sounds pleasey the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon any sounds pleasey the building
+Electrify the building yeah that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electrify the building yeah that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electrify the building yeah that's good
+that's one of the major topic we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the major topic we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the major topic we are
+going to talk about but first a think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about but first a think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about but first a think
+about the high level uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the high level uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the high level uh what are the
+ways that we can decarbonize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can decarbonize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can decarbonize a
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh yes that help the help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes that help the help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes that help the help the
+building to have better insallation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to have better insallation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to have better insallation for
+example right for the cold weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right for the cold weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right for the cold weather
+yes passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes passive
+strategies passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies passive
+strategies what can of passive structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies what can of passive structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies what can of passive structure
+Give an example it's like a wind where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give an example it's like a wind where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give an example it's like a wind where
+you have a wind ventilation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wind ventilation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wind ventilation like this
+natural ventilation you don't use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ventilation you don't use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ventilation you don't use a
+machine but you use the natural wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but you use the natural wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but you use the natural wind
+right okay Wilson maybe use less gas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay Wilson maybe use less gas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay Wilson maybe use less gas or
+electricity yes okay good so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity yes okay good so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity yes okay good so that's the
+first thing I want to talk about do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I want to talk about do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I want to talk about do you
+want see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want see something
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and
+also yes so you are expert on passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yes so you are expert on passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yes so you are expert on passive
+house later I will ask you questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house later I will ask you questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house later I will ask you questions
+about passive house because today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about passive house because today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about passive house because today we
+will talk a lot about passive house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a lot about passive house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a lot about passive house so
+the three major C uh uh strategies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three major C uh uh strategies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three major C uh uh strategies I
+look at the high level because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the high level because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the high level because
+electrification and the passive house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification and the passive house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification and the passive house
+they are specific Technologies but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are specific Technologies but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are specific Technologies but first
+thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first use less right you cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first use less right you cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first use less right you cannot just
+waste energy you can you should turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste energy you can you should turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste energy you can you should turn off
+the light when you are not here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light when you are not here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light when you are not here you
+should put the temperature not so hot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put the temperature not so hot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put the temperature not so hot I
+mean in in the winter inside the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in in the winter inside the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in in the winter inside the heating
+right not so cold and uh and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not so cold and uh and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not so cold and uh and you need to
+put out sweater uh in the summer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out sweater uh in the summer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out sweater uh in the summer with a
+with a very strong AC first change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very strong AC first change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very strong AC first change your
+behaviors and CH and help the improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and CH and help the improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and CH and help the improve
+the insulation of the house so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insulation of the house so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insulation of the house so that you
+first use less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first use less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first use less
+Behavior side and the insulation side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior side and the insulation side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior side and the insulation side so
+that you consume less energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you consume less energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you consume less energy that's
+number one but you cannot really consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one but you cannot really consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one but you cannot really consume
+Zero Energy Right otherwise how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero Energy Right otherwise how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero Energy Right otherwise how can you
+do you need to leave work play and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to leave work play and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to leave work play and you
+need to consume some energy although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consume some energy although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consume some energy although you
+can reduce reduce to the minimum but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce reduce to the minimum but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce reduce to the minimum but you
+still need some energy for sure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need some energy for sure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need some energy for sure because
+you you you don't want to sacrifice too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you don't want to sacrifice too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you don't want to sacrifice too
+much of your qu of life in the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of your qu of life in the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of your qu of life in the buildings
+and then for the those energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the those energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the those energy to the
+minimum level switch to renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum level switch to renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum level switch to renewable energy
+either onside or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either onside or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either onside or
+offside so that's basically you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offside so that's basically you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offside so that's basically you can see
+these uh solar panels on the roof uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh solar panels on the roof uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh solar panels on the roof uh and
+and offside like wind farm and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and offside like wind farm and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and offside like wind farm and all those
+things then you buy some renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then you buy some renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then you buy some renewable
+energy from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from other
+places and you can generate but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and you can generate but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and you can generate but you
+don't have enough too too much roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough too too much roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough too too much roof
+space you only limited roof space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you only limited roof space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you only limited roof space right
+so that's the answer if you cannot how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer if you cannot how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer if you cannot how
+to onside go offside and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to onside go offside and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to onside go offside and then another
+thing is you purchase a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you purchase a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you purchase a lot of energy
+from the city level Grid right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city level Grid right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city level Grid right the
+electric uh electricity electricity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh electricity electricity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh electricity electricity so
+then you need to okay change from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to okay change from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to okay change from the
+very very fossil fuel gas into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fossil fuel gas into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fossil fuel gas into
+electricity for major type of uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity for major type of uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity for major type of uh energy
+consumption especially winter heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption especially winter heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption especially winter heating
+from gas to electricity and then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gas to electricity and then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gas to electricity and then if the
+city also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city also
+also is doing a good job the city will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is doing a good job the city will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is doing a good job the city will
+make this grid decarbonizing decarbonize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this grid decarbonizing decarbonize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this grid decarbonizing decarbonize
+the GDs the city GDs then the city's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GDs the city GDs then the city's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GDs the city GDs then the city's
+electricity is from if the city's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is from if the city's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is from if the city's
+electricity is from the solar or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is from the solar or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is from the solar or from
+your renewable energy then is you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your renewable energy then is you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your renewable energy then is you switch
+to four electric fund then you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four electric fund then you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four electric fund then you you are
+saying you are decarbonizing your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you are decarbonizing your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you are decarbonizing your your
+buildings if you only change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings if you only change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings if you only change to
+electricity but the city is great is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but the city is great is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but the city is great is
+still dirty and they use coal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still dirty and they use coal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still dirty and they use coal to
+generate electricity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity then
+it still uh won't work so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still uh won't work so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still uh won't work so that's a
+collaboration between a city and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between a city and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between a city and a
+building I I remember reading reading an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I I remember reading reading an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I I remember reading reading an
+article talking about that um and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article talking about that um and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article talking about that um and they
+said that even if the cities are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that even if the cities are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that even if the cities are not
+decarbonizing the grid is more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonizing the grid is more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonizing the grid is more efficient
+to use energy because the transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use energy because the transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use energy because the transportation
+footprint of cold oil it's a lot it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint of cold oil it's a lot it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint of cold oil it's a lot it's a
+lot higher than one of electricity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot higher than one of electricity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot higher than one of electricity it's
+very efficient to transport electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient to transport electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient to transport electricity
+yeah that Mak sense because the city is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that Mak sense because the city is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that Mak sense because the city is
+Big the skill economy is of skill right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big the skill economy is of skill right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big the skill economy is of skill right
+they generate electricity and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate electricity and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate electricity and then then
+you get electricity from them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get electricity from them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get electricity from them it's
+better than every every building buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than every every building buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than every every building buy
+some cod to the Cod to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cod to the Cod to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cod to the Cod to generate the
+electricity by themselves but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity by themselves but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity by themselves but ultimately
+oil but ultimately they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but ultimately they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but ultimately they need to
+decarbonize decarbonize the grid so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize decarbonize the grid so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonize decarbonize the grid so that
+you can get n zero and if you use less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get n zero and if you use less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get n zero and if you use less
+and you switch to to to Renewables as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you switch to to to Renewables as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you switch to to to Renewables as
+much as possible but you still cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible but you still cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible but you still cannot
+get to 90 but you already pledged to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 90 but you already pledged to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 90 but you already pledged to be
+90er and what should you do the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90er and what should you do the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90er and what should you do the only
+last result is uh carbon offset for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last result is uh carbon offset for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last result is uh carbon offset for
+example MIT here our president our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example MIT here our president our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example MIT here our president our
+former president and the new president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former president and the new president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former president and the new president
+is we have a new president but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a new president but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a new president but our
+former president was very ambitious they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former president was very ambitious they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former president was very ambitious they
+already pledged to the entire world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already pledged to the entire world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already pledged to the entire world that
+I might will become that zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might will become that zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might will become that zero in
+2026 can you can you imagine 2026 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2026 can you can you imagine 2026 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2026 can you can you imagine 2026 that's
+only four years or three years to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four years or three years to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four years or three years to go to
+become Net Zero in 2026 do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Net Zero in 2026 do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Net Zero in 2026 do you think
+this possible for this MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+campers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campers
+nuclear yeah but they cannot just only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yeah but they cannot just only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yeah but they cannot just only
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+nuclear yeah so now what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yeah so now what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear yeah so now what they're doing
+is to buy carbon offset but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to buy carbon offset but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to buy carbon offset but they don't
+want to look very stupid so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look very stupid so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look very stupid so they are
+talking about how to buy the best best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to buy the best best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to buy the best best
+carbon oide because there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oide because there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oide because there are there are
+bad ones they are good ones like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ones they are good ones like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ones they are good ones like that so
+they they create a committee on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they create a committee on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they create a committee on the
+committee the committee is called MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee the committee is called MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee the committee is called MIT
+net0 2026 and we had numerous meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net0 2026 and we had numerous meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net0 2026 and we had numerous meetings
+to discuss this carbon offset thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss this carbon offset thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss this carbon offset thing
+because it's no chance to really get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's no chance to really get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's no chance to really get to
+net zero even with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net zero even with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net zero even with this
+offsite and then we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsite and then we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsite and then we are talking about
+carbon oide I I this is not my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oide I I this is not my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oide I I this is not my my
+expertise but we we can discuss a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise but we we can discuss a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise but we we can discuss a little
+bit I know you want to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I know you want to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I know you want to say something
+about carbon oxide uh yes so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon oxide uh yes so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon oxide uh yes so can you
+explain how you change from gas based to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you change from gas based to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how you change from gas based to
+electricity based and is electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity based and is electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity based and is electricity
+more cheaper as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cheaper as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cheaper as
+well I'm understanding how you implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm understanding how you implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm understanding how you implement
+this because it's something that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's something that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's something that yeah
+later we will discuss this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will discuss this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will discuss this a lot
+electrification that's a focus of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification that's a focus of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification that's a focus of this
+class but first let's talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but first let's talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but first let's talk a little bit
+of carbon offset and I think many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon offset and I think many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon offset and I think many of you
+you heard of the Caron offset is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard of the Caron offset is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard of the Caron offset is good
+things the bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the bad things
+what what do you think whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you think whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you think whether it's a
+good thing what is the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing what is the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing what is the limitations of
+carbon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of
+that it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's difficult
+toy as well as a lot of the carbon offet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy as well as a lot of the carbon offet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy as well as a lot of the carbon offet
+unless there's any like if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buying perhaps to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying perhaps to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying perhaps to be
+anyway who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I want to make sure first all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to make sure first all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to make sure first all of
+you whether you you understand offset as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you you understand offset as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you you understand offset as
+a concept so here I put a small picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept so here I put a small picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept so here I put a small picture
+here to give you a sense of Caron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to give you a sense of Caron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to give you a sense of Caron
+offside so basically see this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offside so basically see this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offside so basically see this is um
+maybe a forest or a a wind turbine no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a forest or a a wind turbine no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a forest or a a wind turbine no
+matter what is very green and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what is very green and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what is very green and uh they
+can absorb carbon from the atmosphere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can absorb carbon from the atmosphere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can absorb carbon from the atmosphere or
+they generate renewable energy without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate renewable energy without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate renewable energy without
+uh emitting any carbon so this will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emitting any carbon so this will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emitting any carbon so this will help
+the entire world to reduce Carbon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world to reduce Carbon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world to reduce Carbon on the
+other hand there's a factor right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand there's a factor right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand there's a factor right here
+and they use a lot of dirty energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use a lot of dirty energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use a lot of dirty energy and
+they emit a lot of carbon emission but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emit a lot of carbon emission but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emit a lot of carbon emission but
+in the short run this Factory really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run this Factory really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run this Factory really
+cannot really switch to 100% renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really switch to 100% renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really switch to 100% renewable
+how can they do they just this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they do they just this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they do they just this this
+Forest will sell some carbon oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forest will sell some carbon oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forest will sell some carbon oxide
+because they reduce carbon and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they reduce carbon and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they reduce carbon and this
+Factory will buy those carbon offet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory will buy those carbon offet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory will buy those carbon offet and
+so they in this way overall will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they in this way overall will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they in this way overall will be
+balanced out so that's idea so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced out so that's idea so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced out so that's idea so this
+Forest will sell some carbon this give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forest will sell some carbon this give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forest will sell some carbon this give
+money to this and they can emit but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to this and they can emit but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to this and they can emit but they
+will be offset by this Forest no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be offset by this Forest no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be offset by this Forest no matter
+where the forest is this is car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the forest is this is car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the forest is this is car
+offset I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset I
+know Carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cred the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cred the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cred the real
+emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+the master to the real indal the same of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master to the real indal the same of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master to the real indal the same of
+carbon ofid so that uh I know many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon ofid so that uh I know many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon ofid so that uh I know many many
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+country very C of set a lot right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country very C of set a lot right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country very C of set a lot right yes
+for example this Factory emit 100 tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this Factory emit 100 tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this Factory emit 100 tens
+of CO2 emission and they they pledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CO2 emission and they they pledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CO2 emission and they they pledge
+they say oh we want to be a good citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh we want to be a good citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh we want to be a good citizen
+to the to the entire world we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the entire world we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the entire world we want to
+reduce our carbon emission to 50 tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our carbon emission to 50 tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce our carbon emission to 50 tons
+but how can they uh reduce they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how can they uh reduce they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how can they uh reduce they cannot
+technological like they cannot they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological like they cannot they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological like they cannot they buy
+5010 of carbon oxide from the forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5010 of carbon oxide from the forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5010 of carbon oxide from the forest
+then they say we all the way emit 10010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they say we all the way emit 10010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they say we all the way emit 10010
+no change still 110 100 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change still 110 100 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change still 110 100 um
+110 still emit this but minus 50 T from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 still emit this but minus 50 T from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 still emit this but minus 50 T from
+the forest the forest reduce 5010 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest the forest reduce 5010 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest the forest reduce 5010 and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+overall is artificially say oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall is artificially say oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall is artificially say oh we
+achieved this so that's a come off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved this so that's a come off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved this so that's a come off that
+idea but as you said it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but as you said it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but as you said it's a lot of
+limitations especially this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations especially this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations especially this uh
+additionality so can also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionality so can also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionality so can also have the
+challenges additionality is a big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges additionality is a big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges additionality is a big thing
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+means of course you need to verify you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of course you need to verify you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of course you need to verify you
+cannot just cheat right if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just cheat right if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just cheat right if the first
+they they didn't reduce you cannot cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they didn't reduce you cannot cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they didn't reduce you cannot cheat
+there a verification that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a verification that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a verification that's very
+important but besides verification which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but besides verification which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but besides verification which
+is the minimum requirement you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum requirement you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum requirement you cannot
+cheat and then is additionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and then is additionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and then is additionality
+additionality means you cannot just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionality means you cannot just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionality means you cannot just say
+okay no matter no matter you will sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no matter no matter you will sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no matter no matter you will sell
+the carbon offet the forest the forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon offet the forest the forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon offet the forest the forest
+or the wind farm on all the things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the wind farm on all the things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the wind farm on all the things and
+uh if you even if you hadn't sell those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you even if you hadn't sell those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you even if you hadn't sell those
+uh Offset you would still have made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Offset you would still have made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Offset you would still have made that
+effort to reduce carbon oide so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to reduce carbon oide so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to reduce carbon oide so for the
+entire Society there's no change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Society there's no change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Society there's no change so
+that's a that's a problem so here I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a problem so here I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a problem so here I give
+you some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of
+this for example this derta DTA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example this derta DTA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example this derta DTA is
+iseland big a big big irand company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iseland big a big big irand company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iseland big a big big irand company
+right and they meit a lot because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they meit a lot because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they meit a lot because they
+Bor the oil for for the flight and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bor the oil for for the flight and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bor the oil for for the flight and then
+they buy the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy the carbon
+offset from the Dominican Republic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset from the Dominican Republic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset from the Dominican Republic the
+Dominican Republic they have a wind farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic they have a wind farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic they have a wind farm
+there they have wind farm then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they have wind farm then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they have wind farm then they
+generate a lot of renewable energies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a lot of renewable energies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a lot of renewable energies so
+so so this um dir bought some credits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this um dir bought some credits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this um dir bought some credits
+from there uh come offset credit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there uh come offset credit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there uh come offset credit from
+there but later some some uh scienti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but later some some uh scienti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but later some some uh scienti
+they they studed this case and they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they studed this case and they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they studed this case and they show
+that even if there didn't buy that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if there didn't buy that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if there didn't buy that this
+win farm would still be built it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win farm would still be built it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win farm would still be built it's not
+depending on whether data buy or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether data buy or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether data buy or not so
+this data buy something does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data buy something does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data buy something does not change
+anything that the Dominican Republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that the Dominican Republic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that the Dominican Republic
+will do so it's not additionality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do so it's not additionality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do so it's not additionality right
+so that saying no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that saying no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that saying no matter what the
+Dominican Republic still do the winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic still do the winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic still do the winter
+the the wind farm it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wind farm it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wind farm it's no
+additional reduction of the carbon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional reduction of the carbon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional reduction of the carbon from
+the entire world because global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world because global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire world because global warming
+is the entire world thing right so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entire world thing right so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entire world thing right so no
+matter what you uh they they still build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you uh they they still build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you uh they they still build
+so so you still emit by your flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you still emit by your flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you still emit by your flight so
+this offset has no additional net value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this offset has no additional net value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this offset has no additional net value
+to the carbon reduction and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon reduction and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon reduction and in general
+uh G this uh uh company and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G this uh uh company and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G this uh uh company and they also
+did something they bought some carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something they bought some carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something they bought some carbon
+oxide from China from China they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide from China from China they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide from China from China they also
+have a solar farm and a wind uh uh Wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solar farm and a wind uh uh Wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solar farm and a wind uh uh Wind
+Farm there as a renewable energy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm there as a renewable energy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm there as a renewable energy they
+bought some credit from there but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought some credit from there but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought some credit from there but then
+later they found out the China already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they found out the China already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they found out the China already
+as a government they already hily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a government they already hily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a government they already hily
+subsidized that wind farm and so b means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized that wind farm and so b means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized that wind farm and so b means
+no matter whether J will buy or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether J will buy or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether J will buy or not the
+wind f will always be built it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind f will always be built it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind f will always be built it's it's
+nothing to do with this uh this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with this uh this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with this uh this so it's
+you didn't change the entire thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't change the entire thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't change the entire thing so
+that's additionality this will be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's additionality this will be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's additionality this will be a big
+problem for the carbon offset so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the carbon offset so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the carbon offset so you
+just make yourself look good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make yourself look good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make yourself look good but
+actually you have no additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have no additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have no additional
+contribution to the global reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the global reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the global reduction of
+the carbon right you just make S feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon right you just make S feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon right you just make S feel
+not that guilty when you emit to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that guilty when you emit to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that guilty when you emit to the to
+the air so that's basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air so that's basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air so that's basically the the
+problem but this is not our focus our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but this is not our focus our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but this is not our focus our
+Focus is okay we know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus is okay we know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus is okay we know for
+example MIT net0 2026 we know that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example MIT net0 2026 we know that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example MIT net0 2026 we know that for
+now we have no other choice we must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have no other choice we must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have no other choice we must be
+realistic so we are discussing how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic so we are discussing how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic so we are discussing how to
+buy carbon offsets but we know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy carbon offsets but we know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy carbon offsets but we know this is
+just a short run very very temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a short run very very temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a short run very very temporary
+solution we cannot rely on this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we cannot rely on this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we cannot rely on this if we
+rely on this and might reputation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on this and might reputation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on this and might reputation will
+be hurt uh because it's all the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hurt uh because it's all the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hurt uh because it's all the problems
+so we really need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really need to look at the
+long-term ways of of decarbonize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term ways of of decarbonize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term ways of of decarbonize our
+campus now we talk about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus now we talk about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus now we talk about technology
+remember the point is to this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the point is to this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the point is to this point is
+technology versus people we first look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology versus people we first look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology versus people we first look
+at technology so many Technologies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at technology so many Technologies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at technology so many Technologies I
+cannot cover all actually last year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cover all actually last year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cover all actually last year the
+msrd uh graduate from msrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msrd uh graduate from msrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msrd uh graduate from msrd
+Hans uh already got a job in Europe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans uh already got a job in Europe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans uh already got a job in Europe in
+in the ad company and he did the MS CIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ad company and he did the MS CIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ad company and he did the MS CIS
+on 10 Tech techologies on sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 10 Tech techologies on sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 10 Tech techologies on sustainable
+real estate and his CIS got the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate and his CIS got the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate and his CIS got the best
+paper Award Best CIS award from Ms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Award Best CIS award from Ms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Award Best CIS award from Ms which
+is 10 technology on on on on sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 technology on on on on sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 technology on on on on sustainable
+real estate I only touch on two but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate I only touch on two but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate I only touch on two but I
+think the logic will be very similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the logic will be very similar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the logic will be very similar so
+after you understand these two then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you understand these two then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you understand these two then you
+understand all in term of econ economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all in term of econ economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all in term of econ economic
+mechanism not technology itself first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism not technology itself first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism not technology itself first is
+passive house second is is a hit pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house second is is a hit pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house second is is a hit pump
+which is so critical for building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so critical for building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so critical for building
+decarbonization building electrification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization building electrification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization building electrification
+so first techn uh passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first techn uh passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first techn uh passive
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+remember last session IAL talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember last session IAL talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember last session IAL talk about
+this uh big uh developer uh Millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh big uh developer uh Millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh big uh developer uh Millennium
+partners and I talk about a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and I talk about a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and I talk about a little bit
+about their Journey actually they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their Journey actually they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their Journey actually they have
+dozens of buildings I only put four here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of buildings I only put four here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of buildings I only put four here
+but this is their journey I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is their journey I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is their journey I just want to
+show that for this developer not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that for this developer not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that for this developer not like
+from the very beginning they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning they have the
+DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+of green or DNA of ESG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green or DNA of ESG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green or DNA of ESG
+no when they first did their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no when they first did their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no when they first did their first
+several buildings nothing to do with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several buildings nothing to do with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several buildings nothing to do with uh
+SG right they they even they have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SG right they they even they have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SG right they they even they have a big
+problem of the syn of the building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the syn of the building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the syn of the building and
+then they they just want to make sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they just want to make sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they just want to make sure to
+police the mayor they say okay this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police the mayor they say okay this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police the mayor they say okay this can
+create a lot of jobs they then they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a lot of jobs they then they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a lot of jobs they then they the
+mayor give them permit to do a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor give them permit to do a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor give them permit to do a building
+and help the mayor to Sol a issue like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help the mayor to Sol a issue like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help the mayor to Sol a issue like
+that and finally for this this the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and finally for this this the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and finally for this this the new
+Building windr Center then they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building windr Center then they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building windr Center then they started
+to focus on ESG or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on ESG or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on ESG or
+sustainability and uh so here is a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and uh so here is a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and uh so here is a story
+now we look at this Windstop Center look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we look at this Windstop Center look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we look at this Windstop Center look
+at the Windstop Center to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Windstop Center to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Windstop Center to think about
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+deeply so here is a here is a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply so here is a here is a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply so here is a here is a building
+so I'm not sure next Thursday Jen will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure next Thursday Jen will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure next Thursday Jen will
+talk about this case in depth and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this case in depth and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this case in depth and we
+will have a guas speaker from Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a guas speaker from Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a guas speaker from Thursday
+not this oh this Thursday okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this oh this Thursday okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this oh this Thursday okay this
+Thursday the day after tomorrow Jen will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday the day after tomorrow Jen will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday the day after tomorrow Jen will
+talk about this building in depth so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this building in depth so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this building in depth so I
+give just give you a very quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give just give you a very quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give just give you a very quick uh
+preview so this is the Windstop Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview so this is the Windstop Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview so this is the Windstop Center
+I'm not sure if you can see it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if you can see it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if you can see it's in
+Boston downtown it's many old buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston downtown it's many old buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston downtown it's many old buildings
+here and there as neighbors and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there as neighbors and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there as neighbors and they're
+not they are not very beautiful so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they are not very beautiful so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they are not very beautiful so this
+one is very beautiful this one is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is very beautiful this one is new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is very beautiful this one is new
+and those are old buildings and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are old buildings and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are old buildings and it's so
+tall and they have two parts almost half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and they have two parts almost half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and they have two parts almost half
+to half half the lower part is office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to half half the lower part is office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to half half the lower part is office
+that's for leas the upper part is condo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for leas the upper part is condo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for leas the upper part is condo
+for luxury condo because that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for luxury condo because that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for luxury condo because that's their
+compartive advantage is always build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartive advantage is always build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartive advantage is always build and
+sell luxury condos and there that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell luxury condos and there that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell luxury condos and there that's for
+sell that's for this uh buildings think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell that's for this uh buildings think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell that's for this uh buildings think
+about this now they really committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this now they really committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this now they really committed
+they really committed to ESG and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really committed to ESG and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really committed to ESG and
+sustainability but they still not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability but they still not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability but they still not like
+uh for two parts they still treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for two parts they still treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for two parts they still treat them
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+I mean in term of the degree to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in term of the degree to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in term of the degree to what
+degree you want to achieve the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree you want to achieve the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree you want to achieve the highest
+sustainability Energy Efficiency they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability Energy Efficiency they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability Energy Efficiency they
+they treat these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they treat these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they treat these two
+parts a little bit differently one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts a little bit differently one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts a little bit differently one is
+very very green the other is okay green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very green the other is okay green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very green the other is okay green
+but not so green guess which part which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so green guess which part which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so green guess which part which
+part is Extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is Extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is Extreme
+green extrem why any rationale quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green extrem why any rationale quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green extrem why any rationale quick
+rationale why Al is Extreme green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale why Al is Extreme green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale why Al is Extreme green
+the future tenants that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future tenants that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future tenants that's what they're
+demanding it's a you know they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding it's a you know they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding it's a you know they can
+Market it as being the largest paf house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market it as being the largest paf house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market it as being the largest paf house
+office building and attract Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office building and attract Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office building and attract Financial
+Service firms or others want to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service firms or others want to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service firms or others want to be in
+the area and have a okay you you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area and have a okay you you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area and have a okay you you you are
+saying this a greenness or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this a greenness or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this a greenness or this
+sustainability can be the selling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability can be the selling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability can be the selling point
+of the office part and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the office part and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the office part and also because
+attendant they are more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant they are more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant they are more sophisticated
+they they demand but for the condo why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they demand but for the condo why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they demand but for the condo why
+not the condo the rich people they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the condo the rich people they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the condo the rich people they don't
+care yeah please will uh at least like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care yeah please will uh at least like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care yeah please will uh at least like
+operationally like if it's your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally like if it's your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally like if it's your house
+and it's your condo you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's your condo you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's your condo you can you can
+operate it however you want you can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate it however you want you can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate it however you want you can live
+in it however you want you can leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it however you want you can leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it however you want you can leave the
+lights on all day you can turn it uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on all day you can turn it uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on all day you can turn it uh the
+AC to 72 whereas when you're in office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC to 72 whereas when you're in office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC to 72 whereas when you're in office
+you have more control over maybe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more control over maybe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more control over maybe in the
+winter you go with a lower lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter you go with a lower lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter you go with a lower lower
+temperature in the office Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the office Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the office Central
+Central centralized the control like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central centralized the control like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central centralized the control like
+that okay good so basically your guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay good so basically your guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay good so basically your guess
+is correct so both are red R green I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct so both are red R green I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct so both are red R green I
+mean than than the neighbors but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean than than the neighbors but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean than than the neighbors but they
+still had a choice they make the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had a choice they make the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still had a choice they make the office
+part extremely green then they got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part extremely green then they got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part extremely green then they got all
+the certificates they have the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificates they have the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificates they have the passive
+house that's a certificate and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that's a certificate and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that's a certificate and they got
+uh lead platinum and they got they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead platinum and they got they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead platinum and they got they got
+wow this is like healthy building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow this is like healthy building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow this is like healthy building
+certificate WOW gold so they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate WOW gold so they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate WOW gold so they have this
+this this and for the top part last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and for the top part last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and for the top part last the
+candle part they they did uh lead gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle part they they did uh lead gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle part they they did uh lead gold
+still okay but not like so extreme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still okay but not like so extreme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still okay but not like so extreme so
+that's the choice so just um as a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the choice so just um as a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the choice so just um as a side
+note last session at the very end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note last session at the very end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note last session at the very end I
+quickly went through lead right remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly went through lead right remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly went through lead right remember
+but aish today uh tomorrow tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but aish today uh tomorrow tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but aish today uh tomorrow tomorrow
+recitation acis will cover more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation acis will cover more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation acis will cover more about
+the lead details technical details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead details technical details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead details technical details of
+the lead but overall lead is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead but overall lead is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead but overall lead is a
+certificant for the Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant for the Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant for the Energy Efficiency
+overall all the green buildings and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall all the green buildings and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall all the green buildings and they
+they they were created by this us screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were created by this us screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were created by this us screen
+building console us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building console us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building console us uh
+GBC and they they have many many systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GBC and they they have many many systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GBC and they they have many many systems
+not just a lead itself but is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a lead itself but is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a lead itself but is they have
+3ed silver gold and platinum at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3ed silver gold and platinum at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3ed silver gold and platinum at least
+four levels and more importantly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four levels and more importantly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four levels and more importantly they
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+many schemes and they have new buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many schemes and they have new buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many schemes and they have new buildings
+they have existing buildings they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have existing buildings they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have existing buildings they have
+commercial buildings they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial buildings they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial buildings they have
+residential and they have corn shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential and they have corn shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential and they have corn shell
+like the outside part and the frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the outside part and the frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the outside part and the frame and
+they have school R have all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have school R have all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have school R have all kind of
+types so have many many subtopics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so have many many subtopics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so have many many subtopics
+subsections of the of the lead and acis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsections of the of the lead and acis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsections of the of the lead and acis
+will cover some details and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover some details and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover some details and another
+thing is a certificate well that's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a certificate well that's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a certificate well that's say
+they look at the healthy perspective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at the healthy perspective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at the healthy perspective for
+example water air internal like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example water air internal like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example water air internal like uh
+daylight and wellness and comfort Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight and wellness and comfort Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight and wellness and comfort Etc so
+that they got this very high level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got this very high level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got this very high level so
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+certificant and as we know this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant and as we know this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant and as we know this really
+helped fix that information as symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped fix that information as symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped fix that information as symmetry
+problem as we discussed without this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as we discussed without this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as we discussed without this was
+terrible nobody nobody can judge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible nobody nobody can judge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible nobody nobody can judge and the
+developers just self advertise remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers just self advertise remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers just self advertise remember
+my China paper at that time China had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my China paper at that time China had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my China paper at that time China had
+nothing and this developers just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and this developers just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and this developers just said
+what they want want you to say and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want want you to say and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want want you to say and and
+my building is great my building is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my building is great my building is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my building is great my building is very
+energy efficient you don't need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient you don't need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient you don't need to pay
+any energy bill then is a set so and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy bill then is a set so and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy bill then is a set so and uh
+the the buyers got cheated and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the buyers got cheated and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the buyers got cheated and they
+didn't know the information because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the information because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the information because for
+the building is experienced good it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building is experienced good it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building is experienced good it is
+experienced good you must leave there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced good you must leave there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced good you must leave there
+for some time you you find out so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time you you find out so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time you you find out so this
+kind of certificant really helped to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of certificant really helped to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of certificant really helped to fix
+that market failure problem that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market failure problem that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market failure problem that's what
+we want to mention and now say okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to mention and now say okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to mention and now say okay this
+uh Wingstop Center they chose for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Wingstop Center they chose for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Wingstop Center they chose for the
+office part lower part the office part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office part lower part the office part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office part lower part the office part
+they chose this technology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose this technology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose this technology this
+technology we are going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we are going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we are going to focus on
+which is called passive house it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called passive house it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called passive house it's not
+of house at the first when I first heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of house at the first when I first heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of house at the first when I first heard
+of this technology I thought this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this technology I thought this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this technology I thought this is a
+house no this is just a terminology is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house no this is just a terminology is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house no this is just a terminology is a
+Energy Efficiency Building Technology P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency Building Technology P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency Building Technology P
+passive house this is from Germany this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house this is from Germany this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house this is from Germany this
+is from Germany is uh imported from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Germany is uh imported from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Germany is uh imported from
+Germany and there is a certificate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and there is a certificate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and there is a certificate but
+they they can train all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can train all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can train all the all
+developers all the all the builders how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers all the all the builders how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers all the all the builders how
+to build a passive house building so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a passive house building so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a passive house building so the
+point is the following remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the following remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the following remember this
+very very important point of the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important point of the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important point of the passive
+house is super energy efficient reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house is super energy efficient reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house is super energy efficient reduce
+energy consumption by a lot by very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption by a lot by very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption by a lot by very good
+insulation insolation insolation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation insolation insolation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation insolation insolation and
+insolation so that's the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insolation so that's the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insolation so that's the point of the
+passive house you can see they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house you can see they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house you can see they have
+envelope very insulated and I I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope very insulated and I I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope very insulated and I I still
+the layer add some layers and eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layer add some layers and eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layer add some layers and eliminate
+some like a potential leak leak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like a potential leak leak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like a potential leak leak of the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+and use the heated recovery ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the heated recovery ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the heated recovery ventilation
+and the window orientation all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the window orientation all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the window orientation all the
+things then always they said for Passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then always they said for Passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then always they said for Passive
+house can reduce 60% to 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house can reduce 60% to 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house can reduce 60% to 80% of the
+energy consumption compared to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption compared to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption compared to a
+traditional house I don't know it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional house I don't know it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional house I don't know it's true
+or not but on average they report it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but on average they report it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but on average they report it
+like that so that's passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's passive
+house I'm not a Building Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house I'm not a Building Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house I'm not a Building Technology
+person I can only show you this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I can only show you this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I can only show you this but I
+want to highlight one thing is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to highlight one thing is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to highlight one thing is is not
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+lunch the additional cost is 3% to 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch the additional cost is 3% to 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch the additional cost is 3% to 10%
+based on some uh estimate from Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some uh estimate from Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some uh estimate from Engineers
+3% to 10% because you really need those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% to 10% because you really need those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% to 10% because you really need those
+materials right you need the expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right you need the expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right you need the expertise
+you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do
+this if you invest more 3 to 10% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you invest more 3 to 10% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you invest more 3 to 10% to
+build a passive house building you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a passive house building you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a passive house building you
+really have the benefits right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the benefits right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have the benefits right you have
+the UN receiving now I put 90% 60% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN receiving now I put 90% 60% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN receiving now I put 90% 60% to
+80% even 90% that's very very impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% even 90% that's very very impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% even 90% that's very very impressive
+very impressive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressive and the
+resilience and uh for example power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience and uh for example power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience and uh for example power
+outage right so then you still have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage right so then you still have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage right so then you still have that
+and house and it's not very clearly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and house and it's not very clearly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and house and it's not very clearly this
+not a plastic back again not plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a plastic back again not plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a plastic back again not plastic
+back because you say oh all insulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because you say oh all insulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because you say oh all insulation
+then then it's kind of uh no uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's kind of uh no uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then it's kind of uh no uh it's
+kind of it's no uh exchange of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's no uh exchange of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's no uh exchange of the air
+no they have very good ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they have very good ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they have very good ventilation
+system to make sure the the fresh air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to make sure the the fresh air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to make sure the the fresh air
+inside and comfortable so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and comfortable so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and comfortable so that's
+basically the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the benefits of
+that so then why the wind stop Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then why the wind stop Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then why the wind stop Center
+that's I just asked question why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I just asked question why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I just asked question why they
+chose the lower part they chose to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the lower part they chose to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose the lower part they chose to go
+for Passive house or extreme this Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Passive house or extreme this Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Passive house or extreme this Energy
+Efficiency but for the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency but for the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency but for the upper
+part not they just chose a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part not they just chose a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part not they just chose a relatively
+okay level just now we mentioned some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay level just now we mentioned some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay level just now we mentioned some
+factors for example the office tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors for example the office tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors for example the office tenants
+uh they are more demanding or the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are more demanding or the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are more demanding or the office
+they can better control the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can better control the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can better control the like
+temperature or something like that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or something like that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or something like that but I
+think the fundamental story is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the fundamental story is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the fundamental story is that they
+understand the passive house has pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the passive house has pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the passive house has pros
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+cons right and uh that's from my our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons right and uh that's from my our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons right and uh that's from my our
+interview because we we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview because we we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview because we we need to
+understand Jing and me and ju we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Jing and me and ju we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Jing and me and ju we want to
+interview them we understand their l we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview them we understand their l we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview them we understand their l we
+think they were very smart they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were very smart they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were very smart they were
+very smart when they made the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smart when they made the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smart when they made the decision
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+following think about comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following think about comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following think about comparative
+advantage comparative advantage means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage comparative advantage means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage comparative advantage means of
+course you need to choose the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you need to choose the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you need to choose the the most
+most strengths you have right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most strengths you have right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most strengths you have right so that's
+a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a
+strategy why they put the condos at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy why they put the condos at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy why they put the condos at the
+top because just now remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because just now remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because just now remember there's
+some ugly buildings around this so lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ugly buildings around this so lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ugly buildings around this so lower
+part no B you open the window you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part no B you open the window you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part no B you open the window you'll see
+other buildings right and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other buildings right and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other buildings right and it's so
+crowded in the downtown Boston I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded in the downtown Boston I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded in the downtown Boston I think
+Jen will maybe organize a optional tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen will maybe organize a optional tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen will maybe organize a optional tour
+if you are interested to go to visit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested to go to visit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested to go to visit the
+Windstop Center they're almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windstop Center they're almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windstop Center they're almost done
+they're almost done they're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost done they're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost done they're almost
+completed and we know for this condo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed and we know for this condo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed and we know for this condo
+very luxury condo they are so rich they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very luxury condo they are so rich they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very luxury condo they are so rich they
+really enjoy the view of the ocean uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy the view of the ocean uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy the view of the ocean uh of
+the downtown vibrant downtown so whe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downtown vibrant downtown so whe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downtown vibrant downtown so whe so
+important and for the office no will at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and for the office no will at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and for the office no will at
+all open the windows say other ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all open the windows say other ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all open the windows say other ugly
+buildings so they need to find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so they need to find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so they need to find another
+Advantage right and now we know all ESG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage right and now we know all ESG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage right and now we know all ESG
+is so hot so ESG is important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so hot so ESG is important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so hot so ESG is important and
+sustainability is important all the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability is important all the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability is important all the F
+SNP 500 companies they really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNP 500 companies they really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNP 500 companies they really wanted to
+run some space and put their employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some space and put their employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some space and put their employees
+in a healthy and a green building good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a healthy and a green building good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a healthy and a green building good
+for reputation and all the things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reputation and all the things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reputation and all the things okay
+no will let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no will let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no will let's try
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+upper oh well so good Ocean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper oh well so good Ocean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper oh well so good Ocean and the
+downtown and the luxury people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown and the luxury people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown and the luxury people the
+wealthy people they really value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy people they really value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy people they really value this
+even without anything about the ESG they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without anything about the ESG they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without anything about the ESG they
+will come and buy they understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come and buy they understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come and buy they understand how
+this rich people they are thinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rich people they are thinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rich people they are thinking so
+say Okay green second order thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay green second order thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay green second order thing for
+the office first order because no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office first order because no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office first order because no no
+will that's my understanding but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that's my understanding but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that's my understanding but uh this
+Thursday uh the GU speaker will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh the GU speaker will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh the GU speaker will talk
+more about this and and another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this and and another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this and and another thing
+let me finish this point another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me finish this point another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me finish this point another thing
+is passive house really really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passive house really really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passive house really really important
+thing is insulation so they want very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is insulation so they want very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is insulation so they want very
+small Windows if two big Windows too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Windows if two big Windows too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Windows if two big Windows too
+hard the cost will go up because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard the cost will go up because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard the cost will go up because you
+want big big window and then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want big big window and then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want big big window and then you want
+the wheel then you have a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel then you have a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel then you have a problem with
+instulation so you need to do a lot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instulation so you need to do a lot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instulation so you need to do a lot you
+a lot for the windows and the wars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot for the windows and the wars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot for the windows and the wars so
+they want minimum Windows minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want minimum Windows minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want minimum Windows minimum
+windows will be a disaster for luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows will be a disaster for luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows will be a disaster for luxury
+condos they have a mini window no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condos they have a mini window no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condos they have a mini window no not
+good so they want big Windows big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so they want big Windows big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so they want big Windows big
+Windows means pass house too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows means pass house too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows means pass house too hard
+through you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you have a
+question um yeah I was just going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um yeah I was just going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um yeah I was just going to ask
+about why is it either view or or green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why is it either view or or green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why is it either view or or green
+like one or the other but I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one or the other but I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one or the other but I think you
+you just answered it but but also on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just answered it but but also on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just answered it but but also on top
+of that it like if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it like if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it like if you go back to the
+previous picture you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous picture you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous picture you have
+also um like with the windows yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um like with the windows yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um like with the windows yeah it's
+the way you taking light changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you taking light changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you taking light changes in the
+summer and in the winter right if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and in the winter right if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and in the winter right if you're
+in the bottom part of the building would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom part of the building would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom part of the building would
+that Beed because you have builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Beed because you have builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Beed because you have builds
+the oh yes then can do that right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh yes then can do that right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh yes then can do that right the
+top maybe the ventilation is easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top maybe the ventilation is easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top maybe the ventilation is easier to
+do right that's your point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right that's your point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right that's your point and
+ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+botom yes so that's all this uh Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botom yes so that's all this uh Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botom yes so that's all this uh Building
+Technology and design perspective to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and design perspective to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology and design perspective to
+make sure that they have they can invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they have they can invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they have they can invest
+reasonable money to do the passive house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable money to do the passive house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable money to do the passive house
+but generate the most benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generate the most benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generate the most benefit from
+that so then they are not stupid they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then they are not stupid they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then they are not stupid they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+Developer they are not NG they not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Developer they are not NG they not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Developer they are not NG they not like
+philosophy they understand they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy they understand they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy they understand they need to
+calculate whether that make business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate whether that make business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate whether that make business
+sense for this so they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for this so they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for this so they say
+okay our front cost at first 1.3 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay our front cost at first 1.3 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay our front cost at first 1.3 billion
+and if we do passive house if we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do passive house if we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do passive house if we this
+lower part really go extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower part really go extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower part really go extreme
+gri then plus 3 to 10% of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gri then plus 3 to 10% of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gri then plus 3 to 10% of the cost
+premium and then we say Okay reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and then we say Okay reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and then we say Okay reduce
+utility cost they had a very rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cost they had a very rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cost they had a very rough
+estimate and they really re by this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and they really re by this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and they really re by this and
+also increase rent and occupation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also increase rent and occupation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also increase rent and occupation rate
+we all discuss this Parts uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all discuss this Parts uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all discuss this Parts uh last
+session remember the benefit this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session remember the benefit this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session remember the benefit this all
+reduce the utility cost you pay less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the utility cost you pay less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the utility cost you pay less and
+all the tenants are so happy they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tenants are so happy they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tenants are so happy they pay
+higher rent and you can you can res out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent and you can you can res out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent and you can you can res out
+very fast so that's basically benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so that's basically benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so that's basically benefit
+benefit cost they compare cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit cost they compare cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit cost they compare cost and
+benefit they say okay this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit they say okay this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit they say okay this is a good
+deal let's do it but actually as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal let's do it but actually as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal let's do it but actually as time
+when they made a decision they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they made a decision they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they made a decision they were
+uncertain they were uncertain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain they were uncertain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain they were uncertain at
+all especially the market who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all especially the market who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all especially the market who knows
+right why how can you be so certain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why how can you be so certain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why how can you be so certain that
+if you build this you will then will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build this you will then will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build this you will then will
+become so popular and then all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so popular and then all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so popular and then all all
+tenants will come no they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants will come no they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants will come no they they were
+uncertain so they say no matter what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain so they say no matter what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain so they say no matter what I
+don't care I look at the long value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care I look at the long value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care I look at the long value
+because I hold this I hold this asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I hold this I hold this asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I hold this I hold this asset
+remember this is a lease so hold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a lease so hold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a lease so hold for
+many many years maybe for some years not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years maybe for some years not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years maybe for some years not
+good but I'm so patient and I can wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but I'm so patient and I can wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but I'm so patient and I can wait
+for another 10 years they said so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another 10 years they said so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another 10 years they said so I'm
+not sure whether they were thinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether they were thinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether they were thinking so
+but they said so they said good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they said so they said good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they said so they said good
+long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term
+will and count they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and count they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and count they just
+sell so that's basically okay even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so that's basically okay even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so that's basically okay even if
+not increase even if this this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not increase even if this this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not increase even if this this doesn't
+exist I'm fine I'm GNA take the risk I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist I'm fine I'm GNA take the risk I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist I'm fine I'm GNA take the risk I'm
+the first mover of the market I'm take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mover of the market I'm take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mover of the market I'm take
+the risk actually this is more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk actually this is more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk actually this is more more
+difficult for now remember because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for now remember because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for now remember because not
+about Wing drop but because the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Wing drop but because the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Wing drop but because the overall
+office market after pandemic all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office market after pandemic all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office market after pandemic all the
+people work from home the office Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people work from home the office Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people work from home the office Market
+become so weak and so weaken in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so weak and so weaken in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so weak and so weaken in the
+downtown so very unfortunate they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown so very unfortunate they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown so very unfortunate they they
+had such a big chunk of the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a big chunk of the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a big chunk of the office
+office part and after the pandemic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office part and after the pandemic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office part and after the pandemic and
+at that time maybe the green is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time maybe the green is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time maybe the green is not the
+first order at all the first order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order at all the first order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order at all the first order is
+how to convince the firms to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convince the firms to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to convince the firms to get into
+here and and rent your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and rent your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and rent your
+space I for learning is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I for learning is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I for learning is this kind of
+versus view tradeoff strategy fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus view tradeoff strategy fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus view tradeoff strategy fairly
+common and precedented or is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and precedented or is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and precedented or is not very
+common this is just a case study but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common this is just a case study but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common this is just a case study but the
+treat off this logic is clear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat off this logic is clear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat off this logic is clear right
+maybe for another building is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for another building is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for another building is not the
+trat off between green and the real but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trat off between green and the real but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trat off between green and the real but
+the treat off between green or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treat off between green or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treat off between green or something
+else but this thinking I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but this thinking I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but this thinking I want you to
+have this thinking approach not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thinking approach not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thinking approach not always
+there's a trat off you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trat off you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trat off you have a question
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what do we mean to percent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we mean to percent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we mean to percent they
+canot they had no no very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canot they had no no very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canot they had no no very accurate
+estimate they just have Idea Idea yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate they just have Idea Idea yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate they just have Idea Idea yes I
+think conceptual level or it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think conceptual level or it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think conceptual level or it's just a
+very rough estimate so so lead if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rough estimate so so lead if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rough estimate so so lead if you
+reduce the size of the window you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the size of the window you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the size of the window you get a
+better lead rating but um but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better lead rating but um but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better lead rating but um but for
+example for wellness well the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for wellness well the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for wellness well the well
+rating you want sunlight to come in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating you want sunlight to come in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating you want sunlight to come in from
+you need big window so then how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need big window so then how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need big window so then how does
+that yes that's a very good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes that's a very good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes that's a very good question so
+I think that's another trade-off right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's another trade-off right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's another trade-off right I
+think last last session we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think last last session we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think last last session we discussed
+this sometimes this uh health healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes this uh health healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes this uh health healthy
+part healthy buildings and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part healthy buildings and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part healthy buildings and the energy
+efficient buildings they are not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient buildings they are not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient buildings they are not like
+always go into the same direction there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go into the same direction there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go into the same direction there
+always some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some like
+tradeoffs but I want to say we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs but I want to say we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs but I want to say we cannot
+think about this in a statist static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in a statist static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in a statist static
+wheel we need to think about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel we need to think about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel we need to think about this a
+dynamic wheel dynamic viel benefit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic wheel dynamic viel benefit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic wheel dynamic viel benefit at
+first all people understood a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first all people understood a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first all people understood a little bit
+of the how important the health is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the how important the health is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the how important the health is and
+then after covid go up I mean the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after covid go up I mean the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after covid go up I mean the health
+benefit is oh in indoor air quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is oh in indoor air quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is oh in indoor air quantity is
+so important uh especially after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important uh especially after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important uh especially after the
+covid so the benefit go up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid so the benefit go up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid so the benefit go up this
+unexpected which means they were lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected which means they were lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected which means they were lucky
+in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term of
+this but of course as I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but of course as I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but of course as I mentioned this
+uh work from home this problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work from home this problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work from home this problem of the
+high vacancy rate of The Office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vacancy rate of The Office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vacancy rate of The Office
+Buildings does there so unlucky they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buildings does there so unlucky they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buildings does there so unlucky they
+just encounter this problem and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encounter this problem and the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encounter this problem and the cost
+side also Dynamic at first when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side also Dynamic at first when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side also Dynamic at first when they
+plan for the with made decision is a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for the with made decision is a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for the with made decision is a 3
+to 10% because that time passive house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10% because that time passive house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10% because that time passive house
+was not so popular they need to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not so popular they need to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not so popular they need to send
+their stuff to Germany to learn now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff to Germany to learn now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff to Germany to learn now so
+many passive he projects and so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many passive he projects and so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many passive he projects and so many
+experts and the and the builders they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts and the and the builders they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts and the and the builders they
+understand how to do when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to do when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to do when they
+implemented one to 3% which is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented one to 3% which is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented one to 3% which is good
+which is good for them so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for them so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for them so think about
+this Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Con
+actually so B that means we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so B that means we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so B that means we really need
+very sophisticated understanding because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated understanding because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated understanding because
+real estate even for the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate even for the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate even for the construction
+period it's not like one day right May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's not like one day right May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's not like one day right May
+extend like two or three years and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend like two or three years and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend like two or three years and all
+situations change especially for the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations change especially for the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations change especially for the co
+thing who can who could anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing who can who could anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing who can who could anticipate
+that they are very brave because this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are very brave because this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are very brave because this I
+think this is the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the first the first
+passive house office building in the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house office building in the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house office building in the I'm
+not sure whether in the entire country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether in the entire country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether in the entire country
+or just Boston area I think maybe entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just Boston area I think maybe entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just Boston area I think maybe entire
+country the this is the first last skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the this is the first last skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the this is the first last skill
+passive House Office Building because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive House Office Building because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive House Office Building because
+for for Passive house they always build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Passive house they always build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for Passive house they always build
+a multif family houses or single family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multif family houses or single family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multif family houses or single family
+houses passive house very popular very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses passive house very popular very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses passive house very popular very
+common you go to this website passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common you go to this website passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common you go to this website passive
+house m.org they have a Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house m.org they have a Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house m.org they have a Massachusetts
+Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association
+Massachusetts Association of passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Association of passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Association of passive
+house all the Builders of passive house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house all the Builders of passive house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house all the Builders of passive house
+they have this Association right now oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this Association right now oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this Association right now oh
+they become they become a club to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become they become a club to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become they become a club to share
+knowledge information and advocate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge information and advocate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge information and advocate for
+Passive house and uh and also allby the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Passive house and uh and also allby the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Passive house and uh and also allby the
+government to give them more subsidy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to give them more subsidy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to give them more subsidy to
+build passive house all the things so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build passive house all the things so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build passive house all the things so go
+to this website you will see this I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this website you will see this I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this website you will see this I now
+we have like at least you can see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like at least you can see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like at least you can see at
+least 100 passible house projects all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 100 passible house projects all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 100 passible house projects all
+over the Massachusetts Boston area I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Massachusetts Boston area I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Massachusetts Boston area I
+give you some like examples but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some like examples but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some like examples but our
+single family are multif family it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family are multif family it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family are multif family it's
+small see this more thing and this a 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small see this more thing and this a 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small see this more thing and this a 80%
+reduction energy use so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction energy use so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction energy use so this this is
+like multif family I guess and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multif family I guess and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multif family I guess and this one
+this is summer wheel this is close by if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is summer wheel this is close by if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is summer wheel this is close by if
+you can if you have time go there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you have time go there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you have time go there to
+take a look this summer whe passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look this summer whe passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look this summer whe passive
+house yeah so this is also like um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house yeah so this is also like um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house yeah so this is also like um I
+think this also multif family and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this also multif family and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this also multif family and this
+one is another one Union Square One as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is another one Union Square One as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is another one Union Square One as
+you can see it's also 80% redu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's also 80% redu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's also 80% redu
+production this one built by our msrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production this one built by our msrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production this one built by our msrd
+alarm J and I we went there uh two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm J and I we went there uh two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm J and I we went there uh two years
+ago one year ago we visited the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago one year ago we visited the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago one year ago we visited the product
+at that time they they had nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time they they had nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time they they had nothing
+because they still were they were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they still were they were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they still were they were still
+struggling with this permit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with this permit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with this permit and the
+community say they just have all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community say they just have all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community say they just have all kind of
+community meetings to to get get support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community meetings to to get get support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community meetings to to get get support
+from the community to build so we visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the community to build so we visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the community to build so we visit
+can't and we know their uh this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't and we know their uh this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't and we know their uh this very
+Ambi ambitious goal to large passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambi ambitious goal to large passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambi ambitious goal to large passive
+house residential but still residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house residential but still residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house residential but still residential
+community in the US that's that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in the US that's that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in the US that's that's also
+nearby this is in Newton so we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby this is in Newton so we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby this is in Newton so we have all
+this you go to that website you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you go to that website you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you go to that website you have all
+the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passive
+house now let's move on to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house now let's move on to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house now let's move on to the second
+technology you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+countries ex yes renovation that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries ex yes renovation that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries ex yes renovation that's true
+yes you can but it will be more costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can but it will be more costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can but it will be more costly
+to do that because you need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because you need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because you need to change
+the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+settings okay now let's move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings okay now let's move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings okay now let's move on to the
+second technology I feel so embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second technology I feel so embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second technology I feel so embarrassed
+I'm talking about technology although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about technology although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about technology although
+I'm not a technology person but I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a technology person but I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a technology person but I tried
+my best to explain the technology in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best to explain the technology in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best to explain the technology in a
+way that we can understand now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can understand now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can understand now we are
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+electrification means switch from gas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification means switch from gas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification means switch from gas to
+electricity that's very important as now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that's very important as now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that's very important as now
+we assume we cannot control the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume we cannot control the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume we cannot control the same
+City GD now we assuming the city GD will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City GD now we assuming the city GD will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City GD now we assuming the city GD will
+become Greener and Greener if the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Greener and Greener if the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Greener and Greener if the city
+is GD is greener and Greener is good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is GD is greener and Greener is good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is GD is greener and Greener is good to
+switch from gas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from gas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from gas to
+electricity think about this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity think about this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity think about this um uh
+cooling cooling where use electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling cooling where use electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling cooling where use electricity
+right this is AC but it's very if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is AC but it's very if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is AC but it's very if this
+very decentralized and very old style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very decentralized and very old style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very decentralized and very old style
+acis not very efficient that's true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acis not very efficient that's true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acis not very efficient that's true so
+and this is old style but this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is old style but this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is old style but this already
+electricity no problem heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity no problem heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity no problem heating
+especially in the New England area still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the New England area still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the New England area still
+a lot of gas- based heating right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of gas- based heating right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of gas- based heating right the
+gas based heating or oil based no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas based heating or oil based no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas based heating or oil based no matter
+what now it's a very important trend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now it's a very important trend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now it's a very important trend is
+to change from the gas based heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change from the gas based heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change from the gas based heating
+to Electric uh heat pump that can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Electric uh heat pump that can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Electric uh heat pump that can use
+the electricity to do heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity to do heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity to do heating and
+actually I can also do cooling I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can also do cooling I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can also do cooling I will
+let you show but point is the old style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you show but point is the old style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you show but point is the old style
+gas based do you have this uh natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas based do you have this uh natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas based do you have this uh natural
+gas uh this water boilers and they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh this water boilers and they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh this water boilers and they you
+just boil the water become hot water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just boil the water become hot water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just boil the water become hot water
+then use water to heat the building so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use water to heat the building so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use water to heat the building so
+you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like
+this but if you change to electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you change to electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you change to electricity
+then you need to put a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to put a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to put a lot of this
+technology this machine called H pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology this machine called H pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology this machine called H pumps
+are big big heat pumps especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are big big heat pumps especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are big big heat pumps especially the
+air source H pumps here so then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air source H pumps here so then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air source H pumps here so then this is
+like a this what we did last year is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a this what we did last year is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a this what we did last year is a
+office build in New York City but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office build in New York City but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office build in New York City but you
+can also use this in residential houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use this in residential houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use this in residential houses
+but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a
+highrise office building right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrise office building right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrise office building right so the
+point is electricity is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is electricity is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is electricity is so important
+heat pump is more efficient but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pump is more efficient but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pump is more efficient but you can
+see the hit pump this uh machine will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the hit pump this uh machine will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the hit pump this uh machine will
+occupy a lot of space that's um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy a lot of space that's um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy a lot of space that's um that's
+downside of this electricity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of this electricity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of this electricity because
+then you have to sacrifice you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to sacrifice you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to sacrifice you have to
+sacrifice some laserable space at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice some laserable space at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice some laserable space at first
+you can lease this out and get rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lease this out and get rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lease this out and get rental
+Revenue but if you want to put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue but if you want to put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue but if you want to put all the
+machines here then you lose leasable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines here then you lose leasable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines here then you lose leasable
+space which which will hurt your rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which which will hurt your rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which which will hurt your rental
+Revenue so that's the cost of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue so that's the cost of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue so that's the cost of this but
+benefit you have a lot of a benefit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit you have a lot of a benefit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit you have a lot of a benefit so
+that's this and heat pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this and heat pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this and heat pump
+technology Google I just want to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Google I just want to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Google I just want to say it
+can do heating cycle and the cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do heating cycle and the cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do heating cycle and the cooling
+cycle you will have the same thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you will have the same thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you will have the same thing like
+me show you the picture here so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the picture here so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the picture here so that I
+have better better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have better better
+understanding so you have a outside unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding so you have a outside unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding so you have a outside unit
+outside your door outside your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside your door outside your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside your door outside your house
+this outside unit and the inside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside unit and the inside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside unit and the inside you
+have this very similar to a air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very similar to a air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very similar to a air
+conditioner but this he pump and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner but this he pump and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner but this he pump and you
+have this outside unit and inside unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this outside unit and inside unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this outside unit and inside unit
+and you electricity and you heat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you electricity and you heat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you electricity and you heat your
+house when it's heating then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house when it's heating then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house when it's heating then you have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh refrigerate and go through this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refrigerate and go through this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refrigerate and go through this first
+this is a circle that they can just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a circle that they can just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a circle that they can just um
+emit heat into the room and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit heat into the room and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit heat into the room and become
+cooler and then become cool cooler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler and then become cool cooler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler and then become cool cooler and
+then get heat from outside and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get heat from outside and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get heat from outside and the
+compressor here and become hotter then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor here and become hotter then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor here and become hotter then
+it's a cycle here and cooling is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cycle here and cooling is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cycle here and cooling is the
+reverse cycle and then you get cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse cycle and then you get cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse cycle and then you get cooler
+and then you you you emit cold air into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you you emit cold air into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you you emit cold air into
+the internal and then you become warmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal and then you become warmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal and then you become warmer
+and then go outside so that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go outside so that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go outside so that's a that's a
+cycle of this um so basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of this um so basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of this um so basically you can
+use this anywhere not just the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this anywhere not just the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this anywhere not just the heating
+but also Cooling and it data shows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also Cooling and it data shows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also Cooling and it data shows for
+cooling it have better efficiency than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling it have better efficiency than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling it have better efficiency than
+this old style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old style
+oldfashioned uh window AC so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned uh window AC so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned uh window AC so that's why
+even in very hot area you can use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in very hot area you can use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in very hot area you can use it for
+AC but in the cold area you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC but in the cold area you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC but in the cold area you can use it
+both both uh Heating and Cooling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both uh Heating and Cooling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both uh Heating and Cooling so
+that's a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a heat
+pump so now they really promote heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump so now they really promote heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump so now they really promote heat
+pump a lot because they really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump a lot because they really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump a lot because they really want to
+switch from the gas boilers the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the gas boilers the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the gas boilers the gas
+based boilers to the heat pumps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based boilers to the heat pumps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based boilers to the heat pumps that
+fully electrified only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully electrified only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully electrified only
+electricity then the we we have a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity then the we we have a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity then the we we have a mass
+sa I'm not sure for those who leave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa I'm not sure for those who leave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa I'm not sure for those who leave here
+for some years you know massive I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some years you know massive I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some years you know massive I think
+you you knocked your your head a lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you knocked your your head a lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you knocked your your head a lot I
+just did this oh you apply to this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did this oh you apply to this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did this oh you apply to this yeah
+you apply to mass yeah for your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply to mass yeah for your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply to mass yeah for your house
+for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what
+for good okay Ma you have an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good okay Ma you have an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good okay Ma you have an example
+there then if you decide to install a h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then if you decide to install a h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then if you decide to install a h
+pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump
+$1,000 you can get from the state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 you can get from the state right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 you can get from the state right
+so that incentivize you to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that incentivize you to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that incentivize you to to uh
+McKenzie to to do this right but whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKenzie to to do this right but whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKenzie to to do this right but whether
+your neighbors all did this or only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors all did this or only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors all did this or only you
+as a just me just you why why your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a just me just you why why your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a just me just you why why your
+neighbors they they didn't get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors they they didn't get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors they they didn't get this
+$10,000 right they uh well you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 right they uh well you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 right they uh well you know it
+is it is a difficult process um you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a difficult process um you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a difficult process um you mean
+the application bureaucratic yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application bureaucratic yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application bureaucratic yeah and
+and actually a big issue with triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crazy we get our okay good who else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy we get our okay good who else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy we get our okay good who else in
+this classroom got this $10,000 in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classroom got this $10,000 in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classroom got this $10,000 in your
+pocket of course because many of you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of course because many of you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of course because many of you you
+don't live here Jen did you get this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't live here Jen did you get this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't live here Jen did you get this you
+have a house here are you planning to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a house here are you planning to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a house here are you planning to do
+so so usually the gas uh the gas system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you are going to wait for another 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you are going to wait for another 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you are going to wait for another 20
+years when we become 60 years old we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when we become 60 years old we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when we become 60 years old we're
+are going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do
+this yes I also have my house here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes I also have my house here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes I also have my house here and I
+haven't done this I haven't applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done this I haven't applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done this I haven't applied to
+this not so so Progressive as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not so so Progressive as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not so so Progressive as uh
+McKenzie and uh now I understand I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKenzie and uh now I understand I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKenzie and uh now I understand I need
+to wait for my when I get 60 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for my when I get 60 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for my when I get 60 years old
+yeah what's your okay you got it I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's your okay you got it I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's your okay you got it I have
+a question about how the heat pumps work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about how the heat pumps work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about how the heat pumps work
+um so is it can it either do heating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so is it can it either do heating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so is it can it either do heating or
+cooling or can it do both at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling or can it do both at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling or can it do both at the same
+time because like with the shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because like with the shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because like with the shoulder
+season sometimes one day you may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season sometimes one day you may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season sometimes one day you may have to
+heat one one day you may have to cool I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat one one day you may have to cool I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat one one day you may have to cool I
+really don't know how to answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know how to answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know how to answer but
+maybe M can and how how easy is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe M can and how how easy is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe M can and how how easy is that you
+just do it on thir set yeah okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it on thir set yeah okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it on thir set yeah okay good so
+yes for example one day is cold cold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for example one day is cold cold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for example one day is cold cold the
+other day is hot right so you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day is hot right so you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day is hot right so you switch
+very easily good so now we had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily good so now we had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily good so now we had a very
+small pole that three of us we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pole that three of us we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pole that three of us we live in
+Massachusetts only one person got one 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts only one person got one 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts only one person got one 10
+10K and two of us we didn't it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10K and two of us we didn't it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10K and two of us we didn't it's not
+it's not because uh we we we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because uh we we we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because uh we we we don't want
+to do so but we really have a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but we really have a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so but we really have a rational
+we we have the uh rational of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have the uh rational of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have the uh rational of
+this so it's not like oh all everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's not like oh all everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's not like oh all everything
+is so perfect for H pump right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so perfect for H pump right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so perfect for H pump right this is
+really good favorable conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good favorable conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good favorable conditions
+technological Improvement become smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological Improvement become smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological Improvement become smaller
+and smaller is very we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller is very we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller is very we think about
+office right if you have smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office right if you have smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office right if you have smaller and
+smaller good then you won't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller good then you won't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller good then you won't lose
+space and then you have the subsidy good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you have the subsidy good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you have the subsidy good
+uh government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh government
+pay and uh and all those other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and uh and all those other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and uh and all those other things
+but but it's um sometimes it's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's um sometimes it's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's um sometimes it's also some
+unfavorable conditions such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable conditions such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable conditions such as the
+electricity is sometimes more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is sometimes more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is sometimes more expensive
+than gas it's not like cheap just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gas it's not like cheap just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gas it's not like cheap just
+because you want to go n zero then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to go n zero then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to go n zero then you
+choose electricity not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose electricity not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose electricity not because
+electricity is cheap so you switch to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is cheap so you switch to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is cheap so you switch to H
+home maybe your monthly bill become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home maybe your monthly bill become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home maybe your monthly bill become
+higher because you are using more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher because you are using more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher because you are using more
+electricity and when the gas is cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and when the gas is cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and when the gas is cheaper
+of course not gas is also not cheap but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not gas is also not cheap but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not gas is also not cheap but
+it depends on the retive prices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the retive prices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the retive prices of the
+electricity and gas to make a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and gas to make a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and gas to make a business
+sense right and uh and another thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and uh and another thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and uh and another thing so
+you can see that MMA is so LED behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that MMA is so LED behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that MMA is so LED behind
+this all the St of adoption of H pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the St of adoption of H pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the St of adoption of H pumps
+my m is here so that's because of us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my m is here so that's because of us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my m is here so that's because of us we
+didn't do this we need to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do this we need to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do this we need to learn how to
+follow uh myy to do this to push M like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow uh myy to do this to push M like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow uh myy to do this to push M like
+this yes so that's the point but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes so that's the point but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes so that's the point but then we
+are not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not doing
+research me our group my lab is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research me our group my lab is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research me our group my lab is doing
+research on to understand why the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on to understand why the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on to understand why the slow
+slow adoption of hip pumps because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow adoption of hip pumps because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow adoption of hip pumps because of
+what then I'm working with uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then I'm working with uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then I'm working with uh Professor
+Chris Kito who is a strong Professor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris Kito who is a strong Professor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris Kito who is a strong Professor on
+energy economics so we are doing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy economics so we are doing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy economics so we are doing so we
+got a small grant for Mighty M energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a small grant for Mighty M energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a small grant for Mighty M energy
+initiative because they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative because they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative because they want to
+understand then we just survey and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand then we just survey and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand then we just survey and we
+got data from all the houses who chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got data from all the houses who chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got data from all the houses who chose
+to install heat pump in their houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install heat pump in their houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install heat pump in their houses
+houses then we call their cost see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses then we call their cost see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses then we call their cost see this
+cost one square is $100 so allog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost one square is $100 so allog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost one square is $100 so allog
+together total cost will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together total cost will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together total cost will be
+22k but you can get 10K from the Garment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22k but you can get 10K from the Garment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22k but you can get 10K from the Garment
+so these green squares are the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these green squares are the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these green squares are the equipment
+just a HP pum itself as a machine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a HP pum itself as a machine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a HP pum itself as a machine but
+you cannot just buy a machine and put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot just buy a machine and put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot just buy a machine and put in
+your house right you need to inst store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house right you need to inst store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house right you need to inst store
+you need to hire some companies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to hire some companies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to hire some companies to
+install that's installers and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install that's installers and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install that's installers and then you
+need to do this labor and electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this labor and electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this labor and electricity
+and the permitting and this all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the permitting and this all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the permitting and this all kind of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so the M subsidy 10K cover about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the M subsidy 10K cover about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the M subsidy 10K cover about half
+and the other you still need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other you still need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other you still need to pay
+money it's not like free so that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's not like free so that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's not like free so that may be
+one reason you still need to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason you still need to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason you still need to go through
+all this and also it's lengthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this and also it's lengthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this and also it's lengthy
+permitting process not like you fill out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting process not like you fill out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting process not like you fill out
+a form then tomorrow someone will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form then tomorrow someone will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form then tomorrow someone will come
+to install no and we also had so many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install no and we also had so many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install no and we also had so many uh
+installers and we found out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installers and we found out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installers and we found out that the
+installation fee varies so much across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation fee varies so much across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation fee varies so much across
+different installers and we even found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different installers and we even found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different installers and we even found
+some bigger installers they charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bigger installers they charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bigger installers they charge
+higher price to install the smaller ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price to install the smaller ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price to install the smaller ones
+they they charge lower but the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they charge lower but the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they charge lower but the bigger
+ones they charge high so this Market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones they charge high so this Market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones they charge high so this Market is
+not mature so that's one reason we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mature so that's one reason we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mature so that's one reason we are
+still going on the project and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on the project and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going on the project and we will
+find more interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more interesting things
+okay now this lead lead to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this lead lead to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this lead lead to this
+economics we cannot just technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we cannot just technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we cannot just technology
+technology technology no even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology technology no even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology technology no even the
+technology is perfect he pump still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is perfect he pump still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is perfect he pump still have
+this low adoption problem as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low adoption problem as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low adoption problem as I just
+showed and think about this then we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed and think about this then we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed and think about this then we go
+back to this conceptual level performa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this conceptual level performa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this conceptual level performa
+we always use as a tool to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always use as a tool to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always use as a tool to understand
+then think about this the arrows this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about this the arrows this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about this the arrows this is
+this is a Baseline Baseline thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Baseline Baseline thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Baseline Baseline thing right
+this is think about up front cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is think about up front cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is think about up front cost you
+need to invest money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to invest money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to invest money
+22k uh to install install that's 22 Cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22k uh to install install that's 22 Cas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22k uh to install install that's 22 Cas
+for a house for for such a building will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a house for for such a building will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a house for for such a building will
+be much higher cost and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much higher cost and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much higher cost and then you get
+rent and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent and if you don't
+do now remember I introduced a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now remember I introduced a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now remember I introduced a little
+bit about New York City's local law 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about New York City's local law 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about New York City's local law 97
+in the intro session it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intro session it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intro session it
+said by 2035 if you are not near n zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said by 2035 if you are not near n zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said by 2035 if you are not near n zero
+or if your carbon emission is above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if your carbon emission is above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if your carbon emission is above the
+cap you need to pay a penalty to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap you need to pay a penalty to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap you need to pay a penalty to the
+city right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why that's why this is office building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why this is office building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why this is office building
+in Manhattan now they as under the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Manhattan now they as under the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Manhattan now they as under the big
+pressure to go to this h p because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to go to this h p because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to go to this h p because they
+know if they don't do that later we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they don't do that later we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they don't do that later we pay
+the city a penalty penalty become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city a penalty penalty become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city a penalty penalty become
+negative cash flow so thus if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flow so thus if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flow so thus if you don't
+do this you have this cash flow and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you have this cash flow and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you have this cash flow and then
+you compare if you you do this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare if you you do this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare if you you do this then
+which arrows will change and to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which arrows will change and to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which arrows will change and to which
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+guess which with the arrows will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess which with the arrows will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess which with the arrows will change
+right if you really decide it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you really decide it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you really decide it's not a
+house it's a highrise office building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's a highrise office building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's a highrise office building
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that it's a it's a New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's a New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's a New York City
+downtown Manhattan building and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Manhattan building and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Manhattan building and the
+designer of this building will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of this building will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of this building will come
+after midterm to teach three sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after midterm to teach three sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after midterm to teach three sustainable
+design sessions caros will come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design sessions caros will come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design sessions caros will come the
+other caros will come to teach three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other caros will come to teach three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other caros will come to teach three
+design sessions he designed the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design sessions he designed the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design sessions he designed the building
+and the developer I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the developer I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the developer I think that's a
+Boston properties I guess they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston properties I guess they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston properties I guess they asked
+them to to tell what's the pros and cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to tell what's the pros and cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to tell what's the pros and cons
+of fully electric fund and use K pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fully electric fund and use K pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fully electric fund and use K pump
+Carlos had to answer that question then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos had to answer that question then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos had to answer that question then
+how they answer from this economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perspective just guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please yes you need invest more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes you need invest more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes you need invest more money
+for the machines and installation your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the machines and installation your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the machines and installation your
+operation cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation cost
+will go up that reduce uh operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up that reduce uh operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up that reduce uh operational
+cost and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you can
+probably yeah and the most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yeah and the most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably yeah and the most important is
+to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate
+what yes but it's not that e easy to jge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yes but it's not that e easy to jge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yes but it's not that e easy to jge
+as as you can imagine so here is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you can imagine so here is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you can imagine so here is all the
+uncertainties that's why this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties that's why this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties that's why this is not a
+easy question for for caros to answer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy question for for caros to answer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy question for for caros to answer of
+course we know this will be additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know this will be additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know this will be additional
+cost because you have those hi PS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost because you have those hi PS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost because you have those hi PS and
+also they have specific requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they have specific requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they have specific requirement for
+the facade because they really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facade because they really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facade because they really need a
+very good insulation so if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good insulation so if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good insulation so if you really
+choose H pump that direction very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose H pump that direction very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose H pump that direction very good
+very specially designed facade that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specially designed facade that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specially designed facade that's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+investment oh thank God we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment oh thank God we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment oh thank God we will
+eliminate this panalty because at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this panalty because at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this panalty because at that
+time we show to the city oh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we show to the city oh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we show to the city oh all
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+and 90 no problem so no final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90 no problem so no final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90 no problem so no final
+good who knows about effective rent yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good who knows about effective rent yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good who knows about effective rent yes
+maybe this become so popular and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this become so popular and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this become so popular and the
+tenants want to pay more and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants want to pay more and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants want to pay more and you get
+more tenants but remember you lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tenants but remember you lose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tenants but remember you lose some
+space right you lose some space then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right you lose some space then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right you lose some space then you
+put all the machines there then you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the machines there then you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the machines there then you lose
+the the space to to to to to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the space to to to to to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the space to to to to to generate
+rental Revenue who knows operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental Revenue who knows operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental Revenue who knows operational
+cost now who knows whether electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now who knows whether electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now who knows whether electricity
+will become very expensive don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become very expensive don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become very expensive don't know
+right so all these uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all these uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all these uh different
+scenarios so that's why this is not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios so that's why this is not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios so that's why this is not easy
+question for investor or developer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for investor or developer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for investor or developer to
+decide whether to go for electricity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to go for electricity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to go for electricity uh
+electrification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification
+immediately it's more sophisticated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it's more sophisticated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it's more sophisticated more
+complex because it's a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex because it's a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex because it's a future
+uncertainties that's my another project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties that's my another project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties that's my another project
+in my lab we are doing so many projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab we are doing so many projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab we are doing so many projects
+if you are interested come to me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested come to me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are interested come to me this
+all the applied research projects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the applied research projects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the applied research projects right
+just not I I I show this H pump of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not I I I show this H pump of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not I I I show this H pump of the
+Massachusetts installation puzzle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts installation puzzle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts installation puzzle they
+thing is this electrification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this electrification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this electrification
+uncertainty and I mean this is a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and I mean this is a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and I mean this is a natural
+gas prices because of the Ukraine Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas prices because of the Ukraine Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas prices because of the Ukraine Russia
+War then we don't know maybe the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War then we don't know maybe the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War then we don't know maybe the gas
+will be more and more expensive we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be more and more expensive we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be more and more expensive we don't
+know and another thing a city rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and another thing a city rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and another thing a city rate
+decarbonization because that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization because that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization because that's totally
+out of control out of the developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of control out of the developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of control out of the developers
+control that's the city mayor's decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's the city mayor's decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that's the city mayor's decision
+all the City Mayors are very Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the City Mayors are very Progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the City Mayors are very Progressive
+say especially in this New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say especially in this New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say especially in this New York City
+case we will decarbonize our grid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we will decarbonize our grid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we will decarbonize our grid by
+which year for sure all new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which year for sure all new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which year for sure all new
+Renewables but they don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables but they don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables but they don't have enough
+money to do so they have limited budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to do so they have limited budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to do so they have limited budget
+of the city city budget not enough to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city city budget not enough to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the city city budget not enough to do
+this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great
+decarbonization so it's a rumor there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization so it's a rumor there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization so it's a rumor there
+say the cities May accept so but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the cities May accept so but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the cities May accept so but it
+possibly will be 10 years delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly will be 10 years delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly will be 10 years delay
+if this city just U promised the so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this city just U promised the so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this city just U promised the so but
+couldn't achieve that even you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't achieve that even you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't achieve that even you as a
+building become fully electric finded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building become fully electric finded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building become fully electric finded
+but you still need to pay the penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still need to pay the penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still need to pay the penalty
+because electricity is not clean so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electricity is not clean so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electricity is not clean so then
+you you will complain about the mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will complain about the mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will complain about the mayor
+but the mayor already gone because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mayor already gone because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mayor already gone because the
+mayor already retired or step steep down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor already retired or step steep down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor already retired or step steep down
+right so that's a problem because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a problem because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a problem because the
+mayor cannot be in the position for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor cannot be in the position for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor cannot be in the position for 10
+or 20 years although he pledged that 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years although he pledged that 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years although he pledged that 20
+40 now zero but the mayor will be gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 now zero but the mayor will be gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 now zero but the mayor will be gone
+in three years and all this politics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three years and all this politics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three years and all this politics so
+complicated it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's very hard to
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+um what what energy sources do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what energy sources do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what energy sources do you think
+we're going to have to rely on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to rely on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to rely on for
+carbonization because energy consump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization because energy consump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization because energy consump
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+Rises like dramatically every couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises like dramatically every couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises like dramatically every couple of
+years yes what's your what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years yes what's your what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years yes what's your what's your
+question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for
+so what what kinds of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what kinds of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what kinds of energy
+uh like nuclear gas okay the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like nuclear gas okay the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like nuclear gas okay the different
+cities they are different I think yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities they are different I think yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities they are different I think yeah I
+think now the New York City I'm not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now the New York City I'm not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now the New York City I'm not very
+familiar with New York City I'm not New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with New York City I'm not New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with New York City I'm not New
+Yorker but my understanding is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yorker but my understanding is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yorker but my understanding is part of
+the city is more cleaner than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is more cleaner than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is more cleaner than the other
+part so they have different grds and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so they have different grds and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so they have different grds and uh
+the the the the dirty part still on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the dirty part still on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the dirty part still on on
+on on natural gas or oil to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on natural gas or oil to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on natural gas or oil to generate
+electricity but they try to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but they try to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but they try to switch to
+Renewables but what can renewable me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables but what can renewable me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables but what can renewable me
+solar or wind wind I don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar or wind wind I don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar or wind wind I don't know I don't
+know but I don't think there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I don't think there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I don't think there's a lot of
+nuclear power I I think it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power I I think it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power I I think it's not
+favorable the nuclear power here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable the nuclear power here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable the nuclear power here that's
+why many nuclear professors in MIT They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why many nuclear professors in MIT They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why many nuclear professors in MIT They
+are promoting nuclear power because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are promoting nuclear power because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are promoting nuclear power because
+that's that's green and they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's green and they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's green and they they they
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+promote so then my research team we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote so then my research team we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote so then my research team we run
+simulations we say okay future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations we say okay future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations we say okay future and
+certain is so much how can we know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain is so much how can we know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain is so much how can we know and
+we run uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run uh
+10,000 different future scenarios and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 different future scenarios and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 different future scenarios and we
+say which option will be better off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which option will be better off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which option will be better off and
+which case option A I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case option A I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case option A I don't
+care keep natural gas for all the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care keep natural gas for all the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care keep natural gas for all the entire
+life cycle that's that's option a option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle that's that's option a option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle that's that's option a option
+b fully electrified option b option C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b fully electrified option b option C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b fully electrified option b option C
+flexibility the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility the point
+is how can we know the future now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how can we know the future now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how can we know the future now we
+want to keep the flexibility with first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the flexibility with first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the flexibility with first
+because this is a bu new building then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a bu new building then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a bu new building then
+we keep the facade design okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep the facade design okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep the facade design okay for
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+electrification and we make this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification and we make this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification and we make this this
+floor this equipment floor very tall but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor this equipment floor very tall but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor this equipment floor very tall but
+now we don't put in the machines now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't put in the machines now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't put in the machines now we
+still lease out as a common area to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still lease out as a common area to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still lease out as a common area to
+lease out and after five or 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease out and after five or 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease out and after five or 10 years
+when we have better information of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have better information of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have better information of the
+price and from the grid gri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and from the grid gri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and from the grid gri
+decarbonization of the city then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization of the city then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization of the city then we
+quickly change and um and we we let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly change and um and we we let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly change and um and we we let this
+tenants go of course it's least you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants go of course it's least you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants go of course it's least you can
+set the least least L than five years 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the least least L than five years 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the least least L than five years 10
+years the tenants are gone then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the tenants are gone then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the tenants are gone then you put
+the machines in this we flexibility so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines in this we flexibility so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines in this we flexibility so a
+traditional B immediate electrification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional B immediate electrification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional B immediate electrification
+C keep the flexibility invest in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C keep the flexibility invest in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C keep the flexibility invest in some
+flexibility and and wait for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and and wait for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and and wait for the future
+wait for five years 10 years then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for five years 10 years then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for five years 10 years then you
+make the decision then we make this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decision then we make this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decision then we make this um
+all the simulations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the simulations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the simulations we
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+always the flexibility option C always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the flexibility option C always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the flexibility option C always
+win in all the kind of cases of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win in all the kind of cases of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win in all the kind of cases of course
+you can address the parameter of the FI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can address the parameter of the FI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can address the parameter of the FI
+trans is that but the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans is that but the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans is that but the flexibility
+because this have a option value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this have a option value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this have a option value the
+option value is that you invest and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option value is that you invest and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option value is that you invest and then
+later you figure out more then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you figure out more then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you figure out more then you
+decide either yes or no right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide either yes or no right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide either yes or no right and you
+can wait you can wait for a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait you can wait for a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait you can wait for a few years
+more years more years so that's a option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more years more years so that's a option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more years more years so that's a option
+value there so that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there so that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there so that's why the
+flexibility option always win we wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility option always win we wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility option always win we wrote a
+paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on
+this okay that's all about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's all about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's all about technology
+actually when I talk about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I talk about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I talk about technology
+not just the technology itself per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the technology itself per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the technology itself per se
+but already some economics and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but already some economics and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but already some economics and financial
+analysis of this but now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this but now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this but now I want to
+further emphasize the people side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further emphasize the people side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further emphasize the people side you
+have a question uh yeah actually before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question uh yeah actually before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question uh yeah actually before
+we build the pel housing always lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we build the pel housing always lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we build the pel housing always lose a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mone because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+China will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China will
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+8% oh space yeah that's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% oh space yeah that's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% oh space yeah that's very similar to
+to the heat pump will occupy space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heat pump will occupy space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heat pump will occupy space you
+are saying if you want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying if you want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying if you want to build a
+passive house maybe the wall will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house maybe the wall will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house maybe the wall will be
+thicker or the window will have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker or the window will have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker or the window will have multiple
+layers then you lose some space another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+loss yeah yeah there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss yeah yeah there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss yeah yeah there's a lot of
+critiques on the passive house I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques on the passive house I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques on the passive house I think
+that's good that's opportunity for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's opportunity for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's opportunity for you
+you you must visit those passive house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you must visit those passive house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you must visit those passive house
+projects and see what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and see what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and see what's the difference
+between those those projects with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those those projects with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those those projects with the
+project you build in China and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you build in China and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you build in China and compare
+because it's a climate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a climate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a climate and the
+conditions and technology and and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and technology and and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and technology and and all
+those things they are so different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things they are so different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things they are so different okay
+let's move on for people side we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on for people side we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on for people side we cannot
+just look at technology technology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at technology technology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at technology technology but
+look at people the people now there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at people the people now there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at people the people now there of
+course so many aspects of people here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so many aspects of people here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so many aspects of people here I
+want to focus on landlord and tenant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on landlord and tenant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on landlord and tenant the
+relationship they people right not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship they people right not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship they people right not two
+stakeholders landlord and tenant and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders landlord and tenant and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders landlord and tenant and I
+will highlight the problem of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will highlight the problem of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will highlight the problem of this
+so-called split incentive that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called split incentive that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called split incentive that's a
+market failure because if we ignore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure because if we ignore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure because if we ignore this
+people sign land and the tension between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sign land and the tension between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sign land and the tension between
+these two even if you have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two even if you have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two even if you have the most
+advanced technology it won't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced technology it won't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced technology it won't work
+out to think about this actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to think about this actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to think about this actually we
+already touched on this it's not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already touched on this it's not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already touched on this it's not new
+last time we talk the green the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talk the green the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talk the green the business
+case for green buildings remember weal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for green buildings remember weal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for green buildings remember weal
+about this chin from tenant to owners to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this chin from tenant to owners to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this chin from tenant to owners to
+developers so we already talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers so we already talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers so we already talk about the
+owners and tenants at that time last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and tenants at that time last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and tenants at that time last
+Thursday when I talk about this if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday when I talk about this if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday when I talk about this if it
+felt like oh they are good friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like oh they are good friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like oh they are good friends
+owners and tenants are good friends they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and tenants are good friends they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and tenants are good friends they
+they just become a win-win solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just become a win-win solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just become a win-win solution and
+if this so great for the tenants they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this so great for the tenants they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this so great for the tenants they
+will be willing to pay higher rent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be willing to pay higher rent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be willing to pay higher rent and
+higher rent will become higher income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent will become higher income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent will become higher income
+for the owners and wiers will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the owners and wiers will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the owners and wiers will be very
+happy and they are going to purchase uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and they are going to purchase uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and they are going to purchase uh
+Green Building it's kind of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building it's kind of oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building it's kind of oh
+everything is so good everything can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is so good everything can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is so good everything can
+work out now we are looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out now we are looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out now we are looking at this
+performance Gap if everything can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Gap if everything can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Gap if everything can work
+out if these Technologies are so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if these Technologies are so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if these Technologies are so good
+and can reduce energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can reduce energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can reduce energy
+consumption because they always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption because they always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption because they always have
+engineering model they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering model they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering model they have the
+engineering energy model that predict if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering energy model that predict if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering energy model that predict if
+you install this if you do that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you install this if you do that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you install this if you do that you will
+reduce energy consumption by how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce energy consumption by how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce energy consumption by how much we
+have a very famous Professor in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very famous Professor in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very famous Professor in this
+school Chris of ringard from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Chris of ringard from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Chris of ringard from the
+architecture side Technology Group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture side Technology Group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture side Technology Group and
+he is the strongest research group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is the strongest research group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is the strongest research group of
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+modeling and then for the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and then for the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and then for the engineering
+modeling they have these predictions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling they have these predictions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling they have these predictions but
+unfortunately when you the building put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately when you the building put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately when you the building put
+into use and then they always found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into use and then they always found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into use and then they always found
+so-called performance Gap or Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called performance Gap or Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called performance Gap or Energy
+Efficiency Gap is some terminology like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency Gap is some terminology like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency Gap is some terminology like
+that then the actual energy consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the actual energy consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the actual energy consumption
+is far more than much higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far more than much higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far more than much higher than
+projected consumption from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected consumption from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected consumption from the
+engineering model then I just show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering model then I just show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering model then I just show this
+Kristoff ringard say we must collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristoff ringard say we must collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristoff ringard say we must collaborate
+if you only do energy model not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only do energy model not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only do energy model not that
+useful you must consider people if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you must consider people if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you must consider people if you
+want to consider people come to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider people come to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider people come to work
+with sui now we started working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sui now we started working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sui now we started working together
+so that's a story but look at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a story but look at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a story but look at this this
+is a very like the first the first this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very like the first the first this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very like the first the first this
+New York Cities Bank of America this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Cities Bank of America this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Cities Bank of America this new
+building the first highrise office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the first highrise office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the first highrise office
+building of which the lead Platinum lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of which the lead Platinum lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of which the lead Platinum lead
+Platinum higher level now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum higher level now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum higher level now that
+easy however if you search uh Google you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy however if you search uh Google you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy however if you search uh Google you
+will see a lot of stories say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a lot of stories say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a lot of stories say this is
+toxic and this consume much more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic and this consume much more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic and this consume much more energy
+it's even worse than the 80 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse than the 80 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse than the 80 years old
+this um some old building in uh this use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um some old building in uh this use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um some old building in uh this use
+more than twice as much energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than twice as much energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than twice as much energy per
+square foot as 80 years old ire State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square foot as 80 years old ire State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square foot as 80 years old ire State
+Building so bad it's that so but it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building so bad it's that so but it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building so bad it's that so but it's so
+bad what's the reason have you heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad what's the reason have you heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad what's the reason have you heard of
+this this famous building famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this famous building famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this famous building famous
+building you know this building you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you know this building you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you know this building you you
+you visit this building it's a brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visit this building it's a brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visit this building it's a brand new
+building yeah it's one one vender right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building yeah it's one one vender right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building yeah it's one one vender right
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+know by the way this Friday some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the way this Friday some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the way this Friday some of you
+will go to New York City to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to New York City to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to New York City to visit
+buildings right I will be with you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings right I will be with you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings right I will be with you I
+will be with you for the entire day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be with you for the entire day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be with you for the entire day of
+tour to visit New York City buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour to visit New York City buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour to visit New York City buildings
+but I don't think we will go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think we will go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think we will go to this
+building but this is brand new this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but this is brand new this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but this is brand new this the
+lead Platinum it said it will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead Platinum it said it will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead Platinum it said it will be very
+energy ination it turn out very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ination it turn out very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ination it turn out very bad
+what's the reason have you heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason have you heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason have you heard a
+story because they only when they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story because they only when they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story because they only when they did
+this Engineers use a model to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Engineers use a model to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Engineers use a model to predict
+like that but they didn't they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but they didn't they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but they didn't they they
+totally underestimate the machines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally underestimate the machines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally underestimate the machines in
+this building because they had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building because they had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building because they had like
+several floors of the workstations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several floors of the workstations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several floors of the workstations with
+a huge computer monitors and the desks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge computer monitors and the desks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge computer monitors and the desks
+and uh and uh not the personal computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and uh not the personal computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and uh not the personal computers
+and the servers and big machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the servers and big machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the servers and big machines and
+nobody turned off when they left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody turned off when they left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody turned off when they left the
+building it's 22 hours and all the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's 22 hours and all the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's 22 hours and all the days
+operating there then they consume a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating there then they consume a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating there then they consume a lot
+of building and they make the the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building and they make the the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building and they make the the space
+very hot so that's an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot so that's an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot so that's an example of this
+but overall this other examples is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall this other examples is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall this other examples is this
+this is this is totally out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is totally out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is totally out of the
+scope and the possible reasons just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and the possible reasons just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and the possible reasons just now
+we already said the engineering model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said the engineering model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said the engineering model
+that Professor CH Kristoff Reinhard they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor CH Kristoff Reinhard they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor CH Kristoff Reinhard they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+they they don't consider behaviors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't consider behaviors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't consider behaviors they
+don't consider whether people they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider whether people they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider whether people they turn
+on turn off the lights and the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on turn off the lights and the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on turn off the lights and the computers
+and the AC and other things they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the AC and other things they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the AC and other things they don't
+consider they assume everyone is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider they assume everyone is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider they assume everyone is such a
+good citizen will do whatever they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good citizen will do whatever they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good citizen will do whatever they can
+to reduce energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce energy
+consumption another thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption another thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption another thing is
+construction operation practice not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction operation practice not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction operation practice not
+follow design designers that have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow design designers that have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow design designers that have a good
+heart but the constructors they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart but the constructors they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart but the constructors they just
+want to reduce their cost no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce their cost no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce their cost no matter what
+I think you heard this story from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you heard this story from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you heard this story from the
+recent turkey earthquake right this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent turkey earthquake right this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent turkey earthquake right this so I
+I mean I mean the designers may may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I mean the designers may may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I mean the designers may may also
+did bad things but anyway they did very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did bad things but anyway they did very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did bad things but anyway they did very
+bad things and they didn't stick to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things and they didn't stick to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things and they didn't stick to the
+standard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of the
+construction and the designers even they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and the designers even they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and the designers even they
+design a green building but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a green building but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a green building but the
+Constructor they didn't follow that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor they didn't follow that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor they didn't follow that when
+they built the last one is our Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built the last one is our Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built the last one is our Focus
+which is a speed incentive between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a speed incentive between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a speed incentive between the
+tenants and the landlord this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants and the landlord this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants and the landlord this is very
+important for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us to
+understand but first of all we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but first of all we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but first of all we need
+understand lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand lease
+lease structure so I have those lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease structure so I have those lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease structure so I have those lease
+structures there so many types of leases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures there so many types of leases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures there so many types of leases
+but overall from this side called four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall from this side called four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall from this side called four
+service gross lease which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service gross lease which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service gross lease which means the
+tenants just pay a lum suum monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants just pay a lum suum monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants just pay a lum suum monthly
+lease a monthly rent then don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease a monthly rent then don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease a monthly rent then don't need to
+worry about anything all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about anything all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about anything all the all the
+energy builds that the land will pay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy builds that the land will pay no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy builds that the land will pay no
+problem just pay the lum sum total one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just pay the lum sum total one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just pay the lum sum total one
+number then nothing to to worry on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then nothing to to worry on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then nothing to to worry on the
+Other Extreme this is the Spectrum on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other Extreme this is the Spectrum on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other Extreme this is the Spectrum on
+the other end of the spectrum called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end of the spectrum called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end of the spectrum called
+triple net lease which means the tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple net lease which means the tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple net lease which means the tenants
+only pay the base rent and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pay the base rent and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pay the base rent and then for
+other things all the tenants will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things all the tenants will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things all the tenants will pay
+all the tenants will pay the bills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tenants will pay the bills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tenants will pay the bills and
+insurance and all the things so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and all the things so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and all the things so just a
+base rent and then all other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base rent and then all other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base rent and then all other things
+that's called net lease net rent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called net lease net rent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called net lease net rent this is
+gross so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross so that's a
+spectrum okay so this is Spectrum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum okay so this is Spectrum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum okay so this is Spectrum then
+in the middle is is some combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle is is some combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle is is some combinations of
+this and that who will pay what that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that who will pay what that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that who will pay what that's a
+negotiation between the landlord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation between the landlord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation between the landlord and
+tenant right negotiation you will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant right negotiation you will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant right negotiation you will pay
+this you will pay that and I will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will pay that and I will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will pay that and I will pay
+this then it's too complicated let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it's too complicated let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it's too complicated let's
+only look at the two ends of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the two ends of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the two ends of this
+spectrum one is gross this you pay one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum one is gross this you pay one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum one is gross this you pay one a
+mon don't need to worry about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon don't need to worry about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon don't need to worry about other
+things or the triple net which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or the triple net which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or the triple net which means you
+only pay a net lease net rent then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pay a net lease net rent then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pay a net lease net rent then you
+pay other bills I mean the tenants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay other bills I mean the tenants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay other bills I mean the tenants for
+this two think about imagine it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two think about imagine it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two think about imagine it's a
+office building it's a old office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office building it's a old office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office building it's a old office
+building it's not a new building it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's not a new building it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's not a new building it's
+old office building it's not energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old office building it's not energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old office building it's not energy
+efficient and the landlord is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and the landlord is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and the landlord is
+considering whether to retrofit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering whether to retrofit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering whether to retrofit the
+building to make this the Deep retr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to make this the Deep retr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to make this the Deep retr
+become Greener then under these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Greener then under these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Greener then under these two
+scenarios what do you think will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios what do you think will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios what do you think will be the
+challenge in the triple net situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge in the triple net situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge in the triple net situation
+the landlord isn't covering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landlord isn't covering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landlord isn't covering the
+utilities and so they're going to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and so they're going to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and so they're going to fit
+the bill for the retrofit but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill for the retrofit but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill for the retrofit but they're
+not going to recoup the savings from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to recoup the savings from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to recoup the savings from the
+utility cost and so they're they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cost and so they're they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cost and so they're they're less
+likely to do it yeah very good that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do it yeah very good that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do it yeah very good that's on
+the point uh the the the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point uh the the the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point uh the the the the other
+end any sound will be will this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end any sound will be will this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end any sound will be will this will be
+a perfect Le structure so that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect Le structure so that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect Le structure so that the the
+building will get greener will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building will get greener will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building will get greener will get
+retrofited again please U the tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofited again please U the tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofited again please U the tenants
+are covering the utility so they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are covering the utility so they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are covering the utility so they have no
+incentive to operate the building in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to operate the building in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to operate the building in a
+green way so they don't care they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green way so they don't care they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green way so they don't care they can
+leave the lights on leave the AC running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the lights on leave the AC running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the lights on leave the AC running
+all that stuff yes very good I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff yes very good I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff yes very good I think you
+expert on this have you started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on this have you started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on this have you started this
+split incentive no it's just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split incentive no it's just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split incentive no it's just from the
+readings okay good see you must read if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings okay good see you must read if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings okay good see you must read if
+you read you answer my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read you answer my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read you answer my
+questions okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay that's the
+Dilemma The Dilemma is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dilemma The Dilemma is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dilemma The Dilemma is the following
+either way is not the perfect think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way is not the perfect think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way is not the perfect think
+about the net lease net net triple net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the net lease net net triple net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the net lease net net triple net
+lease right so the owner if the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease right so the owner if the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease right so the owner if the owner
+invest money to retrofe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest money to retrofe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest money to retrofe the
+building however the owner cannot recoup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building however the owner cannot recoup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building however the owner cannot recoup
+the benefit because the the tenants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit because the the tenants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit because the the tenants are
+paying energy bills the tenant will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying energy bills the tenant will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying energy bills the tenant will be
+oh so great then next month I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so great then next month I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so great then next month I have so
+little so so low uh electricity bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so so low uh electricity bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so so low uh electricity bill
+maybe they they even didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they they even didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they they even didn't understand
+why but tenants just suddenly got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but tenants just suddenly got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but tenants just suddenly got some
+good luck and got very low energy build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck and got very low energy build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck and got very low energy build
+because the owner invest money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the owner invest money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the owner invest money to
+retrofit the building but the owner says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit the building but the owner says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit the building but the owner says
+why I'm going to doing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm going to doing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm going to doing I'm going to do
+this so stupid I'm not going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so stupid I'm not going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so stupid I'm not going to do this
+I only invest but I cannot get a benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only invest but I cannot get a benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only invest but I cannot get a benefit
+so stupid don't do so that's the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stupid don't do so that's the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stupid don't do so that's the owner
+will lose the incentive to do so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lose the incentive to do so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lose the incentive to do so because
+the tenant will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenant will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenant will just
+benefit but if you go to the girls this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit but if you go to the girls this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit but if you go to the girls this
+problem yes the owner invest the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yes the owner invest the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yes the owner invest the owner
+benefit because the owner will pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because the owner will pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because the owner will pay the
+energy bills then invest and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy bills then invest and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy bills then invest and then later
+lower energy bill good then ATT tenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy bill good then ATT tenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy bill good then ATT tenance
+has this nothing to do with me I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this nothing to do with me I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this nothing to do with me I don't
+care because I don't need to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because I don't need to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because I don't need to pay the
+bill why I need to care I still leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill why I need to care I still leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill why I need to care I still leave
+the light on all the things don't say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light on all the things don't say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light on all the things don't say I
+don't need to save energy I just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to save energy I just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to save energy I just make
+myself very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself very
+comfortable so there will be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable so there will be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable so there will be a lot of
+waste of the energy so either way is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of the energy so either way is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of the energy so either way is not
+perfect so that's why when need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so that's why when need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so that's why when need some
+design that's how the people you can oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's how the people you can oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's how the people you can oh
+install energy install technology I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install energy install technology I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install energy install technology I'll
+game over everything will be go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over everything will be go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over everything will be go go
+perfect no people people people and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect no people people people and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect no people people people and how
+you can make this two become friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make this two become friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make this two become friends
+instead of they don't kill each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of they don't kill each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of they don't kill each other
+right okay so I didn't ask you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I didn't ask you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I didn't ask you to read
+this case this is HB case but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is HB case but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is HB case but after
+class we will upload because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we will upload because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we will upload because it's very
+long case and I only use a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long case and I only use a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long case and I only use a little bit
+the beginning of that so I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of that so I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of that so I I don't want
+to burden your burden you but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burden your burden you but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burden your burden you but if you are
+interested really this case this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested really this case this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested really this case this very
+good case of the Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case of the Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case of the Energy Efficiency
+Finance in commercial real estate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance in commercial real estate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance in commercial real estate but
+the basic story I want to use for now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic story I want to use for now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic story I want to use for now on
+this point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is the
+following there's a Rockville city in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there's a Rockville city in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there's a Rockville city in
+Maryland and this guy this uh lber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland and this guy this uh lber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland and this guy this uh lber
+lanberg guy he is the owner of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanberg guy he is the owner of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanberg guy he is the owner of a
+commercial real estate building in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial real estate building in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial real estate building in this
+uh Rockville Town and that is a old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rockville Town and that is a old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rockville Town and that is a old
+building and at least to some tennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and at least to some tennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and at least to some tennis
+it's not big building it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not big building it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not big building it's a it's a
+mediumsized uh I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediumsized uh I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediumsized uh I think this is a
+mediumsized building of two 200 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediumsized building of two 200 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediumsized building of two 200 200
+square fet building old building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square fet building old building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square fet building old building but
+this a commercial building for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a commercial building for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a commercial building for example
+there some shops and some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some shops and some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some shops and some like
+restaurants and some some tenants some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants and some some tenants some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants and some some tenants some
+some tenants in that and here someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tenants in that and here someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tenants in that and here someone
+audit the building and found this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit the building and found this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit the building and found this too
+not energy efficient too old really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not energy efficient too old really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not energy efficient too old really need
+to Retro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Retro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Retro
+if you retrofit very clear benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you retrofit very clear benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you retrofit very clear benefit of
+energy saing because it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy saing because it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy saing because it's too
+old and WEA he will go for it that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and WEA he will go for it that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and WEA he will go for it that's a
+question so that's basically this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that's basically this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that's basically this case
+HBS case is about whether but this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HBS case is about whether but this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HBS case is about whether but this case
+talk about whether to do it or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about whether to do it or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about whether to do it or not and
+also the financing today we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the financing today we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the financing today we are not
+going to touch on the financing that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to touch on the financing that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to touch on the financing that for
+later but whether to do this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but whether to do this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but whether to do this so this
+case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the
+following then he made some estimate he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following then he made some estimate he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following then he made some estimate he
+has a team he made some estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a team he made some estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a team he made some estimate the
+case is cost of square feet 4 to8 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is cost of square feet 4 to8 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is cost of square feet 4 to8 if you
+use medium value that will be $6 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use medium value that will be $6 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use medium value that will be $6 per
+square feet of the initial cost of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet of the initial cost of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet of the initial cost of this
+drit and then the benefit about 30% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drit and then the benefit about 30% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drit and then the benefit about 30% of
+energy receiving that's very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy receiving that's very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy receiving that's very reasonable
+right because you need to invest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you need to invest in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you need to invest in this
+uh vations uh insulation thing I replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vations uh insulation thing I replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vations uh insulation thing I replace
+all HVAC and lighting and this all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all HVAC and lighting and this all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all HVAC and lighting and this all all
+kind of things cost benefit then he say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things cost benefit then he say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things cost benefit then he say
+okay these are parameters these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are parameters these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are parameters these are all
+about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about technology
+technology then they they did this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology then they they did this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology then they they did this uh
+calculation this is some parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation this is some parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation this is some parameters of
+this performa Baseline performa is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this performa Baseline performa is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this performa Baseline performa is too
+small for you to see but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for you to see but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for you to see but I want to
+highlight is the following this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight is the following this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight is the following this is
+without retrofit without retrofit look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without retrofit without retrofit look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without retrofit without retrofit look
+at 10 year Horizon then use 10 8% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 year Horizon then use 10 8% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 year Horizon then use 10 8% of the
+of the discount rate without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discount rate without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discount rate without any
+retrofit business as euro look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit business as euro look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit business as euro look this
+build is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build is worth
+100 this is 100 million US Dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 this is 100 million US Dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 this is 100 million US Dollars
+that's the value of the if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performer then this look at okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer then this look at okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer then this look at okay
+retrofit good opportunity retrofit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit good opportunity retrofit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit good opportunity retrofit it
+and then now we don't think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now we don't think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now we don't think about the
+tenants and landlord we think they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants and landlord we think they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants and landlord we think they are a
+family they're together a family if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family they're together a family if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family they're together a family if you
+think about the family very good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the family very good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the family very good because
+you will have Energy savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have Energy savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have Energy savings
+Energy savings and investment uh $6 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy savings and investment uh $6 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy savings and investment uh $6 per
+square feet and each year you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet and each year you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet and each year you will have
+energy bill savings this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy bill savings this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy bill savings this is this
+30% then this is incremental this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% then this is incremental this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% then this is incremental this is
+incremental cost incremental benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental cost incremental benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental cost incremental benefit
+that's on top of the Baseline right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on top of the Baseline right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on top of the Baseline right on
+top of Baseline incremental cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of Baseline incremental cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of Baseline incremental cost
+incremental benefit then you'll say Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental benefit then you'll say Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental benefit then you'll say Okay
+positive MPV positive MPV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive MPV positive MPV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive MPV positive MPV is
+40,000 do it green retr So Good by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 do it green retr So Good by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 do it green retr So Good by the
+way if some of you you didn't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if some of you you didn't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if some of you you didn't take the
+real fun finance class you are now very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fun finance class you are now very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fun finance class you are now very
+familiar with perform the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with perform the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with perform the financial
+tomorrow um tomorrow uh Anish recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow um tomorrow uh Anish recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow um tomorrow uh Anish recitation
+we'll cover that and tomorrow we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover that and tomorrow we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cover that and tomorrow we will
+have pizza right sanana yeah we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza right sanana yeah we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza right sanana yeah we will
+have pizza for you it's optional but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza for you it's optional but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza for you it's optional but for
+the pizza and for the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pizza and for the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pizza and for the knowledge
+come and but this missed something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and but this missed something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and but this missed something right
+do you think overall as a family so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think overall as a family so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think overall as a family so good
+go for it but it's a miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it but it's a miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it but it's a miss
+something you are not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I think I I I I missed something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think I I I I missed something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think I I I I missed something I
+need to say this is a triple net lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say this is a triple net lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say this is a triple net lease
+this a triple net lease means tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a triple net lease means tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a triple net lease means tenants
+pay the energy bill in that case what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the energy bill in that case what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the energy bill in that case what do
+we think is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes so basically triple net Le and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so basically triple net Le and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so basically triple net Le and
+the tenants get all the benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants get all the benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants get all the benefit the
+owner SP all the cost is mismatch how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner SP all the cost is mismatch how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner SP all the cost is mismatch how
+can this happen this guy is not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this happen this guy is not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this happen this guy is not this
+investor won't do that so if not we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor won't do that so if not we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor won't do that so if not we are
+not a family we are not a family we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a family we are not a family we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a family we are not a family we we
+are we are separate thing we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we are separate thing we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we are separate thing we are
+separate two groups right then owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate two groups right then owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate two groups right then owner
+okay problem owner's share of En
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay problem owner's share of En
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay problem owner's share of En
+receiving only 10% common area like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving only 10% common area like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving only 10% common area like
+Lobby and the elevators something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lobby and the elevators something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lobby and the elevators something like
+that 10% 90% of the saving will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10% 90% of the saving will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10% 90% of the saving will go to
+tenant and tenance has zero investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant and tenance has zero investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant and tenance has zero investment
+free lunch zero investment get 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch zero investment get 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch zero investment get 90%
+saving so good and tenant lose money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving so good and tenant lose money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving so good and tenant lose money the
+owner lose money so much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner lose money so much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner lose money so much because
+investment but only 10% of the en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment but only 10% of the en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment but only 10% of the en
+receiving got there so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving got there so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving got there so that's a
+situation I call the win and lose win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I call the win and lose win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I call the win and lose win
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+the tenants so happy the landlord quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants so happy the landlord quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants so happy the landlord quiet
+because this is bad right netive NP who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is bad right netive NP who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is bad right netive NP who
+are going to do this netive NP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do this netive NP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do this netive NP is
+against our investment CR uh Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against our investment CR uh Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against our investment CR uh Criterion
+so not good any solution give the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not good any solution give the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not good any solution give the last
+chance to say if there's anying solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to say if there's anying solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to say if there's anying solution
+to this if we still stick to n triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this if we still stick to n triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this if we still stick to n triple
+net incre the r increase rent what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net incre the r increase rent what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net incre the r increase rent what's the
+rational if you go to the T and say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational if you go to the T and say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational if you go to the T and say I'm
+going to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase the
+rent okay show them this yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent okay show them this yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent okay show them this yes that's
+basically to share the benefit the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to share the benefit the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to share the benefit the point
+is to share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+benefit yes yeah that's that's also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit yes yeah that's that's also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit yes yeah that's that's also like
+to share the cost and to share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share the cost and to share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share the cost and to share the
+benefit right so in this we have this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit right so in this we have this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit right so in this we have this um
+new thing called Green lease there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing called Green lease there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing called Green lease there's
+many many green Lee right now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many green Lee right now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many green Lee right now if you
+search green Le green Le is so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search green Le green Le is so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search green Le green Le is so many
+types of green Le but the basic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of green Le but the basic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of green Le but the basic point of
+the green leas is cost cost pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green leas is cost cost pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green leas is cost cost pass through
+or cost recovery which means oh yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cost recovery which means oh yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cost recovery which means oh yes the
+the tenant benefit so much lower lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenant benefit so much lower lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenant benefit so much lower lower
+the cost right lower so much cost 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost right lower so much cost 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost right lower so much cost 90% of
+the energy saving go to the tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy saving go to the tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy saving go to the tenants
+don't be so so selfish be generous be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be so so selfish be generous be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be so so selfish be generous be
+generous and sheare that it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous and sheare that it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous and sheare that it's not just a
+sheare but not generous but we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare but not generous but we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare but not generous but we Define
+that in the lease that if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the lease that if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the lease that if you have this
+energy saving we share with the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy saving we share with the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy saving we share with the owner
+sheare this benefit to the owner in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare this benefit to the owner in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare this benefit to the owner in term
+of a higher effective rent so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher effective rent so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher effective rent so that the
+benefit can be sheared by the owner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit can be sheared by the owner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit can be sheared by the owner and
+tenant in this way to incentivize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant in this way to incentivize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant in this way to incentivize the
+owners to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners to do
+so in this case this uh Rockville case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case this uh Rockville case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case this uh Rockville case
+if they shear and have this um have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they shear and have this um have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they shear and have this um have the
+rent increase of this 2.7% as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent increase of this 2.7% as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent increase of this 2.7% as a way to
+recover the cost then it will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the cost then it will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the cost then it will turn
+around and the owner MPV will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the owner MPV will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the owner MPV will become
+positive both are smiling and the win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive both are smiling and the win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive both are smiling and the win
+win of course this is hypothetical we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win of course this is hypothetical we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win of course this is hypothetical we
+say Okay 2.7% increase of the rent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay 2.7% increase of the rent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay 2.7% increase of the rent we
+will turn this around and have a r with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn this around and have a r with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn this around and have a r with
+good MPV all happy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good MPV all happy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good MPV all happy do
+this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question good point so I will uplo this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question good point so I will uplo this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question good point so I will uplo this
+there is a small mini case it's not big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a small mini case it's not big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a small mini case it's not big
+cases now HBS is a long case but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now HBS is a long case but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now HBS is a long case but there's
+a small mini cases green Le Mini case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small mini cases green Le Mini case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small mini cases green Le Mini case
+one two three and you will find it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three and you will find it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three and you will find it on
+our canas the way is they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our canas the way is they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our canas the way is they have different
+strategies to share the cost but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to share the cost but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to share the cost but the
+point is first you need to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is first you need to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is first you need to show the
+landlord cannot just cheat they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord cannot just cheat they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord cannot just cheat they need to
+show they have these meters very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they have these meters very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they have these meters very very
+small meters decentralized meters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small meters decentralized meters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small meters decentralized meters they
+really record and makes the show to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really record and makes the show to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really record and makes the show to the
+ten oh you see your energy me indu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten oh you see your energy me indu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten oh you see your energy me indu
+reduced by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by what
+then you share as a percentage so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you share as a percentage so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you share as a percentage so that's
+the and this one they work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and this one they work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and this one they work with the
+Energy company and use Renewables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy company and use Renewables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy company and use Renewables and
+then they told the tenants you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they told the tenants you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they told the tenants you must
+purchase energy from this Energy company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase energy from this Energy company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase energy from this Energy company
+because we work together to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we work together to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we work together to generate
+renewable company from the building then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable company from the building then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable company from the building then
+you must use their energy that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must use their energy that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must use their energy that's already
+put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the
+lease so that's several green lease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease so that's several green lease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease so that's several green lease and
+with this with this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this I'm going to
+conclude today's class but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude today's class but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude today's class but now you
+understand after class go to canas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand after class go to canas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand after class go to canas you
+find this green Leist structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this green Leist structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this green Leist structures and
+also that HBS case last year after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that HBS case last year after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that HBS case last year after I
+talk about this green Le thing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this green Le thing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this green Le thing one of
+the students M my student he had family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students M my student he had family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students M my student he had family
+business back to India and he learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business back to India and he learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business back to India and he learned
+this and he started to use green Le for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and he started to use green Le for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and he started to use green Le for
+his P business in the India office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his P business in the India office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his P business in the India office
+market and got some good success so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and got some good success so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and got some good success so
+that's that's a saying that you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a saying that you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a saying that you can if
+you you have some like internship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have some like internship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have some like internship and
+your own business you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own business you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own business you can think about
+this and how to design a real good green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how to design a real good green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how to design a real good green
+Leist is so many types to share to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leist is so many types to share to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leist is so many types to share to cause
+the recovery okay thank you and see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery okay thank you and see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery okay thank you and see you
+on Thursday and for Thea case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday and for Thea case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday and for Thea case uh
+teaching case and read it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beforehand for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uT7BXusDgDM.txt b/uT7BXusDgDM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01c6a060e4a622a390c168fed746d560d7c60a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uT7BXusDgDM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. uh let's uh get started. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. uh let's uh get started. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. uh let's uh get started. So
+today we're going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about uh
+Android security which is you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android security which is you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android security which is you can sort
+of think of it as a interesting case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of it as a interesting case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of it as a interesting case
+study of a system that was designed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of a system that was designed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of a system that was designed with
+quite a bit of attention paid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of attention paid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of attention paid to
+security in the first place. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security in the first place. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security in the first place. So this is
+perhaps in contrast to many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in contrast to many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in contrast to many of the
+systems we've looked at so far like Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we've looked at so far like Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we've looked at so far like Unix
+or the web uh browsers where security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the web uh browsers where security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the web uh browsers where security
+was in many ways bolted on after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in many ways bolted on after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in many ways bolted on after the
+fact and wasn't really designed in quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and wasn't really designed in quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and wasn't really designed in quite
+the same way as you see in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as you see in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as you see in this paper
+where these guys designing Android were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these guys designing Android were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these guys designing Android were
+very worried about particular classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very worried about particular classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very worried about particular classes of
+attacks and constructed mechanisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and constructed mechanisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and constructed mechanisms and
+figured out a better way of structuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out a better way of structuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out a better way of structuring
+applications that is going to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that is going to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that is going to allow us
+to enforce uh security policies in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce uh security policies in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce uh security policies in a
+better way uh in Android. Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way uh in Android. Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way uh in Android. Um and the
+cool thing is about it is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing is about it is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing is about it is that it's
+actually a pretty widely used system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty widely used system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty widely used system. So
+unlike some research papers that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike some research papers that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike some research papers that might
+propose a new architecture, uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a new architecture, uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a new architecture, uh this
+actually gets used in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets used in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets used in practice and
+there's lots and lots of Android devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots and lots of Android devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots and lots of Android devices
+out there and we can sort of talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and we can sort of talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and we can sort of talk about
+how well some things have worked out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well some things have worked out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well some things have worked out,
+how well some things didn't pan out. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well some things didn't pan out. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well some things didn't pan out. Um
+but uh sort of we will I guess look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh sort of we will I guess look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh sort of we will I guess look at
+uh what parts of the design they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what parts of the design they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what parts of the design they thought
+were important, what did they miss, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were important, what did they miss, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were important, what did they miss, uh
+what in practice turns out to matter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in practice turns out to matter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in practice turns out to matter or
+not. Um but it's kind of interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Um but it's kind of interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Um but it's kind of interesting in
+in some ways it also uses existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it also uses existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it also uses existing
+systems that we've talked about. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we've talked about. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we've talked about. So
+Android is built on top of Unix, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is built on top of Unix, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is built on top of Unix, right?
+It's just a Linux kernel running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a Linux kernel running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a Linux kernel running
+underneath the entire phone. So in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the entire phone. So in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the entire phone. So in many
+ways they use some of the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they use some of the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they use some of the familiar
+mechanisms you guys have seen in lab 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms you guys have seen in lab 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms you guys have seen in lab 2
+already where you use Unix user ids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already where you use Unix user ids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already where you use Unix user ids and
+groups and all these things to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and all these things to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and all these things to separate
+applications from one another. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications from one another. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications from one another. But in
+Android's case they have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android's case they have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android's case they have a very
+different way of setting up user ids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of setting up user ids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of setting up user ids and
+file permissions etc than in a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file permissions etc than in a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file permissions etc than in a typical
+Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux
+system. So I guess let's start out by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So I guess let's start out by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So I guess let's start out by uh
+talking about what is the threat model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what is the threat model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what is the threat model.
+What are these guys worried about on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are these guys worried about on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are these guys worried about on a
+phone? What's going on? What are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone? What's going on? What are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone? What's going on? What are they
+trying to protect against? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to protect against? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to protect against? What's the
+threat model?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat model?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat model?
+Yeah. Applications that want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Applications that want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Applications that want to do
+malicious things. Yeah. So, they worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious things. Yeah. So, they worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious things. Yeah. So, they worry
+about I guess there's these applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I guess there's these applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I guess there's these applications
+that are going to run on the phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to run on the phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to run on the phone and
+they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be
+malicious and I guess there's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious and I guess there's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious and I guess there's well
+there's outright malicious applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's outright malicious applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's outright malicious applications
+that are just out to get you maybe steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just out to get you maybe steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just out to get you maybe steal
+your private data. So, you know, things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your private data. So, you know, things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your private data. So, you know, things
+you might worry about. There's data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might worry about. There's data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might worry about. There's data.
+There's things that might cost money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's things that might cost money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's things that might cost money
+like sending an SMS message maybe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sending an SMS message maybe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sending an SMS message maybe or
+making a phone call. There's maybe using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a phone call. There's maybe using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a phone call. There's maybe using
+the internet, etc. Um, so and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet, etc. Um, so and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet, etc. Um, so and and so
+these are the presumably things you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the presumably things you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the presumably things you want
+to guard against or sort of protect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guard against or sort of protect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guard against or sort of protect on
+your phone. And then there's, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone. And then there's, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone. And then there's, you know,
+things that go wrong. So, presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go wrong. So, presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go wrong. So, presumably
+there's malicious applications because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's malicious applications because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's malicious applications because
+these guys want to allow users to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys want to allow users to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys want to allow users to
+install apps written by developers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install apps written by developers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install apps written by developers that
+Google has never heard of themselves. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has never heard of themselves. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has never heard of themselves. Uh
+or it might be that apps just have bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be that apps just have bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be that apps just have bugs
+themselves that you have a well-meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that you have a well-meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that you have a well-meaning
+developer but uh they forget to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer but uh they forget to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer but uh they forget to do
+something and it would be nice to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it would be nice to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it would be nice to help
+these guys as well build applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys as well build applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys as well build applications
+that uh remain secure despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh remain secure despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh remain secure despite the fact
+that the app developer isn't an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the app developer isn't an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the app developer isn't an expert
+in exactly every kind of vulnerability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly every kind of vulnerability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly every kind of vulnerability
+that uh might be exploited uh in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh might be exploited uh in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh might be exploited uh in their
+application.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application.
+So one interesting thing to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one interesting thing to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one interesting thing to do is
+actually we can sort of guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we can sort of guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we can sort of guess because
+Android is widely used we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is widely used we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is widely used we can look at
+various uh vulnerability reports. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh vulnerability reports. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh vulnerability reports. Uh so
+there's this database called CVE uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this database called CVE uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this database called CVE uh that
+catalogs lots of common vulnerabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalogs lots of common vulnerabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalogs lots of common vulnerabilities
+in um software systems. Uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um software systems. Uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um software systems. Uh and it's
+actually kind of interesting right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting right there
+there's uh a number of reports of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a number of reports of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh a number of reports of course
+of bugs in Android um but and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bugs in Android um but and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bugs in Android um but and many of
+them are sort of of the flavor you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are sort of of the flavor you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are sort of of the flavor you guys
+have already seen in the class. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already seen in the class. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already seen in the class. There's
+still buffer overflows in some parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still buffer overflows in some parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still buffer overflows in some parts of
+Android. there's bad default choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android. there's bad default choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android. there's bad default choices for
+crypto systems. People forget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto systems. People forget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto systems. People forget to
+initialize the random number generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the random number generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the random number generator
+sometimes and generate predictable keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and generate predictable keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and generate predictable keys.
+Uh so all these things do still happen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so all these things do still happen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so all these things do still happen,
+right? It's software. It's not immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's software. It's not immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's software. It's not immune
+from any of the other problems we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any of the other problems we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any of the other problems we've
+seen so far. But sort of one cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far. But sort of one cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far. But sort of one cool thing
+is that it doesn't seem to be a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it doesn't seem to be a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it doesn't seem to be a huge
+number of these issues. So they crop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these issues. So they crop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these issues. So they crop up
+from time to time, but by and large you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time, but by and large you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time, but by and large you
+can sort of fix these issues and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of fix these issues and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of fix these issues and uh the
+system remains, you know, reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remains, you know, reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remains, you know, reasonably
+secure after you fix these bugs. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure after you fix these bugs. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure after you fix these bugs. So in
+many ways this uh I think design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways this uh I think design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways this uh I think design is
+working reasonably well. Uh so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working reasonably well. Uh so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working reasonably well. Uh so we'll
+look at I guess in more details later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I guess in more details later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I guess in more details later on
+as to which parts of the design are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to which parts of the design are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to which parts of the design are
+working to various degrees but uh seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to various degrees but uh seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to various degrees but uh seems
+to be a reasonably well thoughtout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a reasonably well thoughtout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a reasonably well thoughtout
+design in or at least much more so than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in or at least much more so than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in or at least much more so than
+desktop you know Unix applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop you know Unix applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop you know Unix applications that
+you've seen so far. All right. So maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen so far. All right. So maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen so far. All right. So maybe
+one way to approach this is to to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to approach this is to to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to approach this is to to figure
+out how we're going to protect data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we're going to protect data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we're going to protect data and
+various services that might cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various services that might cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various services that might cost you
+money etc from malicious applications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money etc from malicious applications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money etc from malicious applications is
+first to understand what does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to understand what does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to understand what does an
+application look like in an Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application look like in an Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application look like in an Android
+system and then we'll talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then we'll talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then we'll talk about how
+various permissions or uh privileges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various permissions or uh privileges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various permissions or uh privileges are
+configured in that application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured in that application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured in that application and
+enforced. So Android applications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced. So Android applications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced. So Android applications are
+quite different from what you've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from what you've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from what you've seen so
+far in terms of desktop apps or web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in terms of desktop apps or web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in terms of desktop apps or web
+applications. So instead of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So instead of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So instead of being a
+monolithic piece of code with a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithic piece of code with a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithic piece of code with a main
+function that you start running and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you start running and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you start running and you
+just keep going forever, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going forever, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going forever, they're
+actually much more modular and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more modular and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more modular and the
+application in the case of Android uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in the case of Android uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in the case of Android uh is
+actually you can think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can think of it as a
+collection of components and the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of components and the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of components and the paper
+sort of talks about four kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talks about four kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talks about four kinds of
+components that the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that the framework
+uh that the Android framework sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the Android framework sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the Android framework sort of
+provides to you or gets the developer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides to you or gets the developer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides to you or gets the developer to
+think in terms of and the components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of and the components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of and the components are
+roughly uh there's something called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uh there's something called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uh there's something called an
+activity. So you might have an activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity. So you might have an activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity. So you might have an activity
+component and this is just a thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and this is just a thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and this is just a thing that
+uh has a user interface. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a user interface. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a user interface. So these are
+things that actually display things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually display things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually display things to
+the user or take user input, touches,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user or take user input, touches,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user or take user input, touches,
+key presses, etc. Uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key presses, etc. Uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key presses, etc. Uh in terms of
+security, the activity thing has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security, the activity thing has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security, the activity thing has an
+interesting security property that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting security property that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting security property that you
+probably want to make sure your user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to make sure your user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to make sure your user
+input is going to one activity at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is going to one activity at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is going to one activity at a
+time. So the framework I believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So the framework I believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So the framework I believe in
+Android actually ensures that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android actually ensures that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android actually ensures that there's
+only one activity that's getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one activity that's getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one activity that's getting your
+user input at a time. So if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user input at a time. So if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user input at a time. So if you are
+running your bank application, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your bank application, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your bank application, you can
+be reasonably confident that there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonably confident that there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasonably confident that there's not
+other applications in the background,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications in the background,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications in the background,
+you know, grabbing the screen presses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, grabbing the screen presses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, grabbing the screen presses
+corresponding to your PIN number in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to your PIN number in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to your PIN number in your
+bank app. So uh h having the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank app. So uh h having the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank app. So uh h having the framework
+be aware of these different activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of these different activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of these different activities
+helps uh enforce some security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps uh enforce some security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps uh enforce some security
+properties with respect to user input.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with respect to user input.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties with respect to user input.
+All right. So, so these guys are uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, so these guys are uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, so these guys are uh the
+sort of user interface component of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of user interface component of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of user interface component of an
+application. And then there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. And then there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. And then there's three
+other types of components that mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of components that mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of components that mostly
+help an application structure its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help an application structure its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help an application structure its own
+sort of logic and interaction with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of logic and interaction with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of logic and interaction with other
+components. So there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. So there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. So there's something called
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+service component and this guy just runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service component and this guy just runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service component and this guy just runs
+in the background. So you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background. So you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background. So you might have a
+service component that monitors your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service component that monitors your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service component that monitors your
+location like in the application these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location like in the application these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location like in the application these
+guys uh describe in the paper or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh describe in the paper or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh describe in the paper or you
+might have services that pull things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have services that pull things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have services that pull things
+from the network in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the network in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the network in the background
+etc. And then there these guys have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. And then there these guys have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. And then there these guys have a
+content provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component and you can think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and you can think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and you can think of these
+guys as just uh a sort of a SQL database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys as just uh a sort of a SQL database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys as just uh a sort of a SQL database
+that you can define or you define a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can define or you define a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can define or you define a a
+couple of tables with a schema etc. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tables with a schema etc. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tables with a schema etc. You
+can run SQL queries over the data stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run SQL queries over the data stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run SQL queries over the data stored
+in an application and having it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an application and having it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an application and having it be a
+component is going to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is going to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is going to allow the
+framework to control access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to control access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to control access to this
+database to say who's allowed to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to say who's allowed to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to say who's allowed to run
+queries against it. And then there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries against it. And then there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries against it. And then there's uh
+something kind of unusual that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of unusual that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of unusual that hasn't
+shown up in other systems, something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up in other systems, something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown up in other systems, something
+called a broadcast receiver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this guy is going to be used for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this guy is going to be used for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this guy is going to be used for uh
+receiving messages from other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving messages from other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving messages from other parts of
+the system. So we'll talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. So we'll talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. So we'll talk about how
+applications interact with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications interact with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications interact with one another
+in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+messages. All right. So this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages. All right. So this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages. All right. So this is some
+very high level logical view of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level logical view of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level logical view of how you
+can think of an Android application. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of an Android application. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of an Android application. But
+in reality all these are just Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality all these are just Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality all these are just Java
+classes or Java you know code that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes or Java you know code that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes or Java you know code that uh
+the developer writes and there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer writes and there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer writes and there's just
+some standard interface for an activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard interface for an activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard interface for an activity
+for a service for a broadcast rece for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a service for a broadcast rece for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a service for a broadcast rece for a
+content provider that you implement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content provider that you implement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content provider that you implement but
+really this is all just Java code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is all just Java code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is all just Java code and
+this application box is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application box is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application box is really just a
+Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java
+runtime that runs on top of your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime that runs on top of your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime that runs on top of your phone
+and it's just a single process on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a single process on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a single process on the
+Linux kernel running on your phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux kernel running on your phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux kernel running on your phone and
+all these components are just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these components are just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these components are just different
+sort of classes or pieces of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of classes or pieces of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of classes or pieces of code
+running inside of this Java runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running inside of this Java runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running inside of this Java runtime
+process. That make sense? That's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. That make sense? That's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. That make sense? That's how it
+sort of translates to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of translates to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of translates to, you know,
+traditional processes that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional processes that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional processes that you might
+understand otherwise. And the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand otherwise. And the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand otherwise. And the other
+thing that sort of ships with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that sort of ships with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that sort of ships with an
+application is what's called a manifest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is what's called a manifest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is what's called a manifest.
+So this is sort of code that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is sort of code that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is sort of code that the
+application developer writes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer writes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer writes or
+compiles. Uh but there's also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles. Uh but there's also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles. Uh but there's also this
+manifest that sits on the side which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest that sits on the side which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest that sits on the side which is
+a sort of a text or an XML file really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a text or an XML file really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a text or an XML file really
+that describes all these components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes all these components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes all these components and
+how other parts of the system should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how other parts of the system should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how other parts of the system should
+interact with this application. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this application. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this application. So in
+particular, this manifest is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, this manifest is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, this manifest is going to
+talk about things called labels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about things called labels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about things called labels that
+we'll talk about in a second that define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a second that define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a second that define
+both the privileges of this application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the privileges of this application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the privileges of this application
+in terms of what it should be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what it should be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what it should be allowed to
+do as well as the restrictions on who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as the restrictions on who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as the restrictions on who
+else should be able to interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else should be able to interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else should be able to interact with the
+different components of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of this
+application. That make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. That make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. That make
+sense? Questions about how that works?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Questions about how that works?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Questions about how that works?
+So is the label something like this app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is the label something like this app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is the label something like this app
+cannot make a phone call or this app can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make a phone call or this app can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make a phone call or this app can
+send a message. Yeah. So these labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message. Yeah. So these labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message. Yeah. So these labels
+are going to be things like well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be things like well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be things like well this
+application can dial a phone or can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application can dial a phone or can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application can dial a phone or can send
+an SMS message or can use the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SMS message or can use the internet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SMS message or can use the internet.
+And so there there's really two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there there's really two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there there's really two kinds of
+labels. So we can sort of draw them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels. So we can sort of draw them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels. So we can sort of draw them out
+here. So each application has a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So each application has a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So each application has a list of
+labels that describe the privileges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels that describe the privileges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels that describe the privileges that
+the application has. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application has. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application has. So these are
+something uh like maybe dial permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh like maybe dial permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh like maybe dial permission
+for dialing a phone, maybe internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etc. So we'll sort of talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. So we'll sort of talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. So we'll sort of talk about how
+they're described in a little bit. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're described in a little bit. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're described in a little bit. So
+these are privileges that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are privileges that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are privileges that the
+application has but then you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application has but then you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application has but then you can also
+stick labels on top of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick labels on top of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick labels on top of individual
+components and there they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and there they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and there they have a
+different meaning. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning. So these are
+privileges that the application has. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges that the application has. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges that the application has. If
+you have a label on a component, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a label on a component, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a label on a component, it's a
+requirement on anyone that talks to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on anyone that talks to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on anyone that talks to that
+component to have the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to have the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to have the corresponding
+label. So in uh you know their example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. So in uh you know their example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. So in uh you know their example,
+maybe you have some sort of a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some sort of a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some sort of a you know a
+friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend
+view privilege, right? So uh you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view privilege, right? So uh you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view privilege, right? So uh you are
+able to view the locations of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to view the locations of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to view the locations of your
+friends. So that seems like a privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends. So that seems like a privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends. So that seems like a privilege
+you might have in an application. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have in an application. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have in an application. So
+you're allowed to do this. But then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to do this. But then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to do this. But then in
+order to enforce this privilege, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to enforce this privilege, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to enforce this privilege, you
+might actually put this friend view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually put this friend view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually put this friend view
+label onto a particular component. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label onto a particular component. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label onto a particular component. So
+you might say, well, my content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say, well, my content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say, well, my content
+provider, the database storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider, the database storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider, the database storing the
+location of all my friends, might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of all my friends, might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of all my friends, might have
+the friend view label attached to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend view label attached to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend view label attached to it.
+And what this means is that anyone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this means is that anyone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this means is that anyone that
+wants to access this database better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to access this database better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to access this database better
+have this label in their privilege set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this label in their privilege set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this label in their privilege set.
+So that's how you sort of specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how you sort of specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how you sort of specify
+permissions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions.
+You can sort of think the of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can sort of think the of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can sort of think the of these are
+as like generalized user ids or group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like generalized user ids or group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like generalized user ids or group
+ids from Unix except they're arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ids from Unix except they're arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ids from Unix except they're arbitrary
+strings which make them slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which make them slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which make them slightly more
+flexible. You don't run out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible. You don't run out of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible. You don't run out of these
+guys. You don't worry so much about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. You don't worry so much about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. You don't worry so much about who
+gets the number 25 or you know silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the number 25 or you know silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the number 25 or you know silly
+things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So um it turns out these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So um it turns out these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So um it turns out these guys
+aren't at least in the design weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't at least in the design weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't at least in the design weren't
+super careful in scoping these guys out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super careful in scoping these guys out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super careful in scoping these guys out.
+So you could totally have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could totally have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could totally have two
+applications that decide to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that decide to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that decide to introduce
+the same label. So these labels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same label. So these labels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same label. So these labels are
+application defined partly uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application defined partly uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application defined partly uh and you
+could have two applications like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have two applications like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have two applications like you
+know Facebook and Google+ they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Facebook and Google+ they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Facebook and Google+ they you know
+say oh we want to both create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh we want to both create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh we want to both create a new
+permission string that's view your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission string that's view your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission string that's view your
+friends in a social network. Okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends in a social network. Okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends in a social network. Okay well
+they're the same string. So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same string. So by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same string. So by
+convention what happens is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention what happens is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention what happens is that these
+strings are actually longer than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are actually longer than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are actually longer than what
+I'm drawing out and they have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing out and they have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing out and they have sort of
+the domain of the Java style domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain of the Java style domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain of the Java style domain of
+the application defining it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application defining it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application defining it in the
+string. So uh dialperm I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. So uh dialperm I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. So uh dialperm I think is
+actually something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+com.google.android.dialperm. I I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com.google.android.dialperm. I I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com.google.android.dialperm. I I might
+have you know slightly screwed this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know slightly screwed this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know slightly screwed this up
+but roughly these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly these are the kinds of
+strings that show up in permissions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that show up in permissions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that show up in permissions. So
+if you have well-meaning applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have well-meaning applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have well-meaning applications
+then they won't collide in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they won't collide in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they won't collide in terms of
+these permission strings. But it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these permission strings. But it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these permission strings. But it turns
+out that nothing actually enforces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that nothing actually enforces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that nothing actually enforces this
+unfortunately in Android. So you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately in Android. So you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately in Android. So you do have
+some potential problems that arise as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential problems that arise as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential problems that arise as a
+result of this that sort of I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this that sort of I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this that sort of I don't know
+actually why they weren't sort of fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why they weren't sort of fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why they weren't sort of fixed.
+It's a little bit tricky to fix them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a little bit tricky to fix them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a little bit tricky to fix them.
+Maybe they these guys thought well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they these guys thought well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they these guys thought well
+that's good enough or maybe they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough or maybe they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough or maybe they weren't
+thinking of these issues anyway. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of these issues anyway. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of these issues anyway. So
+we'll see actually what arises if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see actually what arises if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see actually what arises if you
+have two applications that conflict on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two applications that conflict on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two applications that conflict on
+the label names that they get. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label names that they get. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label names that they get. All
+right, make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, make
+sense? All right. So, so this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So, so this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So, so this is what a
+single application looks like. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single application looks like. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single application looks like. It's a
+bunch of Java code, a manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Java code, a manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Java code, a manifest
+describing the permissions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the permissions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the permissions for the
+application and the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and the required
+restrictions on all the components. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on all the components. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on all the components. And
+then in order to communicate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in order to communicate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in order to communicate between
+applications uh for the most part it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh for the most part it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh for the most part it's
+done through what's called an intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done through what's called an intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done through what's called an intent
+which is an Android thing that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an Android thing that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an Android thing that uh the
+developers of this framework introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of this framework introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of this framework introduce
+and an intent you can sort of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an intent you can sort of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an intent you can sort of think of
+it as a structured message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a structured message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a structured message
+um that well we'll see sort of see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that well we'll see sort of see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that well we'll see sort of see how
+these components of an intent are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components of an intent are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components of an intent are going
+to be used in a second but roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in a second but roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in a second but roughly the
+intent has three important things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent has three important things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent has three important things.
+There's like other fields of course, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's like other fields of course, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's like other fields of course, but
+the main thing is the name of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing is the name of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing is the name of a
+component to which you want to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to which you want to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to which you want to send a
+message. There's the uh action that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. There's the uh action that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. There's the uh action that you
+want the component to take and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the component to take and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the component to take and the data
+along with a mime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with a mime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with a mime
+type that you want to send to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that you want to send to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that you want to send to this other
+component. So just as an example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So just as an example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So just as an example this is
+a little abstract but what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little abstract but what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little abstract but what you could
+imagine is that this component is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that this component is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that this component is maybe
+you know you can imagine com you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can imagine com you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can imagine com you know
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Android dialer maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android dialer maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android dialer maybe
+uh slash you know dial or something. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slash you know dial or something. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slash you know dial or something. So
+this is how you name a component in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you name a component in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you name a component in
+Android you specify the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android you specify the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android you specify the name of the
+application which is kind of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is kind of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is kind of like this
+Java inverted domain name like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java inverted domain name like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java inverted domain name like
+com.android.dialer dialer is the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com.android.dialer dialer is the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com.android.dialer dialer is the name of
+an overall application to which you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall application to which you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall application to which you want
+to send an intent and then you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send an intent and then you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send an intent and then you write
+something like you know slash dial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know slash dial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know slash dial and
+dial is the name of a component within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial is the name of a component within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial is the name of a component within
+that target application to which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that target application to which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that target application to which you're
+sending this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this
+message. Okay, so that's how you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. Okay, so that's how you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. Okay, so that's how you sort of
+name a component uh the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a component uh the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a component uh the sort of
+particular component where you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular component where you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular component where you want to
+send this guy. The action um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this guy. The action um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this guy. The action um there's a
+sort of a predefined set of actions. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a predefined set of actions. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a predefined set of actions. You
+could stick in your own things as well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stick in your own things as well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stick in your own things as well,
+but you might have something like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might have something like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might have something like I
+think Android.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot dial. So this is a predefined string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dial. So this is a predefined string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dial. So this is a predefined string
+or by convention a string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by convention a string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by convention a string that
+applications put in the action field if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications put in the action field if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications put in the action field if
+they want the phone dialer to dial a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the phone dialer to dial a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the phone dialer to dial a
+phone number for them. So this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number for them. So this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number for them. So this is how
+you sort of stick something in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of stick something in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of stick something in here.
+There's other actions like if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other actions like if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other actions like if you want
+to view a document, you'll stick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view a document, you'll stick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view a document, you'll stick uh
+something something view in the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something view in the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something view in the action
+field and this will tell the receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this will tell the receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this will tell the receiving
+component that you just want to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that you just want to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that you just want to view
+this object instead of dialing the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object instead of dialing the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object instead of dialing the phone
+number that's in the object perhaps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's in the object perhaps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's in the object perhaps.
+And then finally the data is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally the data is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally the data is basically
+an arbitrary URI or URL for the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary URI or URL for the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary URI or URL for the data
+that you want to uh send along with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to uh send along with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to uh send along with this
+message. So it could be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. So it could be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. So it could be something like
+you know telephone call on some digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know telephone call on some digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know telephone call on some digits
+to dial the phone number could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial the phone number could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial the phone number could be an
+actual HTTP URL that you want to view or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual HTTP URL that you want to view or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual HTTP URL that you want to view or
+open uh might be any other application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh might be any other application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh might be any other application
+defined URI as well. So this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined URI as well. So this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined URI as well. So this is how you
+send these messages and the way these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send these messages and the way these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send these messages and the way these
+messages are actually routed through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages are actually routed through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages are actually routed through the
+system is with the help of the Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is with the help of the Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is with the help of the Android
+runtime itself that sits underneath all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime itself that sits underneath all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime itself that sits underneath all
+these applications. So you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications. So you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications. So you can sort of
+think of the Android runtime as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the Android runtime as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the Android runtime as being
+sort of somewhere between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of somewhere between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of somewhere between the
+applications and the kernel. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and the kernel. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and the kernel. It's not
+quite correct, but maybe let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite correct, but maybe let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite correct, but maybe let's try to
+draw some picture to clarify what uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some picture to clarify what uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some picture to clarify what uh the
+architecture of this thing looks like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of this thing looks like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of this thing looks like.
+So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you
+have one application that's running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one application that's running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one application that's running on
+Android. Perhaps you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android. Perhaps you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android. Perhaps you have another
+application. These are all boxes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. These are all boxes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. These are all boxes that
+are basically these guys, a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically these guys, a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically these guys, a separate
+application with a bunch of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application with a bunch of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application with a bunch of components
+internally. Of course, these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally. Of course, these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally. Of course, these guys are
+all processes running on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all processes running on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all processes running on top of the
+Linux kernel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux kernel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux kernel.
+So that's providing some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's providing some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's providing some degree of
+isolation between the applications. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation between the applications. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation between the applications. And
+then there's the what the paper calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the what the paper calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the what the paper calls
+the reference monitor and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor and this guy is
+going to mediate all the intent level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mediate all the intent level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mediate all the intent level
+interactions between the different apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the different apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the different apps
+here. So if app one wants to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So if app one wants to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So if app one wants to send a
+message to app two, uh they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to app two, uh they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to app two, uh they actually are
+going to send a message to the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send a message to the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send a message to the reference
+monitor first. So this is how you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor first. So this is how you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor first. So this is how you send
+all intents in Android is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents in Android is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents in Android is that you
+create one of these intent messages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one of these intent messages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one of these intent messages and
+you basically send it over some pipe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically send it over some pipe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically send it over some pipe to
+this reference monitor. So Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference monitor. So Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference monitor. So Android
+basically has its own implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has its own implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has its own implementation of
+pipes for sending these kinds of intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes for sending these kinds of intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes for sending these kinds of intents
+called binder and every Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called binder and every Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called binder and every Android
+application by convention is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application by convention is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application by convention is going to
+open a binder connection over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a binder connection over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a binder connection over to the
+reference monitor. So the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor. So the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor. So the reference
+monitor can get intents from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor can get intents from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor can get intents from this
+application as well as send messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application as well as send messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application as well as send messages
+over to this application. So in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this application. So in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this application. So in our
+case, if app one writes an intent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, if app one writes an intent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, if app one writes an intent for
+app 2 to the reference monitor, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app 2 to the reference monitor, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app 2 to the reference monitor, the
+reference monitor is going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor is going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor is going to figure out
+where this intent should go and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this intent should go and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this intent should go and you know
+relay it over here to app 2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay it over here to app 2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay it over here to app 2. So
+application two can I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application two can I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application two can I don't know maybe
+start an activity or you know receive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start an activity or you know receive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start an activity or you know receive a
+message or you know do a SQL query etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or you know do a SQL query etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or you know do a SQL query etc
+for app one that make sense roughly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for app one that make sense roughly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for app one that make sense roughly in
+terms of what's going on. Yeah. Question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's going on. Yeah. Question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's going on. Yeah. Question
+does the permission does the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the permission does the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the permission does the label
+checking happen once it gets to the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking happen once it gets to the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking happen once it gets to the app
+or does the reference ah yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does the reference ah yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does the reference ah yeah yeah so
+the reference monitor hugely importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor hugely importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor hugely importantly
+is in charge of checking all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in charge of checking all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in charge of checking all the
+permissions uh that are represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions uh that are represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions uh that are represented by
+these labels. Um so you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels. Um so you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels. Um so you could imagine
+sort of different things going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different things going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different things going on right
+in terms of uh checking the permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh checking the permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh checking the permissions
+in the apps themselves. Uh so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the apps themselves. Uh so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the apps themselves. Uh so why do
+these guys actually do the checking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys actually do the checking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys actually do the checking in
+the reference monitor instead of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor instead of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor instead of in the
+applications? Would it make sense to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications? Would it make sense to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications? Would it make sense to do
+the checking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checking in the
+app? So suppose we so suppose we stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app? So suppose we so suppose we stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app? So suppose we so suppose we stuck
+the label checks into app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label checks into app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label checks into app
+one. Would that be reasonable? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Would that be reasonable? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Would that be reasonable? Yeah.
+Well, that seems like a bad idea because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that seems like a bad idea because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that seems like a bad idea because
+someone compromises the app, injects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone compromises the app, injects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone compromises the app, injects
+some code and is able to change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some code and is able to change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some code and is able to change its
+behavior and get past the check. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and get past the check. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and get past the check. Yeah.
+Right. So, so, so you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, so, so you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, so, so you probably don't
+want to stick it in the sender because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stick it in the sender because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stick it in the sender because
+you don't really want to trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really want to trust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really want to trust the
+sender. So, if you install in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender. So, if you install in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender. So, if you install in particular
+a malicious application which you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a malicious application which you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a malicious application which you want
+to be able to handle, that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to handle, that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to handle, that application
+isn't going to be guaranteed to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be guaranteed to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be guaranteed to do the
+correct checks for us. Um, so that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct checks for us. Um, so that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct checks for us. Um, so that seems
+a little unfortunate. Uh, so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little unfortunate. Uh, so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little unfortunate. Uh, so we didn't
+do we don't want to do the checks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we don't want to do the checks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we don't want to do the checks on the
+sender side. What about doing the checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender side. What about doing the checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender side. What about doing the checks
+on the receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the receive
+side in app 2? What about that? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in app 2? What about that? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in app 2? What about that? Yeah,
+you could, but you would need crypto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could, but you would need crypto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could, but you would need crypto and
+you would need a PKI. So, it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need a PKI. So, it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need a PKI. So, it would be
+much more. Okay. So, you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more. Okay. So, you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more. Okay. So, you're thinking
+this would have to be crypto and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have to be crypto and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have to be crypto and have to
+have a PKI involved. So, I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PKI involved. So, I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PKI involved. So, I'm not sure
+you have to have crypto because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have crypto because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have crypto because the
+kernel can tell you exactly where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel can tell you exactly where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel can tell you exactly where things
+are coming from. So, you could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from. So, you could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from. So, you could still
+have the reference monitor, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the reference monitor, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the reference monitor, you know,
+tell you, oh, this is coming from app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you, oh, this is coming from app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you, oh, this is coming from app
+one. So you don't really need a PI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So you don't really need a PI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So you don't really need a PI in
+that sense. So it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense. So it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense. So it doesn't have to be
+cryptoreated. I think you need crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptoreated. I think you need crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptoreated. I think you need crypto
+generally when you're talking over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when you're talking over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when you're talking over the
+network when there's nothing common that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network when there's nothing common that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network when there's nothing common that
+you can trust here. I think it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can trust here. I think it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can trust here. I think it's not so
+much about crypto. Um any other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about crypto. Um any other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about crypto. Um any other reasons
+why you would actually maybe want it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you would actually maybe want it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you would actually maybe want it in
+a reference monitor? Yeah, you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference monitor? Yeah, you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference monitor? Yeah, you might
+want to shift the burden away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift the burden away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift the burden away from the
+developer who ends up making a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer who ends up making a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer who ends up making a lot of
+mistakes. Right. I think a huge part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Right. I think a huge part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Right. I think a huge part of
+it is app bugs, right? You don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is app bugs, right? You don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is app bugs, right? You don't really
+want silly bugs that the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want silly bugs that the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want silly bugs that the application
+developer makes to compromise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer makes to compromise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer makes to compromise the
+security. So to the extent possible, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. So to the extent possible, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. So to the extent possible, I
+think you want to factor out common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you want to factor out common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you want to factor out common
+functionality into code that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into code that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into code that the
+developer doesn't have to worry about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer doesn't have to worry about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer doesn't have to worry about so
+much or doesn't even have a chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or doesn't even have a chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or doesn't even have a chance of
+screwing up. Um, so this seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing up. Um, so this seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing up. Um, so this seems like a
+partially a good reason for sticking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially a good reason for sticking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially a good reason for sticking to
+the reference monitor. Yeah, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor. Yeah, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor. Yeah, it could
+also be because you want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be because you want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be because you want to minimize the
+trusted surface of the entire system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted surface of the entire system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted surface of the entire system. So
+you want to make the reference monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make the reference monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make the reference monitor
+so small that it can actually be audited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small that it can actually be audited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small that it can actually be audited
+on its own or have some component that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own or have some component that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own or have some component that
+deals with the actual label checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the actual label checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the actual label checking
+that can be checked on it. Right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be checked on it. Right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be checked on it. Right. Yeah.
+So that seems like a potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that seems like a potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that seems like a potentially
+reasonable plan as well because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable plan as well because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable plan as well because the
+security of the overall system depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of the overall system depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of the overall system depends
+on the reference monitor being correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reference monitor being correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reference monitor being correct.
+Well, you could sort of see this going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you could sort of see this going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you could sort of see this going
+either way, right? Actually putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way, right? Actually putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way, right? Actually putting the
+logic into the reference monitor makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic into the reference monitor makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic into the reference monitor makes
+the reference monitor bigger. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor bigger. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor bigger. So you
+could make the RM smaller by delegating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make the RM smaller by delegating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make the RM smaller by delegating
+some work to the apps. Although then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to the apps. Although then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to the apps. Although then
+there's some library you have to audit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some library you have to audit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some library you have to audit.
+So it's not exactly clear. Um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not exactly clear. Um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not exactly clear. Um I think
+the one other sort of example I came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one other sort of example I came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one other sort of example I came up
+with for why to do that. Well, I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for why to do that. Well, I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for why to do that. Well, I guess
+there's two things. One is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things. One is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things. One is just
+simplicity. I think it's easier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity. I think it's easier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity. I think it's easier to do
+the checks all in one place in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checks all in one place in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checks all in one place in many
+ways. Um so you can sort of as you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. Um so you can sort of as you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. Um so you can sort of as you were
+saying that you could really look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you could really look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you could really look at
+this and say oh yep the checks are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say oh yep the checks are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say oh yep the checks are being
+done they're always being done on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done they're always being done on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done they're always being done on every
+message. Uh so that's sort of convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. Uh so that's sort of convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. Uh so that's sort of convincing
+or you know good from a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know good from a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know good from a software
+engineering perspective perhaps. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering perspective perhaps. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering perspective perhaps. Another
+thing is that uh these intents have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that uh these intents have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that uh these intents have two
+addressing modes. Uh in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing modes. Uh in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing modes. Uh in particular in
+the paper they describe what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper they describe what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper they describe what are called
+ex implicit and explicit intents. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex implicit and explicit intents. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex implicit and explicit intents. So
+explicit intents are ones where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit intents are ones where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit intents are ones where you
+specify some component and you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify some component and you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify some component and you actually
+say it has to go to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it has to go to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it has to go to this particular
+component. So for for these explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So for for these explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So for for these explicit
+intents, it's actually totally fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents, it's actually totally fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents, it's actually totally fine to
+do the checking on the receiver side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the checking on the receiver side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the checking on the receiver side
+because well you know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well you know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well you know where you're going
+to send it, you can send it there and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it, you can send it there and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it, you can send it there and if
+it doesn't want to allow you to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't want to allow you to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't want to allow you to send the
+message, it'll drop it on the floor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message, it'll drop it on the floor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message, it'll drop it on the floor or
+reject it somehow. But then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it somehow. But then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it somehow. But then there's also
+implicit intents in Android where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit intents in Android where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit intents in Android where you
+don't know as a sender exactly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know as a sender exactly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know as a sender exactly which
+application you want to receive uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you want to receive uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you want to receive uh your
+message. So this might happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. So this might happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. So this might happen if you
+just want to view a picture or you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to view a picture or you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to view a picture or you want
+to dial a phone number but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial a phone number but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial a phone number but you don't
+actually know which phone dialer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know which phone dialer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know which phone dialer the
+user has has installed. Maybe has a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user has has installed. Maybe has a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user has has installed. Maybe has a you
+know Google voice voice over IP dialer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google voice voice over IP dialer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google voice voice over IP dialer
+or Skype or who knows what. So in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Skype or who knows what. So in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Skype or who knows what. So in those
+case these implicit intents actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these implicit intents actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these implicit intents actually
+skip the component name and just say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the component name and just say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the component name and just say I
+want this action to be handled with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this action to be handled with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this action to be handled with this
+data by some application out there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by some application out there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by some application out there. And
+in this case it's the job of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's the job of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's the job of the
+reference monitor to find an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor to find an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor to find an application
+that's suitable for handling that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suitable for handling that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suitable for handling that kind
+of message dialing a phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of message dialing a phone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of message dialing a phone number
+viewing a PDF or a JPEG image or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing a PDF or a JPEG image or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing a PDF or a JPEG image or what
+have you. And in that case the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you. And in that case the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you. And in that case the reference
+monitor can actually take permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor can actually take permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor can actually take permissions
+into account when choosing a suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account when choosing a suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account when choosing a suitable
+application. So it might be that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So it might be that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So it might be that there's
+some very sensitive PDF viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very sensitive PDF viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very sensitive PDF viewer
+application you have installed and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you have installed and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you have installed and it's
+capable of viewing PDFs but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of viewing PDFs but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of viewing PDFs but you don't
+want it accessible to most apps. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it accessible to most apps. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it accessible to most apps. So
+maybe the permissions on it don't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the permissions on it don't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the permissions on it don't allow
+that application to receive PDF view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application to receive PDF view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application to receive PDF view
+messages from the rest of the system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the rest of the system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the rest of the system. So
+in this case the reference monitor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the reference monitor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the reference monitor will
+look at this and say well you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and say well you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and say well you're not
+allowed to send your request there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to send your request there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to send your request there but
+maybe another application is willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe another application is willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe another application is willing to
+handle your request. So this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle your request. So this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle your request. So this sort of
+simplifies the user interface or user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the user interface or user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the user interface or user
+interaction here to by matching an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here to by matching an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here to by matching an
+available system including and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available system including and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available system including and
+considering the permissions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the permissions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the permissions that are
+available to the sender that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the sender that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the sender that make sense
+to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+extent. Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent. Any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent. Any questions?
+Yeah. Would the reference monitor ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Would the reference monitor ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Would the reference monitor ever
+be a th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a th
+it could be? Yeah. So like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be? Yeah. So like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be? Yeah. So like a lot of
+these messages are sent through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages are sent through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages are sent through the
+reference monitor and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor and I don't know
+whether it's actually currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's actually currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's actually currently
+multi-threaded or not. You probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded or not. You probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded or not. You probably
+could make it multi-threaded. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it multi-threaded. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it multi-threaded. I think
+the logic it's implementing doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic it's implementing doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic it's implementing doesn't
+involve maintaining a lot of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve maintaining a lot of shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve maintaining a lot of shared
+state. So you could probably process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So you could probably process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So you could probably process
+many of these intent messages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these intent messages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these intent messages in
+parallel if need be. Uh I suspect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel if need be. Uh I suspect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel if need be. Uh I suspect you
+could probably avoid it being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably avoid it being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably avoid it being a
+bottleneck for bulk things. uh Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck for bulk things. uh Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck for bulk things. uh Android
+has an RPC mechanism that the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an RPC mechanism that the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an RPC mechanism that the paper
+talks about where if you want to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about where if you want to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about where if you want to send a
+lot of operations to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of operations to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of operations to another
+application, you actually send what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, you actually send what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, you actually send what's
+called a bind intent to the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a bind intent to the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a bind intent to the reference
+monitor saying I want a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor saying I want a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor saying I want a direct
+connection to this application. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to this application. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to this application. And if
+you send a bind intent to the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a bind intent to the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a bind intent to the reference
+monitor and forwards that app to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and forwards that app to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and forwards that app to this
+app, then you're going to establish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app, then you're going to establish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app, then you're going to establish this
+sort of bound channel between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bound channel between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bound channel between these two
+apps and then send lots of messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps and then send lots of messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps and then send lots of messages
+directly between one another. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly between one another. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly between one another. So if you
+if some application is worried about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some application is worried about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some application is worried about an
+interface which is performance critical,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface which is performance critical,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface which is performance critical,
+they'll probably do this uh instead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably do this uh instead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably do this uh instead.
+Yeah. Question. Why does the permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question. Why does the permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question. Why does the permission
+checking work on that? Because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking work on that? Because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking work on that? Because every
+single label needs to match up if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single label needs to match up if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single label needs to match up if you're
+able to directly communicate with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to directly communicate with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to directly communicate with them.
+Ah so so here um it's not the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah so so here um it's not the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah so so here um it's not the case that
+you get direct access inside of app 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get direct access inside of app 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get direct access inside of app 2.
+It's not that you can directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not that you can directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not that you can directly
+manipulate all the stuff in the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate all the stuff in the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate all the stuff in the address
+space or the objects of app 2. you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or the objects of app 2. you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or the objects of app 2. you just
+get a channel that the other application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a channel that the other application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a channel that the other application
+is willing to sort of look at messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to sort of look at messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to sort of look at messages
+of uh and do something sensible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh and do something sensible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh and do something sensible with
+these messages. Um so it's up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages. Um so it's up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages. Um so it's up to the
+application two here to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application two here to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application two here to look at these
+messages and do something sensible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and do something sensible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and do something sensible with
+them. Not to allow arbitrary code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Not to allow arbitrary code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Not to allow arbitrary code
+execution or arbitrary access but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution or arbitrary access but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution or arbitrary access but in
+this application I think they have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application I think they have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application I think they have two
+operations where you can add a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations where you can add a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations where you can add a new
+friend or enable or disable tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or enable or disable tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or enable or disable tracking
+through this interface. So there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this interface. So there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this interface. So there's like
+well- definfined messages that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- definfined messages that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- definfined messages that you
+define and you're going to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define and you're going to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define and you're going to implement
+probably one of these service components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of these service components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of these service components
+that's responsible for taking a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's responsible for taking a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's responsible for taking a message
+and checking that it's sensible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking that it's sensible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking that it's sensible and
+executing that operation. Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing that operation. Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing that operation. Sense
+question. Well, so I guess intents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Well, so I guess intents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Well, so I guess intents are
+usually sort of human initiated, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually sort of human initiated, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually sort of human initiated, right?
+Yeah. And humans are pretty slow, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And humans are pretty slow, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And humans are pretty slow, so
+it's unlikely that the reference monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that the reference monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that the reference monitor
+is going to be any kind of bug. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be any kind of bug. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be any kind of bug. Yeah,
+that's probably true. Yeah, I I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true. Yeah, I I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true. Yeah, I I it
+depends on Exactly. Yeah, I guess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Exactly. Yeah, I guess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Exactly. Yeah, I guess how
+you're using intents. It's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using intents. It's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using intents. It's a little bit
+of a bummer, right? In the paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bummer, right? In the paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bummer, right? In the paper they
+say that uh the permissions at bind time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh the permissions at bind time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh the permissions at bind time
+are checked by the reference monitor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are checked by the reference monitor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are checked by the reference monitor but
+the permissions on individual RPC calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permissions on individual RPC calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permissions on individual RPC calls
+between these applications are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these applications are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these applications are not
+checked by the reference monitor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked by the reference monitor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked by the reference monitor because
+you have this direct channel between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this direct channel between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this direct channel between two
+applications. So presumably the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So presumably the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So presumably the way
+actually I don't know exactly why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know exactly why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know exactly why they
+chose to do it this way. Perhaps it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to do it this way. Perhaps it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to do it this way. Perhaps it's to
+get away from having a reference monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from having a reference monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from having a reference monitor
+be any kind of bottleneck for uh heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any kind of bottleneck for uh heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any kind of bottleneck for uh heavy
+communication. But it means that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. But it means that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. But it means that uh the
+permissions for individual RPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions for individual RPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions for individual RPC
+operations between the applications have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations between the applications have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations between the applications have
+to be done in software inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in software inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in software inside of the
+application logic which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application logic which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application logic which is a little bit
+unfortunate if we want to avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate if we want to avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate if we want to avoid the
+application developer making these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer making these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer making these kinds
+of mistakes and maybe forgetting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mistakes and maybe forgetting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mistakes and maybe forgetting to
+check the permissions on some RPC calls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the permissions on some RPC calls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the permissions on some RPC calls.
+Um, so in some ways if you're purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so in some ways if you're purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so in some ways if you're purely
+worried about security, it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about security, it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about security, it might have
+been nicer to forward all the RPCs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nicer to forward all the RPCs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nicer to forward all the RPCs
+through the reference monitor as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reference monitor as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reference monitor as well
+because then the reference monitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the reference monitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the reference monitor is
+going to make sure that it checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that it checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that it checks
+permissions on every RPC call instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions on every RPC call instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions on every RPC call instead of
+just at the time you establish a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the time you establish a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the time you establish a channel
+for future RPC calls uh between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future RPC calls uh between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future RPC calls uh between two
+apps. That make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps. That make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps. That make
+sense? All right. Okay. So let's uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. Okay. So let's uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. Okay. So let's uh try
+to figure out actually like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out actually like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out actually like one
+interesting thing to try to contrast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to try to contrast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to try to contrast is
+why did these guys before we dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did these guys before we dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did these guys before we dive into
+sort of a little bit more details why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a little bit more details why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a little bit more details why
+did these guys design a whole new app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these guys design a whole new app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these guys design a whole new app
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+for Android applications as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Android applications as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Android applications as opposed to
+you know we've seen already you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've seen already you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've seen already you know
+there's desktop applications there's web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's desktop applications there's web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's desktop applications there's web
+applications why did these guys invent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications why did these guys invent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications why did these guys invent a
+whole new way of writing software like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new way of writing software like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new way of writing software like
+in some ways this is confusing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways this is confusing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways this is confusing for the
+developer because if I'm used to writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer because if I'm used to writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer because if I'm used to writing
+my nice little C program with a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nice little C program with a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nice little C program with a main
+function I look at doesn't say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I look at doesn't say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I look at doesn't say well what
+the hell I mean what what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell I mean what what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell I mean what what am I going to
+do with I have to define four kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with I have to define four kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with I have to define four kinds of
+components and I have to send intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I have to send intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I have to send intents
+instead of just having a crruct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having a crruct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having a crruct and
+writing straight line code. Um, so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing straight line code. Um, so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing straight line code. Um, so what
+are the sort of pros or cons of existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort of pros or cons of existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort of pros or cons of existing
+app models? Right. So, so we have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app models? Right. So, so we have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app models? Right. So, so we have I
+guess desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apps and web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps and web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps and web
+apps. Why do we need a third column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps. Why do we need a third column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps. Why do we need a third column so
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+say? So I guess what are the nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say? So I guess what are the nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say? So I guess what are the nice things
+about these guys? Yeah, the model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these guys? Yeah, the model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these guys? Yeah, the model has
+completely changed now, right? Because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely changed now, right? Because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely changed now, right? Because I
+think on desktop apps you don't put as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on desktop apps you don't put as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on desktop apps you don't put as
+much trust in the developers as you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trust in the developers as you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trust in the developers as you put
+on the uh in mobile apps and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh in mobile apps and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh in mobile apps and you have a
+bunch of more users like that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of more users like that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of more users like that are more
+less inexperienced than desktop users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less inexperienced than desktop users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less inexperienced than desktop users
+and you end up having a bunch of apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up having a bunch of apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up having a bunch of apps
+that you really want to isolate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want to isolate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want to isolate from
+each other could be. So so you think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other could be. So so you think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other could be. So so you think in
+in the desktop case we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desktop case we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desktop case we don't have to
+trust the developers as much or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the developers as much or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the developers as much or of
+course you do but but it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you do but but it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you do but but it seems that
+there's always like your son or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always like your son or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always like your son or your
+cousin that can take care of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousin that can take care of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousin that can take care of your
+desktop if it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop if it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop if it goes
+there's a different problem altogether.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different problem altogether.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different problem altogether.
+I guess it's cool that the phones don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's cool that the phones don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's cool that the phones don't
+need a cousin to take care of them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a cousin to take care of them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a cousin to take care of them. So
+that's great, right? Uh but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great, right? Uh but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great, right? Uh but in terms of
+I guess yeah in terms of security, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess yeah in terms of security, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess yeah in terms of security, one
+thing on the desktop apps is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the desktop apps is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the desktop apps is that you
+can't install or it's really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't install or it's really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't install or it's really sort of
+hard to install new apps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I don't know. Well, probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know. Well, probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know. Well, probably
+probably not not quite exactly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not not quite exactly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not not quite exactly true
+because you can always click a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can always click a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can always click a
+executable and install an app on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable and install an app on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executable and install an app on a
+desktop case. But I guess people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop case. But I guess people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop case. But I guess people don't
+install apps regularly. Sort of tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install apps regularly. Sort of tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install apps regularly. Sort of tend to
+maybe well this depends on the usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well this depends on the usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well this depends on the usage
+model of a desktop app but typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of a desktop app but typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of a desktop app but typically you
+have a somewhat fixed set of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a somewhat fixed set of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a somewhat fixed set of software
+you're running as opposed to on a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running as opposed to on a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running as opposed to on a web
+web app. Uh one cool thing is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web app. Uh one cool thing is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web app. Uh one cool thing is that it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+easy to run new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to run new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to run new
+apps. You just visit a website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps. You just visit a website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps. You just visit a website and
+there's nothing really you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing really you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing really you have to do
+other than click on a link and off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than click on a link and off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than click on a link and off you
+are on some new site running some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on some new site running some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on some new site running some new
+application. So that's a pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So that's a pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So that's a pretty nice
+property of web apps. Uh, one bummer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of web apps. Uh, one bummer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of web apps. Uh, one bummer
+about desktop apps is that uh, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about desktop apps is that uh, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about desktop apps is that uh, there's
+actually no isolation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no isolation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no isolation at
+all between applications. That's perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all between applications. That's perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all between applications. That's perhaps
+somewhat related to the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat related to the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat related to the fact that it's
+hard to install an app because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to install an app because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to install an app because you
+really are trusting it fully with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are trusting it fully with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are trusting it fully with all
+the data on your machine when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data on your machine when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data on your machine when you're
+installing it. There's no isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing it. There's no isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing it. There's no isolation
+between one app that you install on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one app that you install on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one app that you install on your
+laptop and probably any other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and probably any other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and probably any other thing
+running there or any of the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running there or any of the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running there or any of the data that
+you're storing on that computer. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing on that computer. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing on that computer. Whereas
+in the web app case, actually, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the web app case, actually, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the web app case, actually, you know,
+some reasonable isolation. You know, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasonable isolation. You know, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasonable isolation. You know, as
+long as you believe the same origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you believe the same origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you believe the same origin
+policy is correctly implemented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is correctly implemented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is correctly implemented by the
+browser, then you're in pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser, then you're in pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser, then you're in pretty good
+shape. It's actually reasonably safe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. It's actually reasonably safe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. It's actually reasonably safe to
+probably go to some arbitrary website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go to some arbitrary website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go to some arbitrary website
+and start using their application. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start using their application. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start using their application. It's
+not going to tamper with other sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tamper with other sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tamper with other sites
+that you have open in your browser,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have open in your browser,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have open in your browser,
+assuming they don't exploit some browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming they don't exploit some browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming they don't exploit some browser
+bugs. So, actually, okay, so far it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. So, actually, okay, so far it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. So, actually, okay, so far it
+looks like the web apps are the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the web apps are the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the web apps are the winning
+plan. They're easy to use. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. They're easy to use. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. They're easy to use. They have
+isolation. Why don't these guys use web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation. Why don't these guys use web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation. Why don't these guys use web
+apps for Android? Yeah. Well, so web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps for Android? Yeah. Well, so web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps for Android? Yeah. Well, so web
+apps are starting to become like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps are starting to become like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps are starting to become like an
+operating system in themselves, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system in themselves, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system in themselves, right?
+So you have Firefox OS which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have Firefox OS which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have Firefox OS which is
+basically just a web mobile OS, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a web mobile OS, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a web mobile OS, right?
+Okay. So, so you're arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so you're arguing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so you're arguing that
+actually these guys were mistaken like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these guys were mistaken like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these guys were mistaken like
+they shouldn't have built a new Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shouldn't have built a new Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shouldn't have built a new Android
+stack. They should have just done, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack. They should have just done, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack. They should have just done, you
+know, a giant web browser as your phone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a giant web browser as your phone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a giant web browser as your phone.
+Well, at least the Mozilla has shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, at least the Mozilla has shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, at least the Mozilla has shown
+that it's possible, right? Okay, fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible, right? Okay, fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible, right? Okay, fair
+enough. So, yeah. So, so it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. So, yeah. So, so it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. So, yeah. So, so it's at least
+more reasonable to go with the web apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable to go with the web apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable to go with the web apps
+route than the desktop route, at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route than the desktop route, at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route than the desktop route, at least
+for a phone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a phone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a phone.
+Yeah. Contacts make a phone call from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Contacts make a phone call from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Contacts make a phone call from a
+web app. So, you need an entire new API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web app. So, you need an entire new API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web app. So, you need an entire new API
+to let a web app interface with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let a web app interface with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let a web app interface with the
+phone. Right. So, there's one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone. Right. So, there's one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone. Right. So, there's one uh
+limitation that might be fixable, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation that might be fixable, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation that might be fixable, of
+course, but is still still there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, but is still still there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, but is still still there is
+maybe there's, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's, you know,
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+APIs for some of the devices. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APIs for some of the devices. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APIs for some of the devices. This is
+increasingly becoming less so like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly becoming less so like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly becoming less so like you
+know for your camera, for your GPS, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for your camera, for your GPS, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for your camera, for your GPS, you
+know, these are slow slowly being added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these are slow slowly being added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these are slow slowly being added
+to the webcase, but there's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the webcase, but there's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the webcase, but there's probably not
+quite an API for accessing your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an API for accessing your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an API for accessing your phone
+yet uh or sending an SMS message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh or sending an SMS message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh or sending an SMS message and
+things like that. Another sort of bummer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Another sort of bummer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Another sort of bummer
+in web is there's actually uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in web is there's actually uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in web is there's actually uh sort of
+limited sharing that you can do. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited sharing that you can do. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited sharing that you can do. Um, so
+we were just talking about implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just talking about implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just talking about implicit
+intents in Android where you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents in Android where you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents in Android where you could just
+say, well, I want to view this JPEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, I want to view this JPEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, I want to view this JPEG
+picture, but who knows what application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, but who knows what application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, but who knows what application
+is going to open it or I want to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to open it or I want to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to open it or I want to view
+this PDF file or I want to share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDF file or I want to share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDF file or I want to share this
+picture I just took with my camera with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I just took with my camera with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I just took with my camera with
+a friend through email, but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend through email, but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend through email, but I don't know
+what application you're using. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what application you're using. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what application you're using. Let's
+just do let's just ask the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do let's just ask the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do let's just ask the reference
+monitor, find me some email program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor, find me some email program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor, find me some email program
+that's going to send this picture out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to send this picture out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to send this picture out.
+Not something you can actually do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not something you can actually do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not something you can actually do in
+Android, but it's kind of hard to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android, but it's kind of hard to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android, but it's kind of hard to do in
+a web case because every interaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web case because every interaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web case because every interaction you
+have to of refer to a particular URL. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to of refer to a particular URL. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to of refer to a particular URL. So
+if you don't know what PDF viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what PDF viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what PDF viewer
+someone is using, you might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is using, you might not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is using, you might not know
+what uh URL to open to ask it to view a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh URL to open to ask it to view a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh URL to open to ask it to view a
+PDF potentially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF potentially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF potentially.
+Question another bullet point, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question another bullet point, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question another bullet point, but
+JavaScript is very hard to reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript is very hard to reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript is very hard to reason about
+statically. Yeah. So one bummer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically. Yeah. So one bummer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically. Yeah. So one bummer is that
+yeah, this is old JavaScript.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, this is old JavaScript.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, this is old JavaScript.
+Uh so potentially unfortunate. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so potentially unfortunate. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so potentially unfortunate. It's
+maybe not as good in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not as good in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not as good in terms of
+performance. Maybe it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Maybe it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Maybe it's hard to
+understand uh what it's doing. It might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what it's doing. It might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what it's doing. It might
+be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to
+um compile efficiently etc. Yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compile efficiently etc. Yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compile efficiently etc. Yeah. I
+guess one nice thing about the desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one nice thing about the desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one nice thing about the desktop
+world at least is that uh sharing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world at least is that uh sharing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world at least is that uh sharing is
+easy, right? So uh one side effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy, right? So uh one side effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy, right? So uh one side effect of
+having all your files be accessible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having all your files be accessible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having all your files be accessible to
+every app is that well you just share.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every app is that well you just share.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every app is that well you just share.
+It's uh very easy to access any data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh very easy to access any data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh very easy to access any data you
+have and in some ways this if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and in some ways this if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and in some ways this if you really
+want a lot of sharing this is great like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a lot of sharing this is great like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a lot of sharing this is great like
+I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably
+could it might be a little bit tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it might be a little bit tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it might be a little bit tricky to
+implement some things on Android that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement some things on Android that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement some things on Android that
+are easy to do in the desktop case. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to do in the desktop case. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to do in the desktop case. So
+in the desktop case if I want to compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desktop case if I want to compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desktop case if I want to compile
+a piece of software I'm going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of software I'm going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of software I'm going to run
+make that's going to run GCC and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that's going to run GCC and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that's going to run GCC and you
+know maybe other programs and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe other programs and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe other programs and they're
+all collaborating on the same C source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all collaborating on the same C source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all collaborating on the same C source
+code in the single directory. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in the single directory. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in the single directory. They're
+all building it. uh that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all building it. uh that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all building it. uh that might be a
+little bit trickier to do in the Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit trickier to do in the Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit trickier to do in the Android
+case where data is kind of associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where data is kind of associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where data is kind of associated
+with a primary application that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a primary application that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a primary application that's
+storing it in a content provider. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing it in a content provider. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing it in a content provider. So it
+might be a little bit tricky to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit tricky to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit tricky to have an
+Android world where I have my source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android world where I have my source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android world where I have my source
+code stored somewhere and then I install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code stored somewhere and then I install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code stored somewhere and then I install
+a C compiler and a make program and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C compiler and a make program and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C compiler and a make program and an
+assembler and other things and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler and other things and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler and other things and they all
+sort of work together. It's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work together. It's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work together. It's a little bit
+harder to do. You probably could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do. You probably could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do. You probably could do it
+some file system with some components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some file system with some components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some file system with some components.
+Yeah. Yeah. So, so you could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So, so you could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So, so you could probably
+work around it in some ways, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work around it in some ways, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work around it in some ways, right? So,
+I think Android is certainly general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Android is certainly general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Android is certainly general
+purpose enough to, you know, let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose enough to, you know, let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose enough to, you know, let you
+somehow do it, but it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow do it, but it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow do it, but it's probably not
+quite as natural to do this in Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as natural to do this in Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as natural to do this in Android
+as you as would be in a desktop case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as would be in a desktop case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as would be in a desktop case.
+Not that I might argue in the desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not that I might argue in the desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not that I might argue in the desktop
+case, but it's not quite as secure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but it's not quite as secure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but it's not quite as secure.
+Let's be Any other comments? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's be Any other comments? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's be Any other comments? Yeah,
+another thing might be that the uh case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing might be that the uh case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing might be that the uh case
+that we're optimizing towards different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're optimizing towards different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're optimizing towards different
+web apps tend to be bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web apps tend to be bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web apps tend to be bandwidth
+constrained. Uh I'm not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained. Uh I'm not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained. Uh I'm not sure what
+desktop apps tend to be constrained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop apps tend to be constrained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop apps tend to be constrained by
+but phone apps tend to be constrained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but phone apps tend to be constrained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but phone apps tend to be constrained by
+both RAM and processing and much more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both RAM and processing and much more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both RAM and processing and much more so
+than either desktop or web apps I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than either desktop or web apps I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than either desktop or web apps I think.
+Yeah. So it might be that uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might be that uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might be that uh some of the
+engineering decisions around how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering decisions around how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering decisions around how to
+optimize these things are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize these things are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize these things are going to be
+different. I guess one unfortunate thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. I guess one unfortunate thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. I guess one unfortunate thing
+about web apps at least at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about web apps at least at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about web apps at least at the time
+these guys were designing Android is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were designing Android is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were designing Android is
+that it was difficult to run a web app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was difficult to run a web app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was difficult to run a web app
+offline. If you your phone was doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline. If you your phone was doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline. If you your phone was doesn't
+have strong enough, you know, cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong enough, you know, cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong enough, you know, cell phone
+reception, then it might be hard for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception, then it might be hard for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception, then it might be hard for you
+to run some of my application if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run some of my application if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run some of my application if some
+parts of it fell out of the cache. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it fell out of the cache. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it fell out of the cache. I
+think slowly, as you were pointing out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think slowly, as you were pointing out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think slowly, as you were pointing out,
+the web app world is catching up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web app world is catching up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web app world is catching up to
+Android like many of these limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android like many of these limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android like many of these limitations
+are getting uh fixed or sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting uh fixed or sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting uh fixed or sort of uh
+improved. Um so it might be that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved. Um so it might be that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved. Um so it might be that these
+days web apps are a reasonable model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days web apps are a reasonable model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days web apps are a reasonable model for
+starting a new phone platform. But, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new phone platform. But, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new phone platform. But, you
+know, 5 years ago, this Android world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, 5 years ago, this Android world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, 5 years ago, this Android world
+was uh sort of necessary because the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sort of necessary because the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh sort of necessary because the web
+apps weren't quite there. Probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps weren't quite there. Probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps weren't quite there. Probably not
+quite there still yet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there still yet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there still yet,
+but nowadays it might be easier to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nowadays it might be easier to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nowadays it might be easier to push
+the web apps all the way to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web apps all the way to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web apps all the way to where
+Android is rather than start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is rather than start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is rather than start from
+scratch. Could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. Could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch. Could
+be. All right. So, so I guess the, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. All right. So, so I guess the, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. All right. So, so I guess the, you
+know, we can still talk about I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we can still talk about I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we can still talk about I guess
+what Android did even though, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Android did even though, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Android did even though, you know,
+maybe today you wouldn't have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe today you wouldn't have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe today you wouldn't have done it
+the same way. Um but uh I guess in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. Um but uh I guess in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. Um but uh I guess in terms
+of isolation um we can sort of start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolation um we can sort of start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolation um we can sort of start
+talking maybe about security a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking maybe about security a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking maybe about security a little
+bit more. Um Android relies on the Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more. Um Android relies on the Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more. Um Android relies on the Linux
+kernel as I mentioned to isolate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel as I mentioned to isolate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel as I mentioned to isolate these
+apps from one another. So what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps from one another. So what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps from one another. So what happens
+is that um the Android framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um the Android framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um the Android framework
+actually sets user ids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sets user ids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sets user ids so
+that you know this application has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this application has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this application has
+perhaps I don't know UID 10001 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I don't know UID 10001 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I don't know UID 10001 this
+application runs as UAD 10002 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application runs as UAD 10002 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application runs as UAD 10002 and the
+reference monitor is basically root um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor is basically root um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor is basically root um I
+think it might actually run as UID0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might actually run as UID0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might actually run as UID0
+although I I forget the details I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I I forget the details I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I I forget the details I think
+it actually does run as UID0 on Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually does run as UID0 on Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually does run as UID0 on Android
+um so the Linux kernel is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Linux kernel is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Linux kernel is largely
+responsible for keeping the apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for keeping the apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for keeping the apps
+separate from one another and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from one another and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from one another and most of
+the interaction between user ids happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between user ids happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between user ids happens
+through these intents and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these intents and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these intents and then there's a
+little bit of details in terms of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of details in terms of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of details in terms of things
+that the Linux kernel actually enforces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Linux kernel actually enforces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Linux kernel actually enforces
+in terms of which UID is allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of which UID is allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of which UID is allowed to do
+uh which operation as well. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which operation as well. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which operation as well. So we'll
+talk about that in a second. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in a second. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in a second. One
+interesting question is why why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is why why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is why why did
+these guys choose Java like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys choose Java like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys choose Java like what's the
+role of Java in Android?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Java in Android?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Java in Android?
+Why is Java there at all?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is Java there at all?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is Java there at all?
+Is it enforcing anything? Yeah, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it enforcing anything? Yeah, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it enforcing anything? Yeah, it
+enforces,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces,
+right? Okay. So, so what do we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So, so what do we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So, so what do we get out
+of it? Is it like for security, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visibility? What one other way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility? What one other way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility? What one other way to think
+of it is suppose we took away Java and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is suppose we took away Java and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is suppose we took away Java and
+made all the apps written in C or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the apps written in C or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the apps written in C or like
+assembly or don't require anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly or don't require anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly or don't require anything at
+all for that matter. Would anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for that matter. Would anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for that matter. Would anything
+break? Yeah, you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break? Yeah, you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break? Yeah, you could have
+vulnerabilities like buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerabilities like buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerabilities like buffer overflow
+override these important values. Uh-huh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override these important values. Uh-huh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override these important values. Uh-huh.
+Yeah, it could be. So like an app could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it could be. So like an app could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it could be. So like an app could
+have some buffer overflow in it. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some buffer overflow in it. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some buffer overflow in it. So how
+bad would that be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad would that be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad would that be?
+We could override the permissions. Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could override the permissions. Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could override the permissions. Which
+permissions? Like the labels? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions? Like the labels? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions? Like the labels? Yeah.
+Well, actually, let's see. So as we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, actually, let's see. So as we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, actually, let's see. So as we were
+talking about, right, the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about, right, the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about, right, the reference
+monitor is the thing that does all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is the thing that does all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is the thing that does all the
+label checking for us. And the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label checking for us. And the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label checking for us. And the reference
+monitor actually in Android stores a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor actually in Android stores a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor actually in Android stores a
+list of all the installed applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the installed applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the installed applications
+along with the labels that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the labels that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the labels that correspond to
+all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those
+applications. So it's probably true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So it's probably true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So it's probably true that
+you don't want any kinds of bugs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want any kinds of bugs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want any kinds of bugs in the
+reference monitor regardless of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor regardless of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor regardless of what's
+what language it's written in. So having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what language it's written in. So having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what language it's written in. So having
+the reference monitor being written in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor being written in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference monitor being written in a
+type- safe language is probably a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type- safe language is probably a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type- safe language is probably a good
+thing in general. And I like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in general. And I like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in general. And I like you know
+Java in the sense that it's a type- safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java in the sense that it's a type- safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java in the sense that it's a type- safe
+language and has all these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and has all these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and has all these nice
+properties. But if an application were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. But if an application were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. But if an application were
+to be written in C and had a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be written in C and had a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be written in C and had a buffer
+overflow, it wouldn't be able to corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow, it wouldn't be able to corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow, it wouldn't be able to corrupt
+directly the label stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the label stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the label stored in the
+reference monitor here. So that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor here. So that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor here. So that wouldn't
+be as big of a deal. Yeah, maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as big of a deal. Yeah, maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as big of a deal. Yeah, maybe we
+don't want it to have direct access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to have direct access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to have direct access to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+could be. Uh so why why would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be. Uh so why why would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be. Uh so why why would that be
+helpful? There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful? There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful? There's
+some exit system call that it can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exit system call that it can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exit system call that it can make
+over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over.
+Yeah. So, so in principle it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so in principle it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so in principle it might be
+nice to avoid applications talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to avoid applications talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to avoid applications talking
+directly to their Linux kernel. At least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to their Linux kernel. At least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to their Linux kernel. At least
+in Android, this is not the case. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Android, this is not the case. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Android, this is not the case. So,
+actually in Android, applications can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Android, applications can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Android, applications can
+make arbitrary system calls if they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arbitrary system calls if they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arbitrary system calls if they want
+to. Uh, and in fact, applications I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Uh, and in fact, applications I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Uh, and in fact, applications I
+should say can ship with arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say can ship with arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say can ship with arbitrary
+components written in C or assembly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components written in C or assembly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components written in C or assembly for
+performance reasons. So, like some games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance reasons. So, like some games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance reasons. So, like some games
+actually ship with the computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ship with the computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ship with the computationally
+intensive parts written in C and they of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive parts written in C and they of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive parts written in C and they of
+talk to it from Java as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to it from Java as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to it from Java as well.
+Well, so I guess part of it is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so I guess part of it is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so I guess part of it is being
+able to use all the stuff that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use all the stuff that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use all the stuff that's been
+written for Java. Like they wanted it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for Java. Like they wanted it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for Java. Like they wanted it to
+make make it easy to build applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make make it easy to build applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make make it easy to build applications
+for developers and one of the ways doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developers and one of the ways doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developers and one of the ways doing
+that is being able to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being able to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being able to take advantage of
+the massive Java libraries out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massive Java libraries out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the massive Java libraries out there.
+Yeah. So I think one actually big reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I think one actually big reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I think one actually big reason
+for using Java is the usability. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using Java is the usability. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using Java is the usability. They
+wanted to actually I think Java has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to actually I think Java has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to actually I think Java has
+little to do with security and mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with security and mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with security and mostly
+with programmability, ease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with programmability, ease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with programmability, ease of
+development. Um, one other thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. Um, one other thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. Um, one other thing that I
+think is going on is that well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is going on is that well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is going on is that well to
+contrast with iPhones for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with iPhones for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with iPhones for example,
+right? iPhones also really want ease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? iPhones also really want ease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? iPhones also really want ease of
+development, but they use Objective C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development, but they use Objective C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development, but they use Objective C
+which has buffer flows if you try hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has buffer flows if you try hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has buffer flows if you try hard
+enough and it is specific to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and it is specific to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and it is specific to a
+particular hardware, doesn't maybe have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hardware, doesn't maybe have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hardware, doesn't maybe have
+all the same libraries. Um, I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same libraries. Um, I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same libraries. Um, I think the
+main reason why the Android guys went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reason why the Android guys went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reason why the Android guys went
+with Java is probably the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Java is probably the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Java is probably the fact that they
+weren't manufacturing the devices at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't manufacturing the devices at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't manufacturing the devices at the
+same time. So the iPhone guys knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. So the iPhone guys knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. So the iPhone guys knew
+exactly it was going to be this ARM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it was going to be this ARM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it was going to be this ARM
+processor running their phone so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor running their phone so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor running their phone so they
+could compile to ARM and be done with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could compile to ARM and be done with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could compile to ARM and be done with it
+and it's actually more efficient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually more efficient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually more efficient because
+battery matters a lot on a phone and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery matters a lot on a phone and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery matters a lot on a phone and the
+Android guys use Java which probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android guys use Java which probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android guys use Java which probably is
+slightly less power efficient or CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less power efficient or CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less power efficient or CPU
+efficient because it involves this JRE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because it involves this JRE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because it involves this JRE
+etc. But the cool thing about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. But the cool thing about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. But the cool thing about it it's
+actually portable between architecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually portable between architecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually portable between architecture.
+So if you have a phone that has a MIPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a phone that has a MIPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a phone that has a MIPS
+processor or an ARM processor or an x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor or an ARM processor or an x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor or an ARM processor or an x86
+processor, the Java application can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor, the Java application can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor, the Java application can be
+run on all three of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on all three of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on all three of these kinds of
+devices and the Android guys wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the Android guys wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the Android guys wanted
+their platform to be uh usable on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their platform to be uh usable on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their platform to be uh usable on any
+kind of hardware phone. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hardware phone. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hardware phone. So that's
+probably one actually big reason for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one actually big reason for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one actually big reason for why
+they use Java in all these cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use Java in all these cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use Java in all these cases and
+probably less so in terms of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably less so in terms of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably less so in terms of any
+security consideration uh for Java. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security consideration uh for Java. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security consideration uh for Java. So
+in fact it turns out that the Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it turns out that the Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it turns out that the Java
+runtime uh doesn't really provide any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime uh doesn't really provide any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime uh doesn't really provide any
+security purpose for the application.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security purpose for the application.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security purpose for the application.
+It's just sort of a nice convenience uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just sort of a nice convenience uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just sort of a nice convenience uh
+thing uh as well as providing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh as well as providing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh as well as providing all the
+abstractions that the developer should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions that the developer should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions that the developer should
+think in terms of but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of but in terms of
+isolation it's mostly up to the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation it's mostly up to the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation it's mostly up to the kernel
+and the reference monitor to keep these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reference monitor to keep these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reference monitor to keep these
+guys uh in line. That make sense? Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh in line. That make sense? Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh in line. That make sense? Any
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+So isn't doesn't the ease of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So isn't doesn't the ease of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So isn't doesn't the ease of development
+also kind of translate in some security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of translate in some security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of translate in some security
+guarantees because if you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees because if you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees because if you write that
+reference monitor see I can see much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor see I can see much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor see I can see much
+more ways to make a mistake. Yeah. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ways to make a mistake. Yeah. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ways to make a mistake. Yeah. So so
+so yeah absolutely you're right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah absolutely you're right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah absolutely you're right like
+it's always um actually I I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always um actually I I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always um actually I I shouldn't
+have said that like ease of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said that like ease of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said that like ease of development
+has nothing to do with security. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with security. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with security. This is
+completely silly because you want uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely silly because you want uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely silly because you want uh you
+want to make it as easy as possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it as easy as possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it as easy as possible to
+write correct code and it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write correct code and it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write correct code and it's all about
+purering mistakes. So in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purering mistakes. So in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purering mistakes. So in some ways
+having a ease of having a system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a ease of having a system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a ease of having a system where
+it's easy to write correct code is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to write correct code is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to write correct code is the
+most important security consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important security consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important security consideration
+you could have. So in some sense you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have. So in some sense you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have. So in some sense you're
+right that it avoids the bugs uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it avoids the bugs uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it avoids the bugs uh that
+you don't want your applications written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want your applications written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want your applications written
+in C or I don't know why Apple has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C or I don't know why Apple has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C or I don't know why Apple has
+objective C. It's actually a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective C. It's actually a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective C. It's actually a little bit
+of a problem in this regard because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem in this regard because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem in this regard because you
+could easily have buffer overflows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily have buffer overflows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily have buffer overflows in
+your application and if that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application and if that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application and if that application
+matters a lot then it's vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot then it's vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot then it's vulnerable
+potentially. um not not with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially. um not not with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially. um not not with respect to
+you know compromising other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know compromising other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know compromising other applications
+but your own like if you have a bank app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your own like if you have a bank app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your own like if you have a bank app
+I don't want the bank app written in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want the bank app written in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want the bank app written in C
+is the reference monitor written in Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reference monitor written in Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reference monitor written in Java
+also uh so in Android the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh so in Android the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh so in Android the reference
+monitor is largely written in Java yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is largely written in Java yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is largely written in Java yes
+uh there are some native hooks that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some native hooks that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some native hooks that it
+needs in order to be able to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs in order to be able to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs in order to be able to talk to
+these intent uh you know interface pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intent uh you know interface pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intent uh you know interface pipes
+basically to talk to the binder they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to talk to the binder they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to talk to the binder they
+need some native code they need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some native code they need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some native code they need some
+native code to spawn these applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native code to spawn these applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native code to spawn these applications
+in the first place etc but by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place etc but by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place etc but by and large
+most of the logic is written in Java So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the logic is written in Java So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the logic is written in Java So
+it's actually reasonably safe land I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually reasonably safe land I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually reasonably safe land I
+think. Any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Any other questions about
+this? All right. So I guess let's uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? All right. So I guess let's uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? All right. So I guess let's uh try
+to figure out what are these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what are these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what are these uh
+application UIDs used for other than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application UIDs used for other than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application UIDs used for other than to
+keep applications separate from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep applications separate from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep applications separate from another
+in terms of their processes. So I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their processes. So I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their processes. So I guess
+the main thing that uh applications need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that uh applications need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that uh applications need
+to use the UID for or that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the UID for or that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the UID for or that we need to
+somehow support is the ability to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow support is the ability to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow support is the ability to share
+access to shared resources and shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to shared resources and shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to shared resources and shared
+data in the system. And we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the system. And we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the system. And we already saw
+one mechanism for doing it which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mechanism for doing it which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mechanism for doing it which is to
+send intents to the reference monitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send intents to the reference monitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send intents to the reference monitor.
+But there's actually a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's actually a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's actually a bunch of things
+that in Android are not done through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Android are not done through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Android are not done through
+intents uh to the reference monitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents uh to the reference monitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents uh to the reference monitor and
+they sort of have to do probably with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of have to do probably with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of have to do probably with
+performance or why basically why isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or why basically why isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or why basically why isn't
+everything sent through intense. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sent through intense. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sent through intense. It's
+probably because there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because there are some
+performance considerations. Uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance considerations. Uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance considerations. Uh you don't
+want to invoke the reference monitor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invoke the reference monitor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invoke the reference monitor in
+every single thing you do in the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single thing you do in the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single thing you do in the system.
+And there's a couple of things that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a couple of things that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a couple of things that in
+Android are like this. The simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android are like this. The simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android are like this. The simplest one
+is probably network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access. So if you want to talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access. So if you want to talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access. So if you want to talk to the
+internet uh in Android, you just open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh in Android, you just open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh in Android, you just open a
+socket very much like you would on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket very much like you would on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket very much like you would on a
+standard Linux application today. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Linux application today. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Linux application today. The
+application can just ask the colonel, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application can just ask the colonel, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application can just ask the colonel, I
+want a socket, I want to connect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a socket, I want to connect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a socket, I want to connect to this
+machine, go for it. Uh so access happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine, go for it. Uh so access happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine, go for it. Uh so access happens
+to work this way. Um access to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this way. Um access to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this way. Um access to you know
+removable storage. So if you have an SD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removable storage. So if you have an SD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removable storage. So if you have an SD
+card in your phone, uh that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in your phone, uh that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in your phone, uh that also
+directly goes through the kernel or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly goes through the kernel or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly goes through the kernel or more
+generally any kind of file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally any kind of file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally any kind of file system
+access or direct access to the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access or direct access to the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access or direct access to the file
+system at least goes directly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at least goes directly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at least goes directly through
+the kernel because there's already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel because there's already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel because there's already a
+file system there and you want to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file system there and you want to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file system there and you want to avoid
+probably imposing performance overheads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably imposing performance overheads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably imposing performance overheads
+um on that. And also for most devices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on that. And also for most devices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on that. And also for most devices uh
+that are hardware um Android allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hardware um Android allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hardware um Android allows the
+application to directly talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to directly talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to directly talk to the
+device instead of mediating the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device instead of mediating the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device instead of mediating the access
+through the reference monitor. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reference monitor. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reference monitor. So this
+is things like you know probably your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is things like you know probably your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is things like you know probably your
+camera, your GPS device, compass etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera, your GPS device, compass etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera, your GPS device, compass etc.
+And these guys actually just show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these guys actually just show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these guys actually just show up in
+Android in Linux as you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android in Linux as you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android in Linux as you know something
+like you know /dev/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know /dev/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know /dev/
+camera. And this is just a Linux device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera. And this is just a Linux device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera. And this is just a Linux device
+you can open and get the camera data off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open and get the camera data off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open and get the camera data off
+and control the camera in whatever way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control the camera in whatever way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control the camera in whatever way
+you want, etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want, etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want, etc.
+The cool thing is that uh if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cool thing is that uh if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cool thing is that uh if you want to
+do some specialized things to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some specialized things to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some specialized things to this
+device, you're not restricted to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, you're not restricted to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, you're not restricted to what
+Java allows you to do. You can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java allows you to do. You can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java allows you to do. You can always
+write C code or even assembly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write C code or even assembly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write C code or even assembly that
+directly talks to the kernel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly talks to the kernel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly talks to the kernel and
+performs the necessary operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs the necessary operations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs the necessary operations on
+this Linux device making arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Linux device making arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Linux device making arbitrary
+system calls and you could wrap this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system calls and you could wrap this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system calls and you could wrap this up
+in a sort of a Java native interface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of a Java native interface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of a Java native interface to
+expose it to the rest of your Java based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it to the rest of your Java based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it to the rest of your Java based
+applications here. Yeah, you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here. Yeah, you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here. Yeah, you still have
+checks on these calls, right? So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks on these calls, right? So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks on these calls, right? So when
+you open a socket, someone has to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open a socket, someone has to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open a socket, someone has to check
+that they're allowed to open a socket.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're allowed to open a socket.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're allowed to open a socket.
+Yeah. So this is an interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is an interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is an interesting thing
+like now these things are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now these things are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now these things are sort of
+outside of our intentbased model. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our intentbased model. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our intentbased model. So how
+are we going to protect these guys? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to protect these guys? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to protect these guys? Uh
+so this sort of boils down to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of boils down to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of boils down to doing
+something very similar to what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very similar to what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very similar to what you guys
+did in lab 2, which is you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in lab 2, which is you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in lab 2, which is you sort of have
+some plan in mind, you want to enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plan in mind, you want to enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plan in mind, you want to enforce
+it using UIDs. So they basically uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using UIDs. So they basically uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using UIDs. So they basically uh the
+Android framework is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android framework is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android framework is responsible for
+carefully orchestrating the UIDs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully orchestrating the UIDs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully orchestrating the UIDs and
+GIDs of the applications and of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GIDs of the applications and of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GIDs of the applications and of these
+things to enforce whatever policy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to enforce whatever policy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to enforce whatever policy was
+specified in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in terms of
+labels. So the way this actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels. So the way this actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels. So the way this actually works
+out is that for pretty much every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that for pretty much every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that for pretty much every one of
+these resources, there's a predefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources, there's a predefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources, there's a predefined
+label string that defines the privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label string that defines the privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label string that defines the privilege
+to access this resource. So for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access this resource. So for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access this resource. So for this
+network access thing for example uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network access thing for example uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network access thing for example uh I
+think there's a string something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a string something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a string something like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+android dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+android dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+android dot
+permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internet. So this is a label that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. So this is a label that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. So this is a label that an
+application can ask for and if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application can ask for and if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application can ask for and if an
+application has this label in its set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application has this label in its set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application has this label in its set of
+privileges then it should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges then it should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges then it should be able to
+access the network and the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the network and the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the network and the way this is
+enforced. So the label is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced. So the label is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced. So the label is the sort of
+policy side of this. How do you specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy side of this. How do you specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy side of this. How do you specify
+what should happen? And the enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen? And the enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen? And the enforcement
+mechanism is actually a small change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is actually a small change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is actually a small change to
+the Linux kernel in Android where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Linux kernel in Android where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Linux kernel in Android where in
+order to make any network related system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make any network related system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make any network related system
+calls you have to be a member of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you have to be a member of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you have to be a member of some
+magic group. This is not at all how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic group. This is not at all how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic group. This is not at all how
+things work in Linux uh traditionally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work in Linux uh traditionally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work in Linux uh traditionally.
+But in Android there's some magic group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in Android there's some magic group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in Android there's some magic group
+number. I think it's you know GI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. I think it's you know GI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. I think it's you know GI
+3003 and the kernel has this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3003 and the kernel has this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3003 and the kernel has this number
+hardcoded in it. And if the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcoded in it. And if the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcoded in it. And if the application
+or the process has this group ID in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the process has this group ID in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the process has this group ID in its
+group list, then it's allowed to use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group list, then it's allowed to use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group list, then it's allowed to use any
+network related system call. And if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network related system call. And if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network related system call. And if it
+doesn't have this group ID in its group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have this group ID in its group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have this group ID in its group
+list, then it's not allowed to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list, then it's not allowed to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list, then it's not allowed to make any
+network related system calls at all. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network related system calls at all. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network related system calls at all. So
+this is how Android is able to translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how Android is able to translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how Android is able to translate
+these label sort of maintain a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these label sort of maintain a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these label sort of maintain a single
+coherent policy system that's in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent policy system that's in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent policy system that's in terms
+of these label strings but enforce it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these label strings but enforce it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these label strings but enforce it in
+different ways. So sometimes it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. So sometimes it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. So sometimes it gets
+enforced by the reference monitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced by the reference monitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced by the reference monitor and
+other times it gets enforced by setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times it gets enforced by setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times it gets enforced by setting
+GIDs or UIDs appropriately. The same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GIDs or UIDs appropriately. The same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GIDs or UIDs appropriately. The same
+thing actually happens with SD cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually happens with SD cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually happens with SD cards.
+There's another GI that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's another GI that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's another GI that corresponds to
+having access to the SD card and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having access to the SD card and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having access to the SD card and there's
+a string that gets translated into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string that gets translated into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string that gets translated into this
+GI effectively. And same for uh the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GI effectively. And same for uh the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GI effectively. And same for uh the file
+system. I guess in the file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. I guess in the file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. I guess in the file system
+things are a little bit trickier. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are a little bit trickier. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are a little bit trickier. I
+guess the SD card is in the file system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the SD card is in the file system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the SD card is in the file system.
+has a specific GD for accessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a specific GD for accessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a specific GD for accessing the
+entire SD card and then there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire SD card and then there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire SD card and then there's sort of
+other files in the phone's file system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other files in the phone's file system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other files in the phone's file system.
+Um there the policy isn't so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there the policy isn't so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there the policy isn't so much
+controlled by the labels but rather by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the labels but rather by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the labels but rather by
+sort of Android's design which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Android's design which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Android's design which is that
+each application has a private directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each application has a private directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each application has a private directory
+that it can use to store whatever files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can use to store whatever files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can use to store whatever files
+it wants and in particular the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants and in particular the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants and in particular the content
+provider the SQL database that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider the SQL database that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider the SQL database that you're
+going to use uh as an application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uh as an application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uh as an application is
+stored in your private directory and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in your private directory and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in your private directory and the
+policy is only the application's UID can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is only the application's UID can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is only the application's UID can
+access that private directory and no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that private directory and no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that private directory and no one
+else can access it directly. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else can access it directly. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else can access it directly. Um and then
+for devices there's also uh a plan very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for devices there's also uh a plan very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for devices there's also uh a plan very
+similar to network access where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to network access where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to network access where there's
+a permission string for accessing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permission string for accessing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permission string for accessing you
+know GPS the camera etc. And for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know GPS the camera etc. And for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know GPS the camera etc. And for each
+one of these there's a GD that uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these there's a GD that uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these there's a GD that uh is
+used in the permissions on that device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the permissions on that device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the permissions on that device.
+So for example dev camera is owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example dev camera is owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example dev camera is owned by
+some magic GD and any application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic GD and any application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic GD and any application that
+should have access to the camera has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have access to the camera has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have access to the camera has
+that GD in its group list. That all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that GD in its group list. That all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that GD in its group list. That all make
+sense? was hopefully fairly similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? was hopefully fairly similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? was hopefully fairly similar to
+what you guys did in lab 2. Um, except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys did in lab 2. Um, except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys did in lab 2. Um, except
+well, not for the label, not the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, not for the label, not the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, not for the label, not the label
+part, but the sort of using UADs and GDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, but the sort of using UADs and GDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, but the sort of using UADs and GDs
+to get to somewhere in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to somewhere in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to somewhere in terms of
+security. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. Make
+sense? All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All
+right. So, one interesting question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, one interesting question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, one interesting question is
+why do these guys have such a coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do these guys have such a coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do these guys have such a coarse
+grained plan for handling the SD card?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained plan for handling the SD card?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained plan for handling the SD card?
+Why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't
+they have different apps access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different apps access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different apps access
+different parts of the SD card? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the SD card? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the SD card? I
+probably have lots of stuff on my SD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have lots of stuff on my SD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have lots of stuff on my SD
+card that I want applications to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that I want applications to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that I want applications to maybe
+not have access to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have access to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have access to all of
+it. This make sense? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Could be. I think uh well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could be. I think uh well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could be. I think uh well that's
+definitely a problem in general in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a problem in general in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a problem in general in
+Android and we'll sort of get to it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android and we'll sort of get to it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android and we'll sort of get to it in a
+minute. But I think for the SD card,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. But I think for the SD card,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. But I think for the SD card,
+it's actually a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a slightly different
+concern. It actually has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern. It actually has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern. It actually has to do with the
+fact that you want these SD cards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you want these SD cards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you want these SD cards to
+interoperate with the rest of the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperate with the rest of the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperate with the rest of the world.
+So this is like one of the places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like one of the places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like one of the places where
+Android isn't free to make arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android isn't free to make arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android isn't free to make arbitrary
+decisions because you want these SD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions because you want these SD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions because you want these SD
+cards to have a standard file system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards to have a standard file system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards to have a standard file system,
+namely FAT, because sort of that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely FAT, because sort of that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely FAT, because sort of that's the
+de facto standard for storing data on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de facto standard for storing data on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de facto standard for storing data on an
+SD card these days. And as a result, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD card these days. And as a result, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD card these days. And as a result, you
+can't have a sophisticated file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a sophisticated file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a sophisticated file system
+there that stores permissions for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that stores permissions for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that stores permissions for each
+file. And as a result, it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file. And as a result, it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file. And as a result, it's going to be
+difficult for you to uh somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to uh somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to uh somehow
+segregate these files and give different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate these files and give different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate these files and give different
+apps different access. Yeah, you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps different access. Yeah, you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps different access. Yeah, you still
+end up doing these app folder though.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up doing these app folder though.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up doing these app folder though.
+Yeah. So it might be that you could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might be that you could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might be that you could give
+each application a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each application a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each application a different
+subdirectory on the SD card to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdirectory on the SD card to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdirectory on the SD card to have
+access to, but then it would mostly be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to, but then it would mostly be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to, but then it would mostly be a
+way to give each application additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to give each application additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to give each application additional
+storage and not the ability for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and not the ability for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and not the ability for an
+application to read existing content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to read existing content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to read existing content
+from your SD card. um because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your SD card. um because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your SD card. um because the
+existing content might be in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing content might be in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing content might be in some other
+directory. So you're right, it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory. So you're right, it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory. So you're right, it might be
+that you could have more fine grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have more fine grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have more fine grain
+things like well do you want access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like well do you want access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like well do you want access to
+the entire SD card or just to a per app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire SD card or just to a per app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire SD card or just to a per app
+directory there and that probably has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory there and that probably has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory there and that probably has to
+do with not overwhelming the user with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with not overwhelming the user with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with not overwhelming the user with
+too many choices in terms of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many choices in terms of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many choices in terms of these uh
+permissions. Uh but yeah, you're right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions. Uh but yeah, you're right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions. Uh but yeah, you're right.
+You could probably do some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could probably do some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could probably do some combination
+of these two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two.
+Yeah. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right.
+So I guess one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I guess one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I guess one
+uh interesting thing to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh where do we actually get uh how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where do we actually get uh how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where do we actually get uh how do we
+decide whether an application should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether an application should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether an application should
+have a particular set of labels that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular set of labels that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular set of labels that it
+should have access to in this label set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have access to in this label set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have access to in this label set.
+So where do these guys actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where do these guys actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where do these guys actually come
+from? like who decides that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? like who decides that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? like who decides that this
+application should have dial perm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application should have dial perm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application should have dial perm and
+internet and friend view permissions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and friend view permissions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and friend view permissions in
+Android. Yeah, the developer put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android. Yeah, the developer put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android. Yeah, the developer put them in
+a manifest and ask the user to click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manifest and ask the user to click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a manifest and ask the user to click
+okay. Yes, this is a bit of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Yes, this is a bit of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Yes, this is a bit of a you know
+well I guess an upfront system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess an upfront system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess an upfront system where you
+the developer has to first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has to first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has to first of all
+enumerate all the things they'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate all the things they'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate all the things they'll ever
+need in the future or as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in the future or as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in the future or as their
+application is going to run and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is going to run and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is going to run and then the
+user is actually responsible for looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is actually responsible for looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is actually responsible for looking
+over this list and deciding whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this list and deciding whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this list and deciding whether it's
+okay whether they should allow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whether they should allow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whether they should allow this
+application to be installed or not. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to be installed or not. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to be installed or not. So
+in this way the user is still sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way the user is still sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way the user is still sort of an
+important part of the system uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the system uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the system uh in terms
+of security because a user could always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of security because a user could always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of security because a user could always
+uh almost always approve any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost always approve any set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost always approve any set of
+permissions you want or or that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions you want or or that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions you want or or that the
+developer wants. Uh so in many ways this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer wants. Uh so in many ways this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer wants. Uh so in many ways this
+is actually quite flexible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite flexible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite flexible because
+unlike something like iOS where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike something like iOS where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike something like iOS where it's
+actually difficult to share between apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually difficult to share between apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually difficult to share between apps
+or it's hard for example for a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's hard for example for a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's hard for example for a third
+party iPhone application I think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party iPhone application I think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party iPhone application I think to
+access arbitrary other components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access arbitrary other components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access arbitrary other components of the
+phone and you know dial a phone or send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and you know dial a phone or send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and you know dial a phone or send
+an SMS message or you know find a JPEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SMS message or you know find a JPEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SMS message or you know find a JPEG
+viewer etc. here it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer etc. here it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer etc. here it's actually quite
+flexible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible but
+the sort of the cost to it is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the cost to it is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the cost to it is that you
+have to get the developer or the user to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the developer or the user to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the developer or the user to
+check that the developer is asking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the developer is asking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the developer is asking for a
+sensible set of permissions or the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible set of permissions or the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible set of permissions or the user
+trusts this developer with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusts this developer with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusts this developer with these
+privileges so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so it's a little bit
+unfortunate that's probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate that's probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate that's probably one of the
+biggest actually security problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest actually security problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest actually security problems in
+practice with Android which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with Android which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with Android which is that
+users are quite willing to give away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are quite willing to give away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are quite willing to give away
+these permissions if they really want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these permissions if they really want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these permissions if they really want an
+application you know I search for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you know I search for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you know I search for some
+application and I click install And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and I click install And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and I click install And you
+know, if it doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if it doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if it doesn't look like a
+particularly long list and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly long list and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly long list and there's
+nothing that pops out right away, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that pops out right away, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that pops out right away, I'll
+probably click okay. And I might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably click okay. And I might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably click okay. And I might not
+spend the time to really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the time to really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the time to really understand
+whether u these permissions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether u these permissions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether u these permissions are
+necessary. The other slight bummer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary. The other slight bummer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary. The other slight bummer is
+that at least at the time this paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least at the time this paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least at the time this paper was
+written, Android decided that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written, Android decided that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written, Android decided that the user
+had only two choices. Either install the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only two choices. Either install the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only two choices. Either install the
+app or not install the app, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app or not install the app, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app or not install the app, which is a
+little bit of uh binary choice. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of uh binary choice. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of uh binary choice. And the
+user is presumably going to just say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is presumably going to just say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is presumably going to just say,
+"Well, yeah, I want the app. What else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, yeah, I want the app. What else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, yeah, I want the app. What else
+is am I going to do? I need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is am I going to do? I need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is am I going to do? I need to do this
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+uh and uh I think more recently I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I think more recently I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I think more recently I think
+some version of Android I think 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of Android I think 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of Android I think 43
+introduced a more fine grain scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a more fine grain scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a more fine grain scheme
+where the user is actually allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the user is actually allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the user is actually allowed to
+pick and choose uh from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose uh from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose uh from these
+permissions where well you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions where well you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions where well you're still
+presented with a list of permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with a list of permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with a list of permissions
+that the developer wants uh for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the developer wants uh for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the developer wants uh for their
+application to have but the user can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to have but the user can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to have but the user can now
+uh in a more fine grain manner uh remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a more fine grain manner uh remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a more fine grain manner uh remove
+some of these permissions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these permissions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these permissions from the
+application.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application.
+It's unclear how an average user is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's unclear how an average user is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's unclear how an average user is
+supposed to use this because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use this because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use this because it's
+probably quite hard to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite hard to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite hard to go through this
+list and make decisions about this, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and make decisions about this, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and make decisions about this, but
+uh at least the API is starting to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least the API is starting to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least the API is starting to sort
+of show up there. I haven't seen any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show up there. I haven't seen any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of show up there. I haven't seen any
+significant uses of it so far, but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uses of it so far, but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uses of it so far, but uh
+might be nice. Yeah. All right. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be nice. Yeah. All right. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be nice. Yeah. All right. Any
+questions about that? Yeah. So, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that? Yeah. So, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that? Yeah. So, there's
+also cyanogen which just lets you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cyanogen which just lets you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cyanogen which just lets you take
+away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away.
+Sorry. The cyan mod Android just lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. The cyan mod Android just lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. The cyan mod Android just lets
+you take away a label.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take away a label.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take away a label.
+Yeah. So I think that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I think that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I think that's basically what
+this new version of Android lets you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new version of Android lets you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new version of Android lets you do
+which is you can instead of taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you can instead of taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you can instead of taking away
+well it's not label strings it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not label strings it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not label strings it's
+actually descriptions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually descriptions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually descriptions of these
+permissions but you can actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions but you can actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions but you can actually now
+something I think called Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think called Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think called Android
+permission manager lets you for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission manager lets you for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission manager lets you for every
+app list all the label strings that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app list all the label strings that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app list all the label strings that the
+app has permission for and you could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app has permission for and you could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app has permission for and you could uh
+I think remove these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think remove these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think remove these things
+uh on an individual basis uh if you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on an individual basis uh if you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on an individual basis uh if you feel
+strongly about them uh I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly about them uh I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly about them uh I don't know how
+many users actually doing any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many users actually doing any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many users actually doing any of this
+stuff yeah question. Whenever the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah question. Whenever the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah question. Whenever the labels
+don't match up, does it part fail or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match up, does it part fail or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match up, does it part fail or is
+it just that doesn't work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just that doesn't work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just that doesn't work that
+functionality?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality?
+Well, I think it depends on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I think it depends on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I think it depends on exactly
+what what the application is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the application is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the application is trying to
+do that is going to require that label.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is going to require that label.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is going to require that label.
+So if the application is going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the application is going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the application is going to send
+an intent and sending that intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intent and sending that intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intent and sending that intent
+requires a particular label like dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a particular label like dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a particular label like dial
+perm well it might be that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perm well it might be that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perm well it might be that you're going
+to send the intent to the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the intent to the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the intent to the reference
+monitor and the reference monitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and the reference monitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and the reference monitor is
+going to say well there's no application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well there's no application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well there's no application
+that is willing to accept your message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is willing to accept your message.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is willing to accept your message.
+So maybe then it's up to the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe then it's up to the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe then it's up to the application
+to do something sensible in response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something sensible in response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something sensible in response.
+Another possibility is that maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another possibility is that maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another possibility is that maybe it's a
+network access and you don't have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network access and you don't have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network access and you don't have access
+to that and you're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and you're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and you're going to make a
+socket system call or you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket system call or you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket system call or you're going to
+say connect to this IP address and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say connect to this IP address and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say connect to this IP address and the
+kernel says e- perm you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel says e- perm you can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel says e- perm you can't do that
+and who knows what the application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows what the application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows what the application is
+doing going to do in that case maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing going to do in that case maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing going to do in that case maybe
+it'll throw a null pointer exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll throw a null pointer exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll throw a null pointer exception
+somehow. Uh so one argument against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. Uh so one argument against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. Uh so one argument against
+doing this is that Android applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is that Android applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is that Android applications
+at least originally weren't written to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least originally weren't written to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least originally weren't written to
+expect some of their accesses to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some of their accesses to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some of their accesses to fail
+because they were told the manifest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were told the manifest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were told the manifest is
+all or nothing. Either the user approves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or nothing. Either the user approves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or nothing. Either the user approves
+your app or they don't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your app or they don't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your app or they don't.
+So application developers perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So application developers perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So application developers perhaps
+rightly so wrote code that perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly so wrote code that perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly so wrote code that perhaps
+crashes or does something not unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes or does something not unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes or does something not unexpected
+if some access permission fails. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some access permission fails. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some access permission fails. Um so
+it might be that by taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that by taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that by taking away
+permissions you're going to cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions you're going to cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions you're going to cause the
+app to crash if it needs that access. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app to crash if it needs that access. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app to crash if it needs that access. So
+it's not like well you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like well you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like well you know you have
+this nice app and it needs access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice app and it needs access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice app and it needs access to the
+camera but if you turn it off it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but if you turn it off it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but if you turn it off it'll just
+put on some dummy picture instead. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on some dummy picture instead. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on some dummy picture instead. Maybe
+it'll just crash instead. It's uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just crash instead. It's uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just crash instead. It's uh not
+great. You you might imagine much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. You you might imagine much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. You you might imagine much more
+sophisticated systems which if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated systems which if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated systems which if you take
+away someone's access to a camera are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away someone's access to a camera are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away someone's access to a camera are
+going to provide a fake camera that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide a fake camera that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide a fake camera that just
+has a black screen all the time. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a black screen all the time. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a black screen all the time. So this
+is not what Android does. Uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what Android does. Uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what Android does. Uh but you
+could imagine alternate situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine alternate situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine alternate situations where
+this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen. All right. Any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. All right. Any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. All right. Any other questions
+here? All right. So we've looked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right. So we've looked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right. So we've looked a
+little bit about at sort of where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about at sort of where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about at sort of where these
+uh strings come from in the label of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strings come from in the label of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strings come from in the label of an
+Android app, but who defines these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android app, but who defines these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android app, but who defines these
+strings? like where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings? like where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings? like where does the
+string where does the meaning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string where does the meaning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string where does the meaning of a
+string come from? Right? You can list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string come from? Right? You can list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string come from? Right? You can list
+all kinds of strings in your manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of strings in your manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of strings in your manifest
+file, but how do you decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, but how do you decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, but how do you decide which
+strings matter or like how do you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings matter or like how do you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings matter or like how do you how
+where does the string internet or friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the string internet or friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the string internet or friend
+view come from in the first place? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view come from in the first place? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view come from in the first place? Like
+who gives it meaning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system? Any ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Any ideas?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Any ideas?
+I think it's mostly the way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's mostly the way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's mostly the way to think of
+it is that there's almost none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that there's almost none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that there's almost none of these
+strings should be magic or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings should be magic or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings should be magic or sort of
+predefined ahead of time. Almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predefined ahead of time. Almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predefined ahead of time. Almost all
+these strings are basically contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings are basically contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strings are basically contracts
+between two applications. So one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two applications. So one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two applications. So one
+application is willing to export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is willing to export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is willing to export
+something under the protection of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something under the protection of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something under the protection of some
+label string and another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label string and another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label string and another application
+wants to ask for that permission to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to ask for that permission to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to ask for that permission to talk
+to the application that defines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application that defines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application that defines this
+component. So these labels are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So these labels are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So these labels are typically
+you can think of them as being defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of them as being defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of them as being defined
+by the application that provides some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the application that provides some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the application that provides some
+protected service. So if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected service. So if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected service. So if you have this
+dial perm permission, it's presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial perm permission, it's presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial perm permission, it's presumably
+something that has to be defined by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has to be defined by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has to be defined by an
+application that defines what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that defines what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that defines what it means
+to dial a phone number. So probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial a phone number. So probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial a phone number. So probably the
+dialer application in your phone. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialer application in your phone. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialer application in your phone. That's
+the thing that defines this string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that defines this string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that defines this string and
+says that yeah this thing dial perm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that yeah this thing dial perm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that yeah this thing dial perm
+exists and my components are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and my components are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and my components are going to be
+protected by it and then other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by it and then other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by it and then other
+applications that want to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that want to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that want to interact with
+this guy with the dialer can now request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with the dialer can now request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with the dialer can now request
+this dial perm permission for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dial perm permission for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dial perm permission for
+themselves. So and of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So and of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So and of course there are
+some built-in things that we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some built-in things that we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some built-in things that we looked at
+here like the internet permission the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like the internet permission the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like the internet permission the
+camera permission etc. But you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera permission etc. But you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera permission etc. But you can sort
+of think of them as the Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of them as the Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of them as the Android
+framework being the initial application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework being the initial application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework being the initial application
+that uh is in charge of providing access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is in charge of providing access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is in charge of providing access
+to this resource and defining the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this resource and defining the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this resource and defining the string
+that's going to protect the resource uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to protect the resource uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to protect the resource uh
+as well. So what does it mean? what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. So what does it mean? what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. So what does it mean? what what
+what's sort of associated with a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of associated with a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of associated with a label
+string in Android other than the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in Android other than the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in Android other than the fact
+that this string goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this string goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this string goes into the
+applications label here when they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications label here when they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications label here when they want
+to ask for this permission and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask for this permission and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask for this permission and in the
+component label as well. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component label as well. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component label as well. So there's a
+couple of things that sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that sort of is
+associated with a label in Android. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a label in Android. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a label in Android. Um
+so a label uh in addition to a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a label uh in addition to a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a label uh in addition to a string
+also has a couple of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a couple of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a couple of interesting
+properties. Uh so there's a type of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. Uh so there's a type of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. Uh so there's a type of a
+label uh and there's uh at least in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label uh and there's uh at least in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label uh and there's uh at least in sort
+of modern Android there's three sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern Android there's three sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern Android there's three sort of
+types you might care about. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types you might care about. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types you might care about. There's a
+normal type of a label or permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal type of a label or permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal type of a label or permission
+label. Uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. Uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. Uh there's
+dangerous and signature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh the application that defines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the application that defines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the application that defines this
+permission in the first place gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission in the first place gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission in the first place gets to
+choose the type or all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the type or all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the type or all these other
+fields for a label that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields for a label that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields for a label that we're going to
+talk about in a second. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a second. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a second. So what's the
+point of a type of a label? What's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a type of a label? What's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a type of a label? What's why
+why do labels have types in Android?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. To warn the users when they accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. To warn the users when they accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. To warn the users when they accept
+them that it's dangerous. Yeah, I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that it's dangerous. Yeah, I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that it's dangerous. Yeah, I guess
+so. Yeah. So, so why not make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Yeah. So, so why not make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Yeah. So, so why not make everything
+dangerous? I guess at that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous? I guess at that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous? I guess at that level
+why is I guess yeah so so maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is I guess yeah so so maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is I guess yeah so so maybe the
+interesting thing is like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is like what are the
+semantics of these types right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics of these types right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics of these types right so if
+something is dangerous then you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is dangerous then you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is dangerous then you're right
+it actually warns the users when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually warns the users when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually warns the users when you're
+installing an application and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing an application and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing an application and the
+application asks for access to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application asks for access to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application asks for access to a
+particular label that's of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular label that's of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular label that's of type
+dangerous then uh the user has to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous then uh the user has to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous then uh the user has to look
+at this message and say yes I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this message and say yes I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this message and say yes I'm willing
+to give this dangerous permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give this dangerous permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give this dangerous permission to
+this new application for normal type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new application for normal type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new application for normal type
+labels um applications can ask for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels um applications can ask for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels um applications can ask for them
+and the user doesn't get prompted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the user doesn't get prompted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the user doesn't get prompted
+If the application requests this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the application requests this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the application requests this normal
+type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+permission, is this silly? Like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission, is this silly? Like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission, is this silly? Like what's
+the point of a permission if everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of a permission if everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of a permission if everyone
+just gets it? Is there a reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets it? Is there a reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets it? Is there a reason why we
+should have this? Like one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this? Like one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this? Like one example of
+this type of a normal permission in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of a normal permission in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of a normal permission in
+Android is setting your wallpaper. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is setting your wallpaper. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android is setting your wallpaper. So if
+you have an application that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an application that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an application that's going to
+set your wallpaper, I can as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your wallpaper, I can as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your wallpaper, I can as an
+application developer say in my manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer say in my manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer say in my manifest
+that I want to set your wallpaper and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to set your wallpaper and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to set your wallpaper and if
+you click install, it's going to say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click install, it's going to say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click install, it's going to say,
+well, there's nothing interesting going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, there's nothing interesting going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, there's nothing interesting going
+on here. You don't need to give it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here. You don't need to give it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here. You don't need to give it any
+permissions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions.
+Yeah. Well, these permissions usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, these permissions usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, these permissions usually
+require user to actually confirm, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require user to actually confirm, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require user to actually confirm, right?
+So, if an application wants to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if an application wants to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if an application wants to change
+your desk wallpaper, it will ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desk wallpaper, it will ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desk wallpaper, it will ask you
+like the system will ask you, do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the system will ask you, do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the system will ask you, do you
+want to change wallpaper? No, no, it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change wallpaper? No, no, it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change wallpaper? No, no, it'll
+just change the wallpaper. It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change the wallpaper. It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change the wallpaper. It's it's
+it's access to this API call to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's access to this API call to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's access to this API call to change
+the wallpaper. If I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wallpaper. If I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wallpaper. If I have this
+permission, I can make this API call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission, I can make this API call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission, I can make this API call.
+Uh, is there Yeah, maybe the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, is there Yeah, maybe the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, is there Yeah, maybe the application
+developer wants to make sure they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer wants to make sure they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer wants to make sure they don't
+do this accidentally. Yes, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this accidentally. Yes, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this accidentally. Yes, I think
+that's one reason why you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason why you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason why you might want to
+have these permissions is to help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these permissions is to help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these permissions is to help the
+application developer do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer do the right
+thing. So if they if you worry that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So if they if you worry that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So if they if you worry that your
+application might accidentally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application might accidentally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application might accidentally do
+something or might have bugs in it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or might have bugs in it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or might have bugs in it that
+others will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others will
+exploit, knowing uh that there's a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit, knowing uh that there's a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit, knowing uh that there's a some
+set of permissions that you do or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of permissions that you do or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of permissions that you do or don't
+have prevents your application from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have prevents your application from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have prevents your application from
+being abused in these ways, right? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being abused in these ways, right? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being abused in these ways, right? Like
+so if you have a benign application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a benign application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a benign application that
+never needs to set the wallpaper, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never needs to set the wallpaper, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never needs to set the wallpaper, you
+probably don't want to ask for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to ask for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to ask for this
+permission because if it then gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission because if it then gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission because if it then gets
+compromised then it'll be sort of better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised then it'll be sort of better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised then it'll be sort of better
+for the user on whose phone your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the user on whose phone your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the user on whose phone your
+application is installed. Uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is installed. Uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is installed. Uh so it's
+sort of a least privilege uh property. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a least privilege uh property. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a least privilege uh property. I
+guess another thing is it maybe allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess another thing is it maybe allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess another thing is it maybe allows
+some sort of auditing both from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of auditing both from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of auditing both from a
+developer standpoint where they can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer standpoint where they can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer standpoint where they can look
+and see well what are things I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see well what are things I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see well what are things I should be
+concerned about here as well as from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about here as well as from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about here as well as from a
+user's perspective if someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's perspective if someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's perspective if someone is
+changing if your phone is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing if your phone is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing if your phone is like
+flickering with a wallpaper change every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickering with a wallpaper change every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickering with a wallpaper change every
+second you can go and see who has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can go and see who has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can go and see who has this
+permission even though I didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission even though I didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission even though I didn't have to
+approve it I can at least go and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve it I can at least go and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve it I can at least go and check
+who is uh potentially doing this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is uh potentially doing this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is uh potentially doing this right
+now um so these normal permissions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so these normal permissions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so these normal permissions are
+kind of like a you know good security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a you know good security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a you know good security
+measure or probably more of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or probably more of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or probably more of a good
+auditing measure uh and aren't generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditing measure uh and aren't generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditing measure uh and aren't generally
+used for really interesting things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for really interesting things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for really interesting things like
+accessing data or uh making things m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing data or uh making things m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing data or uh making things m
+accessing things like cameras or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing things like cameras or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing things like cameras or things
+that cost money etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost money etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost money etc.
+So there's also this third thing, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's also this third thing, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's also this third thing, the
+signature permission. So one interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature permission. So one interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature permission. So one interesting
+thing in Android is that you can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in Android is that you can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in Android is that you can define
+a permission that is only accessible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permission that is only accessible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permission that is only accessible to
+applications that are signed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are signed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are signed with the
+same developer key as the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same developer key as the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same developer key as the application
+that defined the permission in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defined the permission in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defined the permission in the first
+place. So if I have I guess in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So if I have I guess in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So if I have I guess in the
+friend view example uh in the paper if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend view example uh in the paper if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend view example uh in the paper if
+the friend tracker defined you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend tracker defined you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend tracker defined you know some
+permission with the signature type then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission with the signature type then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission with the signature type then
+only other applications signed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other applications signed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other applications signed by the
+same developer key are going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same developer key are going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same developer key are going to be able
+to get the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the signature
+permission. What's the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission. What's the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission. What's the point of this
+thing? Like why not just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? Like why not just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? Like why not just make
+them dangerous or I don't know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dangerous or I don't know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dangerous or I don't know something
+else. Why do we need a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type? Any good reason? Yeah. Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type? Any good reason? Yeah. Corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type? Any good reason? Yeah. Corporation
+between applications from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between applications from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between applications from the same
+developer. Yeah. So, so it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer. Yeah. So, so it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer. Yeah. So, so it might be that
+yeah, this developer has some internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, this developer has some internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, this developer has some internal
+APIs that they don't actually mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APIs that they don't actually mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APIs that they don't actually mean to
+expose to the outside world, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose to the outside world, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose to the outside world, but they
+just want to u sort of couple their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to u sort of couple their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to u sort of couple their own
+applications to each other nicely. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to each other nicely. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to each other nicely. So
+maybe Facebook hypothetically could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Facebook hypothetically could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Facebook hypothetically could
+write an applica multiple applications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an applica multiple applications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an applica multiple applications.
+They might have one application that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They might have one application that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They might have one application that's
+you know pre-fetching content from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pre-fetching content from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pre-fetching content from
+Facebook servers, another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook servers, another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook servers, another application
+that fuses, another application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuses, another application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuses, another application that
+tracks your location. And they want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks your location. And they want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks your location. And they want all
+these components to interact with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components to interact with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components to interact with one
+another. And they can define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. And they can define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. And they can define the
+signature permission to do this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature permission to do this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature permission to do this. And
+presumably one reason why you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably one reason why you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably one reason why you might not
+want to do this, might not want to tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this, might not want to tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this, might not want to tag
+this permission as a dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this permission as a dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this permission as a dangerous
+permission is for mostly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission is for mostly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission is for mostly the same
+reasons as the force HTTPS paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons as the force HTTPS paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons as the force HTTPS paper was
+talking about, which is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about, which is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about, which is that if you
+really know who is allowed, who should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know who is allowed, who should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know who is allowed, who should
+be allowed to get this permission, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be allowed to get this permission, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be allowed to get this permission, you
+don't want to allow the user to screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to allow the user to screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to allow the user to screw
+this up. So the user could always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up. So the user could always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up. So the user could always be
+tricked by someone or could be tricked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked by someone or could be tricked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked by someone or could be tricked
+by someone into accepting uh a malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by someone into accepting uh a malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by someone into accepting uh a malicious
+application that asks for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that asks for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that asks for some
+permission that's really dangerous. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission that's really dangerous. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission that's really dangerous. And
+if it doesn't need to be dangerous, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't need to be dangerous, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't need to be dangerous, you
+can just define a signature and the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just define a signature and the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just define a signature and the user
+doesn't even have a choice of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have a choice of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have a choice of giving
+away some application's internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away some application's internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away some application's internal
+privileges. So that's one nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges. So that's one nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges. So that's one nice thing
+about this uh permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh permission
+type. Make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type. Make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type. Make sense?
+So there's other stuff associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's other stuff associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's other stuff associated with
+the label that and that mostly has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label that and that mostly has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label that and that mostly has to do
+with uh describing the permission to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh describing the permission to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh describing the permission to the
+user. So there's some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user. So there's some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user. So there's some sort of a
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+here that is the sort of English level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is the sort of English level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is the sort of English level
+uh explanation of what this permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explanation of what this permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explanation of what this permission
+entails and it's this description that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails and it's this description that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails and it's this description that
+actually pops up uh when you're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pops up uh when you're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pops up uh when you're asked to
+install a new application. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install a new application. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install a new application. So the
+Android framework will look through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android framework will look through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android framework will look through all
+the label strings in the manifest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label strings in the manifest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label strings in the manifest of the
+application you're about to install and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you're about to install and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you're about to install and
+display to the user the descriptions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display to the user the descriptions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display to the user the descriptions for
+all those label strings saying okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those label strings saying okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those label strings saying okay well
+you're about to give away the privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to give away the privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to give away the privileges
+to dial your phone or you're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial your phone or you're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dial your phone or you're about to
+give this application the permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this application the permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this application the permission to
+send SMS messages on your behalf etc. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send SMS messages on your behalf etc. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send SMS messages on your behalf etc. Um
+does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+sense? All right. So, one interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So, one interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So, one interesting
+question is what uh what happens if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what uh what happens if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what uh what happens if an
+application what happens if a malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application what happens if a malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application what happens if a malicious
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+defines a label for some other app,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a label for some other app,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a label for some other app,
+right? These labels are just free form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? These labels are just free form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? These labels are just free form
+strings. So, what happens if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings. So, what happens if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings. So, what happens if you're a
+malicious application and you say, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious application and you say, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious application and you say, "Oh,
+I have this new great permission. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this new great permission. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this new great permission. It's
+called dial perm. It's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dial perm. It's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dial perm. It's not even
+dangerous and the description is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous and the description is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous and the description is does
+nothing. Uh this be good or what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Uh this be good or what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Uh this be good or what should
+happen? Yeah. So we have this game style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? Yeah. So we have this game style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? Yeah. So we have this game style
+reverse domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse domains
+match that. Yeah. So you you you'd hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that. Yeah. So you you you'd hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that. Yeah. So you you you'd hope
+so. Uh unfortunately it's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Uh unfortunately it's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Uh unfortunately it's not actually
+enforced. So by convention, all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced. So by convention, all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced. So by convention, all these
+permission strings should have Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission strings should have Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission strings should have Java
+style reverse domain names. But there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style reverse domain names. But there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style reverse domain names. But there's
+no strict association between the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no strict association between the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no strict association between the labels
+that an application defines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an application defines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an application defines and the
+application's own Java style name. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application's own Java style name. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application's own Java style name. And
+for that matter, there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter, there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter, there's nothing that
+forces that an application's Java style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that an application's Java style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that an application's Java style
+name be tied to anything because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name be tied to anything because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name be tied to anything because we have
+no way of knowing whether the public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way of knowing whether the public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way of knowing whether the public key
+of a developer signing a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a developer signing a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a developer signing a particular
+application corresponds to com.google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application corresponds to com.google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application corresponds to com.google
+Google do something or you know edu.mmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google do something or you know edu.mmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google do something or you know edu.mmit
+something. So in fact one slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. So in fact one slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. So in fact one slight
+weakness in Android that was there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness in Android that was there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness in Android that was there at
+least when I checked you know a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I checked you know a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I checked you know a while
+ago it probably is still there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it probably is still there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it probably is still there is that
+the label definitions are sort of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label definitions are sort of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label definitions are sort of first
+come first served. So when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come first served. So when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come first served. So when you first
+install an application that defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install an application that defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install an application that defines a
+particular label you get to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular label you get to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular label you get to decide what
+type that label string is and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that label string is and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that label string is and what is
+the description of this label string. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of this label string. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of this label string. So
+for system permissions, this mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for system permissions, this mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for system permissions, this mean this
+is probably not a big problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably not a big problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably not a big problem because
+the system permissions or the ones for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system permissions or the ones for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system permissions or the ones for
+built-in applications like the dialer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in applications like the dialer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in applications like the dialer
+get defined first. Uh but applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get defined first. Uh but applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get defined first. Uh but applications
+that come later are unable to redefine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come later are unable to redefine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come later are unable to redefine
+them. So at least the framework enforces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So at least the framework enforces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So at least the framework enforces
+that. But certainly one bummer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But certainly one bummer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But certainly one bummer is that
+if you install a malicious application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you install a malicious application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you install a malicious application
+first and then some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then some important
+application later the malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application later the malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application later the malicious
+application could potentially subvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application could potentially subvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application could potentially subvert
+the labels used by the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels used by the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels used by the later
+well-meaning app. So in the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-meaning app. So in the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-meaning app. So in the papers
+friend viewer example, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend viewer example, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend viewer example, you could
+actually if you're a malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you're a malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you're a malicious
+developer, you could first install an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer, you could first install an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer, you could first install an
+app trick the user into installing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app trick the user into installing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app trick the user into installing some
+application defines this friend view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application defines this friend view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application defines this friend view
+permission to be a normal permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to be a normal permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to be a normal permission
+with a description string saying, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a description string saying, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a description string saying, "Oh,
+this does nothing interesting at all."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does nothing interesting at all."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does nothing interesting at all."
+And then the friend viewer app that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the friend viewer app that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the friend viewer app that gets
+installed later can't redefine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed later can't redefine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed later can't redefine this
+label. it's already been defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. it's already been defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. it's already been defined and
+consequently might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently might be
+uh unable to prevent the user from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unable to prevent the user from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unable to prevent the user from
+giving away this friend view permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving away this friend view permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving away this friend view permission
+to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other
+apps get this happens or well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps get this happens or well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps get this happens or well in
+principle it the framework could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it the framework could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it the framework could do this
+uh when I tried this you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I tried this you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I tried this you don't get
+warned at all so if you install an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warned at all so if you install an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warned at all so if you install an
+application that defines a label that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that defines a label that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that defines a label that's
+already been defined it does nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been defined it does nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been defined it does nothing
+simply ignores the new label definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ignores the new label definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ignores the new label definition
+and uses the old on. Perhaps that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses the old on. Perhaps that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses the old on. Perhaps that's the
+problem where it really goes wrong. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where it really goes wrong. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where it really goes wrong. You
+should at least say, well, I I refuse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least say, well, I I refuse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least say, well, I I refuse to
+install this application because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install this application because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install this application because it's
+defining a label that already exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a label that already exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a label that already exists and
+owned by this other application. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by this other application. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by this other application. Yeah.
+And it's they're owned by a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's they're owned by a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's they're owned by a different
+key even. Yeah. So, uh at least there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key even. Yeah. So, uh at least there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key even. Yeah. So, uh at least there's
+a chance to fix this potentially. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to fix this potentially. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to fix this potentially. I
+don't I haven't seen this fixed yet, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I haven't seen this fixed yet, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I haven't seen this fixed yet, but
+maybe I've not been keeping track of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I've not been keeping track of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I've not been keeping track of it.
+Um anyway, so that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anyway, so that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anyway, so that's kind of an
+interesting uh you know problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh you know problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh you know problem that you
+really have to keep track of these names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to keep track of these names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to keep track of these names
+and figure out who is you know who owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out who is you know who owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out who is you know who owns
+the name and uh getting that right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name and uh getting that right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name and uh getting that right is
+actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite
+important. So one interesting actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So one interesting actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So one interesting actually
+uh problem that shows up in Android has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem that shows up in Android has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem that shows up in Android has
+to do with these uh broadcast receivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these uh broadcast receivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these uh broadcast receivers
+or sort of sending messages between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of sending messages between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of sending messages between uh
+applications. Um so one interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Um so one interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Um so one interesting
+problem is uh when you're sending uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is uh when you're sending uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is uh when you're sending uh
+well I guess I should first describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess I should first describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess I should first describe how
+these messages work with broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages work with broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages work with broadcast
+receivers. So broadcast receivers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers. So broadcast receivers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers. So broadcast receivers are
+used for um one application being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for um one application being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for um one application being able
+to announce some event to every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to announce some event to every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to announce some event to every other
+application in the system. So as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in the system. So as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in the system. So as we saw
+before, intents typically go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, intents typically go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, intents typically go to a
+particular component like view a JPEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular component like view a JPEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular component like view a JPEG
+image. But uh for some events like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image. But uh for some events like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image. But uh for some events like the
+system boots up or my friends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boots up or my friends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boots up or my friends are
+nearby, you might want to announce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby, you might want to announce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby, you might want to announce this
+to every application that cares. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every application that cares. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every application that cares. And
+this is what these broadcast receivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what these broadcast receivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what these broadcast receivers
+are for. But you actually start worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for. But you actually start worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for. But you actually start worrying
+when well when you have these messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when well when you have these messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when well when you have these messages
+being sent between two applications both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sent between two applications both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sent between two applications both
+in the broadcast receiver case and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the broadcast receiver case and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the broadcast receiver case and in
+other cases you probably care about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases you probably care about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases you probably care about two
+things. You might want to authenticate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You might want to authenticate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You might want to authenticate
+where the message is coming from. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the message is coming from. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the message is coming from. So you
+want to know who sent this message. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know who sent this message. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know who sent this message. Can
+I trust them? And also you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I trust them? And also you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I trust them? And also you want to
+potentially control where this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially control where this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially control where this message
+goes to. Who's able to receive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to. Who's able to receive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to. Who's able to receive this
+message? And initially it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message? And initially it seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message? And initially it seems like the
+Android guys didn't quite get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android guys didn't quite get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android guys didn't quite get these
+things uh quite correctly in in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh quite correctly in in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh quite correctly in in several
+ways. uh in particular um the broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. uh in particular um the broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. uh in particular um the broadcast
+receivers um well if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers um well if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers um well if you if you're
+sending a broadcast message to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a broadcast message to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a broadcast message to all the
+other components in your system uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components in your system uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components in your system uh I
+think uh in the initial version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh in the initial version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh in the initial version of
+Android you just sent this message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android you just sent this message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android you just sent this message and
+other applications could either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications could either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications could either
+subscribe or not subscribe to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe or not subscribe to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe or not subscribe to these
+messages uh so if you have a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages uh so if you have a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages uh so if you have a friend
+viewer application then it'll subscribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer application then it'll subscribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer application then it'll subscribe
+to these messages by you know setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these messages by you know setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these messages by you know setting
+the right action or date or data type or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right action or date or data type or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right action or date or data type or
+mime type in their intent filter, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mime type in their intent filter, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mime type in their intent filter, but
+malicious applications could always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious applications could always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious applications could always
+subscribe to all broadcast events in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to all broadcast events in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to all broadcast events in the
+system and you're able to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you're able to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you're able to watch
+everything that's going on on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going on on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going on on the phone
+uh or everything that's being broadcast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or everything that's being broadcast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or everything that's being broadcast.
+So the Android uh framework added an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Android uh framework added an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Android uh framework added an
+extra sort of argument for applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra sort of argument for applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra sort of argument for applications
+to be able to specify who should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to specify who should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to specify who should be able
+to see a broadcast message. So um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a broadcast message. So um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a broadcast message. So um when
+you're sending a broadcast message uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a broadcast message uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a broadcast message uh
+sort of there there's the obvious uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there there's the obvious uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there there's the obvious uh
+argument which is the message you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument which is the message you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument which is the message you want
+to send which is basically an intent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send which is basically an intent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send which is basically an intent but
+then you can also specify an optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also specify an optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also specify an optional
+label that describes who should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label that describes who should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label that describes who should be able
+to receive this message. So instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to receive this message. So instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to receive this message. So instead of
+broadcasting to everyone in the system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting to everyone in the system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting to everyone in the system,
+you can say well only other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well only other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well only other applications
+that have a certain permission should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a certain permission should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a certain permission should be
+able to receive this broadcast message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to receive this broadcast message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to receive this broadcast message
+from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me
+here. So this way you could send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this way you could send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this way you could send out
+sensitive information like the locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive information like the locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive information like the locations
+of your friends in the papers example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your friends in the papers example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your friends in the papers example
+and make sure that only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that only those
+applications that are allowed to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are allowed to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are allowed to see the
+list of your friends will actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of your friends will actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of your friends will actually get
+your broadcast message. So this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your broadcast message. So this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your broadcast message. So this is how
+in Android you can actually control who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Android you can actually control who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Android you can actually control who
+receives the message that you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the message that you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the message that you're sending
+out at least in the broadcast case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at least in the broadcast case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at least in the broadcast case.
+Question. All right. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. All right. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. All right. How do you
+authenticate where a message is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate where a message is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate where a message is actually
+coming from? So suppose that in Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from? So suppose that in Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from? So suppose that in Android
+you register for in the papers example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you register for in the papers example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you register for in the papers example
+you have your friend viewer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your friend viewer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your friend viewer and you
+receive a message saying yep there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a message saying yep there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a message saying yep there's you
+know this friend is nearby. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this friend is nearby. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this friend is nearby. How do you
+know this actually came from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this actually came from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this actually came from the right
+component? Can you actually convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component? Can you actually convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component? Can you actually convince
+yourself of this? Yeah. Isn't the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself of this? Yeah. Isn't the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself of this? Yeah. Isn't the kernel
+tell you something? Didn't you trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something? Didn't you trust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something? Didn't you trust the
+colonel to tell you that potentially?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel to tell you that potentially?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel to tell you that potentially?
+Yeah. So the kernel or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the kernel or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the kernel or at least the
+reference monitor, well this binder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor, well this binder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor, well this binder
+thing is going to tell the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to tell the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to tell the reference
+monitor, here's where the intent came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor, here's where the intent came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor, here's where the intent came
+from and then the reference monitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then the reference monitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then the reference monitor is
+going to forward this intent to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forward this intent to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forward this intent to your
+receiver application. And somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver application. And somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver application. And somewhere in
+there is the name of the app that sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the name of the app that sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the name of the app that sent
+this guy. How should you check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. How should you check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. How should you check whether
+this is a reasonable app that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reasonable app that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reasonable app that should be
+sending these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these
+intents? Is there a way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents? Is there a way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents? Is there a way to do this
+Android? So I guess you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android? So I guess you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android? So I guess you're right
+strictly speaking that yeah the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking that yeah the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking that yeah the source
+is always authenticated. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always authenticated. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always authenticated. You know
+exactly which app sent the message but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which app sent the message but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which app sent the message but
+what do you do with the source name? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with the source name? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with the source name? How
+do you check whether it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you check whether it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you check whether it should be
+sending these friend is near messages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these friend is near messages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these friend is near messages in
+the papers example. Yeah the label or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers example. Yeah the label or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers example. Yeah the label or
+the sender privilege. Yeah. So, one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender privilege. Yeah. So, one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender privilege. Yeah. So, one way
+to do it is to actually stick a label on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is to actually stick a label on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is to actually stick a label on
+the broadcast receiver. So, one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broadcast receiver. So, one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broadcast receiver. So, one thing
+you could do is say, well, the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is say, well, the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is say, well, the only
+people that are allowed to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are allowed to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are allowed to send a
+message to this broadcast receiver are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to this broadcast receiver are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to this broadcast receiver are
+people with, you know, the friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with, you know, the friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with, you know, the friend
+tracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe label.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe label.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe label.
+So if you stick such a label on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you stick such a label on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you stick such a label on your
+broadcast receiver, then you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast receiver, then you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast receiver, then you know that
+only messages sent from applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only messages sent from applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only messages sent from applications
+with this label are going to get to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this label are going to get to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this label are going to get to you
+your broadcast receiver. That's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your broadcast receiver. That's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your broadcast receiver. That's one way
+to filter who's able to send messages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter who's able to send messages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter who's able to send messages to
+you is by restricting them by label. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is by restricting them by label. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is by restricting them by label. Um
+so this works in many cases. Um, Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this works in many cases. Um, Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this works in many cases. Um, Android
+also provides a more specific function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides a more specific function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides a more specific function
+that you can use uh that's called check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+privilege and you could sort of say or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege and you could sort of say or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege and you could sort of say or
+check sender privilege I think uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check sender privilege I think uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check sender privilege I think uh and
+you could ask uh the framework whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask uh the framework whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask uh the framework whether
+the sender of the intent you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender of the intent you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender of the intent you're looking
+at has a certain label in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at has a certain label in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at has a certain label in its
+permissions. Uh so this way you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions. Uh so this way you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions. Uh so this way you can also
+reason about what privileges does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about what privileges does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about what privileges does the
+sender or particular message have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender or particular message have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender or particular message have in
+situations where maybe the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where maybe the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where maybe the framework
+doesn't provide quite the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't provide quite the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't provide quite the right
+mechanisms in the manifest to do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in the manifest to do this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in the manifest to do this.
+One place where this check sender label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One place where this check sender label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One place where this check sender label
+or check sender privilege function turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or check sender privilege function turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or check sender privilege function turns
+out to be particularly useful is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be particularly useful is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be particularly useful is in the
+case of this RPC interaction between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of this RPC interaction between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of this RPC interaction between two
+applications where the reference monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where the reference monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where the reference monitor
+isn't actually involved in mediating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually involved in mediating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually involved in mediating the
+RPCs between applications but you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPCs between applications but you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPCs between applications but you still
+want to ask is the application that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask is the application that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask is the application that's
+talking to me privileged for this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me privileged for this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me privileged for this kind
+of operation. So this way you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation. So this way you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation. So this way you can sort
+of manually invoke the or check what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manually invoke the or check what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manually invoke the or check what's
+in the manifest of an application. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the manifest of an application. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the manifest of an application. Yeah.
+But what stops another application from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what stops another application from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what stops another application from
+just asking the label when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking the label when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking the label when it's
+installed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed?
+Well, so I guess uh yeah, so what stops?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so I guess uh yeah, so what stops?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so I guess uh yeah, so what stops?
+Yeah, you can use the signature label.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you can use the signature label.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you can use the signature label.
+Yeah. So one thing that stops it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So one thing that stops it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So one thing that stops it is that
+presumably the user Well, if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the user Well, if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the user Well, if the if the
+label is a signature type label, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is a signature type label, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is a signature type label, then
+that's going to stop it if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to stop it if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to stop it if it's not
+signed by the same signatures. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed by the same signatures. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed by the same signatures. That's
+right. Yeah. Yeah. So that requires to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah. Yeah. So that requires to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah. Yeah. So that requires to
+be the same exact developer. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same exact developer. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same exact developer. Another
+thing that stops it is that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that stops it is that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that stops it is that maybe the
+permission is labeled as dangerous. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission is labeled as dangerous. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission is labeled as dangerous. So
+then the user is going to see this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the user is going to see this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the user is going to see this on
+the screen when you install an app. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen when you install an app. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen when you install an app. It
+says this app requires the permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this app requires the permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this app requires the permission to
+view your friends or your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view your friends or your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view your friends or your friends
+locations. But that's taken from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations. But that's taken from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations. But that's taken from the
+description. That's right. So what stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description. That's right. So what stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description. That's right. So what stops
+me from just giving a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from just giving a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from just giving a different
+description? So the I should say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description? So the I should say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description? So the I should say right
+this description uh is u comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this description uh is u comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this description uh is u comes from the
+application that initially defines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that initially defines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that initially defines this
+label. So the label is initially so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. So the label is initially so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. So the label is initially so so
+there's two things going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things going on in the
+manifest. You can ask for access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest. You can ask for access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest. You can ask for access to
+existing labels. So I can say well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing labels. So I can say well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing labels. So I can say well this
+is an application. I want access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an application. I want access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an application. I want access to the
+friend view permission. And a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend view permission. And a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend view permission. And a separate
+thing you can do in a manifest is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do in a manifest is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do in a manifest is say
+I'm defining a new kind of label. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining a new kind of label. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining a new kind of label. So
+perhaps so then the first friend viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps so then the first friend viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps so then the first friend viewer
+application or the friend tracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application or the friend tracker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application or the friend tracker
+application presumably is going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application presumably is going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application presumably is going to say
+well I have an application. It has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have an application. It has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have an application. It has these
+permissions but also I'm defining a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions but also I'm defining a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions but also I'm defining a new
+kind of label. It's a called this. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of label. It's a called this. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of label. It's a called this. It's
+type dangerous and it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type dangerous and it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type dangerous and it has this
+description. So that's the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description. So that's the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description. So that's the place where
+you have to really get the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really get the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really get the this is the
+sort of first come first serve problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of first come first serve problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of first come first serve problem.
+But as long as the application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as long as the application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as long as the application that
+should define a label is installed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should define a label is installed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should define a label is installed first
+then you're in good shape. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in good shape. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in good shape. Any
+subsequent application is going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent application is going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent application is going to ask
+for the label just by its string name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the label just by its string name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the label just by its string name
+and then the Android framework will fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Android framework will fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Android framework will fish
+out the description and the type from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the description and the type from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the description and the type from
+the application that first defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application that first defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application that first defined
+it. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Make
+sense? All right. Any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. Any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. Any other questions
+here? All right. So, I guess uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right. So, I guess uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right. So, I guess uh this
+gives you some sense of how Android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some sense of how Android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some sense of how Android
+works. Uh one sort of cool thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Uh one sort of cool thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Uh one sort of cool thing about
+it is that uh you can actually get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that uh you can actually get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that uh you can actually get this
+manifest that to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest that to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest that to a large extent
+describes the security properties of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the security properties of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the security properties of an
+application. So this is one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So this is one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So this is one thing that
+the developers of the Android framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers of the Android framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers of the Android framework
+were going for something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going for something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going for something called
+mandatory access control where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory access control where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory access control where you can
+actually specify the security policy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify the security policy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify the security policy of
+an application separate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application separate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application separate from the
+application itself and in fact have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application itself and in fact have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application itself and in fact have that
+security policy be enforced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security policy be enforced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security policy be enforced by this
+reference monitor regardless of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor regardless of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference monitor regardless of what
+that application itself is doing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application itself is doing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application itself is doing. So
+seems like a kind of a nice property to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a kind of a nice property to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a kind of a nice property to
+be able to audit an application by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to audit an application by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to audit an application by
+looking at this manifest file. uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this manifest file. uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this manifest file. uh you
+can mostly think of it as a development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mostly think of it as a development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mostly think of it as a development
+sort of nicity uh rather than a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nicity uh rather than a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nicity uh rather than a strict
+enforcement mechanism because if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement mechanism because if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement mechanism because if an
+application really wants to get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application really wants to get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application really wants to get around
+its own manifest it can probably do so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own manifest it can probably do so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own manifest it can probably do so.
+Uh but it seems like a nice way of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it seems like a nice way of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it seems like a nice way of being
+able to understand what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand what's going on with
+an application in terms of security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application in terms of security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application in terms of security
+without having to dive down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to dive down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to dive down into the
+Java code. Um of course it matters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java code. Um of course it matters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java code. Um of course it matters but
+you can still get a highle sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still get a highle sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still get a highle sense of
+what's going on in an application from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in an application from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in an application from
+the manifest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manifest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manifest.
+uh one sort of bummer I guess as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one sort of bummer I guess as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one sort of bummer I guess as we are
+talking about here there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here there's some
+situations where the Android framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where the Android framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where the Android framework
+turns out to be not quite expressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be not quite expressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be not quite expressive
+enough uh in the manifest and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh in the manifest and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh in the manifest and you have
+to still write code that talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still write code that talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still write code that talks about
+security checks it would be in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security checks it would be in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security checks it would be in some ways
+nice if there were no security checks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if there were no security checks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if there were no security checks at
+all in the code and all the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the code and all the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the code and all the security
+checks went to the manifest but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks went to the manifest but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks went to the manifest but that
+would mean exposing things like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean exposing things like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean exposing things like all the
+RPCs to the framework and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPCs to the framework and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPCs to the framework and and so on
+that's potentially bit of a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potentially bit of a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potentially bit of a trade-off
+that these guys are making uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these guys are making uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these guys are making uh and I
+guess one other thing is actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one other thing is actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one other thing is actually kind
+of hard to change the manifest file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to change the manifest file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to change the manifest file
+after you've designed the system. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've designed the system. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've designed the system. Right?
+So, one perhaps surprising thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one perhaps surprising thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one perhaps surprising thing is that
+the Android framework hasn't changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Android framework hasn't changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Android framework hasn't changed in
+terms of security very much since it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of security very much since it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of security very much since it was
+released or since this paper was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or since this paper was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or since this paper was written
+five years ago or six years ago now. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago or six years ago now. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago or six years ago now. Um
+because once the application starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once the application starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once the application starts
+using this framework, it's you know hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this framework, it's you know hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this framework, it's you know hard
+to say some existing application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say some existing application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say some existing application is
+going to break. So, you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break. So, you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break. So, you basically have
+to maintain backwards compatibility to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain backwards compatibility to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain backwards compatibility to a
+large extent. So, you don't get a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent. So, you don't get a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent. So, you don't get a chance
+to sort of do it over again. Uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of do it over again. Uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of do it over again. Uh I guess
+one interesting thing that did happen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interesting thing that did happen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interesting thing that did happen uh
+uh to Android since this paper came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Android since this paper came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Android since this paper came out
+is that uh the Android guys sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh the Android guys sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh the Android guys sort of
+borrowed an idea from Apple and did are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed an idea from Apple and did are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed an idea from Apple and did are
+doing now much more server side analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now much more server side analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now much more server side analysis
+of applications. So Apple on the iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications. So Apple on the iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications. So Apple on the iPhone
+side is pretty aggressive in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is pretty aggressive in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is pretty aggressive in terms of
+having the Apple you know server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the Apple you know server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the Apple you know server
+checking old applications from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking old applications from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking old applications from
+developers for various guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers for various guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers for various guidelines
+including security properties and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including security properties and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including security properties and the
+Android servers or this Android market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android servers or this Android market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android servers or this Android market
+or whatever uh now also does quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever uh now also does quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever uh now also does quite a bit
+of analysis of applications submitted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis of applications submitted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis of applications submitted by
+developers to make sure they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to make sure they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to make sure they are not
+malicious in some loose sense. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious in some loose sense. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious in some loose sense. Um so
+that's kind of a cool thing and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a cool thing and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a cool thing and it is
+largely orthogonal to this security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely orthogonal to this security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely orthogonal to this security
+architecture. So the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. So the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. So the security
+architecture works on your phone, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture works on your phone, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture works on your phone, but
+then for any other security problems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for any other security problems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for any other security problems,
+the server can sort of evolve defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server can sort of evolve defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server can sort of evolve defenses
+over time as need be. Those tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time as need be. Those tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time as need be. Those tend to be
+more in the fishing side where the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the fishing side where the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the fishing side where the human
+is being tricked into doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being tricked into doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being tricked into doing something
+rather than on, you know, exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on, you know, exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on, you know, exploiting
+some specific vulnerability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific vulnerability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific vulnerability in the
+kernel perhaps and so on. Make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel perhaps and so on. Make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel perhaps and so on. Make sense?
+Any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any other
+questions? All right. So we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? All right. So we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? All right. So we'll see you
+guys on Wednesday. Hopefully we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on Wednesday. Hopefully we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on Wednesday. Hopefully we'll talk
+about an extension of Android for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an extension of Android for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an extension of Android for data
+privacy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uUKJPnwlbRI.txt b/uUKJPnwlbRI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd073ff227544ff50aedc5a62bfb9c9ad509473f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uUKJPnwlbRI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+CMOS gates consist of an output node connected
+to a pull-up circuit that contains only PFETs
+
+and a pull-down circuit that contains only
+NFETs.
+
+In our example, our gate computes F(A,B,C,D).
+
+It is observed that F(1,0,1,1) = 1.
+
+With that information, what can you say about
+the value of F(1,0,0,0)?
+
+All CMOS gates are inverting which means that
+if all your inputs are 0, then only the PFETs
+
+in the pull-up are on, and so the output = 1.
+
+If all your inputs are 1, then only the NFETs
+in the pull-down circuitry are on, and the
+
+output = 0.
+
+If we are told that F(1,0,1,1) = 1 and we
+want to find out what F(1,0,0,0) is, we notice
+
+that the difference between the first set
+of inputs and the second is that the third
+
+and fourth inputs have been changed from 1
+to 0 while the others remain unchanged.
+
+Changing an input from 1 to 0 will turn more
+PFETs on, and more NFETs off, which means
+
+that there are more possibilities of the pull-up
+circuitry to pull the output up to high, and
+
+fewer chances of the pull-down circuitry pulling
+the output down to 0.
+
+Since, we were already producing a high output
+with even fewer PFETs turned on, we are guaranteed
+
+that by turning more PFETs on and turning
+some NFETs off, the only thing we can do is
+
+maintain our high output.
+
+So F(1,0,0,0) = 1.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v6axtBS6IF8.txt b/v6axtBS6IF8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da34a060bed44523c607d26c443a8e48215a63ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v6axtBS6IF8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we start on a new unit called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we start on a new unit called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we start on a new unit called
+counting or combinatorics and it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting or combinatorics and it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting or combinatorics and it's about
+counting things now one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting things now one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting things now one of the things
+that happens when you're counting is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens when you're counting is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens when you're counting is you
+typically adding up a bunch of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically adding up a bunch of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically adding up a bunch of numbers
+that you've counted along the way and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've counted along the way and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've counted along the way and so
+you wind up needing to deal with sums a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wind up needing to deal with sums a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wind up needing to deal with sums a
+lot and so let's start with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and so let's start with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and so let's start with those
+mathematical preliminaries we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical preliminaries we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical preliminaries we're going
+to look at three kinds of sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at three kinds of sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at three kinds of sums
+arithmetic sums geometric sums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic sums geometric sums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic sums geometric sums and
+harmonic sums all of which come up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic sums all of which come up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic sums all of which come up very
+regularly and they will have reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly and they will have reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly and they will have reasonably
+nice formulas that explain what they sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice formulas that explain what they sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice formulas that explain what they sum
+to let's begin with the simplest ones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's begin with the simplest ones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's begin with the simplest ones of
+arithmetic sums so there's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic sums so there's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic sums so there's an example
+this supposedly is the kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this supposedly is the kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this supposedly is the kind of problem
+that was assigned to children in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was assigned to children in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was assigned to children in the
+night in the 18th century to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night in the 18th century to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night in the 18th century to keep them
+busy in class and the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy in class and the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy in class and the great
+mathematician Gauss carl friedrich gauss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Gauss carl friedrich gauss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Gauss carl friedrich gauss
+you know from magnetism and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from magnetism and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from magnetism and from
+probability theory but also in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory but also in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory but also in fact the
+inventor of congruence and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor of congruence and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor of congruence and and the
+number theory that we've studied showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory that we've studied showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory that we've studied showed
+his brilliance as a child prodigy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brilliance as a child prodigy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brilliance as a child prodigy when
+he was nine years old supposedly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was nine years old supposedly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was nine years old supposedly he
+noticed that in that chart of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that in that chart of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that in that chart of numbers
+that we just saw there were 30 numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw there were 30 numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw there were 30 numbers
+and each one was 13 greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one was 13 greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one was 13 greater than the
+previous one the idea being that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one the idea being that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one the idea being that the
+tutor didn't want to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor didn't want to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor didn't want to go through the
+effort of summing everything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of summing everything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of summing everything up
+he knew the trick to get the sum quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew the trick to get the sum quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew the trick to get the sum quickly
+but he kept his students busy for hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he kept his students busy for hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he kept his students busy for hours
+doing that kind of problem I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of problem I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that kind of problem I don't know
+and that this is a true story or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is a true story or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is a true story or not but
+it's a good story so let's go on with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good story so let's go on with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good story so let's go on with it
+so in other words what Gauss noticed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words what Gauss noticed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words what Gauss noticed was
+that the numbers on that page looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers on that page looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numbers on that page looked
+like 89 and 89 plus 13 down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 89 and 89 plus 13 down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 89 and 89 plus 13 down through the
+30th number 89 plus 29 times 13 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th number 89 plus 29 times 13 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th number 89 plus 29 times 13 and then
+he saw how to get the sum of a the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw how to get the sum of a the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw how to get the sum of a the the
+simple expression for the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple expression for the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple expression for the value of this
+sum and the logic is that let's call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and the logic is that let's call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and the logic is that let's call the
+first term F and then the next term is F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term F and then the next term is F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term F and then the next term is F
+plus 2 DF plus D or D is 13 and F is 89
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 DF plus D or D is 13 and F is 89
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 DF plus D or D is 13 and F is 89
+next one would be F plus 2 D down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one would be F plus 2 D down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one would be F plus 2 D down to the
+end and I'm gonna call the last term L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and I'm gonna call the last term L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and I'm gonna call the last term L
+which is 89 plus 29 times 13 this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 89 plus 29 times 13 this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 89 plus 29 times 13 this would
+be L minus D or 89 times plus 28 times 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be L minus D or 89 times plus 28 times 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be L minus D or 89 times plus 28 times 3
+and let's call that some a we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call that some a we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call that some a we don't know
+what it is yet but look very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is yet but look very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is yet but look very quickly
+gonna derive it and one of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna derive it and one of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna derive it and one of the standard
+tricks to find nice formulas for sums is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks to find nice formulas for sums is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks to find nice formulas for sums is
+to find a arithmetic relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a arithmetic relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a arithmetic relation between
+the sum and it's like perturbation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and it's like perturbation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and it's like perturbation of
+the sum in this case I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum in this case I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum in this case I'm just gonna
+write the sum backwards so it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the sum backwards so it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the sum backwards so it's the same
+sum a but written where the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum a but written where the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum a but written where the first term
+is last and the last term is first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is last and the last term is first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is last and the last term is first and
+now notice what happens when I add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice what happens when I add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice what happens when I add up
+these two sums I get to weigh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sums I get to weigh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sums I get to weigh of course
+but every one of these terms this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every one of these terms this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every one of these terms this is an
+F plus L this is an F plus D plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F plus L this is an F plus D plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F plus L this is an F plus D plus L
+minus T it's F plus L this last one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T it's F plus L this last one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T it's F plus L this last one is
+an F plus L every one of these pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F plus L every one of these pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F plus L every one of these pairwise
+some sub sums comes out to be F plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sub sums comes out to be F plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sub sums comes out to be F plus L
+and now we have a formula for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have a formula for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have a formula for the whole
+series a nice simple formula that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a nice simple formula that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a nice simple formula that a is
+equal to the sum of the first term plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the first term plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the first term plus
+the last term divided by two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term divided by two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term divided by two times the
+number of terms by the way the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms by the way the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms by the way the first
+term plus the last time divided by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus the last time divided by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus the last time divided by two
+is maybe is more memorable if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe is more memorable if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe is more memorable if you
+remember that it's the average term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's the average term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's the average term it's
+the average size term times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average size term times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average size term times the number
+of terms and that's how you sum up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms and that's how you sum up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms and that's how you sum up an
+arithmetic sum so we can wrap up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic sum so we can wrap up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic sum so we can wrap up with a
+familiar example namely the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar example namely the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar example namely the sum of the
+integers from 1 to N this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers from 1 to N this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers from 1 to N this is an
+arithmetic series starts with 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic series starts with 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic series starts with 1 and the
+D that is the difference from successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that is the difference from successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that is the difference from successive
+terms is simply 1 1 1 plus 1 1 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is simply 1 1 1 plus 1 1 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is simply 1 1 1 plus 1 1 1 plus 1
+plus 1 down to n and according to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 down to n and according to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 down to n and according to our
+formula it's the first plus the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's the first plus the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's the first plus the last
+over 2 times the number of terms and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 times the number of terms and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 times the number of terms and we
+have that familiar formula for the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that familiar formula for the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that familiar formula for the sum
+of the first n integers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vF7eyJ2g3kU.txt b/vF7eyJ2g3kU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..661a89e4be1595465d6efac345ad240eaf02dc25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vF7eyJ2g3kU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+54.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is the lecture on positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is the lecture on positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is the lecture on positive
+definite matrices. I made a start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices. I made a start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices. I made a start on
+those briefly in a previous lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those briefly in a previous lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those briefly in a previous lecture and
+one point I wanted to make was the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point I wanted to make was the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point I wanted to make was the way
+that this topic brings the whole course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this topic brings the whole course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this topic brings the whole course
+together. pivots, determinants, igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. pivots, determinants, igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. pivots, determinants, igen
+values and something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and something new
+for P and stability and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P and stability and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P and stability and then something
+new in this expression xrpose ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in this expression xrpose ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in this expression xrpose ax
+actually that's the guy to watch in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's the guy to watch in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's the guy to watch in this
+lecture. So uh so the topic is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. So uh so the topic is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. So uh so the topic is positive
+definite matrix and what what's my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrix and what what's my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrix and what what's my goal
+first goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first goal is
+how can I tell if a matrix is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I tell if a matrix is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I tell if a matrix is positive
+definite so I would like to have tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so I would like to have tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so I would like to have tests
+to see if you give me a a 5x5 matrix how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if you give me a a 5x5 matrix how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if you give me a a 5x5 matrix how
+do I tell if it's positive definite more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I tell if it's positive definite more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I tell if it's positive definite more
+important is what does it mean why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is what does it mean why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is what does it mean why are
+we so interested in this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so interested in this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so interested in this property of
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite
+And then at the end comes some geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at the end comes some geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at the end comes some geometry.
+Ellipses are connected with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipses are connected with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipses are connected with positive
+definite things. Hyperolas are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite things. Hyperolas are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite things. Hyperolas are not
+connected with positive definite things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with positive definite things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with positive definite things.
+So we it's this uh we there's a geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we it's this uh we there's a geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we it's this uh we there's a geometry
+too but mostly it's linear algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but mostly it's linear algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but mostly it's linear algebra and
+uh this this application of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this application of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this application of how do you
+recognize a when you have a minimum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a when you have a minimum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a when you have a minimum is
+pretty neat. Okay, I'm going to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty neat. Okay, I'm going to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty neat. Okay, I'm going to begin
+with 2x two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2x two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2x two.
+All matrices are symmetric, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All matrices are symmetric, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All matrices are symmetric, right?
+That's understood. The matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's understood. The matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's understood. The matrix is
+symmetric. Now, my question is, is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. Now, my question is, is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. Now, my question is, is it
+positive definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite?
+Now, here are here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, here are here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, here are here are some
+each one of these is a complete test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is a complete test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is a complete test for
+positive definitess. If I know the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definitess. If I know the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definitess. If I know the igen
+values, my test is are they positive?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, my test is are they positive?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, my test is are they positive?
+Are they all positive?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they all positive?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they all positive?
+If I know the these so a is really I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I know the these so a is really I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I know the these so a is really I I
+look at that number a here as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that number a here as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that number a here as the as the
+one by one determinant and here's the 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one determinant and here's the 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one determinant and here's the 2x
+two determinant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant.
+So this is the determinant test. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the determinant test. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the determinant test. This is
+the igen value test. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen value test. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen value test. This is the
+determinant test. are the determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test. are the determinants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant test. are the determinants
+growing in of all of all n sort of could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in of all of all n sort of could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in of all of all n sort of could
+I call them leading submatrices they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call them leading submatrices they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call them leading submatrices they're
+they're the first ones they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the first ones they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the first ones they're the
+northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest
+Seattle submatrices coming down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle submatrices coming down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle submatrices coming down from
+from there they all all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there they all all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there they all all those
+determinants have to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants have to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants have to be positive and
+then another test is the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another test is the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another test is the pivots
+the pivots of a 2x two matrix are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivots of a 2x two matrix are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivots of a 2x two matrix are that
+number a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a for
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+uh since the product is the determinant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since the product is the determinant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since the product is the determinant,
+the second pivot must be the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pivot must be the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pivot must be the determinant
+divided by a. And then in here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a. And then in here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a. And then in here is going
+to come my favorite and my new idea, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come my favorite and my new idea, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come my favorite and my new idea, the
+the the one to catch about xrpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one to catch about xrpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one to catch about xrpose
+ax being positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax being positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax being positive.
+But we'll have to look at this guy. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we'll have to look at this guy. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we'll have to look at this guy. This
+gets a like a star because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a like a star because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a like a star because
+For most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For most
+uh presentations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentations,
+the definition of positive definitess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of positive definitess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of positive definitess
+would be this number four. And these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this number four. And these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this number four. And these
+numbers 1 2 3 would be tests for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 2 3 would be tests for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 2 3 would be tests for it.
+Okay. Maybe I'll tuck this wire in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Maybe I'll tuck this wire in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Maybe I'll tuck this wire in a
+little bit. Okay. So, I'll have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Okay. So, I'll have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Okay. So, I'll have to look
+at this xrpose ax. Can you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we just be sure h how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just be sure h how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just be sure h how do we know
+that the igen value test and the deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the igen value test and the deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the igen value test and the deter
+and the determinant test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the determinant test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the determinant test
+pick out the same matrices and and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the same matrices and and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the same matrices and and let
+me let's just do a few examples. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let's just do a few examples. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let's just do a few examples. So
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me let me pick the matrix two uh 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me pick the matrix two uh 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me pick the matrix two uh 66
+tell me what number do I have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what number do I have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what number do I have to put
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+for the matrix to be positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the matrix to be positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the matrix to be positive definite
+tell me a sufficiently large number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me a sufficiently large number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me a sufficiently large number that
+would would make it positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would make it positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would make it positive definite
+just just let's just practice with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just let's just practice with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just let's just practice with these
+conditions in the 2x two case Now when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in the 2x two case Now when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in the 2x two case Now when I
+ask you that you don't want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you that you don't want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you that you don't want to find the
+igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values
+you would use the determinant test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use the determinant test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use the determinant test for
+that. So, so the first or the pivot test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, so the first or the pivot test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, so the first or the pivot test
+that that guy is certainly positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that guy is certainly positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that guy is certainly positive that
+had to happen and it's okay. H how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to happen and it's okay. H how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to happen and it's okay. H how large
+a number here? The number had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number here? The number had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number here? The number had better be
+more than what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what?
+More than 18, right? Because if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More than 18, right? Because if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More than 18, right? Because if it's
+eight no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight no
+more than what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what?
+19 is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 is it?
+If I have a 19 here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that positive definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, because the I get 38 minus 36.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because the I get 38 minus 36.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because the I get 38 minus 36.
+That's okay. If I had an 18, let me play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's okay. If I had an 18, let me play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's okay. If I had an 18, let me play
+it really close. If I have an 18 there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really close. If I have an 18 there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really close. If I have an 18 there,
+then am I positive definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then am I positive definite?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then am I positive definite?
+Not quite. I would call this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not quite. I would call this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not quite. I would call this guy
+positive. So it's it's useful just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So it's it's useful just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So it's it's useful just to
+see that this is the borderline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is the borderline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is the borderline.
+That matrix is on the borderline. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That matrix is on the borderline. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That matrix is on the borderline. I
+would call that matrix positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call that matrix positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call that matrix positive
+semidefinite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And and what are the igen values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and what are the igen values of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and what are the igen values of that
+matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix?
+Just since we're good at igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just since we're good at igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just since we're good at igen values of
+2x twos. uh when it's semidefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x twos. uh when it's semidefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x twos. uh when it's semidefinite
+but not definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not definite
+then the I'm I'm squeezing this igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the I'm I'm squeezing this igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the I'm I'm squeezing this igen
+value test down tell what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value test down tell what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value test down tell what's the what's
+the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the
+igen value that I know this matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value that I know this matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value that I know this matrix has
+what kind of a matrix have I got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a matrix have I got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a matrix have I got here
+it's a singular matrix one of its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a singular matrix one of its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a singular matrix one of its igen
+values is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is
+zero that has an igen value zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that has an igen value zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that has an igen value zero and the
+other igen value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other igen value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other igen value is
+from the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the trace
+20. Okay. So that that matrix has values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20. Okay. So that that matrix has values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20. Okay. So that that matrix has values
+greater than or equal to zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and it's
+that equal to that brought this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal to that brought this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal to that brought this word
+semidefinite in. And the pi what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite in. And the pi what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite in. And the pi what are the
+pivots of that matrix? So the pivots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots of that matrix? So the pivots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots of that matrix? So the pivots so
+the igen values are 0 and 20. The pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values are 0 and 20. The pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values are 0 and 20. The pivots
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh well the pivot is two and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the pivot is two and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the pivot is two and what's the
+next pivot?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There isn't one. We got a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There isn't one. We got a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There isn't one. We got a singular
+matrix here. It'll only have one pivot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here. It'll only have one pivot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here. It'll only have one pivot.
+You see that? That's a rank one matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that? That's a rank one matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that? That's a rank one matrix.
+26 is a 618 is a multiple of 26. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 is a 618 is a multiple of 26. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 is a 618 is a multiple of 26. Uh the
+matrix is singular. It only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is singular. It only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is singular. It only has one
+pivot. So uh the pivot test doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot. So uh the pivot test doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot. So uh the pivot test doesn't
+quite pass the let me do the xrpose ax.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite pass the let me do the xrpose ax.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite pass the let me do the xrpose ax.
+Now this is this is the this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is this is the this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is this is the this is the uh
+the the novelty now okay what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the novelty now okay what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the novelty now okay what am I
+looking at when I look at at this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at when I look at at this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at when I look at at this new
+combination xrpose ax is any vector now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination xrpose ax is any vector now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination xrpose ax is any vector now
+so let me compute so any vector let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me compute so any vector let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me compute so any vector let me
+call its components x1 and x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call its components x1 and x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call its components x1 and x2
+so that's x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's x
+and I put in here A let's let's use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put in here A let's let's use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put in here A let's let's use this
+example 266 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 266 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 266 18
+and here's xrpose so x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's xrpose so x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's xrpose so x1 x2
+we're back to real matrices after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to real matrices after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to real matrices after that
+last lecture that that said what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture that that said what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture that that said what to do
+in the complex case let's come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex case let's come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex case let's come back to
+real matrices so here is xrpose ax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrices so here is xrpose ax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrices so here is xrpose ax and
+what I'm interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in is
+what do I get If I multiply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get If I multiply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get If I multiply those
+together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together,
+I get some function of x1 and x2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get some function of x1 and x2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get some function of x1 and x2 and
+what is it? Uh let's see if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it? Uh let's see if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it? Uh let's see if I do this
+multiplication. Should I do it? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Should I do it? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. Should I do it? Let me
+I'll just do it slowly. x1 x2. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do it slowly. x1 x2. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do it slowly. x1 x2. If I
+multiply that matrix, this is 2x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that matrix, this is 2x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that matrix, this is 2x1
+and 6 x2s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 x2s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 x2s.
+And the next row is 6 x1's and 18 x2s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the next row is 6 x1's and 18 x2s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the next row is 6 x1's and 18 x2s.
+And now I do this final step. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I do this final step. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I do this final step. And what
+do I have? I've got two x1 squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have? I've got two x1 squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have? I've got two x1 squares.
+That 2 x1 squares is coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That 2 x1 squares is coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That 2 x1 squares is coming from this
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+I've got this one gives me 18. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this one gives me 18. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this one gives me 18. Well,
+shall I do the ones in the middle? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I do the ones in the middle? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I do the ones in the middle? How
+many how many x1 x2s do I have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many x1 x2s do I have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many x1 x2s do I have?
+Let's see. X1 * that 6 x2 will be six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. X1 * that 6 x2 will be six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. X1 * that 6 x2 will be six of
+them. And then x2 * this one will be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And then x2 * this one will be six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And then x2 * this one will be six
+more. I get 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. I get 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. I get 12.
+So in in here is going this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in in here is going this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in in here is going this is the this
+is the number a this is the number 2 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number a this is the number 2 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number a this is the number 2 b
+and in here is going to x2 * 18 x2 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here is going to x2 * 18 x2 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here is going to x2 * 18 x2 will
+be 18 x2 and this is the number c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 18 x2 and this is the number c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 18 x2 and this is the number c.
+So it's a x1. It's like ax^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a x1. It's like ax^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a x1. It's like ax^2
+bxy and c y^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So my my first point that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my my first point that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my my first point that I wanted to
+make by just doing out a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make by just doing out a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make by just doing out a multiplication
+is that as soon as you give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as soon as you give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as soon as you give me the
+matrix, as soon as you give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, as soon as you give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, as soon as you give me the
+matrix, I can I those are the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, I can I those are the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, I can I those are the numbers
+that appear in the I'll call this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in the I'll call this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in the I'll call this thing
+a quadratic. it. You see, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic. it. You see, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic. it. You see, it's not
+linear anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear anymore.
+Ax is linear, but now I've got an xrpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ax is linear, but now I've got an xrpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ax is linear, but now I've got an xrpose
+coming in. I'm up to degree two. Up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in. I'm up to degree two. Up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in. I'm up to degree two. Up to
+degree to maybe quadratic is the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to maybe quadratic is the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to maybe quadratic is the usual
+word. A quadratic form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word. A quadratic form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word. A quadratic form.
+It's it's purely degree two. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's purely degree two. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's purely degree two. There's no
+linear part. There's no constant part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear part. There's no constant part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear part. There's no constant part.
+There certainly aren't any cubes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There certainly aren't any cubes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There certainly aren't any cubes or
+fourth powers. It's all second degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth powers. It's all second degree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth powers. It's all second degree.
+And my question is is it pos is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my question is is it pos is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my question is is it pos is that
+quantity positive or not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity positive or not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity positive or not?
+That's my it for every x1 and x2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my it for every x1 and x2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my it for every x1 and x2.
+That is my new definition. That's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is my new definition. That's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is my new definition. That's my
+definition of a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a positive definite
+matrix. If this quantity is positive, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. If this quantity is positive, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. If this quantity is positive, if
+if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if
+it's positive for all x's and y's, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive for all x's and y's, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive for all x's and y's, all
+x1, x2s, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1, x2s, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1, x2s, then
+I call the then that's the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call the then that's the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call the then that's the matrix is
+positive definite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite.
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+is this guy passing our test?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy passing our test?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this guy passing our test?
+Well, we had we anticipated the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we had we anticipated the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we had we anticipated the answer
+here by by asking first about igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by by asking first about igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by by asking first about igen
+values and pivots. And what happened?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and pivots. And what happened?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and pivots. And what happened?
+It failed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It failed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It failed.
+It barely failed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It barely failed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It barely failed.
+If I had made this 18 down to a seven,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I had made this 18 down to a seven,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I had made this 18 down to a seven,
+it would have totally failed. If I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have totally failed. If I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have totally failed. If I if I
+if I can I do that with the eraser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can I do that with the eraser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can I do that with the eraser and
+then I'll put back 18 because I'm seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll put back 18 because I'm seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll put back 18 because I'm seven
+is such a total disaster that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a total disaster that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a total disaster that if that
+Well, let me I I'll keep seven for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me I I'll keep seven for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me I I'll keep seven for a
+second. Is that thing in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Is that thing in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Is that thing in any way
+positive definite? No, absolutely not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite? No, absolutely not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite? No, absolutely not.
+The I I don't know its igen values, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The I I don't know its igen values, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The I I don't know its igen values, but
+I know for sure one of them is negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know for sure one of them is negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know for sure one of them is negative.
+Its pivots are two and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Its pivots are two and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Its pivots are two and then the next
+pivot would be the determinant over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot would be the determinant over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot would be the determinant over two
+and the determinant is what? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the determinant is what? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the determinant is what? What's the
+determin of this thing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin of this thing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin of this thing?
+14 - 36. I've got a determin of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 - 36. I've got a determin of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 - 36. I've got a determin of minus
+22. The next pivot will be the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22. The next pivot will be the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22. The next pivot will be the pivots
+now of this thing are 2 and minus1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of this thing are 2 and minus1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of this thing are 2 and minus1 or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+their product being minus 22 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product being minus 22 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product being minus 22 the
+determinant. This thing is not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. This thing is not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. This thing is not positive
+definite. What would be what? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. What would be what? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. What would be what? Let me
+look at the xrpose ax for this guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the xrpose ax for this guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the xrpose ax for this guy.
+What's if I do out this multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's if I do out this multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's if I do out this multiplication
+this 18 is temporarily changing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 18 is temporarily changing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 18 is temporarily changing to a
+seven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven.
+This 18 is temporarily changing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This 18 is temporarily changing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This 18 is temporarily changing to a
+seven. And I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there's some numbers x1 and x2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some numbers x1 and x2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some numbers x1 and x2 for
+which that thing that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that thing that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that thing that function
+is negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative.
+And I'm desperately trying to think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm desperately trying to think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm desperately trying to think what
+they are. Can maybe you can see can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. Can maybe you can see can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. Can maybe you can see can you
+tell me a value of x1 and x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me a value of x1 and x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me a value of x1 and x2
+that makes this quantity negative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, maybe one and minus one. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, maybe one and minus one. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, maybe one and minus one. Yeah,
+that's a that's a in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a in this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a in this case that
+uh will work right. If I took x1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will work right. If I took x1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will work right. If I took x1 to be
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and x2 to be minus1, then I always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 to be minus1, then I always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 to be minus1, then I always get
+something positive, the two and the 7 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positive, the two and the 7 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positive, the two and the 7 -
+one squares, but this would be min -12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squares, but this would be min -12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squares, but this would be min -12
+and the whole thing would be negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing would be negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing would be negative.
+I'd have 2 - 12 + 7 I'm negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have 2 - 12 + 7 I'm negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have 2 - 12 + 7 I'm negative.
+If I drew the graph, can I can I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I drew the graph, can I can I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I drew the graph, can I can I get a
+little picture in here? If I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture in here? If I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture in here? If I draw the
+graph of this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this thing.
+So, graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, graphs
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the function f of xy or f ofx shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of xy or f ofx shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of xy or f ofx shall I
+say or f ofxy equal this? It's this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or f ofxy equal this? It's this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or f ofxy equal this? It's this it's
+this xrpose ax this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this xrpose ax this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this xrpose ax this this this
+ax^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax^2
+bxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy
+and c y^2 and let's take the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c y^2 and let's take the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c y^2 and let's take the example
+with these numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers.
+Okay. So here's the x axis, here's the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's the x axis, here's the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's the x axis, here's the y
+ais, and here's up is the function z if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ais, and here's up is the function z if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ais, and here's up is the function z if
+you like or f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like or f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like or f.
+I I I apologize and let me just once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I apologize and let me just once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I apologize and let me just once in
+my life here put an arrow over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life here put an arrow over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life here put an arrow over these
+these x's. So you see that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x's. So you see that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x's. So you see that that's the
+vector and I just g instead of x1 and x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and I just g instead of x1 and x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and I just g instead of x1 and x2
+I made them x the components x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made them x the components x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made them x the components x and y.
+Okay. So, so what's a graph of 2x^2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so what's a graph of 2x^2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so what's a graph of 2x^2,
+12xy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12xy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12xy,
+and 7 y^2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 7 y^2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 7 y^2?
+I'd like to see to get some idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see to get some idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to see to get some idea.
+Actually, I'm not the greatest artist,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I'm not the greatest artist,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I'm not the greatest artist,
+but let's tell me something about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's tell me something about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's tell me something about this
+graph of this function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, well, tell me one point that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, well, tell me one point that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, well, tell me one point that goes
+through.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the origin, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the origin, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the origin, right?
+Even this artist can get this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even this artist can get this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even this artist can get this thing to
+go through the origin at at when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the origin at at when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the origin at at when these
+are zero, I I certainly get zero. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero, I I certainly get zero. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero, I I certainly get zero. Okay,
+some more points. If x is one and y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more points. If x is one and y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more points. If x is one and y is
+zero, then I'm going upwards. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, then I'm going upwards. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, then I'm going upwards. So, I'm
+going up this way and I'm I'm going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up this way and I'm I'm going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up this way and I'm I'm going up
+like 2x^2 in that direction. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2x^2 in that direction. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2x^2 in that direction. So that's
+meant to be a a parabola.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And suppose x stays zero and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose x stays zero and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose x stays zero and y
+increases. Well, y could be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases. Well, y could be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases. Well, y could be positive or
+negative. It's 7 y^2. Is this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. It's 7 y^2. Is this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. It's 7 y^2. Is this function
+going upward?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going upward?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going upward?
+In the x direction, it's going upward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the x direction, it's going upward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the x direction, it's going upward.
+And in the y direction, it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the y direction, it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the y direction, it's going
+upwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards.
+And if x equals y in the 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if x equals y in the 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if x equals y in the 45 degree
+direction, it's certainly going upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, it's certainly going upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, it's certainly going upwards
+because then we'd have what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we'd have what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we'd have what about
+everything would be positive. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would be positive. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would be positive. But what
+this function what what what's the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function what what what's the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function what what what's the graph
+of this function look like? Tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function look like? Tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function look like? Tell me the
+tell me the word that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the word that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the word that describes the
+graph of this function. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this function. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this function. This is the
+nonpositive definite. You everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpositive definite. You everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpositive definite. You everybody's
+with me here. I'm for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me here. I'm for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me here. I'm for some
+reason got started in a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason got started in a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason got started in a negative
+direction here. A case that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here. A case that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here. A case that isn't
+positive definite. And what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite. And what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite. And what's what's the
+graph look like? It goes up, but does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph look like? It goes up, but does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph look like? It goes up, but does it
+do we have a minimum here? Does it go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a minimum here? Does it go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a minimum here? Does it go up
+from the from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the origin
+completely?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely?
+No. Because we just checked that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Because we just checked that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Because we just checked that this
+thing failed. It failed along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing failed. It failed along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing failed. It failed along the
+direction when x was minus y. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction when x was minus y. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction when x was minus y. We have a
+saddle point. Let me let me put myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point. Let me let me put myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point. Let me let me put myself
+Let me at least tell you the word. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me at least tell you the word. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me at least tell you the word. This
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+goes up in some directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but down in other directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but down in other directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but down in other directions.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+if we actually knew what a saddle looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we actually knew what a saddle looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we actually knew what a saddle looked
+like, I think saddles do that. Like, am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, I think saddles do that. Like, am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, I think saddles do that. Like, am
+I right? I I mean like the way your legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right? I I mean like the way your legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right? I I mean like the way your legs
+go is like down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is like down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is like down
+and and and the way you and looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the way you and looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the way you and looking like
+forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+and drawing the thing is even worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drawing the thing is even worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drawing the thing is even worse than
+describing it. I'm just going to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it. I'm just going to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it. I'm just going to say in
+some directions we go up and in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some directions we go up and in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some directions we go up and in other
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a saddle. Now, I'm sorry I put that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saddle. Now, I'm sorry I put that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saddle. Now, I'm sorry I put that on
+the front board because I have no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front board because I have no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front board because I have no way to
+to cover it, but it's a saddle. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover it, but it's a saddle. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover it, but it's a saddle. Okay.
+And and this is a saddle point. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and this is a saddle point. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and this is a saddle point. It's the
+it's a point that's at the maximum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point that's at the maximum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point that's at the maximum in
+some directions and at the minimum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some directions and at the minimum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some directions and at the minimum in
+other directions. And actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions. And actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions. And actually the
+perfect directions to look are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect directions to look are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect directions to look are the igen
+vector directions. We'll see that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector directions. We'll see that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector directions. We'll see that. So
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+not a positive definite matrix. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a positive definite matrix. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a positive definite matrix. Okay.
+Now I'm coming back to this example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm coming back to this example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm coming back to this example.
+Getting rid of this seven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getting rid of this seven.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getting rid of this seven.
+Let's move it up to 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's move it up to 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's move it up to 20.
+Let's let's let's make the thing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's let's make the thing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's let's make the thing really
+positive definite. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite. Okay.
+So this is this number is now 20. C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is this number is now 20. C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is this number is now 20. C is
+now 20. Okay. Now that passes the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 20. Okay. Now that passes the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 20. Okay. Now that passes the test
+which I haven't proved. Of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't proved. Of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't proved. Of course it
+passes the test for positive pivots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It passes the test for positive igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It passes the test for positive igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It passes the test for positive igen
+values. How can you tell that the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. How can you tell that the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. How can you tell that the igen
+values of that matrix are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that matrix are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that matrix are positive
+without actually finding them? Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually finding them? Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually finding them? Of
+course, 2x two I could find them. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, 2x two I could find them. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, 2x two I could find them. But
+can you see how do I know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see how do I know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see how do I know they're
+positive? I know that their product is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive? I know that their product is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive? I know that their product is I
+know that lambda 1 times lambda 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that lambda 1 times lambda 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that lambda 1 times lambda 2 is
+positive. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Why?
+Because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's the
+determinant, right? Lambda 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant, right? Lambda 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant, right? Lambda 1 times
+lambda 2 is the determinant which is 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 is the determinant which is 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 is the determinant which is 40
+minus 36 is four. So the determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 36 is four. So the determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 36 is four. So the determinant is
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+and the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trace
+the sum down the diagonal is 22.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum down the diagonal is 22.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum down the diagonal is 22.
+So they multiply to give four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they multiply to give four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they multiply to give four.
+So that leaves the possibility they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that leaves the possibility they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that leaves the possibility they're
+either both positive or both negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either both positive or both negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either both positive or both negative.
+But if they're both negative, the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if they're both negative, the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if they're both negative, the trace
+couldn't be 22. So they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be 22. So they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be 22. So they're both
+positive. So both of the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So both of the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So both of the igen values
+there are positive. Both of the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are positive. Both of the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are positive. Both of the pivots
+are positive. the the determinants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive. the the determinants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive. the the determinants are
+positive and I believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and I believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and I believe that this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+is positive everywhere except at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive everywhere except at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive everywhere except at
+0 0 of course when I write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 of course when I write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 of course when I write down this
+condition I so I believe that xrpose let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I so I believe that xrpose let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I so I believe that xrpose let
+me copy xrpose ax is positive except of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me copy xrpose ax is positive except of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me copy xrpose ax is positive except of
+course at the minimum point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at the minimum point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at the minimum point at
+the zero vector. Of course, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero vector. Of course, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero vector. Of course, I don't
+expect miracles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what does its graph look like? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what does its graph look like? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what does its graph look like? And
+how do I check and how do I check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I check and how do I check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I check and how do I check that
+this really is positive?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we take its graph for a minute. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we take its graph for a minute. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we take its graph for a minute. What
+would be the graph of that function? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the graph of that function? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the graph of that function? It
+does not have a saddle point. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a saddle point. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a saddle point. Let me
+I'll raise the board here and stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll raise the board here and stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll raise the board here and stay with
+this example for a while.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I want to do the graph of here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to do the graph of here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to do the graph of here's my
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+2x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2
+xy that could be positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy that could be positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy that could be positive or negative
+and 20 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 20 y^2
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+point is so I mean you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is so I mean you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is so I mean you're seeing the
+underlying point is that the things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying point is that the things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying point is that the things are
+positive definite when when in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite when when in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite when when in some way
+these these pure squares. Squares we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these pure squares. Squares we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these pure squares. Squares we
+know to be positive. And when those kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be positive. And when those kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be positive. And when those kind
+of overwhelm this guy who could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overwhelm this guy who could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overwhelm this guy who could be
+positive or negative because x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative because x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative because x and y
+could have same or different signs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have same or different signs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have same or different signs.
+When the when these are big enough, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When the when these are big enough, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When the when these are big enough, they
+overwhelm this guy and make the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm this guy and make the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm this guy and make the total
+thing positive. And what would the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing positive. And what would the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing positive. And what would the graph
+now look like? Let me draw the x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, let me draw the x direction. the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me draw the x direction. the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me draw the x direction. the y
+direction and the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the origin
+at 0 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 0.
+I'm there. Where do I go as I move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm there. Where do I go as I move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm there. Where do I go as I move away
+from the origin?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin?
+Where do I go as I move away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where do I go as I move away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where do I go as I move away from the
+origin?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin?
+I'm sure that I go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that I go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that I go up
+the origin. The center point here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin. The center point here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin. The center point here is a
+minimum because this thing I believe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because this thing I believe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because this thing I believe and
+we better see why it's the graph is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better see why it's the graph is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better see why it's the graph is like
+a bowl.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bowl.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bowl.
+The graph is like a bowl shaped. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The graph is like a bowl shaped. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The graph is like a bowl shaped. It's
+it's it's here's the minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And because we've got a pure quadratic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because we've got a pure quadratic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because we've got a pure quadratic,
+we know it sits at the origin. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it sits at the origin. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it sits at the origin. We know
+its tangent plane. the first derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its tangent plane. the first derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its tangent plane. the first derivatives
+are zero. So, so we know we know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero. So, so we know we know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero. So, so we know we know first
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+first derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives
+are all zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all zero,
+but that's not enough for a minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not enough for a minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not enough for a minimum.
+First derivatives were zero here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the the partial derivatives the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the partial derivatives the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the partial derivatives the first
+derivatives are zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are zero again
+because first derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first derivatives
+are going to have an x or a y or a y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have an x or a y or a y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have an x or a y or a y in
+them. They'll be zero at the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. They'll be zero at the origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. They'll be zero at the origin.
+It's the second derivatives that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the second derivatives that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the second derivatives that control
+everything. It's the second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. It's the second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. It's the second derivatives
+that this matrix is telling us. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix is telling us. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix is telling us. And
+somehow sec so here here's my point. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow sec so here here's my point. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow sec so here here's my point. You
+remember in calculus, how did you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in calculus, how did you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in calculus, how did you decide
+on a minimum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a minimum?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a minimum?
+First requirement was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First requirement was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First requirement was that the
+derivative had to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative had to be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative had to be zero.
+But then you didn't know if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then you didn't know if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then you didn't know if you had a
+minimum or a maximum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or a maximum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or a maximum.
+To know that you had a minimum, you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To know that you had a minimum, you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To know that you had a minimum, you had
+to look at the second derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the second derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the second derivative.
+The second derivative had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second derivative had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second derivative had to be
+positive. The the d the slope had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. The the d the slope had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. The the d the slope had to be
+increasing as you went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing as you went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing as you went through the
+minimum point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum point.
+the curvature had to go upwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature had to go upwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature had to go upwards and
+that's what we're doing now in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing now in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing now in two
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+and in n dimensions. So we're doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in n dimensions. So we're doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in n dimensions. So we're doing what
+we did in calculus second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in calculus second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in calculus second derivative
+positive will now become that the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive will now become that the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive will now become that the matrix
+of second derivatives is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second derivatives is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second derivatives is positive
+definite. Can I just So this is the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. Can I just So this is the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. Can I just So this is the like
+the translation of of this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation of of this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation of of this is how
+minimum are coming in in in in in be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum are coming in in in in in be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum are coming in in in in in be in
+in in the beginning of calculus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the beginning of calculus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the beginning of calculus.
+The qu we had a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The qu we had a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The qu we had a minimum
+was associated with second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being positive and first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being positive and first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being positive and first derivative
+zero. of course derivative first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. of course derivative first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. of course derivative first
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it was the second derivative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was the second derivative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was the second derivative that
+told us we had a minimum and now in 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us we had a minimum and now in 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us we had a minimum and now in 1806
+in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra
+we'll have a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a minimum
+for our function now our function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our function now our function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our function now our function will
+have be a function not of just x but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+several variables the way functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables the way functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables the way functions
+really are in real life. The minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are in real life. The minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are in real life. The minimum
+will be when the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be when the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be when the matrix
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+second derivatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives.
+The matrix here was one by one. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The matrix here was one by one. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The matrix here was one by one. There
+was just one second derivative. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just one second derivative. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just one second derivative. Now
+we've got lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got lots
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So positive for a number translates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So positive for a number translates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So positive for a number translates into
+positive definite for a matrix and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite for a matrix and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite for a matrix and it
+just brings everything together. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brings everything together. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brings everything together. You
+check you check pivots, you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you check pivots, you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you check pivots, you check
+determinants, you check igen values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants, you check igen values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants, you check igen values or
+you check this minimum stuff. Okay, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check this minimum stuff. Okay, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check this minimum stuff. Okay, let
+me come back to this graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back to this graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back to this graph.
+that graph goes upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph goes upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph goes upwards
+and I have to see why. How do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to see why. How do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to see why. How do I know
+that this that this function is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this that this function is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this that this function is always
+positive? Can you look at that and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive? Can you look at that and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive? Can you look at that and tell
+that it's always positive?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always positive?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always positive?
+Maybe 2 by two you could feel pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe 2 by two you could feel pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe 2 by two you could feel pretty
+sure. But the what's the good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. But the what's the good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. But the what's the good way to
+show that this thing is always positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this thing is always positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this thing is always positive
+if we can express it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can express it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can express it
+as in terms of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in terms of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in terms of squares
+because that's what we know for any x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we know for any x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we know for any x
+and y whatever if we're squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y whatever if we're squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y whatever if we're squaring
+something we certainly are not negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we certainly are not negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we certainly are not negative.
+So I believe that this expression this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I believe that this expression this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I believe that this expression this
+function could be written as a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be written as a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be written as a sum of
+squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares.
+Can can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can can you tell me
+it see because all the problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see because all the problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see because all the problems the
+headaches are coming from this xy term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches are coming from this xy term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches are coming from this xy term.
+If we can get expressions if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we can get expressions if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we can get expressions if we can get
+that inside a square. So actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside a square. So actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside a square. So actually what
+we're doing is something called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is something called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is something called that
+you've seen called completing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen called completing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen called completing the
+square. Let me let me let me start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square. Let me let me let me start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square. Let me let me let me start the
+square and you complete it. Okay. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and you complete it. Okay. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and you complete it. Okay. I
+think we have two of x plus now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have two of x plus now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have two of x plus now I don't
+know how many y's we need but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many y's we need but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many y's we need but you'll
+figure it out squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many y's should I put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to make what do I want to do? The two x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make what do I want to do? The two x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make what do I want to do? The two x
+squars will be correct. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squars will be correct. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squars will be correct. Right?
+What I want to do is put in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I want to do is put in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I want to do is put in the right
+number of y's to get the 12xy correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of y's to get the 12xy correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of y's to get the 12xy correct.
+And what is that number of y's?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is that number of y's?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is that number of y's?
+Let's see. I've got two times. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. I've got two times. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. I've got two times. So I
+really want six x ys to come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want six x ys to come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want six x ys to come out of
+here. I think maybe if I put three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I think maybe if I put three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I think maybe if I put three
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Does that look right to you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that look right to you?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that look right to you?
+I have two. This is we can mentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two. This is we can mentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two. This is we can mentally
+multiply that out. That's x squar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that out. That's x squar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that out. That's x squar.
+That's right. That's 6xy * the 2 gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. That's 6xy * the 2 gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. That's 6xy * the 2 gives
+this one, right? And how many y^ squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, right? And how many y^ squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, right? And how many y^ squares
+have I now got? How many y squares have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I now got? How many y squares have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I now got? How many y squares have
+I got from this term?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got from this term?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got from this term?
+18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.
+18 was the key number, remember?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 was the key number, remember?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 was the key number, remember?
+Now, if I want to make it 20, then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I want to make it 20, then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I want to make it 20, then I've
+got two left, two y squares. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two left, two y squares. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two left, two y squares. That's
+completed the square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed the square.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed the square.
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's uh now I can see that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh now I can see that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh now I can see that that that
+function is positive because it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is positive because it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is positive because it's a it's
+all squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've got two squares added together. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two squares added together. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two squares added together. I
+couldn't go negative. What if what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go negative. What if what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go negative. What if what if I
+went back to that seven?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to that seven?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to that seven?
+If instead of 20 that number was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead of 20 that number was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead of 20 that number was a
+seven, then what would happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven, then what would happen?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven, then what would happen?
+This would still be correct. I'd still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This would still be correct. I'd still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This would still be correct. I'd still
+have this square to get the 2x^2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this square to get the 2x^2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this square to get the 2x^2 and the
+12x y and I'd have 18 y^2. And then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12x y and I'd have 18 y^2. And then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12x y and I'd have 18 y^2. And then what
+would I do here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do here?
+I'd have to remove 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to remove 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to remove 11
+y squares. Right? If I if I only had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squares. Right? If I if I only had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squares. Right? If I if I only had a
+seven here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven here,
+then instead of when I had a 20, I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then instead of when I had a 20, I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then instead of when I had a 20, I had
+two more to to put in. When I had an 18,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more to to put in. When I had an 18,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more to to put in. When I had an 18,
+which was the marginal case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the marginal case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the marginal case,
+I had no more to put in. When I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no more to put in. When I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no more to put in. When I had a
+seven, which was the case below zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven, which was the case below zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven, which was the case below zero,
+the the the indefinite case, I had minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the indefinite case, I had minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the indefinite case, I had minus
+11. Okay. Now, so you can see now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11. Okay. Now, so you can see now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11. Okay. Now, so you can see now that
+this thing is a bowl. It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a bowl. It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a bowl. It's going
+upwards. uh if I cut it at at a plane Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards. uh if I cut it at at a plane Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards. uh if I cut it at at a plane Z
+equal to one say I would get uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one say I would get uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one say I would get uh I would
+get a curve what would be the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a curve what would be the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a curve what would be the equation
+for that curve if I cut it at at height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that curve if I cut it at at height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that curve if I cut it at at height
+one the equation would be this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the equation would be this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the equation would be this thing
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+and that curve would be an ellipse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that curve would be an ellipse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that curve would be an ellipse so
+actually already I've brought into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already I've brought into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already I've brought into the
+into the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lecture
+the different pieces that we're aiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different pieces that we're aiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different pieces that we're aiming
+for we're aiming for the tests which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we're aiming for the tests which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we're aiming for the tests which
+this passed. We're aiming for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this passed. We're aiming for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this passed. We're aiming for the
+connection to a minimum which this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to a minimum which this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to a minimum which this which
+we see in the in the graph. And if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the in the graph. And if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the in the graph. And if we
+chop it at if we set this thing equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop it at if we set this thing equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop it at if we set this thing equal to
+one, if I set that thing equal to one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, if I set that thing equal to one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, if I set that thing equal to one,
+that what that gives me is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that gives me is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that gives me is the
+cross-section. It gives me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section. It gives me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section. It gives me this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+curve and its equation is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and its equation is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and its equation is this thing
+equals one and that's an ellipse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and that's an ellipse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and that's an ellipse.
+Whereas if I cut through a saddle point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if I cut through a saddle point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if I cut through a saddle point,
+I'll get a hyperola.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a hyperola.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a hyperola.
+Okay, but this minimum stuff is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but this minimum stuff is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but this minimum stuff is is
+really what I'm I'm most interested in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I'm I'm most interested in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I'm I'm most interested in.
+Okay. Uh by I I just have to ask do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh by I I just have to ask do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh by I I just have to ask do you
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+I mean these numbers here the two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean these numbers here the two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean these numbers here the two that
+appeared outside the three that appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared outside the three that appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared outside the three that appeared
+inside the two that appeared there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the two that appeared there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the two that appeared there
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+those numbers come from elimination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers come from elimination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers come from elimination.
+Completing the square is our good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Completing the square is our good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Completing the square is our good old
+method of Gaussian elimination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of Gaussian elimination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of Gaussian elimination in
+for expressed in terms of these squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expressed in terms of these squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expressed in terms of these squares.
+The the uh let me show you what I mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The the uh let me show you what I mean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The the uh let me show you what I mean.
+I I I just think those numbers are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I just think those numbers are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I just think those numbers are no
+accident. If I take my matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. If I take my matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. If I take my matrix
+2 66 and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 66 and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 66 and 20
+and I do elimination, then the pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do elimination, then the pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do elimination, then the pivot is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and I take three. Oh yeah. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take three. Oh yeah. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take three. Oh yeah. What's the
+multiplier?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier?
+How much of row one do I take away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much of row one do I take away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much of row one do I take away from
+row two?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row two?
+three. So what you're seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So what you're seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So what you're seeing in this
+completing the square is the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square is the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square is the pivots
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+and the multiplier inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multiplier inside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multiplier inside.
+Just do that again. The the pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just do that again. The the pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just do that again. The the pivot is
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Three of three of those away from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three of three of those away from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three of three of those away from that
+gives me 2 six zero. And what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me 2 six zero. And what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me 2 six zero. And what's the
+second pivot?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot?
+Three of this away from this three sixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three of this away from this three sixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three of this away from this three sixes
+will be 18. And the second pivot will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 18. And the second pivot will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 18. And the second pivot will
+also be a two. So that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a two. So that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a two. So that's the that's the
+U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.
+This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the
+A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A.
+And of course the L was 1 0 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course the L was 1 0 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course the L was 1 0 1 and the
+multiplier was three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+completing the square is elimination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square is elimination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square is elimination.
+Why am I happy to see uh to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why am I happy to see uh to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why am I happy to see uh to see that
+coming together because I know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together because I know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together because I know about
+elimination for n byn matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination for n byn matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination for n byn matrices.
+I've just started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just started talking about
+completing the square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for 2x2s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2x2s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2x2s.
+But now I see what's going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I see what's going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I see what's going on.
+Completing the square really amounts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Completing the square really amounts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Completing the square really amounts to
+splitting this thing into a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting this thing into a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting this thing into a sum of
+squares. So what's the critical thing? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. So what's the critical thing? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. So what's the critical thing? I
+have a lot of squares and in inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of squares and in inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of squares and in inside
+those squares are multipliers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squares are multipliers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squares are multipliers but
+there's squares and and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's squares and and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's squares and and the question is
+what's outside these squares? When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's outside these squares? When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's outside these squares? When I
+complete the square, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the square, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the square, what are the
+numbers that go outside? They're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go outside? They're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go outside? They're the
+pivots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots.
+They're the pivots. And that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're the pivots. And that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're the pivots. And that's why
+positive pivots give me sum of squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots give me sum of squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots give me sum of squares.
+positive pivots. Those pivots are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots. Those pivots are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots. Those pivots are the
+numbers that go outside the squares. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go outside the squares. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go outside the squares. So,
+positive pivots, sum of squares,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots, sum of squares,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots, sum of squares,
+everything positive, graph goes up, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything positive, graph goes up, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything positive, graph goes up, a
+minimum at the origin. It's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum at the origin. It's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum at the origin. It's all
+connected together. All connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together. All connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together. All connected
+together. And in the 2x two case, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And in the 2x two case, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And in the 2x two case, you
+can see those connections. But linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see those connections. But linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see those connections. But linear
+algebra now can go up to 3x3, n byn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra now can go up to 3x3, n byn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra now can go up to 3x3, n byn.
+And let's do that next. Can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's do that next. Can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's do that next. Can I just
+before I leave 2x two, I've written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I leave 2x two, I've written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I leave 2x two, I've written this
+expression matrix of second derivatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression matrix of second derivatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression matrix of second derivatives.
+What's the matrix of second derivatives?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the matrix of second derivatives?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the matrix of second derivatives?
+It's that's one second derivative. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that's one second derivative. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that's one second derivative. Now,
+but if I'm in if I'm in two dimensions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I'm in if I'm in two dimensions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I'm in if I'm in two dimensions,
+I have a 2x two matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a 2x two matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a 2x two matrix.
+It's the second x derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the second x derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the second x derivative
+is the second x derivative goes there. D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second x derivative goes there. D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second x derivative goes there. D
+shall I write it? Yeah, I better use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write it? Yeah, I better use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write it? Yeah, I better use the
+this is f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f
+f f f f fxx if you like fxx that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f f f fxx if you like fxx that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f f f fxx if you like fxx that means
+the second derivative of f in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of f in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of f in the x
+direction. f y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. f y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. f y
+second derivative in the y direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative in the y direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative in the y direction.
+Those are the pure deriv second second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the pure deriv second second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the pure deriv second second
+derivatives. They have to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. They have to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. They have to be positive
+for a minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minimum.
+This number has to be positive for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This number has to be positive for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This number has to be positive for a
+minimum. That number has to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. That number has to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. That number has to be positive
+for a minimum. But that's not enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minimum. But that's not enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minimum. But that's not enough.
+They those numbers have to somehow be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They those numbers have to somehow be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They those numbers have to somehow be
+big enough to to overcome this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to to overcome this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to to overcome this cross
+derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why is the matrix symmetric? because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is the matrix symmetric? because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is the matrix symmetric? because the
+second derivative of f with respect to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of f with respect to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of f with respect to x
+and y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is equal to
+I can that that's the beautiful fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can that that's the beautiful fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can that that's the beautiful fact
+about second derivatives is I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about second derivatives is I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about second derivatives is I could do
+those in either order and I get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in either order and I get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in either order and I get the same
+thing. So this is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So this is the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So this is the same as that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+uh that's the matrix of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the matrix of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the matrix of second
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+and the test is it has to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the test is it has to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the test is it has to be positive
+definite. you might remember from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. you might remember from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite. you might remember from from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tucked in somewhere near the end of 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tucked in somewhere near the end of 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tucked in somewhere near the end of 1802
+or at least in the book was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least in the book was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least in the book was the
+condition for a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a minimum
+for a function of two variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a function of two variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a function of two variables.
+What's when do you have a minimum for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's when do you have a minimum for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's when do you have a minimum for a
+function of two variables? And believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables? And believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables? And believe
+me, that's what calculus is for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, that's what calculus is for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, that's what calculus is for.
+The condition is first derivatives have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The condition is first derivatives have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The condition is first derivatives have
+to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero.
+And the matrix of second derivatives has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the matrix of second derivatives has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the matrix of second derivatives has
+to be positive definite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive definite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive definite.
+So you maybe remember there was an fxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you maybe remember there was an fxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you maybe remember there was an fxx
+time an FY y that had to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time an FY y that had to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time an FY y that had to be bigger than
+an fxy squared. That's just our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an fxy squared. That's just our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an fxy squared. That's just our
+determinant 2x two. But now we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant 2x two. But now we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant 2x two. But now we now know
+the answer for 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer for 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer for 3x3
+n byn because we can do elimination on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n byn because we can do elimination on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n byn because we can do elimination on n
+byn matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn matrices.
+We can connect to igen values of n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can connect to igen values of n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can connect to igen values of n byn
+matrices. We can do sum of squares sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. We can do sum of squares sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. We can do sum of squares sum
+of n squares instead of only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n squares instead of only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n squares instead of only two
+squares. And so let's take a uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. And so let's take a uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. And so let's take a uh let me
+go over here to do a 3x3 example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So 3x3 example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, let me make let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shall I use my favorite matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I use my favorite matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I use my favorite matrix?
+You've seen this matrix before, I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've seen this matrix before, I guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've seen this matrix before, I guess.
+Well, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me
+uh yeah, let me Yes, let's let's use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah, let me Yes, let's let's use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah, let me Yes, let's let's use the
+good matrix. What the why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good matrix. What the why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good matrix. What the why?
+That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is that matrix positive definite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's So I'm going to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's So I'm going to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's So I'm going to ask questions
+about this matrix. Is it positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matrix. Is it positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matrix. Is it positive
+definite? First of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite? First of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite? First of all,
+what's the function associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function associated with that
+matrix? What's the xrpose ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is do we have a minimum for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we have a minimum for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we have a minimum for that
+function at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then even what's the geometry? Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even what's the geometry? Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even what's the geometry? Okay,
+first of all, is the matrix positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all, is the matrix positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all, is the matrix positive
+definite? I've given you the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite? I've given you the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite? I've given you the numbers
+there so you can take determinants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can take determinants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can take determinants.
+Maybe that's the quickest. Is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe that's the quickest. Is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe that's the quickest. Is that what
+you would do mentally? If if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do mentally? If if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do mentally? If if I give you
+a matrix on a quiz and say, is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix on a quiz and say, is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix on a quiz and say, is it
+positive definite or not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or not?
+I would take that determinant and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would take that determinant and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would take that determinant and I'd
+get the answer two. I would take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer two. I would take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer two. I would take that
+determinant and I would get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and I would get the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and I would get the answer
+for that 2x two determinant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that 2x two determinant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that 2x two determinant.
+I get the answer three. And anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the answer three. And anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the answer three. And anybody
+remember the answer for the 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the answer for the 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the answer for the 3x3
+determinant?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant?
+It was four. The you remember for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was four. The you remember for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was four. The you remember for these
+special matrices when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special matrices when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special matrices when we did
+determinants they went up 2 3 4 5 6 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants they went up 2 3 4 5 6 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants they went up 2 3 4 5 6 they
+just went up linearly. So that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went up linearly. So that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went up linearly. So that matrix
+has the determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the determinants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the determinants
+are 2, three and four pivots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2, three and four pivots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2, three and four pivots.
+What are the pivots for that matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the pivots for that matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the pivots for that matrix?
+I'll tell you there the first pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you there the first pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you there the first pivot is
+two. The next pivot is 3 over two. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. The next pivot is 3 over two. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. The next pivot is 3 over two. The
+next pivot is 4 over3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the product of the pivots has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product of the pivots has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product of the pivots has to
+give me those determinants. The product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me those determinants. The product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me those determinants. The product
+of these two pivots gives me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two pivots gives me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two pivots gives me that
+determinant. The product of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. The product of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. The product of all the
+pivots gives me that determinant. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots gives me that determinant. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots gives me that determinant. What
+are the values?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I don't know.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah the igen values I've got what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the igen values I've got what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the igen values I've got what do I
+have a cubic equation a degree three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cubic equation a degree three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cubic equation a degree three
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are three igen values to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I believe what I've said today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I believe what I've said today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I believe what I've said today what
+do I know about these igen values even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know about these igen values even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know about these igen values even
+though I don't know the exact numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I don't know the exact numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I don't know the exact numbers I
+I might actually I I think I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might actually I I think I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might actually I I think I remember
+the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because these matrices are so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these matrices are so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these matrices are so important
+that people figure them out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people figure them out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people figure them out.
+Uh but what do you what do you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but what do you what do you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but what do you what do you believe
+to be true about these three values? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true about these three values? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true about these three values? You
+believe that they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that they are all
+positive. They're all positive. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. They're all positive. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. They're all positive. I think
+that they are 2 minus<unk> two two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are 2 minus<unk> two two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are 2 minus<unk> two two and
+two plus the square root of two. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus the square root of two. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus the square root of two. I think
+uh let me just I I can't write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just I I can't write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just I I can't write those
+numbers down without checking the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers down without checking the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers down without checking the simple
+checks. What's the first simple check is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks. What's the first simple check is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks. What's the first simple check is
+the trace. So if I add those numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace. So if I add those numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace. So if I add those numbers I
+get six and if I add those numbers I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six and if I add those numbers I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six and if I add those numbers I get
+six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six.
+The other simple test is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other simple test is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other simple test is the
+determinant. If I am I going to do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. If I am I going to do this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant. If I am I going to do this?
+Can you multiply those numbers together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you multiply those numbers together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you multiply those numbers together?
+I guess we can multiply by two. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we can multiply by two. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we can multiply by two. Okay.
+Uh what's 2 -<unk> 2 * 2 + <unk>2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what's 2 -<unk> 2 * 2 + <unk>2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what's 2 -<unk> 2 * 2 + <unk>2?
+That's that'll be 4 - 2. That'll be two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that'll be 4 - 2. That'll be two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that'll be 4 - 2. That'll be two.
+Yeah, 2 * two. Then that's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, 2 * two. Then that's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, 2 * two. Then that's got the
+determinant right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant right. So
+it's got a it's got a chance of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a it's got a chance of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a it's got a chance of being
+correct. And I think it is. Now, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. And I think it is. Now, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. And I think it is. Now, what's
+the xrpose ax? I better give myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xrpose ax? I better give myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xrpose ax? I better give myself
+enough room for that. Xrpose ax for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough room for that. Xrpose ax for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough room for that. Xrpose ax for this
+guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy.
+It's two x1 squares and two x2 squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's two x1 squares and two x2 squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's two x1 squares and two x2 squares
+and two x3 squares. Those those come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two x3 squares. Those those come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two x3 squares. Those those come
+from the diagonal. Those were easy. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diagonal. Those were easy. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diagonal. Those were easy. Now
+off the diagonal there's a minus and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal there's a minus and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal there's a minus and a
+minus. They come together. There'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. They come together. There'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. They come together. There'll be a
+minus2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2
+and and minus2 whats are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and minus2 whats are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and minus2 whats are coming from
+this one two and two one position is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one two and two one position is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one two and two one position is is
+the x1 x2. I'm I'm doing mentally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x1 x2. I'm I'm doing mentally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x1 x2. I'm I'm doing mentally a
+multiplication of this matrix times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of this matrix times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of this matrix times a
+row vector on the left times a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector on the left times a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector on the left times a column
+vector on the right. And I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector on the right. And I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector on the right. And I know that
+these numbers show up in the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers show up in the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers show up in the answer.
+The diagonal is the perfect squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The diagonal is the perfect squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The diagonal is the perfect squares.
+This off diagonal is a minus 2x1 x2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This off diagonal is a minus 2x1 x2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This off diagonal is a minus 2x1 x2 and
+there no x1 x3's and there minus2 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no x1 x3's and there minus2 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no x1 x3's and there minus2 x2
+x3s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3s.
+And I believe that that expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I believe that that expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I believe that that expression is
+always positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I believe that that curve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that that curve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that that curve,
+that graph of the of this function, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph of the of this function, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph of the of this function, this
+is my function f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my function f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my function f.
+And I'm in more dimensions now than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm in more dimensions now than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm in more dimensions now than I
+can draw it. It but the graph of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw it. It but the graph of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw it. It but the graph of that
+function goes upwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes upwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes upwards.
+It's a bowl.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bowl.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bowl.
+Or maybe the right word is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or maybe the right word is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or maybe the right word is a
+is forgotten.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forgotten.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forgotten.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+what's a long word for a bowl?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a long word for a bowl?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a long word for a bowl?
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe paraboid. I think paraboid comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe paraboid. I think paraboid comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe paraboid. I think paraboid comes
+in. I'll I'll edit the tape and get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. I'll I'll edit the tape and get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. I'll I'll edit the tape and get that
+word in. bowl let's say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in. bowl let's say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in. bowl let's say is
+uh that so that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that so that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that so that and
+if I comp I could complete the squares I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I comp I could complete the squares I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I comp I could complete the squares I
+could write that as a sum of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write that as a sum of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write that as a sum of three
+squares and those three squares would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and those three squares would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and those three squares would
+get multiplied by the three pivots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiplied by the three pivots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiplied by the three pivots and
+the pivots are all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivots are all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivots are all positive
+so I would have positive pivots times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would have positive pivots times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would have positive pivots times
+squares the net result would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares the net result would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares the net result would be a
+positive function and a bowl that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive function and a bowl that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive function and a bowl that goes
+upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards
+and then finally If I cut, if I slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally If I cut, if I slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally If I cut, if I slice
+through this bowl,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this bowl,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this bowl,
+if I Now I'm asking you to stretch your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Now I'm asking you to stretch your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Now I'm asking you to stretch your
+visualization here because I'm in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization here because I'm in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization here because I'm in four
+dimensions. I've got x1, x2, x3 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. I've got x1, x2, x3 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. I've got x1, x2, x3 in the
+base, and this function is z or f or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base, and this function is z or f or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base, and this function is z or f or
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+And the its graph is going up, but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the its graph is going up, but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the its graph is going up, but I'm
+in four dimensions because I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four dimensions because I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four dimensions because I've got
+three in the base and then the upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in the base and then the upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in the base and then the upward
+direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction.
+But now if I cut through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now if I cut through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now if I cut through this
+four-dimensional picture at level one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional picture at level one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional picture at level one.
+So suppose I cut through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose I cut through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose I cut through
+this thing at height one. So I take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at height one. So I take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at height one. So I take all
+the points that are at height one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That gives me
+it gave me an ellipse over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave me an ellipse over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave me an ellipse over there
+in that in that uh 2x two case. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that uh 2x two case. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that uh 2x two case. In this
+case, this will be the equation of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, this will be the equation of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, this will be the equation of an
+ellipsoid. A football in other words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, not quite a football, a lopsided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, not quite a football, a lopsided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, not quite a football, a lopsided
+football. What What will be Can I Can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football. What What will be Can I Can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football. What What will be Can I Can I
+try to describe to you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to describe to you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to describe to you what the
+ellipsoid will look like? this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid will look like? this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid will look like? this
+ellipsoid. I'm sorry that the that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid. I'm sorry that the that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid. I'm sorry that the that I've
+ended the matrix right at the point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended the matrix right at the point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended the matrix right at the point.
+Let's let me let me be sure you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let me let me be sure you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let me let me be sure you see the
+the equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation.
+2x12 2x2 2x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x12 2x2 2x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x12 2x2 2x3
+2 minus two of the crossroducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus two of the crossroducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus two of the crossroducts
+equal 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1.
+That is the equation of of a football.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the equation of of a football.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the equation of of a football.
+So what do I mean by a football or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do I mean by a football or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do I mean by a football or an
+ellypoid?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid?
+I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that
+well I'll draw it here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll draw it here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll draw it here.
+It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+like that. It's got a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. It's got a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. It's got a center
+and it's got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got um
+it's got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principal directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal directions.
+this this ellipsoid. You see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this ellipsoid. You see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this ellipsoid. You see what I'm
+saying? If we had a sphere, then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying? If we had a sphere, then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying? If we had a sphere, then all
+directions would be the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions would be the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions would be the same.
+If we had a true football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we had a true football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we had a true football
+or it's closer to a rugby ball really,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's closer to a rugby ball really,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's closer to a rugby ball really,
+because it's more curved than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more curved than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more curved than a
+football, it would be it would have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football, it would be it would have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football, it would be it would have one
+long direction and the other two would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long direction and the other two would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long direction and the other two would
+be equal. That would be like having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal. That would be like having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal. That would be like having a
+matrix that had one igen value repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that had one igen value repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that had one igen value repeated
+and then one other different. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other different. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other different. So the
+sphere comes from like the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere comes from like the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere comes from like the identity
+matrix allig values the same. Uh rugby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix allig values the same. Uh rugby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix allig values the same. Uh rugby
+ball comes from a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comes from a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comes from a case where
+uh three the three two of the three igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three the three two of the three igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three the three two of the three igen
+values are the same but we now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the same but we now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the same but we now have a
+case where the typical case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the typical case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the typical case where the
+three values are all different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values are all different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values are all different.
+So this will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do I say it? If I if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I say it? If I if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I say it? If I if I look at this
+ellipsoid correctly, it'll have a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid correctly, it'll have a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid correctly, it'll have a major
+axis, it'll have a middle axis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis, it'll have a middle axis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis, it'll have a middle axis,
+and it'll have a minor axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll have a minor axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll have a minor axis.
+And those three axes will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And those three axes will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And those three axes will be in the
+direction of the igen vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the igen vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the igen vectors.
+And the lengths of those axes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the lengths of those axes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the lengths of those axes will be
+determined by the igen values. I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the igen values. I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the igen values. I it
+can get turn this all into linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get turn this all into linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get turn this all into linear
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+because we have the right we the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the right we the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the right we the right
+thing we know about igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we know about igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we know about igen vectors and
+igen values for that matrix is what let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values for that matrix is what let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values for that matrix is what let
+me just tell you the repeat the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just tell you the repeat the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just tell you the repeat the main
+linear algebra point. How could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra point. How could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra point. How could we
+turn what I said into into into algebra?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn what I said into into into algebra?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn what I said into into into algebra?
+We would write this A as Q the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would write this A as Q the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would write this A as Q the igen
+vector matrix time lambda the igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector matrix time lambda the igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector matrix time lambda the igen value
+matrix time qranspose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix time qranspose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix time qranspose
+the principal axis theorem we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal axis theorem we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal axis theorem we'll call it
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the igen vectors tell us the directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors tell us the directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors tell us the directions
+of the principal axes the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principal axes the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principal axes the igen values
+tell us the lengths of those axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the lengths of those axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the lengths of those axes
+actually the lengths are the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the lengths are the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the lengths are the half
+lengths are one over the igen values it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are one over the igen values it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are one over the igen values it
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+And that is the matrix factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is the matrix factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is the matrix factorization
+which is the which is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the which is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the which is the most important
+matrix factorization in in our igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix factorization in in our igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix factorization in in our igen
+value material so far. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value material so far. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value material so far. That's
+diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+for a symmetric matrix. So instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a symmetric matrix. So instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a symmetric matrix. So instead of
+the inverse I can write the transpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I can write the transpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I can write the transpose.
+Okay. I've I've so what I've tried today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I've I've so what I've tried today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I've I've so what I've tried today
+is to tell you the what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to tell you the what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to tell you the what's going on with
+positive definite matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices
+and you see all how all these pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see all how all these pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see all how all these pieces are
+there and linear algebra connects them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and linear algebra connects them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and linear algebra connects them.
+Okay. Um see you on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vROqnyO-olU.txt b/vROqnyO-olU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ce8f79ccf898e0edf4e5a497d1a481bb255291f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vROqnyO-olU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+License. Additional information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+License. Additional information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+License. Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, what we're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, what we're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, what we're working on
+today is uh we're still talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh we're still talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh we're still talking about
+buffers. So this is from the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers. So this is from the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers. So this is from the handout
+from Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Friday
+and we'll be continuing throughout today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be continuing throughout today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be continuing throughout today
+and probably a little bit on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably a little bit on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably a little bit on Wednesday
+on acidbased titrations. So this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acidbased titrations. So this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on acidbased titrations. So this is all
+in the acid base equilibrium uh unit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the acid base equilibrium uh unit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the acid base equilibrium uh unit.
+So we're talking about buffers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're talking about buffers. And so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're talking about buffers. And so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're talking about buffers. And so a
+buffer is uh a buffering agent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is uh a buffering agent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is uh a buffering agent is
+something that where you can add acid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that where you can add acid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that where you can add acid or
+base and the pH stays pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and the pH stays pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and the pH stays pretty much
+neutral. So you usually add a con an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. So you usually add a con an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. So you usually add a con an
+acid and its conjugate base in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and its conjugate base in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and its conjugate base in the form
+of a salt or you add a base and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a salt or you add a base and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a salt or you add a base and its
+conjugate acid in the form of a salt. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid in the form of a salt. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid in the form of a salt. So
+uh you have a dynamic equilibrium going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a dynamic equilibrium going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a dynamic equilibrium going
+and when you add acid or base the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you add acid or base the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you add acid or base the
+buffering system acts as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering system acts as a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering system acts as a source of
+protons or a sync of protons to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or a sync of protons to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or a sync of protons to keep the
+pH pretty much constant. So let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH pretty much constant. So let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH pretty much constant. So let's work
+through a buffering problem and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a buffering problem and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a buffering problem and consider
+first the initial buffering material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the initial buffering material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the initial buffering material and
+then what happens if you add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens if you add something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens if you add something
+to it, you stress the system, add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it, you stress the system, add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it, you stress the system, add an
+acid or a base, how the pH is affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or a base, how the pH is affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or a base, how the pH is affected
+by that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that.
+So in this case we're adding one mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case we're adding one mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case we're adding one mole of
+an acid and.5 moles of its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acid and.5 moles of its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acid and.5 moles of its conjugate
+base in the form of a salt form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in the form of a salt form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in the form of a salt form of a
+sodium salt. in this case and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium salt. in this case and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium salt. in this case and they are
+added together uh and you add water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together uh and you add water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together uh and you add water and
+bring the total volume up to one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the total volume up to one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the total volume up to one one
+liter and you're given information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter and you're given information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter and you're given information about
+the Ka of this particular acid and asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ka of this particular acid and asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ka of this particular acid and asked
+to calculate the pH under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the pH under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the pH under these
+conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can write this out as we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can write this out as we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can write this out as we've seen
+before as an acid in water leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as an acid in water leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as an acid in water leading to
+hydrronium ions and the conjugate base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ions and the conjugate base.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ions and the conjugate base.
+And so you can set up a table to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you can set up a table to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you can set up a table to see how
+much uh you have in the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh you have in the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh you have in the beginning and
+what you'll have at equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll have at equilibrium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll have at equilibrium.
+So we can set up this initial marity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can set up this initial marity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can set up this initial marity
+change in marity and equilibrium marity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in marity and equilibrium marity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in marity and equilibrium marity.
+But this time we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this time we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this time we have something
+different. So now we have acid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So now we have acid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So now we have acid and the
+conjugate base when we start. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base when we start. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base when we start. In the
+problems we've looked at up until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we've looked at up until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we've looked at up until this
+point these guys were both zero when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point these guys were both zero when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point these guys were both zero when we
+started. But in a buffer problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. But in a buffer problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. But in a buffer problem it's
+not zero. You have some amount in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. You have some amount in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. You have some amount in there.
+And so we had one mole in one liter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we had one mole in one liter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we had one mole in one liter or
+marity of one.5 moles in one liter or.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marity of one.5 moles in one liter or.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marity of one.5 moles in one liter or.5
+molar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar.
+Now as it comes to equilibrium we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now as it comes to equilibrium we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now as it comes to equilibrium we have
+the same kind of change. We have min - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of change. We have min - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of change. We have min - x
+over here plus x here and plus x here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here plus x here and plus x here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here plus x here and plus x here.
+And then at equilibrium we'd have 1 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at equilibrium we'd have 1 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at equilibrium we'd have 1 - x
+x and.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and.5
+plus x on the other side. And really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x on the other side. And really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x on the other side. And really a
+lot of the trick to doing these buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the trick to doing these buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the trick to doing these buffer
+problems is remembering that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is remembering that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is remembering that you're
+starting with something here and here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with something here and here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with something here and here.
+So that's that's really it's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that's really it's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that's really it's not much
+more complicated than that than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that than that
+recognition and you would need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and you would need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and you would need to have
+both otherwise it's not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both otherwise it's not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both otherwise it's not going to be a
+good buffer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good buffer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good buffer.
+So now if you have this information set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you have this information set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you have this information set
+up you know the Ka we can solve for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know the Ka we can solve for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know the Ka we can solve for X
+and X is what we want because we want pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is what we want because we want pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is what we want because we want pH
+and pH is minus log of the hydrronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pH is minus log of the hydrronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pH is minus log of the hydrronium
+ion concentration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration.
+So we can set this up. We're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can set this up. We're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can set this up. We're given the
+Ka and this is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and this is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and this is going to be equal to
+products over reactants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over reactants the
+concentrations at equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at equilibrium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations at equilibrium.
+So we have hydrronium ion the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have hydrronium ion the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have hydrronium ion the conjugate
+base over the conjugate acid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so we can fill this in x50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can fill this in x50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can fill this in x50
++ x * x over 1 - x. Now here you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x * x over 1 - x. Now here you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x * x over 1 - x. Now here you can do
+what we talked about last time and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about last time and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about last time and that
+is to first simplify and see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to first simplify and see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to first simplify and see if we can
+get rid of these x's here to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of these x's here to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of these x's here to make it
+easier to solve or you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve or you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve or you can use the
+quadratic equation but on the exam with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation but on the exam with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation but on the exam with
+the calculators you have that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculators you have that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculators you have that's a little
+more time consuming. So it's nice to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time consuming. So it's nice to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time consuming. So it's nice to see
+if you can simplify. Basically, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can simplify. Basically, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can simplify. Basically, we're
+saying how big is x? If x is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how big is x? If x is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how big is x? If x is a small
+enough number that it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough number that it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough number that it doesn't really
+change this one or this 0.5, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this one or this 0.5, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this one or this 0.5, then you
+can sort of ignore it and solve for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of ignore it and solve for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of ignore it and solve for x
+that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way.
+So, uh this is just written up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh this is just written up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh this is just written up again
+that we had on the last side. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had on the last side. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had on the last side. So, we're
+going to first try the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first try the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first try the approximation
+that x is small compared to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x is small compared to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x is small compared to one and
+compared to 0.5 and uh solve that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to 0.5 and uh solve that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to 0.5 and uh solve that way
+and then go back and check and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back and check and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back and check and see
+whether that was valid or not. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that was valid or not. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that was valid or not. So if we
+uh assume it's small, we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assume it's small, we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assume it's small, we can rewrite
+that equation as.5 * x over 1, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation as.5 * x over 1, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation as.5 * x over 1, which
+makes it easier to solve and get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier to solve and get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier to solve and get an
+answer for x, which in this case is 3.54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for x, which in this case is 3.54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for x, which in this case is 3.54
+* 10 -4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 -4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 -4
+molar. And now we can go back and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar. And now we can go back and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar. And now we can go back and uh
+take this number divide it by 0.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this number divide it by 0.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this number divide it by 0.5 and
+see whether um it's less than 5% of 0.5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether um it's less than 5% of 0.5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether um it's less than 5% of 0.5.
+So we're going to check the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to check the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to check the assumption
+and say is this small? And you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say is this small? And you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say is this small? And you don't
+need to do both. If it's small compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do both. If it's small compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do both. If it's small compared
+to 0.5, it'll also be small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.5, it'll also be small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.5, it'll also be small compared to
+one. So you can just do uh look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So you can just do uh look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So you can just do uh look at the
+smaller number of of the two. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of of the two. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of of the two. And uh
+here it's less than 0.1%. So that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's less than 0.1%. So that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's less than 0.1%. So that's less
+than 5%. So that assumption was okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5%. So that assumption was okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5%. So that assumption was okay. So
+you can just go ahead with this number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go ahead with this number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go ahead with this number.
+Again we have the 5% uh rule there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again we have the 5% uh rule there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again we have the 5% uh rule there.
+So this is the hydrronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the hydrronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the hydrronium ion
+concentration that was x. And so uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that was x. And so uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that was x. And so uh now
+we can find out the pH by taking minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find out the pH by taking minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find out the pH by taking minus
+the log of that value. And that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of that value. And that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of that value. And that gives us
+an answer of 3.45. And we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer of 3.45. And we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer of 3.45. And we have two
+significant figures after the decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures after the decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures after the decimal
+point because there was there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because there was there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because there was there were two
+significant figures in the volume.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures in the volume.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures in the volume.
+All right. So that's how you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that's how you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that's how you look at a
+buffer problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer problem.
+And now we can say all right was this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can say all right was this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can say all right was this a
+good buffer. Let's consider what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good buffer. Let's consider what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good buffer. Let's consider what happens
+if we add some strong acid HCl 0.1 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add some strong acid HCl 0.1 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add some strong acid HCl 0.1 moles
+of it um to the solution. And again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it um to the solution. And again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it um to the solution. And again,
+we're now in this case, we're keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now in this case, we're keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now in this case, we're keeping
+the total volume at one liter. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total volume at one liter. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total volume at one liter. So if you
+had made up your buffer and added that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made up your buffer and added that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made up your buffer and added that
+0.1 moles of the strong acid to it, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 moles of the strong acid to it, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 moles of the strong acid to it, what
+would be your pH? Is it about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be your pH? Is it about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be your pH? Is it about the same
+or did it dramatically change the pH of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did it dramatically change the pH of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did it dramatically change the pH of
+the solution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So now you have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now you have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now you have to do some
+subtractions to do this kind of problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions to do this kind of problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions to do this kind of problem.
+And you have to remember what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have to remember what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have to remember what we know
+about strong acids. So HCl is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about strong acids. So HCl is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about strong acids. So HCl is definitely
+a strong acid. And so that we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong acid. And so that we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong acid. And so that we assume
+that when we add 0.1 moles of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we add 0.1 moles of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we add 0.1 moles of it that
+it's going to react completely. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to react completely. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to react completely. So when
+we're adding the point.1 moles, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding the point.1 moles, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding the point.1 moles, it will
+react with equal number of moles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with equal number of moles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with equal number of moles of the
+base. The base is going to act as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. The base is going to act as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. The base is going to act as the
+sink for protons. It'll react with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink for protons. It'll react with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink for protons. It'll react with the
+acid and you will form the conjugate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and you will form the conjugate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and you will form the conjugate.
+then the same equal number of moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same equal number of moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same equal number of moles of
+the conjugate. So here the base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate. So here the base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate. So here the base is
+reacting with the acid and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with the acid and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with the acid and trying to
+neutralize the pH.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize the pH.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize the pH.
+So if we uh if we consider the HC minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we uh if we consider the HC minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we uh if we consider the HC minus
+here what we had originally we had.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we had originally we had.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we had originally we had.5
+moles now it's reacted with.1 moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles now it's reacted with.1 moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles now it's reacted with.1 moles of
+the HCl and so you only have 04 left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HCl and so you only have 04 left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HCl and so you only have 04 left
+and we have 04 in one liter we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have 04 in one liter we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have 04 in one liter we always
+need to convert to marity for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert to marity for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert to marity for these
+problems now in terms of the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now in terms of the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now in terms of the conjugate
+acid over here we had one mole to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid over here we had one mole to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid over here we had one mole to begin
+with. Now we have 0.1 moles more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Now we have 0.1 moles more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Now we have 0.1 moles more because
+the strong acid reacted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong acid reacted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong acid reacted with the
+conjugate base to form more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base to form more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base to form more of the
+conjugate acid. So now our total is 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid. So now our total is 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid. So now our total is 1.1
+and that 1.1 is in that one liter and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that 1.1 is in that one liter and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that 1.1 is in that one liter and so
+we have a new marity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a new marity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a new marity.
+So now we can just do the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can just do the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can just do the same thing we
+did before and solve for X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before and solve for X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before and solve for X the
+hydrronium ion concentration which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ion concentration which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ion concentration which will
+give us the pH. So we can set up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the pH. So we can set up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the pH. So we can set up this
+expression again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression again.
+And so now we have to put in our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we have to put in our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we have to put in our new
+amounts. Our 1.1 over here and our 04
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. Our 1.1 over here and our 04
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. Our 1.1 over here and our 04
+over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here.
+We're still going to reach an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're still going to reach an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're still going to reach an
+equilibrium. X will be converted to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. X will be converted to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. X will be converted to plus
+X over here. So we have 1.1 - X.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over here. So we have 1.1 - X.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over here. So we have 1.1 - X.4
+plus X. We can use the same Ka value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X. We can use the same Ka value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X. We can use the same Ka value
+that we had before to solve. We can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had before to solve. We can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had before to solve. We can use
+the same the uh same approximations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the uh same approximations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the uh same approximations.
+Set up the same equations. Put in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set up the same equations. Put in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set up the same equations. Put in our
+our new our new values over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new our new values over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new our new values over here.
+Um do the same same simplification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um do the same same simplification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um do the same same simplification.
+See if that works. Solve for x. Uh value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See if that works. Solve for x. Uh value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See if that works. Solve for x. Uh value
+for x now is 4.87
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x now is 4.87
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x now is 4.87
+* 10us4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10us4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10us4.
+And that's still okay. It's only.12%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's still okay. It's only.12%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's still okay. It's only.12%
+of the smaller number, the 04 number. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller number, the 04 number. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller number, the 04 number. So
+that's less than 5%. So that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than 5%. So that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than 5%. So that's that's
+fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine.
+And we can solve then for pH.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can solve then for pH.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can solve then for pH.
+And uh now we get a pH of 3.31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh now we get a pH of 3.31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh now we get a pH of 3.31
+uh two significant figures after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two significant figures after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two significant figures after the
+decimal point. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal point. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal point. So
+uh we had before initially in a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had before initially in a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had before initially in a solution
+that didn't have the strong acid, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't have the strong acid, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't have the strong acid, we had
+a pH of 3.4. 45 with 0.1 moles of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pH of 3.4. 45 with 0.1 moles of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pH of 3.4. 45 with 0.1 moles of strong
+acid added. The pH has changed slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid added. The pH has changed slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid added. The pH has changed slightly
+to 3.31.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3.31.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3.31.
+So that's a decent buffer. It didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a decent buffer. It didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a decent buffer. It didn't
+change really dramatically when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change really dramatically when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change really dramatically when you
+added some strong acid. So this is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some strong acid. So this is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some strong acid. So this is a way
+that you can manipulate a buffer. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can manipulate a buffer. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can manipulate a buffer. If
+you're trying to design a buffer at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to design a buffer at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to design a buffer at an
+exact pH, then you can calculate, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact pH, then you can calculate, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact pH, then you can calculate, you
+know, you look at what kind of buffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you look at what kind of buffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you look at what kind of buffering
+agent you want to use and figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent you want to use and figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent you want to use and figure out how
+much strong acid or base you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much strong acid or base you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much strong acid or base you might have
+to add to it to sort of adjust the pH to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add to it to sort of adjust the pH to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add to it to sort of adjust the pH to
+where you want it to be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, that's a buffer. That's uh one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's a buffer. That's uh one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's a buffer. That's uh one way
+of doing a a buffer problem. Now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing a a buffer problem. Now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing a a buffer problem. Now let's
+consider uh designing a buffer and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh designing a buffer and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh designing a buffer and how
+we think about going about if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about going about if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about going about if you're in
+a biochem lab for example and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biochem lab for example and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biochem lab for example and you're
+said okay you need to buffer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay you need to buffer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay you need to buffer something
+at this pH how could you set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this pH how could you set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this pH how could you set these
+things up um some of the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up um some of the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up um some of the things that you
+would think about the think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about the think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about the think about the
+ratio of uh the acid to its conjugate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of uh the acid to its conjugate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of uh the acid to its conjugate.
+So, the conjugate acid base pair, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the conjugate acid base pair, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the conjugate acid base pair, what
+ratio they have, the pKa of of the acid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio they have, the pKa of of the acid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio they have, the pKa of of the acid,
+where what pH you want to uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what pH you want to uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what pH you want to uh where you
+want to be for your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be for your particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be for your particular
+condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition.
+All right. So, now we're going to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, now we're going to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, now we're going to derive
+an equation that's going to help you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that's going to help you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that's going to help you in
+designing buffers and in doing buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing buffers and in doing buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing buffers and in doing buffer
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+So, here comes a derivation. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here comes a derivation. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here comes a derivation. The
+derivation starts with a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation starts with a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation starts with a generic
+equation for an acid buffer problem. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for an acid buffer problem. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for an acid buffer problem. We
+have an acid HA in water forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an acid HA in water forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an acid HA in water forming
+hydrronium ions and the conjugate base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We also know K a the generic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also know K a the generic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also know K a the generic expression
+for Ka products over reactants or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ka products over reactants or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ka products over reactants or in the
+case of uh this uh acid in water we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh this uh acid in water we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh this uh acid in water we have
+hydrronium ions times the conjugate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ions times the conjugate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ions times the conjugate base
+over the conjugate acid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now we can take this expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can take this expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can take this expression and
+rearrange it. So we can bring Ka to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it. So we can bring Ka to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it. So we can bring Ka to the
+other side and hydrronium ions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and hydrronium ions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and hydrronium ions to the
+other side of the equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the equation.
+And then we can take the log of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we can take the log of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we can take the log of both
+sides of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the equation
+and multiply both sides by minus1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply both sides by minus1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply both sides by minus1.
+So this is the equation we would get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the equation we would get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the equation we would get as
+a result of those manipulations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of those manipulations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of those manipulations.
+So what is minus log of the hydrronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is minus log of the hydrronium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is minus log of the hydrronium
+ion concentration? What else is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration? What else is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion concentration? What else is that
+equal to? pH. And what about minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to? pH. And what about minus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to? pH. And what about minus log
+of Ka? What's that equal to? pKa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ka? What's that equal to? pKa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ka? What's that equal to? pKa.
+So we can substitute those in. So pH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can substitute those in. So pH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can substitute those in. So pH is
+going to equal pKa minus the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equal pKa minus the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equal pKa minus the log of the
+concentration of the acid over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the acid over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the acid over the
+conjug concentration of its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjug concentration of its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjug concentration of its conjugate
+base. And here these are equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. And here these are equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. And here these are equilibrium
+concentrations because it came from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations because it came from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations because it came from that
+equilibrium expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium expression.
+Now this is not that useful an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is not that useful an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is not that useful an
+expression to us and we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to us and we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to us and we want to see
+whether we can u make it more useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can u make it more useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can u make it more useful and
+what would make it more useful is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would make it more useful is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would make it more useful is if we
+consider the initial concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the initial concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the initial concentrations of
+the acid and its conjugate base rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid and its conjugate base rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid and its conjugate base rather
+than the equilibrium concentrations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the equilibrium concentrations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the equilibrium concentrations.
+This will make it a more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will make it a more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will make it a more useful
+expression. uh at least Henderson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. uh at least Henderson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. uh at least Henderson and
+Hustelbach thought that was a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hustelbach thought that was a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hustelbach thought that was a pretty
+useful expression and I guess other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful expression and I guess other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful expression and I guess other
+people thought it was as well since now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought it was as well since now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought it was as well since now
+it has the name Henderson Hasselbach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the name Henderson Hasselbach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the name Henderson Hasselbach uh
+equation. So usually things don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So usually things don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So usually things don't get
+named unless they turn out to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named unless they turn out to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named unless they turn out to be fairly
+useful. So the simplification the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. So the simplification the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. So the simplification the
+approximation that's being made here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's being made here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's being made here is
+that the initial concentrations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial concentrations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial concentrations are
+similar enough to the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar enough to the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar enough to the equilibrium
+concentrations. So let's consider when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations. So let's consider when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations. So let's consider when
+in fact that would be true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that would be true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that would be true.
+Okay, so here are just the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here are just the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here are just the same uh
+expressions again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions again.
+And what this is really saying is that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this is really saying is that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this is really saying is that X
+is small. Something that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small. Something that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small. Something that we've been
+talking about for the uh the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the uh the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the uh the last couple
+of days. uh X in this case. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of days. uh X in this case. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of days. uh X in this case. So the the
+acid um in in equilibrium with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid um in in equilibrium with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid um in in equilibrium with its
+conjugate base X the hydrronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base X the hydrronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base X the hydrronium ion
+concentration is small compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is small compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is small compared to the
+initial concentration of the acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of the acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of the acid and
+the conjugate base. So the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate base. So the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate base. So the equilibrium
+concentrations are more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are more or less the same
+as the initial concentrations. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the initial concentrations. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the initial concentrations. So this
+is that approximation that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that approximation that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that approximation that we've been
+using and we've been using that 5% rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and we've been using that 5% rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and we've been using that 5% rule
+which we'll continue to use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll continue to use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll continue to use for the
+Henderson Hustelbach. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henderson Hustelbach. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henderson Hustelbach. So this is
+assuming X is pretty small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming X is pretty small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming X is pretty small.
+So another way of thinking about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way of thinking about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way of thinking about this is
+that a weak acid typically only loses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weak acid typically only loses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weak acid typically only loses a
+small fraction of its protons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of its protons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of its protons or
+hydrogen ions. So that's it's weak by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ions. So that's it's weak by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ions. So that's it's weak by
+definition. A weak acid only loses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. A weak acid only loses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. A weak acid only loses a
+small amount. A strong acid on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount. A strong acid on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount. A strong acid on the other
+hand pretty much ionizes completely. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand pretty much ionizes completely. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand pretty much ionizes completely. uh
+and a weak base typically only accepts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a weak base typically only accepts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a weak base typically only accepts a
+small fraction of uh protons or hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of uh protons or hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of uh protons or hydrogen
+ions. So most of the time X is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions. So most of the time X is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions. So most of the time X is small.
+Most of the time there isn't a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the time there isn't a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the time there isn't a huge
+change and most of the time you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and most of the time you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and most of the time you can use
+that 5% rule. Most of the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 5% rule. Most of the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 5% rule. Most of the time the
+initial concentrations are not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentrations are not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentrations are not all that
+different from the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the equilibrium
+concentrations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations.
+So this uh this holds a lot of the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this uh this holds a lot of the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this uh this holds a lot of the time.
+And again the rule we'll be using is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again the rule we'll be using is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again the rule we'll be using is
+this uh this 5% that the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this 5% that the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this 5% that the concentration
+of hydrronium ions needs to be small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrronium ions needs to be small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrronium ions needs to be small uh
+this over HA or A minus whichever of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over HA or A minus whichever of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over HA or A minus whichever of
+these is a smaller number needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a smaller number needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a smaller number needs to be
+less than 5%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 5%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 5%.
+And if it is then you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if it is then you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if it is then you can use this
+expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And that expression you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that expression you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that expression you will find
+out turns out to make your lives a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out turns out to make your lives a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out turns out to make your lives a lot
+easier in doing these problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in doing these problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in doing these problems.
+So now let's use this to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's use this to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's use this to design a
+buffer. So when would you use Henderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer. So when would you use Henderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer. So when would you use Henderson
+Hustelblock? We can consider it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hustelblock? We can consider it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hustelblock? We can consider it right
+here. Now suppose you wanted a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now suppose you wanted a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now suppose you wanted a buffer
+that's going to buffer in the acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to buffer in the acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to buffer in the acidic
+range around 4.6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what we would do is go to a table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we would do is go to a table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we would do is go to a table in
+the book and see which acids have a pKa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and see which acids have a pKa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and see which acids have a pKa
+around 4.6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 4.6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 4.6.
+And we could look down here. That one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we could look down here. That one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we could look down here. That one's
+pretty close. Let's see. Uh, acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close. Let's see. Uh, acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close. Let's see. Uh, acetic
+acid. That's not bad. That's around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid. That's not bad. That's around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid. That's not bad. That's around that
+pH. Let's pick that one. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH. Let's pick that one. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH. Let's pick that one. There's a
+couple other options, but that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other options, but that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other options, but that was one
+that would work. So, acetic acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work. So, acetic acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work. So, acetic acid is
+suitable. It has a pKa 4.75.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable. It has a pKa 4.75.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable. It has a pKa 4.75.
+And we want something around the pH of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want something around the pH of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want something around the pH of
+4.6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6.
+And so most buffer solutions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so most buffer solutions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so most buffer solutions,
+something's effective to buffer at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's effective to buffer at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's effective to buffer at a
+particular pH if its pKa is plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pH if its pKa is plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pH if its pKa is plus or
+minus one from that pH. So if the pKa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one from that pH. So if the pKa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one from that pH. So if the pKa is
+more than one away from the desired pH,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one away from the desired pH,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one away from the desired pH,
+that is not going to be a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not going to be a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not going to be a particularly
+good buffer. So you want it within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good buffer. So you want it within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good buffer. So you want it within that
+range of plus or minus one. uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of plus or minus one. uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of plus or minus one. uh and that
+becomes important if you have say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important if you have say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important if you have say an
+enzyme that you're studying in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that you're studying in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that you're studying in a
+biochemistry lab and if you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry lab and if you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry lab and if you're doing it
+at the wrong pH you're not going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wrong pH you're not going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wrong pH you're not going to the
+the enzyme may not be happy at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme may not be happy at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme may not be happy at all you
+might not get any results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's use Henderson hustelbach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's use Henderson hustelbach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's use Henderson hustelbach
+now uh to uh to consider how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh to uh to consider how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh to uh to consider how much of
+each thing we should add to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thing we should add to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thing we should add to make a
+pretty good buffer so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good buffer so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good buffer so here's our
+equation again and we can consider these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again and we can consider these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again and we can consider these
+original concentrations of these uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentrations of these uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original concentrations of these uh of
+the acid and its conjugate base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid and its conjugate base.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid and its conjugate base.
+So now we can rearrange this uh to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can rearrange this uh to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can rearrange this uh to solve
+for things that we know. So we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that we know. So we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that we know. So we know the
+pKa and we know the pH that we want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa and we know the pH that we want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa and we know the pH that we want.
+And so the pKa was 4.75. The pH that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the pKa was 4.75. The pH that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the pKa was 4.75. The pH that we
+want is 4.6. So we subtract that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is 4.6. So we subtract that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is 4.6. So we subtract that we get
+0.15.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.15.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.15.
+And then if we do uh inverse log over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if we do uh inverse log over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if we do uh inverse log over
+here, we find that uh the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we find that uh the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we find that uh the ratio of the
+acid to the conjugate base that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to the conjugate base that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to the conjugate base that we
+should add is a 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add is a 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add is a 1.4
+uh ratio of those two. So what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ratio of those two. So what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ratio of those two. So what does this
+mean? Okay, how much would you then add?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Okay, how much would you then add?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Okay, how much would you then add?
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+you could with this ratio add 1.4 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could with this ratio add 1.4 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could with this ratio add 1.4 4
+molar of the acid and one molar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar of the acid and one molar of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar of the acid and one molar of the
+conjugate base. But the exact amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base. But the exact amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base. But the exact amounts
+are not as important as the ratio. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as important as the ratio. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as important as the ratio. The
+ratio here is quite important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio here is quite important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio here is quite important because
+again for it to be a good buffer, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for it to be a good buffer, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for it to be a good buffer, it
+needs to be able to go both directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be able to go both directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be able to go both directions.
+If you add strong acid, then that strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you add strong acid, then that strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you add strong acid, then that strong
+acid needs to be able to react with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid needs to be able to react with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid needs to be able to react with the
+conjugate base to keep the pH constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base to keep the pH constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base to keep the pH constant.
+If you add strong base, it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you add strong base, it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you add strong base, it needs to be
+able to react with the conjugate acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to react with the conjugate acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to react with the conjugate acid
+again to keep the pH constant. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to keep the pH constant. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to keep the pH constant. So the
+ratio isn't is important here. Um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio isn't is important here. Um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio isn't is important here. Um so the
+ratio is more important than the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is more important than the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is more important than the exact
+amounts. But if you add too little then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. But if you add too little then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. But if you add too little then
+you don't have enough what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have enough what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have enough what's called
+buffering capacity and you have less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering capacity and you have less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering capacity and you have less uh
+resistance to change. So the more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to change. So the more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to change. So the more that
+you have the more resistant to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the more resistant to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the more resistant to change
+the buffer will be. So higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer will be. So higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer will be. So higher
+concentrations, the less likely it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations, the less likely it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations, the less likely it is
+that there'll be a problem that you'll,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be a problem that you'll,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be a problem that you'll,
+you know, sort of swamp out your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, sort of swamp out your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, sort of swamp out your system
+by adding too much acid or base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding too much acid or base.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding too much acid or base.
+All right? And if you use too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? And if you use too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? And if you use too low
+concentrations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations,
+then you're not going to make your 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not going to make your 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not going to make your 5%
+rule uh and the Henderson Hustelbach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh and the Henderson Hustelbach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh and the Henderson Hustelbach
+equation won't be valid and you'll not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation won't be valid and you'll not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation won't be valid and you'll not
+end up with the the pH that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with the the pH that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with the the pH that you think
+you're going to because uh th this won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to because uh th this won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to because uh th this won't
+tell you the right answer under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the right answer under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the right answer under those
+conditions. So what would that be? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So what would that be? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So what would that be? Well,
+you can go back and calculate what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and calculate what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and calculate what what
+sort of what's the minimum concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's the minimum concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's the minimum concentration
+that one would need to uh keep your 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one would need to uh keep your 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one would need to uh keep your 5%
+rule. So for a pH of 4.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. So for a pH of 4.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. So for a pH of 4.6
+that's equal to hydrronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to hydrronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to hydrronium ion
+concentration of 2.5 * 10 the minus5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of 2.5 * 10 the minus5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of 2.5 * 10 the minus5.
+And so if you put that up here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you put that up here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you put that up here then
+either of these the smaller one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these the smaller one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these the smaller one of these
+um for this to be less than 5% you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this to be less than 5% you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this to be less than 5% you can
+go back and calculate and so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and calculate and so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and calculate and so you would
+need at least 5 * 10 -4 over here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need at least 5 * 10 -4 over here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need at least 5 * 10 -4 over here for
+the 5% rule to work. If you had less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5% rule to work. If you had less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5% rule to work. If you had less
+than that then uh then the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that then uh then the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that then uh then the equation
+wouldn't be valid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, uh we're working our way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh we're working our way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh we're working our way through
+through this list and we'll move into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this list and we'll move into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this list and we'll move into uh
+today's handout. So, remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout. So, remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout. So, remember there's
+only five types of problems. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only five types of problems. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only five types of problems. And the
+trick is to figure out which type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to figure out which type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to figure out which type of
+problem it is and apply the right kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it is and apply the right kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it is and apply the right kind
+of procedure to it. And actually the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of procedure to it. And actually the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of procedure to it. And actually the the
+two easiest ones we have left, which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two easiest ones we have left, which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two easiest ones we have left, which are
+the strong acid and the strong base in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong acid and the strong base in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong acid and the strong base in
+water. And then we're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. And then we're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. And then we're going to go into
+acidbased titrations, which in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titrations, which in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titrations, which in one
+problem of an acidbased titration, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of an acidbased titration, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of an acidbased titration, you
+can do almost all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do almost all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do almost all of these different
+types of problems. So they're just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems. So they're just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems. So they're just sort
+of a titrations are really a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a titrations are really a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a titrations are really a summary of
+all the types of problems put into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the types of problems put into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the types of problems put into one
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, acidbased titrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, acidbased titrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, acidbased titrations
+and I'll say before we get started that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say before we get started that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say before we get started that
+acidbased titration problems are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titration problems are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titration problems are often
+the problems in this half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in this half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in this half of the course
+that people struggle with. Although um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people struggle with. Although um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people struggle with. Although um
+the year before last there was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year before last there was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year before last there was actually
+quite good performance on acidbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good performance on acidbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good performance on acidbased
+titrations. And so last year I told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations. And so last year I told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations. And so last year I told the
+class uh that the year before had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh that the year before had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh that the year before had been
+quite good and I was curious to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good and I was curious to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good and I was curious to see how
+they would do in comparison to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do in comparison to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do in comparison to this
+pretty good year and um they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good year and um they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good year and um they uh
+responded and they did a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded and they did a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded and they did a really
+fantastic job. So I'm beginning to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic job. So I'm beginning to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic job. So I'm beginning to think
+that this in fact is not a hard unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in fact is not a hard unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in fact is not a hard unit
+necessarily and uh people it's it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and uh people it's it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and uh people it's it takes
+it's a little bit different I think but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different I think but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different I think but
+you know you just you have to work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just you have to work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just you have to work the
+problems and there are problems on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and there are problems on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and there are problems on the
+problem set to work and uh then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set to work and uh then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set to work and uh then it
+starts to come together. So I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to come together. So I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to come together. So I'm I'm
+really optimistic that this year's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really optimistic that this year's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really optimistic that this year's class
+can even outperform last year's class. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even outperform last year's class. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even outperform last year's class. I
+mean you did on exam two so uh I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you did on exam two so uh I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you did on exam two so uh I feel
+like uh this would be a little contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh this would be a little contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh this would be a little contest
+to see if people can do better than last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if people can do better than last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if people can do better than last
+year. Um, acid base titrations, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. Um, acid base titrations, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. Um, acid base titrations, you'll
+see them again. If you take organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them again. If you take organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them again. If you take organic
+chemistry, you'll talk about pKa all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry, you'll talk about pKa all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry, you'll talk about pKa all the
+time. Biochemistry, you're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Biochemistry, you're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Biochemistry, you're going to talk
+about acids and bases and buffers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about acids and bases and buffers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about acids and bases and buffers and
+pKa. And if any of you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa. And if any of you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa. And if any of you are going to
+medical school, oh boy, will it be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school, oh boy, will it be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school, oh boy, will it be back
+big time. Uh, when I was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time. Uh, when I was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time. Uh, when I was a graduate
+student, I TAed medical students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student, I TAed medical students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student, I TAed medical students and
+pretty much all we were doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all we were doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all we were doing was
+acidbased titrations, getting through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titrations, getting through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titrations, getting through
+it. So if you learn it now, you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So if you learn it now, you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So if you learn it now, you're just
+going to make uh many many years ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh many many years ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make uh many many years ahead
+be much easier. All right. So acidbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much easier. All right. So acidbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much easier. All right. So acidbased
+titrations, what is this? Well, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations, what is this? Well, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations, what is this? Well, you're
+basically titrating an acid with a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically titrating an acid with a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically titrating an acid with a base
+or a base with an acid. So um often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a base with an acid. So um often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a base with an acid. So um often
+they're used to find out an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used to find out an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used to find out an unknown
+concentration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration.
+So uh if you know the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh if you know the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh if you know the concentration of
+one thing you're adding, you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you're adding, you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you're adding, you can find
+out the other. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other. Um
+and uh so let's just uh look at at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let's just uh look at at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let's just uh look at at some
+of these things. So you have here um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things. So you have here um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things. So you have here um you
+would have a strong base on top in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a strong base on top in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a strong base on top in this
+picture and a strong acid in this flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and a strong acid in this flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and a strong acid in this flask
+here and you're dripping amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're dripping amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're dripping amounts of
+strong base into the strong acid and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base into the strong acid and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base into the strong acid and you
+can calculate out a titration curve. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate out a titration curve. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate out a titration curve. So
+here we have pH versus volume of base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have pH versus volume of base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have pH versus volume of base
+added. At the very beginning, we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added. At the very beginning, we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added. At the very beginning, we're at
+very acidic pH. We only have strong acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very acidic pH. We only have strong acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very acidic pH. We only have strong acid
+at zero volume. And then as you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero volume. And then as you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero volume. And then as you add
+base, you eventually get to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base, you eventually get to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base, you eventually get to a point
+called the equivalence point or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the equivalence point or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the equivalence point or the
+stokometric point or sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokometric point or sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokometric point or sometimes called
+the end point. Uh and here are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point. Uh and here are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point. Uh and here are some of
+the definitions of those. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions of those. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions of those. So basically
+here the number of moles of acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the number of moles of acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the number of moles of acid is
+equal to the number of moles of base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of moles of base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of moles of base
+that you've added. So equivalents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've added. So equivalents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've added. So equivalents are
+stokometric because they're uh equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokometric because they're uh equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokometric because they're uh equal
+amounts here. And it's often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts here. And it's often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts here. And it's often called the
+end point because experimentally when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point because experimentally when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point because experimentally when
+you get to that point you're at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to that point you're at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to that point you're at the end
+of your experiment. And uh this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your experiment. And uh this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your experiment. And uh this one is
+really a theoretical uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a theoretical uh this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a theoretical uh this is uh
+experimental. They should they should in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental. They should they should in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental. They should they should in
+fact equal each other. Uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equal each other. Uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equal each other. Uh you can
+measure pH up here with a pH meter. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure pH up here with a pH meter. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure pH up here with a pH meter. And
+then when you're doing these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you're doing these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you're doing these kinds of
+acidbased titrations, you often uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titrations, you often uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased titrations, you often uh see
+something like this. So you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. So you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. So you have some
+kind of dye which indicates when you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dye which indicates when you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dye which indicates when you've
+reached the end point and so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the end point and so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the end point and so it'll be
+clear clear and all of a sudden you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear clear and all of a sudden you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear clear and all of a sudden you'll
+start uh seeing this change in color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh seeing this change in color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh seeing this change in color and
+you want to uh measure the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to uh measure the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to uh measure the end point
+when you just start to see that change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you just start to see that change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you just start to see that change.
+So how many of you have actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how many of you have actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how many of you have actually done
+these titrations in a lab? Uh almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these titrations in a lab? Uh almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these titrations in a lab? Uh almost
+everybody. Okay. So, what happens often,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Okay. So, what happens often,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Okay. So, what happens often,
+at least when I did it, um, you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least when I did it, um, you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least when I did it, um, you'd be
+going along really slowly, drip, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along really slowly, drip, any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along really slowly, drip, any
+change, drip, any change, and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change, drip, any change, and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change, drip, any change, and finally
+you just get incredibly frustrated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get incredibly frustrated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get incredibly frustrated and
+you add just a little bit more, and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add just a little bit more, and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add just a little bit more, and all
+of a sudden it's like really, really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden it's like really, really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden it's like really, really
+bright color, and you've gone too far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright color, and you've gone too far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright color, and you've gone too far.
+Um but then you can sometimes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but then you can sometimes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but then you can sometimes back
+calculate approximately where the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate approximately where the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate approximately where the end
+point should be and go fast to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should be and go fast to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should be and go fast to that
+point and then go kind of slowly. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then go kind of slowly. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then go kind of slowly. Uh and
+so it sometimes helps to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sometimes helps to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it sometimes helps to be able to do
+the sort of uh theoretical calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of uh theoretical calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of uh theoretical calculations
+to help you figure out when you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you figure out when you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you figure out when you need to
+drip slowly. How many of you have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip slowly. How many of you have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip slowly. How many of you have had
+that same kind of experience of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same kind of experience of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same kind of experience of really
+really slow and then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow and then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow and then all of a sudden
+bright colors? How many people did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright colors? How many people did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright colors? How many people did it
+perfectly the f one time? Okay, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly the f one time? Okay, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly the f one time? Okay, we have
+just a handful of people who did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a handful of people who did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a handful of people who did that
+perfectly. All right, so some people ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly. All right, so some people ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly. All right, so some people ask
+me um you know why don't we have a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um you know why don't we have a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um you know why don't we have a lab
+course affiliated with our uh GIR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course affiliated with our uh GIR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course affiliated with our uh GIR
+courses? A lot of times you have a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses? A lot of times you have a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses? A lot of times you have a lab
+course for freshman chemistry or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for freshman chemistry or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for freshman chemistry or for
+first year of physics and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year of physics and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year of physics and this kind of
+thing. Um it would be hard because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Um it would be hard because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Um it would be hard because you
+take so many courses, science courses at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so many courses, science courses at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so many courses, science courses at
+once to have a lot of the labs, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once to have a lot of the labs, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once to have a lot of the labs, let
+alone the number of people. But I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the number of people. But I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the number of people. But I tell
+people mostly you're not missing out too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mostly you're not missing out too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mostly you're not missing out too
+much in the freshman experience. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the freshman experience. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the freshman experience. So I
+think most freshman uh college courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most freshman uh college courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most freshman uh college courses
+pretty much this is what you do most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much this is what you do most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much this is what you do most of
+the semester. So you've already done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester. So you've already done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester. So you've already done it
+and you'll learn how to do it on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll learn how to do it on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll learn how to do it on paper
+and uh so the next couple days this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the next couple days this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the next couple days this
+problem set you can declare that a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you can declare that a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you can declare that a lab
+experience and feel like uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and feel like uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and feel like uh you have
+saved yourself an incredible amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved yourself an incredible amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved yourself an incredible amount of
+time by not actually being in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by not actually being in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by not actually being in a
+laboratory doing the drip drip drip drip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory doing the drip drip drip drip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory doing the drip drip drip drip
+drip uh experiments. So you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip uh experiments. So you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip uh experiments. So you're not
+missing out on too much for this. Later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing out on too much for this. Later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing out on too much for this. Later
+courses, I think the labs become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses, I think the labs become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses, I think the labs become
+increasingly valuable to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly valuable to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly valuable to understanding
+the material and it's uh can be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material and it's uh can be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material and it's uh can be a lot of
+fun and of course research experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and of course research experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and of course research experience is
+fantastic. The Europe program here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic. The Europe program here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic. The Europe program here is is
+spectacular. All right. So um acidbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular. All right. So um acidbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular. All right. So um acidbased
+titrations here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations here.
+All right. So let's let's look at um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's let's look at um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's let's look at um the
+shapes of the other kind of curve. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of the other kind of curve. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of the other kind of curve. So,
+um, we can do the reverse experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, we can do the reverse experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, we can do the reverse experiment and
+have strong acid up here dripping into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong acid up here dripping into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong acid up here dripping into
+strong base. And so, in the beginning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base. And so, in the beginning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base. And so, in the beginning,
+you just have strong base. So, you're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have strong base. So, you're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have strong base. So, you're up
+here in the curve. You add some until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the curve. You add some until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the curve. You add some until
+you get to the stokometric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the stokometric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the stokometric or
+equivalence point, and then it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point, and then it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point, and then it's equal
+amounts of acid and base. And then, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of acid and base. And then, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of acid and base. And then, uh,
+as you keep adding, your pH drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep adding, your pH drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep adding, your pH drops
+because then you start having more uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you start having more uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you start having more uh,
+strong acid in here. So these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acid in here. So these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acid in here. So these are the
+the shapes of uh of these curves and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes of uh of these curves and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes of uh of these curves and uh
+you should know how how to draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know how how to draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know how how to draw these
+and you should know how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know how to calculate
+various different points on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different points on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different points on those
+curves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves.
+So uh let's look at that. So here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's look at that. So here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's look at that. So here we
+have a strong base and uh NaOH and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong base and uh NaOH and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong base and uh NaOH and it's
+being titrated with a strong acid HCl.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being titrated with a strong acid HCl.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being titrated with a strong acid HCl.
+And so we're going to calculate just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're going to calculate just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're going to calculate just a
+couple of points on that curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's um let's start by doing five at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's um let's start by doing five at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's um let's start by doing five at
+five ms of the acid that's been added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ms of the acid that's been added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ms of the acid that's been added to
+25 milliliters of our strong base. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 milliliters of our strong base. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 milliliters of our strong base. And
+let's figure out what the pH will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what the pH will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what the pH will be at
+five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So first what we have to do is calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first what we have to do is calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first what we have to do is calculate
+how much O is present and remember for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much O is present and remember for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much O is present and remember for
+strong acids strong bases uh you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids strong bases uh you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids strong bases uh you say
+that the amount of NaOH added is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of NaOH added is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of NaOH added is going
+to be equal to the amount of O formed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the amount of O formed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the amount of O formed.
+So it completely the NaOH completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it completely the NaOH completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it completely the NaOH completely
+ionizes into sodium plus and O minus. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes into sodium plus and O minus. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes into sodium plus and O minus. So
+we can calculate the number of moles. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate the number of moles. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate the number of moles. We
+know uh the volume, we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the volume, we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh the volume, we know the
+concentration. So we had 25 ms. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So we had 25 ms. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So we had 25 ms. Uh we
+know this. We can calculate the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this. We can calculate the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this. We can calculate the uh
+numbers of moles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we have to figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have to figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have to figure out how much
+acid was added. We added five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid was added. We added five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid was added. We added five
+milliliters. So what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters. So what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters. So what does that
+correspond to in terms of moles? Again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in terms of moles? Again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in terms of moles? Again,
+it's a strong acid. So we can say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strong acid. So we can say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strong acid. So we can say for
+the amount of HCl that was added we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of HCl that was added we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of HCl that was added we have
+formed completely hydrronium ion. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed completely hydrronium ion. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed completely hydrronium ion. So
+it's completely ionized. It's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely ionized. It's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely ionized. It's a strong
+acid. You have complete conversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid. You have complete conversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid. You have complete conversion to
+the acidic form to uh to hydrronium ion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acidic form to uh to hydrronium ion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acidic form to uh to hydrronium ion.
+So we had five um ms times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had five um ms times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had five um ms times the
+concentration of acid that was given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of acid that was given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of acid that was given and
+now we know how many moles of acid were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know how many moles of acid were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know how many moles of acid were
+added.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added.
+So now we're going to have a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we're going to have a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we're going to have a reaction
+between the base and the acid. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the base and the acid. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the base and the acid. So these
+will react. And so if we had 6.25 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react. And so if we had 6.25 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react. And so if we had 6.25 *
+10us3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us3
+moles of hydroxide ion and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of hydroxide ion and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of hydroxide ion and we're going
+to subtract the amount of acid that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract the amount of acid that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract the amount of acid that that
+is formed to find out how much O is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed to find out how much O is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed to find out how much O is
+left. So we just subtract those. there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. So we just subtract those. there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. So we just subtract those. there's
+a complete reaction one one and so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete reaction one one and so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete reaction one one and so just
+subtract the amount of acid to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the amount of acid to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the amount of acid to get the
+uh numbers of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numbers of moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numbers of moles
+then we need to convert that to marity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to convert that to marity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to convert that to marity.
+So here we have the number of moles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we have the number of moles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we have the number of moles that
+we just calculated divided by our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculated divided by our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculated divided by our new
+volume. So we added 5 mls of acid and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. So we added 5 mls of acid and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. So we added 5 mls of acid and we
+had 25 ms to begin with. So now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 25 ms to begin with. So now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 25 ms to begin with. So now we have
+30 total and we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 total and we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 total and we can calculate the
+concentration. And I'll just u mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. And I'll just u mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. And I'll just u mention
+that this is one of the common mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is one of the common mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is one of the common mistakes
+that people make on exams when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people make on exams when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people make on exams when you're
+hurrying and is not to uh come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurrying and is not to uh come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurrying and is not to uh come to
+actually figure out the total volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out the total volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out the total volume
+that you have at that moment. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have at that moment. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have at that moment. So you
+know put maybe a little star by it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put maybe a little star by it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put maybe a little star by it to
+remind yourself to uh to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind yourself to uh to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind yourself to uh to do this uh
+addition here because if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition here because if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition here because if you have the
+wrong volume all your numbers start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong volume all your numbers start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong volume all your numbers start
+coming out very strangely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out very strangely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out very strangely.
+All right. So once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So once you have the
+concentration then it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration then it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration then it's easy to
+calculate uh p. So now this is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh p. So now this is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh p. So now this is again the
+concentration of hydroxide ions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydroxide ions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydroxide ions that we
+had. So we're if we had take the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. So we're if we had take the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. So we're if we had take the minus
+log of that we get the p and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that we get the p and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of that we get the p and then we
+need to uh change it to pH. All of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh change it to pH. All of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh change it to pH. All of the
+problems you'll do are at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you'll do are at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you'll do are at room
+temperature. So you can always use 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. So you can always use 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. So you can always use 14
+for your conversion and you come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your conversion and you come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your conversion and you come out
+with a pH of 13 uh18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pH of 13 uh18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pH of 13 uh18.
+So now we have our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have our first
+our first uh spot on the titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first uh spot on the titration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first uh spot on the titration
+curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we had volume of acid. We're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had volume of acid. We're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had volume of acid. We're adding
+we were adding five ms to begin with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were adding five ms to begin with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were adding five ms to begin with.
+This is pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is pH
+and we're starting out here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting out here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting out here and
+it's back a little. So at five ms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's back a little. So at five ms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's back a little. So at five ms we're
+up at 13.18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at 13.18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at 13.18.
+So we're at quite basic pH. And remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're at quite basic pH. And remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're at quite basic pH. And remember
+that as you're doing these problems, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you're doing these problems, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you're doing these problems, if
+you had ended here with a pH and decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had ended here with a pH and decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had ended here with a pH and decided
+that was your pH, think about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your pH, think about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your pH, think about the fact
+that you have mostly strong base at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have mostly strong base at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have mostly strong base at that
+point, you realize you need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, you realize you need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, you realize you need to do this
+conversion to go to pH.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now let's figure out about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's figure out about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's figure out about the
+equivalence point. We need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point. We need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point. We need to know the
+volume to get to the equivalence point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to get to the equivalence point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to get to the equivalence point.
+How much acid do we need to add? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much acid do we need to add? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much acid do we need to add? Well,
+initially we know how much O was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we know how much O was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we know how much O was
+present. So at the equivalence point by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. So at the equivalence point by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. So at the equivalence point by
+the name equivalence or stokometric, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name equivalence or stokometric, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name equivalence or stokometric, you
+need equal amounts of the acid. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need equal amounts of the acid. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need equal amounts of the acid. So, if
+this is how much we had in moles, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much we had in moles, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much we had in moles, this
+is how much we're going to need in moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much we're going to need in moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much we're going to need in moles
+of HCl.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HCl.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HCl.
+So, we just need to find out what volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we just need to find out what volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we just need to find out what volume
+we need to add to get those numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add to get those numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add to get those numbers of
+moles. And so, here are the moles. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles. And so, here are the moles. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles. And so, here are the moles. This
+was the concentration of of acid we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the concentration of of acid we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the concentration of of acid we were
+given. And so, that means we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. And so, that means we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. And so, that means we're going to
+need uh 18.4 uh milliliters to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh 18.4 uh milliliters to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh 18.4 uh milliliters to reach the
+stokometric or equivalence point. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokometric or equivalence point. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokometric or equivalence point. And
+what will be the pH at that equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the pH at that equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the pH at that equivalence
+point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Strong acid mixed with a strong base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strong acid mixed with a strong base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strong acid mixed with a strong base
+seven. It'll be neutral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. It'll be neutral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. It'll be neutral.
+So somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So somewhere
+around here, we're going to have a pH of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here, we're going to have a pH of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here, we're going to have a pH of
+7. When we get to 18.4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7. When we get to 18.4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7. When we get to 18.4,
+4 milliliters of acid added. So strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 milliliters of acid added. So strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 milliliters of acid added. So strong
+acid strong base the equivalence point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid strong base the equivalence point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid strong base the equivalence point
+pH will always be seven. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH will always be seven. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH will always be seven. If you're
+starting to talk about a weak acid or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to talk about a weak acid or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to talk about a weak acid or a
+weak base it won't be seven. But for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base it won't be seven. But for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base it won't be seven. But for
+strong acid strong base it'll always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acid strong base it'll always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acid strong base it'll always be
+seven. It'll always be neutral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. It'll always be neutral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. It'll always be neutral.
+Okay. So what about if we add 1 mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what about if we add 1 mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what about if we add 1 mil
+extra? So, we've reached the stokometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra? So, we've reached the stokometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra? So, we've reached the stokometric
+or equivalence point and now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalence point and now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalence point and now we're going
+to add an extra mill of acid. Uh, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add an extra mill of acid. Uh, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add an extra mill of acid. Uh, what's
+going to happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you can do this a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you can do this a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you can do this a couple of
+different ways. I think this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. I think this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. I think this is probably
+the simplest. It's just to say, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest. It's just to say, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest. It's just to say, all
+right, how many extra moles is that? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, how many extra moles is that? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, how many extra moles is that? So,
+the concentration was.34.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration was.34.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration was.34.
+Uh, we're adding 1 milll extra. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we're adding 1 milll extra. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we're adding 1 milll extra. So,
+we're going to add 3.4 4 * 10 -4 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add 3.4 4 * 10 -4 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add 3.4 4 * 10 -4 moles
+of acid extra. And then we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acid extra. And then we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acid extra. And then we just need to
+find out the concentration of that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the concentration of that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the concentration of that. And
+the only trick here again is to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only trick here again is to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only trick here again is to remember
+that you have to add up all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to add up all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to add up all of the
+correct volume. So you had 25 to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct volume. So you had 25 to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct volume. So you had 25 to begin
+with. You've added 18.4 milliliters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. You've added 18.4 milliliters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. You've added 18.4 milliliters to
+get to the equivalence point and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the equivalence point and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the equivalence point and you've
+added one mil beyond the equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added one mil beyond the equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added one mil beyond the equivalence
+point. So we have this new uh volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So we have this new uh volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So we have this new uh volume and
+we have this number of moles of acid. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this number of moles of acid. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this number of moles of acid. So
+then you can calculate um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can calculate um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can calculate um the
+concentration from that and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration from that and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration from that and then take
+minus log of that number to uh get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of that number to uh get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of that number to uh get the
+pH and so we can put that down here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH and so we can put that down here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH and so we can put that down here. So
+when we go sort of one one mil be or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go sort of one one mil be or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go sort of one one mil be or 1
+milliliter beyond now we're down at a pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter beyond now we're down at a pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter beyond now we're down at a pH
+around uh two let's see what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh two let's see what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh two let's see what was it
+2.116.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we started we're at very basic pH. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started we're at very basic pH. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started we're at very basic pH. We
+added 18.4 milliliters to get to pH7 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added 18.4 milliliters to get to pH7 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added 18.4 milliliters to get to pH7 to
+the equivalence point. And then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence point. And then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence point. And then if we
+keep adding acid, the pH drops pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adding acid, the pH drops pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adding acid, the pH drops pretty
+dramatically and now you're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and now you're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and now you're quite
+acidic. So that's how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic. So that's how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic. So that's how you would
+calculate uh points on a curve for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh points on a curve for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh points on a curve for a
+strong acid strong base titration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so we'll have two kinds of curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we'll have two kinds of curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we'll have two kinds of curve
+shapes here. Uh this one that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes here. Uh this one that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes here. Uh this one that we just
+talked about. And then of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about. And then of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about. And then of course if
+you're going the other direction, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going the other direction, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going the other direction, you'll
+start at a low pH when you have acid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a low pH when you have acid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a low pH when you have acid,
+reach the uh stochometry point at pH7,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the uh stochometry point at pH7,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the uh stochometry point at pH7,
+and then keep going. As you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keep going. As you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keep going. As you add more
+base, it'll get more basic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now let's talk about when the acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's talk about when the acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's talk about when the acid is
+weak or strong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak or strong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak or strong.
+And so the only kinds of problems here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the only kinds of problems here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the only kinds of problems here,
+you either have strong with strong or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either have strong with strong or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either have strong with strong or
+you have a weak acid with a strong base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a weak acid with a strong base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a weak acid with a strong base
+or a strong ba or um strong strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a strong ba or um strong strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a strong ba or um strong strong and
+then we also could have a weak base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also could have a weak base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also could have a weak base and
+a strong acid. But you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong acid. But you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong acid. But you're never going to
+have two weak things titrating each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two weak things titrating each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two weak things titrating each
+other. So that's not a kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So that's not a kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So that's not a kind of problem
+you'll see. Now here I just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see. Now here I just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see. Now here I just want to show
+the difference in curve shapes. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in curve shapes. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in curve shapes. So, we
+talked about this one, this uh strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this one, this uh strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this one, this uh strong
+with strong uh curve shape where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strong uh curve shape where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strong uh curve shape where the
+equivalence point is pH7. Now, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point is pH7. Now, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point is pH7. Now, let's
+look at the difference over here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference over here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference over here when
+the acid that's being titrated is weak.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid that's being titrated is weak.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid that's being titrated is weak.
+So, a couple things you'll notice. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a couple things you'll notice. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a couple things you'll notice. One
+is that the equivalence point no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the equivalence point no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the equivalence point no longer
+has a pH of 7. It's a pH that's greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pH of 7. It's a pH that's greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pH of 7. It's a pH that's greater
+than 7. And another thing that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 7. And another thing that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 7. And another thing that you'll
+notice is the curve shape down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is the curve shape down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is the curve shape down here is
+kind of odd. that flattens out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of odd. that flattens out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of odd. that flattens out in a
+region and this is called the buffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and this is called the buffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and this is called the buffering
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and partway through the buffering region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partway through the buffering region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partway through the buffering region
+in the in the middle of the buffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the middle of the buffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the middle of the buffering
+region you have a point called the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you have a point called the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you have a point called the half
+equivalence point and that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point and that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point and that's uh the
+point when you've added half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you've added half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you've added half of the
+volume to convert half of the acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to convert half of the acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume to convert half of the acid that
+you started with to its conjugate. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with to its conjugate. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with to its conjugate. So
+you're halfway to the equivalence point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're halfway to the equivalence point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're halfway to the equivalence point
+and that's a a special kind of category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a a special kind of category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a a special kind of category
+of problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem.
+So let's look at what's happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at what's happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at what's happening at
+various points in this titration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points in this titration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points in this titration.
+So let's look at what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at what happens when you
+start this problem. So when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this problem. So when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this problem. So when you start
+doing a uh titration problem and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a uh titration problem and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a uh titration problem and you
+have a weak acid being titrated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak acid being titrated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weak acid being titrated with a
+strong base at volume equals zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base at volume equals zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base at volume equals zero all
+you have is your weak acid. So all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is your weak acid. So all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is your weak acid. So all you
+have is a weak acid and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a weak acid and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a weak acid and so this is a
+weak acid in water problem. So at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid in water problem. So at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid in water problem. So at the
+very start of the tritration that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very start of the tritration that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very start of the tritration that's the
+first problem that we worked in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem that we worked in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem that we worked in class
+you have a weak acid and water problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a weak acid and water problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a weak acid and water problem.
+So you know how to how to do solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know how to how to do solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know how to how to do solve
+those. And so this is this is my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. And so this is this is my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. And so this is this is my little
+cartoon for an acid. So we have a and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon for an acid. So we have a and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon for an acid. So we have a and we
+have the it's HA. And so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the it's HA. And so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the it's HA. And so this is going
+to be titrated off. So we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be titrated off. So we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be titrated off. So we're going to be
+the acid is going to be losing uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid is going to be losing uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid is going to be losing uh its
+proton or hydrogen ion to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or hydrogen ion to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or hydrogen ion to interact with
+the strong base. So now when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong base. So now when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong base. So now when we start
+adding the strong base, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the strong base, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the strong base, we're going to
+move into this buffering region here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into this buffering region here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into this buffering region here.
+And so as we're adding the strong base,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as we're adding the strong base,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as we're adding the strong base,
+the strong base is going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong base is going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong base is going to start
+stripping off the protons or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripping off the protons or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripping off the protons or the
+hydrogen atoms and leaving the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and leaving the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and leaving the conjugate
+base of the weak acid that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of the weak acid that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of the weak acid that we had to
+begin with. And so when you have an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with. And so when you have an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with. And so when you have an acid
+and its conjugate base both present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its conjugate base both present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its conjugate base both present in
+solution, that's a buffer problem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, that's a buffer problem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, that's a buffer problem. So
+you can be going both directions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be going both directions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be going both directions. And
+the buffering region is the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffering region is the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffering region is the region of
+the plot that's pretty much flat. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot that's pretty much flat. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot that's pretty much flat. And
+what does flat mean? Well, flat means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does flat mean? Well, flat means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does flat mean? Well, flat means
+this is against the scale of pH. So flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is against the scale of pH. So flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is against the scale of pH. So flat
+means the pH isn't changing much. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the pH isn't changing much. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the pH isn't changing much. Well,
+that's what a buffer does. It keeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a buffer does. It keeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a buffer does. It keeps the
+pH fairly constant. So, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH fairly constant. So, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH fairly constant. So, you're going to
+be moving into this buffering region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moving into this buffering region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moving into this buffering region.
+And if you were doing these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you were doing these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you were doing these kind of
+titrations in lab, these are even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations in lab, these are even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations in lab, these are even more
+frustrating than the ones I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating than the ones I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating than the ones I just showed
+you because when you reach the buffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because when you reach the buffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because when you reach the buffering
+region, keep adding and adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region, keep adding and adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region, keep adding and adding and
+adding and the pH is not changing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding and the pH is not changing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding and the pH is not changing at
+all. you're just adding and adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. you're just adding and adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. you're just adding and adding and
+the pH is not changing. All of a sudden,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH is not changing. All of a sudden,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH is not changing. All of a sudden,
+it just goes wild and you jump way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just goes wild and you jump way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just goes wild and you jump way up to
+here. And so that's that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so that's that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so that's that's what's
+happening in this curve. You don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this curve. You don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this curve. You don't have
+much of a pH change in this region. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a pH change in this region. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a pH change in this region. All
+right? So when we get to the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So when we get to the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So when we get to the middle
+point of the buffering region,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the buffering region,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the buffering region,
+we have a special category. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a special category. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a special category. And the
+volume here is the volume at the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume here is the volume at the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume here is the volume at the half
+equivalence point. So you've added half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point. So you've added half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point. So you've added half
+the number of moles in this case to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of moles in this case to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of moles in this case to the
+strong base that you need. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base that you need. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong base that you need. So when
+you've added half the amount, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added half the amount, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added half the amount, you've
+converted half of the acid to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted half of the acid to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted half of the acid to its
+conjugate base. So you have a 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base. So you have a 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base. So you have a 50/50
+mixture here. So this is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture here. So this is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture here. So this is a special
+category when the amount of the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category when the amount of the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category when the amount of the weak
+acid equals the amount of the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid equals the amount of the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid equals the amount of the conjugate
+base that's being formed. And notice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that's being formed. And notice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that's being formed. And notice as
+we go up here, it was all acid. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go up here, it was all acid. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go up here, it was all acid. Here
+there's some mixture. here there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mixture. here there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mixture. here there's more
+mixture. So you're you're titrating off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture. So you're you're titrating off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture. So you're you're titrating off
+you're pulling off these hydrogen ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling off these hydrogen ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling off these hydrogen ions
+as the titration goes forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the titration goes forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the titration goes forward.
+Once we reach the equivalence point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once we reach the equivalence point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once we reach the equivalence point you
+pulled off all the hydrogen ions. You've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled off all the hydrogen ions. You've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled off all the hydrogen ions. You've
+removed all of the protons uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed all of the protons uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed all of the protons uh from the
+weak acid. Now all you have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid. Now all you have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid. Now all you have is the
+conjugate base. Really what you formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base. Really what you formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base. Really what you formed
+here is a salt. But this salt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a salt. But this salt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a salt. But this salt is a
+conjugate base of a weak acid. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base of a weak acid. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base of a weak acid. So, it's
+going to be basic. It's really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be basic. It's really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be basic. It's really just a
+weak base and water problem. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base and water problem. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base and water problem. And that's
+why the pH is greater than seven here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pH is greater than seven here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pH is greater than seven here
+because what you're left with at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're left with at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're left with at the
+equivalence point when you've pulled off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point when you've pulled off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point when you've pulled off
+all of the protons is a base. So, it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the protons is a base. So, it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the protons is a base. So, it'll
+be above seven. Not dramatically above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be above seven. Not dramatically above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be above seven. Not dramatically above
+seven because it's a weak base, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven because it's a weak base, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven because it's a weak base, but
+it'll be above seven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be above seven.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be above seven.
+And then as you keep going,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as you keep going,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as you keep going,
+you still have this around. You still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have this around. You still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have this around. You still
+have the conjugate base around, but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conjugate base around, but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conjugate base around, but now
+you're really just adding strong base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really just adding strong base.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really just adding strong base.
+It's not reacting with anything. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not reacting with anything. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not reacting with anything. So,
+you're jumping up in pH quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're jumping up in pH quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're jumping up in pH quite
+dramatically as you do that. And really,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically as you do that. And really,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically as you do that. And really,
+this is just a strong base and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a strong base and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a strong base and water
+problem like the one that we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like the one that we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like the one that we just talked
+about. So in doing one titration all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So in doing one titration all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So in doing one titration all
+these points along here you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points along here you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points along here you're doing a
+weak base problem a buffer problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base problem a buffer problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base problem a buffer problem a
+special category of buffer problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special category of buffer problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special category of buffer problem a
+weak base problem and a strong base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base problem and a strong base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base problem and a strong base
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+So in every titration there's just five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in every titration there's just five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in every titration there's just five
+different really kinds of problems. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different really kinds of problems. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different really kinds of problems. You
+just need to recognize where you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to recognize where you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to recognize where you are in
+the titration and which type of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titration and which type of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titration and which type of problem
+you should be doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So just going the other direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just going the other direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just going the other direction,
+uh it's the same same thing in reverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the same same thing in reverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the same same thing in reverse.
+Now here we have a weak base that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here we have a weak base that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here we have a weak base that we're
+titrating with a strong acid at volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrating with a strong acid at volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrating with a strong acid at volume
+equals zero. It's just a weak base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero. It's just a weak base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero. It's just a weak base
+problem. As you start to add acid, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. As you start to add acid, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. As you start to add acid, the
+acid is protetonating the base. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is protetonating the base. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is protetonating the base. And so
+now you have some conjugate acid of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have some conjugate acid of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have some conjugate acid of your
+weak base. So again, it's a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base. So again, it's a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak base. So again, it's a buffer
+problem. At the half equivalence point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. At the half equivalence point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. At the half equivalence point,
+these guys are equal to each other. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are equal to each other. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are equal to each other. You
+have you've converted half of your weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you've converted half of your weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you've converted half of your weak
+base to its conjugate acid. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to its conjugate acid. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to its conjugate acid. And when
+when you get to the equivalence point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to the equivalence point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to the equivalence point,
+you've converted all of your weak base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've converted all of your weak base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've converted all of your weak base
+to its conjugate acid. So this is a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its conjugate acid. So this is a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its conjugate acid. So this is a weak
+acid and water problem. And uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and water problem. And uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and water problem. And uh so we
+would expect the pH here to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the pH here to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the pH here to be less than
+seven because we're acidic at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven because we're acidic at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven because we're acidic at this
+point. And when we get all the way past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And when we get all the way past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And when we get all the way past
+the equivalence point, then we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence point, then we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalence point, then we're just
+talking about how much extra strong acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how much extra strong acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how much extra strong acid
+we've added. So again, it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added. So again, it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added. So again, it's the same
+type of problems. Uh, and in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problems. Uh, and in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problems. Uh, and in this case,
+you're protetonating. You're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're protetonating. You're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're protetonating. You're starting
+with base and you keep protating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with base and you keep protating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with base and you keep protating it
+until you've converted it all to acid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've converted it all to acid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've converted it all to acid.
+Okay? So let's see if we can do a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So let's see if we can do a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So let's see if we can do a couple
+of points along this this curve. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points along this this curve. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points along this this curve. So now
+we're talking about a weak acid being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a weak acid being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a weak acid being
+titrated with a strong with a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrated with a strong with a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrated with a strong with a strong
+base. And I'll move fairly quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. And I'll move fairly quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. And I'll move fairly quickly
+through some of these because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of these because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of these because we've
+already seen how to do these parts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen how to do these parts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen how to do these parts a
+couple of times. The trick to titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times. The trick to titration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times. The trick to titration
+is just to recognize what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to recognize what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to recognize what type of
+problem it is. So um in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it is. So um in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it is. So um in the beginning
+we've added no base. So this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added no base. So this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added no base. So this is just a
+weak acid problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid problem.
+So we have our acid in water forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have our acid in water forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have our acid in water forming
+hydrronium ion and a conjugate base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ion and a conjugate base.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ion and a conjugate base.
+We're given a Ka value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're given a Ka value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're given a Ka value.
+So this is just a weak acid problem. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just a weak acid problem. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just a weak acid problem. We
+can set up our plot here. We had 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up our plot here. We had 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up our plot here. We had 0.1
+molar to begin with. And at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar to begin with. And at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar to begin with. And at equilibrium
+we'll have 0.1 - x and x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have 0.1 - x and x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have 0.1 - x and x.
+We can plug this into the Ka expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can plug this into the Ka expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can plug this into the Ka expression.
+X^2 over 0.1 minus X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X^2 over 0.1 minus X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X^2 over 0.1 minus X.
+We can assume X is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can assume X is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can assume X is small.
+Simplify this to X2 over.1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solve for X which is now 0.421.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solve for X which is now 0.421.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solve for X which is now 0.421.
+We can check that this is less than 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can check that this is less than 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can check that this is less than 0.1
+and it is. It's less than 5% and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is. It's less than 5% and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is. It's less than 5% and it's
+4.2. So it is less than 5%. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2. So it is less than 5%. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2. So it is less than 5%. So we're
+okay. We can make that assumption. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. We can make that assumption. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. We can make that assumption. We
+don't have to use the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use the quadratic
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+And so then we can plug X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we can plug X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we can plug X which is the
+hydrronium ion concentration into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ion concentration into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrronium ion concentration into this
+expression and uh solve for our pH.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then we can put a plot over here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we can put a plot over here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we can put a plot over here. We
+have one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is this volume of base added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is this volume of base added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is this volume of base added
+versus pH. And we start down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus pH. And we start down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus pH. And we start down here
+before we've added any base and we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we've added any base and we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we've added any base and we're at
+a pH of 2.38.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So now let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's look at a
+problem in the buffering region uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the buffering region uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the buffering region uh real
+quickly. So now what happens if we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. So now what happens if we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. So now what happens if we've
+added some small amount 5 ms uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some small amount 5 ms uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added some small amount 5 ms uh less
+than the volume at the equivalence point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the volume at the equivalence point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the volume at the equivalence point
+of our base.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our base.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our base.
+So the O is strong. It'll react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the O is strong. It'll react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the O is strong. It'll react
+completely uh with the um it'll react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh with the um it'll react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh with the um it'll react
+completely with our acid. It's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely with our acid. It's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely with our acid. It's much
+stronger than the conjugate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than the conjugate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than the conjugate.
+So um we'll have a reaction. So we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um we'll have a reaction. So we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um we'll have a reaction. So we need
+to do the subtraction at first. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the subtraction at first. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the subtraction at first. You just
+assume the amount of uh strong base you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the amount of uh strong base you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the amount of uh strong base you
+add will react completely with whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add will react completely with whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add will react completely with whatever
+acid is available. So we know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is available. So we know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is available. So we know how much
+acid we had to begin with a volume and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we had to begin with a volume and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we had to begin with a volume and a
+concentration. So we know the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So we know the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So we know the number of
+moles. We have um also can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles. We have um also can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles. We have um also can calculate the
+number of moles of hydroxide ion. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles of hydroxide ion. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles of hydroxide ion. We
+know the volume added and we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the volume added and we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the volume added and we know the
+concentration. So we have this number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So we have this number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So we have this number of
+moles. then the moles after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles. then the moles after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles. then the moles after the
+reaction. So we had point 2.5 * 10^ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So we had point 2.5 * 10^ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So we had point 2.5 * 10^ the
+3 before and now we subtract the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 before and now we subtract the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 before and now we subtract the amount
+of hydroxide ion and we come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydroxide ion and we come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydroxide ion and we come up with the
+new moles of acid the moles of acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new moles of acid the moles of acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new moles of acid the moles of acid that
+are left and that that amount of base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left and that that amount of base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left and that that amount of base is
+also going to produce the conjugate. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to produce the conjugate. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to produce the conjugate. So
+this guy is going to be converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going to be converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going to be converted to
+this guy. So we'll have that number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. So we'll have that number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. So we'll have that number of
+moles of conjugate base that's formed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of conjugate base that's formed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of conjugate base that's formed.
+So this is like a buffer problem. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like a buffer problem. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is like a buffer problem. Uh we
+need to convert to marity first and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert to marity first and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert to marity first and so
+we know the volume. We had 25 ms plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the volume. We had 25 ms plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the volume. We had 25 ms plus
+we've now added five and we have two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now added five and we have two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now added five and we have two new
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+that we can plug in here. So that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can plug in here. So that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can plug in here. So that's how
+much acid we have left after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much acid we have left after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much acid we have left after the
+reaction with O. This is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with O. This is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with O. This is how much
+conjugate is formed after the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate is formed after the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate is formed after the reaction
+and then at equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at equilibrium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at equilibrium.
+And uh we can just go through make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we can just go through make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we can just go through make the
+same approximations that this is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same approximations that this is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same approximations that this is small
+come up with X check it and come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with X check it and come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with X check it and come up with
+a new pH.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new pH.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new pH.
+Okay. So that's option one. And on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's option one. And on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's option one. And on
+Wednesday we'll talk about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we'll talk about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we'll talk about another
+option for the buffer problem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for the buffer problem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for the buffer problem which is
+looking at the Henderson Hustelbach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vgELyZ9LXX4.txt b/vgELyZ9LXX4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c4acfaf92fa421caa9b1d37b5301e4921896aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vgELyZ9LXX4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12874 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're going to talk today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to talk today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to talk today about
+binary search trees,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something called randomly built binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called randomly built binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called randomly built binary
+search trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'll abbreviate binary search trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll abbreviate binary search trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll abbreviate binary search trees
+as BSTs throughout the lecture. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as BSTs throughout the lecture. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as BSTs throughout the lecture. And
+you've all seen binary search trees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen binary search trees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen binary search trees in
+one place or another. In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place or another. In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place or another. In particular,
+recitation on Friday. So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on Friday. So, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on Friday. So, we're going to
+build off of the basic ideas presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build off of the basic ideas presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build off of the basic ideas presented
+there and talk about how to randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and talk about how to randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and talk about how to randomize
+them and make them good. So, you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make them good. So, you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make them good. So, you know
+that there are good binary search trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are good binary search trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are good binary search trees
+which are relatively balanced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like this. If the height is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. If the height is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. If the height is
+log n, we call them balanced and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n, we call them balanced and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n, we call them balanced and that's
+good. Anything order login will be fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Anything order login will be fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Anything order login will be fine.
+In terms of searching will then cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of searching will then cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of searching will then cost
+order login. And there are bad binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order login. And there are bad binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order login. And there are bad binary
+search trees which have really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees which have really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees which have really large
+height possibly as big as n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height possibly as big as n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height possibly as big as n.
+So this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is good
+and this is bad. We'd sort of like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is bad. We'd sort of like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is bad. We'd sort of like to
+know, we'd like to build binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we'd like to build binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we'd like to build binary search
+trees in such a way that they're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in such a way that they're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in such a way that they're good
+all the time or at least most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time or at least most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time or at least most of the
+time. And there are lots of ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And there are lots of ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And there are lots of ways to do
+this. And in the next couple of weeks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And in the next couple of weeks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And in the next couple of weeks,
+we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+four of them if you count the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them if you count the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them if you count the problem
+set. I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. I believe
+today we're going to use randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to use randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to use randomization
+to make them balanced most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them balanced most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them balanced most of the time
+in a certain sense. Uh and then in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense. Uh and then in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense. Uh and then in your
+problem set, you'll make that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set, you'll make that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set, you'll make that in a
+broader sense. But the one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader sense. But the one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader sense. But the one way to
+motivate this topic, so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate this topic, so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate this topic, so I'm not going to
+define randomly built binary searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define randomly built binary searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define randomly built binary searches
+for a little bit. One way to motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit. One way to motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit. One way to motivate
+the topic is through sorting, our good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic is through sorting, our good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic is through sorting, our good
+friend. So there's a natural way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend. So there's a natural way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend. So there's a natural way to sort
+n numbers using binary search trees. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n numbers using binary search trees. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n numbers using binary search trees. So
+if I give you an array A, how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you an array A, how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you an array A, how would you
+sort that array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that array
+using binary search tree operations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using binary search tree operations?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using binary search tree operations?
+It's a black box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a black box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a black box.
+Yeah. Build a binary search tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Build a binary search tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Build a binary search tree and
+traverse it in order. Build the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse it in order. Build the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse it in order. Build the binary
+search tree and then traverse it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and then traverse it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree and then traverse it in
+order. Exactly. So let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Exactly. So let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Exactly. So let's say we have
+some initial tree which is empty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial tree which is empty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial tree which is empty and
+then for each element of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each element of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each element of the array
+we insert it into the tree. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert it into the tree. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert it into the tree. That's what
+you meant by building the search tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we insert AI into the tree. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we insert AI into the tree. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we insert AI into the tree. This is
+the binary search tree insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary search tree insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary search tree insertion
+standard insertion and then we do an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard insertion and then we do an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard insertion and then we do an in
+order traversal which in the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order traversal which in the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order traversal which in the book is
+called in order tree walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, you should know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you should know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you should know what these
+algorithms are, but just for very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are, but just for very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are, but just for very quick
+reminder, tree insert walk basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder, tree insert walk basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder, tree insert walk basically
+searches for that element AI until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for that element AI until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for that element AI until it
+finds the place where it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the place where it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the place where it should have
+been if it was in the tree already, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been if it was in the tree already, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been if it was in the tree already, and
+then adds a new leaf there to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adds a new leaf there to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adds a new leaf there to insert
+that value. Tree walk recursively walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value. Tree walk recursively walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value. Tree walk recursively walks
+the left subree, then prints out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left subree, then prints out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left subree, then prints out the
+root, and then recursively walks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root, and then recursively walks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root, and then recursively walks the
+right subree. And by the binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right subree. And by the binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right subree. And by the binary search
+tree property, that will print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree property, that will print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree property, that will print the
+elements out in sorted order. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements out in sorted order. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements out in sorted order. So let's
+do a quick example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick example
+because uh this turns out to be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this turns out to be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this turns out to be related
+to another sorting algorithm we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another sorting algorithm we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another sorting algorithm we've seen
+already. So while the example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. So while the example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. So while the example is
+probably pretty trivial, the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty trivial, the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty trivial, the connection
+is pretty surprising. At least it was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty surprising. At least it was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty surprising. At least it was to
+me the first time I taught this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So my array is 318
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my array is 318
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my array is 318
+2675.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm going to visit these elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to visit these elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to visit these elements in
+order from left to right and just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order from left to right and just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order from left to right and just build
+a tree. So the first element I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree. So the first element I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree. So the first element I see is
+three. So I insert three into an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So I insert three into an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So I insert three into an empty
+tree. That requires no comparisons. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. That requires no comparisons. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. That requires no comparisons. Then
+I insert one. I see is one bigger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I insert one. I see is one bigger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I insert one. I see is one bigger or
+less than three? It's smaller, so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three? It's smaller, so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three? It's smaller, so I put
+it over here. Then I insert eight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over here. Then I insert eight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over here. Then I insert eight.
+That's bigger than three, so it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's bigger than three, so it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's bigger than three, so it gets a
+new leaf over here. Uh, then I insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new leaf over here. Uh, then I insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new leaf over here. Uh, then I insert
+two. That fits between one and three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. That fits between one and three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. That fits between one and three.
+And so it would fall off this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it would fall off this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it would fall off this right
+child of one. So I add two there. Six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of one. So I add two there. Six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of one. So I add two there. Six is
+bigger than three, less than eight. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than three, less than eight. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than three, less than eight. So
+it goes here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes here.
+Seven is bigger than three, less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seven is bigger than three, less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seven is bigger than three, less than
+eight, bigger than six. So it goes here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, bigger than six. So it goes here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, bigger than six. So it goes here.
+and five fits in between three and five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five fits in between three and five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five fits in between three and five.
+Three and six rather. And so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three and six rather. And so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three and six rather. And so that's the
+binary search tree that I get. Then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree that I get. Then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree that I get. Then I
+run an in order traversal which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an in order traversal which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an in order traversal which will
+print 1 2 3 5 6 7 8. Okay, I can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print 1 2 3 5 6 7 8. Okay, I can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print 1 2 3 5 6 7 8. Okay, I can run
+that quickly in my head because I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quickly in my head because I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quickly in my head because I've got
+a big stack. But it be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big stack. But it be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big stack. But it be a little bit
+careful. Of course, you should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. Of course, you should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. Of course, you should check
+that they come out in sorted order. One,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they come out in sorted order. One,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they come out in sorted order. One,
+two, three, five, six, seven, eight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, five, six, seven, eight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, five, six, seven, eight.
+And if you don't have a bit big stack,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you don't have a bit big stack,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you don't have a bit big stack,
+you can go and buy one. Always useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and buy one. Always useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and buy one. Always useful.
+Uh memory costs are going up a bit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh memory costs are going up a bit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh memory costs are going up a bit these
+days or going down they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days or going down they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days or going down they should be
+because of the uh politics but uh price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh politics but uh price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh politics but uh price
+fixing whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing whatever.
+So the question is what's the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question is what's the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question is what's the running
+time of this algorithm? And there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of this algorithm? And there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of this algorithm? And there's no
+here this is one of those answers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is one of those answers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is one of those answers where
+it depends. Uh the parts that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends. Uh the parts that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends. Uh the parts that's easy to
+to analyze are well initialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze are well initialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze are well initialization
+the in order tree walk how long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in order tree walk how long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in order tree walk how long does
+that take?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take?
+n good order n for the walk and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n good order n for the walk and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n good order n for the walk and for the
+initialization which is constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The question is how long does it take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is how long does it take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is how long does it take me
+to do n tree inserts?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anyone want to guess any kind of answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone want to guess any kind of answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone want to guess any kind of answer
+to that question other than it depends?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that question other than it depends?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that question other than it depends?
+I've already stolen the thunder there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Big omega n login. Big omega of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Big omega n login. Big omega of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Big omega n login. Big omega of n
+login. That's good. It's at least n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. That's good. It's at least n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login. That's good. It's at least n
+login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So you gave two reasons. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So you gave two reasons. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So you gave two reasons. The
+first one is because of the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is because of the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is because of the decision
+tree lower bound. That doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree lower bound. That doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree lower bound. That doesn't actually
+prove this. We have to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this. We have to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this. We have to be a little bit
+careful. This is a claim that it's omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. This is a claim that it's omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. This is a claim that it's omega
+n login in every all the time. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n login in every all the time. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n login in every all the time. It's
+certainly omega n login in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly omega n login in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly omega n login in the worst
+case. Every sorting every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Every sorting every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Every sorting every
+comparisonbased sorting algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisonbased sorting algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisonbased sorting algorithm is
+omega n login in the worst case. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n login in the worst case. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n login in the worst case. It's
+also n login every single time. Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n login every single time. Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n login every single time. Omega n
+login because of the second reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login because of the second reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login because of the second reason you
+gave which is the best case best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave which is the best case best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave which is the best case best thing
+that could happen is we have a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen is we have a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen is we have a perfectly
+balanced tree. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced tree. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced tree. So
+this is the figure that I have drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the figure that I have drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the figure that I have drawn the
+most on a blackboard in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most on a blackboard in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most on a blackboard in my life
+the perfect tree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect tree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect tree on
+15 nodes I guess. So if we're lucky, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 nodes I guess. So if we're lucky, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 nodes I guess. So if we're lucky, we
+have this. And if you add up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this. And if you add up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this. And if you add up all the
+depths of the nodes here, which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths of the nodes here, which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths of the nodes here, which gives
+you the the search tree cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the search tree cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the search tree cost in
+particular, these n /2 nodes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, these n /2 nodes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, these n /2 nodes in the
+bottom each have height, each have depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom each have height, each have depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom each have height, each have depth
+log n, and therefore you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n, and therefore you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n, and therefore you're going to
+have to pay at least n login for those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay at least n login for those.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay at least n login for those.
+And if you're less balanced, it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're less balanced, it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're less balanced, it's going
+to be even worse. That takes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even worse. That takes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even worse. That takes some
+proving, but it's true. So it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving, but it's true. So it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving, but it's true. So it's actually
+omega n login all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, you've seen that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you've seen that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you've seen that there are some
+cases like if you know that the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like if you know that the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like if you know that the elements
+are almost already in order, you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost already in order, you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost already in order, you can do
+it in linear a linear number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in linear a linear number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in linear a linear number of
+comparisons. So, but here you can't. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons. So, but here you can't. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons. So, but here you can't. Any
+other guesses at an answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guesses at an answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guesses at an answer to this
+question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question?
+Yeah. Big O N squ big O N squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? We're doing n things and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We're doing n things and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We're doing n things and each
+node has depth at most n. So the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has depth at most n. So the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has depth at most n. So the number
+of comparisons we're making per element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparisons we're making per element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparisons we're making per element
+we insert is at most n. So that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert is at most n. So that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert is at most n. So that's at
+most n^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um any other answers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it possible for this algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it possible for this algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it possible for this algorithm to
+take n^ squ time? Is are there instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n^ squ time? Is are there instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n^ squ time? Is are there instances
+where it takes theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already sorted. If it's already sorted,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sorted. If it's already sorted,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sorted. If it's already sorted,
+that would be pretty bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+if it's already sorted or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's already sorted or if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's already sorted or if it's
+reverse sorted,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse sorted,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse sorted,
+you're in bad shape because then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in bad shape because then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in bad shape because then you get
+a tree like this. This is the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree like this. This is the sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree like this. This is the sorted
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and you compute. So the the total cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you compute. So the the total cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you compute. So the the total cost
+the the time in general is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time in general is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time in general is going to be
+the sum of the depths of the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the depths of the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the depths of the nodes
+for each node x in the tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each node x in the tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each node x in the tree.
+And in this case it's 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case it's 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case it's 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.
+This arithmetic series there's n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This arithmetic series there's n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This arithmetic series there's n of
+them. So this is theta n^2. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So this is theta n^2. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So this is theta n^2. It's like
+n^2 over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 over two.
+So that's bad news. Some the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's bad news. Some the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's bad news. Some the worst case
+running time of this algorithm is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this algorithm is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this algorithm is is
+n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that sound familiar at all? An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that sound familiar at all? An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that sound familiar at all? An
+algorithm's worst case running time is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's worst case running time is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's worst case running time is n
+squ in particular in the already sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ in particular in the already sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ in particular in the already sorted
+case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+But if we're lucky, right, the lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we're lucky, right, the lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we're lucky, right, the lucky
+case would be if the as we said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would be if the as we said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would be if the as we said it's
+already it's a balanced tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's a balanced tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's a balanced tree.
+Wouldn't that be great? Anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wouldn't that be great? Anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wouldn't that be great? Anything with
+omega login height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega login height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega login height
+would give us a sorting algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us a sorting algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us a sorting algorithm that
+runs in n login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in the lucky case we're n login but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the lucky case we're n login but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the lucky case we're n login but
+in the unlucky case we're n^ squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unlucky case we're n^ squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unlucky case we're n^ squ and
+unlucky is sorted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remind you of any algorithm we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remind you of any algorithm we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remind you of any algorithm we've seen
+before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+Yeah. Quick sort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Turns out the running time of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out the running time of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out the running time of this
+algorithm is the same as the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is the same as the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is the same as the running
+time of quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of quicksort
+in a very strong sense. Turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very strong sense. Turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very strong sense. Turns out the
+comparisons that this algorithm makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons that this algorithm makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons that this algorithm makes
+are exactly the same comparisons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same comparisons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same comparisons that
+quicksort makes. It makes them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort makes. It makes them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort makes. It makes them in a
+different order, but it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order, but it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order, but it's really the
+same algorithm in disguise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's the the surprise here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in particular, we've already analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular, we've already analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular, we've already analyzed
+quicksort. We should get something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort. We should get something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort. We should get something for
+free out of that analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the relation is BST sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the relation is BST sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the relation is BST sort
+and quick sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make the same comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in a different order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me walk through the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me walk through the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me walk through the same example
+we did before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+675.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's an array. We're going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's an array. We're going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's an array. We're going to run
+a particular version of quicksort. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular version of quicksort. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular version of quicksort. I
+have to be a little bit careful here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little bit careful here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little bit careful here.
+Sort of the obvious version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sort of the obvious version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sort of the obvious version of
+quicksort. Remember our standard boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort. Remember our standard boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort. Remember our standard boring
+quicksort is you take the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort is you take the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort is you take the first element
+as the partition element. So I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the partition element. So I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the partition element. So I'll take
+three here and I split into the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and I split into the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and I split into the elements
+less than three which is one and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three which is one and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three which is one and two and
+the elements bigger than three which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements bigger than three which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements bigger than three which is
+8 6 75. And in this version of quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 6 75. And in this version of quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 6 75. And in this version of quicksort
+I don't change the order of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't change the order of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't change the order of the elements
+8675. they're let's say the order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8675. they're let's say the order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8675. they're let's say the order is
+preserved because only then will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved because only then will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved because only then will this
+equivalence hold. So this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence hold. So this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence hold. So this is sort of a
+stable partition algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable partition algorithm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable partition algorithm.
+It's easy enough to do. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's easy enough to do. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's easy enough to do. It's a
+particular version of quicksort and soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of quicksort and soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of quicksort and soon
+we're going to randomize and after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to randomize and after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to randomize and after we
+randomize these this difference doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize these this difference doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize these this difference doesn't
+matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter.
+Okay. Then on the left recursion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then on the left recursion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then on the left recursion we
+split in the partition element. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in the partition element. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in the partition element. There's
+things less than one which is nothing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things less than one which is nothing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things less than one which is nothing.
+Things bigger than one which is two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things bigger than one which is two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things bigger than one which is two.
+And then we you know that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we you know that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we you know that's our
+partition element. We're done. Uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element. We're done. Uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element. We're done. Uh over
+here we partition on eight. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we partition on eight. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we partition on eight. Everything
+is less than eight. So we get six 75.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than eight. So we get six 75.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than eight. So we get six 75.
+Nothing on the right. Then we partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing on the right. Then we partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing on the right. Then we partition
+at six. We get things less than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six. We get things less than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six. We get things less than six
+namely five. Things bigger than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely five. Things bigger than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely five. Things bigger than six
+namely seven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely seven.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely seven.
+And those are sort of partition elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And those are sort of partition elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And those are sort of partition elements
+in a trivial way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a trivial way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a trivial way.
+Now this tree that we get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this tree that we get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this tree that we get on the
+partition elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition elements
+looks an awful lot like this tree. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks an awful lot like this tree. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks an awful lot like this tree. Okay,
+it should be exactly the same tree. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be exactly the same tree. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be exactly the same tree. And
+you can walk through what comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk through what comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk through what comparisons
+does quicksort make. Well, first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does quicksort make. Well, first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does quicksort make. Well, first it
+compares everything to three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares everything to three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares everything to three.
+Okay, except three itself. Now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, except three itself. Now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, except three itself. Now if you
+look over here, what happens when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over here, what happens when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over here, what happens when we're
+inserting elements? Well, each time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting elements? Well, each time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting elements? Well, each time we
+insert an element, the first thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert an element, the first thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert an element, the first thing we do
+is compare with three. If it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compare with three. If it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compare with three. If it's less
+than, we go to the left branch. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than, we go to the left branch. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than, we go to the left branch. If it's
+greater than, we go to the right branch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than, we go to the right branch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than, we go to the right branch.
+So we're making all these comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're making all these comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're making all these comparisons
+with three in both cases. Then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three in both cases. Then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three in both cases. Then if we
+have an element less than three, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an element less than three, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an element less than three, it's
+either one or two. If it's one, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or two. If it's one, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or two. If it's one, we're
+done. No, no comparisons happen here. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. No, no comparisons happen here. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. No, no comparisons happen here. I
+mean one to one. But we compare two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one to one. But we compare two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one to one. But we compare two to
+one. And indeed, when we insert two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And indeed, when we insert two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And indeed, when we insert two over
+there, after comparing it to three, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, after comparing it to three, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, after comparing it to three, we
+compare it to one. And then we figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to one. And then we figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to one. And then we figure
+out that it happens here. Same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it happens here. Same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it happens here. Same thing
+happens in quicksort. For elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in quicksort. For elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in quicksort. For elements
+greater than three, we compare everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than three, we compare everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than three, we compare everyone
+to eight because here because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight because here because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight because here because we're
+partitioning with respect to eight here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning with respect to eight here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning with respect to eight here
+because uh that's the next node after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh that's the next node after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh that's the next node after
+three. As soon as eight is inserted, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. As soon as eight is inserted, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. As soon as eight is inserted, we
+compare everything with eight to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare everything with eight to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare everything with eight to see in
+fact that it's less than eight and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's less than eight and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's less than eight and so
+on. So all the same comparisons just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So all the same comparisons just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So all the same comparisons just in
+a different order sort of turn 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different order sort of turn 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different order sort of turn 90
+degrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kind of cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind of cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind of cool.
+So this has various consequences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has various consequences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has various consequences in the
+analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in particular the worst case running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular the worst case running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular the worst case running
+time is theta n^ squ uh which is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is theta n^ squ uh which is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is theta n^ squ uh which is not so
+exciting. What we really care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting. What we really care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting. What we really care about is
+the randomized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that's what performs well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what performs well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what performs well. So
+randomized BST sort is the f is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized BST sort is the f is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized BST sort is the f is just
+like randomized quicksort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like randomized quicksort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like randomized quicksort.
+So first thing you do is randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first thing you do is randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first thing you do is randomly
+permute the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly picking all permutations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly picking all permutations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly picking all permutations with
+equal probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability
+and then we call BST sort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is basically what randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is basically what randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is basically what randomized
+quicksort could be formulated as. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort could be formulated as. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort could be formulated as. And
+then randomized BST sort is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then randomized BST sort is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then randomized BST sort is going to
+make exactly the same comparisons as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make exactly the same comparisons as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make exactly the same comparisons as
+randomized quicksort. Here we're picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quicksort. Here we're picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quicksort. Here we're picking
+the root essentially randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root essentially randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root essentially randomly
+and over here in quicksort you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here in quicksort you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here in quicksort you're
+picking the partition element randomly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the partition element randomly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the partition element randomly.
+Same same difference. Okay. So the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same same difference. Okay. So the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same same difference. Okay. So the time
+of this algorithm equals the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this algorithm equals the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this algorithm equals the time of
+randomized quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we're making the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're making the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're making the same
+comparisons. So the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons. So the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons. So the number of
+comparisons is equal and this is true as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons is equal and this is true as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons is equal and this is true as
+random variables. The random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables. The random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables. The random variable
+the running time of this algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time of this algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time of this algorithm is
+equal to the random variable of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the random variable of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the random variable of this
+algorithm. In particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. In particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. In particular the
+expectations are the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. And we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And we know that the
+expected running time of randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected running time of randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected running time of randomized
+quicksort on n elements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh boy n login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy n login.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy n login.
+Good. I was a little worried there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. I was a little worried there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. I was a little worried there.
+Okay. So in particular the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in particular the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in particular the expected
+running time of BST sort is n login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of BST sort is n login.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of BST sort is n login.
+Obviously this is not too exciting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously this is not too exciting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously this is not too exciting from
+a sorting point of view and the sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorting point of view and the sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorting point of view and the sorting
+was just sort of to see this connection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sort of to see this connection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sort of to see this connection.
+What we actually care about and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we actually care about and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we actually care about and the
+reason I've introduced this DST sort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I've introduced this DST sort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I've introduced this DST sort is
+what the tree looks like. What we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tree looks like. What we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tree looks like. What we really
+want is that search tree. The search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is that search tree. The search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is that search tree. The search
+tree can do more than sort. In order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree can do more than sort. In order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree can do more than sort. In order
+traversal is a pretty boring thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal is a pretty boring thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal is a pretty boring thing to do
+with the search tree. You can search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the search tree. You can search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the search tree. You can search in
+a search tree. So, okay, that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search tree. So, okay, that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search tree. So, okay, that's still
+not so exciting. You could sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so exciting. You could sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so exciting. You could sort the
+elements and then put them in an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then put them in an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then put them in an array
+and do binary search. But the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do binary search. But the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do binary search. But the point of
+binary search trees instead of binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search trees instead of binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search trees instead of binary
+search arrays is that you can update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search arrays is that you can update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search arrays is that you can update
+them dynamically. We won't be updating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dynamically. We won't be updating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dynamically. We won't be updating
+them dynamically in this lecture, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dynamically in this lecture, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dynamically in this lecture, but we
+will in Wednesday and on your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in Wednesday and on your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in Wednesday and on your problem
+set. Um, for now it's just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Um, for now it's just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Um, for now it's just sort of a
+warm-up. Let's say that the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up. Let's say that the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up. Let's say that the elements
+aren't changing. We're building one tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't changing. We're building one tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't changing. We're building one tree
+from the beginning with all we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning with all we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning with all we have all
+n elements ahead of time. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n elements ahead of time. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n elements ahead of time. We're going to
+build it randomly. We randomly permute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it randomly. We randomly permute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it randomly. We randomly permute
+that array. Then we throw all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array. Then we throw all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array. Then we throw all the
+elements into a binary search tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements into a binary search tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements into a binary search tree.
+That's what BST sort does. Then it calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what BST sort does. Then it calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what BST sort does. Then it calls
+in order traversal. I don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order traversal. I don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order traversal. I don't really care
+about in order traversal. What I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in order traversal. What I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in order traversal. What I want to
+because you know we've just analyzed it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we've just analyzed it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we've just analyzed it.
+It would be a short lecture if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be a short lecture if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be a short lecture if I were
+done. What we want is this randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. What we want is this randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. What we want is this randomly
+built BST which is what what we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built BST which is what what we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built BST which is what what we get out
+of this algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this algorithm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this algorithm.
+So this is the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the tree
+uh resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from random BST sort randomized BST sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay resulting from randomly permuting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay resulting from randomly permuting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay resulting from randomly permuting
+the array and just inserting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and just inserting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and just inserting those
+elements using the the simple tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements using the the simple tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements using the the simple tree
+insert algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Question is what does that tree look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question is what does that tree look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question is what does that tree look
+like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in particular, is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular, is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular, is there anything
+that we can conclude out of this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can conclude out of this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can conclude out of this fact
+that the expected running time of BST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected running time of BST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected running time of BST
+sort is n login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I've mentioned cursory what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've mentioned cursory what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I've mentioned cursory what the
+running time of BST sort is several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of BST sort is several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of BST sort is several
+times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times.
+Um, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it was
+the sum. So this is the time of BST sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum. So this is the time of BST sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum. So this is the time of BST sort
+on n elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n elements.
+It's the sum over all nodes x of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the sum over all nodes x of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the sum over all nodes x of the
+depth of that node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, depth starts at zero and works its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, depth starts at zero and works its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, depth starts at zero and works its
+way down. U because the root element you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. U because the root element you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. U because the root element you
+don't make any comparisons beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make any comparisons beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make any comparisons beyond that
+you're making whatever the depth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making whatever the depth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making whatever the depth is
+comparisons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons.
+Okay. So we know that this thing is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we know that this thing is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we know that this thing is in
+expectation. We know that this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. We know that this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. We know that this is n
+login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What does that tell us about the tree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that tell us about the tree?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that tell us about the tree?
+This is for all nodes x in the tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does it tell us anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does it tell us anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does it tell us anything about the
+height of the tree for example?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the tree for example?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the tree for example?
+Yeah. intive sense it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. intive sense it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. intive sense it says that the
+height is about log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is about log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is about log
+and not the n right intuitively it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the n right intuitively it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the n right intuitively it says
+the height of the tree is theta log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree is theta log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree is theta log n
+and not n but in fact it doesn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not n but in fact it doesn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not n but in fact it doesn't show
+that and that's why if you feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's why if you feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's why if you feel that
+that's just intuition but it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just intuition but it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just intuition but it may not be
+quite right indeed it's not uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right indeed it's not uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right indeed it's not uh let me
+tell you what it does say so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it does say so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it does say so if we take
+uh expectation of both sides here we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expectation of both sides here we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expectation of both sides here we get
+n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n
+so the expected value of that is n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we get the expected total depth which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the expected total depth which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the expected total depth which is
+not so exciting. Let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so exciting. Let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so exciting. Let's look at the
+expected average depth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected average depth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected average depth.
+So if I look at 1 / n the sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I look at 1 / n the sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I look at 1 / n the sum over all
+nodes in the tree of the depth of x that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the tree of the depth of x that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the tree of the depth of x that
+would be the average depth over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the average depth over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the average depth over all the
+nodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes.
+And what I should get is theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I should get is theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I should get is theta
+n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n
+/ n because I divided n on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n because I divided n on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n because I divided n on both sides
+and I'm using here linearity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using here linearity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using here linearity of
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+which is log n. So what this what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is log n. So what this what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is log n. So what this what this
+fact about the expected running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the expected running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the expected running time
+tells me is that the average depth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me is that the average depth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me is that the average depth in
+the tree is log n which is not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree is log n which is not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree is log n which is not quite the
+height of the tree being lo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, remember the height of the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, remember the height of the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, remember the height of the tree is
+the maximum depth of any node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum depth of any node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum depth of any node.
+Here we're just bounding the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we're just bounding the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we're just bounding the average
+depth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at an example of a tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw my favorite picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, here we have a nice balanced tree,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here we have a nice balanced tree,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here we have a nice balanced tree,
+let's say, on half of the nodes or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say, on half of the nodes or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say, on half of the nodes or a
+little more. And then I have one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more. And then I have one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more. And then I have one really
+long path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hanging off one particular leaf. Doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off one particular leaf. Doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off one particular leaf. Doesn't
+matter which one. And I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one. And I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one. And I'm going to say
+that this path has length well the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this path has length well the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this path has length well the total
+height here I want to make root n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here I want to make root n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here I want to make root n which
+is a lot bigger than log n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot bigger than log n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot bigger than log n.
+This is roughly log n it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is roughly log n it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is roughly log n it's going to be
+log of n minus root n or so roughly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n minus root n or so roughly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n minus root n or so roughly.
+So most of the nodes have logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So most of the nodes have logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So most of the nodes have logarithmic
+height. And if you compute sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. And if you compute sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. And if you compute sorry
+logarithmic depth if you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic depth if you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic depth if you compute the
+average depth in this particular tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average depth in this particular tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average depth in this particular tree
+for most of the nodes let's say it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the nodes let's say it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the nodes let's say it's at
+most uh like half of the um let's say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh like half of the um let's say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh like half of the um let's say at
+most n of the nodes have height log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most n of the nodes have height log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most n of the nodes have height log n
+and then there are root nodes at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are root nodes at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are root nodes at most
+down here which have depth at most root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here which have depth at most root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here which have depth at most root
+n. So let's say it's at most root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So let's say it's at most root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So let's say it's at most root n
+times root n. In fact it's like half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times root n. In fact it's like half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times root n. In fact it's like half
+that but not a big deal. So this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but not a big deal. So this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but not a big deal. So this is this
+is n so this is n log n or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n so this is n log n or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n so this is n log n or sorry
+uh average depth I have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh average depth I have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh average depth I have to divide
+everything by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+login would be rather large for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login would be rather large for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login would be rather large for an
+average height average depth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average height average depth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average height average depth.
+So the average depth here is log n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the average depth here is log n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the average depth here is log n but
+the height of the tree is square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree is square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree is square root of
+n. So this is not enough. just to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So this is not enough. just to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So this is not enough. just to know
+that the average depth is log n doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average depth is log n doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average depth is log n doesn't
+mean that the height is log n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the height is log n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the height is log n.
+Okay. But the claim is the theorem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But the claim is the theorem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But the claim is the theorem for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+is that the expected height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the expected height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the expected height
+of a randomly built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a randomly built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a randomly built
+binary search tree is indeed order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree is indeed order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree is indeed order and
+login or sorry login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login or sorry login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login or sorry login
+PST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order login.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order login.
+This is what we this is what we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we this is what we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we this is what we'd like
+to know because that tells if tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know because that tells if tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know because that tells if tells us
+if we just build a binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just build a binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just build a binary search tree
+randomly then we can search in it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly then we can search in it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly then we can search in it in
+login time. Okay, for sorting it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login time. Okay, for sorting it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login time. Okay, for sorting it's not
+as big a deal. We just care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big a deal. We just care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big a deal. We just care about the
+expected running time of of creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected running time of of creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected running time of of creating the
+thing here. Now we know that we can once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here. Now we know that we can once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here. Now we know that we can once
+we prove this theorem we know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove this theorem we know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove this theorem we know that we
+can search quickly in expectation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can search quickly in expectation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can search quickly in expectation.
+Okay, which in fact most of the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which in fact most of the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which in fact most of the time.
+So the rest of today's lecture will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the rest of today's lecture will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the rest of today's lecture will be
+proving this theorem. It's quite tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this theorem. It's quite tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this theorem. It's quite tricky
+as you might imagine. It's another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine. It's another big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine. It's another big
+probability analysis along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability analysis along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability analysis along the lines of
+quicksort and and everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort and and everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort and and everything.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to start with an outline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to start with an outline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to start with an outline of
+the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is there any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any questions about the
+theorem? should be pretty clear what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem? should be pretty clear what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem? should be pretty clear what we
+want to prove. Uh this is even weirder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove. Uh this is even weirder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove. Uh this is even weirder
+than most of the analyses we've seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most of the analyses we've seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most of the analyses we've seen.
+It's going to use a a fancy trick which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to use a a fancy trick which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to use a a fancy trick which
+is exponentiating a random variable. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponentiating a random variable. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponentiating a random variable. And
+to do that, we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, we need
+a tool called Jensen's inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool called Jensen's inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool called Jensen's inequality.
+We're going to prove that tool. Usually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to prove that tool. Usually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to prove that tool. Usually,
+we don't prove probability tools, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't prove probability tools, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't prove probability tools, but
+this one we're going to prove. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we're going to prove. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we're going to prove. It's not
+too hard. involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard. involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard. involves
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+basic analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the theorem or the lema says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the theorem or the lema says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the theorem or the lema says
+that if we have what's called a convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have what's called a convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have what's called a convex
+function f and you should all know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and you should all know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and you should all know what
+that means but I'll define it soon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means but I'll define it soon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means but I'll define it soon in
+case you've forgotten.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you've forgotten.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you've forgotten.
+If we have a convex function f and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a convex function f and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a convex function f and we
+have a random variable x, you take f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random variable x, you take f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random variable x, you take f of
+the expectation that's at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation that's at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation that's at most the
+expectation of f of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of f of that random
+variable. Okay, think about it enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. Okay, think about it enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. Okay, think about it enough
+and draw convex functions that is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw convex functions that is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw convex functions that is fairly
+intuitive, I guess, but we'll prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive, I guess, but we'll prove it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive, I guess, but we'll prove it.
+What that allows us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of
+analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing
+the random variable that tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable that tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable that tells us the
+height of a tree. So xn I'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of a tree. So xn I'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of a tree. So xn I'll call the
+random variable RV of the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable RV of the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable RV of the height
+of a BST randomly constructed BST on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a BST randomly constructed BST on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a BST randomly constructed BST on
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will analyze
+well instead of analyzing this desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well instead of analyzing this desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well instead of analyzing this desired
+random variable XN sorry this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable XN sorry this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable XN sorry this should
+have been a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're going to analyze we can analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to analyze we can analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to analyze we can analyze
+any convex function of xn and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any convex function of xn and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any convex function of xn and we're
+going to analyze the exponentiation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze the exponentiation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze the exponentiation.
+So I'm going to define yn to be 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to define yn to be 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to define yn to be 2 to
+the^ xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay the big question here is why bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the big question here is why bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the big question here is why bother
+doing this? The answer is because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this? The answer is because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this? The answer is because it
+works and it wouldn't work if we analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it wouldn't work if we analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it wouldn't work if we analyze
+xn. We'll we'll see some intuition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. We'll we'll see some intuition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. We'll we'll see some intuition of
+that later on, but it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later on, but it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later on, but it's not very
+intuitive. This is just a bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. This is just a bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. This is just a bizarre
+analysis where you need this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where you need this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where you need this extra
+trick. So we'll we're going to bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick. So we'll we're going to bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick. So we'll we're going to bound the
+expectation of yn and from that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of yn and from that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of yn and from that and
+using Jensen's inequality, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Jensen's inequality, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Jensen's inequality, we're going
+to get a bound on the expectation of xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bound on the expectation of xn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bound on the expectation of xn.
+a pretty tight bound actually because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty tight bound actually because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty tight bound actually because if
+we can bound if we can bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can bound if we can bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can bound if we can bound the
+exponent up to constant factors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent up to constant factors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent up to constant factors the
+exponentiation up to constant factors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation up to constant factors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation up to constant factors we
+can bound xn even better because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bound xn even better because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bound xn even better because it
+takes you take logs to get xn so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you take logs to get xn so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you take logs to get xn so we'll
+even figure out what the constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even figure out what the constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even figure out what the constant is
+so what we'll prove this is the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll prove this is the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll prove this is the part of
+the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+is that the expected value of yn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the expected value of yn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the expected value of yn is
+order n cubed here we won't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n cubed here we won't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n cubed here we won't really know
+what the constant is. Don't need to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant is. Don't need to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant is. Don't need to.
+And then we put these pieces together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we put these pieces together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we put these pieces together.
+So let's do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do that.
+What we really care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we really care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we really care about is the
+expectation of xn which is the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of xn which is the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of xn which is the height of
+our tree. What we find out about is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tree. What we find out about is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tree. What we find out about is this
+fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact.
+Uh so leave some some horizontal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so leave some some horizontal space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so leave some some horizontal space
+here. we get the expectation of 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. we get the expectation of 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. we get the expectation of 2 to the
+xn. That's the expectation of yn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. That's the expectation of yn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. That's the expectation of yn.
+So we learn that that's order n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we learn that that's order n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we learn that that's order n cubed
+and Jensen's inequality tells us if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jensen's inequality tells us if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jensen's inequality tells us if we
+take this function 2 to the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this function 2 to the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this function 2 to the x
+we plug it in here then on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug it in here then on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug it in here then on the left hand
+side we get uh 2 to the e of x. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get uh 2 to the e of x. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get uh 2 to the e of x. So we
+get 2 to the e of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2 to the e of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2 to the e of xn
+is at most e of 2 to the xn. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most e of 2 to the xn. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most e of 2 to the xn. So that's
+where we use Jensen's inequality because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use Jensen's inequality because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we use Jensen's inequality because
+what we care about is e of xn. So now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about is e of xn. So now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about is e of xn. So now we
+have a bound. We say well 2 to the e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound. We say well 2 to the e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound. We say well 2 to the e of
+xn is at most n cubed. So if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is at most n cubed. So if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is at most n cubed. So if we take the
+log of both sides we get e of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of both sides we get e of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of both sides we get e of xn
+is at most the log of n cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. I'll write it in this funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I'll write it in this funny way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I'll write it in this funny way
+log of order n cubed which will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of order n cubed which will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of order n cubed which will actually
+tell us the constant this is 3 log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the constant this is 3 log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the constant this is 3 log n
+plus order 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh we will prove that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we will prove that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we will prove that the expected
+height of a randomly constructed binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of a randomly constructed binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of a randomly constructed binary
+search tree on nodes is roughly three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree on nodes is roughly three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree on nodes is roughly three
+login m at most.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login m at most.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login m at most.
+Okay, I'll say more about that later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll say more about that later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll say more about that later.
+So you've now seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've now seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've now seen
+the end of the proof. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the proof. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the proof. That's the
+foreshadowing. And now this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing. And now this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing. And now this is the the
+top down approach. So you sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down approach. So you sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down approach. So you sort of see
+what the steps are. Now we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the steps are. Now we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the steps are. Now we just have to
+do the steps. Okay. Step one take a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the steps. Okay. Step one take a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the steps. Okay. Step one take a bit
+of work, but it's easy uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work, but it's easy uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work, but it's easy uh because it's
+pretty basic stuff. Step two is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic stuff. Step two is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic stuff. Step two is just a
+definition. We're done. Step three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. We're done. Step three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. We're done. Step three is
+probably the hardest part. And step four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the hardest part. And step four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the hardest part. And step four
+we've already done. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's start with step one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the first thing I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing I need to do is
+define a convex function because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a convex function because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a convex function because we're
+going to manipulate that definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to manipulate that definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to manipulate that definition a
+fair amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a notion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a notion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a notion from
+real analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Analysis is a fancy word for calculus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis is a fancy word for calculus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis is a fancy word for calculus if
+you haven't taken a proper analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't taken a proper analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't taken a proper analysis
+class. You should have seen convexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. You should have seen convexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. You should have seen convexity in
+any calculus class. A convex function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any calculus class. A convex function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any calculus class. A convex function is
+one that looks like this. Okay, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that looks like this. Okay, good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that looks like this. Okay, good.
+Um, one way to formalize that notion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one way to formalize that notion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one way to formalize that notion is
+to consider any two points on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider any two points on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider any two points on this
+curve. So I'm I'm only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So I'm I'm only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. So I'm I'm only interested in
+functions from reals to reals. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from reals to reals. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from reals to reals. So it
+looks like this. This is f of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. This is f of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. This is f of something
+and this is the something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the something.
+If I take two points on this curve and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take two points on this curve and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take two points on this curve and I
+draw a line segment connecting them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a line segment connecting them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a line segment connecting them,
+that line segment is always above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line segment is always above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line segment is always above the
+curve. That's the meaning of convexity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. That's the meaning of convexity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. That's the meaning of convexity.
+um it has a geometric notion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a geometric notion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a geometric notion which is
+basically the same but for functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same but for functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same but for functions
+this line segment should stay above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line segment should stay above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line segment should stay above the
+curve. The line does not stay above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. The line does not stay above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. The line does not stay above the
+curve. If I extended it farther it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. If I extended it farther it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. If I extended it farther it goes
+beneath the curve of course but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the curve of course but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the curve of course but that
+segment should. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment should. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment should. So I'm going to
+formalize that a little bit. I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that a little bit. I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that a little bit. I'll call
+this x and then this is f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x and then this is f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x and then this is f ofx
+and I'll call this y and this is f of y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call this y and this is f of y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call this y and this is f of y.
+So the claim is if I take any number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the claim is if I take any number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the claim is if I take any number
+between x and y and I look up and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and y and I look up and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and y and I look up and I say
+okay here's the point on the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the point on the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the point on the curve
+here's the point on the line segment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the point on the line segment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the point on the line segment the
+value of that point on the y value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that point on the y value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that point on the y value here
+should be greater than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be greater than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be greater than or equal to the
+y-value here okay to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-value here okay to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-value here okay to figure out what
+this point is we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is we need some
+essent I would call it geometry I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essent I would call it geometry I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essent I would call it geometry I'm sure
+it's an analysis concept too but I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an analysis concept too but I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an analysis concept too but I'm a
+geometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer
+I get to call it geometry. Um, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to call it geometry. Um, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to call it geometry. Um, if you
+have two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two points
+P and Q and you want to parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and Q and you want to parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and Q and you want to parameterize
+this line segment between them. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line segment between them. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line segment between them. So I
+want to parameterize some point here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to parameterize some point here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to parameterize some point here.
+The way to do it is to take a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The way to do it is to take a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The way to do it is to take a linear
+combination. And if you've should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. And if you've should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. And if you've should have
+taken some linear algebra, linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken some linear algebra, linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken some linear algebra, linear
+combination looks something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination looks something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination looks something like this.
+And in fact we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact we're going to take
+something called an aphine combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called an aphine combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called an aphine combination
+where alpha plus beta equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where alpha plus beta equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where alpha plus beta equals 1.
+Okay, it turns out if you take uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it turns out if you take uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it turns out if you take uh if you
+take all such points some number alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all such points some number alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all such points some number alpha
+times the point p plus some number beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the point p plus some number beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the point p plus some number beta
+time the point q where alpha plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the point q where alpha plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the point q where alpha plus beta
+equals 1. You take all those points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1. You take all those points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1. You take all those points you
+get the entire line here which is nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the entire line here which is nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the entire line here which is nifty
+but we don't want the entire line. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't want the entire line. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't want the entire line. If
+you also constrain alpha and beta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also constrain alpha and beta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also constrain alpha and beta to be
+non- negative, you just get this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative, you just get this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative, you just get this line
+segment. So this forces alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment. So this forces alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment. So this forces alpha and beta
+to be between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be between zero and one
+because they have to sum to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to sum to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to sum to one and
+they're non- negative. So what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're non- negative. So what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're non- negative. So what we're
+going to do here is take alpha * x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here is take alpha * x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here is take alpha * x plus
+beta * y. That's going to be our point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta * y. That's going to be our point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta * y. That's going to be our point
+in between with these constraints. Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between with these constraints. Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between with these constraints. Alpha
+plus beta= 1. Alpha and beta are greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta= 1. Alpha and beta are greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta= 1. Alpha and beta are greater
+than equal to zero. Then this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to zero. Then this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to zero. Then this point
+is f of that. This is f of alpha x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of that. This is f of alpha x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of that. This is f of alpha x plus
+beta y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y.
+And this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this point
+is the linear interpolation between f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the linear interpolation between f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the linear interpolation between f
+ofx and f of y the same one. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and f of y the same one. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and f of y the same one. So it's
+alpha * f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha * f ofx
+plus beta * f of y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta * f of y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta * f of y.
+Okay, that's the intuition. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the intuition. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the intuition. If you
+didn't follow it, it's not too big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't follow it, it's not too big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't follow it, it's not too big a
+deal because all we care about are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal because all we care about are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal because all we care about are are
+these the symbolic answer for proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the symbolic answer for proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the symbolic answer for proving
+things. But that's where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But that's where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But that's where this comes
+from. So here's the definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. So here's the definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. So here's the definition.
+Uh it's a function is convex if for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a function is convex if for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a function is convex if for all
+x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all
+alpha and beta greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta greater than or equal to
+zero whose sum is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of alpha x plus beta y is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of alpha x plus beta y is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of alpha x plus beta y is less than or
+equal to alpha f ofx plus beta f of y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha f ofx plus beta f of y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha f ofx plus beta f of y.
+That's just saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just saying that this
+y-coordinate here is greater than this y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate here is greater than this y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate here is greater than this y
+or is less than or equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is less than or equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is less than or equal to this
+y-coordinate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate.
+Okay, but that's the symbolism behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but that's the symbolism behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but that's the symbolism behind
+that picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture.
+Okay, so now we want to prove Jensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we want to prove Jensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we want to prove Jensen's
+inequality. Okay, we're not quite there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. Okay, we're not quite there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. Okay, we're not quite there
+yet. We're going to prove a simple lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. We're going to prove a simple lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. We're going to prove a simple lema
+from which it will be easy to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which it will be easy to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which it will be easy to derive
+Jensen's inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality.
+So this is the theorem we're proving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's a lema about convex functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a lema about convex functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a lema about convex functions.
+You may have seen it before. It will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may have seen it before. It will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may have seen it before. It will be
+crucial to Jensen's inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. We have
+so suppose this is a statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose this is a statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose this is a statement about
+affl combinations of n things instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affl combinations of n things instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affl combinations of n things instead of
+two things. So this will say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things. So this will say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things. So this will say that
+convexity can be generalized to taking n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity can be generalized to taking n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity can be generalized to taking n
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+So suppose we have n real numbers and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we have n real numbers and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we have n real numbers and we
+have n values alpha i alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n values alpha i alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n values alpha i alpha 1 up to
+alpha n. They're all non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n. They're all non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n. They're all non- negative
+and their sum is one. So the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their sum is one. So the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their sum is one. So the sum of
+alpha k I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha k I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha k I guess
+k = 1 to n is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = 1 to n is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = 1 to n is one.
+So those are the assumptions. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are the assumptions. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are the assumptions. The
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+is the same thing but summing over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing but summing over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing but summing over all
+k. So k = 1 to n alpha kx k take f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So k = 1 to n alpha kx k take f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So k = 1 to n alpha kx k take f of
+that versus taking the sum of the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus taking the sum of the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus taking the sum of the alphas
+times the fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k = 1 to n. So the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = 1 to n. So the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = 1 to n. So the definition of
+convexity is exactly that statement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity is exactly that statement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity is exactly that statement but
+where n equals 2. Okay, alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n equals 2. Okay, alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n equals 2. Okay, alpha 1 and
+alpha 2 are alpha and beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 are alpha and beta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 are alpha and beta.
+This is just a statement for general n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you can interpret this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can interpret this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can interpret this in some
+funnier way which I won't get into. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnier way which I won't get into. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnier way which I won't get into. Uh
+oh, sure, why not? I'm a geometer. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, sure, why not? I'm a geometer. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, sure, why not? I'm a geometer. So
+this is saying you take several points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying you take several points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying you take several points
+on this curve. You take the polygon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this curve. You take the polygon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this curve. You take the polygon that
+they define. So these are straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define. So these are straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define. So these are straight line
+segments. You take the interior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments. You take the interior.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments. You take the interior.
+If you take an aphine combination like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take an aphine combination like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take an aphine combination like
+that, you will get a point inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you will get a point inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you will get a point inside that
+polygon or possibly on the boundary. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon or possibly on the boundary. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon or possibly on the boundary. The
+claim is that all those points are above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that all those points are above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that all those points are above
+the curve. Again, intuitively true from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve. Again, intuitively true from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve. Again, intuitively true from
+if you draw a nice canonical convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you draw a nice canonical convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you draw a nice canonical convex
+curve, but in fact it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve, but in fact it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve, but in fact it's true
+algebraically too. Always a good thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically too. Always a good thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically too. Always a good thing.
+Any suggestions of how we might prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any suggestions of how we might prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any suggestions of how we might prove
+this theorem? This is this lema. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem? This is this lema. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem? This is this lema. It's
+pretty easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy.
+So what technique might we use to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what technique might we use to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what technique might we use to prove
+it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One word.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One word.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One word.
+Induction always a good answer. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction should shout out at you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction should shout out at you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction should shout out at you here
+because we already know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already know that this is
+true by definition of convexity for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true by definition of convexity for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true by definition of convexity for n
+equals 2. So base case is clear. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2. So base case is clear. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2. So base case is clear. In
+fact, there's an even simpler base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, there's an even simpler base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, there's an even simpler base case
+which is when n equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when n equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when n equals 1.
+If n equals 1, then you have one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If n equals 1, then you have one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If n equals 1, then you have one number
+that sums to one. So, alpha 1 is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sums to one. So, alpha 1 is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sums to one. So, alpha 1 is one.
+And so, nothing's going on here. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, nothing's going on here. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, nothing's going on here. This is
+just saying uh that f of 1 * x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying uh that f of 1 * x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying uh that f of 1 * x1
+is at most uh 1 * f of x1. So not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most uh 1 * f of x1. So not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most uh 1 * f of x1. So not
+terribly exciting because those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly exciting because those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly exciting because those that
+holds with equality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds with equality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds with equality.
+Okay. So we don't even need the n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we don't even need the n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we don't even need the n equals
+2 base case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 base case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 base case.
+So the interesting part although still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the interesting part although still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the interesting part although still
+not terribly interesting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terribly interesting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terribly interesting is the
+induction step. This is good practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction step. This is good practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction step. This is good practice in
+induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction.
+So what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we care about
+is this f of the sum this linear combin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this f of the sum this linear combin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this f of the sum this linear combin
+f of this linear combination fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of this linear combination fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of this linear combination fine
+combination x k * x k summed over all k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination x k * x k summed over all k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination x k * x k summed over all k.
+Now what I would like to do is apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I would like to do is apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I would like to do is apply
+induction. What I know about inductively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. What I know about inductively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. What I know about inductively
+is say f of this sum if it's summed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say f of this sum if it's summed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say f of this sum if it's summed only
+up to n minus one instead of all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n minus one instead of all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n minus one instead of all the way
+up to n. Any smaller sum I can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n. Any smaller sum I can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n. Any smaller sum I can deal with
+by induction. So I'm going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction. So I'm going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction. So I'm going to try and
+get rid of the nth term. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the nth term. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the nth term. I want to
+separate it out. And this is uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it out. And this is uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it out. And this is uh fairly
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+if you've played with aphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've played with aphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've played with aphine
+combinations before, but it's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations before, but it's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations before, but it's just some
+algebra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I want to separate out the alpha n xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to separate out the alpha n xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to separate out the alpha n xn
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'd also like to make it an affl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd also like to make it an affl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd also like to make it an affl
+combination. This is the trick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, no f here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I just removed the last term, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just removed the last term, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just removed the last term, the
+alpha ks from one up to n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ks from one up to n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ks from one up to n minus one
+wouldn't sum to one anymore. They'd sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't sum to one anymore. They'd sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't sum to one anymore. They'd sum
+to something smaller. So, I can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something smaller. So, I can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something smaller. So, I can't just
+take out this term. I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out this term. I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out this term. I'm going to have to
+do some trickery here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some trickery here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some trickery here.
+X K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X K
+plus the F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+So you should see why this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should see why this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should see why this is true
+because the one minus alpha N's cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the one minus alpha N's cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the one minus alpha N's cancel
+and then I'm just getting the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm just getting the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm just getting the sum of
+alpha kx k= 1 to n minus one plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha kx k= 1 to n minus one plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha kx k= 1 to n minus one plus the
+alpha n xn term. So I haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n xn term. So I haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n xn term. So I haven't done
+anything here. These are equal. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here. These are equal. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here. These are equal. But now
+I have this nifty feature that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this nifty feature that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this nifty feature that on the
+one hand these two numbers alpha n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand these two numbers alpha n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand these two numbers alpha n and
+one minus alpha n sum to one. And on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus alpha n sum to one. And on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus alpha n sum to one. And on the
+other hand, if I did it right, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, if I did it right, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, if I did it right, these
+numbers should sum up to one. Just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should sum up to one. Just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should sum up to one. Just going
+from one up to k one up to n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one up to k one up to n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one up to k one up to n minus one.
+Why do they sum up to one? Well, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why do they sum up to one? Well, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why do they sum up to one? Well, these
+numbers summed up to one minus alpha n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers summed up to one minus alpha n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers summed up to one minus alpha n.
+And so I'm dividing everything by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I'm dividing everything by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I'm dividing everything by one
+minus alpha n. So they will sum to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha n. So they will sum to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha n. So they will sum to one.
+So now I have two alphine combinations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I have two alphine combinations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I have two alphine combinations.
+I just apply the two things that I know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just apply the two things that I know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just apply the two things that I know.
+I know this this aine combination will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this this aine combination will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this this aine combination will
+work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because
+well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why
+why can I say that this is alpha n f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can I say that this is alpha n f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can I say that this is alpha n f of
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+plus 1 - alpha n f of this crazy sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Shout it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shout it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shout it out.
+There are two possible answers. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are two possible answers. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are two possible answers. One is
+correct and one is incorrect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and one is incorrect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and one is incorrect.
+So which will it be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oops. This should have been less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. This should have been less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. This should have been less than or
+equal to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to.
+It's important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's on the board. Can't be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's on the board. Can't be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's on the board. Can't be too
+difficult.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm treating this as just one big x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm treating this as just one big x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm treating this as just one big x
+value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value.
+So I have some xn and I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have some xn and I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have some xn and I have some
+crazy x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy x.
+I want f of the aine combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want f of the aine combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want f of the aine combination of
+those two x values is at most the aphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two x values is at most the aphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two x values is at most the aphine
+combinations of the fs of those x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the fs of those x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the fs of those x
+values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+is the inductive hypothesis with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inductive hypothesis with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inductive hypothesis with n
+equals2. Unfortunately, we didn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals2. Unfortunately, we didn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals2. Unfortunately, we didn't prove
+uh the n equals2 case is a special base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the n equals2 case is a special base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the n equals2 case is a special base
+case. So we can't use induction here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. So we can't use induction here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. So we can't use induction here the
+way that I've stated the base case. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I've stated the base case. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I've stated the base case. If
+you set n if you did n equals2 base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set n if you did n equals2 base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set n if you did n equals2 base
+case, you could do that. Here we can't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, you could do that. Here we can't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, you could do that. Here we can't.
+So the other answer is convexity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other answer is convexity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other answer is convexity by
+convexity. Good. That's right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity. Good. That's right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity. Good. That's right here.
+Okay. So f is convex. We know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So f is convex. We know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So f is convex. We know that this
+is true for any two values of x uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for any two values of x uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for any two values of x uh for
+any two x values and provided these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two x values and provided these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two x values and provided these two
+sum to one. So we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one. So we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one. So we know that this is
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+Now is when we apply induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we know so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know so now we're going to
+manipulate this right term by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate this right term by induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate this right term by induction.
+See before we didn't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See before we didn't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See before we didn't necessarily know
+that n was bigger than two but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n was bigger than two but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n was bigger than two but we know
+that n is bigger than n minus one. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is bigger than n minus one. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is bigger than n minus one. that
+much I can be sure of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I can be sure of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I can be sure of.
+So this is 1 minus alpha n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 1 minus alpha n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 1 minus alpha n times
+the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+k = 1 to n -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = 1 to n -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = 1 to n -1
+of alpha k over 1 - alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha k over 1 - alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha k over 1 - alpha n
+time f ofx k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time f ofx k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time f ofx k
+I got that right. This is by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got that right. This is by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got that right. This is by induction
+the induction hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction hypothesis
+because these alpha k's over 1 - alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these alpha k's over 1 - alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these alpha k's over 1 - alpha n
+sum to one. Now these 1 - alpha n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one. Now these 1 - alpha n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one. Now these 1 - alpha n's
+cancel and we just get what we want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and we just get what we want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and we just get what we want.
+This is sum k = 1 to n of alpha k f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sum k = 1 to n of alpha k f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sum k = 1 to n of alpha k f ofx
+k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+So we get that f of the sum is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get that f of the sum is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get that f of the sum is at most
+sum of the fs. That proves the lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the fs. That proves the lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the fs. That proves the lema.
+Okay. A bit tedious but each step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. A bit tedious but each step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. A bit tedious but each step is
+pretty straightforward. Hope you agree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now it turns out to be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it turns out to be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it turns out to be relatively
+straightforward to prove Jensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to prove Jensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to prove Jensen's
+inequality. That's the magic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we get to do the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we get to do the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we get to do the expectation
+analysis which will use our good friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which will use our good friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which will use our good friends
+indicator random variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variables.
+Okay. But for now we just want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But for now we just want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But for now we just want to prove
+this statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we have a convex function f of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a convex function f of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a convex function f of the
+expectation is at most expectation of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is at most expectation of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is at most expectation of f
+of that random variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that random variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that random variable.
+Okay. This this means this is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This this means this is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This this means this is a random
+variable, right? It if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable, right? It if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable, right? It if you want to
+sample from this random variable, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from this random variable, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from this random variable, you
+sample from X, then you apply F to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from X, then you apply F to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from X, then you apply F to it.
+That's the meaning of this notation f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the meaning of this notation f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the meaning of this notation f of
+X because X is a random variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We get to use that f is convex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We get to use that f is convex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We get to use that f is convex.
+Okay, it turns out this is not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it turns out this is not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it turns out this is not hard
+if you remember the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the definition of
+expectation. Oh, I want to make one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. Oh, I want to make one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. Oh, I want to make one more
+assumption here, which is that X is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here, which is that X is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here, which is that X is an
+is integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integral.
+So, it's an integer random variable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's an integer random variable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's an integer random variable,
+meaning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning uh
+it takes integer values. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes integer values. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes integer values. Okay, that's
+all we care about because we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about because we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about because we're looking
+at running times. This statement is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at running times. This statement is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at running times. This statement is true
+for continuous random variables, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous random variables, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous random variables, too.
+But I would like to do the discrete case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I would like to do the discrete case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I would like to do the discrete case
+because then I can to write down what E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I can to write down what E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I can to write down what E
+of X is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what is the definition of E of X?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X only takes on integer values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is easy but you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is easy but you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is easy but you have to remember
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good drill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't really know much about X except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know much about X except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know much about X except
+that it takes on integer values. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes on integer values. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes on integer values. Any
+suggestions on how I should expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions on how I should expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions on how I should expand the
+expectation of X?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many people know this by heart?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many people know this by heart?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many people know this by heart?
+Okay, it's not too easy then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, expectation has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, expectation has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, expectation has something to do
+with probability, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability, right?
+So I should be looking at something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should be looking at something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should be looking at something like
+the probability that X equals some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X equals some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X equals some value
+X. That would seem like a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. That would seem like a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. That would seem like a good thing to
+do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What else goes here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A sum. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A sum. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A sum. Yeah,
+sum. Well, X could be somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum. Well, X could be somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum. Well, X could be somewhere between
+minus infinity and infinity. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity and infinity. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity and infinity. That's
+certainly true. And you have some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true. And you have some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true. And you have some more
+something missing here that what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something missing here that what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something missing here that what what is
+this sum? What does it come out to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum? What does it come out to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum? What does it come out to for
+any random variable X that takes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any random variable X that takes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any random variable X that takes on
+integer values? One. Good. So I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values? One. Good. So I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer values? One. Good. So I need to
+add in something here, namely X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in something here, namely X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in something here, namely X.
+Okay, that's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the definition of the
+expectation. Now f of a sum of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. Now f of a sum of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. Now f of a sum of things
+where these coefficients sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these coefficients sum to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these coefficients sum to one
+looks an awful lot like the lema that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks an awful lot like the lema that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks an awful lot like the lema that we
+just proved. Okay, we proved it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved. Okay, we proved it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved. Okay, we proved it in the
+finite case. It turns out it holds just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite case. It turns out it holds just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite case. It turns out it holds just
+as well if you take all integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well if you take all integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well if you take all integers.
+I'm just going to assume that. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to assume that. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to assume that. So I have
+these alpha these probabilities these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha these probabilities these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha these probabilities these
+alpha values sum to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha values sum to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha values sum to one.
+Therefore, I can use this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, I can use this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, I can use this inequality
+that this is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is at most
+uh get this right. I have the alphas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get this right. I have the alphas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get this right. I have the alphas.
+So, I have a sum x= - infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I have a sum x= - infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I have a sum x= - infinity to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+of the alphas which are probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alphas which are probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alphas which are probability
+capital x= little x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x= little x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x= little x times
+f of the value f of little x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, there it is. I've used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, there it is. I've used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, there it is. I've used the
+lema. So, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema. So, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema. So, maybe
+now I'll erase the lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I cheated by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I cheated by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I cheated by using the
+countable version of the limo while only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable version of the limo while only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable version of the limo while only
+proving the finite case, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all I can do in lecture. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all I can do in lecture. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all I can do in lecture. Um
+so this is blemma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what I'd like to prove and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I'd like to prove and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I'd like to prove and leave
+some blank space here is that this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some blank space here is that this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some blank space here is that this is at
+most e of f ofx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that this summation is at most e of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that this summation is at most e of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that this summation is at most e of f
+ofx. Actually it's equal to e of f ofx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. Actually it's equal to e of f ofx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. Actually it's equal to e of f ofx.
+And it really looks kind of equal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it really looks kind of equal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it really looks kind of equal,
+right? We've got sum of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We've got sum of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We've got sum of some
+probabilities times f ofx almost looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times f ofx almost looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times f ofx almost looks
+like the definition of e of f ofx but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the definition of e of f ofx but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the definition of e of f ofx but it
+isn't. Got to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't. Got to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't. Got to be a little bit careful
+because e of f ofx should be should talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because e of f ofx should be should talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because e of f ofx should be should talk
+about the probability that f ofx equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability that f ofx equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability that f ofx equals
+a particular value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value.
+Um we can relate these as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we can relate these as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we can relate these as follows.
+Not too hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can look at each value that f takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look at each value that f takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look at each value that f takes
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then look at all the values k that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at all the values k that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at all the values k that
+map to that value x. So all the k's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to that value x. So all the k's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to that value x. So all the k's
+where f of k equals x the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f of k equals x the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f of k equals x the probability
+that x equals k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x equals k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x equals k.
+Okay, this is another way of writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is another way of writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is another way of writing the
+probability that f ofx equals x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, in other words, I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, in other words, I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, in other words, I'm I'm
+grouping the terms in a particular way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping the terms in a particular way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping the terms in a particular way.
+I'm saying, well, f ofx takes on various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying, well, f ofx takes on various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying, well, f ofx takes on various
+values. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Um,
+clever of me to you switch. I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever of me to you switch. I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever of me to you switch. I used to
+use k's in the notes, so I better call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use k's in the notes, so I better call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use k's in the notes, so I better call
+this something else. Let's call this y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something else. Let's call this y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something else. Let's call this y.
+Sorry, switch notation here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makes sense. Probability I should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. Probability I should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. Probability I should look
+at the probability that X equals X. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the probability that X equals X. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the probability that X equals X. So
+what I really care about is what this f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really care about is what this f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really care about is what this f
+ofx value takes on. Let's just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx value takes on. Let's just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx value takes on. Let's just call it
+Y. Look at all the values Y that f could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y. Look at all the values Y that f could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y. Look at all the values Y that f could
+take on. That's the range of F. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on. That's the range of F. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on. That's the range of F. And then
+I'll look at all the different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at all the different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at all the different values of
+X where F ofX equals Y. If I add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X where F ofX equals Y. If I add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X where F ofX equals Y. If I add up
+those probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probabilities
+uh because these are different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because these are different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because these are different values of
+x those probab those are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x those probab those are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x those probab those are sort of
+independent events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent events
+um so this summation will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this summation will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this summation will be the
+probability that f ofx equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f ofx equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that f ofx equals y
+this is capital x this is little y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capital x this is little y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capital x this is little y and
+then if I multiply that by y I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I multiply that by y I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I multiply that by y I'm getting
+the expectation of f ofx so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f ofx so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f ofx so think about
+this these two inequalities bolt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This may be a bit bizarre here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This may be a bit bizarre here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This may be a bit bizarre here because
+these sums are potentially infinite, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sums are potentially infinite, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sums are potentially infinite, but
+it's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this proves Jensen's inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this proves Jensen's inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this proves Jensen's inequality.
+So, it wasn't very hard, just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it wasn't very hard, just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it wasn't very hard, just a couple
+of boards once we had this this powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boards once we had this this powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boards once we had this this powerful
+convexity lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity lema.
+Um, so we just use convexity. We use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we just use convexity. We use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we just use convexity. We use the
+definition of e of x. We use convexity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of e of x. We use convexity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of e of x. We use convexity.
+That lets us put the fs inside. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That lets us put the fs inside. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That lets us put the fs inside. Then we
+do this regrouping of terms and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this regrouping of terms and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this regrouping of terms and we
+figure out oh that's just e of f ofx. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out oh that's just e of f ofx. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out oh that's just e of f ofx. So
+the only inequality here is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only inequality here is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only inequality here is coming from
+convexity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Now comes the algorithms. So this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now comes the algorithms. So this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now comes the algorithms. So this was
+just some basic probability stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some basic probability stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some basic probability stuff which
+is good to practice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. We could see in the quiz, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We could see in the quiz, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We could see in the quiz, which is
+not surprising, this is the case for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising, this is the case for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising, this is the case for me
+too. You have a lot of intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. You have a lot of intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. You have a lot of intuition for
+algorithms. Whenever it's algorithmic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Whenever it's algorithmic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms. Whenever it's algorithmic,
+it makes a lot of sense because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a lot of sense because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a lot of sense because you're
+sort of grounded in something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of grounded in something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of grounded in something that you
+know because you're computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because you're computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because you're computer scientists
+or something of that ilk. For the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something of that ilk. For the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something of that ilk. For the
+purposes of this class, you're computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of this class, you're computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of this class, you're computer
+scientists. Um, but with sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists. Um, but with sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists. Um, but with sort of the
+basic probability, unless you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic probability, unless you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic probability, unless you happen to
+be a mathematician, it's uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a mathematician, it's uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a mathematician, it's uh less
+intuitive and therefore harder to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and therefore harder to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and therefore harder to get
+fast. And in quiz one, speed is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. And in quiz one, speed is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. And in quiz one, speed is pretty
+important. On the final, speed will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. On the final, speed will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. On the final, speed will also
+be important. The take-home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important. The take-home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important. The take-home
+certainly doesn't hurt. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly doesn't hurt. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly doesn't hurt. So,
+the take-home is more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-home is more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-home is more interesting
+because it requires being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires being
+clever. You have to actually be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever. You have to actually be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever. You have to actually be creative
+and that really tests algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really tests algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really tests algorithmic
+design. So far we've mainly tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So far we've mainly tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So far we've mainly tested
+analysis and just can you work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and just can you work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and just can you work through
+probability? Can you figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability? Can you figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability? Can you figure out what the
+can you remember what the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you remember what the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you remember what the running time
+of randomized quicksort is and so on. U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomized quicksort is and so on. U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomized quicksort is and so on. U
+quiz two will actually test creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz two will actually test creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz two will actually test creativity
+because you have more time. It's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have more time. It's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have more time. It's hard to
+be creative in two hours.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative in two hours.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative in two hours.
+Okay. Okay, so we want to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so we want to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so we want to analyze the
+expected height of a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected height of a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected height of a randomly
+constructed binary search tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed binary search tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed binary search tree.
+So as I've defined this before, but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as I've defined this before, but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as I've defined this before, but let
+me repeat it because it was a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me repeat it because it was a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me repeat it because it was a while ago
+almost the beginning of lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the beginning of lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the beginning of lecture.
+I'm going to take the random variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the random variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the random variable of
+the height of a randomly built binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of a randomly built binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of a randomly built binary
+search tree on nodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that was randomize the n values. Take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was randomize the n values. Take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was randomize the n values. Take
+a random permutation. Insert them one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random permutation. Insert them one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random permutation. Insert them one by
+one from left to right with tree insert.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from left to right with tree insert.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from left to right with tree insert.
+What is the height of the tree that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the height of the tree that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the height of the tree that you
+get? What is the maximum depth of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? What is the maximum depth of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? What is the maximum depth of any
+node?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node?
+I'm not going to look so much at xn. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to look so much at xn. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to look so much at xn. I'm
+going to look at the exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the exponentiation
+of xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xn.
+And still we have no intuition why. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And still we have no intuition why. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And still we have no intuition why. But
+2 to the x is a convex function. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the x is a convex function. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the x is a convex function. Okay,
+it looks like that. It's very sharp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like that. It's very sharp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like that. It's very sharp.
+That's my best I can do for drawing uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my best I can do for drawing uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my best I can do for drawing uh 2
+to the x. You saw how I drew my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the x. You saw how I drew my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the x. You saw how I drew my
+histogram. Um okay, so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram. Um okay, so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram. Um okay, so we want to
+somehow write this random variable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow write this random variable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow write this random variable as
+something. Okay, in some algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Okay, in some algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Okay, in some algebra
+and the main thing here is to split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main thing here is to split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main thing here is to split into
+cases. That's how we how we usually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. That's how we how we usually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. That's how we how we usually go
+because there's lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lots of different
+scenarios of what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I mean how do we construct a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mean how do we construct a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mean how do we construct a tree
+from the beginning? First thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning? First thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning? First thing we do is
+we take the first node we throw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the first node we throw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the first node we throw it in
+make it the root. Okay. So whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the root. Okay. So whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the root. Okay. So whatever the
+first value happens to be in the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first value happens to be in the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first value happens to be in the array
+which we don't really know how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't really know how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't really know how that
+falls in the sorted order. We put it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in the sorted order. We put it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in the sorted order. We put it at
+the root and it stays the root. We never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and it stays the root. We never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and it stays the root. We never
+change the root from then on. Now of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the root from then on. Now of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the root from then on. Now of all
+the remaining elements, some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining elements, some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining elements, some of them are
+less than this value and they go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than this value and they go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than this value and they go over
+here. So let's call this R for the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So let's call this R for the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So let's call this R for the root
+and some of them are greater than R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are greater than R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are greater than R so
+they go over here. Maybe there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go over here. Maybe there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go over here. Maybe there's more
+over here. Maybe there's more over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. Maybe there's more over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. Maybe there's more over here.
+Who knows? Arbitrary partition. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who knows? Arbitrary partition. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who knows? Arbitrary partition. In fact,
+uniformly random partition, which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly random partition, which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly random partition, which should
+sound familiar. whether there are k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar. whether there are k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar. whether there are k
+elements over here and and n minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here and and n minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here and and n minus k
+minus one elements over here is for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one elements over here is for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one elements over here is for any
+value of k that's equally likely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of k that's equally likely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of k that's equally likely because
+this is chosen uniformly. The root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is chosen uniformly. The root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is chosen uniformly. The root is
+chosen uniformly. It's the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uniformly. It's the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uniformly. It's the first element
+in a random permutation. So what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a random permutation. So what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a random permutation. So what I'm
+going to do is parameterize by that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is parameterize by that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is parameterize by that how
+many elements are over here and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements are over here and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements are over here and how many
+elements are over here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are over here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are over here because this
+thing is again a randomly built binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is again a randomly built binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is again a randomly built binary
+search tree on however many nodes are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree on however many nodes are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search tree on however many nodes are in
+there. Because after I pick R, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Because after I pick R, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Because after I pick R, it's
+determined who's to the left and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined who's to the left and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined who's to the left and who's
+to the right. And so I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right. And so I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right. And so I can just
+partition. It's like running quicksort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition. It's like running quicksort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition. It's like running quicksort.
+I partition the elements left of R, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I partition the elements left of R, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I partition the elements left of R, the
+elements right of R, and I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements right of R, and I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements right of R, and I'm sort of
+recursively constructing a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively constructing a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively constructing a randomly
+built binary search tree on those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built binary search tree on those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built binary search tree on those two
+subp permutations because subp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp permutations because subp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp permutations because subp
+permutations of uniform permutations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of uniform permutations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of uniform permutations are
+uniform. Okay, so these are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform. Okay, so these are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform. Okay, so these are essentially
+recursive problems and we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive problems and we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive problems and we know how to
+analyze recursive problems. All you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze recursive problems. All you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze recursive problems. All you need
+to know is that there are k minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is that there are k minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is that there are k minus one
+elements over here and n minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here and n minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here and n minus k
+elements over here. And that would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here. And that would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here. And that would mean
+that r has rank k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that r has rank k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that r has rank k.
+Remember rank in the sense of the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember rank in the sense of the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember rank in the sense of the index
+in the sorted order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sorted order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sorted order.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if the root r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the root r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the root r
+has rank k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rank k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rank k.
+So this is a statement about conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a statement about conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a statement about conditioned
+on this event which is a random event.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this event which is a random event.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this event which is a random event.
+Then what we have is xn equ= 1 + the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what we have is xn equ= 1 + the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what we have is xn equ= 1 + the max
+of x k minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x k minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x k minus one
+x n minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n minus k
+because the height of this tree is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the height of this tree is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the height of this tree is the
+max of the heights of the two sub trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of the heights of the two sub trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of the heights of the two sub trees
+plus one because we have one more level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because we have one more level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because we have one more level
+up top. Okay. So that's the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top. Okay. So that's the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top. Okay. So that's the natural
+thing to do. What we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do. What we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do. What we are trying to
+analyze though is yn. So for y we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze though is yn. So for y we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze though is yn. So for y we have
+to take 2 to this power. So it's 2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take 2 to this power. So it's 2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take 2 to this power. So it's 2 * the
+max of 2 to the x kus one which is ykus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of 2 to the x kus one which is ykus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of 2 to the x kus one which is ykus
+one and two to this which is y n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two to this which is y n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two to this which is y n minus
+k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+now you start to see maybe why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you start to see maybe why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you start to see maybe why we're
+interested in y's instead of x's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in y's instead of x's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in y's instead of x's in the
+sense that it's what we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's what we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's what we know how to do
+when we solve a recursion. When we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we solve a recursion. When we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we solve a recursion. When we solve
+like the expected running time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expected running time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expected running time we
+haven't take expectations yet here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't take expectations yet here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't take expectations yet here but
+when we compute the expected running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compute the expected running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compute the expected running
+time of quicksort we have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of quicksort we have something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of quicksort we have something like
+two times I mean we have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times I mean we have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times I mean we have a couple of
+recursive sub problems which are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems which are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems which are being
+added together. Okay, here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together. Okay, here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together. Okay, here we have a
+factor of two. Here we have a max. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two. Here we have a max. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two. Here we have a max. But
+intuitively we know how to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively we know how to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively we know how to multiply
+random variables by a constant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables by a constant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables by a constant because
+that's like there's two recursive sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like there's two recursive sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like there's two recursive sub
+problems of the size equal to the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of the size equal to the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of the size equal to the max of
+these two. Okay, which we don't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two. Okay, which we don't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two. Okay, which we don't happen
+to know here but there it is. Um whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know here but there it is. Um whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know here but there it is. Um whereas
+one plus we don't know how to handle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus we don't know how to handle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus we don't know how to handle so
+well. And indeed our techniques are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And indeed our techniques are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And indeed our techniques are
+really good at solving recurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at solving recurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at solving recurrences
+except up to the constant factors. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except up to the constant factors. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except up to the constant factors. And
+this one plus really doesn't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus really doesn't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus really doesn't affect the
+constant factor too much it would seem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor too much it would seem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor too much it would seem.
+Okay. But it's a big deal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it's a big deal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it's a big deal in
+exponentiation. It's a factor of two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation. It's a factor of two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation. It's a factor of two. So
+here it's really hard to see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's really hard to see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's really hard to see what this
+one plus is doing. And our analysis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus is doing. And our analysis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus is doing. And our analysis if
+we tried it and it's a good idea to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried it and it's a good idea to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried it and it's a good idea to try
+it at home. See what happens. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at home. See what happens. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at home. See what happens. If you
+tried to do the what I'm about to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do the what I'm about to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do the what I'm about to do
+with XN, the one plus will sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with XN, the one plus will sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with XN, the one plus will sort of get
+lost and you won't get a bound. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and you won't get a bound. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and you won't get a bound. Just
+can't prove anything. With a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove anything. With a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove anything. With a factor of
+two, we're in good shape. We sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, we're in good shape. We sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, we're in good shape. We sort of
+know how to deal with that. I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to deal with that. I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to deal with that. I'll say
+more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more.
+when we're when we've actually done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're when we've actually done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're when we've actually done the
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about why we use yn instead of xn but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why we use yn instead of xn but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why we use yn instead of xn but
+for now we're using yn. So this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we're using yn. So this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we're using yn. So this is sort
+of a recursion except it's conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a recursion except it's conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a recursion except it's conditioned
+on this event. So how do I turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this event. So how do I turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this event. So how do I turn this
+into a statement that holds all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a statement that holds all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a statement that holds all the
+time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This should sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should sorry
+divide by the probability of the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the probability of the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the probability of the event
+more or less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less.
+Uh indeed these events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh indeed these events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh indeed these events are
+independent or they're all equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or they're all equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or they're all equally
+likely I should say they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely I should say they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely I should say they're not
+independent. In fact, one determines all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. In fact, one determines all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. In fact, one determines all
+the others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others.
+So how would I how do I generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how would I how do I generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how would I how do I generally
+represent an event in algebra?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicator random variables. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember your friends, indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember your friends, indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember your friends, indicator random
+variables. All of these analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. All of these analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. All of these analyses
+use indicator random variables. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use indicator random variables. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use indicator random variables. So they
+will just represent this event. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just represent this event. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just represent this event. Uh and
+we'll call it Z and K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's going to be one if the the root has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be one if the the root has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be one if the the root has
+rank K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in particular the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular the probability of
+these things are all equally likely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are all equally likely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are all equally likely for
+a particular value of n. If you try all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value of n. If you try all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value of n. If you try all
+the values of K, the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of K, the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of K, the probability that
+this equals one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals one,
+which is also the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the expectation
+of that indicator random variable, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that indicator random variable, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that indicator random variable, which
+you should know because it only takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know because it only takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know because it only takes
+values one or zero. The zero doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values one or zero. The zero doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values one or zero. The zero doesn't
+matter in the expectation. So, uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the expectation. So, uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the expectation. So, uh this
+is going to be hopefully one over n. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be hopefully one over n. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be hopefully one over n. I
+got it right. There are n possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right. There are n possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right. There are n possibilities
+of what the rank of the root could be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the rank of the root could be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the rank of the root could be.
+each of them is equally likely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is equally likely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is equally likely because
+we have a uniform permutation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now I can rewrite this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I can rewrite this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I can rewrite this conditional
+statement as a summation where the Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement as a summation where the Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement as a summation where the Z and
+K's will let me choose what case I'm in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's will let me choose what case I'm in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's will let me choose what case I'm in.
+So we have yn is the sum k = 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have yn is the sum k = 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have yn is the sum k = 1 to n
+of zn k*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zn k*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zn k*
+2 * the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * the max
+of x sorry y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x sorry y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x sorry y
+k - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k - one
+y n minus k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we have our good friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have our good friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have our good friend the
+recurrence. We need to solve it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence. We need to solve it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence. We need to solve it.
+Okay, we can't really solve it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we can't really solve it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we can't really solve it because
+this is a random variable and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a random variable and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a random variable and it's
+talking about recursive random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about recursive random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about recursive random
+variables. So we first take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So we first take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So we first take the
+expectation of both sides. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of both sides. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of both sides. That's what
+we really that's the only thing we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really that's the only thing we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really that's the only thing we can
+really bound. Yn could be n squ in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bound. Yn could be n squ in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bound. Yn could be n squ in an
+unlucky case. Sorry, not n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky case. Sorry, not n^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky case. Sorry, not n^2.
+It it could be n^2. It could be two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it could be n^2. It could be two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it could be n^2. It could be two to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+boy could be 2 to the n if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy could be 2 to the n if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy could be 2 to the n if you're
+unlucky because xn could be as big as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky because xn could be as big as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky because xn could be as big as n
+the height of the tree and yn is two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree and yn is two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree and yn is two to
+that. So it could be two to the n. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So it could be two to the n. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So it could be two to the n. What
+we want to prove is that it's polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove is that it's polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove is that it's polomial
+in n. If it's n to some constant we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n. If it's n to some constant we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n. If it's n to some constant we take
+logs it'll be order log n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs it'll be order log n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs it'll be order log n.
+Okay. So we'll take the expectation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we'll take the expectation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we'll take the expectation and
+hopefully that will guarantee that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that will guarantee that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that will guarantee that this
+holds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds.
+Okay. So we have expectation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have expectation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have expectation of this
+summation of random variables times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of random variables times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of random variables times
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive
+uh random variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what is the first I forgot a bracket.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is the first I forgot a bracket.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is the first I forgot a bracket.
+What is the first thing that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the first thing that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the first thing that we do
+in this analysis?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This should linearity. Yeah. linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should linearity. Yeah. linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should linearity. Yeah. linearity
+of expectation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectation.
+That one's easy to remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That one's easy to remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That one's easy to remember.
+We have a sum. So, let's put the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a sum. So, let's put the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a sum. So, let's put the E
+inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now, we have the expectation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we have the expectation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we have the expectation of a
+product. What should we use?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. What should we use?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. What should we use?
+Independence. Hopefully things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence. Hopefully things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence. Hopefully things are
+independent. And then we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. And then we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. And then we could write
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then it would be the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then it would be the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then it would be the expectation of the
+product. And heck, let's put the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. And heck, let's put the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. And heck, let's put the two
+outside because it's not no sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside because it's not no sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside because it's not no sense in
+keeping it in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My Y's are starting to look like X's. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My Y's are starting to look like X's. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My Y's are starting to look like X's. I
+can't even read them. Sorry about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even read them. Sorry about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even read them. Sorry about that.
+It should all be wise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+very wise random variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wise random variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wise random variables.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+why are these independent? So here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these independent? So here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these independent? So here we're
+looking at the choice of what the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the choice of what the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the choice of what the root
+is, what rank the root has in a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, what rank the root has in a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, what rank the root has in a problem
+of size n. In here, we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n. In here, we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n. In here, we're looking at
+what the root I mean there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the root I mean there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the root I mean there are various
+choices of what the search tree looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of what the search tree looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of what the search tree looks
+like in the stuff left of the root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the stuff left of the root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the stuff left of the root and
+in the stuff right of the root. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stuff right of the root. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stuff right of the root. Those
+are independent choices because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent choices because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent choices because
+everything is uniform here. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is uniform here. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is uniform here. So the
+choice of this guy was uniform. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of this guy was uniform. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of this guy was uniform. And then
+that determines who partitions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines who partitions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines who partitions in the
+left and the right. Those are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the right. Those are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the right. Those are completely
+independent recursive choices of who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent recursive choices of who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent recursive choices of who's
+the root at in the left sub tree, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root at in the left sub tree, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root at in the left sub tree, who's
+the rooe in the left of the left subree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rooe in the left of the left subree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rooe in the left of the left subree
+and so on. So these r this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. So these r this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. So these r this is a little
+trickier than usual. Before it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier than usual. Before it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier than usual. Before it was
+random choices in the algorithm. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choices in the algorithm. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choices in the algorithm. Now
+it's in some construction that where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some construction that where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some construction that where we
+choose the random numbers ahead of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the random numbers ahead of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the random numbers ahead of time.
+It's a bit funny but this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bit funny but this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bit funny but this is still
+independent. So we get this just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. So we get this just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. So we get this just like we
+did in quicksort and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in quicksort and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in quicksort and so on.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we continue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now it's time to be a bit sloppy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now it's time to be a bit sloppy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now it's time to be a bit sloppy.
+Well, one of these things we know. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one of these things we know. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one of these things we know. Okay,
+E of ZN K that we wrote over here. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E of ZN K that we wrote over here. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E of ZN K that we wrote over here. It's
+1 / M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / M.
+So that's cool. So we get a 2 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's cool. So we get a 2 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's cool. So we get a 2 over n
+outside and we get this sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and we get this sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and we get this sum of the
+expectation of a max of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a max of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a max of these two
+things. And normally we would write well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And normally we would write well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And normally we would write well
+I think that's pretty sometimes we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's pretty sometimes we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's pretty sometimes we write
+t of max or y of the max of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of max or y of the max of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of max or y of the max of the two
+things. Here we got to write it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Here we got to write it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Here we got to write it as the
+max of these two variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of these two variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of these two variables.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+the trick I mean it's not too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick I mean it's not too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick I mean it's not too much of a
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+is that the max is at most the sum. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the max is at most the sum. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the max is at most the sum. So
+we have non- negative things. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have non- negative things. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have non- negative things. So we have
+2 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over n
+sum k = 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum k = 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum k = 1 to n
+of the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum
+instead of the max.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is in some sense the key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is in some sense the key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is in some sense the key step
+where we're losing something in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're losing something in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're losing something in our
+bound. So far we've been exact. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound. So far we've been exact. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound. So far we've been exact. Now
+we're being pretty sloppy. It's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're being pretty sloppy. It's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're being pretty sloppy. It's true
+this max is at most the sum, but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this max is at most the sum, but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this max is at most the sum, but it's a
+pretty loose upper bound as things go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty loose upper bound as things go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty loose upper bound as things go.
+Keep that in mind for later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep that in mind for later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep that in mind for later.
+What else can we do with this summation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This should again look familiar. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should again look familiar. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should again look familiar. Now,
+now that we have a sum of a sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have a sum of a sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have a sum of a sum of two
+things, kind of like it to be a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, kind of like it to be a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, kind of like it to be a sum of
+one thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+You can use linearity of expectation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can use linearity of expectation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can use linearity of expectation.
+Good. So that's the first thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So that's the first thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So that's the first thing I should
+do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So linearity of expectation lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So linearity of expectation lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So linearity of expectation lets me
+separate that. Now I have a sum of two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that. Now I have a sum of two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that. Now I have a sum of two n
+things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? I could break that into the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I could break that into the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I could break that into the sum
+of these guys and the sum of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys and the sum of these guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys and the sum of these guys.
+You know anything about those two sums?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know anything about those two sums?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know anything about those two sums?
+Do we know anything about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we know anything about those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we know anything about those two
+sums? They're the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums? They're the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums? They're the same.
+In fact, every term here is appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, every term here is appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, every term here is appearing
+exactly twice. Once a k minus one, once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly twice. Once a k minus one, once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly twice. Once a k minus one, once
+an n minus k and that even works if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n minus k and that even works if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n minus k and that even works if it's
+odd, I think so. In fact, we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd, I think so. In fact, we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd, I think so. In fact, we can just
+take one of the sums and multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of the sums and multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of the sums and multiply it by
+two. So, this is 4 n times the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So, this is 4 n times the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So, this is 4 n times the sum and
+I'll rewrite it a little bit from 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll rewrite it a little bit from 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll rewrite it a little bit from 0 to n
+minus one of e of yk. Just check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of e of yk. Just check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of e of yk. Just check the
+number of times each yk appears from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times each yk appears from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times each yk appears from 0
+to n minus one is exactly two. So now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one is exactly two. So now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one is exactly two. So now I
+have a recurrence. I have E of YN is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recurrence. I have E of YN is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recurrence. I have E of YN is at
+most this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most this thing.
+Just write that for memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just write that for memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just write that for memory.
+It's about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's about that.
+Cool. Now I just have to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Now I just have to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Now I just have to solve the
+recurrence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence.
+How should I solve an ugly hairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How should I solve an ugly hairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How should I solve an ugly hairy
+recurrence like this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence like this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence like this?
+Substitution. Yay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Substitution. Yay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Substitution. Yay.
+Not the master method. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not the master method. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not the master method. Okay.
+It's pretty nasty recurrence. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty nasty recurrence. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty nasty recurrence. So I'm
+going to make a guess and I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a guess and I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a guess and I've already
+told you the guess that it's n cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think n cubed is pretty much exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think n cubed is pretty much exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think n cubed is pretty much exactly
+where this this proof will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this this proof will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this this proof will be
+obtainable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So substitution method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So substitution method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So substitution method
+substitution method is just a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution method is just a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution method is just a proof by
+induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there are two things every proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are two things every proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are two things every proof by
+induction should have. Well, almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction should have. Well, almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction should have. Well, almost
+every proof by induction being fancy. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every proof by induction being fancy. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every proof by induction being fancy. It
+should have a base case. And the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a base case. And the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a base case. And the base
+case here is n equals order one. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here is n equals order one. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here is n equals order one. I
+didn't write it, but of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it, but of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it, but of course if you
+have a constant size tree, it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant size tree, it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant size tree, it has
+constant height. So this thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant height. So this thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant height. So this thing will be
+true uh as long as we set uh true if C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh as long as we set uh true if C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh as long as we set uh true if C
+is sufficiently large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, don't forget that. A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, don't forget that. A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, don't forget that. A lot of
+people forgot it on the quiz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forgot it on the quiz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forgot it on the quiz.
+We even mentioned the base case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We even mentioned the base case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We even mentioned the base case.
+Usually, we don't even mention the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually, we don't even mention the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually, we don't even mention the base
+case. And you should assume that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And you should assume that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And you should assume that there's
+one there. And you have to say this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there. And you have to say this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there. And you have to say this in
+any proof by substitution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any proof by substitution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any proof by substitution.
+Okay. Now, we have the induction step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I claim that E of YN is at most C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I claim that E of YN is at most C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I claim that E of YN is at most C of
+N cubed assuming that it's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N cubed assuming that it's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N cubed assuming that it's true for
+smaller N. You should write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller N. You should write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller N. You should write the
+induction hypothesis here, but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis here, but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis here, but I'm going
+to skip it because I'm running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip it because I'm running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip it because I'm running out of
+time. Now we have this recurrence that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Now we have this recurrence that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Now we have this recurrence that E
+of YN is at most this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of YN is at most this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of YN is at most this thing.
+So E of YN is at most 4 N sum K = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So E of YN is at most 4 N sum K = 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So E of YN is at most 4 N sum K = 0 to
+NUS1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NUS1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NUS1
+of E of Y K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now notice that k is always smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now notice that k is always smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now notice that k is always smaller than
+n. So we can apply induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So we can apply induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So we can apply induction.
+So this is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is at most
+4 / n from k = 0 to n minus one of c * k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 / n from k = 0 to n minus one of c * k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 / n from k = 0 to n minus one of c * k
+cubed. That's the induction hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool.
+Now I need an upper bound on this sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I need an upper bound on this sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I need an upper bound on this sum.
+If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're
+uh if you have a good memory, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a good memory, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a good memory, then you
+know a closed form for this sum. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a closed form for this sum. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a closed form for this sum. But I
+don't have such a good memory as I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have such a good memory as I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have such a good memory as I used
+to. I never memorized this sum when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. I never memorized this sum when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. I never memorized this sum when I
+was a kid. So I don't I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid. So I don't I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid. So I don't I don't remember
+it. You know, everything I memorize when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You know, everything I memorize when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You know, everything I memorize when
+I was less than 12 years old. I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was less than 12 years old. I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was less than 12 years old. I still
+remember all the digits of pi, whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all the digits of pi, whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all the digits of pi, whatever.
+But anything I try to memorize now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anything I try to memorize now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anything I try to memorize now just
+doesn't quite stick the same way. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite stick the same way. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite stick the same way. Uh so
+I don't happen to know this sum. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't happen to know this sum. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't happen to know this sum. What's
+a good way to approximate this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral? Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral? Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral? Good.
+So in fact, if I'm going to take the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact, if I'm going to take the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact, if I'm going to take the C
+outside also. So this is 4 C over N. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside also. So this is 4 C over N. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside also. So this is 4 C over N. The
+sum is at most the integral if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is at most the integral if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is at most the integral if you get
+the range right. So you have to go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range right. So you have to go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range right. So you have to go one
+larger. Instead of N minus one, you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger. Instead of N minus one, you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger. Instead of N minus one, you go
+up to N. This is in the textbook.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to N. This is in the textbook.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to N. This is in the textbook.
+It's intuitive, too. If as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's intuitive, too. If as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's intuitive, too. If as long as you
+have a monotone function, that's key. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a monotone function, that's key. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a monotone function, that's key. So
+you have something that's like this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something that's like this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something that's like this. And
+you know the sum is taking each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sum is taking each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sum is taking each of these
+and waiting them with a value of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waiting them with a value of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waiting them with a value of one.
+The integral is computing the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The integral is computing the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The integral is computing the area under
+this curve. So in particular, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve. So in particular, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve. So in particular, if you
+look at this approximation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this approximation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this approximation of the
+integral, then I mean this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, then I mean this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, then I mean this thing is
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+this would be the sum if you go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the sum if you go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the sum if you go one
+larger at the end and that's at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger at the end and that's at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger at the end and that's at most the
+integral. So that's proof by picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So that's proof by picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So that's proof by picture but
+you can see this in the book you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this in the book you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this in the book you should
+know it from 042 I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it from 042 I guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it from 042 I guess.
+Now integrals hopefully you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now integrals hopefully you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now integrals hopefully you can solve
+integral of x cubed is x 4th over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x cubed is x 4th over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x cubed is x 4th over 4
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+got it right and then we're evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right and then we're evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right and then we're evaluating
+that at n and at zero subtracting get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at n and at zero subtracting get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at n and at zero subtracting get to
+zero doesn't matter because 0 to the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero doesn't matter because 0 to the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero doesn't matter because 0 to the 4th
+power is zero so it's just n to the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is zero so it's just n to the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is zero so it's just n to the 4th
+over 4. So this is 4 C over N * N 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4. So this is 4 C over N * N 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4. So this is 4 C over N * N 4th
+over 4. And conveniently this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4. And conveniently this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4. And conveniently this four
+cancels with this four. The four turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels with this four. The four turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels with this four. The four turns
+into a three because of this and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a three because of this and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a three because of this and we get
+n cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed.
+We get c n cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We get c n cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We get c n cubed.
+Damn convenient because that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damn convenient because that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damn convenient because that's what we
+wanted to prove. Okay. So this proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prove. Okay. So this proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to prove. Okay. So this proof is
+just barely snaking by.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely snaking by.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely snaking by.
+No residual term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No residual term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No residual term.
+We've been sloppy all over the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been sloppy all over the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been sloppy all over the place and
+yet we were really lucky and we we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we were really lucky and we we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we were really lucky and we we were
+just sloppy in the right places. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sloppy in the right places. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sloppy in the right places. So this
+is a very tricky proof. If you just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very tricky proof. If you just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very tricky proof. If you just try
+to do it by hand, uh it's pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by hand, uh it's pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by hand, uh it's pretty easy to
+be too sloppy and and not get quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too sloppy and and not get quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too sloppy and and not get quite the
+right answer, but this just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer, but this just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer, but this just barely
+works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works.
+Let me say a couple things about it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me say a couple things about it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me say a couple things about it. Um
+my remaining one minute. So we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my remaining one minute. So we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my remaining one minute. So we can do
+the conclusion again. I won't write it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion again. I won't write it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion again. I won't write it.
+have time but here it is. Um we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time but here it is. Um we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time but here it is. Um we just
+proved a bound on yn which was 2 ^ xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved a bound on yn which was 2 ^ xn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved a bound on yn which was 2 ^ xn.
+What we cared about was xn. So we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we cared about was xn. So we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we cared about was xn. So we use
+Jensen's inequality. We get that 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality. We get that 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen's inequality. We get that 2 to
+the e of xn is at most e of 2 to the xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e of xn is at most e of 2 to the xn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e of xn is at most e of 2 to the xn.
+This is what we know about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we know about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we know about because
+that's yn. So we know e of yn is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yn. So we know e of yn is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yn. So we know e of yn is now
+order n cubed. Okay. We had to set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n cubed. Okay. We had to set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n cubed. Okay. We had to set this
+constant sufficiently large for the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant sufficiently large for the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant sufficiently large for the base
+case. We didn't really figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. We didn't really figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. We didn't really figure out what
+the constant was here. didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant was here. didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant was here. didn't matter
+because now we're taking the logs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're taking the logs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're taking the logs of
+both sides. Get e of xn is at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides. Get e of xn is at most log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides. Get e of xn is at most log
+of order n cub. This constant is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order n cub. This constant is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order n cub. This constant is a
+multiplicative constant. So you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constant. So you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constant. So you take the
+logs it becomes additive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs it becomes additive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs it becomes additive.
+This constant is an exponent. So we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This constant is an exponent. So we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This constant is an exponent. So we take
+logs it becomes a multiple. We get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs it becomes a multiple. We get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs it becomes a multiple. We get three
+log n plus order one. This is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n plus order one. This is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n plus order one. This is a pretty
+damn tight bound on the height of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn tight bound on the height of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn tight bound on the height of a
+randomly built binary search tree. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly built binary search tree. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly built binary search tree. The
+expected height I should say. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected height I should say. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected height I should say. In fact,
+the expected height of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected height of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected height of xn
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh
+well roughly I'll just say it's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well roughly I'll just say it's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well roughly I'll just say it's roughly
+I don't want to be too precise here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to be too precise here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to be too precise here.
+2.9882
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.9882
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.9882
+times log n. This is a result by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log n. This is a result by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log n. This is a result by a
+friend of mine Luke Devoy if I can spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine Luke Devoy if I can spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine Luke Devoy if I can spell
+it right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right.
+in 1986.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a
+professor at McGill University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at McGill University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at McGill University in
+Montreal. So, we're pretty close. 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal. So, we're pretty close. 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal. So, we're pretty close. 3 to
+2.98. And I won't prove this here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.98. And I won't prove this here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.98. And I won't prove this here. The
+hard part here is actually the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part here is actually the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part here is actually the lower
+bound that it's only that much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that it's only that much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that it's only that much.
+Um, right. I should say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, right. I should say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, right. I should say a little bit
+more about why we use YN instead of Xn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about why we use YN instead of Xn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about why we use YN instead of Xn.
+And it's all about the sloppiness. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's all about the sloppiness. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's all about the sloppiness. and
+in particular this step where we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this step where we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this step where we said
+that the ma the max of these two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ma the max of these two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ma the max of these two random
+variables is at most the sum and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is at most the sum and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is at most the sum and while
+that's true for x just as well as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for x just as well as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for x just as well as it is
+true for y it's more true for y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for y it's more true for y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for y it's more true for y okay
+this is a bit weird uh because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit weird uh because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit weird uh because remember
+what we're analyzing here is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're analyzing here is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're analyzing here is all
+possible values of k this has to work no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of k this has to work no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of k this has to work no
+matter what k is in some sense I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what k is in some sense I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what k is in some sense I mean
+we're bounding all of those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're bounding all of those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're bounding all of those cases
+simultaneously the sum of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the sum of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the sum of them
+So here we're looking at k minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're looking at k minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're looking at k minus one
+versus n minus k and in fact here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus n minus k and in fact here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus n minus k and in fact here
+there's a polomial version but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a polomial version but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a polomial version but
+so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take
+uh two values a and b and you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two values a and b and you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two values a and b and you say well
+max of a b is at most a plus b and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of a b is at most a plus b and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of a b is at most a plus b and on
+the other hand you say well max of 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you say well max of 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you say well max of 2 to
+the a and 2 to the b is at most 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a and 2 to the b is at most 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a and 2 to the b is at most 2 to the
+a plus 2 to the b. Doesn't this feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus 2 to the b. Doesn't this feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus 2 to the b. Doesn't this feel
+better than that? Well, they're of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that? Well, they're of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that? Well, they're of
+course the same. But if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the same. But if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the same. But if you look at a
+minus b,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b,
+as that grows,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that grows,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that grows,
+this becomes a tighter bound faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a tighter bound faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a tighter bound faster than
+this becomes a tighter bound. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a tighter bound. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a tighter bound. Okay?
+Because here we're looking at absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because here we're looking at absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because here we're looking at absolute
+value, absolute difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, absolute difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, absolute difference between a
+minus b. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b. So
+that's why this is pretty good and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is pretty good and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is pretty good and this
+is pretty bad. We're still really bad if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty bad. We're still really bad if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty bad. We're still really bad if
+a and b are almost the same. But we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b are almost the same. But we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b are almost the same. But we're
+trying to solve this for all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve this for all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve this for all uh
+partitions into k minus one and n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions into k minus one and n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions into k minus one and n minus
+k. So it's okay if we get a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So it's okay if we get a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So it's okay if we get a few of the
+cases wrong in the middle where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases wrong in the middle where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases wrong in the middle where it
+evenly partitions. But as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly partitions. But as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly partitions. But as soon as you
+get some skew, this will be very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some skew, this will be very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some skew, this will be very close
+to this whereas this will be still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this whereas this will be still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this whereas this will be still
+pretty far from this. You have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far from this. You have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far from this. You have to get
+pretty close to the edge before you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the edge before you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the edge before you're
+not losing much here. Whereas pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not losing much here. Whereas pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not losing much here. Whereas pretty
+quickly you're not losing much here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you're not losing much here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you're not losing much here.
+That's the intuition. Try it. see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the intuition. Try it. see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the intuition. Try it. see what
+happens with XN and it won't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with XN and it won't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with XN and it won't work.
+See you Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w423ypsUHf0.txt b/w423ypsUHf0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fec314ba41c4874975e9243bed09d05ba51d3211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w423ypsUHf0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous example we had a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous example we had a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous example we had a model
+where the result of the first coin toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the result of the first coin toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the result of the first coin toss
+did not affect the probabilities of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not affect the probabilities of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not affect the probabilities of what
+might happen in the second toss this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen in the second toss this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might happen in the second toss this is
+a phenomenon that we call independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenomenon that we call independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenomenon that we call independence
+and which we now proceed to define let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which we now proceed to define let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which we now proceed to define let
+us start with the first attempt at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us start with the first attempt at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us start with the first attempt at the
+definition we have an event B that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we have an event B that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we have an event B that has a
+certain probability of occurring we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability of occurring we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability of occurring we are
+then told that event a occurred but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then told that event a occurred but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then told that event a occurred but
+suppose that this knowledge does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this knowledge does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this knowledge does not
+affect our beliefs about B in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect our beliefs about B in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect our beliefs about B in the sense
+that the conditional probability remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditional probability remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditional probability remains
+the same as the original unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the original unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the original unconditional
+probability thus the occurrence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability thus the occurrence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability thus the occurrence of a
+provides no new information about B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides no new information about B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides no new information about B in
+such a case we may say that event B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a case we may say that event B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a case we may say that event B is
+independent from event a if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from event a if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from event a if this is
+indeed the case notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case notice that the
+probability that both a and B occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is always equal by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always equal by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always equal by the
+multiplication rule to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule to the probability
+of a time's the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a time's the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a time's the conditional probability
+of B given a so this is a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B given a so this is a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B given a so this is a relation
+that's always true but what if we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true but what if we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true but what if we also
+have this additional condition then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this additional condition then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this additional condition then this
+simplifies to the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to the probability of a
+time's the probability of B so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the probability of B so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the probability of B so we can
+find the probability of both events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of both events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of both events
+happening by just multiplying their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening by just multiplying their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening by just multiplying their
+individual probabilities it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probabilities it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probabilities it turns out
+that this relation is a cleaner way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this relation is a cleaner way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this relation is a cleaner way of
+defining formally the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining formally the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining formally the notion of
+independence so we will say that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence so we will say that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence so we will say that two
+events a and B are independent if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events a and B are independent if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events a and B are independent if this
+relation holds why do we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation holds why do we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation holds why do we use this
+definition rather than the original one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition rather than the original one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition rather than the original one
+this formal definition has several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formal definition has several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formal definition has several
+advantages first it is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages first it is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages first it is consistent with
+the earlier definition if this equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier definition if this equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier definition if this equality
+is true then the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true then the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true then the conditional probability
+of event B given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of event B given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of event B given a
+which is the ratio of this / that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ratio of this / that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ratio of this / that will
+be equal to the probability of B so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the probability of B so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the probability of B so if
+this relation holds then this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation holds then this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation holds then this relation
+will also hold and so this more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also hold and so this more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also hold and so this more formal
+definition is consistent with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is consistent with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is consistent with our
+earlier intuitive definition a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier intuitive definition a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier intuitive definition a more
+important reason is that this formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason is that this formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason is that this formal
+definition is symmetric with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is symmetric with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is symmetric with respect to
+the roles of a and B so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles of a and B so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles of a and B so instead of
+saying that B is independent from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that B is independent from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that B is independent from a
+based on this definition we can now say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this definition we can now say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this definition we can now say
+that events a and B are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that events a and B are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that events a and B are independent of
+each other and in addition since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and in addition since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and in addition since this
+definition is symmetric and since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is symmetric and since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is symmetric and since it
+implies this condition it must also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies this condition it must also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies this condition it must also
+imply the symmetrical relation namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the symmetrical relation namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the symmetrical relation namely
+that the conditional probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditional probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditional probability of a
+given B is the same as the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B is the same as the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B is the same as the unconditional
+probability of a finally on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a finally on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a finally on the
+technical side conditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical side conditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical side conditional probabilities
+are only defined when the conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only defined when the conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only defined when the conditioning
+event has nonzero probability so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event has nonzero probability so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event has nonzero probability so this
+original definition would only make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition would only make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition would only make
+sense in those cases where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in those cases where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in those cases where the
+probability of the event a would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the event a would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the event a would be
+nonzero in contrast this new definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero in contrast this new definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero in contrast this new definition
+makes sense even when we are dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense even when we are dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense even when we are dealing
+with zero probability events so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero probability events so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero probability events so this
+definition is indeed more general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is indeed more general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is indeed more general and
+this also makes it more elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also makes it more elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also makes it more elegant
+let us now build some understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now build some understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now build some understanding of
+what independence really is suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what independence really is suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what independence really is suppose that
+we have two events a and B both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two events a and B both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two events a and B both of which
+have positive probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive probability and
+furthermore these two events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore these two events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore these two events are
+disjoint they do not have any common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint they do not have any common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint they do not have any common
+elements are these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are these two events
+independent let us check the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent let us check the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent let us check the definition
+the probability that both a and B occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that both a and B occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that both a and B occur
+is zero because the two events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because the two events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because the two events are
+disjoint they cannot happen together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint they cannot happen together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint they cannot happen together on
+the other hand the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the probability of a
+time's the probability of B is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the probability of B is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the probability of B is positive
+since each one of the two terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each one of the two terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each one of the two terms is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+and therefore these two expressions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore these two expressions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore these two expressions are
+different from each other and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other and therefore
+this equality that's required by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equality that's required by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equality that's required by the
+definition of Independence does not hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Independence does not hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Independence does not hold
+the conclusion is that these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion is that these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion is that these two events
+are not independent in fact intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independent in fact intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independent in fact intuitively
+these two events are as dependent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two events are as dependent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two events are as dependent as
+Siamese twins if you know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siamese twins if you know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siamese twins if you know that a
+occurred then you are sure that B did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred then you are sure that B did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred then you are sure that B did
+not occur so the occurrence of a tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occur so the occurrence of a tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occur so the occurrence of a tells
+you a lot about the occurrence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot about the occurrence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot about the occurrence or
+non-occurrence of B so we see that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-occurrence of B so we see that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-occurrence of B so we see that being
+independent is something completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent is something completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent is something completely
+different from being disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from being disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from being disjoint
+independence is a relation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence is a relation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence is a relation about
+information it is important to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it is important to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it is important to always
+keep in mind the intuitive meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the intuitive meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the intuitive meaning of
+independence two events are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence two events are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence two events are independent
+if the occurrence of one event does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the occurrence of one event does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the occurrence of one event does not
+change our beliefs about the other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our beliefs about the other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our beliefs about the other it
+does not affect the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the probability that the
+other event also occurs when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other event also occurs when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other event also occurs when we have
+independence in the real world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence in the real world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence in the real world the
+typical case is when the occurrence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case is when the occurrence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case is when the occurrence or
+non-occurrence of each of the two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-occurrence of each of the two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-occurrence of each of the two events
+a and B is determined by two physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B is determined by two physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B is determined by two physically
+distinct and non interacting processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct and non interacting processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct and non interacting processes
+for example whether my coin results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example whether my coin results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example whether my coin results in
+heads and whether it will be snowing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and whether it will be snowing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and whether it will be snowing on
+New Year's Day are two events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Year's Day are two events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Year's Day are two events that
+should be modelled as independent but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be modelled as independent but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be modelled as independent but I
+should also say that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also say that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also say that there are some
+cases where independence is less obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where independence is less obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where independence is less obvious
+and where it happens through a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it happens through a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it happens through a numerical
+accident you can now move on to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident you can now move on to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident you can now move on to answer
+some simple questions where you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple questions where you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple questions where you will
+have to check for independence using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check for independence using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check for independence using
+either the mathematical or the intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the mathematical or the intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the mathematical or the intuitive
+definition
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w6pWbzkTap4.txt b/w6pWbzkTap4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ecc5947c9fb0b14991e160738d7916a955d7ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w6pWbzkTap4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4520 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've just discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just discussed
+the mass balance that results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass balance that results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass balance that results from
+considering ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering ventilation
+and breathing of an infected individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breathing of an infected individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breathing of an infected individual
+in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room
+leading to a build up and then steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a build up and then steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a build up and then steady
+state of aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of aerosol droplets
+that are infectious in the indoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are infectious in the indoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are infectious in the indoor air
+we've also briefly talked about masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also briefly talked about masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also briefly talked about masks
+i'd now like to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd now like to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd now like to introduce
+the possibility of filtration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of filtration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of filtration which is
+actually very common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very common in
+mechanical ventilation systems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ventilation systems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ventilation systems and then
+arrive at a very simple comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at a very simple comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at a very simple comparison
+of filtration versus mask use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtration versus mask use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtration versus mask use as
+strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies
+for preventing indoor transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for preventing indoor transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for preventing indoor transmission
+so here's a schematic sketch of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a schematic sketch of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a schematic sketch of the air
+flows so basically we still have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so basically we still have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so basically we still have this
+q which is the outdoor air flow so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q which is the outdoor air flow so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q which is the outdoor air flow so that
+is the air which is coming in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the air which is coming in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the air which is coming in from the
+outdoors and for mass balance it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoors and for mass balance it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoors and for mass balance it also
+has to be leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be leaving
+and the air change rate is based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air change rate is based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air change rate is based on that
+q in fact if remember if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q in fact if remember if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q in fact if remember if there's a
+volume v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume v
+of the room then uh the error change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room then uh the error change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room then uh the error change
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+uh was uh q over v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh q over v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh q over v
+okay so that's a of units of inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a of units of inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a of units of inverse
+time so that's the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's the time
+roughly it takes for the resonance time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly it takes for the resonance time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly it takes for the resonance time
+for the outdoor air and also for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outdoor air and also for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outdoor air and also for the
+changing of the air now in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing of the air now in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing of the air now in addition to
+that though there could be significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that though there could be significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that though there could be significant
+recirculation of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculation of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculation of air
+now if the air is recirculating but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the air is recirculating but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the air is recirculating but not
+filtering the droplets in any way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering the droplets in any way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering the droplets in any way then
+it really doesn't concern our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't concern our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't concern our
+calculation which is basically just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which is basically just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which is basically just a
+mass balance if i'm just swirling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass balance if i'm just swirling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass balance if i'm just swirling the
+air around or even taking it outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air around or even taking it outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air around or even taking it outside and
+back in as long as i'm not losing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in as long as i'm not losing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in as long as i'm not losing some
+droplets in the ducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets in the ducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets in the ducts
+then it really doesn't matter if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it really doesn't matter if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it really doesn't matter if it's
+recirculating but what is of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculating but what is of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculating but what is of interest to
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+is if in that recirculation we lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if in that recirculation we lose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if in that recirculation we lose some
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+so some droplets could be lost simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some droplets could be lost simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some droplets could be lost simply to
+settling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling
+on the walls of the ducts or the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the walls of the ducts or the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the walls of the ducts or the heating
+and ventilation air conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ventilation air conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ventilation air conditioning
+hvac unit but more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hvac unit but more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hvac unit but more interesting
+uh is to consider what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is to consider what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is to consider what would happen if
+we actually place filters which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually place filters which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually place filters which is very
+common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in
+hvac systems so we could either have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hvac systems so we could either have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hvac systems so we could either have one
+of those big filters that you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those big filters that you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those big filters that you stick
+into the heating or ventilation ducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the heating or ventilation ducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the heating or ventilation ducts
+and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those
+typically are given merv ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are given merv ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are given merv ratings
+which are mean efficiency rating values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mean efficiency rating values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mean efficiency rating values
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for we're interested in the filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we're interested in the filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we're interested in the filtration
+of aerosols and so if pf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aerosols and so if pf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aerosols and so if pf
+is sort of the fraction of the aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the fraction of the aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the fraction of the aerosols
+that are blocked and we roughly would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are blocked and we roughly would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are blocked and we roughly would
+look at a size range for example less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a size range for example less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a size range for example less
+than 5 micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5 micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5 micron
+radius then the difference or ratings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius then the difference or ratings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius then the difference or ratings of
+filters give you anywhere from 20 to 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters give you anywhere from 20 to 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters give you anywhere from 20 to 90
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+of filtration and then a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtration and then a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtration and then a very high
+quality filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality filter
+would be a so-called hepa filter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a so-called hepa filter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a so-called hepa filter which
+is a high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high efficiency
+particle um air filtration unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle um air filtration unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle um air filtration unit
+and that would give you even as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you even as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you even as high as
+99.97 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.97 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.97 percent
+um and also it's worth emphasizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also it's worth emphasizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also it's worth emphasizing that
+you could also have a free standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have a free standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have a free standing
+filtration unit there are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration unit there are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration unit there are a variety of
+different kinds of filtration units it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of filtration units it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of filtration units it
+could be a fan which is blowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a fan which is blowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a fan which is blowing through
+a hepa filter and it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hepa filter and it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hepa filter and it could be a
+freestanding unit in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding unit in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding unit in the room
+it could also be more exotic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be more exotic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be more exotic systems
+such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as
+electrostatic precipitators where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic precipitators where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic precipitators where the
+air is flowing into a chamber that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is flowing into a chamber that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is flowing into a chamber that has a
+very high electric field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high electric field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high electric field and the
+droplets are basically projected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets are basically projected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets are basically projected and
+deposited onto a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited onto a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited onto a surface
+it could be flowing the air through a uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be flowing the air through a uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be flowing the air through a uv
+concentrated light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated light
+treatment to kill the virus so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to kill the virus so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to kill the virus so you're
+not actually removing the droplets per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually removing the droplets per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually removing the droplets per
+se but you are removing the virus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se but you are removing the virus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se but you are removing the virus and
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+we've been keeping track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been keeping track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been keeping track of the
+concentration of virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of virions
+they could be deactivated that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be deactivated that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be deactivated that way and
+so all of that in a sense should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that in a sense should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that in a sense should be
+lumped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped into
+this simple picture of a recirculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple picture of a recirculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple picture of a recirculation
+flow rate qf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate qf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate qf
+and a filtration efficiency pf so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a filtration efficiency pf so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a filtration efficiency pf so let's
+revisit our equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit our equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit our equations
+from last time so our mass balance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time so our mass balance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time so our mass balance is
+that v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v
+dc dt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc dt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc dt is
+p which is the production rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p which is the production rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p which is the production rate of
+infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious
+air by by an effective person we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air by by an effective person we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air by by an effective person we
+have the removal of error by the outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the removal of error by the outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the removal of error by the outdoor
+flow rate which we've already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate which we've already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate which we've already discussed
+and now we have the new term which is pf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have the new term which is pf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have the new term which is pf
+qf so if pf is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf so if pf is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf so if pf is one
+then the entire filtration flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the entire filtration flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the entire filtration flow is
+removing droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing droplets
+on the other hand if pf is zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if pf is zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if pf is zero this
+term goes away and that's the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term goes away and that's the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term goes away and that's the limit
+where you're simply recirculating air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're simply recirculating air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're simply recirculating air
+but you're not actually removing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not actually removing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not actually removing any
+infectious droplets and it's playing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious droplets and it's playing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious droplets and it's playing no
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+okay so this is basically our only new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is basically our only new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is basically our only new
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+here and so what this means is we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so what this means is we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so what this means is we get
+the same calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calculation
+same as before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before but
+we just have to make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to make a little
+replacement what was before q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement what was before q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement what was before q
+is now notice we can lump oops i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now notice we can lump oops i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now notice we can lump oops i've
+forgotten actually here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten actually here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten actually here
+there should be a c here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a c here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a c here actually
+because the flow rate or the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the flow rate or the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the flow rate or the the the
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+of infectious air is the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infectious air is the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infectious air is the concentration
+of infectious air so the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infectious air so the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infectious air so the concentration
+of virions per volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virions per volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virions per volume
+times the flow rate that then gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the flow rate that then gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the flow rate that then gives me
+the the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct
+value so the pf is a dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so the pf is a dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so the pf is a dimensionless
+number between zero and one so anyway q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and one so anyway q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and one so anyway q
+gets replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets replaced
+by q plus p f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by q plus p f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by q plus p f
+q f and also wherever we saw a lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q f and also wherever we saw a lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q f and also wherever we saw a lambda a
+that gets replaced by lambda a just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets replaced by lambda a just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets replaced by lambda a just from
+the outdoor error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor error
+plus pf q or lambda f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pf q or lambda f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pf q or lambda f
+where lambda f is qf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where lambda f is qf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where lambda f is qf
+over v so that's the recirculation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v so that's the recirculation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v so that's the recirculation or
+filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration
+air change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's the recirculation or filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the recirculation or filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the recirculation or filtration
+error change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate whereas lambda a is the outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air change rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change rate
+okay and we can also talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can also talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can also talk about the
+sort of balance between these two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of balance between these two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of balance between these two and so
+that's also something which is reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also something which is reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also something which is reported
+and or measured for for ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or measured for for ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or measured for for ventilation
+systems and that's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that's sometimes called
+z which is the outdoor air fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z which is the outdoor air fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z which is the outdoor air fraction
+so that would be lambda a over lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be lambda a over lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be lambda a over lambda a
+plus lambda f or we could also write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda f or we could also write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda f or we could also write it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+q over q plus q f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q over q plus q f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q over q plus q f
+this is the outdoor air fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the ventilation system so another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ventilation system so another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ventilation system so another way
+to talk about ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about ventilation
+is you give the total flow rate so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you give the total flow rate so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you give the total flow rate so for
+as i've sketched here there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've sketched here there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've sketched here there could be a
+fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan
+which is in the heating ventilation air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the heating ventilation air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the heating ventilation air
+conditioning unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning unit
+which is just pumping out air at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just pumping out air at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just pumping out air at a
+certain rate that error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rate that error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rate that error
+is mixing the recirculated air and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mixing the recirculated air and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mixing the recirculated air and then
+fresh air with a fraction z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh air with a fraction z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh air with a fraction z
+which is the outdoor air fraction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the outdoor air fraction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the outdoor air fraction and so
+actually this might be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this might be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this might be for example
+a typical value is around twenty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical value is around twenty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical value is around twenty percent
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for many uh indoor spaces such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many uh indoor spaces such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many uh indoor spaces such as
+businesses or classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses or classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses or classrooms
+and one re and basically you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one re and basically you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one re and basically you have to
+tune this number to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune this number to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune this number to make sure that
+enough fresh air is coming in for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough fresh air is coming in for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough fresh air is coming in for the
+occupants that are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupants that are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupants that are present
+and also you don't want this number too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you don't want this number too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you don't want this number too
+high because typically the outdoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high because typically the outdoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high because typically the outdoor air
+is not comfortable air it either is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not comfortable air it either is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not comfortable air it either is
+too cold or too hot or has the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cold or too hot or has the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cold or too hot or has the wrong
+humidity and so you save a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity and so you save a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity and so you save a lot of
+energy in your heating vetteling system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in your heating vetteling system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in your heating vetteling system
+by keeping this number kind of as low as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by keeping this number kind of as low as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by keeping this number kind of as low as
+it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+effectively so that you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively so that you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively so that you're just
+recirculating kind of quality error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculating kind of quality error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculating kind of quality error
+that you know is at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know is at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know is at the right
+temperature and the right humidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the right humidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the right humidity
+however that desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that desire
+to save energy and hence also save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save energy and hence also save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save energy and hence also save
+carbon emissions and other related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emissions and other related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emissions and other related
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+goes against what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes against what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes against what we're talking about
+here though is that when you recirculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here though is that when you recirculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here though is that when you recirculate
+the air and you don't take in fresh air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and you don't take in fresh air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and you don't take in fresh air
+it's actually much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much worse
+for any airborne pathogens that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any airborne pathogens that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any airborne pathogens that might be
+transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+so there's a there's a competition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a competition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a competition here
+when you design an air ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you design an air ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you design an air ventilation
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+to make sure that you're saving energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you're saving energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you're saving energy
+but also that you're keeping the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that you're keeping the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that you're keeping the place
+safe for potential airborne transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe for potential airborne transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe for potential airborne transmission
+of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease
+okay so if we just take this change here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we just take this change here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we just take this change here
+we can replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can replace
+these quantities in the result that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities in the result that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities in the result that we
+already derived so i don't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already derived so i don't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already derived so i don't have to go
+through all that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all that again
+but i can just say that the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can just say that the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can just say that the disease
+transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+and this would be in steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be in steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be in steady state
+just to kind of give us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of give us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of give us something
+concrete to look at that's what i called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete to look at that's what i called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete to look at that's what i called
+beta bar and let's now write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta bar and let's now write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta bar and let's now write down
+the same result but just make this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result but just make this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result but just make this this
+change here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here so we have
+qb squared that's the breathing rate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb squared that's the breathing rate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb squared that's the breathing rate um
+we have cq that's the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cq that's the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cq that's the concentration of
+infection quanta per volume in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta per volume in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta per volume in the
+exhaled breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled breath
+of uh sick individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sick individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sick individual
+an effect individual there was pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect individual there was pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect individual there was pm
+squared i'll write a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared i'll write a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared i'll write a different color
+just to emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to emphasize that
+and then in the denominator we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the denominator we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the denominator we had
+lambda a but now it's going to be lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a but now it's going to be lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a but now it's going to be lambda
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+plus pf lambda f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pf lambda f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pf lambda f
+and i'll write that in a separate color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll write that in a separate color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll write that in a separate color
+in just a moment times volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment times volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment times volume
+so here's pf so now in this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's pf so now in this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's pf so now in this formula
+we have the effects of masks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the effects of masks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the effects of masks and the
+effects of air filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of air filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of air filtration
+together and so we can ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so we can ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so we can ask the question
+that i posed at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i posed at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i posed at the beginning
+is which one is more effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which one is more effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which one is more effective in
+stopping airborne transmission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping airborne transmission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping airborne transmission of
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+so you can see these two these two these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these two these two these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these two these two these
+two factors do come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors do come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors do come in
+differently in the equations so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in the equations so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in the equations so let's
+first consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consider
+the effect of filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effective air filtration so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective air filtration so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective air filtration so there's a
+lot of interest today in installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interest today in installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interest today in installing
+hepa filters or other high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hepa filters or other high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hepa filters or other high quality
+filtration systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration systems
+into uh vulnerable spaces such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh vulnerable spaces such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh vulnerable spaces such as
+nursing homes and also in spaces such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing homes and also in spaces such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing homes and also in spaces such as
+classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms
+where people fear transmission of 19 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people fear transmission of 19 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people fear transmission of 19 so
+we can ask how effective that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask how effective that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask how effective that can be
+so the way to uh one way to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to uh one way to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to uh one way to look at that
+would be to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say well
+how does air filtration affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does air filtration affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does air filtration affect the
+steady transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady transmission rate
+okay so that would be looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be looking at the
+transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+with the filter compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the filter compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the filter compared to the
+transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate
+without the filter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the filter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the filter okay
+so if we do that you can see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that you can see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that you can see all the
+terms here cancel except for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here cancel except for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here cancel except for this one
+that has pf in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has pf in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has pf in it
+and so what we're left with with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're left with with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're left with with is
+because in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the denominator
+we're left with um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with um just
+when pf is equal to zero it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when pf is equal to zero it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when pf is equal to zero it's just
+lambda a that's in the denominator so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a that's in the denominator so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a that's in the denominator so it
+ends up in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up in the numerator
+and so it's just lambda a over lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's just lambda a over lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's just lambda a over lambda a
+plus p f lambda f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p f lambda f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p f lambda f
+so the benefit of filtration can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the benefit of filtration can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the benefit of filtration can be
+immediately seen right here if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately seen right here if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately seen right here if you know
+the ratio of lambda a to lambda v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of lambda a to lambda v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of lambda a to lambda v
+because i can also write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can also write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can also write this
+as 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 plus
+well actually i won't even i won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually i won't even i won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually i won't even i won't do
+that right now but you can see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now but you can see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now but you can see how this
+is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related
+um it's related to this quantity z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's related to this quantity z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's related to this quantity z but
+basically the ratio of the lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the ratio of the lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the ratio of the lambda to
+lambda v is related to z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda v is related to z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda v is related to z
+and that obviously comes in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that obviously comes in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that obviously comes in here and
+then pf comes in as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pf comes in as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pf comes in as well
+but an interesting question we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interesting question we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interesting question we can ask
+is well what if you have a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what if you have a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what if you have a perfect
+filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so
+even you want let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you want let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you want let's say we have
+something even better than hepa let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even better than hepa let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even better than hepa let's
+say it's a hundred percent filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a hundred percent filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a hundred percent filtration
+that's like best case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like best case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like best case scenario
+so this fraction here is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this fraction here is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this fraction here is larger
+than if i just set p f equals one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if i just set p f equals one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if i just set p f equals one so
+this is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfect
+filter so we have the most expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so we have the most expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so we have the most expensive
+filter on the planet and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter on the planet and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter on the planet and it's going to
+definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+filter everything okay and so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter everything okay and so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter everything okay and so what we're
+left with then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with then
+is just lambda a over lambda a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just lambda a over lambda a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just lambda a over lambda a plus
+lambda f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda f
+now i can make the connection here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can make the connection here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can make the connection here that
+is simply z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically the effect of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the effect of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the effect of air
+filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration
+is never better than the outdoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never better than the outdoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never better than the outdoor air
+fraction itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction itself
+but i already told you the outer air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i already told you the outer air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i already told you the outer air
+fraction here cannot be too small or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here cannot be too small or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here cannot be too small or
+you're not delivering enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not delivering enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not delivering enough
+oxygen to the occupants of the room so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to the occupants of the room so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to the occupants of the room so
+basically there are standards for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are standards for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are standards for that
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+for example you need to have for outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you need to have for outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you need to have for outdoor
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+there's an additional requirement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional requirement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional requirement is
+that you need at least in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need at least in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need at least in the united
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+15 cubic feet per minute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 cubic feet per minute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 cubic feet per minute uh
+per uh person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per uh person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per uh person
+uh that's um basically uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's um basically uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's um basically uh uh so
+basically this q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this q
+can't be too small because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be too small because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be too small because you have to
+be delivering essentially enough oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be delivering essentially enough oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be delivering essentially enough oxygen
+for a person to breathe and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a person to breathe and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a person to breathe and so this is
+one way the standard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way the standard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way the standard is
+decided and so basically the z can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided and so basically the z can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided and so basically the z can't be
+that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small
+and so if i ask myself what's the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i ask myself what's the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i ask myself what's the effect
+of filtration an interesting conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtration an interesting conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filtration an interesting conclusion
+of this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this calculation
+is that this is not really smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is not really smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is not really smaller than
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+10 to the minus 1. so if we just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 1. so if we just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 1. so if we just think
+of an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an order of magnitude
+you're roughly speaking getting a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're roughly speaking getting a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're roughly speaking getting a factor
+of 10 maybe out of air filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 maybe out of air filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 maybe out of air filtration
+but not that much more now you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that much more now you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that much more now you might say
+how's that possible my filter is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that possible my filter is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that possible my filter is a
+perfect filter i'm filtering everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect filter i'm filtering everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect filter i'm filtering everything
+the problem is seen right here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is seen right here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is seen right here is that
+in reality what we really want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality what we really want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality what we really want is
+is is we want to protect a person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is we want to protect a person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is we want to protect a person who's
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+maybe who's susceptible from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe who's susceptible from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe who's susceptible from another
+person over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person over here
+who's infected and you see the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's infected and you see the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's infected and you see the problem
+is that if it's a well-mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if it's a well-mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if it's a well-mixed room
+then the infected person is breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the infected person is breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the infected person is breathing
+all these infectious droplets everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these infectious droplets everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these infectious droplets everywhere
+and this other person is breathing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other person is breathing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other person is breathing them
+and even if you perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you perfectly
+filter the piece of the flow rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter the piece of the flow rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter the piece of the flow rate that
+is going through the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through the filter
+there's still lots of other air in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still lots of other air in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still lots of other air in the
+room and it's not all being removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it's not all being removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it's not all being removed
+so unfortunately you don't get such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unfortunately you don't get such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unfortunately you don't get such a
+benefit from that unless you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from that unless you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from that unless you can
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+choke off the outdoor air and just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke off the outdoor air and just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke off the outdoor air and just keep
+recirculating until you remove all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculating until you remove all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculating until you remove all the
+virus but then a problem is you also run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus but then a problem is you also run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus but then a problem is you also run
+out of oxygen and you don't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of oxygen and you don't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of oxygen and you don't have very
+good air in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good air in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good air in the room
+so that's not really a solution either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not really a solution either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not really a solution either
+so basically air filtration is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically air filtration is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically air filtration is helpful
+but i would say it's not super helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i would say it's not super helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i would say it's not super helpful
+factor of 10 is good we like factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 is good we like factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 is good we like factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a factor of 100 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a factor of 100 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a factor of 100 and you
+know we might actually rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we might actually rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we might actually rather
+factor 100 so then we can ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 100 so then we can ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 100 so then we can ask ourselves
+well what do we get from masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by this i mean everybody's wearing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this i mean everybody's wearing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this i mean everybody's wearing a
+mask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so
+keep in mind we never know who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind we never know who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind we never know who's the
+infected person ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person ahead of time
+so we want to consider a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to consider a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to consider a case where
+everybody's wearing a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's wearing a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's wearing a mask
+and so then by assumption the affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then by assumption the affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then by assumption the affected
+person is wearing a mask and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is wearing a mask and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is wearing a mask and any
+susceptible person is also wearing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person is also wearing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible person is also wearing a
+mask so that's that's our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so that's that's our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so that's that's our assumption
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so this is this is good mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is good mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is good mass
+compliance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance here
+and so we can ask ourselves again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can ask ourselves again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can ask ourselves again what
+is the transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transmission rate
+with mask compared to the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mask compared to the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mask compared to the transmission
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+when uh there are no masks and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh there are no masks and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh there are no masks and the way
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+notation works here pm is the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation works here pm is the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation works here pm is the mass
+penetration factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration factor
+so that would actually pm equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would actually pm equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would actually pm equals one
+actually that would be the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that would be the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that would be the case where
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+basically there is no mass because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there is no mass because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there is no mass because all
+the airflow goes in and out of the mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airflow goes in and out of the mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airflow goes in and out of the mouth
+without any kind of filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of filtration
+so this is just pm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the important thing is that
+it's squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's squared
+so one argument you will hear which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one argument you will hear which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one argument you will hear which
+even influenced the world health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even influenced the world health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even influenced the world health
+organization back in january at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization back in january at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization back in january at the
+beginning of the pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the pandemic
+is that the virus is so small as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the virus is so small as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the virus is so small as we've
+already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed
+and probably is going to be carried in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably is going to be carried in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably is going to be carried in
+very small droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small droplets
+and therefore any filtration even a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore any filtration even a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore any filtration even a mask
+is not really that helpful because masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not really that helpful because masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not really that helpful because masks
+are not going to be filtering at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be filtering at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be filtering at the
+scale of 120 nanometers which is a virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of 120 nanometers which is a virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of 120 nanometers which is a virus
+and even the smallest aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the smallest aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the smallest aerosol droplets
+many of them do get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them do get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them do get through
+in fact when you get to about you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you get to about you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you get to about you know a
+tenth of a micron or 100 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth of a micron or 100 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth of a micron or 100 nanometers
+most sort of mass materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sort of mass materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sort of mass materials
+don't have good filtration the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good filtration the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good filtration the very
+simple reason is they also have to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple reason is they also have to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple reason is they also have to allow
+good air flow so if you have such tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good air flow so if you have such tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good air flow so if you have such tiny
+pores that you're catching things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pores that you're catching things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pores that you're catching things at
+that scale the problem is there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale the problem is there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale the problem is there's a very
+high resistance to flow and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resistance to flow and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resistance to flow and you can't
+breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe
+in fact you've probably experienced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you've probably experienced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you've probably experienced that
+if you're wearing a good mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wearing a good mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wearing a good mask
+that you can't wear it for too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't wear it for too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't wear it for too long
+because after a while you can't breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after a while you can't breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after a while you can't breathe
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so you need to have some you know big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to have some you know big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to have some you know big
+enough force to allow flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough force to allow flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough force to allow flow
+and that makes it really hard to filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it really hard to filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it really hard to filter
+the smallest particles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest particles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest particles but
+the interesting thing is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is this thing
+comes in squared so we can ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in squared so we can ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in squared so we can ask ourselves
+well what about different qualities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about different qualities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about different qualities of
+mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so
+a really good mask material that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good mask material that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good mask material that is
+perfectly fitting so like a high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fitting so like a high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fitting so like a high quality
+surgical or n95 mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical or n95 mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical or n95 mask
+if you don't have any leakage of air you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have any leakage of air you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have any leakage of air you
+have a really good fit and you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really good fit and you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really good fit and you're just
+going right through the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right through the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right through the material
+this could be as high as 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be as high as 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be as high as 99
+filtration for aerosols for the aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration for aerosols for the aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration for aerosols for the aerosols
+that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this would be for like a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be for like a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be for like a high
+quality surgical mask material like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality surgical mask material like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality surgical mask material like not
+even factoring for the fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even factoring for the fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even factoring for the fit
+so if it's 99 filtration what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's 99 filtration what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's 99 filtration what that means
+is pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pm
+is .01 but it comes in squared and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is .01 but it comes in squared and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is .01 but it comes in squared and so
+this factor is actually 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor is actually 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor is actually 10 to the minus
+four four times four orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four times four orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four four times four orders of magnitude
+compared to one order vector you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one order vector you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one order vector you get
+from the filter now that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the filter now that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the filter now that's for
+perfect mass really good mass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect mass really good mass okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect mass really good mass okay
+what if our mass is not so good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if our mass is not so good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if our mass is not so good so
+actually we have an n95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have an n95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have an n95
+uh n95 actually is is guaranteeing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n95 actually is is guaranteeing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n95 actually is is guaranteeing to
+filter about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter about
+95 of the aerosols and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 of the aerosols and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 of the aerosols and so
+if you take .05 and square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take .05 and square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take .05 and square it
+you're getting a number of order 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a number of order 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a number of order 10 to
+the minus 3 for pm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 3 for pm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 3 for pm squared
+and what about cloth masks so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about cloth masks so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about cloth masks so this is
+where the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the debate
+comes in because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in because uh
+these days people are wearing cloth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days people are wearing cloth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days people are wearing cloth
+masks which makes a lot of sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks which makes a lot of sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks which makes a lot of sense it's
+way better than nothing as we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way better than nothing as we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way better than nothing as we'll see in
+a moment but yet one could argue well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment but yet one could argue well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment but yet one could argue well a
+lot of the cloth masks might be letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the cloth masks might be letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the cloth masks might be letting
+through these aerosol droplets they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these aerosol droplets they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these aerosol droplets they're
+not really that great in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really that great in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really that great in fact if you
+look at the cloth masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cloth masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cloth masks
+they could give you you know a range but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could give you you know a range but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could give you you know a range but
+it might be anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be anywhere from
+i mean a really bad cloth mask is ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean a really bad cloth mask is ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean a really bad cloth mask is ten
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+that'd be like just a single thin cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be like just a single thin cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be like just a single thin cotton
+very loose weave like on a bandana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loose weave like on a bandana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loose weave like on a bandana
+that's pretty bad but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty bad but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty bad but most of the
+multi-layer cloth mass or the silk mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer cloth mass or the silk mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer cloth mass or the silk mask
+they can actually do pretty well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually do pretty well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually do pretty well they
+can even get as high as 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get as high as 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get as high as 90
+which is pretty high but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty high but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty high but but it's
+possible and maybe a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and maybe a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and maybe a lot of them
+depending on maybe they're not fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on maybe they're not fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on maybe they're not fitting
+so well they might be more like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well they might be more like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well they might be more like let's
+say 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 50
+but the thing is this comes in squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is this comes in squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is this comes in squared
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and interestingly even the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly even the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly even the uh
+90 case that's 10 percent get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 case that's 10 percent get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 case that's 10 percent get through
+so pm is 10 but when you square 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pm is 10 but when you square 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pm is 10 but when you square 10
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+it's still 10 to the minus 2. and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still 10 to the minus 2. and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still 10 to the minus 2. and if you
+take these lower numbers and square them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these lower numbers and square them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these lower numbers and square them
+you're still talking about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still talking about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still talking about something
+which is on the order of 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on the order of 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on the order of 10 to the minus
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+so what this calculation tells you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this calculation tells you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this calculation tells you is
+that even like some of the worst mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even like some of the worst mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even like some of the worst mass
+you can wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wear
+as long as there's good compliance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's good compliance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's good compliance and
+everybody's actually wearing those masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's actually wearing those masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's actually wearing those masks
+indoors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors
+then the fact that this comes in squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fact that this comes in squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fact that this comes in squared
+means that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you get
+at least a factor of 10 reduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a factor of 10 reduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a factor of 10 reduction in the
+transmission compared to having no masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission compared to having no masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission compared to having no masks
+in a well-mixed room and in fact decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a well-mixed room and in fact decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a well-mixed room and in fact decent
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+will do way better you could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do way better you could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do way better you could get a
+factor of 100 000 or potentially 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 000 or potentially 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 000 or potentially 10
+000 in reducing the transmission rate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 in reducing the transmission rate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 in reducing the transmission rate by
+wearing mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing mask
+whereas with filtration even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with filtration even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with filtration even with the
+most expensive and highest quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most expensive and highest quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most expensive and highest quality
+filters you can barely get better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters you can barely get better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters you can barely get better than a
+factor of 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10.
+so this is a really important concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a really important concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a really important concept to
+keep in mind and it comes out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind and it comes out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind and it comes out of a
+really simple calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple calculation
+and the the simple reason that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the simple reason that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the simple reason that i
+mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before
+is that air filtration is only kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that air filtration is only kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that air filtration is only kind of
+filtering part of the air and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering part of the air and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering part of the air and the rest
+is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+out there for you to breathe but masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for you to breathe but masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for you to breathe but masks
+are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better
+because they capture the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they capture the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they capture the source
+and they also block the target so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also block the target so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also block the target so that
+basically every droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every droplet
+has to go through the mask on one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go through the mask on one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go through the mask on one end
+and it has to go through it again on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to go through it again on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to go through it again on the
+other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end
+whereas the filter is missing most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the filter is missing most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the filter is missing most of
+the droplets they're kind of floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplets they're kind of floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplets they're kind of floating
+around the room they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room they're not going
+through the filter unless you choke off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the filter unless you choke off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the filter unless you choke off
+the outdoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor air
+and you can't do that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wIiakebQo9A.txt b/wIiakebQo9A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8121ef1359ce230ac05c967cf609980bd31939ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wIiakebQo9A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you for coming to the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for coming to the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for coming to the very last
+session and our moderator for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and our moderator for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and our moderator for this
+session is Nick Fry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session is Nick Fry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session is Nick Fry.
+>> Hi, thanks everybody. So, uh, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Hi, thanks everybody. So, uh, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Hi, thanks everybody. So, uh, just
+gather in and we'll get into some case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather in and we'll get into some case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather in and we'll get into some case
+studies next. Uh, the first speaker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies next. Uh, the first speaker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies next. Uh, the first speaker is
+going to be Carrie Smith joining us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Carrie Smith joining us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be Carrie Smith joining us
+remotely. I believe we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely. I believe we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely. I believe we're going to have
+his video up. Okay. Uh, so Carrie Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his video up. Okay. Uh, so Carrie Smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his video up. Okay. Uh, so Carrie Smith
+is pretty well known in the industry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty well known in the industry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty well known in the industry.
+He's an AE fellow. Uh, and he's had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's an AE fellow. Uh, and he's had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's an AE fellow. Uh, and he's had
+about 30 years in ground source and, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 years in ground source and, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 years in ground source and, uh,
+subsurface and almost another 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsurface and almost another 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsurface and almost another 30 years
+before that doing other things. Uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that doing other things. Uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that doing other things. Uh then
+we'll have uh Mark Metzner uh who you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have uh Mark Metzner uh who you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have uh Mark Metzner uh who you'd
+heard from earlier and Jay Egg and Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from earlier and Jay Egg and Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from earlier and Jay Egg and Susan
+Merkott to follow. So uh if we can ceue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkott to follow. So uh if we can ceue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkott to follow. So uh if we can ceue
+up Carrie's video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Carrie's video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Carrie's video.
+>> Hello, my name is Carrie Smith. I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Hello, my name is Carrie Smith. I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Hello, my name is Carrie Smith. I hope
+you're enjoying the conference. Uh thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're enjoying the conference. Uh thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're enjoying the conference. Uh thank
+you for letting me present my portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for letting me present my portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for letting me present my portion
+the about ATL systems. My presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about ATL systems. My presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about ATL systems. My presentation
+will give you an overview of one pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an overview of one pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an overview of one pipe
+ATLs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATLs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATLs.
+Depending on uh how you classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depending on uh how you classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depending on uh how you classify
+multi-building projects, we have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-building projects, we have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-building projects, we have between
+20 and and 30 ambient temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and and 30 ambient temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and and 30 ambient temperature
+systems operating at at this time. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems operating at at this time. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems operating at at this time. Uh
+our first system was started in 2002 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first system was started in 2002 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first system was started in 2002 in
+SEU Springs, Colorado. Other projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEU Springs, Colorado. Other projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEU Springs, Colorado. Other projects
+include housing projects, a 40 acre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include housing projects, a 40 acre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include housing projects, a 40 acre
+heavy equipment dealer service center, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy equipment dealer service center, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy equipment dealer service center, a
+see a NASA track, seven school campuses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a NASA track, seven school campuses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a NASA track, seven school campuses,
+and of course uh additional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh additional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh additional uh
+university campuses like Colorado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university campuses like Colorado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university campuses like Colorado
+University and Weber State University.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to uh describe what uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to uh describe what uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to uh describe what uh these
+the configuration of these uh uh ATLs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of these uh uh ATLs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of these uh uh ATLs
+and stuff. First uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff. First uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff. First uh we have a
+configuration that basically is a hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that basically is a hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that basically is a hair
+pin. two pipes going up and down uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin. two pipes going up and down uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin. two pipes going up and down uh the
+street uh which uh connected two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street uh which uh connected two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street uh which uh connected two
+connected pipes going up and down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected pipes going up and down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected pipes going up and down the
+street which are connected primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street which are connected primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street which are connected primary
+secondarily to these loads sync sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondarily to these loads sync sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondarily to these loads sync sources
+uh and buildings. The second would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and buildings. The second would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and buildings. The second would be
+the perimeter or runaround system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perimeter or runaround system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perimeter or runaround system which
+basically goes around the block or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically goes around the block or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically goes around the block or
+around the campus. These two loops can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the campus. These two loops can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the campus. These two loops can
+be uh two configurations can be combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh two configurations can be combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh two configurations can be combined
+together to form a multi-ist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form a multi-ist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form a multi-ist uh
+multi-asset uh uh system where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-asset uh uh system where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-asset uh uh system where we have a
+central loop that basically connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop that basically connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop that basically connects
+them. Uh and then we have submicro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Uh and then we have submicro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Uh and then we have submicro
+district coming off that central loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district coming off that central loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district coming off that central loop.
+We could also connect directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could also connect directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could also connect directly to
+another central loop system. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another central loop system. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another central loop system. Uh
+theoretically these are quite expandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically these are quite expandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically these are quite expandable
+uh over a large area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You know, nothing's more efficient than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, nothing's more efficient than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, nothing's more efficient than
+off. Uh, an ATL uses an independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Uh, an ATL uses an independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Uh, an ATL uses an independently
+large diameter HTP pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large diameter HTP pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large diameter HTP pipe
+uh attached that uh that uh pipe or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attached that uh that uh pipe or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attached that uh that uh pipe or or
+hydraulically separated independent surf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulically separated independent surf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulically separated independent surf
+circuits serving buildings or system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits serving buildings or system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits serving buildings or system
+assets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets.
+Uh these assets may be but are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these assets may be but are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these assets may be but are not
+limited to really uh graywater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to really uh graywater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to really uh graywater and
+blackwater systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackwater systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackwater systems
+closed loop and phase change materials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop and phase change materials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop and phase change materials.
+Uh that's for storage or sync source uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's for storage or sync source uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's for storage or sync source uh
+use solar thermal systems or PVT energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use solar thermal systems or PVT energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use solar thermal systems or PVT energy
+for energy addition or rejection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy addition or rejection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy addition or rejection.
+um open loop sources or sinks, high to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open loop sources or sinks, high to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um open loop sources or sinks, high to
+mid temperature geothermal resources,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid temperature geothermal resources,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid temperature geothermal resources,
+CHP waste and conventional uh boilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHP waste and conventional uh boilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHP waste and conventional uh boilers
+and cooling towers for emergencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling towers for emergencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling towers for emergencies or
+peak loading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak loading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak loading.
+This system uses heat pumps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This system uses heat pumps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This system uses heat pumps and
+diversity of loads to heat and cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of loads to heat and cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of loads to heat and cool.
+Bore hole and phase change storage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bore hole and phase change storage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bore hole and phase change storage is
+dinural for load shifting or time of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinural for load shifting or time of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinural for load shifting or time of day
+power reduction or or seasonal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power reduction or or seasonal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power reduction or or seasonal for
+heating and cooling. All sequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling. All sequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling. All sequences are
+birectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birectional
+central loop to building or building to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop to building or building to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop to building or building to
+central loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop.
+Uh to give you an example of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh to give you an example of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh to give you an example of the control
+of these systems, we have a building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems, we have a building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems, we have a building up
+here that's uh running between 55 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's uh running between 55 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's uh running between 55 and
+85. If it gets out of range, uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85. If it gets out of range, uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85. If it gets out of range, uh what
+happens is uh it turns the central loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is uh it turns the central loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is uh it turns the central loop
+pump on and goes to the central loop. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump on and goes to the central loop. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump on and goes to the central loop. Of
+course, we started with the uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, we started with the uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, we started with the uh first
+thing we had this central loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we had this central loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we had this central loop is
+idling. So, consequently, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idling. So, consequently, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idling. So, consequently, other
+buildings and assets are available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and assets are available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and assets are available to
+this building. Finally, uh if uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building. Finally, uh if uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building. Finally, uh if uh the
+central loop and the buildings that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop and the buildings that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central loop and the buildings that are
+on it can satisfy the load, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it can satisfy the load, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it can satisfy the load, that's
+diversity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity.
+uh then uh we will go to green systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh we will go to green systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh we will go to green systems
+or like uh loop fields and PV and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like uh loop fields and PV and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like uh loop fields and PV and so
+forth. uh when the temperature is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. uh when the temperature is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. uh when the temperature is under
+50 or over 85.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or over 85.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or over 85.
+And finally when uh the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally when uh the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally when uh the system
+uh gets above its uh set capacity and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets above its uh set capacity and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets above its uh set capacity and is
+no longer able to uh uh to maintain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer able to uh uh to maintain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer able to uh uh to maintain this
+50 to85 and it has all the green assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to85 and it has all the green assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to85 and it has all the green assets
+on will go to boiler cooling towers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on will go to boiler cooling towers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on will go to boiler cooling towers uh
+the for additional energy or to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for additional energy or to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for additional energy or to reject
+basically under 40° or over 95 degrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically under 40° or over 95 degrees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically under 40° or over 95 degrees.
+This is a a uh picture of the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a a uh picture of the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a a uh picture of the front end
+system of Colorado Mesa University. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Colorado Mesa University. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Colorado Mesa University. Uh
+it uh the central loop flash fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the central loop flash fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the central loop flash fluids
+building the heat pump systems. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the heat pump systems. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the heat pump systems. We have
+about 3 and 12 miles of 18in central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 and 12 miles of 18in central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 and 12 miles of 18in central
+loop pipeline in the five micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop pipeline in the five micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop pipeline in the five micro
+districts. We have currently 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts. We have currently 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts. We have currently 19
+buildings uh on the system itself and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings uh on the system itself and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings uh on the system itself and uh
+13 1.3 million square ft. Uh these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 1.3 million square ft. Uh these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 1.3 million square ft. Uh these five
+five micro distances are interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five micro distances are interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five micro distances are interconnected
+and they can uh be operated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can uh be operated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can uh be operated
+independently or as one system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me see. There are over uh 250 van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me see. There are over uh 250 van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me see. There are over uh 250 van
+gallons of transport fluid in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of transport fluid in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of transport fluid in the system
+and there are distributed assets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are distributed assets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are distributed assets around
+campus. This system uses loop fields,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus. This system uses loop fields,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus. This system uses loop fields,
+irrigation water and some potable water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation water and some potable water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation water and some potable water
+at this time. Uh except for a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time. Uh except for a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time. Uh except for a small
+number of hours, we have not fired the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours, we have not fired the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours, we have not fired the
+boilers to maintain temperature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers to maintain temperature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers to maintain temperature in the
+system since 2012.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system since 2012.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system since 2012.
+So what we've got uh here we've got loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we've got uh here we've got loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we've got uh here we've got loop
+fields. This is district number one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. This is district number one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. This is district number one.
+We've got loop fields. We've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got loop fields. We've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got loop fields. We've got a
+pumping station. This is a main pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping station. This is a main pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping station. This is a main pumping
+station uh for the central loop. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station uh for the central loop. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station uh for the central loop. It's
+sized to uh to handle about 4,000 tons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized to uh to handle about 4,000 tons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized to uh to handle about 4,000 tons.
+And south district 2 is down here. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And south district 2 is down here. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And south district 2 is down here. It's
+a set of dorms is mostly heating. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of dorms is mostly heating. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of dorms is mostly heating. Of
+course, it's isolated primary secondary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, it's isolated primary secondary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, it's isolated primary secondary.
+Uh district three is the Maverick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh district three is the Maverick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh district three is the Maverick
+Center. Uh in the center here, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center. Uh in the center here, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center. Uh in the center here, we have
+mixing valves and so forth. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing valves and so forth. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing valves and so forth. So we can
+direct and redirect uh the fluid and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and redirect uh the fluid and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and redirect uh the fluid and uh
+uh throughout any of the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout any of the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout any of the micro
+districts. Down here we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts. Down here we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts. Down here we have a a
+classroom building dorm complex when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom building dorm complex when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom building dorm complex when we
+have a second uh pumping station. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second uh pumping station. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second uh pumping station. These
+pump two pumping stations by the way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump two pumping stations by the way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump two pumping stations by the way um
+when they're used together are in a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're used together are in a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're used together are in a kind
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+parallel series configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel series configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel series configuration.
+And you know, most of the time uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, most of the time uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, most of the time uh uh we
+only used one or two pumps to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used one or two pumps to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used one or two pumps to start
+with. Uh as you might be able to see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Uh as you might be able to see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Uh as you might be able to see,
+it's kind of small here. This estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of small here. This estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of small here. This estimate
+right now, the central loop temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, the central loop temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, the central loop temperature
+is 82 degrees. And if you notice, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 82 degrees. And if you notice, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 82 degrees. And if you notice, we
+have none of the assets on. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have none of the assets on. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have none of the assets on. This is
+purely run on uh uh building diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely run on uh uh building diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely run on uh uh building diversity
+at this time. So, you know, uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time. So, you know, uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time. So, you know, uh it's uh
+oh, oops. you know, we do have, by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, oops. you know, we do have, by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, oops. you know, we do have, by the
+way, several buildings on at the uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, several buildings on at the uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, several buildings on at the uh at
+the same time. So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time. So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time. So, uh,
+as we go through this, um, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through this, um, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through this, um, we're
+currently planning on this campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently planning on this campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently planning on this campus
+another 1.3 million square foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 1.3 million square foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 1.3 million square foot
+addition, which is going to be a sixth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, which is going to be a sixth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, which is going to be a sixth,
+uh, uh, and probably seventh micro loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is kind of a nice cartoon. What it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is kind of a nice cartoon. What it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is kind of a nice cartoon. What it
+does is tell you a little bit about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is tell you a little bit about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is tell you a little bit about uh
+gives you a little broader perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a little broader perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a little broader perspective
+of what uh we have buildings on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh we have buildings on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh we have buildings on the
+loop. Uh they can be commercial,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. Uh they can be commercial,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. Uh they can be commercial,
+residential or industrial. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential or industrial. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential or industrial. They're
+cooling dominant or heating dominant. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling dominant or heating dominant. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling dominant or heating dominant. It
+doesn't matter. They could be balanced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter. They could be balanced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter. They could be balanced.
+It just depends. Uh then on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just depends. Uh then on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just depends. Uh then on top of that
+we have uh a system we're able to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh a system we're able to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh a system we're able to build
+solar PVT uh do heat exchange panels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar PVT uh do heat exchange panels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar PVT uh do heat exchange panels so
+forth. Uh we can uh use air source uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh we can uh use air source uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh we can uh use air source uh
+pumps built into made as multissource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps built into made as multissource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps built into made as multissource
+heat pumps which basically either uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pumps which basically either uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pumps which basically either uh use
+uh air as a source or water as source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh air as a source or water as source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh air as a source or water as source
+and of course ground source heat pumps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course ground source heat pumps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course ground source heat pumps.
+We may have chillers on the loop. We may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We may have chillers on the loop. We may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We may have chillers on the loop. We may
+have wastewater heat recovery and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wastewater heat recovery and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wastewater heat recovery and heat
+heat exchangers or we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers or we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers or we may have
+industrial us industrial waste and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial us industrial waste and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial us industrial waste and of
+course we have ground heat exchangers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have ground heat exchangers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have ground heat exchangers,
+thermal storage and water source heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal storage and water source heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal storage and water source heat
+changers exchangers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changers exchangers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changers exchangers.
+Uh all of the systems can be interfaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all of the systems can be interfaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all of the systems can be interfaced
+with the electrical uh grid and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electrical uh grid and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electrical uh grid and uh and
+also in PVT uh panels and so forth. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in PVT uh panels and so forth. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in PVT uh panels and so forth. But
+uh what we do is we operate the loop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we do is we operate the loop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we do is we operate the loop in
+such a way that we can uh uh shift loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that we can uh uh shift loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that we can uh uh shift loads
+and and or take care of take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or take care of take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or take care of take advantage
+of time of day rates and and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time of day rates and and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time of day rates and and so forth.
+Uh and then also on top of that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then also on top of that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then also on top of that, you
+know, we might be turn around have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we might be turn around have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we might be turn around have
+another source of electricity, river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source of electricity, river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source of electricity, river
+run, wind, whatever have you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run, wind, whatever have you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run, wind, whatever have you.
+And finally, you know, we can go with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, you know, we can go with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, you know, we can go with uh
+additions like conventional CHP, cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions like conventional CHP, cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions like conventional CHP, cooling
+towers and of course boilers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers and of course boilers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers and of course boilers for
+emergency. Uh the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency. Uh the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency. Uh the interesting thing is
+uh we can attach micro uh other micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can attach micro uh other micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can attach micro uh other micro
+grids to the loop. So consider that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids to the loop. So consider that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids to the loop. So consider that to
+be opponent. This system is emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be opponent. This system is emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be opponent. This system is emissions
+free uh uh and uh uses electrical power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh uh and uh uses electrical power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh uh and uh uses electrical power
+and in some cases we're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases we're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases we're starting to
+interface with the telecon uh with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with the telecon uh with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with the telecon uh with with
+grid enabled monitoring automated uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid enabled monitoring automated uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid enabled monitoring automated uh uh
+uh sequences above the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequences above the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequences above the general
+management system and monitoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system and monitoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system and monitoring and
+intelligent control. uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent control. uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent control. uh for example
+mapping the uh the flow of people back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the uh the flow of people back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the uh the flow of people back
+and forth across campuses uh in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth across campuses uh in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth across campuses uh in and out
+of city buildings and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of city buildings and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of city buildings and so forth.
+So that concludes my uh presentation. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that concludes my uh presentation. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that concludes my uh presentation. Uh
+I hope you enjoyed it and if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you enjoyed it and if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you enjoyed it and if you've got
+any questions, please submit them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions, please submit them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions, please submit them.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wS1MX-C2V9w.txt b/wS1MX-C2V9w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2edfbe17d25c7f732667996976c6511e77c1c0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wS1MX-C2V9w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6528 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Next handout, thermodynamics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next handout, thermodynamics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next handout, thermodynamics.
+Yes. Yes. I love thermodynamics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. I love thermodynamics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. I love thermodynamics.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+what is thermodynamics?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is thermodynamics?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is thermodynamics?
+So, thermodynamics and kinetics I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, thermodynamics and kinetics I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, thermodynamics and kinetics I feel
+go together, but for kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together, but for kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together, but for kind of weird
+reasons. We do thermodynamics now and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. We do thermodynamics now and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. We do thermodynamics now and we
+do kinetics at the very last unit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kinetics at the very last unit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kinetics at the very last unit of the
+semester. Um, part of the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Um, part of the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Um, part of the reason for
+this is that kinetics is often a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that kinetics is often a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that kinetics is often a unit
+that students uh can pick up really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students uh can pick up really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students uh can pick up really fast
+and so I like doing it at the end when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I like doing it at the end when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I like doing it at the end when
+um everything your world is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything your world is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything your world is sort of
+crazy and you have something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and you have something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and you have something that you
+can get a grasp on pretty pretty easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a grasp on pretty pretty easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a grasp on pretty pretty easily
+for the last unit. So anyway, I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last unit. So anyway, I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last unit. So anyway, I'll tell
+you a little bit about kinetics now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about kinetics now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit about kinetics now um
+because we won't get to a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we won't get to a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we won't get to a lot of it
+until later. So, thermodynamics deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later. So, thermodynamics deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later. So, thermodynamics deals
+with energy change and spontaneity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy change and spontaneity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy change and spontaneity of
+reactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions.
+And thermodynamics brings you three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And thermodynamics brings you three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And thermodynamics brings you three of
+my favorite things in chemistry, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite things in chemistry, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite things in chemistry, which
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta H,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta S, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta G.
+I love these. I live my life around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love these. I live my life around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love these. I live my life around
+these things. I believe entropy should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. I believe entropy should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. I believe entropy should
+always be increasing. Um, and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be increasing. Um, and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be increasing. Um, and I love
+nothing more than free energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than free energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than free energy.
+That's great stuff. Okay, so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great stuff. Okay, so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great stuff. Okay, so today we're
+going to talk about delta H. Next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about delta H. Next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about delta H. Next week
+we have delta S and delta G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have delta S and delta G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have delta S and delta G.
+What about kinetics? What does kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about kinetics? What does kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about kinetics? What does kinetics
+bring us? Well, kinetics brings us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring us? Well, kinetics brings us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring us? Well, kinetics brings us the
+rate or speed of a reaction. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or speed of a reaction. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or speed of a reaction. It can
+bring us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring us
+fast reactions and it can bring us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactions and it can bring us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactions and it can bring us
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions.
+I like kinetics, too. I kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like kinetics, too. I kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like kinetics, too. I kind of like the
+fast, to be honest with you. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast, to be honest with you. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast, to be honest with you. All right,
+so thermodynamics and kinetics. One,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thermodynamics and kinetics. One,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thermodynamics and kinetics. One,
+thermodynamics tells us whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics tells us whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics tells us whether
+something is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going to happen
+spontaneously or not. But kinetics tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously or not. But kinetics tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously or not. But kinetics tells
+us the rate at which it happens. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the rate at which it happens. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the rate at which it happens. So
+let's just think of an example for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think of an example for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think of an example for a
+minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute.
+You may have heard the this commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may have heard the this commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may have heard the this commercial
+happens a lot around Valentine's Day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot around Valentine's Day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot around Valentine's Day.
+Diamonds are forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds are forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds are forever.
+So actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually
+thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically
+graphite is favorable to diamonds. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite is favorable to diamonds. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite is favorable to diamonds. It's
+more stable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable.
+So, graphite or or coal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, graphite or or coal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, graphite or or coal,
+thermodynamically, this is the stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically, this is the stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically, this is the stuff.
+Diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds
+diamonds not, you know, forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds not, you know, forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds not, you know, forever.
+That's really a kinetic statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really a kinetic statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really a kinetic statement.
+It's it's there for a very long time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's there for a very long time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's there for a very long time,
+but you know, it isn't it isn't inert.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, it isn't it isn't inert.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, it isn't it isn't inert.
+So, here's an important question. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's an important question. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's an important question. What
+is the best ring for one geek to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best ring for one geek to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best ring for one geek to give
+another geek? the thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another geek? the thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another geek? the thermodynamically
+stable one or one that that is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable one or one that that is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable one or one that that is uh you
+know more kinetically uh slow to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more kinetically uh slow to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more kinetically uh slow to react
+more stable more inert inertness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable more inert inertness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable more inert inertness
+reaction what do you you know I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction what do you you know I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction what do you you know I should
+have a clicker question on this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clicker question on this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clicker question on this and I
+know what you think but actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you think but actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you think but actually the
+answer is in my opinion neither of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is in my opinion neither of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is in my opinion neither of these
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's only really one ring that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only really one ring that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only really one ring that any
+geek really wants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geek really wants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geek really wants.
+Green Lantern's ring has the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Lantern's ring has the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Lantern's ring has the power of
+chemistry at your fingertips. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry at your fingertips. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry at your fingertips. You can
+make who cares if something's inert. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make who cares if something's inert. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make who cares if something's inert. If
+you're the Green Lantern, you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the Green Lantern, you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the Green Lantern, you can do
+whatever. So that that's the ring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. So that that's the ring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. So that that's the ring.
+Anyway, what about the one ring? Oh, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, what about the one ring? Oh, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, what about the one ring? Oh, one
+ring. Yeah, I I like the Green Lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring. Yeah, I I like the Green Lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring. Yeah, I I like the Green Lantern
+ring, but I guess, you know, next next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring, but I guess, you know, next next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring, but I guess, you know, next next,
+you know, maybe we should have we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe we should have we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe we should have we should
+open a a a blog on this. It's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a a a blog on this. It's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a a a blog on this. It's a really
+important question. All right, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question. All right, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question. All right, so let's
+think about bonding for a minute. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about bonding for a minute. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about bonding for a minute. So,
+thermodynamics is telling us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is telling us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is telling us about
+energy change. It's telling us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change. It's telling us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change. It's telling us about
+spontaneity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity.
+And so, we need to think about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, we need to think about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, we need to think about energy
+that's going in. So, kinetics is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going in. So, kinetics is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going in. So, kinetics is telling
+us about how fast. Thermodynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how fast. Thermodynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how fast. Thermodynamics is
+really telling us about stability. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really telling us about stability. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really telling us about stability. How
+stable is something? How much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable is something? How much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable is something? How much does it
+cost to break it apart?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to break it apart?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to break it apart?
+So, we're back to bond dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're back to bond dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're back to bond dissociation
+energies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies.
+We have the change in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have the change in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have the change in uh the
+dissociation energy e to the little d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy e to the little d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy e to the little d.
+It's the energy to break a bond. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the energy to break a bond. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the energy to break a bond. We've
+seen this plot before. Now, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this plot before. Now, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this plot before. Now, we have
+methane. We're breaking off a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane. We're breaking off a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane. We're breaking off a hydrogen
+from it, which is actually very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it, which is actually very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it, which is actually very hard to
+do. Scientists would love to uh break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Scientists would love to uh break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Scientists would love to uh break
+apart methane and make methanol, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart methane and make methanol, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart methane and make methanol, but
+it's a hard thing to do. Um, up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard thing to do. Um, up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard thing to do. Um, up here we
+have unfavorable reactions. When the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unfavorable reactions. When the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unfavorable reactions. When the
+atoms are too close, then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are too close, then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are too close, then you have a
+sweet spot where the positions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot where the positions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot where the positions of the
+atoms are just right to form a bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are just right to form a bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are just right to form a bond.
+That's when you get methane. And then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's when you get methane. And then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's when you get methane. And then if
+you put in energy, you can pull that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in energy, you can pull that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in energy, you can pull that um
+pull this off. If they go far apart with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this off. If they go far apart with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this off. If they go far apart with
+radius this way, your bond will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius this way, your bond will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius this way, your bond will
+dissociate. You always have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate. You always have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate. You always have to put
+energy in to get it to dissociate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in to get it to dissociate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in to get it to dissociate.
+So now we can think about it. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can think about it. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can think about it. We've
+thought about this in terms of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this in terms of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this in terms of bond
+dissociation. We've seen this before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation. We've seen this before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation. We've seen this before,
+but now we can think about it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can think about it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can think about it in terms
+of a new term, which is delta HB or bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new term, which is delta HB or bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new term, which is delta HB or bond
+enalpy. So bond enalpy is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpy. So bond enalpy is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpy. So bond enalpy is the change in
+heat accompanying this association of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat accompanying this association of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat accompanying this association of a
+bond and it's measured at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and it's measured at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and it's measured at a constant
+pressure. In fact, if we relate delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure. In fact, if we relate delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure. In fact, if we relate delta H
+to delta E, um delta H equals delta E um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delta E, um delta H equals delta E um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delta E, um delta H equals delta E um
+plus whatever change in in uh pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus whatever change in in uh pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus whatever change in in uh pressure
+volume um and often this term is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um and often this term is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um and often this term is pretty
+small. So people often really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So people often really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So people often really think
+about reactions in terms of these being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reactions in terms of these being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reactions in terms of these being
+pretty similar to each other. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to each other. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to each other. So for
+gases um the difference really is 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases um the difference really is 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases um the difference really is 1 to
+2% and if you're talking about um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% and if you're talking about um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% and if you're talking about um a
+liquid or a solid solid, it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or a solid solid, it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or a solid solid, it's really a
+negligible difference. So we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible difference. So we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible difference. So we often
+really kind of think about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of think about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of think about these things
+in the same way. We think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way. We think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way. We think about the
+energy going into a system to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy going into a system to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy going into a system to break the
+bond. Um or we think about the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Um or we think about the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Um or we think about the bond
+enalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and bond enalpies delta H is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bond enalpies delta H is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bond enalpies delta H is often
+easier to measure. So it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to measure. So it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to measure. So it's very
+convenient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient.
+All right. So again bond enalpies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So again bond enalpies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So again bond enalpies you
+always have to put energy in if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to put energy in if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to put energy in if you're
+going to break a bond. So it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break a bond. So it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break a bond. So it's always
+going to be positive. It always takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive. It always takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive. It always takes
+heat. It always takes something to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. It always takes something to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. It always takes something to break
+a bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond.
+And so breaking a bond is endothermic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so breaking a bond is endothermic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so breaking a bond is endothermic.
+Heat must be added. Whereas bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat must be added. Whereas bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat must be added. Whereas bond
+formation is exothermic. Heat is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is exothermic. Heat is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is exothermic. Heat is being
+released. And so we can think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released. And so we can think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released. And so we can think about this
+again. When you form a bond, those we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. When you form a bond, those we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. When you form a bond, those we
+saw with MO theory that those bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with MO theory that those bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with MO theory that those bonds
+those there's more electrons in lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those there's more electrons in lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those there's more electrons in lower
+energy in the bonding orbitals than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the bonding orbitals than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the bonding orbitals than in
+the antib-bonding orbitals. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antib-bonding orbitals. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antib-bonding orbitals. They're
+happy. This is a lower energy state. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. This is a lower energy state. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. This is a lower energy state. So
+if you're going to break that bond,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to break that bond,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to break that bond,
+breaking up is hard to do. And there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up is hard to do. And there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up is hard to do. And there's a
+song that verifies that statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song that verifies that statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song that verifies that statement.
+Breaking up is hard to do. You always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breaking up is hard to do. You always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breaking up is hard to do. You always
+have to add heat. But um when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add heat. But um when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add heat. But um when you go
+when you go from that stable state out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from that stable state out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from that stable state out,
+when you form those bonds, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you form those bonds, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you form those bonds, you know,
+that's that everyone it's like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that everyone it's like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that everyone it's like, you
+know, become a married couple often get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, become a married couple often get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, become a married couple often get
+a little boring. They're in a low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little boring. They're in a low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little boring. They're in a low energy
+state. It's hard to get them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. It's hard to get them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. It's hard to get them out of the
+house. Um, and so they release all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. Um, and so they release all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. Um, and so they release all of
+their their energy and they form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their energy and they form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their energy and they form this
+nice little happy stable couple. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little happy stable couple. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little happy stable couple. So when
+you do bond formation, that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do bond formation, that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do bond formation, that's an
+exothermic process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic process.
+All right? So we can talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? So we can talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? So we can talk about um
+standard bond enalpies. When you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard bond enalpies. When you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard bond enalpies. When you see
+this little uh circle up there, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little uh circle up there, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little uh circle up there, that
+means it's a value that's at standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a value that's at standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a value that's at standard
+conditions where your reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where your reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where your reactants and
+products are in their standard states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so we can think about what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can think about what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we can think about what are some
+delta H um or some bond enalpies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H um or some bond enalpies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H um or some bond enalpies for
+different kinds of carbon hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of carbon hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of carbon hydrogen
+bonds. So here's our friend methane. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. So here's our friend methane. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. So here's our friend methane. If
+you're going to pull off a hydrogen, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pull off a hydrogen, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pull off a hydrogen, you
+have to put energy in to do that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put energy in to do that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put energy in to do that. And
+the bond enalpy for that is 438.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond enalpy for that is 438.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond enalpy for that is 438.
+Now we can think about some other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can think about some other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can think about some other kinds
+of carbon bonds. We talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon bonds. We talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon bonds. We talked about this
+one. We have it here um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We have it here um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We have it here um in the
+classroom. Um so if we pull off um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom. Um so if we pull off um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom. Um so if we pull off um a
+hydrogen um from that it's plus 410. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um from that it's plus 410. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um from that it's plus 410. So
+similar but not the same. If you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but not the same. If you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but not the same. If you now
+substitute florines um three florines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute florines um three florines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute florines um three florines
+for three of the hydrogens that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three of the hydrogens that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three of the hydrogens that changes
+your value a little bit but not much. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value a little bit but not much. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value a little bit but not much. If
+you substitute uh chlorine it changes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute uh chlorine it changes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute uh chlorine it changes it
+a lot more. Same with bromine. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more. Same with bromine. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more. Same with bromine. So it
+depends the bond enaly depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends the bond enaly depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends the bond enaly depends on what
+else is around that atom that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is around that atom that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is around that atom that you're
+pulling around. So it's it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling around. So it's it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling around. So it's it's not always
+the same value. It's different. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value. It's different. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value. It's different. It
+depends on what else is there. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what else is there. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what else is there. Um so
+often you'll have a table that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you'll have a table that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you'll have a table that will
+report mean bond enalpies and they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report mean bond enalpies and they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report mean bond enalpies and they take
+all the bond enalpies and they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bond enalpies and they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bond enalpies and they get the
+mean value and they're usually within 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value and they're usually within 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value and they're usually within 8%
+of each other. And for a carbon hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other. And for a carbon hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other. And for a carbon hydrogen
+bond it's around 412 is the mean bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond it's around 412 is the mean bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond it's around 412 is the mean bond
+enalpy. But when you're using mean bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpy. But when you're using mean bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpy. But when you're using mean bond
+enalpies to calculate something, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies to calculate something, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies to calculate something, you
+have to realize that there can be some,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize that there can be some,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize that there can be some,
+you know, pretty big differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, pretty big differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, pretty big differences
+depending on what's around uh that bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what's around uh that bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what's around uh that bond
+that you're going to break. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to break. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to break. All right,
+so those are some bond enalpies. Why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some bond enalpies. Why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some bond enalpies. Why are
+they important? Well, they're important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they important? Well, they're important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they important? Well, they're important
+because the difference in bond enalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the difference in bond enalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the difference in bond enalpies
+between a product and a reactant can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a product and a reactant can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a product and a reactant can
+tell you about the enalpy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the enalpy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the enalpy of that
+reaction. the enalpy of the reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. the enalpy of the reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. the enalpy of the reaction of
+breaking a bonds and forming new bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking a bonds and forming new bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking a bonds and forming new bonds
+or the enalpy of reaction which is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the enalpy of reaction which is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the enalpy of reaction which is delta
+HR subr and that is in then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR subr and that is in then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HR subr and that is in then in the
+standard state in that case. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard state in that case. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard state in that case. So let's
+talk about enalpies of reactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about enalpies of reactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about enalpies of reactions.
+So we have this symbol again standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this symbol again standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this symbol again standard
+bond enalpy for a reaction. So if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enalpy for a reaction. So if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enalpy for a reaction. So if it's a
+little b it's a bond enalpy if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b it's a bond enalpy if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little b it's a bond enalpy if it's a
+little r it's a reaction enthalpy. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r it's a reaction enthalpy. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r it's a reaction enthalpy. If
+it's negative value, it means it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative value, it means it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative value, it means it's an
+exofothermic reaction. And if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exofothermic reaction. And if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exofothermic reaction. And if it's a
+positive value, it means that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value, it means that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value, it means that it's an
+endothermic reaction. So, we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction. So, we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction. So, we'll use
+these terms a lot and you'll get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms a lot and you'll get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms a lot and you'll get very
+familiar with them. So, let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with them. So, let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with them. So, let's look at
+some examples of reactions. And here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of reactions. And here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of reactions. And here is
+uh one of my favorites and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my favorites and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my favorites and it is
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has its own song photoistois.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+photosynthesis does not involve a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis does not involve a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis does not involve a camera
+or a synthesizer, although that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a synthesizer, although that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a synthesizer, although that's
+interesting, too. Photosynthesis is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, too. Photosynthesis is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, too. Photosynthesis is how
+lights take light from the sun and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights take light from the sun and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights take light from the sun and turn
+it into energy. It's actually a thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into energy. It's actually a thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into energy. It's actually a thing on
+which most light depends here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most light depends here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most light depends here on the
+planet Earth. Photosis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that gives you an idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that gives you an idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that gives you an idea.
+Unfortunately, every time you will hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, every time you will hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, every time you will hear
+the word photosynthesis, you'll go, "Ah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word photosynthesis, you'll go, "Ah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word photosynthesis, you'll go, "Ah,
+it happens. I'm sorry about that." Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens. I'm sorry about that." Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens. I'm sorry about that." Okay,
+so photosynthesis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so photosynthesis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so photosynthesis,
+amazing reaction. People right now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing reaction. People right now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing reaction. People right now are
+trying to duplicate it in industry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to duplicate it in industry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to duplicate it in industry to
+solve the energy problem. Good luck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the energy problem. Good luck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the energy problem. Good luck with
+that. Um, but I I know I I wish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, but I I know I I wish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, but I I know I I wish them
+good luck. That would be awesome. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck. That would be awesome. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck. That would be awesome. Um, we
+use the opposite of that reaction um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the opposite of that reaction um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the opposite of that reaction um for
+our energy. So we take sugar and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy. So we take sugar and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy. So we take sugar and use
+oxygen to break it down which um is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to break it down which um is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to break it down which um is an
+awesome thing because this has a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome thing because this has a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome thing because this has a really
+negative um uh enalpy of reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um uh enalpy of reaction minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um uh enalpy of reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. It's huge and we store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. It's huge and we store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. It's huge and we store this
+in something called ATP. So since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called ATP. So since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called ATP. So since this
+is and I'm going to need uh the help of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm going to need uh the help of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm going to need uh the help of
+the TAS for a minute because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TAS for a minute because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TAS for a minute because we're going
+to do a very quick demo at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a very quick demo at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a very quick demo at the end of
+today's class. Um this uh reaction is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class. Um this uh reaction is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class. Um this uh reaction is is
+exothermic big time. It's a big negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic big time. It's a big negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic big time. It's a big negative
+which raises the question you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which raises the question you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which raises the question you know if
+it's that exothermic really big value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that exothermic really big value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that exothermic really big value we
+have sugar in air why we should feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sugar in air why we should feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sugar in air why we should feel
+heat should be released. So I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat should be released. So I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat should be released. So I think we
+should do this demo now and see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this demo now and see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this demo now and see whether
+that's true. So, I have a bag of sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. So, I have a bag of sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. So, I have a bag of sugar
+and it is sealed under nitrogen, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is sealed under nitrogen, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is sealed under nitrogen, so
+there's no oxygen in there. And I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no oxygen in there. And I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no oxygen in there. And I forgot
+my safety glasses, but um you know, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my safety glasses, but um you know, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my safety glasses, but um you know, I'll
+try to you know, the Sorry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you know, the Sorry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you know, the Sorry about the
+front room. I should have had a stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front room. I should have had a stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front room. I should have had a stellar
+announcement that you might want to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement that you might want to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement that you might want to sit
+back. But I'm going to cut this open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. But I'm going to cut this open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. But I'm going to cut this open and
+let O2 in. So, there should be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let O2 in. So, there should be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let O2 in. So, there should be a lot of
+heat coming out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individually wrapped. Oh, you know what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually wrapped. Oh, you know what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually wrapped. Oh, you know what?
+They're individually wrapped. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're individually wrapped. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're individually wrapped. All right.
+So, this is not going to work. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is not going to work. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is not going to work. So, I
+need my the TAs to come down here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need my the TAs to come down here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need my the TAs to come down here,
+please. And you got to help me unwrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please. And you got to help me unwrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please. And you got to help me unwrap
+them. Has anyone done the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Has anyone done the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Has anyone done the experiment
+yet? Do you feel heat coming out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet? Do you feel heat coming out?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet? Do you feel heat coming out?
+You do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. I better try it up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I better try it up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I better try it up here.
+Let's see. I'm gonna unwrap mine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. I'm gonna unwrap mine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. I'm gonna unwrap mine.
+It's not working very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not working very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not working very well.
+So, it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it turns out
+that it's very it's heat should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very it's heat should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very it's heat should be
+released, but this is very slow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released, but this is very slow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released, but this is very slow.
+So, we don't feel the heat when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we don't feel the heat when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we don't feel the heat when we
+unwrap our Hershey's kisses. I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwrap our Hershey's kisses. I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwrap our Hershey's kisses. I encourage
+everyone to try this experiment at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to try this experiment at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to try this experiment at least
+once. Um but the way that we harness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Um but the way that we harness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Um but the way that we harness
+this energy in our bodies is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy in our bodies is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy in our bodies is that we
+have catalysts which are enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have catalysts which are enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have catalysts which are enzymes that
+speed up the reaction and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the reaction and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the reaction and that's how we
+get the full force of this reaction out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the full force of this reaction out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the full force of this reaction out.
+So um that is actually our introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um that is actually our introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um that is actually our introduction
+uh to thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to thermodynamics
+and uh next time um we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh next time um we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh next time um we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um how we're going to calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how we're going to calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how we're going to calculate these
+delta H are these heats of reaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H are these heats of reaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H are these heats of reaction.
+All right. So, we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we were talking about
+delta H and so I want to pull out um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H and so I want to pull out um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H and so I want to pull out um the
+handouts from last time and uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts from last time and uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts from last time and uh we were
+at the bottom of page two with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom of page two with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom of page two with three
+different ways to calculate delta H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to calculate delta H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to calculate delta H.
+So, uh or delta H of reaction delta HR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh or delta H of reaction delta HR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh or delta H of reaction delta HR
+the reaction enalpy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction enalpy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction enalpy.
+So I introduced you to bond enalpies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I introduced you to bond enalpies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I introduced you to bond enalpies and
+today we're going to look at how you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to look at how you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to look at how you use
+bond enalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enalpies
+um to calculate reaction enalpies. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to calculate reaction enalpies. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to calculate reaction enalpies. And
+remember bond enalpies sometimes it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember bond enalpies sometimes it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember bond enalpies sometimes it has
+nothing just delta h sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing just delta h sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing just delta h sometimes it's
+delta h subb capital b for bond. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta h subb capital b for bond. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta h subb capital b for bond. Um and
+we're going to look at that. Then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at that. Then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at that. Then we're
+going to look at how you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how you can calculate
+delta h for reaction from the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta h for reaction from the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta h for reaction from the standard
+enalpies of formation. And I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies of formation. And I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies of formation. And I'll
+introduce you to what that means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to what that means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to what that means and
+then also tell you about Hessa's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also tell you about Hessa's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also tell you about Hessa's law
+where you can combine reactions known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can combine reactions known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can combine reactions known
+reactions that have known delta H's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that have known delta H's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that have known delta H's to
+get a new uh equation and calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new uh equation and calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new uh equation and calculate a
+new delta H for that reaction. So three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new delta H for that reaction. So three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new delta H for that reaction. So three
+different ways. So we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. So we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. So we're going to start
+with way one which is bond enalpies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with way one which is bond enalpies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with way one which is bond enalpies.
+So here is the equation for calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is the equation for calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is the equation for calculating
+bond enalpies. So we have the delta h kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enalpies. So we have the delta h kn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enalpies. So we have the delta h kn
+of uh of the reaction equals the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of the reaction equals the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of the reaction equals the sum of
+all of the reactants um bond enalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reactants um bond enalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reactants um bond enalpies
+minus the sum of all the product bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the sum of all the product bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the sum of all the product bond
+enalpies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies.
+And so this is bonds broken minus bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is bonds broken minus bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is bonds broken minus bonds
+formed. And so let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed. And so let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed. And so let's think about this
+for a minute and think about what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and think about what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and think about what would
+be true if you had stronger bonds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true if you had stronger bonds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true if you had stronger bonds in the
+products than in the reactants. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products than in the reactants. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products than in the reactants. What
+would be true? And this is a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true? And this is a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true? And this is a clicker
+question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's just take 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's just take 10 more
+seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yep. So now let's think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yep. So now let's think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yep. So now let's think about why
+this is true. So it's good good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. So it's good good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. So it's good good news
+that most of you know that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of you know that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of you know that negative
+means exothermic and positive means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means exothermic and positive means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means exothermic and positive means
+endothermic. Um and let's look at why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic. Um and let's look at why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic. Um and let's look at why
+this is true. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. So um
+so let's let's look at both of these. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at both of these. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at both of these. So
+if we have bonds stronger in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have bonds stronger in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have bonds stronger in the
+products, you can just think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products, you can just think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products, you can just think about the
+equation. So if you have bonds stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So if you have bonds stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So if you have bonds stronger
+in the products, this is a bigger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the products, this is a bigger number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the products, this is a bigger number
+and that's a smaller number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a smaller number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a smaller number which is
+going to give you a negative answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a negative answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a negative answer and
+a negative value is exothermic. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative value is exothermic. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative value is exothermic. Um and
+you could think about the equation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think about the equation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think about the equation um
+stronger bonds here, bigger number minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger bonds here, bigger number minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger bonds here, bigger number minus
+a smaller number, positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller number, positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller number, positive or
+endothermic. But let's think for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic. But let's think for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic. But let's think for a
+minute about why this is the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about why this is the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about why this is the case and
+rationalize it. because on an exam this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize it. because on an exam this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize it. because on an exam this
+is one of the equations that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the equations that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the equations that you're not
+given. So let's uh let's help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. So let's uh let's help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. So let's uh let's help you
+remember why this would be true. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember why this would be true. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember why this would be true. So um
+we can think about we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about we can think about
+this if you're if you're going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're if you're going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're if you're going to break
+bonds and this isn't in your notes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and this isn't in your notes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and this isn't in your notes but
+I'm just people get confused by this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just people get confused by this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just people get confused by this so
+I'm just going to uh write a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to uh write a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to uh write a little bit
+on the board. So if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board. So if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board. So if you're going to
+break bonds you need to put energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break bonds you need to put energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break bonds you need to put energy into
+the system to break bonds. And we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to break bonds. And we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to break bonds. And we talked
+about this before and since uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this before and since uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this before and since uh we have
+exam two coming up, we'll just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam two coming up, we'll just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam two coming up, we'll just do a
+little review of some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little review of some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little review of some of the things that
+might be on the exam. So you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the exam. So you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the exam. So you don't have
+this in uh in the handout we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in uh in the handout we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in uh in the handout we're doing
+right now, but you had this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, but you had this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, but you had this in the
+lecture nine handout and something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture nine handout and something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture nine handout and something like
+this might be on the exam. Um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be on the exam. Um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be on the exam. Um so we
+should should be thinking about it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should be thinking about it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should be thinking about it. So
+remember if there was no energy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if there was no energy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if there was no energy that you
+needed to put in to break a bond, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put in to break a bond, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put in to break a bond, if
+breaking the bond required no energy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the bond required no energy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the bond required no energy,
+there would be no bond. So when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be no bond. So when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be no bond. So when the
+energy is zero, there's no bonds. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is zero, there's no bonds. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is zero, there's no bonds. These
+two are not these things are not bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not these things are not bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not these things are not bonded
+together. And when you do form a bond,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And when you do form a bond,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And when you do form a bond,
+you go down in energy here. So it's at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down in energy here. So it's at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down in energy here. So it's at a
+lower state. It's more stable. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower state. It's more stable. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower state. It's more stable. That's
+why it forms a bond. If it was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it forms a bond. If it was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it forms a bond. If it was less
+stable, it wouldn't be forming a bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable, it wouldn't be forming a bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable, it wouldn't be forming a bond.
+But if it's more stable, lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if it's more stable, lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if it's more stable, lower in
+energy, a larger negative number, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, a larger negative number, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, a larger negative number, then
+uh then a bond forms. So to break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then a bond forms. So to break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then a bond forms. So to break this
+bond, you have to put energy into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond, you have to put energy into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond, you have to put energy into the
+system. So breaking bonds always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So breaking bonds always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So breaking bonds always
+involves energy in. But forming bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we're forming bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we're going to have energy out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have energy out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have energy out. So
+we're at a a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a a uh
+we're at a lower place here. So if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a lower place here. So if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a lower place here. So if we if
+if we want to break bonds, we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to break bonds, we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to break bonds, we have to
+put energy in. But if we're forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put energy in. But if we're forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put energy in. But if we're forming
+bonds, then we're going to have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, then we're going to have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, then we're going to have energy
+that these guys had that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these guys had that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these guys had that is going to be
+released somewhere. So energy goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released somewhere. So energy goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released somewhere. So energy goes out
+of the system. And the farther down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system. And the farther down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system. And the farther down we
+have the stronger bonds, the more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the stronger bonds, the more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the stronger bonds, the more energy
+you have to put in to break, but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put in to break, but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put in to break, but also
+the more energy that comes out when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more energy that comes out when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more energy that comes out when uh
+when the bonds form. So energy in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bonds form. So energy in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bonds form. So energy in to
+break a bond, but when a bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a bond, but when a bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a bond, but when a bond is
+forming, it goes to low to a lower state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming, it goes to low to a lower state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming, it goes to low to a lower state
+and that energy is released. So now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy is released. So now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy is released. So now we
+can think about what happens if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what happens if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what happens if you have
+a reactant uh with weak bonds. So if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactant uh with weak bonds. So if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactant uh with weak bonds. So if the
+reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+has weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has weak
+bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much energy do you have to put in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you have to put in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you have to put in if
+it has weak bonds to break them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has weak bonds to break them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has weak bonds to break them?
+Not a lot. So we have just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not a lot. So we have just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not a lot. So we have just sort of a
+little bit of energy in little energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of energy in little energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of energy in little energy in
+to break those bonds. Now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break those bonds. Now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break those bonds. Now in the
+products,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we have strong bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much energy goes out? If we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy goes out? If we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy goes out? If we're
+forming strong bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming strong bonds,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming strong bonds,
+a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot.
+So energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So energy
+out, we have lots of energy out. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, we have lots of energy out. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, we have lots of energy out. So that
+was the first uh case that we had. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first uh case that we had. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first uh case that we had. So we
+had something where the bonds were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something where the bonds were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something where the bonds were
+stronger in the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger in the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger in the product
+and we said that this was negative. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that this was negative. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that this was negative. So
+net here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net here we have
+um heat or energy out is released and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heat or energy out is released and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heat or energy out is released and so
+that's an exothermic system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh the boards work today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh the boards work today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh the boards work today.
+Um and if we have the other if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and if we have the other if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and if we have the other if we have
+say strong bonds in the pro in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say strong bonds in the pro in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say strong bonds in the pro in the
+reactants then we have to put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants then we have to put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants then we have to put a lot of
+energy in big energy in if we have weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in big energy in if we have weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in big energy in if we have weak
+bonds that are being formed we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are being formed we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are being formed we're not
+getting much energy back. So the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting much energy back. So the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting much energy back. So the net
+here is that you have heat in or heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you have heat in or heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you have heat in or heat
+absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's an endothermic reaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an endothermic reaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an endothermic reaction.
+So this is just one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just one way to think about
+it. Remember whenever you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Remember whenever you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Remember whenever you're going to
+break bond you always have to put energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break bond you always have to put energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break bond you always have to put energy
+in to break the bond and when a bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to break the bond and when a bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to break the bond and when a bond is
+formed that energy is released. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed that energy is released. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed that energy is released. So we're
+thinking about the net of these pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the net of these pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the net of these pro the
+the processes and that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes and that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes and that's why this
+equation works for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation works for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation works for us.
+So keep this in mind. This is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So keep this in mind. This is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So keep this in mind. This is one of the
+points that people get confused on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that people get confused on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that people get confused on on
+the exams and sometimes like they say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exams and sometimes like they say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exams and sometimes like they say oh
+thermodynamics I just don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics I just don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics I just don't understand
+it and they're not keeping calm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they're not keeping calm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they're not keeping calm and
+sciencing on. They're getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciencing on. They're getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciencing on. They're getting all
+stressed by thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed by thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed by thermodynamics
+and all it's only this confusion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it's only this confusion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it's only this confusion that's
+it. So if you work this out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So if you work this out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So if you work this out then
+thermodynamics will be your friend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics will be your friend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics will be your friend and
+you will love thermodynamics like I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will love thermodynamics like I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will love thermodynamics like I do
+forever. So um this is this is uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. So um this is this is uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. So um this is this is uh it's
+it's just kind of keep this in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of keep this in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of keep this in mind and
+uh those diagrams in mind and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those diagrams in mind and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those diagrams in mind and you'll be
+all good. All right. So let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good. All right. So let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good. All right. So let's do an
+example now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now.
+So we can um we can use these bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can um we can use these bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can um we can use these bond
+enalpies in this equation where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies in this equation where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies in this equation where we're
+summing up all our reactants. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up all our reactants. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up all our reactants. And
+sometimes you see sum for of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see sum for of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see sum for of the little
+I here for I reactants minus J products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here for I reactants minus J products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here for I reactants minus J products.
+So the sum of all of the products um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sum of all of the products um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sum of all of the products um and
+and it really is a lot here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really is a lot here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really is a lot here because
+we're talking about breaking every bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about breaking every bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about breaking every bond.
+We're talking about forming every bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're talking about forming every bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're talking about forming every bond.
+So this is not a huge molecule, but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is not a huge molecule, but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is not a huge molecule, but uh
+let's think about how many bonds we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how many bonds we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how many bonds we're
+actually going to be breaking here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be breaking here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be breaking here. So
+these are all the bonds that are broken.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the bonds that are broken.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the bonds that are broken.
+They're not quite as many being formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not quite as many being formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not quite as many being formed
+here. So, bonds broken. We have carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, bonds broken. We have carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, bonds broken. We have carbon
+hydrogen bonds and we have seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds and we have seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds and we have seven of
+those. So, one, two, three, four, five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. So, one, two, three, four, five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. So, one, two, three, four, five.
+Let's see if I count them. One, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see if I count them. One, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see if I count them. One, two,
+three, four, five, six. Uh, or oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four, five, six. Uh, or oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four, five, six. Uh, or oh,
+seven. There it is. I need my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. There it is. I need my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. There it is. I need my my
+glasses. All right. O bonds. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses. All right. O bonds. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses. All right. O bonds. We have
+these guys up here. One, two, three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys up here. One, two, three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys up here. One, two, three,
+four, five. we have CO bond um over oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, five. we have CO bond um over oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, five. we have CO bond um over oh
+one double bond over here. Um, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one double bond over here. Um, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one double bond over here. Um, so we
+also are going to have these ones here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are going to have these ones here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are going to have these ones here.
+One, two, three, four, five. We have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, two, three, four, five. We have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, two, three, four, five. We have the
+double bond over there. We have five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond over there. We have five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond over there. We have five,
+sorry, five carbon bonds. The one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, five carbon bonds. The one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, five carbon bonds. The one single
+bond here. And the carbon bonds are one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here. And the carbon bonds are one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here. And the carbon bonds are one,
+two, three, four, five. And we have OO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, four, five. And we have OO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, four, five. And we have OO
+bonds. We have six of those. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. We have six of those. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. We have six of those. Thank
+goodness I didn't have to count anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness I didn't have to count anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness I didn't have to count anymore.
+It's already labeled. And then the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's already labeled. And then the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's already labeled. And then the bonds
+formed. Um, so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed. Um, so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed. Um, so we're going to have
+these. So it's six of those. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. So it's six of those. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. So it's six of those. So we have
+12 alto together. And we have also 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 alto together. And we have also 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 alto together. And we have also 12
+over here. So, first you have to count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So, first you have to count.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So, first you have to count.
+And counting is not one of my strengths.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And counting is not one of my strengths.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And counting is not one of my strengths.
+So, I don't like doing it this way. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I don't like doing it this way. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I don't like doing it this way. And
+I'm going to show you two other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you two other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you two other ways to
+calculate the same thing. Um, but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the same thing. Um, but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the same thing. Um, but we can
+take this and sum these all up. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and sum these all up. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and sum these all up. We can
+look up the mean bond enthalpies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the mean bond enthalpies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the mean bond enthalpies for
+every single one of these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of these types of
+bonds. multiply them by the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. multiply them by the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds. multiply them by the appropriate
+coefficients and come up with a sum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and come up with a sum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and come up with a sum for
+all the bonds for I number of bonds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bonds for I number of bonds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bonds for I number of bonds that
+you have in the reactants and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the reactants and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the reactants and you can do
+the same in the products for J number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in the products for J number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in the products for J number of
+bonds that you have in the products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that you have in the products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that you have in the products and
+come up with these numbers. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with these numbers. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with these numbers. So if you
+are told that you have to do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are told that you have to do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are told that you have to do it this
+way, use bond enalpies and you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, use bond enalpies and you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, use bond enalpies and you know how
+to do it or if it's a easier problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it or if it's a easier problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it or if it's a easier problem
+you're only say breaking two things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only say breaking two things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only say breaking two things and
+forming two things um this isn't a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming two things um this isn't a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming two things um this isn't a bad
+way to do it for big molecules this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it for big molecules this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it for big molecules this is
+definitely a nuisance and um if we sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a nuisance and um if we sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a nuisance and um if we sum
+all of this up together um and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this up together um and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this up together um and so for
+the total number we have reactants minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number we have reactants minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number we have reactants minus
+products and so if we subtract this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so if we subtract this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so if we subtract this we
+get minus 2740
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the actual value is minus 200 2816.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual value is minus 200 2816.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual value is minus 200 2816.
+So it's not even the best agreement when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not even the best agreement when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not even the best agreement when
+you do it this way. And the reason was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it this way. And the reason was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it this way. And the reason was
+if you remember last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember last time we were
+talking about the bonds and mean bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the bonds and mean bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the bonds and mean bond
+enalpy um is about 8% different. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpy um is about 8% different. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpy um is about 8% different. So if
+you had say CH in a system that has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had say CH in a system that has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had say CH in a system that has all
+the all the rest of the atoms on carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the rest of the atoms on carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the rest of the atoms on carbon
+or H, that's a somewhat different value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or H, that's a somewhat different value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or H, that's a somewhat different value
+than if all of those other H atoms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if all of those other H atoms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if all of those other H atoms were
+substituted with bromine or if all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted with bromine or if all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted with bromine or if all those
+other H atoms were substituted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other H atoms were substituted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other H atoms were substituted with
+carbon. Then the bond enalpy for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon. Then the bond enalpy for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon. Then the bond enalpy for that
+CH, it depends on what else is bonded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH, it depends on what else is bonded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH, it depends on what else is bonded to
+the C. And so there's about 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C. And so there's about 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C. And so there's about 8%
+difference usually um in the values. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference usually um in the values. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference usually um in the values. And
+so overall, you're not going to get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall, you're not going to get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall, you're not going to get much
+better. you certainly are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. you certainly are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. you certainly are not going to
+get better than eight. Um, so agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better than eight. Um, so agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better than eight. Um, so agreement
+at 3% is pretty good, but it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3% is pretty good, but it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3% is pretty good, but it's not all
+that precise because we're using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precise because we're using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precise because we're using these
+mean bond enthalpies which don't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean bond enthalpies which don't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean bond enthalpies which don't depend
+on the actual value in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual value in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual value in that particular
+system. So we can do better than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So we can do better than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So we can do better than this
+and it can be also easier um and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be also easier um and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be also easier um and it'll
+be easier if we use standard heats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier if we use standard heats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier if we use standard heats of
+formation. So this is delta h subf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation. So this is delta h subf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation. So this is delta h subf
+f for formation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f for formation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f for formation.
+So the delta H subf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the delta H subf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the delta H subf
+um KN for a standard value um is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um KN for a standard value um is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um KN for a standard value um is equal
+to the reaction delta H if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reaction delta H if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reaction delta H if you're
+talking about a reaction that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a reaction that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a reaction that involves
+one mole of compound being derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of compound being derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of compound being derived from
+its pure elements in their most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pure elements in their most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pure elements in their most stable
+state and in their standard state. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and in their standard state. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and in their standard state. So
+this is standard state one bar and room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is standard state one bar and room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is standard state one bar and room
+temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature.
+All right. So let's calculate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's calculate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's calculate the same
+for the same reaction. Glucose plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reaction. Glucose plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reaction. Glucose plus
+oxygen going to CO2 plus water and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen going to CO2 plus water and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen going to CO2 plus water and uh
+see if we can get a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can get a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can get a little bit more
+accurate value that way. So let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate value that way. So let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate value that way. So let's think
+about what's happening in this reaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happening in this reaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happening in this reaction.
+So every time we oxidize glucose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So every time we oxidize glucose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So every time we oxidize glucose we're
+forming water. And so we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming water. And so we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming water. And so we can think about
+the re uh heat of formation for liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re uh heat of formation for liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re uh heat of formation for liquid
+water. So again this would be one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. So again this would be one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. So again this would be one mole
+coming from pure elements in their most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from pure elements in their most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from pure elements in their most
+standard state. So we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard state. So we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard state. So we have to think
+about where the hydrogen's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the hydrogen's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the hydrogen's coming from
+and where the oxygen's coming from. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the oxygen's coming from. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the oxygen's coming from. So
+hydrogen in its most stable form is H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in its most stable form is H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in its most stable form is H2
+gas and oxygen in its most stable form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and oxygen in its most stable form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and oxygen in its most stable form
+is O2 gas. And uh so that's then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is O2 gas. And uh so that's then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is O2 gas. And uh so that's then the
+equation balanced uh for one mole of H2O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation balanced uh for one mole of H2O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation balanced uh for one mole of H2O
+liquid being formed. And we can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid being formed. And we can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid being formed. And we can look up
+um the the delta delta H for this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the delta delta H for this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the delta delta H for this that
+delta H of formation for this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H of formation for this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H of formation for this reaction
+as written is the delta H of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written is the delta H of formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written is the delta H of formation
+and it's minus 285.83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's minus 285.83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's minus 285.83
+kJ per mole. So now let's consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. So now let's consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. So now let's consider what
+else. So we're forming water and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. So we're forming water and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. So we're forming water and we're
+also forming CO2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also forming CO2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also forming CO2.
+So CO2 is derived from carbon in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So CO2 is derived from carbon in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So CO2 is derived from carbon in its
+most stable state which is graphite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state which is graphite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state which is graphite as
+we discussed before and also O2 oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed before and also O2 oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed before and also O2 oxygen
+and O2 oxygen gas is the most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O2 oxygen gas is the most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O2 oxygen gas is the most stable
+state there. So for this reaction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there. So for this reaction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state there. So for this reaction as
+written that is the delta H of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that is the delta H of formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that is the delta H of formation
+of CO2 gas and it's minus 393.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CO2 gas and it's minus 393.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CO2 gas and it's minus 393.5
+kJ per mole. So those are our products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. So those are our products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. So those are our products.
+We also have two reactants. One of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also have two reactants. One of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also have two reactants. One of our
+reactants is O2. So it's what's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants is O2. So it's what's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants is O2. So it's what's doing
+the oxidation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation.
+And uh we're going from O2 gas to O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we're going from O2 gas to O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we're going from O2 gas to O2
+gas. This is the most stable state. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas. This is the most stable state. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas. This is the most stable state. So
+what do you think the value is here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the value is here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the value is here?
+Zero. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. Yes.
+So if you have an element already in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have an element already in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have an element already in its
+most stable state, its heat of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state, its heat of formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state, its heat of formation
+is going to be zero because it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero because it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero because it's already
+the most stable state. So the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable state. So the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable state. So the heat of
+formation is zero. And every year, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is zero. And every year, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is zero. And every year, I
+think on an exam, someone's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on an exam, someone's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on an exam, someone's trying to
+see if they can calculate a delta H of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they can calculate a delta H of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they can calculate a delta H of a
+reaction. Um, and they're looking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Um, and they're looking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Um, and they're looking and
+they're like, "Oh, I want to use heats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like, "Oh, I want to use heats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like, "Oh, I want to use heats
+of formation because I know that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation because I know that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation because I know that's a lot
+easier." but a value is missing from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier." but a value is missing from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier." but a value is missing from my
+table and they're like the value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and they're like the value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and they're like the value is
+missing from the table and the TA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from the table and the TA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from the table and the TA
+doesn't know how much information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know how much information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know how much information or
+whatever to give and if you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to give and if you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to give and if you think you
+should have a value in exam you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a value in exam you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a value in exam you don't
+think about is that element already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is that element already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is that element already in
+its most standard state perhaps it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its most standard state perhaps it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its most standard state perhaps it's
+zero and that's why it's not listed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's why it's not listed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's why it's not listed on
+the table so keep this in mind this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table so keep this in mind this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table so keep this in mind this can
+be very useful to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very useful to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very useful to remember
+all right one more thing is involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one more thing is involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one more thing is involved in
+the equation we have glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation we have glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation we have glucose
+So, we can think about the reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we can think about the reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we can think about the reaction that
+forms glucose from elements in its most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms glucose from elements in its most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms glucose from elements in its most
+stable state. And we've actually talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable state. And we've actually talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable state. And we've actually talked
+about all of these already. We have O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these already. We have O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these already. We have O2
+that's in its most stable state. Carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in its most stable state. Carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in its most stable state. Carbon
+graphite, H2 gas, and so this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite, H2 gas, and so this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite, H2 gas, and so this reaction
+as written um has a heat of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written um has a heat of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written um has a heat of formation of
+minus 1,260
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1,260
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1,260
+kJ per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole.
+So now we can calculate the delta H for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can calculate the delta H for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can calculate the delta H for
+the oxidation of glucose, the delta H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of glucose, the delta H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of glucose, the delta H of
+the reaction from these delta H's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction from these delta H's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction from these delta H's of
+formation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation.
+And here is the equation. Delta H of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here is the equation. Delta H of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here is the equation. Delta H of the
+reaction is equal to the sum of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is equal to the sum of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is equal to the sum of all of
+the delta H's of formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta H's of formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta H's of formation of the
+products minus the sum of the delta H's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products minus the sum of the delta H's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products minus the sum of the delta H's
+of formation of the reactants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of the reactants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of the reactants.
+So this now is one of the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this now is one of the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this now is one of the sources of
+confusion because if you're using bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion because if you're using bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion because if you're using bond
+enalpies, it's reactants minus products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies, it's reactants minus products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies, it's reactants minus products.
+If you're using delta H of formation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're using delta H of formation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're using delta H of formation,
+it's products minus reactants. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's products minus reactants. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's products minus reactants. So that's
+why I spent a little time over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I spent a little time over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I spent a little time over here
+thinking about what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's going on with the
+bond bond enalpies. So hopefully no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond bond enalpies. So hopefully no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond bond enalpies. So hopefully no one
+will fall into this delta H pitfall over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall into this delta H pitfall over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall into this delta H pitfall over
+here. and uh you'll keep the reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. and uh you'll keep the reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. and uh you'll keep the reactions
+uh the equations straight. Okay, so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equations straight. Okay, so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equations straight. Okay, so now
+we can plug it in. If you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug it in. If you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug it in. If you remember the
+equations, this is pretty easy. Um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, this is pretty easy. Um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, this is pretty easy. Um so we
+have our delta H um of reaction. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our delta H um of reaction. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our delta H um of reaction. We have
+six times the heat of formation oops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the heat of formation oops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the heat of formation oops of
+our products over here CO2 6 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our products over here CO2 6 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our products over here CO2 6 times the
+first product and then six times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first product and then six times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first product and then six times the
+second product which is water minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product which is water minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product which is water minus the
+first reactant which is our glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reactant which is our glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reactant which is our glucose and
+we have one of those and we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one of those and we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one of those and we have six
+oxygens. So products minus reactants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens. So products minus reactants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens. So products minus reactants.
+Pay attention to the stoometry. You need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pay attention to the stoometry. You need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pay attention to the stoometry. You need
+to multiply the heats of formation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply the heats of formation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply the heats of formation by
+the number of molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of molecules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of molecules.
+So then we can put in the values that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we can put in the values that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we can put in the values that we
+just saw. CO2 minus 392
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw. CO2 minus 392
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw. CO2 minus 392
+uh for our water minus 285
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our water minus 285
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our water minus 285
+minus and here we have a minus 1 260 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and here we have a minus 1 260 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and here we have a minus 1 260 for
+glucose. And again 6 * 0 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose. And again 6 * 0 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose. And again 6 * 0 because the
+oxygen is already in its most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is already in its most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is already in its most stable
+state. And if we do the math correctly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. And if we do the math correctly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. And if we do the math correctly,
+you get minus 2,816
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus 2,816
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus 2,816
+kJ per mole. And that is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. And that is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kJ per mole. And that is exactly the
+experimental value. And it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental value. And it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental value. And it's because the
+heats of formation are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats of formation are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats of formation are also
+experimental. So this is very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental. So this is very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental. So this is very precise
+number. When you use the heats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. When you use the heats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. When you use the heats of
+formation, you're going to you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation, you're going to you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation, you're going to you're going
+to get a much more a much closer value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a much more a much closer value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a much more a much closer value
+to experimental.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experimental.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experimental.
+And this was a bit easier than thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was a bit easier than thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was a bit easier than thinking
+about every bond that would be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every bond that would be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every bond that would be broken
+and every bond that would be formed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every bond that would be formed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every bond that would be formed.
+Okay, one more way that you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, one more way that you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, one more way that you can do this
+and this takes advantage of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this takes advantage of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this takes advantage of something
+known uh as Hess's law and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh as Hess's law and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh as Hess's law and the fact that
+enthalpy is a state function which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is a state function which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is a state function which means
+that it's independent of path. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's independent of path. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's independent of path. So if you
+were climbing a mountain and you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were climbing a mountain and you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were climbing a mountain and you wanted
+to go from point A to point B, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from point A to point B, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from point A to point B, you could
+climb all the way up to the top and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb all the way up to the top and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb all the way up to the top and go
+back down or you could just go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down or you could just go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down or you could just go right
+from A to B and it wouldn't matter. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B and it wouldn't matter. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B and it wouldn't matter. um
+your delta H would be the same in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your delta H would be the same in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your delta H would be the same in both
+cases u because it's independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases u because it's independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases u because it's independent of
+path. So it only matters what uh values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. So it only matters what uh values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. So it only matters what uh values
+are for your reactants and your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for your reactants and your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for your reactants and your final
+products. It doesn't matter how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. It doesn't matter how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. It doesn't matter how you get
+from the reactants to the products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reactants to the products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reactants to the products.
+Delta H is going to be the same. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H is going to be the same. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H is going to be the same. And
+because of this you can take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this you can take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this you can take different
+routes. If there are equations um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes. If there are equations um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes. If there are equations um for
+different parts of your reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of your reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of your reaction that
+are already known with values of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already known with values of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already known with values of delta
+H, you can add those equations together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H, you can add those equations together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H, you can add those equations together
+and then add together the delta H's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add together the delta H's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add together the delta H's to
+get a new value. So Hess's law, if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new value. So Hess's law, if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new value. So Hess's law, if there
+are two or more equations are added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two or more equations are added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two or more equations are added to
+give another chemical equations, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give another chemical equations, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give another chemical equations, then
+you can add up the delta H for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add up the delta H for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add up the delta H for the
+reactions of each of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of each of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of each of the individual
+equations to get the sum for your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to get the sum for your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to get the sum for your new
+equation. So let's do this now again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So let's do this now again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So let's do this now again uh
+for glucose um and oxygen. So if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glucose um and oxygen. So if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glucose um and oxygen. So if we have
+these three equations here, this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three equations here, this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three equations here, this one is
+showing glucose plus oxygen being broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing glucose plus oxygen being broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing glucose plus oxygen being broken
+down to the elements that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the elements that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the elements that are in the
+most stable state. So graphite, H2, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state. So graphite, H2, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state. So graphite, H2, and
+O2 for glucose. And then our six O2s are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 for glucose. And then our six O2s are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 for glucose. And then our six O2s are
+there on both sides because it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on both sides because it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on both sides because it's already
+in the most stable state. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most stable state. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most stable state. We're going to
+be forming CO2 from the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be forming CO2 from the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be forming CO2 from the elements in the
+most stable state and also water. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state and also water. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable state and also water. So we
+can add these together paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add these together paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add these together paying attention
+to the stochometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stochometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stochometry.
+So we need to multiply this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to multiply this equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to multiply this equation by
+six and this equation by six and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and this equation by six and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and this equation by six and then we
+should be able to do some cancelling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do some cancelling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do some cancelling and
+make sure that we're getting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're getting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're getting our
+equation of interest. So we can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of interest. So we can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of interest. So we can cancel
+these uh 62s with these. We can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh 62s with these. We can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh 62s with these. We can cancel
+these O2s with these. And we can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these O2s with these. And we can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these O2s with these. And we can cancel
+this H2 with this. And that leaves us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H2 with this. And that leaves us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H2 with this. And that leaves us
+with glucose plus six oxygens going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glucose plus six oxygens going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glucose plus six oxygens going to
+six CO2s and six waters. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six CO2s and six waters. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six CO2s and six waters. So this is
+going to work now. And now since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work now. And now since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work now. And now since we
+added this together to get this, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added this together to get this, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added this together to get this, we can
+add our delta H of reactions together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add our delta H of reactions together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add our delta H of reactions together to
+get a new delta H of reaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new delta H of reaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new delta H of reaction.
+Oh, sorry. I cancel I forgot to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. I cancel I forgot to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. I cancel I forgot to cancel
+my graphites. There we go. Now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graphites. There we go. Now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graphites. There we go. Now we're
+good. Um, didn't notice them there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um, didn't notice them there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um, didn't notice them there.
+Okay. So, uh our delta H for reaction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh our delta H for reaction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh our delta H for reaction um
+we saw before that the formation of CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before that the formation of CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before that the formation of CO2
+from elements in it most stable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from elements in it most stable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from elements in it most stable state
+was minus. So now we've just changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus. So now we've just changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus. So now we've just changed the
+sign because now we're going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because now we're going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because now we're going the
+opposite direction. So we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction. So we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction. So we have a
+positive value of for that delta H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of for that delta H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of for that delta H of
+reaction. Now we have six times the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Now we have six times the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Now we have six times the heat
+of formation of CO2 and six times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of CO2 and six times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation of CO2 and six times the
+heat of formation of water because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of formation of water because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of formation of water because
+that's what those equations are. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what those equations are. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what those equations are. Those
+are the heat of formation reactions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the heat of formation reactions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the heat of formation reactions. And
+if we add this all together, then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add this all together, then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add this all together, then uh we
+get the um the number that uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the um the number that uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the um the number that uh that we
+saw before. So it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before. So it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before. So it doesn't matter what
+path we take, we're going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we take, we're going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we take, we're going to get to that
+same answer. And this one, since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. And this one, since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. And this one, since we're
+using information that all has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using information that all has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using information that all has to do
+with heat of formation, it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heat of formation, it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heat of formation, it's not really
+very different from the one we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the one we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the one we did
+before. But you can use Hessa's law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. But you can use Hessa's law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. But you can use Hessa's law for
+delta H of reactions that are not heats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H of reactions that are not heats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta H of reactions that are not heats
+of formation. If one equation if a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation. If one equation if a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation. If one equation if a if
+equations are available that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are available that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are available that can be
+added or summed to get your net reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added or summed to get your net reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added or summed to get your net reaction
+then you can add you can add or subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can add you can add or subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can add you can add or subtract
+these values to get a new delta H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values to get a new delta H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values to get a new delta H.
+Okay don't forget kJ per mole. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay don't forget kJ per mole. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay don't forget kJ per mole. Okay, so
+we have our three different ways bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our three different ways bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our three different ways bond
+enalpies, heat of formation and Hessa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies, heat of formation and Hessa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enalpies, heat of formation and Hessa's
+law.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xGeBSiXoSoA.txt b/xGeBSiXoSoA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cd77c2578c109a6f2723086f68364ef149aebe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xGeBSiXoSoA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1125 @@
+I actually would like to take this occasion to praise and thank the TAs.   
+
+We've been teaching this course for about a dozen years and we've had  
+
+some really excellent groups of TAs,  but this year's crop is really off  
+
+scale, really outstanding.  And we're all very grateful.   
+
+[APPLAUSE]  You know their names.  I won't go through them all.   
+
+But the fact of the matter is these TAs teach this course because  
+
+they're told to teach the course,  and at the same time they're doing  
+
+all their thesis research,  so they end spending about 168 hours  
+
+a week on various kinds of work.  So it's not a natural thing for  
+
+them to spend an enormous amount of time, as they have been this year,   
+
+really just off scale extraordinarily good.   
+
+Here they are, Winston,  Susan, Michelle, Sara, Divia,   
+
+Jim, Sydney, Yasmine and Cha.  So thank you all.   
+
+At the same time,  I'd also like to thank Claudette  
+
+Gardel who runs this thing.  This is a large undertaking,   
+
+believe it or not, with almost 350 students enrolled,   
+
+but it's moved seamlessly and without any problems this year for  
+
+which many of us are very grateful.  So, thank you Claudette.  I'm going  
+
+to spend today trying to broadcast into the future,   
+
+forecast into the future I should say, about where all of what we've  
+
+talked about this semester is taking us.   
+
+Where is it going to get it us in terms of where we're going to be ten  
+
+or twenty years from now and what you're going to be in the middle of  
+
+ten or twenty years from now as you begin to move,   
+
+as it will happen surely,  as day follows night, into midlife.   
+
+Imagine that.  When you're 35 or 40 this will happen.   
+
+And in order to do so I just want to go back 125 years or so to give  
+
+you a feeling for what the history of biology has been like,   
+
+some of it, since the end of the 19th century.   
+
+Just to give you a little flavor for what can happen to biology if things  
+
+aren't done right.  Charles Darwin had a cousin named  
+
+Francis Galton.  He was knighted by the Queen and  
+
+called Sir Francis Galton.  And he was an early pioneer in  
+
+statistics.  And he coined the term eugenics.  And,   
+
+as you may note,  eugenics is simply the science of  
+
+trying to use genetics to bread better livestock,   
+
+better plants, and ultimately maybe to breed better human beings.   
+
+And we humans have been doing eugenics on plants and livestock for  
+
+at least 10,000 years.  That is to say we have continually  
+
+been selecting out the best of the breed as the progenitors of the next  
+
+generation of the breed.  And in that way corn, which was  
+
+originally this large when it was grown 5,000 years ago in Mexico,   
+
+the cobs have now become this large and quite tasty.   
+
+And all of that is through selective breeding.  But in the last half of  
+
+the 19th century,  inspired by Darwin and subsequently  
+
+by Mendel's work on Mendelian genetics, a whole science of  
+
+eugenics grew up in this country which included not only the  
+
+improvement in the quality of livestock and plants but also  
+
+improvements in the gene pool of humanity.  There was a strong  
+
+conviction that genes were directly responsible for all kinds of  
+
+physical traits,  as well as mental and psychological  
+
+traits.  There was a strong belief that some  
+
+races were superior and other races were inferior because of genetic  
+
+gifts or genetic deficits.  And this included as well within  
+
+races, however one defined them,  different ethnic groups.  There was  
+
+a firm belief that science could ultimately solve a lot of social  
+
+problems including urban violence,  labor unrest, manic depression,   
+
+schizophrenia and even mental retardation.   
+
+And the eugenicists,  as they came to be known,   
+
+came to believe that the problems of the world, alcoholism,   
+
+poverty, prostitution, criminality,  feeblemindedness, chess playing  
+
+ability, tendency to commit industrial sabotage,   
+
+that was big in the beginning of the 20th century when the unions were  
+
+coming into power,  they were all associated with one or  
+
+another rather penetrant Mendelian allele.   
+
+A well known geneticist named Davenport, who subsequently was  
+
+associated with an unnamed university up Mass Ave.   
+
+studied various ethnic groups and races and concluded that on the  
+
+basis of genetics the Germans ranked highest in quality such as  
+
+leadership, humor,  generosity, sympathy and loyalty.   
+
+Italians and Irish ranked lowest in most of these traits,   
+
+he was lucky he survived in this town since together Italians and  
+
+Irish, I think encompass 70% of the population.   
+
+British were lowest in two of the traits.  Irish were highest in  
+
+suspiciousness.  Jews were highest in obtrusiveness,   
+
+whatever that is.  And all of these things were said to be genetically  
+
+templated.  And so at the beginning of World War I IQ tests were first  
+
+instituted in this country during the draft in order to determine who  
+
+was genetically fit to serve and who was below standard.   
+
+And using IQ tests,  which were implemented in great  
+
+numbers and throughout the society in the 1920s, a well known  
+
+geneticist named Goddard discovered that 80% of Jewish,   
+
+Hungarian and Polish immigrants,  as well as Italian and Russian  
+
+immigrants were mentally defective or feebleminded,   
+
+and that these traits,  these mental defects in 80% of these  
+
+groups were transmitted as regularly and as surely as the color  
+
+of hair or eyes.  I'm not making up fairy tales now.   
+
+I'm telling you what's happened in our history.  In the 1920s there was  
+
+a Eugenics Record Office in this country which existed for the next  
+
+twenty years, an American Eugenics Society which has 1200 people,   
+
+and J.H. Kellogg of Battle Creek,  Michigan, you know how he made his  
+
+money, don't you?  Cornflakes.  He founded a Race Betterment  
+
+Association whose intent was to better the gene pool of the American  
+
+population through selective breeding.  By 1928 there were 376  
+
+college courses taught across this country on the subject of eugenics,   
+
+i.e., how to improve the human race by beginning to breed more  
+
+fit individuals.  And so when the Nazis came to power,   
+
+as they did in 1933 in Germany, they had much to draw from.   
+
+In fact, most of their scientific rationale, to the extent they had  
+
+any, didn't come from Germany,  it came from eugenicists in the  
+
+United States.  And so they began to look amongst  
+
+their society for people who were useless eaters,   
+
+i.e., they consumed food but didn't produce, they lived lives not worth  
+
+living, the elderly,  the chronic poor, the crippled and  
+
+the misfits.  And they began involuntary  
+
+sterilization.  So, people who were regarded as  
+
+genetically less fit were sterilized.  By the time the Nazis finished  
+
+their 12 years in power,  400,000 people had been sterilized  
+
+in Germany because for one or another reason they were regarded as  
+
+somehow defective.  And as the Second World War made  
+
+resources more tight,  they just did something much simpler,   
+
+they just euthanized people,  they just killed them if they were  
+
+regarded as in one way or another genetically defective.   
+
+In fact, my father had a first cousin who around 1936 or so was  
+
+gassed because he had a bad stuttering defect.   
+
+So, this is all things that really happened to people.   
+
+As a consequence of all of this eugenics, by 1924 Immigration Act  
+
+was passed which severely circumscribed the amount of people  
+
+immigrating into this country because the immigrants were widely  
+
+viewed as diluting and contaminating the American gene pool.   
+
+And this probably,  well, this undoubtedly had a  
+
+devastating affect on this country which we'll never really be able to  
+
+know because the truth of the matter is that to the extent we have  
+
+economic and scientific robustness in this country,   
+
+it has come, for the last century,  year after year, generation after  
+
+generation from the immigrants who come to this country,   
+
+not people who were here three,  four, five generations.   
+
+It's the immigrants who brought in the new ideas,   
+
+the energy, the power,  and I venture to say that if I were  
+
+to ask what fraction of you are first generation Americans the  
+
+number would be pretty high,  right?  But in 1924 that was for a  
+
+while stopped simply because people coming into the country were viewed  
+
+as genetically less than acceptable.   
+
+By 1940 thirty states had compulsory sterilization laws in this country,   
+
+i.e., people who were deemed to be genetically less gifted were  
+
+sterilized against their will.  60,000 of those sterilizations were  
+
+performed in this country.  And the eugenics moment gained more  
+
+and more adherence.  What shut it off ultimately was what  
+
+happened in World War II where six million Jews were killed,   
+
+along with probably five or six million Slavs and other races who  
+
+were deemed, and gypsies,  there were probably half a million  
+
+gypsies killed by the Nazis,  different groups of people who were  
+
+deemed to be genetically less deserving of living and genetically  
+
+less likely to be productive and useful human beings.   
+
+And were it not for World War II,  it's quite plausible that the  
+
+eugenics movement would have continued to grow and that today,   
+
+when we talk about genetics, much of it would be referred to a belief  
+
+that somehow we can determine people's phenotype and genotype and  
+
+that we can predict how useful or useless they're going to be on the  
+
+basis of our insights into genetics.  And this ideology of genetic  
+
+determinism, I say it had a great decline, this is the phrase we use,   
+
+genetic determinism, i.e., to say that an individual's life course is  
+
+strongly dictated by his or her genome.   
+
+These are her alleles.  You heard a lot about the alleles  
+
+last time from Eric.  But genetic determinism is once  
+
+again coming to the forefront.  Why?  Because now, for the first  
+
+time, we actually have a science of human genetics.   
+
+When all of this other stuff was going on 50 and 100 years ago it was  
+
+all pseudo-science,  it was all made up.  No one had the  
+
+vaguest idea what genes were present in people's DNA.   
+
+They didn't even know about DNA.  They didn't really know about most  
+
+Mendelian traits being passed in human populations.   
+
+And they had no way of knowing,  in the vast majority of cases,   
+
+whether a certain person's phenotype was or was not dictated by genotype.   
+
+So is this notion of a strong genotype-phenotype connection  
+
+totally nonsense?  Well, I'll give you an example of  
+
+where you might begin to think it isn't.  And it comes from studies of  
+
+identical twins who were separated at birth and brought up  
+
+in different families.  So these identical twins obviously  
+
+have an identical genotype.  So here's a famous story that I  
+
+like to refer to.  There was a chance meeting in 1979  
+
+between a steelworker named Jim Lewis and a clerical worker named  
+
+Jim Springer.  They both lived in Ohio.  They were separated five  
+
+weeks after birth and they were raised 80 miles apart in different  
+
+towns in Ohio.  And at the age of 39 they  
+
+discovered themselves through some change meeting.   
+
+They discovered each other.  Well, they both had dark hair,   
+
+they both stool six feet tall and they both weighed 180 pounds.   
+
+That's not so surprising.  They both spoke with the same inflections,   
+
+which they clearly had not yet learned to speak with when they were  
+
+five weeks old.  They walked with the same gait.   
+
+They made the same gestures.  They both loved stockcar racing.   
+
+They both hated baseball.  They both married women named Linda.   
+
+They were both divorced and in their second marriages both of them  
+
+married women named Betty.  They both drove Chevrolets.   
+
+They drank Miller Lite.  They both chain smoked Salems.   
+
+They vacationed on the same half-mile of beach in Florida.   
+
+They both had elevated blood pressure, severe migraines,   
+
+both had undergone vasectomies,  they both bit their nails, and their  
+
+heart rates, their brainwaves and their IQs were so similar that you  
+
+couldn't tell whether it was the same person or two separate people  
+
+being studied.  Now, what do you begin to think of  
+
+all that?  Well, that's an extreme case.   
+
+The fact is most identical twins raised apart do have a bit of  
+
+divergence in their phenotype,  in the way they grow up, but it  
+
+begins to plant in your mind the notion that maybe many aspects of  
+
+the way we think and act actually have a strong genetic template in  
+
+them.  And one can begin to study identical twins and ask things about,   
+
+especially those who are separated at birth, and not use such extreme  
+
+anecdotes like the one I just used.  And one begins to find that there's  
+
+an impressive list of attributes that can only be explained by their  
+
+being a strong genetic determinant in them.  And these traits include  
+
+being alienated by people around one,  extroverted, being a traditionalist,   
+
+looking backwards in terms of one's customs, leadership,   
+
+career choice, risk aversion,  attention deficit disorder,   
+
+religious conviction and vulnerability to stress.   
+
+Heritability it turns out,  if you study identical twins,   
+
+is about, I'm sorry, happiness,  if you study identical twins, is  
+
+about 80% heritable it turns out and depends little on one's wealth,   
+
+achievement or marital status.  But 80% of it, if you study identical  
+
+twins, seems to have a genetic template.  And you'll say,   
+
+well, that's all very satisfying,  but it begins to be a little  
+
+unsettling because it begins to cause each of us to ask are we  
+
+really who we think we are or are we just kind of cassette recorders who  
+
+are playing out the program that was stuffed into us when the sperm hit  
+
+the egg that lead to each of our appearing on the face  
+
+of the planet?  To what extent are we individuals or  
+
+to what extent are we simply manifestations of genotype?   
+
+And to what extent do we have freewill?  That's kind of an  
+
+interesting question.  Now, people like Eric,   
+
+I'm not pointing an accusing finger,  people like Eric have begun to  
+
+refine the science of genetics so it really is a science.   
+
+And so, restriction fragment polymorphisms,   
+
+SNPs, haplotype analysis are now uncovering a staggering array of  
+
+human traits.  I believe that the number of human traits that have now  
+
+been localized,  specific genes, most of these are  
+
+diseased genes,  exceeds 2,000 is my recollection.   
+
+And there are only 21,000, 22,000 genes in the human genome.   
+
+And the pace with which genes and genotype and phenotype will be  
+
+linked to one another is going to increase if nothing else.   
+
+Many of the traits that one thinks about in terms of human beings are  
+
+obviously polygenic.  They're not single strong Mendelian  
+
+alleles with strong penitence.  They represent the confluence,   
+
+the collaboration of multiple alleles that are conspiring to  
+
+create one or another phenotype.  And these polygenic traits or even  
+
+polygenic diseases have traditionally resisted analysis  
+
+because mathematically they are so complex to dissect out,   
+
+to dissect out the contributing genes which together as a cohort  
+
+create a genotype.  But, as Eric told you last time,   
+
+people like you who are great software developers will one day  
+
+begin to figure out how one can take extraordinarily complex datasets and  
+
+begin to associate specific chromosomal regions,   
+
+and ultimately genes,  with specific genetic sequences that  
+
+contribute to a polygenic trait.  I think at one time Eric spent,   
+
+about three or four years ago, he worked with people at Cornell  
+
+studying the polygenic trade of ripening in tomatoes.   
+
+It's a polygenic trait like probably chess playing ability in  
+
+human beings.  And was able to localize ripening rate of tomatoes  
+
+to five or six distinct genetic regions in the chromosomes of the  
+
+tomato plant.  But that's only a harbinger of what could come.   
+
+So let's imagine now,  again, I'm not blaming Eric for this,   
+
+I'm just telling you he's the one,  he more than anyone else almost on  
+
+the planet is the person who is leading the charge to refine and  
+
+strengthen these extraordinarily powerful tools that enable us to  
+
+discern how our genome creates us the way we are.   
+
+But he's not going to be the one who applies these tools.   
+
+They'll be applied all over the planet.   
+
+There are geneticists everywhere who are interested in looking at how  
+
+different aspects of human phenotype,  including disease phenotype are  
+
+governed by the alleles,  by the SNPs, by the polymorphisms  
+
+that we carry,  and obviously by the genes and  
+
+proteins that we make.  So let's begin to imagine,   
+
+let's put ourselves fast-forward ten years and begin to imagine where  
+
+this is going to take us.  We already know about a very  
+
+substantial number of genes that determine the risk of different  
+
+kinds of cancer,  i.e., there's at least 15 different  
+
+cancer syndromes that people have which have been associated with  
+
+specific genetic loci.  I talked briefly about retinal  
+
+blastoma, which is a rare one,  but even commonly occurring cancers  
+
+will soon be connected with specific alleles in the genome.   
+
+And the risk of getting them in one's lifetime will be relatively  
+
+accurately predictable.  It might take another decade but it  
+
+will happen.  Manic depressiveness,   
+
+some people have great swings in mood.  2% or 3% of the population  
+
+doesn't wake up happy every morning.  And this is also, I believe, going  
+
+to yield two specific analyses and association with certain genes.   
+
+There's already a suggestion that the D4 dopamine receptor,   
+
+which is involved in receiving one of the neurotransmitters in the  
+
+brain, may have a polymorphism that's connected with manic  
+
+depressiveness.  There will be probably alleles which  
+
+are connected with,  in some way, novelty or adventure  
+
+seeking.  There are going to be alleles that are associated with  
+
+anxiety, probably maybe connected with the serotonin transporter in  
+
+the brain.  Cardiac disease susceptibility is already mapped out  
+
+in a number of traits in the most extreme cases,   
+
+but cardiac disease is very frequent in this population.   
+
+And there undoubtedly will be alleles that are discovered that  
+
+determine whether one has a high risk or low risk of getting heart  
+
+disease, of getting arthrosclerosis,  and whether or not one can go to  
+
+McDonald's every day and Big Macs with impunity.   
+
+Can one do that or not?  Some people probably can.   
+
+Some people can eat as much salt as they want and it doesn't give them  
+
+high blood pressure.  Other people cannot.   
+
+We still don't really understand that.  Schizophrenia is probably  
+
+also very strongly genetically templated, not totally but very  
+
+strongly.  Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis probably also  
+
+has a strong genetic component.  Difficulty or ease with which you  
+
+solve math problems probably also will one day be associated with a  
+
+certain number of genetic loci.  How many difficulties in learning  
+
+languages?  There's already a trait that was discovered in a family in  
+
+the Netherlands,  I believe, and they had a very  
+
+specific grammatical defect in the way that they assembled the syntax  
+
+of sentences associated with a certain allele of a certain gene.   
+
+Difficulty in just adding rows of numbers may also be associated with  
+
+certain combinations of alleles.  Now, you will say, well, it's  
+
+impossible, it's inconceivable that these different aspects of cognitive  
+
+function can be associated with a small number of genes.   
+
+But let me tell you something else.  We talked a week ago about the  
+
+evolution of humanity over the last couple hundred thousand years.   
+
+And the pace with which the human brain has evolved over the last half  
+
+million years,  and more recently the last 200,   
+
+00 years, has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of  
+
+cognitive function and perception in different ways can only have  
+
+happened through the actions of a small number of genes.   
+
+If one needed to have dozens of genes change in concert in order to  
+
+acquire the penetrating minds that we now have in which our ancestors  
+
+500,000 years didn't have,  the evolution could not have  
+
+occurred so quickly.  And, for that reason alone,   
+
+one begins to suspect that the genetic differences between people  
+
+who lived 500,  00 years ago visa vie their  
+
+cognitive function and ours are not so large.  And,   
+
+therefore, a rather small number of genes may have been responsible for  
+
+conferring on us the powerful minds which we now, which most of us,   
+
+I didn't say anything, which most of us now possess.   
+
+So where is this going to take us?  What are the consequences of this?   
+
+Let's imagine ten or twenty years down the road when we can do some  
+
+kind of SNP analysis on one of these chips that have been developed in  
+
+California and here and in various places.  And we can begin to imagine  
+
+the allelic diversity in a newborn child's DNA or even prenatally  
+
+if you want.  So what are you going to do if you  
+
+begin to find on a chip of a child's DNA that this kid is likely to be  
+
+very good in language,  probably is going to have poor math  
+
+skills, will be a rather anxious and obsessive person,   
+
+will have difficulty associating with his or her peers,   
+
+and is likely to come down with heart disease at the age of 45?   
+
+How is that going to affect your relationship to that  
+
+person, that child?  And will you give that child a  
+
+different kind of education than a newborn who has SNPs which indicate  
+
+that without doubt they're going to get 1600s on their morning boards  
+
+and their shoe-ins for admission to MIT?  Are you going to treat those  
+
+kids the same or are you going to treat them differently?   
+
+Do you give them the same kind of education and nurturing?   
+
+And how do you treat them throughout their elementary and high  
+
+school?  Are you going to segregate them into different groups or is  
+
+everybody going to be given an equal chance?   
+
+Well, you might say it's our tradition in this country to give  
+
+everybody equal footing,  in part because of a reaction to  
+
+what happened in World War II in no small part.  But what if the time  
+
+comes when people say we need to be more efficient economically in this  
+
+country and we need to devote our resources, need to maximize the  
+
+investment, the benefit we get from various investments,   
+
+and so it's much more efficient to put kids in a certain genetic class  
+
+in one school and kids who have another level of genetic giftedness  
+
+in another school?  Of course much of this will be  
+
+foolhardy because all of these genetic tests,   
+
+although they will give you probabilities of certain phenotypes,   
+
+they'll never, at least for the foreseeable generation or two give  
+
+you certainties.  No one will be able to predict with  
+
+absolute total certainty about the potentials of one or another young  
+
+person on the basis of DNA tests,  at least not in the near future.   
+
+Right now one can predict with total certainty that somebody who has a  
+
+certain allele will come down with Huntington's disease at the age of  
+
+30 or 40 or 50.  There the predictability,   
+
+the penitence is 100%.  But what if somebody has an allele that says  
+
+with 60% likelihood they're not going to very good at math?   
+
+Is that already going to be enough to justify their segregation amongst  
+
+a group of the mathematically less gifted?   
+
+Let's say that they've gone through elementary and secondary education  
+
+and high school and they've made it through college and they start  
+
+looking for employment.  Actually, there are jobs out here  
+
+to be had in this economy,  you wouldn't know it, but there  
+
+actually are people who can find jobs.  And let's say one has now an  
+
+employer who is evaluating a certain job candidate for employability.   
+
+Maybe they'd like to have a good medical checkup before they employ  
+
+this person ostensively to see whether this person is healthy  
+
+enough to last for ten or twenty or thirty years of employment.   
+
+And maybe they'd like to include among that medical exam that  
+
+person's DNA just in case.  And what if the DNA tells the  
+
+employer that this individual is likely to get colon cancer in 18  
+
+years and has a slight susceptibility to mood instability  
+
+and perhaps even manic depressiveness,   
+
+that this person is not one of those who can go to McDonald's and eat Big  
+
+Macs with impunity but has a tendency to arthrosclerosis?   
+
+You can think of whatever possibilities you will.   
+
+Will that be, therefore,  a ground to reject that person as an  
+
+employee?  Well,  you'll say they really have no right  
+
+to do that.  But keep in mind that with increasing frequency in this  
+
+society medical benefits,  medical insurance is paid by the  
+
+employer.  So does the employer want to have a whole workforce of people  
+
+who are in various stages of terminal disease or would this  
+
+employer like to be able to pay the lowest possible health benefits  
+
+because the employer has taken care to employ only people who have a  
+
+really terrific genotype,  whatever that is defined as being  
+
+arbitrarily admittedly?  And what about marriagability?   
+
+As my sister always says to me,  if you want to marry a man the first  
+
+thing you should do is look into his genes.  That's a double  
+
+entendre.  Anyhow.    
+
+See, somebody finally got it.  [LAUGHTER]  
+
+ The fact is that maybe certain  
+
+people will be deemed to be less desirable genetically.   
+
+Well, the fact is we've been doing that for the last million years.   
+
+If you're attracted to someone and you end up marrying them then they  
+
+have phenotypes which you think are in one way or another valuable.   
+
+Consciously or unconsciously,  you are practicing a form of  
+
+eugenics.  But obviously there could be a much more subtle form of  
+
+eugenics where part of the marriage contract states that you want a  
+
+sample of that person's buccal swab or some lymphocytes to check out  
+
+what kind of DNA he or she has.  Now you say, well, that could never  
+
+happen.  But it happens today regularly.   
+
+There are villages in Greece where there are a substantial percentage  
+
+of people who carry the trait sickle cell anemia which,   
+
+as you may know, is not so serious phenotypically in heterozygous form,   
+
+but in the homozygous form is actually devastating.   
+
+And the reason they have sickle cell anemia is that those areas of  
+
+Greece historically had high rates of malaria.  And,   
+
+as you may know, sickle cell anemia actually protects,   
+
+in the heterozygous state actually protects one from the ravages of the  
+
+malarial parasite.  So about 20 years ago it became  
+
+possible to do a simple genetic test to determine whether an individual  
+
+was heterozygous for sickle cell anemia.  And what happened is that  
+
+somehow what was supposed to be confidential medical genetic tests  
+
+got out.  They became public.  And young individuals in the  
+
+population became known as carrier,  as heterozygotes for sickle cell  
+
+trait, even though phenotypically they were reasonably normal because  
+
+the heterozygote condition is not so devastating.   
+
+So those individuals were soon ostracized, to use an old Greek word.   
+
+They were soon put to the side.  They were placed in the pool of the  
+
+unmarriable because nobody wanted to marry them.  And so they then,   
+
+as a consequence, began to marry amongst themselves.   
+
+Remember what I told you about homozygosis with the sickle cell  
+
+trait.  But that's only one example of that.   
+
+Among Orthodox Jews,  among Ashkenazi Jews between 2% and  
+
+3% of the population carries an allele for Tay-Sachs disease which  
+
+is phenotypically silent in the heterozygous state but in the  
+
+homozygous state is a devastating condition which leads to death in  
+
+the first years of life.  So now among the Orthodox Jews in  
+
+New York before two young people will get married they will do a test  
+
+to see whether they are heterozygous for the Ta Sacks allele.   
+
+And, in fact, it's not limited any longer to Orthodox Jews.   
+
+Because if they're both heterozygotes their marriage to one  
+
+another, in spite of anything else they consider,   
+
+is strongly discouraged.  Among those who don't live in such  
+
+a closely structured society such people might nonetheless decide to  
+
+get married and then face the devastating possibility of one of  
+
+their four offspring on average coming out as a homozygote and  
+
+having an incurable genetic disease which is going to lead  
+
+to their early death.  But what about other traits?   
+
+And what time will this genetic discrimination,   
+
+where will it begin and where will it end?  What if you find an  
+
+individual who has a trait of manic depressiveness among relatives?   
+
+And when will these genetic tests become public?   
+
+When will they be private knowledge?  You say, well,   
+
+they can all be kept private.  But ultimately there are already  
+
+insurance companies which are demanding to determine whether and  
+
+individual can be insured by looking at whether they have genes for  
+
+certain kinds of disease-causing alleles.   
+
+After all, why should they insure somebody, give somebody life  
+
+insurance if they are likely to come down with Huntington's disease at  
+
+the age between 35 and 40,  which will surely and inevitably  
+
+lead them to an early grave?  You'll say, well, we cannot have  
+
+genetic information like that become public or even become accessible.   
+
+Maybe that's a solution.  The problem is we've been talking  
+
+about these issues for 10 to 15 years in this society,   
+
+and we've not yet converged any kind of solution.  And the solutions to  
+
+these problems should not be left in the hands of molecular biologists,   
+
+because molecular biologists or biologically cognizant people by now,   
+
+like you, are no more gifted and no more insightful to deal with these  
+
+issues than anyone else is.  They're intuitively obvious these  
+
+issues.  You don't need to know about SNPs to begin to understand  
+
+the potentially devastating impacts that the misuse of genetics can have  
+
+on our society.  And what happens if one of these  
+
+days people discover alleles for certain aspects of cognitive  
+
+function?  Chess playing ability.  The ability to learn five different  
+
+languages.  The ability to remember strings of numbers.   
+
+The ability to speak extemporaneously in front of a class,   
+
+for what it's worth,  for 50 minutes several times a week.   
+
+ Whatever ability you want,   
+
+valued or not so valued, what if those alleles begin to come out?   
+
+And here's the worse part.  What if somebody begins to look for the  
+
+frequency of those alleles in different ethnic groups scattered  
+
+across this planet?  Now, you will say to me,   
+
+well, God has made all his children equal.  But the fact is if you look  
+
+at the details of human evolution,  some of which I discussed with you a  
+
+week ago, last week,  you'll come to realize that most  
+
+populations in humanity are the modern descendents of very  
+
+small founder groups.  Remember about the story of the Fins.   
+
+70% of Finish men carry the same Y chromosome.  All modern Fins,   
+
+most modern Fins, all of them are likely to be the descendents of a  
+
+small founder group that came into Finland 2,000 or 3,   
+
+00 years ago and carry with them the peculiar set of polymorphisms that  
+
+founder group happens to have had.  And arguments like that begin to  
+
+persuade you that there'll be different allele frequencies in  
+
+different populations of humanity.  What if somebody begins to discover  
+
+that Macedonians have an enormously high rate of the ability to play  
+
+chess because of a certain allele?  And here I'm talking very  
+
+speculatively.  I'm not literally meaning that.   
+
+And Tibetans have a very poor ability to construct software  
+
+programs because of a genetic allele they carry?  I hope nobody's Tibetan  
+
+here.  I tried to choose two.  Are there any Macedonians?  All  
+
+right.  I succeeded.  All right.  Anyhow.  So the fact is  
+
+it's inescapable that different alleles are going to be present with  
+
+different frequencies in different inbreeding populations of humanity  
+
+or populations of humanity that traditionally have been genetically  
+
+isolated from one another.  It's not as if all the genes that we  
+
+carry have been mixed with everybody else's genes freely over the last  
+
+100,000 years.  Different groups have breed  
+
+separately and have,  for reasons that I've told you,   
+
+founder affects and genetic drift acquired different sets and  
+
+different constellations of alleles.  So what's going to happen then, I  
+
+ask you without wishing to hear an answer because nobody really knows?   
+
+Then for the first time there could be a racism which is based not on  
+
+some kind of virulent ideology,  not based on some kind of kooky  
+
+versions of genetics,  because the eugenicists in the  
+
+beginning of the 20th century,  as well as the Nazis hadn't had any  
+
+idea about genetics,  they were just using the word,   
+
+even though they knew nothing about the science of genetics as we  
+
+understand it today.  But what happens if now for the  
+
+first time we,  i.e., you who begin to understand  
+
+genetics, begin to perceive that there are, in fact,   
+
+different populations of humanity that are endowed with different  
+
+constellation of alleles that we imagine are more or less desirable?   
+
+What's going to happen then?  I don't know.  But some scientists  
+
+say, well, the truth must come out and that everything that can be  
+
+learned should be learned,  and we will learn how to digest it  
+
+and we will learn how to live with that.  But I'm not so sure that's  
+
+the right thing.  And you all have to wrestle with  
+
+that as well.  And even more insidious is the  
+
+following notion.  Remember the story about the two  
+
+Jims, the two guys from Ohio who met one another at the age of 39 after  
+
+they'd been separated at five weeks of birth?  That story begins to  
+
+persuade you of something I said before, and that is that a lot of  
+
+what you think you are isn't what you made of yourself,   
+
+isn't what your parents made of yourself, isn't what your  
+
+environment made of you and your experiences.   
+
+Maybe it's all just in your genes.  And if that's so then maybe you  
+
+can't take credit for any of the good things you've done.   
+
+And conversely maybe you're not responsible for all the bad things  
+
+you've done.  Maybe three years from now somebody will begin to plead  
+
+that even though they were not criminally insane when they  
+
+committed a string of serial murders,  in fact it really wasn't their fault  
+
+because they happen to have this particular genotype which is known  
+
+to be correlated with a strong tendency to violent.   
+
+And, by the way,  there is an allele which has a  
+
+correlation, I forget which one it is, has a correlation with violent  
+
+behavior.  So what if one begins to write off everything we do as not a  
+
+reflection of our own freewill,  our own volition, but instead a  
+
+consequence of the genes which our parents hoisted on us?   
+
+Of course, we can blame it on them.  As a father of children, I can tell  
+
+you that it's amazing how many different things can be blamed on  
+
+the parents.  [LAUGHTER] Of course, the parents have their  
+
+own out.  The parents can blame it on their parents.   
+
+So now it goes back to the grandparents, back to the beginning  
+
+of time.  We laugh about these things and they are amusing,   
+
+but they are taking us on a collision course with some very  
+
+difficult problems.  And you guys have to wrestle with  
+
+them and you guys have to explain to the people who haven't taken 7.   
+
+12 where the world of biology is taking us.   
+
+And on that note,  I want to tell you that Eric and I  
+
+have enormously enjoyed being with you this semester.   
+
+We wish you much luck and success in your future lives.   
+
+We hope some of you have become interested in biology and that you  
+
+found this course a little different from what you took in high school.   
+
+And have a wonderful winter vacation.  See you.  [APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xkoq5N0TTlI.txt b/xkoq5N0TTlI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..186bf00e6398fc88458225291cc2c60f9cb8ebea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xkoq5N0TTlI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was asked to serve on a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was asked to serve on a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was asked to serve on a faculty
+committee back in the year 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee back in the year 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee back in the year 2000
+uh by then president Chuck Fest and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by then president Chuck Fest and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by then president Chuck Fest and the
+charge to our committee was to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to our committee was to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to our committee was to come up
+with a new strategy for e-learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new strategy for e-learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new strategy for e-learning for
+MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.
+Everyone else was doing e-learning. MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone else was doing e-learning. MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone else was doing e-learning. MIT
+wasn't. And so uh the president felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't. And so uh the president felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't. And so uh the president felt
+that we should come up with a new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should come up with a new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should come up with a new and
+bold idea uh for MIT. Of course year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold idea uh for MIT. Of course year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold idea uh for MIT. Of course year
+2000 was still the era of the dot days.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 was still the era of the dot days.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 was still the era of the dot days.
+And so the assumption going in was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the assumption going in was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the assumption going in was that
+we would create an MIT.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would create an MIT.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would create an MIT.com
+uh and uh and enter into some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and enter into some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and enter into some kind of
+venture maybe take up uh the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture maybe take up uh the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture maybe take up uh the materials
+that faculty created and uh sell them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that faculty created and uh sell them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that faculty created and uh sell them.
+Okay, that was one idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that was one idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that was one idea.
+But as we got into the discussion, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as we got into the discussion, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as we got into the discussion, uh
+there were maybe seven or eight of us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were maybe seven or eight of us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were maybe seven or eight of us.
+It got smaller as the months went by. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It got smaller as the months went by. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It got smaller as the months went by. Uh
+it became apparent to us that the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became apparent to us that the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became apparent to us that the idea
+of MIT.com was not the right idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT.com was not the right idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT.com was not the right idea.
+There are a number of reasons for it. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are a number of reasons for it. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are a number of reasons for it. uh
+we interviewed uh about 60 organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interviewed uh about 60 organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interviewed uh about 60 organizations
+that were doing e-learning and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were doing e-learning and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were doing e-learning and from
+those interviews the one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interviews the one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interviews the one thing that we
+learned was that this is really a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned was that this is really a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned was that this is really a tough
+area to to do business in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to to do business in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to to do business in.
+Uh that was one uh one question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that was one uh one question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that was one uh one question that we
+had. We did try to do uh to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. We did try to do uh to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. We did try to do uh to build
+business models. uh we had booze and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models. uh we had booze and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models. uh we had booze and
+Hamilton people helping us and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton people helping us and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton people helping us and uh we
+worked very hard at creating a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very hard at creating a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very hard at creating a number of
+business models. Uh we did lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models. Uh we did lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models. Uh we did lots of
+surveys to get credible data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys to get credible data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys to get credible data
+and uh uh the business models that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the business models that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the business models that we
+were able to create the most credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to create the most credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to create the most credible
+one had us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had us uh
+starting year one and about year five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting year one and about year five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting year one and about year five
+we'd break even now which is not unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd break even now which is not unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd break even now which is not unusual
+for a venture. But the problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a venture. But the problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a venture. But the problem with that
+business model was that after year five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was that after year five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model was that after year five
+it would sort of flatten. there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would sort of flatten. there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would sort of flatten. there's not
+this sort of hockey stick uh uptick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of hockey stick uh uptick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of hockey stick uh uptick in
+uh in in revenue. And uh we thought, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in revenue. And uh we thought, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in revenue. And uh we thought, you
+know, if we're going to do something, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if we're going to do something, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if we're going to do something, we
+wanted to see at least the potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see at least the potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see at least the potential of
+uh uh having major source of revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh having major source of revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh having major source of revenue
+that could help MIT. It didn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could help MIT. It didn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could help MIT. It didn't seem to
+be there. The the most important reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there. The the most important reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there. The the most important reason
+though was that we interviewed about 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though was that we interviewed about 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though was that we interviewed about 60
+faculty members who had already put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members who had already put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members who had already put up
+their materials on the web on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their materials on the web on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their materials on the web on their own
+and we wanted to see what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to see what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to see what their
+motivation was. you know, if if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation was. you know, if if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation was. you know, if if we're
+going to do MIT.com, we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do MIT.com, we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do MIT.com, we need to
+understand the faculty's motivation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the faculty's motivation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the faculty's motivation. And
+so we interviewed every one of them. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we interviewed every one of them. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we interviewed every one of them. And
+without exception, they told us one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exception, they told us one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exception, they told us one,
+they're doing this to try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing this to try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing this to try to improve
+their classroom teaching. Two, they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classroom teaching. Two, they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classroom teaching. Two, they are
+not getting compensated. Uh and three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting compensated. Uh and three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting compensated. Uh and three,
+uh that uh they uh were uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh they uh were uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh they uh were uh they were
+sacrificing their own time, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrificing their own time, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrificing their own time, you know,
+research time, time with their family to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research time, time with their family to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research time, time with their family to
+do this. So this is you know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this. So this is you know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this. So this is you know where you
+find MIT faculty's real commitment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find MIT faculty's real commitment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find MIT faculty's real commitment I
+mean real commitment to teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean real commitment to teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean real commitment to teaching and
+that's what we found and uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we found and uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we found and uh when we
+discussed this uh in the committee it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this uh in the committee it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this uh in the committee it
+was uh October of year 2000 this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh October of year 2000 this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh October of year 2000 this was the
+last meeting before we had to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last meeting before we had to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last meeting before we had to start
+writing a report to president vest we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a report to president vest we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a report to president vest we
+said you know it doesn't seem right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know it doesn't seem right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know it doesn't seem right that
+we would take teaching materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would take teaching materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would take teaching materials from
+these faculty members who are committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these faculty members who are committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these faculty members who are committed
+to teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teaching
+and taking that and turning it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking that and turning it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking that and turning it into
+business. And so that was pretty much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business. And so that was pretty much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business. And so that was pretty much uh
+the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+um thing we needed here to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thing we needed here to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thing we needed here to say no
+MIT.com.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.com.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.com.
+But we had to report to the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we had to report to the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we had to report to the president
+and give him some bold idea for MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give him some bold idea for MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give him some bold idea for MIT in
+the e-learning space and uh particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e-learning space and uh particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e-learning space and uh particularly
+based on the what the 60 faculty me 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the what the 60 faculty me 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the what the 60 faculty me 60
+faculty members told us about the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members told us about the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members told us about the MIT
+faculty's very deep very deep commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty's very deep very deep commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty's very deep very deep commitment
+to teaching. We said, why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teaching. We said, why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teaching. We said, why don't we
+create a system that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a system that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a system that's exactly the
+opposite, exactly the opposite of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite, exactly the opposite of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite, exactly the opposite of what
+we started with and what the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with and what the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with and what the rest of the
+world was doing and say we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was doing and say we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was doing and say we're going to
+just give it away. Just give it away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give it away. Just give it away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give it away. Just give it away so
+that anyone anywhere in the world can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone anywhere in the world can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone anywhere in the world can
+take advantage of MIT faculty's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of MIT faculty's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of MIT faculty's
+commitment to education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to education.
+That's how we started with open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we started with open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we started with open
+courseware.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware.
+If you look at open courseware and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at open courseware and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at open courseware and see
+why it's been so successful and why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's been so successful and why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's been so successful and why it
+has resonated with the faculty you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has resonated with the faculty you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has resonated with the faculty you know
+I remember uh just a few days after MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember uh just a few days after MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember uh just a few days after MIT
+announced open courseware it was front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced open courseware it was front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced open courseware it was front
+page article in New York Times a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page article in New York Times a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page article in New York Times a young
+faculty member came up to me and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member came up to me and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member came up to me and said
+that the day MIT announced open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the day MIT announced open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the day MIT announced open
+courseware was the proudest day of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware was the proudest day of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware was the proudest day of his
+career at MIT. Why did he say that? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career at MIT. Why did he say that? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career at MIT. Why did he say that? Why
+did it resonate so much with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it resonate so much with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it resonate so much with the
+faculty? The reason I believe is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty? The reason I believe is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty? The reason I believe is because
+open courseware is not just open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware is not just open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware is not just open
+courseware separate from MIT but open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware separate from MIT but open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware separate from MIT but open
+courseware is very much a mission uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware is very much a mission uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware is very much a mission uh
+that MIT has as an as an institution. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT has as an as an institution. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT has as an as an institution. If
+you look at the MIT mission, not the OCW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the MIT mission, not the OCW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the MIT mission, not the OCW
+mission, MIT mission on the web, it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission, MIT mission on the web, it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission, MIT mission on the web, it says
+that uh MIT is committed to generating,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh MIT is committed to generating,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh MIT is committed to generating,
+disseminating and preserving knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminating and preserving knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminating and preserving knowledge
+and to bring this knowledge to bear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to bring this knowledge to bear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to bring this knowledge to bear on
+all the the great uh challenges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the great uh challenges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the great uh challenges of the
+world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world.
+MIT has traditionally fulfilled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has traditionally fulfilled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has traditionally fulfilled that
+requirement that that mission with basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that that mission with basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that that mission with basic
+research. But now with open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. But now with open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. But now with open courseware
+we can also fulfill that mission with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also fulfill that mission with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also fulfill that mission with
+our teaching by disseminating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our teaching by disseminating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our teaching by disseminating and
+preserving our teaching materials.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z5TPjZrsp2k.txt b/z5TPjZrsp2k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..568022d0cfe6216c7a97e7234a4e092467cbb467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z5TPjZrsp2k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we were looking at vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we were looking at vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we were looking at vector
+fields and last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So last time we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+a vector field happens to be a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field happens to be a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field happens to be a gradient
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be computed actually by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be computed actually by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be computed actually by taking the
+change in value of a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the end point and the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the end point and the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the end point and the starting
+point of the curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the curve.
+Okay. So if we have a curve C from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we have a curve C from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we have a curve C from a
+point P 0 to a point P1, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P 0 to a point P1, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P 0 to a point P1, then
+the line integral for work depends only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral for work depends only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral for work depends only
+on the end points and not on the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end points and not on the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end points and not on the actual
+path we chose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we chose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we chose.
+So we say that the line integral is path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say that the line integral is path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say that the line integral is path
+independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And we also said that the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we also said that the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we also said that the vector
+field is conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+of conservation of energy which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conservation of energy which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conservation of energy which tells
+you if you start at a point and you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you start at a point and you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you start at a point and you come
+back to the same point then you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same point then you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same point then you haven't
+gotten any work out of that force. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we have a closed curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a closed curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a closed curve
+then the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line integral
+for work is just zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+basically we say that these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we say that these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we say that these properties
+are equivalent being a gradient field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent being a gradient field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent being a gradient field or
+being puff independent or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being puff independent or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being puff independent or being
+conservative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative.
+And what I promised to you is that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I promised to you is that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I promised to you is that today
+we would see a criterion to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would see a criterion to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would see a criterion to decide
+whether a vector field is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a vector field is a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a vector field is a gradient
+field or not and how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or not and how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or not and how to find the
+potential function if it is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function if it is a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function if it is a gradient
+field. Okay, so that's the topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Okay, so that's the topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Okay, so that's the topic for
+today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is testing
+whether a given vector field let's say m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a given vector field let's say m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a given vector field let's say m
+and n components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n components
+is a gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for that well let's start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that well let's start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that well let's start with an
+observation. Okay. So say that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation. Okay. So say that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation. Okay. So say that it is a
+gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that means that the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that the first component
+of the field is just the partial of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field is just the partial of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field is just the partial of f
+with respect to some to the variable x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some to the variable x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some to the variable x
+and the second component is a partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second component is a partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second component is a partial of
+f with respect to y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to y.
+And now we have seen an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we have seen an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we have seen an interesting
+property of the second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the second partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the second partial
+derivatives of a function which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of a function which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of a function which is if
+you take the partial derivative first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the partial derivative first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the partial derivative first
+with respect to x then with respect to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x then with respect to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x then with respect to y
+or first with respect to y then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or first with respect to y then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or first with respect to y then with
+respect to x you get the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x you get the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x you get the same thing.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+we know fubxy equals fubyx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know fubxy equals fubyx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know fubxy equals fubyx
+and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means
+m suby equals n subx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m suby equals n subx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m suby equals n subx.
+Okay. So if you have a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you have a gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you have a gradient field
+then it should have this property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should have this property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should have this property.
+You take the y component take derative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take the y component take derative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take the y component take derative
+with respect to x take the x component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x take the x component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x take the x component
+differentiate with respect to y. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to y. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to y. You
+should get the same answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's important to know. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to know. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to know. So I'm going
+to put that in a box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um it's a broken box, but okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a broken box, but okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a broken box, but okay. And
+so the claim that I want to make is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claim that I want to make is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claim that I want to make is that
+there's a converse of sorts. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a converse of sorts. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a converse of sorts. This is
+actually basically all we need to check.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's going on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's going on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's going on?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, conversely,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, conversely,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, conversely,
+if so, I'm going to put here a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so, I'm going to put here a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so, I'm going to put here a condition
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my = nx,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my = nx,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my = nx,
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f is a gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the condition that I need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the condition that I need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the condition that I need to put
+here? Well, we'll see a more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Well, we'll see a more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Well, we'll see a more precise
+version of that next week. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that next week. But um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that next week. But um
+for now, let's just say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now, let's just say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now, let's just say if
+our vector field is defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vector field is defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vector field is defined and
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+everywhere,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we need actually a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we need actually a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we need actually a vector field
+that's well defined everywhere. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well defined everywhere. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well defined everywhere. You're
+not allowed to have somehow places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to have somehow places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to have somehow places where
+it's not well defined. Uh otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well defined. Uh otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well defined. Uh otherwise
+actually you have a counter example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have a counter example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have a counter example on
+your problem set this week. If you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set this week. If you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set this week. If you look
+at the last problem on the problems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last problem on the problems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last problem on the problems at
+this week, it gives you a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week, it gives you a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week, it gives you a vector field
+that satisfies this condition everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies this condition everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies this condition everywhere
+where it's defined. But actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's defined. But actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's defined. But actually,
+there's a point where it's not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point where it's not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point where it's not defined
+and that causes it actually to somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that causes it actually to somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that causes it actually to somehow I
+mean everything that I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everything that I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everything that I'm going to say
+today breaks down for that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today breaks down for that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today breaks down for that example
+because of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that.
+Um so I mean we'll shed more light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I mean we'll shed more light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I mean we'll shed more light on
+this a bit later with the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a bit later with the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a bit later with the notion of
+simply connected regions and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected regions and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected regions and so on but
+um for now let's just say if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for now let's just say if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for now let's just say if it's
+defined everywhere and satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere and satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere and satisfies this
+criterion then it's a gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion then it's a gradient field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion then it's a gradient field.
+So if you ignore I mean you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you ignore I mean you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you ignore I mean you know if you
+ignore that technical condition being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that technical condition being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that technical condition being a
+gradient field means essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field means essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field means essentially the
+same thing as having this property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as having this property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as having this property.
+So that's what we need to check.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so let's look at an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, one vector field that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one vector field that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one vector field that we've been
+looking at a lot was minus yi plus xj.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a lot was minus yi plus xj.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a lot was minus yi plus xj.
+Remember that was the vector field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that was the vector field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that was the vector field that
+looked like rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like rotation
+at unit speed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at unit speed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at unit speed.
+Okay. So I think last time we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think last time we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think last time we already
+decided that this guy should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this guy should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this guy should not be
+allowed to be a gradient field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be a gradient field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be a gradient field and
+should not be conservative because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be conservative because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be conservative because if we
+integrate on the unit circle then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate on the unit circle then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate on the unit circle then we'll
+get a positive answer. But let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive answer. But let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive answer. But let's check
+that indeed it fails our test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed it fails our test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed it fails our test.
+So well let's call this guy m let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So well let's call this guy m let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So well let's call this guy m let's
+let's call this guy n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this guy n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this guy n
+then if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you look at
+partial m partial y well that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial m partial y well that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial m partial y well that's going to
+be negative one. If you take partial n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative one. If you take partial n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative one. If you take partial n
+partial x that's going to be one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x that's going to be one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x that's going to be one and
+these are not the same. So indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the same. So indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the same. So indeed
+this is not a gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any questions about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions about that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions about that?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is only satisfied.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so your question is if I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so your question is if I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so your question is if I have that
+property m sub y= n subx only in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property m sub y= n subx only in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property m sub y= n subx only in a
+certain domain in certain part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain domain in certain part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain domain in certain part of the
+plane for some values of x and y can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane for some values of x and y can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane for some values of x and y can I
+conclude these things and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude these things and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude these things and you know that
+it's a gradient field in that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gradient field in that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gradient field in that part of
+the plane and conservative and so on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and conservative and so on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and conservative and so on. So
+the answer for now is in general no. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer for now is in general no. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer for now is in general no. And
+when we spend a bit more time on it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we spend a bit more time on it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we spend a bit more time on it,
+actually maybe I should move that up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe I should move that up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe I should move that up.
+Maybe we'll talk about it then, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe we'll talk about it then, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe we'll talk about it then, you
+know, later this week instead of when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, later this week instead of when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, later this week instead of when I
+planned. But uh so there's a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned. But uh so there's a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned. But uh so there's a notion of
+what it means for a region to be without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for a region to be without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for a region to be without
+holes. And basically if you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. And basically if you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. And basically if you have that
+kind of property in a region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of property in a region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of property in a region that
+doesn't have any holes inside it, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any holes inside it, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any holes inside it, then
+things will work. The problem comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will work. The problem comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will work. The problem comes from
+your vector field satisfying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector field satisfying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector field satisfying this
+criterion in a region that has a hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion in a region that has a hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion in a region that has a hole in
+it because then what you don't know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because then what you don't know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because then what you don't know is
+whether your potential is actually well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your potential is actually well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your potential is actually well
+defined and takes the same value when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and takes the same value when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and takes the same value when
+you move all around the hole. It might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move all around the hole. It might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move all around the hole. It might
+come back to take a different value. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to take a different value. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to take a different value. If
+you look carefully and think hard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look carefully and think hard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look carefully and think hard about
+the example on the problem set, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example on the problem set, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example on the problem set, that's
+exactly what happens there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens there.
+Um anyway, I mean again I will say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anyway, I mean again I will say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um anyway, I mean again I will say more
+about that later but so for now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later but so for now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later but so for now we
+basically need our function to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically need our function to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically need our function to be
+I mean so I should still say you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so I should still say you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so I should still say you know if
+you have this property for a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this property for a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this property for a vector
+field that's not quite defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's not quite defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's not quite defined
+everywhere you're more than welcome you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you're more than welcome you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you're more than welcome you
+know you should probably still try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should probably still try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should probably still try to
+look for a potential using the methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a potential using the methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a potential using the methods
+that we'll see but something might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see but something might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see but something might go
+wrong later you know you might end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong later you know you might end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong later you know you might end up
+with a potential that's not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a potential that's not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a potential that's not well
+defined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's do another example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's say that I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this vector field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the question is
+you know so this a here is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this a here is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this a here is a number
+question is for which value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for which value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for which value of a
+is this going to be possibly a gradient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this going to be possibly a gradient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this going to be possibly a gradient.
+So if you have you know your flash cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have you know your flash cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have you know your flash cards
+then that's a good time to use them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's a good time to use them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's a good time to use them to
+vote assuming that the number is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote assuming that the number is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote assuming that the number is small
+enough to be made with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be made with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be made with.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. So, let's try to think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, let's try to think about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, let's try to think about it.
+So, we want to call this guy M. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we want to call this guy M. We want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we want to call this guy M. We want
+to call that guy N. And we want to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that guy N. And we want to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that guy N. And we want to test
+M suby versus N subX.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. I don't see anyone. Oh, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I don't see anyone. Oh, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I don't see anyone. Oh, yeah.
+Okay. I see people doing it with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I see people doing it with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I see people doing it with their
+hands and that works very well. Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and that works very well. Wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and that works very well. Wow.
+Okay. So the question is sorry for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is sorry for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the question is sorry for which
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is this
+a gradient?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. So I see various people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So I see various people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So I see various people with
+the correct answer and yes. Okay. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer and yes. Okay. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer and yes. Okay. Uh
+that's a strange answer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a strange answer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a strange answer on the
+but yeah I see okay that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I see okay that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I see okay that's a good
+answer. Okay, so the vote seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Okay, so the vote seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Okay, so the vote seems to be
+for a= 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's see well if I take m suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is going to be just ax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be just ax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be just ax and
+n subx that is 8x. So I would like a= 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subx that is 8x. So I would like a= 8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subx that is 8x. So I would like a= 8.
+uh by the way so when you set these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the way so when you set these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the way so when you set these two
+equal to each other they really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other they really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other they really have to
+be equal everywhere right so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal everywhere right so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal everywhere right so you don't
+want to somehow solve for x or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to somehow solve for x or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to somehow solve for x or anything
+like that you just want these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you just want these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you just want these
+expressions in terms of x and y to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions in terms of x and y to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions in terms of x and y to be
+the same quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quantities
+you know I mean you can't say well if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean you can't say well if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean you can't say well if x
+equals zero they're always equal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero they're always equal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero they're always equal yeah
+that's true but that's not what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but that's not what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but that's not what we're
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we come to the next stage of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to the next stage of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to the next stage of you
+The next logical question, let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next logical question, let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next logical question, let's say
+that we've passed the test. So we've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've passed the test. So we've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've passed the test. So we've put
+a= 8 in here. So now it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a= 8 in here. So now it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a= 8 in here. So now it should be a
+potential. Sorry, it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. Sorry, it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. Sorry, it should be a
+gradient field. The question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field. The question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field. The question is how do
+we find the potential?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the potential?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the potential?
+So that becomes eight from now on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that becomes eight from now on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that becomes eight from now on.
+The question is how do we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is how do we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is how do we find the
+function which has this as gradient. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has this as gradient. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has this as gradient. So
+one option is to try to guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option is to try to guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option is to try to guess and
+actually quite often you will succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite often you will succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite often you will succeed
+that way. But that's not a valid method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. But that's not a valid method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. But that's not a valid method
+on next week's test. So we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on next week's test. So we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on next week's test. So we're going to
+see two different systematic methods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two different systematic methods.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two different systematic methods.
+And you should be using one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you should be using one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you should be using one of these
+because u well guessing doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u well guessing doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u well guessing doesn't always
+work. And actually, you know, I can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. And actually, you know, I can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. And actually, you know, I can come
+up with I mean I can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with I mean I can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with I mean I can come up with
+examples where if you try to guess, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where if you try to guess, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where if you try to guess, you
+will surely fail. I can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will surely fail. I can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will surely fail. I can come up with
+trick once, but I don't want to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick once, but I don't want to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick once, but I don't want to put that
+on the test. But still,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test. But still,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test. But still,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay. So the next stage is finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So the next stage is finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So the next stage is finding the
+potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And let me just emphasize we can only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me just emphasize we can only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me just emphasize we can only do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you know step one was successful. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know step one was successful. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know step one was successful. If we
+don't have,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have,
+you know, if we have a vector field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if we have a vector field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if we have a vector field that
+cannot possibly be a gradient, then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot possibly be a gradient, then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot possibly be a gradient, then we
+shouldn't try to look for a potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try to look for a potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try to look for a potential.
+It's kind of obvious, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of obvious, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of obvious, but
+it's probably worth pointing out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably worth pointing out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably worth pointing out.
+So there's two methods and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's two methods and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's two methods and the first
+method that we'll see is by computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we'll see is by computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we'll see is by computing
+line integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's see how that works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say
+that you know I start I take some path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I start I take some path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I start I take some path
+that starts at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at the origin
+or actually anywhere you want but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually anywhere you want but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually anywhere you want but let's
+take the origin. That's my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the origin. That's my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the origin. That's my favorite
+point. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And
+let's go to a point with coordinates say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to a point with coordinates say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to a point with coordinates say
+x1 y1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 y1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 y1.
+Okay. And let's take my favorite curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And let's take my favorite curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And let's take my favorite curve
+and let's compute the line integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's compute the line integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's compute the line integral of
+that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field
+along you know the work done along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you know the work done along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you know the work done along the
+curve. Well, by the fundamental theorem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Well, by the fundamental theorem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Well, by the fundamental theorem,
+that should be equal to the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be equal to the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be equal to the value of the
+potential at the end point minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the end point minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the end point minus the
+value at the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the origin.
+Okay. Well, so that means I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so that means I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so that means I can actually
+write f of x1 y1 equals bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals that line integral plus the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that line integral plus the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that line integral plus the value
+at the origin and that's just you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin and that's just you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin and that's just you know a
+constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+We don't know what it is and actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know what it is and actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know what it is and actually we
+can choose what it is because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose what it is because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose what it is because if you
+have a potential you know say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential you know say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential you know say that you
+have some potential function and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some potential function and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some potential function and let's
+say that you add one to it it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you add one to it it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you add one to it it's still a
+potential function. Adding one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function. Adding one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function. Adding one doesn't
+change the gradient. You can even add 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gradient. You can even add 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gradient. You can even add 18
+or any number that you want. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any number that you want. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any number that you want. So this is
+just going to be an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be an integration
+constant. You know it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. You know it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. You know it's the same thing
+as in one variable calculus when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in one variable calculus when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in one variable calculus when you
+take the anti-derivative of a function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the anti-derivative of a function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the anti-derivative of a function.
+It's only defined up to adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's only defined up to adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's only defined up to adding a
+constant. So we have this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So we have this integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So we have this integration
+constant but apart from that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but apart from that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but apart from that we know
+that we should be able to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should be able to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should be able to get our
+potential from this and this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential from this and this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential from this and this we can
+compute using the definition of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute using the definition of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute using the definition of a line
+integral because we know well we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral because we know well we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral because we know well we don't
+know what little f is but we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what little f is but we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what little f is but we know what
+the vector field is. So we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field is. So we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field is. So we can compute
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Well of course to do the calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well of course to do the calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well of course to do the calculation we
+probably don't want to use this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to use this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to use this kind of
+path. I mean, you know, if that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. I mean, you know, if that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. I mean, you know, if that's your
+favorite path, then that's fine, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite path, then that's fine, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite path, then that's fine, but
+it's not very easy to compute the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very easy to compute the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very easy to compute the line
+integral along this, especially since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this, especially since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this, especially since I
+didn't tell you what the definition is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you what the definition is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you what the definition is.
+So, you know, there's easier favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, there's easier favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, there's easier favorite
+paths to have. For example, you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to have. For example, you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to have. For example, you can go
+on a straight line from the origin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a straight line from the origin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a straight line from the origin to
+that point. That would be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. That would be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. That would be slightly
+easier. But in fact, there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. But in fact, there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. But in fact, there's even
+easier. The easiest of all probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. The easiest of all probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. The easiest of all probably is
+to just go first along the x- axis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just go first along the x- axis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just go first along the x- axis to
+x10 and then go up parallel to the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x10 and then go up parallel to the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x10 and then go up parallel to the y-
+axis. Why is that easy? Well, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis. Why is that easy? Well, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis. Why is that easy? Well, that's
+because when we do the line integral,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we do the line integral,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we do the line integral,
+you know, becomes mdx plus n dy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, becomes mdx plus n dy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, becomes mdx plus n dy and then
+on each of these pieces 1/2 just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of these pieces 1/2 just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of these pieces 1/2 just goes
+away because x or y is constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because x or y is constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because x or y is constant.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do let's try to use that method on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do let's try to use that method on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do let's try to use that method on
+our example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So, let's say that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, let's say that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, let's say that I'm going to
+integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate.
+Sorry. Oh, how did I end up with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Oh, how did I end up with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Oh, how did I end up with two
+yellow?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let's say that I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's say that I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's say that I want to go
+along this path from the origin first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path from the origin first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this path from the origin first
+along the x- axis to x10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x- axis to x10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x- axis to x10
+then vertically to x1 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then vertically to x1 y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then vertically to x1 y1
+and so I want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral
+along that curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that curve.
+So let's say I want to do it for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say I want to do it for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say I want to do it for this
+vector field. Okay, I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. Okay, I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. Okay, I want to find the
+potential for this vector field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for this vector field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for this vector field.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, okay, let me copy it because I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, okay, let me copy it because I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, okay, let me copy it because I'll
+have to erase at some point. So it's 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to erase at some point. So it's 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to erase at some point. So it's 4
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
++ 8 xy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 xy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 xy and
+3 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2
++ 4x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that will become the integral of 4x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that will become the integral of 4x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that will become the integral of 4x^2
++ 8 xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 xy
+dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
++ 3 y^ 2 + 4x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3 y^ 2 + 4x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3 y^ 2 + 4x^2
+d y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y.
+Now to evaluate on this broken line, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to evaluate on this broken line, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to evaluate on this broken line, I
+will of course evaluate separately on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of course evaluate separately on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of course evaluate separately on
+each of the two segments. So I'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the two segments. So I'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the two segments. So I'll start
+with this segment that I will call C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this segment that I will call C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this segment that I will call C1
+and then I will do this one that I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I will do this one that I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I will do this one that I call
+C2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So on C1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So on C1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So on C1,
+how do I evaluate my integral? Well, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I evaluate my integral? Well, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I evaluate my integral? Well, if
+I'm on C1, then X varies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on C1, then X varies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on C1, then X varies from
+0 to X1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X1.
+Well, actually, I don't know if X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, actually, I don't know if X1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, actually, I don't know if X1 is
+positive or not. So, I shouldn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or not. So, I shouldn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or not. So, I shouldn't write
+this. I really should say just X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I really should say just X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I really should say just X goes
+from zero to X1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to X1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to X1.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+what about y? Y is just zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about y? Y is just zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about y? Y is just zero.
+So I will set y equals 0 and also dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I will set y equals 0 and also dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I will set y equals 0 and also dy
+equals z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z.
+So I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get
+that the line integral on c1. Well, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line integral on c1. Well, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line integral on c1. Well, a
+lot of stuff goes away, right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff goes away, right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff goes away, right? So the
+entire second term with dy goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire second term with dy goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire second term with dy goes away
+because dy is zero. And in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dy is zero. And in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dy is zero. And in the first
+term 8xy goes away because y is zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 8xy goes away because y is zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 8xy goes away because y is zero as
+well. So I just have the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So I just have the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So I just have the integral of
+4x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^2
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+from zero to x1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to x1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to x1.
+So by the way now you see why I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by the way now you see why I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by the way now you see why I've been
+using x1 and y1 for my point and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using x1 and y1 for my point and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using x1 and y1 for my point and not
+just x and y. It's to avoid confusion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x and y. It's to avoid confusion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x and y. It's to avoid confusion.
+You know I'm using x and y as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know I'm using x and y as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know I'm using x and y as my
+integration variables and x1 y1 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variables and x1 y1 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variables and x1 y1 as
+constants that are representing the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that are representing the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that are representing the end
+point of my path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of my path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of my path.
+Okay. And so if I integrate this, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so if I integrate this, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so if I integrate this, I
+should get 4/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get 4/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get 4/3
+x1 cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 cubed.
+Okay. So that's the first part. And next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's the first part. And next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's the first part. And next
+I need to do the second segment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I'm on C2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm on C2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm on C2,
+so Y goes from zero to Y1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y goes from zero to Y1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y goes from zero to Y1.
+And what about X?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what about X?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what about X?
+Yeah, x is constant equal to x1. So, dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, x is constant equal to x1. So, dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, x is constant equal to x1. So, dx
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+just zero. It's a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero. It's a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero. It's a constant.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if I take the line integral on C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the line integral on C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the line integral on C2
+oops goes here I f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops goes here I f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops goes here I f
+then I will get the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will get the integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will get the integral from 0 to
+Y1 of so the entire first term with dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y1 of so the entire first term with dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y1 of so the entire first term with dx
+goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away
+and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have
+3 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2
++ 4 well x is x1 x1 2 d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 well x is x1 x1 2 d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 well x is x1 x1 2 d y
+okay so that integrates to y cubed + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that integrates to y cubed + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that integrates to y cubed + 4
+x1^ 2 y from 0 to y1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1^ 2 y from 0 to y1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1^ 2 y from 0 to y1.
+Or if you prefer, that's y1 cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or if you prefer, that's y1 cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or if you prefer, that's y1 cubed
++ 4 x1 2 y1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+now that we have done both of them, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have done both of them, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have done both of them, we
+can just add them together and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just add them together and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just add them together and that will
+give us the formula for the potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x1 and y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x1 and y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x1 and y1
+is 4/3 x1 cubed plus y1 cubed + 4 x1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4/3 x1 cubed plus y1 cubed + 4 x1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4/3 x1 cubed plus y1 cubed + 4 x1 2
+y1 plus a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 plus a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 plus a constant.
+Okay, that constant is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that constant is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that constant is just the
+integration constant that we had from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant that we had from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant that we had from
+the beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning.
+Or you know now you can drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or you know now you can drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or you know now you can drop the
+subscripts if you prefer. You can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts if you prefer. You can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts if you prefer. You can just
+say f is 4/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f is 4/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f is 4/3
+x cubed + y cubed plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed + y cubed plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed + y cubed plus 4
+x^2 y plus constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 y plus constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 y plus constant.
+Okay. And you can check if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you can check if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you can check if you take the
+gradient of this then you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of this then you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of this then you should get
+again this vector field over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this vector field over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this vector field over there.
+Okay. Any questions about this method?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions about this method?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions about this method?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No. Well, it depends whether you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Well, it depends whether you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Well, it depends whether you're just
+trying to find one potential or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find one potential or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find one potential or if
+you're trying to find all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find all the possible
+potentials. If a problem just says find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. If a problem just says find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. If a problem just says find
+a potential, then you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential, then you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential, then you don't have to
+include the constant. You know, this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the constant. You know, this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the constant. You know, this guy
+without the constant is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the constant is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the constant is a valid
+potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential.
+Just you have others. You know, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just you have others. You know, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just you have others. You know, so if
+your neighbor comes to you and says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor comes to you and says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor comes to you and says,
+"Oh, your answer must be wrong. I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, your answer must be wrong. I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, your answer must be wrong. I got
+this plus 18." Well, you know, both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus 18." Well, you know, both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus 18." Well, you know, both
+answers are correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh, by the way, so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, by the way, so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, by the way, so instead of
+going first along the x- axis, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going first along the x- axis, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going first along the x- axis, then
+vertically, you could do it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically, you could do it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically, you could do it the other
+way around, of course. Start along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around, of course. Start along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around, of course. Start along the
+y- axis, then horizontally. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis, then horizontally. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis, then horizontally. And you
+know, that's the same level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's the same level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's the same level of
+difficulty. You just exchange the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty. You just exchange the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty. You just exchange the rules
+of x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y.
+In some cases, it's actually even making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In some cases, it's actually even making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In some cases, it's actually even making
+more sense maybe to go radially straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense maybe to go radially straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense maybe to go radially straight
+out from the origin to your end point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the origin to your end point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the origin to your end point.
+But usually this setting is easier just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But usually this setting is easier just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But usually this setting is easier just
+because see each of these two guys was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see each of these two guys was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see each of these two guys was
+actually very easy to compute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But somehow maybe if you suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But somehow maybe if you suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But somehow maybe if you suspect that
+polar coordinates will be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates will be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates will be involved
+somehow in the answer then maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in the answer then maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in the answer then maybe it
+makes sense to choose different paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to choose different paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to choose different paths
+maybe a straight line is better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we have another method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have another method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have another method
+to look at which is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at which is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at which is using
+anti-derivatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I mean the goal is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I mean the goal is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I mean the goal is the same
+still to find the potential function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to find the potential function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to find the potential function and
+you see that finding the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that finding the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that finding the potential is
+really the the you know multivariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the you know multivariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the you know multivariable
+analog of finding the anti-derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of finding the anti-derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of finding the anti-derivative in
+one variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+you know here we did it basically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here we did it basically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here we did it basically by
+hand by computing the integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand by computing the integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand by computing the integral.
+The other thing you could try to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing you could try to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing you could try to say is
+wait I already know how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I already know how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I already know how to take
+anti-derivatives let's use that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives let's use that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives let's use that instead
+of computing integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing integrals.
+And it works but you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it works but you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it works but you have to be careful
+about how you do it. So let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you do it. So let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you do it. So let's see how
+that works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works.
+Okay, so let's still do it with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's still do it with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's still do it with the same
+example. So we want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So we want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So we want to solve
+the equations. We want a function such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations. We want a function such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations. We want a function such
+that fubx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fubx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fubx
+is 4x^2 + 8 xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4x^2 + 8 xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4x^2 + 8 xy
+and fuby is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fuby is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fuby is
+3 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2
++ 4x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4x^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4x^2.
+So let's just look at one of these at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just look at one of these at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just look at one of these at a
+time. If we look at this one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. If we look at this one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. If we look at this one,
+well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well,
+we know how to solve this because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to solve this because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to solve this because it's
+just telling us we have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling us we have to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling us we have to integrate
+this with respect to x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to x.
+Okay. Well, let's call them one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, let's call them one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, let's call them one and two
+because I will have to refer to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I will have to refer to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I will have to refer to them
+again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again.
+So let's start with equation one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And let's integrate with respect to x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's integrate with respect to x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's integrate with respect to x.
+Well, it tells us that f should be okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it tells us that f should be okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it tells us that f should be okay.
+So what do I get when I integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do I get when I integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do I get when I integrate this
+with respect to x? I get 4/3 x cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x? I get 4/3 x cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x? I get 4/3 x cubed
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+when I integrate 8x y, y is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I integrate 8x y, y is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I integrate 8x y, y is just a
+constant. So I will get 4 x^2 y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So I will get 4 x^2 y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So I will get 4 x^2 y.
+And that's not quite the end to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not quite the end to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not quite the end to it.
+Okay? because there's an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? because there's an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? because there's an integration
+constant. And here when I say there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And here when I say there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And here when I say there's an
+integration constant, it just means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant, it just means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant, it just means the
+extra term does not depend on x. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term does not depend on x. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term does not depend on x. That's
+what it means to be a constant in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be a constant in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be a constant in this
+setting. But maybe my constant still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. But maybe my constant still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. But maybe my constant still
+depends on y. So it's not actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on y. So it's not actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on y. So it's not actually a
+true constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true constant.
+A constant that depends on y is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A constant that depends on y is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A constant that depends on y is not
+really a constant. It's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a constant. It's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a constant. It's actually a
+function of y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the good news that we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the good news that we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the good news that we have is
+that this function no longer depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function no longer depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function no longer depends on
+x. So it should be you know we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So it should be you know we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So it should be you know we've made
+some progress. We've got part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress. We've got part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress. We've got part of the
+answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and
+you know we've simplified the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've simplified the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've simplified the problem.
+So if we have anything that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have anything that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have anything that looks like
+this it will satisfy the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will satisfy the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will satisfy the first
+condition. So now we need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. So now we need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. So now we need to look at the
+second condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition.
+Okay. So we want f suby to be that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want f suby to be that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want f suby to be that.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so but we know what f is. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we know what f is. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we know what f is. So let's
+comput f suby from this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comput f suby from this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comput f suby from this.
+Okay. So from this I get that f suby. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So from this I get that f suby. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So from this I get that f suby. So
+what do I get if I differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get if I differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get if I differentiate this
+with respect to y? Well I get zero plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y? Well I get zero plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y? Well I get zero plus
+4x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x^2
+plus the derivative of g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+I would like to match this with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to match this with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to match this with what I
+had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I match this with equation two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I match this with equation two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I match this with equation two,
+then that will tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will tell me what the
+derivative of G should be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if we compare the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we compare the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we compare the two things
+there we get 4x^2 + g prime of y should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we get 4x^2 + g prime of y should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we get 4x^2 + g prime of y should
+be equal to 3 y^2 + 4x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 3 y^2 + 4x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 3 y^2 + 4x^2
+and Of course, the 4x squares go away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Of course, the 4x squares go away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Of course, the 4x squares go away.
+That tells you g prime is 3 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That tells you g prime is 3 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That tells you g prime is 3 y^2
+and that integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that integrates
+to y cubed plus constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y cubed plus constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y cubed plus constant.
+Now this time the constant is a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this time the constant is a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this time the constant is a true
+constant. Okay, because g did not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Okay, because g did not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Okay, because g did not depend
+on anything other than y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on anything other than y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on anything other than y and the
+constant does not depend on y. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant does not depend on y. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant does not depend on y. So it's
+really it's a real constant now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we just plug this back into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we just plug this back into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we just plug this back into this
+guy. Let's call him star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we plug this into star, we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we plug this into star, we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we plug this into star, we get
+f=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4/3 x cubed + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 x cubed + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 x cubed + 4
+x^2 y + y cubed plus constant. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 y + y cubed plus constant. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 y + y cubed plus constant. And I
+mean of course again now this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of course again now this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of course again now this constant
+is optional.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+you see the advantage of this method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the advantage of this method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the advantage of this method is
+you don't have to write any integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to write any integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to write any integrals.
+The small drawback is you have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The small drawback is you have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The small drawback is you have to follow
+this procedure carefully.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure carefully.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure carefully.
+So by the way one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by the way one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by the way one
+common pitfall you know it's tempting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common pitfall you know it's tempting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common pitfall you know it's tempting.
+So after you've done this, what's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after you've done this, what's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after you've done this, what's very
+tempting is to just say, oh well, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting is to just say, oh well, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting is to just say, oh well, let's
+do the same with this guy. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same with this guy. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same with this guy. Let's
+integrate this with respect to y. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this with respect to y. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this with respect to y. You'll
+get another expression for f up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another expression for f up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another expression for f up to a
+constant that depends on x and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that depends on x and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that depends on x and then
+let's match them. Well, the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's match them. Well, the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's match them. Well, the difficulty
+is matching is actually quite tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is matching is actually quite tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is matching is actually quite tricky
+because you don't know in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know in advance
+whether there will be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there will be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there will be the same
+expression. You know, it could be that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. You know, it could be that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. You know, it could be that I
+got, you know, you could say, oh, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got, you know, you could say, oh, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got, you know, you could say, oh, let's
+just take the terms that are here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the terms that are here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the terms that are here and
+missing there and combine, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing there and combine, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing there and combine, you know, the
+terms that are, you know, take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are, you know, take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are, you know, take all the
+terms that appear in either one. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that appear in either one. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that appear in either one. That's
+actually not a good way to do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a good way to do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a good way to do it because
+if I put sufficiently complicated trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put sufficiently complicated trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put sufficiently complicated trick
+functions in there, then you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in there, then you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in there, then you might not
+be able to see that two terms are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see that two terms are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see that two terms are the
+same. You know, to take an easy one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. You know, to take an easy one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. You know, to take an easy one,
+let's say that here I have 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that here I have 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that here I have 1 plus
+tangent square and here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent square and here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent square and here I have a
+cotangent square. Sorry, I have a I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotangent square. Sorry, I have a I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotangent square. Sorry, I have a I mean
+square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square.
+then you know you might not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you might not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you might not actually
+notice that there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's a difference
+but there's no difference so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no difference so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no difference so well
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+um okay so anyway so I'm saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so anyway so I'm saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so anyway so I'm saying you know
+do it this way don't do it any other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way don't do it any other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way don't do it any other way
+because there's a risk of making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a risk of making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a risk of making a
+mistake otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake otherwise
+I mean on the other hand of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean on the other hand of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean on the other hand of course you
+could start with integrating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start with integrating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start with integrating with
+respect to y and then differentiate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y and then differentiate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y and then differentiate and
+match with respect to x but so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with respect to x but so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with respect to x but so what I'm
+saying is just you know take one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is just you know take one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is just you know take one of them
+integrate get an answer that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate get an answer that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate get an answer that involves a
+function of the other variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the other variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the other variable then
+differentiate that answer and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that answer and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that answer and compare
+and see what you get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what you get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what you get.
+By the way, yeah, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, yeah, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, yeah, so
+here of course you know after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course you know after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course you know after we
+simplified there were only y's here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified there were only y's here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified there were only y's here.
+There were no x's and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no x's and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no x's and that's kind of
+good news. I mean if you had had an x an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news. I mean if you had had an x an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news. I mean if you had had an x an
+x here in this expression uh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here in this expression uh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here in this expression uh that would
+have told you that something is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have told you that something is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have told you that something is going
+wrong, right? G is a function of y only.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, right? G is a function of y only.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, right? G is a function of y only.
+So if you get an X here, maybe you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you get an X here, maybe you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you get an X here, maybe you want
+to go back and check whether it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and check whether it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and check whether it is
+really a gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a gradient field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a gradient field.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, this will work with functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, this will work with functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, this will work with functions of
+more than two variables. Both methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two variables. Both methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two variables. Both methods
+will work with more than two variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work with more than two variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work with more than two variables.
+So we're going to see it in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to see it in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to see it in the case
+where more than two means three. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where more than two means three. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where more than two means three. We're
+going to see that in a two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that in a two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that in a two or three
+weeks from now. Um I mean basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now. Um I mean basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now. Um I mean basically
+starting at the end of next week we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the end of next week we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the end of next week we're
+going to do triple integrals line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do triple integrals line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do triple integrals line
+integrals in space and so on. Um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals in space and so on. Um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals in space and so on. Um so the
+format is first we do everything in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format is first we do everything in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format is first we do everything in two
+variables. So then we'll do it in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So then we'll do it in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So then we'll do it in three
+variables and what happens with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and what happens with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and what happens with more
+than three will be left to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three will be left to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three will be left to your
+imagination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any other questions about either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any other questions about either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any other questions about either
+of these methods?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, a quick poll. Who prefers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, a quick poll. Who prefers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, a quick poll. Who prefers the
+first method?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first method?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first method?
+Who prefers the second method? Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who prefers the second method? Wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who prefers the second method? Wow.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, well, anyway, I mean, you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, well, anyway, I mean, you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, well, anyway, I mean, you know, you
+get to use whichever one you want. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to use whichever one you want. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to use whichever one you want. Um,
+and I would agree with you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would agree with you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would agree with you that the
+second method is slightly more effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second method is slightly more effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second method is slightly more effective
+in that you're writing less stuff. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you're writing less stuff. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you're writing less stuff. You
+don't have to, you know, set up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to, you know, set up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to, you know, set up all
+these line integrals for nothing. On the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these line integrals for nothing. On the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these line integrals for nothing. On the
+other hand, it does require a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, it does require a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, it does require a little bit
+more of attention.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, well, let's move on a bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, let me start by actually doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me start by actually doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me start by actually doing a
+small recap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small recap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small recap.
+So we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have various notions. One is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various notions. One is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various notions. One is to say
+that a vector field is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a certain region of a plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we have another notion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have another notion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have another notion which is
+being conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which says that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that the integral
+the line integral is zero along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral is zero along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral is zero along
+any closed curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any closed curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any closed curve.
+So actually let me introduce a new piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually let me introduce a new piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually let me introduce a new piece
+of notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation.
+So to just to remind ourselves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to just to remind ourselves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to just to remind ourselves that
+we're doing it along a closed curve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it along a closed curve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it along a closed curve,
+very often we put just a circle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often we put just a circle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often we put just a circle through
+the integral to tell us well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral to tell us well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral to tell us well this is a
+curve that you know closes on itself. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that you know closes on itself. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that you know closes on itself. It
+ends where it started.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends where it started.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends where it started.
+Um I mean it doesn't change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean it doesn't change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean it doesn't change anything
+concerning the definition or how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the definition or how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the definition or how you
+compute it or anything. It just reminds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it or anything. It just reminds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it or anything. It just reminds
+you that you're doing it on a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you're doing it on a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you're doing it on a closed
+curve. It's actually useful for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. It's actually useful for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. It's actually useful for various
+physical applications and also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical applications and also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical applications and also you know
+when you state theorems in that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you state theorems in that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you state theorems in that way it
+reminds it reminds you oh I need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds it reminds you oh I need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds it reminds you oh I need to be
+on a closed curve to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a closed curve to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a closed curve to do it
+and so we've said these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've said these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've said these two things are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we have a third thing which is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have a third thing which is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have a third thing which is n
+subx equals m suby at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So just to summarize the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to summarize the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to summarize the discussion
+we've said if we have a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said if we have a gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said if we have a gradient field
+then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this
+and the converse is true in suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the converse is true in suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the converse is true in suitable
+regions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the converse
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is defined
+in the entire plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as we'll see
+soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+in a simply connected region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I guess some of you can't see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I guess some of you can't see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I guess some of you can't see what
+I'm writing here, but it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing here, but it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing here, but it doesn't matter
+because you're not officially supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not officially supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not officially supposed
+to know it yet. That will be next week.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it yet. That will be next week.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it yet. That will be next week.
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+Okay. Anyway, so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anyway, so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anyway, so I said
+um the fact that nx= my implies we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that nx= my implies we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that nx= my implies we have
+a gradient field is only if the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient field is only if the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient field is only if the vector
+field is defined in the entire plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is defined in the entire plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is defined in the entire plane or
+in a region that's called simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a region that's called simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a region that's called simply
+connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And more about that later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And more about that later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And more about that later.
+So now let me just introduce a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let me just introduce a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let me just introduce a quantity
+that probably a lot of you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably a lot of you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably a lot of you have heard
+about in physics that measures precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in physics that measures precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in physics that measures precisely
+failure to be conservative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's called the curl of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's called the curl of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's called the curl of a vector
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We say that the curl of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quantity
+n subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n subx
+minus m suby.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m suby.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m suby.
+Okay. So it's just you know repackaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's just you know repackaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's just you know repackaging
+the information we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in a way that's a single quantity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in this new language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this new language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this new language the
+conditions that we have the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we have the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we have the condition
+that we had over there this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had over there this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had over there this condition
+says curl f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says curl f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says curl f
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the new version of nx= ny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new version of nx= ny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new version of nx= ny
+okay so it measures failure of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it measures failure of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it measures failure of a vector
+field to be conservative so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to be conservative so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to be conservative so I should
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the test for conservativeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that the curl of f should be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I should probably tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should probably tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should probably tell you a little
+bit about what the curl is, what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what the curl is, what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what the curl is, what it
+measures, what it does because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+probably useful. It's a very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably useful. It's a very strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably useful. It's a very strange
+quantity, right? If you put it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity, right? If you put it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity, right? If you put it in that
+form, I mean, yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's the same as the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the same as the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the same as the physics
+one, but I haven't checked a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but I haven't checked a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but I haven't checked a physics
+textbook recently, but I believe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook recently, but I believe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook recently, but I believe it's
+the same. Yes, I think it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. Yes, I think it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. Yes, I think it's the same as
+the physics one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics one.
+It's not the opposite this time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the opposite this time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the opposite this time.
+Of course, in physics, maybe you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, in physics, maybe you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, in physics, maybe you've seen
+actually curl in space and we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually curl in space and we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually curl in space and we are going
+to see curl in space in two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see curl in space in two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see curl in space in two or three
+weeks. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. But um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. But um
+yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes,
+we already test the function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already test the function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already test the function.
+Uh yes. Well, you can also use it. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yes. Well, you can also use it. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yes. Well, you can also use it. So if
+you fail this test, then you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fail this test, then you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fail this test, then you know for
+sure that you're not a gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're not a gradient field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're not a gradient field.
+So you might as well do that. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you might as well do that. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you might as well do that. If you
+satisfy the test, but you're not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the test, but you're not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the test, but you're not defined
+everywhere, then there's still a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere, then there's still a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere, then there's still a bit of
+ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity
+and you don't know for sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let's try to see a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's try to see a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's try to see a little bit
+what the kernel measures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kernel measures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kernel measures.
+So I want to claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to claim that
+you know just to give you some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to give you some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to give you some intuition
+let's first think about the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first think about the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first think about the velocity
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the curl curl measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl curl measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl curl measures
+the rotation component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you want a fancy word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want a fancy word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want a fancy word that
+measures the vorticity of a motion, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the vorticity of a motion, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the vorticity of a motion, it
+tells you how much twisting is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how much twisting is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how much twisting is taking
+place at a given point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at a given point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at a given point.
+Okay. So for example you know if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for example you know if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for example you know if I take
+well if I take a constant vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I take a constant vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I take a constant vector field
+you know where my fluid is just all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where my fluid is just all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where my fluid is just all
+moving in the same place in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the same place in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the same place in the same
+sorry in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in the same direction
+you know where this is just constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where this is just constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where this is just constants
+then of course the curl is zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the curl is zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the curl is zero because
+if you take the partials you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the partials you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the partials you get zero
+and indeed that's not what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed that's not what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed that's not what you would
+call you know swirling I mean there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you know swirling I mean there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you know swirling I mean there's no
+there's no vertic in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the other hand. Well, okay. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand. Well, okay. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand. Well, okay. Now,
+let's do another one where there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another one where there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another one where there's still
+nothing going on. Let's say that I take,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing going on. Let's say that I take,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing going on. Let's say that I take,
+you know, the radial vector field where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the radial vector field where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the radial vector field where
+everything just flows away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just flows away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just flows away from the
+origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin.
+So, that's f=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's f=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's f=
+x y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y.
+Well, if I take the curl,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if I take the curl,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if I take the curl,
+so I have to take partial partial x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to take partial partial x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to take partial partial x of
+the second component which is y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second component which is y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second component which is y minus
+partial partial y of the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial y of the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial y of the first component
+which is x. I will get zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x. I will get zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x. I will get zero.
+And indeed, you know, if you put, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed, you know, if you put, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And indeed, you know, if you put, you
+know, if you think about what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you think about what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you think about what's going on
+here, there's no rotation involved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, there's no rotation involved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, there's no rotation involved.
+On the other hand, if you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our favorite rotation vector field,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative y and x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative y and x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative y and x,
+then curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then curl
+is going to be well n subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+m sub y will be 1 + 1 = 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sub y will be 1 + 1 = 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sub y will be 1 + 1 = 2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that corresponds to the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the fact that we're
+rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+actually we're rotating at unit angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're rotating at unit angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're rotating at unit angular
+speed. So the curl actually measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. So the curl actually measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. So the curl actually measures
+twice the angular speed of the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the angular speed of the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the angular speed of the rotation
+part of the motion at any given point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the motion at any given point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the motion at any given point.
+So now if you have an actual motion, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you have an actual motion, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you have an actual motion, you
+know, a more complicated field than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a more complicated field than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a more complicated field than
+these, then no matter where you are, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, then no matter where you are, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, then no matter where you are, you
+can think of the motion as a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the motion as a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the motion as a combination
+of translation effects, maybe dilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation effects, maybe dilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation effects, maybe dilation
+effects, maybe rotation effects, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects, maybe rotation effects, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects, maybe rotation effects, um
+possibly other things like that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly other things like that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly other things like that. And
+what the curl will will measure is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the curl will will measure is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the curl will will measure is how
+intense the rotation effect is at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense the rotation effect is at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense the rotation effect is at that
+particular point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point.
+Okay, so I'm not going to try to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'm not going to try to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'm not going to try to make a
+much more precise statement. Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more precise statement. Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more precise statement. Well, I
+mean the precise statement is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the precise statement is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the precise statement is you know
+what curl measures is really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what curl measures is really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what curl measures is really this
+quantity up there. But the intuition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity up there. But the intuition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity up there. But the intuition you
+should have is it measures how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is it measures how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is it measures how much
+rotation is taking place at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is taking place at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is taking place at any given
+point. And of course in a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And of course in a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And of course in a complicated
+motion you might have more rotation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you might have more rotation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you might have more rotation at
+some point than at some others which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point than at some others which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point than at some others which is
+why the curl will depend on x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the curl will depend on x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the curl will depend on x and y.
+It's not just a constant because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not just a constant because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not just a constant because you
+know how much you rotate depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much you rotate depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much you rotate depends on
+where you are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you know, if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, if you're looking at
+actual wind velocities in weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wind velocities in weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wind velocities in weather
+prediction, then the regions with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction, then the regions with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction, then the regions with high
+curl tend to be hurricanes or tornadoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl tend to be hurricanes or tornadoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl tend to be hurricanes or tornadoes
+or things like that. They're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that. They're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that. They're not very
+pleasant things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the sign of a curl tells you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the sign of a curl tells you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the sign of a curl tells you whether
+you're going clockwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going clockwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going clockwise or
+counterclockwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, curl measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well twice the angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the rotation component.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a velocity field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what about a force field? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what about a force field? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what about a force field? Because
+after all, you know, where we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all, you know, where we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all, you know, where we got to
+this was coming from and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was coming from and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was coming from and trying to
+understand forces and the work they do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand forces and the work they do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand forces and the work they do.
+So, I should tell you what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I should tell you what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I should tell you what it means for
+a force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force.
+Well, the curl of a force field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exerted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted
+on, you know, a test object that you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, you know, a test object that you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, you know, a test object that you put
+at any point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So remember torque is the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember torque is the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember torque is the rotational
+analog of the force. Uh you know we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of the force. Uh you know we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of the force. Uh you know we had
+this analogy about velocity versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analogy about velocity versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analogy about velocity versus
+angular velocity and mass versus moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity and mass versus moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity and mass versus moment
+of inertia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inertia.
+And then in that analogy you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in that analogy you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in that analogy you know a
+force divided by the mass is what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by the mass is what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by the mass is what will
+cause acceleration which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause acceleration which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause acceleration which is the
+derivative of velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of velocity.
+Uh torque divided by moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh torque divided by moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh torque divided by moment of inertia
+is what will cause the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will cause the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will cause the angular
+acceleration namely the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration namely the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration namely the derivative of
+angular velocity. Maybe actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity. Maybe actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity. Maybe actually I
+should write that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write that down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write that down.
+Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torque divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque divided by
+moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ddt of angular velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I leave it up to your physics teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave it up to your physics teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I leave it up to your physics teachers
+to decide what letters to use for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what letters to use for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what letters to use for all
+these things. Um that's the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. Um that's the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. Um that's the analog of
+force divided by mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force divided by mass
+equals acceleration which is ddt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals acceleration which is ddt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals acceleration which is ddt of
+velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so now you see if the curl of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you see if the curl of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you see if the curl of a
+velocity field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity field
+measures the angular velocity of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the angular velocity of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the angular velocity of its
+rotation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation,
+then you know by this analogy the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know by this analogy the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know by this analogy the curl
+of a force field should measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a force field should measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a force field should measure the
+torque it exert it exerts on a mass per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque it exert it exerts on a mass per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque it exert it exerts on a mass per
+unit moment of inertia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So concretely, if you imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So concretely, if you imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So concretely, if you imagine that
+you're putting something in there, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting something in there, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting something in there, you
+know, if you're in a velocity field, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you're in a velocity field, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you're in a velocity field, the
+curl will tell you how fast your guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl will tell you how fast your guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl will tell you how fast your guy is
+spinning at a given time. You know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at a given time. You know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at a given time. You know, if
+you put something that floats, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put something that floats, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put something that floats, for
+example, on your fluid, you know, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, on your fluid, you know, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, on your fluid, you know, um
+something very light, then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very light, then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very light, then it's going to
+start spinning. And the curl of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start spinning. And the curl of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start spinning. And the curl of a
+velocity field tells you how fast it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity field tells you how fast it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity field tells you how fast it is
+spinning at any given time up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at any given time up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at any given time up to a
+factor of two. And the curl of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two. And the curl of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two. And the curl of the force
+field tells you how quickly the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field tells you how quickly the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field tells you how quickly the angular
+velocity is going to increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is going to increase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is going to increase or
+decrease.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease.
+Okay. So on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So on
+well next time we are going to see green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well next time we are going to see green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well next time we are going to see green
+theorem which is actually going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is actually going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is actually going to tell
+us a lot more about curl and failure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot more about curl and failure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot more about curl and failure of
+conservativeness.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z8sXXQxcmN4.txt b/z8sXXQxcmN4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19824d972924e428a6f7673ed1aca657b8155165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z8sXXQxcmN4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2106 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time, we began
+the discussion of the
+
+z-transform.
+
+As with the Laplace transform
+in continuous time, we
+
+developed it as a
+generalization
+
+of the Fourier transform.
+
+The expression that we got for
+the z-transform is the sum
+
+that I indicate here.
+
+We also briefly talked about
+an inverse z-transform
+
+integral and some other informal
+methods of computing
+
+the inverse z-transform.
+
+But we focused in particular
+on the relationship between
+
+the z-transform and the Fourier
+transform, pointing
+
+out first of all that the
+z-transform, when we choose
+
+the magnitude of
+z equal to 1--
+
+so the magnitude of z of the
+form e to the j omega--
+
+just simply reduces
+to the Fourier
+
+transform of the sequence.
+
+Then, in addition, we explored
+the z-transform for z, a more
+
+general complex number.
+
+In the discrete time z-transform
+case, we expressed
+
+that complex number in polar
+form as r e to the j omega,
+
+and recognize that the
+z-transform expression in fact
+
+corresponds to the Fourier
+transform of the sequence
+
+exponentially weighted.
+
+Because of the exponential
+weighting, the z-transform
+
+converges for some values of
+r corresponding to some
+
+exponential waiting, and perhaps
+not for others, and
+
+that led to a notion which
+corresponded to the region of
+
+convergence associated
+with the z-transform.
+
+We talked some about properties
+of the region of
+
+convergence, particularly
+in relation to
+
+the pole-zero pattern.
+
+Now, they z-transform has a
+number of important and useful
+
+properties, just as the Laplace
+transform does.
+
+As one part of this lecture,
+what we'll want to do is
+
+exploit some of these properties
+in the context of
+
+systems described by linear
+constant coefficient
+
+difference equations.
+
+These particular properties that
+play an important role in
+
+that context are the properties
+
+that I indicate here.
+
+In particular, there is--
+
+as with continuous time--
+
+a linearity property that tells
+us that the z-transform
+
+of a linear combination of
+sequences is the same linear
+
+combination of the z-transforms,
+a shifting
+
+property that indicates that
+the z-transform of x of n
+
+shifted is the z transform of x
+of n multiplied by a factor
+
+z to the minus n 0.
+
+Then the convolution property
+for which the z-transform of a
+
+convolution of sequences is the
+product of the associated
+
+z-transforms.
+
+With all of these properties, of
+course, there is again the
+
+issue of what the associated
+region of convergence is in
+
+comparison with the region
+of convergence of
+
+the original sequences.
+
+That is an issue that's
+addressed somewhat more in the
+
+text and let's not
+go into it here.
+
+With the convolution property,
+the convolution property as in
+
+continuous time, of course,
+provides a mechanism for
+
+dealing with linear time
+invariant systems.
+
+In particular, in the time
+domain a linear time invariant
+
+system is described through
+convolution--
+
+namely, the output is the
+convolution of the input and
+
+the impulse response.
+
+Because of the convolution
+property associated with the
+
+z-transform, the z-transform
+of the output is the
+
+z-transform of the input
+times the z-transform
+
+of the impulse response.
+
+Again, very much the same as
+what we had in continuous time
+
+and also what we had in the
+context of the discussion with
+
+the Fourier transform.
+
+In fact, because of the
+relationship between the
+
+z-transform and the Fourier
+transform, the z-transform of
+
+the impulse response evaluated
+on the unit circle--
+
+in other words, for the
+magnitude of z equal to 1--
+
+in fact corresponds
+to the frequency
+
+response of the system.
+
+More generally, when we talk
+about the z-transform of the
+
+impulse response, we will refer
+to it as the system
+
+function associated
+with the system.
+
+Now, the convolution property
+and these other properties, as
+
+I indicated, we will find
+useful in talking about
+
+systems which are described by
+linear constant coefficient
+
+difference equations, and in
+fact, we'll do that shortly.
+
+But first what I'd like to do is
+to continue to focus on the
+
+system function for linear time
+invariant systems, and
+
+make a couple of comments that
+tie back to some things that
+
+we said in the last lecture
+relating to the relationship
+
+between the region of
+convergence of a system, or--
+
+I'm sorry, the region of
+convergence of a z-transform--
+
+and the issue of where that is
+in relation to the poles of
+
+the z-transform.
+
+In particular, we can draw some
+conclusions tying back to
+
+that discussion about the pole
+locations of the system
+
+function in relation to whether
+the system is stable
+
+and whether the system
+is causal.
+
+In particular, recall from one
+of the early lectures way back
+
+when that stability for a system
+corresponded to the
+
+statement that the
+impulse response
+
+is absolutely summable.
+
+Furthermore, when we talked
+about the Fourier transform,
+
+the Fourier transform of a
+sequence converges if the
+
+sequence is absolutely
+summable.
+
+So in fact, the condition for
+stability of a system and the
+
+condition for convergence of the
+Fourier transform of its
+
+impulse response are the same
+condition, namely absolute
+
+summability.
+
+Now what does this mean?
+
+What it means is that if the
+Fourier transform converges,
+
+that means that the z-transform
+converges on the
+
+unit circle.
+
+Consequently, if the system
+is stable, then the system
+
+function, the z-transform or
+the impulse response, must
+
+also converge on the
+unit circle.
+
+In other words, the impulse
+response must have a Fourier
+
+transform that converges.
+
+So for a stable system, then,
+the region of convergence of
+
+the system function must
+include the unit
+
+circle in the z-plane.
+
+So we see how stability relates
+to the location of the
+
+region of convergence, and we
+can also relate causality to
+
+the region of convergence.
+
+In particular, we know that if
+a system is causal, then the
+
+impulse response
+is right-sided.
+
+For a sequence that's
+right-sided, the region of
+
+convergence of its z-transform
+must be outside
+
+the outermost pole.
+
+So for causality, the region of
+convergence of the system
+
+function must be outside
+the outermost pole.
+
+For stability, the region of
+convergence must include the
+
+unit circle, and we can also
+then draw from that the
+
+conclusion that if we have a
+system that's causal unstable,
+
+then all poles must be inside
+the unit circle because of the
+
+fact that the poles must--
+
+because of the fact that the
+region of convergence must be
+
+outside the outermost
+pole and has to also
+
+include the unit circle.
+
+So for example, if we had let's
+say a system with a
+
+system function as I indicate
+here with the algebraic
+
+expression for the system
+function being the expression
+
+that I indicate here with the
+pole at z equals a third and
+
+another pole at z equals 2
+and a zero at the origin.
+
+If, in fact, the system was
+causal, corresponding to an
+
+impulse response that's
+right-sided, this then would
+
+be the region of convergence
+of the system function.
+
+Alternatively, if I knew that
+the system was stable, then I
+
+know that the region of
+convergence must include the
+
+unit circle, and so this would
+be then the region of
+
+convergence.
+
+And what you might now want to
+ask yourselves is if instead
+
+the region of convergence for
+the system function is this,
+
+then is the system causal?
+
+That's the first question.
+
+The second question is
+is the system stable?
+
+Remembering that for causality,
+the region of
+
+convergence must be outside the
+outermost pole, and for
+
+stability it must include
+the unit circle.
+
+Now what I'd like to do is look
+at the properties of the
+
+z-transform, and in particular
+exploit these properties in
+
+the context of systems that
+are described by linear
+
+constant coefficient difference
+equations.
+
+The three basic properties that
+play a key role in that
+
+discussion are the linearity
+property, the shifting
+
+property, and the convolution
+property.
+
+These, then, are the properties
+
+that I want to exploit.
+
+So let's do that by first
+looking at a first order
+
+difference equation.
+
+In the case of a first order
+difference equation, which
+
+I've written as I
+indicate here--
+
+no terms on the right hand side,
+but we could have terms
+
+of course, in general--
+
+y of n minus ay of n minus
+1 equals x of n.
+
+We can use the linearity
+property, so that if we take
+
+the z-transform of both sides of
+this expression, that will
+
+then be the z-transform of this
+term plus the z-transform
+
+of this term.
+
+So using those properties and
+together with the shifting
+
+property, the property that
+tells us that the z-transform
+
+of y of n minus 1 is z to the
+minus 1 times the z-transform
+
+of y of n, we then convert the
+difference equation to an
+
+algebraic expression.
+
+And we can solve this algebraic
+expression for the
+
+z-transform of the output
+in terms of the
+
+z-transform of the input.
+
+Now what we know from the
+convolution property is that
+
+for a system, the z-transform
+of the output is the system
+
+function times the z-transform
+of the input.
+
+So this factor that we have,
+then, must correspond to the
+
+system function, or equivalently
+the z-transform
+
+of the impulse response
+of the system.
+
+In fact, then, if we have this
+z-transform, we could figure
+
+out what the impulse response of
+the system is by computing
+
+or determining what the inverse
+z-transform, except
+
+for the fact that expression is
+an algebraic expression and
+
+doesn't yet totally specify
+the z-transform because we
+
+don't yet know what the region
+of convergence is.
+
+How do we get the region
+of convergence?
+
+Well, we have the same issue
+here as we had with the
+
+Laplace transform--
+
+namely, the point that the
+difference equation tells us,
+
+in essence, what the algebraic
+expression is for the system
+
+function, but doesn't specify
+the region of convergence.
+
+That is specified by either
+explicitly, because one way or
+
+another we know what the
+impulse response is, or
+
+implicitly, because we know
+certain properties of the
+
+system, such as causality
+and or stability.
+
+If I, let's say, imposed on this
+system, in addition to
+
+the difference equation, the
+condition of causality, then
+
+what that requires is that
+the impulse response be
+
+right-sided or the region of
+convergence be outside the
+
+outermost pole.
+
+So, for this example that would
+require, then, that the
+
+region of convergence correspond
+to the magnitude of
+
+z greater than the
+magnitude of a.
+
+What you might think about is
+whether I would get the same
+
+condition if I required
+instead that
+
+the system be stable.
+
+Furthermore, you could think
+about the question of whether
+
+I could specify or impose on
+this system that it be both
+
+stable and causal.
+
+The real issue-- and let me
+just kind of point to it--
+
+is that the answer to those
+questions relate to whether
+
+the magnitude of a is less than
+1 or the magnitude of a
+
+is greater than 1.
+
+If the magnitude of a is less
+than 1 and I specify
+
+causality, that will also mean
+that the system is stable.
+
+In any case, given this region
+of convergence, then the
+
+impulse response is the inverse
+transform of that
+
+z-transform, which is a
+to the n times u of n.
+
+Now let's look at a second order
+equation, and there's a
+
+very similar strategy.
+
+For the second order equation,
+the one that I've picked is of
+
+this particular form, and I've
+written the coefficients
+
+parametrically as I indicate
+here for a specific reason,
+
+which we'll see shortly.
+
+Again, I can apply the
+z-transform to this
+
+expression, and I've skipped an
+algebraic step or two here.
+
+When I do this, then, again I
+use the linearity property and
+
+the shifting property, and I
+end up with this algebraic
+
+expression.
+
+If I now solve that to express
+y of z in terms of x of z and
+
+a function of z, then
+this is what I get
+
+for the system function.
+
+So this is now a second order
+system function, and we'll
+
+have two zeroes at the origin
+and it will have two poles.
+
+Again, there's the question of
+what we assume about the
+
+region of convergence--
+
+I haven't specified that yet.
+
+But if we, let's say, assume
+that the system is causal,
+
+which I will tend to do, then
+that means that the region of
+
+convergence is outside
+the outermost pole.
+
+Now, where are the poles?
+
+Well, let me just kind
+of indicate that if--
+
+and you can verify this
+
+algebraically at your leisure--
+
+that if the cosine theta term is
+less than 1, then the roots
+
+of this polynomial
+will be complex.
+
+And in fact, the poles
+are at r e to the
+
+plus or minus j theta.
+
+So for cosine theta less than 1,
+then the poles are complex,
+
+and the complex poles at an
+angle theta and with a
+
+distance from the origin equal
+to the parameter r.
+
+In fact, let's just
+look at that.
+
+What I show here is the
+pole zero pattern.
+
+Assuming that r is less than
+1, and that cosine theta is
+
+less than 1, and we have a
+complex pole pair shown here--
+
+now if we assume that the system
+was causal, that means
+
+that the region of convergence
+is outside these poles.
+
+That would then include the unit
+circle, which means that
+
+the system is also stable.
+
+In fact, as long as the reach
+of convergence includes the
+
+unit circle, we can also talk
+about the frequency response
+
+of the system--
+
+namely, we can evaluate
+the system
+
+function on the unit circle.
+
+We, in fact, evaluated the
+Fourier transform associated
+
+with this pole zero
+pattern last time.
+
+Recall that the frequency
+response, then, is one that
+
+has a resonant character with
+the resonant peak being
+
+roughly in the vicinity of the
+angle of the pole location.
+
+As the parameter r varies--
+let's say, as r gets smaller--
+
+this peak tends to broaden.
+
+As r gets closer to
+1, the resonance
+
+tends to get sharper.
+
+This is now a look at the
+z-transform, and we see very
+
+strong parallels to the
+Laplace transform.
+
+In fact, throughout the
+course, I've tried to
+
+emphasize--
+
+and it just naturally
+happens--
+
+that there are very strong
+relationships and parallels
+
+between continuous time
+and discrete time.
+
+In fact, at one point we
+specifically mapped from
+
+continuous time to discrete
+time when we talked about
+
+discrete time processing of
+continuous time signals.
+
+What I'd like to do now is turn
+our attention to another
+
+very important reason for
+mapping from continuous time
+
+to discrete time, and in the
+process of doing this, what
+
+we'll need to do is exploit
+fairly heavily the insight,
+
+intuition, and procedures that
+we've developed for the
+
+Laplace transform and
+the z-transform.
+
+Specifically, what I would like
+to begin is a discussion
+
+relating to mapping continuous
+time filters to discrete time
+
+filters, or continuous time
+system functions to discrete
+
+time system functions.
+
+Now, why would we
+want to do that?
+
+Well, there are at least several
+reasons for wanting to
+
+map continuous time filters
+to discrete time filters.
+
+One, of course, is the fact that
+in some situations what
+
+we're interested in doing is
+processing continuous time
+
+signals with discrete
+time systems--
+
+or, said another way, simulate
+continuous time systems with
+
+discrete time systems.
+
+So it would be natural in a
+setting like that to think of
+
+mapping the desired continuous
+time filter to a
+
+discrete time filter.
+
+So that's one very important
+context.
+
+There's another very important
+context in which this is done,
+
+and that is in the context or
+for the purpose of exploiting
+
+established design procedures
+for continuous time filters.
+
+The point is the following.
+
+We may or may not be processing
+a sample continuous
+
+time signal with our discrete
+time filter-- it may just be
+
+discrete time signals that
+we're working with.
+
+But in that situation, still,
+we need to design the
+
+appropriate discrete
+time filter.
+
+Historically, there is a very
+rich history associated with
+
+design of continuous
+time filters.
+
+In many cases, it's possible
+and very worthwhile and
+
+efficient to take those designs
+and map them to
+
+discrete time designs to use
+them as discrete time filters.
+
+So, another very important
+reason for talking about the
+
+kinds of mappings that we will
+be going into is to simply
+
+take advantage of what has been
+done historically in the
+
+continuous time case.
+
+Now, if we want to map
+continuous time filters to
+
+discrete time filters, then in
+continuous time, we're talking
+
+about a system function
+and an associated
+
+differential equation.
+
+In discrete time, there is the
+corresponding system function
+
+and the corresponding
+difference equation.
+
+Basically what we want to do is
+generate from a continuous
+
+time system in some way a
+discrete time system that
+
+meets an associated set of
+desired specifications.
+
+Now, there are certain
+constraints that it's
+
+reasonable and important to
+impose on whatever kinds of
+
+mappings we use.
+
+Obviously, we want a mapping
+that will take our continuous
+
+time system function
+and map it to a
+
+discrete time system function.
+
+Correspondingly in the time
+domain, there is a continuous
+
+time impulse response that
+maps to the associated
+
+discrete time impulse
+response.
+
+These are more or
+less natural.
+
+The two that are important and
+sometimes easy to lose sight
+
+of are the two that
+I indicate here.
+
+In particular, if we are mapping
+a continuous time
+
+filter with, let's say, a
+desired or desirable frequency
+
+response to a discrete time
+filter and we would like to
+
+preserve the good qualities of
+that frequency response as we
+
+look at the discrete time
+frequency response, then it's
+
+important what happens in the
+s-plane for the continuous
+
+time filter along the j omega
+axis relate in a nice way to
+
+what happens in the z-plane
+around the unit circle,
+
+because it's this over here that
+represents the frequency
+
+response in continuous time
+and this contour over here
+
+that represents the frequency
+response in discrete time.
+
+So that's an important
+property.
+
+We want to kind of the
+j omega axis to
+
+map to the unit circle.
+
+Another more or less natural
+condition to impose is a
+
+condition that if we are assured
+in some way that our
+
+continuous time filter is
+stable, then we would like to
+
+concentrate on design procedures
+that more or less
+
+preserve that and will give
+us stable digital filters.
+
+So these are kind of reasonable
+conditions to
+
+impose on the procedure.
+
+What I'd like to do in the
+remainder of this lecture is
+
+look at two common procedures
+for mapping continuous time
+
+filters to discrete
+time filters.
+
+The first one that I want to
+talk about is one that, in
+
+fact, is very frequently used,
+and also one that, as we'll
+
+see for a variety of reasons,
+is highly undesirable.
+
+The second is one that is also
+frequently used, and as we'll
+
+see is, in certain situations,
+very desirable.
+
+The first one that I want to
+talk about is the more or less
+
+intuitive simple procedure
+of mapping a differential
+
+equation to a difference
+equation by simply replacing
+
+derivatives by differences.
+
+The idea is that a derivative is
+more or less a difference,
+
+and there's some dummy parameter
+capital T that I've
+
+thrown in here, which I won't
+focus too much on.
+
+But in any case, this seems
+to have some plausibility.
+
+If we take the differential
+equation and do this with all
+
+the derivatives, both in terms
+of y of t and x of t, what
+
+we'll end up with is a
+difference equation.
+
+Now what we can use are the
+properties of the Laplace
+
+transform and the z-transform
+to see what this means in
+
+terms of a mapping--
+
+in particular, using the
+differentiation property for
+
+Laplace transforms.
+
+In the Laplace transform domain,
+we would have this.
+
+Using the properties for the
+z-transform, the z-transform
+
+of this expression
+would be this.
+
+So, in effect, what it says is
+that every place in the system
+
+function or in the differential
+equation that we
+
+would be multiplying by s when
+Laplace transformed.
+
+In the difference equation,
+we would be
+
+multiplying by this factor.
+
+In fact, what this means is
+that the mapping from
+
+continuous time to discrete time
+corresponds to taking the
+
+system function and replacing
+s wherever we see it by 1
+
+minus z to the minus 1 over
+capital T. So if we have a
+
+system function in continuous
+time and we map it to a
+
+discrete time system function
+this way by replacing
+
+derivatives by differences,
+then that corresponds to
+
+replacing s by 1 minus z to the
+minus 1 over capital T.
+
+Now we'll see shortly what this
+mapping actually means
+
+more specifically in relating
+the s-plane to the z-plane.
+
+Let me just quickly, because I
+want to refer to this, also
+
+point to another procedure
+very much like backward
+
+differences which corresponds
+to replacing derivatives not
+
+by the backward differences
+that I just showed, but by
+
+forward differences.
+
+In that case, then, the
+mapping corresponds to
+
+replacing s by z to the minus
+1 over capital T. It looks
+
+very similar to the
+previous case.
+
+So there the relationship
+between these system functions
+
+is what I indicate here.
+
+Let's just take a look at what
+those mappings correspond to
+
+when we look at this
+specifically in the s-plane
+
+and in the z-plane.
+
+What I show here is the s-plane,
+and of course it's
+
+things on the left half of the
+s-plane, poles on the left
+
+half of the s-plane that would
+guarantee stability.
+
+It's the j omega axis the tells
+us about the frequency
+
+response, and in the z-plane
+it's the unit circle that
+
+tells us about the frequency
+response.
+
+Things inside the unit circle,
+or poles inside the unit
+
+circle, that guarantee
+stability.
+
+Now the mapping from s-plane to
+the z-plane corresponding
+
+to replacing derivatives by
+backward differences in fact
+
+can be shown to correspond to
+mapping the j omega axis not
+
+to the unit circle, but to the
+little circle that I show
+
+here, which is inside
+the unit circle.
+
+The left half of the
+s-plane maps to the
+
+inside of that circle.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+That means that if we have a
+really good frequency response
+
+characteristic along this
+contour in the s-plane, we'll
+
+see that same frequency
+response
+
+along this little circle.
+
+That's not the one that
+we want, though--
+
+we would like to see that same
+frequency response around the
+
+unit circle.
+
+To emphasize this point even
+more-- suppose, for example,
+
+that we had a pair of poles in
+our continuous time system
+
+function that looked
+like this.
+
+Then, where they're likely to
+end up in the z-plane is
+
+inside the unit circle,
+of course.
+
+But if the poles here are close
+to the j omega axis,
+
+that means that these poles will
+be close to this circle,
+
+but in fact might be very far
+away from the unit circle.
+
+What would happen, then, is
+that if we saw in the
+
+continuous time filter a very
+sharp resonance, the discrete
+
+time filter in fact might very
+well have that resonance
+
+broadened considerably because
+the poles are so far away from
+
+the unit circle.
+
+Now, one plus with this method,
+and it's about the
+
+only one, is the fact that the
+left half of the s-plane maps
+
+inside the unit circle-- in
+fact, inside a circle inside
+
+the unit circle, and so
+stability is always
+
+guaranteed.
+
+Let me just quickly mention,
+and you'll have a chance to
+
+look at this a little more
+carefully in the video course
+
+manual, that for forward
+differences instead of
+
+backward differences, this
+contour in the s-plane maps to
+
+a line in the z-plane, which is
+a line tangent to the unit
+
+circle, and in fact is the
+line that I showed there.
+
+So not only are forward
+differences equally bad in
+
+terms of the issue of whether
+they map from the j omega axis
+
+to the unit circle, but they
+have a further difficulty
+
+associated with them, which is
+the difficulty they may not
+
+and generally don't guarantee
+stability.
+
+Now, that's one method, and one,
+as I indicated, that's
+
+often used partly
+because it seems
+
+so intuitively plausible.
+
+What you can see is that by
+understanding carefully the
+
+issues and the techniques of
+Laplace and z-transforms, you
+
+can begin to see what some of
+the difficulties with those
+
+methods are.
+
+The next method that I'd like
+to talk about is a method
+
+that, in fact, is very
+commonly used.
+
+It's a very important, useful
+method, which kind of can be
+
+motivated by thinking along
+the lines of mapping the
+
+continuous time filter to a
+discrete time filter in such a
+
+way that the shape of the
+impulse response is
+
+preserved--
+
+and, in fact, more specifically
+so that the
+
+discrete time impulse response
+corresponds to samples of the
+
+continuous time impulse
+response.
+
+And this is a method that's
+referred to as impulse
+
+invariance.
+
+So what impulse invariance
+corresponds to is designing
+
+the filter in such a way that
+the discrete time filter
+
+impulse response is simply
+a sample version of the
+
+continuous time filter impulse
+response with a sampling
+
+period which I denote here as
+capital T. That will turn into
+
+a slightly confusing parameter
+shortly, and perhaps carried
+
+over into the next lecture.
+
+Hopefully, we'll get that
+straighted out, though, within
+
+those two lectures.
+
+Remembering the issues of
+sampling, the discrete time
+
+frequency response, then since
+the frequency responses the
+
+Fourier transform of the impulse
+response is related to
+
+the continuous time impulse
+response as I indicate here,
+
+what this says is that it
+is the superposition of
+
+replications of the continuous
+time frequency response,
+
+linearly scaled in frequency
+and shifted and
+
+added to each other.
+
+It's the same old sort of
+shifting, adding, or aliasing
+
+issue-- the same sampling
+issues that
+
+we've addressed before.
+
+This equation will help us
+understand what the frequency
+
+response looks like.
+
+But in terms of an analytical
+procedure for mapping the
+
+continuous time system function
+to a discrete time
+
+system function, we can see
+that and develop it in the
+
+following way.
+
+Let's consider the continuous
+time system function expanded
+
+in a partial fraction
+expansion.
+
+And just for convenience, I'm
+picking first order poles--
+
+this can be generalized multiple
+order poles, and we
+
+won't do that here.
+
+The same basic strategy
+applies.
+
+If we expand this in a partial
+fraction expansion, and we
+
+look at the impulse response
+associated with this-- we know
+
+how to take the inverse of
+Laplace transform of this,
+
+where I'm just naturally
+assuming causality throughout
+
+the discussion--
+
+the continuous time impulse
+response, then, is the sum of
+
+exponentials with these
+amplitudes and at these
+
+complex exponential
+frequencies.
+
+Now, impulse invariance
+corresponds to sampling this,
+
+and so the discrete time impulse
+response is simply a
+
+sampled version of this.
+
+The A sub k, of course,
+carries down.
+
+We have the exponential--
+
+we're sampling at t equals
+n capital T, and so we've
+
+replaced that here, and then
+the unit step to truncate
+
+things for negative time.
+
+Let's manipulate this further,
+and eventually what we want to
+
+get is a relationship--
+
+a mapping--
+
+from the continuous time to
+the discrete time filter.
+
+We have this step, and we can
+rewrite that now as I show
+
+here, just simply taking this
+n outside, and we have e to
+
+the s sub k capital T. Now this
+is of the form the sum of
+
+terms like A sub k times
+is beta to the n.
+
+We can compute the z-transform
+of this, and the z-transform
+
+that we get I show here--
+
+it's simply A sub k over 1 minus
+e to the s sub k capital
+
+T z to the minus 1, simply
+carrying this term or this
+
+parameter down.
+
+So we started with a continuous
+time system
+
+function, which was a sum of
+terms like A sub k over s
+
+minus s sub k-- the poles
+were at s sub k.
+
+We now have the discrete time
+filter in this form.
+
+Consequently, then, this
+procedure of impulse
+
+invariance corresponds to
+mapping the continuous time
+
+filter to a discrete time filter
+by mapping the poles in
+
+the continuous time filter.
+
+According to this mapping, the
+continuous time filter pole at
+
+s sub k gets mapped to a pole
+e to the s sub k capital T,
+
+and the coefficients A
+sub k are preserved.
+
+That, then, algebraically, is
+what the procedure of impulse
+
+invariance corresponds to.
+
+Let's look at how we interpret
+some of this in
+
+the frequency domain.
+
+In particular, we have the
+expression that tells us how
+
+the discrete time frequency
+response is related to the
+
+continuous time frequency
+response.
+
+This is the expression that we
+had previously when we had
+
+talked about issues
+of sampling.
+
+So that means that we would
+form the discrete time
+
+frequency response by taking the
+continuous time 1, scaling
+
+it in frequency according to
+this parameter capital T, and
+
+then adding replications
+of that together.
+
+So if this is the continuous
+time frequency response, just
+
+simply an ideal low-pass filter
+with a cutoff frequency
+
+of omega sub c, then the
+frequency scaling operation
+
+would keep the same basic shape
+but linearly scale the
+
+frequency axis so that we now
+have omega sub c times T. Then
+
+the discrete time frequency
+response would be a
+
+superposition of these added
+together at multiples of 2 pi
+
+in discrete time frequency.
+
+So that's what we have here--
+
+so this is the discrete time
+frequency response.
+
+This looks very nice-- it looks
+like impulse invariance
+
+will take the continuous time
+frequency response, just
+
+simply linearly scale the
+frequency axis, and
+
+incidentally periodically
+repeat it.
+
+We know that for an ideal
+low-pass filter,
+
+that looks just fine.
+
+In fact, for a band-limited
+frequency response,
+
+that looks just fine.
+
+But we know also that any time
+that we're sampling--
+
+and here we're sampling
+the impulse response--
+
+we have an effect in the
+frequency domain or the
+
+potential for an affect
+an effect that
+
+we refer to as aliasing.
+
+So in fact, if instead of the
+ideal low-pass filter we had
+
+taken a filter that was an
+approximation to a low-pass
+
+filter, then the corresponding
+frequency scale version would
+
+look as I've shown here.
+
+And now as we add these
+together, then what we will
+
+have is some potential for
+distortion corresponding to
+
+the fact that these replications
+overlap, and what
+
+that will lead to is aliasing.
+
+So some things that we can say
+about impulse invariance is
+
+that we have an algebraic
+procedure--
+
+and I'll illustrate with another
+example shortly--
+
+for taking a continuous time
+system function and mapping it
+
+to a discrete time
+system function.
+
+It has a very nice property in
+terms of mapping, the mapping
+
+from the frequency axis in
+continuous time due to the
+
+unit circle--
+
+namely, to a first
+approximation.
+
+As long as there's no aliasing,
+the mapping is just
+
+simply a linear scaling of the
+frequency axis, although there
+
+may be some aliasing.
+
+That means, of course, that this
+method can only be used
+
+if the frequency response that's
+being mapped, or if the
+
+system that's being mapped,
+has a frequency response
+
+that's approximately
+low-pass--
+
+it has to be approximately
+band-limited.
+
+Then what we have is some of
+potential distortion, which
+
+comes about because
+of aliasing.
+
+Also because of the mapping, the
+fact that poles at s sub k
+
+get mapped to poles at e to the
+s sub k capital T, if the
+
+analog or continuous time
+filter is stable--
+
+meaning that the real part
+of s sub k is negative--
+
+then the discrete time filter
+is guaranteed to be stable.
+
+In other words, the magnitude of
+z sub k will be guaranteed
+
+to be less than 1.
+
+I'm assuming, of course, in that
+discussion that we are
+
+always imposing causality
+on the systems.
+
+To just look at the algebraic
+mapping a little more
+
+carefully, let's take
+a simple example.
+
+Here is an example of a system,
+a continuous time
+
+system, where I simply have a
+resident pole pair with an
+
+imaginary part along the
+imaginary axis of omega sub r
+
+and a real part of
+minus alpha.
+
+And so the associated system
+function then is just the
+
+expression which incorporates
+the two poles, and I've put in
+
+a scale factor of
+2 omega sub r.
+
+And now to design the discrete
+time filter using impulse
+
+invariance, you would carry
+out a partial fraction
+
+expansion of this, and that
+partial fraction expansion is
+
+shown below.
+
+We have a pole at minus alpha
+minus j omega r and at minus
+
+alpha plus j omega r.
+
+And to determine the discrete
+time filter based on impulse
+
+invariance, we would map the
+poles and preserve the
+
+coefficients a sub k, referred
+to as the residues.
+
+And so the discrete time filter
+that we would end up
+
+with as a system function,
+which I indicate here--
+
+and we have, as I said,
+preserved the residue, and the
+
+pole is now at a to the minus
+alpha T, e to the minus j
+
+omega sub r T. That's one term,
+and the other term in
+
+the sum has a pole at the
+complex conjugate location.
+
+If we were to add these two
+factors together, then what we
+
+would get is both poles
+and a 0 at the origin.
+
+In fact, then, the pole is
+defined by its angle, and this
+
+angle is e to the j omega sub
+r capital T, and by its
+
+radius, and this radius is e to
+the minus alpha capital T.
+
+Now we can look at the frequency
+response associated
+
+with that, and let's
+just do that.
+
+For the original continuous time
+frequency response, what
+
+we have is simply a resonant
+character, as I've shown here.
+
+And if we map this using impulse
+invariance, which we
+
+just did, the resulting
+frequency response that we get
+
+is the frequency response
+which I indicate.
+
+We see that that's basically
+identical to the continuous
+
+time frequency response, except
+for a linear scaling in
+
+the frequency axis, if you just
+compare the dimensions
+
+along which the frequency axis
+is shown except for one minor
+
+issue, which is particularly
+highlighted when we look at
+
+the frequency response at
+higher frequencies.
+
+What's the reason why those two
+curves don't quite follow
+
+each other at higher
+frequencies?
+
+Well, the reason is aliasing.
+
+In other words, what's happened
+is that in the
+
+process so applying impulse
+invariance, the frequency
+
+response of the original
+continuous time filter is
+
+approximately preserved, except
+for some distortion,
+
+that distortion corresponding
+to aliasing.
+
+Well, just for comparison,
+let's look at what would
+
+happen if we took the
+same example--
+
+and we're not going to work
+it through here carefully.
+
+We're not work it through it
+all, not even not carefully.
+
+If we took the same example and
+mapped it to a discrete
+
+time filter by replacing
+derivatives by backward
+
+differences, what happens in
+that case is that we get a
+
+frequency response that
+I indicate here.
+
+Notice that the resonance in the
+original continuous time
+
+filter is totally lost.
+
+In fact, basically the character
+of the continuous
+
+time frequency response
+is lost.
+
+What's the reason?
+
+Well, the reason goes
+back to the
+
+picture that I drew before.
+
+The continuous time filter had a
+pair of resident poles close
+
+to the j omega axis.
+
+When those get mapped using
+backward differences, they end
+
+up close to this little circle
+that's inside the unit circle,
+
+but in fact for this example,
+are far away
+
+from the unit circle.
+
+So far we have one useful
+technique for mapping
+
+continuous time filters to
+discrete time filters.
+
+In part to highlight some
+of the issues, I focused
+
+attention also on some not
+so useful methods--
+
+namely, mapping derivatives
+to forward or backward
+
+differences.
+
+Next time what I would like
+to do is look at impulse
+
+invariance for another
+example--
+
+namely, the design of a
+Butterworth filter, and I'll
+
+talk more specifically about
+what Butterworth filters are
+
+at the beginning of
+that lecture.
+
+Then, in addition, what we'll
+introduce is another very
+
+useful technique, which has
+some difficulties which
+
+impulse invariance doesn't have,
+but avoids the principal
+
+difficulty that impulse
+invariance does have--
+
+namely, aliasing.
+
+That method is referred to the
+bilinear transformation, which
+
+we will define and utilize
+next time.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zLGu1dlP0UY.txt b/zLGu1dlP0UY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe096bcc3ea5514e75a2691fec5f014a7d3a3a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zLGu1dlP0UY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about kinetic energy again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about kinetic energy again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about kinetic energy again
+remember when we have the van object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we have the van object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we have the van object
+moving with speed V we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with speed V we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with speed V we define the
+kinetic energy of the object as a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the object as a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the object as a scalar
+quantity one-half MV squared this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity one-half MV squared this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity one-half MV squared this is
+scalar and what's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and what's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and what's very important to
+realize it is reference frame dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it is reference frame dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it is reference frame dependent
+because the velocity of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the velocity of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the velocity of the object
+depends on what reference frame were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what reference frame were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what reference frame were in
+now one thing to keep in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to keep in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to keep in mind is that
+remember our definition of scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our definition of scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our definition of scalar
+product a dot B is the magnitude of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a dot B is the magnitude of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a dot B is the magnitude of a
+magnitude of B times cosine of theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of B times cosine of theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of B times cosine of theta so
+a vector dotted into itself is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector dotted into itself is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector dotted into itself is just the
+magnitude of a squared which we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a squared which we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a squared which we can just
+write as a squared because the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as a squared because the angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as a squared because the angle is
+zero so here we have a V squared so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so here we have a V squared so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so here we have a V squared so the
+dot product BV B squared enables us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product BV B squared enables us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product BV B squared enables us to
+write kinetic energy as one-half M V dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write kinetic energy as one-half M V dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write kinetic energy as one-half M V dot
+V and we see our first example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and we see our first example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and we see our first example of a
+scalar product describing a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product describing a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product describing a physical
+quantity now if we had a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity now if we had a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity now if we had a coordinate
+system where we wrote V as VX I hat plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we wrote V as VX I hat plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we wrote V as VX I hat plus
+V Y J hat plus VZ k hat and we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Y J hat plus VZ k hat and we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Y J hat plus VZ k hat and we took the
+dot product of that vector with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of that vector with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of that vector with itself
+then we just know that it's the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just know that it's the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just know that it's the square
+of the components and so in a Cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components and so in a Cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components and so in a Cartesian
+system we can now say that the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we can now say that the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we can now say that the kinetic
+energy is one-half M be x squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is one-half M be x squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is one-half M be x squared plus
+dy squared plus DZ squared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy squared plus DZ squared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy squared plus DZ squared because
+that's the velocity squared so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the velocity squared so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the velocity squared so there's a
+simple way to express abstractly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to express abstractly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to express abstractly the
+kinetic energy as a dot product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy as a dot product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy as a dot product and
+explicitly in a coordinate system as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in a coordinate system as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in a coordinate system as the
+sum of the squares of the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of the components of
+the velocity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zUEuKrxgHws.txt b/zUEuKrxgHws.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2166254633322f0cd3a87144a0d333648d59c348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zUEuKrxgHws.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8056 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now today I need to uh get started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now today I need to uh get started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now today I need to uh get started by
+finishing up what I did last time namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up what I did last time namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up what I did last time namely
+talking about numerical methods and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about numerical methods and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about numerical methods and I
+want to just carry out one example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just carry out one example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just carry out one example and
+uh then I want to do one fill in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I want to do one fill in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I want to do one fill in one
+loose end and we'll and then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose end and we'll and then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose end and we'll and then we'll talk
+about the uh unit overall.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We were talking last time about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were talking last time about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were talking last time about
+numerical integration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to illustrate this just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate this just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate this just with
+the the simplest example that I can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simplest example that I can.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simplest example that I can.
+Uh we're going to look at the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we're going to look at the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we're going to look at the integral
+from two 1 to 2 of dx overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two 1 to 2 of dx overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two 1 to 2 of dx overx
+which we know perfectly well already is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know perfectly well already is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know perfectly well already is
+the log of x evaluated between 1 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of x evaluated between 1 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of x evaluated between 1 and 2
+which is log 2 - log 1 which is just log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is log 2 - log 1 which is just log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is log 2 - log 1 which is just log
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Now if you punch that into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you punch that into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you punch that into your
+calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator
+you're going to get something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get something like this.
+I hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope I
+saved it here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+Yeah, it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's about
+uh 0.69.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.69.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0.69.
+What else? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47. That's more digits than we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47. That's more digits than we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47. That's more digits than we're going
+to get in our discussion here. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in our discussion here. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in our discussion here. Anyway,
+that's that's about how big this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's about how big this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's about how big this this
+number is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is.
+And the numerical integration methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the numerical integration methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the numerical integration methods
+will give you about as much accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you about as much accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you about as much accuracy
+as you can get on the function itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can get on the function itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can get on the function itself.
+And of course, some functions we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, some functions we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, some functions we may
+have more trouble approximating, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more trouble approximating, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more trouble approximating, but the
+function 1 /x we know pretty well how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 /x we know pretty well how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 /x we know pretty well how to
+do because we know how to divide. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because we know how to divide. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because we know how to divide. So
+since since the function that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since the function that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since the function that we're
+integrating here is 1 /x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating here is 1 /x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating here is 1 /x,
+it's going to be not too difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be not too difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be not too difficult to
+get some arithmetic. Nevertheless, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some arithmetic. Nevertheless, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some arithmetic. Nevertheless, I'm
+going to do this in the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this in the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this in the simplest
+possible case, namely just with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible case, namely just with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible case, namely just with two
+intervals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, you really can't expect things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you really can't expect things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you really can't expect things to
+work so well with two intervals. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well with two intervals. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well with two intervals. That's
+a pretty ridiculous uh approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty ridiculous uh approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty ridiculous uh approximation to
+your function. When you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function. When you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function. When you have two
+intervals, that means you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals, that means you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals, that means you're looking at
+the graph of this hyperola.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of this hyperola.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of this hyperola.
+And you have one here and you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have one here and you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have one here and you have two
+here and you have three halves. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have three halves. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have three halves. And
+you're really only keeping track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really only keeping track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really only keeping track of the
+values at these three spots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at these three spots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at these three spots.
+So the idea that you can approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea that you can approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea that you can approximate the
+area just by knowing the values at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just by knowing the values at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just by knowing the values at three
+places is is a little bit of a stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places is is a little bit of a stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places is is a little bit of a stretch
+of the imagination, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imagination, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imagination, but we're going to
+try it anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it anyway.
+Now the trapezoidal rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the following formula. It's delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following formula. It's delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following formula. It's delta x
+times a half the first value plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a half the first value plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a half the first value plus the
+second value plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second value plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second value plus a half
+The third value in this case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The third value in this case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The third value in this case it's the
+the pattern is a half one one one a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is a half one one one a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is a half one one one a half
+and in this case delta x is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case delta x is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case delta x is a half
+because this interval is a length one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this interval is a length one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this interval is a length one
+right the the b minus a right uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the b minus a right uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the b minus a right uh let's
+just point that out here b is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point that out here b is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point that out here b is equal to
+two a is equal to 1 b minus a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a is equal to 1 b minus a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a is equal to 1 b minus a is equal
+to 1 and the number n is two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and the number n is two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and the number n is two and so
+delta x which is b minus a / n is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x which is b minus a / n is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x which is b minus a / n is a
+half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half.
+So here's here's what we get. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's here's what we get. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's here's what we get. And let's
+just see what this number is. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what this number is. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what this number is. It's a
+half of the value at here. Well, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the value at here. Well, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the value at here. Well, so
+let's just check what these values are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just check what these values are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just check what these values are.
+This value is one. This value over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This value is one. This value over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This value is one. This value over here
+is 2/3. And the last value is a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2/3. And the last value is a half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2/3. And the last value is a half.
+All right? Because the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? Because the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? Because the function of
+course was y= 1 /x. And those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was y= 1 /x. And those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was y= 1 /x. And those were the
+three values that we have. So y 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values that we have. So y 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values that we have. So y 0 this
+one is y z this one is y1 and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is y z this one is y1 and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is y z this one is y1 and this one
+is y 2. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y 2. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y 2. All right.
+Now here we have a half * 1 + uh 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here we have a half * 1 + uh 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here we have a half * 1 + uh 2/3
+plus a half * a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now on an exam I don't expect you to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on an exam I don't expect you to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on an exam I don't expect you to add
+up long messes of numbers like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up long messes of numbers like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up long messes of numbers like this.
+When you have two numbers, I expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have two numbers, I expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you have two numbers, I expect you
+to add them up if they're reasonable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them up if they're reasonable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them up if they're reasonable or
+subtract them just as we do when we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them just as we do when we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them just as we do when we take
+anti-derivatives. Like for example, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives. Like for example, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives. Like for example, I
+don't want you to leave the answer to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to leave the answer to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to leave the answer to an
+integration like this in this form. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration like this in this form. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration like this in this form. I
+want you to simplify it at least down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to simplify it at least down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to simplify it at least down to
+here. And I of course don't expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And I of course don't expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And I of course don't expect you
+to know the numerical approximation, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the numerical approximation, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the numerical approximation, but
+I certainly expect you to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly expect you to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly expect you to be able to to
+do that. On the other hand, when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. On the other hand, when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. On the other hand, when the
+arithmetic gets a little bit long, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic gets a little bit long, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic gets a little bit long, uh
+you can relax a little bit, but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relax a little bit, but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relax a little bit, but I did
+carry this out on my calculator. Unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this out on my calculator. Unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this out on my calculator. Unless
+I'm mistaken, it's about point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N6. It's not It's pretty far off. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N6. It's not It's pretty far off. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N6. It's not It's pretty far off. All
+right. So, remember what it was. It it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, remember what it was. It it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, remember what it was. It it's
+it's it's what you get when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's what you get when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's what you get when you get
+these straight lines and there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these straight lines and there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these straight lines and there are these
+little extra pieces of junk there. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra pieces of junk there. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra pieces of junk there. Now,
+don't don't trust that too much, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't trust that too much, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't trust that too much, but
+it's but it's it's far the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but it's it's far the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but it's it's far the point is that
+it's far off. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far off. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far off. All right.
+So, now let's take a look at Simpsons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now let's take a look at Simpsons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now let's take a look at Simpsons
+rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I claim that Simpsons rule is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I claim that Simpsons rule is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I claim that Simpsons rule is is is
+surprisingly accurate in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly accurate in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly accurate in this case
+really even a little more than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really even a little more than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really even a little more than it
+deserves to be. The formula is delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves to be. The formula is delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves to be. The formula is delta x
+over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3
+* y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2.
+So the pattern is 1 4 1 or 1 4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the pattern is 1 4 1 or 1 4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the pattern is 1 4 1 or 1 4 and then
+it alternates twos and fours until 41 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it alternates twos and fours until 41 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it alternates twos and fours until 41 at
+the very end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I just plug in the numbers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I just plug in the numbers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I just plug in the numbers now
+what I get is a sixth because delta x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is a sixth because delta x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is a sixth because delta x is
+a half again and the value for y z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half again and the value for y z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half again and the value for y z was
+one and the value for y1 was 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the value for y1 was 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the value for y1 was 2/3
+and the value for y 2 was a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value for y 2 was a half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value for y 2 was a half.
+So here's the the uh estimate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the the uh estimate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the the uh estimate in this
+case and let's this one I did carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and let's this one I did carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and let's this one I did carry out
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+and it came out to 0.69444.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, which is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, which is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, which is actually pretty
+impressive if you think about it given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive if you think about it given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive if you think about it given
+what what the logarithm is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+what's going on with Simpsons rule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with Simpsons rule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with Simpsons rule in
+general is this uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is this uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is this uh if you
+Simpsons minus the exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in absolute value is approximately of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute value is approximately of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute value is approximately of
+the size of delta x to the 4th power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of delta x to the 4th power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of delta x to the 4th power.
+That's really the way it behaves. which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really the way it behaves. which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really the way it behaves. which
+means that um if delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um if delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um if delta x
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+a tenth. So if we had divided this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth. So if we had divided this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth. So if we had divided this up
+into 10 intervals which we which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 10 intervals which we which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 10 intervals which we which we
+didn't but if we divided up into 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't but if we divided up into 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't but if we divided up into 10
+intervals then you could expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals then you could expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals then you could expect that
+delta x the error would be about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x the error would be about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x the error would be about 10
+theus4 in other words four digits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus4 in other words four digits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus4 in other words four digits of
+accuracy here for this for this uh thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy here for this for this uh thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy here for this for this uh thing
+but the the the exact analysis of this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the exact analysis of this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the exact analysis of this a
+more careful analysis is this is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful analysis is this is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful analysis is this is in your
+textbook and I'm I'm not going to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and I'm I'm not going to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and I'm I'm not going to to do
+it uh but I I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but I I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but I I just want to point out
+that it is an effective method. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is an effective method. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is an effective method. It
+really does give you nice fourdigit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does give you nice fourdigit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does give you nice fourdigit with
+with manageable. You could even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manageable. You could even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manageable. You could even really
+do it by hand. It's it's so convenient,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by hand. It's it's so convenient,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by hand. It's it's so convenient,
+the uh Simpsons rule, whereas the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Simpsons rule, whereas the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Simpsons rule, whereas the other
+rules aren't really that impressive as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules aren't really that impressive as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules aren't really that impressive as
+far as giving fairly accurate uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as giving fairly accurate uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as giving fairly accurate uh uh
+answers. The the other the last little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers. The the other the last little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers. The the other the last little
+remark to make is that the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark to make is that the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark to make is that the reason is
+that Simpsons rule is matching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Simpsons rule is matching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Simpsons rule is matching a
+parabola and somehow the parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and somehow the parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and somehow the parabola
+follows this curve better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this curve better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this curve better.
+It's giving the exact answer. So I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's giving the exact answer. So I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's giving the exact answer. So I'll
+I'll I'll mention this. Simpsons rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll mention this. Simpsons rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll mention this. Simpsons rule
+is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+the exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+um degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh two polomials. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two polomials. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two polomials. In other words,
+parabas, all parabas, and but all even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas, all parabas, and but all even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas, all parabas, and but all even
+all the ones of lower degrees. So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones of lower degrees. So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones of lower degrees. So, uh,
+straight lines would work and constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines would work and constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines would work and constants
+would work as well, whereas the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work as well, whereas the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work as well, whereas the other
+ones only work for say straight lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones only work for say straight lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones only work for say straight lines.
+The trapezoidal rule only works for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trapezoidal rule only works for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trapezoidal rule only works for for
+straight lines. But there isn't a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines. But there isn't a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines. But there isn't a weird
+accident. It turns out that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. It turns out that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. It turns out that it also
+works for cubics. Once you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for cubics. Once you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for cubics. Once you get the
+formulas, it works for cubics. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas, it works for cubics. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas, it works for cubics. So it's
+also exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also exact
+for cubics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and that's what explains the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's what explains the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's what explains the fourth
+order uh validity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh validity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh validity.
+The last thing that I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last thing that I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last thing that I want to point out
+is that this is extremely vague what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is extremely vague what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is extremely vague what I
+said there and you should be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there and you should be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there and you should be a little
+bit cautious about it. You need to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cautious about it. You need to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cautious about it. You need to watch
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+for 1 /x uh for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 /x uh for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 /x uh for x
+near zero. All bets are off if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero. All bets are off if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero. All bets are off if the
+function is singular and there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is singular and there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is singular and there's a lot
+of area under there. And it's also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area under there. And it's also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area under there. And it's also true
+that if the derivative messes up, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the derivative messes up, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the derivative messes up, you're
+you're in trouble, too. You really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble, too. You really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble, too. You really need
+for the function to be nice and smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function to be nice and smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function to be nice and smooth
+in order for Simpsons rule to work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for Simpsons rule to work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for Simpsons rule to work.
+Well, this is W out. That's a real loth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is W out. That's a real loth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is W out. That's a real loth
+out but we will try to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but we will try to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but we will try to make that
+watch out watch out for when x near x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out watch out for when x near x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out watch out for when x near x
+equals zero then then then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then then then this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then then then this thing
+doesn't work. We really this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. We really this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. We really this thing
+really depends on on bounds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on on bounds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends on on bounds on
+derivatives. But I'm I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. But I'm I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. But I'm I'm going to be
+relatively vague about that. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively vague about that. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively vague about that. I'm not
+attempting to um give you an an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to um give you an an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to um give you an an error
+analysis here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis here.
+Okay. So if you were doing this on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you were doing this on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you were doing this on an
+exam,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam,
+how do you remember these this strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you remember these this strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you remember these this strange
+pattern of numbers? Well, the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of numbers? Well, the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of numbers? Well, the the one
+thing that I want to reme recommend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to reme recommend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to reme recommend to
+you is as a as a way of remembering it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is as a as a way of remembering it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is as a as a way of remembering it.
+So the the one pneummonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device,
+we'll call it a pneummonic device here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it a pneummonic device here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it a pneummonic device here
+for for remembering what it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for remembering what it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for remembering what it is that
+you're doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing.
+is to remind yourself of what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to remind yourself of what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to remind yourself of what happens
+for the simplest possible case which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the simplest possible case which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the simplest possible case which is
+f ofx is equal to one. It seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is equal to one. It seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is equal to one. It seems very
+modest but if the if it doesn't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest but if the if it doesn't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest but if the if it doesn't give you
+the exact answer for f ofx equals 1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact answer for f ofx equals 1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact answer for f ofx equals 1,
+you've got the wrong waitings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the wrong waitings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the wrong waitings.
+And here if you check out what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here if you check out what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here if you check out what happens
+when in the first formula here y 0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in the first formula here y 0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in the first formula here y 0 over
+2 + y1 + um uh well we'll go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + y1 + um uh well we'll go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + y1 + um uh well we'll go all the way
+to yn -1 + yn / 2. All right. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yn -1 + yn / 2. All right. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yn -1 + yn / 2. All right. If you
+check that formula out here, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that formula out here, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that formula out here, this is the
+trapezoidal rule. If you check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule. If you check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule. If you check it out
+for this case, then what you get is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case, then what you get is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case, then what you get is that
+this is equal to delta x times what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to delta x times what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to delta x times what?
+Well, all of these are ones. And how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, all of these are ones. And how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, all of these are ones. And how
+many are there in the middle? There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are there in the middle? There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are there in the middle? There are
+n minus one of them in the middle. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one of them in the middle. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one of them in the middle. So
+it's a half plus n minus one plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a half plus n minus one plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a half plus n minus one plus a half
+at the tail end. So all told it's delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the tail end. So all told it's delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the tail end. So all told it's delta
+x * n. And I remind you that delta x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x * n. And I remind you that delta x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x * n. And I remind you that delta x is
+equal to b minus a / n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b minus a / n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b minus a / n.
+So delta this thing is equal to b minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So delta this thing is equal to b minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So delta this thing is equal to b minus
+a. And that's just as it should be. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. And that's just as it should be. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. And that's just as it should be. What
+we just calculated is an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculated is an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculated is an approximation
+to this integral here, which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral here, which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral here, which is just the
+area of the rectangle of base B minus A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the rectangle of base B minus A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the rectangle of base B minus A
+and height one, which of course is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height one, which of course is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and height one, which of course is B
+minus A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A.
+So this is the this is the check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the this is the check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the this is the check that
+you that you got your weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you got your weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you got your weighted average
+correct here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct here.
+You you've you've put the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you've you've put the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you've you've put the correct
+weightings on everything. And you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightings on everything. And you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightings on everything. And you can do
+the same thing with Simpsons rule and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with Simpsons rule and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with Simpsons rule and uh
+match up those those quantities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There was a question in the room at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a question in the room at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a question in the room at some
+point. Did I?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Did I?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Did I?
+No. Okay. All right. Fine. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. All right. Fine. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. All right. Fine. So now
+the next thing that I want to do for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing that I want to do for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing that I want to do for you
+is a uh the the loose end which I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh the the loose end which I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh the the loose end which I left
+hanging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging.
+namely I want to compute that mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely I want to compute that mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely I want to compute that mysterious
+constant square<unk> of pi / 2. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant square<unk> of pi / 2. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant square<unk> of pi / 2. This is
+really one of the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the most famous
+computations in in uh calculus and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations in in uh calculus and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations in in uh calculus and it's
+a very very clever trick. I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very clever trick. I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very clever trick. I certainly
+don't expect you to to come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to to come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you to to come up with this
+trick. I certainly wouldn't have myself,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick. I certainly wouldn't have myself,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick. I certainly wouldn't have myself,
+but it's a it's an important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's an important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's an important thing to
+calculate and it's just very useful. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and it's just very useful. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and it's just very useful. So
+I'm going to tell you about it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about it and it's
+just on the meth the subject that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the meth the subject that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the meth the subject that we're
+dealing with in this unit namely slicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or adding up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or adding up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or adding up.
+So the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first step
+which is just something that we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just something that we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just something that we already
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+was that we found the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under this uh under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh under
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+this curve this bell-shaped curve eus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve this bell-shaped curve eus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve this bell-shaped curve eus r
+2 but rotated around an axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but rotated around an axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but rotated around an axis.
+Okay, rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis
+around this way. All right, so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this way. All right, so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this way. All right, so we we
+figured that out and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that out and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that out and that was a
+relatively short computation. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short computation. I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short computation. I'm just
+going to remind you it goes by shells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remind you it goes by shells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remind you it goes by shells.
+We integrate the whole range from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We integrate the whole range from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We integrate the whole range from 0 to
+infinity and we have 2 pi r eus r 2 dr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we have 2 pi r eus r 2 dr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we have 2 pi r eus r 2 dr.
+So this again is the circumference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this again is the circumference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this again is the circumference of
+the shell. This is the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell. This is the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell. This is the height of the
+shell and this is the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and this is the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and this is the thickness of the
+shell. Circumference,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell. Circumference,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell. Circumference,
+height, thickness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we're just taking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're just taking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're just taking a little
+piece here and sweeping it around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here and sweeping it around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here and sweeping it around and
+then adding up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adding up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adding up.
+And then this anti-derivative is uh pi -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this anti-derivative is uh pi -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this anti-derivative is uh pi -
+pi eus r 2 evaluated at 0 and infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi eus r 2 evaluated at 0 and infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi eus r 2 evaluated at 0 and infinity.
+And we worked this out last time. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we worked this out last time. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we worked this out last time. This
+is um this is pi. It's pi * 1 - 0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um this is pi. It's pi * 1 - 0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um this is pi. It's pi * 1 - 0,
+which is pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pi.
+All right. So the conclusion is that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the conclusion is that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the conclusion is that V
+is equal to pi. We already know that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now the problem that we want to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the problem that we want to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the problem that we want to deal
+with now is the problem not of a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with now is the problem not of a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with now is the problem not of a volume
+but an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this looks quite different and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this looks quite different and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this looks quite different and of
+course the answer is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer is going to be
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+but let's do it. So this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do it. So this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do it. So this is this
+question mark here and I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark here and I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark here and I'm going to do
+the one from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll relate it to what we uh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll relate it to what we uh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll relate it to what we uh talked
+about earlier in this in this unit in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier in this in this unit in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier in this in this unit in in
+just uh a couple of minutes when I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh a couple of minutes when I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh a couple of minutes when I show
+you the the the the procedure that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the the the procedure that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the the the procedure that we're
+going to follow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow.
+So here's the quantity and now what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the quantity and now what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the quantity and now what this
+is interpreted as is the area under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interpreted as is the area under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interpreted as is the area under this
+bell curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell curve.
+This time Q is really an area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what's going to turn out to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's going to turn out to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's going to turn out to happen
+is is this. This is the trick. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this. This is the trick. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this. This is the trick. We're
+going to compute V in a different way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute V in a different way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute V in a different way.
+And you'll see it laid out in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you'll see it laid out in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you'll see it laid out in just a
+second. We will compute V by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. We will compute V by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. We will compute V by
+slices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices.
+We're going to slice it like a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to slice it like a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to slice it like a piece of
+bread here. We're going to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread here. We're going to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread here. We're going to solve for
+that same thing here. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same thing here. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same thing here. And then
+amazingly, what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly, what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly, what's going to happen is
+that we will discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will discover that
+V is equal to Q ^2. That's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is equal to Q ^2. That's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is equal to Q ^2. That's going to be
+what's going to come out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's the end of the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the end of the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the end of the computation
+that we want because actually we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want because actually we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want because actually we already
+know what V is. We don't want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what V is. We don't want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what V is. We don't want to read
+this equation forward. We want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation forward. We want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation forward. We want to read
+it the other way. We want to say Q ^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other way. We want to say Q ^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the other way. We want to say Q ^2 is
+equal to V which we already know is pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V which we already know is pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V which we already know is pi.
+And so Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so Q
+is equal to the square root of pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. I haven't shown this yet. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I haven't shown this yet. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I haven't shown this yet. All
+right. This is the this is the weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. This is the this is the weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. This is the this is the weird
+part and I'm going to put it in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I'm going to put it in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I'm going to put it in a little
+box so that we know that this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so that we know that this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so that we know that this is what we
+need to check. We need to check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check. We need to check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check. We need to check this
+fact here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We haven't done that yet. Now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We haven't done that yet. Now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We haven't done that yet. Now let me
+connect this with what we did uh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this with what we did uh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this with what we did uh a few
+days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days ago
+with what I called one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I called one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I called one of the important
+functions of uh mathematics besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of uh mathematics besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of uh mathematics besides the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the ones you already know. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you already know. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you already know. And so the
+function that we were faced with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we were faced with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we were faced with and
+that we discussed was this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+And then we were interested in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we were interested in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we were interested in the value
+at infinity. We were interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which if you draw a picture of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you draw a picture of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you draw a picture of it and
+you draw the same bell curve, that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw the same bell curve, that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw the same bell curve, that's the
+area under half of it. That's the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under half of it. That's the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under half of it. That's the area
+starting from zero and going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from zero and going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from zero and going to
+infinity. That's the area under half. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. That's the area under half. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. That's the area under half. So
+this chunk is f of infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now I I I hope that this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I I I hope that this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I I I hope that this part of the
+connection is not meant to be fancy. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is not meant to be fancy. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is not meant to be fancy. The
+the the idea here is that that q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea here is that that q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea here is that that q is
+equal to twice f of infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to twice f of infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to twice f of infinity.
+This number here and so f of infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This number here and so f of infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This number here and so f of infinity is
+equal to the<unk> of pi / 2 if we've if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the<unk> of pi / 2 if we've if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the<unk> of pi / 2 if we've if
+we believe what we said on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe what we said on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe what we said on the last
+panel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel.
+And that was the thing that I drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that was the thing that I drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that was the thing that I drew a
+picture of on the board. Uh namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of on the board. Uh namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of on the board. Uh namely the
+graph of of of f looked like this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of of of f looked like this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of of of f looked like this. And
+there was this asmtote which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this asmtote which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this asmtote which was the
+limit f ofx tends to pi / 2 as x goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit f ofx tends to pi / 2 as x goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit f ofx tends to pi / 2 as x goes to
+infinity. That was that limiting value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. That was that limiting value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. That was that limiting value
+which is f of infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f of infinity.
+All right. So this is the asmtote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and now I've explained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now I've explained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now I've explained the
+connection between what we claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between what we claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between what we claimed
+before which was quite mysterious and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which was quite mysterious and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which was quite mysterious and uh
+what we're actually going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're actually going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're actually going to be able to
+check now concretely by making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check now concretely by making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check now concretely by making this
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so how in the world can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so how in the world can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so how in the world can you
+get something like this? What's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like this? What's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like this? What's in that
+orange box there? That v is equal to q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange box there? That v is equal to q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange box there? That v is equal to q
+^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+Again, the the technique is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, the the technique is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, the the technique is to use
+slices here. And I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices here. And I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices here. And I'm going to have to
+draw you a 3D picture to visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you a 3D picture to visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you a 3D picture to visualize the
+slice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice.
+So let's let's do that. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's do that. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's do that. I'm going to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+three axes now because we're now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axes now because we're now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axes now because we're now going
+to be in three-dimensional space. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in three-dimensional space. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in three-dimensional space. And I
+want you to imagine the x axis is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to imagine the x axis is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to imagine the x axis is coming
+out of the blackboard. The y- axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the blackboard. The y- axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the blackboard. The y- axis is
+horizontal. And there's a new axis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. And there's a new axis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. And there's a new axis which
+I'll call the z-axis which is going up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call the z-axis which is going up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call the z-axis which is going up.
+So what's happening here is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's happening here is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's happening here is that I'm
+thinking of this uh this is if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this uh this is if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this uh this is if you like
+some kind of side view and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of side view and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of side view and this is a
+view where I've tilted things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view where I've tilted things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view where I've tilted things a little
+bit up to the top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+the distribution or you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution or you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution or you could think of
+this target in the plane where the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target in the plane where the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target in the plane where the most
+uh likely places to hit were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likely places to hit were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likely places to hit were in the
+middle and it died off as we went down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and it died off as we went down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and it died off as we went down.
+Now I I want to draw a picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I I want to draw a picture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I I want to draw a picture of this
+graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph.
+I'm going to draw a picture of e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a picture of e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a picture of e the
+minus r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r2
+and it's basically a hump. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a hump. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a hump. So I'm going
+to take the first the slice along y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the first the slice along y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the first the slice along y
+equals 0 the y equals 0 slice and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the y equals 0 slice and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the y equals 0 slice and I
+claim that that goes up like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that that goes up like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that that goes up like this and
+then comes back down. And let me shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back down. And let me shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back down. And let me shade
+this in so that you can see what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so that you can see what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so that you can see what kind of
+a slice this is. This is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice this is. This is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice this is. This is supposed to be
+along this vertical plane here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this vertical plane here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this vertical plane here which is
+coming out of the blackboard and coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the blackboard and coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the blackboard and coming
+towards you. And that's a slice. Now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards you. And that's a slice. Now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards you. And that's a slice. Now I'm
+going to draw one more slice so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw one more slice so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw one more slice so that you
+can see what's happening. Uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what's happening. Uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what's happening. Uh I'm going
+to draw a slice at another place along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a slice at another place along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a slice at another place along
+here. This will be y equals b some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This will be y equals b some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This will be y equals b some other
+level. And now I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. And now I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. And now I'm going to show you
+what happens. What happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens. What happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens. What happens is that the
+hump goes dies down a little bit. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump goes dies down a little bit. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hump goes dies down a little bit. So the
+the bump is just a little bit lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump is just a little bit lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump is just a little bit lower
+and it's going to look a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to look a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to look a little bit the
+same way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way,
+but it's just going to be a bit smaller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just going to be a bit smaller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just going to be a bit smaller.
+So there's another slice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's another slice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's another slice here
+like that. Now I want to give a name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Now I want to give a name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Now I want to give a name to
+these slices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slices.
+I'm going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this
+A of B. That is the area of the B slice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh under under the curve under under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under under the curve under under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under under the curve under under the
+the the surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface.
+Okay. Yes. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes. Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes. Question.
+I'm confused as to what the solid is. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm confused as to what the solid is. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm confused as to what the solid is. Is
+it the rotation of this curve?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the rotation of this curve?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the rotation of this curve?
+Yeah. The solid. Yeah. We're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The solid. Yeah. We're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The solid. Yeah. We're trying to
+figure out this volume here, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this volume here, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this volume here, which is
+the one we started out with by slices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we started out with by slices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we started out with by slices.
+So, first I have to think I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first I have to think I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first I have to think I'm going to
+visualize. So here I I didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize. So here I I didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize. So here I I didn't even
+visualize it. I took a cross-section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it. I took a cross-section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it. I took a cross-section and
+I thought about how to spin it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about how to spin it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about how to spin it around
+without actually doing that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually doing that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually doing that in
+threedimensional space. But now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space. But now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space. But now I'm
+going to take a different kind of slice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a different kind of slice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a different kind of slice.
+I'm going to take that same bump which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take that same bump which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take that same bump which
+is a three-dimensional object. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a three-dimensional object. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a three-dimensional object. I'm going
+to lay it down on a plane which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lay it down on a plane which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lay it down on a plane which looks
+like this. And then it's a bump here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And then it's a bump here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And then it's a bump here.
+All right. It's a hump. And now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. It's a hump. And now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. It's a hump. And now I'm
+going to try to slice it by various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to slice it by various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to slice it by various
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+defined by rotating your yals pink line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by rotating your yals pink line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by rotating your yals pink line
+about the Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Z.
+So one way of defining the bump as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one way of defining the bump as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one way of defining the bump as you
+just suggested is you take this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just suggested is you take this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just suggested is you take this curve
+and you rotate it around this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rotate it around this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rotate it around this this
+Z-axis. So in other words, you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. So in other words, you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. So in other words, you make this
+the axis of rotation, you spin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of rotation, you spin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of rotation, you spin it
+around. That's correct. So that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. That's correct. So that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. That's correct. So that shows
+you that the peaks as you go down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the peaks as you go down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the peaks as you go down here
+are going to are going to descend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to are going to descend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to are going to descend the
+same way. But I don't want to draw those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way. But I don't want to draw those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way. But I don't want to draw those
+lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines.
+I want you to imagine just what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to imagine just what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to imagine just what the
+slices parallel slices are because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices parallel slices are because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices parallel slices are because I
+don't want to get cross slices. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get cross slices. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get cross slices. I want
+all slices parallel to the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this this is this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this this is this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this this is this is not
+particularly easy to visualize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly easy to visualize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly easy to visualize.
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+now here's the formula for volume by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the formula for volume by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the formula for volume by
+slices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices.
+The formula for volume by slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The formula for volume by slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The formula for volume by slices
+is that you add up the areas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you add up the areas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you add up the areas of the
+slices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's how you do it. You take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how you do it. You take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how you do it. You take each
+slice, you add the cross-sectional area,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice, you add the cross-sectional area,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice, you add the cross-sectional area,
+and then you take a little thickness dy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take a little thickness dy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take a little thickness dy,
+and then you add all of them up. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add all of them up. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add all of them up. Now,
+because this is extending over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is extending over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is extending over the whole
+plane, we're going to have to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, we're going to have to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, we're going to have to go from
+all the way from minus infinity to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from minus infinity to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from minus infinity to plus
+infinity. And this is the this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And this is the this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And this is the this is this
+the formula for for volumes by slicing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now our goal in order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now our goal in order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now our goal in order to do this
+calculation, we're going to just fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation, we're going to just fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation, we're going to just fix
+y is equal to some b. We're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to some b. We're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to some b. We're just going
+to fix one of these slices and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix one of these slices and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix one of these slices and we're
+going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a of b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of b.
+That's what we need to do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we need to do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we need to do in order to
+make this this uh procedure succeed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, this is the only place where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is the only place where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is the only place where this
+method works. It's but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method works. It's but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method works. It's but it's
+an important one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important one.
+In order to to make it work, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to to make it work, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to to make it work, I'm going
+to have to again draw the plot from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to again draw the plot from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to again draw the plot from a
+different point of view. I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point of view. I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point of view. I'm going to do
+the top view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I want to look down on this this xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to look down on this this xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to look down on this this xy
+plane here. This is the x direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here. This is the x direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here. This is the x direction and
+here's the y direction. And then again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the y direction. And then again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the y direction. And then again I
+want to draw my slice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My slice is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My slice is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My slice is here
+at y equals b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equals b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equals b.
+So, it's just right on we're just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's just right on we're just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's just right on we're just right
+on top of it and it's coming up at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it and it's coming up at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it and it's coming up at some
+kind of bump here with a little higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bump here with a little higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bump here with a little higher
+in the middle and going down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle and going down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle and going down on the
+sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, the formula for the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the formula for the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the formula for the height
+is this. If I take a distance r here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this. If I take a distance r here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this. If I take a distance r here,
+the formula for the height of the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the height of the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the height of the bump
+is e to the minus r 2. Okay, I'll store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus r 2. Okay, I'll store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus r 2. Okay, I'll store
+that over here. E to the minus R 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over here. E to the minus R 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over here. E to the minus R 2 is
+the height at this place if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height at this place if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height at this place if this
+distance to the origin is R. That's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the origin is R. That's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the origin is R. That's true
+all the way around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around.
+And in terms of of B and X that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in terms of of B and X that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in terms of of B and X that we can
+figure out that by this right triangle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that by this right triangle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that by this right triangle.
+This height is B and this distance is X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This height is B and this distance is X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This height is B and this distance is X.
+So R2 is equal to B ^2 + X2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+is that in the xy plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the xy plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the xy plane
+like um xy you know see how you put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um xy you know see how you put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um xy you know see how you put that
+in that plane right there how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that plane right there how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that plane right there how you make
+that shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape
+okay um the question is is that the xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the question is is that the xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um the question is is that the xy
+plane so the the answer is that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so the the answer is that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so the the answer is that over
+here I cleverly used the letter r I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I cleverly used the letter r I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I cleverly used the letter r I
+avoided using y's and z's or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided using y's and z's or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided using y's and z's or anything
+and over here this is the distance r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here this is the distance r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here this is the distance r and
+if you like this is z going up That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like this is z going up That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like this is z going up That's
+the way to that's the way to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to that's the way to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to that's the way to think of it
+so that all the letters are consistent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all the letters are consistent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all the letters are consistent.
+But I just avoided giving it a name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I just avoided giving it a name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I just avoided giving it a name.
+That's good. That's exactly the point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good. That's exactly the point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good. That's exactly the point.
+All right. So now I claim I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now I claim I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now I claim I have a
+formula for r squared. And so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for r squared. And so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for r squared. And so I can
+write this down. This is e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down. This is e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down. This is e to the minus
+b ^2 + x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now I'm going to use the rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I'm going to use the rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I'm going to use the rule of
+exponents which is that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents which is that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents which is that this is the same
+as eus b ^2 * eus x^2. And that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as eus b ^2 * eus x^2. And that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as eus b ^2 * eus x^2. And that's going
+to be our the main way in which we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our the main way in which we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our the main way in which we use
+the particular function that we're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular function that we're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular function that we're that
+we're dealing with here. That's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with here. That's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with here. That's that's
+really the main step amazingly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the main step amazingly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the main step amazingly.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now I get to compute what A of B is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A of B is the area under a curve. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A of B is the area under a curve. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A of B is the area under a curve. So
+it's going to be let me write it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be let me write it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be let me write it over
+here. A of B is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. A of B is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. A of B is the area
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+this curve here which is some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve here which is some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve here which is some constant
+time. So if you you imagine call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So if you you imagine call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So if you you imagine call this
+thing the name C under some curve E C *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the name C under some curve E C *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the name C under some curve E C *
+E minus X^2 where the C is equal to E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E minus X^2 where the C is equal to E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E minus X^2 where the C is equal to E
+minus B ^ 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's what our slice is. In fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what our slice is. In fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what our slice is. In fact it
+looks like one of those. It looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like one of those. It looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like one of those. It looks like
+one of those bumps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here's its formula again. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's its formula again. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's its formula again. It's the
+integral from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to infinity
+of eus b^2 eus x^2 dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just recopied what I had up there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just recopied what I had up there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just recopied what I had up there. And
+this is the height at each value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the height at each value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the height at each value of x
+with b fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with b fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with b fixed.
+And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now
+the two so we we we have a lot of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so we we we have a lot of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so we we we have a lot of steps
+here but each of them is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but each of them is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but each of them is very
+elementary. The first one was just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary. The first one was just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary. The first one was just that
+the law of exponents that we could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of exponents that we could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of exponents that we could split
+the two into products. Now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two into products. Now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two into products. Now I'm going to
+make that splitting even further. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that splitting even further. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that splitting even further. This
+is a constant. It's not varying with x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant. It's not varying with x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant. It's not varying with x.
+So I'm going to factor it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to factor it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to factor it out of the
+integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral.
+This is eus b ^2* the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is eus b ^2* the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is eus b ^2* the integral from
+minus infinity to infinity of eus x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity of eus x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity of eus x^2
+dx. So this might look frightening but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So this might look frightening but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So this might look frightening but
+actually it's just the property of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's just the property of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's just the property of an
+integral. All integrals have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. All integrals have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. All integrals have this kind
+of property. You can always factor out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of property. You can always factor out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of property. You can always factor out a
+constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+And now here comes the remarkable thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now here comes the remarkable thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now here comes the remarkable thing.
+This is eus b ^2 times a number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is eus b ^2 times a number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is eus b ^2 times a number which is
+now familiar to us. What is this number?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now familiar to us. What is this number?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now familiar to us. What is this number?
+This is what we're looking for. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we're looking for. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we're looking for. This is
+our unknown q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I' I've computed A of B and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I' I've computed A of B and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I' I've computed A of B and now I'm
+ready to finish the problem off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to finish the problem off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to finish the problem off.
+A of B is EUS B^2* Q. Q is that strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A of B is EUS B^2* Q. Q is that strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A of B is EUS B^2* Q. Q is that strange
+number which we don't know yet what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which we don't know yet what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which we don't know yet what it
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+So now I'm going to compute the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to compute the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to compute the whole
+volume.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume.
+The whole volume remember it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The whole volume remember it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The whole volume remember it's over
+there. It's minus infinity to infinity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. It's minus infinity to infinity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. It's minus infinity to infinity a
+of y dy. And now I'm just going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y dy. And now I'm just going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y dy. And now I'm just going to plug
+in the formula that we found for A. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula that we found for A. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula that we found for A. Now
+I'm doing this for each B. So I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this for each B. So I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this for each B. So I'm doing
+it varying over all B. So I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it varying over all B. So I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it varying over all B. So I have the
+integral from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to
+infinity. And here I have E to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And here I have E to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. And here I have E to the minus
+Y^2. I've replaced B by Y. And now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y^2. I've replaced B by Y. And now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y^2. I've replaced B by Y. And now I
+have Q and I have dy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Q and I have dy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Q and I have dy.
+I just recopied what I had over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just recopied what I had over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just recopied what I had over there
+into the formula for slicing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the formula for slicing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the formula for slicing.
+And now I'm going to do this trick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to do this trick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to do this trick of
+factoring out the constant a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring out the constant a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring out the constant a second
+time. This is a constant. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. This is a constant. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. This is a constant. It doesn't
+depend on y. It's the same for all y. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on y. It's the same for all y. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on y. It's the same for all y. It
+just will factor out. This is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just will factor out. This is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just will factor out. This is the same
+as q * the integral from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q * the integral from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q * the integral from minus infinity
+to infinity eus y^2 d y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now lo and behold this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now lo and behold this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now lo and behold this expression
+here of course notice how I define Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course notice how I define Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course notice how I define Q.
+Let's go back carefully to where Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go back carefully to where Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go back carefully to where Q is
+defined. Here's Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This T is a dummy variable. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This T is a dummy variable. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This T is a dummy variable. It doesn't
+matter what I call it. I can call it X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what I call it. I can call it X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what I call it. I can call it X.
+I can call it U. I can call it V. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can call it U. I can call it V. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can call it U. I can call it V. In
+this case, I've given it two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, I've given it two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, I've given it two different
+names. At this stage, I called it X. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names. At this stage, I called it X. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names. At this stage, I called it X. And
+at this stage, I'm calling it Y, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage, I'm calling it Y, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage, I'm calling it Y, but
+it's the same variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same variable.
+And so, this little chunk is Q. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, this little chunk is Q. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, this little chunk is Q. And
+altogether, I have two of them for Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether, I have two of them for Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether, I have two of them for Q2
+being the total. And that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the total. And that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the total. And that's that's the
+end. That's the end of the argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a real miracle. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a real miracle. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a real miracle. Yeah.
+How can you factor out the there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can you factor out the there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can you factor out the there?
+Because I I see how it depends on x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I I see how it depends on x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I I see how it depends on x and
+if you're integrating with respect to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're integrating with respect to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're integrating with respect to y
+as y changes doesn't x as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y changes doesn't x as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y changes doesn't x as well. So
+great great question. The question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question. The question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great question. The question is
+wait a minute as y changes doesn't x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute as y changes doesn't x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute as y changes doesn't x
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+and then so then this wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so then this wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so then this wouldn't be a
+constant. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. All right.
+So that's the way in which we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the way in which we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the way in which we've used
+the letters X and Y in this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters X and Y in this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters X and Y in this whole
+course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+When you get to 1802, you'll almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you get to 1802, you'll almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you get to 1802, you'll almost
+never do that. Always Y and X will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do that. Always Y and X will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do that. Always Y and X will be
+different variables and they won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables and they won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables and they won't have
+to depend on each other. Now let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on each other. Now let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on each other. Now let me show
+you where on this picture the X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where on this picture the X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where on this picture the X and the
+Y are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y are.
+We've got a whole XY plane and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got a whole XY plane and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got a whole XY plane and here I'm
+fixing Y equals B. Y isn't varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing Y equals B. Y isn't varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing Y equals B. Y isn't varying
+whereas X is changing. So in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas X is changing. So in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas X is changing. So in other
+words, I don't have a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, I don't have a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, I don't have a relationship
+between X and Y unless I fix it. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and Y unless I fix it. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and Y unless I fix it. In this
+case, I've decided that Y is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I've decided that Y is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I've decided that Y is going to be
+constant for all X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for all X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for all X.
+Over here I made a computation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over here I made a computation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over here I made a computation and I
+have a Q which is just a single number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Q which is just a single number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Q which is just a single number.
+No matter which B I took, it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No matter which B I took, it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No matter which B I took, it didn't
+matter which no matter which Y equals B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which no matter which Y equals B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which no matter which Y equals B.
+Of course, I changed the name to B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, I changed the name to B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, I changed the name to B so
+that it wouldn't be so jarring to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't be so jarring to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wouldn't be so jarring to you.
+But in fact, this B was Y all along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact, this B was Y all along.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact, this B was Y all along.
+It's just that the x varied completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just that the x varied completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just that the x varied completely
+independently of the y. I could fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the y. I could fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the y. I could fix the
+y and vary the x. I could fix the x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and vary the x. I could fix the x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and vary the x. I could fix the x and
+vary the y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the y.
+So there it's it's a different use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there it's it's a different use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there it's it's a different use of
+the letters from what you're used to. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters from what you're used to. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters from what you're used to. It
+it happens that y is not a function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens that y is not a function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens that y is not a function of x
+in this case. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zaxis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zaxis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zaxis.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Doesn't change exactly as much as y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't change exactly as much as y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't change exactly as much as y
+um the the uh question is because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the uh question is because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the uh question is because I'm
+rotating around the zaxis doesn't x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating around the zaxis doesn't x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating around the zaxis doesn't x
+change exactly as much as y does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change exactly as much as y does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change exactly as much as y does what
+happens is that x and y are symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that x and y are symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that x and y are symmetric
+variables they they can be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they they can be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they they can be treated
+equally but if I decide to take slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally but if I decide to take slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally but if I decide to take slices
+with respect to y being fixed and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y being fixed and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to y being fixed and x
+varying then of course they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying then of course they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying then of course they they're
+they're now separated and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now separated and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now separated and I have a
+separate role for the x and separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate role for the x and separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate role for the x and separate
+role for the Y. All right? Or I if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for the Y. All right? Or I if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for the Y. All right? Or I if I had
+sliced it the other way, I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced it the other way, I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced it the other way, I would have
+gotten the same answer. I just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the same answer. I just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the same answer. I just would
+have reversed the roles of X and Y. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reversed the roles of X and Y. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reversed the roles of X and Y. So
+what's happening is that X and Y are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that X and Y are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that X and Y are are
+on equal footing with each other in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on equal footing with each other in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on equal footing with each other in this
+in this picture. And I could have sliced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture. And I could have sliced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture. And I could have sliced
+the other way. I would have gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way. I would have gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way. I would have gotten the
+same answer. That that that's more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. That that that's more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. That that that's more or
+less the answer to your question. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now I I have given you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now I I have given you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now I I have given you a
+review sheet and I want to run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review sheet and I want to run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review sheet and I want to run through
+uh briefly what's going to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh briefly what's going to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh briefly what's going to be on the
+exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this set of uh list of exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this set of uh list of exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this set of uh list of exam
+questions is what's going to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is what's going to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is what's going to be on the
+exam. There are sorry this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam. There are sorry this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam. There are sorry this is not
+displayed correctly. So exam questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed correctly. So exam questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed correctly. So exam questions
+but now I'm just going to show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm just going to show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm just going to show you what
+they are. There are five questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. There are five questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. There are five questions on
+the exam. They're completely parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam. They're completely parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam. They're completely parallel to
+what you get on uh what you got last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get on uh what you got last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get on uh what you got last
+last year. So, you should look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year. So, you should look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year. So, you should look at that
+test. It's worth looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. It's worth looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. It's worth looking at.
+And you'll see in the descriptions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you'll see in the descriptions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you'll see in the descriptions on
+this sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sheet
+uh that the that the uh that what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the that the uh that what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the that the uh that what I'm
+describing is what's on that test. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing is what's on that test. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing is what's on that test. So
+what's going to happen is and this is al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is and this is al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is and this is al
+also posted on the web is that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also posted on the web is that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also posted on the web is that you'll be
+expected to calculate some definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to calculate some definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to calculate some definite
+integrals using the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals using the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals using the fundamental theorem
+of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus
+do a numerical uh approximation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a numerical uh approximation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a numerical uh approximation there
+will be a remon sum a trapezoidal rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a remon sum a trapezoidal rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a remon sum a trapezoidal rule
+and a simpsons rule calculate areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simpsons rule calculate areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simpsons rule calculate areas and
+volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes
+and then some other cumulative sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some other cumulative sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some other cumulative sum
+either an average value or probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an average value or probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an average value or probability
+or perhaps work and sketch a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps work and sketch a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps work and sketch a function
+which is given in this in this form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given in this in this form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given in this in this form as
+uh as an integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as an integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as an integral.
+All right. So those are those are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So those are those are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So those are those are they
+those are the questions and and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the questions and and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the questions and and and uh
+and you'll you'll see by the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll you'll see by the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll you'll see by the example of
+last year's exam exactly the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's exam exactly the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's exam exactly the style
+they're really going to be very similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really going to be very similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really going to be very similar.
+Uh yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yes question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yes question
+as far as the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the numerical
+approximations goss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upper and lower and right and left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower and right and left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower and right and left.
+Okay, good question. So the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good question. So the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good question. So the question is
+for remon sums what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for remon sums what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for remon sums what's the difference
+between upper and lower and right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between upper and lower and right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between upper and lower and right and
+left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here we have a remon sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to give you a a picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to give you a a picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to give you a a picture uh
+which is uh maybe this function y = 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh maybe this function y = 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh maybe this function y = 1 /x
+which was the one that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the one that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the one that we were
+discussing earlier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you take the function y = 1 /x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take the function y = 1 /x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you take the function y = 1 /x and
+you break it up into pieces here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it up into pieces here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it up into pieces here.
+However, it doesn't matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, it doesn't matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, it doesn't matter how many
+pieces. Let's just say there are four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. Let's just say there are four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. Let's just say there are four of
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+Then the lower reman sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the lower reman sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the lower reman sum
+is the staircase which fits underneath.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the staircase which fits underneath.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the staircase which fits underneath.
+So this one is a picture of the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this one is a picture of the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this one is a picture of the lower
+sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's always less. And in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's always less. And in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's always less. And in the case of a
+decreasing function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function,
+it's going to be so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be so since
+if you like since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like since
+uh 1 /x decreases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lower sum equals the right sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can see that visually on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see that visually on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see that visually on this
+picture. the the values you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. the the values you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. the the values you're going to
+select are going to be the right ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select are going to be the right ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select are going to be the right ends of
+the rectangles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The upper sum is the left one. Now, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The upper sum is the left one. Now, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The upper sum is the left one. Now, if
+the function wiggles up and down, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function wiggles up and down, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function wiggles up and down, then
+you have to pick whichever side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pick whichever side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pick whichever side is
+appropriate or maybe it'll be a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate or maybe it'll be a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate or maybe it'll be a point in
+the middle if the maximum is achieved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle if the maximum is achieved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle if the maximum is achieved in
+the middle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, another question
+just for clarification with that. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for clarification with that. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for clarification with that. So if
+the function is increasing then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is increasing then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is increasing then the
+right hand would be the upper. Correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand would be the upper. Correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand would be the upper. Correct.
+Correct. If the if the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. If the if the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. If the if the function is
+increasing then the lower sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing then the lower sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing then the lower sum is the
+left sum. So it just exactly reverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sum. So it just exactly reverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sum. So it just exactly reverses
+what's here. So so this is if decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's here. So so this is if decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's here. So so this is if decreasing
+lower sum is right- hand sum, increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sum is right- hand sum, increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sum is right- hand sum, increasing
+lower sum is lefthand sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I can imagine like that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I can imagine like that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I can imagine like that it would be
+very hard to sketch something like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to sketch something like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to sketch something like like
+that as one there if you didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one there if you didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one there if you didn't know
+that it came to a to an asmtote. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came to a to an asmtote. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came to a to an asmtote. In
+other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words,
+right? So good question. So the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So good question. So the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So good question. So the question
+is suppose you're faced with a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose you're faced with a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose you're faced with a function
+like this in this last problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in this last problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in this last problem which
+generally these are the trickiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally these are the trickiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally these are the trickiest
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+and the question is how are you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is how are you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is how are you ever
+going to be able to decide on an asmtote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to decide on an asmtote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to decide on an asmtote
+even whether there is an asmtote and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even whether there is an asmtote and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even whether there is an asmtote and the
+the answer is you're not uh it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you're not uh it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you're not uh it's going
+to be pretty tricky if if to to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty tricky if if to to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty tricky if if to to to get
+keep track of what's happening as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of what's happening as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of what's happening as it
+goes to infinity. We had an example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity. We had an example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity. We had an example on
+the homework where it was oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework where it was oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework where it was oscillating
+and it's very unclear what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very unclear what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very unclear what's what's
+going on. have to do a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. have to do a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. have to do a very long
+analysis for that. So uh in fact uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for that. So uh in fact uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for that. So uh in fact uh uh
+you know just don't worry about that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just don't worry about that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just don't worry about that now
+at the very end of the class we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end of the class we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end of the class we'll talk
+a little bit about these asmmptotes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about these asmmptotes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about these asmmptotes and
+really the first issue is whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the first issue is whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the first issue is whether they
+exist or not and uh that's that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist or not and uh that's that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist or not and uh that's that's even
+something that's a serious question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a serious question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a serious question
+which we'll address at the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll address at the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll address at the very end of
+this course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course.
+That's right. It's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. It's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. It's not going to be
+anything that complicated. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that complicated. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that complicated. All right,
+other questions. We have we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions. We have we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions. We have we still have a
+five whole minutes and I have an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five whole minutes and I have an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five whole minutes and I have an example
+to give if if uh nobody has a question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Can you tell us which one to use or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you tell us which one to use or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you tell us which one to use or we
+just going to use?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to use?
+Uh the question will I tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the question will I tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the question will I tell you which
+one of what to use?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of what to use?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of what to use?
+Numerical approximate you tell us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Numerical approximate you tell us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Numerical approximate you tell us.
+Um when I tell you the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um when I tell you the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um when I tell you the numerical
+approximation, as you'll see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation, as you'll see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation, as you'll see on the
+exam, the practice exam that you have, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam, the practice exam that you have, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam, the practice exam that you have, I
+will ask you for all three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ask you for all three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ask you for all three.
+I will ask you for the remon sum, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will ask you for the remon sum, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will ask you for the remon sum, the
+trapezoidal rule, and the Simpsons rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule, and the Simpsons rule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule, and the Simpsons rule.
+I'm guaranteeing you they'll all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guaranteeing you they'll all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guaranteeing you they'll all three
+be on the exam. I'm guaranteeing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the exam. I'm guaranteeing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the exam. I'm guaranteeing you
+that every single thing which is on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single thing which is on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single thing which is on that
+piece of paper is on the exam and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper is on the exam and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper is on the exam and you'll
+see it on the on the on the exam that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on the on the on the exam that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on the on the on the exam that
+you've got, it's exactly parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got, it's exactly parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got, it's exactly parallel to
+what's there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there.
+What about areas and values? Will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about areas and values? Will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about areas and values? Will you
+tell us which method to use or can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us which method to use or can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us which method to use or can you
+use?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use?
+Yeah. So, so with with areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so with with areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so with with areas and
+volumes, the question is, will I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes, the question is, will I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes, the question is, will I tell
+you which method to use? All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which method to use? All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which method to use? All right. So
+let's let's discuss that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So with areas and volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's there's basically so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's basically so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's basically so so this is
+always true with areas and it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true with areas and it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true with areas and it's true
+with volumes of revolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You, by the way, you should you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You, by the way, you should you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You, by the way, you should you should
+read this sheet. Not everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this sheet. Not everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this sheet. Not everything that's
+on here is is uh have I said, but I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here is is uh have I said, but I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here is is uh have I said, but I but
+but you should read it because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should read it because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should read it because it's all
+relevant. So, with volumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant. So, with volumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant. So, with volumes of
+revolution, you always work your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution, you always work your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution, you always work your way
+back to some 2D diagram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's some
+there's some 2D diagram which is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some 2D diagram which is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some 2D diagram which is always
+two-dimensional diagram which is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional diagram which is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional diagram which is always
+connected with these these problems. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with these these problems. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with these these problems. I
+mean, something this hard is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, something this hard is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, something this hard is is is
+really just too hard to do on an exam,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just too hard to do on an exam,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just too hard to do on an exam,
+right? I'm not going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm not going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm not going to ask you
+something this complicated on an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this complicated on an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this complicated on an exam
+because this involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this involves a
+three-dimensional visualization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+once you're down to 2D, you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're down to 2D, you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're down to 2D, you're supposed
+to be able to handle it. Now, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to handle it. Now, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to handle it. Now, what's the
+main issue after you've got your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main issue after you've got your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main issue after you've got your two
+degree two 2D diagram? The main issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two 2D diagram? The main issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two 2D diagram? The main issue
+is, do you want to integrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, do you want to integrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, do you want to integrate with
+respect to dx or dy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is that
+you will it will depend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will it will depend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will it will depend.
+And if there's one that's going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if there's one that's going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if there's one that's going to cause
+you incredible difficulty and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you incredible difficulty and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you incredible difficulty and I feel
+that you're not able to dodge it, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not able to dodge it, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not able to dodge it, then I
+might give you a hint and say you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a hint and say you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a hint and say you better
+use shells or you better use discs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use shells or you better use discs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use shells or you better use discs or
+washers or something like that. But if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washers or something like that. But if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washers or something like that. But if I
+feel that you're grown up enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you're grown up enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you're grown up enough to
+figure out which one it is because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one it is because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one it is because one
+of them is so ridiculous, you say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is so ridiculous, you say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is so ridiculous, you say,
+"Forget it immediately after thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Forget it immediately after thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Forget it immediately after thinking
+about it," then I won't tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it," then I won't tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it," then I won't tell you which
+one because I figure, in other words, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I figure, in other words, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I figure, in other words, I
+don't want you to waste your time. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to waste your time. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to waste your time. But
+I'm willing to to waste a minute or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to to waste a minute or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to to waste a minute or two
+of your time on a uh on a on a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your time on a uh on a on a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your time on a uh on a on a uh a
+wild goose chase. All right. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild goose chase. All right. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild goose chase. All right. So, let me
+give you an example of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of this.
+Suppose you're looking at the curve um y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you're looking at the curve um y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you're looking at the curve um y
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 and x - x cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and x - x cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and x - x cubed.
+All right. So this is some kind of lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is some kind of lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is some kind of lump
+like this. It goes from 0 to one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. It goes from 0 to one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. It goes from 0 to one because
+the right hand side is zero at at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is zero at at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is zero at at zero
+and one here. It's some kind of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one here. It's some kind of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one here. It's some kind of thing.
+And there are these two possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are these two possibilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are these two possibilities.
+One of them is to do shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of them is to do shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of them is to do shells
+and then you would you would so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would you would so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would you would so this is
+supposed to be rotated around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around the y ais in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same would apply actually to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same would apply actually to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same would apply actually to the
+area problem. So I'm doing a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area problem. So I'm doing a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area problem. So I'm doing a slightly
+more complicated problem but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated problem but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated problem but you could
+ask for the area underneath this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the area underneath this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the area underneath this and so
+forth. Okay. So we can integrate this dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Okay. So we can integrate this dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Okay. So we can integrate this dx
+or we can integrate this dy. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can integrate this dy. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can integrate this dy. This
+indicates that I'm deciding that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that I'm deciding that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that I'm deciding that this is
+going to be a thickness dx and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a thickness dx and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a thickness dx and I'm
+integrating dx. So that's a choice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating dx. So that's a choice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating dx. So that's a choice that
+I'm making. Now the minute I made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making. Now the minute I made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making. Now the minute I made that
+choice, I know that these are shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice, I know that these are shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice, I know that these are shells
+because they sweep around this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they sweep around this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they sweep around this way and
+that makes them shells, cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them shells, cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them shells, cylindrical
+shells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells.
+And if I do that, the setup is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I do that, the setup is this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I do that, the setup is this.
+It's 2<unk>x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 2<unk>x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 2<unk>x
+* x - x cub dx. Now, I claim that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x - x cub dx. Now, I claim that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x - x cub dx. Now, I claim that when
+you get to this point, you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to this point, you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to this point, you already know
+you've won because this is an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've won because this is an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've won because this is an easy
+integral to calculate. So, this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to calculate. So, this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to calculate. So, this so
+you're done here. You're happy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done here. You're happy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done here. You're happy.
+All right. Now, if you happen to be say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, if you happen to be say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, if you happen to be say,
+"Oh, gee, I I hate to do this. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, gee, I I hate to do this. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, gee, I I hate to do this. I want to
+do something clever."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something clever."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something clever."
+You could try to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could try to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could try to do it with
+cutting this way. All right. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting this way. All right. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting this way. All right. Sorry.
+Let's Let's do this. All right. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's Let's do this. All right. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's Let's do this. All right. And this
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+the dy thickness. And then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dy thickness. And then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dy thickness. And then when you
+sweep this around,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep this around,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep this around,
+you get what we call a washer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is really just the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really just the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really just the difference of
+two discs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two discs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two discs.
+All right. So the shape here is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the shape here is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the shape here is is this
+thing swept swung around this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it looks like this. So it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like this. So it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like this. So it's going to
+be the difference of of radi. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference of of radi. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference of of radi. So what
+what's the what's the formula for this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the formula for this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the formula for this?
+It's some integral of pi time the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's some integral of pi time the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's some integral of pi time the right
+end which I'll call x2 and here the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end which I'll call x2 and here the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end which I'll call x2 and here the left
+end which I'll call x1. So this is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end which I'll call x1. So this is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end which I'll call x1. So this is pi
+x2^2 - x1^ 2 d y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2^2 - x1^ 2 d y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2^2 - x1^ 2 d y.
+All right. Now already at this stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now already at this stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now already at this stage you
+think to yourself this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself this is more
+complicated than the other method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the other method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the other method.
+Okay. So you've already abandoned it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you've already abandoned it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you've already abandoned it.
+But I'm just going to go one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm just going to go one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm just going to go one step
+further into this one to see what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further into this one to see what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further into this one to see what what
+it is that's happening. If you fig try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that's happening. If you fig try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that's happening. If you fig try
+to figure out what these values x1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what these values x1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what these values x1 and
+x2 are, that's corresponds to solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are, that's corresponds to solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are, that's corresponds to solving
+for x1 and x2 in terms of y. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x1 and x2 in terms of y. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x1 and x2 in terms of y. So that's
+the following equation. x1 and x2 solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following equation. x1 and x2 solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following equation. x1 and x2 solve
+the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+uh that uh the curve x - x cubed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh the curve x - x cubed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh the curve x - x cubed is
+equal to y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now look at this equation. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now look at this equation. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now look at this equation. That's the
+equation x cubed uh sorry yeah x cub - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x cubed uh sorry yeah x cub - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x cubed uh sorry yeah x cub - x
++ y I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y I guess
+uh let's see yeah that's right is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see yeah that's right is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see yeah that's right is equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+this is a cubic equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Although there is a formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although there is a formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although there is a formula for this
+you've never been taught the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never been taught the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never been taught the formula for
+this equation. So therefore, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation. So therefore, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation. So therefore, you will
+never ever be able to get a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever be able to get a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever be able to get a formula for
+x2 and x1 as a function of y and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and x1 as a function of y and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and x1 as a function of y and you'll
+never be able to compute this one. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to compute this one. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to compute this one. This
+is more than just a dead end. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than just a dead end. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than just a dead end. It's like
+crash, burn, and you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash, burn, and you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash, burn, and you know,
+self-destruct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruct.
+So, you know, there may be such a thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, there may be such a thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, there may be such a thing.
+So, do the other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, do the other way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, do the other way.
+Good luck, folks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zqOoSBbcack.txt b/zqOoSBbcack.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37d0c55d6a31dd32cded3b6558678469ae60ae45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zqOoSBbcack.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12440 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu both
+graphs calculating the effective theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs calculating the effective theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs calculating the effective theory
+graphs using the same infrared regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs using the same infrared regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs using the same infrared regulator
+we're normalizing each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're normalizing each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're normalizing each of them
+separately and then subtracting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and then subtracting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and then subtracting them to
+figure out higher order Corrections than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out higher order Corrections than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out higher order Corrections than
+well seen coefficients and as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well seen coefficients and as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well seen coefficients and as part of
+that discussion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion we
+also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked
+about scheme dependence because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scheme dependence because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scheme dependence because when you
+do that procedure of a normalization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that procedure of a normalization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that procedure of a normalization in
+the effective theory you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory you're making a
+choice for the scheme we picked MS bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the scheme we picked MS bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the scheme we picked MS bar
+but you could pick other choices and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could pick other choices and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could pick other choices and at
+the end of lecture we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of lecture we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of lecture we talked about the
+fact that when you make that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that when you make that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that when you make that different
+scheme choices it can affect things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme choices it can affect things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme choices it can affect things so
+it can affect the Wilson coefficients it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can affect the Wilson coefficients it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can affect the Wilson coefficients it
+can affect it will affect the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect it will affect the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect it will affect the matrix
+elements of operators it'll affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of operators it'll affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of operators it'll affect your
+matching coefficients of one loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching coefficients of one loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching coefficients of one loop and
+your novels dimensions at two loops but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your novels dimensions at two loops but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your novels dimensions at two loops but
+those scheme dependences cancel out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those scheme dependences cancel out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those scheme dependences cancel out in
+observables so it's important to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables so it's important to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables so it's important to take
+the scheme into account and work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme into account and work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme into account and work in the
+same scheme but if you consistently use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scheme but if you consistently use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scheme but if you consistently use
+the same scheme for everything then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same scheme for everything then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same scheme for everything then you
+will be okay now if you're just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be okay now if you're just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be okay now if you're just doing
+calculations on pen and paper it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations on pen and paper it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations on pen and paper it's very
+easy that you just well we love them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy that you just well we love them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy that you just well we love them
+aspire scheme let's use that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspire scheme let's use that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspire scheme let's use that but
+remember that sometimes there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that sometimes there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that sometimes there will be
+things in your result that you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your result that you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your result that you may want
+to get from elsewhere for example maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from elsewhere for example maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from elsewhere for example maybe
+there's some matrix elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some matrix elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some matrix elements of the
+operators you want to get them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you want to get them from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you want to get them from the
+lattice well if you look up results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice well if you look up results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice well if you look up results in
+the lattice they're not using MS bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice they're not using MS bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice they're not using MS bar
+it's known on per curative definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known on per curative definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known on per curative definition of
+MS bar so they'll be using some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MS bar so they'll be using some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MS bar so they'll be using some other
+scheme and those that those results will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and those that those results will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and those that those results will
+have to be converted to MS bar if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be converted to MS bar if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be converted to MS bar if you're
+going to put them together with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them together with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them together with your
+results okay so that's just something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so that's just something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so that's just something to
+be aware of before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of before
+we leave this topic and go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave this topic and go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave this topic and go on to
+something else I thought I'd say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I thought I'd say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I thought I'd say a few
+words about phenomenology what is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about phenomenology what is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about phenomenology what is all
+this technology good for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology good for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology good for so
+a nice example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example of that
+is BTS qiyama Sepideh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is BTS qiyama Sepideh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is BTS qiyama Sepideh
+s gamma it's a neutral current process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s gamma it's a neutral current process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s gamma it's a neutral current process
+it doesn't happen in the Steiner model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen in the Steiner model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen in the Steiner model a
+tree level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore what that means if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what that means if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what that means if it doesn't
+happen at tree level is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at tree level is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at tree level is that it's
+sensitive to loop Corrections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to loop Corrections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to loop Corrections and
+you could go since it's you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go since it's you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go since it's you know we
+talked about a channel with B to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a channel with B to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a channel with B to see you
+Barty but this is very analogous we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barty but this is very analogous we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barty but this is very analogous we have
+a beef beam s on in the initials B quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beef beam s on in the initials B quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beef beam s on in the initials B quark
+in the initial state so it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial state so it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial state so it's the same
+scales in the problem effectively the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales in the problem effectively the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales in the problem effectively the B
+quark scale is the is the light scale we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark scale is the is the light scale we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark scale is the is the light scale we
+want to get rid of the things that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of the things that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of the things that would
+mediate this decay that are inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate this decay that are inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate this decay that are inside the
+loop which will be W bosons and top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop which will be W bosons and top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop which will be W bosons and top
+quarks in this example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks in this example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks in this example and
+so you draw this in the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you draw this in the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you draw this in the standard model
+there's various diagrams that contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various diagrams that contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various diagrams that contribute
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a B quark changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a B quark changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a B quark changing
+it to a strange quark through a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a strange quark through a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a strange quark through a top
+quark and a W and if we had to greed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and a W and if we had to greed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and a W and if we had to greed out
+the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W
+in the top we get some local operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top we get some local operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top we get some local operator
+much as we were talking about in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we were talking about in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we were talking about in our
+examples up here it's just that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples up here it's just that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples up here it's just that we have
+different diagrams and we can also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diagrams and we can also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diagrams and we can also from
+the low energy point of view enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low energy point of view enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low energy point of view enumerate
+the operators for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators for
+some reason I started calling with Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason I started calling with Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason I started calling with Q
+instead of E I'm instead of O let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me give you an example some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an example some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an example some of these
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's what you would call a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you would call a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you would call a magnetic
+dipole operator couples directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole operator couples directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole operator couples directly to the
+photon which is in the FP no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon which is in the FP no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon which is in the FP no and
+it takes a B to an S bar and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an example of a higher dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a higher dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a higher dimension
+operator remember this is dimension 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator remember this is dimension 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator remember this is dimension 2
+and then plus 3 there so that's 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus 3 there so that's 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus 3 there so that's 5
+there's a factor of the B quark mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a factor of the B quark mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a factor of the B quark mass
+that just comes in because of the chiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just comes in because of the chiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just comes in because of the chiral
+structure of the operator which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the operator which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the operator which you can
+think of as there needs to be a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as there needs to be a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as there needs to be a mass
+insertion here need one factor of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion here need one factor of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion here need one factor of that
+mass in order for the diagram not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in order for the diagram not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in order for the diagram not to
+give 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you really start to do you desk gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really start to do you desk gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really start to do you desk gamma
+and you want to go through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to go through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to go through the whole
+story then you have to actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story then you have to actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story then you have to actually think
+about other operators and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other operators and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other operators and there's a
+whole basis of them and one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole basis of them and one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole basis of them and one thing you
+could do is you could take the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is you could take the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is you could take the operator
+up there and just replace the photon by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and just replace the photon by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and just replace the photon by
+a gluon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+won't give a three-level contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't give a three-level contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't give a three-level contribution to
+be - gamma but these guys are charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be - gamma but these guys are charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be - gamma but these guys are charged
+under electromagnetism so you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under electromagnetism so you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under electromagnetism so you could just
+have a direct coupling to the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direct coupling to the beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direct coupling to the beaker
+core the strange quark and then loop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core the strange quark and then loop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core the strange quark and then loop up
+the gluon and get a correction from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon and get a correction from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon and get a correction from an
+operator like this one and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like this one and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like this one and then there's
+also for quark operators like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for quark operators like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for quark operators like
+the ones we talked about before with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you enumerate all of them there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enumerate all of them there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enumerate all of them there's
+nine more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways of making fork work operators okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of making fork work operators okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of making fork work operators okay
+so you can build some basis using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can build some basis using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can build some basis using the
+equation of motion to simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion to simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion to simplify the
+operators as much as possible and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators as much as possible and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators as much as possible and then
+you get down to these ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to these ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to these ones and
+you can go through the program that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through the program that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through the program that we
+talked about if doing matching andr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about if doing matching andr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about if doing matching andr
+normalization group evolution and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group evolution and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group evolution and really
+what I want to talk about here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to talk about here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to talk about here is a
+little bit about phenomenology because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about phenomenology because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about phenomenology because
+the interesting thing about this loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing about this loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing about this loop is
+that if it if there was new physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it if there was new physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it if there was new physics
+since it's real it since it in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's real it since it in standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's real it since it in standard
+model a tree level it doesn't happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a tree level it doesn't happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a tree level it doesn't happen if
+there's new physics then you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's new physics then you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's new physics then you can be
+sensitive to it here because you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to it here because you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to it here because you you're
+sensitive to heavy particles in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to heavy particles in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to heavy particles in this
+loop that's why BTS gamma is always used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that's why BTS gamma is always used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that's why BTS gamma is always used
+to constrain new physics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constrain new physics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constrain new physics so
+in our effective theory we have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our effective theory we have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our effective theory we have just a
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+that does this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this o7 gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this o7 gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this o7 gamma and
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you think about what c7 gamma is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what c7 gamma is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what c7 gamma is at
+lowest order well it's just calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order well it's just calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order well it's just calculate
+that diagram over there and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagram over there and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagram over there and the result
+from doing that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing that will
+be some function of MW over on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some function of MW over on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some function of MW over on top
+because those are the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the things that are
+appearing in the loop and if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in the loop and if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in the loop and if you do that
+calculation you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you get
+a number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number with
+that stick in values from top and MW and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stick in values from top and MW and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stick in values from top and MW and
+then you can start doing loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start doing loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can start doing loop
+corrections the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections the
+first thing you might think about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you might think about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you might think about which
+is actually not even suppressed by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not even suppressed by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not even suppressed by any
+factors of the coupling alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of the coupling alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of the coupling alpha
+strong would be to just loop up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong would be to just loop up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong would be to just loop up the
+q1 operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 operator which
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I guess don't know why I wrote it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess don't know why I wrote it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess don't know why I wrote it this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+could just loop up the q1 operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just loop up the q1 operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just loop up the q1 operator
+contract the uu bar and then you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the uu bar and then you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the uu bar and then you can get
+a BTS transition from this operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a BTS transition from this operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a BTS transition from this operator so
+this is the u cork here and then attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the u cork here and then attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the u cork here and then attach
+photon and there's no factor in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and there's no factor in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and there's no factor in that
+loop of the strong coupling because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop of the strong coupling because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop of the strong coupling because this
+is an electromagnetic coupling and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an electromagnetic coupling and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an electromagnetic coupling and this
+guy here is just this q1 operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here is just this q1 operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here is just this q1 operator so
+this doesn't look like it's loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't look like it's loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't look like it's loop
+suppressed relative to that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed relative to that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed relative to that and this
+is a little subtle but this guy actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little subtle but this guy actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little subtle but this guy actually
+is zero so you have to use a good scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so you have to use a good scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so you have to use a good scheme
+for gamma 5 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he turns out to be zero so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he turns out to be zero so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he turns out to be zero so the first
+type of loop Corrections that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of loop Corrections that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of loop Corrections that you get
+which are suppressed by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are suppressed by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are suppressed by a factor of
+alpha ass come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ass come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ass come
+from diagrams like well there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diagrams like well there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diagrams like well there's various
+diagrams but one of them is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but one of them is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but one of them is like this
+where I take the same diagram there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I take the same diagram there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I take the same diagram there and
+I attach an extra blue one on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attach an extra blue one on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attach an extra blue one on top of it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy diverges and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy diverges and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy diverges and this
+two loop calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order alpha strong and it gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order alpha strong and it gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order alpha strong and it gives the
+leading order an almost dimension what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order an almost dimension what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order an almost dimension what
+we were calling gamma 0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not the only diagram there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only diagram there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only diagram there's other
+diagrams too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams too so
+we could go through that and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go through that and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go through that and do the
+similar type of thing just with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar type of thing just with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar type of thing just with more
+diagrams than we had in our example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams than we had in our example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams than we had in our example and
+particularly we could construct from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly we could construct from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly we could construct from the
+tree level matching and the one loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level matching and the one loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level matching and the one loop
+normals to mention the leading log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals to mention the leading log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals to mention the leading log
+result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just write that down for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in numbers for the anomalous dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in numbers for the anomalous dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in numbers for the anomalous dimensions
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes putting in numbers for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ADA factor here is the ratio of alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADA factor here is the ratio of alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADA factor here is the ratio of alphas
+so this is similar to what we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is similar to what we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is similar to what we saw before
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+our example where we got a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example where we got a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example where we got a ratio of
+alphas raised to a power and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas raised to a power and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas raised to a power and if
+you want to pick a mu for this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pick a mu for this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pick a mu for this process
+over here BTS gamma and the right of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here BTS gamma and the right of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here BTS gamma and the right of you
+to think about is MB so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is MB so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is MB so
+we want to take unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so if I plug in numbers and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I plug in numbers and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I plug in numbers and this is
+really what I wanted to emphasize if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I wanted to emphasize if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I wanted to emphasize if I
+plug in numbers here for these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in numbers here for these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in numbers here for these various
+things well this guy here gets back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well this guy here gets back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well this guy here gets back
+you're like 0.7 this guy here is this -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like 0.7 this guy here is this -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like 0.7 this guy here is this -
+point 2 that we talked about up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 2 that we talked about up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 2 that we talked about up there
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+factor here is like it's small point oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here is like it's small point oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here is like it's small point oh
+five eight five nine six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five eight five nine six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five eight five nine six
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+right and then this piece here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this piece here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this piece here there's
+a substantial correction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substantial correction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substantial correction and
+if I wrote down all these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wrote down all these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wrote down all these numbers
+correctly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+final result comes out to be keep three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result comes out to be keep three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result comes out to be keep three
+digits minus 0.3 which you can see is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits minus 0.3 which you can see is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits minus 0.3 which you can see is a
+fairly substantial change from minus 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly substantial change from minus 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly substantial change from minus 0.2
+it's a 50% change so just taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 50% change so just taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 50% change so just taking into
+account the evolution takes us from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the evolution takes us from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the evolution takes us from it
+gives a 50% correction so if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a 50% correction so if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a 50% correction so if you didn't
+take it into account and you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it into account and you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it into account and you just said
+well forget about effective theory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well forget about effective theory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well forget about effective theory I
+just calculate this graph that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate this graph that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate this graph that's the
+standard model and that you'd think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and that you'd think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and that you'd think that
+there was new physics we've certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was new physics we've certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was new physics we've certainly
+tested BDS gamma that better than 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested BDS gamma that better than 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested BDS gamma that better than 50% of
+the more like the 10% level so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more like the 10% level so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more like the 10% level so you
+really have to take into account these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to take into account these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to take into account these
+effects that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we've been talking about
+like this leading log evolution if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this leading log evolution if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this leading log evolution if you
+want to look for new physics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for new physics because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for new physics because
+you've got to get the right standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to get the right standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to get the right standard
+model result 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually people go to order is beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people go to order is beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people go to order is beyond
+what I'm talking about here they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about here they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about here they go to
+next the next deleting log order when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next deleting log order when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next deleting log order when
+they really do precision beat-ass gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really do precision beat-ass gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really do precision beat-ass gamma
+physics so there's some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so there's some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so there's some of the
+state-of-the-art calculations of multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art calculations of multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art calculations of multi
+loop diagrams have been done exactly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop diagrams have been done exactly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop diagrams have been done exactly for
+BTS gamma because these effects are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTS gamma because these effects are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTS gamma because these effects are so
+important for looking for your physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's even worse when you get it put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse when you get it put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even worse when you get it put it
+in the branching ratio because a 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the branching ratio because a 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the branching ratio because a 50%
+enhancement in a coupling when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement in a coupling when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement in a coupling when you put
+it in the branching ratio you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the branching ratio you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the branching ratio you're
+squaring the amplitude so that's doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the amplitude so that's doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring the amplitude so that's doctor
+2.3 ok so these are really crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 ok so these are really crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 ok so these are really crucial
+Corrections to take into account so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what this electric Hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this electric Hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this electric Hamiltonian is
+actually used for it when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used for it when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used for it when you do
+phenomenology ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology ok
+so that's what I wanted to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to say about the
+electric Hamiltonian just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Hamiltonian just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Hamiltonian just to give you a
+flavor for it there's lots more that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for it there's lots more that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for it there's lots more that you
+could do with it we can talk about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do with it we can talk about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do with it we can talk about more
+phenomenology but let me stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology but let me stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology but let me stop there
+since the idea is to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the idea is to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the idea is to give you an
+introduction to the concepts and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the concepts and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the concepts and we've
+done that so now we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that so now we'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that so now we'll move on to
+something else which is just a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else which is just a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else which is just a different
+concept unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept unless
+there's any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all this business of schemes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all this business of schemes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all this business of schemes and
+stuff comes in when people are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in when people are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in when people are talking
+about BTS gamma and making the scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about BTS gamma and making the scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about BTS gamma and making the scatter
+model prediction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model prediction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model prediction and
+there's actually schemes you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually schemes you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually schemes you can pick
+where you mess this up but then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you mess this up but then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you mess this up but then and then
+you if you're careful you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're careful you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're careful you get the same
+answer in the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next topic that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next topic that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next topic that I want to talk
+about is an example of something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is an example of something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is an example of something that's
+bottom-up effective field theory we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up effective field theory we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up effective field theory we've
+talked about top-down with this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about top-down with this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about top-down with this example
+of removing heavy particles and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of removing heavy particles and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of removing heavy particles and the
+classic example of bottom-up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example of bottom-up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example of bottom-up is
+cooperation theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chiral lagrangians so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our purposes here are not a full again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes here are not a full again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes here are not a full again
+they're not a full exploration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not a full exploration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not a full exploration of this
+topic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which
+is a very large topic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are our goals bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our goals bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our goals bottom-up
+effective Theory example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will also see in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also see in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also see in this example the
+utility of using something that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of using something that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of using something that's called
+the nonlinear realization of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear realization of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear realization of symmetry
+non linear linear symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non linear linear symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non linear linear symmetry
+representations and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and the kind of
+connection to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to feel
+the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+fielder definitions to something we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fielder definitions to something we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fielder definitions to something we've
+been talking about we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about we'll talk about that
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing that this is an example of is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this is an example of is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this is an example of is an
+example where loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where loops
+are not suppressed by the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not suppressed by the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not suppressed by the coupling
+constant instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're actually suppressed by powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually suppressed by powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually suppressed by powers
+in the power expansion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's kind of totally different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of totally different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of totally different than
+what we saw when we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw when we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw when we were doing
+integrating out of heavy particles where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating out of heavy particles where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating out of heavy particles where
+you just put a loop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put a loop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put a loop down
+by some factor about fast but you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some factor about fast but you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some factor about fast but you're at
+the same order in the power expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order in the power expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order in the power expansion in
+one over the water scale this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the water scale this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the water scale this is going
+to be different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different and
+therefore in some ways this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in some ways this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in some ways this has a
+non-trivial power cabining in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial power cabining in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial power cabining in more
+non-trivial anyway than what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial anyway than what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial anyway than what we were
+just talking about so we'd like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about so we'd like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about so we'd like to give
+this as an example of non-trivial power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an example of non-trivial power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an example of non-trivial power
+counting and in fact prove something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and in fact prove something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and in fact prove something
+that's called a power counting theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a power counting theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a power counting theorem
+what the power counting theorem means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the power counting theorem means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the power counting theorem means is
+that ahead of time you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time you should be able to
+figure out from your effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out from your effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out from your effective Theory
+what order various things are if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order various things are if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order various things are if you
+draw a diagram you should know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a diagram you should know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a diagram you should know even
+before you calculate it how many powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you calculate it how many powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you calculate it how many powers
+and the power counting expansion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power counting expansion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power counting expansion you
+have if you didn't know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you didn't know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you didn't know that you
+wouldn't know which diagrams to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know which diagrams to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know which diagrams to compute
+and which ones not to compute you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones not to compute you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones not to compute you just
+have to compute the ball that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute the ball that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute the ball that's of
+course way too much work so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course way too much work so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course way too much work so in order to
+formulate the effective theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the effective theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the effective theory
+especially since there's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since there's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since there's an infinite
+number of diagrams so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of diagrams so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of diagrams so in order to
+formulate the theory remember you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the theory remember you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the theory remember you really
+have to have power counting under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have power counting under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have power counting under
+control and that means you need things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that means you need things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that means you need things
+like this if you in order to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if you in order to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if you in order to identify
+what's leading order okay so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's leading order okay so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's leading order okay so we'll talk
+about that so I I'm imagining that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so I I'm imagining that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so I I'm imagining that maybe
+like 50 percent of the class has seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 percent of the class has seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 percent of the class has seen
+Carl perturbation theory before in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl perturbation theory before in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl perturbation theory before in some
+form and I know I teach it in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and I know I teach it in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and I know I teach it in quantum
+field 33 so if you took q3 with me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field 33 so if you took q3 with me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field 33 so if you took q3 with me you
+saw a glimpse into it the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a glimpse into it the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a glimpse into it the things we're
+gonna emphasize here are a bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna emphasize here are a bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna emphasize here are a bit different
+but I am gonna assume that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am gonna assume that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am gonna assume that you have
+knowledge of it at some level and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of it at some level and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of it at some level and I'll
+assign your reading if you don't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign your reading if you don't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign your reading if you don't the
+other I'm gonna assume that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I'm gonna assume that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I'm gonna assume that you have
+some knowledge of a spontaneous symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some knowledge of a spontaneous symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some knowledge of a spontaneous symmetry
+breaking because that's not the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking because that's not the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking because that's not the topic
+that's not one of the things that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not one of the things that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not one of the things that I've
+listed here that's not something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here that's not something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here that's not something that I
+really want to delve into but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to delve into but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to delve into but of course
+if we talk about the car Lagrangian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about the car Lagrangian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about the car Lagrangian and
+that's something that comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that comes in and
+particular when we're talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when we're talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when we're talking about it
+from cue CDs so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll remind you of some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you of some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you of some things that are
+hopefully familiar and anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully familiar and anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully familiar and anything that's
+unfamiliar you should do additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar you should do additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar you should do additional
+reading on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know that there are some people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that there are some people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that there are some people that
+are taking QFT three right now so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking QFT three right now so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking QFT three right now so this
+week maybe something they haven't got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week maybe something they haven't got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week maybe something they haven't got to
+yet so I will do some review but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I will do some review but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I will do some review but for
+further reading you should see QFT three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further reading you should see QFT three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further reading you should see QFT three
+or some other source oh I've posted some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other source oh I've posted some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other source oh I've posted some
+readings on the website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we start with QCD massless QCD we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start with QCD massless QCD we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start with QCD massless QCD we can
+divide it into a left-handed part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into a left-handed part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into a left-handed part
+right-handed part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can talk about the
+transformation where we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation where we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation where we take the
+left-handed field and transform it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed field and transform it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed field and transform it by a
+separate amount and the right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate amount and the right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate amount and the right-handed
+field under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a unitary transformation and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unitary transformation and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unitary transformation and that's a
+symmetry of the theory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the theory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the theory now
+exactly what symmetry you have depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what symmetry you have depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what symmetry you have depends
+on how many components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many components
+you're talking about in a size field if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about in a size field if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about in a size field if
+I say the side field is light and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the side field is light and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the side field is light and you
+might think of up and down and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of up and down and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of up and down and that's
+one possibility or you could throw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility or you could throw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility or you could throw this
+strange in there and say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange in there and say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange in there and say well the
+strange is light too and then you type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange is light too and then you type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange is light too and then you type
+up down and strange that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up down and strange that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up down and strange that's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+what's the difference between su 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between su 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between su 2 and
+su 3 and both of these are viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su 3 and both of these are viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su 3 and both of these are viable
+choices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so
+let's make a little table we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a little table we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a little table we
+have a group which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a group which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a group which is the
+transformations given by the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations given by the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations given by the left and
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+and it's gonna be broken spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be broken spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be broken spontaneously
+to some other group so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could be su3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's saying that the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's saying that the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's saying that the left and the
+right are in SU 3 each of them and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are in SU 3 each of them and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are in SU 3 each of them and in
+QCD that's broken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QCD that's broken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QCD that's broken to
+the vector subgroup on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector subgroup on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector subgroup on
+this case the side would be you do yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the side would be you do yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the side would be you do yes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+get Goldstone bosons from that and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Goldstone bosons from that and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Goldstone bosons from that and these
+are there's 8 of them and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's 8 of them and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's 8 of them and that's the
+pons the K on and the ADA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pons the K on and the ADA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pons the K on and the ADA and
+key thing from our perspective is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing from our perspective is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing from our perspective is what
+is the expansion parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not so great because the strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so great because the strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so great because the strange
+quark mass is not that light so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark mass is not that light so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark mass is not that light so you can
+think that the strange Clerk life mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the strange Clerk life mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the strange Clerk life mass
+over lambda Q CD is maybe something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda Q CD is maybe something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda Q CD is maybe something like
+a third ish but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third ish but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third ish but
+you're not really getting better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really getting better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really getting better than
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+so there was eight generations here any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was eight generations here any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was eight generations here any
+generators here broke into eight here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators here broke into eight here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators here broke into eight here
+and then you have eight gold stones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have eight gold stones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have eight gold stones you
+could do better but make less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better but make less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do better but make less
+predictions if you just consider it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions if you just consider it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions if you just consider it a
+3-2 and just made the up and down light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-2 and just made the up and down light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-2 and just made the up and down light
+then you just have the pawns and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just have the pawns and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just have the pawns and then
+you just have mu and MD over lambda q CJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have mu and MD over lambda q CJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have mu and MD over lambda q CJ
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+more like a fiftieth okay so a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a fiftieth okay so a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a fiftieth okay so a much
+better expansion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better expansion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better expansion but
+then you can't do K on physics with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't do K on physics with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't do K on physics with this
+because the cans not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cans not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cans not part of the
+effective theory in that count of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory in that count of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory in that count of the
+case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so
+in order to construct a theory for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to construct a theory for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to construct a theory for the
+Goldstone which are the light degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstone which are the light degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstone which are the light degrees of
+freedom so this is we've identified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so this is we've identified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so this is we've identified the
+light degrees of freedom you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light degrees of freedom you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light degrees of freedom you'd
+like to construct an effective theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to construct an effective theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to construct an effective theory
+for them those are bound states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them those are bound states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them those are bound states of the
+particles in your original theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in your original theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in your original theory and
+you don't know it on pen and paper how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know it on pen and paper how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know it on pen and paper how
+to calculate the matching and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the matching and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the matching and that's
+characteristic of a bottom-up effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of a bottom-up effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of a bottom-up effective
+theory that you don't do the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that you don't do the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that you don't do the matching
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you just start from the bottom off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just start from the bottom off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just start from the bottom off so
+in this case you don't do the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you don't do the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you don't do the matching
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+non perturbative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you do is you say let's construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say let's construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say let's construct a
+field theory based on the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory based on the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory based on the fact that I
+know what the degrees of freedom are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the degrees of freedom are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the degrees of freedom are and
+they know something about symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know something about symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know something about symmetry and
+in particular in this case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in this case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in this case you know
+something about symmetry breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one kind of logic is then what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of logic is then what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of logic is then what you'll
+get is you'll get coefficients times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you'll get coefficients times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you'll get coefficients times
+operators again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators again the
+operators will be built under your pond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators will be built under your pond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators will be built under your pond
+K on a two fields and you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K on a two fields and you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K on a two fields and you'll be able to
+calculate matrix elements of these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll get some coefficients and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some coefficients and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some coefficients and you
+don't know the values so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the values so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the values so these
+coefficients you could fit to did it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you could fit to did it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you could fit to did it up
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you haven't determined them from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't determined them from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't determined them from some
+high level theory you just could fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level theory you just could fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level theory you just could fit
+them to the data and do phenomenology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the data and do phenomenology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the data and do phenomenology so
+it's kind of exactly the opposite from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of exactly the opposite from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of exactly the opposite from
+our high energy point of view from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high energy point of view from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high energy point of view from the
+theory with the electric Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory with the electric Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory with the electric Hamiltonian
+where we thought the matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we thought the matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we thought the matrix elements
+were going to be non perturbative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be non perturbative here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be non perturbative here
+the matrix elements are something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix elements are something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix elements are something you
+calculate the coefficients are including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the coefficients are including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the coefficients are including
+the non perturbative physics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non perturbative physics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non perturbative physics you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+could also get these from the lattice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lattice QCD calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lattice QCD calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lattice QCD calculation
+can tell you the values for the C's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you the values for the C's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you the values for the C's to
+use for and then you could just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for and then you could just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for and then you could just use the
+car alor gajah to do phenomenology now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car alor gajah to do phenomenology now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car alor gajah to do phenomenology now
+because we have this bottom-up point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have this bottom-up point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have this bottom-up point of
+view there's something that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view there's something that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view there's something that we don't
+know and that is we actually don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that is we actually don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that is we actually don't know
+precisely what Theory we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what Theory we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what Theory we started with
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all we're encoding about that theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're encoding about that theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're encoding about that theory is
+the symmetry breaking pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry breaking pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry breaking pattern and
+so if there's a bunch of upper-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a bunch of upper-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a bunch of upper-level
+theories that have the same symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that have the same symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that have the same symmetry
+breaking pattern they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern they
+look the same they look like they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same they look like they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same they look like they had
+the same car Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thing that distinguishes them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that distinguishes them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that distinguishes them is
+that they would have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would have different
+coefficients and you wouldn't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you wouldn't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you wouldn't know that
+unless you figured out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you figured out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you figured out what the
+coefficients are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are so
+that's another way of just saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way of just saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way of just saying that
+the high energy physics is being encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energy physics is being encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energy physics is being encoded
+in their coefficients okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their coefficients okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their coefficients okay
+so the same car Lagrangian would show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same car Lagrangian would show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same car Lagrangian would show up
+for different different high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different different high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different different high
+level theories that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level theories that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level theories that have the same
+symmetry breaking pattern so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just one example of car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one example of car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one example of car
+lagrangians and we're gonna use it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangians and we're gonna use it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangians and we're gonna use it as an
+example which is perhaps the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is perhaps the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is perhaps the most
+familiar to illustrate our bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of our bullets was related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of our bullets was related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of our bullets was related to
+non-linear representations and filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear representations and filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear representations and filter
+definition so let's start with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+have to do today problem set two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do today problem set two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do today problem set two is
+posted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me think talk about something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think talk about something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think talk about something called
+the linear sigma model and we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear sigma model and we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear sigma model and we'll use
+this as an example of something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an example of something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an example of something that has
+a symmetry breaking pattern that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetry breaking pattern that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetry breaking pattern that's
+similar to the one we want same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the one we want same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the one we want same
+as the one we want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll construct from this car Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll construct from this car Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll construct from this car Lagrangian
+and since it's the same symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's the same symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's the same symmetry
+breaking pattern it's also viable cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern it's also viable cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern it's also viable cont
+Kerala cottage in directly for QCD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerala cottage in directly for QCD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerala cottage in directly for QCD so
+what is the linear sigma bottle so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the linear sigma bottle so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the linear sigma bottle so I'll
+talk about fields that I call pi without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about fields that I call pi without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about fields that I call pi without
+a vector symbol on top they have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector symbol on top they have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector symbol on top they have two
+components one component that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one component that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one component that's in the
+diagonal that I've one component these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal that I've one component these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal that I've one component these
+are poly matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the off diagonal and not folded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal and not folded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal and not folded and
+different entries in the Sigma 3 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entries in the Sigma 3 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entries in the Sigma 3 so that
+I want to think of this as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think of this as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think of this as a kind of
+pole theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the full theory for this Sigma model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full theory for this Sigma model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full theory for this Sigma model
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+falling kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action charm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can couple it to something else like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can couple it to something else like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can couple it to something else like a
+Fermi on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi on to
+make it more interesting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some cowlick couplings and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory has an su 2 left cross su 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory has an su 2 left cross su 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory has an su 2 left cross su 2 right
+symmetry where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I takes I left to else I left side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I takes I left to else I left side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I takes I left to else I left side right
+to our right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our right and I
+also transform PI 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transform PI 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transform PI 2
+L PI R dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you think of these owls and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of these owls and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of these owls and these
+are so should think of them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so should think of them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so should think of them some
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+with some generators so L would house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some generators so L would house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some generators so L would house
+them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that with towel left generators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that with towel left generators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that with towel left generators and
+then some parameters alpha L if I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some parameters alpha L if I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some parameters alpha L if I worked
+in fortes only in those parameters then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fortes only in those parameters then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fortes only in those parameters then
+I would transfer if I expanded this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would transfer if I expanded this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would transfer if I expanded this out
+this would give a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would give a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would give a linear transformation
+to the Sigma and the PI vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it's meant about it's linear linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+infinitesimal transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal transformation
+to PI okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PI okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PI okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so this theory has spontaneous symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theory has spontaneous symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theory has spontaneous symmetry
+breaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we write out the potential by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking the traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can write in a way that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write in a way that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write in a way that makes
+that obvious by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obvious by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obvious by
+completing the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can always throw away irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always throw away irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always throw away irrelevant
+constants let me do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants let me do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants let me do that so
+we get something like that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something like that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something like that so the
+minimum is shifted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we want to shift ourselves over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to shift ourselves over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to shift ourselves over to
+describe perturbations around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe perturbations around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe perturbations around that
+vacuum then we can do that so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this guy have a valve which is I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy have a valve which is I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy have a valve which is I'll call
+curly V squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly V squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly V squared
+mu squared over lambda pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector field is no valve because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field is no valve because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field is no valve because we want
+to keep maintain the vector symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep maintain the vector symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep maintain the vector symmetry and
+we talk about a shifted field which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a shifted field which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a shifted field which
+describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes
+perturbations around the valve we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations around the valve we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations around the valve we do
+quantum field theory in the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory in the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory in the Sigma
+twiddle and then we write our Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and then we write our Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and then we write our Lagrangian
+in terms of the Sigma twit all just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the Sigma twit all just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the Sigma twit all just by
+making a change of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that makes clear who's getting masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes clear who's getting masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes clear who's getting masses
+when we expand around that vacuum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we expand around that vacuum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we expand around that vacuum and
+whose remaining massless and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose remaining massless and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose remaining massless and of course
+the gold stones are remaining massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold stones are remaining massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold stones are remaining massless
+and the gold stones by clever choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gold stones by clever choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gold stones by clever choice of
+notation are called pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I can squeeze it all in here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can squeeze it all in here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can squeeze it all in here this
+is something they tell you and professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something they tell you and professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something they tell you and professor
+101 never to do but I'm into it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 never to do but I'm into it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 never to do but I'm into it anyway
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm you can't read something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you can't read something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you can't read something you can
+always look at my notes when I post so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't write all this the firm young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write all this the firm young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write all this the firm young
+modes down again but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes down again but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes down again but do
+you feel redefinition in those modes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel redefinition in those modes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel redefinition in those modes as
+well the shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the vector subgroup which remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector subgroup which remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector subgroup which remains
+unbroken is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+transformation for Sigma and the PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for Sigma and the PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for Sigma and the PI
+field has left equal to right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has left equal to right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has left equal to right let
+me just get some matrix V on this both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just get some matrix V on this both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just get some matrix V on this both
+sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and
+if we look at the Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the Lagrangian
+that we have then we can identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have then we can identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have then we can identify the
+masses of various thing in a tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of various thing in a tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of various thing in a tree level
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't write down the firm end part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write down the firm end part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't write down the firm end part
+but the firming I'll get some ass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the firming I'll get some ass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the firming I'll get some ass to
+your collar coupling just like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your collar coupling just like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your collar coupling just like in the
+standard model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and
+the pines of course we mean massless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pines of course we mean massless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pines of course we mean massless and
+the idea of thinking about this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of thinking about this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of thinking about this is an
+effective theory is that we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory is that we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory is that we can take
+these to be large and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a clear separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear separation between
+low-energy degrees of freedom and heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy degrees of freedom and heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy degrees of freedom and heavy
+degrees of freedom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom so
+if we want to describe this with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to describe this with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to describe this with an
+effective theory we'd like to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory we'd like to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory we'd like to describe
+the physics of the PI ons without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of the PI ons without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of the PI ons without
+worrying too much about the Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying too much about the Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying too much about the Sigma and
+the saw so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could do that just by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that just by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that just by thinking about
+this Lagrangian but it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lagrangian but it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lagrangian but it turns out that
+you can make field redefinitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make field redefinitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make field redefinitions and
+think about using different formulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about using different formulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about using different formulations
+which are entirely equivalent and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are entirely equivalent and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are entirely equivalent and some
+of those are more useful than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are more useful than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are more useful than this
+linear Sigma model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Sigma model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Sigma model so
+we're thinking here of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking here of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking here of field
+redefinitions as an organizational tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see what I mean when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what I mean when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what I mean when we go
+through this so what's considered some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so what's considered some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so what's considered some
+different choices so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices so there's
+something called the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the square root
+representation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just make a field redefinition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that involves the square root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the square root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the square root and
+if I expand it it starts to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I expand it it starts to Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I expand it it starts to Sigma
+twiddle and then it goes a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and then it goes a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and then it goes a bunch of
+other terms so it's certainly within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms so it's certainly within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms so it's certainly within the
+realm of the things that are allowed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of the things that are allowed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of the things that are allowed by
+our field redefinition theorem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field redefinition theorem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field redefinition theorem and then
+I also talked about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also talked about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also talked about making
+a field redefinition for the PI as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field redefinition for the PI as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field redefinition for the PI as well
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this is PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is PI
+plus something times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something times so
+in this square representation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this square representation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this square representation we're
+going over to these fields essence I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over to these fields essence I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over to these fields essence I so
+these are our new fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our new fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our new fields so
+we can make that change a variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make that change a variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make that change a variable and
+just write out our linear Sigma model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write out our linear Sigma model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write out our linear Sigma model
+again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the same theory it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same theory it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same theory it's just you
+already defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks kind of god-awful but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of god-awful but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of god-awful but it's
+more beautiful that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's something you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something you don't want to do
+one once okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one possible way that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one possible way that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one possible way that we could
+deal with the effect of theory is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the effect of theory is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the effect of theory is in
+terms of these variables s if I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these variables s if I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these variables s if I let
+me write down a couple other ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down a couple other ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down a couple other ways and
+then we'll talk about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about which
+we might pick so there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might pick so there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might pick so there's something
+called the exponential representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the exponential representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the exponential representation
+very also very common these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very also very common these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very also very common these are very
+common in the literature we're instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the literature we're instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the literature we're instead
+of using s and Phi we use essence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using s and Phi we use essence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using s and Phi we use essence and
+Sigma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so
+we take our original fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take our original fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take our original fields
+and we rewrite it as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we rewrite it as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we rewrite it as V
+plus s times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s times
+Sigma and then we think of Sigma as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then we think of Sigma as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and then we think of Sigma as the
+exponential and hence the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and hence the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and hence the name of our
+fundamental Goldstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Goldstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Goldstone
+field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so
+this is not the same PI at some PI prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the same PI at some PI prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the same PI at some PI prime
+if you like but I'm gonna drop the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like but I'm gonna drop the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like but I'm gonna drop the prime
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you write everything in terms of s asome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write everything in terms of s asome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write everything in terms of s asome
+Sigma and you keep in mind that inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and you keep in mind that inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and you keep in mind that inside
+the Sigma is the PI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last part the beginning is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this guy's a little bit nicer to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's a little bit nicer to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's a little bit nicer to write
+down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Astro terms that are purists remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Astro terms that are purists remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Astro terms that are purists remain
+the same sq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+desk fourth since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no funny square roots in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no funny square roots in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no funny square roots in our
+filter definition things are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter definition things are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter definition things are a little
+simpler okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the again an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the again an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the again an equivalent
+version of the Sigma model just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Sigma model just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Sigma model just using
+different fields everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields everything
+I can calculate the original signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can calculate the original signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can calculate the original signal
+model I can calculate with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I can calculate with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I can calculate with these
+formulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the final one is going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final one is going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final one is going to be different
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's the nonlinear car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nonlinear car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nonlinear car
+Lagrangian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian and
+what I'm gonna do to get there is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna do to get there is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna do to get there is I'm
+just gonna drop the things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna drop the things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna drop the things that have
+mass from my previous theory which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass from my previous theory which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass from my previous theory which are
+Essen and psy so I take this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essen and psy so I take this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essen and psy so I take this exponential
+representation of the signal model these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the signal model these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the signal model these
+guys are massive massive I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are massive massive I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are massive massive I think
+about well I'd integrate them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well I'd integrate them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well I'd integrate them out
+explicitly in this case where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in this case where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in this case where we're
+doing here which is not QCD we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here which is not QCD we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here which is not QCD we could do
+that just remove them and that amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just remove them and that amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just remove them and that amounts
+to at lowest order just dropping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at lowest order just dropping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at lowest order just dropping them
+and then we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thing involving ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing involving ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing involving ion
+which is just very simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a viable thing for low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a viable thing for low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a viable thing for low
+energies the first three actions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the first three actions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the first three actions that we
+wrote down are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down are
+identical they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they're
+just filled redefined versions of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filled redefined versions of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filled redefined versions of each
+other they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're
+really equivalent theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this final one L Kai is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final one L Kai is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final one L Kai is
+equivalent for low energy phenomenology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent for low energy phenomenology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent for low energy phenomenology
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PI ons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the first three are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first three are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first three are actually
+equivalent to the last one if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the last one if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the last one if we
+restrict ourselves to low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict ourselves to low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict ourselves to low energy
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+in order to see that let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to see that let's do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to see that let's do an example
+where we calculate something so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we calculate something so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we calculate something so let's
+think about calculating PI plus I 0 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about calculating PI plus I 0 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about calculating PI plus I 0 goes
+to PI plus PI 0 so scattering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PI plus PI 0 so scattering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PI plus PI 0 so scattering of
+Goldstone bosons and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstone bosons and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstone bosons and Q
+will be the momentum transfer so in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the momentum transfer so in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the momentum transfer so in kind
+of an obvious notation it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an obvious notation it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an obvious notation it's the
+difference between the final and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the final and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the final and the
+initial the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the final for the choice guy or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final for the choice guy or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final for the choice guy or the
+neutral guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral guy and
+there's two types of diagrams that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of diagrams that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of diagrams that can
+come in you can have a direct scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in you can have a direct scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in you can have a direct scattering
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you could have an exchange diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have an exchange diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have an exchange diagram
+five-plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling to either the Sigma or the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to either the Sigma or the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to either the Sigma or the pass
+or depending on which representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or depending on which representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or depending on which representation
+we're using and then the PI zeroes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using and then the PI zeroes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using and then the PI zeroes down
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+I want to take these and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take these and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take these and I want to
+expand and I'm gonna expand in Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and I'm gonna expand in Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and I'm gonna expand in Q squared
+over B squared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B squared that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B squared that's
+gonna what what I'm gonna mean by low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna what what I'm gonna mean by low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna what what I'm gonna mean by low
+energy B was setting the scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy B was setting the scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy B was setting the scale of the
+masses so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses so let's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+see how that works out in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that works out in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that works out in the different
+cases if I do it in the linear case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if I do it in the linear case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if I do it in the linear case and
+I have both of these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have both of these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have both of these types of
+contributions this guy just gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions this guy just gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions this guy just gives me
+some symmetry factor which is 2 minus 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some symmetry factor which is 2 minus 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some symmetry factor which is 2 minus 2i
+lamda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamda this
+guy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square-root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+very different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out in the square root you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in the square root you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in the square root you can
+find out that this guy is order Q to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that this guy is order Q to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that this guy is order Q to the
+fourth so we won't even write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth so we won't even write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth so we won't even write it down
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this guy is again ditto and ditto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is again ditto and ditto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is again ditto and ditto and
+then I don't have room but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't have room but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't have room but
+I'll put it up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it up here in
+the nonlinear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear we
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't even have that diagram because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have that diagram because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have that diagram because we
+just dropped it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dropped it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dropped it and
+if I take this line which is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this line which is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this line which is the only
+one that looks different I can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that looks different I can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that looks different I can combine
+these two terms together and once I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms together and once I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms together and once I do
+that then I realized that this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I realized that this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I realized that this is also
+giving the same answer just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rearrange it put in the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it put in the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it put in the relation between
+mass and coupling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and coupling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and coupling and
+that which looks like that and expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which looks like that and expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which looks like that and expand
+and you get Iced Q squared over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get Iced Q squared over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get Iced Q squared over V
+squared as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as well okay
+so if I stopped at order Q squared all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I stopped at order Q squared all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I stopped at order Q squared all
+versions give the same thing the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions give the same thing the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions give the same thing the linear
+in the square root were equivalent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the square root were equivalent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the square root were equivalent the
+linear the square of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the square of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the square of the exponential
+just different versions of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different versions of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different versions of the of the
+same thing and all that's changed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and all that's changed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and all that's changed by
+making the field redefinition is how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the field redefinition is how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the field redefinition is how I
+think about these two diagrams and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these two diagrams and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these two diagrams and the
+linear the leading order term is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the leading order term is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the leading order term is not
+coming from just this diagram it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from just this diagram it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from just this diagram it's also
+coming from that diagram and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that diagram and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that diagram and it's
+actually coming from a cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from a cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from a cancellation
+between those diagrams in the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those diagrams in the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those diagrams in the square
+root in exponential representation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root in exponential representation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root in exponential representation this
+diagram alone gives the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram alone gives the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram alone gives the leading order
+term and this diagram gives higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this diagram gives higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this diagram gives higher order
+terms which is kind of what you want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which is kind of what you want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which is kind of what you want if
+you want to think of it these heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of it these heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of it these heavy
+particles is something that is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is something that is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is something that is giving
+higher order Corrections so that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order Corrections so that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order Corrections so that can
+depend on exactly how you formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on exactly how you formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on exactly how you formulate
+it and from the point of view of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and from the point of view of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and from the point of view of just
+keeping the lowest order degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the lowest order degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the lowest order degree of
+freedom the Low Energy degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the Low Energy degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the Low Energy degree of freedom
+the nonlinear just gives you immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear just gives you immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear just gives you immediately
+the answer from very simple progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer from very simple progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer from very simple progression
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+course it was just the exponential with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was just the exponential with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was just the exponential with
+something dropped so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dropped so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dropped so
+from the point of view of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of doing
+calculations the linear was version here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the linear was version here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the linear was version here
+is the one that you don't want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that you don't want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that you don't want to use
+because there's cancellations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's cancellations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's cancellations between
+diagrams that you have to figure out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that you have to figure out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that you have to figure out and
+those cancellations actually affect what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cancellations actually affect what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cancellations actually affect what
+you call leading order because leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call leading order because leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call leading order because leading
+order for this calculation is order Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this calculation is order Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this calculation is order Q
+squared and you don't see that until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you don't see that until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you don't see that until
+there's that cancellation that's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that cancellation that's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that cancellation that's taken
+effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+it's very hard to formulate a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to formulate a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to formulate a power
+counting for the linear theory for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting for the linear theory for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting for the linear theory for that
+reason but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but
+for any of these nonlinear theories we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these nonlinear theories we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these nonlinear theories we
+could formulate a power counting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could formulate a power counting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could formulate a power counting and
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is nice and beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens is that because of chiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that because of chiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that because of chiral
+symmetry we have derivative couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we have derivative couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we have derivative couplings
+and in the linear version we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the linear version we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the linear version we don't see
+that until we count the terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you like if you think about that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like if you think about that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like if you think about that as a
+property of the symmetry you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the symmetry you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the symmetry you'd like to
+make it explicit and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it explicit and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it explicit and the other
+representations do that a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's most convenient is the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most convenient is the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most convenient is the nonlinear
+guy since it's the simplest and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy since it's the simplest and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy since it's the simplest and we just
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about it forgetting about the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it forgetting about the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it forgetting about the heavy
+stuff and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and it's
+what we really want for our bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really want for our bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really want for our bottom-up
+effective theory because it only has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory because it only has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory because it only has the
+low-energy Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which
+has the PI on in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the PI on in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the PI on in it and
+it has the derivative couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you look at how the symmetry works which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how the symmetry works which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how the symmetry works which
+I didn't talk about when I wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't talk about when I wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't talk about when I wrote down
+all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different
+versions passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions passes
+for singlet that's what's behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for singlet that's what's behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for singlet that's what's behind the
+name ass so it doesn't transform Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name ass so it doesn't transform Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name ass so it doesn't transform Sigma
+transforms on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms on both
+sides with an L on the left and a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides with an L on the left and a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides with an L on the left and a dagger
+on the right and that comes from looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and that comes from looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and that comes from looking
+back noting that s doesn't transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back noting that s doesn't transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back noting that s doesn't transform and
+looking back at the pile the PI field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at the pile the PI field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at the pile the PI field
+transform it's just exactly that way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it's just exactly that way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it's just exactly that way now
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+if you write out that Sigma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write out that Sigma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write out that Sigma which is
+transforming linearly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming linearly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming linearly is
+the exponential of I how about pi and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of I how about pi and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of I how about pi and if
+I put in a convenient normalization with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in a convenient normalization with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put in a convenient normalization with
+just the valve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this V then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V then
+you can work out from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work out from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work out from this
+transformation how the pie field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation how the pie field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation how the pie field
+transforms and it transforms nonlinearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and it transforms nonlinearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and it transforms nonlinearly
+and hence that's the name for that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the name comes from if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name comes from if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name comes from if
+you do the infant aznable version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the infant aznable version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the infant aznable version of the
+transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you work it out for the PI a thiol which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work it out for the PI a thiol which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work it out for the PI a thiol which
+is the eighth component of the vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eighth component of the vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eighth component of the vector a
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+two or three part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the transformation is simply a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transformation is simply a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transformation is simply a shift
+and then there's about additional pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's about additional pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's about additional pieces
+to things that you would keep that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that you would keep that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that you would keep that are
+order PI squared and higher and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order PI squared and higher and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order PI squared and higher and that's
+those PI squared and higher terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those PI squared and higher terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those PI squared and higher terms that
+well as well they're saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as well they're saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as well they're saying it's
+nonlinear this term here is what telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear this term here is what telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear this term here is what telling
+you it better be directly coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it better be directly coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it better be directly coupled
+because if it's derivative lis coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's derivative lis coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's derivative lis coupled
+if you have a derivative that kills this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a derivative that kills this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a derivative that kills this
+constant okay and that was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and that was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and that was something
+that was hidden in our linear version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was hidden in our linear version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was hidden in our linear version of
+the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory
+now we've constructed it here from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've constructed it here from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've constructed it here from this
+kind of point of view of integrating out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of point of view of integrating out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of point of view of integrating out
+so I said in QCD we can't integrate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said in QCD we can't integrate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said in QCD we can't integrate out
+but let's but all we care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's but all we care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's but all we care about is the
+symmetry breaking pattern so we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry breaking pattern so we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry breaking pattern so we wrote
+down a theory which is this literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a theory which is this literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a theory which is this literature
+Sigma model have the same symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma model have the same symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma model have the same symmetry
+breaking pattern and we could remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern and we could remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern and we could remove the
+heavy fields in that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy fields in that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy fields in that and then the
+low-energy Theory what I claim is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy Theory what I claim is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy Theory what I claim is the
+same one that you would use to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one that you would use to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one that you would use to describe
+QCD because it's the same symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QCD because it's the same symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QCD because it's the same symmetry
+breaking pattern but that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern but that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking pattern but that's kind of a
+roundabout way of getting to where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundabout way of getting to where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundabout way of getting to where we
+wanted to go and you'd really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go and you'd really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go and you'd really like to
+just get right to the Caral Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get right to the Caral Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get right to the Caral Lagrangian
+from the start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so rather than going through the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than going through the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than going through the linear
+Sigma model we could also just directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma model we could also just directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma model we could also just directly
+get to where we want to go and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to where we want to go and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to where we want to go and here's
+how you do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do that so
+go back to the signature breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the signature breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the signature breaking
+pattern was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure out what it is it what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it is it what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it is it what is it that
+we're trying to do with the low-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do with the low-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do with the low-energy
+effective theory so we have G that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory so we have G that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory so we have G that's
+broken to H but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Goldstone's our transformations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstone's our transformations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstone's our transformations in the
+coset which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is G over H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is G over H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is G over H and
+we'd like to parameterize them and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to parameterize them and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to parameterize them and what
+we're doing with this sigma field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing with this sigma field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing with this sigma field is
+were parametrizing fluctuations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were parametrizing fluctuations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were parametrizing fluctuations that
+take us around the co set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember I went over to the shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I went over to the shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I went over to the shifted
+fields the Sigma twiddle and then I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields the Sigma twiddle and then I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields the Sigma twiddle and then I was
+expanding around the correct vacuum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding around the correct vacuum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding around the correct vacuum I
+mean the one that's the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the one that's the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the one that's the lowest energy
+vacuum not the unbroken I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum not the unbroken I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum not the unbroken I went
+from Sigma I originally had Sigma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sigma I originally had Sigma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sigma I originally had Sigma I
+should put sorry thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put sorry thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put sorry thank
+you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it
+was that so really when I I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that so really when I I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that so really when I I talked about
+the linear version there was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear version there was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear version there was two
+versions of the linear version there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the linear version there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the linear version there was
+the original version where I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original version where I write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original version where I write it
+down in terms of Sigma and PI vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in terms of Sigma and PI vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in terms of Sigma and PI vector and
+then I went over to Sigma twiddle and PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I went over to Sigma twiddle and PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I went over to Sigma twiddle and PI
+vector and when I went over to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and when I went over to Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and when I went over to Sigma
+twiddle it was just a shift where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle it was just a shift where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle it was just a shift where I
+shifted myself to the proper vacuum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted myself to the proper vacuum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted myself to the proper vacuum so
+I'm really doing the perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really doing the perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really doing the perturbation theory
+in the linear here about the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear here about the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear here about the proper
+vacuum and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and all
+the other versions I'm also doing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other versions I'm also doing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other versions I'm also doing about
+that proper vacuum the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proper vacuum the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proper vacuum the lowest energy
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+so there was a step at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a step at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a step at the beginning
+which is the classic step for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the classic step for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the classic step for
+spontaneous symmetry breaking which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous symmetry breaking which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous symmetry breaking which is
+in some sense just I have to get do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense just I have to get do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense just I have to get do that
+to get started when I went from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started when I went from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started when I went from the
+segment of the Sigma twiddle field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the Sigma twiddle field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the Sigma twiddle field but
+you should really think about it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really think about it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really think about it as the
+Sigma twiddle field as being the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma twiddle field as being the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma twiddle field as being the field
+is linear caves have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear caves have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear caves have
+a Sigma twiddle there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Sigma twiddle there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Sigma twiddle there other
+questions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would we do this construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we do this construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we do this construction of
+Sigma if we didn't know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma if we didn't know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma if we didn't know about this
+linear signal model way of getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear signal model way of getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear signal model way of getting there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a generator G which is in L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a generator G which is in L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a generator G which is in L
+comma R that's my notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma R that's my notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma R that's my notation for
+the combined su - left cross su to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined su - left cross su to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined su - left cross su to write
+for example and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and that's going to be
+broken down to something that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down to something that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down to something that's in the
+vector subgroup which held it out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subgroup which held it out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subgroup which held it out like
+this EECOM of e and then an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EECOM of e and then an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EECOM of e and then an element of
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+can call H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we want to parameterize the co set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to parameterize the co set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to parameterize the co set
+you can think that you have a G left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think that you have a G left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think that you have a G left and
+a G right and a kind of obvious notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a G right and a kind of obvious notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a G right and a kind of obvious notation
+and you want some kind of feel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want some kind of feel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want some kind of feel to
+parametrize fluctuations where we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrize fluctuations where we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrize fluctuations where we pull
+out the H so I'll call that cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just think about an example so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about an example so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think about an example so say
+we had something that looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something that looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something that looked like this
+which is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of generators that is in the original L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generators that is in the original L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generators that is in the original L
+comma R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma R and
+let me insert in here one in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me insert in here one in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me insert in here one in the form of
+gr gr dagger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then write it as a product of generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then write it as a product of generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then write it as a product of generators
+that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I just multiplied the various this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just multiplied the various this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just multiplied the various this
+guy multiplied is that kind of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy multiplied is that kind of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy multiplied is that kind of this guy
+multiplied that guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that guy so
+this guy here has the same entries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here has the same entries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here has the same entries in
+both so that's in H okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so that's in H okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so that's in H okay
+this is a comedy stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a comedy stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a comedy stage
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this guy here this GL gr dagger is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here this GL gr dagger is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here this GL gr dagger is then
+the thing that's parameterizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's parameterizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's parameterizing the
+Cascade field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade field so
+this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parametrizing the coset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms
+in the way that we said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the idea behind what the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea behind what the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea behind what the Sigma
+field is doing now you can be you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is doing now you can be you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is doing now you can be you can
+ask well that just seems like one choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well that just seems like one choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well that just seems like one choice
+and I could think about parametrizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could think about parametrizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could think about parametrizing
+the coset in many different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coset in many different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coset in many different ways and
+that's true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's actually a nice formalism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a nice formalism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a nice formalism that
+takes that into account so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that into account so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that into account so if
+you just talk about broken generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just talk about broken generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just talk about broken generators
+which I can call ax then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can call ax then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can call ax then
+a very general definition of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very general definition of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very general definition of what this
+cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade
+field is it's just an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is it's just an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is it's just an exponential
+involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+those broken generators and some fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those broken generators and some fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those broken generators and some fields
+to describe the fluctuations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the fluctuations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the fluctuations and
+normalized in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is Dudek Alan calm & Wesson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Dudek Alan calm & Wesson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Dudek Alan calm & Wesson's
+you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the ccwg prescription traumatising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Cosette and the point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cosette and the point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cosette and the point of that
+prescription is that you have choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription is that you have choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription is that you have choices
+here for how you represent the broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for how you represent the broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for how you represent the broken
+generators start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out with left generators and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with left generators and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with left generators and right
+generators and then you go over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and then you go over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and then you go over to the
+vector generators but what ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector generators but what ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector generators but what ones are
+broken well you could take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken well you could take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken well you could take different
+linear combinations that are broken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations that are broken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations that are broken and
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+would be equally viable choices doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equally viable choices doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equally viable choices doesn't
+have to be a group the broken generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a group the broken generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a group the broken generators
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can pick different choices of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick different choices of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick different choices of this
+axe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we pick X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we pick X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we pick X which is the
+left generators that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left generators that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left generators that's
+what gives us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives us that
+actually that gives this one what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that gives this one what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that gives this one what we
+were talking about before because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before because then
+we were end up parametrizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end up privatizing the cosets by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up privatizing the cosets by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up privatizing the cosets by
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that has one in this second entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has one in this second entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has one in this second entry
+because we don't have the right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have the right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have the right we're
+just saying pick the left the left are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying pick the left the left are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying pick the left the left are
+broken one possible choice left plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken one possible choice left plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken one possible choice left plus
+rate is unbroken then we end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is unbroken then we end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is unbroken then we end up with an
+entry here which is Sigma that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our signal and if you work out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our signal and if you work out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our signal and if you work out in this
+also if you work out the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you work out the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you work out the transformation
+how the Sigma transforms you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the Sigma transforms you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the Sigma transforms you could
+reproduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce you
+can also derive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma goes to L Sigma R dagger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma goes to L Sigma R dagger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma goes to L Sigma R dagger but
+that's just one choice you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just one choice you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just one choice you could do
+other choices so for example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices so for example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices so for example you could
+pick X any to be tau left a minus towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick X any to be tau left a minus towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick X any to be tau left a minus towel
+right a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a that's
+another possible twice and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possible twice and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possible twice and those are
+that would lead to a different field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+an equally valid traumatization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equally valid traumatization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equally valid traumatization of the
+coset and this was actually also popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coset and this was actually also popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coset and this was actually also popular
+it's this is something that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is something that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is something that people
+usually denote by see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leave further discussion of that to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave further discussion of that to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave further discussion of that to your
+reading there's a very nice review by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading there's a very nice review by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading there's a very nice review by a
+nitch Manohar where he goes through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitch Manohar where he goes through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitch Manohar where he goes through some
+of these things for cc SW and nice job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things for cc SW and nice job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things for cc SW and nice job
+of talking about both of these in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about both of these in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about both of these in more
+detail than I've done here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail than I've done here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail than I've done here okay
+so that further discussion at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that further discussion at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that further discussion at this point
+will be in your reading can also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in your reading can also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in your reading can also look
+back at the original paper if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the original paper if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the original paper if you like
+but anisha's distilled it nicely okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about that here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that here's a
+there's a way of thinking I'll just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of thinking I'll just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of thinking I'll just keep
+talking until some raises there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking until some raises there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking until some raises there there's
+a way of thinking about field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about field
+redefinitions even from this low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinitions even from this low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinitions even from this low energy
+point of view that's the key here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that's the key here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that's the key here and it
+has to do with the freedom that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the freedom that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the freedom that you have
+and how you parameterize the co set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if we're constructing it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're constructing it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're constructing it from the
+bottom up there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up there's different
+representations in fact Weinberg likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in fact Weinberg likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in fact Weinberg likes
+likes a square a square root version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes a square a square root version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes a square a square root version of
+parametrizing the co said maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrizing the co said maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrizing the co said maybe
+it's the only person yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only person yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only person yes
+he has very good reasons for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has very good reasons for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has very good reasons for being
+allowed to stick with his original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to stick with his original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to stick with his original
+results rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results rather
+than the exponential representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the exponential representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the exponential representation
+which everyone else seems to favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which everyone else seems to favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which everyone else seems to favor
+including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we go back to talking about QCD then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to talking about QCD then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to talking about QCD then
+it's common to call this curly VF over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's common to call this curly VF over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's common to call this curly VF over 2
+root 2 half is a decay constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the conventions then are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conventions then are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conventions then are the
+following there's one possible choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there's one possible choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there's one possible choice of
+conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some choices about where you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some choices about where you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some choices about where you put
+the twos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything else is fixed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is fixed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is fixed so
+this is one possible common choice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one possible common choice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one possible common choice for
+the exponential representation and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential representation and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential representation and that
+usually the chiral Akash looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that and if you expand this out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and if you expand this out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and if you expand this out you
+get the standard kinetic time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the standard kinetic time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the standard kinetic time for the
+five field that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five field that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five field that's what this
+normalization factor does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+then if you keep expanding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you keep expanding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you keep expanding you
+get some interaction charms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some interaction charms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some interaction charms this
+one etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one etc
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's four point interactions and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four point interactions and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four point interactions and that
+would wash it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's because we had a curved our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because we had a curved our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because we had a curved our
+Co status non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of the story here has to be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story here has to be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story here has to be when
+you talk about symmetry breaking has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about symmetry breaking has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about symmetry breaking has to
+be about the fact that symmetry is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about the fact that symmetry is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about the fact that symmetry is also
+broken explicitly in the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken explicitly in the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken explicitly in the standard model
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you have to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add the
+gold stones are only pseudo gold stones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold stones are only pseudo gold stones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold stones are only pseudo gold stones
+you have to add a mass and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add a mass and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add a mass and the way you
+do that is by doing a spring on analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is by doing a spring on analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is by doing a spring on analysis
+remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you how that goes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write out the mass term like this and -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the mass term like this and -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the mass term like this and -
+left and right nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right nice
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you could say it's just a diatom matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say it's just a diatom matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say it's just a diatom matrix
+of up and down for us or - and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up and down for us or - and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up and down for us or - and you could
+pretend rather than talking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend rather than talking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend rather than talking about things
+that are violating the symmetry like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are violating the symmetry like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are violating the symmetry like
+these guys you let the mass transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys you let the mass transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys you let the mass transform
+and pretend that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend that you're
+actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have
+something that's invariant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's invariant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's invariant by
+pretending that the mass transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that the mass transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that the mass transforms
+you're able if you pretend the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able if you pretend the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able if you pretend the mass
+transforms and the Karl theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and the Karl theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and the Karl theory of
+constructing things that violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing things that violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing things that violate the
+symmetry in the same way you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in the same way you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in the same way you construct
+invariants in both theories with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants in both theories with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants in both theories with this
+kind of transformation law and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation law and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation law and then when
+you go back and fix atom and say no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and fix atom and say no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and fix atom and say no no
+it doesn't transform it's really a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't transform it's really a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't transform it's really a fixed
+thing not a field that could transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not a field that could transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not a field that could transform
+it's fixed the number then you violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed the number then you violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed the number then you violate
+the symmetry explicitly in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry explicitly in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry explicitly in the same way
+up here it's a trick for how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here it's a trick for how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here it's a trick for how to build
+things that are covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are covariant
+in a certain form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+be varying operators of the Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be varying operators of the Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be varying operators of the Chi
+Lagrangian this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a different V some parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different V some parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different V some parameter
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+than this curly one we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this curly one we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this curly one we're talking about
+earlier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is now called Athol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so this is the spray-on story how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the spray-on story how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the spray-on story how
+to break symmetry explicitly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break symmetry explicitly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break symmetry explicitly in a
+different theory same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theory same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different theory same
+way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you expand a quadratic order you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expand a quadratic order you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expand a quadratic order you get
+mass terms for the Payan since I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one kind of important thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of important thing about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of important thing about it is
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+mass proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass proportional
+to V times the quark mass go V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+the parameter Lagrangian linear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter Lagrangian linear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter Lagrangian linear in the
+quark mass is quadratic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark mass is quadratic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark mass is quadratic and the
+goldstone mass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldstone mass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldstone mass you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can also couple currents and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also couple currents and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also couple currents and you can do
+a similar type of analysis with spray-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar type of analysis with spray-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar type of analysis with spray-on
+type transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type transformation
+analysis for the currents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for the currents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for the currents and
+I'm not going to go through this in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through this in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through this in any
+detail but just enough to do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but just enough to do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but just enough to do what we
+need to do here so here's a left handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do here so here's a left handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do here so here's a left handed
+Fermi on current in the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi on current in the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi on current in the standard model
+could be coupling to the W boson for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be coupling to the W boson for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be coupling to the W boson for
+example and you could think of getting j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you could think of getting j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you could think of getting j
+by taking a derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking a derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking a derivative with respect to
+functional derivative with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional derivative with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional derivative with respect to a
+field that's left-handed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's left-handed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's left-handed and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+then I can do the same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can do the same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can do the same kind of thing
+where I think about this L and let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think about this L and let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think about this L and let it
+transform just like I was letting the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform just like I was letting the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform just like I was letting the M
+transform so think about there being J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so think about there being J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so think about there being J
+is a is this capital J times minus L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is this capital J times minus L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is this capital J times minus L and
+if I then think about this mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I then think about this mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I then think about this mu
+transforming I can build a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming I can build a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming I can build a car
+Lagrangian and then use this formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian and then use this formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian and then use this formula to
+construct the current in the Kyle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the current in the Kyle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the current in the Kyle
+Lagrangian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple of spring on current mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+a Tau a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Tau a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Tau a and
+use in this case ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in this case ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in this case ordered
+a couplet you can let it transform like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couplet you can let it transform like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couplet you can let it transform like
+a left-handed gauge field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+then you get something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get something that's
+interfering it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation that'll make something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that'll make something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that'll make something in
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+you better just to think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better just to think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better just to think of it as a
+left-handed gauge field so LMU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed gauge field so LMU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed gauge field so LMU
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that gives you an invariant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that gives you an invariant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that gives you an invariant in
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the original theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original theory and
+then you built an event event px theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you built an event event px theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you built an event event px theory
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you do this and you're replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do this and you're replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do this and you're replacing
+in your collar gouge and your partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your collar gouge and your partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your collar gouge and your partial
+derivatives by covariant one it acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by covariant one it acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by covariant one it acts on
+the left that's where the Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left that's where the Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left that's where the Sigma is
+transforming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming so
+it's an easy way of building that in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just get an eye at all times the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get an eye at all times the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get an eye at all times the Sigma
+on the left so you take everywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left so you take everywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left so you take everywhere you
+have a derivative you replace it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative you replace it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative you replace it by this
+combination so we had two derivatives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so we had two derivatives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so we had two derivatives in
+our kyla gosh you can expand it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kyla gosh you can expand it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kyla gosh you can expand it out and
+we can figure out how to put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out how to put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out how to put it in a
+left-handed spray-on okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed spray-on okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed spray-on okay so the
+spray-on is kind of a general way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray-on is kind of a general way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray-on is kind of a general way of
+going from one to the other just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one to the other just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one to the other just by
+tracking symmetry breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll get some more practice with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some more practice with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some more practice with some
+of this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this on
+your problem set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on your problem set would have asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your problem set would have asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your problem set would have asked you
+to do on problem set two is to do a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on problem set two is to do a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on problem set two is to do a one
+loop calculation in this Carl theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop calculation in this Carl theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop calculation in this Carl theory so
+you can really see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really see that this is a
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+field theory and effective field theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory and effective field theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory and effective field theory
+not only a tree level mnemonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a tree level mnemonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a tree level mnemonic
+theory but really a field theory in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but really a field theory in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but really a field theory in its
+own right where you have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own right where you have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own right where you have to consider
+loops attractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops attractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops attractions
+which theorem everything is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theorem everything is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theorem everything is the same as
+a real quantum field theory should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real quantum field theory should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real quantum field theory should be
+it's an effective field theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an effective field theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an effective field theory of
+certain degrees of freedom so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+do one little calculation for the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one little calculation for the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one little calculation for the decay
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+basically the L that's there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the L that's there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the L that's there's two
+problems on the problem set the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the problem set the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the problem set the first
+one is fairly straightforward and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is fairly straightforward and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is fairly straightforward and then
+that's the second problem that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second problem that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second problem that's all I'm
+asking you to do because it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to do because it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to do because it's fairly
+involved like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe two normal problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's our kylo garage in and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our kylo garage in and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our kylo garage in and we're
+gonna count in this car Lagrangian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna count in this car Lagrangian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna count in this car Lagrangian in
+terms of power counting partial squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of power counting partial squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of power counting partial squared
+is being order V 0 mq that means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being order V 0 mq that means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being order V 0 mq that means we're
+going to count P squared is being order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count P squared is being order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count P squared is being order
+M PI squared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to be our counted and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our counted and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our counted and so we're
+going to expand in these things as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand in these things as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand in these things as small
+and something else that is large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else that is large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else that is large and
+we'll figure out what the largest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out what the largest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out what the largest thing
+is in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're doing expansion like that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're doing expansion like that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're doing expansion like that where
+something is downstairs that has mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is downstairs that has mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is downstairs that has mass
+dimensions and the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and the things that are
+upstairs are P squared in M PI squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs are P squared in M PI squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs are P squared in M PI squared
+so the type of expansion we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the type of expansion we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the type of expansion we have here is
+a combination of a derivative expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of a derivative expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of a derivative expansion
+although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+it's a bit of a different derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of a different derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of a different derivative
+expansion than before and an MQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion than before and an MQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion than before and an MQ
+expansion simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion simultaneously
+we have an expansion in these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an expansion in these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an expansion in these two things
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we look at l0 then it has things in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at l0 then it has things in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at l0 then it has things in it
+like a propagator dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a propagator dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a propagator dashed
+line for the skillet plant propagator it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has four point interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four point interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four point interactions and
+if you look at how those scale we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at how those scale we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at how those scale we could
+write out what the Fineman role is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what the Fineman role is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what the Fineman role is but
+if you look at how they scale they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at how they scale they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at how they scale they go
+like P squared over s squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P squared over s squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P squared over s squared or
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+PI squared over 1/2 squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI squared over 1/2 squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI squared over 1/2 squared so
+the P squared you can put on shell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P squared you can put on shell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P squared you can put on shell if
+you can PI squared over F squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you will actually need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will actually need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will actually need this
+Lagrangian and this fireman role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian and this fireman role for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian and this fireman role for
+your homework so let me tell you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework so let me tell you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework so let me tell you what it
+is I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leave it to you to work out the Flyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to you to work out the Flyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to you to work out the Flyman
+role commentator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+a factor of six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there's also a four there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also a four there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also a four there's also a
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+that would give four point scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give four point scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give four point scattering
+from the MQ term in the Lagrangian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MQ term in the Lagrangian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MQ term in the Lagrangian so
+that also gives an M PI squared over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also gives an M PI squared over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also gives an M PI squared over x
+squared term and that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term and that looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term and that looks like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could build up higher point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could build up higher point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could build up higher point
+function six point function etc from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function six point function etc from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function six point function etc from
+the leading order look Raja it has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading order look Raja it has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading order look Raja it has all
+this in it has two parameters F and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in it has two parameters F and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in it has two parameters F and B
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+so what about loops and what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about loops and what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about loops and what about this
+what is this scale Lambda Chi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this scale Lambda Chi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this scale Lambda Chi so
+the type of loops that you can have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of loops that you can have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of loops that you can have if
+you have a four point interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a four point interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a four point interaction and
+just draw a solid line since it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a solid line since it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a solid line since it's easier
+than drawing dashed lines think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than drawing dashed lines think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than drawing dashed lines think
+of all these as dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's crossed diagrams as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's crossed diagrams as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's crossed diagrams as well as
+the original diagram this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original diagram this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original diagram this
+is not the calculation I'm asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the calculation I'm asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the calculation I'm asking you to
+do in the hallmark if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we thought about our example of pi plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about our example of pi plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about our example of pi plus
+PI 0 scattering then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could contract up pi pi plus and PI 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could contract up pi pi plus and PI 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could contract up pi pi plus and PI 0
+fields and we could have a loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and we could have a loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and we could have a loop that
+looks like that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that and in
+order for our theory to be unitary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for our theory to be unitary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for our theory to be unitary we
+have to think that these loops make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think that these loops make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think that these loops make
+sense because there's cutting rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because there's cutting rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because there's cutting rules and
+all that story should go over for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that story should go over for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that story should go over for this
+quantum field theory and it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory and it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory and it does and
+that means that if you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you like the
+imaginary part of this loop is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of this loop is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of this loop is needed
+and you can't get the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't get the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't get the imaginary part
+without the real part so we have to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the real part so we have to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the real part so we have to also
+think that the real part is a physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the real part is a physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the real part is a physically
+meaningful thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful thing and
+so we can go ahead and compute it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can go ahead and compute it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can go ahead and compute it and
+figure out what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's derivative couplings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's derivative couplings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's derivative couplings that
+go like f squared 1 over P squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like f squared 1 over P squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like f squared 1 over P squared over
+l squared L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the loop momenta Prime's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the loop momenta Prime's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the loop momenta Prime's
+are the final on crimes of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the final on crimes of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the final on crimes of the initial
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parametrize @o if you like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrize @o if you like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrize @o if you like I'm
+using here dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here dimensional regularization
+I like dimensional regularization and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like dimensional regularization and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like dimensional regularization and so
+do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+dimensional regularization here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization here
+preserves Carl symmetry which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves Carl symmetry which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves Carl symmetry which is
+something that we want to preserve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we want to preserve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we want to preserve and
+I'll tell you a little later what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you a little later what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you a little later what would
+have happened if we've done this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened if we've done this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened if we've done this with a
+cut-off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut-off so
+if you do this calculation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this calculation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this calculation just
+calculate those guys you get terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate those guys you get terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate those guys you get terms that
+go like P to the fourth you get terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like P to the fourth you get terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like P to the fourth you get terms
+that go like P squared M PI squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go like P squared M PI squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go like P squared M PI squared
+terms that go like + PI to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that go like + PI to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that go like + PI to the fourth
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get a 4 pi because it's a loop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 4 pi because it's a loop and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 4 pi because it's a loop and then
+you get enough to the fourth because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get enough to the fourth because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get enough to the fourth because
+there's four factors of F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four factors of F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four factors of F so
+what this behaves like is P squared or M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this behaves like is P squared or M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this behaves like is P squared or M
+PI squared over s squared which was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI squared over s squared which was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI squared over s squared which was our
+tree level for point function times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that's causing suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's causing suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's causing suppression
+which is P squared or M PI squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P squared or M PI squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P squared or M PI squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI F squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI F squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI F squared so
+the loop is actually down by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop is actually down by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop is actually down by a factor of
+P squared over 4 PI X all squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just by explicit calculation and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by explicit calculation and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by explicit calculation and not
+breaking the symmetry we see that loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the symmetry we see that loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the symmetry we see that loops
+are suppressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suppressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suppressed by
+P squared over lambda chi squared where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squared over lambda chi squared where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squared over lambda chi squared where
+a lambda chi here is defined to be 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lambda chi here is defined to be 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lambda chi here is defined to be 4 pi
+F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the 4 pi is important because f is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 pi is important because f is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 pi is important because f is like
+a 130 GV you need this 4 PI in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 130 GV you need this 4 PI in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 130 GV you need this 4 PI in order to
+make it a viable wanted to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a viable wanted to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a viable wanted to have some
+range for your Kyle expansion so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for your Kyle expansion so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for your Kyle expansion so if you
+plug in numbers depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in numbers depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in numbers depending on your
+conventions for F and there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions for F and there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions for F and there's a couple
+of common conventions you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common conventions you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common conventions you can get
+numbers that are like 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are like 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are like 1.6
+or 1.7 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V on general grounds you could also ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V on general grounds you could also ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V on general grounds you could also ask
+the question well if I just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question well if I just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question well if I just think about
+it from the effective theory what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the effective theory what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the effective theory what is a
+reasonable scale for the denominator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable scale for the denominator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable scale for the denominator for
+this lambda Chi remember you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda Chi remember you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda Chi remember you're gonna
+have to construct higher-order operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to construct higher-order operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to construct higher-order operators
+as well and so you need to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so you need to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so you need to kind of
+figure out what what's the right scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what's the right scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what's the right scale
+for the suppression of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the suppression of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the suppression of those
+higher-order operators and if you did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order operators and if you did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order operators and if you did it
+on physical grounds than what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on physical grounds than what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on physical grounds than what you'd
+expect allowing the cada B's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect allowing the cada B's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect allowing the cada B's about the
+mass of the row because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the row because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the row because that's the
+lowest energy hadron that you've left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy hadron that you've left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy hadron that you've left
+out of this Carl theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might expect Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect Lambda
+Chi as of order Umbro just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chi as of order Umbro just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chi as of order Umbro just
+sort of 770 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 770 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 770 and
+so you can't really say whether it's 770
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't really say whether it's 770
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't really say whether it's 770
+or 1.2 because the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1.2 because the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1.2 because the difference between
+those who although important numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who although important numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who although important numerically
+is not kind of within the realm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not kind of within the realm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not kind of within the realm of the
+kind of factor two-ish meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of factor two-ish meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of factor two-ish meaning
+of these twiddle symbols right so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these twiddle symbols right so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these twiddle symbols right so these
+twiddle symbols mean parametrically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle symbols mean parametrically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle symbols mean parametrically of
+order then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then
+there's two symbols there's much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two symbols there's much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two symbols there's much greater
+much you know much greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you know much greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you know much greater than or
+twiddle twiddle beans factor of two ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle twiddle beans factor of two ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle twiddle beans factor of two ish
+much greater means parametric wave work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater means parametric wave work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater means parametric wave work
+much less than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than just
+with those two symbols there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those two symbols there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those two symbols there's some
+freedom these different ways of doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom these different ways of doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom these different ways of doing an
+estimate for what Lambda Chi are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for what Lambda Chi are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for what Lambda Chi are just
+saying that there is that freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there is that freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there is that freedom and
+you have to do the full calculation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do the full calculation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do the full calculation in a
+particular channel to really figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular channel to really figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular channel to really figure out
+for a particular piece of phenomenology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular piece of phenomenology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular piece of phenomenology
+what the Lambda Chi is extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Lambda Chi is extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Lambda Chi is extracted
+from data if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+is likely a good place to stop and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely a good place to stop and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely a good place to stop and next
+time we'll talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll talk a little bit more about
+these loops and we'll talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loops and we'll talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loops and we'll talk about what
+happens these loops in the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens these loops in the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens these loops in the power
+accounting theorem that you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting theorem that you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting theorem that you have that
+organizes all diagrams in this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizes all diagrams in this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizes all diagrams in this theory
+and tells you what you have to do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tells you what you have to do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tells you what you have to do if you
+want to construct the Lagrangian order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to construct the Lagrangian order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to construct the Lagrangian order
+by order how you deal with when to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by order how you deal with when to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by order how you deal with when to put
+in the loops when to put in the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loops when to put in the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loops when to put in the counter
+terms we'll talk about those things next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we'll talk about those things next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we'll talk about those things next
+time
\ No newline at end of file